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SCIENCE 


AN    ILLUSTRATED   JOURNAL 


PUBLISHED    WEEKLY 


VOLUME    IX 

JANUARY— JUNE  1887 


New  York 
THE    SCIENCE    COMPANY 

1887 


I  *>  1  •>.>•:■ 


Copyright,  1ES7, 
By  the  science  COMPANY, 


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CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  IX. 


SPECIAL    ARTICLES. 


Abb*.  C-    WIUUiD  II«bo«K  llkua M 

Adams.  J.  F.  A.    t«  tatMor  ■  aulMbM  traaT  tor 

ro<iB|iii*D! no 

Asitcaimre  In  eiiilao4  Is  UH M« 

AoMcttBB  OrtMlUl  HMClMIOD fTV 

Ain«ncaa  neOtrtr  tor  i>*7cblmi  n4a>r«b  .       .      .       .  H) 
AimAj,  H.  P.   BnrUUDMn  «<  Um  mO  br  ooitlta- 

ttmiof  *«ai1(i|Ji>x  en>pi' f> 

AzTxnrMnlth,  R.  BebooU  In  Egyy t     .      .      .      ,  tn 

Bain  «■  aMntu  qutwttinu  of  pUloMpbr       ...  ASP 

BBllltTd.  B.  H.    Sl*tCirr  e(  it)o  AramIc  aHMlailtm  .  St 
Betftehi  H  H     Huna]  irnlDlDC  and  pubtk  •4uo»- 

mm 3Tt 

BiBllOp,8.  E.    Tlie  n>>«il  erapUoB  ol  MomiK  LOH     .  ttft 
Boa*.*",    fi""?  iiiil  nm*lo«>(  m>a>t  Suna  Amerlpiui 

irtbM « 

Tin  MiBtr  of  i|coentt>fa; 317 

Bowen.  H.  C.   "ntotnialat <it  Ui*  taculUatoTJndf- 

maiM  uiil  rH«o&IU(C  ....        .      0, 1)4 

BHiiaiiMOUiiiailuia Ml 

SrUlati  (DouolailoB  on  Use  •leprwaton  d  Irwl*               .  1*7 
BroiralDf .  0.    ^*'  iiiilir*niUj  aitaiialOD  mOTratant 

M  ('■mtir1il(« U 

HmnaAlMD mii  ftt 

BmIIud MI 

Curpeinwr.W.  H.    Tin  •lo-lr  o(  l«iju»f"             -  K* 
Csir.  G-  8.   CompaUilT*  aiualtiftUoDa                      .MM 

Clkann!ng.E.   Almtol  c«ofnphli;al  olucMlon  18 

<^ii{>inati.Eva)]m.   Hinj'i >» 

Clark.  A- H.    'nmAmnncDairlialv-aaliw?,  vnT-w.  Kl 

fCMl  Mbn  <4  nniMi  C'uluniliU MB 

I  gatr-WpJa—  ■mou  nUlTar-vniilwraiW      ...  41 

Lcwwlwlwio  OMlloini  (MDud  aoaaal  ropon  41 

[  riiiillili— miiwiiliiiii  M  prlanion >9 

'OoiDn.H.W.    UManibloiacr  •••  bnucbot  Mluo- 

dm IW 

CetuaanlBt  V  •B'l  maDtal  uoMuUdDMB  .  -IIS 

CotiMCMiuittu*M*               .....        .       .  17 

'  C&aHnilan  on  Ks  eoQtUrat  of  Burap* .      .      .      .  tta 

CrHkbun  o(  pMtnr M 

Cmalty  <4  old  cnMoma SIO 

Comaia  In  in*  Btapboma    .,.,..,  Ml 

DktU.  W.  M.    AdiBouaa  la  iMMorolon    .       ■       ■  MB 

DvBMlr,  U.   HrpoMlMa  la  FYwim       ....  Ml 

ptKoaaka  oo  atMKle-pctoDUlaf US 

MariUMT-aUk  rvpon i«l,nt,m 

DodK«.  D.  K.    Bowdlsatuu  atudloi  la  Uia  UnlMd 

SIMM c« 

DM««lwaiclODdlnlDUblii<lii(trrT AT 

Datum,  C  E.    Tbxnbinprcril  irvvt  ol  Um  OolDKUla 

Wwr (K 

DnUon.  C.  E„  ud  Hayden,  E.   Atstn«t  of  Uta 
r««MM  (tf  Did  liiT«aUiatkui  of  til*  chkrlaaMo  aartb- 

fli^ka .        .       .        .  4» 

EitiKmtlaa  tn  tlnicuk* Oil 

BkMMcrallroad*  Id  UiUoMinUT 4>l 

EpIaratMi  of  Iha  uiianrUi:  raalana tm 

pMvwUon  o(  Wo  Wnna MB 

bploataaa  Id  coal-DliiM tU 

natMaCMUtkalaartar Mt 

ft^nefcljoto im 

GBnlii«r.H.B.  unniAmi**  twuaon                  .  ai» 

Claif  bat^  Mhaemti.^  aiitpa  of  ifca  Cull  m»it€            .  404 

a«rarmniaal  aetraSao  *ork ni 

OTMk  alaoMM  to  EnaUili in 

BmIUi  0(  Smt  TOTk  Juftiu  DaoamMr      .       .       .        .  M 

DaaUb  of  Maw  Tar«dtirli«  January        .       .       .       .  WT 

BJtcliOock.  C.  H.   'Hie  IM*  cropUoB  trom  KlUuaa .  IW> 

Bnflciit.E.W.    BufUtb  Id  Ika  pT«]iBraearT  BcUooii .  474 

loa  and  Mbam an 


pwia 


tmporUI  aiiii«nli7  ol  Japaa      .... 

taslaaa  aartliqiuaa .   ■■• 

twluairiru  adiiuaitaa  •Ma.-latlon        .....   Hi 

IntoraMIODal  •tatlalli.-al  Lutilula HV 

labesr^ilnKUiglsJsrioiuir >i 

luliBB  laodlcal  pajittMlacr ><■ 

j.,J.  Soma  mUoallad  oavn  ot  Uu>asbvtraiufa«TMioa  lU 
Laiirla,S.S.    TIwraaiKvUnfiniciloiulnaduoMlsa, 

c<  prrtmarr,  woasdnTT.  aod  untiranUT  asbooOa  .    W,  ttt 
Lett^MUd^Uaaa.  —  A  bin)  lor  oduoaMra  ....!«■ 

Loado&€0U«Ba<4pr«e«pM«a iTl 

LvdvteWIOM rt 

M^notlc  asd  lldal  votk  ol  Uia  Oraalr  arette  aapadl- 

Uon m 

MbMiuO.  T-    A  bairr  hiuoaa  taallr  .      ...     it 
iDillan  rrwUM  and  bead-SaUeiUna        ....    107 

H^UA-bdoflikia]  Diacio II 

r bo  ■burlKlDal  minor tt 

Tbo  tlupa  Indians ;  an  sUuMJcrapblv  ■KoU'h  .    149 

MoetUf  AaioE«aDonilcaiaBMorl<alaaKMlaUoni  Kff.M? 
Msndvnliall.  T.  C.    TM  ebaraoMiluta  carraa  of 

oompMtloii tn 

HladalaS.V.   orisf n  ot  puotdo  «a«b»*oiai«  .   MB 

UitoboU.  a.     Clrcwlatlou  of  tM  •••  Hiiouak  Vww 

VoTkbarbor «U 

Kaiural  caa n,tH 

Nalurallala'  nieoUnf  at  nlladMpbla  ....  a 
Parkar.  F.  W„  Hanry.  N.B,  and  Oiffin.  W.  M. 

Traloinii  or  iaacli«n H4 

I'aoplvofOniriU  Ahlin aM 

POMTa  alMCK  on  t'uleul ]«• 

Pbnlfal  (■ociai'tiy  -jI  ('"uttal  Alrka      .      .       .      .   SU 

Polnloal  aduoallao KV 

PolltlMl  fypmpKl  of  Central  .Urloa        ,       .       .      .    M7 

Poalllou  of  £nJn  nuiba N5 

l*rtKinar*  of  Ilia  Hondan        .......       4 

ITnUbltloo IW 

PniailBninlnlatorottuMruvtlotimilaaialaadnoaUon  .  IRD 
Public  Infimodon  Id  MovyciTkaUM  In  W>  .       .      .    MS 

IMrilyc^bsa 40 

)t*«t|innnaa]tiin .       ,   KS 

Rlchet.  O.  doneral  paKboloflT.  IW  doBnltlon.  HniM 

an-l  mvUiod       .........    130 

Ktlont  aanbiiuallo M 

nonana*  on  laa  hicbar  adooation  of  aonMin  .  .   in 

HatT-mluMo)  Burmali |V 

edanttac  pbranoloar im 

SoMtduiMa ]« 

SawaU.H     BlDlocrandiKHlaiocj tM 

Saxton.  S.    ESnUoI  eiplaaiouaooilieBar  .    Mt 

SUnwir  Emily-    tntauvv.'boiii*  and  lb*  klaaorEar. 

tan     , <7S 

KlenlaoalMa  «<  aaacrapbloal  Dam** 1% 

Sundard  Una  and  mn»nT*» T 

Stam.  S-  M.    Tbo  namial  moibod  ot  loatblnt  lin- 

■uasaa       K 

ffil•natattll(«rapltT  tornaUTonaiDaialplaoaa  .  40 
Lallon  or  paraoual  propertj  In  Pranoa.  Oarmaar. 

andinvFultwIStaMa    .  n 

TMMflilixoralgafra US 

Taiideucr  of  oontompararr  G«raan  iboufbl  ,  .  IIT 
Tb01Iiaa,8-   Indualrtal  inlulBclntb*  puUlcacbOtM 

oKMrmaor UT 

T1daloM*nacloD*o(iliaOraalr*xp*dlDOB  ...    MA 

TtMDtaa  itf  taaobera Tt 

Vadauiton  vt  Central  AMc*      ......    au 

WaJker.  F.  A..  Ham.  C.  H..  "J  I-ova,  S-  G- 

Wbal  indiuUT.  ir  anr.  •-■bq  proauUr  bo  lalro- 

dut'Hl  lsIOi.vuulrTKtuxd*I SB 

Wey.  H' D'  I'bTikal  cultsra  ror  (Tloilnalt  .  .  sn 
Wh*u -iiuuM  inoModrot  Oroak  ba  ba(iui!  .  .  .  ITt 
Wbit«,  J-  8.  Til*  Anediud  oebool  ot  olaailoal  «tu4laa 

la  .Itban* SM 

ToDiaralnrH  In  *cl«nra lOf 


ir 


SCIENCK—CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  IX. 


BOOK  REVIEWS. 


AbbomVpluiaiui^niwUnr 44 

Ailanul^  R«Ut1oii  o(  OfdlatcUi  tiidu(trlala«(ton         .  MT 

A10XMiiler^l>n>1i1i>iuiia(  iiMloHpliT         .       .        .       .  0* 

AlUtODMlD*  NMurVuuiIe Itt 

SMWni'k  SivInliHir W 

U'nlXjriHsPtof  Notib  Acni-rl.n MS 

l)«rvb*ii*'*  AtJA*  of  [tbrvltMkl  g«4«r(uib*  .       •       •       .  Wb 

BcoKii-i  F^oollUili:  iiiUL    Bit  H,  W.  Bapatt .       .       .  Kl 

I^uii^'a  Cwtiv-    Br  H.  T.  firtk Kt 

IliK-kUuid'f  Knflt-li  Inaiiiiiuoiii j  ^ 

Bnnwict  gtbuolofTr  louiUi  BaDual  report  of.    Bj  F. 

Boa* BUT 

CampUl'*  Uri'iivtUia.    Br  W,  .Va*» W 

ObidaiiCar  rtport* Ml^  MM 

CtlMMr^C^4lalI«u?ol  mlnoraln.    KrO.  11.  WilUamt  .  3K, 

C«4rln(la<i^  MrUuetlui  lAQKoacek     Bj  It.  Male .  W 

Oonuwrrtl*  RIoiiwuMry  iKfidialacy ~t 

CODMcUout  •friouHnral  nxiiwIiiiBniHiiMlou,  luiuual 

ripoitefth* MR 

0«inan**8niil7«t  Vrownlnc n 

Cro*D;'^  T&i>l(4  (OF  Uie  d«(e(iiiliiatlou  ot  camiDaD  mlD- 

«ruli-,     «)■  IV,  H,  ll'iUMmi 3W 

I>uu'B  Ulusf&lavr'    Ur  ». /f.  ICWteni*  .       .        .       .  (HH 

DanMoia  WaaUli  ot  licnuebitlila.    bj  W.  A.  Dtinnlug  .  3in 

DrnmoD'*  iMnocx TS 

Day*  Mliur*!  MMumM  uf  UM  T'dIUhI  Hutu  .               .  S4i4 

KdwartttHulMrOmof  Nonh  .Mn«rl'-A    ....  IS 

EdwanlB^  Utff«r<inilnl  ralcmuB.    Br  T.  rt.  FMt    .      .  Ma 

Eocolbiinlt  •  ObMrruloDi  wlrouoiul<tuc>               .       .  not 

Fiii'»  VV»iiT,  air,  ftuil  tnai .  aW 

IiaLh''*  iAtt»  mknl-lmlMlng'. TTT 

UToixgy  ol  Nnv  JflTi«7 MS 

Ouni«ri^r<n''<ui'l  i'olinon'i  Pbantauiu  <■!  ibfUrlas. 

Bj  U".  Jitmri I§ 

llaui?,  Jntniih,  wlimllDi- i>rllli>m  of MM 

Unweli'i  I'Bdiwrofir itn 

IIIKva'i  AUall  lui(l< n> 


ini«nI'iiRni»nnlTlilcultural«ork        .       .      .       .  IM 

UuSaoati  ltoltI*rs (H 

Huut'a  Mluonl  pbnlolorr  kuil  pbrilagnpDjt         ,       .  141 

Juk*a-BKiWD«'*  BUlDrlL'alieolocr <M 

K*aina<1r>  HHcbiuil«  of  m vhlnwy.  Br  J^- ^H.  DitiraliM  aOl 

LMlvrm'*  Ut  (•(tk  dM  marrBlllw Ail 

LMkTOni  (.'taooilnrf  of  Uic  ■(m 309 

tUrttuD'*  Esonomtt'K  or  indiuLrr.    By  IT.  A.  DuitKittf  «■ 

llandsahkU'iii'nnlurr  ulnle'^lilour MA 

»Ul«r^Ibs*ntIU-nr  rnroi»ri1> aa 

>tan»<i  AiT««-talciuie 1 18 

XOtlor^ S(4eDCe ori<uiCuu(«.     By  U.  Halt              ,       ,  Vt 

Mumj't  IlMidbook  of  gsjii'lioWr a) 

■tawlwnv'*  brlbqUHkvK     Br  n-  tlatdii       .       .       .  1| 
Kpv  Vork  ABriaalluial  Mifvilniaat-vUitlf^,  RtUt  mi- 

Dual  rriKirrtot  tba 3<( 

PftrUD^  HAlMIOeOf  pilUC&llOU         ......  Yi    ^_ 

rouiiwllr^  Mltilui:  hi'litNiriKi  111  tbv  TnlMil  fiiuo*       .  »ti  ^H 

ICklPlilb'*  IClnmniilnn'  |>i>lllh->- 3f  ^H 

RaiDHr's  Hflleulloiulmiii  Tlbulloiosdl'TDptnllu.  Br  ^ 

H  r,  /Vo* tit         ' 

llawUiii'-  l.l»r.    Br  H.  T.  IVot   ......  ITS 

H'liiiaii'"  i.'lii'inUirr I4t 

lllilifwnr'o '■'onioavlalun)  oltfolon tit 

Raseiikraui'*  Fblloaapbr  at  «iluc<tttciD     .       .       .       .  IH 

ItcbuIU'*  iJlMutlk  dH  flalitlaa MI 

^<le<irl<'k  nixt  WllMn'A  1I1q1i>«7 «( 

Slorer'ii  i\in~li.^»>u>re tW 

8lroiu'«  Jiivfual.    aj  B.T.  Ptek m 

Supui'iCuuiiiiDKlai  HMitrApbr     Br  P.  Itoii*                .  M 

Vmrall-n  AiwbrluiL     Ur  "-  T.  fVfl: m 

V«illuMibuI<rMpu  Im  prviualwliea  SUata        .       .       .  tt 

WacD«r>AIUiil«]ra(<orloDibapro(roriao[B»0(raphr.  BOl 

WauMfa  CmdMui  MuuiHOIXorUi  Aiu«rloa              .  MA 

WblM^  Pvdii«D«r 

Wllbrand'ii  l>i|nrblc  bUii<1oMa 

WIucbBir*  aeo\otj  ot  UlunoMla        .... 


ooMvawT  «KD  cKmnwi.  I,  Mjfc  TliUttUl,  UB.  in.1111.  tsiiBa,  »o.  Mr.  s»l  m.  an.  <«.  or. «».  in.  ra.  sa.  ut.  trr.m. 

BmKObOaiUAL  NOTt)l,UI.  UUSl      _     _  

nnoKATiDH  Aim  TiuTBL,  SBT.  AS.  WittBi  HI;  W.  nn,  KH. 
(ir-x.nimiuL  mmM,  ihl  in,  laB,  Ktt,  w7.  WA,  HI,  na,  m. 
iiRii.Tii  H*miti.iia,M4,4Ba.«tn.ii08,3aD,ue,«ak. 

LKTTtHTom  innrMt,  it,a,u.io,  in,  im,  iu,  ifli,  na,  in,  tea,  ■».  Hit.  sK',a«i.»n.4ii,«8,46(Mas.eiti.ui.Bfie,m 
iM.ai.aH. 

MkhtiU.  «0»»rak4ST,Ma. 

Kom  A)n>  ■■■««,  daa,  w, »;.  iw.  lao,  lu,  iw.  >ii.  m.  mi,  m,  si*,  in.  lu.  sn.  4io,  ixi.  imi  *ta.  ms.  &3i,  u«.  so.  nn. 
scitKCKSurt-LiKnr.  is.«7,si,n.iift,  1S7.  m.  i«],3ii.  ra;.ne.iw,ai.»i3,iat,  SM,  4tth4ti.  tM.  im.  617,  k<n,  Ml,  MA, 

itnxiU.ttrnA.mroY-omacK:  Atkrti»  Ittltr,  VK:  UonolMtu  itltur,  vn-,   L/JHilon  Mttr,   IM,  IW,  IMV,  VU,  IM ;   .v*v  2«ita>>d 
tftrtr.BW:  Fa'UlentT,»,W,ttt,tll,U)l;  SI.  frtmburv Mttr.lO!. 


n 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Afnca,  Onrr*!.  pnttllcal  map  tt.  W,  IWtM  oMIt; 

ir«CBUtii>u  or tat 

AauitOe  rcsluiu,  tuau  o( 4U 

AniMr-niHH,BM(bo&oi(l«a«^)   ■      ■      ■      .    ua,m 

ABrouBSlTir  (t  Ogi.) Ml 

Am>  RWMIri <11 

BmoMMT  dinliML ihnndcT^tornu.  3M :  aipaur*        ,    sin 

BanlMsaaf  ibaBMenffa 4U 

<^)»dMik  ladlu  CtplalaA (918.  Si* 

CrataMOUsroakiM  Hao  Xaivan.T*K BIT 

CarTW«4  mmpoaltlOD  (U  <!«■-) n7-*l> 

KMa4aaba,UieCt>u-la«lau  M  ac>->.  <■>.  4M,  4M,  IM: 

(bs  Indiana,  aM:  Iba  lliiiara Mff 

bnln  Uw,  tikatob-nikp  clHiirlnf  prvpuasd  rmitaa  (or 

r««oblii| S 

Eiptoalbiu,  eOaifU  ol,  eaUMeaiWan.)  .  .     Mi,W 

ilu  u  0x(ut4.  C> m 

llaE,*(iin'nma'ii  tn  flA.)   ......     188,  Ui,]n 

tIsrpooD'biud.  IMlmo  (I  (■(&) V, 

Iit«lib  or  K«w  vork  aiulac  Daoambar,  tt:   dnitac 

Juiuilrr M 

nu|>n  rniUnni.  ,>lliiio)o|fU'al  i-Qllat-IlQU  ol   .       .       .     llOilM 

ln<li*D  <-bivlr IM 

iDiluxrinl  siluoailoq  auoclatlon  <t  nga.)  .  SHiWiSHiSM 
Kllauon Ill 


KbK*  uiil  diiwlai4iDpl*niaBl*  {S  flfi.} 
itpUOD  at 


Mauua  Loa,  antptlao  at -_-» 

MI!l«,it>aabMil(lDaI(fplBI«) _Jv^ 

Mijuiiil*.  Hiiakn-IDia,  In  MIUDoaala  (fi  riKa.)  .    M(,1M 

Mi'aii,  niiilKinoa-ball  ot •9' 

Miiwl»liiblr4aoI  luwuanilCTaluaUnca.)  .  .    Ml 

Naw  Ijikn,  vavltraQm««CUpl«ilbr !S 

Na>  York  barMffiHUTTHlalii M 

■"Vflrana,  Julia ■ 

■"•Irla  at  Ute  diifonc       ........    Wl 

alam  Laona  trlba^  luaalu  «!  (S  agt.) 

KUnlar  KalU    -  

1'al'hJ^-1IlnlA,  mullln-MtlAUuaa  ol  {3  Bia.} 

Tciiiobpw.  AJrtpn ■       ■- 

Tboiuauui  nlBolroaMlla  TDtlni«l«r     .  , ;.      •     ..•    ?ff 

Ttpioa «B,  HI.  IM.  jo 

Tonquln,  loM  nt *<■ 

TrtiTIMlau,  ptueal  ara  In IJj 

Walla,  axplorntioiid  oa  tba ,       *    OT 

X.  iauUiwet>ntlui>.ak<iIlaoI(><'ea.>         ,       ,        .       .    US 


i? 


Arclua,  Canlral.  map  o( . 
llrtlltbC<lluuUU,eUlao]agh^almapM     . 
uatBCbai'vaibiiidicloai  mapaot  UiaOiiUmatwoppaalM 


oppoalH   Ut' 
eppcalM  ^n 


SCIENCE. 


AN  ILLaSTHATED   JOURNAL    PVBLTSBSD    WEEKLT. 

VMU  MM  /tar 


XBW  ¥ORK :   TUB  WIXNCX  COMPACT. 


FBIDA,V,  JANUARY  7.  1887. 


couuByr  axd  criticism. 

9rui>K.NTji  OP  mK  PROBLUia  of  Uxa(ii>n  arc 
diKVtini;  aibenUon  to  a  law  imposinjc  pro^pfnJve 
taxatfan),  latelj  paxwd  In  cantoo  Vaud,  SirUser- 
Uiitl.  aixl  which  will  come  intooiwnUion  witli  tho 
be);iuol(ig  of  tlwiMw  yMir.  Tha  practical  work- 
lug  and  effects  of  the  Ian-  will  tw  clotwlj  uttidied. 
Tbi!  projrvt  ta  uudoubtedl}'  popular  :  for  wli«n  put 
befort-  tliQ  people,  aa  \a  necaaaiy  for  tbe  ensct- 
mmt  i>r  a  law  in  SwtUwrlaad.  It  waa  paiseeil  hy  very 
InrgR  iDAJodUai.  Tbis  m«<w  Vaudois  law  divides 
real  propertj  iaio  Uik«  cUmes.  acoordinK  aa  it 
rails  below  I^OOO.  betwMii  tS.OOO  and  $SO,D(M,  or 
over  tW.oOO  in  raltie.  The  prtqiortion  o(  tax  Is 
tolw  I  p>^  1,000  for  tliefintlclaaa,  It  pet  I.OOO  for 
the  necoad  claw,  and  3  per  1,000  for  tbe  (bird  cla«. 
PerMDiO  property  Tails  Into  §eren  claaaea,  tli« 
liFWMt  cbuw  twing  leas  ihau  $fi.000  In  value,  nii'l 
the  higlMSt  orer  (100,000.  Tlie  ratee  of  taxation 
ou  theee  rtawen  an  to  be  in  the  proportion  of  1, 
14.  2.  3{,  S,  ai.  anil  *.  rfapccHreljr,  per  I.OOO. 
InconiM  from  earalnKe  are  stmUarir  put  In  aevfa 
claaaea  ;  but,  ineetiniatlng  tbeamoanttobetaxed, 
s  deduction  U  made  ainountlng  to  980  for  each 
penon  tcKallT  dependent  on  the  head  of  tbe 
rainU.T  (or  hia  support.  A  great  many  theorkaas 
Ui  inxalion  will  be  piit  to  leet  by  the  oi)etallon  of 
tbb  law,  and  lie  out«otne  will  be  watched  wltb 
IniereM.  

Thi  STimai  wmcB  Fechxeb  dcdocvd  froiu  tbo 
elmpln  experiment!!  (rf  'Wnhnr  liai  liad  tlie  honor 
of  exciting  tlui  criticinn  of  nearly  erery  eminent 
pliynloloKiBt  and  pliynicbt  in  Uemiimy  at  onn 
tiusa  or  anotlivT  durluj;  its  brief  cmeiT.  Weber 
tMu^  Ibat,  if  you  coukl  Juu  di»tin|{ni»h  four 
OUDcea  from  lire  ounoM,  jou  could  cbanga  the 
OUBCiM  to  poonda  witlioui  oaaaiug  any  change  in 
tb>  MOOtH^iatbUity  uf  Um  JWercacc  brtwean  the 
ttro  wei^bu.  t'roni  tlila.  wiih  tlie  aid  of  some 
tiypoUicaea,  Mr.  Fecliner  d>:<luvtKl  tlie  poyvbupliyft- 
S-x.  m.-UK. 


leal  law  that  tlie  arautloD  it  pmportionn]  to  the 
logaritbrn  of  tbn  excilntum.  The  nyMeni  haa 
been  aUacked  on  ererj  iMe,  and  Fcchnnr's  Inst 
hope  i*  that  it  will  Rtand,  because  Ibn  ntt4ick<'n> 
cannot  a^n^iv  upon  tliie  incxln  of  dntrujini;  it. 
But  a  oonseDsua  is  now  forming  on  tlw  mode  at 
attach.  Dr.  Adolf  Elsas,  in  a  recent  pnmplilct, 
boldly  upholds  that  the  ityatem  in  nnecientiSc  from 
the  root :  that  it  dont  not  follow  tram  Weber'i 
DxperimrntB  ifxorpt  njion  anunjiutilia^ile  aMump- 
tion  ;  and  that  no  Hyatem  of  pnychophyaica,  in 
Frchner'e  aensc,  ia  pbyucully,  matbeinatioally,  or 
philraH>phically  piMaible.  U  ii>  poplbic  to  state 
briefly  whci'e  tlie  confuirion  came  in,  vie,  in  mia- 
Ultlng  the  aeoBStlon  of  being  dllTinrent  for  a  dif- 
ference ot  aensatUm  ;  butllisnotponalbletoabow 
Id  a  few  words  bow  far-rMching  tlie  t«alts  of 
thts  niiscoivoeptloa  are.  If  a  prodlclion  U  alktw- 
able,  (be  statement  may  be  hazard<-d  that  the  out- 
come of  the  disouHioa  will  be  a  reooKnIttoo  of  a 
valuable  moons  of  gauging  the  dlacrimtinativo 
•MiHibdlily  of  the  aenaee.  the  avoidance  of  many 
curreut  errors  in  experioientation.  and  the  con- 
viction tliat  it  i«aa  ImpotslUe  to  bridge  llie  chaun 
between  tbuugbt  and  nerve  by  peychophyalcs  as  by 
any  other  of  the  numerous  methods  that  ham 
been  proposed. 


Ak  wk  statvd  come  time  ago,  the  Kongo  Free 
Slate  ha*  noelvad  a  iwven)  blow  in  the  lo«a  of  the 
station  at  Stanley  Pool.  Um  olBcial  accaunia  of 
the  affair  bavajnatmcbed  us.  It  appears  that  the 
quarrel  between  Vr.  Dcanc,  an  BngUaliuau.  who, 
with  it.  I>uboi«,  c<i«nmnnd«l  nt  tlie  pint,  and  tlie 
Arabs,  wait  about  a  nlavc-giil  who  had  sought 
refuj^  In  the  station.  NotwithMtanding  tbe  ArabsT 
threats,  the  youn^  KnglLUiinnn  refused  to  give  tip 
tbe  girl.  A  p<<aei>  wax  pslched  up  for  the  time 
being  ;  but  It  wan  only  n  rujw  on  Ibe  part  of  tbe 
Arabs.  Idler  thny  made  an  uoexpei-led  attack, 
aad  were  rvpubwd.  But  noon  ammuQilioo  tan 
short.  Tbe  negro  troops  ut  tlve  poet  took  to  thoir 
boats,  and  floated  down  olrtusui  to  lite  next  station 
of  tlie  association.  Thi*  wnd  commanded  by  Liea- 
teoaut  Coquilhat.    He  ran  up  siream  to  th«  sto' 


tioD  id  bis  lUtle  •tMindr,  onlf  U)  fUid  it  in  i>m«««- 
aloo  ot  tbo  Arnbci.  Hr.  Deuue  waa  fwund  ainoDK 
mmt  nei^roed  aoon  uflvr.  &[.  Coquilhat  thinks 
Uutt  ttiti  aiiuutioo  is  quite  Avrious :  not.  perltapa, 
to  much  fot  its  effect  u|m»  the  inmediate  prm- 
pectB  of  the  Kon^  Free  Slate,  as  because  it  wUI 
flbow  Uie  Dnlive«  that  the  tvliit^t  aod  the  Arabs 
are  uo  hwifter  ou  good  tettua.  Tlien,  too.  it  bringa 
the  day  nearer  wbeii  the  iiie*liable  conllici  be- 
lircen  tlie  trade  assoclatton  and  the  alavere  mn#t 
be  fouKtit  out.  It  ha;  also  clomd  the  rouie  to  Uie 
lake«  via  the  Kongo  and  Tanganyika. 


But  the  KiMLgit  Stnlf  baa  ntill  an  tntiTnwt  in 
oomnoction  with  Ibe  relieving  of  Emin  Be}'. 
referred  to  iu  another  column.  Mr.  Grenfell 
hna  OMOVDded  a  large  tributary  of  the  Kongo, 
which  joins  (he  main  river  about  tiriiity-ltre 
milea  south  of  the  e(|uator.  to  a  point  in  loiigi- 
ludt>  eiist  from  OrwruwU-'h  of  18"  W,  and  in 
Intit^idc  '1.27".  Dr.  Junbvr  pomtHl  mx  yvar»  in 
the  Kiam-Niaiu  tetritori«Hv  He  telegraplui  from 
Zanxtlxu  that  on  one  ezciirvioD  be  followed 
Ibe  W«lle  to  tuugitude  Hf  eoat.  Tltese  two  poiota 
are  nol  uore  Ibaii  from  one  hundred  and  (ilty  to 
two  hundred  mlUa  apart.  It  luay  l>e  that  the 
VTelle,  inatead  o(  being  a  tributary  of  Lake  Tead, 
ifl,  after  all,  a  bnutcb  of  tlie  Koogo.  If  tbia 
pcoTw  to  be  the  cue,  and  the  river  proves  also  co 
be  nactgablc.  tlie  key  lo  the  Soudan  may  yet  be 
found  to  be  the  Kongo  railway  and  river. 


i 


Tme,  awsval  rbport  of  the  dinwlora  of  the 
Boftlith  convict-prisons,  drnwn  up  by  Sir  E.  F. 
DuCsne,  is  interesting,  principally  bixsuse  of  the 
Taluabic  slntiEtiral  tabic*  appended  to  it.  It 
aeems  that  the  number  of  vcntenceii  of  penni  »erri- 
tiul«  pnivod  by  ordinarj  courts  in  Knglnnd  and 
WalM  in  im'j  woa  1,0^7,  a  deoTMwe  of  33  per  cent 
W  compared  wtlli  the  nnmbf?  so  seutenced  in  the 
prerlous  year,  which,  in  turn,  was  lower  than 
any  year  on  record,  and  only  half  the  aumber 
Mntaocod  to  penal  servitude  twenty  years  tiefore. 
At  the  date  of  tha  report,  the  canvict-pri'on  popu- 
lation WM  only  8,188.  aa  against  11,660  in  18W. 
There  ia  also  a  remarkable  and  gratifying  decreoM 
in  the  number  of  fenudpsnnderRentenoesnf  penal 
servitude.  It  is  now  but  821,  only  a  little  more 
than  half  what  ft  waa  t«n  y<«n  aga  During  ibe 
year  the  commencement  of  a  new  vorh  for  the 
war  department  near  Chalhnm  affunird  some 
pointt  of  inlerwit  in  conniption  wlih  tlie  employ- 
meot  of  oonvtct-labor.    The  report  on  tliis  reada 


OB  f ollowa :  ■ '  Tbe  work  in  queation  boii^  quite  ia 
the  i^n  country,  and  dintant  about  two  miles 
from  the  prison  at  BuniUd.  sjiedal  consideration 
was  necentary  before  deddinglhut  iht-work  could 
Iw  uiiilerlukeo.  Arrangpineiila  wt-n-  ultimately 
Mitered  uilo,  which  have  i.-uiibli^d  (he  t'onrit-tn  to 
he  employed  there  with  complcle  security.  A  line 
of  narrow-gauge  tnimwiiy  hiui  been  hiid  down  liy 
tbe  royal  engineer  department  along  the  whole 
tine  occupied  by  tbe  forts  under  coufiructiou,  and 
this  ta  made  use  of  for  tbe  conveyance  of  the  con- 
victs to  and  from  their  work.  A  train  of  railway- 
Carriages,  specially  lifted  to  insure  the  safe  cus- 
tody of  the  oonvlcta,  has  been  turniabed.  The 
site  of  tbe  works  Is  enclosed  by  a  palisading  ten 
feet  high,  with  a  dlt«h  on  tbe  inner  tdde.  and  wire 
eutanfEletnents  on  the  Inner  side  of  the  ditch. 
Waiders  and  civil  guard-i  travel  with  tbe  train, 
and  an  addition  lias  been  made  to  the  arnted 
guard  at  tbe  woi^  where  a  selected  officer  is 
always  In  charge.  A  systeon  of  signals  Is  estab- 
lished between  the  work  and  the  prison,  and  an 
engine  is  always  aralUble  In  ca»e  any  thinK  should 
be  required,  or  to  fadlllnte  tnopection  tiy  the 
superior  ofBcers  of  the  prison  all  along  the  lln«," 


I 


Sir  Edmund  DuCnnc  has  alsn  immetliing  to 
say  about  the  operation  of  the  sepuratti  syatem. 
wbicb  Pvntonville  prison  was  deeigurd  especially 
to  entry  out.  Be  recalls,  that,  when  the  syalem 
of  «ef>arate  confinement  was  dcoliltxl  »n,  gravv 
dotibta  w«r«  expressed  as  to  whether  it  (-ould  po»- 
Bibly  ha  carried  out  without  injury  to  thn  menial 
and  bodily  iM-alth  of  the  prieoncrti.  At  flnt  Ui« 
isolation  and  nri-Iusion  were  very  strict,  and  were 
imposed  upon  all  jitieonctv  for  two  ytuim,  aft«r 
which  they  were  removed  to  Australia.  At  Erst 
the  ap|>Khen»one  of  the  opponiMils  uf  th<?  acjiarate 
system,  those  who  had  faiureO  a  systeiu  of  silent 
or  clanHiSed  uiSK'iation,  eeemcd  ju:^titieil :  for  it 
woa  found  that  a  certain  eluss  of  minds  became 
enfeebled  and  lost  thi-ir  baliuic^e  under  the  regi- 
men adopted.  As  the  rwult  of  this  experience, 
the  period  o(  isiilalion  waHre<luo«l  to  nine  muntlia. 
nnd  its  Etrictneee  was  much  modiliisi.  Since  these 
ohnngee,  no  evil  rmults  have  followed ;  and  Htr  Ed- 
mund DuCane  writes,  that,  "  although  a  complete 
tnoral  reformalion  ia  no  longer  expected  to  be  the 
Ufiinl  rtwilt,  the  separation  undoubtedly  prevents 
pridcincTHRiutuallycoulumliialingeacb  other,  good 
influonctB  ba^-e  an  opportunity  of  acting  on  them, 
and  it  ban  been  found  of  tbe  bigbeel  advantage  as 


JUCAKT   7.   lt»I.) 


SCIENCE. 


n  trafiuDg  ami  duoipliDo  pnpanitoT;  to  Ibc  aub> 
M^|Ui-nt  NtAgoi  at  u  Mmlcnce  of  pcnni  wrritude." 
At  all  cvtrnta.  tbu  rvfarm  in  the  nytAcm  at  Acellng 
with  criuii.-  antl  crirainnlii  Ium  pniducrd  sudi 
nciulta  Itiat  tbi-  dirrctoni  11  nil.  that,  iiMt«iid 
o(  an  invraiKiiig  umuunt  of  crime  uid  a  >w«lling 
pciion  popubtioo).  thvy  ant  enablMl,  in  spfM  oS 
the  tncreoBiiiK  |iui)ululi(»i  of  tbe  COUDU7,  to  dimin- 
isti  tlu!  nuiubirr  uf  L-uuTlet  MtabUahmenls. 


At  tub  last  annual  meeting  of  tbo  Britiali 
iu«ilical  sfiMiciallon,  Dr.  Sliiittleworlhof  LMicut«r 
read  a  paper  on  '  The  relationship  ot  marriagtwof 
oonaangulnily  lo  mental  unsoandseee.'  which  has 
olnoe  been  published  in  die  Jourttal  of  mental 
adfnee.  Dr.  8h  til  tie  worth  statM.BseTidencr  that 
there  exists  Id  the  public  niinit  a  lutsgiiing  an  to 
Ibe  |irofirit-l)'  of  such  inarriage*,  the  fact  that  lie 
b  frequentlf  aslced  whether  any  riah  attends  the 
marrla^  of  cousins.  Numerous  contempormrr 
Kithoritles  of  good  repute  can  be  cited  on  both 
side*  u(  ll>e  qUMtion.  Dr.  Shntlleworlh  shown 
that  111  eaflf  times  do  evil  rmnlta  were  (earod 
from  the  nuurlage  of  near  bin.  and  quotes  Jeremy 
Taylor  to  theelTect  tliat  ■■  tbe  elder  llie  tliuM  w«i«, 
the  more  liberty  there  was  of  Riarryluij;  kindled." 
In  Mudyiug  the  history  of  the  lower  animals,  it  la 
fonnd  tluU  "atricteonfiiiemeiittooBebreertJiow- 
erer  raluaUe  or  perfect,  produLiM  gradual  deterio- 
rstlon."  Hera,  then,  is  tbe  special  danger  of  oon- 
■angnlneoui  marrlagM,  Mpedally  as  ll  seems  to  be 
the  case  tliat  coudn-maryiagee  are  more  frequent 
among  neurotic  than  amoog  perfectly  healthy 
>tock. 


It  aeonu  tfant  in  1871  Sir  John  Lubbock  tried  lo 
inwrt  a  ()uiatioci  u  to  ooiuin-mairiaKm  in  the 
eonatu  acbcduka,  hot  his  poopoaal  wa«  rejected 
■aaid  the  wconiful  laughter  of  the  home  of  com- 
moaa  as  ■  the  idle  eurioaity  of  a  <pecnlntlvo  phl- 
loaopluir.'  In  Franc«  noMi  nttenipt  has  been  niiwle 
to  obtain  information  an  to  tbmo  mnrriuK^^  ;  and 
H.  Boudin  rockont  thnt  0.0  per  cent  of  all  llie 
marriagtB  in  France  arc  tMCween  relations,  0.88 
being  belw««n  flrat-couirins.  Other  investlgatora 
preaeot  dilTert-ot  reltinui.  H.  Dully  contending 
that  in  Pari*  fint-coucin  maniaeo  amount  to  1.4 
per  cent  of  all  the  raarriasM ;  and  M.  Lrjfoyt, 
chief  of  thu  Htatiatical  xtoff,  rstiinsUv  tlint 
throughout  Fnnce  fint'Couuii  matringea  form 
from  S.fi  to  8  p«r  cent  of  all  marriagM.  In  I8T5 
Hr.  Oeoige  U.  Oatwin  nndectook  an  elaborate  in- 


quiry into  the  aubjecl  in  EoglaiMl,  and,  "by  a 
aerictt  of  careful  mathematiua]  prooeoMV,  be  ntia- 
fied  himneir  that  in  Engtund  the  prapwtioo  of 
Budi  Eusrriagen  iiverngee  from  I.ffi  per  cent  in 
London  to  3.!S  per  cent  in  tbu  roriil  distrtcbi  tor 
all  cUwm  of  aooii'ty,  riatng  somewhat  higher  in 
the  higher  social  grwlcs.''  Fnm  thi>  bwoH,  and 
nasuming  that  UrvMiOiMiD  marriAgea  are  not  a^ 
pTCcJablj  infcfior  in  fertility  to  noa-oonsnik- 
guinnius  tnnrringnt.  Mr.  Durwin  concludrd,  that, 
uiilriH  wi'  And  in  th«  idiot  and  luiiatio  aaylunw  a 
larger  pniportjon  than  the  above  Hgurm  would 
pforidc  for,  of  childrrn  of  fimt-oaniiiu,  then  no 
erils,  at  Ifoitt  so  far  aa  mental  unMondncM  is  con* 
flemed,  can  be  attributed  to  Hrst-oousin  marriages. 
In  an  inquiry  luwd  on  4.308  patlenta,  it  wsa  found 
thnt  about  il.4  per  cent  of  the  inmates  of  asylums 
(5.33  per  cent  in  Scotland)  were  tbe  children  of 
flnl-CDUsinK.  In  Dr.  Shuttle  worth's  own  asylum 
at  Loncaator,  the  recucdof  lOOcaneH  shows  9.1  per 
n-nl  to  be  chiKlivn  of  cwuMknguineous  ruaniagn, 
and  (included  in  this)  2.8  per  cent  of  flrst-coiisin 
maniageti.  The  general  eonotusion  sn-tni  to  be 
that  the  propriety  of  lint-couain  mam'agra  miut 
be  decided  for  each  cote  separately  as  it  aruee. 


Mn.  ^HTjiRT  C.  CtniBRU.AifD  of  mind-reading 
fame  gives  a  very  frank  and  rational  oocoimt  of 
hia  d(4ng«,  in  the  December  iwue  of  the  AVne* 
Umth  eenlvry.  As  n  child,  his  percvplions  were 
itnnsually  keen.  But  his  career  as  a  miiM)-n»der 
be^n  only  six  yean  ago.  Hla  Brat  attempt 
wna  entirely  impromptu,  but  wm  aa  Buoctasfnl 
as  any  afterwanl.  The  gift  was  preeent ;  and 
future  practlc«  made  it  only  qukker  and  more 
delicate,  but  not  more  certain.  At  first  Mr.  Cum- 
berland frankly  confemes  be  was  apt  to  iokagtae 
hiiiweJf  supematurally  eDdow«(I,  but  soon  con- 
vinced himself  that  tbo  whole  thing  i*  simply  an 
ingenfania  and  skQled  hitcepretatloa  of  the  un- 
conscious moTementa  of  the  eubject.  '  WlUiog  to 
either  dragging  or  puehi&g,'  is  the  oiind-reado^ 
formuls.  '  Distinct  and  intense  apperception, 
fixed  attention  Is  incipient  motion,'  Is  tite  psychol- 
ogist's conclusiou. 

The  ncooont  of  Mr.  Coroberliutd'e  exp«ricDCea 
with  the  nobility  and  noiinenee  of  Europe  is  ex- 
tremely rroidable ;  Imt  some  notice  of  bis  general 
concluBioiuwillbeof greuteriutereathtn.  Tbebeat 
Biibjeets  are  among  active  brain -worketa,  >tal« 
men,  sciratict*,  etc.,  where  oonoentiation  b  eaaj 
and  nauiiL    Uilitary  men  make  axeeUeDl  auhjecta ; 


SCISNCE. 


[Vat..  IX.,  Ko.  SOS 


btwyera  are  AoA^j  and  umatiafactorj  :  uoBUriaiu 
caaaoi  fix  their  8tl«titloii  ou  any  iliiag  but  miuie : 
oitlato  are  belter  aubj«.-lfl  :  rler^-yinen  are  perfect 
In  tiM  drawing-routii,  but  not  tu  jiuUif :  pliysl- 
ciana  are  good  aubjecu  when  tli«j  have  no  theory 
about  Ifaoujebt-TeMlioj;.  Vou  Moltke  wa«  tlie  b«8t 
and  S[.  Dumas  the  worst  subject.  Engtiahiuea 
ud  Oermaos  are  periwpe  the  best  rai'«s  for  aul>- 
J«Ola :  nrliUe  udoIv1IIz«<I  rscee,  mcli  aa  Cl>Jiiain«D 
and  Indians,  are  tMd.  Mr.  Cumbcrlaud's  opinion 
00  tboiiKtit-readitij^  witliout  cuntact  la  well  worth 
qnotlnit  ill  full :  "Some  mystically  incliued  peojile 
olaln)  to  be  able  to  reail  ll]ouj|,'l)ts  irlthout  contact. 
For  my  part.  I  hare  uev«r  j«t  seen  McperinicDta 
of  tltia  kind  aucoceafully  performed,  unleaa  there 
had  been  opporttmHiea  for  obaer*big  some  ]>li«»e 
of  phy«icaJ  Indication  expreased  by  the  subject, 
or  utdew  the  operator  waa  enabled  to  gatlMr  In- 
formatioD  from  eiucKMtions  un«on4dc>usl7  let  fall 
by  tomebody  atouni).  I  linvo  on  (cvorsl  oocaaions 
masaged  to  a^-omptbh  trots  tritlioiit  actnal  oon- 
laol,  but  I  Iwvo  alirays  been  sufflclently  near  (o 
my 'subject'  to  receive  from  him  —  and  to  act 
upon  BocoidiDgly  —  any  ImpfVMions  t>iat  he  physi- 
cally might  oocivejr." 


The  powvr  ia  duubtkss  not  an  uncommon  on«, 
and  b  draii-tj  atlit-d  tu  Iho  knock  for  n^ing 
obaiac.'t«r,  whiub  in  quite  common,  and  to  the 
usual  ptooMsee  by  which  vo  detect  li«a  and  «u»- 
pjctouit  personw,  or  avoid  baling  ioipoacd  upon. 
Hi.  Cumbeclanit  bellorc*  that  tli«  procow  miRbt 
be  ol  actuftl  use  in  detcuting  criminal*,  and  onco 
Buoeeeded  in  doing  this  litnueir.  Ilia  op<tmtion  of 
iiiUflcJ»>rcading  b  n  vt^-  fntlguing  anr^,  arul  the 
thing  b  apt  tn  )h'  ott^rdoni'  by  nmntfiini,  Ur. 
Oumbcfftand'a  cxpcrioDcrti  nre  imjurltnl,  lie- 
oauM!  they  will  aid  in  divesting  theae  pnychlc 
trick*  of  the  myslcrioui  character  so  commonly 
asocibvd  to  th«ni,  and  in  din^cting  popular  thought 
into  more  rational  and  licnllhy  channels. 


THE  PBISONERS  OF  TBE  SOUDAN. 
Wiir.:(  Qenernl  Gonloii  fell  at  Khartoom,  it  iraa 
reported  thai  an  G^y))tlan  army  far  up  tlw  ?Itio, 
commanded  by  Bmiu  Bey.  continued  faithful  to 
the  klwKltre.  SiiH-e  then  only  vague  rumors  bavc 
raiobwl  us :  and  it  waa  gencnlly  belioTod  that 
Emin  Bey  and  hi*  army  had  long  rinoe  bemi  otm> 
Oomft  by  the  niahili,  lij«  followers  dispersed,  and 
he  binuelf  killed.  Within  the  last  month,  news 
has  been  reoelved  Hut  Enitn  Bey  is  alive,  and. 
though  neglected  and  forgotten  by  the  kbedire 


and  his  English  rulers,  is  stitl  figlitfng  under  tlie 
Egyptian  Sag  against  tb«  (»|]ownri>  of  the  mnhdi. 

About  ton  yoar*   ago,    Emin    Bey,  then    Dr. 
Schwilslur  of  Silcsin  in  Au«trin,  went  to  Enypt 
and  snt«rod  the  service  of  the  khedive.     He  «oon 
acquired  the  confidenoe  of  General  Gordon,  liia 
commanding  officer,  and  was  rapidly  promotedg^ 
and  aeot  no  several  important  miatiiontt  into  tli 
southern  part  of  Egypt.     As  a  r(.-wiui)  fur  bix 
ability  and  miocMH,   be  was    miul«    Emin   Dcy. 
When  (iMM^ral  Oordun  wiw  teat  to  tbo  Soudan,.; 
Emin  B^y  was  given  command  of  the  upper  Nile, 
with    hcndqiurt*^   at    Lado,    nt«r    Gondokoio. 
Here  he  was  stationed  when  General  Ocrdon  was 
sent  the  second  time  to  tlie  Soudan.     U«nenll 
Gordon  was  soon  after  bealeged  in  Khartooni  by^ 
Clui  mahill,  and  hla  couiniuaiciition  both    with  I 
appor  and  lower  Egypt  cut  off.     Emin  Bey  grail* 
ually  retmatod  with  hia  soldiers  and  their  (amili«a  | 
up  thn  Nili-,  llgbtiag  as  he  retinxl,  nn<l  defeatii 
tlw  mnbdi  in  several  tmttles,  imtil  he  made 
permanent    settlement  at  Wadelai,  on  the  NUa] 
(not  tar  from  Ltikv  Albert),  at  tlie  extreme  south- 
ern limit  uf  Egypt.     His  jieopl^  lire  negroes  nrantj 
Nubia  and  tbf  Suudnn.     For  the  taat  two  or  thiw 
yean  they  hara-  mpporti^d  tbenumlves  by  the  cul- 
tivation i>f  the  land.     ■■  All  the  stations  are  buatly 
employed  la  agrknltural  work,  and  at  each  one 
couaiderahte  oollon  pUnUtiovia  are  doing  w<tll; 
thin  is  all  the  mora  imiiortant  for  us.  as  it  enables  i 
us,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  corer  our  naksdoan. 
1  hare  also  Introduoed  the  Nhoemakra's  art,  and 
we  now  make  our  own  soap,"  writes  Emin  Bey, 

Emin  Bey  has  but  two  Europeans  with  bim,  — 
l>r.  Junker  and  Captain  Caasati,  Dr.  Junker  in  a 
ItuHHun  scientist,  and,  like  liis  friend  and  former 
companion,  Dr.  Schweinfurth.  is  a  distingulstied 
botanist.  Eight  or  ten  years  ago  he  wrait  to 
Africa,  anil  ooutiuued  t>ie  exi>l<irotions  com- 
m«nci:^]  by  Dr.  Schweinfurth  In  the  valley  of  the 
Bahr-cl-flaz«l.  Die  western  branch  of  the  Nile. 
Ho  also  explomd  the  head  waters  of  the  Well^ 
— one  of  the  lanteet  tribularivs  of  the  Kongo,  — 
and  aftervardfl  traced  tl>e  course  of  another  large 
rirtr,  which  Dr.  Junker  hluiselt  believed  to  be 
the  Arouliuiini.  The  troope  of  the  raahdi  overran 
the  country,  and  Dr.  Jimker  was  forced  tu  retinv. 
By  great  good  luck  he  siiccceded  in  joining  Emin 
Bey,  and  has  remaineil  with  him.  Tlie  other 
European  with  Emin  Bey  is  Oa«tano  Cassati.  for- 
merly a  cnplaiii  in  the  Italian  anny.  He  left  Italy 
in  IBTD,  wiih  wveml  other  liallau«,  and  landed 
upOD  the  east  const  of  Africa.  Tlicy  spent  several 
years  In  that  part  of  AfKca  which  the  Italians 
liave  explored,  until  his  companions  were  killed 
and  he  made  a  prisooer.  He  Anally  escaped,  and 
made  his  way  to  Brain  Bey  at  Gondokoro. 


Jakdast  7,  1887.] 


SCrENCJS. 


SCIEA^'CE. 


iVoi.  IX..  No,  aoa 


At  Ibc  rrqupHt  of  V.atta  Boj,  Dr.  Junk«r  witb 
a  SRWll  carorAD  left  Wtid«lal  for  Cairo  for  t)i« 
pur[ioee  of  obulnlng  aid.  Cut  oH  from  all  ana- 
tuiuili'aliun  down  tlie  Nile,  he  wna  oofDpulU^  M 
proceed  to  iMro  via  TMtixihat  nod  tli«  IndtaR 
Oc-ysan.  ilia  mulr  nui  fioiitb  throiiKb  Unyoro  and 
UfCtuidn  to  LAhe  Victoria,  froiii  Ibere  tound 
the  ireetern  altore  of  tb«  lakv  to  (h«-  Ennliiih  oiia- 
bIod.  an<l  then  eu-t  to  Zuizibur.  Knbcngn,  tlw- 
ruler  of  Un^roru,  hiw  bvfrionilpd  Emin  Qr^,  iiup- 
plfing  bim  nrilb  food  and  bIotim.  Moraiifis,  the 
ohtef  of  UfcnmU,  is  hoetile  to  Europeans  and  way 
be  n'nipmlxTed  a«  the  murderer  of  Ittshofi  Uaitn- 
lngt«D  only  a  year  ago.  Wbeu  MonoRs  heard  that 
Kabrega  had  «3«iat<Kl  Umin  Bey,  and  )md  rMwivrd 
Dr.  Junker  ax  bii  friend,  lin  mnrchnd  nj^siiiiit 
K^re^  and  d^fcntnl  liim.  Dr.  Junker  with 
gnat  difRoulty  onOAp^,  and  reached  the  Engti»h 
miwion  of  Haalla. 

Oa  the  8th  of  October  a  letter  ivan  received 
from  Dr.  Junker.  dattHl  ut  Maulla,  Aug.  li>, 
in  which  lie  |>les»ds  for  ik'Uv«iincp  fiw  Kabntgn, 
succor  for  Gmin  Bp;r.  iind  tho  rrconqii4«t  of  the 
Soudan.  If  Kitbri>t,-n  in  not  dpIiTern)  anil  the 
Soudnn  nx;onqu«red,  tlie  [ire^tige  o(  Euro])e  iu 
CHttnl  Africa,  irlll,  he  xaye,  be  lost:  a»d  if  Euiin 
B«7  falls,  it  will  be  to  the  eternal  shame  of  Egypt 
aud  England,  These  are  the  objeda  of  hin  iniMfoa 
to  Europe.  H«  Mgiw  his  Irtter,"  Tour  affccltonate 
frinnd,  dUparit  rl  nnfln  rvtrouvi." 

As  it  look  Dr.  Junker  more  tlian  six  moDth* 
to  reach  the  Engliftli  iniwion.  U  dixtaDce  of  only 
tluee  hundred  and  lifty  inibv.  he  miiat  hare  )iad 
mu^  dilBculty  in  pniudnK  Ihrougb  Usanda.  He 
loft  the  miinian  ax  soon  as  bis  caravan  waaready, 
and  rifu'hcd  Zanzibar  the  SOtb  of  December, 
and  expected  to  arrive  at  Cairo  on  the  lOlb  of 
January.  19ST.  Thus  far,  nu  alti'mplx  hare  lieen 
made,  eitlier  by  th«  Enfilifb  govcininimt  or  the 
khedivi-,  Iu  relioTc  Rmin  Bny :  but  on  expedition 
undor  Dr.  Finchnr.  A  German  naturalist  who  bail 
•pent  many  years  on  Ihe  co«bI,  was  sent  out  by 
geological  societieB  of  Oeruuiny.  sided  by  tho 
Oenuau  government.  It  started  from  PnnRnni. 
on  the  VHHtem  coast  of  Africa,  aliout  fifty  or  sixty 
milcti  nortli  of  Zanzibar,  in  Atifjiist.  IB6S.  It 
rmcbvYl  Victoria  Nynna,  but,  heiiiK  unable  to 
pnxwed  any  farther,  returned  to  Zaneil>ar  liut 
June. 

In  the  early  jiart  of  tlie  prew-nt  yi-ar.  Dr. 
Oitcar  l.eni  wns  sent  out  by  tlx:  Aiinlrinn  govern- 
ituint  to  try  to  reiii.-h  Emin  EVy  by  thf*  weal«ni 
<K)aBt  of  Afrirn.  lie  slrnnied  up  the  river  Kongo 
to  Stanley  FnJij^,  and  left  tlwre  on  the  41b  of  April, 
intending  to  sail  up  tlie  Kongo  to  Nynngw^, 
where  Stank-y  Uunobt.'d  hi*  b<iat  in  I8TT  on  his 
expedition  octom  the  Dark  Continent.    Prom  there 


Dr.  Leni  hoped  to  cron*  to  luike  Tanganjllu. 
thence  by  Lake  Mutn  Nxiga  and  Ihe  Alt>ert 
Kynnza  t«  Wadclai.  ThU  [lart  ot  Africa  Is  occu- 
pied by  Mnhninm«dans,  traders  in  stavea  and 
ivory,  who  bitierty  oppose  all  exploruliooa  that 
might  iDtcrfere  with  tlie  elavir-Inide.  They 
liBVe  Tertmlty  seited  the  statiun  of  the  Kongo 
Free  State  iit  Stanley  Fnlln.  and  driven  the 
Euroi>eana  down  the  river.  It  is  Ihcrrrot*  doubt- 
ful whether  Dr.  Lenx  will  surcec^  in  pessiog 
through  this  country. 

Dr.  Jorcph  Thomson,  an  Eagtishman  who  baa 
Npnnt  M-vrrnl  ytfars  in  eastern  equatorial  Africa, 
and  who  commanded  the  Royal  geographical  so- 
ciety's expedilioo  through  MaMisi  Uind  to  Lake 
Victoria  during  WS8  und  1H64.  oBen  to  bead 
a  party  to  letievc  Emin  Bey.  He  ptopooni  to  start 
from  MumlmsMi  (n  port  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  4" 
Dortli  Intitudo,  njid  12*)  miles  north  of  Zanxllnr), 
poiwing  nnrtli  of  Kilimanjaro  (n  high  mountain 
coTpred  with  eternal  snowv,  uliicb  Dr.  Thomaoo 
vainly  alU'inpled  tu ascend.  Imt  which  IiaH  Ih-pii  re- 
cently asifuiini  by  Mr.  H,  U.  Johnston),  through 
the  coiinrry  of  Ibe  Maawi  lo  Kwa  Ktindu,  on  the 
Dtirlh-i-ii.itcTii  Blitirr  of  lake  Vict<tfin,  tbpoce 
tbniiiKh  Ugnndn  lo  Wndrlai. 

Ttiough  this  rout^.'  is  north  of  the  one  taken  by 
Dr.  Fischer,  yet  the  general  character  of  the  ooun- 
try  in  the  aamo,  and  it  In  inhabited  by  tbo  tribM 
of  Iho  HaMai,  a  most  w-nrlike  race.  Dr.  Thomson 
■ucooedei)  In  crowing  this  territory  In  IWS,  hut 
the  people  are  now  more  hoellle  lo  Europeans, 
exacting  heavier  tolls  aud  higher  ]>rice«  for  pro- 
vlsioiw,  and  freiiuently  robbing  aiul  murdering 
trarellers  who  attempt  t«  |kub  through.  To  show 
the  gr««t  change  iu  ihe  trealmont  of  Ean> 
pcttns  by  the  nrgrom,  it  Is  only  npcr!!»«ry  to  oon- 
trart  the  account  given  by  .Mr.  .Stanley  of  Uganda 
in  IHTO  and  tlial  given  by  the  London  Time*  of 
Docr-mber,  IHMO.  Mr.  Stanley  rays,  "Froin  the 
time  the  vuyagi-r  touchfn  Uganda  ground,  b<-  ia 
as  «afc  and  frm  from  com  an  Ihoogh  h<t  *rcre  in 
tbe  most  civilized  Ktate  in  Europe,  lie  and  hla 
are  in  the  hands  of  Mtesa,  eipperor  of  Uganda." 
The  London  Titnea  Mys  Munga,  king  of  Ugan- 
da, "  dares  to  torture  and  maaaacre  the  conwrta 
of  ita  miinioDBrica,  and  an  Eugliali  bidiop,  with- 
out f«r  or  «v*n  r^iroach." 

Travelling  In  central  Africa  is  made  by  very 
slow  stages.  Dr.  Thomson  did  not  reach  Lake 
Victoria  until  one  year  after  hi*  arrival  ut  Zanxi* 
Imr,  and  tlien  hi-  bud  truvellpil  only  Iwo'tbirds  of 
the  way  lo  Wadelui,  uud  that  the  Icimt  difBcult 
part. 

It  is  understood  that  Stanley  has  been  mim- 
moned  to  Europe  to  take  command  of  an  expedi- 
tion Atted  out  by  the  Egyptian  govenimcnt.  un- 


jAitcAKT  7,  ion.) 


8CIEyCE» 


d«r  Uw  Kilvice  of  EDgland,  for  Uie  rvlier  of  Emio 

B«7.    Th«  Belgiao  (Mpcni  mntp  thai  lib  roat4i  will 

bv  up  the  Konso  to  AroabaimJ  (the  tribiitiif7  n- 

f«mKl  tA  nbovc),  vbKrti  MBpttn  into  the  Kongo 

,  netix  \h»  equator.  »otue  diMtnoe  below  Stanley 

|Fhlls.    Ur.  Hisnk-}',  on  bw  but  vudt  to  Ibf  Kunjco. 

Jled  apthb  rirrr  f(M  MinM-  ilbttniKv, nnit  Iwliav^ 

;  to  be  thL>  oullft  nT  Ibr  Wdto.   Fom  IIm-  bntul  of 

tviRation  on  tlw  Amuliuimi.  11m>  r»iil«  b  east  t'> 

hWsdehl.    Only  mbout  two  huiiitr^l  niitM  an-  nald 

llo  be  uDiesplored.    Tbc  oountrr  it  inhubitMl  by 

.  pe*c«ful  ncsTous,  fooil  i*  enrilj-  oblainod.  and  dif- 

Bcultir*  ant  k-M  than  by  tbo  otbrr  kmiIp. 

A  <;aI>1p  fntoi  Engliutd  ctam  that  Mr.  SUnlejr 
will  mil  for  Zaoiibar,  and  ko  directly  to  Atlievt 
Kyanis,  tbrntiftti  Mamal  I^nd:  but  <re*may  iroll 
kcloulA  lliis  Infonnalloci,  for  altlioiii^b  Mr.  Btanlvy, 
fin  eroMing  the  Dark  CVmliiurut,  irvnx  by  Victoria 
iKruua,  be  taiA  a  route  Miuth  at  the  one  nuur  pm- 
pOMd  i  and  he  i*  iaii<!b  brltpr  cioi|iuinl«l  with  the 
Koogoroalr.  IliapiHiibU-iluitMr.  KtnnkTninyc.-iil 
to  Zantibar,  rcmnin  th^ro  long  rnotiKb  to  pr>K?iire 
kreooMD  and  )<on^«,  and  Mil  wltb  tliom  to  Ibe 
Konn^  ai»(l  tlience  U|iltial  river  to  Ibt-Aroubucmi. 
The  newl  of  Kinin  Bey  fur  relii^f  iippearii  Troin 
bl»  leU«r,  dalvcl.  Dec.  HI.  I8SS,  n-reivn]  in  Kngbincl 
Oct.  S8.  Tbin  Irtter  liringn  tbt!  only  newH  re- 
teeJwd '  rrran  biai  in  Ibin.-  yi«ni.  He  wriu-n  Ihnt 
[ko  almaM  dmpair*  of  recetrinit  mcoor  frooi  Die 
It.  tor  bv  iiaa  beard  nothing  from  Cairo  or 
Enclfttul  oini-p  A|>ril.  1888:  (bat  be  i*  without 
HloTM  nni)  rlothine;;  aiKl  that  bia  Hinmunitioii  Ih 
BParly  exbainted.  With  tl>e  enttiuatatiiii  «t  a 
•ckntiflc  man.  he  a(l<la  thai  li«  baa  worked  with 
ardor  at  the  fonualion  of  a  Kianal  ctillectioo, 
chiHIy  Euaioeinl.  iiitluding  skiilti  of  the  differ- 
ent IriUit  of  ni-grom  and  nt  the  nhimpanzn', 
*ki-MritiJi  of  variouD  ant  main  and  twn<i(  itie  Ahks 
of  dilTcnmt  vxeti ;  and  Im  irtii  pndeavor  to  com- 
pkt*  it  dtirjiif;  111*  wjourn  tliere.  He  promlaea  to 
hMp  hb  poet  Ha  lonR  a«  poaalble,  litiatJnjc.  that,  if 
EKTpt  rtlll  icOTeru?  (he  Sotidan.  afae  must  mcvA  ir- 
li«f  in  iiin«.  If  the  Sottdaii  b«s  been  obandonrd. 
be  wtU  iDOve  Mutbvraril  wiih  bia  tr»up»,  until  bo 
it  nllev«d  by  the  icu*'e''nnwni  ur  baa  plaood  lii« 
peofile  in  safety.  "  Wiih  Uicexeeption  i>f  the  hu- 
man iikulk.1  havunavedall  nir<<oltr<'tian,  and  irill 
not  alnndoii  tiM-ro  until  tbi;  lout.  Fornw^y  I  re- 
«aiv«il  two  or  three  timcit  a  year  lettttta  And  new»- 
pspan.  Alaa!  it  in  m>  no  lonfier.  I  strive  by 
every  bmhum  to  Mmtain  my  own  courage  and  tliat 

•  tUooe  Ibia  utlcAo  tm  wiiueo.  w»  Uat*  nwd  MMUmr  let- 
Mr  from  Kfutn  Bor.  ilsu-i  iair  ~,  ffK,  fii  t)i«o  liia  pn>Tlu» 
WB*  la  onnplMa  taf  oty  <ui>l  oritor.  TtxM  latlcni  tWtt  UM 
■ha  ana— lartwi  of  lit*  ■»  noi  irknUD( :  but  bo»  los«  be 
can  BalnWn  blnwctt  dap'BJt  ufoo  Ui«  Mranftb  at  lbs 
MobuiuiiAlbi  anajr  undor  Urn  at^  m^lidl  on  tlia  aorU^ 
a^l  «t  taa  arajr  of  lac  uaaroo*  Iron  tinads  oa  tti*  aniUL 


of  my  peofilp.  Hod  ha*  certainly  protected  and 
■tiKlninod  mc  bithrrto,  and  1  bavK  conBilence, 
that,  with  Ilia  help,  all  will  go  w«U  in  the  (u> 
tnw." 

He  adds,  "  I  hare  secured  for a  collection 

of  ahella  from  Lake  Albert,  which  I  will  aend  by 
the  iniiMiouariM  at  Uganda,  anil  which  I  l>ope  will 
reach  him  witely.  —  Emik  Bet." 


STAKDASD  TtJi£  AKD  MBASVJtSS. 

AT  the  rcotmt  annual  mcoiing  of  the  Amerkmu 
n)etrolo|[ic«l  aocdrty.  Utn-m  wrn-  n-ml  from  W. 
V.  Allen,  wcretary  of  the  gvoeral  time  cortTen- 
tinea,  and  from  Sandford  Fletnbig  of  Ottawa, 
Canada,  from  wliidi,  as  they  oooiain  contMef 
able  Infonnnlion.  we  quote  somewhat  liberally 
below. 

Ur.  Allen  Matnl  thai  be  ia  at  praenl  engaged 
in  quite  an  extenxive  comvpandencc  with  a  *few 
to  britiKinic  alKHit  the  adoption  of  slandard  tbne 
by  tlione  riUes  whicli  atUI  adhere  to  local  tioM, 
liiix  n»>veiu«nt  has  already  resulted  In  saecen  in 
two  inntancva.  In  Belfast.  Ue,,  easlern  time  was 
a-loitled  on  Dec.  15,  I6IW,  llw  olocka  beiof  set 
tweiity-four  mlnutea  slow ;  and  in  Pittabnrg, 
pLmii.,  wliere  an  ordinance  was  paawd  adopting 
(wrtcm  atandard  time  froiu  Jan.  I.  I8ST,  whcm 
the  clocks  were  not  twenty  tninutea  fast.  It  is 
probable  that  the  IcKislattiro  of  Haine  will  |Maa  a 
law  at  ita  eomlnK  sewlon  makinx  nwtt«m  time  the 
■tanilanl  for  the  state.  Oorrespcindpnce  with  the 
superinteDdenta  of  public  schools  in  a  RUtnlaT  of 
the  citiiii  of  Ohio  lias  developed  the  fact  tlint  a 
strong  fevling  in  favor  (rf  the  adofition  of  standard 
time  exUtn  in  tliat  Ktati',  from  which  fnvotabl« 
action  L»  likely  to  conko  in  the-  neiu-  future.  Tli« 
twi'iitytour  o'clock  seal*  is  in  um-  upon  the  Cana< 
dian  I'lioitlv  railway  west  of  Winnipeg,  upon  th« 
llanitolKi  and  uorih-weetem  railway,  and  upon 
the  Idaho  diriaion  of  the  Union  Paf-iDc  railway. 
It  Is  propocpil  to  adopt  it  aooii  on  all  the  dhislons 
of  (he  Union  Paeifio  railway.  Under  instructions 
from  the  general  time  conruntion.  Mr.  Alien  la 
preparing,  and  will  shortly  msoo,  a  circular  nuking 
the  views  of  the  leadinx  railway  oBtiriak  on  tbo 
Mibject  of  the  general  adoption  of  this  scale  for 
cniployem' tiui^-tables  and  advertlsementa. 

Ur.  Fleming  Irare  especially  on  the  twDefita  to  b« 
derived  from  tbe  twenty-four  hour  system,  whkb 
baa  been  pnt  in  pnctice  on  at  least  two  thousand 
miles  of  railway.  For  tlir  pa.il  six  uionihi  the 
railway  stretching  from  Lake  Su{ivri<vr  ibriMigh 
Cknula  (o  (be  Pacific  coait  ban  been  operated  on 
thetwunty'four houraysteni.  "Thetown*  and  vU- 
lag**  along  the  line,"  writes  Ur.  nemlnfc.  "bnvn 
with  great  unanimity  accepted  the  change,  and 


6 


SCIENCE. 


{Vol.  IX.,  ««.  «B 


not  K  iiiiif[l«  TOJM  hu  been  lieiiril  in  any  i|uarter 
«xpr««einic  a  (l«eir«  to  reuirn  to  Die  old  uan$«. 
So  Mlis/aclory  in  eiery  wajr  bu  thi<  new  *jr«t«>m 
proved,  tbat  Ihe  Canndion  Pncillc  rallwny  com- 
pany hare  (IwMnd  to  i^ztvnit  its  application  «-aBt- 
ward  to  Ontario  nnd  thd  valley  of  ttie  Si.  Law 
icraou.  The  branch  and  cuonecling  linw  tun 
followtnic  the  tame  coiuve.  and  I  lun  luautvd 
Uwt  br  the  e«ut  of  next  jtax  the  Iwenty-roiir  hour 
•ysteia  xrill  b«  in  eomnuiD  nto  by  the  [allways 
from  Halifax  in  Nora  Scotia  to  Vancouver  on  the 
Paoilic  oonnt.  Yon  are,  no  doubt,  already  aware 
that  th«!  tventy-foiir  bour  ay  stent  ia  \a  um 
thiougboiii  Uie  exlfiwiTe  liiun  of  [i>Iej|-raph  be- 
tween tifvat  Urllain,  Egypt,  India,  Sonlh  Africa, 
China,  and  Auotinlia  and  NVw  Zrvtlond." 

However  important  tl»«e  clianite«  are.  they  can 
only  be  rinwed  aH  provistonal  steps  in  the  general 
nnJHcatJon  of  time  tlirougbout  the  world.  Thry 
m  means  to  an  end.  and  the  grmt  end  of  tbr 
movement  may  be  the  univeraol  ndopiion  of  a 
new  notation  of  time  which  will  Ik-  eninnion  to 
all  nuliona.  It  b  only  atep  bynt^-p.  and  bi'  fumil- 
iarijung  nien'v  mind*  with  lb«  oaw  idea«^  that  Iho 
Ibtkct  reform  can  bfi  acoompllaheil.  With  thiH 
end  In  view,  the  Smitli'iinlan  Inolilution.  dcoitinR 
to  co-operate  Iti  the  uuvemeui.  have  ngrred  to 
piihl)»h  and  cireuUie,  in  all  cuuntriMi  wherv  their 
reporto  am  wnt,  a  pape«  on  *  Ttnie-recboniug  for 
the  twentieth  <Tntury.' 

•'  Tbla  queatkiD,"  oontlnned  Mr.  Fleming:.  "  has 
an  educational  interest ;  and.  Miob  being  ibo  case. 
muchoould  be  done  by  apiienlinK  to  tlw  educa- 
tiunal  inKtilutions.  IVoluibly  the  niont  elTeotire 
meona  of  inllwTnciafc  (In-  rininR  frrneretlon  of  thin 
country  would  be  to  luring  the  auhjeel  under  the 
notic*  of  the  public  srliotkln.  If  the  childrt^o  or 
both  aexes  were  lan/^ht  tlie  true  prini'ipU«  of 
tinie-rechoniii>;.  in  a  very  few  ynars  their  inllu- 
emoe  would  tie  fpk.  and  the  niiun  (>l»taole  in  the 
way  of  adopting  a  cofninun  ntitaiton  would  dis- 
appw  tbronghout  ihi«  continent.  I  t'enlure  to 
•nggart,  thrrefoiv,  thai  the  aodety  would  in  the 
hlKhaat  deicree  adranee  the  (mportant  inoii-ement 
by  takioK  aueh  olepe  as  may  be  d<«mcd  necen- 
nry  and  proper,  to  briojc  the  queRtioo  to  the  nn- 
lice  of  the  «utierintendenls  of  education  in  each 
state  with  the  view  of  naehing  4«ch  hoy  and 
Itirl  of  mIiooI  age  between  the  two  oceans.  If 
America  tak<i  the  lead  in  this  mnlter,  I  do  not 
doubt  (hat  the  other  eon(ineni8  will  follow  in 
good  time." 

Thetoeiety  would  be  pleased  to  correnpoad  with 
any  one  tletiiriiig  to  use  lita  inllueoi-e  in  bringing 
about  the  adoption  of  the  metrie  Hyvtem,  or  who 
ia  iatvested  in  a  common  method  of  tinM  radron- 
lag  wch  a*  is  indicated  in  Mr.  KIcmlDg^  letKc. 


The    offiiCD   of    tlie    secretary    Is    at    Columbia 
coUcKV. 

The  offic«rs  for  IWT  are.  prmident.  F.  A.  Pij 
Barnard,  president  of  Columbia  college :    vie 
preefdenl.  rrot.  E.  N.  Honfonl.  Cbmbridge.  Uomi.' 
recanting  woretnry.  Mclvil   Dewey,  Ijbinrino  Co* 
lumbia  eollcKe  i  correspond  inn:  secretary.  Alfred 
Colin,  New  York  ;  treasurer,  Prof.  J.  K.  Rees. 
Colnmbia  colkige. 


THE  SATVRAU8TS'  MBETIXO  AT 
PHJLADKU'HIA. 

Tub  meeting  of  the  Society  of  natdTotiElB  Iteld 
iu  Pbilailelphia  durini;  Clm^lmaH  week  wa«  at- 
te^ided  l>y  about  fifty  raeiiilier«.  nnd  proved  on  en- 
joyable and  «tiuiulatiiig  gathering.  The  strict 
unfurcement  of  ilie  rult-  limiting  membership  to 
penctOM  "who  regulorlr  dri'ote  a  oonnidcratile 
portion  of  their  time  to  the  advanremeni  of 
natural  history."  allows  only  a  slow  growth  to  the 
society,  but  it  iusurvs  the  lllumlaatluu  i>f  the 
nomciatinn  by  itami-mlwrs.  rat  1«t  than  the  referee. 
Mutual  anl|ll«iolanc<^  is  iacrra«'il :  the  tu<-e:i>igu 
tiecorac OS  informal  a»  meting*  may  be:  and  the 
naturalisl,  who  has  spent  a  Rood  port  of  th<-  year 
luu  mu<;b  alone  In  his  own  cxmpany,  findi  MiK^es- 
livc  inten-uurse  with  hi»  (eltows.  The  constitu- 
tional object  of  thi'wciety  ischielly  the  discitfaion 
of  nffAorfs of  mvmtigwian  and  instn>ciion  :  for  It 
l«  held  that  the  annonnoement  of  the  rv>u/fs  of 
inveBii^tioo  llnds  more  lltting  and  nuffirient  op- 
portunity in  local  societies,  llut  in  IIm-  impocnt 
day  of  njiefial  investiKiitioo  Uieie  ia  some  dan k^t 
tliat  tlie  delailnl  deccriplion  of  mi-lhiNlf.  iiBrfiit  m 
their  pluce.  and  eDtcrtnininjt  enmigh  to  n  few 
mFtobera.  may  still  fail  to  hold  tho  attention  of 
the  mM'tings  as  a  whole;  especially  when,  n» 
iao  often  appears,  the  inventive  specialist  ha* 
failed  to  ciillivate  the  arl  of  protentation. 

The  day  tliat  wn»  drviited  to  niethmlsi  «t  IpucIi- 
inic  was  apjiorenlly  the  moi>t  >atiK'net<iri*  t<i  the 
gatlu-riiiK.  H.  S.  WillJaniM  of  Cornell  s|>oke  on 
general  inMructlon  In  geology  ;  Davis  of  Harvard 
followed  oD  ioetniction  in  geolc^cal  luveeil^ation. 
In  the  aftemuoD.  Farlow  of  Harvard  considered 
the  linr«  proHlable  fur  botanical  investigation  in 
the  United  States.  Blartin  of  Johns  Hopkins  dt». 
cussed  eollegtate  leaehing  of  biology,  and  Whit- 
man of  Milwaukee  discrlhed  the  proper  position 
of  biological  inveetlgation  in  the  university.  All 
tliese  papers  awukened-tbe  meeting  to  aclive  dia- 
cuanion,  and  it  was  decided  that  the  executive 
committee  of  the  nfiHcty  should  oonaidirr  the  od- 
vifuibilily  and  mcaiiH  of  publishing  the  proceed- 
ings of  tlie  day  ;  for  It  was  gmerally  aKtecd  tliat 
both  the  papers  and  tbe  discnmlon  tbat  tb<7  ex- 


jAinrABT  ?.  ]ti07.| 


SCIENCE, 


I 


ohed  wovid  b«  md  witli  proAt  and  «ncourm[«- 
iDODt  bjr  tc«cli«T«  far  nnd  wjde.  In  t)«w  o/  ihe 
hiteraat  tlraa  awakeuMl.  il  was  niggnled  lliM  a 
daj  be  wt  apart  in  tiM!  loeMiiu;  •  jcttr  Im-dl-c  for 
tlie  (liiM.-uH9i(>n  of  scipucf!  in  thi-  tKbooU.  DuritiK 
titp  BOuiinn,  Proft^win  |>ri<),T  wkI  Ijriivy  wwe 
luktitl  to  Ibr  lisC  of  lion'tmrj  mpinlMTii.  Profpnoni 
Dainl,  DaiMt,  ami  iix^j  liaiing  been  iireviouslf 
•Itctrd  to  this  claas. 


JVDTSS  AVD  NEWS. 
Tkk  t«(.'tiinM  drtivi-nxl  bjr  Prof.  Rodolfo  Xma- 
cianl.  LL.U.,  giirrramnDt  director  of  arehwlofcical 
rCMwvbisi  m  ttooM^.  b^/ora  Ihe  Lowell  iimdtute, 
BoMton,  nrp  full  of  InterMlinK  aiKl  insiructiTv 
matter.  Thv  teotun'r.  after  d<ncribiii|^  tli<.-  Iiumbli? 
ori|^  of  Ronie,  ani)  the  iiiui|>li*  tuntlor-of-fikct 
OiUMS  wbkh  led  lo  iln  fouRdACium  on  tlie  Palatine 
Hill,  oonalddTcd  Uw  tnnxUizy  condlltoos  of  tbe 
distnct  which  »urraund»d  Ibe  new  town.  Dnriog 
pnhJslortc  times  the  whole  reefon  wm  volcanic 
and  free  frtim  inaUria,  and  w1i«n  it  ccoiied  to  be 
volcanic,  then  malorin  began.  Tbo  olroiVKt  proof 
of  tbp  Ttrulenoo  of  molarin  in  Eton)?  in  tlie  firet 
oetilurr  in  nffonleil  bv  the  number  of  alUn  and 
Bhrtnee  <l«<li«tt«d  to  tlie  f:uil[|e98  of  (he  f«v«T,  At 
Ihe  tlnie  of  Vurro  tlxn?  <m.Te  not  Uw  tluui  thrwi 
tomiilm  of  thf  favpr  left  ■binding.  The  prindpal 
worlia  of  improvrmrnt  MK^Mx^fitllj'  c»inj>I^(eO  in 
ancient  tinM^  for  Ihe  heti<>llt  of  publii-  h(«lt)i  and 
for  cbeokiiig  nMlaria  wer« :  I.  The  oonntmclion 
of  dnduH;  II.  Ihe  oooiitructioD  of  aqaeductn; 
III.  The  muliiplicuiiun  and  paving  uf  ro«d* ;  IV. 
Tbo  right  nrganixaiton  of  public  ci>n>et«rte8 ;  V. 
TIm-  drainaice  and  cultivniian  of  the  Campegra; 
VI.  The  orgoniuitinn  of  medical  help.  Profewor 
LanclMil  deceU^^ed  fully  ihei>e  poiuta ;  and  wo 
ngivti  thai,  owing  to  want  of  Hpace,  w«  cAnnoi 
follow  him  mmw  minulcljr.  Tbo  Ic^lunw  are 
unitiac,  and  worlbj  reproduction  in  a  permanent 
fonti. 

—  Plijsictana  will  doabtlem  reoi«ui)>er  the  oaae 
of  llie  late  Dr.  Oroax  of  UrooUjo,  who  had  the 
power  of  stopping  the  action  of  Ihe  hc«rl  at  plcan- 
tirc.  Dr.  L.vdatou  of  Cfaioago.  in  a  note  to  the 
Amtrican  practitioiur  and  netet,  claimn  to  luive 
the  aanw  power,  and  to  Itnvo  d(anonslrati>d  it  to 
memberv  ol  lh(>  mnlical  profctnion. 

—  Al  a  recent  meeting  of  Ihe  Societ.v  of  arta, 
Oa|>i.  Douglas  Gallon,  Hiainnan  of  tlte  council. 
daGvered  an  addresa  wliich  wais  a  ivtToa[wct  of 
the  twogKHi  made  in  aiuiitatioa  by  tlin  E^ngllab 
nation  during  tbu  n-ign  of  Qucon  Viotoria.  The 
fegWratian  of  birth*,  mnrriagca,  and  dcnlha  came 
IMo  opetatMR  in  1B37.  tm  daf*  aft^-r  the  qn««n'« 
■eoMrioo  to  the  throne.    Tlie  sanitary  condillon 


of  the  conntij  waa  wrotclM>d  at  thta  time.  One- 
l«ntb  of  the  population  of  &Innc-lK9t>.'r,  and  one- 
HTentfa  of  tfaal  of  Liverpool,  tired  in  oollarw.  In 
IMGacdiapel  In  the  luiuirdiate  Delgbborbood  of 
LiniMln'a-Inn  Plelda  was  used  as  a  sdraolrootn  In 
ll>o  duy-ttme,  and  a  dancing-ealoon  at  nlgbt.  In 
tlie  cellnni  undrmcalh  lhi>  i^bnpel  Ua  thoiMand 
bodice  bad  been  buried  in  thr  •ovcnln-n  yeaca 
ending  1840,  the  burials  were  still  continning, 
and  the  old  oofHns  were  removed  through  a  con- 
tiguous sewer  to  make  room  for  new  ones.  In 
tlic  rural  dislricls  tbo  same  neglect  of  t)ie  pnUlc 
b««llh  was  also  prornlcnt.  The  various  acts 
wblcti  have  bwi>  pBMrd  ilnring  tbcie  lifly  veors 
liave  cootrlbaled  greatly  to  the  wrifan^  and  proo- 
pcrit.v  of  Englsiid  as  a  nation.  In  tlw  decade 
tSQO  60  the  auuual  avera^  saving  of  Hit*  in 
Rngland  and  Wales  from  aaoilar.v  imprOTemcnt 
wa»7.T8B;  1880-70.  il  ri»c  to  I0,<8l ;  lfc(70-«l,  it 
was  48,443;  and  in  the  Urn  ;cnn  1)^-(M,  the 
average  aannal  niimWr  of  !(<>'««  mt  cd  by  sanlUiy 
improrements  liss  been  Vii,iiO. 

—  3lr.  E.  U.  Pmtton  of  Ihe  U.  8.  coa*  and 
geodrlif!  survcj  k-ft  lani  week  for  tiM?  Sandwkh 
Island*  on  on  iniporiuni  mtwion  for  tliat  goveni- 
meal.  The  object  of  hix  tisit  in  tlw  dcCenttLna- 
tion  of  sstronomicariailtude*  on  tlH-ar  islaada. 
flftecn  stations  lioving  already  been  decided  upon. 
Tlie  pendulum  will  be  nwuug  iil  a  great  eleraliooi 
and  also nl  tlic  wa-lMi-l,  tit  drltrniine  the  down- 
vtaiA  attraction  of  some  of  tli»  princlital  moon- 
tains.  The  latiuide  stations  will  be  on  the  follow- 
ing islands:  Kauai,  Oabu,  Holokal.  Maui,  and 
nawaii.  T1i«  work  will  probably  sImw  groat 
defleolioEM  of  the  jilnmh-line  on  all  the  Islands, 
and  tbe  pendulum  work  will  no  doubt  conflrw 
previous  expi^rimcniii  on  island  stations :  viz,, 
that  islands  cive  an  eicees  of  gravity.  Tlic  ob- 
KTvatMHiB  will  occupy  sliuul  four  or  (tve  montfaa. 
A  ropy  of  all  ubaiTvatiiHia  will  be  de|>0(iited  in  tba 
coast  and  geodetic  murvcy  archives.  The  work  U 
done  entttfly  at  Itie  i  ijwim  of  ihi-  llawaitan 
government,  the  coast  eurrey  loaning  the  neoe*- 
•atry  insuumenla. 

—  Congmsman  tiatoh,  nbairnun  of  the  house 
committee  on  nKrir.alture,  has  received  from  Com- 
missioner Colman  of  the  agricultural  department 
a  n^ply  to  the  rmolulion  offered  \ry  Mr,  Swinburne 
of  New  York  TegardinK  llie  caube  and  extsmt  of 
plenru-imrumooiH  In  eattlv.  Tlie  oommlastonw 
K-U  fotlli  the  difficuUica  met  In  the  attempt  to 
extirpate  or  control  Uiis  disease  in  Ihe  psttient 
stale  of  the  lav.  and  with  tJie  mschiaerj'at  bond, 
and  re-eufome  bU  recnmmendailons  previouriy 
made  for  more  heroic  methods.  Tbe  commit 
•doner  again  reoommends  as  tbe  onl.v  meamre 


10 


SCIEJSrCE. 


IvoL.  a..  No.  us 


which  will  uxlirpntn  th?  plaipM.  and  prevent  Iwlh 
Um  direct  and  indirect  lomes.  Itiat.  «rber«v«r  aii 
iatreted  Iwrd  Is  (Ilscovcred,  all  «i)mm("1  uiiiuAls 
shonid  be  slkllchtered.  Ibe  pn.-iiii»"i  thoruu^Uly 
dltiDf«ct«d.  and  Iho  ow-dot  oompuatated  (or  the 
lOM  to  whii-ti  he  in  HDbjectvd  tar  llic  pri>t4«tii>n  uf 
the  pubiif.  Ut^  iiri;rH  upoa  traagnm  tbo  neceBGitjr 
of  leKialation  girinK  la  (he  d^partmente  ponpr  to 
cany  out  tho  messiUM  required  for  extirpating 
picuro-pneiimontt  untrstumelled  by  state  Uwe  or 
Ktali>  authorities,  and  K  ia  eixpeoted  to  promptljr 
BUppreoe  tlilw  ditwue. 

—  W.  Stainton  Monm,  i«t«ly  a  victhprexidfint  nnd 
a  ineinbvr  of  t)i«  council  of  the  F.D)ili>'b  aorlelj 
for  (Bj-i-hicnl  rMTArcli,  has  wltlidr«»-n  (lom  the 
witiel}'.  In  his  le<tler  of  resignation.  Mr.  Moses 
safB,  "  1  hnve  concluded,  that,  e«  a  teprL-eM^ntalive 
q>irj|iialif>i.  I  could  not  do  othervrinc.  uooaidering, 
as  I  do.  that  the  evld«aioe  for  phooomenn  of  Ihn 
geniiliie  dianrter  of  wbidi  I  nnd  many  nthen 
harv  satiwfied  ouraelvca  bojrond  doubt,  is  n<>c  being 
properly  rntortalncd  or  fairly  treated  by  tlie  So- 
ciety for  purchical  i-enearcb." 

—  Prafessor  Roh^  of  Balliniure,  in  a  paper  rend 
at  the  last  meeting  of  th«  Americno  nnilicnl  luwo- 
cUtiuii.  ii-«i>iniuvnihKl  thftt  inHtnirtion  in  cook- 
my  be  nude  a  port  of  Uk  curiicnhiin  of  tlie 
puhU<-  »chool8,  and  that  lueotal  i>hi1osopliy  or 
irlgouoiueiry  siwuid  bi>  dnipjied  !ii  order  to  inaliu 
a  place  for  it.  Id  a  numbrr  of  wchouLt  and  kemi- 
naries  Ibrouj^hout  the  country  the  art  of  cooktnK  is 
tau]{ht.  In  I.awll  icrininary  nt  Auhurndnlc.  Mann., 
it  has  been  tnuKht  Mnn-  1ST7.  The  Benton  cooli- 
Ing^chool  was  started  In  (he  sante  year.  Similar 
Bcboob  are  in  operation  in  Raleigh,  N.C. :  Staun- 
ton, Va..  and  Wasliington.  D.C.  In  London  prne- 
licsl  lewonn  in  cookirry  are  given  iu  the  i;irl>i'  coni- 
iDCU  M^hooU.  In  Dosian,  Hr.  Ili-mnii-nway  of 
tliaioity  hiUHUccKvilcd  iu  pcn>iui(linK  ^^''  mrmben 
of  Uie  school  board  to  make  imnmrtion  in  cook- 
ery a  part  of  the  »Katar  system  of  in-tniction. 

—  Hr.  J.  W.  Walker  htu  diocovereil  on  (lie 
south  side  of  Pine  Muuntiiin.  (ieorgiu,  iM-nrly  two 
huiulrvil  f«»t  nboTB  (ho  fsniouH  corunilum-minc. 
a  Kiti'  whom  the  nncipot  inhnl^tnnts  of  that  region 
mnnufactiired  their  talc  Tcwels  for  cookinR.  Kvi- 
dencee  of  the  nee  of  atone  ImplewentB  in  (lie  work 
are  indubitable.  Tlie  vessels  were  blocked  ont 
and  bolluwcd  before  being  broken  from  the  ted^. 
Many  of  thi-  remaining  frai;mirDts  are  faoney- 
ooabod  by  ripmnirc  fur  n  lon^  liuic.  Archpulo- 
glsta  are  familiar  wilb  eimitnr  phcnomi-nn  nlw- 
wh(-re.  Ur,  Knu  of  the  Sml(li»onian  instltation 
mi'utioua  Hi-veml  sites  iu  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  Paul  Sciiumadier  ginn  an  elaburale  account 
ot  the  working  of  nnrh  iiunrrie*  in  southern  Cali- 


fornia (Wheeler's  Report  on  U.  S.  gtag.  mm, 
avsf  of  IOWA  merid..  vii.  117-Wll.  Dr.  Abbott's 
paper  in  tlie  sduue  ToluuiG  (pp.  98-110)  sliOuUI  abo 
be  consul  tf.'d. 

—  On  Nov.  I(>.  1884.  a  meeting  of  intereolonial 
delegates  was  held  nt  the  Itoynl  nocietjr's  rooms, 
Sydney,  for  (ho  pun><»e  of  forming  an  AiistmlA- 
Bian  aesociation  for  the  advancement  of  science. 
The  following  deieftatee  were  pre««ut :  — Victoria  : 
field  naturalists'  club  of  Victoria,  the  Rev.  Dr, 
Woolls:  Oeolo^cal  society  of  Auslrala'-la,  and 
Historical  society  ot  Auatralusip,  Hr.  R.  T.  Utton ; 
Royal  wicicty  of  Victoria.  Mr.  K.  L.  Murray ; 
Victorinn  institute  of  turroyom.  Mnwrii.  W.  J, 
Conder  and  W.  IT.  Nnsh  ;  Vit^nan  enjtinevrinf[ 
association,  Profewor  Kernot  and  Mr.  K.  L.  Mur- 
ray. Queensland  :  Oeir^raphical  soclelj  of  Aus- 
tralaeis,  Queensland  brandi,  Mr.  J.  P.  Thompson  : 
llu;al  society  of  Queensland,  Mr.  Henry  Tryon. 
Taionanin  :  Ur,  James  liurnurd.  Ni>iv  jCi-iilnnd: 
Philoaophiciil  inalitule  of  Cunlerliiiry,  51  r.  S,  Her- 
bert Cox.  Nl'w  South  Wairti  :  Linnran  so- 
ciety of  New  8uutb  Wales,  rriifnvtor  Bt^hen ; 
Royal  KOciety  of  New  South  Wales,  Mr.  H.  C. 
Rnssell,  Professor  Uvenidge.  Mr.  C.  S.  Wltklnson : 
New  t<«uth  Wales  soAloicical  society.  Dr.  A.  T. 
Uolroyd  ;  Sydney  branch  of  the  Ueugraphical  so- 
ciety of  Aiistmlaida.  Kir  Edward  Strickland.  In 
the  absence  of  Mr.  C.  Rollrston,  prtatdvnt  of  tbo 
Koyal  society.  Mr.  Ruau<]l  was  voted  to  tlw  ohair. 
Tlie  lir«t  election  of  otHoors  will  be  iietd  in  Bydne; 
in  March,  ltU<4,  and  tlie  first  meeting  of  tlic  smo- 
<-iati<in  in  the  lirsl  week  in  September,  IN«?.  Pro- 
fisvor  lJvi;r»idgiT  was  apiKiinttil  ccinvtiK-r  for  tho 
nest  meeting,  nnd  a  hearty  va(c  of  thnnkn  was 
accorded  to  Ibnt  gcniieman  tar  the  port  hr  had 
taken  towards  the  formation  of  the  new  awocia- 
tiun,  general  saliafaction  being  manifested  at  the 
euoeeaif  ul  result  of  the  meeting, 

—  Hts.  Tbomas  Say,  titc  widow  of  the  well- 
known  naturalist  who  has  lier.n  dc-nd  over  fifty 
years,  died  at  Lexington,  Ma»s..  on  Nov.  in  Inst. 

—  Our  Vienna  wmi-apondent  writes  us,  "  I  was 
recently  ptvsent  at  the  irfoln  made  with  a  new 
pUtol  Inventeit  by  Mr.  Mnrciis,  n  distinfiuinhed 
mechanical  engineer.  In  this  Invention  die  use 
of  a  cartridge  is  dispensed  witlu  tlie  bullet  itself 
being  prepared  witli  an  explosive.  But,  in  spile 
of  this  explosive  nature  of  ihi;  bullet,  its  shnpe  is 
not  altered  by  tlic  cxplcnicm.  Tlie  explosion  la 
initialed  by  a  (dniple  mechnoism  provided  in  tbe 
interior  of  tbe  pbtol.  The  experiments  were 
mode  with  a  tlngle-lwrrei  pi«toIet  (the  barrel  be- 
ing f<iur  cenlimetree  long,  and  il«  oaliher  sJx  mll- 
limetrrsV  At  a  range  of  thirty  pact*  a  iliiee- 
quarter-lnch  thick  wooden  board  was  pierced  hy 


4 


I 


jAircAmT  V,  1907.1 


SCIENCE. 


U 


i 


UiP  Imltet.  Tl>ei)  b  piHiul  wiik  a  tjniple-Mtdis: 
maiUBslne,  CDntaiDing  twvlr^  bulletin  was  tried, 
allonlng  to  give  off  fortj-  •boll  per  iiiinuti>.** 

~  B»ltimor«  h  about  to  hulld  a  cr«nui(nrj  moA- 
«U9d  after  Uiat  of  Buffalo. 

—  FVom  the  Urtlical  and  mrffitxil  reporter  wp 
lenrt).  that,  amooK  tltv  iccruitii  n-i-cigntKrd  bh  un- 
fit for  militnry  sprvii-p  in  Swiixprlantt  in  tSSH, 
were  68  p«tr  cpnt  of  Ihe  totwoco-norhere.  ftT  per 
Mat  of  tlw  bnnket -makers.  60  pft  wnt  of  lh« 
taikws,  25  per  cent  of  Ihe  batcher*,  and  SS  per 
cvDt  of  Uie  atoneniiUH»id  kdiI  eaipeiiten.  Of 
6itM  recruits  in  (mntiMi  Beni«.  1,S8!I  wtm  r«- 
Iratd :  of  thew,  fiSI  Huffi-red  from  goiln.',  uiid 
109  from  Hat- foot. 

—  The  AbM  LaBiimmr.  of  the  nnitemity  Ia* 
val,  Quebec,  hiu  pinu-nl"!  i  if  i<-  to  the  Rojal 
■racictjr  of  Canada  (' Mi*ii]>>ii-  iv<(lj  no  tbe  con- 
tad  of  Ihr  paleoxoic  and  archean  forututioos  in 
bi*  province.  NumerouN  expoaures  were  exani- 
ined.  and  in  n«arly  all  of  Ihem  ibe  Trvnlinn  lini*> 
BUmt  wnA  found  reirtinf;  iroinvdialcly  on  the  clrao, 
firm,  ratber  smiiotb  i<urfiu<«  of  the  gnHss  witliont 
tnuwitiiinnl  depowit*.  Franments  of  t)ie  crrslal- 
liat  rocks  in  the  stratified  are  eeldom  found.  Tli« 
lim«Mao0  liMla  foUow  ilic  ln«Ki)laritU«  of  their 
foandatton.  manilinK  over  tlie  monnda,  nnd  da- 
•oen-ting  into  tlic  hollonr*.  At  oerlnin  poinlA  a 
aandatont-  liivon  IbecrjvtaUinM:  this  is  retcarded 
an  n  (inHN«i<iiilval«nt  of  tbe  Trentoo.  owing  its 
composition  to  focal  geograi>liii'  co<itn)t  not  felt 
ehewhere.  Tlie  ibange  frotp  tl)r  Tmilt>n  Uinr- 
■tone  to  tl>e  ovpflj'tng  Ulk-u  aUites  in  dnctjbed  mi 
abrupt,  without  tracm  of  gmdunl  trnnxitioa. 

—  Tbe  Franklin  inttiluto  of  Philadelphia  haa 
rv«>ntlv  determined  to  Htlenipt  the  fonnallon  of 
a  Dtate  n««Uier-fler%'ice  for  t^cnnajrlvaniu  on  Ibe 
(dun  );eoerjll]r  piinnteil  by  theiie  inxuiiizatioiiH. 
Tlie  offpr  of  the  cliii-f  'igniil  ofHcrt  to  tiimi>>b  a 
m^imbi-r  «(  IImi  sif^nal  corpc  In  awint  in  tlie  work 
la  aoeepttd,  and  lh(<  U-nislatiire  is  to  be  i<eliiioQed 
for  an  appriypriatlon  at  three  llioutand  dollan  for 
Instrtunenta  anil  publieatiouii.  T1i«  chaErtniui  of 
tbe  ennimittee  in  chai^  of  tbe  matter  h  Mr.  W. 
r.  Tnlliiim,  who  sboiild  br  nddrrMvd,  in  C9X»  of 
tbe  Franklin  innlitut^-,  rbilmlHpbin.  by  volunteer 
oha^rvrr*  in  Pennsylvania  r|Ualit)ed  for  the  work 
prnpneed. 

—  An  account  of  Ihe  hunicane  of  March  3  and 
4,  I'M,  ovrr  the  Fiji  Iilandit,  wan  rvad  at  a  r«oent 
fnevlinx  "f  the  Rnynl  m«leoTolnKlcnl  aoHetr  in 
Loadon,  by  Mr,  R.  L.  Roliii«a.  Tbfa  atorm  was 
tb«  inutt  df«trac4ive  t)iat  hnB  ever  been  known  to 
OPRur  in  Ihe  Fiji  BTuup.  Tlie  lo«e«l  borooieler 
raarllnfc  waa  fT.M  Iwlm  at  Vuna,  in  Taviuni. 


Th*  atonn  ww  accompanied  hy  a  grwit  wave  from 
IH  to  aO  feet  in  helKht,  wtiicb  awepl  over  tlio  tiuid. 
and  catwed  an  imm«nM  amount  of  damage  It 
waa  TSpoitcd  that  50  vettM-.bi  were  wrecked,  and  M 
lirr*  lost,  during  thta  hurricane. 

—  Thp  MaI4>  boonl  of  hmlth  of  PennHjIvania 
has  bniMl  its  flret  annual  import,  tt  inclndea  rv- 
porla  on  tlw  pollution  of  tl>e  Schuylkill  Rin>r,  tli« 
sanitary  condition  of  Harrishurp,  a  detailed  ao* 
count  of  Ibe  typiioid- fever  epidemic  at  Plymouth. 
In  tblH  famous  epideniic  there  wer«  l.l&S  caaea  of 
HickDew.  with  lU  dvatlM.  and  an  ezpeutw  of  t9T.- 
130.3.1.  A  (h-iciipliirn  of  the  <liai»(n-tion  appara- 
tus employed  at  the  municipal  hosiutal  of  Phila* 
delpbla  Is  also  kU^b. 

—  The  nintli  biennial  report  of  tbe  srat«  bovrd 
of  liealtli  of  California  has  just  bet^n  imued.  For 
the  year  i-uding  June  BO.  l8yS,  there  were  V.t88 
dealhn  rec<(»rOed  in  tlie  iitnt« :  1,231  deaths  occurred 
from  consumption.  Thi,>  rule  from  tbia  oose  is 
but  little  less  than  that  of  Uamu^huMftta. 

— Tbe  etate  board  of  health  of  MaffischuKtta 
has  iesued  a  mantial  containing  tho  statutes  of 
that  state  relating  to  Ibe  public  health,  and  the 
decisions  of  the  supreme  court  relating  to  the 
eante. 

—  A  wood-turner  of  San  Ptanciaoo  dU'd  ten 
days  after  reeeivmg  an  injury  to  the  lirnin  which 
waa  iM>l  discovered  until  sereral  days  afteiward. 
While  at  work  at  his  trade,  a  steel  clkisel  became 
detached  from  a  grooving- machine,  and  »tnKk 
bim  in  the  Iwad,  producing  a  fracture  of  tbe 
bontA  of  the  no*e.  and  Nevervly  injuring  the  left 
eye,  so  seriously  an  to  dwtroy  that  organ  nnd 
neceesllaie  Its  removal.  After  tbe  removal  of  (he 
eye.  tbe  surgeons  found  behind  it  a  piece  of  steel 
three  and  a  half  inches  long,  one  incb  wide  at  Ibe 
(.■i-nln?,  and  tnperiiig  to  sliarp  points  at  the  end«. 
One  etid  was  buried  one  ineb  and  a  half  in  tbe 
biain.  The  velucity  and  force  with  wliicb  tbb 
chuBl  rnuat  luivi-  i-nU^red  the  brain  moj  be  im- 
agined when  it  is  otntrd  that  the  drum  to  which  it 
was  attached  was  mslilng  twenty-lhree  bundrad 
revoluUoos  a  minute. 

—  A  correspondent  of  llie  SJttiienI  pre*a  writes 
from  Berlin  that  Ibe  toxic  (jiialilin  of  lh«  choleja 
booillua  b«vi>  tieen  invn:li(;RtKd  by  Profcmor  Can- 
tani  of  Naplfa.  He  claims  that  the  poison  may 
be  due  lo  ptomaines.  u>  tlie  secretions  of  tl>e 
baoUU,  or  u>  tl>e  bacilli  theuiselves.  Experiments 
made  on  dogti  lead  liim  to  inclioe  toward  tbe  last 
thwiry.  Purf  cholera  cultures  in  beef-tea  sieril- 
ixed  by  boating  to  100^  V. .  injected  into  the  dog's 
peritoneum.  pti~kI  need  nil  the  nymptom*  of  cbo]em< 
poisoning :  while  pure  beef-tm.  injects  in  the 


12 


SCLEIfCE. 


IVot  IX..  No.  i05 


um«  maniiH,  left  the  animals  in  perfect  health. 
Tills  OMtainly  would  deaionslrate  toxic  qimljtieg 
for  the  <L(«d  bcrilti  whm  nlxiorbnd  bj  the  living 
body. 

— Dr.  McEach»D.  ll»«^tock  ioBpecto*  for  Can- 
ada, la  oppoaed  to  the  imtculation  of  cattle  for 
the  prvreniiun  of  i>1i'un>-pncuinooiii.  lie  belieTCH, 
thai,  in  evci?  (.-uuntry  in  the  worM  where  it  hM 
been  iiniNutinllv  tried  and  rei'^te'i  on.  the  report 
baa  btOD  unravnral>I«.  He  reKar<1«  it  as  a  danger- 
OUR  operatloR.  and  not  warranted  by  any  known 
bciwBts.  Slanj'  die  frum  t)ie  operation  itaelf,  am) 
whereTer  it  i»  pmctised  it  has  to  be  kept  »p. 
Tlitia  ill  Scotland,  when-  inoeulntion  U  pmi:ti*rd. 
there  \a  a  constant  cupply  of  the  vlrut ;  and  Ihei 
cities  of  (ilnt<K<rw  and  Edinburgh  are  ac*lve>cieDtn« 
of  the  dbeaae. 

— The  recently  lield  meeting  of  the  French 
cousnvs  of  HurKeonii  wim  ■  very  notable  one.  H. 
Oilier  of  Lvon*.  well  known  for  his  ex|)erlmenla 
in  biMU'-RTiiftinK,  presided  at  the  ineeil&i;.  whioh 
WBB  attended  li>  iiianv  of  Ihe  nl0^t  rniiiient  siir- 
Sei>ni)  of  Franct'.  as  well  as  hy  <itlier  n>rn  of  note, 
amoHK  wliooi  wtre  llie  prwidnit  of  Ihi?  acnate  aui) 
tlie  rector  of  Ihe  iiniveniitr.  The  mont  inteteetinK 
discuaiiun  wa*  tlist  in  rtgax^  to  tetaniia.  or,  aa  il 
is  commonly  called,  lockjaw.  It  was  o|)ened  by 
H,  VmIIb  of  Angela.  He  re^rds  it  an  u  purely 
Dtrvous  dlaeaae.  aud,  iu  nupptirl  i>(  bin  viewx,  nar- 
rated a  case  which  tiud  camv  under  hin  own  ob- 
servation, in  wliich  the  dtwniie  wim  due  nolely  to 
euoiionnt  cuhih-s,  niid  whioh  was  cured  by  chloral 
and  mor|>hine.  Profesmr  EIa1e«treri  uf  Genoa 
oontfunrd  with  M.  Vaslin.  und  r^'Uted  M-rera1 
COiM  which  he  had  Irtmteil.  and  which  were  sue. 
ceaaTul,  VxnU-atft  Tliitier  of  liniescla,  nti  tlie 
other  bund,  In-iieveii  letannn  to  be  rontaKloufk  and 
of  a  parnMllc  nature.  M.  Mannour}*  oi  Cbartres 
dented  Its  contagiousnes*.  and  said,  thai,  nflor 
oonferring  with  a  good  many  veterinarian*,  lur 
waa  onaUe  to  learu  i>f  a  Nin^jle  cnne  in  which  the 
dlseoae  waa  oontmunicnled  from  one  animal  to  an- 
other. PrnfisHor  Vemeuil  of  Parin  is  ■  firm  be- 
liever in  Ihe  contajf  ionanrfli  of  (elAnu«,and  thinks 
that  it  can  he  contracted  by  man  from  the  horHe. 
He  said  that  human  belnicsareoftenatlackedwith 
tetanus  wheri  living  with  or  near  nnimulH  aSocled 
Willi  the  diaeaae,  and  that  it  otien  fulluwa  horve- 
btteti.  Winindf  which  hn»e  in  any  way  come  In 
eOBt*ct  with  earth  or  atraw  coiled  by  lion>e«  are 
more  liable  to  he  accompanied  by  tetanus  ttian 
othon :  and  the  dlsmae  Is  moat  fre<)ueiit  among 
etablewboys,  horse-dealers,  and,  in  general,  thoae 
whose  duties  bring  them  in  contact  with  har«>ii. 
NotwithsiaiMling  all  ihew  arEumenli,  il  was  Ren- 
•rally  admitted  that  all  attempts  to  convey  the 


disease  experimentally  from  an  affected  auimal 
to  a  liealUiy  one  hud  fniknt.  M.  Ilbiic!  of  Uum- 
biiy  Ihoiight  th«  disenw  to  be  cuntngioua.  and 
commnnirwied  sinuctimcs  through  infeoted  water. 
Intereeting  papers  trer«  read  on  bone-KraftlnK.  and 
the  uniting  of  divided  Dcrres  by  suturing.  Th« 
author  of  the  latter  paper  believed  that  aevered 
nervte  may  be  mode  to  nalte  fn  a  few  hours. 

—  ^e  sermons  and  autobiography  of  Mark 
Patlison,  late  luaster  of  Lincoln  college,  Oxford, 
excited  such  general  interest,  that  iirrungvmenta 
are  making  to  publish  ii  vulume  of  nelei-tiona 
from  Mr.  I'attiMin's  niiscellaneou*  writings. 


LETTEftS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

%*C^rTmttm4UiifMart  r*9urMttl  tub*  tu  britf  a^  potaibtt,    Jhf 

Polarization  of  resistance  colls. 

Ik  AqkiuI  but  Profnmor  Ueudenhall.  in  converaa- 
lloii  witli  Ibc  uritet.  nllilded  to  hJB  oIwrtHLliiai  of 
Ihf  ]Il^llt^)J»ll••»  I'f  .MTtaiu  mdiitaaei'  roiU.  and  sag> 
geslcd  lui  exaiiiinnli<.ii  ••(  the  coll*  In  (hin  lalnimtory. 
The  cintninutiun  wm  mntle,  and  the  resiitth  iilaled  in 
niniark*  upon  rratiwuir  MendiMiliitll's  jiiiper  nt  the 
Bnilalo  UMitlng  of  the  Aninicnn  uanoriAtiuii.  A  brinf 
accuiwt  may  not  be  wilhnul  iuti're>.1  anil  vsloe. 

The  id«a  Miuirtaiiwil  by  Pr.irnwi.r  Ueudenball  at 
the  time  iDomed  to  be  that  tlit-  (H-lnrixation  was  of  a 
'  Httitiesl '  nature ;  the  dellreiiou  olitniutd  on  eoBBdot- 
iiig  Ihe  coil.  Ihnjiigb  vhidi  a  eiirretit  Iwd  liMn 
piwie<l.  with  a  gnlTanouiptvr.  bfiug  produced  by  the 
'  rnddual  cliargc.'  The  examiuBtion  of  our  ooilii  wa 
undertaken  vith  lb*  uuue  ideH,  the  '  eondener  dla- 
cfaaifS '  method  b«dn|{  iiin.lo  mu-  »f.  vnliMilntbiK  Ihu 
coU  niider  trial  fortliee-mili-iiH.T.  Tli'  k'''^  ""•■■neieT 
was  a  It.OOO  ulun  utntio  Tb.>iiuH>ii.  by  Blliutt  Brothers, 
iu  niwdln  nutkiDK  *  lilnBtJon  in  abont  l«n  aeoonda. 
A  t'liller  i^ell  mid  Knl>liie  diaeliarRG  key  wore  tued- 
Puloriastion  nas  found  in  e>'er;'  cml  In  llie laboratory, 
except  in  a  stamUrd  B.A.  unit  fnitu  Elli»tt  Brothera. 
It  wu  also  (onnd  in  a  Hurtnuum  box  loaned  for  ex- 
aralnatioD  by  Meaan.  Ijuof  n  A  Co.  The  effect  was 
found  lo  tary  iddely  In  dtlT.'rent  colls  in  tbn  luuns 
box,  particuliuly  w>  iu  a  l»t  "f  I(K).(MN)  nulls  trou 
Elliott's.  whoH.-  40.0(KI  coil  gnie  40  degrei^  deflection 
ngainipt  U  or  "  degreni  fur  any  uther  cimI  in  the  box, 
(>ii  oiivnlng  the  bnl,  it  itas  (oud<I  thai  tlu-  ID.OODeoil 
had  been  heated  UU  tin-  {utmfflnn  had  melted  and 
•ouueol  it  bad  nut  vtt.  uhiti-llie  rrih.'r  o.IIr  wurewell 
covered,  as  ninial  in  Elliott  euilo.  The  Haitmanu  box, 
whose  codla  were  not  parafflneil.  diowed  the  effect 
more  atrongly  than  any  except  the  40,000  Elliott.  It 
was  observed  that  tlie  coll  t^imiiuaJ  eonnecied  to  lbs 
potdtive  pole  of  the  bsttery  in  eiiar^ng,  was  itaelf 
pmitiTC  in  diuborgiug ;  lliat  revrmiug  thf  buttery 
reverwil  tlie  dlseharit.-  deflcctinn ;  llint  Ihr  ilxflei^tion 
WW)  not  tiiiitnenlnr}',  ug  uitli  coiMleus««*.  but  tLnt  It 
iiidienlnl  »  nteiuly  cnrri'nt.  ilimlalshllig  sl.nrty,  but 
Dot  eeitntug  in  toiue  inntiineea  attorMghtorteubintrS: 
llmt  when  tbn  coil  WW  charged  by  battsry  for  smonl 
uiiinte*,  anil  IbMi  tliv  cnrrvnl  reveraed  and  allowsd 
to  flow  n  few  miuuteN  longer.  Ihe  tUscharge  enrrant 
was  at  flrit  due  lo  the  last  ohnrging  eamot,  but 
after  a  time  it  ceased,  and  wu  followed  by  another 


J 


jAKViUiT  7, 1SBV;| 


SCIEXCE. 


13 


dUcliaxgF  i-uiTFiit  ^Dc  lu  Uir  fint  cbarguig.  An  ex- 
pciintFiilKl  coil  mu  llw-ii  iii«lr  ii]i  of  I.WWoluiM  or 
virc  hiTiDi;  ncjaniAlniHl  niilon  iiwulntlon.  It  «8H 
wouB'l  on  It  iiftriii  raiui'  iIh.v.  aii<)  tmlvil  imiuciliokl)-. 
(UKiwici^  Ibi-  HirnDfji-ftl  iiolnrixalioii  fuund.  ilriviuglbc 
spot  ol  lisbl  vMilnntlr  oil  Itic  aetSo.  liie  ootl  van 
then  baked  Ui  n  bo(-Mr  otmi  id  ISO"  C.  for  an  honi, 
Btu)  tisXait  >itaiu  wlira  oool.  Ifo  trncv  nf  fiAlithKn- 
lloQ  conlil  IMU  1)«  fuimd,  Uion^h  tfau  cb&iging  cur. 
tsnl  «»H  iuCTiMtil.  "Ilie  prerioiw  obncrrBtioini  ot 
countr  iDiUralnl  p|*«trol]rt)c  polumntioQ  m  the  <11b- 
Itubitig  niiiM  :  nnd  tbn  liwl  aliowml,  Uinl.  iti  lli«i  cim>> 
of  (lua  coll,  It  ««»  ^Ii-ctrvil.vKi*  irf  water  ■Iwoibol 
triMi  ttiF  ait  bjr  ItiB  cottoti  innulsticn.  The  ri|ieTi. 
BCfeUl  coil  WM  tbeu  bi^atnl.  and  (naked  wwU  with 
pan  |iM«iBii»,  And  dtaiiwd  whUn  hot  nntil  ll  Mwiii«d 
to  Im  M  nnurl;  m  jvimlUli^  in  Uie  «aaw  cuiiilili<in  lut 
■ba  4i).IKNi  Elliott  e'j4l.  aud  UMtA  wh«u  cui>l.  Nu 
tnMV:'  of  uularixalion  wiu  aboim.  It  van  then  put 
Mide  ia  tiir  iiutnunent  cue  to  «xt  vibelhcT  it  conid 
■till  ahwub  waliT  i'iuiiikJi  to  jJuUriftr.  Ti>u  ditjn 
Utrr.  Jiul  atti'f  tb«)  BnBliIa  tueetiii(>,  tb^  euil  <raa 
tf«l«il  o^iii  nnd  polaiixEd  strMtgljr.  On  htstias  it 
•saia.  till-  {KilarizMiiHi  ontinly  duuiiMMid.  A  drop 
or  Ujrdnua  wRtor  ploond  on  thn  coll  aaiuml  polarlzn. 
tioD  to  lo-kppear  lu  flT«  Mwiuda,  aad  In  ]It«  uiisutm 
tlu>  *>(«ct  WM  ao  Htrong  aa  to  drivu  tlw  needle  to  ita 

•tUM. 

Tbo  de^TBO  of  error  in  mnMnreioMil  rMntltnifi  from 
pokmMiiMi  WM  not  *uniino>l.  but  ProfcMor  Muu- 
^•.,i.^ii-.  ^•ncntDvuu  nhotc  tli»t  it  iimy  be  *  eunaitiM'. 
nl 

:.  iiH  tlutt  nnrianiflliiml  roila  ar*.  on  thia  ao- 
ciiani,  nDMiiuxl  to  Ifao  UMit  «<irk ;  aUo  that  eolla  wnll 
MnSiMil  (»i  iu  the  B.A.  unit  coil)  or  coiU  fr«Mhl)t 
IinkMl  oad  pauattncd  arc  free  fimu  nich  error. 

Thr  panunnbig  of  oidinarj  ciiila.  o-ma  when  m 
Iburniaithly  don*  m  by  the  Elliolla,  i«  not  a  )>emi*- 
liBDt  [irii1ei.'tk>u.  |ir'>tiably  beeaaae  vf  cnu'kiui;  of  the 
naM  of  inral&ae.  alluving  irnpot  to  rc«eh  tho  wire 
aud  iiuKilauoo.  A  int  will  quickly  detomuDO  th« 
eoDdttioii  (4  anv  iwuilonlar  roll.  A  box  nilgbt  hi! 
dumI*  proof  agaiiiHl  palarLwtton  by  ftUing  «utir«iy 
th*  i>riMc>r  atiuMt  llie  frwhly  baked  coUb  vitb  pure 
paniffiue.  junt  warn  ouaugli to  Aow  freely.  Temponi-  ' 
tori!  ilifBcnltlM  eould  bn  tii  part  oiMoomoby  thanno- 
juTu'iixiti.  n>  ill  BtMidanlfl.  AnotlMir  aad  on  some 
»■  ".-^r  j)lHa  u-(-uKl  be  (o  oaount  the  coila  in 

ail in  box  with  litiuid-tiglit  Joints,  nod  flU- 

lim  iLu  iul<rtor  with  n  iictr<it<^in  oU.  wlilch  may 
Tvadilv  t#  tonnd  in  iitn/kM.  id  aiicb  <(iuiltty  a*  to 
nUhfl  Ml  jiolHrinktiini.  VTtUi  such  a  bni.  tbrre 
0#ie<]  be  no  luicertaiuty  an  to  the  tiMapcratiirv  uf  the 
coUa.  BtS).  r.  Tnouu. 

OMWDtnu.  O.,  Dee.  IT. 


Atmospheric  Itnes   in  the   soUr  spectrum. 

Tba  ingonioiui  d«vi<«  r*<atttlf  pnbliahod  by  Mr. 
OoiuMT,  lot  dtt^cUny  the  llnra  1b  Um  aolar  epaotram 
dne  to  the  Minh'a  aliuoepherv.  r«<-*llH  a  liiiiimr  pUii 
proiioaed  by  the  writer  ■ome  vuani  auo,  In  n  k'llor 
iUUhI  Feb.  SI.  1883.  I  wtoU  to  l>tofcHor  Rowland, 
"  I  ho|M>  lliAt  yon  will  try  tha  «iparlouiut  of  whioh 
I  B|H>ki^  ti>  1-011  iMtanauaer.  — forinlaK  twoiiua|{«flof 
lh«  anti,  aMl  pliolograpbiiiR  the  Hp«rtra  of  tlie  o]>pi>- 
•Ita  limb*.  A  ^anoe  would  aorre  to  dialiuguiHh  th« 
aoUr  (TOW  the  tollaric  Utuft."  An  ftcoompiuiytng 
AkMek  *faow*d  thai  a  doi>bl».lnaga  prim  waa  to  ba 
pboed  t>Mwe«u  the  *tit  nnd  a  leti«  fonuhtg  nn  looi^ 


of  the  ma  upon  It.  Tbia  prlan  wna  to  be  raorml 
nntil  tlia  two  imnft*"  wave  In  eoBlacl.  Hie  aaat  and 
wmt  limbH  were  tha*  bruugbt  ti)geth«r,  niul  the  elil 
wan  iilnced  at  right  angke  to  their  line  of  jimrljoa. 
In  the  pbotosraph.  telluric  linoa  nboQld  crow  Ibn 
iqipctmni  nDilftTlatMl.  whlln  aolar  tinea  wonld  bn  bcpt 
In  o|i|iiikiI»  dir«clioti«  wlivrv  they  craned  the  11im>  of 
t>F]>iiratioi)  of  the  two  xpectn.  The  adnntagca  al 
ibu  wMlioil  ofer  ihnt  of  Mr.  COBner  are,  fliw.  it* 
nniplieity.  at  it  i*  Mwily  triml  by  any  odd  who  haa 
a  ajipctniwujiH  ^ii  iii|{  aMiArt^Dl  illfliDiioii :  DKonclly, 
tbe  MiUr  tliKM,  iciHtpml  uf  IwcuuiiDg  bnxy.  cuntiDue 
well  dellDpd.  For  tlieae  roauma  I  nail  MtcnlMM  to 
the  tnottcr,  and  not  to  dntnut  from  the  credit  dso  lo 
tlMi  c>niiDtait  Frwicfa  phyalclat,  who  haa  pNcaded  dm 
liotb  In  trying  ami  ptiblLdiing  a  aolaUon  of  thia  tm^t 
imporliuit  problem.  Bnwuui  O.  Pic«niBO. 

Itarranl  ooll.  otewr.,  Jan.  1,  Ittff, 


A  brilliant  meteor. 

On  Jan.  3.  1887.  nt  C.1&  p.m..  1  obaerred  a  nialMtr 
of  uniuuol  bTiUlADcy.  It  •Aart4Ml,  a*  noariy  aa  I  ooalj 
make  out,  froui  the  cotial»lUtliMi  Dim  Hinof,  po»- 
eibly  a  litllv  liisher  up.  inoTing  with  a  mpfat  riMli 
and  bcillintit  light  in  an  eaiterly  dtroction.  Ai  il 
ncorsd  tha  bi>ria>u.  ita  apectl  apjioreutly  itlmiuliihedi 
until  it  ilinappMnxl  liebiuil  aotuu  CiMa.  It  una  rial, 
ble  fully  thirty  aeuonde.  and,  during  tbt  laat  |)ait  of 
ilH  fligbt.  appMtod  to  Scat  alowly  downwaida.  A 
tnil  of  eooimiawnble  length  wna  drawn  behind,  Rirlag 
It  the  ajipewanee  of  a  lane*  rocknU  Ita  Ught  waa 
nnalleuilMl  by  any  aonnit.  K.  W.  Wood,  Jr. 

Jamaica  Daln.  Maia. 


What  was  the  rose  of  Shnron  ? 

I  BOtU*  la  your  laxiia  ot  Utc.  31  nn  nitle-li:  on  the 
TOee  of  Sharon.  Without  detdriug  to  outer  into  the 
duwnaMMi  ot  tliin  Bubjeot,  I  wtah  to  rater  Iboao  in- 
tMaaled  to  a  tow  word*  upon  thia  labjoot  by  aa  emi- 
nent Inveatlgator.  SpaaJtlnK  of  that  i>Brt  ot  the 
plwBloeeile  plain  near  Jaffa,  buntertiig  the  Mediter- 
ranoan  8cs,  biJ  3.  W.  Dawwm.  in  bi>  recciic  work  on 
*  EglTt  Mul  Syria,'  aaya.  "  In  February  we  t^iuiul  it 
g«y  Willi  the  besntlfiu  criniaon  nueuuBe  (A.  raro. 
nnria),  whicb  we  were  quite  wiUins  to  accept  an  the 
'  roM  of  ghonm,'  while  s  little  yujowiah.whito  irie, 
ot  mora  inodtM  apMannoo,  growing  along  with  It, 
r«|>T«aented  the  '  Uly.ol.tb*-Talley '  of  Solomon'a 
aoug."  Fitnt  thia  would  it  not  be  reaaouabl*  to  in. 
t<tr  that  thia  aaemome  ia  quite  gcnemllv  recognised 
ON  lh«  '  n:iiHi  of  Sharon'  ?  Alloa  W.  Bim.na. 

llr«okTIll^  tnd.,  Jan.  I.  IM. 


Electrical  pbenomcDa  on  ■  nonntain- 

In  «ou&rnifitlon  of  the  obaerFatione  of  U.  P. 
(Scfeiwe,  riii.  p.  6&1)  lu  relation  to  eleotrk*!  phe- 
Quuienn  on  Lone  Honulain,  DMT  Boomdsd,  I  beg  Icere 
to  call  Btt«utlom  to  the  (sot  that  more  than  twelve 
y«M«  ago  Mr.  Franklin  Kboda,  smdManttopampber, 
ui  bin  'Report  on  tli«  i^iognphy  of  the  aim  Juan 
country '(oiiteF.  V.  llixyiva's  Rrport  of  U.S.  ototo- 
fftcal  nluf  paofrmpflfnil  itirr^y  o/  the  UrHtorirt  /or 
tA«  y<ar  IHT4,  pp.  tSO  -468,  ahK>  p.  101),  girea  a 
detailc'l  iiml  grnpliic  account  of  iilntllar  eloctrieal 
mnnit<Bt&tiutu>  eip«Tienoe>l  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Wilson  and 


li 


SCIEJaCE. 


[Vou  IX.,  No.  2« 


LimuU  at  (tation  Ho.  13,  on  ono  ol  the  pcAki  of  the 
Hui  Jiun  MouDlainB,  In  Aaf(iut.  I8T4,  n(  an  oltilDdti 
uf  18.9AT  f«M  tXtoir  Hiv  ^*y^^  lA  tli*  wn. 

An  intenwUiigaiii)  niguiflciiDl  I'iiniunstaocertcordi-d 
by  Ut.  RboiU  mui  thi'  (art  t)int  tbero  wm  b  andilcn 
■nil  tuitanUuu'ou*  cciwitioii  oi  tUd  dulnnaiiiK  chtctri- 
c*l  uiMiifMUUciu*  wbiiu*vor  a  vtnditi  at  UKMulng 
took  jibuw.  U>  be  ttpretlil}'  rencweil  hj  th«  rtnunuag 
toDLUon  o(  Uio  dcptncitjr.  llii  nuyii,  "The  nharp 
points  of  Hid  bnudnMl  itoDMi  nlniiil  iw  each  iiinitltid 
a  ooi<lin<i'>iu>  "iiinJ,  wblln  tlii*  Innlriiiiutnt  ontiian^ 
CTery  ttiiug  «l"r.-,  nii>I,  vvvii  Oit  tliin  lii)ili  i^lutitlioii. 
OOMld  bo  bciutt  diatiiictly  atthodiaUiiiCf  i>f  fifty  riirilti. 
"VbM  poiDb  ot  the  KU^W  iloam  brini;  of  diUcrruc 
dwi'VM  of  HbiupnoTM,  (nek  pr»duerHl  a  umind  ]M>ciilUkr 
toTuelf.  Tb«  geuMml  oKtex  of  ftll  «*>«  m  if  »  biMTy 
bmeBe  won  bluwioig  iu>tcm  Ike  luconlain.  Thir  air 
WM  qmtc  KtUl,  IK)  tlint  th<.-  uind  «onld  bavv  pUycd  nu 
pan  !u  this  itmngi!  naiiinU  concert,  nor  was  the  in- 
terroitlaci  a4  a  mythological  Oiphtma  DeoMwary  lo 
git*  to  Umbc  tnctiyUo  aUinM  a  voicf." 

JoKK  LkCottb. 

llMkM*7,CaL,  tM£.  IS. 


Stereoscopic  Tision. 

In  r«i>ly  to  th»  In^niry  ot  Hr.  W.  If.  Frutl  iu  tho 
UM  iMUO  ot  Sctmor.  It  la  nMioMuur  only  to  cooNlder 
the  Tariona  elamcnla  whiob  uro  «iinUn»d  ia  th« 
formation  of  a  riioal  jad([meiit.  If  an  ob««TT0r, 
who  {lOMMMO*  but  a  nnglc  t<ye,  looks  oat  upon  * 
landacaiie,  th*  ralattvii  ilixliuico  of  (be  dilleront  ob- 
jects Tiewpd  luH.v  I«  roiigbly  aatimAlwl  In  twma  of 
•oBin  ulandnrd  Ktbiimrilv  obowD,  m  kiDg  w  they  on 
DOl  pr«d*«ly  all|(u<id  wuh  Ua  «yc.  The  Judgment 
ia  l«a  aoonrkt*  *a  the  angnlar  aeparallou  of  Iha  oh- 
joota  beoomM  l«a8,  and  aa  tb«r«  ar«  fewer  irf  ihMu  at 
■BOdonI*  diataiMm  for  compaHiiou  with  the  rc(t. 
Ahraya,  and  nimallT  oncouactoiuly,  he  employs  one 
o*  mors  of  the  following  «dnmonta  In  Judging  tho 
dishinoe  and  form  of  M«b  otijoct  re^[anl«d  :  ■— 

I.  Ifcar  ohjeota  subtond  laTg«r  viHual  aoglcs  thnn 
remote  objeota  ot  equal  iiUe. 

II.  Nmi  objfctii  ar«  neon  morn  dUtiurlly  Ihau 
(bcM  that  uo  roiuole.  Th4  illusion  of  illxtiuii^^ 
nMjr  hcaco  be  produced  by  decrttrwhig  tlit<  brigbtuoHi 
of  tha  objoot  VMved.  by  chiuifpiig  the  naliiro  of  tho 
■aedlnm,  or  by  Incrtwiiu^  tlic  contriut  between  light 
andahaideL 

TTI.  Kev  objectM  Ikat  are  aliii'<«l  all)(ii<Hl  witk 
thOM  lAlch  are  remote,  uReu  partly  covor  tb«oi. 
Oovwliig  objocta  arc  Judged  nearer  than  thoao 
0OT«ff«a. 

IV.  Familinrity  with  the  dimendoDa  of  known  ob- 
jocta wken  near  cunblea  ua  to  compare  tk«m  whw 
r*mot«,  and  tbareby  Judge  their  relative  dialaiioe. 

T.  By  niovJDg  troni  ona  atand-pouit  to  another, 
■ndcouparinc  the  new  rlew  aith  'what  in  r«tnln«d 
in  monory  ot  UM  preiiuaa  uup.  pHrallui  uf  motion 
thua  MDtrlbntea  to  tho  formatioo  of  n  Jadgmout  uf 
both  dlstanoa  and  tottm. 

All  of  thcae  «l«Iiwnta  may  bo  lintlated  In  picture*, 
exocpt the Uat.  Intheeiaauiiittionof or'liuHry xtereo- 
graplM  tlwiy  are  comblnad  with  the  impoitanl  element 
of  blnacular  |i<>r«|iootlTo,  and  toauckanaitonttbat  it 
ia  impoaaible  to  know  jaat  how  muck  n«  are  Indabted 
to  binocnlai  penpective  tor  the  Uluaion  of  apparent 
relief.  Skoloton  dinffnuni,  proparljr  oaaitniot«d. 
are  hoBoa  tho  only  meana  of  •tnoylng  atoreoicopic 


viHioo,  U  thia  term  bo  talun  a>  a  aynonymo  of  hina 
nlnr  tlnoti.    If  Mr.  Pratt  will  try  hla  mothod  with  aa 
onttlna  dravlsg,  It  will  fail. 

In  rvgardins  anoidiiiary  paiuliug.  buiooulm  riiiion 
id  oflcm  a  hiadocaiiee,  lathcr  than  mi  aiil,  lu  nppreei- 
ating  ftonpeotire.  It  ia  at  leaat  imporlaut  to  cut  oif 
from  Tinw  the  obJfMH  iwrrotuulltigUieplotiifo,  which 
wa  iiiToluDlarily  tukn  into  oompariaon  with  11.  In 
the  a]i]}lioaUon  of  geometry  to  nerupci^tive,  a  aiagle 
puiut  ot  Hew  (ilatiou-noint)  ia  alvayi  oacnmcd,  uid 
in  examining  the  raaiut  tba  obiwrvnr  ahould  place  a 
■Ingle  eye  as  nearly  a«  poMlblo  at  lh«  aame  atatlon- 
point  to  attain  th«  beat  pemuucliTe  Ulmnoii.  The 
otkvr  «ye  nuat  be  eloaod.  if  bo  wlahea  to  exclude 
the  inlerfMing  eloment  of  binocular  Tidan  which 
will  at  once  be  anconNcloualy  apiiUod  to  the  card  or 
ciuivaA  on  wkivh  Ike  picture  baa  oeen  made. 

It  in  by  the  obiwrviuice  uf  thusc  prei;aiitiunii  that 
Ui.  Ptntt  hiu  bccu  uhlo  tM  njiprcciiitc  pcnpectiTe  iu 
the  pictiiroa  examined,  but  true  etareoacoplc  vloion 
VM  oicludod  laatMd  of  being  attained  by  what  b« 
may  hate  supposed  to  bv  a  Tiew  method. 

W.  LsCoKTN  SnrnExa. 

UraalUrn,JaD.l,  ISK. 


Star  rayt. 


Ur.  Baudolph  will  find  the  phenouenon  of  tha 
long  vertioal  mya  or  atreamom  proreodinK  rrom  a 
■tiongly  Inmiuoua  podnt  deaorlbeil  ami  fully  ex. 
plalnad  la  my  little  volume  entitled  '  Sight,'  pp.  B7- 
(Kl.  They  are  produced,  not  by  rr,ftirct<ogi  from  the 
eyebahea,  as  he  aiippoMa,  bat  by  r^/>ae(ion  of  light 
poiiKtDg  tbrongh  the  mcuiaona  tit  moisture  between 
the  lid  and  the  tioruoa,  and  are  thercfare  more  dii- 
tinol  when  the  lids  are  brought  dcot  together.  I  had 
iaTMiligatcd  the  phnuomcnon  and  nacertaliinj  tta 
cause  before  I  waa  aware  ot  th"  very  brief  mention 
ot  It  in  D^galn'a  *  Traits  di^  phytiiiue.'  vol.  ir.  p.  333. 

The  radiaUng  poiaU  about  u  iitar  are  more  dlfioolt 
to  explain.  Tboy  are  probably  due  to  eoiue  peonl- 
iiuity  in  the  atmclnra  of  ths  cryatalllao  lena. 

JOKU-II    LkC 
)lerk*l«7.  Old.,  Dec;  a. 


A  Gernuu  sentence. 


kCokmH 


In  your  currant  number  yoii  give  an  eiainnle  of  ■ 
Gernian  aeotMice.  In  TriiFon(cil|r  it  can  hardly  eom- 
{wtv  with  the  fi>llijniiig  eitnivt  from  no  adToTtiea- 
mvnt  ot  B  well. known  periodical:  "AIb  nimm  dar 
irorxltgliobaton  WeilmachlaaMohenhe  mOMen  die  ele- 
nul  gebundMiea  QaarlJebAude  der  Dentauhen 
snndsehaa  benmagtseben  von  Julios  Bodeohorg 
Prwa  pro  Band  in  eiegnnteu,  rotban  OrlgiaalMn. 
wandband  mit  Sohwars  und  Qolddruek  8  Jtark  b*- 
xeichnot  wwdoB."  K. 

WwUnglon,  Jan.  8,  UBT. 


Pleuro-pneumonia. 

It  may  not  bo  worth  whilu  lo  call  attention  to  tvo 
■light  mistake*  In  llie  |>[iiiUuK  of  my  cummunioation 
on  p.  631  riill.  No.  204).  The  'msnliii'  should  bo 
'  Uekbo,'  the  author  of  luicrunu:  and  the  *U.  8.  flah 
oommiaiion '  on  the  Unit  Hue  ot  iiocond  eoloain  ahould 
be  ■  II.  H.  entoinoloK'^'^  oommiHiou.' 

0.  T.  Riui. 
WaaAlnfton,  IXC,  Jon.  I,  IWT. 


A 


FRIDAY.  JAXCARY  7.  1887. 


TAXATIOS  OF  PERSONAL  PROPERTY  IN 
FRANCe.  OEHMANY,  AND  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 

When  Lord  Rtmnbciy  wan  in  Ur.  OIim]iiIoim''s 
OKbiiict  na  Mcntarjr  for  roreiRn  sffaira.  lie  Insll- 
tnt«d  MMn*  invMUJcMlotu  throuKh  his  dlploiuatic 
and  comular  oflken  llwl  rewmble  clo«c)y  Uiom' 
csrried  on  by  our  coomiU  (lurins  tlie  punt  deoadr 
ta  aooonlBlwe  with  Uk  syKlvm  iouuguralnl  b^ 
8emt»tT  Evarla.  Oik  at  Lonl  RoH'ijcfj'H  Jn- 
rentiiCAtioaii  bad  refi-ninoe  to  the  Kj^t^m  and«>r 
wbk-h  [M-nianal  iir<>pcn.v  in  Wniixht  into  conulbu- 
tiflu  for  lociil  or  nationnl  ]iiir|Ki»ca,  and  wxaunder- 
taln-n  bjr  tim  QritUb  intnlsier«  al  Paris.  Berlin, 
■nd  WBflhinKton.  Tbe  r«Uims  tiav«  rrc'vntly  bcim 
«(nbodi«^l  in  a  ]Mrilaiu«atiir}-  paiKT.  tind  (mitrtit 
manjr  potnta  of  iot^i^HU  In  Frann.'  tlirrc  luv 
hmr  lisadtt  of  dired  Uxw,  —  Uie  rcal-pmpfnj 
Ux  IfOMtribvlion  foKeUrei,  th*  doot-nni\-yrinilaw 
US.  t]>e  |>ei»onal-nvop«rt7  tax  (eontrihulion  per- 
mmtulU  et  motitJiiW),  and  Ibo  tax  on  \mjtvirtioxa, 
Tba  total  amounts  to  l«  obtained  from  tbe  fin>t 
tbnw  taxca  nrv  Hret  hi^il  by  Ibe  budgM,  and  nrr 
Iban  dlvidsd  and  mibdivlded  betwMii  tbi.-  diiNu-t- 
manM.  arromHaaementa,  and  conimunca,  until 
flnallT  Oiv  sliare  of  each  tHx-pavcir  in  d«cid«d  on. 
The  eoHlribution  penmuieBe  d  mobUUn:  is  of  two 
ktmbt.  TiM  nrsi  U  a  poll-lax  of  wljat  is  conaider«d 
e^valeut  to  Ilirr4-  dnim  of  tabor,  and  is  payable 
by  every  Frvnclimnn  in  France,  and  ev^ry 
forcignt^r  of  vilbvr  srx  who  is  not  reput«d  in- 
dincnr,  and  wl>o  is  in  jMeMwioo  of  his  or  Im-j- 
■  rii(bta.'  Tlw  minimum  of  (Iuh  tax  iH  I  fmnc  SO 
cetulmes.  and  tlie  tuaxiiuum  4  franm  su  omtinif*. 
Hm  second  form  of  {wnunal  ui  i*  Intd  on  all 
those  liable  to  Um  poll4ax,  and  is  propoiiloned  to 
tbe  ledini- price  of  tko  house  or  8]jartajent  envb 
ma.Y  iiiliiii>it.  The  oMmots  to*  the  uia.vor  of  (be 
Mmmanie  and  hi*  ndjmnt  or  adJointH,  aud  Ave 
citixena,  lem>cd  rfpartitrvn,  naiued  by  tbe  bwd 
of  the  nrrondutement,  and  changed  annually.  An 
•labotatr  sysleui  of  cuunciln  providm  for  Ibe 
MMSsnient,  rolleclion.  and  (HiyniRnt  of  these 
toxeo.  BeslilM  Ibewe  main  stat«  taxes,  there  are 
■0  OMUiy  oent/me<  adJUionnelt,  Ttiesa  are  of  three 
ktads.  —  gA»#raiM-,  when  fo»  the  exiKenciM  of  Ihe 
•tate ;  dfparlenutilanj:,  when  for  the  di-iKirlnicntal 
admh)i«lration  :  eommtmaui,  wlien  fur  ihi-  cum- 
nnnal  adtntnliittatUiD.    A  spin^'ial  catvsoty  of  mi- 


ftoMaodtffffcMNdi  HalaoprovidiMl,  tli«  rvtuma  from 
wliieb  are  grant«d  to  tbv  ministry  of  n^ricultnre 
or  Bnancv  for  special  omerfrrncicit,  tudi  a*  tbr 
obatoinent  nr  rvtum  of  taxation  to  ponona  or  dia- 
tricl*  nlilrh  liave  Atilfered  from  floods,  flrv,  bail. 
etc. 

The  tax  on  proffSBlana  or  tindes  (pofenfis)  is 
also  a  pervonal  tax,  but  it«  amount  cannot,  lilte 
the  otlu-r  three,  In-  iixvd  tK-foretiand.  There  i»  an 
official  settle*  acnordiog  to  irhich  mi^h  induntry  or 
profenion  is  taxed;  and  tbe  sdminiitrator  of 
direct  Uixfa  determines  th«  scbednte  into  wbtrb 
each  tax-payer  shall  be  placed,  and  wtlle*  Ihe 
droit  fijff  aitd  Ihe  droil  ptvportionnei.  Tlie  droit 
Jixt  id  based  uu  the  populatiuu  and  tlie  nature  of 
the  trade  or  prufe«>ion.  Tbe  thoil  proporUonnel 
i*  6xed  according  to  tbe  annual  reulal  of  tha 
buildin^ii  or  prvtmiwii  umvI  fur  the  exerciae  of  tho 
tnwle.  in<liiatrT,  or  profnMon.  Thin  fonfrilMifroH 
dfs  paleHlr*  u  due  by  every  FmK-hronn  or 
foreigner  who  exercises  a  trade,  industry. or  pre- 
fewtoo  not  included  In  Uie  exertions  made  by 
law,  Mr.  l^Kerlon.  wIm  has  prepared  Ibe  paper 
on  pononal  tnintinn  in  Fmncc,  remarka  that  the 
general  ti>ndency  of  bit«  ehanfrra  in  tlwt  scale  of 
this  tax  has  been  to  almie  th»  amount"  paid  by 
ibe  dDialler  liiduMries,  an<i  lo  Increase  tltosn  paid 
by  the  larjicer  ones.  For  example :  in  1880  tl»e 
fixed  patenlea  on  banken  was  tacriAwd  from 
1.000  U>  2.1)00  franca. 

The  return  for  Ovrmany  in  answer  to  Lord 
RoseberyV  circular  appUra  to  Prussia  only,  as  no 
direct  taxes  are  leried  for  Ihe  ncnounl  of  Ibe  im- 
perial ^veminent.  But  Prussia  nerTes  as  a  type 
of  all  Ibe  ulber  Uermati  slates,  since  tbelr  system 
and  method  of  aasesttinent  are  modelled  un  hem. 

lu  PintBia  nil  communes  not  liaviii^  nulHcieiil 
Indapaodsnt  rcvrnoo  to  cover  lb«r  local  rvquire- 
moDta  may  mi«a  tnicb  nnwNUury  revcniu*,  either 
by  surtaxes  (cuwAUfie}  based  oo  the  ratm  of  evr- 
tain  speciRed  stato  direct  taxes,  or  by  qtcclal  sanc- 
tion from  the  state  to  iinpoae  special  taxes,  direct 
or  indirect.  The  former  atteraatlre  is  the  one 
UBually  chosen  by  sticb  communes  as  have  not  an 
independent  revenue  fioin  real  propeny.  The 
wcalthirsc  commuoen  disprnse  wltli  tbufee  tiiir* 
taxes  altof^her.  while  in  Ibi>  pocmr  oommuma 
the  surtax  in  n*  bigli  a*  900  or  400  pur  cunt  of  tha 
Rtale  (ax.  The  sime  taxes,  wliich  seree  an  the 
batriH  of  compuUUon  for  thoM:  surtaxes,  nte :  — 
(a)  IVthoduI  :  I.  Cbtss  lax  on  ppnonal  nel  annual 
incoineti  undeor  tt.OUO  marks :  II.  CIas»lded  tnoome 


16 


SCIENCE. 


(TOL.  IX.,  No.  VXi 


tax  on  flunual  ii«t  Inooaieo  above  8,000  marks ; 
IIL  TrHilinii;  t»i.  (ft)  On  r«al  jirojwrty :  IV. 
Ground  las  ;  V,  House  tax. 

UdiUt  1.  were  put.  in  twelve  claiww,  the  in- 
oonuw  nbovf  430  miuI  tindrr  S.OOO  marks ;  «Dd  tlw 
■onual  tax  in  from  n  lo  1i  nuuln,  incoinea  under 
430  markB  be4ag  exempt. 

Bt  ft  law  panml  In  ISBA,  nit  incomM  undi-r  WO 
marks  were  exeniplet).  aiul  tli«  renuiinlng  chuMe 
relieved  from  oiie-fourlh  uf  tb^  lax  ;  l)i«  InstAl* 
uiciila  <lue  in  July,  Au;;ubi,  anil  September  of  mch 
yt-or  being  rrinilteil. 

IToitLT  II.  nrc  i>ii(  the  inCTHum  over  8.000 
marten ;  ttml  they  tult  into  ftirtr  cluMe»,  tli«  lax 
mnKlnK  from  DO  to  i\  ,000  iMnrkn,  tho  latl«r  on  an 
liioome  frora  liOSm  to  780,000  marlcK.  Th«  pn^ 
of  perions  in  the  Maading  army  i*  rxempt  fmm 
Mat«  taxation,  and  liaa  onl.v  this  fear  boea  mstl* 
liaUe  to  locul  taxation.  In  asacesliiK  tbe  com- 
munal HUrtaxcA.  only  bulf  ihw  salary  of  K«vem- 
ni«nl  officinlN  m  taken  into  acootiul.  An  anuua) 
net  incomir  t*  contltrul^d  to  be  tlie  net  income  de- 
rived fnim  nil  dmrrtptioniiof  property  and  ucc'u* 
patloiM  afl«r  doduetiiiK  inlrrnsl  pnid  on  pr3v<>d 
debia,  amounlA  paid  Id  othir  laxm,  and  cont*  of 
prodnolioii.  Doductione  are  alio  allowed  In  ope- 
cial  cauH-a  when-  tlw  tax-payer  lias  a  larf^  family 
to  iappoTt.  The  awmismMit  of  ihia  clam  tax  to  in- 
tnisted  to  a  tKMird  contpoMod  »I  tho  prMidant  of 
Uie  oonimune  and  of  mcmbars  aUctvd  by  iIm) 
cummuual  repre»ent(itive  body,  all  cUmh  of  tax- 
paytTti  bring  leprcveuted  as  far  an  pcwibte.  Each 
tax-payer  bduly  nintilied  of  the  eluKii  in  wliich  be 
ia  plttoi-d,  and  oppartonicy  in  ofTMi-'d  him  for  pro- 
t«a(  or  application  for  deduction. 

The  Byet«m  of  ammiiiK  ni.,  th«  trade  tax.  la 
qnllfi  complicated.  P«tm)nB  liable  to  thin  Inx  an 
distributed  Into  clatuiee,  rantrinc  from  larR«  trndM 
down  lo  bacbmen.  Tbe  Individual  aaseesment  is 
thUH  dvtnruined  :  viic\i  class,  t^xcept  the  lilglitttt. 
in  luhdiridt'd  into  four  »«rli<iu»,  and  a  medium 
rale  if  flxr<)  f<x  •■■ncti  M^'lion  in  etirh  cliiat.  TbiH 
medium  rate,  multipliiH)  by  Ihe  mimbet  of  xifnann, 
liable  for  taxation  In  the  llrsl  three  ivctloos  of  each 
dnai  in  the  ea»e  of  towo",  and  in  tlie  fourtli  seo- 
ticia  in  the  case  of  a  Krti*  or  circumscription,  rep* 
reii^nta  Ihr  total  annnal  amount  of  th«  tax  for 
which  tho  town  or  Krriu  \»  liable,  and  which  it 
hM  to  oollrct  for  the  otntc.  If  (Iw  mtxiium  rate 
faUatoohearilyonany  meoilmniofBetau,  theyare 
nnornnrrt  Ifv,  and  tbe  nto  Ik  niifnl  for  lho*e  meu- 
bnn  of  tlie  fiame  clam  who  are  better  able  to  pay. 
6t««nier8  pay  an  annual  tax  of  0.T9  of  a  mark 
for  evi-ry  bune-powi-r  :  and  uirrii-rs  by  land,  with 
two  hurv)!  uihI  upwards,  pay  an  annual  lax  of  8 
mark*  for  each  hone. 

Ttw  tvpon  on  the  CJnilod  BtatM  'v»  prwparmi  I9 


BIr.  IIidyHr,  scoond  secretary  of  leitatlon  at  Wash- 
ln|rton,  and  Is  based  on  Ibe  works  of  Burroiitcbs 
and  Cooley.  and  on  «ome  deulle  gathered  by  Mr, 
E.  J.  Reinck  of  the  U.  S.  treasury. 


A  HAIRY  UUilAN  fAUTLY. 

Tub  supers  bo  ndanoe  of  hair  in  certain  mem- 
bers of  Ilie  human  family  Is  one  of  the  impor- 
tant )>roblems  of  anthropology.  Dr.  Eckeruamed 
thin  plirnumcnon  '  hypertiiclUKiin '  ('  On  the  pilous 
syatcm  nnd  it*aui>malicK.'analy»Kl  in  llrvue  iTan- 
ihropolavh;  IWJO.p.  170).  In  Rekrr'i  Ihinl  daa*. 
or  ■d<m-mon,'>reiiK;ltuI»vilho»*nbject*  in  whi«b 
tbe  bypertricbosle  Is  genpral.  tn  187B  two  Ru»- 
flians,  father  and  son,  were  exiilblted  lu  Pari*, 
who  were  good  examples  of  tliis  anomaly.  The 
owe  of  Barbara  Ursler,  reported  in  IffJO-06,  is  re- 
viewed by  Dr.  Ecker,  with  an  illuslraliun,  in 
Atrhiv  fir  anthropologie,  xi,  ItfJlP,  p.  178  (nee 
bUo  Utitbiu.  xxxiii.  I87S,  NtNi.  13  and  M:  nnd 
Strieker,  *U«berdi«'>ogMiann|i>n  HiwvmrniH'hpn, 
t>ankfun-)i..M.."  1977,  p.  97  ;  Demliard  OrniHoin, 
in  Arehiv/6r anIhropotOffie,  xvt,  pp.  SOS-SlOj  Dr. 
O.  Frsas.  Arehh:  xlv.  itWS.  pp.  88B->tt ;  Ume. 
ClemciK-e  Koyer.  *fiiir  le  syst^me  pUeux,*  WiFiie 
tTantkropolospe.  1880.  pp.  !»-«). 

Adrien  TeJlichew,  nt  tliR  Bovemmnnt  of  Ko*- 
troma,  Russia,  mentioned  above,  was,  at  tbe  time 
of  bisexbibltiou  in  Paris,  Bfly-Bve  years  old.  It 
was  from  bis  appearanoe  tlial  thb  type  nweived 
Ibe  name  of  'dcv-men.*  Bis  fonrhead.  elieeks, 
(fvelidM.  ears,  and  noao  were  covered  with  looig, 
ymixith  hair.  The  neck,  body,  and  extn-mities 
were  coverrd  with  hair,  ttiit  not  "C  long  an  tbat 
upon  the  face.  The  hor  Tli<Kidore  did  not  differ 
owterlally  in  this  respect  from  bis  father. 

The  Birman  family,  asdewribed  by  Ecker,  con- 
Kibted  of  Mehw^Maonjt,  thirty  years  old.  his 
itau^liter  Jluplioon  and  her  two  sotis. — three 
Ki-neralioDM  prtwniing  this  nnomuly.  M(ire»Ter, 
tite  lower  jaw  of  Sidiw^BIaotiK  liad  only  four  in- 
cisors nnd  the  left  canine:  tlie  up{H-r  jnw.  only 
four  teeth ;  the  molar*  are  entirely  wnnlinK,  their 
place  beini:  filled  by  firsby  gutf>ni  on  the  gums. 
Bren  the  alveolar  processm  are  suppoaed  to  be 
abienl. 

Schw^Haong  offlnns  that  be  never  lost  any 
teeth,  and  that  the  «ruptioD  of  hin  iwroianent 
teeth  did  not  take  pinci-  until  he  was  twenty  .I'ears 
old.  Maphooin  alfo  lacks  canines  and  molars, 
whose  places  are  supplied  by  the  fleshy  guttvrn 
with  which  she  does  her  masticating. 

Dr.  Ecker  furtlier  describes  tlie  famous  Hcxi<utn 
danseuae,  Jali«  INistmna,  and  a  child  oamod 
PouMMi,  of  linfeland,  duscribcd  by  Dr.  Beveme 
ia  1809. 


« 


I 


JurvAKT  T,  1687.1 


scrEycJS. 


17 


^ 


It  h  wnll  known  titnt  at  >nv«a  ntomtbB  tlw 
liunicn  footw  w  entiivJy  <x>vcwd  vriih  hair. 
TbnM  bslra  trsTflFH  Ibe  skin  obliquely,  itnci  con- 
Ubov  to  Incnaw  alowtjt  until  lh-!T  atuin  from  a 
qunrWr  ta  liair  an  inch  in  leii|,tb.  whi-n  tbey  ar« 
rqilNccd  by  the  HmiUI  pcniUtinit  bair.i.  Tlie  infant 
com**  into  ibi-  wotbl  irovtrml  wjtb  nrabryunKl 
hwr.  Tin-  doK-nien  are  (wv^rwl  with  ■  wogll.v  or 
Mlky  bair,  prwcpling  rinbrjoiial  chataoiiw. 
Both  Ecli«r  and  bia  rertewM,  Dr.  \'&n,  ign*  that 
jgvn^ral  bypu-tricbiwiB  la  Himiily  an  arrmt  of  dv- 
velopm«Dt :  tlial  i*  to  say,  th<-  <k>«n,  instead  T>t 
being  n!|iUc«<I  by  luir,  prn>iHlii  and  conliDUW  to 
iltvclop. 

I  liad  not  beard  of  the  Iransfer  of  th<>  Himan 
family  to  Etiglanil  until  t  reail  tite  newsjMpM'  re- 
)>ort  rm>ntly.  Tlit-re  is  no  reason  to  diacreidlt  tbe 
McoMint.  pn>pcT  nJlowwtoe  being  mode  fur  enlhu- 
»iiMic  hy|N-rlM)lc.  O.  T.  Uabos. 


^ 


COXTAaiOUS  DISEASES. 

i3i  a  i»per  r«<.-«ntly  reuil  before  the  Philn<l«l> 
phin  count;'  nM.'diui]  wiciety.  Dr.  Arthur  V.  &lni0» 
liikei  tbo  icrounil  thnt  scarlet'fei^r  K  vpiy  miich 
IcM  oootwiionK  than  is  oeimmuiily  auppoaed  ;  much 
Ira,  in  fact,  tlian  measlw  and  wliooping-eougb  ; 
aoA  in  proof  of  bi«  opinion,  1m:  citva  tbc  fact,  Diat, 
while  it  IN  tho  nile  for  nwastew  (uid  wliooptni;- 
oougbtoafleci  all  tl>e  ehlldrm  in  a  hoiiiwhuld, 
•carlel-fever  usually  liniita  iia  attack  to  ont:  or 
two,  even  tboiigb  there  may  be  olhrra  wbi>  fanv« 
iMiTvr  bad  ibe  dincoao,  and  nrp  then-fore  pipouniia- 
bly  (lucvptibJe.  Th«ir«  is  ono  pojnt  wblch  Ibe  au- 
tbor  of  il>e  paper  does  on*,  it  »eerus  to  us.  lay  eiif' 
(Icient  MreM  upon  :  and  tluit  >b,  tliat.  while  luuxuitH 
drawl  auartet-foTcr.  tbey  hnva  but  littk  («w  of 
intaalM  or  wrhoopinif-cciugb,  nnd,  beioK  inHaenoed 
by  Ibnt  po|iatnr  imprewion  iliat  all  children  muM 
SI  soBio  tlin«  of  their  live*  have  these  latter  <lis> 
wee,  tliey  take  no  iwina  to  isolate  tlie  siok  from 
tlie  trell,  as  tbey  <to  if  the  diaeoae  be  •caTb-l-fm-er. 
Tbn  writer  ooald  girv  repeated  inatmcm  where 
ttm  moat  ri)cld  iaolation  wda  practised  In  caoee  of 
nieaHlve,  in  which  bnt  one  mrniber  of  a  family 
wa<  aitiu-ke<<,  tbougli  tliere  wer«  a  Dumber  of 
ditanrs  who  wer«  preaumably  Kiuce|<til>l«.  Until, 
Iheri^nre,  tlie  Mime  scrupultius  care  in  taken  In 
Hcfiarate  the  affected  child  from  the  unnilrcted  in 
mewiiea  w  ts  done  in  scarlel-fever.  we  shall  liesl- 
tab  to  accept  the  ouaclusion  iliat  scailet-fever  ia 
mnfb  lc«i  contagious  than  inenalen,  Thia  will 
protnbly  never  bn  <lone  until  |iarpnli>  arc  luugbt 
[but  menslesianat  a  trivial  diaetiKU'.  but  Ik.  infaiit. 
many  times  a  tnoet  serfooa  one.  In  RnRland  the 
nam*<n  of  deathn  in  liT«  years  from  mendee  was 
«g,ia9  :  In  Brooklyn  in  ten  years  1.013  children 


died  from  tliiii  cnuie  :  uiul  in  Mew  Yeafc  during 
the  week  ending  Dec,  4,  43  deotlm  from  it  are  r^ 
corded.  Tim  take*  no  Account  of  the  connltan 
number  that  are  left  with  impaired  ooii^tltutiona 
nnd  hing  diseases,  and  who.  witliln  a  very  sliort 
time  after  thit  attiKk  of  ineaalcs,  apfiear  in  Ibe 
mortality  statititica  ma  victim*  to  brawhilia  or 
pnetiinonin.  And  Ihe  cnmr  may  be  mid  of  w-l>oop- 
iug-cough,  —a  diRMMe  which,  in  the  period  1873- 
78,  cniinAd  in  Bnj[1anii  alone  00,7)10  dealbs. 


SYNECnOOCBlCAL  MAOJC. 

All  sludL'nU  of  antltrcipologj  an:  familiar  with 
Ibo  lH4i4tr  lunurtg  lower  pooplia  that  what  is  done 
to  a  part  of  n  pcraoo  or  to  his  property  Is  done  to 
him.  Thrar  jieople  all  dread  to  have  the  smaUeH 
part  of  tlieir  bullies  or  tlieir  iulimaie  poa»e4sioDS 
go  from  them.  It  haa  always  speouid  to  me  to 
need  tonber  explanatiuo,  a  more  sample  and  cum- 
monplace  aoItUion. 

This  in  given  in  Ur.  A.  W.  Howitt'x  pnpvr  io 
the  Ajijturt  numbco-  of  tlie  Journal  o/  tile  An- 
thropologifdl  inttUule.     I  quote  hlx  lansua^e ;  — 

"  Conoeded  with  tlie  throwing  of  magteal  Rib- 
stances  in  an  Itivisibl*?  furm  is  the  bvliet  that  thoy 
onn  be  caused  ti>  rntcr  tlie  body  of  a  viclam  by 
iMirying  tlK-m  in  his  rootHlep*.  iir  evrrn  in  tl>o 
mark  made  In  the  groiiwl  by  his  reclining  liody. 
Sharp  fragmenti^  of  quarts,  glaas,  bone,  charcoal, 
are  thus  used,  and  rlieumalio  alTectlotia  are  fre- 
quenlly  attributed  to  tbem. 

■■Another  fonn  of  Uiis  belief  is  seen  in  the 
pniclicv  uf  putlidg  tlte  jagged  cone  nf  Ihi'  Cnraa- 
rinu  <|uadrivalvi9i  into  n  man'*  lir<!.  ki  tlint  th« 
nniokc  may  blow  into  IiIn  eyes  and  caiiac  htm  to 
become  blind.  The  idea  eeeme  to  be  that  llio 
ekMon  of  the  oone  will  produce  acute  opbtbal- 
ntin. 

•■  A  piece  of  hair,  some  of  his  faeeee,  a  bone 
picked  by  him  and  diuppt<d.  a  sliml  of  bis  opos- 
sum rug.  will  KufUi'c-.  Even  hb  uiliva  uuy  be 
picked  up  and  used  (or  bts  dnttuclttNi  ** 

The  explanatinn  ol  all  thi»,  which  I  havo  long 
iiiugbt.  is  given  In  Ibe  very  words  of  one  of 
llr.  Uowttfs  informers,  wlw  said,  "  Voii  Aee, 
when  a  blaokfellow  doetor  gets  hold  of  sometliing 
belonging  to  a  utan  and  roablB  It  with  tbbigs,  and 
Mngs  over  it,  the  fire  calehe»  liclil  of  the  mnttt  of 
the  moH  (italica  mine),  and  that  aettleB  the  poor 
fellow."  In  other  wordo,  the  rimall««t  part  of  • 
niun.  or  of  any  Iblng  bo  has  toucbrd,  will  mifflce 
to  givi*  the  ilemon  his  gc«it. 

Of  eoumv.  customs  Burvir«  milloiDiunts  after 
lh#  Cttuae  uf  thi'ir  origin  is  forgottea},  ai>d  it  Is 
Bcarcoly  protabhi  that  Umm  who  carefully  burn 
their  waste  hair  and  nails  do  ao  to  avoid  giving 


18 


SCIEJSfCE. 


|To[^  n.,  N'o.  Kl« 


th#  wilchM  tMr  BCHit  or  llie  meaiu  of  Uulentify 
inx  them.  The  wx'u^  wbu  ivfuM*  lo  allow  bis 
picture  (o  be  taken,  nnd  tho  folon  who  objvcta  to 
havltiK  hiH  ■  mug'  «i)oim  Uio  walla  of  RogUM'e 
gallery,  are  mit  so  fiu  apart.  If  w«  can  hrlnn;  our 
minda  lo  l<kiitify  the  ftoTU  of  Ibe  foftner  with 
the  detcctivo  of  Uie  latter.  O,  T.  Maiiok. 


PROFESSOR  NEWBEHRV  ON  BASTH- 
QUAKES. 

PaoFESsoK  N'ewBKRXY*S  paper  aa  (MrUiquabea 
is.  Ill  the  words  of  Ihe  author,  '-n  ht'iri  rnview  of 
what  is  koDwD  aiid  beliei-i-d  in  r^fiartl  lo  the 
plittnumona  and  miisn  of  varthqiiakM  \>y  Ihcae 
wbcMO  opinions  on  this  subject  nre  riokI  worthj 
of  conSdcncv."  After  dvHning  the  word  'eiartli- 
quake,'  h*  pnx«edi  to  giie  n  suinniaiy  of  the 
fact*  upon  which  he  bnson  hi*  dcAnilion,  carefully 
elnbonitin;;  and  illuslraiinK  the  nobject  from  Iha 
point  of  view  ni  n  rooling  and  contrACItDK  Kpliera, 
with  a  relatively  thin  crust,  and  fluid  or  viscous 
interior.  The  latter  part  of  the  ivMy  ta  treated 
under  tbe  lieadinics,  ■  EarlhiiuukeB  «nd  volcatioea 
as  measures  of  llie  tliicknen  of  the  mrtli'i  crust,' 
and  ■  flexibility  of  llie  earth's  ctust."  Finally, 
'  rroxtmiitr  cihihmi  of  iiirthquakea '  are  briefly 
conaidiTnl.  and  n  dinrt  bililiograpby  la  appeiided. 

Tlw  definition,  which  is  taken  an  the  text,  and 
which  la  reaJly  an  ejiltoine  of  the  whole  arfi:ti- 
ment.  is  aa  fullows:  "An  earthquake  i*  n  move- 
ment  cuuH^  by  u  iilu-inking  fmiu  the  loan  of  li«kt 
of  the  bested  interior  of  the  iiirth,  and  the  crudi- 
ing-logethnr  anci  ilisptoci'ment  of  the  rigid  exterior 
aa  it  accnmrnodale*  itoi'If  (o  tlie  contradiug  nu- 
cleus" It  ia  then  t'tnted  Iltat  tbe  faets  upon 
which  this  statement  la  baaed  are  ao  numerous 
and  Rignificaot  that  the  conclusioa  'i*  not  only 
oonvloolng,  but  ineritable.'  Although  tht«  broad 
^eneniHzallon  in  iwrha|.is  applicable  in  thn  caae  of 
noM  earthquakes,  nod  Uic  theory  aa  to  the  atnic- 
lura  of  the  (.ikrth  which  it  inrolrea  is  veiy  geoer- 
iitly  ac(^-pled  by  Kcologuta^  yet.  in  view  of  tbe 
fact  that  many  eniinsDt  Mtentlflc  mem  aiL-  not 
prepared  to  nuharrilw  to  it  at  all,  in  either  cane  it 
Is  (o  be  reicreiled  that  the  author  bus  not  ado[>tod 
the  oompreliensive  and  more  non-eommitlol  defl- 
Ditfoa  gfreu  by  Mallet,  and  subitnatially  repealed 
a*  fcrilown  by  Powell  (in  The  forum  for  Decem- 
ber) :  ■■  An  rorthqunkc  i«  the  poawgte  of  wares  of 
elastic  conipreaaion  in  the  crud  of  tlie  eartb." 
The  very  fact  (hat  ditTerent  theories  are  to  be 
found,  even  in  the  very  lalMt  utteranon  of  emi- 
nent au  I  horittee,  would  seem  to  make  it  drMimble 
to  acdcnowledge  that  the  aubject  is  not  one  that 

Jtarf4fwiiH.  II7  PnL  J.  K  KswimnT.  Mow  York,  Tin 
ai>ia«r,  ifsa   v. 


can  bedispotied  of  in  nuch  an  nv  oathrdra  aiatc- 
roent,  but  rather  «4i(t  worthy  of  (hn  most  pnina- 
taktitg  study,  which,  Jnileed,  it  >■  now  receiving 
from  the  moat  adranoed  nntloos.  The  further 
statemenl  that  "  earthquakes  are  neither  novel 
Dor  mysterious,  but  are  among  the  most  coinnion 
and  eimplesi  of  terreatrial  phenoawna."  is  not 
likely  to  reeelve  very  wide  Meei>tsnee  Id  its  en- 
tirely, BUfl  issue  will  etrtainly  be  taken  with  Pro- 
feaaor  Newliorry  a»  to  lh<tr«  bi-ing  any  vitv  Kreot 
di-Kn^-of  unnnimity  in  this  opinion amooig  "those 
whoH*  opinions  arn  most  worthy  of  conAdtTDcw." 
Similarly  il  must  be  said  that  far  more  conD- 
dence  is  placed  by  tbe  author  in  the  various 
methods  of  calculating  the  deptli  of  origin  by 
means  ot  accurate  oboervatiunu  as  to  time  and 
angle  uf  emeigeuce  than  seems  wamnted.  Tlw 
problem  is  so  oomplicatcid  by  the  grtnt  hutcro* 
gcnelty  of  the  superllcial  formnttan  of  the  (aithV 
cruat.  that  tlir  bi«t  oltserTaciona  we  ran  make, 
give,  at  lieat.  only  roughly  approximate  rmulla. 
Again,  it  in  Rtaird  that  the  reporinl  ahortening  of 
railroad -tracks  in  certain  places  near  Cliarleslon, 
"  U  verlBed  and  measured,  would  give  a  clew  to 
the  localloD  and  extent  of  the  subtvrmoeau  move- 
ments which  produced  the  vibrations."  Most 
BUtboritiaa,  however,  will  probably  regunl  il.  in 
the  case  of  a  aback  disturbing  so  great  an  nrtfs. 
as  an  entlraly  secondary  effect,  aloug  with  the 
production  of  local  sinkD,  gejaers,  and  laud-tlltka. 
Tbla  well  arranged  and  condensed  Mmimi  of 
the  subject,  from  tbe  dtsnd-poiut  of  a  geologist  ot 
Professor  Newberry's  reputatioit.  cttnnot  fail  to 
be  read  with  intemtt  by  the  general  reader  as 
well  as  by  tbe  spceial  atudent.  The  only  criticiam 
that  can  he  made,  other  than  favorable,  seems  to 
b<>  that  to  the  average  reafler  it  may  leave  the 
ImpreRaiiin  tliat  the  causes  of  all  earthqaakea.  and 
even  the  natuiv  ot  the  earth's  interior,  are  now  eo 
well  uuderslood  as  to  leave  very  little  room  for 
dilferenoe  of  opinion  among  thcep  bmt  quolilied 
to  judge.  ETKItKTT  Uayi>bn. 


PHANTASMS  OF  TBE  LtVtKQ. 

Tuw  ia  a  moat  estniordinary  nork,  —  fourteen 

huitdnyl  large  and  closely  printed  pages  by  men 

of   the  rarest  inirlleetual  qualillcalions,  for  the 

purpose  of  eelting  uu  its  legs  again  a  belipf  whi<^b 

the  common  coanent  of   the  '  euliglit<.-ned '  has 

long   ago   relegated    to  llxr   ruhbixh-lieap   cif   old 

wires'  tales.     In  luiy  reputable  department  ot 

acdeiM'c  the  qualilicti  di^playetl  in  tbese  volumes 

would  be  reckoned  superlatirely  good.     Untiring 

ual  In  coUecilng  facta,  and  patience  in  seeking  to 

pkaiM*m*af  'fu  UHng.  Br  BuvONii  tiimirtv,  rRStissM 
W.  B.  MTSai^  sdJ  FHtvK  Poesnaa.  t  vola.  Lctiaou.  TVAi- 
sfr.UM.    «•. 


I 


I 


Jaxcakt  7,  IIMT.I 


SCIENCE. 


19 


» 


makd  iliem  «ccun(«;  iMrDlnic,  of  Ihe  »otl(Uu 
SorU  In  dUcvesiiifc  Uimm  ;  in  tli^oriiiujic.  Aubtlety 
Mul  orl^nwlitr,  aod,  above  all,  fainww,  fur  tbe 
work  absuluti-ljr  rreka  wiib  mndor,  —  ihU  ctim- 
biuntum  ol  diwraclrn  u  waurcill)^  not  riHind  in 
nery  bit  of  so-calM  iTirniiflc  rwoarch  ibat  U 
puhlJuhtd  in  our  daj-. 

Tho  book  hardly  admits  of  <l«t8lW  criUcinn, 
•0  mud)  depends  ou  the  wlnudue  of  tlie  spedal 
CBMB  reported ;  w  I  will  gite  a  broad  akiet^h  of 
Ub  oonlcntH.  Tlic  title.  ■  fhiinliuiiua  of  tbi-  living,' 
expRWcn  a  ihfvary  oa  whkb  tbc^  n.vurdnl  factaaru 
atrong,  but  of  irhich  tlMt  Ikttfir  am  of  eonm  ind» 
|M»dtiT)t.  Tbe  '  r&cls'  nrc  tnatnncm  of  whjit  «re 
cMntnonly  call«<l  'a))])aTitioiifl.'  Ctilkcted  for  the 
Society  of  (Mjchical  re«e«rcb,lbeir  iilttiaic and cala- 
kgulag  in  a  laborious  |iie<.-e  of  work  wbicb  ban  a 
anbaiantivA  value,  wbalvvi^r  lbMrdvtlniUvi>i>s|ila- 
natlon  way  pcote  lo  be.  Vcr}-  tvuglily  Hpraking, 
there  ari>  nrtxwb^l  in  (b<-  IxKik  about  srT«n  bun- 
lintt  CUM'*  of  '><^n*orinl  phnntasriis  wliich  »eeiii 
vMKUflj  or  cliir^ti'  (i>ni)ecl«il  witb  houii*  distant 
<'on(ein]xiraurtiua  eveul.  He  event,  lu  about 
one-bslf  uf  tlw  oaMS,  vrwi  Mme  one'*  dratb.  In 
aildltlon  to  tlH.-M  cnaN,  BIr.  Gnroey  hiw  rollcded 
about  six  hundred  of  hnlUicinatMn*  ncvminRly  ir- 
i«le%*ant  to  any  actual  evmt,  and  Ibiin  huh  c^- 
tainly  a  widpr  tnaterlal  to  work  upon  than  any 
one  who  haa  yei  aludied  tbe  tubjeciof  plunlasnu. 
Of  cuurtie,  llie  raiiunalUlii;  way  of  inlcriirolingtbe 
ooiueklenor  of  au  liirgr  a  numbi-r  with  a  dvatb  or 
«4brr  DVMil,  in  to  call  it  chiuice.  8ucli  u  largo 
nninbar  of  '  veridical '  [iliftnlaama  occurring  by 
ctiaBn>  would,  however,  imply  an  enonuous  total 
namber  of  tulac«Uan«oua  plumlaBoiB  ut'currtng  all 
the  white  in  tbe  euminunity.  Mr.  Uumcy  SndM 
(to  tnkv  tlic  riHunl  caae*  alone)  that  anxms  •1,703 
pfnonti,  jnlrrrogntod  nt  random,  only  93  visiiaJ 
haUncinaiion*  lind  occurred  In  Die  Inst  twelve 
yoara.  And  couibin<nK  by  Ibe  calculus  of  proba- 
bilities Biich  data  ati  the  po])iilatiOD  drawn  upon 
for  the  C(rlnddtiice-i;aiH«.  tbe  adult  pO]iulutiun  of 
tliemuiiiry,  the  Dumber  of  diiilbx  in  the  country 
vitliiu  twelve  yeam,  eio,.  ho  come*  to  tbe  eonclu- 
Bion  tliat  the  oddn  against  llu>  chanci?  occurrence 
of  a*  many  (Init-hand  nnd  woll-«(te*ted  veridical 
rianal  phnnlasnis  bh  bis  collection  entbracea,  <s  aa 
a  trillion  of  trillions  of  trillloofl  to  1.  Of  coiine, 
the  data  are  extremely  rough  ;  and,  in  particular, 
the  cenauA  of  phauiaama  octurriui;  at  Inrgi?  in  the 
oomuunity  uuglit  to  be  much  wider  than  it  i*. 
But  the  viTidiciU  phnntuinui  have,  furthermore, 
many  iHVuliuntteii.  They  are  more  apt  lo  be 
visoal  than  auditory.  CaHimt  hallurioatlona  are 
oflnoer  auditory.  The  jX'rhOTi  Mpiieaniig  laalmoAt 
alnnys  reooftnlaed ;  not  bo  in  casual  luillueinu- 
ti'inH.    Iliey  tend  to  raincide  witb  a  purliculnr 


form  of  outward  ev«nt,  vi«.,  dnlh.  Theao  lutd 
other  features  teem  to  make  of  them  a  natural 
group  of  phenomena. 

The  next  bt«t  raiionialcstic  explanatioD  of  them 
ia  that  they  ar«  flctiona,  wilful  or  innocent ;  and 
that  M«nn>.(}umry,  Myem,  and  Pmlmorv  aru  vio- 
Ums,  partly  of  Uut  tandfJMy  to  faoax,  but  mainly 
of  tbe  falM  memoflea  sad  mftliopoietlc  inetincta 
<yt  mankind.  Theee  poMlbUlttm  do  not  escape  our 
autbora,  but  reoeire  ample  ootuideraUan  at  tlteir 
haiula.  Nothing,  in  fad,  in  niore  Btnking  than 
the  xeal  with  which  they  cni»- examine  the  wii- 
awiai ;  noUdng  mar<-  ndmimMe  than  tlie  labor 
thay  apeod  Hi  tcating  tbe  accuracy  of  the  atoriea, 
ao  far  a«  can  be  dune  by  raBsackinn  old  newspa- 
pera  for  obiluaiiea  and  the  like.  It  a  story  oon- 
taiaa  a  lire  bumii«  la  a  giatv  —  pt^tto  tbe  Green- 
wich reoordn  are  searcbod  to  are  whether  tbe 
tbennumelcr  wnminlcd  a  fin  oa  Ibat  day  ;  if  It 
cotitainN  a  nu'dieal  pntctitioMr,  \\w  medical  regia- 
ter  is  eonmilted  to  make  sura  he  is  correct :  etc. 
But  obvloualy  a  hoax  might  keep  sll  surh  acc«a- 
sories  itue,  and  a  aiory  true  us  lu  the  main  jmlnt 
might  bav«  grown  falae  aa  tu  dat«e  ntui  socesM*- 
ritw.  It  therefore  oomea  back  ataenlially  to  tbe 
iiivmti|;nlor'ii  iiwtinct.  or  now,  aa  one  might  call 
it,  for  good  and  lioil  evidence.  A  horn  dupe  will 
go  astray,  with  every  precaution ;  a  bom  judge 
will  keep  the  path,  with  few.  Sattudaif  reviftrer* 
wQl  cliapoK  of  tbe  work  in  tlMsimplesl  pomible 
way  by  ttratiOR  the  authora  as  born  dopea.  '  Sd- 
antwta '  who  prefer  otiband  uietliods  will  do  tbe 
aame.  Other  readers  will  be  bafUed.  many  con- 
viaoeil.  The  preaeot  writer  finds  that  tome  of 
the  caats  oovouDted  strong  by  the  authors  strike 
him  in  tbe  reiuling  tm  weak,  while  scniplea  ahown 
by  them  in  other  cnjva  aeom  Uv  him  fanciful. 
Thin  ifl  (be  pivot  of  Ihti  whole  malter  ;  for  I  itup- 
poae  tha  improliabillty  of  the  pbantosnu  being 
vvridlcal  b;  chance,  will.  It  the  tlori^  are  true, 
be  felt  by  every  oae.  Ueaiiwhile  it  muKt  bo  re- 
tnomber('<<,  that,  bu  fur  as  eipertnew  in  judjcing 
of  trutli  oonu-n  fnim  training,  no  reader  can  poa- 
aibly  be  bh  expert  nii  tbe  nuthotv.  The  way  to  be- 
onme  expert  in  a  matter  »  to  gel  lat«  of  experience 
of  that  particular  matter.  Neither  a  upenialint  in 
nervous  dlaeasee,  nor  a  criminal  lawyer,  will  be 
expert  ia  dealing  with  these  stories  until  be  hns  had 
Me^ta.  Uumey'a.  Uyeni's.  and  Fodmore's  special 
education.  Then  hi*  pathology,  or  hia  familiarity 
with  falMi  evitlence,  may  alito  Mrrve  him  in  good 
alend.  But  in  him,  or  in  tbem,  ■  gumption'  will, 
after  all,  he  the  l>aals  of  superiority.  Hon-  much 
of  it  the  authors  have,  the  future  alon«c»n<lcide. 

One  argument  against  tbe  value  of  the  evidence 
they  rely  on  is  drawn  from  tbe  liislury  of  wltch- 
cmft.     Nowhere,  it  U  (ai<i  (ux  by  Mr.  Lecky  in  hia 


20 


acmxcE. 


[TOL.  !£.>  No.  20S 


■  BatioDalisni '),  is  beic«r-alt«»t«<l  erideuoe  for 
fuot8 :  yet  lli«  eriilenct  ia  now  utterly  dboredlted, 
and  Uut  facl»,  then  ap|iitR!Dtl}'  ao  pleotty.  oMiur  nu 
moM.  Hr.  Oamoy  oonitidon  thin  oliJM'tjrm,  Bad 
oomw  to  nn  oxtntmHy  tntrrrxliiiK  n»iilt.  A(t«r 
"cmvfoi  *CBtvh  IhrouKh  Blxxit  i^  lionk«  on  Ihf 
TObJecl  <lacIu4inK  the  priacl]>al  »ne«  of  tho  nix- 
MeoUi,  wrmteenth.  snd  «l|;lit«enlli  cenlurleB)  add 
a  tv^  numberof  contemponry  reconla  of  irUU." 
be  otllrinti  ttmt  Die  uiiIt  facta  of  tvitclionfl  for 
which  llirre  in  nnjr  good  evidnniM*  whatt-rcr  iit« 
thntic  neiiropnthii-  phenoDuna  (trnncc,  nna«itli<!idii, 
hj^twia,  '  wiKKi-fllion,'  etf.)  which,  wi  fnr  from 
baJDK  now  iliwreilitcd,  are  roor«  than  ever  a«cer- 
talnec) ;  while  the  marvels  like  coiiveysDC« 
throiiKb  the  air.  trauaforDiBtioa  iiilo  aDimutft,  eto., 
do  aol  K8i  ou  <i  »ingl«  llrat-bunil  Htateiniiit  mud« 
hy  II  perMn  not  '  pcnociMcd  '  or  nndnr  torture. 

The  aathara'  theory  ot  voridicnl  phaatAKini  it 
that  they  nrc  c-niixi'd  by  tliouKht-tmniifpnvnoe. 
Tlio  Kbnst  tbniry  nnd  the  '  axtrAl-fom) '  theory  are 
criticiwd  OS  iiMntiarnolnrrdchoitiof  clcilbtw,  phiui- 
laama  not  seen  by  alt  prosenl.  «<«.)■  Thought- 
tnuwfenenoe  has  been  once  for  all  eetANielied  as 
n  Mm  ontwa.  Why  oot  lusuine  that  eren  the  im- 
prcationH  uiiuouncini;  ilouib  were  iiiiule  during  the 
XaM.  roomctilH  of  thi-  ilyiug  pi-rson's  Mtv't 

WliQTv  tliT  apparition  in  to  w-v.-rul  iciliwmrn, 
this  explanallim  \m^  lo  be  mtifh  ntminri)  ;  ami. 
in  spiteof  Meean.  Myera'tinnd  flnrney's  iticenully, 
I  can  tiardly  feel  as  if  Ihey  had  iiiaile  out  a  rery 
plauHible  raae.  Bui  auy  theory  tioliw  the  analysia 
of  faci* :  and  1  4I0  uot  titidenland  tlat  M*wni. 
Gumey  and  Hjen  hold  their  t«le]>atluc  ex|>liuiation 
to  barn  At  |irnti!nt  rouob  more  than  tltin  provirian- 
al  sort  of  iniporliuice. 

I  bare  tri^en  my  impremion  of  theabilily  of  tile 
work.  My  iinprcs'inn  of  tte<  simt'sa  a  thin  :  the 
Buthura  have  placed  a  mnttrr  which,  prvijoiis  to 
them.  Iiad  been  handled  s'-  loMely  as  nol  lo  raai- 
pnl  tbr  ntienlioD  uf  sdetitiDc  minds.  In  a  position 
which  ranki-x  inalleutiuti  iuipuoHtUe.  Iliey  Iuit<! 
Mlahliiibpd  n  prvauniptiou.  (o  nay  tlw  leut,  which 
It  will  nceil  rurtlKn*  ■tuiintical  rcManh  either  lo 
undo  or  to  oonllrm.  Tbey  hnvn  at  ilin  untne  time 
OMHle  further  »tati«tiral  rmenrch  etuiy  ;  for  their 
valuouw  will  certainly  nimulale  Ihe  iriitueilini« 
n>si«tmtion  and  publit-allon,  on  a  lar^  M-ate,  of 
canes  of  hnllu<^lniitiima{1>olh  vcridica)  nnd  cuoual) 
which  biitforlbitu  would  hare  Ui-n  kept  prirat*. 
Hie  next  twenly-flm  ynnrn  will  ih<-n  prolmbly  d«- 
elde  tbe  question.  Either  a  flood  of  conllrnialory 
pbenooieaa,  cauglit  in  the  net.  will  |ioiir  in.  iu 
mnacquence  ot  tlieir  work  :  or  it  will  not  pour  in 
—  nnd  then  wo  iibull  legit imntely  enough  explain 
tbe  stMioa  htr*  preacrred  an  mixture*  of  odd  co- 
laddeac*  witb  flotioo.    In  Uiv  one  oaae  He«ra. 


Ouruey  ai»d  Myen  wOl  liave  made  nn  epodi  in 
Mtienee.  and  will  take  rank  amont;  the  immorlala 
UH  tlie  Ur«t  elfective  prophets  of  a  doclrine  whcMe 
ini-Si^tunl  praphetB  have  been  n>aay.  In  tbe 
other  pune  (hey  will  have  made  as  f^tvM  a  wr«ck 
nnd  miHiwe  of  nohle  fucullirs  na  Xhv  Min  b  often 
called  lo  look  down  upon.  Thi-  prudent  by- 
■lander  will  tie  In  no  hn«te  to  prophmy ;  or,  it  bv 
prophesy,  he  will  liedme.  I  may  be  lacklnx  hi 
pmdenee  :  hut  I  fee)  that  I  ouglit  lo  deecrlbe  the 
total  c-ITc-ct  left  at  ptvM-nt  by  Ihe  tnxik  <iti  my 
mind.  It  in  a  Hlrini^  ^uspidoIl  that  iU  authora 
will  pnivc  to  In-  on  the  winning  Biik-.  It  will  smr- 
priM>  me  after  thi*  if  nrither  ■  telepathy '  nor 
'  Terldlcal  hatlurinatinnji'  are  amon);  tbe  lieliefa 
which  tbe  fnttiie  tends  to  ooofirm. 

WlLUAH  JaMKK. 


MVRSAVS  HAXDBOOK  OF  PSYCHOIOQY. 

Dit.  MuitRAY  lion  written  an  excellent  elemen- 
tary tcxI'Hiiok  for  Rtudcnt*  of  psyehologr.  In  the 
prweul  fclnle  of  that  edcncc.  it  in  ilillicult  to  pre- 
wDt  its  doctrines  in  a  form  suitable  for  <lidBctio 
purpiiiMW.  It  is  often  neoe<«nry  for  the  autlior  to 
leave  untouched  certaUa  Important  questiona,  tho 
w'ltlc^nent  of  which  b  only  poesible  by  a  contro- 
vemial  Gxcumion  into  lh«  depurttuent  of  meia- 
pliysic«. 

Dr.  Hurray^  book  la  not  a  trvatiw  on  phyaio- 
logical  psychology,  although  the  conclucJoiM  of 
phyniologista  seem  10  be  familiar  lo  him.  lie  liM 
occupied  himself  chiefly  with  wliat  ia  called 
■  Riibjectire  jiaycbulogy,*—  a  field  which  must  be 
travenwd  before  ono  oan  enliT  upon  tlie  more 
pcalttve  science  of  the  rebttion  of  pHvchioat  lo 
nervous  stales.  He  tivnto  of  pnycholoi^-  and  iu 
meUioil.  givea  a  full  and  sntiiifnrlory  ai-count  of 
iK-n«alion,  aiialy^ng  the  koowleilme  tciren  by  Ihe 
varioun  venem.  and  noticing  the  subject  of  genenil 
or  organic  ■eiiautions.  Tliis  U  followed  by  an 
account  of  aiiux;intion  nnd  ila  laws,  and  a  aliort 
chapter  00  comparlnon.  Tbcve  Aubjecla  constituto 
u'bat  be  dewnbe*  a*  'Kcneral  paychology.' 

■l^|iecialpBiclioIoKy '  baa  to  do  with*  cognitions, 
feelini;;!.  and  vollliuns,' —  a  thri<efold  diviiaon, 
corresponding  to  the  dassic-al  poclilion  of  ■  iniel< 
lect,  feeling,  and  will.'  Dndcr  tho  head  of 
'coRnition*'  wo  Hnd  an  account  of  perceptions, 
genera  I  iuil  ion,  reotfoning,  idealisation,  illusory 
cognitions,  and  a  chapter  on  the  gvoeml  nature 
of  kncwledge.  which  dincuNieii  •  tudf-coniciouK- 
niw^,  lime.  BpMC«,  )<nl«iance,  and  cnuno'  ffntu  the 
iwyrholugical  rather  than  tbe  metaphysical  point 
of  riow.  Afler  an  Introduction  treating  ot  Ibc 
naluni  of  iileuaure  and  pain  and  the  ezpremlon 

A  ttindtMt  4^  fjiehaton,  Br  J.  CUU  MrKMAV. 
Loudon,  (MPdMT,  18M. 


4 


Javuaut  7,  1887. 


21 


^ 


and  cUM>t(k»tion  of  the  f««Ung8,  are  chatit^rs  on 
tlie  f«^«lii]^  at  s^nsi'.  fn-liiigH  uriginuliiiK  in  rmo- 
otatUia,  tci^Uuga  for  ipU  lut'l  for  otlivrti.  f<«lingB 
originating  in  coin)>ariMMi,  intvtlccluul  (i4>liaKS. 
and  frnlitiRMor  nclton.  Fo«ir  clui|iirn>  nrpiJcvoted 
to  volition,  tiip  l8»t  lrpaliit|[  briotly  or  tlto  fn^e- 
ilotn  or  the  wiU. 

A»  «,■«  »aid  above.  (li«  boole  la  an  exoell«nt  one, 
and  fpw  wrioaH  aim  of  eommbaioi)  cnn  be  charged 
ii^inni  It.  Wii  qoMlfoii  MHauwhM  the  ndTiM- 
bilit^  of  tlw  abnipt  (livom-  of  tx-rvoption  and 
iMiMttion  an  klndn  of  nifntal  oonditin«ifl.  Mr. 
Biilly.  Ill  hiM  'Otttlloes  of  iMychnloi,';.'  aKr«ea 
wi(b  tli«  auttior  fn  his  itei>araili>n  ot  lliMe 
Malm  or  uc-tlouH.  It  atvtua  to  us  tluit  a  t«i»atton 
bi  iu>tliiii>:  inufv  ttiaii  u  iMfrvous  HtiiuuIuD  uo- 
Uva  it  is  |irr(viri.>d.  I'vn'epliMi  is  lli«  |H-rcpp(iuD 
of  a  Hi'tiMilioa,  and  iwihing  mure.  Wlwn  we 
pam  brfoml  tbn  (loropptton  of  »«Mttions  to  a 
ki>owlnlm'->  M.T,  of  obJ«<:t8.  w«  nmy  ei|ilalD  that 
linowldl^  eiilier  by  the  amorlalioo  of  tliv  p(T- 
tvptioiM.  or  by  Ibe  tinlon  uf  tbe  (wmirtioDii  in  (hn 
a<.-i  of  oonoepltod.  Fortliin  roaiioa  wetiell<'vc  that 
tlKWe  wImi,  n-ith  Sir  William  namilton.  aw  tlifi 
t«nd  ■ai>nsR-)incrp<ion,'  om*  an  awkward  term. 
tfut  (MQ  whicb  i»  iwientilU-iilly  nocumiF. 

Ttii>  author's  treatnienl  of  tlM>  (Mik-mb  of  ivp- 
rpM'ntatlnn  in  one  of  iIk-  nuwl  iinntisra<:lorjr  twta 
of  Ibir  lox)k.  His  Atmuut  uf  nKUH-'iHtiun  i*  not 
MlScicnl  to  gi\e  Intonnalton  atmut  all  tliat  tro 
call  pofialarly  ■  OM-oior;.'  We  al«i>  tall  to  find 
any  <-haj>tfr«  on  rellvx  arllon  nr  on  the  tiifib)]r  Im- 
}iortanl  nubjecl  of  unoonwciuua  wrolal  muditim- 
tiooii.  On  tbe  otlivr  luuid.  Dr.  Murra>-*a  iiimpli< 
•nd  iut<-ri'«ting  oofount  of  illuaiMy  L-(ignititnit>  ilo- 
WrvcH  hi);h  corooiMuUlioii.  nnd  Inn  rlaoi  itlcntion 
of  tlip  frelinjp  wruis  to  uk  to  bn  Imth  natnral  and 
scienltHc 

The  aiiilior  (i>.  S?.  ft  tn/.)  fl|>|K-iir»  to  view  witb 
but  Utile  favor  the  rtTititis  of  iiivr^iigaliou  in  (he 
deparlment  of  (wj  ctiophjoln.  We  liave  no  qiaoe 
to  <IiM:«ua  lht>  queition  liow  far  liis  laation  or 
•cpptidnin  in  juttiHiil.  On  lioth  ■iitrH  of  the  At- 
laotlo  Ibis  branch  of  iw^choloKj  i*  enjo^lnji;  a 
**rj  extraunllnarr  »har«'  of  sttentloD,  and  Bugg««- 
tive  and  IntetvtillDg  reeults  have  been  reaflbed. 
We  are  ineliiied  to  reigard  ibeae  inreetlgatioaN  na 
of  tm  tmportunce  than  Ibose  aigacctl  in  thvmaro 
dlspfiml  to  attach  to  thftn.  anil  w(>  ronfeta  that 
we  await  witli  nomc  pxpoctaocy  romlia  «Mnmen- 
Kiirate  wjth  tlw  amount  of  lid)or  axpoBded  in 
gatherinx  tlio  itttiiiticH  whinh  form  lo  prominent 
a  pari  >•!  tiM  periodtcnl  litenittire  on  philowpfay. 

Dr.  Uitrrajr'a  daring  citaptcr  on  the  freedom  of 
mlilkiD.  we  regard  aa  pcitiaiM  the  least  iHentilk 
part  o{  bit  book.  Bl«  doctrine  la  siiggcated  in  the 
MQiviKC,  "The  v«ry  oatuiv  of  Tolllioo,  tberefon, 


wotild  he  contradicted  by  a  description  of  it  in 
Ivrmd  whioh  brought  tt  under  tlw  category  of 
cautiii]ity''<(i,  4n>. 

Thi'  lioiik,  iKiwFVfr.  ill  admirably  aila|>t«d  for 
ti>achioR  tlw  nlvmnoia  of  paycliotoffy  lo  clnwn  in 
■ohoote  and  collenM. 


TWO  yALt'ABLE  PKJMEJiS  OF  POLITICS. 
It  hnN  bii-n  mkl  lliat  grfatcrr  alaitlty  in  needed 
lo  (tereloi>  nnd  rlii<:idatr  (undamrntal  |>Hnc4plM 
than  u>  deduce  from  them  an  elaborate  aet  of  cou- 
cluftlooa.  Tliia  is  doabileu  true  ;  and  for  that 
reawm  meat  ptimirn,  whether  of  lli«rature.  hia- 
lorjr,  iK.'iriK'e.  or  putiiica,  nrv  failurtn,  in  (bat  they 
arc  thn  work  of  well-iai-anin);  bat  inxiifflolently 
and  narrowly  informed  iiiad«iits.  That  Irodinff 
specialiM*  can  uae  (heir  lalenia  to  good  purpotte  In 
writing  |>naMir*.  and  (hu«  litiag  tbctr  influence 
tlirwlly  lo  Ijwir  on  tlw  Rrni-ralioo  in  jiroceee  of 
«ducatlon,  lias  been  amply  doraonrtrated  b.v  Pro- 
frasam  Bualey,  Roacoe.  Balfour  IDIewart,  Oeikie, 
Mirliael  Fotiier.  Jeiitis.  and  otiteni.  1'lie  two 
little  iKwkit  lo  which  we  have  inference  iu  tlie  Ixiud- 
Inji  of  IhiK  nulioi'  riink,  with  tbt?  wotkii  of  tltr  an- 
Ihoni  juKt  mrntionri),  ii»  itrimr-ra  (hut  titv  worth 
something.  They  iiavc  wimctliinf;  in  common,  in 
that  they  arc  wrilteu  primnrily  Uit  Englieh  read- 
ers by  an  Bniclish  woman  and  an  KnglUli  man 
rrapn'tivt-ly.  "tlivn  tbe  reMcublam-e  cea«m.  HiM 
Bucklnnd'ii  jirinH-r '  ia  a  aummary  of  vitiating  Eng- 
lish imttitnliotiii,  and  we  are  free  to  tay  that  we 
Iiave  n«Ter  xr^n  thrm  more  eluariy,  raorr  coH' 
chely,  ami  inoivi  nocuniK'ly  pictured.  HIh 
Buekiand  draws  to  a  large  cxhTnt  from  tha  books 
in  th<^ '  Gn(cli-b  citizen '  serii*  on  |iartii-iilar  tnsti- 
tutiuiis  and  phaamof  English  iiolitics,  hiil  lliecoio- 
pleteoew  and  atliculatlon  uf  tbia  little  book  are 
peculiarly  her  own.  She  Ireata  oMhe  coiwtitulirm 
in  gelMital,  of  the  itovervign.  jiarliHiiieiit,  tlw  bouae 
of  lords,  the  hoiiM'  of  cummonH.  thi^  privy  coun- 
cil, llie  national  hminct,  thn  EnsUt-h  churt^b,  edu- 
ration  in  En^latid,  local  goTermnrnt,  aiwl  eo  on. 
Thr  careful  reader  will  obtain  from  tl>e  book  a 
very  Iboruugh  knowledge  of  the  worlcinfraol  Eng- 
lUh  governmental  institutioiia ;  and  it  ia  JuM  aach 
a  lxN>k  UK  a  teacher  iiboiiM  use  for  a  few  weeka 
with  a  claM  that  hai  oompleled  the  study  of  Gng- 
liah  bialory,  in  order  to  enaUv  the  ]iu]ab  (o  follow 
and  dIscuM  tnf'ltigenily  currrat  Euglinb  pulitica. 
We  do  not  recall  an  iDcinTt  or  wrong  MalaniMit 
in  tbe  book,  conaidereil  simply  as  an  axpoaition. 
On  p.  84  is  an  ob^-loua  misprint.  £11,000  being 
given  na  th«  amount  of  Ihe  annual  allowanee  to 
the  Queen's  family.  The  correct  sum  Is  £171,000, 
and  It  ia  so  staled  by  Mita  Buckland  on  p.  9. 

tOmritatiamal  latHlutbm*:  a  iAmI  ikilr*  far lekoitU.  Sr 
Am*  BuffUUCIi.    Umaou,  ItacattUa^  UM,    IB*. 


L 


22 


SCfEyCE. 


[You  IX  ,  No.  SOS 


A«  Hba  Backhnd'a  priiuer  ia  one  of  pulUlcal 
I'xpOMtioin.  iM>  Mr.  R«)vigb'i'  i*  one  <>(  pliildMifihi- 
nl  exiwoilioD,  Mul  it  riMw  i»  ■  xvry  high  pl«ii« 
lodeed.  Fw  obrioiM  muonii  tbe  author's  illa»- 
tntkina  ar»  rirnwii  prinripDll.v  froin  EnRlUi  lils- 
torr  and  EoKlloh  innlitutions  ;  btit  m  vocletr  and 
clvilixatiiw  aiv  not  naltonal,  but  int^rnatioanl, 
Ur.  Rttlefgh'H  able  volume  nhould  atinct  inucb 
Mt«Dtffln  and  find  nunii^raufl  r«adcr9  in  thb  i-oun- 
Iry.  In  bii  jiriTfacct  tlir  nutliar  atatoi  tltat  moiit 
O0ntn>v«nico  would  e.rn\  tM-forc  thrjr  Itpgin  it  the 
diBputante  vould  onlv  ilfflni^  tlut  IcniiH  that  tli*>y 
UW.  TUe  pnRW  that  follow  nrp  nn  attempt  to  de- 
fine and  DMikv  esplioit  tl>e  terms  usod  iu  [lotilifa] 
aricunii-Dt-  As  lhi>  author  hiniseir  nllon-H.  lib  iHiok 
will  gtimutatv  mther  tbaii  ntl»fy  linjuiry  ;  and  fur 
jutit  that  Traoon  it  b  euiMhlr  of  In-ruDiiug,  in  the 
hands  of  a  comjirtcnt  leacber  of  rivics  or  politics, 
an  tnraluablc  t^-xt-book.  U  in  uminrntlj^  imiioT- 
tlal,  iiud  fur  tliat  T«iiiM>n  Runht  in  ■omn  parts  mja- 
tlff  mtbor  tlian  iiatjof.v  tlio  b«-Rimier ;  but,  proptolj' 
inlWpn^tcd.  il  c^an  be  made  of  Ui«  greatest  lervioe. 
Tbe  author  begins  by  simiiuarlclDK(lh«  whole  Ixtulc 
only  contains  I<13  Biitnll  paices)  llie  priucipkti 
wbicb  Ite  at  the  buBta  of  ■wx-lvly  and  t^irilimtion  ; 
tlxtn  be  examtnrH  moikm  society  And  tlip  laodrm 
Binds  and  (isww  to  cUn'tiunH,  |>arty  h-ovi-mment, 
e0OBonucieTmBandpringttil<-*,  ihrfunrtionsor  i)ie 
•laU,  and  propositlone  looking  lo  re funu.  Uu^k  ol 
■pacL-  forbldii  our  <iiiolitiK  lut  inucL  iis  wi*  HbouliI 
wisii  from  Mr.  llalciijb'tt  oointuic-t  voIurip.  but  lo 
n  few  Hulient  pointa  we  must  <«)!  iKUtinilnr  nlt^n- 
tlon.  Hn  cnforoe*.  from  many  podnif  of  view,  iiie 
pueilion  tbnl  no  abatrairt  thmry  of  Kovirnnieiil, 
DCS-  any  radical  law.  can  Rive  Ihe  pt<»perily  and 
MtMactinn  demanded  by  certain  (li^orista  wtu 
call  for  revolution  ujid  r«fonu.  "Hie  i-ardinal 
onvir  of  revolutinnary  p(ditici;kiiii  in  tbi».  tliat  Ihcy 
BMums  tbe  poKHibilJiy  of  bronkinR  nwny  from 
custom  and  traditlun.  Ther  lonk  mi  inMitutiotu 
tta  If  tlx-y  were  puiely  artiflcia],  and  tlierefore 
alterable  at  jJeasure,  In  point  of  fact,  inetitu- 
tioii4  ar«  rootiid  iu  the  uaiurei»  i>t  iiicn  wlio  are 
iicetutumed  to  thi-oi.  If  nil  our  laws  were  di.- 
Mtroyed  in  a  day,  mir  linbitu  and  way-n  of  thinking 
woulil  remain,  and  out  ot  tbetir  a  miw  miC  of  lawn, 
not  mry  unlike  tlie  old.  would  mx>1)  be  devctloped. 
If  we  d«aire  grrat  cluingef,  we  must  not  put  our 
tniat  in  r^irolution :  we  mitat  work  etiwdily  at 
tho«e  reforau  whkh  aeem  maA  likely  lo  (mprove 
OUT  liabita  and  wnri  ot  thinking  "  (pb  127).  And 
in  connection  with  Ibix  Kubjecl,  refomi,  then.-  ia 
thin  timely  warning  ftiven ;  "  Whnn  iNicinl  ro 
formon  put  forwani  ^cbenwa  by  wfaicli  the  *tr»in 
of  com  petit  ion  would  l>e  leMWied,  we  muot  exnm- 

>  KtdMBMrv  poUllei.      Uj  "niMlta   lUUimi.      LduIod, 

<mfvrdtu>tw.pr..iam.  U: 


inc  theii  prapOMb  carefully,  to  find  i>ut  wbother 
tliey  do  niit  involv<^  nn  apfw»l  t«  thr  nclfiahiicw  <>f 
the  weak,  which  iii  jmt  iw-diiDKoroiiH  in  ii«  way 
IU  th*  solSuhneiK  of  (he  Mook"  (p-  fi^.  Mr. 
RateJKh'o  tvtnarlcs  al<aat  specalation  (p.  BO),  the 
effecl  of  stale  help  fp.  ISiQ,  and  hlM  summary  of 
bow  far  state  Inlerlervnce  can  safely  go  (pp.  ISO  and 
ISI),  are  as  «cientiftc  in  t-mn  aa  ibey  are  aatls- 
faetory  in  contents.  W'v  intnt  unr»er%-edly  com- 
mend Ihe  book  aa  a  clear.  ottonR,  iind  healthy 
primer  of  politic*,  and  henrlily  wbh  that  it 
could  be  Htudied  and  npprecinted  in  everr  higli 
school  and  by  mty  ditsen  of  the  United  Staten, 


A  UMiTAXT  conrentlon  under  the  auspice*  of 
the  MtchJKan  slate  board  of  health  wa»  heM  at 
Big  Rapldo.  Nov.  19  and  tf).  I881).  Dr.  Sloddard 
reiul  a  paper  on  Ihe  injuries  ofevery-day  drug- 
taking.  It  partly  euniv  from  niutheni  dosing 
tmbiea  with  uoothing-sinip.  parogoric,  worm-lo*- 
engm,  etc.  Tbe  mmedy  wan  to  (Klu<'atc  the 
people  in  thn  iiijurioiiK  effeebi  of  druga.  Dr. 
Ingll"  of  nctrolt  closed  hU  remarks  on  a'cobol  as 
a  medidnn  by  saying  that  he  nhould  like  to  ptv- 
duce  the  continually  accuinulating  evidence  of 
tbe  positive  barm  caused  by  suvh  fndiwriininnto 
UM!  of  all  kinda  of  aloobotio  drinka.  bilten,  and 
tonics,  tind  tlmt  pbjviciiuw  »houIit  let  alcoholic 
liipior  be  the  l<wt,  and  not  the  flt«t.  remedy  in  the 
tieatmeiit  of  disease.  Profeaaor  FerrU  of  tbe  In- 
dtut  rial  school  read  a  paper  on  hygiene  of  achootR,  M 
dwelling  upon  the  la<ck  of  rentilatton  in  tine  vchool*  | 
o!  Big  RapiilB.  tu  aeveral  the  air-npnce  for  each 
pupil  not  exceeding  Iwo  hnndrt^l  cubic  fe^. 
Pni)cni  were  roitd  on  Pnnli-urnnd  preventive  niedi- 
eine,  pulilie-bcnllb  Inwi.  and  Ihe  preveolioQ  of 
eomnitiniciible  diaeiuies.  ^| 

—  Intulialion  of  tbe  Larynx,  which  lias  beMi  bi- 
trodueed  recently  ana  aukotitute  for  Irnciicotomy  In 
caws  ot  diphtheria  and  croup,  is  oomiDg  Into  gen- 
eral favor  with  medical  practitioners.  Tbe  cvedit 
of  iU  introduction  la  doe  to  Dr.  (XDwyer,  a  New 
York  pliyHlcian.  Already  one  huuilied  and  uity- 
flve  cn«es  have  been  reported  in  which  it  hai  liven 
practised,  with  twentj^lght  and  onc-bulf  per 
ceul  of  tecoverie*.  The  inltiHluclion  of  the  tube 
into  tlie  larynx  ■■  a  very  Mtnple  operation,  and 
requires  no  anitiwlhelic  no*-  trained  a'«l8la&la.  In- 
Mmnch  an  no  cntting  operation  is  required,  aa  in 
trnchffotomy,  tbiTe  ts  no  dlllioully  in  pvnuailing 
parent*  to  ooneent  to  the  intubation  of  thdr  chil- 
dren, when  the  more  furiiudabl«  oporuiion  of 
Iracbeotomy  would  not  lie  pcnuitied.  Tliix  per- 
reulugp  of  recoveries  will  (]oubll<«s  be  much  in- 
crenaed  iw  phyniciam  become  more  aocnstomvd 
to  the  method. 


FRIDAY.  JANUARY  14.  1967. 


COJiitEAT  AND  CIHTICISJS. 
TBB  OaSqkb  of  liia^rnnKe  wcnibcr-prodJcHion, 
rvita  of  itir<  rauticiuN  ttiD')  UicJy  indiilKod  in  by  Dr. 
Ilinriuh!!.  is  forr-itilr  illuntratnl  in  Ihe  cUtcmrntH 
givm  ii)  tbiMulvanoo  pnurf  (if  tlip  lowii  bulkiin 
for  DM.'Ciubrr.  The  montti  is  dr«.'ri1ied  iw  very 
coJd,  fair,  awl  Aty.  the  mt-Mi  tt.-DipcTaturc  of  the 
air  being  marv  tlian  Mvea  ili-grves  below  Ui«  nur- 
luaL  Only  oni-n  iu  tbu  paal  sixtvon  yp«n  biw 
Iowa  bad  a  (-uldiT  Dvccmlvr  (ItlTS).  Tliis  is  not 
s  tMbtectof  J  T«rifi<Miliou  of  the  atutvment  made 
a  moath  itgo  :  "  Tbv  protnbilitj-  ia  very  liigli  that 
Ihe  wlii(«r  BD"f  bf^iin  will  bo  a  mild  mi*  in  Iowa 
and  lli«  nortli-weat."  Aiipar^utly  as  a  oomnicnt 
on  tlib  dlaoor(tan«-e.  Dr.  llinrlchs  says,  "  Jaouary 
will,  tt  MMM,  also  run  (1«cld«(lly  below  noriual. 
Friiruary  may  be  markedly  alM>ve  iiuruial.  aiid 
contribnte  greatly  lo  reduce  tlie  neverity  of  tlie 
winter  [a  pomiblllty  very  ntucli  to  be  desired]. 
During  tlw  forty  ye«ra  pteotxIUi^  1883,  tbere 
nerer  bare  been  more  lltau  two  cuam.-1-iitive  cold 
wiatrra  in  Iowa  ;  namely,  UK>t«  of  1M6  und  ItUiT. 
Beginning  with  16^.  we  have  now  bad  fnur 
»eTer«  wint*rr8  in  tiiibrolcen  MiecoMion,  an<l  lliere 
wlnipre  liave  not  been  followed  by  a  nioutb  of 
■eveie  weallier  litis  winter.  Thl«  U  enlirwty  with- 
nut  precedent,  anil  of  very  serloui  Imixwt  lo  the 
people  of  Iowa.**  That  seems  lo  lie  the  ditticully : 
Ibe  weatlier  cat«s  too  little  fnr  precedent. 

Tilt  MoUDat  Rumox  of  tbo  Afp!  of  «f<W  de- 
■ervex  attcntuia  because  of  Ibe  nuoiber  and  Inter- 
Ml  o(  tli«  economic  nniclea  It  contains.  In  fact. 
It  soeoMi  mort!  ilkoan  rvsMomJc  than  a  lecbnic«l 
joomal.  It  in  •omf^irhat  of  a  novelty,  too,  to  find 
that  tbii  flconoiairn  nrr  tliorougbly  ptactii^l,  tlK> 
ibixmitual  anci  ii|in-ulntir<!  rlement  ocoupyinx  a 
rirry  •utfonlionlc  plnon.  H.  findin.  tlir  fotinder 
nf  IIm-  Fainiliateii-,  ti-lln  agnin  brirBy  thp  wvll- 
known  itlory  of  tJiat  institution.  At  Ihe  end  nf  bin 
artiiTle.  the  pbilantlimpist  rtwws  cfmBdenlint,  and 
JHiints  out  Ult.'  ptiodpal  olntaL'le  ivitli  which  bLi 
foandation  has  t»i.-onlvnd.  That  oUnacle  w.  as 
miglu  bare  been  su'specU'd,  nuthing  lea*  tlian 
hiuuau  nature  itself.  And  it  has  buppeued  in  tbia 
Ka.n.— l*T. 


way.  The  anaocJatlon  ba«  ma4«  Urge  proDls. 
which  httT(>  iieen  pnblialipi)  overj  yoar.  A  knowl- 
edge of  tlie  detailed  oprrntioiw  of  I1m>  concern  Is 
acceiwible  tothe  public.  JuM  htn  Ibe  <tifflcnilly 
preacntvd  itwlf. 

In  tlie  language  of  M.  Qodin.  *■  injitoa^l  of  study- 
ing Uinm  [Ihe  annual  balancvshect.  and  so  forth] 
for  the  piir|>OBe  of  imitating  us  by  organizing 
labor,  tliis  is  ibe  way  tbe  ttlibu^em  iii  indiiatry 
have  argu^  :  they  have  said  to  tbenuelven,  -The 
Axsociulion  of  the  Psmllistere  pays  aetually  about 
1,»00,000  (ran™  i*)B0.O00j  in  wa«ei.  If  we  esteb- 
tlsh  a  similar  Industry,  copy  Its  products,  and  pay 
50  per  cent  leM  lo  our  operatives  llian  tlie  Society 
of  the  Famlllalere  pay^  theirH.  vre  nhall  realize 
protlis  amounting  lo  nearly  a  UTilllun  more  titan 
it  :  so  thai  It  cannot  compete  with  us,  exc«pt  it 
lowers  wages,  —  a  tiling  it  cannot  do,  since  its 
operatives  are  aasodates  in  Its  iudustry  :  Uiua  w« 
can  beat  them  In  Ihe  market.'  These  argumenta 
have  been  carried  out  in  practice,  so  that  the 
Association  uf  the  Fmiiilislere  lias  lo-day  to  com- 
|i«te  with  eaiubliabmL-ots  that  let  down  wages 
to  their  luwest  point,  and,  by  these  means,  prao- 
lise  a  ileplurable  competition,  which  push  the 
wuge-vrorkers  to  Strike  and  misery."  Tbeae 
•wrongs  of  egoism.' as  M.  Oodin  calls  ibem,  are 
iJie  very  Ibings  tlial  idnalists  and  reformers  of  nil 
age^  bave  hud  Lo  cuiitenil  against ;  and  Ihe  fact 
thai  Ibey  are  oerlain  to  recur  Is  tlie  neglected  fac- 
tor in  the  calculations  of  so  many  of  (he  social  n> 
formers  of  our  own  generation. 


PBonT4iuH[}>o  Is  also  the  subject  of  several 
arUcles  in  the  MOie  Journal.  Prof,  J.  B,  Clark  of 
Sniilh  college,  and  Frniih  A.  Flower.  commU- 
sloner  of  labor  for  ihr  iitaie  of  Wisconiiiii.  write 
favoring  profti-nlinTtni; :  l>ut  the  Intimoiiy  of  two 
laiKe  ci»iccm«  —  the  Cniiie  Bnitliem  niaiiufac. 
tiiring  company  of  ('hicngu.  and  tiie  H.  O.  Kelson 
manufacturing  fs>mi]any  of  Ai.  Louis  —  is  of  more 
importnnci!  and  value  Ibaii  any  bypottielical  nrgu- 
tnenU  can  pottdbly  be.  Mr.  Cnne  says  tliat  his 
company  luu  tried  with  much  suocMs  tlie  plan  of 
permitting  lb?  employees  lo  buy  stock  In  propot^ 
tioo  to  their  yearly  salary,  but.  as  In  many  coms 
the  vrorkmen  are  not  prepared  to  boy  tlio  amount 


iq>portlone(l  to  Ihem,  tbu  plan  liaH  tiofn  a<l<)|)t«(l 
of  alloutng  llie  stock  to  them.  Ibey  enjoying  tlie 
beneSw  of  il  leas  inl«H«^  To  tliiH  plan,  aa  to  utiy 
othsr  «cli«m«  of  proKt-bhariug.  tlie  objeclioo  Is 
raiftrd  iliat  in  Imd  liiii«4  il  paawe  into  IoM-«JmrliiK. 
an<l  this  is  not  wbat  tlie  eniplor^es  want  or  will 
iiabtnit  to.  In  Hew  of  this,  Sir.  Oniie  l)eliev«i« 
that  A  HurpIUH  fund  diould  be  ««lAhlt«)iei).  from 
which  dividmds  sra  to  be  paid  durinic  ycsn  of 
dApramon,  when  there  Is  no  profit  from  which  to 
paj  them. 


Mr.  Nelfon  hears  (dmllar  l^stlmonT  to  the 
woorlcitiK  of  pn>Ht-iilutrlnK  In  hU  company,  l» 
Uarch  la*!,  tho  cnmpnn.V  IrruciI  a  clrciilnr  eetab- 
liabing  ]«»Ill-«liarJn£.  After  nllowlng  «>veii  prr 
erut  intcrraC  on  nclunl  cnpitnl  invetUv),  the 
reroninilcr  is  to  be  divided  rqiiatly  npon  (be 
total  amount  of  waKri  paid  nnd  capital  «m- 
ployed.  The  employviw  will  tliii  yrar  rvcc'ivp 
about  two-erttu  of  tho  net  pmfilii.  TIif  tiookii 
have  not  yet  Ik«ii  vlomxl  tar  Hit-  yoar,  nor  tlic^ 
iUvldend  ileclaml.  Iml  tlic-rc  i*  utniitn  oviilrni^n  nf 
the  Buctw  of  Ok  experinifnt.  At  the  cum-luxbD 
of  the  firrn'o  pmiMit  llwnU  year.  Ibo  xcbMDu  ia  to 
b«  elat>o«aied  tximewliat.  Ten  pnr  iH-ut  of  thu 
proHta  Is  to  be  aet  aside  aa  u  provident  fund  tor 
slok  and  dlaabled  ineiiibers  and  the  rninilini  of 
deceased  ones,  ten  per  cent  an  a  vurplux  fund  to 
cover  losing  years,  ohoulil  eucb  occur,  and  two 
per  cecit  aa  a  library  fund,  the  company  paying 
Interest  on  any  unused  poriiooH  of  mcb  fum)*. 
The  oUotinents  are  also  to  be  so  apportioned  tlut 
a  prrniiuni  Is  offered  for  eontlnuuUB  neririoe  and 
the  wmntc  til  dividends.  £videoci?  such  no  thit. 
from  the  spliere  of  piactlcal  busintMi  sliould  lie 
of  grenl  h>-lp  to  economists  in  develojung  their 
theorit*. 


THK  ITKMK  API'KOI>ttIATBl>  l>j-  tile  housp  fof  the 

mppoii  of  the  U,  H.  coast  survey  during  the  next 
flscat  ytor  are  tite  aarns  aa  tlioaeac  Sm  rrcom- 
meaded  by  the  house  test  year,  and  far  under  the 
eaUniatn.  It  the  senate  should  ojirree  to  the 
peauriouB  policy  of  the  houte,  n  largp  rvdaetion 
In  the  persoMBft  of  iha  scrvior  must  onunc,  nnd 
ila  utility  would  be  sadly  impaired.  We  cannot 
believe  the  ■mate  will  agree  to  the  recoDimandn- 
tlons  ot  the  house  In  tills  important  uattcr.  Thit 
coast  suTtey  is  doing  good  work,  whivb  ahould  be 
flnoounged  by  congress,  and  liberal  appropriationn 
■luwld  be  mode  for  its  proper  supporu 


IS  BEKR-DRiyKISG  INJURIOUS  f 

VtK  bare  bi-forv  as  a  direct  and  noqoalified 
chnllcnite  lo  tlie  prohihitiontKiE  in  the  farm  otw 
pamphlet  ran  '  The  clTecta  of  t)eer  upon  lho*(>  who 
make  and  drink  it,'  hy  O.  Tbomann  (New  York, 
U.  a.  brrwer*'  anoc..  18M).  Hie  writer  lioldly 
pmeiitu  the  following  propositions.  I,  Br«were 
drink  more  beer,  and  drink  it  more  «oa«nntly. 
than  any  otiier  clow  of  ppojile.  3.  The  rate  of 
dejitlm  among  bcewern  in  lower  by  forty  per  cent 
than  the  aveniKe  dinth-rate  among  tlx-  urban 
population  ot  the  gioii|n  of  ngrs  cormtHinding 
with  those  tn  whjcli  tnvnery- workmen  l)elnng. 
3.  The  health  of  l>rewers  is  uniisuslly  good  :  dis- 
eases of  the  kidneys  and  liver  occur  rarely  among 
Oiem.  -i.  On  an  averaKe.  brewers  live  longer, 
and  prwerve  their  phynical  energiea  better,  than 
tlu-  average  workmen  uf  the  United  State*.  The 
wriirr  claims  that  Imw  is  a  perfnrtly  wlKtlesoma 
drink,  and.  in  support  of  thin  claim,  refer*  to  In* 
vesileniioiis  made  in  IVIfcium,  y*nince,  Holland, 
and  Switaerland.  He  quotes  also  from  the  report 
made  bya  sanitary eoiiimlsslonappoinled by  lirvai- 
dent  LJucoln  iuezauiine  the  camps  i>l  the  Union 
nrmy  and  thi^r  muiiUiry  condiliun.  In  uxatnining 
thp  modition  of  n^ginM-nts  in  whltih  mnll-liipiore 
were  trvely  used,  Uie  eoiumiaiion  found  not  only 
that  beer  is  a  hcnilhy  hevern(;e,  but  that  it  |>oe- 
setMea  hygieiilc  qualities  which  recooiiaeud  its  uae 
lor  the  prevention  of  certain  diseaaes.  Sir.  Tho- 
raiinn  states,  that,  wherever  tlie  effects  of  tlio  use 
of  brer  upon  tbf  human  body  have  beon  examined 
luethoMticiilly  by  competent  physit'iona.  It  won 
found,  tn  use  the  words  of  Dr,  Jnle*  Rocbard  of 
the  Acatl^mio  de  mfdecine  of  Paris.  "  Hint  hew  is 
a  very  lieatlhy  beverage,  which  lietps  dtgestlofi. 
quenches  thitst.  and  fumlshea  an  auiouul  of  a»- 
similable  suLalauoes  much  greater  than  that  con- 
tained iu  any  oilier  t<eveniee." 

Tlip  uliarge  la  often  mude  that  Amerioon  beer  la 
composed  of  so  many  poinonou*  ingrediirnin  that  it 
is  thereby  rendere<l  unlit  for  dinHUniiilioo;  Ibal. 
while  pure  beer  may  lie  harmlciu.  such  beer  as  is 
flupplid  hy  hrewem  at  the  prrcrnt  time  in  tliis 
country  is  pceitirely  injnrions.  This  is  met  with 
a  referwioe  to  the  report  of  the  New  York  atnte 
board  of  liealth.  In  which  It  l«  stated  that  an  analy- 
sis of  four  bnadred  and  seventy-*.!!  samples  of 
mall'liqnors  hod  been  made,  and  that  they  ivei« 
all  found  pi-rfectly  pure  and  wholcsuitie,  and  to 
contain  neither  hop-aulntitutn  nor  any  di^lcleri- 
oui  subtitancei  whatever. 

Tbi'  most  inli'retting  portion  of  Hr.  Thomunn'a 
pnmpKlot  li>  thai  which  deali  with  the  statinlrcii  of 
the  i>liyneiiini  under  whom  protwslonal  rare  tha 
men  eiaploytd  In  the  breweries  are  placed.  AbOQt 
flr«  yeaiv  a^  the  bnwera  of  Nvw  Yor^c,  Brook- 


I 
I 


I 
I 


j«KOAMr  14,  lan.) 


sviEJfJca:. 


25 


lya.  N«iriiTl{,  and  th«  neigtiboring  towns  oitil  vil- 
laiRS,  «MabUshed  a  b^nwolent  burcuu  fur  thr  nv 
lief  ot  Ibelr  sick  and  duablcd  «in|>)ojttw.  Phyni- 
olsne  an  appolutw).  wIkbp  duty  it  i*  to  attend  ibe 
Kkk  inMnben  of  the  burrau,  and  n  rvoord  in  kept 
nt  all  cwM  of  lickiwiM  nod  death  wliicli  occur. 
The  numhrr  »r  draths  vhicb  took  place  among 
MO  bn-wcry  wnrkmen  In  Bve  years  was  80,  —  an 
■von(D  of  7.:i  |>er  annum,  or  a  deatli-rotv  per 
LOOOof  l.ft.  Tbo  United  Statea  c«i»ua  givm  tlw 
rate  per  l,<)0O  of  ti>e  uriuu  populaiion  nf  tlx-  tattua 
age«.  as  l'^5 :  or,  in  otta«r  wurds.  tbi-  mkn  in- 
CBfr«d  In  Insuriog  the  liven  of  linbilunl  bi-rr- 
(lrlnk«n  are  leas  by  fuitj  p(>r  rmt  than  the  nr<li- 
narjr  mk*  f>f  muib  tratmctionH.  The  death-rate 
p«r  I.OUO  in  tbu  rrgulor  ntmy  of  tlie  United  Stated 
in  1683  «rna  10.0 :  to  that,  even  aa  compared  vritb 
tha  toldior  in  peace  time.  w«  And  (bat  the  bn>w«Tj- 
irarkawn  luive  a  great  advantage  in  point  *>t  low 
rate  of  mortal  liy. 

Mr.  TbuvuauD  gives  ua  a  number  of  int«ri«tinft 
facta  conneoted  wlib  ibe  bmworieo  nml  the  work- 
DMD  Migaged tlieran.  In  rvrvT  brcirorj  Is  a  room, 
OftUed  tlKt  'Ktcm<-nwirtb,' in  wliicli  beer  ia  cod- 
atantlj  on  tap.  in  Ih>  uand  hv  ever}'  inie  at  pleas- 
nn  ood  without  cost.  Erer.?  one  drinkH  as  nmi.'li 
baar  u  bp  tbirstH  for,  without  asking,  ur  being 
asked  onj'  qtieationn  a«  to  his  right  to  do  >o.  Tbu 
average  daily  comumptimi  of  malt-Hquora  for 
neb  individual  in  25.TK  kIiuwuw,  or  about  ten 
pints.  In  Um'  xtittiiticE  wbiVh  are  xiven  we  find 
Itiat  a  (<()aHidrmblc  number  of  tbe  men  cousumu 
fort;  and  fifty  glasH*  a  day,  and  two  axv  reported 
M  drinkins,  00  an  aveirage,  seventy  glaHiuH  daily. 
With  a  viovr  to  ascertainJng,  in  ibo  most  rvliablc 
mannrr  poMlble.  thu  eOeets  of  the  utan  of  tnalt- 
Uqaoni.  the  phyilciaDa  of  (be  beneToInnt  bureau 
eaamlno'l  ooe  Uiotuand  of  i\\v  hr^wery  workmen 
BH  to  generat  nUitv  of  bnillh,  coiidiiion  of  Urer, 
lamdilion  of  kiJiu-yit.  am)  ooridition  of  heart.  In 
nddldoQ  to  ibis,  Uw-y  wiiiKlie>l  nml  mrtmured  eoi-h 
innn,  and  tested  his  *Irei>Klh  by  Ibvdyuaiuuuic- 
trr.  TlMwexaminatlonie]>ow«d(liattJu'rew«nD,in 
nil,  lw«Btj>flva  men  nbcae  pliyMcal  conitilion  woo 
Id  M>m»  re«pvctd«reotiv« ;  and  the  rvmnininK  nino 
hundred  and  Merttnly-flve  enjnyrtt  rxceptionatly 
good  bealtli.  and  were  of  iipl<^did  physique. 
There  were  300  men  who  had  been  enitaged  in 
Irrewiiig  from  five  to  ten  rear«,  160  froia  («n  to 
liflcvn.  Iil3  from  fttt«ea  to  twenty,  and  U  luore 
■ban  tw«DtyliT«  year*.  One  specUl  cjiae  roferrt'd 
to  in  tbnt  of  a  man  Bfty-Mx  year«  of  agt^.  untnter- 
rupt4<dly  at  wor*  In  breweries  during  thirty-two 
y««rs.  wIm  dtmnk  beer  throughout  this  linid  nt  the 
tnl«!  of  fifty  glanes  per  day,  yet  has  never  bePii 
»icb.  and  to-day  Is  perfoutly  healthy,  vigorous,  and 
active. 


The  HtnliiillMi  are,  to  tay  tba  teiuit,  rery  mrpria- 
ing.  and,  nnlem  refuted,  will  n*a\l  in  modifying 
to  a  considerable  deifree  the  generally  actv^ited 
views  of  tbe  luRuenoe  of  malt-liquors  oo  tlie 
heaJUi  of  thoae  who  drlak  iliem  habiinally.  Ur. 
thotnaan  ba*  boldly  thrown  down  Uio  gauntlet, 
and  «e  sliall  wakh  with  iatenat  to  see  who  wUI 
take  it  up.        

rns  ABomotyAL  miller. 

DoiTBTLKSS  it  has  occurred  to  many  arcbeolo- 
gMs  that  the  stone  arrow-heads.  knlfe-Uadea, 
peetles,  axce.  etc..  In  (heir  oollecUoos  are  exam- 
ples of  but  a  smaU  part  of  tbe  arlEolea  onoe  used 
by  prebiaturic  jieupl^s.  the  more  perbhable  artieles 
of  wood,  bide,  or  bone  having  long  iiinoc  diaap- 
pearod.  A  atudy  of  the  prevent  arta  of  savage 
life— (he  suml  nafeKunrd  in  npmTalating  about 
tlic  nrts  ot  ancient  times  —  prav<i*  this  view  to  bo 
correct,  for  the  number  and  variety  of  imple- 
meiile  of  auiraal  and  veicetal  origin  now  used  in 
tbe  camps  of  savage  tiibea  greatly  exceed  tlioae 
of  stone.  In  the  present  ntliole  tlw  implements 
of  (he  aboriginal  miller  are  iotroduoed  in  illuslra- 
lioa  of  what  ha*  been  said  ^love. 

The  triUw  frnm  whioli  (Ih:  ill  usttal  tons  are 
drawn  are,  (be  tlupn,  of  northern  California  (1), 
from  the  collection  of  Ijfut.  P.  H.  Ray.  U.S.A.; 
the  Pima  and  tbe  Yuma  stock,  around  tlie  moutli 
of  (hi-  l>)luni'lo  liivtr  (S),  from  the  culh^-tioaa  ol 
Edward  Pnlmirr  :  tlu-  tribes  formerly  cant  of  the 
MiwL-uiippi  (^ ;  und  tite  Utm  of  the  great  inli-rior 
bBRin  (4;,  from  the  ooltvctiQaM  of  Major  Powell 
and  oilier  ofAcera ;  with  gJimpMa  ot  the  Sioux 
aiKl  the  Pueblo  miller.  It  ronnt  be  remembered 
that  tbe  active  agentlnall  the  varied  operstloaaof 
iiiilliitg,  among  the  wraice  tribed,  — afi  well  as  of 
tunning,  iiliuemiikiQg.  luilming.  weaving,  the 
manufnclurv  of  }H>lU-ry,  luid  other  pe«c«ful  in> 
dustriiw,  —  i*  aln'nyn  a  woman. 

In  describing  the  iltuilmtionii.  1  shall  lirvt  refer 
to  tlie  sketches  in  plate  1.  The  Ilupn,  like  all 
other  priinitire  millers,  has  to  gather  tiie  grist  b»- 
fore  she  grinds  U.  >'or  this  |>iupase  she  ubm  a 
tight  but  Hiroug  carry ing-bttsket  (fig-  S>>  made 
with  warp  ul  onicr.  and  weft  of  theauite  malarial 
Hplit  and  twined.  A  soft  buclukin  Btrap  tnirrounds 
the  basket,  and  pMSos  around  Iut  foiehcAct,  whidi 
Is  protected  by  an  liiReniouii  pad  (Bg.  7).  Her 
luuket  being  filled  with  aoomn,  she  trudRF*  to  her 
camp,  and  deposits  them  In  a  granary  of  cloaoly 
worpu.  twiiifd  basketry  <iig.  0).  Her  milt  is  both 
novtil  uucl  iiigroicius,  consisting  of  a  pealle,  a  hop- 
per, a  morlat-atone,  and  a  receiviitg  basket-tray 
(Hr.  0).  The  pMtle  is  like  its  coiigtiiers  all  tlie 
world  ovrr  ;  ami  the  hopper  baa  no  liutlom,  Ita 
lower   ninrKii)   merely  rcirting  upon  tlu:  luorlar- 


26 


SCIE2TCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  Ko.  806 


/S'^Tir/. 


« 


I 


I 


Jaitcjuit  14,  18ST.] 


SCIENCE, 


27 


^/^T^^ 


t 


38 


SGIE2iCB. 


[Vou  IX.,  N».  8M 


Blooe,  to  which  It  nuiy  or  may  not  b«  uoiud  hf 
means  of  pitch.  Ai;orna  nrr  pourri]  loto  this  and 
hulled,  and  afterwan)  ndticed  to  ni««l.  In  Ifauao 
fnManeea  where  thn  hopper  fg  not  fastened  \o  the 
etiNw,  thi'hiilU  n-mnin  aljove,  and  llie  {Mwdi-rwl 
tmwnimtrtdnwn  inlnthe  ba^kcrl-lniy.  WuU-r-lichl 
bwkotafor  'Htoiw-boilluii;'  niuxhHnd  roruthci'  c:u- 
Itaarr  Ofwrations  are  taa,Av  by  tliin  tribe.  Tho 
mush-paddle  of  wood  (Kk.  I},  ihr  latlloc  of  horn 
(flga.  8.  8),  and  the  huihII  nloim  pnint-moilar  (Ajc. 
4),  must  Dot  be  orerlookc-d. 

Tbe  Pima  at  Cot'opii  miller  (3)  has  for  hor  oiit- 
Bt  a  Partying- net,  a  bcaD-rrushor.  a  trou^li-morlar, 
a  gntnury.  ami  a  ■  mrtstc'  beaiiles  a  )c<'eat  rariety 
of  potUrj,  whioh  (ho  Hiipa  does  not  makv.  It 
may  be  mpntion^  here  that  none  o(  t1i<-  f^evM, 
Tinn^Hloch.  to  which  Ihv  Kutrliin.  Athnfwsi-an. 
Apache,  and  Navajo  bejong,  jw«in  to  bare  made 
pottery  al  iiny  time.  Th«  beao<nifli«r  (A^.  10)  ii 
a  ootie  of  ooatse  iitr»ng  wnttlinn  net  in  the  gmund. 
It  is  OBirifd  to  Um  U-ao-trpM,  atid  iu  il  tlii;  jhhU 
at«  brokvm  up  by  ateaoa  of  a  long  woodon  pcjtilc 
(Hk-  Vi).  HO  that  the  miller  <.-im  gi-t  a  hravier  load 
into  ber  net.  In  other  wordn.  hi-r  ■  firet  procew' 
b  cruahlDK  the  pods  f n  tbe  Add.  The  canyin^- 
uet  of  lline  Iriben  in  inc«t  inj^nious,  consisttns  of 
four  fnune-nticloi.  a  hooped  rim,  and  a  net  woven 
in  a  very  curiomi  and  difficult  stitch.  Bmidtv  the 
net,  tber«  b  a  back-|iad  made  of  palm-lnf,  a 
padded  head-band,  and  a  forked  niftt-Htlck,  which 
the  han-estPr-mlUer  unea  oaa  cann  wlicm  carr^lo); 
her  load.  Thi-  t^theriil  bi-nnn  are  stored  in  bee- 
hive grauarii-s  (fig.  16)  of  various  patt«riiit,  madf 
of  straw  wvii-d  in  a  continuous  coil  by  mciinn  of 
tough  hark.  Tho  ■  nccond  procem  *  U  tbi-  redoi-- 
(ioo  of  tbn  brQki<n  potts  loooarse  meal  in  a  w<iod<^ 
trouKh  or  mortar  (fltc.  18].  The  last  procuM  is 
llinlof  tli« '  uietate,' or  mMiling^tab (lig.  19).  The 
jars  for  holdinic  the  m«al  (fig.  14)  arc  cmtm-col- 
otmI,  decy)rat«d  in  black.  In  summer  tbe  miller 
woika  ill  all  opvu  Hhed  (flg.  IT),  hut  in  cooler 
WMtlier  slitt  tranHfi-n  thi-  vc^nvi  of  her  o|>etatiot)H 
to  a  mud-carered,  wnttlcd  hut  (Hg.  10). 

Let  us  now  turn  to  plate  i.     In  tlie  ««M4im 
;  ot  tbe  United  States  are  found  mulliCudi<i>  of 

ell-wrought  pestles,  such  an  those  Hhowu  in  flg. 
Z;  but  Iheie  is  a  scarcity  of  good  inorinra  from 
the  name  section.  This  ncarclty  can  be  nccouDted 
for  by  the  fEu;t  tliat  the  mortara  worv  perishable, 
being  mude  of  wtKMl.  It  munt  not  be  forgotten 
that  thin  ia  the  reifion  of  maixe(6x.fi)and  hominy, 
and  until  vrry  recently  the  hoinlny-logaor  wooden 
mortars  (Ox.  4)  survived  on  our  soutberti  pJanta< 
tlons.  Even  at  t)ie  present  day  it  would  not  be 
dlfflcutt  to  Qnd  tbem  io  lUt-  in  the  mom  rwmote 
re^oa.1.  Hr.  Sobooluraft  gives  an  illaxtrstlon 
(flg.  I),  showing  how  tbe  iu^vitious  miller  haaiu- 


vokod  the  elasllcltj-  of  a  Umb  to  lighten  her  task, 
and  it  would  be  iulerMting  to  know  witether  the 
miller  or  the  buwyer  wan  tho  linR  Io  make  us«  «f 
this  labor-saving  drv-iiN'. 

The  5<ioux  Indians  fomiorty  dried  buOaJo  meat 
until  it  could  be  reduced  to  mi<«t  or  pemmicao. 
T1i«  outfit  of  the  Rioux  mill«T  tb*^u  coiisiiiled  of  a 
bowl  made  of  the  touKhe«>t  dried  niwhtde,  an<l  u 
maul  (Dr.  I).  Tbe  stone  bead  of  (bis  maul  waa 
bound  to  the  slender  wooden  handh*  by  mennii  of 
a  bood  of  rawhiilr.  put  on  griM-n  and  altowitd  to 
^liriok.  Tiif  Ule  miller,  living  in  tho  diwrntii  of 
the  grvat  int<Tior  iKwiii,  hii.i  to  iitilim  i>vi>Ty  kind 
of  seed  tliat  will  nistnio  life.  Her  set  of  toots  in- 
cludes a  conical  oarryiUK- basket  (llgs.  lii,  10).  a 
Knthering-wand  (Hg.  fl),  a  fanning  and  roaating 
tray  (ilg.  7),  and  a  '  rneiate,'  or  meaJing  slab  (iig, 
II).  These  uieidLiiK-dlahe  (Eiga,  II,  13,  18)  are 
comtnoii  in  irupical  and  mb-bopical  Amrrica. 
The  conical  baikH  is  cloawiy  woven,  with  a  bunk- 
akin  bottom,  and  hiis  a  soft  hend-band  for  tlio 
millrr's  forehmtd.  The  gnth^ng-wand  is  an  open- 
work, »]>i>on-Hhjtpe>l  framo  of  twine  basketry,  and 
b  used  for  bestinii;  needs  into  the  carry tng-buket, 
as  shown  In  tlic.  8.  Tbe  fnuoiiig  and  ruaallns  ttay 
is  shallow,  and  shspeil  like  a  cnNlm-nki miner.  It 
is  used  to  separate  chaff  from  soedH,  or  to  parch 
tba  seeds,  wbicb  are  put  into  the  tray  witli  a  hot 
Htone,  and  tho  wliole  deftly  shaken  together.  The 
parched  seeds  are  sfterwards  reduced  to  powder 
on  the  mealing-ntoTie. 

There  b  scarcely  a  tribe  or  i>eople  that  does  not 
invoke  tbe  services  of  the  miller  in  some  ninnncr. 
Many  tribes  use  a  greater  variety  of  Alone  imple- 
ments than  ilo  those  mrntioned,  and  all  tribes 
have  thpir  own  separate  devices  for  gailiering, 
■loring.  and  Krinding  prorblons.  Take  the  wood 
ami  other  perishable  subetancen  uwuy  from  llii.ite 
millers'  outfits,  and  we  have  left  an  arclicolo^cal 
cabinet.  Iu  a  generul  and  cautious  way,  add 
theae  articlee  and  attachments  of  animal  and 
vegetal  origin  to  your  collectliin  of  ancient  mill- 
ing-toob.  and  you  will  have  a  campr«)ienelre 
notion  of  the  milling  methods  In  the  olden 
times.  O.  T.  Makos. 


PABIS  LETTER. 
Two  of  the  many  posts  formerly  held  by  the 
eminent  eoAlogixt  Henri  Milne- E<l  wards  were  re- 
cently filled  by  elections  at  Uie  Academy  of 
sciences  and  the  Sorbonne.  Milne-Edwnrds^s  nuc- 
ceieor  in  the  former  ioalitution  is  M.  anp|>oy, 
who  wa<  recently  i«move<l  from  bin  profcasorahlp 
in  the  mtHlica)  school  on  account  of  his  age.  M. 
Sappey's  principal  competitor  was  M.  Ranvier,  tbe 
well-known  hlstologi>l.  who,  it  must  tie  conceded, 
ranks  higbn*  as  a  scientist  than  Ida  more  fortnuat« 


JiMvun  U.  18».| 


SCIENCE. 


29 


I 

I 


I 


oppotinnt :  bm,  u  H.  Ranrler  ta  m  mucfa  younx^r 
BMO,  he  can  alTord  to  wall  a  litUa  for  anotlt^r  oti- 
pottnnltr,  and  U  is  not  liMy  tliat  h«  wUt  haw  lo 
wait  loni^.  U.  Supjwy  iiiu  nlwaj-H  wofIkhI  hard 
■Dd  haiuM)r>  preffrring  tLe  Inborioua  ttfi-  of  tlw 
KiecUiM  U>  that  of  tlw  phjmoian  or  nurKisxi.  Tbc 
oompeiilnra  for  MiW-RdimnlK'*  prurnworKhip  in 
tbff  Sorbonnv  w*tb  Prof.  Yvw  DnlaLR^*  nnd  M. 
nrrfw,  prafeamr  In  Ihp  Klusoum  of  nalnral  blo- 
tcrr.  U.  Delage.  w|io  wa*  elecled  to  the  vacant 
prafMsorahIp,  ia  a  T«r7  «bt«  founic  zouIokUI. 

M.  Clurbomwi-Sallv  Imu  been  apiJoiiilcJ  \itotcit- 
aor  o(  loiUoar  in  Bwan^D.  BI.  Duchailm'n  huo 
oeaaor  aa  profcamr  of  bntnnjr  will  protmblT  bi- 
H.  O.  BonnicT,  the  imn-iti-lBW  of  ftl.  van  Tmffhi'm, 
the  atilo  botauint  of  ih(>  Uumatn  of  natural  bi»- 
tory.  ThM  relaltonHhlp  la  really  t]i«  only  rratoo 
for  hti  rieetlon,  m  be  liaa  made  no  uood  peruiant 
lAvmtlKatioBi  to  apealc  for  bioi.  Thr  c>(>iniui.-uU 
and  criticinina  on  Ihi'  Cuture  profemoti  abiUtJtn 
and  tul<'DtB  arc  Diost  uurnvorublr. 

Paul  Bcrl'M  Kutxisor  will  tnoat  likslj*  bf  M. 
Uastrv,  a  sood  woikoi  itnd  a  lenrned  ohui.  who 
waa  tor  tnanjr  yean  the  anttlaot  of  M.  Bt^n.  HIa 
mHurchen  comwmin^  vfuo-iuotor  iien-iM  arc  inucli 
vaJtwd.  ProtxMOr  Cbau*«au  of  Lvuns  hiu  tieeo 
ap|iolnied  to  ibe  Uiweum  of  natimU  history  iu  lb« 
ptac«  of  H.  Buuley,  «Im>  died  muui-  timu  ago.  He 
it  a  tbaroagh  phvuioloKUt.  a&d  ItM  done  mucfa 
good  work,  Miwcinllr  on  mlnobm  and  tbe  phyalr 
olocf  of  tbp  cimilalnry  Hytttem.  UIs  appolntOMnt 
it  faixhly  approved,  but  ii  ia  tegrntlvd  that  hv  did 
not  cotnpete  totr  the  pmtiiHorHliip  left  vacant  by 
tlw  death  of  l>aal  not.  Some  intej^siing  dec- 
lions  will  HMii  takf  pliicn  in  thf  AcBilpimy  of 
•etoocm  to  HU  thr  iwatjtof  JIU.  Beit  and  RoUn. 
Prof««Mir  Itanrin-  wilt  mwtt  likely  be  elected  to 
ItoHn'a  place.  For  tiM  olhe*  there  will  lie  two 
priuicipal  cuiupelitors.  —  OeriniiJii  St'i-  lutd  Charltvi 
Bucb(4.  Tlu^  laiter  gt^ntkman  biuiuany  cbancrK, 
and  hilt  election  would  ui«et  with  gcoeral  np- 
proral. 

At  a  rM-enI  meeting  of  th»  SodMA  de  bioloKie, 
HM.  Fontnn  and  S^rd  rend  an  l&t«rMtlng  paper 
on  Um>  nppllcjilions  of  euKgertlon  to  llierapeuliiui. 
The  writers  have  collected  a  hundred  cuikii  Id 
which  ihey  have  availed  ihtriaselvfa  of  tlic  pueHi> 
bUiiy  of  putting  their  iKitiunls  into  an  hypnotic 
rtate,  to  MggeM  a  partial  or  entire  cure.  Th«ir 
oODclnnkMi  in.  that  Muggmrtion  nuiy  be  of  great 
Talu«  in  iTMn  wht«e  dbordvnn  o(  the  motor  or 
Mtuory  powen  emist,  or  even  where  there  are 
UUtOrolal  dlaorden  allectlnn;  the  circulatory  or 
•ecretory  aystetns,  such  aa  follow  u)ioii  tniuma- 
ttaoM  or  upon  general  diM«»w.  aueli  as  rheumatic 
diotheaiB  ukI  otben.  They  buv«  employnl  hyp- 
notic anggMliQu  in  cujut  of  tnumn tic  arthritis. 


ceT<-j>ra]  bIvocJc.  urMhrlti*.  dyspp]ieiia,  and  acuta 
rheumaliun.  with  good  (f<«ult«,  in  inoit  caauM 
havii^  liepti  able  to  effect  a  complelv  cure  in  from 
tJirtv  to  »iz  HilllDKi.  It  uay  be  added  ttiat  none 
of  ilw  pulicntB  WCT*  at  all  hyate^icaL  From  a 
pcruml  of  tbi'  olm-rratioDS  quoted  by  cIm-  gentle- 
tnen  namod,  it  would  ucra  that  the  influence  ot 
the  mtnd  on  Ui«  l>ody  in  grvatcr  and  deeper  than 
has  hitherto  been  Imagined.  The  way  in  which 
MM.  Foutan  and  S^^rnrd  operate  I*  v^y  iiimphi. 
Tbe  mbjeel  is  put  Into  au  hypnotic  trance  (only 
thru.'  pw-  cmt  of  tbe  pulirnts  are  iwfrartory  to  thU 
part  of  tbe  proowit).  and  in  told,  for  inManoe,  that 
hia  knee  (in  a  case  of  hydnrtlinMiK  or  nrtliritia) 
irltl  work  eaaily  and  without  pain,  or  tluit  (in  a 
cauKt  of  dyM)>epeia)  the  moM  indlgeMiUo  foods  will 
be  eiuiily  digmted.  Generally  thecures  have  been 
etfeetcd  iii  a  progreMire  manner,  the  dlMipjicar- 
nncv  of  one  9ym|>toiu  being  «ugg«»iled  at  the  Hnt 
sittinK.  that  of  some  other  al  tbe  next,  and  »o  on. 

A  pnper  on  nkin-grnfting  frocn  the  frog  to  man 
was  r««d  at  anolhi-r  rraent  meeting  of  (l»e  same 
Hociely  by  Ift.  IlitlxiuBHOet-Labordifin.  The  ex- 
gvritiK^nt  wav  tried  In  the  c*«e  of  a  man  whoae 
feet  had  bf-i-a  liunied  by  molten  Iron.  On  on«  of 
the  wounds  Dr.  Duboiiiquet  put  four  grafts  of 
human  ekln  :  on  the  other,  four  grafts  from  the 
skin  of  a  frog.  All  of  theni  look  lira  bold  oa 
the  wound*.  The  frog-akin  grafta  retained  their 
peculiar  color  a  few  dayH.  afterwards  changing 
to  tbe  color  of  the  hnman  nkiu.  Tbe  heating 
ptocus*  jiroKrewed  rapidly,  owing  iu  part  Iu  llie 
strict  anliaeplic  precautjonn  tnkcn. 

Ueilatli.  the  rival  of  Stiod,  has  ationHocfully 
completed  bis  forty-daiu'  (anting  experiment, 
though  the  medical  eouimltlee  app'>int<'il  to  wnt^^h 
the  prorrr^linKti  were  of  opinion  many  times  that 
the  experiment  ought  to  be  abomdoned,  owing  lo 
alarming  aymptoms.  Herlatti,  however,  was  d^ 
ternilned  to  perxevere,  declaring  that  uotliiiw 
would  Induce  htm  to  eat  a  morvnl  of  food  before 
tbe  appointed  time.  Qe  is  naturally  a  hearty 
eater,  and  dad  prepMed  hinwelf  for  hia  long  foM 
by  devouring  a  whole  roast  gooae.  When  he 
ended  hia  faat  tlie  other  day.  his  stoninch,  to 
long  nccitstomed  to  entire  rent,  refused  at  Bret 
to  retain  food.  Siioei  continues  hi^  experluienl 
with  entire  niccesi.  Tlirae  eiperiinenls,  u  well 
afl  othean  of  the  same  nature,  are  all  very  well, 
but  iu  none  or  them  has  siidicient  proof  brm 
afforded  that  fair  play  prrrniliKl  from  beginuing 
to  end.  One  doubtful  or  tiuHplciouH  memlter  In  a 
comniittee  is  sufficient  to  render  valueless  tlte 
whole  experiment.  Tlierv  is  alM>  Ihe  jiUH&ibLe 
dishoncKty  of  tbi'  fasU.-rB  tbeiutvlve^,  and  it  may 
be  remarked  that  in  no  eiperiuient  of  tbe  kind 
Itltberto  perfoniwd  has  fraud  been  itupoecible. 


30 


SCIENCE. 


[Xou  IX..  No.  906 


A  owii  wlu>  vraJlcB  about  lb«  Bl»eu,  anil  wliu 
rcoelTM  crowds  of  vintont  dailj,  au^y.  b;  tbo 
aM  of  on  intolligpnt  fruind,  oblnin  food  in  spile 
of  thn  MtritiUtil  EiirvrillitRfc.  On  the  otlier  band, 
in  (liMe  experlnipnis  mure  attention  ooK^t  to  be 
given  to  variallmis  in  weiglit.  hourly  as  well  a.% 
dallj,  and  also  to  ibe  txcrvtiou  uf  nrcu,  IT  ilieee 
pofnta  were  citrefuU.r  llttldi<^l.  iati'tiwiiii);  and 
useful  fiK'la  could  be  Imrni'd,  and  h  liMlvr  control 
or  tbe  patient  nctTurtx).  Of  counm,  tlufc  I'Xivri- 
moita  of  Succi  niul  M^rlalti  bav«  bix>iif(ht  for- 
waid  BuiDCffoti*  tmitatore.  tod  ntan;  Ilallnm  lunj 
be  mot  hen  wbo  prafMs  to  be  abl«  to  fa^l  tbroe, 
four,  or  even  sis  nionlh^.  Some,  like  Sued,  pro- 
%eaA  to  poMewa  luarveUoim  tiqnor:  otbeni,  like 
Herlalii,  do  Dot.  Tbere  \»  oni;  fovtiT  In  Itruwele, 
anottavr  in  London,  a  third  in  Algium.  while 
oUinw  Hock  in  to  Pnrlti  from  dilfrrrnt  towim : 
and  the  dellj'  paprr^  pulilieh  n  HTf&t  n<im)ipr  of 
anecdotce  of  person*  of  all  dn'sci-iptiuntt  and  ngpf 
and  oolora  wbo  have  IIvmI  louder  or  «liortrT 
p<L-riodii  of  time  vriiliout  Uikiug  «  mortiel  of  food. 
But  tbBBf  Btorii-B  an-  not  niuoh  believ«l  in.  Many 
ci>mtiii-Dts  haviT  l)«*ti  drawn  forth  from  niwlicul 
qunrtcm  by  the  fouling  exiierimcntfi  tni'nlitioi'd. 
M.  nfTTiIw^iiii  of  Nancx  olTtriug  lhi>  iaRoniDUsi 
■URgeetion  that  thpy  uin,v  tie  accounted  for  on 
a  tlieorj  of  'auto-fingft<«tlon.' 

A  work  of  much  intvrott  waa  b«guQ  sotn»  time 
ago  in  Cairo,  —  that  of  dbiiiti-rriiig  llio  Sphinx  of 
Gi«eh.  Acconling  to  thii  liitn>l  n-porlM,  about 
one-third  of  the  NUid  in  which  it  i"  i>mbrdd«d  haa 
alreadjr  been  removed.  The  (eiti^puwh  and  the 
riglit  iifde  have  been  partially  brouitht  to  view. 
Tbi'  pawB  were  not  hewn  in  tbv  stone,  as  the  rent 
bad  biH-n,  but  weie  buiJt  up  of  hrlckfr.  owiux.  du 
doubt,  to  tlic  1*101  Bolid  naiUTL-  of  that  purl  i>f  the 
■toDP  in  which  they  wuuld  othiTiviir  have  lir-en 
win'eii.  Viewed  from  ofiovf,  the  die  in  I  erred 
part  aeems  lnharnionloui<.  but  n  jiidftnient  sh  to 
the  K<-''^vr&'  effect  <'*iinot  \»  formed  until  the 
aand  is  eniindy  reoioved.  It  may  then  |.>rove  to 
bo  »f  IciH  liiinuoniuua  propurtluns  than  bucli 
monumrnlii  gvneruMy  arc;  and  in  tluit  oane,  t,ii 
H.  ]in]i|>6r»  ihiukv.  it  niuBt  b«  ancrlbed  to  an  a^ 
more  remote  tliiin  that  of  Ihppyrumidi. 

The  oon»eil  Kt-u^ml  of  tht)  dopnrtment  of  the 
Seine  decided  at  a  rervnt  nieetinit  that  It  would 
ba  iM«iiwiiiji  to  create  a  laboratory  for  the  study 
of  oontagiuus  di^MiAeft  of  animals.  Tills  Is  tor  tlie 
^Mcial  |nir|K]Bi>  of  preventing  diM«sed  meat  from 
belnK  introitucwl  and  sold  in  Paris. 

A  curiotia  lawNuit  in  {n'ndinK  bcforo  the  court 
vi  Justice  of  Pari*.  It  ia  Ffjiccially  curioua  on 
■ooount  of  the  fact*  upon  which  it  )■  based,  tho 
pretended  discovery  of  a  metliod  of  eitracllnfc 
oooaidarable  atnounts  of  gold  ttwn  buhr-atopti 


a  viliccouH  rUmv  of  tertiary  formation,  very 
abundant  tn  the  neighborhood  of  Pari*.  One 
i-hcmist  hae  declared,  tlwt.  by  the  aid  of  thin  n«w 
nictboi),  from  three  to  two  hundred  and  (uriy 
KtaoiB  of  gold  may  be  extracted  from  each  ton  of 
stoneu  Another  ravH  he  baa  found  as  hlich  a*  five 
hundred  gi'amii  per  ton.  bfirides  silver  and  oilier 
mclulx.  On  Ibe  olhrr  hand,  civil  vnKinet'r^  say 
they  have  not  found  an  atom  of  the  precious 
n)(^t<ll  in  tlie  atone.  Tliiee  hundred  ilolUird  iu 
Rold  would  certainly  seem  a  pretty  good  yield  for 
that  sort  of  rock ;  but  the  whole  lldng  seems 
chimerical  yet.  and  Ibi.-  peoplu  who  have  invested 
their  money  in  the  bUKincw  say  it  doea  not  pay  nt 
all.  TJwy  do  not  believe  in  tlie  method  now,  and 
liavi-  bc^in  nilt  a^inat  the  inventor  to  recover  tlw 
coinnl  Kold  be  extracted  from  them. 

Professor  Ijepine  of  Lynns  hna  publiahed  io  tlt# 
Srmaittf  mMiailf.  a  paper  on  the  physiological 
action  of  a  newly  discovered  antipyrotto  or  anii- 
febrile,  studied  by  AIM.  Calm  and  H^pp  of  Stn*- 
hutig  a  sh'ut  time  a^u.  Tliiii  antifebrile  dnc*  not 
affect  the  buoUliy  urKnoiam  when  gi»  en  in  a  fifty- 
orntiKTBni  dwo.  If  a  Rrenti-r  quantity  in  |fl»'eo 
(double  or  treble  the  liniic  mentioned),  there  may 
bepre*^ntsoinecephalalKla.  with  cynnoBti.  When 
given  to  feverish  patients,  it  abate*  the  fever  in  a 
matked  manner,  it  niu»t  be  given  at  the  hiRhevt 
point  of  thv  daily  rise  of  fever,  or.  better,  an 
honr  before,  In  caje  the  precise  moment  ib  known 
beforehand.  The  dose  of  flfiy  centigrams  is  the 
one  uaually  preferred.  The  patient  denvee  gteat 
benefit,  the  body  temperature  remaining  nor- 
mal or  low,  tho  heart  pulsating  with  the  same  or 
increaicd  enrrgy,  wiili  a  genenil  feeling  of  w*ll- 
boing  pmwnt.  ifomc  very  rcntiirkaUe  i-urea  hav« 
been  effected  In  ca»i-a  of  typhoid  and  malarial 
fe»-er.  Professor  Lupine  upeaku  vrry  highly  of  the 
antirehritt-  in  c-asea  of  feber  dorealUas  nn  agent  ti"! 
be  used  when  neuralgic  pains— so  very  ri'bcl- 
lioua  and  tioublnMinic  lo  the  patient  —  are  present. 
On«  or  two  Hftycrntigrnm  doaes  are  enough  in 
most  cai>e<<,  and  the  pain*  ilimppear  in  about  half 
an  hour.  Tills  fact,  a  useful  on»  to  know,  lutd 
not  been  herrtotore  noticed.  V. 

riuis,  IIM.M. 

XOTBS  AA'D  SEWS. 

Tbf.  administration  of  Ovneral  Hawn  as  ibief 
Kignnl  otHoer  is  lo  be  credited  with  the  organiza- 
lion  and  nnooumgement  of  our  system  of  Htatc 
we«th«T.«crviorj.  which  is  ra|>ld>y  extending  in 
all  pnrw  of  the  country.  This  work  U  es|>eci»lly 
in  charge  of  Lipntmoat  Dunwoody,  and  local  ser- 
vices are  now  eiitnblii<hcd  in  LouisiHtia.  Alabama, 
Nebraska.  MisMidfippl.  G<<»rgia,  Minncoula.  Ohio 
(by  legislative  enactment,  making  an  a|>prupri> 


I 


I 


luiVAKt  14,  1997.] 


scrE2rcs. 


3] 


I 


Alkm  of  Iwa  IhOTBmiul  dollara  per  annum  to  C(|nip 
uihI  nuilnin  il),  Iii<ljjnn.  Tenii«><w«,  lun-a,  IMl- 
nuis,  liiMoini,  New  Jeney.  Uii-tiiiEaii.  KnnBas, 
and  New  BnglaiiJ  (uiidur  the  aunpJMs  nf  a  niHeor- 
ologleal  Bocielj).  North  Curoliiw.  South  Qanilma, 
FWUfliania,  ami  Arkiui*iw  nif  id  IImi  pntccm  of 
fltgasUing  tlipoi.  Dr.  C.  W.  Dnhaay,  Jan.,  hiw 
been  appointtxl  (liri>cUir  ot  the  North  Carolina, 
uriUi  hf^qunrtcra  at  Kaleigli :  and  the  fini  iium- 
ber  i>r  bis  Wc^iihtr-rwUw  for  Decemlirr  last  prom- 
•■M I  mooeflalul  mttIoci.  Alr«-iuly  a  humlrrd  anil 
aixt^-flve  towiu  and  ritiilUitii  »n  inforDinl  of  the 
daiJ;  WMtlier|trcdi<.-tion«.  hy  Rpecial  mcwages  re- 
pMteU  from  RnlrJsh  ;  nnd  at  tlilrty-two  of  thno 
polniA  lliiR-ciKnnlii  of  the  ui-w  pattern  are  now  dla- 
pbtyed  for  public  informHtion.  By  coinbinatloD 
of  t«l«snph  and  pooiHilIki:  maviix,  the  announi.-^ 
n>cnt  of  oolil-wavcd  will  bn  tniulo  very  gvneml. 
liorsl  otAervuliuu  mrill  nlsci  tw  ntt«ndMl  lo,  and 
twenly'Uine  titalioaii  wrn>  to  be  equipped  mdy 
tor  reoofd  by  Ihi^  UM  of  th?  year,  tiectde*  «l*van 
slmal^HerTioe  ■taliiMM  In  and  near  Hie  state.  No 
fiindti  Mn  M  y«(  ftpproprjai«d  by  the  stale  for 
orM  of  inniTUmentd, 

—The  report  of  Dr.  WillU  O.  Tueker.  analyst 
ot  drag*  to  thp  rtnte  board  of  health  of  New 
York,  contAJnif  much  that  la  of  interent  lo  Uio 
pabllc.  draltuK  aa  it  doiii  with  thv  druK«  which 
are  dally  preacribcd  by  pbyHidans  in  the  tr««t- 
tuenl  uf  diieuc.  Tho  total  nainber  of  tamples 
colleolcl  anil  mxamined  was  IM,  of  wblch  49.2 
per  orat  ncrrv  found  to  be  of  good  i|uality ;  that  U. 
to  confarm  to  llie  requireiuenta  of  tbp  U.  S.  phnr- 
naoopMla :  S9.S  [ler  cwit  of  fair  quality  fnllmg  not 
far  Mow  these  requirenients,  nod  19.1  por  <«»(  of 
Inferior  qiimlily,  aomi-  of  thcin  brinR  entirely  fie- 
liltoas.  Tlie<.-r«*u)-tif-lartnr  which  nanpuichaaed 
W  Ihi-dni^'-HbimiihowMlH.M  percent  of  purity, 
wtiilc  that  from  the  gnxwriM  waa  but  OTAH  pcr 
oent.  and  onr  (ample  only  79,3]  per  crnt.  In  ad> 
ditton  to  thPM,  eiiclit  others  vrerv  purchnwd  at 
grocertes  and  purported  to  be  cnwiaK^rt-irtai'.  but 
were,  ta  fact,  efUMTfcnxuilyadultrmtc*]  or  entirely 
fictiliaus,  being  madi-  up  of  acid  p>ioflpbaie  of 
limo,  atarch.  and  nilphnle  of  lime.  Ur.  Tuck- 
er's ndi-im  would  «een>  to  be,  that,  whvo  purr 
ci«aiD-of- tartar  to  wanted,  it  ahuuld  b^  obtaint^I 
fnm  the  druu-ttorv.  and  not  the  gniccry.  Tho 
viiMgar  eold  at  the  f-roctviu  bIk>  conM«  in  for 
ooadcmnaiiua.  Dr.  Tucker  aaysthat  an  article  ao 
brsal.T  uMyl  in  Uio  pn-|inratioD  of  food  ought  to 
ba  botJi  free  from  ndu Iteration,  and  of  Kood 
■ImBgtl)  aa  well :  but  the  multa  of  the  examinn- 
tlaaa  an  far  ntad^,  show  that  here,  aa  eluowbori', 
wide  dltfereacm  In  quality  exist.  The  additiom  of 
mineral  acida  i*  very  uncommon  ;  but  much  rln- 


fifcu  la  aold  which  Imu  been  plentifully  waierm), 
and  the  lereater  pan  ot  that  sold  m  ctder-vlne^r 
ia  a  m-called  ulitte-winc  rinegmr  colonel  b>-  cats- 
inel.  with  piTliapa  nonw  oider<-TiiH-};ar  iiddcd  to 
giv<>  Savor.  85.8  p«r  cvnt  of  the  aamplm  <-sam- 
inrd  c«m«  below  tlm  leical  requh»nient.  The 
Ktnndard  required  Is  ■■  not  less  than  four  and  on«^ 
half  per  cent  by  weiKht  of  absolute  acetic  add  in 
nil  rjitegare.*'  Only  H.e  per  cent  of  the  eainplet 
tested  coDiait>ed  Die  ivijutrvd  amount,  the  highest 
peroentage  bring  6.£,  and  the  loweM  1.6,  the 
av^ra^  being  4  per  cent. 

—  Tlx!  crown  and  flint  ulaMes  of  tlie  firvnt  ob- 
jective of  tho  l.ick  obsert-atory  bitIitiI  »«fcly  at 
tha  siioimit  of  Mount  Hamilton  on  Moodav,  Dec. 
2T. 

—  Since  printing  tho  article  in  lant  we«k'ii 
ScSfnee  on  -Tl>n  prisoners  of  the  Soudan,'  we 
lenro  by  papers  from  Europe  that  Mr.  Stanlcjr 
offered  his  services  to  the  English  govemmrat  to 
command  an  expedition  to  be  sent  to  the  relief  of 
£min  Bey  :  that  tbto  offer  xraa  accepted,  tlie  ex- 
p<tiaea,  estJoiat«d  at  (150,000,  to  >«  defrayed  1>y 
Ibe  EnglEah  and  Egyjitian  govcmmeutiL  Mr. 
Stanley,  immediately  ujiun  hid  nrrivid  in  Kng- 
tand,  afti!r  conftrring  with  the  Ei)K'i*l>  govern* 
moot,  vront  U  Bmssels  to  obtain  permisaioD  of 
the  king  of  Belgium,  wt  the  head  of  the  Kongo 
Free  Slate,  to  undfrlidie  this  expedition.  Mr- 
Stanley  goes  dii*ctlj  to  Zanzilxir.  tlicnce  to  the 
south  end  of  Tanganyikii.  aiul  thi-nw  all  the  way 
by  iMBtK  to  Wadelni.  Tlie  IV^Itnum  pnpers  mj 
that  thin  Li  n  much  longer  and  mon^  dangerous 
route  tlian  the  one  by  the  Kongo  and  the  Aron- 
huimi. 

—  Tbeiimfriean  raOroadJoHmal  and  Van  .Vo*- 
trand'a  engineertng  magaxiitt  hare  been  coosoll* 
dntml,  now  appearing  •«  the  Haitroatl  nud  etiffi- 
nerring  joxtnutl,  tinih-r  the  editorinl  miinugeaienl 
of  M.  N.  Fompy.  Tli«  n^w  monthly  t*devoted  to 
the  diKcumioo  of  eniiin««ring  and  mMbanical 
topics,  with  special  reference  to  rallriMd  c<h>- 
strudloD  and  operation.  The  January  number 
Is  well  Illustrated,  and  contains  a  good  table  of 
contents. 

—  The  following  ore  the  recent  sMignmenta  in 
the  ptrttmnt}  of  the  coa»t-vurvey  »ei<'ioe.  A«t. 
J.  D.  Bnylor  hue  left  for  (X-dui  Keys.  Fla..  U> 
ratnbliili  magnetic  statiooa  tjetwicn  that  place 
and  Washington,  soQM  seven  or  eight  in  number. 
He  will  finish  the  work  about  April  1.  Amt.  O.  Vk. 
Tilman  and  Mr.  Uervry  U.  Turner  as  aid  Imvo 
taken  up  the  primary  IriangtiJaiion  work  frotn 
Alabama  towards  Mobile :  Aml  J.  B.  Weir,  8ab- 
AMt.  McUrath.  and  Mr.  W.  D.  Fkirfletd  have  left 
Washington  to  take  up  the  tmnsoantiuental  geo- 


32 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IZ.,  Kn.  906 


detic  levels:  and  AbsI.  P.  W.  Perhim  will  organ- 
ise hl§  parlr  hImuc  Jau.  IG  for  work  on  die  south 
coast  of  LouisUiui.  All  pariiM  on  the  Pacific 
ooMt  a»  out  of  till*  Iu4<l,  rxcqrt  thoae  ftarUee 
engaged  in  Ihc  rcnurvttj'  of  Son  F^nncwco  Ba; 
and  vldait}-.  Knrl^  in  April  A>H«liuit  Pratt  will 
tiikn  np  thp  recosniznncir  or  th*  w«»t  oooxt  of 
WdBliinjrton  Ti^rritorj  from  Cape  Flattorr  to 
iiinj'%  Haibor,  u  very  liiiporlant  work.  Tlie 
rt«anier  Uuclii-  baa  arrived  bC  Key  W«n  iireiwra- 
tory  to  vnturiiiK  upon  fiuld-worlE  OD  Uie  west 
Goaat  ol  Fluridn. 

—Hi*  Conooti  club  of  Washlnffton  b^ld  ita  first 
regular  mratlnjc  for  tbls  year  (n  its  nev  club- 
lionK  last  Monday  en-ning.  'Hie  followlDic  offi- 
e^n  ar«rv  elMWd  :  praiitl«m.  Ur.  Jolin  H.  BEIUnfCs: 
vice-pmMent.  Dr.  John  S.  yurrow,- :  wH.-ritary. 
T.  M.  Ctiaturd ;  In-anurer,  William  Itruif :  tiouM- 
oooiniiltw.  Mr.  J.  tl.  Marcou,  Ur.  John  P.  Iliiid, 
and  Mr.  VVilliam  Poindeider;  library  com mittM, 
Dr.  a.  H.  Burnett,  Dr.  Neirlon  H.  Bat«a,  and  Mr. 
Joaitph  C  Dombloi*«r.  The  profMsltion  to  ln> 
crease  the  memherslitp  wm  poeipoued  to  a  «pecial 
nicptinj;  to  l>«  held  Jan.  »1. 

—  OoT«nior  HcEnrry  of  Louisiana  ba4  iaoued  a 
call  fos  au  intontato  <'onvpntian  in  Ihc  inlercrt  of 
stook-raisio);,  dairying,  fruit-growing,  and  genrnil 
agricultUR,  to  be  held  at  Uike  Ciiarlee,  Ia..  on 
th«  sad,  S8d,  and  i4th  of  February.  1887. 

—  A  curifiuK  oStNition  rxists  among  tb«  bones 
of  north- wivtcru  Texas  known  bb  ■  gntasHrtoggers.' 
It  iacatiaed  by  their  eating  the  'loco-weed,'  and 
thti  oITgcIwI  animals  are  «aid  to  he  'locoed.'  At 
ftmt  they  lose  flesh,  and  then  beooue  weak  and 
Staggering,  and  flnully  crazy.  The  Indiana  be- 
lieve that  ail  inarct  i>  the  cauac  of  the  diabase ;  but 
Dt.  Carhart  of  TnxM,  in  a  lettvr  to  the  MfdicaJ 
reroni,  say*  that  bo  baa  examlnod  the  weed,  but 
i-an  dnd  no  Insect  life  upon  II. 

—  A  reraurkablc  specimen  wiu  preMTnt<>d  aotne 
yean  a^i  by  the  cnrator  of  tlie  nritiah  muoeum  to 
the  ZoAlofprnl  eodoiy  of  London.  It  was  the 
body  of  a  ehlcken  whose  beak  and  feet  closely 
TMembled  those  of  s  parrot.  Sereral  audi  in- 
stances occurrwl  iu  Ibe  saniu  puullr>--Taid.  nnd 
were  attributi-d  by  lh<-  ownur  to  thr  fact  that  ono 
of  Ibi-'  buna  liod  been  frighimoil  by  n  parrot. 
Many  inatanon  of  deformity  are  on  record  in  the 
huuum  apeolM,  which  are  iiopularly  attribuled  to 
tnateroai  Impressions  received  during  tbu  furma- 
tive  period.  The  number  of  theM-  ii  lo  great  a* 
to  have  led  phyiiciana  and  iilheni  lo  look  upon 
HU>h  rceolta  as  aoinethinK  more  than  mere  colnd- 
denots.  In  a  rooent  paper  read  before  the  urllio- 
podio  aectiaii  of  the  Kew  York  academy  of  medi- 


cine, Dr.  T.  h.  Stedman  discusses  the  inlluence  of 
maternal  lm|>remlon8  In  the  elioloey  of  coitaeiiital 
deform  it  lee,  and  produoee  evidence  which  seema  to 
indicate  that  there  are  laws  In  development  wliioh 
are  aa  yet  but  paitially  unden>l«iHl,  sod  which, 
when  thoroughly  iavi-ntigatnl.  may  i-xplnin  tbcae 
rvmiirkabln  jnatancei  to  wlilcli  w«  faavo  alluded, 
and  of  whi<'b  Dr.  Stedman  ,(ive«  maoy  striking 
examples. 

—  TliP  i>T<«i-nee  in  New  Yiwk  City  of  a  number 
of  ca»«i  of  iKii  lieri.  tir  kak-ke.  bae  re-awakened 
medical  intnrctit  in  this  peculiar  lii^ea^.  The  pu- 
tienta  came  from  San  Frnnoiseo  by  vessel,  and 
tliTve  of  them  were  taken  to  tlelievue  buspital. 
Two  of  thwp  difvl.  On  tlx-  voyagL-,  mtiil  of  thfl 
crew  were  nffecti'd  wiib  the  disease,  and  aomc  of 
iheui  fatally.  This  alTcction  prevails  in  Japan, 
India.  South  and  Central  America,  and  in  the 
iaianda  of  the  tiulf,  and  Is  technically  considered 
to  be  n  multiple  neuritis,  or  au  inflammatory 
condition  of  the  nerves.  Aa  a  rule,  tlie  ajrinal 
nerves  alone  are  implicated,  but  occaaaonally 
the  rianini  nervn  as  well.  It  has  Ixv-n  dvmun- 
Blrsl^d  witli  a  grent  degree  of  pri>)>al>ility  by 
CoToelissen  and  SuKenoya  that  beri-bmi  te  an 
infectious  dlHnee,  the  speolHc  cause  being  a  mt- 
(*n>-organiam  resemblluic  Ibc  tmolllus  of  anthrax, 
vlilch  la  found  in  tbu  blood,  muBclett,  and  uervea. 
In  the  cawa  at  Bt^llcvtie'tbe  iiatun-  of  the  diaMse 
was  not  recOKnlird  at  a  nufHrii.'ntly  curly  at^e  to 
enable  the  physician*  to  study  the  microbcH,  or  to 
make  any  cultures  of  them. 

—  We  are  familiar  in  the  naat  with  tumbtei^ 
pigeons,  and  in  tlie  Centrnl  Stales  them  are  ciiri- 
iiua  beetle*,  that,  from  their  habit  of  roIlioK  along 
little  Italia  of  clay,  ha^'e  receiveil  the  (xipulnr 
name  -tumble-bugs;'  but  it  Is  upon  (he  plalna  of 
the  west  that  one  of  our  common  weeds  la  so 
modifled  by  its  cmvironroi-nt.  uud  forma  habita  so 
novel,  tlwt  it  loses  its  easlern  name,  and  i* known 
aa  •tumble-weed."  According  to  C.  E,  Beaoey 
{Botatiieal  gautte,  xl.  p.  41),  "upon  the  plains 
and  prairies  of  the  weat  our  common  weed  jlntn- 
ranlun  nllnit  grows  into  a  cominct  plant,  whose 
stout,  ctirvin);  tnaofhee  givii  it  an  a]) proximately 
9phcrii-al  form.  The  autnmn  wind*  break  the 
main  stem  near  the  Kroiind,  and  the  upper  part 
go«  rolling  and  tuuibllng  before  the  wind,  often 
tor  miles.  Thiii  ia  an  exoellent  illustration  of  ths 
effect  of  olimate  on  the  physical  development  of 
th«  plant-body,  aa  in  the  ea»t  the  Hiieclee  is  a 
straggling  herb,  remaining  nxited  long  after  ila 
death  at  the  cloee  of  the  seuson.  Dr.  Newberry 
has  told  us  that  it  ia  also  known  as  the  'ghou- 
plaut*  in  allusion  to  the  same  hnbit,  Imncbes  flit- 
ting along  by  night  producing  n  peculiarly  weird 


JUICAKV  U.   Vttft.] 


SCXEyCE. 


38 


KpfWMiUKv.  It  i*  (loDhtlpM  'vvtj  L-fBrivnt  in  tlie 
dlMrftrallon  of  the  vtvU,  and  tKxymiiU  f<ir  (he 
wM«  cIlBPininathm  of  the  speclm  on  Ibr  pininn. 
ProffMor  Beney  n^ilea  tt  Hlinltsr  halMt  in  fiaplUia 
tinetoria  on  Uiirtlia'n  Viiicvanl.  Mhm..  and  f>i)ii'- 
enm  capillure  might  atau  be  <:it«l  aa  «inolh(-r 
«nun|dp." 

LKITBHS  TO  TUB  EDITOR. 

*»!«*■(  •*••■<<  *■*•■  all  (•(Hf«l*l'««Mr'W/^ff>"'A>'*^ 

Atmospheric  lines  ia  the  lolkr  spectnim- 

Rii;rn  mo ;  but  in  Vrotautot  Pickering'*  ii"l«  <id 
p.  13  uf  SHnUV  fur  Jiui,  T,  haTS  Dnt  tho  txix^"  l*Hre 
■bm1«  him  ohMwv  )l.  <.!i>riiii'it  daiiu-  to '  Mr.  ConueT '? 
U  ao,  ^ron  bml  knou-  vh«thcrlhc  nilAiiriut  \nt  witrth 
yaor  wmvcttng,  tbounb  it  inui  a  wry  imltml  one  tur 
th*  ptbilvr  tfl  make.  JiUDi  Edwxiio  Outu. 

Imaoa,  .I.T.,  Jan.  (b 


A  hAlry  huia&ii  family. 

Tbe  allDonDal  no«th  ft  halt,  that  biM  hixv  not 
nnlj  obMCTViI  mae*  uitiquity  in  iudividiialo  uf 
^(brcnt  nwM  at  muikiiLd,  piMMitii  Tarioiu  points  of 
IntanM  otltrr  UiMi  imtlironoloBioiU  onca.  Ai  Pm- 
r«Mr  Mmmi  hu  tUMA  (Seimcr.  ix.  No.  2I)S).  tta 
rMi-otlj  iv(M<gBiH>ii  <»um  i»  iXt*  pHtalatetioo  of  th« 
prroaial  downy  bair.  'Uaugo'  an  it  ia  o>II«d,  and  ita 
rich  )crf>«ib  Ihrnugh  lifo)  or  rathor.  to  apeak  more 
a««tirat«l]r,  the  noik-iloTatopinonl  of  tba  liair-iolUolea 
to  adapt  thcM  to  the  erawth  uf  normal  hair.  Tfaia 
ptTt*HT"*"  of  the  onbryonal  eorering  ia  meet  itrik- 
iagljr  ahown,  aa  a  normal  eondltioa,  in  tlia  o*trlch 

gtatiUa),  ApUrya,  and  paoitnln.  where  tbe  halr- 
lUcJea,  or,  what  ia  analoiuic&llr  Iho  aame,  tbe 
faalborJalUclm,  prodncD  tluougli  lifotho  soft  downy 
pISMUwe  of  the  chick  only.  TliU  liiiu  of  tbo  fotw 
Lab',  irt^h  take*  pLarv  ultli  lh<<  ({■"><'">1  ■■xfolialios 
of  the  cHti«1o  during  thv  flml  year  u!  tifv.  ii  not 
abMavUrulJc  at  tuao.  but  ooimni  iii  numj  other, 
thongh  not  all,  uaniinala.  Wimldrahoiin  ( tVrgfl. 
Onoi.,  3l)aMti  in  tlila  lannito,  and  lu  almormal  d«- 
TflfffT"— ■'  in  tha  '  hair-mi'U.'  a  prubablu  cvidcuoe  of 
■■  MMOdant  ooretiug  of  bair  at  nunic  party  piMiod  of 
nan'a  koOMtry. 

Tbe  extvnl  U>  whlob  this  nhnormnl  ((r'^^h  v(  (b>^ 
dawn;  hair  may  rvaob  will  lii'  Imttot  apprtfoiatvi) 
frov  tbo  pi«tiira.  hero  giti-n.  of  Tefliylitw  (or  Tciiti- 
ebew),  tbo  aldnr  Raulaii  '  dog-mno.'  than  con  bo 
tnwt  any  dewrlptlon.  Tbi>  'anlniai'  iir  ilti|{.|ik<<  ap. 
ptaiMirn  in  thia  caae  ia  uii>re  utriking  than  iu  any 
otbac  of  «bi«h  I  Imvo  seen  illtiMmtionii,  thougli  tho 
Aoma  familjr  of  the  ■iilRonlti  cootury  {jrfim-Dliid  a 

Sainllar  aapMH.  In  liiiu  (;iiiilly.  tiii>  fitilivr,  «i.i>i, 
Janabttr  wre  alK'-iv<.-rv>l.  nuooidiTigiothe  point. 
IBM  and  deaoriptiona  now  eitaut.  otci-  tho  entire 
boay  with  long  hair,  irilh  tlie  exception  ot  a  apaco 
baloxr  tbn  eyea. 

lb  the  uoUble  raaa  of  Jolia  Faotraon  of  Uexieo,  a 
BOat  repnlalve-looking  peraon  In  har  pietnra,  tna 
hair  of  tbe  haad,  fordiead,  and  faca,  iraa  ooar**  Uke 
otdlaaiy  hadr.  and  har  ehaeha  and  noa«  wure  onnrly 
bafo.  Sbn  died  In  18Q0,  la  jpring  birth  to  a  non. 
who  aarly  abovvd  aimilarbainnouou  hood  luid  face. 
TIm  pnnatal  hair  ia  not  Dccoaaaril.v  aoll  and  <lowny. 
PalbologlMl  eonditJona  will  muM>  It  In  plarM  to  be 


coMW,  liba  that  of  ttwadnlt;  and  oaaaa  an  known 
where  tbe  larger  port  of  tbo  body  baa  lamaiiMd 
Ihroa^  life  covered  with  a  thick  ooat  of  alratiB  hair, 
doe,  IU  r«altlv,  to  an  Piioruioiialy  large  taotbar^ 
mark.  A  aliniUr  ronditioo  •»  found  in  tbe  <>a«ner 
and  Biore  bnab^  growth  of  tbe  beard  fr^xn  long'«oii- 
tiuned  nmralgMor  nervo-irrltatlon. 
Tet  nnothar  point  of  Inlortel  la  tbe  nndcvbtod 


AnMinc  rncncmiw, 

tendency  to  heredity  which  Iheaa  abnormal  caaM 
■how.  Thiico  haa  the  anomaly  bam  kt^wn  to  be  do- 
xalopad  In  the  aecood  nuamtion:  ud  one*,  tbe 
Blrmen  family.  In  the  third  geaientlon.  On  tba 
otbci  band,  the  precisely  oppoaitn  oondlliati,  that  ol 
abnolaic  baliUauiuu  from  prvnaUl  caoaea,  not  a  tvw 
auitu  of  which  bare  been  ob*«r*«>]  among  different 


34 


scnsNVE. 


(Vol.  K-  No.  «« 


nfim,  Hlinwa  Uim  xouKt  U-ndMic;  k>  bvredil^.  Ltk«>- 
wiiiKi.  aupuruuiucrkrjr  fin|{<>ni.  tuea,  teetli.  and  briaiitii 
in  both  cukIo  and  female,  uid  the  prtiMiuia  i^  a  ohort 
toil,  are  oU  ondonbudly  capabia  of  b«r«i.llUl7  trnna- 

lliti  thialjr  liairod  Atrkuii.  or  Ui«  hinuir  Tati- 
iiuuiino,  w  nbo  tbc  great  vnrUtiuuii  io  tlio  piloHity  of 
tlw  oiviUud  nuMM,  pmutit  quoatlomi  mai«  wilLin 
tlie  iirovlDoe  at  tbe  iinltiru{iolujji>it ;  btudeil  tainklM 
BOd  bMrdloM  nuJoK.  Ih&l  u(  Uie  plijrriuluglat,  oi, 
yuMoMly,  vt  tlic  anffrngist.  S.  W.  Wujjstoji. 

N«w  IlkTwu.  Uoou.,  Jan.  K. 


rxtM«uo«<.  a  (llntiuut  Msuding  nruy.  suil  UiAt  tblefnit 
was  occupied  bj  mch  umy  only  (or  the  pirpone  ol 
protectiDg  ibo  Gammuiut<r  liittig  in  the  nch  ralley* 
to  til*  HouthwaM  dttnluin  the  hordts  luvadinft  Uurin 
from  th*  Durtli.  Otxtta-Utv  Axsk. 

WoalilnEUu,  JuL  IS 


Fort  Ancient,  Warren  county,  O. 

Followring  thx  li'ltnr  <>{  Ur.  Cyrna  ThonuM  (□ 
ftioncw.  K(i.  31)1 .  if  Fort  Anri^iit  b«  of  u  laM  data  m 
lia  IbfK  ftiiKgetta.  an  eipluualiou  of  ita  naaa,  ajid  of 
th«  facrt  Uiat  the  itJbrU  whiob  lunuUIy  marlw  U»  aitc 
uf  ])rt'liiirturic  viUi^cm  1*  aDtirdv  vautitiK  in  and 
about  tho  vork.  niay  poMllily  bo  found  In  ttn' 
riT*r.Tall«y  liotli  aboTv  nuil  Iiulow  tbu  fuft.  Thi> 
Llttlu  Uiami  vnllej  ia.  for  IwelTs  or  lifteeii  uiiloB 
norlli  of  Port  Ancient,  terj  rioh  in  ibe  rcmniiut 
oitber  of  the  mound.bnlUlani  or  ladiuui,  or  biitb  it 
tbi^;  1i«  ittHtiuRl  mviM.  Ujion  tbo  bluff*  and  In  tho 
■uTi<>iii»1iiif{  high  Jandv  ar*  nomeTOua  luoontbt.  iiinny 
o(  Uitiiii  of  iKnuddenblo  hm. 

lu  aliDoat  Bttry  gmrd-pockot  vbich  baa  «vor  bocn 
oppitccl  on  tba  rlTar-lillbi  Iiava  boon  found  bumou 
boutx.  In  i«T«T«l  plaoti*  in  lh«  vallay  ara  burial- 
groniiila,  ollea  of  many  acres,  whcve  th*  inturinvnta 
wan  aa  regularly  urdrrud  njid  aa  cl'iscly  crowdnl  un 
in  a  modani  milttary  cinut^^rj.  Pottiry,  roltii,  pipra, 
«t<^,  aro  fraiUMitly  found  vitli  IhMp  rvmaiuH.  thi  • 
blgli  bluff  about  eight  niilcn  nbuva  Fort  Anclfiul  ia 
aaM  to  be  the  aile  a?  an  ancient  Tillage  of  oonrider- 
ablo  oxtont,  BurkMl  by  an  accvmnlanon  of  broken 
and  charrod  bonaa,  muivwl-abelU.  jiottoTj.  etc.,  Tary. 
Ing  In  tblcluian  froiu  twelie  to  tiircutjr  inob«a.  There 
ara  manjr  reaaona  for  believing  that  the  xallt^  tor 
many  uulon  above  tha  fort  won  not  only  denmly  pen. 
pled,  but  tliat  tli«ae  poojilc  vt-nt  juimuuient  rnM- 
iWla, 

K«Fi>u(  'BiidK'  of  copjier  and  othvr  implt-iupiitH 
about  the  tuvrn  irf  Uorrow.  eight  miloa  below  Fort 
Ancient.  giTe  weight  Ut  (lie  auupoadtion  that  the  rltor- 
Tallay  wm  paopM  In  that  illroctlon  alao,  and  that 
the  work  In  quaMJOiIi  aened  kh  a  rafnge  or  fortrfnw, 
ritnal«d  near  tha  centre  of  u  populoiw  and  powerful 
oununtinity.  I  merely  make  Uie  «iig([««ticai  that  the 
nmaMmM  ramalna  hereabonl  nuijr  hava  aoma  mlatjoa 
Id  the  orlgtn  Mid  puipoMa  of  Port  Ancdant. 

Chas.  a.  Hovas. 
WannHf  Uie.  a.  Jon.  UL 

The  nmiarkii  by  Profcolor  Thomnc  tu  Scienrr  f<>r 
Dec.  10.  1B8G,  remind  me  that  in  the  Bpring  of  ISTU 
I  Diadn  a  rapid  Inopgution  of  Port  Ancieut.  walking 
oompletely  around  l(a  i-lrcutnfar^iicv.  My  Kkoti^h 
abowt  aeTcral  ocirrvcUouBandadditiciuii  ti.>  Dr.  LMCk*'a 
■nopaa  pnblifihcd  by  Sqnier  and  Da*ii.  notably  ilie 
long  alone  ntcpi  leading  down  la  the  water's  edge. 
Uf  midlnal  uia]>  ia  now  In  the  areblvoa  of  the  Ohio 
hbtarical  suciuty  lu  Cincinnati.  A  guneral  account 
of  my  vMt  wh«  publiahed  at  the  time  in  the  Oinciu- 
nati  Oommeretat. 

It  aeoiQB  to  m*  plaualliln,  that,  it  thin  woa  not  a 
fottUad  town,  than.  In  tlia  or^iiiiation  of  lfa<<  niound. 
aaliom,  tk«»  nuy  bate  been,  lu  the  iMter  dayii  ot  Ita 


Star  rajB  and  the  cor«na. 

Mr.  Randolph'*  commnnicatian  a  few  week*  ago 
(Acaped  my  atlitutlou  at  tlio  time  of  It*  i^paarancn. 
The  diffirrultJM  to  which  he  refer*  may  b«<  <Iii«  partly 
to  the  structure  of  the  hiiinan  eye.  Dr.  lifCoiite  baa 
NBoireil  Uiat  rrlating  to  the  phenonien"n  of  long 
rav*  or  ■trcuunfT<'a|>]iit>iiliiK  iii<  nin'l  :.u  i  !'  <  ' '  '.:t, 

due  Io  nffmotioij  nilb-^r  Umn   i    !!■    ■  :■  i. 

terior  narfacc  of  the  ourutu  iit-^i  ihr  .;>.■.:...■  ilie 
appeamoeool  ahortnmaronndaalar,  Mr.  lUndolph 
vnll  find  eijilolnsd  lu  Hnlmholta'^  '  Popnlar  noicnlide 
lectiiri^H,'  pi>,  'ilT'SIO,  and  on  InatructlTe  cUanaui  In 
the  name  author'*  '  Fhymolo^leal  optica,'  French 
edition,  p.  31,  or  German  edition,  p.  91. 

Teloacopa  UuBM  bam  been  made  greatly  ■nponor 
U>  lbi>  hiuiMn  eye  aa  an  optt(«l  luMmmcDI.  VThat- 
vtvT  iiiH.v  be  the  flnal  eipluiBtiuu  of  the  solar  corona, 
the  number  of  ohanooa  la  almost  infinite  that  ft  will 
tutt  bo  referred  to  defoota  in  the  structure  of  tele- 
aco|>(i  l«naoti  au<l  tnbea.  W.  l.aC.  Sixvaxa. 

Urooklrn,  Jan.  7. 


To  aathots  of  text-books  en  phyaica. 

Keoitntly,  io  «i>LiiiiiiiiiK  HtinlMiw  (orMlmlmion  to 
eollcgu.  the  writer  uos  n^niii  reniiudml  of  ii  «mnll, 
but,  0*  far  OS  bi*  obncrvntion  goes,  oniverHal  error  in 
(eit-ljookft  on  phyitici).  It  i«  Malml  that  "therclo- 
eity  of  aouud  varies  as  the  siiaare  root  »f  tlie  rttu- 
fteity  divided  by  the  density.  In  illnMlntiuu.  it  i« 
usually  atnted  that  the  velocity  in  air  is  aljoul  1,000 
f«*t,  lu  wntfr  nlmiit  4,0(Ki,  and  in  iron  sbont  S.OOtt. 
The  flmt  (wo  are  iwrfcclly  eloMic,  and  tlie  sncnnd  la 
the  more  deuse  ^  lience.  by  (be  rule,  tliu  velocity  in 
waler  should  bo  loss  than  in  air.  Iron  in  leva  elaatlo 
and  morn  di'nar  tbno  either  of  the  othen,  and  benoe, 
by  the  rule,  Ui«  velocity  ahnuld  bo  loaat.  The  ml* 
will  be  ooneut  iffor  'lOantirily'  ve  rvad  'co-eAdeat 
of  olaatioity,'  which  may  b?  delliied  as  the  fore* 
whlob  would  double  the  length  of  a  bar.  ur  <>omprMs 
a  li<|uid  orgaa  to  half  of  It*  volume.     I.  O.  Bum. 

t'lisaipalin,  tlL.  Jan.  H. 


The  swindling;  ceolo^it. 

llie  swiiidliug  )[*o1oglst  was  this  week  in  SprioB- 
lleld.  Mat*,,  where  he  pHAM>rl  hiiuDcK  off  a*  Capt.  C. 
E.  Dultou.  I  cannot  Icaru  Ihnt  he  ineer^ilvd  in  tIo. 
timittcg  liny  one  eiF>ept  the  hotel.kwpi'r  of  Ihe  houte 
where  li*  iiioiii>i<d.  owing  to  the  fact  thai  he  waa 
esrly  eipotcd  by  the  commanding  officer  n(  the 
ariuury.  who  luckily  liapi>e4i«d  to  know  Cajitaln 
I>utton. 

He  later  inflicted  hinuielf  ou  roe,  playing  the  deaf. 
muln,  calling  himaelf  [van  C.  Vaaulc  of  tlie  Biuudan 
muiieum.  and  oflering  to  sell  me  odd  volumaa  of 
Hall's  •  Geology  of  New  York  state.'  Bnapeoting 
that  they  were  atolnn,  I  declined  to  buy. 

He  ta  a  square. tacind,  amootli-ahavsn,  liobt-eom- 
pleiioncd  fallow,  of  ntlher  short  stature,  ou.l  wore  a 
white  felt  hat  and  an  army  cape.  HiN  uiLmM  and 
elothea,  however,  wonld   perhaps  hardly   serve    Ut 


Jakvam  H.  18H7.I 


SCIENCE, 


35 


identify  liim.  is  be  probably  hu  a  •uri(Tlj  of  boUi. 
He  clMncd  to  bo  an  Ilia  War  to  AltnDr. 

Pi'rhapal  If  li»  ran  be  rxposeil  all  ajonft  tlu<  liu«.  be 
UHjr  •Dou  b«  r*iul*r^  harnikM.     1'.  W.  Staxbmbs. 

Wortaelil,  Mm.,  inn.  ^ 


I 


The  West  Indiui  iral. 
Mr.  Hctitt  L.  WmiI.  a  miii  i>I  Pnrf.  Hcury  A. 
Vard  of  BuobMlrr.  N.Y..  Iiu  tvcvtitly  rctnrBod 
fneu a oiwciol tripto the  Gnlf  of  Mciiru  in urarrli  of 
lb*  Un1*-kO(mi  WoM  IndUu  ical.  MnDanhua  tropl. 
(sUs.  btiaaJoft  wltfa  bitn  a  kooiI  wrio*  uf  akiiw  uul 
■tbletona,  luolndiii^  Uium  of  boUi  Mxe«  onij  ■  iiut^k- 
llii|{.  Frofonor  Ward,  who  liw  b««n  on  the  nkn  (or 
MTM«1  joat*  for  tbia,  nati]  rwMoitljr.  almoM  mjrthioal 
qmriM,  OD  lenrolng  of  tbs  protinMa  locally  of  a 
mdmI)  eoloDj'  ot  tliMtu,  promptl}'  organlwd,  vtth  fab 
OOTul  Dtwrgj-  iu  Huch  iiiHllerB.  lui  vxiwiUtiuu  to  pro- 
oar*  ■[■ectiiK^ui.  in  nliicli  pul«rpri«  ho  nu  jDiDod  )>v 
Hi.  FctiwBdo  Femtri-Pcmx,  tuloialiat  of  tlin  Mrii- 
4MB  Keognplilcal  aod  aiploriog  oominlwiloti,  w)ii>, 
wttfa  xEi.  wiiril,  proFiirod  a  aclKiouer  iil  Cmiiiwiuih; 
tor  a  trip  to  tbe  Uim-  little  k<!ja  norlb-vyoil  of  Vaca- 
tan  kiMnm  na  Tho  TtiBaglea  iliua  Tmui;ulu«).  Ow- 
ine  to  Iwd  wentbor.  Iho;  had  but  throe  daji  at  thn 
ke^ra.  bnl  their  ellorl*  w«r«  v*U  rewardMli  noil  the 
W««t  Indian  iwhI  'm  nuw  iu  ■  fnir  Hvy  to  be  eooa  rep. 
neealed  in  acTenil  of  oiii  Imitiiig  inuwnuna.  Tn« 
onlj  qieeimaDs  hithoita  kaovm  to  bo  ext«nt  in  eol. 
beetjeow  an  the  one  reouttly  aoqiiimt  liy  tha  U.  8. 
Batioaiil  inuei-iito  i,m»  SriMna,  Hi.  "iliij.  ami  tli«  i)u- 

Ctrfnvt  akiti  without  «kuU  iireMUted  umidj  j*<«ni  ni;o 
J  Mr.  V.  H.  fiiHW!  to  the  Britieh  uiaeenni.  So  little 
waa  kJiowB  at  the  aiHwlni  until  recentljr.  that  oven  it* 
geottir  relolions  utre  in  doubt,  ita  reference  to  the 
Krunii  MaawdinH  hnHng  been  reganled  ae  proiia. 
i<'nal. 

The  material  obtainad  hj  Mr.  Ward,  at  uaeh  rink 
aad  tncpe&ee.  baTtu/t  '■eeu  Mmll.v  plof  od  in  my  hauda 
for  donerip^ou.  lam  ahlelo  thmweoitin  further  lli[ht 
npoo  thin  iDtertnlitie  iijie<:i«k  11*  cmiiial  ne  velJoa 
eit'i'iial  duiTartiini  ahuw  il  to  ho  nntiaeiilionablj-  rof. 
eiable  to  tbe  gfiom  MoMchna.  Ilia  color  of  the 
■aiiual  prove*  to  Tary  much  with  »tg».  The  joiuig 
are  at  nrrt  wholly  inteinw  blitrh,  rMnaining  oif  this 
c6Ior  donbllaaa  diiriug  thvir  Srel  yi<ar.  Ae  thojr  be- 
ooiue  older,  the  eoloi  rluuigra  to  ligbieri  the  donal 
enrfiKe  becwMm  CTaTl<di  hlooh,  through  u  aUKht  gtay 
tipping  to  111*  lilack  halra,  aliadiofi  on  ihn  eldeeot 
the  Im^  into  lh«  irellowiHli  whiti'  of  tli*-  v(<ii1ih1  eur- 
faoe.  'no  troot  and  md»*  of  the  niti'^cle,  and  tlio 
edften  of  Ibo  lower  lip.  becotue  ycJlowiidi  hrowb ;  tbo 
wUelien  ebanffn  from  block  <ir  blooldah  to  yollowlnh 
wUte,  a  few  only  of  (he  aboHer  onea  reiaalniiii; 
daik,  eitheT  wholly  or  only  at  the  base.  In  the 
yoiaiKor  nBimala  the  whiakee*  ore  not  only  niueh 
dTiTk'T  than  la  the  adult,  but  innch  longer  and 
hrttiier. 

Tbe  kkull  IN  depreeeed,  broad,  end  heniy.  Iu 
general  proportioeiN  il  differe  from  thut  of  Pliuea 
ntnlina  in  lli«  lonKcr.  ncro  eloping,  and  muuh 
liTuaiItT  aiilA-nrbitttl  purllon,  and  the  tench  greutei 
thieknoee  of  the  iiil*i  ■orbital  t«(^ou,  and  the  aiiilltorj' 
biillAe  are  l(4«  Bnillmi  and  relnlivi'ly  uiiit'b  ■uinll'7. 
The  thuatitioB  U  rcry  lieevy,  tbu  length  of  the  Inruent 
nolani being  IC  mm., with  •  breadth  o(  10  nun.  The 
molarw  are  erowded,  eel  aomewbat  obUqiiely  to  th<< 
alia  tit  tbe  jaw :  the  eecond.  third,  and  foiutli  liair 
on*  anMll  acceMurr  ooap  br<fore,  and  two  behind,  tbe 
luyet  or  ptludpaJ  ane.    Thcao  ue  well  marked  in 


the  yoniiRer  or  mlAdle-ued  epedmene,  Imt  beooaae 
worn  and  even  «h«lly  obliterated  iu  old  e«e.  Oray'a 
deeertption  of  the  deulitiun  of  the  UeditenaneaB 
aoeoiee  (M.  albiventor)  applici  in  oYeiy  paiticnfair  to 
tnat  of  the  preeont  apedoa. 

The  nnili  of  the  fora-teet  nn-  Xaxt;*  ami  etrong.  tbe 
1arK--xt  hAug  from  threr-f'>iiTtbii<'liui  looh  toanlnofa 
is  li'ugUi ;  Ihoae  of  the  html-fn>t  are  mdimentai?, 
being  rcdneod  to  minute  bomy  poinU.  aatreety  m- 
i1)l«  nsc»pt  on  cloMi  enmlnalioR. 

'nm  lint  uklu  nf  thi>  fiill.|{;n>wii  ainln  niMieuma  alioiit 
aeVMD  ffH  in  u  HiriiiKbl  line  tnni  the  enil  or  (be  iKwe 
to  the  point  of  Ilie  tail,  the  (rre  pottiim  of  wbicJi 
lattrr  has  n  iMigth  o(  thrrn  ineboa.  The  adalt  fenule 
ban  e  UiQgth  of  about  elx  (not. 

Mr.  Waril  •il>tiiiuHil  a  youii^  one  only  a  few  dan 
old.  end  (imnit  nearly  ripe  foetneee  in  eerenl  of  thio 
feiniilm  lakcn.  Thia  would  iudicitto  that  the  TOttnn 
art?  bom  in  DoeombM. 

Thn  Trianffltnt  are  altont  a  hiindri'<l  and  Afly  mllea 
from  the  AUctane  BeefM.  wlwo-  lh'<  ■|i«'Cieii  waa 
fonnd  iu  abuiidauee  by  Dnnipier  abnul  two  biendred 
yoara  aeo.  SniBircnlnnir*  iloubtlen  utiU  ciint  imi  Ifaa 
nninhaMteA  rrefa  awl  keys  o(  thn  ttnlf  of  Mesieo 
and  Caribbean  Hua.  Il  baa  been  met  wHIi  off  tbe 
coaata  of  Onin  atirl  Jemaiea.  and  hae  btieu  repuetcd 
ae  an  uacariouol  vieilor  to  tbe  Bahamiui  and  the 
Florida  Ken. 

Ur.  Ward  call*  my  ailrnlion  tn  the  fnct  thai  Co- 
Iniubna  not  mily  ini>l  wilb  It  lii  tb"  W««l  Indian 
waleiH.  Iiiit  thiil  bid  t<ailr>rH  killed  lbe«r  eeale  fov  (■>od. 
nearly  fixir  hundred  yeana  ago.  It  ia  therefore  a 
mnnrkublo  tnet  that  Uie  And  diworored  Anieriean 
■cal  ahonlil  be  the  lalmt  one  to  become  Immni  aotla- 
factorlly  lo  aclenco. 

The  prcecot  notice  ia  nreliinitiar^  to  a  more  elabo- 
mtc  aeennnt  of  tlm  epedni  now  in  prepatntioQ,  which 
will  b«  illuniratixl  with  phtea  of  Ita  (Mteological  and 
eilemal  uhataoten.  The  American  mneenm  of  nat- 
■iml  hietoTT  of  thin  city  haa  aecnrnl  akina  of  an  adoH 
mole,  an  adult  (omolo.  and  a  ynnnn  exAuijdo.  and 
a  flno  adalt  uialo  Bkeletou.  which  wiU  tiwiu  be  mount- 
ed for  exhibillou.  J.  A.  Amjoi. 

Xnr  York.  Jan.  i. 


Earljr  forms  of  writinK. 

Your  romorka  rSciVnee.  Till.  Ko.  aoai  on  Dr.  Brio, 
ton'a  paper  relating  to  the  early  niodee  of  writing 
iiiuel  form  nty  exenee  for  tbie  note. 

I  havB  made  aouie  diaeoTcrioa.  ednoe  the  publica- 
tion of  niy  '  Mola  on  eulaiii  Maya  and  Meikau 
ninnnecriptiL,'  which  aeein  to  cceiflnn  l)r.  Ittinton'a 
opinion  that  Uie  mode  of  writing  which  ha  dndgnatea 
tlie  'ikouiimittic  nyntem'  wae  practised  to  aome  ek- 
Icnl  by  the  Maya  aeribna,  — a  (act  I  had  uotjced 
pmrioiia  to  necintt  '''*  paper.  For  example  i  I  And 
on  jilatd  iTil.  of  liie  Codex  Truouo  the  name  of  a 
hlrd  (fiTHoA.  in  Ui^ra)  deeigualed  by  a  compoond 
hieroglyplt  oowdating  of  two  porta,  one  of  wbk-h  la 
Lunda'a  UttoT-ohaiaoter  Ka.  the  other  tbe  syiubul  fur 
the  eorilbal  point  wmt.  or  ChOciti  (according  to 
Uoraiy).  Tlie  name  irf  another  bird  (the  quetzal  ot 
KvhitHi)  ie  drniited  eiuiply  by  a  duplicatiou  of 
l^iitla'i  A'b.  .1  few  other  cbatnctcra  fomiiul  tn  tbe 
Buune  way  hate  boftn  dlaooiered.  Hut,  m  far  aa  de- 
tcnuined,  moit  of  tbe  eharaolers  ore  eyniboUo,  when 
the  object  iuteniteil  i*  dmi(,>uated  by  a  lingle  ehw- 
acteriMic,  Ihi-  head  being  tbe  imit  or  (calure  usually 
•elected  Iu  rppmuuit  poranna  and  auiinnle.     I'or  ox- 


BCIENCE, 


tVoL.  IX ,  No.  106 


unplo:  ■  human  hotd  wHli  oat  or  two  corla  ot  btur 
rigbUlM  ■  fBiiiid*i  daatUti,  an  ohcnni  liy  StJulUiM, 
•M  TOpr*M<Dl<4  by  ih*  li««d  with  thu  )i«viillftr  fea- 
tnrM  luuuii  in  their  figurva.  Tbe  birtl  tAmvt  men. 
tioned  (Kui^li)  ii  B«aoi&IIj  Mprtaeutsd  hy  a  bead, 
with  «nrtaiD  linca  skout  the  oyo,  vaed  in  th«  conipUitn 
figiire  la  tiu)lc*l«  llio  apoclM.  AD  Idol  ia  ()Hio4«d  hj 
Ihv  ehanirtM'  a  b«ad,  vlilnh  Dr.  Scbellliaa  eiroae- 
oiibIj  »ti)ip-i>K9  (o  be  Uif  aymbul  fui  a  curlniii  iloity. 
Tbo  njTiibol  (or  gttiiio  qtiftdraiiodB  ia  a  mbbit'a  hcwl 
mcnuitad  od  Iba  Kan  ot  com  aymbol :  tbat  tor  gaiun. 
blnlB,  a  tuTk«j*a  li«nd  on  lli«  com  aytiibnl :  aIc. 

loanUnato  objeoU  ais  ummIIt  ileiKitiHl  by  con. 
TmtiooBl  a^bola  lUTiug  aa  ue  tbUit  idi-a  Bomci 
efaanetoilatio  of  tbo  thing  ropraaatted.  For  io- 
itMioa:  thaaTmbol  tor  houw.  or  but,  tonnil  iu  all 
Ibe  oodicM,  naa  aa  it*  cfaU4  cliAractiTSxtioik  hrohfu 
linM  indicating  the  tbaUibinf;,  nnit  |>crpmdiciilw 
line*  anKgaaling  Ibu  jKBta. 

I  haTcdotenuiiicil  tbo  ngniflcntioii  ot  am  cbarac- 
tiir  iti  v'hlob  oolnr  Jilayii  a  port.  Tliia  in  tb*  aynibol 
for  EtxhMoh,  tb«  Rod  if  ])»lUni  or  t»velllu|{  met- 
ohauta.  Thin  it  n  liuiiiii-i>ba])(>(l  cbKnurlcr,  indicating 
Ike  half  ot  u  calubuHli  (Chy.  in  Mnya;,  atirroniidcd  bv 
a  heavy  ibailiiig  o(  blnok<KJt,  in  Ma,va).  It  in  foonil 
accomjiAuylDii  tli»  blark  ilclly  in  the  Troaiio  (VkI*i. 

A.  few  ui  the  wriltou  cliuniotcrB  nn  truly  phnni-Uv. 
but  my  acant  hnowtcdgp  of  tbu  Maya  laugnagv  rrC' 
data  pragTCH  iu  tbia  branch  of  the  anbln-t  alow. 
That  thATR  atn  no  trac  lettcr-cboractctii,  aa  aDppiim<<l 
by  IaiuIa,  iniiat  be  concHilml.  1  mayatlil,  in  cl»«itti||i, 
that  1  liHve  iliMovurtd  la  tb*  Uorl«*iaii  ChhIci  the 
origin  of  thia  anlbor^  '  A.'  It  ia  tbo  ■]~uibi>l  aard  tu 
d<aiot«  tba  tnrtU  (jlao),  the  oooiVDiitioauU  rcprcacnto- 
Uon  of  Iho  b«ad  of  thi*  raptU*,  and  i*  in  no  maM 
phOBxtic 

A  paper  rtplniDing  lb«ar  and  iitbor  diiictiTorioa  ho* 
batn  prtfiared  foe  tlic  bunnn  nimtial,  and  iu  now  in 
thr  batMb  of  lh»  priutcr.  UlrBcni  '1'BomjU. 

YouncniUo,  Odd..  Jaii.  10. 


On  the  color«Uoa  of  tnammala. 

I  dcain)  to  nUI  ait«nlion  to  Uii^  armngpniaiila  o( 
lb«  coloT^marka  on  the  akiu  of  niiuumoln.  and  to  at. 
lampt  to  abow  that  k>di«  o(  them  are  oorralatad  to 
thn  dintiiliitloii  tit  ncrvui  anil  to  tli«  poaltiiwa  of  lb« 
DittKcJe-iuamiM  of  tbK  bmly. 

Tba  whito  atripe  on  the  Hid«  i>f  the  trunli  iu  Tuoiu 
ia  the  Tagieo  of  dulriboUob  of  tho  itaporflcial  brancboa 
of  tba  IntMOoatkl  narroa  and  Iboac  diutm  in  atrial 
bonolof{7  with  thom. 

Tbo  white  |.-«Iah«a  on  th«  miu>3e  of  tba  tiger  au- 
•wer  to  tbf  diatribntion  of  tlie  ■nfia.oibatal  nervoa. 

Tbn  alDBle  b1a«k  atripc  on  the  withara  of  Eqiini 
lamlopna  llM  near  thn  onntm  at  tho  region  irf  iti<> 
anpnla.  lulha  tlg(>rtbnBl>doinlnalatripe«ai'piu  th« 
■ane  a«riee  nrith  thoae  ou  the  fliuik.  In  tba  iueulit^ 
iMt  OBm«l  they  range  oT«r  tbo  uinaclcii  nud  the 
dopTMidoiia  hotwoen  tbom  nithunt  rcgoid  to  tli« 
MnMolulcal  canformation  of  I  lie  parta.  On  the  au- 
tolor  •■trondtj  it  U  quite  dilTerrnt.  lit  the  tJoiMaa 
th«  dapnaaion  b«tw*en  ilie  radial  eitauor  dim  and 
th*  flMor  maaa  ia  marked  at  tho  diatil  end  of  the 
raglaii  with  ■  lomgltadina]  blaeh  atripo  which  In  about 
on»Jlfth  th«  UnKUi  of  the  forearm.  Th«  akin  over  the 
«iten*ora  of  the  carpna  U  inatked  bjr  n  number  of 
■pota,  and  that  oTer  the  flexor  maaa  bj  n  few  tmn*- 
voru  bara.  The  contniKt  between  the  two  dirlalouii 
Of  thn  fom-nnn  la  dnrldiHl. 


In  both  the  lioneaa  and  the  tiger  the  cervical  mam 
and  the  gnlor  region  are  lepomlcd  bf  diffcreni;ea  in 
coloration.  Two  obliqne  ampm  are  ic^ii  Umitod  to 
th»  cerrieal  maa*.  Th«  dupreaalonii  bntwoen  tho 
acromio.onihatie  and  tfao  bracbioIiH  anti«:ns  mnMlM 
nro  marked  bv  block  atripm. 

Tbo  sooeral  diatribution  of  the  apota  and  rtripea 
on  the  Hhlnover  theeoaptilA.andtbemiHQloawlueh  ore 
fnoertod  into  it  and  over  thr  «it»nM>r  aajieet  of  tJi« 
anterloi  eitremity.  fonu  n  appnriite  B""ip  from  thoae 
of  the  r«at  of  Iho  trunk. 

Thn  lion  ot  thn  malar  bona  of  tlte  tigtt  la  diatin. 
Ipilahed  hy  a  lirmul.  irrttciilHr  liiw.  A  mon>  tJnnd« 
one  Uoa  vertically  orti  Ibe  i[iiunH.-t<ir  muitclu. 

In  OiddftiDn  to  the  above,  it  ia  tmsttd  tlmt  the  wrin- 
kle* nnd  folda  io  one  animal  annrer  to  tlie  per- 
luaiU'nt  nl(ia<baii(l8orii)Kiiieat-UDaaluanolhaar.  The 
d<w»l.faoial  folda  of  HianKrhuema  »r»  In  the  asm* 
poailjona  oa  the  plgmoDt-linoa  in  tbo  nthra  Tlie 
bands  on  the  trank  of  tho  ninn-bandod  armadillo  are 
tba  honudogiwi  of  th*  tiiia«l«Dt  foliU  of  akin  aaen  in 
th<>  InMautaneoua  pfaotogi»phH  nf  the  hog  taken  at 
the  tiiuv  H'lieu  Uio  liuibs  of  tlie  aaine  Hide  ore  «l  the 
ncarebt  point  one  to  the  other. 

Tbo  medio.ilonial  atripe  which  la  *o  ofl«n  met  with 
In  uiainiiinla  i«  probably  a  arannnee  of  the  genoraJ 
deep. lying  canoe  wlileh  dvtorminM  ihv  longitudinal 
lypr-  of  the  Tcrtebrate  form. 

The  diapoaitioa  for  the  neck,  tcithcn.  and  tbo  An- 
torior  limb  to  bn  more  hairy  Ibnii  k«  tho  rvraatnder  nt 
thntntnh.U  prob«hly  ajwooiHMI  w-lth  thn  locaUza- 
tioo  of  the  mark*  »n  the  anterior  extremity  lieilig 
better  marked  Uinn  axv  thoic  on  tho  pusmiur.  The 
foro-linib  baa  eonnoctioni  wilb  tfap  liead  a*  exool  a> 
with  the  dmvani  aa  far  back  at  tho  origin  of  tho 
iBtiaoiuina  ilomi.  In  tbo  biKon  the  ahaf^gy  Mirfaoe 
eorreapomda  tjnite  ■ocumtely  to  the  t>rostiiol  part  <rf 
111*  fora-Urob  and  IIa  eitrinMe  luiioeW. 

A  niAmmal,  in  leaving  the  gronnd,  from  the  hlnd- 
liinba  biineheo  np  the  witbeto  in  *  «0Q»jiiauaua  Biaa> 
ner.  This  regiim  in  mote  thickly  haired  and  mora 
brigblly  eolor<Hl  in  mmiv  Imts  tiiiui  ia  thoHBtof  the 
trunk.  Now.  in  th«  bM  the  nhuuMnra  and  neck  m* 
lifmianently  hunubeit,  for  the  fonsliinhii  are  acareelr 
ot  all  nwd  for  anpport.  HAasnon  Aixsx. 

PblUdelpbla,  Jao.  4. 


Butt«r1Uca  in  aonthetn  Connecticut. 

IhitiuR  the  anmmer  and  aulomu  of  1884  and  ItiBS. 
I  waa  coltecting  bottcrSiea  in  aonlbom  Connoctient. 
In  tiio  flrat  •naaon  I  found  PynunnU  canlnl  very 
abundant,  P.  hnntera  couiparatlvvly  nax.  while  of 
P.  otlnutH  I  Mw  only  two  ipeciiuenH.  both  ot  which  I 
•wmred.    The  next  lummor,  on   prcoiacly  Oxe  Mme 

rnnd  and  in  (ho  ume  tiuio.  I  took  nil  I  wontod  ot 
Btlonta,  only  two  ol  tlim  hiiiil'r*,  vhiU  I  did  not 
wo  ft  alngle  apodntea  of  P,  cHrilni.  I  ithotilil  be  glad 
If  ooDie  one  woald  explain  thin.  1  do  nut  imagine 
my  colleetiona  could  have  bom  eitemdvo  enough  to 
■erionaly  olTeot  the  abnndsnea  ot  any  ot  the  opedeii 
in  tho  hMalitr. 

I  might  alao  aajr.  that,  of  a  large  uiunher  of  apeci. 
m«aia  of  Argyunia  idalia  taken  in  tho  two  neoaona,  a 
very  greet  nw]orit]r  were  femalea;  end  ot  the  malca, 
not  one  waa  In  a  p«rfo«t  ooaditioo,  moat  of  thnm 
being  badly  lorn  and  much  faded.  'Iliia  would  eeem 
lo  Indicate  that  thej  ai)p«aiad  b«for«  the  female*. 

L.  N.  JonMnox. 
ETUHMm,  IIL.Jaa.ll. 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


» 


FRIDAY,  JAKUAfiY  14.  1987. 

ON  TUB  ENRICffMSXT  OF  THE  SOIL  BY 
THE  CULTIVATIOS  OF  •  ENRlCajA'G 
CHOfS.' 

It  in  an  ofa>«Tvalion  alninnt  lu  nlil  kh  ngrioul- 
tIRT,  —  frrtninlj*  much  older  than  the  carlimt  tit- 
entore  of  wiTicuItiiTp,  —  Iha'.opcliitiiciTipsiipprar 
to  locmse  th^  fertilllj  of  (lie  eoll  iipoii  which 
itM-y  ate  grown  ;  or,  u>  »UM  the  caw  more  acca- 
ntclj,  tbty  exert  ft  tevovable  influence  U|ion  ibo 
growth  o(  the  sucixedinK  cro)>.  Red  clov«r  is  the 
ijpkal  eauniih;  of  Much  *  crop :  and  tbe  usv  of 
tUa  plant  m  n  m(*iis  of  rnnorBllng  poor  or  ex- 
bUMUd  ioIIb  ia  c»«xieiieiTe  with  impruvEd  afcri- 
coltore.  Otlier  crops,  on  the  contrary,  have  an 
of)|M)rft«  effect,  sud  are  denomliuted  eslmitntiug, 
*a.  for  exBtiip)e,  ilie  cereals. 

But  nitjie  tbe  facu  jaat  recounted  are  wufti- 
fiiratfj  well  known,  tln-ir  oiuu-  or  miisn  arc  hy 
BO  mmiM  W>  well  ma'lp  oiil.  The  Hrat  nllenipta  At 
exptamtlon  nalurallj  aMumed  tliat  the  eibaunt- 
ing  crop*  took  niori'  from  tlie  soil  than  the  enrich- 
ing cropa,  or,  what  ntnounts  to  the  lami!  thing, 
that  the  latter  wrm  the  ruhIjuhi  of  oooveyinK  ma- 
terial* trofD  the  ntmoapJMTo  to  the  mP.  The  en- 
rlclilng  cropa  werp  also  supposed  to  fiiipn>ve  tbe 
■oJI  bf  fadlltallng  the  direct  a(K|ulsiilua  of  mute- 
rifti  bj  the  soil  from  the  air,  acwuiDplJHbiiit;  tbia  hjr 
alwdinclhe  aoii,  bj  tbe  mechaoical  action  of  their 
roou,  and  abc.  In  case  of  root-crop*,  tor  exam- 
ple, by  tbe  tillage  ncciiBary  for  their  cnlliration. 

Tliarr  and  bis  achool,  to  whom  we  owe  theoe 
ailempta  at  explanalioii.  considered  tlie  buniuauf 
the  aoil  to  he  tbe  real  food  of  the  jdaiits,  anil  t)ie 
tnineral  matten  to  be  uneaanitlal,  and  naturally 
fognd  Hipport  for  their  hyputlmi-ti  in  the  grrat 
lacreaM!  in  tlto  organic  matt4T  or  hiimuR  of  the 
•0(1  coBaequent  upon  tbe  growth  of  pucii  a  rrop  as 
clover,  for  oxamplo.  As  the  pro([Tei«  of  InTeetl- 
liatlon  braught  about  a  better  undentaoding  of 
tlie  taws  of  vegetable  Dntrition  and  tlie  aourcea  of 
planl-fixxl,  tbeee  views  as  to  the  action  of  enrich- 
ing orope  were  i^radualljr  modlUed :  hut  they  con- 
ttnneil,  and  Htill  continoe,  (o  follow  the  genpral 
fiaea  laid  down  by  Tbn^a*.  We  now  know  that 
the  plant  obtains  from  the  ttotl  itn  mineral  Ingtedl- 
enta  and  lie  nliroiten,  while  (he  bulb  of  Its  'or- 
innio'  matter  is  amimtlated  by  its  iMfea  It  la 
ftalnly  Itopoasitile  tluit  a  crop  shuul'l  enrich  the 
(oil  in  miDeral  matters.    All  uropH  eurich  the  noil 


in  Mlbon  to  some  extent,  since  their  roots  and 
■tabble  remain  in  Uie  aoil :  but  thi4  rarl>0B  ap- 
poara  to  be  of  no  direct  uae  to  th«  plant.  There 
rrnuiinii  only  the  nltrtigen,  and  th<t  moil<.-rn  theo- 
ries of  the  nciinn  nf  enriching  crops  are  hatHsl  <mi 
the  belief  that  ih»y  tooiehow  incrcMe  tbe  atoo*  of 
nitroineu  in  the  »oi\.  Iiuleed,  if  we  eubatltute  ai- 
trogen  for  huiuus  tn  Thaer*B  hypotbeees.  we  hav* 
Ywy  nearly  the  viewa  of  recent  authoiv. 

Before  proceeding;  todlwiuaa  llieee  vlewa.  Itoar- 
ever,  it  will  be  well  to  lD<|uire  whether  this  anp- 
ptBol  enrichment  Of  the  noil  b  a  fact.  Tlu*  lieiie- 
flta  of  a  judidoua  rotatiim  of  cropa  are  undoubted, 
but  they  are  aii»crptlble  of  a  rariety  of  explana- 
tious.  A  crap  Like  clover,  (or  example,  may  pro- 
mote tbe  growth  of  a  succeeding  grain-crop  In  a 
variety  of  ways,  having  no  relaiion  to  the  elock  of 
nitrogen  in  tbe  soil.  Only  caireflil  adentiflc  ex- 
perimenla  can  decide  whether  aucb  crop*  actually 
enrich  the  aoil  in  oitrog<m.  Unfortunately,  but 
few  experiments  upon  this  auhjecl  have  aa  y«t 
lieen  made,  and  some  of  thote  report^  aiv  of 
doubtful  value.  Coualderabte  Interest,  therefore. 
BtMchn  to  tlio  experimeota  niadu  by  Strtcker  in 
the  year  1888-64  at  GAttingvn,  an  account  of 
which  baa  recently  been  publiiJied,'  along  wltb  a 
very  complete  review  of  the  literature  of  the  sub- 
ject. 

Strecker  experimented  upon  plaota  and  aodls  ia 
pots,  lupdnea  lervlng  to  tepre*eot  the  legiunee.  and 
oatH  the  oereali.  But  one  of  the  TegetaUMi  «z- 
perimpnts  of  1683  luccoKled  :  via.,  one  wlib  1u- 
piiiM  in  anmanurvd  sand.  Fh>m  tbe  data  given, 
it  appeara  that  Um  soil  and  root*  rpmaining  in  (be 
pot  contained  only  about  40  per  cent  of  the  ni- 
irogen  originallypreeent  in  the  sand, or  Introduced 
in  the  aeed  or  in  tbe  rain  to  which  the  pots  were 
cxpocH^d.  On  the  other  hand,  the  amount  thus  re- 
mtived  from  the  aoil  waa  only  about  39  per  uent  of 
the  totnl  quantity  found  in  the  aerial  portions  of 
the  plants :  the  r«oiaiuiDg  SI  |>cr  cent,  therefore, 
moat  edther  have  been  acBlmilst««l  dir^^tly  fron 
the  atmopphere  or  been  atMor4)ed  from  it  by  tbe 
toil.  Six  pota  without  plants  wea«  alao  expoeed 
during  tlie  aummer;  aiid  those  showed,  wlihout 
exception,  a  onnaidoruMe  lo«  of  nitrogen,  which, 
nH  (here  wan  no  dminngc  from  the  |>otB,  moal 
hale  paesed  off  Into  the  air.  Two  o(  the  pota 
contamed  unmaourei)  »and  with  0.0019  per  cent 
of  nttrogen :  and  the  varlatJona  In  the»e  were  evi- 
dently witliin  the  limits  of  analytical  error  and  of 

>  Jvun./.  Iun<luv.xxxlv.  L 


:i8 


SCIENCE. 


[ro(_  IZ.,  Ng.  908 


no  Hignillconcv.  The  otlior  (our  pota  cooUtned 
the  Kami!  sanil  rounuivd  with  boiHMliuit,  and  tbwc 
Hhow«(l  Atiuiiiniiit«lubl()l«iMorn)troi;;«^.  This  Ions, 
of  counv.  wiw  from  thfi  mnnuiv  rnttwj  thnn  from 
tbn  soil,  ami  It  wwraa  probalile  that  it  whs  duo  to 
the  I088  of  nitro)c«n  in  the  free  Hiaie  diirliiK  deca^ 
which  has  be«n  shown  lo  oc«iir  li<r  ReUel,  Laire« 
and  Gilbert,  K&uiK  udJ  Kimoo,  DirtEcll,  M<>r<{FU, 
and  otbere,  including  the  wriu-r.  Al  ihi-  «uiiie 
time,  these  r»\ilt«  Hhow  ibiit  thin  los^  mn<r  take 
pluoe  under  the  ciromunLanc™  in  which  orgunic 
matter  ejiisis  in  the  iu»l  or  in  the  ndderl  manure. 
Slrechtrr  obwfved  that  tiio  l<ws  was  !«=»  when  llie 
aoU  was  elirred  od  tiie  surface  tlian  wlie<u  utidis- 
ttirbed,  and  greater  Id  the  mui  than  in  the  iliode. 
He  explaiiiD  the  tormi-r  fact  hy  tlie  bjpolheeiii 
that  the  looaencd  soil  ubnorbud  ummoni*  from  the 
air  nion.'  fn.'vl)'  ibiin  thv  coidimcI  one,  and  thus 
uuitl«  good  jmrt  of  ihp  li>«*  just  Doted. 

The  fXiiprlriientA  of  1884  were  oiade  partly  in 
glnut  pot«,  anil  jurll)'  in  sine  boxM.  Bolb  stood 
oader  cover,  (jrolected  frum  boili  rain  and  dew, 
SoiUC  W«ra  filled  with  luuid,  and  iwmp  with  gar- 
den-aoll,  As  befuro,  lupin«'«  and  onle  were  uaed 
as  expcrinumtnl  jilatiU,  and  pot*  wore  also  left 
wiiliuut  plonu  for  ihp  purpow  of  obeerving  Ibe 
loMof  nitrogen  noted  In  Ibe  prerioue  year>  ez- 
poritnenln. 

8trecker'B  princfpkl  coooluBons  from  hia  r«sulla 
were  as  follows :  — 

1.  A  naked  soil  oxhAin  darlns  Ibe  summer 
oonBiderivblo  qtumtitieB  of  nitrogen.  Tlie  loss  is 
gnalfr  from  (ximpart  than  froat  atirrpd  sail. 
The  resulu  of  the  exjieriuieiits  of  1684  upon  this 
point  wero  of  tb«  same  obanotvr  as  thoee  of  1688 ; 
tlint  i-,  Ibe  rMUlts  in  tbe  saod  atone  are  of  no 
elgniHcaoce.  wbile  those  in  the  mnnured  sand 
show  in  rnality  a  loss  of  nitrogen  by  the  Diatiure. 
Ill  Bddiiion  to  this,  liovevn,  one  of  the  [iota  with 
garden-soil  showed  an  unmistakable  low  of  ni- 
trogen. 

'i,  U  the  soil  ia  oooupied  by  oata  or  lupinM,  this 
\om  of  nitrogen  is  diminuthed.  Som*  Iom  «m 
sUU  ohoerved  in  mo»t  cams;  bat  when  luptnea 
were  grown  in  unmnniirpd  sand,  tlie  result*,  cal- 
outatrd  on  the  hanis  of  the  mlaiuiuiii  pereontoK* 
of  nitrogen  originallj  found  ia  the  mnd,  showed  a 
gnin  of  nitrogen  bjr  tbe  toil  and  roota.  An  un- 
miiitakatile  increase  of  tbe  nitrogen  of  soil  and 
plant  over  that  of  aoil  add  wed  was  noi«d  in 
•evetal  of  these  (rials  in  unmantired  sand. 

S.  In  all  cases  In  which  t)ie  soil  was  t-olerablr 
rich  in  nitrogen,  leas  uilrugen  wiui  found  In  it 
after  the  (trontli  of  a  crop  and  the  removal  of  the 
aerial  portions  lliau  wa«  prrsent  nt  tlie  heginning 
of  ttie  exptrrimvnt :  in  other  words,  there  waa  no 
corichment  of  tbe  aoU. 


4.  No  essenllal  dUTerenee  was  obaerv«d  between 
lupine*  and  oata.  Both  drew  their  auppljr  of  ni- 
trogen from  tbe  »oil,  and,  in  most  if  not  all  caMS, 
left  it  poorer  Ibaii  thi*j  found  it. 

It  will  be  seen  that  Strecker's  experiments  give 
little  DOUntenance  to  an;  lij-pntbesis  of  a  gain  of 
nitrogen  from  the  atmosphere.  In  this  reapect 
tliey  differ  from  the  reeulttt  reported  by  Atwater.' 

Tlie  latter  experiueiileil  upon  peas  grown  in 
sand  and  waterwl  with  a  solution  of  plant-food, 
and  (oun<I  in  nearly  every  case  inuob  more  ni- 
trogen in  noil  and  plant  than  was  eupi>lied  in  Be«d 
and  nuCritiTo  solution.  His  results,  however,  do 
not  bear  directly  npon  tbe  question  under  diicua- 
slon,  because  lie  removed  the  whole  plant,  in> 
eluding  tbe  roola,  from  the  soil,  and  determtuMl 
only  the  total  uitrogeu  in  roots  and  lops  and  tbe 
reaidual  nitrogen  of  tbe  woU.  It  would  seem, 
however,  that,  if  jilantu  can  gain  eu  large  a  pro- 
portion (Up  to  M  per  cent)  of  tbeir  nitrogen  from 
the  air  as  they  did  in  tliew  experiments,  they 
might  ver.v  well  enrich  the  soil  in  nilrogen  through 
their  roots  and  stubble.  Strecker's  ex|ierimentB 
are  i-el-y  interesting  ua  regards  the  relations  of 
soil  and  plant  to  the  nitrogen  supplies  of  the 
atmosphere,  liut  they  are  entirely  inodequate  io 
explain  the  functions  of  ■  enriching  crops'  in  agri- 
culture. Pot  experiments,  while  they  permit  any 
exchange  of  nitrogen  between  crop  aud  atmoe- 
phere  to  be  accurately  observed,  practically  as- 
Bume  tlmt  the  soil  ends  at  tbe  depth  of  ten  or 
twelve  inches,  und  take  no  account  of  tbe  subaoil 
as  a  source  of  nitrogen.  They  thus  ignore  a 
factor  of  gr^Bt  importance,  and  one  which  afTects 
the  <iuestion  in  two  disllncC  ways.  In  the  Hrat 
place,  large  amuunti  of  nitrates  may  escape  into 
tbe  subsoil  with  the  droinage-wnter.  I  have  dia- 
cussed  in  an  earlier  article  (.Sriemw,  Hi.  No.  48), 
the  results  of  experiaeUa  by  lAwes  and  Qilberi 
and  by  Deh^rain.  bearing  ou  this  subject,  and 
have  iihown  tbal  the  deep-rooting  legumiaoKe, 
which  have  a  long  growing-season,  have  an  im- 
portant function  in  arrenting  these  nitrate*,  and 
atoring  them  up  in  an  insoluble  form,  lo  be  aet 
free  again  gradually  for  the  use  of  a  succeeding 
crop.  According  to  lawea  and  Gilbert,  it  is  at 
least  probable  that  the  roots  of  clover  in  some 
way  serve  to  convey  the  nitric  ferment  into  tbe 
subsoil  (which  Is  naturally  nearly  de«litute  of  it), 
and  thus  indirectly  convert  th«  inRoluble  nitrogen 
compounds  there  pr«teni  iulo  nitrat4?s,  which  tbey 
then  proceed  to  asaimUale. 

In  the  second  place,  it  would  Bpi>ear  that  clover 
and  eimilar  decp-rooLing  plantn  may  hriuc  up 
nitrogen  from  the  subnoil  and  deposit  it  in  tbeir 
upper  roota  and  stubbte.     While  tbe  soil  aa  a 


JAtrvAmr  W,  1987.] 


SCIENCE. 


39 


wboto  tt  not  Riricli»d  bj  thii  procew,  the  aurfaoe 
■ail  i*.  mild  tlila  oor)c«ntntloD  uf  nitiogvn  in  a 
MUlIn  soil  area  may  prcaUj-  facilitate  Xhe  gnwlb 
of  ft  bucommIuu;  nliallour- rooting  nod  qoick-grow- 
ing  crop.  DtucIihIit  '  boa  nttempt^xl  to  ahow  that 
auch  nn  trnrichaicnt  of  the  aurTsoe  eoD  b  Itnpoa- 
dfai«L  He  arKUc*.  that,  slnoe  the  roots  develop 
chitflr  wbera  th«j  ttnd  food.  If  they  And  their 
sapplj  of  nltrofcen  chiedy  in  (he  aukaoll,  they  wUl 
develop  chiefly  tliere.  and  coiMvqafrally  will  not 
eortob  tbe  anTfoict  auiL  II  ia  nol  itUHcult  to 
■how,  bowiM-er,  t)iat  tbia  rcn/ioiiaiK  U  fallncioua. 
It  ia  no  more  difHcult  to  concave  that  nilrog«n 
abould  be  Irnnnfonwd  from  the  aubeoll  mota  to 
tbe  sarfao»«oll  root*.  It  tlie  taller  found  an 
abundant  supply  of  mineral  mattera  at  hand, 
than  it  la  to  cunceire  that  both  nitrugt-n  nnit 
■ah  iogrvdiunta  may  be  ImnircmKi  from  the 
roota  to  tfap  aerial  piirla  of  tho  plant,  prorid«d 
the  latter  Hnd  a  HufBcicnt  nipply  of  r-arbon  di- 
oxide. Let  ns  RUppoeo  the  siirfooe  «oll  to  he 
absolutely  destitute  of  nitrogen  (o  the  depth  of 
six  tnohea,  and  that  tlie  nitrogen  of  the  seed  la 
BuOctenl  to  supply  the  growth  of  a  root  down 
{bIo  tbe  nitrogen- bearing  layct«  below.  A  plant 
would  certainly  grow  un<l(-r  such  conditjtma ;  and, 
when  the  orop  was  harrtstrd,  ica  atubbto  and  what 
roots  it  had  fomuxl  in  the  upper  sUt  inches  of  tho 
soJI  would  contaiD  nitrogen,  end  the  surface  soU 
iroold  be  enrit-bed  to  just  this  est4!nt  at  the  ex- 
pmae  of  tbe  suLooil. 

It  nrould  appear,  then,  that  such  nn  <mrichiu<mt 
of  the  aurfnco  «oil  is  poaaible.  But  few  experi- 
BDeota  cslcufau««l  to  demonstrate  Its  actual  occur- 
rence hare  been  made.  Tbe  problem  ia  not  an 
May  aae.  It  ia  dilllcult  to  take  Baniplif^  of  a  soil 
whkh  aball  lie  truly  av«rai;«  Mmplon ;  and  the 
petcvDtagD  diffi^rences  are  so  small  that  they 
Biay  easily  be  hidden  by  an  error  in  sampling. 
Analyses  by  DebSraJn  and  by  Lawee  and  Gilbert, 
bowever,  appew  to  show  that  aucb  a  gain  does 
lake  place. 

Finally,  the  relatire  powvr  of  JifTrrrnt  plants 
to  awiinilatc  nitrogen  has  an  imjKirlant  U-aiing  on 
this  qusstkia.  Waffner  hat  nmderod  it  probftble 
that  legnminoas  plants  are  able  to  ateimllate 
freely  the  comparatively  insoluble  nltiogrn  of 
the  aoil.  while  Ibe  cereals  require  their  nitrogen 
in  an  cwdly  aoluble  farm.  If  this  in  true,  one  of 
the  funcltona  of  coriching  crops  may  be  assumed  to 
he  to  gntbor  tbe  nitrogeD  of  the  soil  which  is  un- 
araUabte  to  other  cropo.  concentrate  it  in  lis  roota 
and  stubble,  and  yield  It  up  again  by  decay  to  the 
following  crop. 

On  thr  whole,  it  does  not  seem  diflicult  to  ao- 
oount  for  tbe  effects  of  enriching  cropa  without 


supposing  that  they  draw  materinlly  from  tbe  ni- 
trogen of  the  air,  while  not  excluding  the  poaal- 
bility  of  their  so  doing.  Wht^ber  our  axrioulture 
is  flourisfalDg,  as  LAwes  and  GUliert  maintain,  at 
the  expense  of  the  accumulutnl  nitrogen  of  paat 
oeiituries.  or  whether  thcTP  arvprocn>eit  by  which 
fri-e  nitrogen  is  brought  into  oombinailon  a^lo  In 
quantitidH  eufflciont  to  balance  the  evolution  of 
froe  nitromn  which  we  know  to  be  continually 
going  on,  Is  as  yet  an  unsettled  qiieMioB. 

H.  P.  Armsbt, 


NATURAL  GAS. 

A  LBPTPRK  on  Ibe  subject  of  natuml  gas  was 
tleliveted  at  the  Ftanklin  institute  on  Satardity 
eTPoing.  Dec,  18  llmt,  by  Mr.  Charles  A.  Aab- 
burner,  gncitogint  In  f^hnrge  of  the  Stair  grological 
survey.  Thn  lecturer  ntsted  that  natural  gtts  was 
by  DO  means  a  recent  discovery.  Bren  its  utiUia- 
tion  for  the  purposes  of  the  mecliaiiic  arts  bad 
been  succeMfully  attempted  in  China,  where,  by 
pipes  of  bamboo,  it  )wd  bi-on  conveyed  from  nat- 
uiid  well*  to  suitable  furnaces,  where,  by  mesma 
of  term-oottA  bumeni,  it  was  consumed.  In  tbe 
confinee  of  Perein.  In  the  south  of  France,  and  in 
our  own  western  stales.  hLtrning-vprinsB  bad  long 
been  known.  When  Lafayette  vintcd  thin  coun- 
try in  1821,  the  inn  in  the  town  of  Fredouia.  N.  Y., 
was  illuminated  tn  his  honor  by  gas  procured 
from  a  nelghborijig  well.  It  is,  howi-ver,  only 
within  recent  ycais  that  natural  gas  has  nriwn  to 
any  importajx^-  in  it"  bearing  on  the  mechanic 
artK.  At  present  the  great  iron  and  glass  worhs 
of  Pittsburg  and  of  other  places  are  supplied  witli 
natural  gas  as  their  only  fuel,  and  niilliom  of 
cubic  feel  are  yearly  consumed  in  Pittsburg  and 
idmilarly  aitunted  eitiea. 

Of  the  origin  of  natural  gna  there  aeems  to  be 
no  ressonnble  doubt.  It  niinea  from  tho  decompo- 
sition of  forms  of  animal  or  vegetable  life  embed- 
ded in  the  rocks  in  suitable  situations.  The  gan 
in  not  l)elieted  to  he  generated  »M>ntinumi»ly,  bul 
merely  to  be  atored  in  porcnis  or  caremcnii  rock* 
orerlaid  by  impervioiia  atrnta.  When  these  col- 
lections are  t4ippe>),  the  gas  is  sot  free,  but  a  new 
supply  is  not  l^^lng  formed  (o  take  its  place.  The 
pcwition  at  which  the  gas  is  found  U  very  rari- 
able,  depending  upon  tbe  force  of  gravity  and 
upon  the  position  of  tbe  porous  layer  in  which  the 
gas  is  confined.  The  lecturer  entered  into  nn  ac- 
curate dmcription  of  the  localities  in  which  the 
gas  was  found,  and  gave  Ibe  mwons  why  It  was 
hopeless,  from  geological  grounds,  to  look  for  nat- 
aral  gaa  eoetof  the  Alleghetiles.  Tbe  region  In 
which  the  gas  is  found  is  practically  emtiraced  in 
thai  portion  of  PennByiiania  west  of  llie  Alle- 


M 


SCIENCE. 


ITOL,  EC..  Ko.  V» ' 


i;h«i7  HouQtalns,  and  PxtfDdInK  a  nr;  short  db- 
taDc«  Into  Olilo,  New  York,  and  West  Virginia, 
and  it  iH  Hhsu  stated  to  have  bem  found  tn  a  T«r]r 
limitt^  Client  in  UlinuiH  und  Kanxao. 

Tlui  matt  ituporltitit  is.'ijn')iiii<:  locality  i«  tbal  in 
tho  iiiimodiat«  ricinity  o(  PillAbiirt;.  which  nup- 
pliM  tliat  dtj  with  tho  diet  fnr  tli«  vast  iroD  and 
^an  works  and  for  numerous  prirat«  dwcUInf^. 
These  are  0  uatural  t^*  compan<««  Ln  that  olt). 
manaitinK  107  welU.  und  aupplying  the  gu* 
through  over  500  mitcH  of  pijio.  uf  which  S33 
milM  nrw  litiuttcd  in  the  cily  proper.  Tho  tolnl 
arm  of  pjpa  loadinK  into  ritl«hurK  in  )(■''<'[>  m 
1.846,609  aquBT*  inoli<i>.  and  tlio  total  cap^dty  of 
the  bflM  ia  mtlniat«d  at  0T»  :inU.nOO,IKX)  cubic 
feet  of  gaa  per  day.  The  largest  company  is  thi- 
Phitatlelphiu  tiatuiid  gaa  oompaur.  which  supplix-s 
over  400  miinuracUiriea  and  ovL-r  7.000  iln-i-llinK" 
with  the  futint  umounl  of  fud  i-onxuinod.  The 
componitjon  or  nntnml  gan  raripi  f^mtty,  both  in 
specinwnii  from  diffprpnt  n'rllii  and  in  Iho^e  from 
the  same  well  at  diiTervnl  ttme*.  In  general 
terina,  it  nin  be  deecrlbed  as  a  nilitura  of  hydro- 
gen, nitrogen,  and  marafa-gaa,  with  ocauionally 
higbuT  carbon  compounds.  It  bunia  with  a  nntrly 
oolorlca*  flame,  and  givca  oA  no  odor  or  d«ile(«- 
riou«  matur. 

In  speaking  of  the  uao  of  nntum)  gas  for  do- 
mestic purposes,  Mr.  Ashbumer  pointed  out  thr 
great  advantage*)  which  a  gnsfoUB  fuc-l  ho*  over  a 
•olid  one  like  coal,  and  •tuti.'d  his  bdinf  that  Ifae 
groatvKt  of  th(-  advaotAf^oii  of  thi-  disoovery  of 
natnml  gn*  wiw  that  ic  Imd  proven  the  great 
ecoDomy  and  prartical  ntitily  of  such  fuel.  A 
thounnd  cubic  (eet  of  gas  wn«  calculated  to  equal 
fat  healing  capacity  I>5  )>ounds  of  ooaJ.  Ho  ntntvd 
that  the  uae  of  natural  gas  for  domeotlc  purposes 
irould  not  have  bovn  pamihle  without  the  inven- 
tiona  of  Hr.  WcotinghousL'  of  Pittabiirg,  two  of 
whom  invvntions  tho  U^^tuivr  illustrated.  One  of 
theee  Inventions  was  intended  to  piei'ent  leakage 
Ima  gas-pil[>es,  and  to  locale  leaks  aocoiately 
vrheo  they  occurrvd.  Tlie  leaking  gas  ii  conveyed 
to  the  oenmt  lanip-poat  and  there  <^nsuuu'd. 
Anothpr  invpntinn  wan  n  nttnt  inKcnioiis  priwiure 
rrsiilator,  which  not  only  rcfciilates  (h«  prumurv 
at  which  Che  gas  Is  supplied  (o  the  llu^:lr^rs.  re- 
gardless of  the  preteure  in  the  malDi,  hut,  in  the 
event  of  tht-  prueaurt'  in  the  mains  dropping  to 
xero.  aul<Munli<'alIy  HbuUi  olf  all  gas  from  the 
house :  nor  is  it  i)Os«lbl«  to  turn  the  gas  ou  again, 
without  violence  to  the  regulator,  tuiil  evi>ry 
source  of  escape  of  gas  larger  Uian  a  |iin-holo  leak 
has  ftrst  been  conwcted.  A  model  of  the  regula- 
tor waa  exhibited.  The  lectnra  was  illustrated  by 
dmwingw  and  map*  and  by  a  small  working  uiodel 
of  a  well-boring  Apparatus. 


In  answer  to  UuinlriM,  the  tocturer  elated  that 
the  source  of  natural  gae  waa  c^tainly  capable  ol 
exhatistlon,  but  that  he  did  not  think  there  was 
any  imniiniMit  daiifRr  of  audi  a  calamity.  The 
noorct'!!  t>r  HUpply  woitld  certainly  last  many 
yiran:  and  hr.  belinvi^,  thiil,  before  they  would 
givfi  nut.  u  method  of  producinf;  aii  aiiifloial  gM 
would  Iw  invented  which  would  perfectly  sup- 
plant the  present  natural  gas.  The  cost  of  natural 
inta  could  not  bo  compared  with  our  coal-gas,  for 
the  ruaiion  that  the  natural  gas  was  not  sold  by 
meter.  The  eonsumer  makes  a  yearly  contract 
with  Ibn  company  to  supply  him  with  light  or 
fuel,  or  both,  at  certain  rnles.  A  house  contaio- 
iHK  twelve  rooms  costs,  to  heal  and  light,  from 
170  to  900  a  y«ar.  Tho  use  of  tho  kss  i*  most 
snliiifactory  :  for,  by  means  of  an  atitoriialtc  re^u- 
lator,  every  room  of  a  houBe  may  be  kept  at  a 
(eniperalure  not  varying  two  degrees,  regardless 
of  the  coiiilitiun  of  the  outajde  temperature  or  the 
prcwurc  ou  the  nmina.  Defecti  iind  troubl™  were 
met  with  from  lack  of  undet^liinding  how  to 
profwrly  rcgulnte  the  supply  or  the  combustion. 

In  reply  to  the  f|UPBl.ion  as  to  whether  ha 
thought  it  wise  for  the  city  of  Philadelplila  to 
Ieft»e  the  gas-works  for  a  term  of  years,  Mr.  Ash- 
buruer  replied,  tliat,  an  a  buHineiis-mtin,  he  wotild 
say  that  uoy  Bobeioe  for  supplying  tho  ordinary 
form  of  c<Hil-Rits  was,  at  tho  present  time,  ex- 
tremely uncertain  as  a  business  venture.  He 
believed  that  a  very  short  time  would  demon- 
etraLe  that  there  waa  a  uicthod  ut  generating  a 
fuel  gas  which  would  totally  supplant  all  present 
mode*  of  heating,  ami  that  electricity  had  already 
solved  tlie  prolileai  i>(  illuminnlion.  We  were  in 
a  transition  et.nge  with  regnrd  to  both  heating  end 
light,  and  for  these  reasons,  and  from  thii  stand- 
point, he  would  regard  any  movement  a»  un- 
desirable at  this  lime. 


PURITY  OF  ICB. 


Tax  stale  bnnrd  of  bcnlth  of  New  York  luw 
recently  published  n  report  on  the  purSty  of  icr 
from  OnondAKO  I^kc.  the  Erie  canal  at  Syracuse,       ' 
and  Cazenovia  Lnke.  I)eliig  the  !oe-aui)ply  of  Syra- 
CUBV.     Tlur  local  board  of  health  n-giuJcd  that  cut 
from   OnundtiKn   Lake    us   beins   ddrloienlal   to 
health.     Into  this  Uko  discharges  the  creek  of  the 
same  name  ;  and  Into  the  creek  is  diacbarged  the 
sewage  of  the  city  ot  Syracuse,  which  amounts 
to  live  millions  of  gallons  daily.     At  the  time  the     ^ 
inapoclion  <it  this  lake  was  made,  there  was  a     H 
margin  of  froni  one  to  four  feet  wide  of  black, 
putrefying  organic  mat(«r  along  the  shores.    The 
analyses  of  tbe  loe  from  this  lake  showed  that  it 
contained  pmbably  from  ten  to  twelve  per  cent 


J*3>C*XT  U.    I(W7.] 


ISCIENCJS. 


41 


at  Ui«  wwRgit  impurilim  dimolred  in  tbo  ■niii4> 
qnaatilj-  ot  unlroxcD  waUr  of  tlie  lakq.  TTiifi  Ic4 
■Jro  «howrd  Ui«  presenile  of  bacUria  In  grest 
BbuBdaarv,  retarded  fiomewbat  in  tlielr  groivth 
bj  the  ioe.  but  uot  deeiru.wil  by  it.  It  i«  pefbupti 
pwtlww  to  (Bj  tliml  ltii«  io«  w«H  |>r<>iiuuncinl  to- 
tall;  unfit  tot  anjr  pitrpp»rs  whero  it  in  linhlo  \o 
come  in  nmMtct  with  (oiwl  or  drink.  The  i<w 
bofn  tlw>  Erio  canal  waa  aino  L-undi-mued.  wldte 
Iboi*  waa  no<  auIBdent  vvMedco  tu  nartniil  a 
caodemnatioo  of  tltat  from  Cuwnovia  Liikn.  TIio 
ivpott,  ToluablA  for  what  has  almdy  been  mvn- 
tloned,  U  Nltll  niQiie  «o  by  r«aaon  of  tbe  numeroua 
te<«roDC(s  to  inotancea  In  which  Impure  \ee  bu 
bean  tbo  cause  of  dyMni^-y  and  iHber  diMiaaM. 
Tb*  cartieat  of  tii<«e  waa  that  at  Rye  Boocb, 
N.H.,  repon«d  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Nicliol*  of  Dotton 
In  18TS.  in  wliich  Ibcro  broke  out  among  (he 
gue«ia  ot  a  torgn  boU-l  at  tliat  place  an  epidemic 
of  gaatroHtnUTitif,  caused  by  impurw  iw  fn>m  a 
Allby  pond.  Another  inataaoe  of  •ickDrm  cnusod 
by  imptire  tee,  referred  to  iti  the  rrpgri,  is  that  of 
an  epidenilo  ot  dywnU-ry  wbicli  occurred  in  I8T9 
al  Waaliingtoo,  Conn.,  inre^tixaled  I.)-  Dr,  Hruwu 
of  that  plac«  and  by  Dr.  Raymond  uf  iiruuklyn. 
Tbe  hw  had  tN>en  K>lbered  trom  a  pond  nliioh 
bad  \Ktitt  UB«1  as  a  wallowins-ground  by  tliv  pigs. 
OUwr  Jnstancee  are  iiuoImI  of  ilio  injurious  effects 
of  impure  ice  u]>on  (he  piiMic  beaJth,  and  sulB- 
citnt  evidence  (tiven  to  show,  that,  in  ibc  process 
of  frorxing,  water  do«  not  purify  itwlf.  The  re- 
port, taken  ae  a  whole,  is  a  very  valuable  coutrl- 
balioD  to  this  Bubjn.'t,  and  a  oomplele  retuljtiiun 
or  ibe  old  i'ks  tlwt  ali  ico  must  of  necessity  bo 
p«ue. 


COLOR-BLUiOyESS  AMONG  RAILWAY 
EMPWYEKS. 

B.  Jot  JunuEM,  nt  the  last  meeting  of  the 
American  uphiliaJmoloKical  society,  callKl  atten- 
tion U>  ihc  lotdl  failure  on  the  part  of  thn  Maaaa- 
cbnwltii  autlioritim  to  enforce  tho  law  jiassed  in 
that  state  tn  1881,  by  which  railroBui  companies 
are  prohibited  from  employing  patvona  wlio  are 
oolor-blind,  or  whose  sigbt  is  dnfectire,  in  poei- 
Uons  requiring  tbem  to  diHlinRuiHli  funn  or  color 
lignala.  untMH  audi  |ienoaj>  have  lieen  ocrlitled 
by  iome  competent  |ier«on  eniployMl  and  paid 
Imp  ibe  company  as  not  dlsquatilied  for  siicb  posi- 
Uona  by  ootar-Mindneas  or  other  dcf<<c[lvi.-  nighi. 
A  penalty  of  a  hundred  dollani  iii  afllied  tor  carli 
Tiolalion  ul  the  act.  In  n^ren-nce  to  ilie  trnforce- 
UMnt  of  Ibc  law.  I>r.  JcSrirs  says  that  "It  is 
pTMlioally  aa  dead  a  letter  as  Uw  liquor  law«." 
NwDcroiu  oaaes  ar«  cited  nhicli  have  come  under 
Ibe  care  of  the  sponlcer  in  which  the  law  has  benn 


KToialy  violated.  In  one  rose  a  braksmnn  who 
had  been  on  a  road  Uiree  yean  bad  been  ueted  m 
to  hte  vision  by  lbs  Uabi-deapatcher,  wim  had 
asked  blm  bow  many  knobs  there  were  on  an  ad- 
jacent l«legnpb-|iol>B,  t«Uins  bim  his  rision  wna 
aa  good  as  any  ono  on  the  road.  Aiwtlwr  inataaoe 
of  the  manner  iu  which  tbe  law  in  viobtted  wna 
thai  of  A  Kiilenion  wIm>  n]>pllcd  to  Dr.  Jntfrin  for 
a  oertlHcate  for  bllndnesa  contracted  In  the  army, 
in  order  that  be  mljcht  obtain  a  peoskio  trom  the 
Kovemment.  .  Al[)ioui(h  tbia  man  was  so  blind 
trom  atrophy  uf  the  optio  nerre  thai  be  groped 
bia  way  into  the  doctor's  office,  yo4  he  woe  on 
duty  n*  a  galoiuaa  at  an  important  rollroad-CTMe* 
inK,  ha*Jn(RCortinc3l«  from  tlieexamiuorof  the 
railroad  company  '>  thai  lie  is  not  disqnaUAed  by 
detective  sight.''  The  man  himaelf  acknowledged 
tbat  be  was  completely  blind  in  tbe  sun,  and 
could  not  oei-  jieopie  at  hiH  croeaing.  A  nuuilier 
uf  inHlunc<!aan'Kii»n  wlMrrn  eae<i>**n  and  con- 
ductors wrrp  emjitoyed  by  railroad  oompanlea, 
altlionifh  they  wereoompletelyocdor-blind.  Son>e- 
tblng  ol  tbe  «ame  negligence  aeema  to  exi«l  in  tlie 
hcinistug  uf  pilulB.  One  pilut  who  cnuld  nut 
rvcugnirj'  a  oxlun-d  sidi;-light  bold  in  thn  sun  nix 
feet  bi-fore  his  face  waa  eznmined  by  a  marine 
hospital  BiiiKcon,  and  reported  as  partiaity  color- 
blind. TItis  enabled  him  to  be  furiber  examined 
by  tbe  local  iiiapeclurs,  who  paiaasl  him  by  their 
%t»U,  and  tlu!  man  boa  a  full  lioeD«\  In  com- 
menting on  tliiscww.  Dr.  Jeffries  wellask*,  ■■  How 
many  more  are  there}"  The  matter  is  one  of 
such  gru>e  imjiurtaiioe,  involving  as  It  doM  the 
lite  and  limb  u(  L'very  tiuveller  by  land  and  sen, 
that  the  Ppbtbn]m(>li>giatl  soviiity  could  be  of  no 
gronlrr  bcnitdt  to  tlwir  fellow-beinitB  than  In 
cftlUnK  the  attention  of  the  aulbcritiee  to  thew 
KToss  violations  uf  tbe  statute,  and  protesting 
agtiiniit  their  continuance. 


COiHtlSSIONER  UADLETa  SECONO  AN- 
NUAL REPORT. 

PnoFiHHOR  RiCHMUKD  U.  SUTTii.  writing  In  tbo 
PxAitital  neimct  quaritriyA  few  mnntlM  bro.  said, 
In  his  article  exnminInK  tlie  rarions  sUte  tabor 
bureaus  and  their  metliodH.  that  "  the  bnofaiMs  of 
collecting  atatistica  Bucceaatolly  fat  one  wbiob  re- 
quirea  a  great  deal  of  espedenoe,  besidea  knowl- 
edge Olid  atlminiHtrntivu  ability,  on  the  part  of 
Ibp  rbii'f."  and  for  the  lack  of  tliBt  experience  he 
found  ilip  ivpnTts  of  most  of  tbe  chiefs  detectlre 
bolli  in  nieiliod  and  in  results.  When  Profeswr 
HadJe.i  of  Yale  college  was  appointed,  two  yeors 
a4^,  vbiet  of  tbe  Connecticut  bureau  of  labor 
Btatiatice,  it  was  forwcra  that  stalbtics  colloctod 
by  one  of  hlA  ability  and  experience  in  hnndllng 


8CIE3HCE. 


[Vol..  IX.,  NO.  9M 


eooDOtnic  qneationa  would  bn  ot  untuuul  lalue. 
The  report,  wliich  haa  jimt  bo^m  Inid  bc/nrt!  the 
Connwrticut  kfEisUltiTe,  amplj-  justifies  Ibe  ex- 
{MOUtionii  oDteTtaiiKd  coDc«-niDg  lU  Guided  both 
)qr  the  Judgment  of  tlie  ohlef  and  m  «pec-ial  resolu- 
tioa  of  the  g«ii«nl  aaieinbly,  the  invMtlirotions 
uadertakea  bj-  tlxt  bureau  durins  the  paet  fear 
were  n.iilriot<<d  to  n  fi:w  tnpJo,  and  Ibea  made  an 
tfaoraugh  and  searching  a«  pondble. 

Tli«  specific  qnestions  uoder  conaideistion  wt«e 
weekly  p«viuent  and  child-labor ;  and  Profemor 
H«Uejt'B  lepuTt  (lonct-niiDK  theiu  muy  h«  divided 
Into  UiTM  pttrta.  The  first  ia  a  ban-  Bumoiary  of 
rMoIta,  poMibly  iatended  for  such  legislators  as 
lack  rither  the  Ume  or  Ibe  inclination  to  slady 
the  tables  of  statiatica  for  theouielt'es.  Tlie  second 
part  la  niad«  up  of  two  essays,  —  on  labor  leg:is- 
laUon  and  it*  nnforo«mi-nt.  and  on  the  credit 
^7Bt«in.  The  ihlrd  part  conslxtii  of  the  Ublu  of 
atati(ti<9,  with  a  brief  explanation  of  them. 

In  takluK  up  Ihe  subject  of  weekly  paymrat, 
Profmmr  Uadlt^y  llrst  determined  the  tacU  M  they 
are.  He  found,  tlmt.  of  the  futWry  opemttres  in 
Connecticut,  a  little  less  than  two-fifllis  luv  paid 
weekly,  a  Ulllc  more  tbnn  twi>liftlis  monthly,  and 
about  onc-Hfth  fortnightly.  Aside  from  HnlnrJed 
persons,  it  is  Found  that  suciielhiog  more  than  three- 
ae<'enth8  of  the  huiiits  art-  paid  by  the  piece,  the 
remainder  by  the  day.  The  percentage  of  Ihaw 
paid  hy  piero-work  is  much  grcntKr  among  th<< 
female  than  among  the  male  operatlvea.  No  con- 
naction  is  found  to  exist  between  payment  by  the 
piece  and  weekly  payments.  Tlie  concerns  that 
liare  not  odciiled  a  system  of  weekly  payments 
offer  varioua  explanaltons  ot  i\mi  action.  8ome 
make  no  chnng«  from  their  cuKtom  of  monthly 
F«7mn>ts  becainie  they  finil  no  demand  for  any 
Cbuige;  othen  brlieie  weekly  payments  to  be 
Impraoticabte ;  ntitl  others  believe  weekly  giay- 
OMOtS  to  be  a  had  thing  fur  the  operatires  tbem- 
selve*. 

Of  the  70,000  hands  ■[lecified  in  the  report, 
30.000  nrc  women,  and  nboiit  IJ.OOO  arc  children. 
The  number  of  children  really  employed,  Praffwior 
Uadley  believes  to  be  greater  than  shown  by  the 
fifures.  With  thv  children,  monthly  payment  is 
moat  frexineni.  It  is  an  interesting  fact,  too,  that 
the  larger  the  factory,  the  greater  is  the  perrent- 
age  of  women  employed.  The  number  of  dilldreo 
reported,  on  the  other  hand,  is  Ki'ealest  in  mills 
eoaplojing  between  one  hundred  and  two  hundred 
iMUids.  The  employment  of  womeoi  reaches  the 
laifeat  proportions  in  the  Btanutacturo  o(  wcar- 
tBg-«pparel ;  that  of  children.  In  textile  industry, 
wbora  the  i>ercentage  averages  about  nine.  The 
cblldren  ore  principally  occupied  in  tending 
machinery,     The  n>lum«  as  to  the  w«goe  of  tbeae 


children  abow  a  scale  of  wages  roiuilns  from 
about  a  dollar  a  day  (paid  to  liaods  over  eighteen 
years  of  age}  to  thirty-live  cents  a  day  (paid  to  the 
youngest  hands). 

Of  0.1,627  hands,  ab«it  flvo  per  cent  are  em- 
ployed &4  hours  or  less  per  woek,  twenty -two  pet 
cent  from  M  to  50  hours,  over  fifty -nix  p«  cent 
from  S0{  to  00  hour^,  while  sixteen  per  cent  have 
an  average  working-day  of  more  than  10  hours. 
The  longer  hours  prevail  geiienklly  ii)  the  leztilo 
Industries,  though  barbers  reported  the  longest 
hours  of  all,  —  91  hours  weekly.  The  clmr- 
makers,  the  only  trade  in  which  the  eiglit-bour 
gysteni  was  carried  into  etioci,  show  a  dedd«d 
reduction  in  this  revpect.  In  cimcliiding  this 
portion  o(  his  report.  Frofeseor  Hadley  says  :  — 

"We  thus  rwich  the  conclusion  that  monthly 
payments,  long  houra.  and  child-labor  gu  hand  In 
hand.  This  fact  Is  in  one  ncnae  precisely  what 
might  have  been  ex|>ected  ;  yet  the  results  are  eo 
notirenhle  that  they  will  bear  repeating.  First, 
practically  none  of  the  weekly  psyinent  mil!» 
liave  a  normnl  working-duy  of  oi-er  ten  hours. 
Second,  leaving  out  cases  of  fortnightly  or  mixed 
payment,  u  minority  nf  men,  a  majority  of  women, 
and  a  two-thirds  majority  of  children.  ar«  paid 
monthly.  Third,  lees  than  one-eighth  of  the 
men.  hut  more  than  ont^-llfth  of  the  women,  and 
more  than  one-third  nf  the  children,  are  employed 
regularly  over  ten  hours  a  day.  Fourth,  the  coun- 
ties and  induatrie«  which  show  the  Inrgeti  propor- 
tion ot  weekly  payment,  show  the  suuttlesl  pro- 
portions of  women  and  children  employed)  and 
viee  i*rsn." 

Now,  theiM  three  things,  —  child-labor,  long 
hours,  monthly  payments.  —  when  found  i^o-ex- 
isting,  indicate  ■  lOctety  on  a  low  iniluitrlul  level. 
Any  one  of  iham  may  be,  in  exceptional  cilsch, 
necessary ;  but  the  three  in  conjunction  indicate 
an  evil  which  tlic  state  is  Jusiitled  in  attempting 
to  remedy  by  leKl»1nticin.  The  diHcusHiou  which 
follows  aa  to  the  practical  difficulties  of  luborlegis* 
Intion  and  the  proper  altitudes  of  labor  organiiia- 
tions  toward  the  law,  is  in  every  way  commiTid- 
sble,  and  we  n-gri-t  that  lack  of  space  forbids  our 
reproducing  the  mopt  important  portions  of  It. 
One  or  two  exiraots  must  suffice. 

"  To  make  a  law  worth  any  thing  nt  all.  some- 
body must  be  willing  to  incnr  the  hardship  and 
odium,  and.  if  need  be.  actual  danger,  in  order 
that  its  protiiions  niny  t>e  carried  out.  If  a  body 
itt  workmen  demand  legislation,  and  tlien,  either 
through  apathy  or  tintidity,  are  not  prepared  to 
support  the  ofBcor  of  the  Inw  in  its  execution, 
they  are  simply  encouraging  sham  legislation. 
It  is  perfectly  easy  for  a  legislator  to  vote  for  A 
law  which  nnll  satisfy  the  demands  of  extnaiota 


Jaxvaxt  14.  1687.1 


SCIENCE. 


43 


I 


I 


■nd  notaooomplivh  Ita  object*.  The  awracxUcme 
iIm  chsracter  of  Uie  nteaaurv,  thr  mm-  it  Ja  oT 
noo-nif oroement. " 

-■  It  organin-Hl  labor  tabm  &  bii  legal  chance 
for  proMtculing  tln'  ^I'mm^M  of  individunU,  it 
■iiiiply  g-icca  tluHw  iimIi  vidua  In  •  fair  chanoo  Ih> 
fan  tb*  lair  ;  if  orKanlz^*!  Ul>or  doM  not  prnw- 
cute  nich  grterances,  It  ^Ives  tlie  etiiploj«r»  an 
immunity  froiii  liiterrerence  at  prewnl,  but  at  (he 
risk  of  altnoot  revolutionary  conseqnrnces  in  (he 
fatur«. 

"There  \»  ncitliinK  to  pri9veiit  tli«  knigbta  of 
lalior,  or  a  trad i«-un ion.  from  twing  incorpomtcd 
WMkr  tlw  law  of  the  »tat«  of  ConDL-cticut  at 
pnaent.  Though  Dot  (^oenUly  undrrRtond,  titia 
b  a  ract." 

■■Sucb  kgislaiiuu  may  help  in  raising  the 
Mttndartl  of  the  com m unity.  But  let  it  be  cl«arty 
uadentDod  that  it  is  a  rough  proona,  and  not  n 
•mootb  vav :  that  it  fr^urntly  Ixarn  hordeEt 
irher«  wf  should  nish  to  M4  it  bear  l^nsl ;  and 
thai  It  18  bDp«lne  to  atUmpt  to  enforcei  it.  until 
those  nhooi  tt  Is  dealitned  to  benefll — or,  at 
ItMt,  B  large  put  of  thfui  ~  have  rin-n  high 
enouitb  to  r«flp  thv  bt-aeflt,  and  are  suflicicntly 
oooTtaMwd  of  Iboee  benefits  to  use  their  own  p«r- 
•anal  «ffor1«  for  its  enforcement." 

Tte  last  portion  of  the  report  vhlch  we  can 
mention  i*  tiMt  whtcb  <l«*la  wllh  the  credit  aya- 
(«ni.  ProfcmoT  Hadley  diacuaaea  in  ord«r  (he 
pnctlcabllity  and  the  dcairobility  of  wf<ehly  pay- 
neola  and  the  b«at  mmna  of  eecnrinic  lh«'ir  en- 
foToeineul.  To  moat  of  his  argument  we  giro 
Mir  hearty  anient,  though  we  thinh  e*en  moro 
weigbt  tihould  be  given  to  the  objecUonn  to  wrek- 
ly  payment*  fldvancvd  by  certain  maniifartuiert, 
who  aubmlt.  Ihnt,  from  the  very  chnracter  of  iheir 
work.  \iB  product  cannot  he  properly  oitltuiated 
and  paid  for  e»e*y  week.  We  are  glad.  loo.  lo 
ace  tliat  Ptofeasor  Ha<lley  a|>preclatea  the  fact 
that  for  the  beat  employem  weekly  jMLymeota 
wouM  be  uaelew,  and  for  the  worst  they  would 
b*  worse  than  aanltaii.  The  average  workman  is 
the  ona  to  bn  bencflted  by  them.  Th<t  report 
toniniariw*  thia  di«nn>ion  thua :  — 

"  t".  Tbe  »yeteio  ot  c«A  payment  la  a  real  ad- 
Tnatage  to  tite  woriman.  S".  The  difftculiiva  of 
w«okly  payment  are  not  so  gireal  as  is  commonly 
■nppoaed.  3^.  But  there  nevertheleaa  rrmain  n 
mflloipnt  number  of  cattea  to  which  a  wr<rkly 
pa^dMOt  law  could  not  wrll  bo  applied,  to 
ooiMitBte  n  acnoua  maoo  aKn>n«t  making  the 
■yatein  cofopubory.  4".  The  same  general  result 
oould  be  reached  more  surely  fi\>i]i  another  direc- 
tion, hy  aboUobing  the  factorizing  prooees.  Thin 
iR>ald  necMuitJitv  a  syntem  of  cash  paymenta  as  « 
rale,  and   the  exceptions  to  it  would    regalate 


themaelvea  in  «uah  a  manner  aa  to  inrolre  laai 
dlfltcalty.  9**.  We  therefore  reoommend  that  (ba 
teglalature  pMs  a  law  exempting  the  wagra  of  all 
meohanloa,  JoumejnM>n,  or  laborers,  frooi  attach- 
ment for  debt:  with  Kicb  additional  legislation  aa 
may  be  neceaMry  to  prevent  Ita  effecta  from  being 
evniled  hy  the  ay«teaiUk)  aarignineotol  wagoi  on 
UKurioUB  tcrma." 

With  reports  anob  aa  Ihia  of  ComniiaMO«iet 
Radlcy,  and  tboae  of  Carroll  D.  Wright  of  the 
national  aud  MaawchtwWta  bni«a(n,  betoreoa,  we 
can  coasoientloualy  oomownd  tbe  sagacity  of  Dr. 
Engcl,  one  of  the  most  eminent  slaliaticiane  in 
Uennnny,  and  lalc  chief  of  the  Royal  atalurtical 
bureau  of  Pruaua.  when  he  said  that  his  ambition 
would  be  satisfied  if  be  could  accMoplish  in  Ger- 
many the  same  work  that  wan  being  done  by  some 
of  the  American  ataliatlcal  bureaua. 


SEDGWICK  AND   IVILSOXS  BIOLOOY. 

Thk  old  and  thormighly  vidous  noiioB  tint 
■■  t1>e  power  of  repealing  a  c-lanUteattoo  of  ani- 
mal* with  appropriate  dednitions  has  any  thing  to 
do  with  gnnuine  knowledge,"  is  slowly  disappear- 
ing b(ron>  the  advance  of  a  rational  method  of 
teaching  biology ;  namely,  that  of  bringing  the 
student  face  to  face  with  the  ohjecia  of  lit*  ntudy. 
Much  of  this  reform  la  due  to  Hualey  and  Uartin's 
'  Elementary  biology,'  which  appeared  aome  ten 
yeani  ago.  In  tbe  book  before  us  two  of  Profea- 
sor  Martln'H  former  pupilH  undertake  to  elaborate 
and  Improve  his  phin  of  instruction,  intending  it 
lo  eerve  aa  a  (actor  in  general  education  or  as 
'■a  httSiB  tor  future  mudles  in  general  biology, 
botany,  xoOlogy,  or  medicino." 

Altera  general  introduction,  and  cbaptem  on 
tbe  coDipoaition  of  living  organlsma,  on  proto- 
plasm (which  contains  several  pages  on  organic 
chemistry),  and  on  the  cell,  tbeo  follow  the  long 
and  very  careful  occountaof  the  hracken-fem  and 
earth-worm,  the  typical  cxamplea  selected  of 
vegetable  and  animal  life-  The  anatomical,  phyai- 
otogical,  Rj)d  embryological  aspects  of  the  aub- 
Ject  are  (for  on  elementary  work)  treated  with  un- 
usual fuloees  of  detail  The  autbora  have  done 
wisely  in  DOl  following  Huxley  and  Unrtin's  onler 
of  tn-alment,  which  begins  with  the  unkellufaiT 
orgnniNnis.  Tha  is  the  logical  order,  but  it  ia 
bewt  with  jimcticnl  difficulties.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  most  teachers  will  agree  that  beginncni  lake 
most  iuterest  in,  aud  succeed  beet  wilb,  forms 
which  they  are  accustomed  to  *ee  around  tbem. 
The  structure  and  funcUoni  of  microacopic  forma 
arc  really  much  more  difficult  for  the  beginner  to 

Onurtt  iMofv.  By  WnAUM  T.  BaoKWio  ud  Xnvoip 
B.  Wiuoa.  fan  L :  lolraaucMfy,  Vtw  YotK.  BtU,  ISM.  ■• 


44 


BCISNCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No.  9W 


ffnwp  tfann  tliotw  of  Ihr  higher  nnimaU  nnd  planU. 
On  tlie  other  hand.  If  too  difTerentlaicil  iTpcs  be 
sweated,  tlw  maw  ol  detail  become*  Bomewliat 
AliibanMBln^.  One  nuiy  doubt,  howerer.  wliether 
the  earth-worm  is  tfiu  beat  at-lwiiou  tlinl  might  be 
made,  on  iiocittinl  at  il*  unuill  tAtx<  ntid  tln!  rather 
akilful  diwwirtiiij;  it  rvquln*.  To  thonn  n-ho  do 
not  accept  tb«  anoelld  orlgla  of  Ihe  vertebrates, 
tts  supposed  central  jvositlOD  and  clear  relation  lo 
tiM  animala  abore  it  are  not  m>  upparvol. 

&  Dovfl  and  DMNt  raluaUi;  U-alntK  of  Ihii  hoiik 
U  (hr  nttc^tiuti  d«ivnted  to  phjvinl<>Ky  und  nmliTT- 
ology.  Tliiit  molhod  of  trealmetit  o-ni  no  doiil>t 
provei  mOBt  attmdive  and  ntiniulalinK  to  Uie 
student,  as  well  aa  ^Ive  him  a  inueb  more  Juat 
and  adequate  conoeption  of  Uic  subject  [ban  is 
pusiibte  from   aiWIODiioal  inirtbixis  nloac. 

A*  a  wholr,  the  work  i*  nxccIlentlT  dimi.',  nnd  th» 
point*  to  which  one  mnj-  wish  to  tnlii>  exoeption 
are  of  minor  importance.  Ttieve  is  lioC  ijuit« 
enough  dl'-tinctton  between  fact  and  infvrtmce. 
Far  ioatajice:  while  few  oalurallwia  reject  the 
tlMory  of  evolution,  it  *eenu  hnrdlj'  in  pliicti  in  nn 
elemODtarf  trxl-bonk.  Huxley^i  rxampk,  in  re- 
elect to  maltcrs  of  theory,  is  a  Kood  one.  Then, 
too,  the  amount  of  physics  and  cheinlslry  la  bouic- 
what  unoecemary  :  If  the  student  knows  the  ■•le- 
meuts  of  tlinc  vcirnceti,  it  is  >u|)c-rflHt)uit ;  if  not, 
it  IK  inHuffietent.  Bui  thf«e  ilixht  crltic-i«ms  Dot- 
wJdifilandinK,  we  can  eincerel>  coii^Tatulate  ibi' 
authors  upon  their  work,  and  cordinllj  commend 
it  as  a  vtTv  1  iiitinblcr  aid  to  ti'scheni. 

Thi-  publisher's  slinre  of  the  book  is  eic«)lent  as 
tn  print  nnd  iuijnt,  lint  the  exociitlon  of  the  Itlua- 
Irntionii  JK  iu>t  all  that  ootild  be  wished.  VnSoi- 
tunately  tht*  is  a  cutuplainl  tluit  must  very  fre- 
quently be  mude  of  American  iclf  ntiflo  book*. 


ABBOTT'S  VPLAND  AXO  MEADOW. 

Thk  antJuir  ot  ■  Upland  and  meadow,'  Dr.  C.  C 
Abbott,  Irlln  us  the  KccTPt  of  his  succewon  the  very 
flrat  page.  To  him  every  half-acre  la  an  inex- 
baiistibte  loOloglcal  ganleu,  every  creature  i« 
oompaaionahle,  amusing  or  imtniotive  or  both, 
and  tJiu*  no  ramblu  ciui  be  lonely,  nor  even  the 
shor1«*t  walk  through  the  Uun(«t  reKlon  uninter- 
Mting  or  an  instructive.  But,  like  many  other 
Mcrols,  (bla  is  of  Utile  u«e  to  any  except  tbow 
fortunately  to  the  manner  liorn. 

The  relation  between  the  author  and  hiH<ifrner- 
ally  feathered  or  furry)  friends  L-i  not  merely  one  of 
cotupanKinship,  hut  of  K"nd-felloWHhip.  corutsde- 
NhipL  There  is  a  Bympnthy  between  them.  He 
contimially  tries  lo  put  himself  in  feeling  Ui  their 

CBACtM  C  ASBUTT,  }iA>.    .Xsv  Yailt,  Harper,  ISM.    U>. 


plaoo.  not  only  by  his  kindness,  but  by  the  prao- 
tloal  jolie'  which  he  plays  upon  tliem  (see  pp. 
70-70  and  Wi)  and  bin  keen  enjoynwnt  when 
they  use  the  opp()rltinitj  to  laugh  ut  him.  The 
quL-slioDs  which  he  nnawcTR,  and  th«  vxperiment* 
which  he  trie*,  aro  ihow  which  woald  ooour  to  no 
xapn  anatomint  or  pure  sjeiematist,  but  onlv  to 
one  to  whom  all  nature  if  in  a  certain  senae  akin, 
and  w)iu  de;ir(«  an  ituHJe  view  of  it.  And  Utia, 
combined  with  a  Veai  senses  of  the  humorous  and 
U  cuminaud  of  a  simple  style  and  plain  V.afjlmli, 
con>:titutes  the  trrrnt  eliarm  of  the  hook, 

We  oannoc  imt  feel,  however,  titat  what  he 
sees  in  the  btrds  ie  Diten  a  reflectioo  of  hLi  own 
keen  humor;  that  be  often  tmnnfen  to  their 
uiiudu  trains  of  thought  which  really  exist  only 
in  bin  own  ;  nnd  that,  whilo  liiit  obacrTotioa  may 
bocntitvly  onrreeC.  hio  inferences  from  them  ara 
thoao  of  a  warm  friend  rather  than  ot  an  Impartial 
judge.  But  one  la  dlapoaed  to  pardciu  the  author 
fm  this,  especially  while  reading  his  puges. 

The  book  is  throughout  a  bIuiIt  of  animal  life, 
not  of  dead  animals.  It  is  a  plea  for  the  study  of 
life-hiatorieg,  of  the  habjt«.  instincts,  feelings,  and 
thoughts  of  the  couimon  nnimals.  It  is  a  book 
which  would  encourng«  boys  to  observe,  nnd  give 
the  youn^  naturalist  an  introduction  toa  fleld  tor 
work  unforituiatety  too  sadly  neglected  by  tlie 
prevent  generation  of  scientiBc  men.  Why  should 
not  «T«vy  one  have  a  '  Ponetquisiings  Creek 't 
Kvory  one  knows  of  similar  streams,  with  their 
uplands  and  meadows  teeming  with  a  lifeof  which 
we  know  practically  nothing.  It  is  hard  to  see 
Iiow  any  one  cau  read  the  brijtht  and  attrtkctlve 
pag»of  IbiH  buok  wiilioul  makiug  u  firm  resolve 
to  observe  mori.*  widely  and  carefully  than  he  ever 
hnj>  before;  and  a  b(K>k  whit^h  will  make  boys 
and  girls,  and  men  and  women,  more  nbeerring 
I*  certainly  doing  the  very  b««t  educationoJ  worlc. 
If  love  to  being  in  general  Is  the  rasenoe  of  virtue, 
we  hIimII  all  cvrtuinly  be  the  better  for  reading  It. 
But  the  wtientilic  man  will  also  lind  in  It  much 
useful  tnfurmntion.  iiud  niimy  roluablu  uhserva* 
lioHF  of  the  ncinirTence  nnd  hnbit*  of  some  of  our 
len  known  and  studied  animals. 


AcL-oftDiNa  to  the  Laneet,  a  new  aoaeethetJc 
haa  been  discovered  in  Australia.  It  is  called 
drumiue,  luid  in  obtuined  from  the  Euphorbia 
Drtmimondii.  It  U  local  in  itA  action,  and  has 
cerinin  adTanlagoo  over  cocaine,  which  i*  now  so 
exlensinly  employed  for  local  nnaeslhesia.  Its 
effects  are  aa  yet  not  snffirloutly  understood  to 
warrant  the  aoce|italion  Of  all  that  la  claimed  for 
it ;  but  11  wUI  doubtless  be  Investigated  further, 
and  ita  cfBcacy  and  value  be  more  thoroughly 
wtnlillahed. 


I 

I 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAV.  JANCABV  31.  1887. 


C031ME.VT  A.\D  CRlTICtSH. 

The     AMCfUCAM    LIBRARY     AS^OCUTIOTt    b   not 

Mtuflcd  with  the  prtseni  appimiimnicnt  of  Iho 
pablic  (liKunwntv.  A  •prciul  (i>mnnll<*<-.  Iiiwdnl 
t^  Libraritui  Saoiuirl  S.  UrrRn  uf  Wnn-calFT,  Mdbi., 
tun  tuklrooMHl  A  cmniannicatioii  lu  ilic  wnaU'  cam- 
mittifc  on  printing.  rDL-tndini;  tliedtnughtof  a  rMo- 
httioa.  wbieh.  it  faronMr  aetrd  upon,  willaali^fy 
tfaeirwanU.  Tli«  rwolutton  proridim  tliat  "Ui« 
puMio  printer  Aliall  ili>livi?T  bi  ihi-  Intvriur  depart- 
naodt  a  nufliuivnt  imoibcr  of  <^>pii-a  of  ihe  Congrtt- 
tiomal  rarord  (bouail),  '  BtiUutM-iit>largc.'  aiid  of 
ewry  othsr  goi-«rnni«nt  pulilitntion,  not  ulrtwiy 
Mp(ili«<l  for  tliin  jiurpnur.  printed  at  the  gov«m- 
nwnt  printtog-ofiloe.  including  tlu?  publii-atium  of 
all  IfureouB  aod  offlon  uf  tli«  guvi-mtUL-nt.  txorpt- 
ing  Ulla,  renolutiaiid.  docuiuMilM  pEink-d  for  tlitr 
■pecial  OM  of  ctntuuiltcw  oT  conij-rotw,  uaii  uiicu- 
Un  deciguwl  sot  for  com tnniiiva ting  infonDation 
to  tbe  public,  but  forum.'  within  tliefcvrral  exrcu- 
tivr  (IcpHitmralB  aiid  oRio<s  of  the  gorcmnM-nt. 
to  raabk  aakldejiurtnKMit  toaupply  acoprlocvrry 
<lepoKit«7  of  publii^  dixumrnta  dnignatrd  aocurd- 
ing  tu  law."  The  SMOviation  aim  bclii'vt-H  tt 
would  be  well  if  copi*s  of  >oma  of  thp  piil>1ic  dncii- 
■Dent*  a(  grcateat  inlenvt  could  Im  xent  to  xack 
jniUk.'  librsriv*.  not  d«p(Mitorira,  n*  have  inar« 
thaa  a  miniuium  nuDil)eT  of  toIuumw,- —  miv,  S.OOO 

or  10,000.  It  is  ururd  lliul  tin.-  eipwiae  aii-d  not 
be  largv,  for  fewi'r  thun  livi-  liuiidivd  <^ticH  would 
be  Deeded,  aod  tliere  would  Ik  ho  rluirgi'  for  com- 
posilioo.  bul  ouly  lot  paper,  biodJng.  and  prenn- 
work.  Tl>ere  io  a  «r*^i  deal  of  force  in  Ibis  aug- 
gtetium,  and  we  should  be  glad  to  see  it  reoeivc 
lagfatotlTe  nocUoD.  Every  year  our  public  docu- 
meatt  baoome  more  valuable,  and  a  larger  number 
of  IbMN  ar«  of  Reiteral  iuiportunce.  The  reading 
public  ahonkl  have  free  aetxm  lo  tbeee  volumeu  al 
oonvfwient  cmtres  of  population,  and  ttte  plan  of 
tbe  library  aHoclatlon  would  accumplieh  this. 


MTTiIng  tbe  unirenitiea  of  Oxford  and  Cambridm. 
It  is  of  inMt  genrtaJ  iutereitt  to  know  what  aata- 
ries  velebtuied  profetuont  leceii  e,  bow  diucIi  lec- 
turing tliey  ate  required  to  do,  and  how  many 
beareni  they  hat«.  On  all  of  ilieae  h«ada  tlie  re- 
turn is  verj'  full  and  expUoit.  At  Oxford  Oanoo 
Driver,  regiut  jirofeasor  of  Hebrew,  gave  In  lt<^ 
a  hundred  and  tiveleciiueelodMaeaof  from  Hfiy 
lu  Htxl.v  Btudeot*.  His  sabfy  is  <1,S00.  Pro- 
feeaoc  Bryce  ot  the  chair  of  civil  law  ilelivered 
twenty  ordinary  and  two  ]>ul>llc  leclutee.  No 
record  was  kept  ot  (lie  attendance.  PnrfCMOr 
fityce'a  salary  is  £180.  Frofe«yit  Sylvester.  Savlt- 
ian  profeesor  of  geometry,  gave  forty  lectures  to 
fourteoo  siudenta.  His  salary  Is  £700.  Prof.  E. 
B.  Tylor,  the  anthropologlsl.  recelrea  £3t04,  HDd 
lectures  eii;liteeu  times  to  about  twenty-flvo  Immit- 
ers.  Prof.  Benjamin  Joweti.  the  Hellenist,  re- 
ceives fflOO  per  annum,  and  did  not  l««tnn;  in 
188S.  as  lie  wa»  vtiv-cliiuKwllor  of  iho  anivwuiir. 
Prof.  A,  H.  Sayce  had  only  from  threv  lo  *ixt<wn 
henrer*  for  hU  lectatM  oa  ooroparntiTo  philol- 
ojey.  He  receives  C900:  The  profeMor  of  moral 
phUiMopliy.  William  Wallace,  receives  £400  n 
year,  and  has  from  farly-ei|ihttOMVM)ly«ttuh>nti> 
at  Ills  twenty-eight  lectura*.  Profflaww  Freemim 
keep«  no  record  nf  tli<i  number  of  hiic  hran^ra. 
Hi"  nnlury  ia  £700,  and  lie  give«  forty-two  lecture* 
dating  the  academic  yiiar. 


A  OBKAT  ttAfls  ot  detail  of  much  iolereiil  tu  tbu 
MudentMof  univerrity  orgRnizatlon  and  work  ia 
caQt«iDed  in  a  ivcent  parlismenlnry  return  coo- 
tic^  m.-jox. 


At  Cambridge  things  arc  not  very  much  dilTcr- 
enl.  but  we  may  die  a  few  eiataples  for  the  sake 
of  comparimn.  Cmion  WiMtcott,  profoMor  of 
divinity,  boa  a  aalary  of  about  £800.  He  gave  ia 
18tA  eiity-«ix  Icclnnw.  and  liiii  ntnlimce  raried 
from  tMi  to  three  btindml  anil  fifty.  l*rofm8ar 
StokcK,  of  thi)  chair  of  mntlii'miiti(:s,  rvc«iTesC4T0. 
and  dcliren  forty  Iccturm  to  about  eight  students. 
The  Knightabridf^  profc«»ar  of  moral  philosophy. 
Henry  Sidgwick,  Iwa  CTOO.  and  dirfivered  eighty- 
seven  lecturer  to  from  four  to  twnuty  bettjvra. 
ProfeteiM'  Dnrwiu,  of  the  chair  of  experimental 
pbitioeophy.  gavi-  forty  li-cturee.  and  liad  eigfateen 
Htudrnla.  His  silury  is  £.^80.  Hie  profeeaor  of 
moderu  hintori-.  J.  K.  Heeley,  baa  an  income  of 
£,171.  and  gave  one  lecture  a  week  for  two  terms, 
avemging  ninety  hearers  He  bad.  iu  addllfoo, 
•ixty  Indiea  who  were  preparing  for  tlie  unlvenlty 


46 


SCIENCE. 


[Vou  IX.,  No.  Vft 


ezatalnaUons.  Prof.  Arthur  Cftjlcr  only  mus- 
XatfA  two  hMrrrs  to  hi*  twcnijr  Leoturae.  His 
ftluy  Is  £471.  Hicbflol  Foeur.  professor  of 
[■tajrololatn',  h»  a  Mlarj  of  £800,  and  giree  three 
IwWrw  a  woek  to  «bout  ooe  bun<livd  and  sixty 
■tadcnn. 


Hum  are  simply  a  fww  flgurcs  eelectcd  at  rnn- 
dom,  but  tli*y  rtimlsh  food  for  reHection  on  mon- 
tliaa  oue  point.  We  flml  llir  salnries  m  almost 
«v«iT  ease  to  be  sufficient  t«  fumiah  u  fair 
Uvtng,  and  in  some  JnirtAncea  generoiui.  But  tlie 
ntuober  of  lectures  falls  considerably  bt^Iow  that 
which  It  Is  usual  for  a  profcasor  lo  rIve  in  llus 
country,  nnd  the  cluanea  are  smaller.  But  it 
is  juat  theae  conditions  (hat  ajford  tini<^  and  op- 
portunity for  orij^al  scientjtio  rreenrch  and  hli.-r- 
ary  activity.  It  U  just  here  that  the  continental 
uniTeraitles,  and  in  an  almoet  if  not  quitv  njnnl 
defTiee  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  bavn  n  great 
and  ntanifesl  advantaicc  eren  oirr  our  Lorgnt 
and  befit-endowed  uoiver«tie».  \Vc  oonipi'l  our 
profewKini  to  t^tac-h  and  lenturc  wo  much,  tliat 
tbey  cnnnot  nrlle  a*  often  and  as  wiwly  on  their 
abilitiM  would  junlify  them  in  doing.  The  ques- 
tion. '  Why  do  you  not  write  somethlnn  ? '  which 
is  so  often  put  to  the  already  overworked  pro- 
Umof,  is  pecultaHy  galling,  lie  wants  to  write 
■otnetliing,  and  feels  tlml  be  eau  do  It  well :  but 
the  domandu  of  hi*  routine  foirbid.  Even  hia 
vacation  arafon  niuxt  be  wholly  qnnt  in  regaining 
•trpnKth  and  rigor  for  the  next  yenr'a  work.  To 
n  oertnin  PXtMit  wv  nrr^  in  thi«  mattrr  viclims  of 
cirrumxtancfw.  Junt  ut  prevent  no  >itca|ie  is  pvr- 
hnpe  possihli-. 

But  in  noiue  few  InHtanocattleaat,  wbeTA  Bnan- 
cialcondilionHperuiit  a  better Matooftbtngi.  pub- 
lic opinion  and  goverulnjK  boards  are  to  blame. 
They  value  a  professor  accordini-  lo  the  number 
of  Ivcturva  hedellrers  and  the  number  of  students 
he  atlracls.  They  fall  lo  |iereelre  tliat  seientific 
meun'li  is  tl>«  peculiur  duty,  and  should  be  ttie 
peculiar  prieUece,  of  the  univerHlty  piotei«or. 
Oxford  aadCtaibildge  professors  do  inure  oriKinal 
work  than  our  protenon,  simply  because  they 
are  given  the  time  for  it.  To  work  an  elTective 
refonu  In  tliis  matter  will  take  some  time.  Our 
unl«-er8ltJes  must  not  only  aceuinulate  neourcea, 
but  public  ophtlon  and  boards  of  truateee  must 
be  educated  lo  see  that  a  profenor  is  not  being 
permitted  to  do  hU  full  duty  If  be  Is  compelled  to 
teach  from  ten  to  fifteen  hours  |ief  week. 


KniKROCB  OTATE  t(«chcn'  sMOclftlions  beld 
their  onnuiU  mei'tings  durlujc  the  ki»ure  period 
afTordcit  thi-m  by  the  time* honored  two-weeks 
Clirintnuui  vacation.  It  Is  aJoMM  invidious  to 
(ingle  out  any  one  of  the  number  for  special  coni- 
m«nt :  but  the  meeting  of  the  New  Jersey  tenchns 
at  Trenton  was  mi  large  and  enthusiastic,  that 
iom«  notice  should  he  taken  of  the  great  growtli 
of  the  idea  that  teaching  is  a  pmfeanon  thai  ia 
obvervablo  in  that  state.  New  Jentey  teachen 
have  long  bone  an  enviable  reputation  for  ««r- 
noslnees  and  aUlity.  but  (he  develoi)mcnt  of  the 
professional  idea  among  them  Is  of  comparatively 
recent  date.  The  niooeeafn)  eatnblishmrnt  of  a 
Ktnte  rending-circle,  wblcli  now  numbmi  nrarly 
two  ihuuMiiid  member*,  Isflrldmce  of  ihe  gratify- 
ing progreoa  that  lias  be«n made  ;  and  the  attend- 
ance at  Trenlou  tbi»  year  waa  such  as  to  r^mvfnce 
the  most  Hceptiesl  tbat  xreat  good  wasbeing  done. 
Ah  the  result  of  the  general  acknowledgment  that 
teaching  is  a  profeasSon.  vfe  nalurallv  expect  to  see 
a  neridie  of  the  homogenetty  of  all  limnchia  of 
teaching  arrived  at  Every  detail  should  interevl 
all,  lor  it  is  a  part  of  the  one  whole.  Tlie  Trenton 
meeting  a  fforded  atntndant  evidence  that  this  fact 
was  appreciated.  The  programme,  though  long 
and  varied,  commanded  altention  and  intcTcat 
throUKhotit.  Pnpcru  were  read  or  addrowfl  given 
on  muaicol  educaliou,  penmanship,  the  eduoaiion 
of  tlie  deaf  and  dnmb,  the  statue  of  tbi>  common 
iichool.  eharacter-tmUding,  tbeDelaarte  method  of 
expmuiion,  and  thesclentlAc  Irmiment  of  odu«- 
tioD.  Varied  as  these  topics  were,  both  in  mibjeot 
and  in  manner  of  treatment,  they  hnd  a  unity  of 
thought  and  purpow.  and,  what  Is  quite  na  im- 
portant, Ihcaudience  of  lenehers  apprrciated  the 
fact.  MeHiugs  mich  as  this  v^  are  an  incalcula- 
ble help  to  Ibe  eunuvt  Iraclier.  and  we  are  gtnd 
thut  Ibey  have  tidieo  their  platv  se  an  rmentinl 
clement  in  our  tiducalianal  organisation. 


4 

I 


AitCKWii/MicjiL  (fTTDiie  Imvu  taken  a  new  start 
nt  nnrrord.  At  the  quarter  mitleuuiol  c«let>nitlou 
but  November,  one  »f  the  foreign  ddegatas  who 
was  bonortd  with  the  highest  dcgne  was  Profes- 
sor l^nciani  of  Rome,  the  dtrecl«r  of  the  govern- 
ment explaratiotui  in  the  '  eternal  city.'  Inunedi- 
aU-ly  after  Uie  oelrhration  he  began,  in  Sanden 
theatre,  a  ernes  of  eleven  lertures  aa  Roman 
orchculogy,  which  werv  very  well  attended, 
tliough  the  E«nie  course  was  given  at  the  eame 
time  before  tlie  Lowell  institute,  in  the  neighbor- 
ing city  of  Boston.      This  c«ut»e  was  scarcely 


« 


I 


Jakcabt  si.  1IM7.1 


BCISNCE, 


47 


dOMKt,  wbvn  it  wmi  ■nnouncrd  that  Dr.  Wald- 
•t«in,  who  Mivrjnl  a  Ircture  a  fortiiight  ngo  on 
•cieatiBc  ni«tbo4i  in  nrchvology,  wu  to  givv  n 
ooona  n«xt  Mnrch ;  mad  now  Prof.  A.  L.  F>oih> 
in^MiD,  Tvotnlljr  of  Johiu  Bopkinn  and  now  of 
nrnoelon,  in  driirnring  a  M-rim  of  fivt>  Ipcturr*  oa 
Amjiiaxi  nrclinilogr.  Whilr  no  ninoh  acttritjr  hoi 
thua  been  abunii  in  Uu-  <liA'c7i'iil  ht;lda  of  ohuaiicnl 
anihiilii|i.j,  prrliiKt»n<:  nrchrologr  bna  been  more 
tvMy  rrcognuitH]  in  tlic  nppninUnent  liwt  v,-e«k  of 
Ur.  F.  W.  Putnam,  thu  ciintlor  of  the  Pcabody 
mnaeum,  wi4I  known  for  Itin  (^arvful  reeearclioi  in 
Amvrioai)  mounda  and  other  remains,  to  the  Pen- 
bod]'  profcONOrrfiip  of  Ainenvon  arcliirakig)'  and 
Hhxtoiagj. 

'  * 
Pkotebsos  Caldebwood's  Hburt  papur  in  the 
Sew  Prinoeton  reviev.  on  thv  prvcent  Htalua  of 
phlloeopby  in  Brilitin,  is  exMedinglf  ck-ar  and 
MUlsflMory.  And,  oowinj;  from  a  man  who  bus 
takeB  ao  active  a  part  in  tb«  pbtlaaophical  con- 
troveralee  of  tbe  Uat  qunrlrr  of  a  centtuy,  it  ia 
rallwT  eurprWnKlj  judicial  in  tone.  Pioftaitoi 
OaMarwood  atarta  with  num«,  and  briefly  ahovra 
the  ooarae  Ike  reaction  againat  him  has  tak«n  in 
OraU  Britain,  Fnuu.'e,  and  UvrmAny.  He  niitiin<^ 
tbe  riae  of  tbe  (.'Xpericntial  philowiph;  in  GfVnt 
brilain,  and  indicnlc^  it*  jire^enl  pointo  of  iriHik- 
neaa.  He  alao  iihowB  why  Knnt  and  Hegel  batv 
foand  BO  tttrge  a  following  among  English  «tii- 
deota  of  phitoHopliy,  but  claimn  that  in  (iffiat 
BiitaiD,  as  iu  Gixmany.  Hegrlinnisin  luw  lo»t  iU 
gl^  and  tliat  there  is  a  marknl  return  to  Kant 
fOf  tb«  purpcaesof  fuitln-r  exponiiion  and  crill- 
daro.  Tbe  outlook  for  Uiefututv,Pror««orCnld«T' 
wood  views  optimiaticuUy.  We  iin'  to  1>c  tied 
down  iwidier  to  bare  expeiientiulinm  nor  to  unin- 
MOildlile  ratlonalisni.  The  British  ]>hilo>opby  is  to 
draw  wluit  Is  beat  and  iruetil  from  both  vebools  in 
Umi  formtilation  of  a  ])liitiHopliy  of  oedsinty. 
"Ths  thought  of   the  natJon  b  in  a  transition 

Patag*.  profMring  for  a  new  advance  ;  and.  when 
tfala  oomw,  it  protniaea  to  be  tlie  fniU  of  all  that 
iabcat  in  n«nnan  and  British  thooght,  and  fu  its 
naturo  n  furtbtv  cl<-jir  B<lvanc«  toward  a  philoso- 
phy of  hnman  knowledge,  —  a  pbiloaopby  of 
Ionrtainty." 
Ik  bis  urstCAL  kevokt  to  tlw  New  Vnrk  state 
legialalura.  Superintendent  Draper  atatce  that  be- 
I  tweea  lhrv«  and  four  tliouaand  publio^chool 
teacbera  drop  out  ei-eiy  year,  and  that  the  large 
nia>urily  of  tlie  lacancjes  thus  created  are  filled 


by  tbl^  appoiBlmont  Of  poaons  without  any  ex- 
perienoe  in  teacbbig  or  tiiaining  for  it,  and  very 
many  of  whom  haro  no  intention  of  teaching 
permanently.  This  ia  a  great  evil,  and,  aa  thiORS 
are  at  present,  cannot  be  adequately  corrected, 
though  mitigation  aeemn  paesiUe.  The  piroper 
remedy  would  bo  to  hold  in  mervea certain  num- 
ber of  persons  of  normal -school  training,  who 
could  b«  at  once  aitpointrd  to  such  vacuncicK  a* 
they  might  occur.  Thn  objection  to  this  plan 
would  be  the  expense  attendant  upon  it,  and  the 
uncertainty  as  to  juat  how  many  racanciea  would 
oocur  annually.  Tlie  exprnse  would  bo  uxna* 
thing,  tobemire;l]Ut  it  would  tie  the  cbeopeetwaj 
of  saving  tboKnods  of  school -children  of  tender 
age  from  the  disturbing  influence  of  'qaacb' 
teachers.  And  n  tabto  of  statistics  kept  for  » 
few  years  would  givo  an  average  annual  namber 
of  vacancies  that  would  l>i>  suHicienlly  ncciiTale 
for  all  pmcticnl  purpoeee.  Even  at  some  expr-nm' 
and  trouble,  tills  evil  of  f<>isting  unfit  nnd  un- 
trained teachers  upon  tbe  schools  should  bv  speed- 
ily done  away  with. 


One  cHArrm  in  Prafeesor  Payne^  ■  Centribu- 
tinnH  to  the  tcience  of  education,'  which  we  no- 
doe  in  another  txilumn,  ha«  excited  a  great  deal 
of  angry  criticism  in  some  of  tlte  school-joumala. 
That  chapter  Is  the  one  in  which  Profescor  Pajne 
pays  hi*  complimenta  to  the  maxim,  -Proceed 
from  the  known  to  the  unknown,'  and  denoml- 
naten  It  a  piece  of  edncatlooaJ  cant  which  Is  ac- 
ceptnl  because  It  aavea  tbe  troable  of  thinking. 
S^nne  of  Profewor  Payne's  critics  have  been  firm 
Init  mild,  while  others  have  worked  themselvee 
into  a  grpat  state  of  excitement,  and  have  aalated 
his  chapter  as  n  voice  from  mediaeval  darkne«e, 
and  classed  him  ns  a  pedagogical  and  psychologi- 
cal ignonimiu.  We  ore  dispoaed  to  tbink  t1»4 
Profeesor  Payne  ia  portiollj  right,  but,  on  the 
whole,  wrong.  His  ennlentinn  that  deflnltude  is 
a  late  and  not  an  early  step  in  the  elaboration  of 
knowlrilge  is  well  founded,  but  it  doea  mot  kigt- 
colly  follow  that  on  that  account  progress  Is  from 
the  unknown  to  the  known.  If  it  were  so.  we 
should  have  no  starting-point.  The  procem  of  ac- 
quirinjf  knowledge  would  be  tlio  ailditjon  of  an 
indollnite  niimlier  of  xeroa.  Instruction  muM 
arouse  some  answering  chord  in  tht;  pupil's  mind, 
and,  so  far  at  least,  the  subject  of  tbe  instroctkn 
must  be  known,  and  not  unkoown.  But  that  this 
fact  will  not  bear  all  the  intf^rvtationi  ao  oftm 
put  upon  it.  is  also  true.    In  any  event,  Profusaor 


48 


SCl/CAX^E. 


I  Vol.  IX.  No.  m 


E'kj'DC  nc«d  iiol  Ih.'  pi-nouully  dfrDdunct'il  far  liul[)> 
ing  iiD  opiniun  at  rariuiic^  with  tlint  of  aamv  (rther 
eJucaton. 

MEssna.  OURNXY  AND  MvxRs  have  rvplied,  id 
t\w  J»ixwuy  M<Ul^  of  tht  Jvamal  of  th*  Society 
for  ptjfetiical  remareli,  to  thi-  critii'iwiia  made 
iijiOD  thr  lilfntr^r  committee,  of  ivtiich  tboy  nrv 
Uie  «xecttli<r«  officers,  by  certaia  in«^nbcni  of  the 
KOOJMy.  Tbi-ac  nriticiHinri  irvrc  bnwd  ujioD  thu 
fact  tbnt  tbo  lilersry  vommittce  hwl  not  ofBcially 
exainineil  LVrtain  eri(lt'u«'forlbe»<>-«»llwl  ■pliy»- 
ical  pheDOinnna '  of  spirituutiMm-  In  n'ply,  the 
*.>creUiri«3  stnti-  that  tliey  huO  to  li-gin  aoin»- 
whMV,  aDil  tbat  tvftt  good  rcasoiia  ■.■xinti'd  for 
delecting,  aa  the  llni  Hubjevt  for  oonaiJeratioo.  the 
lrii«noiniiu>  known  as  cubus  of  ■  Hpontnni'^iiiK  ti-lep- 
atbj','  tlie  diunisBion  of  vrliicb  is  »o  large  a  part 
of  tlicir  lately  piiblutitrd  boub.  '  PhantOMUS  of  lh« 
living,'  Thv  ftrM  miaou  was  that  tltwe  phenomena 
sie«ni«d  lu  pounecl  tbeDiwlven  in  a  iiattml  way 
with  lh«  TMulta  of  t^.t  peri  until  at  tbout;lit-lmna- 
fenvocp,  tlie  invEatigation  of  wliich  liad  been 
undntabea  eveti  before  llie  forniatiuu  at  tbe  »«>■ 
ciety.  The  aeixind  reii»ou  waa  tliat  a  very  larn^ 
proper! lou  of  tli^  ansifere  received  by  ihe  coiu- 
iuitl«e  in  rcHponae  to  Ibeir  publio  appeal  for  evi- 
dence of  payobical  ]>heDOineua  ilualt  u-ilh  caaea  of 
sponlaneouti  lelepatbj.  So,  that  tlua  aiibjei-t 
»liould  come  Unit  iu  the  work  of  Ihe  (-ommitlee 
was  iNrrfeciIy  natural. 


The  Htfreturii-i  further  urge  that  It  is  not  to  be 
forgotten  that  the  i-vidonoe  in  the  cnaes  of  '  physi- 
cal pbcnonu-na*  of  apiiitualism  is  dislfngubhod 
front  tha  L-vitlt-ncc  in  the  cnac  of  spontanraus 
trlf^pftlhy.  nntomalic  writing,  mmmerism,  and  eo 
forth,  by  aome  radicnl  diffi-reores.  In  tlie  flret 
pUcr,  the  allognd  phenomena  havo  brm.  (or  the 
moat  pnit,  olHM-rvcd  in  tbi'  presenceof  profeasionol 
ni^iuniK.  peraona  having  a  pecuniary  interest  In 
tbrir  prodaotion.  Thi?  evidence  hoa  no  longer  to 
do  with  die  ralidity  of  iscrceptiann,  but  with  the 
tolidity  <if  inference*,  with  the  correotneM  of  the 
intcriin-lnti»n  of  nubjevtive  impr«eaions.  Fur- 
thcrmoie,  Ifaifl  evidvnce  differs  in  form  (roni  that 
in  the  other  topic*  dmit  with  by  the  cotnmlttee. 
It  doea  not  cinoslst  of  tvcords  sent  in  tnaniiacript 
to  the  njmmittee.  and  pmvimisty  knonn  but  to  a 
faar  pcnona;  but  moat  of  It  hu  already  lieen 
pnbUdm)  In  periodicals  and  in  hooks.  Mneh  of 
th*  evidence,  too,  la  offered  by  peranna  oS  no 
training  In  Ihe  kind  of  obterratJon  required,  and 


of  no  aprcial  aiitttude  in  the  orniiigemefit  of  teats. 
On  all  of  tluMc  gruunds  the  literary  (.-ommiltee 
feels  tlut  the  ><iftlnjc  and  criticiam  of  thla  evi- 
dence is  a  task  bc>unil  their  noraiul  (unctions, 
and  state  that  a  speeial  committee  ia  tonuing  to 
which  all  siioh  erideiuie  ia  to  be  ivferred  for  In- 
VMtigation  and  report. 


Wk   jUtK  TBOKOI}QI[LT   PUtASHD  tO  team,  that, 

at  thi-  recent  meeting  of  the  Maaaacbuaettd  state 
teachers'  associiiiiun,  the  iM-dilting  of  teat-books 
and  school- jouma la  waa  prubilnted.  The  am- 
bitious agents  of  scbool  publiBben  uud  Jounialisls 
hare  infected  state  and  i^ouiUy  aeaoclallon  me«t- 
inga  ao  often  in  the  |>a*l.  that  Uiey  thought  tJiem- 
■elveii  jwifcclly  secure  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
pririlegeti.  But  nomH  firm  band  has  put  a  stop  to 
tile  praotice  in  MafBuchiisetta,  and  we  tmat  the 
cxamph'  will  I)e  generally  followed.  Legitimate 
adverliaing  ia  cuiumeuduble.  iinti  an  agent  iato  be 
pmLied  rather  than  blamed  for  liia  ai«iduity.  But 
tlie  publishers  of  lext-booka  and  achool-Jouroak 
have  carried  the  Ibing  so  far  that  they  Interfere 
largely  with  the  reicular  work  of  a  leachere'  aeso- 
oialiun  meeliiig,  It  is  not  the  lueof  the  privlle^, 
but  ita  abuse,  Ibal  we  decry  ;  and  we  want  to  tee 
plenty  of  imitattws  of  the  independent  stand 
token  in  Uiuvaohueetts. 


THE  AIMSOFGEOGItAPtilCAL  HDUCATIOff. 

Mention  all  Hid  imiiioii  uf  pl*>wB  lu  ni«  world  4aKT«d 
rrom  JulLiifl  Ca««4r  or  Aucnilun  4'ii««ar. 

VThnm  am  Uia  fuUuwlDs  rlrani:  I'lRUtrit*,  Rakarla, 
Ouadalate.  Jalon.  Mnlil^T 

All  Tou  know  ol  ilw  tollavlaa;  HuehMilia,  PILmo, 
HotiDbuliw.  CrlToaoIx  Itaaoot,  Haoolkart.  Taztua,  CiMaux, 
MaloHi,  /.utphcin. 

TlieliisliBai  pKakidl  tu*  Karakoram  rant*. 

Tb*  bumborof  ualTnmllle*  in  Pnitflla. 

VThy  are  tbe  lov*  of  mounlaliu  raatlDualljr  narsrad  wltli 
mo*  (MO  ! 

Nam*  ine  Icnttli  and  iimikltU  at  Uio  tumnu  of  lata 
wUli'b  inaueil  fnun  ilia  tiWiiiiUf  ,Tok<il  in  tbo  »nii>Uon  of 
ITSa. 

Tmk  above  talile.  taken  from  Profetaor  Raven- 
stein'*  Ipctnrit  lirftire  the  Ruyal  geogriiphicol 
society,'  Is  very  probably  a  combination  of  Ihe 
mote  atrocious  i|u«'stion*  on  nrvernl  ennminotion- 
papora.  It  none  the  lesn  will  serve  an  a  text  for 
our  paper :  and  thla  because  It  fairly  reprmoDta 
Uie  ideas  of  eerl-iin  ao-called  '  t«chers  of  geog- 
rai>hy '  as  to  the  limils  of  the  science  they  were 
att»tnpling  to  leacb.  To  them  geography  simply 
meant  the  emiiiming  into  a  child's  mind  so  many 
Isolated  facta,  so  many  heights  of  mouulains,  ao 
many  lengtfaa  of  rlTen,  so  manr  nninea  of  places, 

IA*  society  in  rtfer^nee  t'/  the  I'mprovfT^vnf  of  of-osmphttal 
afufioffon.    Loudon,  iturrat,  IStS. 


Jaxdaht  Et.  IW:.] 


SCIE2fC£!, 


49 


OMMt  nf  (hem  ot  oo  ])CiMib1u  iDitHiTt«DC«  to  th« 
•taitcnt.  Indeed,  so  far  aod  o'idv  liax  thin  irro- 
OMwa  Idm  of  gtngrapb^  Bprrad,  that  thi:tti  nro 
booka  wctaaWy  iniutc  (or  thn  parpoM  of  tnwhlnR 
(his  MWt  of  thtni;.  For  instftitoe  :  th«re>  is  a  oooi- 
pUer  vbo  hiu  bepn  known  to  Uaert.  and  to  asf^rt 
with  priilp,  that,  hy  i)i«  use  of  hit  txMb,  one  iiiif;h( 
Uarn  ths  names  of  seventeen  thoumnd  placm  in 
tlic  coume  of  a  f«w  ytmn.  Juirt  an  though  tbure 
were  aay  object  in  ood'h  turning  oa^'»  nrlf  into  a 
watkhig  inueueer,  whrti  Kan^li'mi  in  plratj 
conld  be  fomul  on  tho  ■hcivpn  of  a  ncighborinR 
libnrr !  In  fimt,  oiw  i»  irrt'ol^lihly  reiiiiiiik«d  of 
the  pangrapfa  In  the  t ii trod ticl  ion  to  Mr«.  Green's 
■abort  KI^OncTDphr  of  (be  Britiiih  Ialun<l».' the  fn- 
trodnoUon  being  the  work  of  tlic  brilliant  writer, 
tboogh  inaccarale  hintoriim.  thv  lamented  J.  B. 
Ofven.     He  thy*  :  — 

"  No  drcarN-r  t««k  ntm  be  net  for  the  woret  of 
criroiiwlH  than  tint  of  Rtudf  tnx  a  Bet  of  geograph- 
ical  test-book*,  sitoh  u  the  children  in  oiir  schools 
are  doomi^  ia  do.  Pagee  of  '  lablee,'  —  ■  titbl«e ' 
of  helichu  and  'tables'  of  nnas.  'tatila>'  of 
tD0iiBlaIn«  and  '  tables '  ut  (ablelund*.  '  Uiblm '  of 
mimerals,  which  look  like  nrithmrliml  imiblpms. 
bat  at*  really  iKatmoiMitA  ot  population.  ~-  those, 
arranged  in  analplubi-tirAlord<'r«rdimrder,  form 
tbe  ODlf  brrako  io  tlw  citaolic  mam  of  what  are 
amiwinglf  ityli-d  -  Keographlral  facts.'  but  which 
turn  out  lo  be  Biuiplj  names,  —  natuei  of  lirer* 
and  namee  o(  bili*.  name*  of  eountrioR  and  naniva 
of  towns,  —  a  moM  mrvly  brought  Into  grainuiatl- 
cbI  ahapr  b^  ihp  nrcdful  verba  and  subetantlves, 
and  dotted  over  with  Isolated  |)hnu<e4  about 
mlnbii;  Itere  and  cotton-spinning  tbore.  wliioh 
pnea  for  Industrial  geography.  Book*  such  as 
these.  If  books  Ihey  must  )k'  i-ulti-i).  iiro  iiJiniilT 
apfwab  to  the  memory:  thry  un  hnndbooks  of 
mDemonin.  but  llicy  nrc  in  no  Rpnw  handbooks 
of  geograph):." 

Tbit,  ot  cour«c,  nppllei  more  particularly^  (o 
Briti'b  Kpn^rnphical  (ext-booln.  But.  so  far  aa 
(he  prenyl  writer  can  see,  the  >»mo  rfainrks  are 
applicable  to  omnj  uf  our  most  |)opular  (with  the 
teatcbcrs)  tezt-tMwkH.  That  this  is  so,  in  no  reflrt-- 
tioo  on  the  teaehimi :  it  ia  the  fault  of  their  vnrXy 
edncaUon-  And  for  tlii*  our  college  and  normal 
•cbool  authorities  are  more  especially  responsible. 
TIm  evidcnoi)  that  Improrenient  in  Huch  re«peeis 
mutt  come  from  (lie  university  downwards  soema 
to  be  irnalBtibte.  Nor  nhould  the  publishers  be 
UaDied.  If  ibey  could  aev  the  eviili'm-e  of  the 
demand  for  t-etterscliool-buoks,  —  boiiks  Ihnt  were 
not  minintnre  gszetteerB.  —  they  would  undoubt- 
edly supply  it.  I  rroK-nilicr  only  n  yrar  ajio  taking 
a  aet  of  tlie  b»t  uud  numt  popular  scliool-niaps 
madi-  to  Oernuny  to  a  irrll-kiiown  and  enterpris- 


ing puhlixhtT  of  iPxt-bDokr.  I  nuggenlcd  (l>at  per- 
bftpa  Home  nrrnngemont  could  be  made  with  the 
Qermnn  ptiUMier  by  vrhu-h  the  mape  oould  tfo 
adapted  to  the  use  of  Engtlsb-fpeaklng  advotat*. 
The  gentleman  very  frankly  replied  that  he  cxiuld 
not  sell  a  set  of  the  maF^.  even  If  (he  onine* 
were  In  Eoglidt.  Ue  added,  that  our  people 
wanted  mapa  cotored  diflerenlly  :  that  is,  m>  at  to 
obscurr  the  pbyaieal  fontuna.  A  vliott  time  after- 
ward* (he  same  publirlwr  liroiight  out  a  set  of 
mapa  of  the  United  Slam  with  little  onglea 
marked  on  them  no  that  tlie  Kholan  could  draw 
Iho  nliite  lines  with  aecnmcy,  as  ihoiiKh  tlwt  wan 
the  end  of  geographical  education.  But  it  wm 
not  his  fault.  His  busineee  was  lo  supply  the  de- 
mand, nut  to  get  out  good  maps. 

If  tbe  iMirningofnerenteen  thousand  nameo  *iu 
n  few  yisttu,'  or  the  ■  bounding '  of  countless  states, 
or  tho  making  of  maps  that  will  \i)tJk  well  on  tx- 
hlbllion,  in  not  the  vuA  of  gcogmpliical  teiK-'hing, 
what  h  tht>  use  of  teaching  It  nt  all  ?  What  ia  tJie 
aim  of  geographicsl  education  ? 

In  the  first  plaiv,  geography,  properly  studied, 
givm  one  a  clear  and  accurate  himwledge  of  the 
pbysinit  oonformatioii  of  the  mrlb's  surface.  I'hb* 
is  physical  geography,  an<l  should  be  studied  llrst. 
But  this  »  not  tliv  mvrv  learning  of  ■  tabled  of 
heighiA,'  etf.  It  it  toiucthing  entirely  diffprvnt. 
One  may  hate  a  t'cry  good  knowledgr  of  the 
fonnntioo  uf  the  eiirtli.  and  yet  l>e  densely  ixno- 
raut  of  the  hi-Ight  of  the  Karakorum  range.  And, 
as  a  genernl  nili-,  the  k-n  of  bucIi  atufl  crammed 
into  a  child's  bead,  tho  more  phyucal  geography 
ho  will  know.  Ue  shouhl  mtlu^r  be  taught  to 
observe  plieuoniena.  It  h  true  that  mcb  knowl- 
edge is  hard  to  get  at  on  examination  ;  but  that  J* 
not  so  much  tlic  fault  of  tlie  kitowledge  as  of  tbe 
examination.  Tbm  tbe  flora  and  fauna  of  (Ach 
ivgion  of  tbe  ejurtliV  aurfoce  should  be  properly 
aeoociated  in  a  diild'K  mind.  In  lhi»  cuuoection, 
it  may  be  ni<l  Ihnt  nothing  is  tete  cutcutaitil  lo 
conrey  this  knowledge  than  the  wieal  or  '  model 
landacapes'  too  often  lo  be  found  in  our  bcIuioI- 
roonu.  Ueography  alms  also  to  teneh  the  influ- 
ence of  geograpjiic  factors  u|>on  the  develojirocnt 
of  the  human  rate.  This  in  fluent  is  fre<iuontly 
exaggerated.  But  the  worklug-out  of  viich  jirolv 
lem^:,  even  on  innifBoient  data,  niuHt  have  a  Mlm- 
itlating  elTect  upnii  the  mind.  It  may  be  said  that 
the  Uutcliiug  ot  the  dinlribution  of  the  lloni  be- 
longs rather  to  iMiany.  So  undoubtedly  any  d*- 
tniled  study  of  tlie  lariou*  fliiran  do«  lie-long  b> 
botany.  But  a  knowledge  •uffirii-nt  t4i  i-uiibk-  ome 
to  aisuftn  to  any  given  region  itji  appti>pTiate 
plnot-liff,  and  to  traoe  the  influence  of  that  floral 
environment  on  man.  ia  surely  within  the  domain 
of  geography. 


50 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  IZ..  No.  907 


Aj  odb  of  the  most  inpOTUuit  atms  of  the  eeaS 
teacher  of  hlsuirr  is  to  lastruot  hi*  pupils  iii  tlH! 
OM  aod  making  of  hisloriea]  norks.  an  in  f^eog- 
raphy  one  of  Ui«  most  iiupoitant  tliiaca  is  the 
leaclting  of  the  luo  and  construction  of  iniipa. 
Aod  it  ravf  be  mtid.  that  to  tlir  Eludnat  of  bUtorj 
or  of  eeogrnphy.  to  the  travnlleror  ciilitarj  oodj- 
manctcr.  the  abilit;  t4>  read  a  map  i»  n^xt  in  im- 
poj-lanc*  to  the  nbillt;  to  read  a  boolc.  And  it  \» 
«oitiM]>liij|[  not  easily  auquind.  It  inaj-  be  said 
tiMt  tberv  oau  be  no  dilHculty  in  ilistinguishing  a 
river  from  a  mmintHin.  And  rcry  likely  there  ia 
none;  but  auch  knowleilKP  in  no  laoro  map-rmding 
lluin  the  diRtinguishing  a  from  x  la  book-reading. 
Nor  id  map-makinK  i-arlographj* .  Tu  »ouie  inioda 
Iha  two  «e«in  Insejtarable  :  and  the  atudput  is  re- 
quired CO  draw  a  iiiup  with  the  iiic^lf  of  a  iirae- 
tlsed  caTtographer,  under  the  |<n?lenoe  that  ho  i* 
liiaruing  gt*ugruphy.  tie  is  <lc)ing  nothing  of  the 
kiiid.  The  nliilily  [»  go  out  of  doors  nnd  make  a 
good  working  sketch  of  the  Eiirrriiinding)>  of  one's 
own  acbool-hoUHo  i»  of  niori-  valiio.  KtH>K'''>)>hi- 
cally  apeaklug.  ilian  the  ability  to  (•■.■nstruci,  rruin 
skvlchM  and  <l«lails  of  Hurv«-y.  a  map  of  Cape 
Cud  with  all  tlie  aouurscy  of  a  Swini  cartogrnphn'. 
No  one  confounds  tlip  art  of  writing  nnd  that  of 
printing.  Then  why  should  he  confound  the  de- 
scrihiog  geographical  featuree  with  geographical 
symbols  and  leprodiicing  the  same  with  thegrrat- 
e!>t  accuracy  for  ))ermanent  use  ?  Ucugniiiliy  ia 
not  onrtoRmphy.  nor  is  it  lopograptiy,  althougli 
buth  these  elements  conibiiM'  In  spograpby.  Prop- 
erly taught,  mail-drawing  ia  Uic  beet  guide  to 
Biap-rMdiDK- 

To  sum  up  tlie  aims  of  geographical  education, 
or  perhaps  I  should  eay  its  only  aim.  ia  to  make 
men  understand  what  is  going  mi  around  them, — 
tu  convt.-rM'  intelligently  upon  the  prniont  crisis 
in  Bulgaria,  or  tbe  economic  cliungvui  which  will 
bp  wrought  by  tbo  Panama  canal.  If  it  is  ever 
opened :  to  travel  abroad  with  boom  degree  of 
saliiifacliontaone'a  self,  and  to  one's  readers  if  on« 
wriiea  a  IkmJi  :  to  re«id  with  ioteivsi  and  apprecia- 
tion articles  ou  campaigns.  like  those  now  appeof 
ing  in  the  CVnfury,  Fur  what  information  can  a 
map,  n<%uralely  drawn  with  cootour-llnee  or 
linolium,  convey  to  a  man  who  doea  not  kitow 
wbsl  (hoee symbols raean 7  And.  flnnily.  the  stu- 
dent i>f  modem  history  who  is  not  fumiliarnith  tlin 
geugntphicul  features  of  ntnteru  Europi'  i-nn  giiin 
only  n  vriy  dim  idea  of  what  the  everlniiting 
cJMnge*  of  bitundury  rrnlly  mean.  The  ntarked 
dltTerence  between  the  Ixtokn  now  lieing  produced 
by  French,  EngllHh,  and  American  tiarelleia,  on 
the  one  hand,  and  Oermau  explorers,  on  the  other, 
la  too  great  to  cecapo  attention.  That  dlBereuce 
is  due  entirely  to  tlie  fact  that  la  school  and  uni- 


versity the  Oennan  la  taught,  in  the  Brat  ptooe.  to 
see.  and,  in  the  second  place,  to  underatand  what 
be  does  see.  Thin  power  (for  sach  knowledge  is 
(lower)  is  fn*t  pushing  the  German  to  the  foremost 
place  in  war.  In  commerce,  and  In  exploration.  U 
he  could  alsobelaught  to  relate  In  clear  and  tamjJe 
hingtiage  what  be  tlm»<  bus  learned,  it  would  tie  a 
poaitive  gain  to  mankind. 

BDWAK1>  CltANNIIfU. 


AM  ERIC  AH  SOCIETY  FOR  PSYCHICAL 
RESEARCH. 

TOK  locioty  held  it*  annual  mcoting  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Boston  eoeiety  of  natural  htMory  on 
Jan.  tt.  The  audltorlnni  was  crowded,  it  having 
been  aiiuouuced  thai  tliere  would  be  shown  some 
■apparent  (bough  t- 1  ransferrence '  and  some 
m  usclc  -rt'ud  i  og . 

The  tboitglil-lmniiferrcnce  was  petrformed  by 
Dr.  Miiint.  nitli  the  nMdstnnce  of  Mr  C.  B.  Gory, 
and  was  designed  to  show  Ifac  cbamvter  of  the 
danger*  arising  from  fraud  Introduced  into  ex- 
periments OD  mlnd-readiiig,  similar  to  some  of 
the  experiments  made  by  the  commltt«es  of  the 
Knfili>h  mcirty  for  ]isyeliic»l  rmearch.  Theaudi- 
varr.  were  at  Brat  not  informed  of  Uie  ultimate 
purpoee  of  the  exiH-riments.  and  wen  for  the 
most  part  entirely  deceived,  aliboiigh  mnny  were 
su«plclou».  Several  persons  took  a  card,  and, 
having  faiiteoed  their  stteiitiun  upon  the  cord, 
they  approached  Dr.  Minot.  who  proceeded  tu 
draw  It  upon  the  binclibnnrd  without  having  itoen 
the  card.  Tbotf  wrre  two  tailurcn,  one  of  which 
was  partial  only,  and  livn  succc^ef.  Later  in  the 
eveninic  Dr.  Uinot  explained  that  the  ex|)erlments 
were  fraudulent,  and  liud  depended  uihio  llr. 
Cory's  skill  in  earil-forring,  >o  that  the  IH^nl(m■ 
bod  not  really  chosen  tliHr  cords,  bnt  hnd  token 
them  frum  Mr.  Cory.  It  hnd  liecn  arranged  In 
what  oriler  the  cards  should  be  given,  so  that 
ercry  one  was  known  to  the  wiiirf-reader,  and  Ida 
faiture-drnwingn  were  intentiuual  hllnda.  The 
signals  used  to  indicate  what  person  wus  coming 
were  also  dewribed.  l>r.  Minot  tiien  added  n  few 
words,  which  tnade  chnr  the  leiwon  intended  ; 
namely,  that  in  many  of  tbeBnglishexperimenls. 
whifh  oiler  the  ooly  evidence  worth  heeding,  of 
tbuugb^trau8ler^en«e.  there  exbled  evident  v^ 
portunilies  for  traud.aDd  that  therefore  the  expcri- 
meuis  in  (juestion  nre  inconclusive.  He  ex)>r<i«»d 
his  unwillingness  tu  believe  in  thought -transfer, 
renoe  in  connenueoce  of  the  rridonce  yet  pre- 
sented, and  his  liope  thai  the  amiisint;  demonstra- 
tion made  by  Mr.  Cory  and  himself  would  Ber^-e 
the  nurious  nnd  gratcfLit  purpose  of  empbooixing 
the  dnngen  of  credulity  in  tliese  matters. 


jAini*e>T  SI.  188T.1 


8CIENVE. 


61 


Efitifelf  sinugbiforwani  were  tV  wry  admlr- 
■lite  perfonoiiDcrii  in  tuuwile-ri'iuIiiiK  ti^  Mr. 
rhnriiM  n.  MonlJiffiKi.  n  p-ntli^mnn  who.  id  thu 
poorup  of  B  fvw  weeks'  (inirttoe.  has  Mxinired  nn 
«xtro<D0  skill.  Re  lint  repealed  a  mock  murder, 
■tnllar  to  (ho  mpeillioa  recently  achtered  bf 
Blaliopand  noUvvd  in  our  oulumna  (SpCniM,  viiL 
p.  000).  He  tticD  action) pliiihii)  luiotbnr  Ti-al,  Ibat 
ot  rcc-oruliluciiii;  a  tnblivnu.  orhirh  lind  bnm  itr- 
nuged  hjr  rrof.  W.  T.  tMjprick  whilo  Ur.  Mon- 
tagwi  van  nut  of  tlie  room.  Wban  be  rvtunied, 
he  took  XttAA  of  Proff«war  Scdffwiek's  hand,  and 
qnickly  round  lh<'  peraons  and  objects,  and  placed 
Ihnu  in  the  proper  poeltlotM  quile  exactly.  All 
of  Ibis  was  done  brmuaclv-mding:  aud.  in  reply 
lo  a  ((Ufslion  from  one  of  thi-  nurlipnt'o,  Mr.  Mnn- 
tagiic  laid  Ibat  mtnd-rt*ding  bad  nnlliing  to  d» 
«ilh  bis  obtaining  ttie  re«|Ul«lt«  information  from 
the  Bubjeci. 

Tbe  varkius  commitleee  mnde  brief  re|iotti)  of 
prafCn<i«,  that  of  the  commiltre  on  apparitions 
boiojc  the  mnet  intcreetlng,  nereral  remarkable 
caat»  being  read  hy  ProfraMr  Royce,  wbo  clooed 
hifl  MigSMtlve  lemarhs  by  sutine  that  the  com- 
mitter wm  de«lrou!>  of  acoumulatingainucbmore 
exteni^ive  itiatifial. 

Tbe  chatrnuin.  Dr.  Bowditch,  called  atliiition 
to  the  fuc't  (list  tiK!  Burklj,  in  order  to  i^niploy  n 
qoaliftif)  urcrrlary  and  pn«et  Um  exiwn>pi  of  lis 
work,  reijiiiree  al  lea«l  turotbooMnd  iIi.>llHrB.  nbuut 
half  <it  wliich  hH3  already  been  mised.  Und<-r 
tb«Hi^  rireunistaneiii.  the  oiiuiu^il  had  re^rdcd  it 
aa  aafe  to  i-ngagv  the  xerritie  of  Ur.  tlodgBon, 
who  had  agrr^  to  come.  Mr.  UodgBon  ii»  well 
known  bi'  bis  tliorougb  espoaure  of  the  Indian 
theoaoplilcnl  aodety  and  ibe  ftauda  of  Madame 
Bbii-aiiiky.  The  society  bus  bitlierto  been  at  a 
diaadrnnta^.  becaine  ita  leading  memhnni  bnve 
been  au  ptncvd  by  profeaunnal  diitie*  that  ihi^.v 
have  be«Ti  nlih'  in  pve  very  little  time  to  tbe 
artive  work  of  the  oonimltiew.  But,  if  tbe  funds 
whii-b  Itie  WK-leiy  a«lis  for  are  secured,  it  wilt  be 
ennl>leil  to  prixtecute  ita  varlou*  nweunrlie*  into 
ptychH'  pheiKiniena  with  acticity  as  wi<U  an  r.e-al. 

An  uppfAl  t->all  tlHMr  intCToatcd  In  the  objects 
of  tl>t>  aoci^y  to  hdp  conlribut«  to  the  balance  of 
the  T«<pilrod  Kum  bas  been  issued  by  the  council. 
Henry  P.  BowJltcb.  Charles  B.  Cory.  George  S. 
t'ullenon.  t'lward  U.  Oardiner,  V,.  U.  Uall.  Q. 
Stanley  Hall.  Charles  O.  Jackaun.  JuoephJaMirow. 
William  Jaim^'M,  Uhark*  S.  Minot.  Simon  Ni;w- 
i.i>mh.  G.  C.  Pickering.  W.  H.  PickoriiiK,  JnoMw 
M.  Pc-inv,  JoMah  R«j«,  Minot  J.  SavBge.Samuel 
n.  Scitdder,  Coleman  Sellcnt,  R.  PearHall  Smith. 
Wllliaiit  Watson.  Su hscri pi lona  should  he  neat  to 
C.  C.  Jaokaon.  24  Congress  Street.  Boston. 

We  (rust  that  (he  aociety  will  expand  itx  acupe. 


and  turn  to  the  soltition  of  MUM  ol  those  prcMena 
of  psychology  which  pma  on  every  side  for  ao)a- 
tion.  We  are  tlierefore  clad  to  leiuli  that  a  ooa- 
mittis!  on  pj<|inri  menial  paycbolugy  baa  beoB 
appoantml. 


GOVBRNMENT  SCIESTITJC  WORK. 

Ttt8  work  upon  the  report  of  tbe  Cbarlmton 
earthquake,  to  be  made  by  Captalu  Dulton  of  the 
U,  3.  geological  Bur*ey.  is  progreMiug  rapidly. 
Thn  data  coUccttHl  are  very  voliuuinooa,  and  o(  a 
character  which  \*  quitn  m»  matinfactory  aa  could 
reasonably  be  ex|>erted.  Thn  nnmber  of  neparatA 
reporta,  amonnling  to  abont  tw<<nty-five  hnndr«4, 
hare  been  card'OAlalogued,  and  the  plotting  for 
iBOwinmaU  ban  begun.  The  data  are  less  aatia- 
fartory  than  oauld  be  winhed,  tflluugb  a  few  re- 
porf  ot  the  time  of  the  paMago  of  tlte  earth- 
quake sliock  in  rarioua  pari*  of  llw  country  will 
be  eulBciently  accuratf  to  detwmina  tbe  vdocity 
of  propaication  of  the  earth-ware,  and  with  a 
much  smaller  probability  of  error  tlian  In  any 
other  e«rlhqiiakes  i)revioualy  reported,  The  final 
computntions  have  not  aii  yet  been  made,  hul 
sulHclntt  ia  known  to  indicate  with  cvrtainly  a 
velocity  somewhat  in  vxoaas  of  tbm-  inibv  p«r 
B««oti(l.  The  data  relntinK  to  t)>«  cplocnlral  locali- 
ties and  (heir  immediate  neiffhborbond  stk  qnit« 
full,  and  it  i*  exjiected  Ihey  will  pTO»-e  iiwLrtidive 
and  sniixeotivr.  Captain  Uutton  h  reluctant  to 
speak  very  d«i:nive)ynlxiut  Ibe  Hiuil  re.iulta.  be- 
lieving that  any  very  spricillc  atatomfnta  would, 
for  (he  present,  be  premature. 

Prof,  itaphael  Pumpelly,  chief  of  the  divlsionof 
arvhean  geology,  who  has  been  on  die  (emporary 
roll  of  the  U.  B,  geological  aurvey.  haa  been 
placed  on  the  (yrmanent  roll,  in  conTeqiiMice  of 
tlie  re^iimntion  of  Mr.  t'.  V.  Ilayden. 

The  question  of  iiuccMmraliip  lo  G«npral  Ha- 
Eeo  is  heittg  discussed.  Captain  Qreely  is  most 
likely  to  succeed  lo  Ihe  poaitton  of  chief  signal 
filHoer.  He  will  al  least  remain  at  Ibe  bead  of 
the  arrvice  Umipotarfly,  nniil  aTTangementii  are 
perfect*^  for  arparatinx  tbn  w(«tb<-r- bureau  f nwn 
military  c^ontrol.  and  nKnUiihing  it  {H-rmanently 
under  a  civil  hiancli  of  ihr  ^nvemmcnl.  Gennnl 
Uaten  was  quite  opposed  to  any  nucJi  tianatM', 
but  chaniced  his  mind  about  six  months  axo.  This 
lenvea  tbe  matter  now  open  :  and.  as  no  officer  of 
high  rank  would  be  aHected  by  the  cliange.  It  wtU 
probably  be  made.  Nona  of  the  olHcera  of  the 
servion  would  oScr  any  opjKBition  to  the  mova- 
ment. 

Another  important  8l«p  has  h«4-ij  taken  in  tbe 
perauuieQtexpogillon  project  In  WashinKton,  tite 
ae-lect  coinmittee  of  tlie  senate  havini;  reported  In 


62 


SCIByCE. 


(Vou  IX.,  No.  SO? 


fiitar  of  ooinmifDnmtinit  the  renlpnnUI  of  tJio 
ooofltitiitlon  St  WiuOiiiiKl-m  In  18M.  The  com- 
mtttee  baa  not  reported  upon  the  manner  of  tb« 
propowd  c«lebntiou,  aii<l  also  iii  rt-gnnl  to  tin- 
<|iifii)tt-o(-nUriiniiil  of  1883 ;  but  thi-  nclion  now 
laken  funibibpn  !nilficiMiliiK)niranri<  that  thc«nttr« 
prograninti!  im  clonic mplntcd  bj"  tlic  bnnrd  of  pro- 
motion, and  inchidinK  its  expoeltioii  featares,  will 
n'<:oiv«  the  Jntlor¥«mcint  ot  coogreH. 

Thp  deiwrtm«ni  of  ajtrtmlture  estiniateeof  am. 
product,  and  value,  of  corn,  wbvut.  and  osts  for 
permaiii*!)  [  reourd.  arv  (.'Ooiplrtnt.  Tlip  com-nrop, 
iu  round  niitn)i<.'r<.  UK);''''K'>tPH  1,SC>'>.<KHI,0IX)  bush- 
elH,  KTonn  an  TS.OOO.OiX)  norvH  of  land,  and  bna  a 
rorm  xnliift  at  pnOfiiVt.tm.  tlii<  yield  is  i2 
biwbHs  to  tlie  acr».  or  4}  boalids  I<-hi  llinn  Inut 
y««r.  Tlier«  Is  an  iocrtwut-  of  iin-n  ot  o\n  a  per 
oeDt,  and  &  iecrtatt  in  pruduct  nt  14  pvr  rml ; 
wbile  the  avenge  price  han  iiicn>s:(od  13  ]»f  cent, 
M  from  89.8  to  36.6  rent*  per  bushel.  Tbe  aggre- 
gate product  of  wbrnt  i»  437,000.000  buobela  from 
an  arwof  nenrly  ST, 000.000  acKw,  baving  a  form 
villus  of  $814,000,000.  The  average  vnlun  b  08.T 
centa  per  bushel,  aKsiuMt  77.1  for  tlin  preTJoii» 
crop,  and  04.5  i»iiia  for  the  f;rcat  crop  of  1884. 
Thl§  Is  its  per  (rent  reduction  from  t)i«  average 
value  between  IHTO  and  18S0.  The  prwbict  of 
Oftta  ii  434,000,000  hujihcls,  .1,000.000  I^m  tliun  la«t 
year,  from  lui  nTerngp  of  over  fflJ.000.000  aeies, 
producing  a  value  of  |18U, 000,1)00.  The  nvmi|n> 
jrleld  la  H.4  biubels  a^-ainst  27.6  Inst  yenr,  Tlie 
tverag*  value  is  30.S  cente  per  I>u8hel ;  Innt  y««r. 
S8.4  cents. 

An  effort  is  being  ninde  in  Wasliingtoii  to  «eeure 
Iho  linll  »if  thfi  hiniae  of  ropreaeutativea  for  tlie 
<»|)ening  wtiijon  of  tlie  riliitli  triennial  meeting  of 
thr  Int«>mal]onal  niedioal  €ongrritB  on  the  Sth  of 
next  September,  About  two  thouMnd  di'legate* 
ar«  expected,  iuetuding  nornc  thrve  hundred  from 
Europe.  Afnw  tlie  opening  mc^Ing  (be  codktoo^ 
will  be  divided  iiitowventeen  »PCliou«.  inertiug  in 
the  different  hnllg  of  tlie  city. 

An  invitatioD  lia»  been  received  nt  the  depart' 
moot  of  slate,  asking  the  government  to  appoint 
a  delegate  or  delegates  to  the  Fnutili  iniei  nntional 
prMon  cangnnitt.  to  meet  nt  SI.  PelcnilHirg  In  the 
year  1890.  The  riwicirnt  trnnsniilted  a  ueua^ 
to  cuogRM  on  thin  Kubjcct  last  week,  favoring  the 
appednlment  of  delegates,  and  (hey  will  probably 
•(.on  be  namwl. 

The  following  bulletius  of  the  U.  S.  geological 
•urvcy  are  now  in  tlie  hand*  ot  the  printer: 
■Pbyslcal  ptopertfttf  of  iron  cnrburtTts,'  Darns 
onJ  Ktroubal  ;  '  Rubaidence  of  «mBll  psiUctes  of 
intioluble  Holids  in  liquid,'  Baru»  :  '  Types  of  Lara- 
mie flora.'  L.  F.  Ward;  '  Peridotite  of  Klliolt 
county.  Ky,,'  J.  H.  Ullleri    'The  upper  benches 


stid  deltas  of  the  gfau-iul  Lake  AgBsslz,'  Warmi 
Upham  :  ■  Fowil  faunas  upper  Oevoniao  Ocneaee 
•ectton.'  U.  S,  William*:  'Report  of  work  done 
in  rbenitcal  diriiiinn  U.  K.  g«ologicnt  survey  dur- 
ing Hwal  y«r  IBIJ.'S-M.'  F.  W.  Clarke:  -On  the 
tetliary  and  crelacfous  strata  of  tlie  Tuscaloosa. 
Tonibigbee,  and  Alabtima  rivrra,'  B.  A.  Smith 
and  L,  C.  Jobn»on  :  '  Uieloricul  sketchen  of  gen- 
eral work  in  Texas,'  R.  C.  Hill ;  '  Nature  ond  ori- 
gin of  phonphntr^  of  litne.'R.  A.  F.  Penrate,  jnn.; 
'  Bibliography  of  American  Cruslscea,'  A.  W. 
Vogdee. 

yOTKS  AXD  NEWS. 

The  litenitute  of  spltltualixm  luis  recently  bcco 
Increased  by  an  historical  sketch  of  tlie  suttject  by 
l>r.  Paul  Gibier  (-  Le  Epirili«me.'elc.,  Paris,  10871. 
The  author  is  not  a  spirituulist.  and  takes  great 
pains  to  state  his  disbelief  in  the  auiieroaturat 
in  big  letters.  As  n  further  giinmniy  of  the 
scietilifie  spirit  which  prompts  hih  inquiry.  Iio 
appeniU  n  list  of  hia  conlriliutjons  to  medical 
BcieDL-e.  For  ihe  iiio^t  part.  Dr.  Uibler  wn- 
(enta  bimeelf  with  the  rufi]  of  hiaturian.  He 
givm  a  rapid  sketch  of  the  Hpbitual  tbei>rieii  from 
the  anci>,-nt  Uiiidoos  down  to  the  reiM-nnrlMV  of 
Crochc*  anil  ZOIlner.  tlis  niH»unt  of  tbr  mod- 
ern developaient*  in  this  stmnge  field  is  qniw 
convenient  and  readable.  An  outsider  ivould 
liardly  eiedil  the  Hlatement  thai  in  ["ariH  |by  no 
means  n  Btronghold  of  spiritual  bnO  (herr  are  not 
lens  thiin  100.1)00  spirit iintiHts.  The  stntiKics 
of  the  perio<lical  literature  ot  s|>)ritualisni  ix  sl«o 
astoDlshtng  :  19  such  jxTiodicals  aie  in  French, 
27  in  English.  86  in  Spanish,  S  in  Uertuan, 
3  in  Portuguese.  I  in  IluEuiiun.  3  in  Italian.  Be- 
sides n  Fninc<i-S[umi.ib  journal  i>  publixhi'-l  at 
Buenos  AyreB.  and  u  Frnnco-Diitch  at  Oitend. 
While  the  main  ix>rtion  of  the  work  is  histori- 
cal, a  few  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  accoant 
of  stances  maliily  wilb  the  famous  slaie- 
wriling  medium.  Hlaile.  Thette  have  convinced 
the  author  that  there  ore  genuine  fads  in  tbeee 
phenomena  whii'h  xpiritunlistic  hypothesis,  as  well 
iiK  Ltirn-nt  scicnliHc  knowledge,  is  unable  lo  ex- 
plain. Slorc  re»(Birch  is  necewary  before  Ihe  final 
verdict  con  be  given,  and  it  is  cowardly  forM-ience 
to  refuse  to  study  alt  such  facta,  and  »eek  ibeir 
explanation. 

— Tile  Indiana  state  teachers'  association  l^'gan 
it«  annuel  meeting  in  Indianapolis  Dec,  38,  eitend- 
ing  Its  sessions  thruugli  the  two  succeeding  days, 
The  blgh  school  section,  and  country  and  village 
Hcliuol  neelion,  held  the  seraiims  i«i  the  28th,  and  on 
llie  otht^  days  the  association  held  meetings  as  ■ 
whole.     A  numlier  of  pnp^Ts  were  pivnenied   in 


I 
I 


4 


I 
I 


jAinrAST  n.  isn.) 


SCmWCET 


53 


I 


I 


Btmnil  tearion,  vach  Ba|>posed  to  be  ai>plk-ul)l«  to 
Ibe  DMiteof  ibeconiinonaOboolH  orinilianu.  Thu 
following  pMpvri  u-cre  iwid  befom  Ih^  high  vchool 
wctioD :  'HathcmaticKMafnirtoriiiiiiind-clovrinp- 
mcol.'  by  J.  A.  Camn^t^r  :  ■  UmiUttoiM  in  peda- 
Sogios]  iMjcbolOKy,'  hy  J.  R.  Ilarl ;  '  P8rcholoiC7 
in  it*  r^ation  to  BtikIi^Ii  tiu-ralurv.'  ><>■  A.  U. 
Hujvke :  'Some  otBcriaijouB  od  IvHthiog  Luttu 
In  the  high  M:hixil,'  by  Ucarge  W.  HaiTord ;  oiwl 
•ZMogj  in  tbe  high  whool,'  by  Ptot.  O.  P. 
Jtoktna. 

—  Tbr  Xfeiiieal  new*  oonulns  an  lntt>r«etii)g 
iilatvmcDl  <•€  ■h«'  bnoks,  tMuipliIi-ts.  eu.*..  ia  tlie 
princlpAj  iDMllcal  Ubnirkii  of  llie  couiilrr.  U  i« 
W  follows :  — 


UkrBri>«(aart<ou->BDentl^efflca 

Ubmrr  of  ooum  c^  piiytili-Uiw  et  mtK . 
UtRSfyorKe*  Ynt  iKiiilvRijrurmMlDlue. 
■elOG  iDjJIial  ni'mry 

8brafr<dUi«>«>Vort  bowlUI  
bn«y  Ot  lb*  PeiuurUwilA  hrwiilul .... 


Vgl-        Pam- 


TO.TUn 
54.su 

now 

lAjMO 
ItuDOO 


i«,ano 

lajxo 
ia«4 


—  Th#Boll  and  lAirxsler ^iMema  r>r dumtion, 
or  ac  ImM  ao  unch  of  tlit-in  an  rulntm  to  the 
«mpioymenlof  monitor*  or  pii|iil  tcadu-ni.  lime 
b««a  considered  (l«Nd.  Bui  ihc  Lon<l(in  Joiimat 
<tf  eduoatUm  nnnuuocnt  Umt  tli*  ilradturd  {Kan- 
laod)  KCbool  board  bus  ndoptrd  a  plan  iiAordiiiK  lo 
wbkh  paiMl  loachpraareretalnH.  but  on  thobnlf- 
tiin«  mrtUtn.  nnilthejare  |ibtCMl<luriiij;thi>*r<y>nd 
halt  of  tbe  time  in  a  r«ntcal  cbtan  for  iartriicUnri 
UMlt^  (killed  Uochen.  If  pupil  ti-nchcrs  are  to 
))e  r«tBin«<l  ■!  all.  aornv  BiK-h  borin  ns  tlilx  ia  the 
tmff  one  on  which  it  alionlit  bn  done. 

—  Prof.  John  W.  BurKtAt  of  Ciilumbia  college 
i«tod«liicra  ooune  of  tra  lo(!lut<»  at  Anduvtrr 
Iheologicii)  aeiniiiary  during  tho  aprinit,  on  '  Tbe 
intlnenoe  of  (he  vhurch  in  modern  EutupcaQ 
Unluwy.' 

—  A/rikauuehr  muArUMev  ia  the  tiila  of  a  new 
monibly,  nhtcb  It  publtahed  at  thv  prvM  of  the 
S«nf[raptilcs>  instlttitein  W«iniar.  It  la  devoied 
to  tb«  estentioD  of  iiilormatjon  conc«niii)g  Africa, 
and  will  (wf  ea|Mvial  atlvnlinn  to  German  int«r- 
aata  is  Uiat  oooUnent, 

—  The  emigration  at  tbe  Uenonn  MMportannd 
Antwerp  amount*!d,  duriTig  the  tirn  aix  montbs  of 
laW,  to  89.477  perenns.  for  ihe  aame  period  In 
t8Bl   it  wan  l-2^tS9:  jn    1832.    117,801  ;  in  ISSO, 

M.I4S:  in  ]mi.  9a.aoi :  in  18SA,  ea,S4\ 

—  An  exctlJent  iden  may  be  obtained  of  what 
«nb>e<.t»  ar*  of  grviilist  contemporary  intcmit  to 
Uie  k-adioK  oniverMtien  abroad  by  an  iuapiHition  of 
ihe  tiat  of  l«clun'HKibJecta  announced.     FVir  tbe 


Hilary  term  at  Oxfoid,  for  example,  the  follow- 
ing are  aume  of  the  ooontt*  aim^unced  by  the 
liSMlJRg  profiiiaont :  Ptofwaftr  Brj  c*  announrt«  a 
nnirw  cm  wimi'  UiadinR  prinriplfn  and  niaxinn  of 
Rinnnn  law.  nith  illuHlrntionn  from  thv  IKgett  ; 
ProfexMJT  Wwy,  on  the  law  of  tMnttact,  and  on 
RiiPoeMlon  h>  real  and  personal  property  ;  Profr*- 
«or  BurikiO'.ManderMNi.  on  the  pliyaiolcq^y  of  the 
□eivoun  ajst^iii  :  I'loframr  Sylveater,  on  Mirfawa 
of  till-  ii*r<ind  Drdcr  ;  Profrawir  JowHt,  on  the  his- 
tory of  (!rc«k  jihiloMitihy  froni  TtiaUw  to  Hocratee  i 
PrafMPor  Nellleship,  on  tlie  hbtory  of  I^tin  lit' 
eralure  from  the  earlJMt  Uoirs  to  the  tmd  of 
tJie  aetnnd  century  fl.C',  :  ProfMaor  Wallace, 
on  moral  psycbolugy,  and  on  the  n-'lutUitia  of 
elliics  and  lu-sthi-ltcH  iu  Crrrmno  ptriltaupby  from 
Kant  to  Si-hogx-nbauiT  1  Profediioc  Fowli-r,  oathe 
Aristotelian  Ionic,  on  the  methods  of  the  various 
soi^ncvH,  and  on  t)ie  principles  of  leml  and  hiaiori- 
«il  erideiioe  ;  Prof.  BoDamy  I*»ice,  on  free  trade 
and  fair  trade  ;  Profeteor  I^gnii'i.-,  ini  the  M'nlp- 
turHque  and  pietorial  *ty\m  in  ancient  smd 
modem  poetrj*. 

—  Mr.  Banleen  of  Syracuse  announcei  fO(  )«te 
all  uncut  (v>py  of  tbe  '  Orbi<  picttiti '  uf  Oo(ueniii«. 
Only  one  other  nipy  in  known  to  be  in  America. 

—  Prof,  Mux  M&Ih-r  in  to  iL-ctnre  at  Oxford 
during  the  pr««eiil  term  on  Ihe  Vedw. 

—  We  leant  fnxn  the  Alhenafum  that  ProfeMior 
Bain  i<  about  to  puUinh  a  ncvr  and  i-nlarged  edi- 
tion of  Ills  *  Kbeluric  and  oompaf>ition.'  In  tki* 
edition  (be  author  ]>ro|H«ri'  to  omit  a  numbAr  of 
tbe  topics  comprised  in  the  existing  woric,  and  to 
lieatow  u  griHitly  i^xpandeil  treatment  upon  point* 
wliwtrd  on  account  of  their  importance  aa  well 
BM  their  nuitabllity  to  pupih  of  a  oerUiii  ■lanaling. 
In  part  i.  the  subjei-t^  are,  oriler  of  wonlj,  num- 
ber of  worils,  tlie  neiiti-ocr,  ihr  pnntKmph,  Sgurra 
of  S|>eech,  anj  inlplliHtnal  quntilies  of  Myle. 
The  aecaul  putt,  which  will  qieedlly  follow,  h 
exclUHiiety  il(-Ti>tpd  to  the  emotional  quali(ie«of 
atyle,  and  in  in«innt  to  be  an  inlruductioii  to  tbe 
highrr  criticism  of  jKielicul  litt-mture.  Tlie  (irrt 
imrt  will  tie  accoiniianieil  by  a  .^mall  m I ume  en- 
titled '  Oil  lea^bing  English,'  which  in  |iar(ly  con- 
trovetsinl  and  portly  didactic.  It  dlwtaBsM  Ibe 
various  methods  of  Eugliah  teuching  at  pmrat 
in  use,  and  cxempliBec  llie  rhetivJcal  method  In 
a  arries  of  lelect  lessons.  It  altio  haadlea  at  some 
length  the  vexed  i|iieition  of  the  dcRnitiim  of 
poetry. 

—  Qtptaln  Gore  of  Ihe  royal  engineers  Is  to 
cQnctmct  tbo  new  map  of  Afghanistan  from  the 
8iirv«ys,  reconmuaaancea,  and  exploration!  made 
by  tlie  Afghan  boumlary  commlacdon. 


94 


SCLENCE. 


ivot.  IX .  No.  an 


—  The  lieaUnK-epringB  of  Boola  ntd  Htn»go- 
vlna  8e«ii)  •iestiued  to  occupy  a  pronlBeBt  place 
auioajt  the  li«iaItU-t«eorU  of  tlie  world,  ProtoMor 
Ludwl^  of  Vidina,  in  lti«  ooure«  of  nii  otHi-ial 
jounwy  rect-nUy.iliacoveret]  o»et  fifty  mMlicinnl 
i^iriDgH.  Tbii  l>nit  nro  those  At  BanjiUulcB, 
Scmjcwo,  aaA  Di>lnjn-Tiizln. 

—  Ai-oordinji  to  th«  newest  nod  bent  ma]M  of 
New  Uuiovu,  thai  n-gioo,  including  Ibc  hiiiaII 
itiand  lying  nenr  iti  ccost,  hns  nn  nres  uf  u»t  Ich 
tlum  TSS.aSS  Hitiara  Icilomptrts.  Of  thin  tnrritory. 
1IM,M0  wiiiArr  kilomolree  bw  under  Dut<'h  pmlw 
tioD,  235,483  under  Bnftiisb.  and  179,300  under 
Ovraan. 

—  Dunng  \hv  tiolidiiyn  n  meeting  wwi  held  at 
UniTemilr  i-ollesc.  Toronto,  to  i)rR»iitw  n  modcm- 
laiiguaRC  amiKTiAtion  forthcPrnvhioe  of  Ontario, 

—  ilodrm-langvAige  note*  unnuauu.'ca  that  Pii)- 
fprauT  Craon  of  Oomvll  nnivmity  in  pirpuring  an 
extensive  work  on  the  Kwnt  tiwdiMival  collm^tinm; 
of  Lalin  sloriea,  their  sources  nnd  imitailom  In 
the  modem  lang^iage«.  A  large  purt  of  the 
uiaterlul  has  be«ii  tak«ti  ftuoi  iiuedlted  ninnti- 
scTipta  in  the  British  miiBeuiii  and  Nutiouul  libniry 
at  Pari*,  or  tttaa  early  prinli-Hl  lH>okB.  Among 
the  fomifT  j'Ibb*  lire  the  axmpta  or  illiuilriitivp 
itori<«  <'4>ntaincd  in  thp  ■■imonn  of  Jnciiirs  Air 
VUr7,  bishop  of  Acre  and  the  hi^lorinn  of  the 
CnaadMi.  Although  thi-au  alori™  urt-  of  Ibe 
grcatCHt  vuluo  for  thv  qilCBlion  of  tliK  diffiLiiou  uf 
popnlni'  talm,  they  burr  never  before  been  edited. 
ProfdODr  Crane'*  work,  which  iacntitliHl  ■  Meiliac- 
r»l  Ftory-bookH  and  rtorie*."  will  covw  the  entire 
nxtKf  of  mediaeval  Ijilin  Action,  including  eowtM 
dtvott,  fabjee,  apologues,  historical  auecdotce, 
Jeats,  etc..  and  will  lie  valuable  not  only  tu  the 
uudent  of  cumiNuative  liti>nilun'  and  folk-lore, 
but  al»0  to  tboBe  jnlenitfHl  in  tucdiaevnl  culture 
and  hiiitory. 

—  Id  oTiler  to  aid  the  law-studeuts  iii  the  tituity 
of  tlie  year-lxHikB  and  other  Ie|^l  docuiaeuta  in 
Ncruian  Freiifh.  the  tniBle™  of  Culumlua  college 
have  proviiled  a  kduriT  on  Nornifln  Fronoh  for 
lh«  law-»cbonl. 

—  Tlie  December  issue  of  the  Johna  Hopkins 
university  circulars  conlsinii  the  report  of  Prof. 
W.  K.  Itrooka  on  the  Zoological  work  of  the 
UUiTenity  since  Wi^i.  and  al«o  a  nerioi  of  jiapvrs 
on  the  work  of  the  niaiiue  laboratory  during  the 
paat  Bumnier, 

—  Ftoui  linur  to  liuie  the  Englioli  {uitHTa  pub- 
lish reports  lu  tothehejillhut  Mr.  Uerbcrl  Spvncrr. 
It  ia  now  mid  to  be  improTing. 

—  The  Atkfnatum  announcm  Uiat  the  second 
volume  of  Profeawr  Pfle4derer's  ■  Plilloeophy  of 


relitrion,'  now  in  tho  pma,  will  include  nut  only 
tnanj  corrections  and  additionx  by  the  autlior,  but 
also  some  new  matter  on  tlie  BnRliah  philoaophon 
of  the  present  day. 

—  The  pr««ent  seriee  of  froa  public  lecluree  at 
Columbia  college,  which  ft  is  hoprd  will  become 
a  periuaneiil  iuatitullou,  was  opened  on  Saturday, 
Jan.  8.  by  William  H^nry  Bishop,  who  qioke  on 
'Chamcters  luid  dialect  in  fiction.'  l^st  Satnr- 
day  Mr.  B.  A.  Ntidal  leetur«>d  on  ■  Reoalleolions 
of  the  south."  Tiekota  for  th«o  lectuiee  are 
issued  l)ecau»e  of  Die  limited  capacity  of  the  lec- 
ture-hall, but  Ihey  may  be  obtained  freeof  charge 
by  addrr»iag  the  rcgiiitmr,  OolutnUa  college. 

— Thaw"  who  liava  foUowed  the  Irieh  qumtion 
in  Uritish  |X)h lies,  and  wbo  have  n-nil  Mr.  U lad- 
Btone'a  'Hmlory  of  an  Idea.'  will  bn  tnti^mted  in 
the  presentation  of  the  opposite  view  by  Lord 
Brnboume.  This  wa*  firat  printed  in  fifodnnxMra 
magaziiUt  but  in  now  iwued  sdparately. 

—  In  the  January  number  of  the  Andartr  re- 
view.  Prof.  George  11.  Palmer  »f  Harvard  d«fenda 
hlB  view  of  the  elective  system  ugninxt  it*  critica, 
and  oUmm  the  discuuiou  on  llial  subject  which 
hiM  been  going  on  in  tlie  columns  of  the  rovlew 
fnr  a  year  past. 

—  l.SOO.OOO  francs  have  been  aubscrlhed  to 
eslahliRh  the  Paxleur  innlituto  in  Paris.  Some 
of  the  largeit  cootrilmtionti  hnvn  been  rw^tirttd 
from  English  brewern,  a^  a  token  of  their  ap- 
preciation of  Pasteur's  work  In  connectioin  wltb 
fermentatioin. 

—  The  New  Turk  oreraatfon  sooiety,  which 
hae  ila  cn-mnlorium  at  Fresli  Pond.  Long  Island, 
has  incinerated  eighty-four  bodien  during  tbe 
|MuiI  year. 

—  H.  Peyrand  considers  one  of  the  beet  nwiaiia 
of  delennining  the  death  of  nn  individual  to  bo 
oauteriestion  by  Vleuna  paste-  If  the  c»ohar 
fonns  slowly,  and  is  of  a  yellow  color  or  transpar- 
ent, death  may  be  positively  delared.  while,  if  It 
i*  red.  brown,  or  black,  life  ><liU  exists. 

—  The  following  officere  wcri-  elected  at  the  an- 
nual iiieeling  of  the  Appalachian  mountain  oliib 
in  BoHlon.  Jan.  IS:  prealdeni.  Prof.  Alpheua  Hy- 
att of  Com'iridge ;  vic*-pr«aldenl,  Robert  C.  Pit- 
man of  Newton :  recording  secretary,  Roeew«U  D. 
I«wrence:  treasurer,  Gardner  K.  Jones.  Co«n> 
mltte««:  on  nntimU  hintory,  (ii^irgi'  Dimmock  of 
Cambridtce :  on  topography,  Prof.  E.  E.  Button : 
on  art,  CIihiIm  W.  Sanderson ;  on  explorattons, 
Frank  O.  Car|>ent*T  i  on  improvenient^,  Isaac  V. 
Cliubbuck.  Tr»»t«M.  Profeasor  William  U,  NilM 
of  Cambridge,  Augustuii  E.  Scott  of  Lexington, 


I 
I 
I 


Jawakt  31,  l9t(T.] 


SCIENCE. 


55 


» 


I 
I 


I 


I 


Charlea  W.  Knmonl.     It  wax  lUm  rotod  thni  the 
adiaimioift-feu  U-  l>iTmtft«r  flrn  doHani. 

—  SniC(>  our  l*si  iiwue  two  men  have  diod  wIh> 
hare  been  prominently  ootmeoted  with  tbcimuncv 
of  America.  The  one  na  Gmi.  W.  B.  Itaxcti,  Iho 
bmit  of  tlw  U.S.  signal  ncrvior.  and  tli«  olliw 
Prtrf.  E.  L.  YounMn*.  to  wham  Americans  owe  a 
debt  rorhiMriacc4W(fiil  labors  In  rendeiiog  avall- 
aUo  tu  IhL'tn  diikIi  of  the  best  »clent<tic  ttiouj;ht 
o(  tbr  tjtiif. 

—  As  Is  luual.  tl>e  ^irAifnucnni  print*  in  tto  flret 
January  rtumlier  a  suii-iiof  own.vs  nii  the  contl- 
oeutal  liipnilurv  for  lb«  past  ;f«r.  Tbe  article  on 
Ft«o<>li  litrmturo  ia  b7  iJabriet  i^rraain,  and  iH>n> 
taJDH  in^rldonUIIr  ft  san)^  deniiiidntion  o(  M. 
KiIb.  Tlie  ftiticie  on  Oerniany.  from  the  \yiia  ot 
Ho(r»th  Zimuenuann,  in  an  inti-restingniiii!tual. 
Amiiniiu  Viinb^-  wt'iUv  at  Hungarian  llteru- 
ture.  and  R.  Bonghi  ortlint  of  Half. 

— TIk-  H'oHMnt'a  jisMniai  hua  liecm  pinphaaiKlng 
the  well-known  twA  tlwt  frmalc  toacliera  KTeail}- 
preponderate  in  tfai*<vmiiti7.  To  so  great  an  ex- 
teat  i*  Ibu  true,  that,  in  rmpect  of  elemeutarj 
•cJiooIh,  Ihow  citim  are  Uie  exL-eptioru  in  which 
male  Mvclwra  are  employed,  nave  aa  priiuipnlA,  or 
toacb^ra  of  aome  special  branch,  mj.  OerinaD. 
TWng  the  t«a  cllie«  of  Baltiioorc.  Ronton,  Brook- 
lya,  Cbtcago.  Cbwhttuiti,  New  Orli-uuB,  New  York, 
PhUadeipbia,  San  Prandsoo.  and  St.  Louia  to- 
gatb«r,  th«rcnre  19.118  put>tic-»eli(K>l  tcDchrm.  ni 
whom  11^4  are  women.  The  ar«r^o  parcvnt^e 
of  Diale  leaclters  in  tbeit?  cili<.ii  i»9. 

—  Tbe  entrance  of  Sir  Uenrr  Koecoe  upon  a 
poliiival  oare«T  neonaiitatni  the  gtvtng-up  of  hiH 
chair  M  Owens  coJlagr,  Mancliesier.  Mr,  H.  B. 
Dixon  of  Trinity  col l«itc,  Oxford,  has  been  oiilkd 
to  KKCccd  him. 

—  The  EiltKatiomal  timet  saya  Uiat  "  the  friend* 
Ol  fjucniion  line?  much  reason  for  ngoicintc  in 
the  fnet  thai  a  lame  number  of  thi?  memorials 
which  BTP  to  render  her  mujest.v'ri  jnbiloe  memor- 
^ile  will  take  an  educaiiunal  form.  Technical 
tchtiolii,  cullegvn.  and  endowment)*  of  profeasor- 
•bipa  will  be.  in  many  cue*,  the  visible  sigai  by 
wkicb  LimUmpnrary  EnxHsli  loyalty  will  be  cri- 
denood  to  anbora  Kencratlona." 

—  According  to  the  Joarnal  p/  cdwMtion.  the 
modem  Qr«eka  are.  in  one  rmpect  at  least,  aiming 
ai  high  M  the  aocient  Gre«kii :  they  are  begin- 
ning to  conqurt  the  world— (he  world,  at  any  rate, 
of  tbo  ea«t  —  by  culture.  A  correepondvut  ol  the 
•hmrualdf  tUbaU  Kirea  Mime  aeeuuni.  in  lhis<ion- 
nectiitn,  of  the  great  ad  canoe  which  higher  educa- 
tioa  Id  Oreeoe  ha«  made  of  leceul  years.     There 


are  88  irymnttla  in  the  khigdom.  SOO  secondary 
(cbnols.  and  1,717  priioarj-  Mbnola.  Thcac  are  all 
public.  Among  the  private  educatiooat  iitablish- 
menti),  tbe  liral  plaoe  muat  be  given  to  the  Society 
for  the  higher  e^lurntion  of  women.  In  CfloiiMKition 
with  which  ■  lycw  forgiib  waaealaUiehn)  a  few 
years  ago.  with  a  etaiT  of  TO  teachers  and  1.4*4 
piipilii.  Oreelts  aeiid  their  girls  there  from  all 
parts  of  the  easL  Bducation  Is  very  libeially  en- 
dowed iit  Ureece ;  hiuI  Umi  Huinx  nbivh  Greeks 
iieltlMl  in  (croign  couDtrim  iirnil  home  for  tbb 
pitrjiciM!  are  very  Inrgc.  One  rmiilt,  of  einifwe.  b 
that  the  Om'liii  are  nlmo«t  entirely  in  pomtMiion 
of  the  learned  professions  in  Turkey.  Illiteraoy, 
too.  is  rare  in  tJie  kingdom :  in  the  oioat  ovt-of- 
thc-way  hill  cunulries  you  will  see  UUle  scholars 
reading  their  Plutarch's  '  Lit«a.' 

—  The  Standard  tyi)Ogiaph  oompuiy,  whon 
typogmph  wan  <lnicribi>d  and  ttliuitraled  in  fiMnwe 
for  Sept.  IT,  IBSfl,  hn^-o  |nililuhed  a  little  painphlet 
calling  Bttenlion  Ui  recent  improvemenia  in  their 
machine.  By  the  use  of  '  slugs.'  or  stripe  of  metal, 
ini^ead  of  a  single  slieet,  the  linea  of  type-hapres- 
•ions  raay  be  spaced  or  '  leaded  •  any  desirable  dto- 
tnnce  apart,  in  the  aume  manner  ua  ordinate  type. 
Tlieu«eof  what  ii  known  as  'si-lf -spacing' type, 
that  is,  type  whose  width  of  race  is  a  certitin  de> 
temiiuate  multiple  of  nn  eslnhlished  unit,  remona 
some,  though  not  all.  of  the  difficulty  in  ■  jniRify- 
ing'  or  spacing  uniformly  bet«*een  tbe  words. 
Thnw  two  points  are  decided  inipmvemeuta ;  but 
the  specimens  of  work  given  in  tbe  pam|ihl«l  sliuw 
that  many  of  the  defscta  and  imperfectioiu  prv~ 
viouflly  mentioned  in  Scltner  still  rvmain. 

—  Id  lecturing  befoTO  the  Society  of  nalnnU 
history  at  Berlin.  Profeesor  Strieker  has  employed 
with  much  suoccm  an  electric  lamp  of  4.000  can- 
dle.puwer  for  the  projection  ot  micTCacopio  aec- 
tioiu  upon  a  scrw-n,  employing  a  magnifying 
power  of  >ix  to  eight  tbouwtod  ilinmettTii.  It  is 
slated  that  tlie  dcHnition  obtained  ia  very  aatis- 
factory. 

—  In  a  letter  to  a  London  oewapapcr.  Sir 
Rdward  Watkin>  advocates  a  sy«I«n  of  experi- 
mental boring,  by  the  British  goierament.  with 
a  view  to  dinooverlng  nattiral  gas  In  Euglaud. 
The  many  advantnget  derived  from  the  use  of 
such  gai  at  Pittaburg  and  elocwheri-  in  Prniwyt- 
rania  am  stated  lu  iacxintive*  to  the  uudeTtakiuK 
of  such  work  by  the  gnvemmeRt. 

—  A  new  t>  pe  of  submarine  torpedt^boal  is  be- 
ing ex])eriineuie<I  with  at  tbe  Wnt  India  dooks. 
Linidun.  England.  Tbe  peculiar  feature  of  thi- 
boat  is  iliu  muuna  adopted  to  secure  immtTsion  or 
tlotaiion.  which  consista  in  incrvuning  or  reducing 


66 


SCIENCE. 


IvoL.  IX..  So.  m: 


her  <ll«|>)aopin«iit  bjr  proJecluM!  or  withdrawiag 
telMcopIc  ctuiiiibe'fl  In  h«r  Hidm,  JnHod  of  |minp- 
luK  watof  iDlooront  of  hiUlast  unka.  U»-  mcttiod 
UMtollr  followed  iu  Blinilar  txMto.  Tbe  bcMt  l* 
■]iiuiIli--Hli:i|)»l.  <tO  ree4  lung  and  b  feel  in  (llam«44>f 
atuidahipei.  built  at  |-tiicb  stwl.  and  is  pra))elle<l 
by  no  ^li-clrie  taoUit  of  <5  hon»i--pow«T.  current 
bvJOK  tiimislml  by  Aiomff*  halCprJM^ 


LKTTERS  TO  THE  EDtTOR. 

•.•n>r**va>u<(i>t(  iin  r»(|v«inl  la  *t  ai  »f«</  a*  piiuifck.    r^ 

Popular  icicaca. 

It  !■  often  Mvy  poiiuUr  imlfMyl,  Rvt*  i«  au  aitlcl* 
OB  tbe  Toiew  of  aniniaU  by  D^tter  it-u  Uujrrni  [whi>- 
cTcrbrU),  ttma  tJtbrr  UtHiX  und  Jff^r.  tnuuilaUd  for 
llir  fiiputartriniiCfmimlltiu.  JunnArv,  IMT,  wnttcaUi 
tbv  tj-rxi.l  old  tnulitimal  irtn,  <{iiotlug  wbat  anybraly 
ha>  uiid  uu  tbe  subject  in  a  wunilar-inoBK*riiig  way, 
nil  if  uiery  tUiug  said  and  writtan  mnit  be  Imp, 
And  Unt  tod  ^efvra  bimatJf  «aya,  "  FuJi  caa  pto- 
dnoe  iio  •onnil  ta  watar,  bacannf  nir  la  lacklim 
•a  a  Diedlam  to  pruMfgaW  tbe  wavm  «f  RoniKt ; 
and  ytA  v»  laeliM  to  tne  beliaf  that  waUr  itai>lf  luaj 
admit  of  farming  aome  kind  of  ■onnd-iTBicii  whicb 
tba  flab  may  b«  callable  of  aKolllnij,  and  whli,-li  will  \>e 
aparicnoed  and  oomprdiandtid liy  utlict  lltili  -,"  aud 
h«  adda,  "  .\a  fur  oa  wa  are  oononnad,  of  cimitw.  fiab 
will  remain  inuU."  ate.  —  aa  It  between  flfty  and  a 
bniHlml  Hpi't-iiA  nf  llab  are  not  kuoim  to  mako 
■KuiiiU,  iiiikiiy  !.>{  wLlcli  hava  baeu  itiwTitHHl  and  ex- 
plained by  oaluialiatA  ^  and  aa  ft  wiilor  and  erery 
othar  alaatJc  owdluiii  hmd  iii>i  veil  known  aa  pn>j»- 
gMaraafaouwI.ofl«n  bpltt<r  Ibuiintr,  — ataotfanlRai 
to  boyn.  whu  hold  tholr  btiulii  nndcr  wnttr.  wbilr 
batbiug.  tu  liMT  ttui  limil  uniiud  nimli:  by  (ho  ■ttikiug- 
logttluT  of  two  HtoiMH  iiniliir  watvr  In  Ibn  handii  of  u 
oompanlon  M  a  lillle  diBlauc«<.  H.  W.  P. 

Orlnacll,  loL.  Jan.  14. 


iug  tli^t  |ir<mri'«ii.  or  tbey  b«ie  been  niorv  geiitrally 
awar«  that  tli*.v  afB  only  employing  metbuda  Ihat  the 
boat  tooohoni  iu  tbede  deparlnienta,  aa  in  all  otbcra, 
bare  boon  nnng  to  a  grentar  or  t«a  oitMit  eyti  -iufa 
tba  biitb  of  aelanoe. 

8atBraly«n»aMllnokoonai(l«rabl«  painatociam' 
inc.  botb  at  flnt-hand  and  al  aenniil.liand.  tlir  clainia 
of  acT«nl  i>f  tbo  mual  widely  kiiowii  iracbir*  nt 
natural  watboda  oa  appbod  to  (oroigu  language*.  1 
than  made  aoma  atatcmanta  tbat  agrao  almnut  *erba(im 
witb  Iboae  made  by  PiofMaorOar|)«ntar.  In  apitc  of 
tbe  well-eitabliahed  fact  of  eTery.da.v  eijiwlance, 
tbat  tb4i  adult  ia  abia  to  retraco  but  very  imperfarUy 
the  payabologiical  axperlancaa  of  bU  early  yoani.  a* 
are  laid  that  all  petaona,  no  maUar  bov  iild.  abmild. 
if  deairooa  cd  leanung  a  forrigu  lan^ago,  procaed 
mucUy  in  tba  aame  way  that  they  learned  tliair 
uii>tbur-tongnn.  Tliia  ia  tb«  luductiTc  method  rnn 
riot,  wbile  experience  anil  i^iaralixaUou  count  for 
notbing.  Tu  lue  tbe  bent  refutation  of  tba  claima 
of  moat  taaebeia  of  natural  mrUioda  liea  in  tha  fart, 
thai.  wUl«  profaaring  m  t.i'  nl>)r  to  taach  na  to 
■■  roail.  writ*,  and  apMk  tli"lr  Tjirnacular  forr*rtIr  in 
un  incredibly  Hbort  time."  tliHT«  not  yet  fonnd  one 
or  beiiril  <if  one  wh<i  Hpoke  Kngliidi  more  tban  |^aa- 
ftiily,  iiv.ni  adr-r  yfun  <i(  |iraeli«o.  Sball  w*  i*Jf. 
'  Pbynii'iiiit.  Iienl  tby«i*tt '  'I  i>r  alioll  wd  rlcuae  their 
■bunfoiniugii  for  tiie  tnwon  lliat  'pbyalelana  mier 
tiike  tbeir  own  |ire»ctiption«  '  !■  ClUa.  W.  St'pva. 
Ath"ii«,  II,,  Jau.  10. 


Tbe  natural  method  of  Un|:naee-t« aching. 

I  read  with  tunoh  ]i1ruiiiin<  tbe  r^'i'eiil  nrtii'li.'  «t 
Protnaor  Carpenter  on  tbe  nnlnral  uietbud  of  teach- 
ing lanf[nag<n.  (ineb  arttcl«a  are  in  iba  direet  inter. 
cM  of  truUi.  anil  tlirrvtiire  of  aoleDoa ;  for  Iba  mora 
tbe  cloimn  and  acbicteiueuta  of  tba  tMwbera  of  thaao 
natboda  are  acrntinired.  tbe  mora  arident  tbeir 
waaknaaa  bacomca.  Kvery  iutelUgoil  laaoher  known 
that  tliere  i«  bUle  It  any  tbimr  really  new  in  any  of 
theac  metliodo.  luid  victy  good  taacbpr  of  laugua^^ 
boa  employed  aeveral,  if  not  all.  of  tbetr  variotloa  and 
aub-variirtii-a.  each  of  which  in  aupKriur  to  the  otbeim 
in  the  iiplulon  ot  their  avlf-alyl'id  invcntiire-  Wc  mo 
■ofc  in  ■KMiuiiug  Ibnt  tb"  iiAliiral  luulbtnl  ot  laming 
e  foreign  langniiBe  i»  al  leatt  na  old  a*  tbe  tiinu  iif 
Uaiu,  toj  it  la  both  pmbatile  that  bu  leame<l  the 
language  of  the  people  of  Kod,  and  that  be  luetl 
nriuter  granuuar  nor  diotliinary. 

1  baUcTe.  that,  in  tbe  itiaiu.  grrnl  liiij>r«v<Tiiieul« 
ba«a  beMi  made  recently  in  the  leaching  of  lau- 
gUaf^M,  bill  DOC  ttrealei  than,  or  even  ao  great  aa.  in 
the  uatiiial  anil  i.bjHii-iil  aclimc**.  aa  they  ore  com- 
iponly  culled.  Fur  eouie  ruawju  the  tMH^bera  ot  tbe 
last  two  bale  either  been  more  modeet  iu  pruclniin- 


4 

4 


Stcraoacople  vIbIob. 

Tb*  lettora  in  tb«  lait  two  iiumben  ot  Srirnet  fix. 
Not-  201,  -XA)  ill  rehOiun  to  atareoHenpic  Tlf-ian  lead 
me  to  aik  if  any  of  your  rtadan  have  ever  trted  tbe 
•sperltueot  of  Tleir{uitaat<>refi*ei>)ii<-  pieturn  vith  tbe 
naked  eye,  and.  by  ehanKiiiK  ''>"  t'»''al  illatance.  or 
Tiinal  aojcle  ot  the  eye«,  *<  odjiutioi:  them,  itkile 
looking  at  the  picture,  or,  mora  properly,  the  twn 
pieturaa,  that  tlin  full  alarooacopie  e(t««t  li  produotd. 
and  all  pHTtM  'i(  the  pietnre  Hlanil  out  diatinct,  and  in 
an  buld  reJiet  as  when  «een  through  the  two  (laeees. 
The  lint  effect  of  the  change  oF  tho  Tlaual  aogle, 
from  tliK  jiafiiir  r^a  wliieli  ih"  [ileciirea  ara  {mprintxl 
t>)  a  uior«  ilUtant  raajt*  ot  vitiun.  it  todouble  the 
number  of  the  pieturv*,  four  now  coming  into  view. 
Tbe  two  inner  onea  overlap  more  or  lea*,  and  slide 
over  each  vtU>r  to  rlfiht  and  lelt,  aa  the  vitual  angle 
unileritOM  alteration,  until  finally,  when  the  proper 
adjuBtment  in  reached,  the  two  pictnret  ccjnoide  in 
all  tboir  parte,  coateaeing.  oa  it  were,  like  two  dropa 
of  water  or  tuo  globulva  ot  •jiilrkailvar  when  they 
meet  and  ran  IOK*tber,  And  m>w  ibete  are  three 
piclurea  in  view,  and  tbe  eyn  may  be  turne-l  iilnnlt 
irum  one  point  to  another,  and  any  (lart  or  oartica- 
lar  object  in  tho  picture  minutely  iu>pectni  iu  any 
one  of  lbs  three  <'<>pie«.  The  central  plctura  la  tbo 
moat  clear  and  dwtinel.  being  hrtd  in  view  by  both 
•yet.  wbilo  the  two  outer  onea  are  reapoeiivelT  vU»> 
bio  Ui  only  one  eye.  W.  W.  AKOinaox.  11, D. 

Hlateb'irg,  |(.C.,  Jau.  13. 


4 


Ab  alectrlc  ball  ol  flra 

In  tbe  Biuntaei  ot  1881  it  wu  my  good  fortiina  to 
uliaerTo  aaise  al*«tri(*I  phenomeoin  la  tb*  wny  of 
'  globular  Ugbtnlng,*  wbleb  illtffT,  I  tUnk,  In  aoma 
twpoeta.  from  any  i)the«  Mac  on  noosd.  II  cooaiai«d 
nf  R  ball  of  fire  which  rolled  down  an  iron  water- 


iAjroAMX  31,  18!)7.| 


BCTENCB, 


67 


I 


(lip*,  vhleli  pl)>*  pttl^n  til*  roo4)i  M  a  bright  otftbout 
ten  feci, Mill. pandngdownwitH.  end*  in  a  fniit«luv«i 
%  nDG-Uned  amk.  the  kink  Iwitis  connected  by  a  pipo 
with  th»  tcrmiiid.  Th«  bull  o(  ftr*  wm  >boQt  ui  mch 
Mill  a  half  III  illnnintiir.  a1  a  Miiii-lnuiitpanteibliiiali 
ralor.  giiioK  a  fe«bLe  light,  which  &nt  appeamt  al 
lh«  top  of  t£a  pipe,  kbA  rolUd  down  it  at  «  ncu-tr 
nnlfonn  voloeity  of  rix  or  Moht  foat  porRocmu).  and. 
npon  TMcUnK  th«  fauoet.  Ml  into  tha  alnh  with  a 
inxnt  abottt  a*  kiod  «•  0.w  itiaeharge  of  a  guii-cap. 
wc  at  oai<«  exaiiiii>rd  the  aiak.  bnt  (oand  tiu  troM 
of  any  thing.  Itn(,  «■  wo  ataod  mtching  Qte  pipe,  tbo 
aaowi  ph«ni>aimo«i  van  Iwicv  ivpnalml,  iiinliinK  tliroo 
djachargm  in  th«  ounntp  o(  Ivu  uiiciuIiA 

Ttaw  opcuiring,  aa  it  did.  fire  VDani  and  a  Iialf  ago. 
I  Mn  nnabUi  to  ipre  ■■  accnmto  no  account  an  I 
migbt  wbih.  Tharc  vvro  tirelTo  or  dftMiu  poraonn  in 
tiw  TovDi  at  ihu  tiiii».  mm*  ot  wliorii  I  liave  «luco 
•ecu.  and  nil  ngrM'.  In  tagml  to  tlic  lucntlon,  it  wtt* 
in  tha  flooMt  Hill  honn*  on  Sngar  Ilill.  in  the  While 
MOdDlahia,  about  aovMiloon  hnudred  font  abova  tha 
•M.  TIm  p<p«  which  anppUs*  wat»r  to  Ui«  btnuw 
cornea  fraBaopriDgun  the  monntain-idili),  and,  puM- 
Inf  dp  throoA  the  wall,  looda  to  a  tMcTToir  on  the 
roof  of  tha  Ulehra. 

TIm  pip*  on  ohkli  th*  globular  lightning  vat  Mon 
ia  a  branok  of  Itii*  main  pipe.  On  ibi  any  to  th« 
nppar  •tovy— atartUK  fium  a,  hri(;lit  of  ntiunt  ten 
fMl.  Itramoa  onl  of  th«  *«tl,  anil  ihuui-h  don-nvatd 
at  an  angl^  of  abont  3Vfi  witli  tlip  vrrlir-nl.  xudintit  In 
a  biaaa  fancet  onr  Ui«  uuk.  Tbi>  piiii  wsa  of 
WTOogbt  iiwn.  iiorcnd  iuida  and  out  with  a  ooating 
of  ooal.tat  to  pivianl  nuitliig. 

The  pbcitanetM  ileacribad  oooiirt«(l  during  a  iuvtvy 
thvDder-alotni,  and.  ao  fu  m  I  «bu  U«ru.  nothing  of 
tbn  kind  tuul  *tat  bappniiMl  there  Iwforo.  nor  luw  it 
•T#a  b««B  rapeaifd.  K.  C.  W.tsnwxLi.. 

HaiMM4,  lam.  Hi 

The  genesis  ol  the  diamond. 

In  an  interMttng  oonunnnioutiun  under  thiJt  title, 
Prof.  B.  Carnll  Lawia  givca  in  No.  It>3  of  Scfpim 
an  appnraiiUvaatiiifaotairy  thaory  of  iho  itiuptiuc  and 
uriipii  of  tbo  diamond. b«*ring  uoclw  of  Mouth  .Ifrioa 
annnf  theMWfliaof  tbVKvm  in  tbnt  region.  The 
■UacoTviy  of  ondaeainpoaed  pcridolite  aaUie  original 
fnnn  of  lb*  pnutling  blno  groond  oonfirmii  the  mmpi. 
tfon  hMig  anl«Ttaiu*d  hj  my  fri*iid.  Prof.  Henri 
Goraii,  ud  m^lf.  that  wry  Ktiglit  iiiiaIi>t{i'M.  It  any, 
mbt  bafWMn  Ihu  Booth  African  and  Bnurilinn  di&. 
mmvI-IIaIiIii,  In  th«  lattav  of  nbioh  ne  bare  aa  we 
ikiiik,  traooil  tli»  dlamood  to  Ita  original  matrix. 
CommmuoatlutM  on  ilii>  aubiMt  wUI  b*  found  In  tb« 
AmuHain  Jofimal  o/ afimiv  for  February  nnd  July, 
ims.  by  layutr,  and  in  pnjien  by  Prufeaimr  Gunui 
In  Itir  Offi'l'*  ivMdiu  if*  raeaiUTntf  dm  aciVticrt  and 
BmUellt  It*  In  SurUtf  gMogiq>M  J*  Franrr  i>(  IhHI. 

Tba  main  DOinte  of  thcM  Mpcn  may  be  britJ! V  Mim- 
mariwd  aa  foUowa.  The  aJMnend  region  at>uiic  tliD 
oily  ol  Dtainanttna,  in  tha  protineo  of  UiuBa -Gmacn 
(the  uldast  Mid  bMt-kiiowB  dlnmoad-Bald  of  Bnuil), 
ainiairtta  ceologicaUy  of  VMy  aiiciont  and  profoandly 
iDatvrbM  UKtamorphoaed  atTiita,  which  may  bv  di. 
rldad  Into  three  tt^onna:  1",  nbnlly  cryntallino 
roeka,  gnvlaa,  niica.achMtn,  ate, :  2",  loaa  pnrteotly 
nyataltuia  ro<Ju,  anotuona  iicJii*t«.  iiuoitsitM  (lUcnl. 
mnttoa),  iton  ores  (ttabdritea),  and  limaMonea ;  and, 
r,  vuumtea.  ThsAnttwatftoopi  [ocaithenacletm 
of  IM  Btoanlafauiu*  dlamotitl-boanng  rogino.  No.  3 


greatly  p" ^"Hn"*^  orer  Ko.  1.  Ho.  8,  which  in 
band  ■pocimena  (and  often  in  Ih*  field  aa  v«ll)  fa 
otily  with  diflBcnlty  be  diatingaiahcd  flam  tbo 
ituartillo  of  giODp  2,  with  whi«h  It  haa  np  to  tha 
present  bMB  rary  g«u«<raUy  ooafonndod,  lii<a  in 
nndolating  foldi  over  the  uptHmad  edgM  of  Nua. 
I  and  %  nnd  at  tiniea  pawM  to  a  oonglomcni« 
including  fragmantM  of  both  tbo  old**  gnmpn. 
Tbv  >oo}ogi<M  •([•  of  thaae  groupa  le  nndelw- 
miuMl.  but  tha  neweat  ot  tb«iu  can  aoareely  be 
younger  than  Ihe  Silurian,  and.  if  nol  older,  balonga 
more  prohalily  to  tbn  <«rtl«r  tluui  U>  tbo  kUir  part 
of  UiBl  ag«.  Tbo  eniptivv  r»ck«  Iliii*  far  reoognlseil 
in  the  diiuiKind  diatriri  urr  graoilM,  diahaaeii.  gah. 
broa,  and  Hrpentiouna  roDka,  whiob  rery  jiruliablT 
wcr<t  originally  pnridotttot.  It  ahonld  bo  rrniaikAiI, 
bowHv^i,  that  ihi>  latter  are  apparmily  fnr  le«a 
Hlintiilaiit  than  in  the  region  fartliw  eouth  in  Ihe 
noina  uiouniiiin-rango,  in  whioh  diMnooda  mc  unly 
found  mrely,  or,  orer  large  M«a«.  not  at  all. 

Tlii»  irii«l<Tr  part  of  the  diamond -waKbiog,  liejng  in 
river-alluviiuiu  or  in  graTel.d«|)0*il«  ou  tlie  aplauda, 
Eioea  no  olew  aa  to  which  of  the  three  group*  or  of 
Uia  wwociat«d  emptiona    may    bate  (nruiiLhed   the 

{Dma.  A  few  of  tlin  upland  graTal-dspoaila  are  evi- 
sntly  devoiupoaed  bat  uadutnrbed  RODglouiet«lea 
belooging  to  grono  3.  The  famous  Orao  Uogol 
loedity  doaorlMd  by  Helroreichon.  Claonwn,  ^d 
HeinaBar  and  Clary,  whora  diaraonda  are  found  om- 
iMdded  In  a  haid  quartxito  with  a  cmigkimnritio 
olkkTBiiteT.  belimga  abio,  in  my  opinion,  to  thia  group : 
Ihe  diamond  entering,  liko  (be  other  olementn.  m  a 
rolled  pebble.  I'rotaaKir  QoniJx.  howmei.  who  haa 
luuttheadranlage  of  A  personal  oxiuntoatlou  of  the  lo- 
wlity,  refen  the  dinnuuitif  erona  rook  to  the  qiiMUutM 
otgronp'i.andadmltathaiMMdbilityof  thagoneaia  of 
th«g44iiin  nVu.iboiii^liliKdoeanot  inaUtTeryatraugly 
OD  thill  point,  The  diffioully  I  haiM  oflan  expen. 
enocd  in  diatinguiahing  the  ijuattxitM  of  the  two 
gronpi  ime  from  the  other,  aTou  when  thoy  are  in 
Juxtapi»lti»n  In  tlu]iaamoReotlon(ai  1  bellar* Profaa- 
eor  Uoraix  oduiibi  them  to  be  al  Otao  Mog^l),  laada 
me  to  the  apparent  preaumptnoiuineaaot  uiaintJuniug 
my  opinion  ogainat  that  uf  in  a«iite  and  conicien- 
lions  an  obaerror. 

At  n  aingU  loiiaJity,  Sao  Joao  da  Cb^iaila.  Ill* 
miners  have  pcnatrated  deeply  thcdecompoaed  but  lui- 
iliaturliod  aehiiita  of  group  2.  oitructtng  the  diamond 
from  a  dooompoMd  vain-rock  from  nhicli  Profanwr 
Ooraix  took  out,  witli  hla  own  hand*  anil  wllli  all 
poMible  preoaatioD  againat  error,  aevcral  ot  the  i-re- 
eioua  atonee,  after  I  had  eiprcoMHl  tohhn  theoinnion 
tliat  it  wiM  tha  TMitahIa  matrii  of  the  diamond- 
Tlireu  vi'ina  ot  aomewhail  dUIeri>nt  eboraHer  bare 
liHOi  rucognised.  One  ia  of  ipiiirlx  uith  gdalM  of 
Bpecnlar  iron,  to  vlucb  the  diaiuautircrouB  JKirni 
(clay>  odhorca.  lliii  lout  ia  an  earthy  dumb  riab  in 
Iriui.  whicJi  glTea.  on  waabing,  an  abundance  of 
iiii<^roaoopia  tuunnalin*.  Thia  laat  circnmalHier, 
with  the  aboadanoe  of  inm,  anggeala  a  oo«DpatiM« 
with  the  peculiar  anriferona  T«iinB  of  qnorts,  pyritea, 
and  tonimalino  of  tbo  Tiotiiity  of  Onro  PNto  in 
the  aane  geoJoglnal  horiioai.  and  in  very  ainillar 
conditiona.  The  other  reiiu  are  without  quaits. 
and  eonuit  ot  a  lithomargD-Uko  elay  <>haig«d 
with  oiidfa  ot  iron  and  mauganeaci.  which,  aa 
Prottuuiir  Ooralx  alatee,  liear  a  alrom  reanmblaocc. 
both  in  cumDoaition  antl  geoloffieal  oocurreuce,  to 
the  topai  and  enclase  bearing  vivdm  ot  the  Tic-lnity 
of  Onro  Proto.     Thmo  Tcdna  are  ooincideiit  with  lh<) 


68 


SCIENCS. 


(vou  IX..  No.  aw 


bedding,  or  tiMrljr  «o.  KmiIiIm  qnarU  koA  tonnnft- 
Unc,  thcyfajTj  iron  uid  (ilAuiiini  tnlncraU  (magns- 
tlW,  bnmatito,  mtilo.  anil  imnliML'),  uuorplionx 
ohloro-plicaiiluilMi  of  nomo  of  the  mrer  rlvmetiM 
(Mrinin.  iBnlhAOiuii.  Aldyinlum,  olc),  nod,  almoKt 
carbunlr.  voclaM. 

Til"  obMnwIiocw  %%  thia  ulooe  •xrliicl«  notoii1«t«ly 
tliv  i'W  cA  MftdoUu  ot  oUier  cmpttve  rocki.  Tta« 
diumoDrl  at  Bm>  Jom  im  Cbkpadn,  imd  pranmabljr  at 
othdi  BnuUinn  looaUtiu,  i*  a  <v<n  niini-raJ,  and  Uio 
candlUiaiia  of  ita  gcneria  (uUew  we  ttdmHibo  hypotb- 
oda  of  B  aabuMiuMit  depoailioii  i>f  ctirtiuii,  which  I* 
niKsUed  for  liy  anj  of  tho  obMtrvatiotu  (tins  far 
nadD)  ntiut  hair  hM<ii  sui^b  aa  wera  tatomlila  to  ibf 
M^ngatlau  d  mm  Hid  titanium  oxldM,  phupbatoa 
of  nn  altauanta,  and  «evbdii  rilioaUa,  Moh  m  tour- 
mriiM  uid  pr«imiroablT  lopat  and  cnclaae.  Th« 
bjpotiwia  of  a  gt'UMis  Utrovgh  tbo  reaction  of  rrap. 
Uts  BUMaol  un  CBrbonaoeoiu  wIiliilA  )■  lir<rii  iw  innd- 
nilMibl*  an  would  bo  thut  of  a  rvin  fomiatioti  (nr  tlin 
South  AfrfMUi  iiiinMi.  If  Uic  origin  of  the  raiUm  it 
to  be  lougbl  in  ^il»  mcka  tnTonxvl  by  the  crnptivc 
DT  T^n  mainif  cont^ning  it.  it  la  not  witbont 
ltrt4imiit  tn  mentian  that  Hie  whiat«  of  th»  vkIun 
in  whli'li  UiK  Sao  Joao  mine  in  oxcaTatcd  fTuqurutly 
coDlain  gr)i]'iiit«.  tlioii(ih  at  that  paiticuloi  looaiity 
tlioy  am  too  miioh  deoompoMd  to  loiablo  ono  to 
dMonuino  whctliM  it  oecnia  lh«I«  o*-  not.  It  may  be 
dtalvil,  lliat,  in  thn  otbcT  diutiuitifcioiia  re^ons  of 
Bahio.  ||[t<^'i|'  'i  ocrura  <iltli*r  at  Out  ntinca  or  in  anffi- 
rit-nt  prcxiinity  to  hH**  fnroUibad  th«  diatncmda. 
Ill  the  Dahia  ficliln  thi^  jircrimia  atoDoa  ft]ipcar  (a 
havn  comr  uioinly  from  a  congloinvrBte  wliicb.  a«  II 
liua  in  tliK  prolonitatloD  of  t£a  MttM  iMig«.  ia  pro. 
Rninably  itlcutinl  withormip  3«bo*adMerlb*d.  and, 
Uka  It,  roita  on  ■  bnaeoj  nnotnona  tohixt*.  !la<-n1nialt« 
andltaUHt*.  ThaOoyMtAeldaandthuwc^f  Ilagag«4i 
fat  waalwa  Miiiaa  Hcm  (o  bo  niniilai  to  Uioaa  of 
IHunantiiiB.  IbcnKli  iivrlinjm  lankinK  tlia  nppar 
mmtcHa.  To  the  went  of  Diaiuautlna.  tn  tba  San 
naD0Uci>  valley,  dianiondn  are  waahml  from  (ho 
ifttrit  >if  n  oonitloiiinrati?  prinmniably  o(  npper 
Silarian  •>r  livruiiiaii  ancCi  but  containing  pcbblei 
of  tlie  DianiAnlina  rock*.  In  tli«  jirovloiMi  of  I'iuan& 
tho  inunediuti:  origin  ■■  tn  •  DoTonisD  r'-uglouii.Tato, 
and  thIa  !■  atao  apparantl;  tbo  cone  wtiL  tho  diuuian- 
liferoua  placvra  of  the  prorlnco  of  Matto  Grow. 

The  BnEilion  and  Afritian  dlMuond-flalda  Ibua  in* 
dieato  two  rery  dialinpt  modsa  of  oc(niR«nM  anil 
gaOMia  for  the  gem.  ~  one  aa  n  vrio  mineral  aroom. 
paaybig  oiidra,  RiUratn,  and  pbunphalrii:  the  other 
M an  MMBaovy  *l"tn«nt  lu  aii  xriiiiUTo  roek.  In  the 
last  nunberof  the  Auibdn  dt  la  Soei^ti'  gM'/yiipw 
d*  PVffMW,  M.  (^p«r  prcacntu  a  Ihinl  luodr  of  oi-. 
cnmno*  aa  the  rtnialt  of  hi*  i>b*ervalionk  iii  an 
Indian  diamond- Itfild.  He  satinllml  hImiHtIt  that  the 
gem  oooiua  there,  along  with  wippliInHi  and  nihioa, 
Ui  a  d*ooaipoiud  pegmatite,  hating  taken  out  two 
diamond*,  two  aappfairoa,  and  thrco  mbioi  from  an 
BZcavatiaD  uiada  in  that  mat«a4a1.  Ths  oircnmntouce 
thai  all  the«c  Ktuues  tn-Tt  fnnnd  dnring  tli*  ])rvlliui- 
narjr  work  with  pick  and  shovel,  wbereaa  outhinf;  waa 
found  in  tlif  wnfthiuu.  wimld,  notvttbitanding  M. 
OhaiHT'ii  <'ciiilld"nca  llial  un  rteeoplion  won  prao- 
tiii«d.  *cem  to  the  prACitli-nl  illauinnd.mluftr  to 
be  extremely  augeeatiTe  of  mlling  wry  In- 
artlatically  done.  Titc  oocamnco  of  remnanta 
of  a  B«dlin(iut«Ty  formation  of  a  eonglometitic 
«lianiRl«r  in  th«  nelgbba«houd  "t  tho  old  waihlng 
eumincd  Ko^Mla  aaother  exvlaaation  for  Uie  oceni- 


r«ico  oi  lb«  gem  In  pbcen  lotting  on  a  bottom  of 
granitic  rook*.  Onnixa  A.  I>KnBT< 

Mnaeani  DBOlanal,  Klo  d*  J«nti|ni, 
Dealt. 


A  G*raiKD  sentence. 

Will  you  allow  mo  a  brief  reference  to  a  remark  at 
raie  at  youi  oontribittnn  'i  '  M.'  qaotoa  the  follow- 
ing Oaiman  aaitanoo  by  '  one  of  tlie  moat  distin- 
guUbed  Ocnmui  sofitogirta : '  — 

"  ^in  dart  tilr  wahnMluinlieli  balten,  dMM  die  an 
•ebr  weohwinde  Oertalt  nnd  .^uabildnng  dor  '  Tant- 
bonrten,'  naoli  der  Art  dea  TUeraa  nnd  dan  KQtper- 
aegMiden,  nooh  boatimnilwi  NabanswcrJien  nt  dlonon 
bat,  ohne  doaa  wlr  nn*  davon  Bot^bviiachaft  ta  gebta 

In  t£e  oriciual  ifUoUtioii  Uic  ooiuiiuu  after  'Twt- 
bonlan' ana  bofure  'nuvh.' etc..  »r<-  I'liillled-  '  M.' 
uaotea  this  as  a  wuuple  of  Kntocom  whicli  pror* 
tbnt  Oerman  aoientlflo  writcra  deB|:4u  tho  '  PrvQOh 
qnolities  of  graou  and  lucidity.' 

He  goes  hutlwr  than  thi«.  Hi'  in  •ioiU'  oouvlnced 
ttiHt  Ihe  adnitiflo  men  in  Oennauy  xhnw  aa  '  aliHenoe 
of  the  titanuy  aenic,'  tbough  be  udmitu  there  are 
■ome  eioeptiou*. 

It  neNns  to  mo  that  if  '  U.'  wished  to  fnmlah  a 
proof  for  his  nEBij^on.  ho  ongbt  to  buTu  cboaen  a 
diSoreiil  oi'uU'uce.  ETidently  erory  thing  dnpenda 
upon  tlie  reader  for  whom  the  Mntcuse  ww  inttodod. 
If  the  Btitbor  wrote  for  ehildTN),  fahi  aaalanea  waa 
obJeotinnabLoi  but.  i(  be  wrote  fur  «dnoat«<l  pHVona, 
tbe  aemtencemnst  be  prcooanoediutaaolnu.  lucid, 
and  elegant  in  Oennan  aa  any  simUar  aentonoe  might 
be  in  Frirnvh.  '  M.'  aamimoe  t^i  jid|["  "f  the  lit<^ary 
([ilAllfioationH  of  p«upl<i  who  use  a  lanEoaHo  with 
which  bv  hluisci!  is  less  foiuUior  than  be  is  with 
French  and  Eiigli«h:  a  luugaoge,  iimritriTcr.  which 
greatly  difTors  in  il^  lawn  olcniiilrniitiim  fruni  Triiuch 
and  ^iglisfa.  Supposing  he  ehi-uld  npply  bin  French 
or  Engiitih  atondard  to  a  Bimilor  Ijntin  nonteuco  by 
one  of  the  reci)gniii»d  masters  of  Ijitin  Htyin,  wimid 
the  difBcnlty  of  uudpntanillnK  11n  lucHiiiuit  jiintlfy  a 
poraon  who  in  not  perfectly  at  houir  in  tbul  language 
to  cogidemn  the  form  of  the  nontcnoe  y 

It  Mema  to  me  '  M.'a '  rea«ining  in  thi:  rcTCTae  of 
'aoientiflc'  II  looks  vnry  mnch  llkii  'jumping  at 
comdiuiuDa.'  '  M.'  guoa  furthur  thou  thin.  He  re. 
maika  on  the  lack  ot  Oennan  inrenUveniini  Batdo 
the  QermoM  lack  Imontora?  I'hoy  oin  inferior  to 
theAmerioMiii  in  intention  ot  labor -uitiii|(inarbluery, 
boGanae  they  bate  not  hitherto  felt  Ihi.  lieed  of  it  aa 
mnob  oa  Americana  in  their  tbinty  t>oupled  coautry. 

Itnt  let  ua  aak  who  intcntcil  wntctioH,  tithography, 
the  original  hand.pmo  tor  printluK,  uid  the  UrtM' 
rerolTma  preM,  for  the  flnt  tim-.'  >iM>d  in  printing 
the  LoaMOm  IVnwi .  which  created  n  uev  era  in  nena- 
paper  printing  i  Who  haa  a  greatet  claim  to  the  in- 
Tantkin  of  the  •IncCric  toloipNiph  than  Oauaa  of 
UOttingnii,  or  SIvi&heil  at  MQaehen  ^  Wher«<  are 
there  luore  practical  imtentora  than  Kmpp  and  the 
men  that  buve  luodr  hii  ■tool-work*  foiuoaa  all  0T«r 
the  world  ?  And  how  aliout  ^omeui  (tbe  two  alder 
brothen;,  Hnl«ik«,  Schaefer,  Budenbetg,  OruMm, 
and  aooTM  of  otht'n  >  Oennauy.  no  long  disunited, 
conld  not  affurd  a  patent  law  like  onr  own  until 
qnite  recently :  hence  numf  of  her  tnTentors  went , 
to  England,  Plane*,  and  acone  to  thia  nraatry. 

There  i«  tome  troth  in  '  If.'s' renurkabont  thobadi 
style  of  many  Oenmui  ncientiflc  wtitera.  but  I  ven- 
ture the  «a*ertioc  that  the  number  of  raally  ftne 


lAWVtMT  it,  IWT] 


59 


» 


I 

r 


writer*  on  •el*Bc«  ia  G^imMijr  u  w  grt*t  m  Uial  at 
M17  oUmt  ttMion.  I  UllcT*  tii«  foUowiiiK  iwioeti,  to 
wluek  aoorea  of  otb«n  (ould  be  addod,  nU  bear  out 
toy  ■MniMiiti  GooTK  Fotvlcr  (the  compuiloin  «f 
Cook),  A.  TOH  Humboldt,  liobjg,  Moltachott.  C^l 
Vofrt.  adilcidcu.  P^Khvl.  H«Imh»lt<.  Otto  Ulr  (of 
HalU).  KoMtn^wlcr.  Hofckol.  rn-jcr.  *leL  Who  U 
to  b«  tl>«  Jodg*  M  to  n  gocHl  Grrmtm  tty\^,   Ihour 

«Im>  kDOv  the  t«B£aM«  Mt  foicioMta,  or  tbo«o  who 
bow  il  M  natiTM  T  WhM  wonUlMriuuB  at  iiHsDtiac 
eriUeiMii,  il  people  nsj  ritlioate  with  iiD)>iiiiil7  wbAU 
«*«r  dUr«ni  tToDi  tbn  utmiJard  to  whjoh  tlicy  kip  uc- 
«nMoiDed7  How  iIihii  'J(.'  inippoBe  »  rnlfai^t  Umg 
■ad  inTulvvd  EngliA  Maieuro.  Ibongb  comictly 
fflimed  ui>1  cooMikrm)  elegant.  iKxuide  to  »  Oeniiui 
who  tmuUUa  ft  ltl«nlljr?  In  a  rcMnt  umri«  of 
Seir»cr  (Jaa.  '^  MMttier  Qiirnan  noiitDDci)  laqnntod; 
Mid  thw,  l«e,  ti  neitlMT  a  I>w1  nor  mi  obtcure  mmi. 
kHbonKhH  ie  not  ckitood  that  ui  mlrettiMiDMit  — 
•Bd  nMfl  tli«  iinitcDCfl  U  -  maj'  be  tokan  a>  •  model 
of  >  larid  and  ^ni'i'fiil  atyle.  I'lwi  mirabrr  of  poor 
wstter*  in  Gcnunn  m  not  i^ivfit.  iu  Hplte  of  all  tbet 
hH  bMti  writteai  on  the  nubjcot.  The  number  of 
^ft*tf<  wtH«M  of  poeuliiu  I'lccUcore  i>  probKbljr 
m  gnnt  in  OenaAny  iw  111  h'ruioi',  );u|{luid,  or  tbo 
Cmtcd  Rut«>.  C.   A.   Eqout. 

low*  Uir,  lo.^  Jan.  T. 


The  West  iDdiAO  >eal. 
Binee  llie  pabllcallon  of  taj  nrtiolo  on  thle  aperlee 
tuUM  UM  namber  of  SeUnr*  (In,  3G),  Mr.  F.  W. 
TtiM  of  llie  U.  S.  MtiuuOil  luuttcuiii  hoH  kiuilly  colled 
ny  •Uttition  to  a  paper  on  thin  labjcet  by  himxilt 
MM  llr.  F.  A.  LurM.  in  tlin  SmitLooniaD  rvpoft  for 
ISM  (iHkrt  u.  pp.  331-335.  platǤ  I.-IIL).  neeatljr 
dteribaUd,  wueh  I  badnot  attbal  time  Men.  InUita 

Biper  Ibe  apedM  U  poaitiTely  inr<-n«d  to  tbe  g»nu« 
inf<>h"^i  and  iba  enuial  duiraetdtit  are  deaoribed 
■ad  flmred.  Tbo  apeciiiMn  (Oniiiigtlw  b*^  of  Oxtt. 
paper  la  tbe  otie  preiented  to  the  U.  S.  uatjooial  luu- 
•Mtfli  1»  Pror««nr  Poey,  aa  atalnd  in  Scienrt,  iii. 
TSS.  nia  waaa  akin,  ecntoiniiiK  ibe  akull.  of  the 
■peeiiMO  taken  near  IlavMui  iu  1883.  Thr  upeamen 
la  daaeribad  ai  "  a  ftimolc.  .  .  .  uppareotly  ailiilt, 
tbnn^  not  aged."  Tbe  deecription  of  Uie  tiiie  and 
eolor.and  tbe  Bsorea  of  the  akuU,  lioweTer,  ahow  i^ 
to  b*Tc  been  qmte  Tonng,  not  more  thiui  two-tliirtla 
grown,  and  piobably  In  ita  aecond  jw,  th»  aknll. 
Mtana  b(4ag*tlllo]<*n,whll>^iut>iva>lalt,  a«iD  other 
aeaJa.  tboae  of  the  orauioni  pii>pt>r  are  whullj  ob. 
uMfMedi 

On  lb*  aaattiBptian  that  tlwir  nweiiiion  was  adnit, 
Miaww.  Tkne  and  Lacaa  believi'  that  "  ib»  \\\*t.  lu- 
diaa  a«aJ  taaal  be  eooialdaorably  kiualler  thou  &I.  albi- 
eaatof"  of  the  H«dileiT«nean.  Tbn  (pcciiDena  oh. 
laliwil  bj  Kt.  Ward  ahow  that  tbtm  ia  nnrtlcnlly  no 
ddivenoe  In  rixe  or  color  belwoen  etMuawena  of  «or- 
raaptiodlssagMof  thelwoeiMoleaofKubtTopioalaealB. 
Hiawof  ueaiacrepuicica  mlhepropoHionaof  the 
afcnU  m  Uia  two  forma,  alluded  to  ojr  "tViie  and  Lnooa, 
areclenrlr  dn<-.  In  large  imrt  at  leut,  tothplmmatur- 
Hj  ttl  thvir  «|w<-iin(-n  «f  M.  InpkaJia.  M.r  liir^et 
■■la  aknll*  vra  Blighily  i-xc«ea  the  meocnrpmeDta 

£T*n  by  Cnrior  tor  tbo  Mrdttananean  apeolea.  1 
ul  the  leoitib  of  my  adult  male  akeleton,  meaanred 
■long  the  purinttir*.  iif  it*  axie,  to  liuneven  and  a  half 
leeti  neMornd  m  a  xtriuaht  Une.  acvca  and  one-tenth 
tat,  or  0&  tncbea.  tbo  length  of  tbo  utaffcd  akin  of 
tlw  Hnenna  apenlnieo,  aa  given  by  True  anil  Liic«8. 


la  only  G3  Ini^mt.  In  view,  however,  of  tbe  wlitelj 
aepaiaUd  habiiaia  of  the  two  forma,  there  ia  ever; 
ptotaMUtj  of  th«dr  q>eciQc  diatinctneaa,  and  ad*- 
qruita  material  doubtleaa  would  roTfalnumerona  minor 
atmclnnd  dtff«renc«a. 

Aa  ooiupared  with  other  apecJM  of  the  family  Pho- 
cidae,  the  akeleten  of  H.  tropioalie  praaenta  notable 
pccnlkritiaa.  pattienlarly  in  the  form  ottha  acapnia, 
the  pelvla,  the  propaitiona  of  the  Umb-l>onM,  el«., 
aa  well  aa  In  tbe  low  ncaltlon  of  the  iiuui<UbBlar  eon- 
dyle,  refeered  to  by  True  and  Lucaa.  Tbe  acapnia, 
for  example,  ia  remarkably  iibort  and  broad,  the 
length  to  tbo  bmulth  belnu  oa  l<i  to  in,  both  tbo  ai>t«^ 
rior  and  poeterior  borders  being  grvAtly  developed. 
The  aoromLoB  proecaa  ia  well  marked;  but  tbe  epine 
i«  low  and  abort,  fonning  liltlo  more  than  a  w«Il> 
nuu-ked  ridge,  in  ooinpannoa  with  ita  nmal  de*«1op> 
Bi«nt  1b  other  phoi-iclM,  Tli«  palvia  ia  rMuarkabW 
abort  and  broad :  the  thyroid  foramina  are  folly  boff 
aa  broad  aa  long.  The  femor  ie  vorr  abort  and 
thipk,  not  kmner  than  in  Phoca  Titnbna,  notwith. 
■landing  tlie  niurli  greater  alao  of  thn  animal,  tbe 
eaioe  beine  true  likewiae  of  the  pehie.  Throagh- 
ottt  the  uuMm  the  proportion  of  porta  ia  nther 
ozoeptiana],  the  fore-Umba  hung  much  more 
developed,  rolallTely  (o  thn  hind-hmba,  tliui  iu  tbe 
■eala  generally.  AelMaled  in  l6T0(/ji(U.  biuh,  mmn. 
m>6L,  ii.  No,  I,  ]>.  30),  Monachtu  mueh  more  ne«rly 

Sproacbea  the  Oloriidao  than  doea  any  other  genoa 
the  Pbooidae,thronah  Ita  ak^ntal  proportiona  nod 
nocnliarlliea.  Tbn  anininl  U  In  form  very  roboal. 
The  bomea  are  thic^k  and  heaiy,  with  Uie  apopbyaca 
of  the  vettebne  Hlr<ingly  duTelojipd.  PnrtliM  detatia, 
however,  ninat  await  Uie  appearance  of  my  llliia. 
trated  memoir  on  thla  aiMcioii,  now  in  ]>rn|ianiti[iu  for 
early  publication  in  the  Bulletin  or  the  Aiiipriran 
miBenm  of  natural  hiatory. 

To  Moaaia.  True  an<l  Lunw  In  dno  tlio  orodil  'if  dni 
making  known,  in  tbnir  iiajHir  nliovn  dtnil,  the  cranial 
cliAracti>tii  of  the  Wchi  Iu-1iau  wvi],  luid  uf  (-unflrm- 
ing  ita  refeieoM-  to  the  genus  Houaehnii :  and  I  mnoh 
rogtct  not  having  oeen  their  Talnaliln  eontribntion 
when  I  ponnod  loy  tonuei  notico  of  tlin  epetnea. 
While  the  'I{']ii>rt'  coutaiiuiiu  their  paper  Uiu«  date 
'  188S.'  it  Bpjt(<arB  nut  tu  have  bevu  generally  diatnb- 

utod  till  Home  time  in  Dconmlicr,  188(1. 

J.  A.  Au,iM, 
Kew  Vock,  Jan.  U. 

On  hybrid  doga. 

If  my  memory  aervea  me  eortccUy,  I  think  it  wm 
Dr.  OouoB  who  pointed  out  the  (ad  aomowhuo,  in 
one  of  hla  worka,  that  he  bail  ptraomally  known  of 
eaaea  of  fertile  «roaaae  having  taken  plaoe  between 
the  eoyott  (Oanii  lotnuia;  and  that  epociea  of 
floiui-dometfti rated  dog  found  with  nearly  all  the 
Indian  triboa  of  this  n>tintr)'.  His  tnntanow  WM« 
oiled,  however,  I  believe,  fur  ih^.'  Sioux  CAnipe  of  the 
Indian  agenolea  of  eettaln  parln  of  Dako1&. 

Now.  a  year  ord  there  eamo  under  my  obacrvnijon 
here  nu  intercatuig  cue  of  this  kind,  tbe  occurreaen 
baling  lakeu  plaoe  at  KnAi,  iu  aontli-wcatem  Kaw 
Uexle«.  Znfilan  Indiana  have  many  varietiea  of 
wolflah -looking  doga  at  their  pueblo,  while  ooyotfca 
ate  alwaya  found  prowling  about  on  the  imrroniiding 
proiriei^  Such  clreiiiuatauoes  oa  these,  granting  dial 
theae  auimaU  will  rn'iaa,  are  as  favorable  aa  any  we 
eoitld  iiiiuutiie  ;  fi-r  the  puolilo,  with  thv  endx  of  ita 
etreeta  lending  in  tbe  majority  of  instonoM  directly 
oot   upon  the  prairie,   affords  the   opportunity,  not 


60 


SCIBN-CE. 


[Toe  IX.,  No   »J 


onlf  for  the  doga  to  nis  <wt  apoa  It  tX  nlf^t,  bot 
the  ooTolA*,  long  Aao*  Mirattomed  to  the  tiifki  of 
Um  p«ublo  uid  Ml  tlukt  in  ID  it,  to  Bppraaeh  wila  leaa 
HupioloD  tlum  tluy  nould  «vrii  about  tax  Indiau 
CMBp.  HoKOvnr,  Homo  of  tlinii<>  /nfilui  liogn  bnTC 
fHj  mitah  till?  app^arencp  itml  lw>bHii<>r  ot  the 
eO]rot>'-ii  tbcnuwlrtw.  and  quite  on  niO'^b  cutmtng  Ui 
•oiu*  liiKt>ii«M.  AniotiB  tbo  t»ttx  variclioi  of  tb« 
iotuktt  we  MHn«tiDi«H  flait  a  ab^np-dofc  of  apparitiilty 
the  tMu*  braed  of  aaiiiiaJ  often  mea  ui  cvrUiu  |<«rt« 
of  tiie  caatem  *talm.  I  refer  to  the  black-RDcl  tau 
variMj,  with  the  •haggj:  «oat.  and  the  tAa.npots.  one 
ow*t  Mob  afO.  The  tradi-t  a(  i<nni.  an  obiinrviiij{ 
ftnd  iiil«lt<KVut  KuiillahiOAii,  ha«  bu^  iivii'.-<1  uuv  uf 
Utit  latter  kiml. — a  bateh  of  eitsillviit  iiualitieH, -- 
Mid  il  ia  fiota  thia  gentjaioiu)  that  I  umo  into  poi- 
MMlnii  of  Ibn  (ollowing  ocrnunt.  R»  tell*  ma  that  a 
littl«  over  tlimu  and  n  liaif  ynarti  aK<i,  Uiu  upiior. 
tnaitjr  *ru  8Burd«d  biiii  tu  Iwcoiut-  jii'rMoiAltjr  cofl- 
nlxnot  of  tbu  foiit  that  this  iiho|ih«rd^og  Utah  of  lua 
wan  tliiird  tiy  n  IflTgo  male  c»yotA  oitn  evening  jnal 
Itiyiiiid  IhA  llnilla  nl  tlia  piivdlo.      In  ilii*  lime  «ba 

Exv  birth  to  fuur  main  pii|i*.  Iliat  loi^ked  curlondj 
a  yoiuig  cojrot^H  from  tbv  lionr  the;  irere 
ben.  Wtuoi  I  oamp  to  Wingnte  bore,  ail  font 
o(  Ibeaa  doga  were  fally  ktouii,  niid  vnte  owoetl 
b7  differant  pkrtiaa  at  tbt>  (tiuriHon,  and  I  bad  (>x- 
oellrat  oepoitimltie*  to  atuiljt  them.  Tbcjr  nil 
nrjr  tancui  r«ii«mbit>d  each  other,  and  ibn  entire 
pTOxaBjr  ate  tho  forj-  cxompUde*tion  of  wliat  w 
mignt  ««iillj'  iniaglna  tbo  oflapriug  ot  aifch  a  [larent- 
i^  would  lie.  lUclug  auf  true  of  them  as  on 
«iaiupl»,  it  ia  t4>  be  noted  that  the  animal  ban  a 
form  aomonbal  hcnvjrr  than  a  co^oU\  and  yet 
■UON  aleiul'T  njid  nitlle  than  n  hliv|ihur(|.<1()i{.  A* 
v«  would  ualiiniily 'ipi't't,  Itx  ji.-lug?  in  mtlivr  long 
and  abapg}-.  iritb  a  hiuidiKjmo  flog  to  its  tail.  In 
wdor  it  UI  a  taut  tiumt  nay,  inclining  to  blackiah  on 
Ibe  flaaka  and  Midna;  the  wfiCtM  Are  at>t»at  (rum  over 
IIm  vyt».  The  oara  bare  mora  of  the  form  of  tbc 
toyaW'i  Iban  th«;  huTo  of  tbe  oan  of  tbc  motbDi: 
wbllo  (he  fan  part  of  the  fnee,  oud  the  murxle.  morn 
aearlv  a^iproacn  (hat  of  a  khepbcrd-doji.  Ono  of  the 
tnoM  ittteMcrtlng  featiiiiA  of  It  all  iato  beHroueof 
them  buk i  for  lhu«e  uhu  ma;  ba  Cuniliar  with  tbo 
deapimbte  hovl  of  Iho  )irairit-woU  can  heto  haTi>  tba 
opportnnity  to  fully  apprDciatr  bow  mncb  that  kiml 
of  Diiiaii'  can  bn  iuigjrovixl  by  bt^lng  aenil.inoiliQed  br 
aneii  eroaalng  lu  Hinok.  The  yelu  becoiueH  wifti.'neif, 
and  tlie  more  intellis«nt  expinauana  of  the  burk  are 
introdnoed,  tfaougb  lu  the  preaent  <nuo  tluae  aeftm 
lo  bs  abont  oqnallT  divided  in  thR  Toicea  of  thaae 
bybridt. 

When  out  of  tho  garrison,  I  hare  oliaerved  nitieh 
in  tbnii  behBTior  that  remind*  me  of  tbo  coyotv^, 
mote  than  it  does  of  the  dog.  Thojr  nm  and  trot 
like  a  eoyolA :  and  whra  off  M  a  dUtanca  Ui^y  hUTe 
a  way  of  atambng  aldewlsa  aa  laotionlen  aa  a  statue, 

an<l  regartling  jron;  while  at  aaob  tjmea  tbey  keep 
their  two  (DT«-hmba  together,  a«  well  an  the  hind<ir 
onee.  Such  a  noattion  la  Terr  eommonly  aMunifiil  by 
the  prairio'Wolf.  and  maj  be  aald  |»  be  u  direct 
lateral  Tiew  of  the  animal,  with  its  hco  looking  to- 
wards you. 

Sliaee  will  not  permit  me  to  otitet  upon  the  many 
UttI*  tntareetiiiK  trtita  of  thneo  anlmala,  wbioh  plain. 
\y  are  dne  to  (be  eroaelng  of  the  parent  itook,  and 
have  been  inherited  by  the  imuo. 

It  ia  my  present  aim  to  pDrcbaae  oma  of  tbeae 
aiiltaaU,  If  ]Hiulbl«,  wltb  the  vJaw  of  aeotuing  ita 


■koleton,  morn  eepodally  Ibi  aknll.  Thia  lattrr 
would  undoubtedly  make  ao  tnUireaitlng  tbl^  to 
compare  with  Huiley'a  Talnable  work  on  the  akslia 
of  the  Canidau.  I  hare  eoUecled  a  fine  aaiiea  of  the 
■knlla  of  tho  eoynt^.  and  bare  them  in  mjr  poaareakin 
at  the  pr#iu>iil  writing.  H.  W.  llnirFU4>T. 

Fert  WiDgate,  S.  Met,  Jao.  II. 


To  aathors  of  text-books  oa  phjrtica. 

The  ileflullion  of  (he  nm^fflcienl  of  elaetioitj, 
given  by  Profneur  Baker  on  p.  34  of  (ho  ciureut  roU 
umc.  ia  vitally  defoolive  becaoao  the  unit  of  aection 
in  omittoil.  It  reada,  "  Tho  cooffioiunt  »(  elnatlclty 
uiay  bo  iluAned  aa  the  force  u' hi c^b  iM>iiIit  duutilu  the 
length  of  u  bar."  Aeeordiug  (o  tbipt,  if  (he  neoltun 
of  one  bar  wore  (wioe  thai  of  another,  all  olbor 
tHnoa  being  equal,  the  coeiHoiont  of  olonIicKy  of 
tho  ttatafi  would  he  double  that  of  tliu  latter,  wliich 
ia  not  tree.  A  atndvut  might  further  object  (hat 
■olida  oannol  be  elongated  to  double  their  longtb, 
nor  liqnidi  be  comprcHnd  to  half  their  volume,  or, 
if  (boy  eould,  thn  ooelHeient  woDid  ni>t  remain  coo. 
Bittnt  diiriuK  the  aperatieo.  Strietly  epouklng,  the 
ooeflleieul  of  elaetlclty  ia  a  rait,  and  may  be  de- 
fined OB  the  rate  of  change  of  the  atroin  per  unit  of 
Bocttun  to  that  of  the  citmntiou  per  unit  of  Iramth. 
Thia  la  true  for  the  Incipient  elongation  due  (o  au 
Ineipieut  atree*.  If  it  be  aarametf  that  the  aection 
of  tho  bar  remaina  anifomi  and  the  otuticity  rcmoina 
perfect  dunng  tbe  elongation,  then  it  itill  he  true 
that  the  ooefUinont  of  eliwUc^ly  Kijnalii  the  torre 
which  wiinld  d.-nlde  the  length  ol  »  liar  whoite  enwe- 
aerlivii  i»  unity.  UaV'ouiaa  Wood. 

llobelieD.  V.J,  Jan.  16. 


Abbott's  Greek  reader. 

1  tike  the  freshnoHe  and  indcponilencn  of  yintr 
oiitioal  eommcttla.  But  yon  object  to  the  (lubliahera 
of  Abbott'a  'Qrook  raadf'  binding  tbe  uutoa  «epa- 
ni[ely  from  tbe  text.  ■  Uoeb  *  may  bo  '  loat  in  eon- 
venieuoe,'  aa  yoii  my.  bnt  iome  of  the  beat  Inatnict- 
oni  in  the  ohuuiioa  ohjeet  to  notes  in  the  dlKWirooui, 
in  the  banibi  of  tbe  atuilent.  Tliny  htu  entirely  too 
oonvenient.  a  RTi-at  hiuiK'rauce  (o  the  beat  mental 
dlaolpllne,  anil  a  teiiiplution  to  neglect  (horougfa 
preparation  beforehand.  K.  T.  JBrrana. 

UdwId  uiiiv.,  Cbeiter  oo..  I^an., 

hoc, ». 


Advertiains  lot  profesaora. 

Sri*»tr  oaJ  eefueotion  for  Doc.  'H,  on  p.  OS, 
Dpeake  of  ailvertialng  for  profeaaor*. 

The  University  of  UiMMilppl  rooeuUy  advnrtlM'd. 
There  were  Sve  vaoandea  and  five  boDdrnd  and 
Iwenty-anven  appllcatlona  1  If.  W.  BufMm. 


4 


H.  AUyoe  Nicholaon. 

In  anawor  to  a  letUr  of  (^oodoleuee  written  in  eon- 
secjoeocie  of  the  prees  deiipatohes  annannmag  tho 
death  of  Prof.  H.  Allyne  Kiaholaom.  Ur.  U.  A.  WUIa 
ha*  reeoived  a  letter  from  Profeanor  HIeholeon  hini' 
eeir.  laying  that  he  is  not  dead,  trat  allT«  and  well. 

It  tbe  above  bos  not  lieeu  announced,  it  may  tie  of 
Intereat  to  llie  readera  of  Scienm. 

Kdw.  3.  Not.ui. 
I'bUodelpbla.  JaD.IT. 


I 


( 


FRIDAY.  JANUABT  21.  1897. 


TOE  UyiVL'JtSJrV EXTESSIOS  MUyEMEST 
AT  CAMBRJOOE. 
Tax  univprHil}-  extf  iiHion  movement  wu  begun 
■t  Ouobriil;^  Btxiiit  Hftn-a  yt-urs  ago.  It  ocrunvd 
Momc  rnoTKotic  num.  ciipi^inall;  to  FMfenoni 
luxl  Siilswir-k,  thnt  the  university  should 
UtetniM  to  Influmpe  tlip  cduraijon  of  ihe  ontmtry 
DC4  ooJj  hj  examinatioDS,  but  by  direct  t^acliing. 
It  waa  thoaii;ht  lliat  young  mm  were  sent  out 
KTtrj  year  by  alma  tnater  for  wfhoiu  there  was  no 
p\mcv  in  tbi^  t««c])iuf;  Bjvteni  of  the  unii'VRiity  it- 
Mrif,  but  who  might  Hiul  n  fidd  of  activity  in  th« 
gnmt  lOoriM  of  Englnnd.  Tbi-  iryateia  hiw  ktokii 
Dp  frotn  very  (mull  brRinninK».  At  Bnil  it  prtTBto 
«nter)>ri»e,  il  shorllj  I)e<:ame  part  of  tlie  tiniver- 
silj  OTiianlxaition,  and  It  is  now  a  rwcgDiz«(i  de- 
pwtniMit  of  unlvenjty  work.  DDifDg  ttie  la^t 
rix  ytmn  the  growlh  haa  bewi  very  marked.  In 
1890  tbcm  nrcr«  Ihirtiicn  ocnttm,  in  18S.1  tli<-m 
wtn  thirty-«ix.  In  ISSO  thirty-wvcn  <oanu^ot 
teoluree  were  delivered:  in  l)Wi3.  elglity  (x<ur«ea. 
The  attvodanoe  at  leciuip*.  which  In  I8H0  »-us 
4,300,  rcHF  in  IS83  to  9,500.  Tht.-  murvmral  liax 
f^cDMl  nil  over  England.  Hm)  minrn  of  Koo'th- 
nnhcrlnnd  farm  tt  numeroux  and  tntHtifcrnt  nudi- 
enc«.  Then-  in  a  f^ntre  al  Tonjuay  and  a  centre 
at  Portmnmith.  biit,  as  miglit  be  expccl^d  in  Eng- 
land, Iha  nortlteni  centres  far  ontniiinber  the 
•ootbtrn.  I>oodon  la  the  s^at  ot  a  Bei>arate 
nanae^atent  under  Ilie  Joint  govemtnent  of  the 
iwo  nniversitfee,  which  exlendo  its  nimilicationa 
into  Ih*  suburtn.  Uitlierlu  the  tiiachlng  hn»  born 
tcattered  over  (ht-  <>ounlry  withnut  any  drllnite 
urder  or  arnin)i;inufiit.  Each  ci^ntro  has  choseo 
ttat  aubji-ct  wliich  •e«incd  to  nuit  it  bent.  Thrre 
hav«  bren  piaiiiinatjona  with  olapaeiiBnd  marks  of 
diatinctiaa,  and  a  rrrtiflcate  has  been  gtven  by 
tbe  Tic«>ClMinc»llor  of  Uie  nnivereily.  but  there 
haa  be«n  no  ayatMnatIc  and  continuous  arrange- 
ment of  teaching  analogoua  to  that  which  exists 
It!  tbe  uoivenlty  itself.  This  want  wiU  now  be 
MppUed.  The  univfrNity  han  detorminnd  that  at- 
tendant! at  certain  conrmv  «f  Ipctiiiv*,  lofited  by 
eniniaatjona  and  marked  by  a  ctrrtiflcate,  shall 
taka  tba  placo  ol  a  oetlain  amount  ol  resideiice 
at  tbe  nniTeniity.  Wlieii  lhl«  scheme  is  put  into 
working  order,  we  shall  hare  a  syatirmof  ncndcm- 
inl  teaching  eitending  over  the  whole  country. 


and  directly  conoMtcd  with  unlrenJty  deftiif*. 

Ko  mora  effident  means  can  be  found  of  canoMt- 
Ing  tbe  old  English  unlversitlee.  which  have  too 
often  been  oonaidertKl  as  hot-beds  of  ctertcalimi 
and  tor>-i«n.  witli  tbe  growing  life  of  the  nation, 
wpecially  in  tlie  most  dvmociatio  distriola. 

I^t  a*  now  npe  how  the  s.vhIvqi  pntctically 
workn.  A  town  wiihiii  to  pst»bli*h  a  courne  of 
exienxiriR  l«cttirm.  The  first  bu^ioeai  is  U>i'lM:t  a 
committee,  and  to  raise  the  neccenory  fundu,  The 
Bes8lon  extends  from  September  to  April,  and  oc- 
ntpii^  two  couraea  of  three  months  each,  either 
of  which  may  be  Utkrn  separately.  Tbe  lecturer 
ifl  paid  forty-Sve  jnunda  for  Iwelre  weeks.  Uie 
laot  week  in  each  trrm  Ix-ing  d«voted  to  esamiita- 
tiona.  WliMi  it  is  found  that  funds  can  be  pro- 
vided either  by  suhacrlptiona  or  by  tbt-  «a\e  of 
tlckeita,  cointuunlcations  are  opon«l  with  ('Am- 
brldge.  It  the  town  U  situated  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  other  towns  which  have  previougly 
establishfil  oouisev.  matters  etui  tie  arranged  nn  a 
more  ernnomical  basis.  Tlie  unlverelty  Enforma 
lh<i  town  what  le<:tur«ra  it  baa  at  Ha  disposal,  and 
wliat  courses  ther  are  able  to  give:  iliv  town 
determines  what  kln<l  of  leclnree  it  donirrs  to  tr- 
ceive.  The  subjects  vary  very  much.  The 
northern  mtiuTi  artt  ki-en  for  instrtK'tlon  In 
(cienco  :  *iiburban  laditm  (irrfer  th«  literaiure  and 
art  of  mediaeral  Italy  or  GCTmany.  The  lecturer 
belongs  to  one  of  two  cl«i«ea :  hv  ix  either  a  man 
who  has  taken  up  this  oociipation  b«  a  profiwiion, 
whose  reputation  ie  welt  known,  and  wboixvo- 
pies  a  position  not  inferior  to  that  of  a  recognixeil 
imirer^ity  liiocher.  or  he  may  be  a  young  man 
who  hax  jiiHt  taken  bin  degree,  a  seoiur  wrangler, 
a  iieninr  cbttsic,  or  a  M-nior  hintorinn,  who  looka 
upon  (he  occupation  of  nnivprsity  extemnun  lec- 
turing us  one  of  the  beat  npeningn  available  for 
an  ambitious  and  successfnl  career. 

Tlie  HTSt  duty  of  a  lecturer  Is  to  prepare  biii 
syllabuEi.  It  was  laid  down  at  the  commetipement 
of  the  scheme  that  every  lecturer  must,  before  he 
begins  his  work,  write  an  elaborate  syllabuB. 
partly  as  a  guaranty  that  his  lectures  are  really 
good  and  thorough,  bnt  chiefly  aa  an  aid  to  his 
claia  In  tlireadiiig  a  difficult  and  unfamiliar  sub- 
jeet.  Two  of  ibeee  ayllabnsm  lie  beforn  me:,  both 
by  leciuTvra  beginning  their  work.  The  find 
course,  by  a  senior  wrangler,  is  on  work  and 
energy  :  il  consists  of  t«-el»e  l««tur««.  Theflnt, 
l>eing  intro<luct<iry.  la  on  the  study  of  natnral 
science,  on  its  leeulta.  ita  metlioda,  and  the  various 


G2 


acnsi^cE. 


IToL.  IX  ,  No.  fior ' 


inniin«n  of  dfecoreritiK  sdenllflc  irtitlis.  Tho 
sn-ond  lectara  Is  on  tbe  lairs  of  motioo,  incliMing 
a  popular  exposition  of  Newton's  thi«e  laws.  Tlie 
third  lecture  is  d«Tot«cl  to  tli«  exaniinatiou  of 
work,  dnvrgjr,  and  gravitation.  In  tbe  fourih 
kH'ture  certain  simple  machine*  are  described,  — 
tlip  pendulum,  the  difTeTcnt  kind*  of  letvr.  and 
t))"  water- wli?i>I.  Tlu-  nvxt  lectunt  dpnlswith  the 
n.tture  of  bPAt,  and  tlio  sixth  with  the  ninr« 
«UtM>rate  theories  of  Ua^er  and  Joule.  The 
apventb  lecture  deals  with  light  and  sound,  the 
eigbtli  with  chemical  energy,  tbe  ninth  and  teuih 
with  eti-titricity  and  mngnetitm.  Tbe  eleventh 
Irctuiv  t(  d<troti*i]  In  Itie  riiniuirvntion  of  energy 
and  th(>  msDncr  in  vhinh  it  Is  trnnKronaed  from 
one  sliape  into  niiotlier.  Hn'  iMt  Ipclure  trrot«  of 
the  dispersion  of  energy,  ajid  concludes  with  an 
account  of  the  suo. 

It  may  be  ibougbt  that  this  coune  la  somewhat 
loo  extensive  and  ambitious,  and  its  praotical  huc- 
oew  rttmains  lo  bo  |>rc>ved  by  the  exuniinntion ; 
but  no  one  can  dony  thnt  it  forms  n  brilliant  at- 
tempt to  deal  in  a  tingle  vjew  with  tbe  main 
iruttuof  [ibyelcfi. 

The  secou<l  course  Is  of  an  entirely  dilTerent 
<.-liarac<er ;  it  Ireals  of  the  origin  and  early  liimory 
»r  the  Eiigliflh  t'olonies  in  North  Americo,  Like 
tlir  former,  it  conniatii  of  Iwx'lve  leclures.  Thi- 
Rrat  lecture  U  d<-T()ted  li>  nndi-nt  luid  modern 
sjiit«ui«  of  colonization,  tho  Qreek,  tbe  Rnman, 
and  the  systems  of  modern  stales,  Tbe  second 
lecture  treats  of  tbe  early  voyages  and  settlemenu 
in  America  from  Clirinloplier  Columbus  down  to 
the  foundation  of  Quebec.  Theit  follows  the 
colonisation  and  tiorly  hintory  of  Virginia,  the 
colonisation  of  New  Enftland,  of  Marylaod,  of 
the  two  Carolina^  and  Georgia :  next  come  tbe 
Quaker  colonie6  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and 
l>«Uware,  (n  (be  eiicbth  lecturt>  we  have  reached 
Uic  subject  of  tlie  early  colonial  wars  of  France 
luul  England,  from  King  William's  w&r  in  1680- 
BT  down  to  the  cnnxpimvy  of  Puntioc  in  IT<UI. 
Tlie  condition  of  America  in  1T03  In  then  dealt 
witl),  nitli  a  sketcli  of  each  cohmy  from  tbe  be- 
glmilng  of  the  eighteenth  century  up  to  that 
Umci.  Tlie  tenth  lecture  treato  of  the  war  of  Iti- 
dependeiwe :  tbe  eleventh,  of  the  American  cou- 
Ntitution :  and  tbe  twelfth  and  laat,  of  the  hiatory 
of  modem  Canadu  down  to  the  preeeut  day. 

The*e  syllabuM-ii  are  priuled  in  little  pamphlet*, 
and  the  chief  criticiiim  to  lie  made  upon  Ihcni  is 
that  tliey  are  often  xomewhal  loo  long  and  elnlH>- 
rale.  Where  so  much  is  printed  for  a  course, 
tliere  is  lees  room  for  detailed  exposition.  This, 
however.  Is  a  fanlt  on  tbe  right  side,  which  ex- 
perience witl  prevent. 

Tbe  leotures  are  given  once  a  week,  and  last 


an  hour.  Tlie  hour  which  precedes  or  follows 
ihe  lecture  Is  taken  up  with  what  is  known  as 
■  tbe  cisss.'  Ii>  this  the  formal  method  of  tbe 
lecture  is  abandouMl.  discumion  of  difficult  points 
]a  invited,  quexticMii  am  put  to  the  lecturer  on  any 
thing  thnt  appcon  ohHcitre.  or  the  lecturer  gives 
ndditioiinl  details  and  illUHtraticinB.  The  claje  ia 
open  to  all  who  attend  the  lectnree,  but  in  a  serie« 
of  years  Ibis  Is  generally  found  not  to  exceed  one- 
half.  At  tbe  end  of  each  lecture  iti  tbe  syllabus 
will  be  found  tliree  or  four  questiuuB  which  are  to 
be  answered  by  the  students  at  bomc :  and  lielp  is 
freely  givi-n  in  the  little  imuipldet,  tu  |i>  the  Hue 
to  be  tnken  in  answering  the  (|ti«itions,  and  Ihr 
hooka  to  be  UJied,  These  exercUH^  axv.  purely 
voluntary :  the  answera  are  wnt  to  tho  lecturer, 
who  returns  Ilioni  with  corrections  before  the 
following  lecture.  The  number  of  those  doing 
papers  la  not  more  than  oue-tliinJ  of  those  who 
attend  the  claw,  or  one-sixth  of  those  who  attend 
the  lectures.  Finally,  at  the  end  of  each  term, 
an  rxnmination  is  held,  conducted,  not  by  the 
lecturer,  but  by  imlcpcndent  examiners  appoint- 
ed by  the  university,  Tlie  numbers  examined 
form  about  one-fourth  of  tbe  class,  or  oue-eightb 
of  tbe  whole  attendance  at  lectures.  In  ootmec- 
tion  with  each  course  of  three  iiiontlu,  cettifictttM 
are  grunted  on  tbe  double  basis  of  the  lecturer'a 
rvport  of  tbe  weekly  exercises  and  the  examiner'^ 
report  of  the  final  examination.  In  this  way  la 
tested  not  only  the  capacity  of  getting  u|)  a  sub- 
ject and  passing  an  examination,  but  the  con- 
tinuous effort  of  steady  work  throughout  the  term. 
It  is  very  interestiug  to  consider  what  claaaes  of 
people  are  reached  by  the  university  e-xtenslon 
lecturen.  Although  the  movement  was  flrst  de- 
vised for  ailults,  yet  the  lectures  have  been  gener- 
ally frei)uonted  by  schools,  and  eiit>ec[ally  by  girls' 
schools.  Tliey  are  u^^ful  in  cases  nlit-re  a  compe- 
tent visitlug  lecturer  eaunut  be  obtained.  Much 
laOTv  accessible  to  (bese  inltuences  are  young  jieo- 
ple  who  have  left  school,  and  have  not  yel  m-ttled 
in  life.  This  is  the  golden  age  for  education,  cuT- 
mponding  to  tbe  time  spent  at  college  b.v  tbOM 
who  can  nfTonl  it.  From  these  dsMee.  if  from 
any,  must  be  dmwn  tlie  affiliated  students  whom 
the  extemiion  movement  will  link  with  the  uui- 
vOTsity.  If  tbe  lectures  are  deliv*ri-d  at  night, 
they  are  usually  attended  by  clerks  and  shop  peo- 
ple, wbo  are  at  work  in  tlie  day. 

However,  tlie  uioit  interesting  field  of  work 
which  (he  movement  hnti  yet  found  lias  heen  llie 
artisuus,  and  among  these  are  pre-eniineul  tlie 
miners  of  Northumheilaud.  Mr.  Roberto,  tlie 
organizing  secretary,  writes,  after  a  fortnight's 
visitation  to  North  umber  land,  ■■  1  wisli  1  could 
adequately  describe  tlie  impretviou  thin  fortnight's 


4 


I 


Jakvaby  si,  l«ti7.| 


sci:ence. 


63 


work  atoAv  iipcni  tnv.    Thu  iKurdy  inti-lligetioe  of 
tbo  pitiurfl.  tlivir  ilelrrniinrd  rnmcnUirn,  tli«  ap- 
prMOiitive    nwl    rwpoiwre   wny   in    which    lh«y 
lisMned,  Uie  downright    AtraiKhtforwnrdneM   nf 
Uwir  ape«ob.  —  all  th«M  It  ts  Impoasible  fully  to 
csi>r«iM.     I  uu  penuiulMl  tliat  iu  Hit-  Nortliuin- 
bcilaod  knd  Duihiuu  dUtricta  the  pitai<-D  uv  ripe 
for  M  icbitDo  that  will  lirinj;  higlicr  oiliicntion  oiid 
cnltiirr  within  IhHr  r«au:h."     Thr  northern  [lopti- 
latioD  is  ea^;«r  for  kDowMgio.  aad  imvels  lonjt 
dManccs  to  w«k  it.  in  all  kinds  of  weather,  orer 
Uie  roughMt  of  toads.    Some  pt^rauius  hi^ir  wallied 
ragnUrij  six  qijIm  to  bvur  llu.-  IccturoL     At  Nrw> 
tawtle  iKMnc  irnri-lJRd  a*  much  ox  t^n  tnilaa  to  hear 
the  Ipcturr*).    Two  pitnicn.  brothvra,  att*nded  « 
eouTM  tvfnilarly  from  a  dUtanc*  of  five  inil«e ; 
Ibey  went  there  by  train,  but  wer«  compelled  to 
walk  boine.    Tliia  they  did  for  lht««  montba  on 
dark  nightd,  over  wr«toli«dly  bad  roada,  and  in 
an  kjudri  of  weather.    One  inioer  write*  fn  grati- 
tudv,  "  T  doitply  drploni  tbe  laat  thirty-four  yrnrn 
ol  Diy  life.    Dcintc  buried  in  tliti  minen  «inoe  I  was 
aiB«  yeara  of  a^,  and  tatight  to  look  Jealously  on 
adeoce  as  be^Jog  antaxonlelic  to  religion,  I  little 
Uwugbt  what  |ilea8ur«8  of  tliouKht  and  L-onlvut- 
don  [  low  ;  1  liovf,  howcu-r.  br()kMi  loose-  from 
ri-ttvrs,  oud  am  pnmMHltnK  otiwArdfi."     It  in 
III  think  that  this  (nwaxy  and  hunger  for 
learning  should  ba  cramped  by  inability  to  pay 
for  it.     Working-men    can  seldom  afford  moro 
than  iin«  ubilliiig  or  one  shilling  Kixpfnop  for  a 
cotir»p.  ypi  at  two  shiltingn  a  ticknt  it  would  take 
an  auondanoe  of  pvven  hundred  to  make  the  lec- 
ture* pay.     Bealdes,  the  cost  at  the  ticket  in  not 
Ibe  u&ly  tax  on  (he  artltan.    Test-boukii  inuxl  b» 
bought,  wvekly  paprra  puMed  to  thn  Icnturrr.  whlln 
wagaa   ar<-  lend  by  utiradancr    at  the    evening 
claKes.    Tho  wholi-  systvm  r««ialr«a  a  tolld  pecun- 
iary basis  to  make  it  permanent :  and  that,  up 
to  the  protenl  inoownt,  baa  not  been  forth  (.inning. 
Altbougli  muoh  lias  been  done,  we  may  ho|>e  fur 
much  largvr  dcvdlopnienta  in  the  futiuv.     A  itafT 
of  thoroughly  traimd  Iccturcni  should  grow  up, 
wbo  will  mako  thin  occupnlion  the  work  of  their 
Urea.     The  oounifi>  of  instruction  will  be  more 
■ysleBiatlc,  and  will  be  spread  rexularly  orer  a 
number  of  years.     In  aome  cawa  Ibe  teoturee  wilt 
crynlallixi?,  as  they  have  already  done,  into  local 
ooUoge*  or  small  univemitiea ;  in  others  they  will 
raawb)  m  a  more  tluid  HtaLe.     Whatever  may  be 
the  raniK  of  the  morement,  there  is  no  iloubt  that 
the  problera  bu  been  solvrd  of  bringing  tbe  htgh- 
«at  uaireralty  edocalion  within  the  reach  of  the 
lowail  rhfiinn  who  ani  capable  of  receiving  it. 
Suth  a  uiovement  may  hn  leas  neoe<«Mry  in  coun- 
tTMis  where  eilucalloii  is  more  detnocratic.  and 
trborc  no  elaae  lias  been  left  out ;  but  in  England, 


wlK'rp  tbi-  htghMT  educnlion,  like  e»««y  tiling  else, 
in  organir^id  ranlnty  for  the  privileged  clssaee,  such 
an  enterprise  is  an  incalculable  boon. 

Some  few  y«an  ago.  on  a  Bnmroer  afternoon,  a 
body  of  artisans  warn  watching  our  Camhridg* 
unileTKraduatea  amming  lhem*olvta  on  Ibe  rivvr 
which  tlovfs  by  thi-  Ivu^kt:  of  IhecoUeCM.  Tticdr 
oonv-enuUion  wiw  ovciheani  by  a  pamer-by,  and  It 
was  ilbcav«ro(l  Uiat  they  were  under  the  Impres- 
sion Ihnt  nil  Canihridge  undergraduates  vrere  sons 
of  noblemen,  anil  that  do  one  could  lire  at  Ibe 
university  und«r  a  tbuiuand  poundn  a  year. 
This  waa  Ibe  exaggeration  of  ignomnoe.  but  let 
us  bofte  that  Ihc  cxtriinon  movinDcnt  will  in 
another  generation  randcr  all  sucA  miminderttaml- 
ingH  impoarible.  0«Ca»  Browkixo. 


TUB  TRAIMNG  OF  THE  FACULTIES  OF 
JUDGMENT  AND  BEAJiONINa.' 

I  AM  going  to  cndearor  to  show,  a*  far  aa  I 
harr  the  pon-or  to  do  so,  bow  the  paycholngii'al 
and  logical  prlnclplea  which  relate  lo  judgnient 
and  reasoning  may  be  applied  (o  the  treatment  of 
our  ordiiiury  school  subjects.  ~  wliat  our  uielbods 
of  teaching  should  bo.  if  we  desire  lluwe  methods 
to  \>f  ftaninl  in  nocordance  with  the  lawn  and 
suggrationK  of  mental  science.  1  miint  rrier  you 
to  Mr.  Sully's  tndlB|Musable  ■  Teacher's  handbook 
of  payohologi-.'  for  the  diitcusaion  and  full  exposi- 
tion of  the  jMycboJogical  principles.  But  aho,  I 
shall  begin  by  running  over  the  chief  points  which 
require  our  attention,  before  I  attempt  to  sketch 
my  leasons,  so  that  you  may  have  the  principlM 
on  wbieb  I  work  freshly  in  your  minds.  My 
dcHire.  oa  you  know,  ia  nut  to  upret  or  change  this 
or  that  tni-thod  iff  Icnching  this  or  that  subject, 
Init  to  liring  the  precepts  and  laws  of  psychology 
lo  bear  dimctly  on  thn  nctunl  pnictioe  of  the  class- 
room. In  what  I  have  got  to  say  on  the  logical 
side  of  ili«  matter.  I  am  largely  indchtnl  to  itr. 
Jorous.  to  whoee  excellent  and  suggestive  little 
book,  ■  Elementary  lessons  In  logic,'  I  must  ref*r 
yon.  And  let  me  say  here  that  I  think  evwy 
teacher  ought  to  own  the  book,  and  to  make  a 
point  of  mastering  e9F>ecially  the  Isat  ten  lessons. 

To  judge  is  to  connect  tvro  notions,  two  repre- 
lentations  or  mental  images  of  what  has  been 
pcreeirod :  and  the  outward  expression  of  this 
act  is  a  statement  in  words,  or  a  proposition. 
Thus,  it  we  har«  aoquired  tbe  grnemi  notions  or 
ooaoepts,  say,  of  hardncni  and  heaviness,  we  inaj 
oonneot  either  or  both  with  any  partit'ular  thing 
or  claw  of  things,  or  with  any  other  notiiio.  We 
may  say.  '  Tliis  ground  b  hard,'  or.  '  Tliia  table  ia 

>  Prom  Uio  Jmimol  of  «lu«atii>n,  >  pa^I^f  read  bators 
lae  KduoMlon  scicUtr,  OA  «.  1«M. 


8CIE]^CK. 


(VOL.  IX..  No    S07  ' 


haaiy,'  or.  conacotioK  two  root^qtb,  *  It  ia  wur  (o 
be  ntrny.'  It  d<MW  not  ntnltcT  how  w^  luivo  nc- 
quir«id  the  mrtirinntion.  or  br  what  mcntnl  iiroarn 
we  hftre  mcli«d  tho  nswrtioa  i  we  mny  snj-,  nsing 
diroci  observation.  'Tbis  boj  (s  tall,'  or.  raskin^ 
on  inf»jeDc«.  '  T1m«  will  hood  b«  another  K^nera] 
«lKUon ; '  in  elthrr  case  we  have  given  vrptfteUm 
to  a  Judjcmetit.  Of  course,  if  ■am  meivly  echo 
eoinebody  oIhv'i  rtntRmenls,  wegii'^expressloD  to 
Ilia  ju<](nncnt«,  but  wp  do  not  ppi-form  nc-ts  of 
judgment  of  oiir  own,  —  a  fact  which  young  and 
old,  in  and  out  of  school,  aw  al«-ays  forgtrttinR. 
Ttw  work  of  connecting  the  two  notions  or  mental 
imiiK^s  must  be  our  own  before  we  can  be  con- 
nden^d  to  have  performed  au  act  of  juilgmenC. 
The  conneclkin  may  hv  wrong  or  unwttrrantable. 
but  the  tuTination  of  it  wiU  none  the  lew  coiiEli- 
tute  wbut  wc  brn^  dofine  hi  judtting  ;  thnt  is,  if  it 
be  madf  witli  a  certain  amount  of  belief  in  the 
nidily  of  the  connection,  If  thi?m  be  no  mich 
bolietf,  we  iiliall  not  consider  the  etalenient  ae  the 
«xt»««riaoiif  a  Jiidxiueiit.  Our  statemenia  may 
either  be  affirmative  or  iie^tive  ;  mIkiui  indlvida- 
als  or  about  clat«eti,  i.r,,  uliat  are  culled  *8injfa- 
tar'  or  'unlveniai'  judginenta.  us,  for  exnni|dc. 
*  Thia  boy  loves  vxkkuk,'  ■  Hi>yn  «v  fond  ot  nc- 
t>im.'  lu  the  caw  of  naRative  judtumfnlo,  we 
may  auppomi  M>me  one  to  hate  originally  aweried 
n  connection  between  two  notions ;  and  tbe  mind 
hostlien  to  decide  wlielher  the  asscrtiiin  be  Irue 
or  not  true  (untrue).  If  it  dcciilia  in  the  1atti-r 
senile,  the  judgin«nt  will  Ix-  a  dental,  not  an  afflr- 
luulion.of  the  connection  between  the  not  loos.  We 
■nay,  however,  fomellnwie  turn  tbe  Judement  into 
the  affirmative  form,  aa  thus:  If  we  dt^y  that 
*ibts  bag  Is  heavy,'  we  aay.  'Thi«  bag  is  uoi 
beBTf,'  f.e.,  'This  bag  ia  light.'  But  Ihia  ia  ae- 
suming  that  there  ia  no  altrinative  to  ■  heavy '  but 
■  light,'  whili;  we  may  i-aiuly  coneciri?  of  ii  state 
whichcould  not  be  dcscrilMil  cither  na  the  one  or  th«> 
other.  If  then*  he  several  nltcniativcs,  atill  more 
miui  the  fllatement  remain  neuative.  I  cannot 
transpose,  witliout  rlianf^ng  the  subject  of  which 
I  speak,  such  a  statement  as  '  Tliis  leuf  ia  not 
green,'  Tbia  in,  bowei-et,  rattier  a  niatlttr  ot 
logic  than  of  yaychology. 

There  ia  another  point  on  which  it  will  bo  of 
more  importance  to  touch.  —  tbe  relation  of  con- 
ception to  judgment.  We  have  seen  that  In  the 
former  there  is  a  procves  of  combining.  The  coii- 
erpt  *  metal '  ia  formed  by  mentally  grouping  to- 
getber  •  certain  number  of  qnalitie*  or  pro|«rtieB, 
grouping  them  bo  as  to  make  one  complex  mental 
lotA^ce  or  repreaentsOon.  Aa  Ur.  SuUy  says, 
•'  The  wind  here  comprehends  the  several  qunli- 
lieu  as  together  comprising  one  thing  or  lul^ 
Btnoce.     In  judgment,  on  the  other  hand,  we  dis- 


tinctly set  forth  twon'pnnimlalionitas  two,  ke«l>- 
ingthcm  apart  from  onn  another,  while  at  Ibeaame 
timewe  connect  them  with  oneBDothcr.  We  Chin k 
of  certain  objects  or  qualities  ss  distinct,  and  at 
the  saine  time  explicitly  view  ihem  aa  related. " 
Thus,  in  aHirming  that  'iron  Is  a  metal,'  we 
think  of  the  quality  of  being  a  metal  as  boine- 
thing  apart  from  tlie  iron,  something  new  which 
we  oiuprt  to  bdong  to  it.  In  fact,  we  have  here 
the  Bsme  distinction  na  we  have  in  grammar  be- 
tween tbe  name  with  the  attrilniteGOf  the  subject, 
and  the  predicate.  To  exptem  a  judgment,  we 
iiiu^t  make  use  of  a  predicate,  or  give  some  new 
information  about  that  of  which  we  are  speaking  : 
in  the  case  of  a  concept,  we  have  merely  tbe  gen- 
eral notion,  simple  or  complex,  correspond  inn  to 
the  name  nntl  its  attendant  describing  odjeciives, 
or  to  the  nnme  alone.  We  mu«t  Uiir  in  mind, 
however,  that  msny,  if  not  all.  ooncrpts  are 
formed  by  a  succession  of  judgments.  Every  ad- 
dition to  our  knowledge  of  the  properTle*  or 
qualities  which  correspond  loageneral  term  lakes 
the  form  of  u  juduoieni.  The  very  bringing  of 
thingK  together  on  the  ground  of  their  likeness,  or 
the  iRpiirating  »l  them  liecause  of  their  diraiml- 
larity.  i"  n  judemcnt ;  while,  in  it<i  turn,  the  [alter 
concept  liecomm  nn  clcmcjit  in  our  later  and 
more  precipe  jjidgraents. 

Like  every  thing  else,  our  judgment  will  bava 
various  ilegieea  of  perfection  and  lui  perfect  iun. 
The  most  im|iorlant  quality  of  a  judgment  ia 
clearness  i  tbe  next,  accuracy  :  while  promptness, 
stability,  and  independence  arc  all  of  considemhin 
value.  By  a  clenr  judgment  we  mean  one  in 
which  the  concepts  or  representations  are  disliort, 
and  the  relations  belwee-ii  tliem  distinctly  under> 
stood.  Tbe  judgrueut.  '  Poetry  is  a  crltk-lBm  of 
life,'  will  Vm  just  so  clear,  and  no  more,  as  the 
conivpls  ■  piwtry,"  "criticlHni.'and  'life' atv  dis- 
tinct, nod  aa  Uie  mind  clearly  diiicemB  theivla- 
tion  between  'poetry'  and  'criiicisBi  of  life' 
which  is  im[t]tc<l  in  the  OAM-rtion.  ~  how  it  ts 
equivalent  to  cerlsin  vnrlially  unlike  Jlatements, 
but  incompatible  with  olhctw.  It  is  easy  to  see 
that  want  of  proper otmermtion  is  one  of  the  com- 
rooneat  Bouicea  of  IndeRnitene**.  If  the  olMerva- 
tion  baa  been  faulty,  the  concepts  or  repr««euta* 
tiona  will befaulty,  and  so  will  1»  our  apprehensifln 
ot  the  relation  of  the  notions  we  wiah  (o  oonnn-t. 
Memory  mny  play  us  fnlae  by  recalling  imper- 
fect images,  at  by  recalling  ttiem  with  all  the  life 
and  reality  of  the  ivlationa  between  them  de- 
parted ;  or  feellDg  iBUy  come  in,  paralyxltig  our 
powen  of  dlMrininfttion,  and  misdirecting  our 
deciaions.  We  must  not  omit  to  note,  moreover, 
the  tendency  tliat  most  of  ua  have,  and  wliich  la 
particularly  alrong  in  cbildren,  to  accept  the  judg- 


4 
I 


Iakoaky  si,  ISST-I 


aUIEACM!. 


65 


menti  of  otbera.  UmnikIi  w^  do  not  apprehend  or 
fmUm  the  mcADiiig  of  wbat  is  aawvted.  and  ara 
sooiiewlMt  lazjr  af  to  wlist  the  nwrtkoi  coooema. 
W«  t«ttc)i«rs  Hn?  vnry  liabl«  lu  protluire  vaKUrUMB 
■ad  conftuwon  in  this  wujr.  We  impcw  our  jtidj;- 
Doenta  on  our  pnpib  :  wp  are  oontontod  with  llieii 
rwtdy  •J>nirnni:«  that  ■  thrjr  tcr : '  wo  iiMh  on  fnim 
M«p  to  il«p,  and  then  are  asloniiifavd  to  flnd  how 
baxv  and  mnddled  tlie  children's  vi«rWH  att. 
Teachers  have  ere>n  b««n  known  to  rtqiw  quit* 
iBipalwnt  with  the  cliUiIren  on  this  account,  m- 
•entiug  delay,  and  itL'tlinK  all  the  confusion  down 
la  a  wilful  pervemit;  on  t)i«  child's  own  part. 
The  other  qualillm  which  characterize  son  ml 
and  •urvicenble  juilginenta  novd  no  particular  re- 
mark bim'. 

Many  of  our  judRiDenlii  niy  nntind  nt  Jmini^i- 

Slaty  or  intuitivH  v,  aucfa  tf,,   '  Tliin  Hrc  in  w-nrm,' 

■  1  saw  aty  friend  last  weak.'    Thme  are  called 

*  Intuttlre '  judxmentA.     But,  on  the  other  hand. 

it  is  plain  that  in.in,v  of  our  assertions  are  reached 

by  a  proons  ut  reaituninii;  ur  inference>.     Jusl  as 

w«  connect  two  conwptu  or  rvpreaentatiuua  lo 

form  a  judfnucot,  ao  we  may  connect  two  or  more 

judxn>cnbi  to  form  another  judf^nient  in  advance 

of  tlMwr.      Thus,  from  th«  aiw-rtion*  tliat  '  all 

raetals  are  eletoenu '  and  ■  iron  la  a  metal,'  w<- 

nay  derire  the  Judfcntent  that  '  Iron  In  nn  i>1r- 

tneni ; '  or  we  may  lafL-r  that '  all  malerLal  bodies 

hare  Wright.'  becaupi-   we  Iwvt-  found   that  llua 

and   manr   other   niatccria)   bodion   hitve  weight. 

The  renultint;  jiiilgmMit  we  trnn  a  *  L-onclusion,' 

and  ttin  jiidgnii-nU  fmm   which    it  i*  derivrd 

•prvuilsm.'    To  reason,   then.    Is   to  pass  trom 

a    cirtiain    Judgment    or   Jodsnaents   to  a  new 

one.     This  impliee  that  we  recoutuEe  the  relation 

botwpim  Ihe  new  and  the  old  juilgmeuis  ;  that  we 

nppnihcnd  Ihe  conneclins  link  or  Himilarity  be- 

twrs'n  them.     Rnunnio);  i».  in  fact,  ns  Ur.  8u]ly 

oinerves.  "  only  n  hii;bi-r  and  more  complex  pro- 

oem  of  asslnailailon.  IdentiflcatioD,  or  clmutng." 

From  men  difference  we  can  Infer  nothinK-     If 

m  and  y  are  both  equal  t"  *.  we  can  infer  tliaC 

«  =  y,'  but  if  j;  and  jr  arv  both  Krenteror  less  than 

X,  we  cannot  from  th#iu'  foL-tx  iaCirr  noy  thinf;  at) 

to  the  relation  between  j:  and  y.     AKnin  ;  in  our 

KMonini^  the  prewisea  and  the  conclusion  may 

both  be  particular.     A  boy  may  hare  noticed 

that  on  several  occasions  when  the  wind  wu  in 

ttie  eaai  his  master  was  cross.  an<l  he  miiy  infcT. 

that,  tlie  wind  being  in  the  ea«t  lonlay,  his  maater 

will  (>c  crcMK.    Or  tlie  iweiniuea  may  both,  or  one 

of  tbeiu,  be  general,  and  the  conclusion  be  either 

general  or  paiticulur :  oo  wlien  we  reason,  that 

oxyfcen  beiUK  a  material  boily.  and  all  material 

bodies  havlni;  welKht.  thi^rcfotc    oxygen    muxt 

bare  weight;    or  ihat  all  ga*«i    have    weight, 


becaaiw  all  xa^es  ore  matertal  bodiea.  The 
former  b  called  Implicit,  the  latter  explicil, 
reaitunintt.  Bui  the  dislindionisnotof  great  ralue 
to  the  logician,  becau*?  we  do.  an  a  matter  of  fact, 
in  implicit  reaiii>iiin4;,  Ijicitly  amume  a  genenil 
prirmixe  :  the  boy  in  our  exmmpin,  conscioiwly  or 
unoonacioniily,  awumes  that  aB  east  winds  make 
hia  master  crow,  ThweisanolhTdisiinction.  how- 
ever, which  applies  to  reasonlnx.  and  which  wilt 
lie  of  gieat  use  to  US.  Wemayeitherarfnieuptoa 
general  truth  from  premites  whicli  are  pardculsr, 
or  at  least  len  funeral :  or  we  may  apply  this  gen- 
eral truth  to  eases  which  are  len  geneialorpaiUcu- 
tar.  Thns.  having  foand  that  gold  and  ^ver  and 
copper,  etc.,  are  all  elements,  we  may  arrive  at 
the  conclunnn  ihnt  nil  metal:)  are  etementa  ;  or, 
wH-'ing  tliat  all  birdii  die,  and  all  Bghi-sdie.  etc.. 
we  may  Infer  thai  nil  animals  die.  On  the  other 
hand,  from  the  irenernl  truth  ih.it  nil  the  irutil  of 
a  -Tirclin  ant  equal,  we  may  infer  iliat  two  particu- 
lar stralKht  lines.  AB  and  AC.  being  Ihe  radii  of 
the  same  cirelr.  are  equal  to  one  another.  In  the 
former  case,  our  rea'vwtiiig  is  aaid  to  be  IndocUve  ; 
in  the  latter,  deductive. 

The  chief  |>oinl  to  notice  in  induction  is,  that  in 
genentl  our  cundnsion  goes  beyond  what  our 
premise*  fiive  us  the  right  of  naserting  a*  actually 
trxie.  We  can  never,  therefore,  he  cerwin.  in  such 
casea,  of  arrlvinii  nt  ahaolule  truth,  but  only  at  a 
fcTeatnr  or  Imh  degree  of  prohabitity.  When  we 
lusert  that  alt  planet*  move  round  llu!  nun  in  the 
same  dlr««tion.  tlie  '  all '  inctndea  more  rnsn  than 
are  mentioned  in  the  premise*.  —  more  eaw«  than 
we  hnre  ob«en,-ed.  Further  exporienoe  may  prova 
that  iHnnn  of  our  general  conclusions  are  wrong. 
Till"  haabeen  thi-enae  with  Iheemisslon  theory  of 
li^hl.  which  has  now  been  abandoned  for  tlie 
wave  theory,  Or,  to  quote  a  simpler  case,  Mr, 
Jevons  mi-ntions  tliat  Format  maintained  that 
H.3»  alwaya  represenla  a  prime  number  for  all 
valuM  of  x:  and  (w  U  doe«,  till  Ihe  product 
reaclus  the  large  number  4.V'fl4.flB?.ai»7.  which  Is 
dlvlsiWe  by  Ml.  This  danger  should  be  a  warn- 
ing to  11*  in  our  u»e  of  iiiduclire  reasoning  with 
children  at  school.  We  arc  all  of  us.  yming  and 
old,  far  tno  much  given  to  geneialUIng '  from  loo 
few  parlk-ulan.  and  to  nxMTling  tliat  what  lias 
happened  in  n  wrtain  numWr  of  particular  cases 

•  H  wlU  b»  irftl  lo  now.  la  onjm  tu  awlfl  oonfuilon,  bow 
lodUPUw  r«»«oiilB«.  irblcn  U  •  kloU  ft  fa9nUMt\oa. 
atllMsfniBiihef'oWfallMUonoflaaitinraL  In  *a«b  cm* 
»  tnna  oul  ■  tlmUaritr  unoeg  a  auistmt  ul  •lllTacwat 
IhlDita.  Iii]uil«oiopi.  ■«  il"  w  lu  Milngt  ilcwwt  wvlaile 
anrliip»rl.tuon)»rio<i>OBOL'i  wlihon^cirBllofttioBiiOTin- 
eMlDOllon  •|itilia>bla  lo  Ui"iu  allt  In  Inrtui-tloo,  ti  I*  lae 
r(<d»ii»i  a(  talOHK  lu  uue  anoiaor  to  wnk-b  •«  MUTiiiI.anil 
HeieoKlu  eMlaWlnli  iwm*  BootwolliMi  bMWMU  Uu«>r«U- 
lloll^  •"il  lliuB  w  unlio  M  "art  iriaor  ralulou  between 


66 


SCrE2rCE. 


fvoL.  n.,  No.  vn 


will  alwaya  happen  in  nil  lik?  chomi.  Tbia  ia  a 
halrit,  or  a  UrDiltrncy,  not  to  be  cncoumKnI.  but  to 
be  4.<orTt-i:tMl.  Ttio  cxporjonco  of  childn-a  can 
DCver  ba  vny  grvnt,  —  aewt  nufflcieni  for  a  vpry 
-wido  senonUinktion  :  and  to  allon-  tlirin  lo  draw 
conclui'iQnB  Irom  iii«affict«it  experience,  however 
rlxht  onr  wider  experif-nce  mn>  liave  showu  that 
cODclualon  to  be,  is  lo  allow  theui  to  form  a  wry 
bad  Imbit  iadenJ.  Are  wc,  tlieo,  to  cxcludo  ia- 
ductJrv  rcasUDiii};  /roiu  the  schoolroom?  By  no 
meitttm.  Inductium  viir^  almost  infinitely  in 
tbcir  degTMii  »f  KencrnlixntJan,  from  the  narrow 
Indnclions  with  which  children  thenixelves  apoii- 
taneoiiriy  beRln.  siich  ns  'Pliex  die.'  to  tho 
law  of  ftravliDtion.  Let  ua  follow  nntiuc'a 
hint,  and  mirlct  our  pupils'  work  at  liret  lo 
tlw  Darrower  kinds.  We  altall  then  be  fairly 
Bofe.  especially  If  we  ar«  car«-rul,  as  we  should  be, 
to  Afford  the  jouiig  ItKiuinr  evcrr  poesihlit  oppor- 
tunity of  textiiig  Hud  i'Lirn.i.'ling  his  concliiHions. 
I  ocefl  Ktrarci'ly  point  out  here  that  the  inductions 
of  mnthenuitii'v  will  bn  nt  flrxt  even  iuoi«  uaeful 
to  us  than  Ihoiw  of  physical  science.  In  mothe- 
■uatlcs  the  premium  are  so  carefuIlT  restricted, 
and  Uie  applications  of  the  eoncluaioim  mi  slrleily 
narTOw«d,  that  wlchia  iht-ir  uaBignrd  hounds  our 
IndtJctionB  aie  absolulcly  uuv ;  to  much  »o,  that 
Mill  rpfuwd  to  regard  them  as  n-al  induciiuun  nt 
all.  Morrover,  we  cjin  hat  theni  exhausUn'ty,  — 
I  will  not  any  exhauttiivgly.^niui  so  make  p«dr- 
feclly  clear  their  truth  and  value.  lu  gmmtnar 
also,  esfiecloUy  in  that  of  the  niuthi^r-tonKiie.  the 
[ndaotioua  are  simple  and  easily  mnde.  and  the 
means  for  testiuK  Ihelr  a<."curucy  arc  alwnt s  ready 
to  hand.  Again,  the  way  in  which  rhildn.-])  mrli- 
Mt  ibow  th^ir  curioaity  in  in  Koekioi;  for  causes. 
Th»y  have  a  stronK  tendency  to  look  upon  every 
thiujc  as  having  a  canxe  and  a  purpose.  Here, 
then,  is  another  rnlunble  hint  of  natun-  as  to  the 
kind  of  work  we  should  choose.  Jinny  cuiay  ex- 
etejees  of  the  bind  we  require  are  to  lie  obtained 
from  among  the  simpler  phrnomuna  of  nature,  or 
from  mathematics,  luid  er^n  history.  Tlie  diit- 
cnrery  of  cnunci  i»,  hiiwevcr,  often  a  very  diSicutt 
procew,  and  nlwnys  im|i1icii  n  oielhoil  of  proccd- 
or*.  For  a  dlTiiision  and  expo«iiio[i  of  thin,  I 
must  refer  you  to  two  exoelteni  cliapivm  in  Mr. 
Jevona's  Httle  hook  (chapten  xxviiL  and  xxlx). 
For  convenience  sake.  I  shall  ijiioic  here  Mill'scan- 
ons  wliicli  bear  on  this  matter,  and  whi<-h  are  to 
be  found  in  the  cliapters  ti-ferred  to.  The  liiut  is 
thomloror  [he  mirihod  of  agreement:  "If  two 
Of  more  instanin?iH  of  the  phenomenon  urider  in- 
veatlicatitfn  have  only  one  circumatanoe  in  com- 
mon, tJie  circumstance  in  which  atove  all  the 
lostancea  agree  b  (be  otuao  (or  effect)  at  th« 
Ijiven  phenomenon;''  or,  mure  briefly,  the  aole 


invariable  antecedent  of  a  phenomenon  is  prc4>- 
iililv  itn  oauM-.  The  next  refers  to  the  method  of 
dilTcrencn.  It  run*:  "If  an  inntanoe  in  which 
th^  phenomenon  iind«r  inrrntiitation  oci-ars,  and 
an  injilanee  in  which  it  dow  not  occur,  hare 
every  circumstance  in  common  sare  one,  (hat  one 
occurring  only  In  the  foriner,  the  ciicuRistancf 
in  which  alone  the  two  instances  dilTer  Ih  the 
effect  or  I  lie  cause,  or  an  indisiieniiable  pun  of 
the  cauM.  o(  the  phenomenon."  '  As  Mr.  Jevona 
remarks,  this  is  essentially  the  great  method  of 
eiqicriment.  and  it»  utility  mainly  depends  upon 
the  precaution  of  only  vnryinK  one  cirrumstanro 
at  a  time,  all  other  cirrumstnnces  bcin^  ntaiii' 
taloed  Just  as  they  were.  Thointion  and  Tai(.  re- 
mark (jVatural  phUosopliji.  vol.  i.  p.  307).  "In  all 
coses  when  a  particular  a;cent  or  cau«e  Is  to  be 
studied,  i-xperimenlH  should  U-  arranged  in  such 
a  way  ni  to  lead,  if  ponaible,  to  remits  dt-]wiidiuK 
on  it  alone :  or.  if  thi>  cannot  be  done,  tliey  should 
be  arranged  in  such  a  w-.iyax  Ui  incretu«-  the  ef- 
fect) due  to  the  cause  to  lie  Ktmlie<I  till  these  to 
far  exceed  the  unavoidable  ooncomitnnts  that  the 
latter  may  be  consideml  as  only  disturbing,  not 
■i^sentially  mo<ii(yiMg,  the  effects  of  the  principal 
agent."  The  next  canon  refers  to  a  joint  method 
of  agreement  and  difference:  "If  two  or  mor* 
loMances  in  which  the  phenomenon  <icduri  hava 
only  one  circiimittanrv  in  common,  while  two  or 
mort'  iiislaui'eH  in  which  It  does  not  occur  have 
nothing  in  couituon  eaiy  the  absence  of  that  cir- 
numiilaiice,  the  clrvumetaoce  ii  wliich  alone  the 
tw(i  si^t<  of  iosL'tucM  tatwaja  or  iiivariablyi  differ 
is  the  eflrct,  or  the  cause,  or  an  indispensable  part 
of  the  e-aHso,  of  the  phencinienon.''  Tho  next 
canon  relates  to  what  may  1m-  culled  the  method 
of  concomitant  variations  :  "  Whatever  phenom- 
enon varies  in  any  manner,  whenever  another 
phenomenon  varies  in  some  particular  manner,  ia 
either  a  cause  or  on  effect  of  that  pheiionienon,  or 
is  connected  with  It  through  some  foot  nf  eauaa- 
tion."  Lastly,  I  will  quote  the  canon  relating  to 
what  Mill  called  the  methyl  of  reslduM:  "Sub- 
duct from  any  phenomenon  such  part  as  is  known 
by  pre>ious  inductions  to  be  the  effect  of  certain 
anim^edents,  and  the  residue  o(  the  phenomenon 
Ifl  the  elfectof  ibe  remainitu<:  antecedents,"  Thoae 
who  desire  more  tlian  Mr.  Jevonn  givi«.  may  find 
It  in  Mill's  ■  System  of  logic '  (hook  ili.  chapters  8, 
0.  10), 

I  rkv  irliaii  wu  an*  Irrlua  «li>flr1nii;iil*  ttn  <^milr<titAtlon, 
— tif  ntu&m.  for  Imftanco,  —  «p  Oiitl  Ui«(  n  piftle  boLct  io  Uio 
s(«iim  4S(iil«ii;«fls  Aom*  ot  IL  Wliftt  c«umdii  UiltT  Pnrbaph 
Uio  d^itueie  o(  Uic  plaM>t  ■urfSM>.  WrU.  Uivd,  I«c  iu  h*at, 
Ui«  plAlo  luiil  trj'  ntiLUlC  ao  oonclouitAllfu.  l.fli  m  inakrt 
tXu>  plus  lory  ool'l  lij  plftclnK  ll  tor  n,  IIIUp  wblla  In  Uio 
frvailiix  aililunv  Vfasi  I*  Uie  n»ult  uuK!  Iii<^rnwi<>a 
■MMiileiiHUou.  I'rolwbli'.  UiKn.  luili)  pivlui'i'B  .-onOvDuitou. 
Au4  no  ou,  thrutian  A  huiiiIh-i  ij(  uUicr  ^ijfCtltnPHt*, 


« 


I 


Jakvast  i\.  ItRTT] 


8CmN€K 


67 


I 


I 


Bjr  the  (iroctoan  I  have  deniTitiM)  nborc,  Um 
cliUd  KRObea  a  lui^e  numlMir  ol  Kitipnt)  <ir  uni- 
Torml  jud^menU.  T<>  tlxw  nr«  nddnl  all  xhv 
genera]  xtnlriiunitii  mnHn  In  him  l>y  others  in  the 
coann  of  inniraclioo.  Thew  he  rain  now  apply  to 
tha-  RXiUniuUinn  o(  particular  or  lem  x^i^ral  nam. 
aa  luu  be«ii  already  aboM-u :  Ihal  ik.  he  can 
tBak»  Dae  of  deilnctloo.  The  lagicnl  formi  of  thix 
kind  of  reaaonlflg  are:  "All  aoldicn  haw  Ui 
fight ;  Ji>hD  b  ■  widii-r,  therefon  John  hm  to 
light;"  or,  ■■  Ko  raiittiikr*  dewm  pmbw;  tills 
it  a  miiUikr,  Ihon'rora  thin  don  not  dmvrve 
pniar."  B«t  thniiith  (hU  In  Ihe  tofflcal.  It  la 
wldom  If  ever  Ihe  psjcholugical  orJer  of  in- 
hnnoe.  As  Mr.  Sully  poiata  out,  "  in  luuie 
GMCa  ibe  rondusion  HrM  presents  ibvif  to  tlin 
mtod,  and  tlve  othttc  jadfcmiTitB  nstr  into  distJiK't 
eonaeiouaiMw*  later  :  and  to  other  ciLsee  the  nijnd 
doea  nut  at  any  atn^;^  dislini'lly  reprvaent  more 
than  otw  of  tlie  two  truths  tnahiiiK  up  the  piem- 
iM*."  Attain:  bealdea  slartliiif  wlih  t,  i;enenil 
imtb  and  seekluK  to  make  upi>limtiuiu>  of  it,  w<- 
may  olao  Man  with  awne  particular  sliitiTmnot  or 
tact,  and  then  aeek  amouK  Ilii!  gen^ml  truthx  nl- 
nady  acquired  for  that  und^r  which  it  maj  be 
brotistit.  In  oiir  InnRunxvi  work  we  may  have  an 
inatttDL-v  (if  a  noun  in  the  KenltlTe,  and  we  §eek  to 
Hnd  KhM  rule  for  the  iteuitive  will  explain  our 
inetance.  Or  in  our  geometry  work  we  maybave 
a  theorem  girea  ua  tu  pruve:  we  aasuroe  it  to  bi- 
true,  aiid  Itien  seek  lu  attach  it  toaomeknuwrn 
uul  alrvadv  prcivod  ihnirrm.  and  then,  Snally, 
reterae  our  work  to  jiixxliiee  tlie  proof  recgiilred. 
Thia  laat  in  tlut  umial  way  In  which  children  ex- 
plain things  lo  theiiMelvee  aud  othera.  -Why 
MB  I  blamed  (or  having  done  thia?  BemuEU.-  what 
I  did  waa  called,  or  waa,  cruel,  and  nctn  called 
omel  deMrve  litamc,"  ia  thn  vlrar  atatMoent  of  the 
reaaoning  which,  more  or  \tM  confumdly,  will 
pOMt  throagh  tlie  mind  of  a  child.  In  connection 
with  lliia,  we  ahould  note  the  method  by  which 
all  our  gmteat  iliacoTeriee  oonoemitig  the  law«  of 
nature  have  been  made.  The  examination  of  a 
ix«t«in  number  u(  parlicuiar  ciucs  huggcHta  a 
general  principh'  (or  tamv  than  one)  undrr  which 
tlwy  nuy  be  hrtiught.  W|>  a>soiuc  the  general 
principle  to  be  tnw<,  and  deduoe  the  results  for 
Mvarol  partloolar  instances.  We  then  compare 
tbeee  r««ilta  with  the  reauttaof  actual  obtiervation 
tn  the  awne  caaM.  It  the  lattrr  (.-ontirm  tiie 
former,  we  accept  tlie  gvoernl  principle  aa  true  — 
at  any  rate,  for  tlm  tiuM!  bring  ;  if  theydonol.we 
t-itlH-T  modify  our  oMamptinn  or  try  anothfrr.  It 
was  in  thii  nuy  that  Newton  and  Fanwlay,  and 
nnmberlcas  other*,  worked,  and  that  all  men  of 
acienoe  ora  now  workinjc.  It  was  in  this  way 
that  the  grant  tlioory  of  the  conservation  of  energy 


waa  diacorerod,  and  which  waa  vcri6ed  ao  ad- 
mirably by  Ur.  Joiile'a  rxprrimenls.  In  thix,  aa 
in  nearly  all  our  complex  nnfootn^t,  you  will  ob- 
serve that  Induction  aud  deduction  ar*  iitlx«>d  ; 
the  tonner  suggeetlag  general  Uutha,  and  the 
Utter  deriving  eonohiitoaa  from  them.  Both 
tlivae  two  kinds  of  reasooing  are  liable,  of  coarae, 
to  i-mir.  Both  depend  on  ohiaTialiun.  reprodtio- 
tion.  imaginntion  ;  both  are  procnw*  tuuted  on 
tlie  detection  of  similarity.  If  Iheae  arc  faulty, 
our  conclusions  will  be  fallacies.  Especially  In 
tile  caae  of  deduction  la  a  mistaken  Idea  of  simi- 
larity, ot  the  want  of  discrimination,  a  fruitful 
aouTce  of  iTrur ;  the  nmbigiiity.  or  want  of  clear- 
nnB,  in  tlie  tcraw  employpd  being  ubto  moat  fre- 
qucnlly  a  graat  «ause  of  our  gotng  aatny. 
Attention  as  rvgnrds  all  that  is  cmploytMl  in  out 
argunient,  and  concentration  aa  regards  the 
special  object  of  onr  search,  will  also  be  necesaary 
porta  of  our  outfit. 

As  Mr.  Sully  has  pointed  out,  the  ))owers  of 
judging  aiid  reaaoning  #\Mir  tliemseli'ea  later  than 
the  power  of  eoiioeption.  At  ([uile  an  e*rly  ag6. 
children  will  tiwin  rudinivntory  notiona  of  thiuga, 
and  will  even  go  ua  far  oa  the  formation  of  im- 
plicit judgments :  but  they  will  not  yet  be  able  to 
form  explieit  judgments.  The  order  of  dovelop* 
men!  appear*  to  be  oe  follows:  1*.  Implicit  jiMlff- 
meiila.  —  the  resulu  of  obaervation  and  memor]r. 
involving  no  inferenti*;  3°.  Explicit  judgmenta, 
involving  inferi-m^i.  nl«>ut  individiuil  thing*,  con- 
sulting of  Ktatement*  about  actual  fart*  then 
present:  3'.  Judgments conoeming  striking  at- 
tributes, later  with  rcMOfia:  4*.  Judgment*  in- 
volviog  consciousness  of  alternatives.  Introdu- 
cing 'nu'and  'not:'  S''.  JudfiuivntH  concerning 
chuoea,  tlie  predicates  becoming  gradually  more 
gem-nU  and  more  abstract ;  fl^.  The  curbing  of 
cxnggerntkinaand  mia-otnteinente,  —  leaitvndency 
to  treat  fnnciei  an  realitieE, —criticiim  of  the 
statements  of  others,  or  increase  of  indiTiend^-ncv, 
The  deretopmcRt  of  reasoning  follows  very  simi- 
lar stages:  I".  Reasoning  from  particulars  to 
pirticulars ;  2^.  Then  seeking  furcausea.  vrltli  the 
familiar  ■  why  : '  H".  Dedui-tii'e  tvaaoning,  conaiat* 
ing  of  the  ap[)licutioa  of  simple  rules  to  simple 
poi'Licular  rnsm,  tln^n  to  cium  n-quiring  a  mc«« 
intininte  nnderstanding  of  thi-  rule,  thrn  the  ap- 
plication of  rutea  lees  simple:  4°.  Somewhat  later 
will  come  inductive  reasoning,  with  ever-ionmui- 
iug  power  of  abstraction;  S'.  lAsUy,  complex 
reasoning  and  chains  of  demooMl ration. 

For  conreoiencf!.  let  me  Kcaphulate  the  points 
on  which  clenr  judgment  and  dear  reaaoning  de- 
pcoid.  Clear  judgments  depend  on  cl««r  concep- 
tions and  repmentationa,  and  on  the  clear  under- 
standing of  the  connection  slntcd  and  the  lerau 


«inploy#d,  anil  nlna on  kMpi»glb««Diotioii« under 
iloft  oootrol.  JudfttiwoUihouUl  be  tiltmr,  aooatate, 
prDDipt,  Htnlilc.  ind^ponilrnl.  Clear  Knd  aound 
rtMonlnK  dnprnil*  «n  cJwir  nnd  xnind  judgmcntit ; 
on  tbe  ctoer  undcrstandlnx  of  the  r<<lationi>  he- 
tveen  Jud^Kint-itU  and  the  temis  einjilay^d  :  and 
on  clear  attention  and  itnaicloation  (tnvolving  dl«- 
LTinuiutioil),  which  kwp  rividlj  pn«ent  tli*  rela- 
tioiu  uf  the  tdtas  and  the  objects  w-itti  which  w« 
an.'  oo[io<.-rii«d.  Fkliacioe  urin.*  cnaiiily  fTum  inia> 
tiikfti  idcnH  of  ideatit;  or  liiatlurity. 

Hrrx  I  iihould  likn  to  quote  thi^  wholn  oT  Mr. 
Hullj't  Boction  on  llio  training  of  the  powen  of 
Jadgtnent  and  reMoninc.  the  iinhjort  Is »o difficult, 
and  what  he  says  la  so  clenrand  sound.  Children, 
as  we  know,  delight  In  eiag^ration  :  notlilug  is 
HO  attractive  (o  thvm  as  vividniMa  and  picturaxiuo* 
nMs  <tt  state iDi-iit.  Thi-ir  faniriirn  nrn  actives  Their 
curionity,  itxpcpl  nk  to  whnt  dinrtly  hHpn  fancy, 
in  ftui-tuntiiig  and  cnHly  ■uiiiafir'd.  The  anthrotio- 
morpliir  naturo  of  many  of  their  views  about 
nature  l«  ■tartlliiK  to  those  wlio  have  (oixotteu 
their  own  chlldood.  To  st«p  in,  and  seek  to  re- 
press and  cliange  and  deairoy  all  thia.  is  to  iu:t  in 
tllatlnct  <^)poBllion  to  the  taacliing  of  nutnre,  —  n 
prooeediog  whldi  somelcocbiTi  iilrcndy  cwoKnizo 
110  itl-udviied  and  unuifi.-.  Surely  n  t<-arher  who 
would  deilroy  ii  child'ii  drllKbt  in  fniryland,  or  its 
happy  bnlit-f  that  ita  |)Ct  dog  understood  every 
thing  aald  to  it.  and  the  like  unjut^li liable  idiiiB. 
would  deserve  a  puuisbinetil  but  little  \eea  (lian 
tliat  of  old  inflicted  on  iraiton.  Aguin  :  iinlecs 
the  child  bitiiseir  forwn  the  judgmrat«  and  done 
the  re&soDiti);.  tlierc  in  no  exrrtriKi  of  hiii  faculties, 
luid  therefore  no  deveiopmenL  But  hi«  experi- 
eDoe  is  very  mouiH,  and  hiarnnclusionscan  seldom 
bo  ju'tifiublr,  even  n'lipn  cornxt,  It  eannut  be 
ri£hl  to  cncoiirattr  him  loRenersllse  frou  insulB- 
cicnt  duln.  nnil  to  reason  without  cleunlisorimlnii- 
tioR.  In  the  fare  of  them  dlffloulties.  I  Hboiild 
ndTiw  that  wo  be  not  in  loo  great  a  hurry  to  give 
a  syst«inatk  traiiiiuK  to  the  nuiminiag  faculty. 
The  eleventh  or  iwelfch  jeiir  would  Im  quite  enrly 
enaugh.  I  tliink,  to  Irasin.  Meanwhile  there  Is 
much  work  to  be  done  in  exereisini;  the  senses, 
a(t«nUon.  memory,  imiwiiintioii,  and  conception  : 
while  the  exrrcliic  of  iudKineul.  whioh  the  Inteo- 
Htogeaof  ihi*  work  will  Inlroduoe,  urill  be  (luite 
onougb,  at  firet,  for  our  needs.  By  all  means,  let 
us  encouraice  the  child's  curiuaity  hy  affording 
him  the  means  of  feeding  and  nkllnfying  it.  If 
rightly  treated,  it  will  grow  Uy  what  it  feeds 
U|)uo-  Wbcfn  (lir  child  nmnol,  of  himself,  attain 
to  tlie  kni'wii'dgo  m^uisiU'.  l4>t  uh.  iiminK  a  wise 
dijcn-tion,  Rirc  him  an  e^cplanatlon  such  as  lie  can 
uaderHtand.  in  thin  way  we  shall  not  iutcrfervt 
with  his  fancies,  though  they,  in  sumecaw*.  wlicn 


too  vagrant  and  emotional,  must  be  gently 
cheeked.  Difference  iu  the  temperaioetil  of  chil- 
dren ihould  nwke  a  dllFeretice  iu  their  Itinuneiut. 
"But"— and  her*'  Mr.  Sully  upeaks  —  "the  train- 
ing of  thv  rwuKining  power*  included  more  llian 
the  nnawering  of  the  spontnneoun  questionings  of 
children.  Thelcjirncr!  rnunc  lie  questioned.  In  Ihdr 
tnm.  an  to  tlie  causes  of  whnt  happens  about  Ibrtn. 
A  child  cannot  be  too  soon  famlliarimd  with  tl>e 
truth  that  every  tliiiii;  baa  its  cause  and  it«  exidana- 
tion.  The  moHirr.or  tea<.'her,Bliould  aim  at  tiling 
a  biililt  of  incpiiry  in  th*  young  miml.  hy  repeatedly 
directing  his  nttention  to  oocnirenccs,  and  enocMir* 
aging  him  to  find  out  how  tlicy  t4ikn  place.  Ue 
must  be  induced  to  gobsfk  to  his  pest  expericneea, 
to  search  for  analogies,  in  order  to  exiilain  tbo 
new  event.  The  systematic  I  raining  of  tlw 
naaooing- powers  munl  aim  ut  avoiding  tlie  erron 
incident  to  the  |irocc«i»  of  iiiduciion  and  deduc- 
tion. ThuN,  children  must  be  warned  against 
hnoty  indurtioD,  ngnitwi  tnking  a  mcri'  ai-cidental 
accompaniment  fora  condition  or  cnuie,  ogsintt 
overlooking  this  plurality  of  cniiac».  This  sy** 
tematic  guidance  of  the  cliUd's  inductive  piocetsea 
will  tie  much  beder  csrried  on  by  one  who  bn« 
siudicfd  the  rules  of  inductive  logic.  In  like  man- 
ner the  teaclier  shiiuld  »™k  to  direct  the  yOUng 
rvaionrr  in  drawing  cnncluMons  from  priodplcB, 
by  pointing  out  to  him  the  limita  of  a  mie.  by 
helping  him  to  distinguish  between  caws  that  do, 
and  those  that  do  Dot.  fall  under  It,  and  hy  famll- 
iarir.iiig  hiin  with  the  dungera  that  lurk  In  aroblg- 
iiouH  languugi-:  and  bt-re  some  of  the  rules  of 
deductive  logit-  will  lie  found  umiful."  Finally, 
the  bent  subject-nintler  on  which  to  rxercisc  the 
child  at  tirst  will  be  that  connected  with  common 
every-day  knowledge.  Speaking  broadly,  phy«i* 
cal  icienoo  will  best  supply  us  with  iiuluctlve  eX' 
ereisea,  and  tnalbematlca  with  deductive  exer- 
cieet.  In  tame  subjocta  of  ihe  fornier,  bucIi  aa 
botoiiT,  cbeniiBlry.  and  physiology,  hi*  work  will 
li«  otnuKit  wholly  inductive  :  in  some  of  the 
latter,  KUch  aN  arithmetic  and  algebra,  his  wocfc 
will  be  almoct  wholly  deductive. 

U.  CovBTnopx  BOWBX. 


n 


[ 
I 

I 


THE  NATURAL    METHOD   OF  TEAVUINQ 
LjiyaUAOES:. 

TiiK  nrtiole  on  "The  <  natural  method'  of  Ion* 
giingi^tcncbing,"in  Scimer  and  filiu^i Hart  for  Dec, 
34,  clone*  with  the  remark  that  ronaervaliuo  la 
not  always  to  be  decried,  and  all  innovation  is  not 
necewarily  good.  Tliis  thought  is  so  correct  that 
nolfOily  could  JiiBtly  object  to  it :  and,  if  all  other 
olnerrationa  made  by  tliu  (>p|iuiients  uf  (lienalural 
method  be  of  equal  mtundoMS,  the  oauac  of  tJiis 


JurrAXT  9t.  W*t.) 


scmycF. 


mneh-dlMVSwd  nwthod  w<iuM  not  soeiti  to  bv  a> 
good  as  lt>  friendi  nalght  desire.  Whnl«*olcn, 
however,  tlw  r««deT'§  <loubt  at  tint.  Is  tlte  hijch 
|>r>lw  lUTished  upoa  liie  oLd  laeiliod,  with  Its  two 
m(||;hty  comenhmm,  —  Ihe  gmncnar  -  book  and 
dtctionaiT.  On«  will  naturally  uak,  If  the  old  and 
lonit-«Htablisbi.>d  oMTlhotl  in  mtlljr  as  efficient  an  ita 
defenders  would  linvc  iii;  (wlii've,  n-h;  is  it.  tbi^a, 
tiMt  dl«0ODt«inl  rniild  nrtu^  affninBt  it.  !i[ir«nHtnfr  to 
Um  Croat  dinM-nHioDs  of  lo-da^?  Why  »  it  thnt 
}int  tho  Krac)uat«>8  of  our  colleges,  who  hnve  had 
tbe  full  bMieRt  of  tfae  blemings  ot  tlw  old  mvtbnd, 
ep«ak  fr«<]uently.  with  a  verj-  silent  1<^*nt  smile,  of 
tbeii  knowk-dgi-  of  moilom  luij^uH^tii  noqiii^d  In 
their  alma  malrrf  Whv  in  it  thnt  men  of  high 
<lsndinfc  nn>  protertlnK  ajninrt  tliat  modo  o( 
■tadjiDK  which  is  in  roituf  (n  w>  many  of  our 
OOUeRM  and  schools?'  Ami  wlij  is  it  Hint  the 
oM  method, beini;aoBtTonif  andftooilailscUitned, 
eouUl  hf  shaken  Id  Ita  very  foundation  to  such  a 
degree  that  one  of  lla  waroieU  defenders  writes 
but  liUt'ly.'  "  It  14  evident  to  mo  Uiat  tlie  old 
grammatical  raethnd  cannot  nirvive  the  niMuilt  <4 
ttM-  natural  mi>thcid  "  ? 

On  Ihci  olhrT  hand,  if  the  pnnoiplm  of  llio 
natnnii  rD»tWl  In"  a*  wronji  an  i«  mid  by  some  of 
the  oppotwnts,  it  wniikl  seem  (itraiii^  that  scholars 
and  t«acliera  like  WbUney.  Tliauber,  and  Hadley 
of  Yale  should  have  venuittei)  their  nous  to  be 
taUKbt  by  ibn  foiimler  of  Ilie  HMvlhod  :  that  n  man 
llki*  Prof.  Dr.  Dnnici  Saoilen  declares  himself  for 
Uk  method  :*  that  men  throuubnul  the  country, 
promfnent  In  Ihejr  vncatlon,  are  faroring  the 
natural  n>etho>l : '  aiid  lluit  an  educationul  Jour- 
nal which  is  not  friendlr  inclined  towards  tlw 
nic<bud  Hhouht  hwv  recently  bi-eii  fuicetl  to  admit 
lliat  "  thu  Hubjpci  in  now  nitmcttaii  great  atlt-n- 
tJoD  in  the  (coiiniliiry  ami  hi;;lii-r  Ht'liooJN."  * 

TbMe  di^cuuionn  in  rdiicntionnl  and  other  pn> 
pers  furnish  iimuiioiially  wiry  tiifTvutinK  ivsdinK, 
and  recall  toon^'is  mind  a  well-known  Mory  about 

>  a.  r.  OIUbsu.  pnat'lvBi  at  JtftOB  Hoiiklu  uulTvnItT. 
■TitM  Uiua  tD  and  al  tlw  ailinmCM  ot  Ibo  nalural  mathod, 
Aas-  IS.  Isn :  "  ttaur  ypan  >«o  Mr.  Oooiro  TIckuor.  «IiU« 
|iT«l*a»iir«(  »UHl«-ni  tikiiipuKw  In  liitrviitit,  dnuliwrcdi  IbAi. 
•Hbu'W<>  .Vmeriraiu  apfnt  a*  lone  a  Umo  M  Oennana  Ib 
•OtulrlDg  ■  llltriil  «duoBlioii.  Uin  naulu  In  Uil*  «Dntrr 
«vra  tar  lutnrlin  In  mate  aMurM  aliroad.  OUmrrownl 
WT4i«r*  ti«<«  lUuMTMpd  tho  auna  iwlul.  and  luro  ■hovu 
bD*  bibA  our  dt-Hiilmalfs  *•  an  <irlu-»l«<l  |><mii]«  haro 
baiqi  <lua  U  bad  meUioI*  ot  MaL-liiaK  bolli  aui-Ioul  aiul 
noAara  laatoacaK* 

•  Hm  n*  aatdemt  ot  DcvemlnT,  laW.  p.  UO. 

■  KrffVTtOg  10  a  ri-rtaln  mc  at  ntAm  pr*paraO  for  Uin 
oaluial  iaMI>o4.  Ui*  r«l«1)rai«<l  tlormau  irainmaHan  aiKl 
Iftllra^rapV?  *ax»  h>  ilirt  irrt1«r  ut  Uaivn  llni-H,  1q  a  IntWr 
tfMBd  Man«>  3.  IMI.  that  Oin  meibol  foUowod  Uiereln  baa 
III*  tutl  ■[Kiimral  ',"  4h>m  d1*  ilaria  btffinlirf  I^^hrwvlao 
luelBfH  fallen  Hnllall  Rmlel'^, 

■  hr^  Ik*  ^uiumi  tnrthfid.  No,  n.  tti\.  LL.Jaiiuarr  tILUod, 

*  Sn>  Tit*  aoidrmv  lA  NovsniixT.  (v  X>\. 


thrmi  ymtftmon  who  wer*  given  the  ta>k  to  write 
tho  nntiiral  hlslorr  of  tlw-  ciun«l.  Nom- of  thi-m 
had  wen  the  animaJ.  but  tbej  set  to  work  at  onca 
in  the  foUowlng  way  :  tfae  first  one  retired  to  hU 
cliarmtug  atuilf .  and,  trusling  to  his  vivid  imagi- 
nation, wntte  a  history  %»  he  thought  it  ought  to 
lie  ;  the  m.'cciod  one  was  biwy  in  the  libraries,  iiiid, 
out  of  nil  the  mntrrinl  (■olIrcN-d  from  liooka  written 
^Incf  the  time  of  JidiTit<  nnnmr.  he  gnri!  a  natural 
history  of  the  camel  ;  the  thir<i  one  nlono  had  de- 
parteil  to  the  country,  where  he  could  we  a  ciimel 
and  li«m  something  about  II.  so  tlwt  hia  report 
might  be  true  to  the  facta.  If  It  ho  hapjiemi  that 
tbemulcrof  tliediiKuaionareffrrred  to  is  familiar 
with  the  working  of  tho  natund  melhod,  it  will 
be  hard  to  conrinoe  him  that  all  who  nr«  pawing 
Judgment  agaii»t  it  coiild  ev«r  hnve  tried  the 
metliod  practlcnlly  sod  eameslly,  or  could  ev<Ti» 
hare  teen  a  complete  ooune  given, 

Thei)ueetion  has  bem  raised,  *h  the  oatuml 
method  n  melhod  at  all?'  If  it  be  eorrec*  that 
th«  tvnn  'rnHhod'  signiHen  'a!>«ries  of  me^ns 
pnrponing  to  lead  to  v>rav  ilt-sin-d  »-nrl.'  then  the 
qnmtJon  mm>t  be  anxwrrpd  iti  tlie  nfBroiative.  All 
the  rul€«  of  the  method  pertain  dther  to  matter 
or  to  the  Indlvidusl. 

First,  It  is  required  that  one  should  prnc«^  in 
the  treatment  of  tlie  language  and  in  the  treat- 
ment of  Die  laws  of  language  ;  I.e.,  grammar,  In 
accodrd once  with  (hnt  method,  which,  cier  sinoe 
IMcon'ii  time,  hna  been  tho  acknowlrdged  ni«thod 
for  Iroe  p.tiidy.  —  the  indnrtiw  mntbod. 

Second,  it  if>  required  that  the  treatment  of  mat- 
ter after  the  Inductive  metliod  should  rary  ns  the 
individual  who  are  lauj^ht  rarjr  in  agje. charart«f r, 
ability,  and  pn-paralion. 

TofulHl  tbi-w  ri^uiramenta  to  thft  best  advaa- 
tnge,  it  wna  found  ni-n'Mnry  to  mtshliich  the  geo- 
erat  rule  that  the  Inngungp  which  is  to  Iv  taught 
must  serve  «scliii>ivply  dm  means  of  commnnica- 
lioii  between  teacher  and  learner. 

There  is  nothing  especially  new  in  either  of 
these  requirenieots  :  in  tact,  one  or  the  other  of 
them  hua  been  iiucoeMfully  employed  at  vnrtolia 
periodK  by  dilTerent  methods ;  but  the  united 
sppliration  of  them  has  lieen  Bret  atti-mpted  by 
the  nntuml  method  :  and  it  is  tbi*  united  applica- 
tion thnt  causes  revolution  in  larit;ungc-Ir«cbin£. 
It  is  needless  to  repeat  here  thnt  the  rrcdil  of  the 
innovation  is  due  to  Prof.  Ooulieh  Heoes*  ot  New 
Haven,  Conn.  The  specinl  training  in  the  princi- 
ples of  PesiAloui,  which  he  received  in  the  Lehrer 
Seminar,'  and  peonliar  esperiencen  in  the  leaob- 
ing  of  childm).  had  led  him  to  those  c«Dcla- 
•ions  with  which  vit>  are  now  acquainted.    Tft 

>  A  (Inrninii  lu>liiul)onln  wblUirauiit  man  ara  pMporsd 
irbolnW'nilia  leacb  In  tbs  patiUo  adioola. 


70 


SCIE2fiJE. 


ivou  IX..  No.  an 


«wum^,  howcvrr,  ibnt  1g|ij|^|if^ls  invrply  a 
method  for  cliilclim,  betaww  amw  o(  bU  Ant 
«xprriiiipiiiii  through  wlili'h  he  arrired  at  oertain 
priDcipIc*  wer«  luade  in  ctiililren'a  claM«s.  is  a« 
vm>ii«ouH  a»  Vci  lielieve  tbt^  i)prunul  of  Ihi-  vnrioiiH 
readers  give  an  iuiight  incu  Iho  n-nl  eluirnctoc  of 
the  natural  mctliod.  tA>t  iih  now  >eo  it  (hemeihod 
\»  c'Hpubli-,  in  oprUio  nierMiiio,  of  satiafybig  tbe 
d«DuuidN  of  tbe  ideal  metbud  wliich  the  n-tiit^r  of 
the  nrticlii  in  .Scieiu^  irnil  eduiyiHim  baa  outlini.'d. 
Thn  rational  laelUod.  na  he  cbixsco  to  Inrm  llip 
winliMl-lur  idMil  mi'ihiKl.  ■'wmild  tnkc  wliprpver 
il  Hnd  ibcm,  bJI  pcdnitOKiral  niclliode  of  uu- 
doubt(<d  rnliip,  and  incorporate  tbeui  in  ltd  in- 
Htructiiui. '  Thle  coiidltiou.  I  doubt  not  in  the 
leaHt.  thp  natural  m«tljoil  fulfilii  well.  Tlx.-  writ«!r 
huDMrlf  aayti  (.'umplniningly  in  his  article,  ■'SiDo* 
Jhffj  (that  is,  flic  rliim*  <>t  thn  moat  cnthnriutlc 
votATiMi  of  th<!  onturni  method]  were  Ural  foruku> 
laied,  Ihv  dvhillh  of  the  iiy^t«iiii  bave|u:tiown  by  n 
nol  unDnliiral  arcntioo.  until  they  iii(.-iud«  a  gn-ut 
tnaas  of  )>ritAK<<jii<Tal  Tnalvrial.  sumo  of  which  in 
about  ■>  niueh  [lie  isivciiil  property  of  the  natural 
inoihod  aa  spvctnim  onnlji^ii;  i*  no  individual  pre- 
rofcatlv«  of  th<-  piipil«  of  Ilelniholls.  From  inie 
point  Of  vii-w.  thin  iis  perlmps.  not  lo  U?  dvftrv- 
csied  ;  fur,  thmiitil)  the  active  prtwelytiiiing  of  its 
dist'ljilcc,  loiind  |>edaKOKical  prtncfpleH  Iiavi-  oh- 
talDi-d  a  ruireney  and  found  th*ir  way  wbrnt 
otberwiM^  tht'y  might  not  to  voidly  ha**  jwdo- 
tniMl." 

Tbrn  tbb  mlioDsl  mplhod  "would,  above 
all,  iiae  the  languai;e  tatiitbt  at  every  poasibtf 
opportunity,  and  make  its  iiracttcal  uoquisitioii 
Ibe  one  eud  in  view."  Ever  b!i]c«  tbo  natural 
method  lias  brpu  hruUf'ht  to  litEhl,  ilx  advocntit, 
have  pn-ai-li^d  ntid  practised  the  rule  of  mtiuK  tbe 
laagUBKe  taught  at  every  t'^'^^bleopporlunlt}';  and 
Home  lencbera  liave,  in  farrt.  aoiiiin>d  such  a  skill 
in  uKinK  tlie  language  tntigbt  that  they  never  will 
u»p  any  othrr  wliile  Icncliiu^  :  nor  do  they  toHti 
any  more  lime  while  explaining  or  f^ivint;  dftinj- 
tiona  than  a  teaober  of  tlie  old  method  would  by 
UhlfiK  Kngliah. 

Third,  accordinK  to  n  rational  mrthod.  "  the 
griunmnr  and  dictionary  are  effete  in  modern- 
butgna^  inHlruction  if  tbpy  are  laujtht  for  them- 
■rlvM  alone."  I  believe  no  one  ha^  a»  yet  re- 
proached ilie  natural  tnetbod  fur  baving  eter 
tautcht  j^rammar  and  dictionary  •  for  thenuielves 
alone.' 

Fovrtb.  a  rational  method  would  give  tbe  good 
odricr,  "  R<<f:a'^  tbcin  {dictionary  aod  gntmniar] 
as  they  ebould  be  regarded,  an  auxiliaries,  and 
employ  them  in  that  way."  During  inor«  tlian 
twenly  yearn  tbe  advooalMOf  tbe  natural  method 
bave  been  ((«ubing  constantly  thb  doctrine,  wblcb 


their  oppOiTi^nts  explainrd  in  tlicir  own  way.  ac- 
cusIdk  the  method  of  neglecting  tha  loMchiog  of 
grammar.  whll«  the  criUctom  iuatly  «hould  have 
been  directed  against  the  nothoroufih,  ansyiti«- 
uiatical,  go-aa-you-pleMe  way  of  certam  bvch^ra 
thoy  bad  met  with.  BuU  if  tbey  bad  l>een  ptw 
ent  for  n  i<iDj;lr  hour  in  a  cbuai  conducted  l>y  tbo 
founder  of  thr  mt^lhod,  tbey  would  have  had  lb» 
opjiortiinity  of  KeeinK  Kraoimar  taught  Avste- 
maUcally.  afU^r  the  iuductlve  method  ;  and  had 
they  nuked  the  quifstiuti,  "Why  ar«  the  wurda 
■without  dicLionnry  and  Kiaiuuiar '  print«l  on 
th<!  liliepaKi-s  of  your  boohs  and  pamphlets}' 
they  would  have  received  his  answer  :  "'  If  yoa 
call  this  [referring  tu  bis  teach injc  the  prin>ciples 
of  the  couatruolion  of  tk«  tangiMce]  Krammar. 
you  are  at  lilirrty  to  tell  the  world  that  t  taaoh 
grammar."  .\Rd,  indeed,  critica  should  know 
thlH,  one*  and  for«reT  :  the  imtural  method  not 
ouly  (eacbta  grammar,  but  teaches  it  morv  tbur- 
ougbly  than  poaelbly  could  be  doDo  by  tli'^  old 
m<-tliod.' 

Fifth,  the  ratiunid  method  "  would  have  ex- 
traPts furnislipd  cil  the  ouisi'I  witba^)eclal  voeab- 
ulnry  which  would  In-  learned."  Aliuoat  evtfy 
one  of  the  luiuiy  reader*  puhlislird  uUeody  fur  tha 
natural  tueibi>d  gives  a  large  mipidy  of  such  ex- 
trucitti :  and  they  are  in  some  of  the  best  of  ttieve 
readers  tio  selected  and  arrange*]  that  the  words 
roust  necnwirily  impn-m  themselies  uu  the  atn- 
dent's  niiud  without  lui)  mcmoriilng  at  all. 

t^Xtii.  •'  later  on  '*  the  rational  method  '■  arould 
inculcate  tlie  use  of  tbe  dletionaiy."  The  natarsi 
method  b  always  ready  to  comply  with  Ibis  de- 
mnnii,  thoiigli  it  must  respetifully  decline  to  take 
a  text-book  of  gmnimar  as  a  '  coruervloiie  ;'  and, 
la  this  view,  it  bnN  on  its  side  the  opioioni  of 
learned  men  of  various  tinuw.' 

A  great  <leial  has  been  said  of  Intc  about  tfaa 

■  Bm  'A  plan  for  t*vDt7^fhC  liiMuii*  tor  Ui«  cIm*  la 
Kr•D■^B,'  "r  •  I'mcnuD  at  Octotiar.  UH,'  boili  publltfiBd  Vr  ] 
HMni's  Bvbool  of  l&ucua<«a  ot  Kvw  Vork  City. 

1  "One  caa  leArn  Hip  snuu mar  from  UiB  language,  aod 
oot  Uie  iBDguagn  from  iha  irnuiiiiiju'.'* — jmiAVic  Qimrutnt 

vol   ItEIIDHH. 

frof.  llml'itfii  llllilntinuiil,  adlcor  nt  Die  gioai  Oeman 
dt<'iluiii»]'i»>it<iiitiy  tirlii'm.  Mrsla'Vomdouwrb'-nMpnMh- 
uDtiiniiibt  lu  aiT  iScliulv,'  "DerL«hrar  Set  DcuIooIidd  MUve 
ntt-hta  l«IireD  wu  Hit  HKbUlnr  •oU»I  an*  nttti  HiiiIsd  Md- 
neo.li 

"Dna  sboulil  bogln  wlUi  Uin  upoknn  Uaguiur*  vlUi 
sfDiciui'''.  iLinl  tniia  UiT'  miilliile  luiguage  one  uliciulil  [in> 
ftiiA  U>  ir(llt«ii  IsugUkg'''  iltauHnf  miul  bo  oonKlilarvil  •• 
UieevDUK  ufUuiGUage-Wacliiiic  ui'i  in  oonncoUoa  «IUi  t( 
fnmmhr  must  ba  Laught  tii^uoUvolr;  Uio  lAaruor  must  b« 
guldrd  an  u  ID  tia-X  far  btnuolt  Uia  Uv<  of  IkDcuage."  -  Itf 
Umollonait  girltichrifl  fur  aUgimfi'U  fiprarAiciwiurJia/t, 
band  II.  bom  (LalpalR). 

'■Tbelsnguikgfl  i«noi  Ui  bf  loAmiHl  iroui  Uid  gntmmiV, 
bullrgm  vid  UirouKbUiolajiguBce."'  S[-HKll'KH.Ttl.  p.Ml. 

**Tbe  graaamnr  mu'i  not  i.n^cods.  bul  fuJIow."  —  QaaI* 
vox  PrxiL.  lo  n'i*  lernt  man  tlnr/rtmd*  Synteh4,  f.  St. 


I 


I 


I 


i 


Jaxtjuit  91.  ISn.] 


» 


Bain«  '  tb»  natural  uwtliud,'  and  of  tti«  nicc«w 
being  due  to  that  euhtk'.  For  Uiom  wba  lay  lo 
much  MrvM  on  the  name,  it  vrUl  be  ioIeniiUDK 
to  team  lltat  nritbiT  tbr  roiimlir  of  the  molhwl, 
ant  Hoino  of  iho  maul  proniiiirnt  (■xpanctit*.  hiul 
anv  ibiiiK  tn  do  <riih  the  RivlnK  of  the  namp.  OiM> 
of  nATvartl'^  learned  {irof««»i>ni  hns  done  Ihv 
nMbod  the  bonor  lo  <tbrin«ti  it :  and  a  r««earch 
after  the  tra«'  nuMrem  for  aeleotioK  ju-4  that 
name,  vrith  all  its  nMwiiogs,  in  ccrtaial?  a  worthy 
mibject  fov  inrestigation.  But  to  altribiit«  tlie 
p<^>ul«ril}'  of  tile  mctlKKl  iMl<!lr  or  auMtly  to  it* 
oanu.  iKftan  hiudlf  li>  bo  rpBMtMble.  To  tnjr 
judRni«at.  11  is  (be  inith  of  the  indhod,  tlie 
ml  an<l  vaericy  of  itd  followtts.  and  the  much- 
felt  n«ed  of  bptier  metliods  in  gcutiral,  wlUch 
ex|ilain  the  ooaquerini;  puwvr  of  the  oiitunl 
nteibod.  SiOMOX  M.  9n:i)N. 


Ttre  rttAtxiyo  of  tbacberb.* 

TuK  profound  HlKnil!canoe  ot  the  tenclier'a  pro- 
fewion  la  aotyeiitfoperlyrecoicni)^!.  Mnnj  men, 
of  ounaUeral>le  liiteltlireiioe  eten,  think  tliat  school 
education  corera  too  narrow  h  Uelil  of  life  (o  liave 
Alcta  and  |>riD«ipl«ii  capable  of  (xiuBtituliDS  a 
•cientv,  and  that  leacliera  of  coiumon  scboolH  ore 
but  da;-UbaTvrt.  Iiavini;  di>  ptori-wiuiuil  ulaiiding;. 
and  hpnri<  ni-rdinK  no  proft-ntioniU  (rnininic.  On  thin 
BCOOUDt,  our  normal  acboola  will  hare  vtaaj  triala 
to  mfft.  and  many  d  Iffimltiea  to  overcome,  before 
lewihing  tlte  position  towards  which  tbejr  ue 
atnigKlin«. 

Aa  y»,  our  advanced  bijih  M-himls  and  coUegea 
do  not  supply  tlie^  ochuuli  with  u  Kullifienl  nlun- 
her  of  studentH  wlio»  ihoroiigit  literal}'  nttaiii- 
menta  warrant  a  more  exclusively  pnifcedonal 
ooorao  of  Ntudica.  lii  fncl.mir  normal  schools  nn- 
neoe«JUted  to  do  llii*  pn^pnralory  a«tdeniic  n-nrk 
ibenaetTes.  In  thin  witj  they  render  tiiemsvlrM 
ll«Ue  to  tlie  charge  of  belnic  only  academies  with 
n  qoari-profeaslonal  annex. 

We  h»»e  all  alouK  «cry  much  regretted  the 
neceoity  of  directing  so  mu<.-b  atleniiuii  to  the 
•cadvmic  training  of  the  students  in  tJiene  nchuols. 
■ad  have  oarefully  •tudtcil  bow  to  kep]i  the  purely 
profnuoonl  cdrtnent  from  being  too  much  ncg- 
iMtod.  nttboat.  at  tiM  •anM'  lime,  narrliicins  the 
thorough  lllerwy  inxtriK-iion  rciiulrod. 

TIm  tar^  supply  of  tenchere  required  for  the 
educational  work  of  the  state,  and  the  very  Kiw 
nvmge  of  salaries  given  for  edncatlonal  labor, 
make  It  ulaio«(  Impoatible  to  leogtlien  very  much 
the  preiK'ut  term  of  study.  Some,  with  great 
eamMtnetn,  have  advocated  tlie  addition  of  sn- 

•  rtOB  ttip  aiMual  raport  «(  K.  It  lIlcMs,  (uiwriu  acul- 
UM  at  public  laaaroMirM  o(  lb*  Mane  «f  ropu^iiuita. 


Other  year.  In  due  time  this  will  oome.  and  lie 
of  immense  ac^.'otint  in  enlarging  Ibe  sphnrr  of 
profHsiionnI  studko.  and  giving  opfkortttnlty  for 
mor>'  dellnile  and  oontinuoiM  model  pracdcv, 
whtrh,  when  rightly  eondttctad,  it  of  SO  much 
vahie. 

Tlie  literary  Instruction  may  liave  been  given 
in  IkHrtuooy  wiili  tlie  he«t  (irlii'Ciples  which  the 
pmeiit  pbilcoophy  of  school  mIucsIIoo  is  nlile  to 
give,  and  in  mob  form  a>  to  bring  into  view  the 
very  best  method*  which  ritbrr  the  scicnre  or 
nrt  of  tracbing  fnmt*h<».  Wr  ftrf>  not  callini: 
this  In  question  at  all :  but  we  muxt  k<-<-]i  in  min<l 
that  the  students,  at  the  very  outset,  are  back* 
ward  in  their  llLerary  studies,  and  have  bat  little 
knowledge  of  paychoiogy.  Hence  tbey  are  foreed 
to  make  every  exertion  in  preparing  for  their 
daily  clivB-work.  and  must  be.  of  necessity,  far 
more  anxioua  about  the  nuttier  of  wbnt  is  Ifloolit 
than  abont  tb«  manM-r  or  inutbnd  of  t««cltinK  it. 
They  fear  lo  «pend  nnr  more  time  in  the  model 
school  than  is  Htwohilety  requirH  by  law.  They 
make  the  minimum  here  the  raaxitnum,  if  tbey 
can.  In  addltiou  to  this,  lielng  Kihjeci  nl  die 
i-Iiiae  of  the  course  to  a  rigid  state  examlnstiim. 
covering  all  the  ucademfo  studka  pur<iiied.  Ihi-y, 
wilb  their  prof i-mora.  ore  li.-iupted  to  sacriftce  all 
efforta  towardii  rnlariring  tlir  otrarwc  of  profee- 
■ional  studiex  through  fcnr  of  the  isauc  of  tlie 
final  exam  1  nation -test. 

Although  the  counw-  of  studies  as  now  arrangeil 
is  not  very  Mitiafaclory  to  uf.  and  will  nM^I.  in 
oar  judgiDonl.  >omn  important  changm,  yet  we 
have  fell  constrained  to  iipprove  it  on  account  of 
our  great  anxiety  that  the  gnuluating  year  ihouki 
be  given  more  fully  lo  the  work  of  profiawonal 
training,  taking  up  the  witole  hlaiory  and  acicnce 
of  Bcbool-teaching,  and  iUustratlng  In  de4ail  the 
IMvcbological  ground  of  every  method  by  a  greatly 
rnlorgi^  coum-  uf  practice  in  the  model  school. 
Such  practice,  in  our  judgment,  is  very  eeseDtiBl. 
Indonl,  it  MWInins  thcnme  relation  (o  tlie Bornwl- 
school Hiudics ns a  moot-court dmatonlaw-schoo). 
Here  theory  And*  VRriHcntion  :  here  principles  pass 
Into  direct  conscious  application ;  hern  science 
makes  its  transitlnn  lo  art:  liirre  the  funiished 
scholar  karos  to  handle  with  vigor  his  whole 
armor,  an  a  page  when  be  became  a  beltcl  knight 
and  eiili!re<l  the  tourney.  The  te«clier  needs 
schotardiip.  «f  course,  but  he  needs  aoniething 
more  :  he  must  bare  knowledge,  and.  at  the  same 
time,  ihorooghly  master  the  art  of  imparting  it. 
To  this  end  our  normal  scbooU  wer«  uiUthlished  ; 
in  this  direction  they  stcwIUy  tend.  In  the  above 
plnn.  liowever,  no  on*  tbonght  for  a  muinent  of 
not  holding  with  firm  Krup  the  ■■sjcntisl  tmtb 
thnt  professional  knowledge  cannot  exclude  MhnI- 


)CIEKCE. 


IVOL.  IX..  N.^  9OT 


anblp.  ErldeiiUjr,  lie  who  kiiuuH  not  Wm  subject 
(0  be  tsugbt  DUi  never  be  «  tumiter  oi  ibe  method 
of  teaching  it. 

It  in  plain  that  all  mir  lenclicra  ciinnui  hAvo  thu 
benefit  of  n  )>n)f»Monnl  IrAining  in  our  6tn(«  n<>r- 
iiiul  K-hooU.  Tlin  numlifr  \6  ton  grcnl  for  u»  to 
rxivct  this-  ll  is  li(i|)»rt4iDt,  ihoreroip,  that  Ihey 
UM  evoiT  opiKirtu&ii)'  within  ilieir  r^ai'li  to  ad- 

VMiOe  their  ifrufnaiouiLl  tml  iiDil  skill.      W<rU-iim- 

ducieil  teacbiTs'  iiisirtuloi  arc  I'xcM'diiigly  valua- 
ble (or  this  |iiir|Kiee  :  indtml,  in  our  judinnent, 
indlspeiiBalile.  It  is  not  out  of  place  here  to  men- 
tion in  brief  soni«  ot  the  beneOte  iterivetl  from 
tliviw  institutes.  Tt«cber».  eMpeclallf  In  our  coun- 
try disiriciA,  me  much  iaulatetl.  Tbry  need  tli^ 
inipirailou  g«in«l  fruai  aiHX'iatiun.  £ii^ici8t«U 
with  (Jieir  daily  ruutiur  ul  laboi',  and  ile|iiived  of 
all  vbanoe  uf  any  frKjiicnt  (Numultaiioa  with  otb- 
en  of  tlieir  own  vornrion,  tlipir  vork  in  in  danger 
of  becoming  n  monotonoiu  la^k,  lackiiiK  all  in- 
citeiupDt  to  Ihnt  |ni>reMional  leeal  which  proinpla 
to  new  <>x«Tt.(>n  and  dweeiena  every  toil.  Thc»i- 
yearlj  contfntJona  eerve,  iu  a  i^ttiM.  m«aeure,  to 
ke»p  up  the  <tpril  de  corps,  ami  to  give  r«at  and 
ncreation  mi  luueli  needed  and  so  riUuabte.  wbLle 
each  teacher  fevb  tlie  HUpport  of.  imil  enjoys  eutu- 
muniiMi  witb.  tbir  proftowion  at  InrK^.  Again,  by 
mean*  of  Ibi-  poiniMl  inol ruction  of  experienced 
educators,  ninny  iliHicultlm  »re  removed,  Ix'tler 
Dielbuda  sug£(«ted,  troubling  mititakefl  corrected, 
fabe  tendencieu  iliwnnrd.  and  new  inspiration 
arotinetl.  Through  valuaMe  lecturm  and  addrowea, 
ediuationul  interest  is  awakenr<d.  and  the  warm 
syinpathy  of  large  coriiiuuriltles  itainoil  in  iH-balf  uf 
the  acboolK-  Parents  anil  teacliere  and  directors 
cocne  face  to  face,  and  the  dulieg  und  respoiiBibib- 
liee  of  each  aie  mote  clearly  undi-mtuod.  It  would 
be  a  fatal  miiitnke  not  ti>rncMuugvUit»eiustitutee 
in  every  iwutiible  way. 


ischea  Uyainaalutn,  and  worked  ttiere  until  be  was 
appointed  to  an  oOlce  in  ttie  ministry  of  education 
in  1832.  Wtewi's  early  teaching  pointed  out  for 
him  thi>  ddmands  of  sound  muthods  of  iuitrno- 
tkin.  lie  hliniielf  nays.  "The  pi-rcepcion  that  the 
Diajurity  of  the  pupils  understood  the  rules  as  laid 
down  only  with  much  ilifllculty,  Biigg<>«t«d  In  me 
to  iKgin  with  the  demonHtratioTi  of  an  example, 
Icltiug  Ibeiu  diaoover  the  rule  for  iliemselvoa 
trota  it.  Such  examplui  aa  Mtmineiided  tbem- 
Belve*  n«  KOilnblo  for  thi*  proocKi  I  brought  to- 
gether as  A'orTnnfa'f^,  and.  Imving  dlclalcil  them 
to  llie  pupiln.  caused  them  to  lie  learned  by  Ixutt ; 
wliicb  was  doue  wllliiiKly  and  easily.  The  rmult 
waa  aurpridlug,  and  the  written  themex  noon 
showed  a  plivuiiiig  vorrectnem.  It  vi^as  the  begin* 
ning  of  a  graaiinnr  invented  from  eaamplra.'' 
Wbilo  a  teacher  at  llie  Joachimthaliisches  Uyin- 
nnsiiim.  Wiese  mode  a  journey  to  llaly  and  un« 
to  En^lnnd.  The  letters  which  be  wrote  bonie 
to  a  friend  about  the  English  educjitional  estab- 
lishment) were  published  as  *  (lermnn  lettem 
about  English  educaliou.'  In  I6S3  lie  wa«  In- 
tniBted  by  Miuistpr  von  Kaumer  with  the  Miper- 
vinion  of  tliL-  necondary  BOllOOl  urgauization  uf 
Priiann,  anii  for  twenty -three  yeara  he  hi^ld  this 
office  under  four  sucoesaive  ininioteni  of  educu- 
tioti.  In  Wl^r  the  governmental  policy  of  Kullur' 
kampf  brouglit  about  lila  fealgnatloo.  Thp  two 
alma  of  Viiten'e  offli'ia]  life  wen,  first,  the  cop- 
fining  the  curricula  of  the  gymnaaia  within  proper 
bounds ;  and.  secondly,  tbo  reKtoratioo  Iw  Ibe 
gyitinu»ia  of  the  fonoer  ChriNtian  churacler.  Pro- 
fe^or  Paulfieu's  eatimaie  of  Wieae*s  Infiuonce  ia 
kindly  but  ciiuiious.  and  it  probably  well  repre- 
sents Ibe  eiitei-iii  in  which  the  vetet«n  educator  la 
held  in  bis  native  land. 


I 


LUDWIG  R'lBSE. 
Iv  bin  review  of  Wicei-'s  Lebenteriiineruiiyen 
u.  Amlirr/alirtingt-n,  published  in  the  iterfiHer 
jthiiologiKhe  vocltmtchri/l,  Ptoltmot  Paulsen  pays 
a  warm  tribute  to  Wiese'a  character  and  peda^^ 
gical  work.  Ue  deacrlbM  Wieae'a  life  as  tliat  ot 
a  healthy,  atroug,  entbusiasUc,  frank,  and  S«U- 
oonfidcnt  peraonnlity.  and  onlls  his  life  a  rich  and 
liappy  one  In  the  true  fwnse  of  the  Ariitutelian 
definition.  Wl«w  was  bom  at  Uerfont  in  1^06. 
and  trrtui  1890  to  I8W  studied  Ibeologj-  and  pliilol- 
ogy  at  the  Univeraity  of  Berlin.  Ui»  acUviiy  as  a 
teacher  bi^gan  in  tlio  Friedrich-Wilhelius  ^fyinnn- 
»ium,  and  in  HiUl  he  wa>(mll«l  as  con-rector  to 
tlie  gyuina»ium  at  daiMthal.  In  1837  he  acc4-pted 
an  appointment  at  tli«   celebrated  Joachim  thai- 


I 
I 


THE  SIGNIFICANCE   OF  OEOOSAPHICAL 
NAMJiS. 

Thk  impnrtanca  of  gvogmphical  naniea  iu  con- 
nection with  the  teaching  of  hiitoryand  philology 
ia  alnuMit  entirely  overlooked  by  leachets.  Th«Ba 
mtbjeota  ao4uirc  an  added  inierest  if  linked  U>- 
gelbet  in  this  way,  and  details  are  lieiter  retained 
in  tlie  memory  if  provided  with  tlieee  associaliona. 
The  followmg  account  of  the  word  'Donau'  ia 
translated  from  tbe  ZriUchriJt  fUr  da»  rtaltehul- 
iMKN.  and  serves  as  an  example  of  bow  history, 
geography,  and  philology  may  be  connected  Id 
t««ching.  The  iioiniaof  eontaot,  and  the  linca  tal 
which  they  can  Ix^  dereloped,  are  apparenL 

The  Oreeka  [Herodotus,  ii.  33)  applied  the  namo 
'  Douau '  (Greek,  ■Istrosi'  Koman  form,  'later' 
or  *  Uisler ')  to  tbe  entire  strenni,  and  UMd  H 
almost  exclusively,  tbough  their    later  anibocB 


JurcAMT  31.  1887-1 


SCIENCE. 


73 


I 
I 


hImj  knrw  »t  Ihr  thn  Celtic  nnmc.  '  Danaviim,' 
•hicli  had  bwxiOMi  knoirn  to  the  Romiin<^  The 
Greeks  learned  the  name  '  l«tro» '  from  the 
Thraciau»,  nod  ajiplM  It  as  the  Kmentl  name  for 
tbe  riv«r.  from  ihepoiot  where  the  stream  Imied 
from  the  mountaitu  us  far  u  ifae  Thraciaae  ooou- 
pieil  il&  iHinks.  YH  it  doen  not  fotloir  Dectmarily 
that  Iho  niioM!  ■  lBttt» '  U  «t  Thracian  urigiu,  ita  it 
may  harr  tipcn  uitpil  xtill  mrlior  lir  thr  nncittnt 
nijrlan*  who  inhnbit<xl  that  coaptt]^.  It  u  Imon- 
ablo.  pmliahlv,  to  ih?  Ar:Fan  root  rru  (■  to  flow  ■), 
frmn  which  ta  nko  ilcriv«<d  the  name  '  Str.vmon.' 

■  DanuUus'  or  'Danuriud'  ih  tlie  I^tiiuied  (orm 
of  llie  Slavic  luuno,  from  which  don  is  lieriTvd, 
and  which  in  compwilioD  iKvomes  dan.  An- 
citntly  thin  lAtiniznl  nnmo  was  onlv  tised  for 
tfa»  middle  part  oH  the  sin-am.  The  Slark  rtxil 
ii(ni('wBt<-r,  rli'vr')nppe«rsin  thenaeacaormanj- 
other  rirera :  for  example.  Don.  Dwina,  Dnleater, 
Dnieper,  and  eo  forth.  lu  tli«  '  Nlbelunj^enlied  ' 
tht  I>oa«u  to  called  Tuuuowe,  that  ia,  Ilie  river 
Tuon.  To  the  name  -Dun'  tb«  Genoan  uAo.  oa 
('liwr*).  ia  addnl,  and  iolheiixt)«nth  and  Mtrrn- 
tMiithornlurti-ii  the  forms  DuiinK-,TpRaw,Dnnaw. 
flrvt  ap|>«ar. 


THE  STUbV  OF  BUOWMXO. 

TBEite  can  Iw  no  qti«^lii>i<  that  thv  picking- 
apart  prucem  to  which,  un<ler  Dw  pxiKniicitn  of 
InetrndhMi  In  fcnuiimar  and  pamlnK.  Mllioitand 
t^kiipeare,  ArfdUon  and  Macaulny,  are  alike  sub- 
jected, to  aD  evil.  It  inaf  nr  may  not  be  a  o«cea- 
WU7  evil :  if  it  Is.  ila  effect  should  be  «utMe- 
iincDltf  oouulMactod  as  far  an  poisiblu :  if  it  ia 
not,  it  Mhcnld  be  done  awajr  with.  The  {inpil  who 
U  alwajrs  on  the  lookout  (or  Invrrtml  arnt^noeB, 
BiodifyinR  rlBU»c«,  and  auxiliary  rcrl»,  mnnot 
apprwiale  the  ItlornrT  beauty  of  an  author:  and 
ao  U  aeeois  to  ii»  that  the  elementary  details  of 
gnmnoar  and  the  exerc-lxw  (or  poising  mljicht 
pmlitably  be  baeed  on  soinetliiiig:  len  taatlng  and 
bMuiifiil  than  tb«  classlcsof  the  laaicuajce.  These 
drtailk  to  which  we  have  reference  munt  undoubt- 
edly bo  mastvrt-d  ;  but  oould  tliay  not  bn  masti^eil 
frofn  current  literature,  ivwrving  the  olaMi<x  tar 
HHNlelt  of  ulyle  and  diction,  and  for  the  oultira- 
tlon  of  a  refined  llieniry  tnirto  atid  a  wund  UlcrBiy 
Jndjtioent? 

If  this  <liMeclh>a  of  the  claaalea  Is  a  necessary 
evU.  tlten  great  care  should  he  taken  to  follow  It 
Dp  in  tJi«  higher  jj^dea  wttti  llie  rMwling  of  a  »»- 
rim  of  auihon,  such  as  Chaucer.  SpeiinM,  Shak- 
BtJ««/e.  Milton.  Hooker.  Addinon.  StFtrlr,  Burkr, 
Maatutey.  Tennyoon,   Browuiug,  and  their  frl- 

Jh  IMy*4atMH>  IB  (Ad  tn^lf  </  XoSwI  0n>irHin!i't  pmlrp. 
Br  Bia^H  OnsoM,  LL.D.    Bouou.  »«>(*,  IW&    Vf. 


lows,  not  with  a  view  to  ]iar«inK  tli«m  corrticlly, 
btit  with  the  endeavor  to  undersland  and  appre- 
ciate Uiem.  Professor  Coraon  htu  giwit  lu  a  bonk 
on  bto  hero,  which  would  iwrm  «xoellenUy  for  tlw 
purpoae  we  have  indioatrd. 

Mr.  Bruwnioi;  haii  him  critics,  hat  few  poeto  have 
been  favored  during  their  lifetime  with  no  nnmer- 
ona  and  envrgctio  a  body  of  devoted  siadonta  and 
admirers  an  he  has,  both  In  Ihto  (^ounlry  and  io 
Knglnnd.  Of  tb«iw.  Professor  Cortion  io  among 
the  most  trnihaxlastlc ;  and  hia  pergonal  wuvk, 
and  the  Inlereat  excited  by  his  Ii!ctur«f,  have  Ie<l 
to  the  fonnatioo  of  many  of  the  Browning  cluU 
now  at  work  throughout  Dm  Uniud  State*.  In 
the  pn^^nt  work,  he  has  given  Mitdenta  of  Enic- 
linh  liientiuri'  an  example  of  what  we  rt-femd  to 
aboTL-  an  the  nail  end  to  be  gained  by  the  rtiHly  of 
n  gre-at  jmet  or  prnw  writer.  We  do  not  want 
to  paTHp  ■  Pantcehnc,'  •  Andiea  del  Snrto.'  and 
■RahM  Ben  Ezra.'  but  we  want  to  rtwd  Ihem  to 
dl»covev  tlie  tlioughts  Ui«y  convey  and  the  feelings 
Ihey  portray  :  in  other  words,  wa  want  to  ntndy 
them  aa  Utetature :  and  this  in  prvclwly  what  Pro- 
fetmot  C'ursuii'a  buok  hi-Ip*  us  to  doi.  Wut  adnilru* 
tion  for  Urowuing  in  welt-niffh  uiibotindnt.  For 
exnmjili?:  he  tay*,  ••  Itoliert  Browning  in  in  him- 
Kif  the  com]>lptc«l  fulillnient  of  tbia  aquipolae  of 
the  intellectual  aiid  the  spiritual.  pOKHwring  each 
ill  an  exatleil  degree  ;  and  his  poeUy  is  an  eiuptix- 
nlztd  expreeaJou  of  hix  own  perMntaliiy.  and  a 
pruphecy  of  iIm?  ullimain  ri<eu1l«  of  Christian  civ- 
Uixalion"  (p.  31).  --It  was  ne*er  trarr  of  any 
aulhin-  than  it  U  tnie  of  Browning,  that  Le  »lph 
e'lml  Vhotntne :  and  Browning'^  style  to  an  exprCM- 
ston  of  th0  panlher-rvsileMneta  and  paniber-sprnig 
of  hto  Impassioned  intellect.  The  latufng  spirit 
of  a  Wordsworib  or  ■  Tennyvoti  he  partakea  not 
of "  (p.  T5).  The  criticism  so  often  made,  that 
Browning's  myht  in  involved  and  ohscurv,  P^fea- 
iKir  Cornon  notiora,  and  at(«mpto  to  aniwer.  Utr 
saya  that  a  truly  original  writer  like  Browning 
Is  always  difficult  to  Ui<?  tininitiiiti'd,  and  that  the 
]>oet'8  favorite  art-form  is  lUsu  noniewhat  of  an  ob- 
stacle to  the  beKlimer.  Thto  arWorm  Is,  of  cnurw, 
the  -dramatic  or  infchoksio  monologue,'  which 
diffcni  frtMD  the  soliloquy,  afi  Professor  Johnson 
(i)uote(l  by  the  author  in  a  footnote.  Pl  8A|  haa 
pointed  out,  in  supposing  the  preeenoc  ol  a  silent 
second  perwon  to  whom  the  argumrnta  of  iJie 
speaker  are  addreseed.  In  addition  to  thtae 
chatactertoilcs  and  to  )iui  peculiar  eollocallotu  of 
words,  Prufewor  Curaon  finds  four  p^cullaritiefl  of 
Browning's  diction  whiob  are  by  aojne  roadcri 
held  to  reud«T  him  otMnin%  Tliese  are,  1",  tlie 
Huppreuion  of  the  relative,  whrther  nominative, 
aocusntive,  or  dative ;  i".  the  use  of  the  iiiHnitive 
witliout  the  pre|>osition  to  In  caaes  not  warTant4d 


74 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  DC.  Xo. 


bj  pnunt  aaajce  :  3".  the  use  of  Ihv  simpli'  fonn 
of  Ibe  put  Hubjiuu:(iTf  dprivrcl  (rom  Ibi'  Anglo- 
Saxon  inflri'lioiml  rimii  luid  idciiticnl  with  thnt  of 
lli»  past  Indirolivo,  insK'at]  of  lli«  modem  annlflic 
form  :  l**  ,thc  use  of  tli*  dative  or  indirect  oliject 
witlioui  lo  at  for.  But  Piofewor  Coreou  iieaitatM 
to  condemn  eveti  ihtut :  li«  lliiuks  Uiat  "  Ibej-  of> 
ten  import  a  CTii]>n««>  to  tbe  ttxprriuiiooH  in  which 
Ihey  occur"  <p.  SI),  At  all  event*,  thcj  midw 
Broun iOK'*  tliouglibi  Io*t  acoriwibln  lo  ihp  Kenvrft) 
n:uili?r  than  lYit^y  inight  oihprwise  he.  Profwnor 
CorMu's  essays  on  the  Idea  ol  peraoualltr.  and  of 
■It  M  sn  iBt«rmedlate  agency  of  perouuality  in 
Drowning,  tax  BtownEng'^  uLiM-urily  mid  liis  T«rw. 
niul  bin  nntUftic  lu^tui-iils  of  the  puMui  tliat  are 
append«'d,  arv  vm;  HUfrKMlire,  and  will  mpaf  not 
only  rratlinfT.  but  bVaiy. 


COUPA YRBS  ELUMHSrAR Y PSYfUOLOQ Y. 

H.  CoUPATitn  i*  Ml  well  known  to  students  of 
pedagogy,  and  Professor  Payne*s  translation  of  Ills 
•  HiMtory  of  podsg^iify  *  has  liad  so  faTomtile  u  tv- 
CeplicNi  in  tlii^ootintry.  that  his  prcwiit  bouk  on 
peyrhology,  and  thaton  rthitii.  promised  in  Mar(.-]i, 
will  atlriu^  i-oiiaidtralili?  attt-ntiun. 

In  the  littli-  book  nuw  Ivforc  uo,  tlie  author, 
with  I  he  skill  and  tui.'idiiy  of  a  trui-  Frt^rhoMn. 
nki^'hes  the  innln  topica  ot  I'UrnipnUity  psychology. 
M.  Couipayr^  N'gins  by  I'XpijunditiK  in  n  few  brief 
pontgrnphs  the  charaoler  and  utility  of  psychol- 
ogy, and  its  relations  to  etblc«,  f>oitaKDgics,  his- 
tory, grammar,  and  literature.  In  speaking  of 
(he  methiid  of  pnvL-hology.  he  mentions  the  dis- 
tinrtlon,  to  generally  overlooked,  between  the  stn- 
«ntirtc  study  of  psychology  and  the  elementary 
leachhig  of  it.  H.  C<nupayr^  reniark*  thnt  we  do 
not  ooufuse  an  hislotinn  and  a  teorher  of  hiBlory. 
■nd  complains  that  autlior'  of  teil-liooks  of  |>«y- 
cholegy  thould  preserve  a  i>imilar  dtsllnction  In 
thMr Mnenc« (p.  II}. 

In  touching  un  the  relations  of  psychological  to 
physiologic*)  (iu-ih.  he  Itnds  three  (loints  of  dilTer- 
ence  brtwwo  them  {]>p,  Hi,  33).  Fiwt.  the  two 
categorlM  of  pht'iiodieim  are  not  kiiuwn  in  the 
same  way.  Second,  (he  phjsiologieal  plipnotnena 
are  material  moTeiuents:  (he  psychologlral  phe- 
nomena are  something  else  than  mnlerial  mov«>- 
menu.  Tliird,  the  two  setJi  of  phenomena  are  Id 
a  certain  sense  tndepeoitenl  of  e«cb  other. 

Then,  aooepUng  the  usual  elassl  Ilea  lion  of  men- 
tal phenomena  into  those  of  knowledge,  feeling, 
and  will,  H.  Ciimpayr^  enlen  upon  the  diseunion 
of  eneh.  Wp  eaii  bi-art  n-prenent  Ills  positiiHis  hy 
quoting  some  Ivief  pawiigoi  tlenting  with  contro- 
T«n«d  points  111  payrtiologr  :     ••  De  plu«  pn  plna. 

tl9tlimttI4tiirKiattttitt ptifclioloalt.     I'ar  (iaSkIH.COh. 

Pin*.  r**to,  UrtaiihHx,  iw.  lo*. 


la  mot  ime  f*t  derenn  ^ytHmyme  de  prinapt 
tpirilufl.  qui  Bent,  qui  pease  »t  qui  vent" 
(p.  ilOK  "Ia  aensiMliti,  som  unatm  m« 
formes,  pent  Atre  d^Hnle  ta  fanUU  tPfproi- 
tvr  du  ptai»ir  tt  dt  Ut  ptiw.  ft  par  oonae- 
qtmit<ta(mtret<ithair"  (p.  SB):  "Ces  princlpea 
eonatitiient  ce  qu'ou  appellt-  In  rai'son,  o'«Bt4-diro 
tout  r.c  qui  e«t  tnnf  A  rlntelligenry,  par  oppori- 
tioo  i  VexpMfnrii,  c'est-A-dim  i  tout  ce  qui  est 
acx|Uls "  (p.  T4I ;  ■■  La  roiton,  au  sens  psychalo- 
glque.  est  reosemble  dea  noiious  et  dee  vMI^ 
qui  n«  d^rivent  ni  de  I'expMenrv  ni  dee  <y>mbl- 
aaiiHMiHdi--  rexp^rient* ""  (p.  189);  "Les  r^ril^  de 
la  niitin  mint  innees  en  ce  sens  qu'el1e»  pitoxist- 
CDt  A  I'expMence  commo  autnnt  de  dispositions 
natiiri'lln  ;  mnix  I'experietire  tst  n^esiuiire  pour 
lesdevelopjMrT  et  les  determiner"  (p.  101). 

The  value  of  the  work  as  an  elemeutary 
text-hook  U  eiihauoed  by  the  brief  r^imfy  given 
of  each  chapter,  an<l  by  a  lexicon  of  proper 
namn  and  tivhniiial  terms  useil  in  the  book. 
Should  the  book  he-  transtnted  into  English,  as  w« 
understand  is  contemplated,  it  wonld  l>e  a  decided 
addition  to  our  elementary  works  on  psychology. 


I 


PATNE-S    COyrRIBUTIOHS    TO    THE 
SCIENCE  or  EDVCATlOy. 

PBorESfiuR  Patne's  ToluDio  of  essays  might, 
we  suppose,  following  Max  MQtler's  precedent,  bo 
entitled  '  Cliiiie  from  a  Michigan  workshop.'  They 
are  veiry  plainly  the  resulta  of  the  thinking  don« 
by  the  author  on  the  educntioniU  problems  sog- 
geeted  hy  bis  daily  work.  Tlte  tint  quextfon  we 
are  tempted  to  ask  ii>.  Will  they  do  any  good  ?  It 
must  be  remembrrrd  that  a  volume  of  this  sort 
reaches  n  class  of  readers  who  are  already  more 
or  less  imbued  with  the  author's  views.  It  comes 
to  tbem  as  a  woni  of  cheer  and  (^ncouragenient. 
But  we  should  like  to  hear  that  Professor  Payne's 
essays  were  reaching  the  indolent,  untrained 
loacher,  who  believes  iliat  general  inforuintlon  — 
and  not  too  much  of  that  — U  the  only  pre|>ura- 
tinn  npoeMnry  for  the  teacher  ;  anti  the  toqoaoioua 
and  sarcastic  sceptic,  who  has  no  trouble  at  all  in 
proving  —  to  his  own  salisfaction  —  the  tlieorem 
that  there  Is  and  can  be  no  such  thing  as  ix  aciencs 
of  educatlou.  We  do  not  mean  to  say  tliat  Pro* 
feasor  Payne's  book  would  thoroughly  arouse  and 
convert  sucb  readers,  for  it  is  a  triflo  heavy,  and 
conspicuously  lacking  in  a  certain  aitractlveiuge 
in  style  and  arrangement  that  goes  far  to  make  ft 
book  miccessrul :  but  it  oertainty  would  open  up 
unknown  regions  to  them,  and  stimulate  further 
thought  and  inquiry.     With  the  question.  Is  there 

Conlributioni  lo  Mr  K-imrr  of  HlucafioH.  Bj  WltUdM 
U.  Pim,  A-U.    New  York,  Harper.  \<m.    It*. 


4 


Jaxtaxy  si.  ItttfT] 


SCnSNCE. 


75 


I 


a  «*l«Dr«<rf  pedajioglOA?  the  author  |[Tapp)M  at 
tb<r  otibiet ;  anil  while  be  reacbra  an  aiHnnative 
answer,  which  we  belii>vi-  to  b«  the  projier  one.  bo 
clurii  Ml  in  a  pnndrrou*  and  luM  very  direct  man- 
D«r.  The  fo)h)winit  nhiipt4'ri.  Dnnio  at  thu  tJtlni 
of  wliicti  sn> '  The  i»ci«nci>  o(  «dtK-«tioD,  Its  oa- 
lure,  tta  method,  and  aoine  of  ll«  problenu.'  ■  Oon- 
iritwllon  to  ll>e  wl«rnc«  of  education  values,' 
•  TIte  mode  i>f  educational  progrnii,'  '  The  potency 
of  idn*  and  idcAb.'  '  L«hcmmm  from  the  libtacjr  <it 
edgoation,'  *  The  srciilarieation  of  iho  hoIiooI,' 
'Teacliiiif;  ■«  a  Irndn  nnd  ni  n  profewian.'  -Rdu- 
cntton  BM  n  unhvnitv  hdidy,'  '  The  inslitiiU)  aiiil 
th«  tMdlng-c4rcle,'  offer  u»  excellent  aainplea  of 
what  the  acope  of  pedaicOKica  is  ;  for  It4  pointH  of 
tangencj  wlih  |Wfcholu|cv.  ethics,  and  history. an 
well  aa  the  fact  that  it  iot-ludea  both  thcorjr  and 
ptaetioe,  are  alt  indioaicil.  VK^vmot  Payne 
flays  BO  much  and  on  *o  many  viihjecta,  that  we 
can  bMt  giTO  BO  idon  of  hla  tboiiRht  and  method 
of  tTMitnient  hy  lettlnjc  hloi  Kpcak  for  hinidelf. 
For  example  :  in  protettinj;  against  the  erection 
of  infant  pvycholOEy,  and  therefore  Infant  educn- 
tloo.  Into  a  fcleiioe  aiMirt,  he  saja ;  — 

•'  1  am  very  far  from  denying  that  ihero  ane 
dlirerences  between  a  I'hild'ti  roind  and  n  man's 
mind  :  hat  I  imisi  that  lliesc  arc  differences  in 
dtgrtt  or  potfer,  nud  not  hi  onnvlitiitioa.  It  i« 
beely  admitted  timt  ihM*  dlBerennm  in  power 
shiwld  be  o)«erved  and  heeded,  and  that  molh^va 
and  nuraea  may  do  aoote  rcttl  >ervii-v  by  their  reg- 
iktratlon  of  the  phenomena  of  infnnt  life.  Wltat 
1  |wote«t  against  U  the  prraent  tendency  to  exag- 
gerate tbeae  diffpren<-i<«.  and  to  amnime  Ibat  the 
iHvild'n  nluiuilioD  must  be  considered  quite  apart, 
aa  though  be  were  a  being  rvi  gftteria.  I  venture 
to  exprece  the  belief  tliat  one  of  the  moat  aertuuM 
envn  In  prinury  teaehinj;  Brtsen  rroinanexnitger- 
ated  notion  of  tl>e  iliffrrunt-t^s  between  child  CDlDd 
and  mature  mind.  Some  observed  liiffen-nne  fiir- 
nisbee  Ibe  devoted  i-otliusinst  with  n  Hew  ;  and 
Umd  thifl  clew  la  fcdlowcd  up  ao  pentetently,  and 
M  far.  that  one  ■ectioD  of  the  child's  mind  in 
anXMed  to  pmlernRinral  activity,  while  another 
■eclkia  tmi  iinnt>xl  j<n<:l  torpid.  It  is  obnervnl.  for 
•■xaniple.  that  the  senae  uctiviiiea  predomiuale  in 
ohildbood.  The  leuclier  layii  hold  of  thin  clew, 
imd  tiiere  ie  «uch  a  iierAinti'nt  end  copiaos  feeding 
•rf  the  tenant,  that  the  phynical  Miction  of  the 
child's  roind  beenmeH  nbnnnnnlly  nctlre,  and  the 
latelleotual  noction  as  ahiiominlly  Inactive.  It 
would  taam  (o  me  a  great  gain  If  there  were  to 
t*p  a  retom  towards  the  older  conception  that  the 
child  and  the  man  are  eiuenliaUy  Dne.  and  thnt 
for  infaooy,  chlMbood,  and  youth,  tlicre  should 
lie  ointJderaUa  aamenaaa  in  inalruciion  "  (p.  ]l>). 

--  The  aeoompliihed  teacher  should  be  a  man  of 


Bctonoe  In  Ibe  t»nt»  that  the  aooomjilMied  phyal- 
dan  la  a  nan  of  acience.  1  MB  petmaded  that 
tile  motive  vrUch  moal  attracte  mlndfl  of  the 
higher  orderinto  certain  Tooatiomi  k  the  oppor- 
tunity fur  the  tree  exerciae  of  tact,  talent,  inge- 
nuity, invenUon,  diaouverr.  and  all  the  rcaouroM 
of  a  well-alored  and  wcU-diacipliwd  mind.  Blinds 
of  the  better  otder  love  to  take  cbancie*,  to  tun 
rMta,  to  anliclpnle  tite  new,  and  to  couipuaa  by 
sagacity  «<iRie  victory  over  danger  and  ditlirully. 
Toall  flurl)  mlnda,  tlie  poaaHjlIlty  of  nebivveoipnt 
is  an  inspiring  motive  of  the  highnt  order" 
(p.  Mil. 

■■  TIk^  nianifent  lemtency  of  ihetiiDua  ia  towarda 
the  wvuLuriKolion  of  tia-  school.  The  naodeni 
■tati!  hiu  liininic  nn  edticalor.  and  relegnten  rell- 
Kiout  inairacticin  lo  the  family  akid  the  church" 
(p.  316). 

Lock  of  space  forbids  our  quoting  furtbor,  bat 
we  reoomuieiid  Hroteesor  Payne'a  book  to  all  who 
can  appreciate  tutment  thought  on  rducutlonal 

aubjecto. 


DAS  VOLKSSCnULtPfSEX  IM  fHEVSS- 
iSCUKN  STAATJl. 

ly  Uie  three  larga  roliunea  of  the  eompJIaUon 
of  Schneider  nnd  von  Branen,  ot  which  the  ftnt 
Is  before  us,  are  provided  with  a  goml  intlex,  they 
will  lie  invaluable  for  the  ■lu<lent  ot  ilie  PnuMinn 
eilncational  Hvatem  nnd  Its  developinenL  If  tho 
index  Hhould  be  wanting,  or  not  thoroughly  u>adp, 
tliv  immMiBe  araonot  of  material  contained  in  the 
volumca  will  be  effectually  buried.  The  Hmt  vol- 
ume Is  a  Urge  octavo  of  nearly  a  tbinwnnd  lagM, 
and  oonlaina theofflcial tegulationi  rvftarding  "die 
Htellung  der  Behfirden  und  Beamten,  die  Auiibil- 
dung  und  die  iitcllungdcsLchnirH:"  and  it  isaafe 
to  aay,  baaing  the  aaaertion  on  nucb  an  examina- 
tion na  wo  hare  made  of  the  book,  that  not  a  Min- 
gle point  ia  left  untouched.  The  second  volume 
will  tnat  ot  "din  Orgnnlaation  und  Vcirwaliung 
der  Scbnlgenieinde:'*  and  t)ie  third,  of  "dieSchul- 
ptlicht,  der  Ptivatunterricht.  die  ISchiikiicht.  der 
Uiiterrioht  in  den  ver^'hiedeit(.-n  Volkiwcliulen." 
Our  lnfL>nnaituu  about  ch(!  ■i.'comlafy  acboola  and 
uni  vemitics  of  (li-noiuly  in  uaualty  more  full  and 
explicit  tbnn  thul  <'»nc)e-rning  the  popular  acliools ; 
but.  wttJi  tliia  WDTk  of  reference  at  band,  we  need 
DO  loncar  be  in  ignornnoe  of  ibe  oiinule«t  detail 
concerning  the  latter.  It  must  be  home  in  mind, 
loo.  that  the  official  organ  of  the  minialry  of  pub- 
lic Instruction  in  Primia,  thu  Ufntralblatt  fUr  die 
gaammit  UnttrrkhUvmealtuitg  in  /VeuMm,  la  in 

Ou  l'alktK*vlirTti'n  im  praiualKaen Sfoat*.  ittggtttma- 
tUrttet  tuKitnmrnjIrllunti  <Ur  Oevfw  und  Kerarrfuwtffnt, 
•fc.  Ccmplled  tij  Vr.  K.  SCavtiMa  nnd  O.  vdn  Baa», 
Ueitto.  Utrti,  WO.   «•, 


7S 


SCIB2fC£!. 


I  Vol.  IX..  Ho.  UK 


iU  twvnty^evmth  jimr  of  pitblicniion,  naA  that 
it  is  ditHcult,  if  not  tinpcH«iil>l«,  to  procure  Ibe 
rariler  Tolumm.  The  present  work,  by  leaaon  of 
its  bnvtng  u»ed  tbe  wuierUl  of  t)i»  Centraiblatt, 
Mrvw  as  «  nibtlitutv  fixr  tbe  ttret  tweaty-sis  >'u)- 
umM  of  Ibe  latter.  And  in  tborvlora  tvpL-ctaJly  to 
Iw  rroommirnddd  to  libniriint  which  hnvc  not  n  iot 
of  the  Centmlblatl. 

Tbe  Bchool-tews  an>  bcro  codified  nocordlaic  to 
tb«lr  iilace  In  ()i«  system,  aitd  not  chronological  I, v. 
vrhiob  is  an  uiitloubtcd  icaio.  especially  to  the  for- 
eign ruid)!r  '.  aud,  tut  Ihtr  •lule«  of  the  variouH  tuw« 
BnolwAVKOMienitnl.  ni>thiDsi>iluHI  by  tlie obaoge. 
As  U  tbc  COM  Hrith  moM  comi^UiiuDa  of  tbi* 
chariirur,  w«  aro  oblignd  (o  rrad  a  srvnt  drni  that 
we  care  nothing  about  in  ofdnr  to  ri-nch  the  data 
uf  whieli  we  may  he  in  wnrcb.  But  woshoutd  be 
wllllag  (O  put  ni>  even  wilh  riermnn  prQiiilty  and 
tninntnwM  In  order  to  Knin  so  indispenwble  a 
work  of  T«rerfnce  a§  litis  b. 


cemibls,"  it  is  not  likely  lo  become  a  raluablv  brlp 
to  the  frpedallsl. 

Tbe  illu»iratioua  are  In  most  casea  badiy  ex> 
ecuted  aud  Boinetimw  taisleadlng. 


DAWSCOf'S  ZOfiLOOY. 

OXB  dittlfkot  to  aerenl}'  c-ritidne  n  book  bmring 
on  itJi  tUlcpngv  nuch  a  widi-lj  ond  juidly  lionoriKl 
name  r*  tbni  wf  Sir  J.  W.  DnwMm,  and  yet  it  l» 
dillicuit  to  «*  what  Rooil  purpoBe  Is  to  he  served 
by  Ibis  work.  Theaul)iar»^tDlorlli  Ills  object  ^ 
■■  to  furnish  to  students,  eolkviora.  and  summrr 
tourists  in  Canada,  an  oiitlini;  of  the  cln«aiil!i;ntloD 
of  tbi>  onioial  kinitdoD),  with  eEsmples  taken,  as 
far  as  powlble,  from  i|MciM  foand  lit  this  i-oiui- 
try."  Prom  the  footiiOt«  on  p^  6,  it  would  also 
Ki>i>in  that  it  is  iBteiid«il  as  a  l^xl-boiik,  Eigbt««n 
Nuall  pagva  are  detoted  to  a  oonsideratlun  of  ibe 
animal  tisKUvs  and  lunctiuus,  tweUe  morp  to  ibe 
■abject  of  clawiiliL'ation  in  gunural,  and  the  r»- 
Bialoder  of  the  book  to  '  dvNcri|>tive  loOloey.*  As 
aiay  be  inferred,  Ibc  iiL-ouunt  of  tlin  titmm.  elc.. 
is  rery  inadoqunt«  :  nnd  sucli  n  Htnlt'mFUt  ns  that 
pnHoplasBi  is  albumen  (p.  ii.>  doei-  not  tvnd  to 
give  oonfldence  in  the  acnirscy  of  the  work. 
There  ia  not  a  tAiisfaclory  sceount  iciveii  of  Ibe 
■tmoturb  of  any  unfle  snimal  or  iiroup  ;  the 
moat  iniporUuil  tliiuj;  to  Im^  li^uTnrd  of  an  aniuial 
would  smm  lob(?itnDani«,  aud  the  bnm^  and  dell- 
nitlon  of  ibr  Rrtnip  to  which  it  brlougs.  Nor  are 
the  views  of  clntsi (leal ion,  in  sointi  caari.  surh  la 
will  Hud  Keuaral  acoeptanoo  amonB  naturalist*. 

As  a  lext-book,  this  work  will  not,  wo  fear. 
piov«  satisfactory  ;  the  amaleur  will  not  Bnd  it 
e*iiy  to  identify  his  collections  by  its  siil ;  and, 
wliilv  there  may  be  in  It  "  many  facts  tlerlved 
from  ori^iiia)  ubservailoa,  and  not  otberwlae  ac- 

UamlitKik  ot  tovlotn.  Br  tUt  J.  W.  t)4W«0K.  HODBsal, 
Damttn  Brot..  IM 


Dr.  WAEatxoToK  MATrSEW^.  MirgiMB  to  the 
U.  H.  anny.  baa  wudc  a  valuable  contributiuu  oa 
tlie  oau>w>  which  are  at  work  in  carrying  off  ibc 
Indians  of  our  country.  One  of  the  m<iet  impor- 
tant of  these  hi'  linds  lobci  connimption.  From 
tl>«  ransiis  pf  ISIM  «e  learn,  Ibnt.  while  the  de«ib- 
rale  ammig  Europeans  is  17.74  |>er  thou»a]id.  and 
titat  among  Africans  ll.tS,  Ihe  raleamoug  tlie  In- 
dians U  no  Itss  than  33.0.  In  diarrhoeal  distvaea 
the  Indian  d«ii1i-rale  is  not  tcreftily  in  exc««B  of 
tliat  of  the  other  cIommm.  Measica  cives  a  mortal- 
ity uf  01. TH  per  Ibuusand.  But  it  is  under  t(i« 
liead  of  cuuHUuipliou  that  llie  dilfMViiee  brtturcn 
the  IndiauH  and  (bu  bhicka  is  most  (.■oiupieuoua : 
the  nilv  araoo);  ilif  former  being  3)M  as  <.i>ui|iutvd 
with  ISQamonf;  tbi-  Utiatr.  wbile  amonx  tlie  wliitaa 
it  is  but  100  in  the  liioussnil.  Dr.  HwtlbewH  finds, 
that,  wlieio  the  liiJtnns  hare  been  lDng<»t  under 
dvllielnfi;  iuftuencw,  the  consum{>tion-iute  is  tlie 
highest;  meauijig  by  the  term  'consuuipUon- 
rate'  Ibc  number  of  deutlui  from  euusuiaptioo  la 
a  tbinisaud  deatlw  fruai  all  known  causn.  Thus 
the  rate  among  rnwrvatioD  Indiiiu*  in  Nevada  is 
4S;  in  Dukiila.  31Ki;  in  Michigan,  HSS;  and  in 
New  York,  tSOi.  Tlie  evidence  appears  to  t-how 
tbst  consumjition  increases  among  Indiana  under 
the  iutlueuoe  uf  dvlliiatiou,  — i.e.,  under  a  cunt' 
jmlBory  nidtntor  to  aC7UStotn  iheDiaelvoa  to 
foud  andllii'bniiiisiff  an  alien  and  more  advanoed. 
nice.  —  ami  thai  (-limati-  is  no  calculable  factor 
tbu  iucreiute.  It  Is  a  gt-iu-ra)  Mi)>poaition  OD  th» 
frontier  that  it  Is  cIiaDgc  of  diet  which  is  the  luosl 
potent  remote  cauM  of  consumption  among  the 
Indians.  Dr.  Alaithewa  says  be  once  knew  of 
pretiously  lieullhy  ludlan  cauip  of  about  tw<^i 
tliouaaud  people.  <•  be<v,  in  one  vrinier.  when  tfa« 
buSoLo  left  their  country,  and  they  aulwistcd  on 
flour  and  biu.'uii  (urninhcd  by  the  gnvrmnipnt,  the 
iiiajoiity  wcrp  aiintked  by  scurvy,  and  about  sev- 
enty died  of  the  disease.  It  is,  however,  also  aa- 
oertaioed  that  the  conBumptloit.rale  is  high  al 
ugeonos  ivber«  the  iiupply  i>l  beef  is  liberal,  and. 
lut  Ims  alrv<id>  bcvu  said,  especiidly  high  among 
tho  Indians  ul  New  York  and  Mii'higan,  wboss 
diet  is  by  no  ninnnK  a  rcHlriolod  one.  It  is  evident 
that  the  true  explanation  tor  tliis  remarkable  pr^ 
dispusilion  of  the  led-uiau  to  pulmonary  tuU.-r(.'u- 
loeiis  boa  not  yet  been  given,  and  thai  a  fruitful 
field  b  open  to  tliosc  whose  quaiitlcations  and 
taat«a  Isad  tbem  into  such  InvrstigatloDs 
these. 


der        I 

4 


lAWBAKI  it.   1H81.] 


SCTENCK 


I 


Content*  of  totclgo  educAtioiuJ  peiiodiMls. 

ftlitapo^fwAn  arehiv,  Dee.  9.  —  B«riebt  flber  di« 
kb(«lluiw  fCkr  nalurwitaenikcbafcUchon  unt«rri(-ht  aaf 
liar  lili,  Vamtranilunif  ilt-iitw-hcr  imturfcrmclnT  iiii'l 
Krate  >D  B«fl>n.  IMO.  —  Din  neufreu  phil>r<loi;ptchpn 
bMtratNUgNi  dor  Pranzoion,  Dr.  L.  Sohiai'U.  — 
KMnllllUT*Mda  v«niainraliinj{  xiir  bofrrilniluntc  turn 
'  DftibcbRB  »iii1)i>itwii'1iulv(^rri[ii! '  m  H*niiuv»r,  Pr, 
L.  Virriwk. —  tlourt«luiiKru,  anKpiiccn,  u.n.w, 

ZrittrlirifX  /Hi  kIiiiI- i/ftgraphlf,  Dorriulior.  — 
]>Nii  f «o)irafihitct>(>  inunriiiii  am  M*Ti»lilIf»r  Oyiniia- 
■kini  in  Wirn.  —  Eia  Ulluriuni  mit  •'lli|<litK.'li«r  »rd- 
babn  uiid  bId  nouca  planetariuiu.  Dr.  Adolf  Droitkv. 

—  D(r  BiKi|[rapbJM:li«  kitfodcn.  —  Iteitrajt  id  ctnor 
a»Mrpti«lof|i»  M*  KoMiXM,  H.  Hab«'llil^ht.  —  Dor  Uit< 
(•Muris  und  Miin  VukaoiiFbipt,  —  NoUmd.  u.*.w. 

Unxuld  tdUKitional  monM^ir.  Janvar; .  —  Note* 
UIMM  habtto,  Pror.  H.Marvlcar,  Anoual  ponvoRation 
Of  Qnrma'a  uiilT#r«tt.v,  N.  F.  DuiiuIh.  —  Ptcmp  pnvnin. 

—  fto  mrricalnm  o(  a  Fri-ni'l)  lj<^t>c.  W.  II.  Prajier. 

—  Note*  t«r  (««(^hpri.  —  Corrpfiwoilciicc,  pIo. 
SttunUtomal   Hmtt.    Janusry.  —  On   matter   and 

forr* :  nonxiolaiiirv  and  uiachixlt  nl  •WimMiUrr  dy* 
namm. —  HcetinK  ot  the  Cnuiicil  of  llw  colleife  ot 
pr*o*ptuni  -  Education  in  India. -^Univarait;^  nnd 
coIUit*  int^lll||«iic>.  ~  Bjlucntional  procivai  of  th« 
|Nut  bairc*iuur}'.  —  OlianKVii  in  t)i«  b^ad  nianlwr- 
■brpa  of  tke  gT«at  puUin  ichool>  doriiiK  thr  pa>t 
jMr.  '  Bngbf  under  Dr.  J«x  Blake.  —  Tb*  tlarrard 
«(f  bralivn.  —  ItMNirt  of  tba  toacbvn'  training  il^ n- 
diCBtfl  at  CanibridK"'  —  Ri-vipwn,  noticM,  •<(.■. 
Jimmal  nf  tdacnUon,  Jauunry,  —  Occaaional  nflt«a. 

—  BngH*h  iitiratnro  in  pnbltc  H;boi^.  —  Tb«  con' 
frnoM  of  bcaJ  maMer*.  —  Dr.  Jowett  nn  ho«w#l1'a 
'JaknMia.'  —  Botid*!. — WoiDen  and  culluro,  Urn. 
WQHaai  Gray.  —  A  (air  lt*1d  and  no  favor.  ~  (.'orrp- 
•pondrnM,  —  Th"  t««<-b+T«'  iruUil  '•(  Hmt  Pi-itoin 
•nd  Irt-laad.  —  NuIimii  "f  lMR>ki).  —  KumKn  i"il*«.  — 
Schooli  and  noivtr^ltH.  —  Our  trDDBlati'iii  priic.  — 
Tbt  traininc  of  Iha  facnklatof  jnde'ix-'nt  nnil  renton- 
tDff  (c>-urindnl|,  —  Education  jn  Aiihiralia  (uiniFliidnil). 

—  Ot»|^aphiral  Pibibitiuii  auil  ('unfurrni^  at  Bnu)- 
(or* 

Bdac«tleiMl  ArricJea  in  miscellkneoDi  periodictdk. 


Bm'a  •CKtiea  in  iiultliri.      Madnniv    Adam,      Von- 

Innjioran'  rrWne,  January. 
Cuntvmpurary  phll-«aphy  in  PranM.    UiuigDiKl.  .Vrto 

f>4n<vfoi>  rrvin«,  Jaituiiry, 
D41AK*t»aD  tran^aiH  aux  EtaiK-Unin  ;  notM  do  voy. 

Mgm.  Cliarloi  Bigut    Urriu  pulilitftif  rt  liUrraitr, 

Inc.  1 1  and  Iti. 
Bartbqnakaa.    Arvb)b«ld  Uelkia.    Uirad  wonti,  Jaou- 

aiT. 
KlooaUnn  inlnlb<4ii*l1»,  T.      Paul    I^iltta.      RrruH 

poUliilvt  ft  tilUrairr,  Dm.  19. 
Kvo4utJMI    of   lanKuSKB.       Undgiwd.       KatMtirdgi-. 

JaBiMU7. 
FhcuIM  do   nWdcCin«  de   Pari>  en    IHUS-M,  l».      U. 

B^oUtd.      Hrivr  tri-rMtiflqiir,  D*e.  18. 
<Ualn«ie   rt   In  K^ICrafbH-.    la.      U.   Charla*  VfUin. 

Ilrtu*  KiraHflitr,  Dre.  \H, 
Hnw    [   ao*  tdiicatoit.     Jamva  B.  AdkcII.     Furum, 

January. 
IndualrialMlni-atiini  in  Anivrlo*.     W.  0<Uil.  A'aiuiv, 

Dm.  3. 


[A  BoU(*oClfc*cownuii««iti)ocaiiM«it  on  tbicRib- 

Jm4.  pntpwedby  Ur.  J.  E.  Clarlie  ] 
Luwell   on  Mtu«at{Mi.      tJotlfaari.      tine  PHiuMou 

TVFirtf,  Jan  nary. 
I^<a«r   Hlncmtou  ot  women,  the.     Rden  U'KwIi*. 

Cantrmporary  miru,  Jonuarr. 
UMhcnuttioal  tripc«,  tba.   J  W.  L.  Qtaiabor    Sttlun. 

Dor.  a. 
Orifflo  Af  i-omnl*  and  nieteon.     Richard  A.  Pro(4or. 

Kue/ufUiigr.  January. 
Ori^iuca  ds  U  Bible,  Im.     Emort  Baooii.     AVtw  dn 

ifiia  MiiHiUt.  Dei-.  1. 
OrlK'sMdv  la  rbimip.  !*■  :   oiMauz  et  min^raoi  d* 

raalltiuu  CbaldrA     M.  Bertbolot.     Rfntr  tiim- 

Hpqtu,  Dec.  1 1. 
PdHI  alooollqur.  ie.     J.  8.  Moranil.     Ximvllr  rtrat. 

Drr.  15 
PoMiblv  limitation*  of  the  elncrtiTe  ayAem,  n.    Prof. 

Oeonle  H.  Palmer.     Atularrr  rivitie,  January. 
I  TbU  article  cIoomi  tbe  dicsMloo  an  to  ibe  oit*-!!! 

nnd  nli>r!t«  of  tbe  elMrtive  ()^*t*«n.  introdimd  by 

Pnifcawr  Painter  a  year  ORo.l 
Prvifiit  pontion  of  pbiloeopby  in  Britain,  the.   EUory 

naldenrood.     AVw  Frinfrton  rvrtnr.  January. 
R«li|tl'iti  in  tlie  public  KOhool*.     Archibald  AloKander 

Hodifr,     Snr  /ViiuvtoH  rvvfrw,  JoAaary. 
Science  in  Narwav.     tJtuigned.     Safure.  Dae.  9. 
Scleneo  notes.     W.  )falti<-n  Willianm,      Onllntaii'* 

mat!" 'Ill  f,  JmmBry. 
Tmrail  pnvcbiijue  et  la  foroe  obimi^ue,  )e.     Cbftrlea 

Richet.      lirrvt  teirnUftiftM,  Dml  18. 
Uebtr  die  WabnelipiirhclikeftirMbtninii  a.  <WrMi  «a- 

wraduDK  auf  die  ilatMk.    W.  Lexla    Jakr- 

AfuAer  IHr  Satiortal^aaomit  «.  StutiatfJk.  Nor. 

19. 
Univvntty  tducatlnn  In  the  United  StfttM.    Charlea 

E.  Adams.     Contemporary  iveinr,  JoaoMy. 


PubllcaUacu  lecelvcd  al  Kdlior'i  Offlee,  Jan.  le-is. 


Avneawi,  T.     EAmi  aI  MidpeniuR  on  the  iiirnp),  «l  nllvay 

lutei.    t.»a<ia,  Imnlv.  tnii-    u  i>.     'i' 
liAferkOWC,  liebcl  C,  id.     ProncaEiiKt  vi  1h«  iialJoaAl  cuAffllwItt 

pf  charilieft  ■ndorMciJQn,  >i  Ihv  thinrvnlh  aanudi  mood 

hflil  >n  Sr.  r*iil.  Minn..  Jul*  itit.  itM.    ■»l«i,  U.  II. 

EJLLi     iffttrp.    **. 
ItiLiiixa.  Isuii.  It.    To  ihe  pce1-l*un*M.    WathafUa,  Brcn- 

ta««.    4dk    to". 
BeiriAVLT.  F,    CoflMjLhdfioplfl  vMervirteluH    LondflD,  lost,  dv. 

cut.    11  p.    11*. 
CUAMC.  J.  K.     A  pTKlie*!  rhttonc  lot  lumieliee  in  CofUtli 

oairtpqnlUHi  and  nvuioa  iw  coUen*  end  inif  rntdiaav  ichwU. 

New  Vuk,  Uoli.    1*1  J),     ■.*. 
OrtiTAH,  D'    rh«  Carran  von  worli*.  AcolUnd.     Lasd^A,  Inil. 

m.  eng.    tf  p,    k*. 
KhDa,  M.  fern.    ForraiLkas  lor  lUe  vei^hti  <*{  ijir4v  brvlfM, 

Landon,  Iiul.  cit.  cd|.    ft  p.     ■>*. 
Fi>e*nii,  &f.  vAii.    Comprnm  |u(>  ((maa  for  tniliury  vac    Tr. 

by  J.  I'.  WUseF,  vitn  introjuclioh  on  oiodfrv  gun  CDiWk. 

Nev  Vurk,  Vu  X»lnad.     I&t  p.     "4*.     *•«"«•. 
(l«u»iBiiAt4i.  J.  R.     litKiipiiM  of  ibc  liadticl  em  ihc  tinr 

K«lir«,     LjoihtDH.  lB*t.  err.  «Bg.    4  p^    u*. 
ttuirna.  G-  M.    Lec^nixtTv  tngwe*  vHl  cerTi«g»-«bedi  ■■  nacd 

oa  th«  Celcdonlu  r^lway.    Lcmlea,  Inii.  (It.  cB|.     >)  p. 

Kiirc,  M.     KATTanl  uid  iu  lunouiuJinEi.     }tli  vft-     Bnlon, 

ftuid  Ayoy  ceoipaDT-    ie«  p.     i4*. 
Uaitiiii  end  Wrmaa.    ThcdRini:  meinr  und  liiHipUeUluu. 

,■<«■  Vork,  JohnnoB.    K>«p.    r*.    ty 
MA»ACKi>»r>T  flili  and  gtm  lommlHlonen.  lepvi  el,  fer  rear 

SBiiatt  Dn.  II,  lUe.    iPub.  du.  So.  ij.)    Usuw,  Slalc. 

91  p.    >'. 
raiLaiiiK,  P.H     Beam  uid iJnJan.   Mm  Voik,  Van  KeMraed. 

■  ftp.    aj'-  J*™**^ 
ik'HW'TKA.  F.    KipHl  u'  a  biUmit  ncuaaaiiaancii  in  Alaika. 

rnad*  m  ilit.    wadtiarion,  Go^tnKaBt'    iii  p.    f^- 
Seciiua  ilidualit.    VoL  1.  He.  i.    Teienn.  Chatlti  Waiu.    •>. 
U.  EbRATtL  trtAtmy.  AnB]ipiilia,M4.,taaaalngiaui  if,  ■!■>-•>, 

Wakhingloo.  GovvRtrntiit.    fepk    V"* 


78 


scnsxcE, 


[Vau  IX..  »o.  »T 


UiS.tiAVALi4vi*ory  beard,  nponol. 411  mild  »(ecL    Wuhiii^rivi^. 

■     dtp*riment>    AbQuAt  R|K>rt  el  ihv  li^rlrcienphrv  ia  (be 
huTTaxi  of  niTi|ii(ian  for  Ok  !*«  cnJiuc  June  jo.   itSft. 

U.  S.  inxAri.  RcpuTI  u(  lilt  mIbci  commiiuc  on  atAtaaa  ud 
vir  Ahim.  wilh  ■poenilik-  Wuhinc^on.  Govtritmenl  5>t  p. 
»•. 

Wnmiai,  W.  p.    PrmclJul  KrcIKh  fiunnut.    New  Vork,  Holt. 


CklendAT  or  Soctetica, 


Fttilo»oi»hiftU  mci'tv,   H'nift>ii|/(on. 

Jan.  ]S,  —  a.  K.  Oiltvn,  Th*  tj-ntpkic  mutliui]  iu 
FMftBNilii  C.  D.  Wnlcott.  Goologic  Kgo  of  Uie  lowoat 
fonnatiOB  of  KimuoDii'B  l^canic  nyntoin;  H.  A. 
HkEtin,  Tfavakrglow*  of  l8S;i:  K.  A.  HnK«u.  Liinu- 
BtiDoiphcne  UdeB. 

Jan.  22.  —  P.  W.  Olarltc,  Preaont  Btatnii  of  luiQor- 
*'*'K7i  H.  T.  Hill,  Hio  topogmpby  kikI  gi>otogy  of 
til*  eroM  tiiiibpn  ot  Tfxiui, 

CAniii«a(  »oeMj/,  Wathinfflim. 

Jan.  13,  <IroEiun  o/  offlrtr*  for  IS87.  —  Pwnitleiit, 
Prof.  E.  I.  Friatop;  Tice-preiiUIi-uta.  Ptuf.  F.  W. 
OlMke  and  Dr.  J.  H-  Kiddar ;  trwuraror.  Prof.  WU- 
Uiun  R.  Bnuuon  :  ncDnitikry.  Dr.  A.  Q..  Penio  :  mem- 
b«TS  «t  Iftree  of  ei«ouUT«  rotumlttiH-,  Mr.  EiIk&t 
HiohardH,  Prof.  H.  W.  Wile;,  Hr.  J,  S.  Diller.  Prof. 
ThamH  KobinKiii. 

W.  H.  Snnniiui.  iHodnU  of  Tnolernlnr  ntmetnTc. 

Hioloi/iriil  Htpirty,  n'mhington. 
Jan.  33. — O.  Hrowu  (1im>i1.\  TIh'  Iw^iiiiilngii  pf 
uatiuKl  hivkirj  in  Amtricu  :  ihc  thirii  ui^nliiry. 

Nalaral  teithcr  aumciation .  StaUn  Inland. 
Jan.  «.  —  Mr.  Urat«ra|>.  l>rUl  fomtb  uf  Stat«D  !■■ 
latid  ;  W,  T.  Daris.  Sbort  iMwonnl  uf  two  iDterstUng 
inBoeU  from  the  inland. 

Tom-a  botanical  club.  Setr  York. 

Jan.  11.  —  ])t.  Rrltton.  Onrti*'*  latMt  tMCli-If  of 
•oiiUif'ru  iilanla;  H.  H.  K<>(wbj'.  BuUiiiriil  nutn 
frciiD  Suuth  AIU(^^i<^. 

AnnuaJ  iiirtUng,  lUcHttn  of  <iffle*r».  Prnridont, 
Dr.  J.  8.  Na^hnrry;  Tice-pmtdcDt,  Tlioinui  Hogg; 
treMnmr.  ¥.  J.  H.  Merrill;  ivoordinfc  McrciAn-, 
Artlmr  itoUtok;  i-omxponding  ntantuy.  Uiw  H. 
C.  Gukin  ^  (^unilor.  Mias  U.  O.  }4t«olc;  tthntrlnii , 
Dr.  N.  I--  Hrltt™  ;  odilor,  KUwtWtli  ().  KrtlU>ii ;  iin- 
w>eiAl«  ediUir*.  F.  .1.  H,  Mfrrill,  Jew.  Srkruak.  II.  H. 
Rooiby,  O.  U.  Kaiu. 

Cmtnertfnit  aradrniy  efaria  and  leienvn, 
Jan.  Vi.  —  J.   W.    FewkM.   !■    the   laM  nuuu   of 
ooMUiio  vater,  bcln-von  thn  ■nrfaco  uiil  bottom,  but- 
rMi  of  lifn.  or  o<'cn])lnd  b^'  >  (lociiUftr  taiiiutf 

A'rip  England  mrfroivlog^raJ  tofirty,  Boaton. 

Jan.  IH.  — U.  I..  (.>0(Hlal*,8oiu6iitppoiwdrelUlaD> 
bstv«ru  ffn-ota  uikI  ntm'wplivric  oeodo:  F,  V.  Pik«. 
CompKrioouB  wf  rain.gnugcn  Kt  Ne»biiryj»>rt:  W. 
U.  OaTia.  WJDlet  tuiii|itirnliirffa  ilioiil  Mi>iiiit  Wiuli- 
iDg:toli- 

Hoclftfi  of  arlt,  Boatf/n, 
Aid.  9U.  ~  Mv-Ar.l  IIutk^m.  The  piudition  uf  tha 
■nod«ra  yHcbt. 

SacMji  of  natuntt  AtrCory.  Button. 
Jan.  IV.  —J.  8,  Kbiftlejr.  Arthropod d«*elupiiiDDt. 


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INSECTS  INUtRIOUS  TO  FRUITS.  Bv  Prof.  Williui 
Seiiuder>.  F.RJS.C.    Uandtomely  illutlTALed  with  440  wood  en* 

K.vinp-    Ciuwn,  tto.    Oolh.    h-    J.  B.  Uppiniuii  Compeny. 
be^PhilndelpliU. 

WILSON, -AMERICAN  ORNITHOLOOV  ;  01.  The 
Nniuril  Itiimiy  ol  ihe  Bird>  of  ihe  llniinl  Siiiiei.  By  AIm- 
■nderWIlHiu  Wlih  4  lift  1)1  lilt  tiiihoi.  hy  (.ievtzt  Urd.  t.KS. 
Wiih  continuiiiun  by  Cheria  Luuieii  Bwupnrli  (PriAce  of  Kn- 
■l^aADo.)  I*n>i-'UAK  £i}moM,  complete  in  one  ■Mume  iritiL  jtj 
tfuitt  of  bli^t.  Imp.  «•■>.  Cknn.  fy-lo.  Hilf  1'uri«|r  noc 
f  II  $1.    Psrirr  A  CuelA.  PhlUdetphla. 

THE  INTEKNATIUNAI.  CVCI/>PKDIA.  The  btei  («• 
popnbr  ii>c  uid  tprtttily  klepltd  lor  Ftedy  reltrerict.  Flftetn 
royal  ftvo  volumei.  ij-vg^  pate*,  49,^9  leediniE  titLe>,  ^td  only 
by  «ubv:rlp(ion,  CiiMotf  tatiim^%  nm^tfA.  HcAA.  M*ad  h 
Co..  PoU..  Ne>  Yorl. 

annals;  UF  MATHEMATICS.  Kdilsl  by  Ormond  Slooe 
and  Willifni  M,  Thornton,  f  ^fflceof  Publlcotion  1  Univtr»jiy  el 
Virginia.    Vi  per  *ol.  of  6  ft». 

SCIl.NCK  ECONOMIC  HI.SCUSSION,  A <nnl ronriy  be- 
meu  Ihe  edhereiili  of  (he  old  ud  aev  Khuoli  o{  uouiiMl 
(fciEiDmy  r«ardiiw  titmt  nukn  point*  of  difference,  by  Henry  C. 
Adin»,  RlSiiud^  Kly,  Arthur  T.  Itodley,  K  I.  Jum. 
Siiniiii  Ntwanb,  SlBtoA  K.  Paltrn,  Edwin  K,  A.Sdwun. 
RKhnond  M.  Siniib.  aiid  Franli  W.  Tauuig.  iimo.  npec. 
fit  cl«.    Science  Cotnpeny.  Pubt..  Nev  York. 

PHVSt<>L001CAL  nor  ANY:  I.  Uudineiof  (he  HaUlno 
of  Pltarnij^fiiniHih  Plarilk :  II.  Veeetable  Pbyiiclo^.  Ooedvtt 
ilttmni).  (vo.,  Aj  pp.  t>,ta-  Tvlwn.  libheinan,  Taylor  A 
(.0.,  I'lib...  Nf    ■*■    ^ 


4 
4 


I 


I 


S(KI&NKR-S  STATISTICAL  ATLAS  f>F  lltK  LISIT|£I> 
STATI.-'S  ;  Shnw^ing  bv  Onphic  Mtih»d«  ihrLr  Cm*n<  Cond^ 
iiuu.  bikI  ihcir  PoLiiifidi  HhiaU  aad  iDiluiiiiul  De*«lopmtiil,  ■« 
Dctermincl  hy  th*  Foporta  t»f  ihc  Temli  Cffi»n\.  iht-  Bumiii  ot 
Siuiitiirq.  ihf  C^mmiflUDiitr  <tf  Rdunilna,  S(ai^  I^mrtiit,  ant 
vtttri  Ainh"tntittt  StOVKti,  t^i  y^tf*  Tr>l,  t^r  (jU(«b  f]i 
ifcHihlcl,  tjy  Ma[it  lu  fuliu).  g6y  Charli  >nd  Djdt;famk.  S^Jdnnfy 
by  Sulncti^t'on,  litAcnpdK  circular  uni  fp  iva\wiim, 
Chuln  ScFibnar't  Son*,  Ptitvi,.  ri3  *t«^  NS  Hnuilwjy.  ><«v  York, 

MAMMALS  OF  XHE  ADIHONDACK^r  Ky  Dr^ClUn 
U«nJMn>  CoMAtDt  Jill  tniPOdDViory  chipivr  rr«iinc  of  tbf 
iMatfoB  m4  hfluadwta  of  tfa*  «tK>04.  iU  Kvoinplijc^!  hitioty, 
MpOfnjpliy,  cUmlt*,  (fiDcril  favtiirvK.  botaoy,  «n4  fkimil  ptm- 
CiDn,  Thu  vofi  conti«l«.  In  the  Am  pbo*.  of  a  ifff^tfn)  ft(T«anl 
of  Ihe  i>ivnkffi«ni  ff-kiurn  of  fUt  AdtnMidiick  rtfion  ;  jluU,  Mcout 
ly  uf  ■  papuW  iiariBitix  at  ihe  hjtliiu  of  t)ia  4Xi;iii>lii  loMAd 
wilbm!t>i^jntfiQ*«.  Imp,  Ito.  f^f»  H«nry  HdIe#  Co>.  NfV 
VoTk. 


Tbb  death  or  Geoeral  Bau-n.  chief  »ignaj  oflt- 
oer  of  tbe  army,  marks  tli«  close  of  the  seconil 
(xnlMl  of  the  ileveh^M&enl  at  our  w^sther-bareau, 
Duriag  the  l«n  yetirs  from  m»  lo  1880.  while  lite 
hwean  was  timl«r  Ibe  dirfrtion  nf  lt«  SnI  chief. 
Oenefal  U;er,  tlw  lalior  pxppiwl«<l  upon  ll  wa& 
given  in  greatest  part  lo  its  oritanlialioD.  8ta' 
Uion«  had  to  be  Ml«ctod  and  tlieir  inatni  mental 
flutBt  itet«rmlne>) ;  the  lime  and  hind  of  obrnr- 
TBtlonH  bad  to  be  decidnl  upon,  and  otoerren  lo- 
»tnicl*rt  In  ih^it  diitln* :  the  methods  of  reduc* 
tlon  of  data  to  pmftu'nl  form  for  aitn  on  a  n  eathef • 
■nap  bad  lo  he  adap4Att  lo  th<t  nroiv  of  a  Inrxer 
arwi  than  woa  rvM-  brfon-  brought  iind«r  the  con- 
tra) «*  a  niaglc  wMtthpr-ofllcff.  Ajmrt  fronj  the 
almoM  cxclunivirljr  military  conxtituiion  of  Ibe 
nrriot  dorin^  tbii«-  ;««rs,  iU  mmt  mnrked  char, 
■etoriatioi  InDoalraM  wllb  tho  Rnroponn  woather- 
■aiilaaa  w«n  the  large  sums  of  poUio  money  d«- 
Toted  to  Its  oupport,  Ibe  aj^Bleni  of  Iridaily  ofaaer- 
rattona,  and  the  absolute  control  exer«iaed  over 
all  televtspblc  lines  In  the  collection  of  reporta,  fn 
virtue  of  Ihi'  Uw  of  1800.  lU  n>B|«  were  Ihua 
prepared  mon*  freqnenllr  and  more  promptly  than 
weathcf'RtBps  »n  nbm«d,  and  were  ulmlredall 
over  the  world. 


Qcneral  ilaa-n  tixtk  charge  of  a  highly  dcveU 
oped  tervioe,  and  tnmed  bin  ofTorta  in  t«ro  dir«>o- 
tfan*  that  to  most  pervonti  npiicarcd  quite  contra- 
dictory. He  luHiHicd  on  Ibe  need  of  mitilnry  iif. 
ganiuiliuo,  and  at  tbe  name  timt-  inlrocluccd 
Biuneiaiu  and  important  imprDvcmntitH  Ihst  had 
nothing  military  about  them.  But  during  his 
admini*tritlion.  public  di»ca»ion  wax  frwpicntty 
turned  to  tbe  adriaabillty  of  -dvillsing'  the 
weather  bureau,  finr  ila  worlc  was  not  a«  nucceiwful 
aa  was  dealr«d.  A  oommitlee  of  thi;  National 
academy  of  acienoea  repotted  in  favor  of  thr 
change.  Uw  then  aecretary  of  war  urged  ii.  ua<l 
a  Joint  eongreaaional  eommluaun  n.-com mended  ti, 
three  members  of  tbe  cummiwion  tulrlsing  a  grad- 
ual, and  tbree  an  Immediate,  transfer  from  mili- 
Ka.  «i-U<r. 


(ary  to  rivll  authority.  Popular  ofimlon  venry  B>a- 
enlly  eup|)orled  tl>««  rt^ooimvorlatioM.  and  the 
diief  objecikms  to  thecn  oame  from  tbe  military 
element  of  tbe  serrioe  ilsetf.  All  Ibe  ofBdal  deo- 
Iniations  of  the  service  maintained  lo  ihe  last  Ihat 
a  military  organluttoo  wa^  Msential  to  auceew  la 
wealher-prcdicUon.  It  might  be  foicibly  ooti- 
leniJH,  on  the  basis  of  published  statements  In 
Ihr  nnnnnl  reports,  that  the  service  bad  for  Its  flmt 
nbjrt^l  Ihe  availability  of  lu  entire  force  In  rssP  of 
tvar,  worn  it  not  that  its  whole  pobtic  work  refuted 
Ihia  thoory.  The  rml  work  of  the  aervioe  Is  lh« 
announottm<ml  of  the  apprvocband  foroeof  storms 
throughout  the  United  States  for  Ihe  benndt  of  ag- 
ricullari!  and  oommerce  in  tim*  of  pcac*. 


The  people  at  large  have  taken  a  great  inie(«st 
in  the  government  weather-bureau,  and  desire  to 
see  its  work  continued  and  its  predictions  tmpfWfd. 
Thoy  would  be  glad  to  see  an  eatenslon  of  sciaa- 
Uflc  study  In  Its  offices,  for  on  such  study  all  ila 
chances  of  belter  sucoeas  depend.  The  opening 
of  tha  third  |>rriuil  in  its  bislory  will  Iherefore  be 
watched  wllh  the  deeipest  lnl*r<*i.  The  ne«ds  of 
the  service  must  tie  thoroughly  and  deliberately 
conaldered.  Imni«<liale  action,  reeulting  in  the 
appointment  eitJier  of  a  military  clilef  or  of  a  drtl 
dIrevlOT,  would  be  deprecated  on  all  sides,  for  Ihe 
btteretta  lavidred  are  loo  great  to  be  cndnngcml 
by  hasty decialoii.  Moreover,  there  lam  very  gen- 
eral desire,  on  the  |»rl  of  meteorolagiats  and  of 
scientists  generally  throughout  tlw  country,  that 
they  should  at  least  lie  heard  in  Ihn  mnttur  bctfurt 
decision  Is  mched,  so  that  whstcvrr  pbn  of  future 
orgnslzatlon  Is  a(Iopt>>'1  Hhnll  be  Ikiw^  on  full  and 
open  dlscuaslon.  Dclibcralc  notion  and  authorixnl 
Opportunity  for  cimnirirmti'in  of  ■eiontillc  n»  well 
as  of  niititary  methods  nrv  thpTpforc  ot  the  lint 
Importance^  ll  should  be  tbe  enmpst  effort  of  all 
who  have  watched  the  development  of  tlw  nignal 
serrioe  thus  far  to  secure  thi-ee  guamnlica  of  Ila 
further  progrras. 

Ma.  ATiOJtsos's  sttiv>.sD  ARnoLE  in  Uie  Cnifvry 
mngnxlne,  on  '  Tb»  ntlativc  stningUi  and  weak- 
ana  of  nationii.'  is  juMt  a*  iol«r<-ating  aa  tbe  firat. 
to  which  wc  called  particnhtr  attention  at  tho 


80 


SCIEHrCE. 


[Toi.  IX.,  No.  SM 


Itrai"  of  its  nftpcnronrv.  In  thp  pirKont  pnprr  Mr. 
AlhJiiiioi)  rioniirliTK  tho  MiiTcrs  (A  tUt<  wcnknrs* 
of  iMttoim  govcimrd  liy  drnmtic*,  and  pniirnt* 
•om«  conclusianii  that  maiit  nound  xlranKe  enough 
to  the  ndborcnbi  »f  tlin  '  hlooit  und  iron '  )K>tky. 
The  writer  nUo  itidoniM  Pr<)ft!H»i>r  Sit-k-y's  i-ou- 
clunion  tbut  ocorly  all  tbv  Kuruparan  wars  uf  re- 
c«nl  lima  Iiatv  originntpd  iti  the  di'Hin  uf  oue 
nation  Va  iluiaioAU'  a  contiovat.  or  |iurt  uf  a  coii- 
tlavnt,  in  urdn  to  build  up  ouIonic«  t)i«  curaiuerce 
of  wlifcli  ini|;ht  be  I'ontTolled  by  (be  uiotli«r- 
tountry.  Mr.  AllfiiiHun  puinia  mil  tlial  tlie  funda- 
Dv^ntal  f8ll«cy  hew  is  eoonon>lc,  aiul  connists  In 
i^KardiiiJ!  Miintiierce  as  a  Hort  of  war  in  wlik-h 
wbatone  nation  gaiua.  ollu-ra  mmt  lose.  It  was 
tti«  intornBtloaal  Jeatoiuy  arising  from  puisuaace 
of  this  policy  that  gav«  us  for  «  tnero  Mug  ibc 
Tast  territory  embraced  in  tlie  Loitli^iana  purchase. 
Tills  war-waging  policy  has  retiull«<l  in  the  raiaing 
ot  funds  by  cnorigaglng  the  future  Ihrougli  Ibe 
Qwdlum  of  a  national  debt;  and  tbi*,  fuiyti  Mr. 
Atkinson,  ha*  now  Iwcome  tlie  chief  soiuwi  of 
the  wralmi'ss  of  natiotis,  Tie  shows  that  the 
wtmi'  cpniury  Ihat  liasscvntheRiicopivin  nalional 
dvbto  inc-rpiuv  fmm  |a.e(KI,0{)0,OftO  to  nvcrf^lS.OOO,- 
000,000  ba>  also  uren  Spain.  PortUKid.  Auatria. 
and  Oreroe  becomv  Iwnlcnipl.  and  Riiiwa  with- 
mil  credit. 


LoTgi'  an  our  nalional  debt  weemti.  and  \»  when 
ooropttrcd  wilh  our  linaneiHl  hiitory  previoua  to 
the  n-U>llioD,  it  iHsniall  in  coiupaiison  with  the 
nMional  debta  of  Europe.  Indeed.  a«  Mr.  Atkin- 
•on  say*,  wh«ii  at  ita  hijibefit  (xiiHt  In  180n.  it  w«b 
(IM  per  capita,  an  averajte  nbicli  ia  equalled  by 
tbo  dobtn  of  tlw  commercial  und  manulacturiug 
•tatoa  of  Buiupc  to-day.  And  wbil«  we  have, 
omitting  Alaafca.SS.I  aocv-uper  Iteailof  poptiblioii, 
Ormt  Britain,  Germany.  PV^nce,  liuly.  Hullund, 
and  Bi^lgiaiu  have  unly  t.%  arti-s  [wr  capita.  On 
thu  Dtber  hand,  while  our  national  ilebt  ia  only  73 
eentti  per  acre,  Ihat  of  the  abore-mentloned  ooun- 
trle*  i*  (30.06  pei  acre.  Tb«  force  under  arma  In 
thow  countries,  ooiitUng  the  reaervm.  tsat  Ihe  ratio 
ofonemauloeach  two  hundred  BcreB>  and  the  an- 
nual tax  fof  his  support  avecaxM  $1,111  per  »etv. 
With  us  Ihe  ratio  is  one  man  to  fifty -one  thousand 
avres.  and  (be  annual  (ax  for  his  support  and 
(Of  all  other  military  purpoeei  Is  sontelhiiitc  over 
thrw  cents  per  acre.  The  war-waging  counlriea 
hare  ob(aiued,  however,  one  advantage  over  us, 
whkh  to  probably  due  to  Ihe  eilent  and  perfrction 


of  thi-ir  milttnry  »yHt*ins ;  and  tha(  is,  (hat  while 
it  takn  tt.QOO  a  yvAt  to  auitain  rach  man  in  Ihe 
army  and  nnvy  of  the  Uni(«d  Slat«s.  — including 
the  cost  of  ships,  fortifioaliona,  navy-yards,  and 
!Hi  forth,  —  tli«  continental  notions  do  il  for  tS!V 
per  man. 


BIr.  .\lkin»on  next  pvnoevdi  to  MahliHh  a  Mtm- 
purison  tietween  Ihe  product  percnpilaof  European 
counlric*  and  that  of  the  United  States,  at  its 
meoKiire  in  money.  In  thia  problem  lie  lakes  the 
kiiovnt  factor*  lo  bo  the  relaiive  rale  of  wages 
paid  in  Ibi-  countries  considered,  Ibe  relative 
amount  of  naliunni  taxatiuu  per  capita,  and  the 
amumpttun  Ihat  the  value  of  tliH  per  capita  annual 
product  ot  ilie  United  Stales  is  two  hundred  dol- 
lars' worLh.  FVom  tlw«eilata  Hr.  Atkinson  figurca 
out  the  value  of  ihe  product  per  capita  of  Other 
muntrii-s  by  addiug  to  tlie  original  elements  ot 
cost  —  [be  Giiin  of  tlie  ourreot  rales  of  wnees  and 
the  per  capita  taxe«  —  from  five  to  fifteen  per 
ornt  as  the  oorrevpondiiig  proBt.  As  a  specific 
example  of  this  conipataUon,  we  have  the  follow- 
ing :  ■■Assuming  that  one  person  susfalns  two 
othcrti  in  frauce  a»  well  as  in  this  country,  wo 
kiiuiv  fii^t  lliat  (be  avera^  wagea  in  France  arm 
not  more  (ban  ^lxty  |ier  cent  the  rate  of  wngm  in 
thin  country.  We  also  know  that  national  liucea 
are  eighteen  doUart  per  bead  lu  France,  and  Ina 
than  file  dollars  here.  We  need,  therefore,  only 
to  pstiililiah  the  lale  of  protlt  which  will  induce 
Iheemplinmriil  of  capital  in  the  arts  which  can 
be  eataMinliMl  in  France,  In  order  to  reach  an  ap- 
proximate esliuiate  of  the  average  value  of  tlie 
product  of  each  person  employed  in  productive 
industry."  Then,  taking  any  group  of  sktlltNl 
artisans  in  this  country  who  cam  two  dollan  a 
day,  each  supiiorting  two  other  pefsons,  tlie  floal 
value  of  Ihe  proiluct  of  one  such  workman,  fol- 
luwi[ig  the  method  ahore  outlined,  would  bo  six 
hundre<I  and  atxty  dollars,  divided  Into,  profit*, 
sixty  dollar*:  taxes,  lifieen  dollars;  net  wages, 
flro  bundml  and  eigh(y-live  doUan.  The  groM 
value  nf  till-  French  workman's  proilud,  similarly 
computed,  in  found  lu  be  four  hundred  and  tuur- 
Iccn  dollnn,  of  wliicb  Hfty-four  doltars  Is  diverted 
for  (axca,  and  fifty- four  dollars  for  profila. 


4 


I 


4 


Many  of  the  other  B(atistlc«  and  conclusions  arts 
of  equal  inl<-rest  with  i)ie  above,  but  we  have  not 
iqincc  to  quote  them  all.  For  example :  If  the 
"  product  per  capita  of  Ihe  United  Biatea  may 


4 


I 


jAiniAST  sa.  latn.i 


SCIENCE, 


81 


P 


I 


be  mlutd  Bl  two  hundrpd  dolUra'  worth.  Ihal 
of  EoKlKifl.  with  il«  income  (roui  (oreiga  invest- 
neniB  nddcd.  may  not  exceed  one  hundnid  aiid 
•evntty-Ilve  dollnni'  irorCli ;  thai  of  Great  Britain 
and  itvland  coinbiiUHl  raa,y  be  Msnmed  not  Cv  ex- 
ceed ope  btuwired  aii'l  Bfty  dollara'  worth ;  that  of 
Prsncfi  as  not  ex<xcding  aoe  hundred  and  inenty 
<MhM»'  wmtU  ;  Ihnt  of  GprnMii;  as  not  ekoeedins 
one  buwlrvd  (Mian'  worCli ;  thatoritaljasuotes- 
oaadidgeigbt^  dolliin'  worih  ;  such  being  aulmiau- 
tlally  the  ratios  which  thp  arenutv  ratee  of  wagea, 
witli  die  per  capita  iwtional  tnxatioo  ad<l(<d.  hear 
U>  «acb  otlner.  and  to  the  vngfa  and  laxrB  of  the 
UdIImI  Slat»,  wicli  oarrMpondinj;  iiroflt?  added 
in  «Mb  case."  Again:  at  the  ratio  which  (tii; 
"MhiM*!  ta»s  now  bear  to  product  in  Hie  United 
Stalm.  t1>e  actual  worli  reqaireil  to  sustain  all  Ifae 
(nnctioM  of  the  nalionni  Rotemtneiit.  directly  or 
indirectly.  U  Ihat  of  500,000  m«i ;  whereas,  if  our 
ntk>  were  lh*t  of  Rnfthuid,  the  labor  of  1.34^.000 
IBM)  wouM  be  nijiilivd  ;  if  It  wer«  that  oE  France, 
GermaDj.  or  Italy,  the  Inlxir  required  would  be 
tliat  of  8,000.000.  S,400.000,  or  a,«50,000  rwpcc- 
tively.  Hr.  Atkimon's  flaal  conclusions  are  full 
of  InlereM  and  impoit4uic«,  and  merit  clow  atten- 
tion and  study. 

I»  rnic  iiKtJB  of  this  joumat  for  Jan.  7  will  lx> 
fooDd  a  formidable  list  of  papers  read  before  tbo 
Indiana  andemy  of  srienoeB  at  Its  lust  meeting 
«a  I>*c  SB  and  ao,  ^Sm.  An  examlnalton  of  the 
titlM.  together  with  tlie  nell-known  acienlille 
rapuiation  of  vome  of  thf  auUiora,  proves  that 
tl)«re  Is  a  good  deal  of  vitality  in  science  iu  Indi- 
ana at  the  pteamt  tinw.  Not  many  stales  west  of 
tiM  AJleghanicH  mn  boast  of  a  more  vigorous 
scientific;  iHx.'iiely  than  this  :  indeed,  the  line  might 
lie  drawn  Auilwr  east  wilbout  including  one.  The 
Indiana  aea<lemy,  although  enrolling  more  than 
one  hundred  m«mben,  moat  of  whom  are  actively 
Interested  in  acientifle  work,  was  organiied  only 
a  year  ago.  K  doubtless  owes  ita  existence  to  the 
eolliuniasm  of  lite  aecretary  of  a  Tillage  society  of 
natural  hb-tory,  Mr.  Atnoe  W.  Buller  of  BrookvllU), 
who,  in  Ihe  summer  of  I88S,  assumed  (he  labor 
and  expente  of  the  ieuo  of  cirruUrs,  appt^nting  a 
meeting  at  the  i^iHtal  of  tha  Klate  on  Dec.  ST  of 
that  year,  and  making  lUl  prellminnry  mrnugc- 
menta.  With  diich  loi^n  nx  tCirkn-iJod,  Jordon, 
Coalt«r,  Owen,  etc.,  an  a  nucleu.i,  tlie  acndemy 
waa  at  oi>ce  clothed  nitli  a  ilignity  and  character 
wlilcli  drew  lo  il  nearly  all  in  tlie  slate  who  were 
■Bgaeed  or  interested  in  HrirntiSc  research.    The 


aeoond  mneting,  lield  a  few  weeks  ago,  wajt  InrgTly 
utti-ndrd.  Uu>  nieriihersliip  was  greatly  im-n-aia'd, 
and  UtnMcietyappears tobertartingnponacareor 
of  DMfolncM,  which  It  is  hoped  tuuy  be  a  long  mw. 


Aa  miAbt  be  expected,  the  natural  history 
sciences  hate  by  far  the  largest  number  of  rotariei 
among  its  menibrm  at  prfsenl.  This  is  (be  remit 
of  example  and  envitonment :  but  matheraatioa, 
physics.  aatroDomy,  cJwmiMry.  etc..  almuly  have 
their  reprrnpniatites  in  the  slste.  and  will  not  be 
found  slow  to  claim  their  share  of  the  yearly  pro- 
giumme.  The  grrat  danger  lo  which  the  acwh-my 
is  eKpi«fd  is  tlip  pnHil>Ie  Ion  of  interest  after  the 
novdtyuf  the  thing  hna  worn  away.  Let  it  not 
be  in  a  Imrry  t«  incrraHn  its  membership,  and 
particularly  let  it  be  stow  to  follow  the  exampleof 
so  many  young  sooietia*  in  breaking  up  into  a 
balf-doaen  or  mora  '  scotiona,'  none  strong  enougih 
lo  stand  alone,  white  all  might  do  well  together. 
The  grealviit  good  whirh  nrah  a  society  can  do  in 
to  be  found  in  tho  Inspiration  which  it  aflTords 
young  uioD  who  altr«d  its  meetings  and  breathe 
its  atmospbttre.  A  society  similar  to  tlie  Indiana 
academy,  well  din«ted  and  full  of  ^^ttf^-  'n  every 
statu  of  tbv  union,  would  be  <if  incalculable  bene- 
fit to  the  «ci<rnc«  of  the  country. 


Accoimixo  TO  PH0FE880B  BAHtD'a  annual  re- 
jiort,  the  work  of  the  .Smithsonian  institution  dur* 
ing  thn  iniit  year  has  been  carried  on  effectively 
but  (|uicUy,  and  without  any  incidnnta  of  s|)ecial 
importance.  The  routine  work  nccms  to  have  In- 
creased largely,  for  Ibe  KyHtciii  of  tntcmnllonal 
exclianges  now  requirtv  tlut  constant  labor  of  nine 
petaun*,  while  that  of  two  furroi-rly  anlBccd ;  and 
the  oorreepondenoe,  which  also  used  to  need  but 
two  persona  to  atiend  to  it  satisfactorily,  now 
needs  live.  The  luge-nt  neoenity  for  additional 
room  for  the  govemroent  ciilI«ctions,  and  a  con- 
gressiunui  appropriution  for  its  provision,  arc  em- 
phasixcd  by  VroU^ot  Baiid,  who  sajs  ibat  a  new 
muanim  builiiing,  equal  in  sixe  to  Ibe  preaent  one, 
would  scarcely  furaiab  the  needed  accommoda- 
tions, so  rapid  ii  the  increase  of  the  government 
collectiuns.  Tbe  lack  of  eiploralious  during  the 
patft  yi-ar  is  ascribed  to  I'ick  of  means  to  undei^ 
take  any  ihiug  of  magnitude.  The  publicatsons 
of  the  year  are  commented  on.  and  some  inter- 
eating  Btaliatics  givrn  as  to  the  working  of  ilie 
system  of  hitematlonul  exchanges.     During  the 


82 


scnsjffCE. 


IVoL.  nt.,  Ho. 


put  OkkI  jrar  tboro  mro  7M  bosM  of  foreign 
traaamlHioDS,  14.490  paixwl*  of  domeHtic  ex- 
obuifcm,  nnd  143  boimnf  Korpminpnt  exclinngM 
bandied  by  the  iniiliiuliiiii.  Oier  two  hundrrtl 
tfaguniul  peraons  Titjtad  (he  SmithBoniiiTi  imtiiu- 
lion  and  thi»  nntlonnl  mineiini  iluring  thr  yrnr. 


U(n^  mrnvvLTT  has  been  esperfeaced  lu  ac- 
oOUDtlDg  for  Ibe  occarreDc«of  ca^esof  cunUigiuUB 
<llseaae0.  wlien,  so  far  an  could  be  aKerfalii^l. 
no  pspoBure  to  any  iire-exinlingi-'uiichiKl  occurred. 
TliCHC  iuntaneiti  huv«  bc'trn  rcgnnled  hr  some  (l^ 
urid«nci<  of  tbi:  [luuiibiUtf  of  tbrir  origjnnting 
spODtJUitruu*!]'.  H.  VrrtHruil  hiu  taggesled  n 
Iheorj  whieh,  if  Iruit,  would  aooount  for  <iicli 
iiaORUiU«i>-  Tlie  oiicrolxvi  of  dinnoie.  octTording 
(othia  view,  remain  in  Ilu- akin  and  other  portions 
of  the  body  in  u.  Atntit  of  (luipsemr*.  nnd  may 
oonlinue  Ihiu  inuctivfl  for  ymr».  By  some  meana, 
lU  y«t  iu«s|iUoubie,  Uieee  iiiicrob<M  tan  arouwed  Ui 
a  condition  of  scUvity.  repruduoe  tlicmgielvM  in 
great  numlxris,  and  eet  out  on  their  drMlly  mis- 
aion.  It  is.  in  th<i  nb6enc«  of  cTid^ncw  to  lli<> 
KiDtrary.  inuoh  more  re4iao:iAb1e  to  euppow,  thai, 
in  tJi«  obocure  casee  in  which  exposure  iinH  not 
been  rcco(n><'^l.  suoli  exposure  has  actually  oc- 
curred. Itinn  to  adopt  n  theory  llhii  this,  whlcli 
has  not  the  slightest  biiins  for  its  exi8t<'n(<e.  If  all 
oases  whiuh  cnnnot  be  traced  to  their  Hourre  were 
to  lie  explained  in  this  nay,  it  n'ould  )>e  the  rule 
rather  than  the  exception.  A  physician  who  had 
bad  llU'Kl^  i>xpc-rieni:e  In  nn  English  Rmnll-pox 
hoiipltul  delored  thnt  not  one  ciise  in  twraty  was 
cvpalilu  o(  being  rv'ferred  to  iiny  known  (ouree 
of  infiM-tiun,  tht?  diiiciiJie  IxTing  oscribtHl  by  the 
IMtient  to  cold,  fatigue,  or  some  othi'r  innoi-nni 
circutontAUiv.  Tho  inslunec  referred  to  by  8ir 
TboBuui  Watnon,  in  bia  «iuiay  on  '  The  abolition  of 
EymoUu  dinenic.'  aliould  be'  a  connliint  rt<mtDd«T 
to  tJMae  who  would  refer  the  appeomncH.'  of  tbe«e 
duMMiBeti  |j>  a  siHinCuntroutt  origin.  In  1830  a  prl»- 
unec  in  Uitllwuk  penittriiliary  wna  attacked  with 
small-pox.  undersucbdrcuoialmicis  that  it  wax 
thought  oo  poaalble  exposure  could  linvc  taken 
plaoe,  and  for  thirty  years  tli«  caae  was  quoted  as 
]froof  of  (he  pmslble  spontaneous  origin  of  imnll- 
|>os.  lu  iMOtlie  fact  for  (be  lirat  lime  Imrnnie 
known  that  the  pliyslctan  of  th*!  {R.-ntteiitinry  hud 
(xMue  directly  from  a  case  of  coullueut  saiull-ixii 
Ina  neij^hboriiu:  town  to  the  prlaoner'B  cell,  nod 
liad  undoubtedly  been  the  canlor  of  the  disease. 


TBE  SDBMBliGF.D  TREKS  OF  TtlE  COLUM- 
BIA RiVKR. 

Tus  attention  of  many  taorlslm  who  ha*e  trnv- 
ersed  the  uujLgnilleeut  valley  of  the  Coluuilda  KiTer 
through  tliv  OiBcadeii,  has  be«n  called  lo  (wo 
pbununic-nn  which  haro  excited  their  iulervet. 
Ono  in  the  <N;euiTcnoo  of  submerged  trees  in  ttia 
bed  of  the  river :  the  other  is  tlie  slow  laionU 
creeping  of  the  road  bed  and  track  of  the  OragoB 
railway  and  uavigatiuu  cooipany.  Duiing  ttw 
luft  summer  I  liad  an  opportunity  to  mukC'  a  brief 
«tudy  of  these  two  nubjeets,  and,  a.i  tliey  are 
likely  to  prove  of  tnere-ssing  interest,  it  ntny  be 
worth  wliile  to  recite  the  results  of  the  examin*- 
tion. 

Tlie  Columbia  enters  the  Cascade  barrier  tbr«« 
or  four  miles  beluw  the  Dalles,  llie  jilutfonn  of 
that  range  here  luis  a  width  of  figbty  niilee.  From 
the  Dulles  (o  the  Cascade  Locks,  udiatanceafarer 
fifty  miles,  the  Columbia  flows  as  a  broad.  di«p, 
quiet  ttrnaai,  with  asluggiah  current  at  low  wHt«>r. 
Its  course  resetnhlm  that  of  the  RikLion  through 
the  highlands  ;  and  Ibii  fact  is  at  once  suggesiive, 
because  the  passage  of  rlvera  through  mountaio- 
ranges  is  generally  swift,  and  broken  by  many 
rapids.  If  it  ia  otherwiw,  there  b  almuat  oci^ 
tiiinly  an  interesting  reason  for  it.  The  C<n*cnd« 
Locks  are  sitnaced  nimost  exactly  on  the  axis  of 
the  Cascade  ranKe.  Hero  is  a  cataract  which  liM 
always  been  an  insurmountable  obstacle  to  DJtvl- 
gatiuu  :  for,  within  a  distance  of  a  few  bondred 
yards,  the  rivirr  makes  u  descent  of  aliout  thirty 
feet.  The  government  Is  ntiw  bniMing  n  sbntt 
cAual  with  large  locks,  to  enable  steamlxMits  from 
lielow  to  reach  the  still  waters  above.  BeiicinDiiig 
at  a  point  about  a  mile  and  a  halt  above  Ilia  oala- 
ract,  Ibe  traveller,  aj^  he  ntils  up  the  rivur,  ob- 
serves many  old  atube  prolrmliug  front  tho  water 
and  fki>m  ihu  mind-liunks,  laid  barir  during  the  lo^ 
stagen  of  the  river.  Tliey  arc  seen  for  a  distance 
of  thirty  miles,  recurring  nt  frwiwenl  Intervals, 
lunv  clustered  tlilokly  together  like  the  plle^of  an 
old  wharf  whose  superstructure  has  decayed  and 
vanished,  there  with  wide  lutervalu  bcriweiMi  them. 
During  high  water  Iht-w  Irce-lrunks  am  entirely 
submerged,  hn  pxumlnation  of  thn  wood  serves 
to  identify  llirm  with  the  liviug  species  of  Br 
which  form  the  fomta  upon  the  mouutiiina  and. 
^lilTi  round  alxiut. 

These  stihinerged  trees,  together  wiih  the  lonj; 
still  reach  of  wnter  above,  at  once  Hiiggc-st  that 
an  ot)8(acIe  ban  been  ptuceil  athwurt  tlie  itTMni, 
ftirmiTig  a  daiii  which  convrrird  the  rivpf-valley 
ubovi?  it  into  a  lung  narrow  lake,  and  thnt  the  ris- 
ing water  submerged  nn  old  forest  ef  which  these 
trees  arc  the  vestiges.  Indeed,  this  Is  the  only 
explanation  which  suggests  itwlt.     It  Is  utrangly 


I 
I 


Jaxtaiit  S8.  ltr>7.) 


8ClB2fCE, 


83 


carrobunitnl  by  tnany  utbor  c!rcuii>(>laiion  vliicb 
ne«d  tiot  lie  eiilar^e>I  uputi  Itere.  Nu  (urologist 
wliu  h&ti  vltnird  ibu  tocttUij'  bail  «*«r  doabt^.  so 
far  ad  [  know,  tliat  Ibb  ii,  in  giMic-jnl  lornt,  the 
true  oxplatMtion.  Tfac  onlj  <|iiciiiion  wbich  uiira 
is  nbuat  Iho  nnturv  of  tb«  ohctnclc  which  baa 
damtnrd  the  rirer.  Dr.  Npwberry,  who  viailcd 
Uwpteoein  1805  in  connection  wllb  Ibe  PadAc 
nilraad  mrv^ya,  sug^^Mted  tlmt  It  ought  be  dtw 
W  Um  •llpt'iu^  of  ihv  bank  of  liie  rirer  Into  ntd- 
Btmni  «t  the  CiiacudcB.  tbiui  throwing Ihe  current 
upMi  tbe  bouIImtp  Uink.  Thin  iJta  tun  ilillusi^d 
ibwlf  amoiiK  tliR  people  nf  tiitt  nritchborbooi},  und 
in  rtec|aci)tlj  spoken  of  sn  th«  urra  mUMi.  In 
■upport  of  ihii  view,  refprence  is  (mjiipnll;  made 
to  lb«  secom)  Tact :  vli..  the  elow  laler«l  creepiug 
of  the  railroad-track  on  the  soutlif-m  bank  of  the 
fittf. 

DMiring  to  aee  thenc  pbcnofncnft,  which  •rvinrd 
tu  promiw  Diuch  innlniolimi,  I  made  a  viiiit  to 
the  piMCP,  nod  deiotvd  a  coupl«  of  <Ujh  to  their 
exniiiinnlton.  A*  reffarda  the  creeping  of  ibe 
rwlr(i«d>triiok,  the  expiaoatlon  ia  patent  at«§oon  as 
tb»  Fpol  Is  visited,  Tho  plaoe  H  aituuMd  uo  tlie 
math  bank,  about  a  aitio  bvlow  tli«  oatonot.  Tbe 
ntalerialH  nliioh  ore  crrt^ping  iin^  fclapathio  wukIn, 
depiwited  hy  tlie  rirvr  it*clf  in  irrcgiilnr  olratn.' 
Md  now  undrr^ninj;  rapid  dnsoniixwUioii  and 
kaoliiiizalion.  The  produclK  of  itei-otn position  be- 
coaie  a  antixith  diiiiiy  clay  ;  uiid  liuviog  a  nth«r 
steep  front  toward  llio  river,  which  i«  \iK-tv  a  nwift 
Mid  powerful  lomrot,  the  iiiapn  of  tbe  tinuk  in  n 
UlUe  Mo  «l««p  fiir  utabilily.  Tlie  mnteiialis  being 
of  a  vomcwbiit  uncluou«  character,  Bow  eaiJly 
with  a  *lnw  glacier-like  mollon.  'lliapheiioiaeBuo, 
however,  b  a  local  one,  lluttled  to  a  stretch  of 
00I7  a  few  liUBdr«d  j-ards,  and  does  uot  occur 
aaywherc  else  In  the  otfi};bb:>rhuijiI.  so  far  ns  t  um 
aware.  Tlie  bed-rock  lwn«ith  it  in  diociised,  and 
there  b  no  indicnlion  tliat  it  puritctpatei  at  all  lo 
the  molkin  :  on  tbn  contrarj.  th<>  indkattODs  are 
very  plain  thai  it  doe«  not.  It  also  l>ecjitue  erl- 
drnl,  tltat,  whaUiver  migUI  be  tlie  origin  of  the 
nbulmclMHi  wlilr-t)  bas  bui'ktwj  up  tUi^  Culumbia 
River  for  nearly  Ufty  uiUo*.  Uii«  porticulnr  phtv 
nomenon  has  Find  uolliiag  whalfver  to  do  with  il : 
tbougb  powibly  it  may  l>c,  and  probably  ie,  a  tv 
Baoto  contrquence  of  tbeob^uctioo.  It  certainly 
b  ttol  tbe  cauw. 

In  hMking  upon  the  north  bank  for  indicotimw 
of  a  Blide  which  oonld  bavc  precipituU>d  any  ob- 
tUaction  across  the  cbaimfl.  I  wan  unable  to  And 
aay.  On  Ibe  cuntnu-y,  tbi?  more  carefully  ibe 
giotiDd  was  aladicit,  ihc  more  difficult  it  Deemed 
toreooncUe  tliiti  Mupporitlon  nitli  Ibe  facts:  tor 
tbeni  is  ooatccp  clrintcd  ground,  from  which  an 
obatrocUng  taiu»  could  har«  sUdden.  nearer  than 


Uiree  mtlea.  The  riTef^taltey  b  here  v»ry  wide:, 
and  iwrth  of  Ibe  river  Ilea  iu  ancient  flood-plain, 
which  consiaU  of  ancicdl  lavas  and  conglomaratcn 
in  liL-avy  nutwc*.  plaiiMt  la  an  approximate  roan  It 
lovel,  with  pnlchn  of  rivcf-gmvcl  and  sands  scal- 
trred  over  It.  The  slorfy  of  tbia  oM  flood-ptaln 
difcloaed  facts  wblcb  eeumtA  to  furabh  a  much 
nioiv  ratibfartory  solution  of  the  problem. 

Brginniog  at  a  point  about  a  mile  aborc  tbo 
calomel,  this  Uood'plain  Is  M-en  to  ascend  as  wa 
go  down  *lrpam.  If  thv  proper  utand-polntB  ttn 
wiectfd,  thia  slope  ID  the  wrong  dtreollon  is  coa- 
splcuousto  the  anald«d  eye.  Itat  we  need  iMt 
rely  upon  siicli  a  mean«  of  verifying  Ibfi  fact,  for 
Ibe  n-latiuii  of  tbe  river,  as  It  now  runa,  to  the 
older  lluod-plain,  lella  Clie  story  with  empba«i».  A 
mile  alxive  tb«  rapid  the  old  lluud-plalu  is  no  more 
than  thirty  feet  above  llw  wnlvr ;  a  mile  below 
tbe  rapid  It  b  about  two  hundrt^  feet  above  it  ; 
while  tlie  fall  of  the  river  itself  in  that  ioten'al 
b  not  more  than  forty  feet.  The  tnrrreaoe  sMms 
decvaive-  There  baa  been  an  uplift  of  the  entire 
platform  athwart  tbe  river-valley  In  the  sbap«  of 
a  very  flat  anticlinal  arch.  The  widlb  or  tpun  of 
this  aicli  babout  Ave  und  a  half  miles,  and  tbe 
eastern  branch  i>f  the  fleiurv  is  steeper  than  the 
wuatecu.  1'be  displacement  is  not  reocnt  in  a 
bi>tori«il  si-ine,  but  it  is  probably  ptxt-glacia). 

The  ellectn  of  such  an  otMtacle  would  be  mani- 
fold. Not  only  would  it  dnm  the  river,  but  It 
would  set  up  below  tlie  cataract  an  a<.'tion  whtoh 
il  is  iuiportaut  to  consider.  A  great  river,  tbui 
obstructed,  at  oiitt-  attacks  the  obstacle  with  ira- 
menw  power.  And  the  more  p(unounc«d  tho 
obstacle,  the  more  vigorout  the  attack.  Hw  Co- 
lumbia lias  already  rat  ttirougb  it  a  low,  inner 
gorge  somewbal  similar  10  tluit  of  the  Niagara 
River  betow  the  falls.  The  rapid  at  the  locks  is 
Htcntlily  nve'liiig,  and.  if  ho  fui'llier  diiplncement 
occiitn,  it  will  probably  require  not  more  than  a 
century  or  two  for  the  river  to  bave  cleatod  a  pna- 
sage  deep  enough  l»  drain  tbe  slack-water  reach 
above.  Tlie  work  of  etilting  a  pnacAge  thrmigh 
the  obstruction  Are  and  a  bolf  miles  in  length  i« 
nearly  complete.  Tlint  the  dam  was  unoe  higher 
than  now,  is  also  to  be  Inferred.  Year  by  year  It 
ifi  getting  lower.  Tlie  effect  of  the  obHtacI*  upon 
the  slack  water  above  it  Is  also  plain.  The  Bow 
of  the  water  being  retarded,  it  drops  Its  (rdimeni, 
and  the  river-bed  i:i  gradually  built  up.  Tlius  the 
treea  which  grew  along  Ibe  lluod-pluin  be(or«  the 
upheaval  vrere  not  only  submerged,  but  were 
buhed  iu  sand  and  grave).  When  the  dam  was 
higher,  they  were  more  deeply  buried  Uian  now, 
Ab  the  dam  la  gradually  cut  down,  the  lrc«a  are 
slowly  exbumtd  again.  But  it  is  well  known 
that  trees  submerged  in  fresh  water  and  buried 


84 


8crs2!rcB. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No.  m , 


in  silt  ratty  last  for  ttiouBsnda  of  yttan.  Only 
wbm  broUKlit  lolo  ttie  o]>rn  air  again  dOM  the 
proo«fli  or  <l«ca7  go  OD  with  ondiDair  n|ii(litj. 

b  la  no  Hcht  tiling  Tor  any  obaerrcr  to  te«l 
OhUged  to  dilTci'  from  Dr.  Nowlvrrj'  conoemmg 
the  intorprotntinn  of  fncts  in  the  field.  It  has 
been  my  fortune  dnrlnjc  the  lost  thiee  jenn  to 
Iravonc  re|[lona  previously  irutlden  l>y  liiin  in 
N«w  Mexico,  Ariiona,  C^lifonila.  and  Oregun, 
Mid  I  have  left  thMii  with  u  proround  adioiration 
for  Ibe  ng«city  and  the  wonderful  oecumey. 
rapidity,  and  penetmtion  irlth  vhich  he  iniulpred 
tlie  fncta.  Tlii»,  I  belipvp,  b  tlie  only  inKinnrp  in 
which  t  hnre  been  Ipd  to  a  (^inclusion  ditTerlnK 
in  any  important  lespect  (roni  bis, 

C.  E.  imrroN, 


THIC  nUALTB  OF  A'i'If  i'OUK  DUJiUfO 
DECEiSliEH. 

The  depnrtmont  of  litnlth  of  the  rlty  ot  New 
York  e«ilcnated  that  the  ttopuliitiou  of  the  city 
on  Dec.  I  waa  I,4ST.SSa.  or  neurlj-  one  luid  one- 
half  tuUliuos  ot  inhiLbitnntic.  Of  thiw  number, 
8,503  ditTtl  durinR  the  month.  Thin  InCtcr  M.ite- 
mt-nt  b  not  ulrinly  itocurale,  iu>  In  It  no  ncroiiut 
ia  tiikcn  of  tlif  iintnrni  inereaae  tn  the  jiopulntion. 
which,  over  and  nbove  thiiee  who  die  during'  the 
month,  is  not  far  from  8.S00.  or  inont  Ihiin  tOO 
each  day.  An  oonipnrfd  with  NnremWr,  Itiere 
wen  4i!8  more  donthii  in  December.  The  greatest 
mortality  on  any  one  dny  «-4m  nn  the  0th.  when 
144  pnwHM  died.  The  deatlia  due  tu  diurliueul 
diKMM  were  hut  flO.  tli«  smallfflt  nuuibnr  iiince 
the  month  of  April.  Of  <:liildren  uudw  five 
years  ofage,  there  were  1,531  dcnlhi,  341  more  thnn 
In  the  preredini;  month,  t^nwumption  eau»«'d 
4TS  deaths,  aeligbt  IrvcreoseoverNoTeuilier;  diph- 
tlicriii,  818  deaths,  HO  more  than  In  the  previoiM 
month  ;  anil  soar  let- fever,  38  deatlu,  the  identical 
niinilter  of  deaths  whioh  the  Noveoiljer  r«cnrda 
chai;!^  to  that  diiteoae.  Ak  will  1«  Bepn  by  a 
glance  at  the  chart,  moaslen  flRnred  very  proml- 
Dcntly  ninonK  t1ie  mortality  fiu-tore,  causing  STl 
dcetlin,  or  more  than  «carlel-fever  and  diphtheria 
together.  Uuring  the  month  of  November  there 
were  166  dealbi  due  tu  mi'tivlcn. 

The  highect  tempemtiire  of  the  month  was  HI!" 
P.,  on  tho  Mlh  nt  10  i-.u.  Tlii*  is  not  so  hirh  by 
flee  dcgrom  m  Ihe  correspond  I  nt:  month  m  IfiTS, 
which  was  the  loweM  maxlmuui  for  the  decade  : 
the  average  for  the  icn  yeam  being  60.3"  F.  The 
minimum  reached  hjr  thu  nu!r<'ury  was  19°  P.,  on 
the  Mh  at  6  a.11.,  and  again  on  the  17th  at  8  a.m. 
Daring  no  DecemW  since  1877  has  the  (her- 
noineter  been  »a  low,  while  the  average  for  the 
decade  to  t0.8«  P.     It  will  thus  be  imwu  that  De- 


cember, 1896,  was  an  imamnlly  cold  month  ns 
compareil  with  the  corre«ponding  month  for  ten 
years  pnnt.  Tliv  amount  ot  rai&faJl  wa*  2.7I> 
inched,  including  lOJ  incbe«  of  snow.  6\  ot  which 
fell  in  one  day,  the  5th.  Duriiig  December  of 
18M.  unow  fell  on  but  one  day,  and  then  in  audi 
nmali  qnanlity  m  to  moke  its  m<«iiiirement  uu> 
possible.  In  Uio  previous  year,  10)  inchea  of  j 
snow  fell  In  December,  and  in  18)M  the  atnountj 
was  SSi  inches.  Hie  aierage  l>ec<eRil)eT  raJnf^ 
for  tlie  ten  yeare  commencing  1877  was  SlW 
incliei). 

The  following  tnbleii  are  ot  intereM  as  fcbowfnpl 
tho  total  mortality  dnrint;  theyearcndingDco.  81, | 
1886,  B»  compared  with  iftM:  — 


DfothM  in  Nrw  Yorkfw  188r>  nnd  1886, 


VnasrS... 

Kraette .,. 

Huarlatlua. , 

MemiM 

DIp&UierU , 

Tniiiiiid. 

InanliiwAJ ....,..- 

I^Uilda  pulmouftlit. ,., 

ToM..... 


ISA 


t,iat 

tea 

1.W 

■M 

5i» 


'■S 


1 


KJIU     tlMi 


Dstrm  FBoa 


i 


SiivlniluB 


yintnin. 


m 


a 


ti 


i  a 


^  4 


w 


10 


u 


17  » 


Scnrlet-ferer  cnnsed  f«wor  death*  in  tho  former 
than  in  the  Intter,  while  diphtheria  and  I.TphoJd- 
fever  linre  Ixx-n  more  fatal.  Mt-nsln  lias  of  Iat9 
excited  H  gooil  deal  of  pidilic  alarm,  and  Justly 
so.  asftliown  hy  (he  table.  While  in  January  it 
caused  but  5  deaths,  decreasing  to  'i  in  Peb- 
rnary,  and  not  tiotuhly  increa«iug  until  the  «ura> 
mer.  whenNoveuilxTiHtt  in,  the  mortal ty  suddenly 
nue  to  160,  ami  oiintimied  iU  upward  couwe  in 
Droemhpr,  carrj'ing  off  371  persons.  The  total 
mortiilily  of  the  ynnr  wai  Ick*  tlinn  in  1883,  but 
more  Ihnn  one-lhinl  of  it  took  plnt-e  in  the  month 
of  December,  nnd  more  than  two-thirds  in  the 
two  months  of  November  and  December.  Con- 
sumption (phthisis  pulmonslls)  Is,  as  usual,  at  the 
head  of  the  column  of  the  causes  of  death.  The 
reMarches    of    Koch    and    olliera.    which    ba' 


I 
I 


86 


SCIENCE. 


(Vou  DC.,  No.  909 


cleared  lip  many  obscure  poiniH  iu  the  rauKilion 
of  thi"  dlwnse,  Ua^e  not  «s  y«i  sliowti  ub  hun-  lu 
matrciaUr  t«duo«  the  iiuia1>et  of  vk'tiais  who  are 
aitDuallj  clalnitHl  by  it.  That  murv  tlun  fin; 
thousand  [wnona  anniinlly  die  in  b  KJiiKlr  fWj 
(rtioi  out'  diactuK.-  Ji  a  mid  cotnmpiitary  on  Miliitat7 
m-ience.  and  yH  the  bent  of  minda  are  at  worh  to 
Holrt-  thir  problnii  at  the  measures  which  muM,  tie 
luloplod  to  diminlnh  its  ravages.  Thai  tlin-v 
thoiMand  and  more  liidividualn.  luundy  diildn-n, 
died  from  diarthoeul  diii*nsi-s,  H»e3  mA  *urprii44i 
one  who  is  faniiluir  with  ilie  inlei»e  hent  of  our 
mldnummer :  and  in  great  mc^tsiire  this  ia  lai^gely 
beyond  oonlrol.  It  U  true,  ftouietJiiag  may  he 
done  to  rniurp  this  niortnlity  by  vbitlng  the  poor 
licit  and  prntcribing  for  thorn,  and  by  (riving  tlit- ni 
opportunilin  lo  breathe  the  fre«b  uir  of  Iht^ 
country  and  the  sea ;  bul.  urhea  all  hiui  Uvn  Atrnv 
that  can  be,  dtarrhoeal  diM-uBLn  will  »till  curry  oiT 
the  little  one*  by  the  hundnxl*  and  iliciiiKands,  if 
the  temperature  and  the  humidiiy  niv  faiicirntile 
fof  their  <)i.-v<-lripai('nl.  DlphUierla,  which  was 
unknown  in  New  York  until  tlir  y<«r  18M,  «ataed 
I,T?T  deatlm  in  18911,  and  has,  ever  since  its  up- 
pearunor,  Haired  prouiineiilly  in  tin-  mcirtalily 
irtiUiBS  It*  orfgto  uuknown,  aiict  its  trrntmitnt  not 
nndcnrtood  «rvn  by  the  Kiit  of  pliyNirianH,  —  a 
dlMWe  dreaded  by  tlic  laity  and  the  professlou 
alike  in  all  parts  of  the  world  where  JI  lias  ob- 
tuiiie<I  u  home.  It  abnuld,  however,  be  oouslanlly 
borne  in  mind,  that  aJlliough  this  clasn  at  dimtaM! 
(nniKiC  be  erartiL'ated.  Hiill,  if  all  rimtmint  wm?  re- 
inorerl,  their  inurtitlity  would  probably  increaw 
tenfold.  In  view  of  this.  thi?<k-partinenl  of  health, 
whose  fuuetitm  it  is  to  keep  watch  of  the  locali- 
ti(«iu  whioh  thexediseaneedo  most abouud,  should 
rec*ivL-  the  heat  ty  cooperation  of  (Tverynietiibcr  of 
tb<;  oomniunity,  aiid  be  furniih<^  1>y  tin-  nUthoii- 
tin  with  ample  means  to  tarry  on  it*  benefldal 
work. 


PARIS  LETTER. 

At  ycBtrrday'i  meeting  of  the  Academy  of  medi- 
cine, ItofeKKjr  Gmiicber  rend  n  paper  on  Uie  case 
of  the  man  R^n-itlar,  who  died  of  hydrophoUa  af- 
ter preventive  inoculnllnn,  in  wlijeli  he  vorrecteil 
some  erronmius  ntnleinent*  made  by  Professor  Pe- 
ter at  a  previous  nieetluK  [see  p.  MJ.  Ii  appears 
that  lU'veillac  submitted  lo  only  ninHwo  o|>era- 
lions  Instead  of  ihirty-slx,  us  hod  bu-n  ntalr<t,  and 
tbe  tfealuienl  was  much  niiWe-r  than  in  more  f*il- 
OuscAsn.  Mon-ovrr.  tlir  Hint  infominlion  n-ot'lved 
at  the  Pasteur  Inliorntory.  nf  llie  unforluii;ite  miui's 
deatli,  was  froni  M.  Pvter'^  i.>a|>er  at  the  a'.'u<l«my. 

Accnr<ling  lo  ProfeMor  Beclard,  dean  of  the 
medical  school,  tlieie  are  ut  preacnt  106  women 


i 


studying  medicine  in  Paris.    Of  these,  B8  are  Ru«-^^ 
nun,  whilo  only  7  arr  naliii-*  of  France.    The  to- 
tal numlwr  of  fvmnio  nudmla  would  !><■  much 
larger  v-rnt  it  not  for  Iho  nec(>nirily  stringenl 
ruin  as  to  sdmivlon.    Two  woman  ari>  aninng^H 
the  present  competiton  for  posts  aa  nwistnnlK  in  H 
the  faosplC^  of  whom  one.  Hie*  Klumkr.  will  ^ 
doubtless  succeed,  much  lo  the  dlKomflturr  of  her 
male  euingietitora.    She  Is  one  of  Vulpian's  ata- 
di-nts,  and  has  alrendy  published  many  inl«re«lltig 
memoirs  on  neurological  subjecu. 

Telephonic  irumuiunicaliun  between  Paris  uA\ 
BnisselK  will  sliDrtly  be  esiabliafaed ;  recent  eicperi- 
nieots  between  those  citis,  with  wires  ol  bronM^ 
instead  of  iron,  having  gt^vn  i-x<^-llMit  rtenlts. 
Tlie  distance  ia  31>0  kilometres,  and  the  same  wircv 
wtll  be  used  for  both  lelegmphii:  and  lelephonio 
pucpoiM,  as  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  one 
wire  cun  l>e  u»ed  Buoce«efully  for  llie  slmultnni'- 
LOii)  trunsmi-siuD  of  both  kifidsof  de«patchc«. 

At  a  mi-m  meeting  of  the  Biologicjl  sodety. 
M,  Ijibtirde.  ditei'lor  of  the  physiological  labora- 
tory of  Ibe  medical  ichool.  read  a  paper  on  Ihe 
use  ol  water  in  fatting  rxpi-timrnls.  It  is  known 
that  Hurcl  and  Merlntti  drank  water  freely  during 
their  long  tatite.  and  (lie  public  was  divided  iafl 
upiniou  as  to  the  eHects  of  the  water.  M.  tji-^l 
l)ordt?  haa  ascertained  by  ex  perl  men  la  I  tests  tbal 
water  is  of  great  value  in  sustaining  life  during 
prolonged  UaXi.  Two  dogs,  iu  good  bealtb.of  the 
same  bbp  and  breed,  each  weigbing  l.VJ  kilo- 
grams, were  »elect<d,  one  of  which  was  entirely 
drjnlted  of  liotb  food  and  drink,  Ihe  other  l<eing 
given  only  a  litre  of  water  daily.  Dog  No.  l.tbat 
deprived  of  both  food  and  water,  died  oti  the 
twentieth  day,  after  having  lost  7)  kilograms  in 
weight.  The  other  dog  wns  well  and  lively  on  the 
forLielh  day,  though  it  had  lout  nearly  t<  kilograms. 
II  would  undoubtedly  have  liecm  able  to  live  atill 
longer  on  it«  water  diet ;  but  after  it*  40-day  taat 
It  was  treated  to  a  good  meni,  when,  without  ap- 
parent III  effects.  It  disponed  of  I.S(M>  grams  of, 
soup  and  I  kilogram  of  meat.  Tbe  dog  la  no 
doing  well. 

Two  or  three  new  books  dmerre  notice.     On*] 
is  a  tiiuiKlntlnn,  by  Dr.  U.  do  Varigny,  of  Preysrt I 
'  Die  Seele  dcs  Kinde*,'  a  very  interesting  work,] 
dealing  with  its  subject  in  an  entirely  new  and 
tboiougbly  scieaLilk-   uiauuer.     Mr.  Preyet"  fs 
training  a  iihyniulugiBt,  and   baa  nuule  a  great' 
many  intert-eting  physiological  observations  con- 
crming  children.     It  may  be  rvtmirkcd  that  a 
French  translation  of  niiotbc^  book  of   hia,  'The 
physiology  of  the  efnbryo,'lo  which  theflrst'meD- 
tioned  work  is  in  many  respecls  a  sequel,  will 
soon  be  brought  out  by  the  same  publisher,  F. 
AIcou.    Prcyer's  books  are  very  valuable,  and  it 


as,  i»T  I 


8CISNCE, 


87 


mmt  be  mM  thai  b<>  wfts  ttit>  fint  tu  uu4y  in  wi 
Mirattflc  and  neieiv  a  uuiiuuT.  niid  with  Mich 
perwveirinK  t>iitiriK-r,  the  tttilijocC  tr««(«t  of  tn 
■  Die  Siwli-  Aai  Kiii<l<«..' 

A  IxHik  fm  animal  inaKnetisin,  b;  MM.  Bliwt 
■uwl  Frr^,  hiM  m:«nllf  a[>)>eaivil.  It  te  really  a 
book  on  hypnotiam,  aa  uiuHt  iilteuoiuetiu  uecrlbeil 
lo  animal  DMU[>M'tiaRi  are  uf  an  liypcotic  nature. 
n»e  boob  b  u  guod  cmc,  A(i<-r  lonu-  prclimiiinrj- 
clia|i(«n  iii*vot<-d  lo  Ihr  cxiirrimrntii  of  HpKmtt 
and  o(bi-r>.  thr  nuihon  epmk  of  modern  lifpno- 
Uato.  of  tliL-  ilifTcivnt  metliods  of  indtidntt  hypnotic 
elwp,  luxl  of  the  iiiymptonis  and  iJeRifBa  of  this 
alrrp.  Tliry  then  K^ve  a  Ibfory  nf  bvpootic  aiie- 
gnti'm,  with  a  Xoutf,  re<ievr  of  tlirpli^uumena  pro- 
duocsl  iimlcr  iia  inllu4-ni:i>.  A  BpKiaUy  good 
cliapler  tnralB  of  iliu  OicmiH-utio  and  pedagogic 
appJicationn  of  hv|inotic  RiiKxnilion.  TIk-  book 
trtaiB  lb»'  oahjrat  fairly  and  fully,  and  will  prove 
uaaful.  Another  n«w  book,  on  bygi«nic  dietetics, 
i«  from  the  pen  of  Prof.  O.  8^.  It  liegine  with 
an  exhllili  of  iiw  (.■ouipamtive  nulritit'i.'  p»u,-cih  of 
dlfflervnl  fuodd  and  a  phyaiologiral  ntiidy  of  the 
altmCDtary  pruccm.  Thv  n«(  of  Ihp  lx>ok  ix  dr- 
toUhI  to  tiM!  practical  Imttment  of  diKenFea  In-  n 
jadirioua  cboioc  of  fooda.  M.  S^  U  veil  informed 
upua  tlie  rabject,  and  hia  liook  is  conf^giienlly 
nluahle.  alilmtixh  it  doea  not  oontain  mucb  oriji^- 
nal  Bkalter.  V. 

rarta,  Jau.  lu. 

NOTHS  AND  NEWS. 

Twt  Aim  annual  oonveniiim  of  iba  SociM; 
for  the  pwTi-olign  of  the  adulteraLfoo  of  fooda, 
druKm  nnd  medicines  n)et  in  M'sahinjcton  laHt 
week.  Tbe  object  of  lUU  wx-i^ty  I*  the  e«labli8li- 
luent  of  a  certain  fixed  elaudard  for  rveiy  «rtioh; 
of  food,  drink,  and  luedicini-.  vrilh  the  ni|iiir«- 
mi-nl  Ibut  ull  articlra  net  up  to  thf  Klaiidard  Khnll 
be  au  auukiil  by  ■  label.  About  onK  hundred 
and  twenty-Hrtt  d«lcgntea  were  pieiwnl  from  all 
parti  of  Ui«  country.  Mr.  11.  Wharton  Aniher- 
Ibg  of  Pbtladelpbia  was  etectvd  prmld^nt,  and 
Mr.  Bllsha  Winter,  secretary.  The  prvBidml  read 
bin  annuid  adJrew,  In  which  he  Kpoke  of  the  wiuit 
of  proper  lev^idation  on  the  iiubjvci  of  adultemlcd 
food,  the  aalc  of  which,  he  claimed,  prodnrrd 
Marly  all  tha  cnwa  of  kidncy-l rouble  in  Die 
bnd. 

—  The  secn-iury  of  the  InaauryhuB  irausmitted 
lo  ooogreni  the  cnlimatM  of  deticiencieB  in  appro- 
priatiooii  for  wilnrin  nnd  cxprnaea  of  the  Nnlional 
board  of  broUh  during  the  prea»nt  fl*cal  year, 
anountiDgi;  to  (T.-'iOO.  ]n  a  letter  acoompanying 
the  eMlinal««>,  the  tecretar?  of  the  board  eameaity 
nrgo  the  iuiportanoe  of  making  ilie  appropriation 
raqoiMed,  but  tnya,  in  caw  it  i»  dcroied   undc- 


Huable  lo  canliniH'ttbe  woik  which  has  for  il»  ob- 
ject the  preiiervnlion  nnd  iniprotemeut  of  tlw 
hcnllb  of  |Im>  people,  the  Inw*  ilevolring  mcb 
duiie*  upon  the  Ixiard  should  Iw  repmle<l. 

—  The  fine.  Inrt^e,  roW  medal  given  to  diH-tal 
nront  for  distinguished  services  in  tb«  UvxtouD 
war,  nuw  at  (he  nalUinal  tuuwum.  la  bofos,  hav- 
(og   A  Kpectflo  gravity  of  only  aeven  it»t«ad  of 

BlXll-MI. 

—  A  ineiDorial  has  been  prweRtCil  to  congrtm, 
signed  )>y  prcimini-nl  literary  and  sKrii-Dlillc  men 
and  repreaentnlivc^  nf  fevt-ml  historinl  tmcii'tieti. 
setting  forth  the  great  value  and  iniporinDce  of  a 
fnll  and  accurate  di)cest  and  calalogxie  of  Ihv  na- 
merous  docutnenls  found  in  public  and  private 
archlree  of  Europe  lelaliiiK  (o  tlie  eirly  hiftory  of 
the  United  Htale«.  and  Mpecially  to  the  treaty  of 
Paris  in  1708,  and  the  treaty  of  jieiioe  betvreen  the 
United  Rtntpx  and  nn-nt  Drilnin  in  1T83.  )l(*l  ef 
theae  dflcnmrnlK  nrv  unknown  to  Ibi-  Auierii«n 
Ktiideni,  and  hui  few  of  them  havi-  ever  been 
ci>|fied,  owing  to  tfaetr  InacceaslbllilT.  Mr.  Dm- 
jauiin  rraiiklinStevetiBOf  London  lias,  after  many 
yearv'  labor,  pnrjHired  a  ileycripliie  calaloftae  of 
over  05,000  nriuirati.''  |ia|j<-T!i  found  in  the  archlxt^ 
of  diffeti-nl  Eumiiran  conntrien.  Tlie  secretary 
i>f  ntatc  reciMDniendH  lo  ouiktcib  the  pureluwe  of 
thiN  dewrriptli'e  cstaloKue,  and  aild",  "  Witb<iiii  it« 
favorable  action,  not  ouJy  will  the  coni|>lelion  of 
the  work  be  doubtful  if  not  im|>o>Hible,  but  the 
fragment  now  iirepare<i  wouUl  probably  remain 
practically  valueUsw."  Mr.  Steven*.  In  a  letter  to 
the  secretary  of  Mate,  says  tlut  the  work  lias  be- 
come loo  great  for  any  individual  to  undertake 
uloue,  iitileat  a  wan  of  wuUlh.  and  that  when 
complete  the  In<iex  will  jirohnbly  <'uitipriw'  ISIt.OOO 
doeunienta.  luid  6)1  20,000  royal  iictavo  printed 
pnge*. 

—  Urutrnnntt^llabiiry,  coniniandlngtheBlnhe, 
haH  started  south  for  the  season's  work,  and  will 
run  seveml  lines  of  current  oheertailona  from 
Cuba  to  Yucalan,  and  from  Cuba  to  Florida  Reef, 
and  thence  nonhwurJ  to  Kan  Antiwia.  Tliis  Is 
u  continuation  of  tht-  work  of  la>t  year,  which 
wiw  HO  Huccewful.  The  cooneetion  between  the 
velocity  iif  the  Gulf  .Stream  and  (tie  ndtent.of  the 
tidnl  wnvc  on  our  coast  has  been  accurately  deter- 
mined, and  the  credit  for  this  Important  di^cotery 
is  due  to  Lieutenant  I'illsbury.  Ap(.>endix  No.  18 
to  the  coast -eurrey  ri-porl,  •  On  the  hnnnonic  uiialy- 
MS  of  the  tides  lit  Governor's  Inland.  Ni-w  York 
harbor,'  by  William  Fi-rrel,  showi  the  rmulla  of 
tidal  obwrratinns.  Tlie  report  staiM  that  tlie 
tiden  atGovurnnr's  Island  and  at  Sandy  Hook  are 
\tTy  similar.  The  epochs  at  Oorernor'e  Maad 
are  somewhat  greater,  and    the  tidca  are   thns 


88 


SCJBXCE. 


(Vol.  IX.,  No.  MSI 


twvntj'-nlii«  mjnutM  Uwr.  than  at  Sandy  Hook. 
Til*  tliJc*  are  not  iiiTrclt-d  hj-  whvm  coming 
Uimttgli  U«>tl  (Ja[l^  rri>m  thtt  (iilm  in  tl;«  Sound 
■tiovp.  The  multHorMr.  Fprrfl'ii  analinioohow 
that  it.  iH  not  npc(««8ry  (o  make  sepomt^  tiil^pre- 
dictioDs  for  both  Sandy  Hook  and  Oovemor'a 
Inland,  >lnri>  Hie  lalli^r  inaj'  \»  oblaint'd  ftom  the 
fotnier  hy  ninipity  HdJint;  twiiilj'-iiini*  niinut(4  to 
lb9  ttmea.  Othrr  imporimit  Appi-nitiocii  to  tbe 
ooaet-aurv^  report  f<ir  IHsa  on-,  ■  Tbe  Rcufnnph- 
ical  diBtriliiiticiti  nnd  srriilnr  vnrinlioa  of  l)ic  ra»K- 
n^lio  dill  mid  inionaitv  in  l\w  Unitfsl  (itatr«.'  C.  A. 
Sobolt ;  'A  plea  for  a  liglit  on  St,  Oeorge**  Bank,* 
Ilent)-  Milcliell :  '  On  gvodet<c  reconnaimnnce,* 
C.  O.  Bootetlei  'Not?  on  b  dei'icv  for  abbreviat- 
ing time-iediictioDa,'  C.  8.  IVirw, 

—  Tlie  coasl-iwreey  Btisimpr  Piittcnmn.  wliith 
tiae  bvrii  liiid  (i|>  since  Icuil  OcIoInt  nt  tlin  Mnir 
Island  navy-fiutl,  is  beinj;  ntrrliauliid  ntid  pnintcd. 
to  rotuni  to  anrvry  work  on  Iho  Alaska  conet  early 
in  Iho  comiog  spring. 

—  Lieut.  William  It.  Emory,  wbocommnnded 
the  Biair  on  tlio  Orwly  relief  expedllion.  has  Iwien 
ordcrvd  to  itio  Thrtis.  and  will  shortly  uiil  ror 
AlnHkn.  He  will  loteetigale  the  Bval-tlsheriro. 
and  tiaa  r«c«|ied  speolal  inslrumioiia  rppinHni; 
the  l>aundary-line  Iwtwcvn  Aluska  and  the  Britiiih 
poaBeanotiH. 

—  The  will  of  tli«  late  Imsc  Lea  wss  admitted 
lo  |>rotate  Jan.  'ii.  The  document  \%  a  vvtimii- 
nous  one,  and  conlaioa  twenty  L-odicits.  Thv  will 
be^rs  date  of  execution  May  9&,  ItnS,  niid  iIkt  Hnnl 
oodicil  July  HO.  IBSS.  The  ]ietiti<^.  vrhirli  wn* 
Hied  by  llie  executor  with  the  document.  |ilnc«i 
tlu!  value  of  the  estate  lelt  liy  tbe  decedent  at 
about  three  hundred  thousnnd  dollars.  He  be- 
queathed bis  colleelion  nf  fresh-wntrr  HhellB,  ms- 
rino  mid  land  ehella,  minemln,  fossils,  and  Keolofci- 
cnl  ■peciniens  to  the  Academy  o(  natural  sciences 
ot  Pliiladelphia:  but  in  a  codicil  dnted  Feb.  38. 
1S80,  lie  lays,  "  I  revoke  that  part  of  uiy  wdl 
«>liU:h  gives  to  tli«  Academy  of  natural  Mnenooi 
at  Phikdelpbia  my  eollectiuu  of  natural  bintory, 
and  I  gi*«  them  aJI  to  (be  national  museum  at 
Waabtogtim,  U.C  uu  coudilion  llint  iUv  natiimal 
mnacifm  ahnll  dovoie  a  mom  exclunvi-ly  for  tho 
ITnionida,  Streoxipiitida.  rhymida.  Pnludinnida, 
Palmonifein,  and  olhrm.  the  Unionidn  lo  be  put 
in  Ih*  ffxaot  order  in  wbieb  II-  -  now  are.  with 
Uielr  labels  as  I  have  plarcd  Ihetn ;  the  whole  to 
be  mlltd  *  The  Inaac  Lea  collection  i '  tlie  Mum:o- 
vtto  DOllection  lo  Le  placed  in  tliiti  room  likewiH?." 
A  codicil  exectiird  on  Oct.  I,  lt<4t.  read*.  "Bc- 
li«vin|;  it  imjiortant  to  the  early  hintory  ot  th«  d«- 
Tolopmcntof  the  llurialilcand  tl^r^c^tlrial  Molluxcn 
of  Ilia  United  State*  to  bav«  some  of  my  oorre- 


epondence  published,  ai  irell.  abo,  soom  other  aub- 
JMCH,  I  daiiie  my  executors  to  devote  a  thouMind 
dollaro  to  tJie  object,  prorided  they  may  agree  wiUi 
me  in  that  opinion." 

—  A  rerentbullelinof  the  New  Bui-land  meteoro- 
Ingieal  Horiety  nlntes  that  the  n^atxhi  uf  a  meteor 
wen  frira  many  pointa  in  Naw  England  on  the 
eve-nluK  of  8eptein)ier  0  were  mhmittrd  to  Prof. 
H.  A.  Newton  of  Yale  collefte,  who  reported  an 
fotlom :  the  meteor  had  an  altitude  of  about  90 
milea  when  tnt,  visihle,  over  latitude  44"  16'. 
longitude  73^  S';  and  an  altitude  of  3S  niile« 
wbm  it  dlnappearvd,  over  hititode  48"  30',  longi- 
tude 71^.  One  of  ItR  exploeiona  ocHniritnl  muu*  the 
n)i<ldle  of  the  puth.  tbe  other  near  the  end.  Tlx' 
meteor  wud  golnic  away  from  the  sun,  hnving  had 
a  periljelion  dislauoe  of  about  Ihree-qiiartent'of  tbe 
earth-orliit  mdiuB.  An  extract  in  added  from  omi 
of  Professor  Newton's  OftrlinTpapcni.  The  altitudes 
of  TSmeteore  observed  on  Nor.  13-14.  l&dS,  wc»e 
calculated  aa  follows :  mean  nttitnde  at  (int  ap- 
pearanee.  SU.3  niile« :  at  disappearance.  W,H  mllM ; 
nt  middle  patli.  T&G  mile«.  Twenty-nine  ot  tliese 
meteors  lieeomc  TiaiblH  at  givater  tieigfat  than  a 
hundred  miles,  and  seren  disappoored  before  de- 
scending to  tills  height.  For  :9S  meteon  ofasarved 
on  Aug.  Ht-ll.  Ifum.  tlw  corrmiMnding  moan  alti- 
tudes are  W,(l.  50.0.  and  8.'.nmlles(i4nwT.>sirm.ae., 
xi.,  1800).  Ilisdeiiired  that  observers  «hon1d  report 
the  potilion  of  bright  meteors,  noting  their  pallw 
amoue  lh«  stars  with  as  much  ncouracy  and  detail 
an  possible.  The  drift  of  the  trail  k-ft  by  vhe 
meteor  Miculd  be  closely  observed,  us  it  Indioatea 
the  direction  of  upper  winds.  The  simpla  raoord 
that  a  meteor  vrasiwL'eu  is  of  very  little  vahie  alone. 

—  The  use  of  salicylic  acid  has  brcorae  to  preva- 
leut  to  prc^vent  fermentation  in  food-prudiicla,  that 
aoomiiiittee  of  tbeAcad^rnie  de  uHVIecine  has  bad 
the  mntter  under  consideration,  and.  in  a  report 
recently  mjide  on  the  ntbject.  says,  ■'  It  being  well 
established  hy  inedieni  obnervation  that  feeble  and 
prolonged  dally  dose*  of  nlicylio  a<:id  and  its 
derivatives  can  cause  considerable  trouble  to  tfa« 
heuith  of  certuini<er»ons  who  are  sensitive  to  tboae 
forma  »[  drugs,  particularly  old  |>eojile  and  in 
those  wbdRp  venal  or  digtntive  functions  are  no 
longer  in  |>prfeet  order,  thcrofore  the  addition  of 
tlie  salicylates  to  liquid  and  volid  aliments  wiQ 
not  be  |>erniittcd." 

—  Tlie  agricultural  appropriation  bill  reported 
last  week  from  the  committee  on  aKiicuUure  car- 
ries the  following  amounts  fur  the  aupport  of  this 
service  during  the  next  year  :  experiiueiiU  with 
southern  ejinc.  $33.000 :  experiments  in  flilk-c«l- 
ture,  (in.OOO:  nlanichCcrinft  cattle,  flOU.OOO:  cat- 
tle quarantine,  t:30.<M0.     llio  total  amount  teoom- 


I 
I 


* 


I 


niMid«<l  In  iIh>  Mir  is  ♦583,:30.  TtiP  WKomllW 
a)»u  (i'o(i(iiuM>ni)  Ifiat  Uic  utiuijilic'aii  of  tlip  dppart- 
niTDt  iv  sent  lo  Europe  to  altrad  tlw  iulvri>aii'>aal 
■KTlritllural  i-onTpntion,  and  tl»t  (IS.OUO  Ih!  up. 
I>ro(irwc«<d  tb«r»tor. 

—  The  report  of  Mr.  J.  R,  Dndgp,  italiMticiaa 
of  thx  U.  S,  aKrii-utiurmI  ilpi>niti»?nt,  on  the  raj^r- 
pcodnirtlOQ  of  ttip  world,  conlBloafOine  iaterMting 
dkta,  Acconllnii  to  tli«  flguren  pr««-rrt>:d.  Ibe 
unouni  at  b(<rl-root  Aujcar  pr(Klui:L><]  in  llii.'  Miaiton 
of  I8M~«T  (xcff^  IlM  cBui-HUBar  b;  162.000 
niMrio  lOM,  ihiM  ■bowing  thai  auim  Ihnn  bnK  (he 
mgu  tMod  Id  eaaitMroo  w  extracted  from  Ibe 
beet.  TTie  inajiulactnr*  of  beet-suicar  ia  t-ntttely 
■  Euiopmn  indiutrj.  Mr.  Dodg»  atat«H  tlMtlta 
ancoMB  ia  Europ*  i«  larnwlydiwtoilM*  'beeMtook* 
plas,  wbero  each  sliareholder  in  Uie  Mocii  oT  a 
iMM-aufcur  fartorj  It)  n^uiretl  to  fiimjxh  so  manjr 
beets  per  xbnre.  Tde  famicni  arp  therefore,  in 
ivallty.  Ui«  nuuiufaclurcni.  and.  ^ince  tbey  obtain 
ibe  pto6tii  of  i)i«  minnfno  ure,  Ihej  are  (ti*  iiio«t 
inti-rratoi)  In  niiaitiK  ro^I  beets  at  a  nominal  price. 
Tbn  loUJ  coiiauiniitinn  of  eunpir  iii  ihU  counirf  in 
ISaa  was  I.W5.m4  Imm.  of  Hbk-b  onlv  40,000  tons 
(or  about  ihtx*  pw  cent)  n-pfp  produred  here. 
thm  H  only  one  leet-augar  factory  in  this  coun- 
Iry.  uod  lUt  la  in  Califi-roln.  which  ptwlmies 
Mgar  at  Hre  cmts  fn-r  pound,  and  ban  lo  ootn- 
f*tt  Willi  frtw  sugar  fnMM  the  Kaadwich  Istanda. 
Tbe  rcfxtrt  furtber  rtntee  Ibat  our  i>u)car-con»i)iiiji- 
tjon  aoMMinte  to  about  ono-fourtb  ol  all  ihi-  vagM 
rtt)aat«d  froui  I1h>  i-ou n trios  ot  prind|)ul  proiluo- 
Uon.  and  that  n-iibin  t«-pn(y.flr«  jwrsi  nnw  ihiin 
t,DOO,000  tons  will  bp  revjnirml.  alnioat  iiufllciont  lo 
■wallow  up  tbc  prewnt  produ<-tio4)  of  baetniagar, 
or  Ibuwiiole  of  Ibe  preM-nt  i-ani-«ifntr  of  eoin- 
mi-r4Mj.  Tl»e  report  (tmoludn  eo  follows  :  *■  At  n 
tinw  widen  labor  is  iii  ric<-in  of  deniand.  aiid  com 
■nd  wheat  and  ei>tl»ii.  imd  oihor  old  sinplis  of  a 
primlltve  agriculturr.  pKieed  the  uaota  of  domM- 
tic  and  fiirvitin  nuirli:et»,  we  scour  thi-  wtirld  for 
fuxl-pniduciH  (MMtJnic  'nore  than  ♦?OO.000.0O0  per 
annum.  (h<:  larKi-r  ])ortlon  of  wbi<^b  vliould  be  pro- 
duned  in  Oi*  Cniied  Hluteii.  Tliin  priiniliTe  and 
■nenl«rpri*li.i;  siluatlon  mutt  br  Nunnouniod  bjr 
m  mono  *lilltut,  acientiH^,  and  inrcnlive  agrkal- 
tiire." 

—  TIi«  Bmi  number  of  (be  CtntratUalt  /Or 
haolerialoijif  tiftd  fimnlettltUHde,  «di(vd  by  Dr. 
Otoor  Cblwiiut  of  C^Mcl,  in  announond  for  tlie 
bti^anliig  of  the  pr«a«ii(  ji-ar.  PmfmKir  Leuck- 
art  of  Leipiig,  ond  Dr.  Ijcm-fRn  of  Iterlli),  ar« 
■aaociatvd  with  Dr.  Ublworin.  At  (lie  urgmt 
nquMt  of  (hi;  editor.  Dr,  Otorge  M.  Stitrnlxin;, 
tr.S.A.,  bua  oooapBted  to  act  lui  u  ei>lIiil>nrator  in 
llM  tTnilad  StalM.     Aa  Ita  tilk  tmplir«,  thin  pob- 


IJcallon  tc  to  be  devot«d  to  Incterioloey  In  all  Ha 
branehea  and  lo  animal  |iaraxit«H  wliich  affeci 
BiBn.  the  lowL-r  unimaln.  and  plnntt.  Tlie  t^lilot 
la  nporintly  ilntrotu  of  accorinK  all  nrifpnal 
Aninrtcnn  papfni  rvlnlintc  lo  (1il»  Anid  of  invtatiga- 
tion,  wheilver  recording  experliiienta)  work  or  im- 
provenien(a  In  lecbiiique.  Authors  nf  aucti  p*|iin 
are  kindly  tvqucHUH  to  atixX  reprintti  to  Dr.  Stcm- 
berg,  la  ctreof  Jobna  UopkJiu  univiTsiiy,  Balll- 
Diorp,  Md. 

—  Tli«  new  cbenilcal  laboratory  of  Ibe  Uai*«r- 
sity  of  N«bnuka  was  dedicated  Jan.  14 

—  OaWanft  medieal  journal  stnln  that  Dr. 
VakBiloe  Moll  has  liefn  making  n  tMrirn  ut  prr- 
vviitix!  inocululions  in  tlie  c»se  of  (wo  fon*  and 
an  iiBlcobiij  i>r  Vt.  FoMu-  of  Vauoo  oouiity,  Mlaa., 
who  wore  bilten  by  a  rabid  do'.;  in  November. 
ThP  procea*  ha«  bem  t>omplrl«d,  and  tlx!  children 
are  all  In  good  condition. 

—  Hinall-pox.  wblcb  Iws  been  no  notn)))y  abwnt 
troDi  New  York  Cily.  has  now  made  ila  oppcar- 
niiL-i-'  then.-.  (rii;btc<rn  OMM  hating  been  repotted 
during  thi,'  w<fk  Miding  Jan.  K.  uf  wbicli  two 
went  fatal,  (kll  <'«hii  of  m«wli<a  with  Mdeatlia, 
and  1;ID  oiae*  of  di|)htb(-rin  with  %  deatlis,  are  re- 
ported for  Ibe  Mme  period. 

—  Three  new  comets  are  annoumicd.  Tho  flni 
wa.t  ditK'Ov«ied  by  Thome,  Dr.  QouM's  moconor 
at  the  Cordiba  obaorratory  in  South  Amt-rita,  on 
Jan.  IS.  bi  the  conatellation  Oru*.  The  dcvpatcb 
stales  that  ii  reeemblea  the  great  routbom  oomel 
of  1#I0.  and  ia  likely  to  become  a  brilliant  object. 
Tho  acound  roini-t  was  diMx>vefed  by  lirooka  on 
Jan.  ^,  in  Ihe  cotmli-llattuu  Dnii-",  ami  In  Ihi* 
latitude  ia  now  riaiblr.  witli  tlxi  belp  of  a  tele- 
scope, througboiil  tho  nigtit.  Thu  tliird  wnsdla- 
cotervd  by  Baniard  on  Jan.  2S.  and  U  in  Vul< 
pi-culu  ;  it  U  also  leleaoupic,  aetlins  In  Ibc  catly 
evening. 

—  Dr.  F.  V.  fTnyden.  fonnetly  director  of  Um 
n.8.  geologicill  and  gro;;t*phica)  surrey  of  Ihe 
lerrltorles.  luts  resigned  from  Uic  position  Uiit  he 
bat  held  for  several  y^aia  in  thu  pro»on(  U.S. 
geological  surrey. 

—  Indianapolis,  lud.,  has  been  oonsldembly  ex- 
irit«I  of  luW  oviT  an  instance  of  remarkable  piea- 
rrrnlion  of  Ihi^  human  body  artordealb.  A  lady 
died  in  that  rtty  Mmn  thirty  year*  ago,  and  her 
body.  Incased  in  an  iron  onflln,  waa  plac«d  In* 
vault.  A  recent  enamlnallon  showed  lltat  lb* 
body  was  in  a  wondeiful  niate  of  preeervallan. 
Tb»  Indiana  pharmaeitl  saj  n  that  ei'eo  tlie  color 
of  ber  ejta,  a  deep  blur,  could  \v  KoiKnIied.  Hie 
hair  bad  grown  to  a  li-OKth  of  two  f<«t.  It  was 
HUpixwed  by  tbc  aexton  to  have  t(i(u*«l  to  nUwe, 


90 


SCIENCE. 


I  Vol.  IX.,  N«.  9M^ 


but  (nrthpr  IntMllizatlon  showed  it  to  hnvo  horoiiM 
clinDKed  Inio  Ihai  pei-utLor  MilMtonco  knoiro  M 
Itdliiooare.  Ailipocvrv  (od^pa.  *  fac,'  arnJ  ccra. 
'wuc'>  bna  Hoinewluil  Ibe  appearance  niid  oon- 
bMmmc  of  oheoce,  untl  Ik  n  compound  i>r  oleic  and 
uftrgario  aHda  with  nn  nlkali.  It  ha^  uniaJl}' 
Ufii  fomiwl  in  bodies  that  »re  buried  in  Ihe  earth, 
and  niowiiire  haH  been  supprnwd  to  be  eKential  in 
lU  formation.  In  \\w  iiiBtance  Juat  referred  to,  the 
bodjrwaeioadr^  i>ult~  Thi-reseemslobenofixed 
Udw  neotMsnrj  for  tbla  ehnni^'  tv  take  yAaxr.  One 
initjince  ia  rejiorlud  of  an  iofunt  whieh  bad  been 
bnt  thr(<e  montbii  tn  a  i-ewpool.  in  wbii^h  udipoc«re 
had  formed,,  while  in  otlier  raaes  ^carn  Micm  to 
have  been  necemar^. 


■ropl^^^^ 


LKrTEItS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

tfrMfr**  H4  ■!,#<#  <n4JUrcrM  rrvvl'V'l  nv  pnh^o/ (food /uCk 
National  prosperitj. 

Ik  M).  AtkiiuHin'B  pupei  la  Ibn  Jaaiuuy  C'nfurv 
Mmn  are  iiom^  ntwtt  mndn  at  ittnUittlc*  wlilch  Mfvm  to 
a  l^uiaa  M  leamt  a  lillle  qaerr. 

Uo  givvH  IIH  a  labk-  uf  vhotiuoiiii  pctoctilagoB  to 
■huv  lion  grrntlj'  the  Tnited  Stnd^e  haro  inoixumod  in 
pTudactlvouMH  nail  nialth. 

Hiiirr  INi^S  «i"  Ktv  told  ibe  pt-Id  »(  luLjr  baa  !»- 
rnriupd  lOO  iwr  ct-ut^  ut  eottou,  IM  pel  ocnt;  of 
Krain.  Lc.  wbral.  com.  oaXn.  barlcf,  rjro,  and  baok- 
wbnat.  'ITiii  iH'i  rent ;  railurny  iiillcnge,  98(1  per  cant ; 
inaunuiv,-  a|:iuui!rt  tlrv,  3lrr  yvi  eeut ;  uat{iiil  of  pi{{- 
tron,  3He  pti  rent :  uud  population,  tit  yua  cent. 
The  ratiiiH  arc  iiii«mln||ly  voadorful,  bnt  lu  aoine 
(AKM  vMy  ileiNipilvo,  moat  ao  Ui  eottou.  In  ISOG  ths 
uiimbeT  »f  l.iUcK  wiw  3.S39.9SI.  and  iu  IBSS,  6.6^0.315, 
a  gain  in  tscnty  ycnrn  of  IIU  per  cent.  Will  it  bo 
■nirpriuDg  t»  be  toUl  tliat  Ibo  (tain  i'  not  1114  per 
(eat,  but  oiilj'  as  jii'r  i-*ntf     Her*  It  ia. 

In  IHCU  tlii<  iiunilicr  t>f  balm  ri>('OTd«d  wa*  6,387,- 
0S3,  uu  whicli  tbc  gniu  in  l^iSfi  in  but  32  pet  cent. 
Vbjr  doci  till!  nUlisticlnn  lake  thi^  ptiiMiiiiiicnHtly  Inw 
jaar  of  IMiri,  ulili-lj  wu  tiolitail  IttGUeveu!'  \V«liave 
uierely  r«^niii«<I  tin-  puaition  of  1800,  anil  advanced 
%%  per  cent. 

And  oa  to  inotvBK,  the  gain  from  IBSO  (o  18B0  with 
•Inve-laliui  wan  I  in  por  cent,  lu  ten  yaara,  —  an  averane 
«f  1 1 A  |>w  OHit  pur  year,  wIiioL,  eoiuparej  u  ilii  the 
free-labor  tat«.  SX  per  cnit  pcry«ar,  ahumi  tbnt  tlie 
incrnnaod  prtidurliou  andcr  free  tnboT  i*  KOmevhat  of 
anijlli,  Aillti' Kliivr  liilii>r  ralmif  inef»ain,tl>atwoiity 
yeant  tt'-m  Iht^r,  Ux  IMH."")  yo.iiU  1iiiti«  enlmlnated  In  a 
«rop  of  7.18n.'iT5  bitkw.  In  wbnl.  piny,  does  the 
•uperiurity  uf  froo  lubor  mitlcc  itulf  mftnifpirt!' 

PopnlatioQ,  WD  Ktn  told,  haa  lncrc«nd  BD  par  ocnt 
alacnlHIU):  troai  IWO  Ki  imo  Uw  InerMwtwaaSSpat 
oeat,  3i*g  per  vDot  pi-r  year:  from  1670  to  IBBO  it  waa 
30  per  cent,  or  3  per  eonl  per  jroar:  from  1880  to 
•886  we  Bud  a  gain  of  U  por  cent,  or  3]  per  cent  per 
j*or. 

Now.  tioni  18511  U>  ItieO  tlie  increa**  wud  3d  per  cent, 
Di  3|f|  peretuil  per  year,  u  liigher  rale  than  tbal  of  any 
decode  niaoe  then.  Ilnil  we  tncteanod  from  IhOG  to 
18BS  at  the  rale  of  tlin  denul^  betore  tlir  var,  we 
riiould  now  nuaibfrr  or«r  01,000,001)  iu»t<itd  of  5ft,- 
tT6,W0, 


I 
I 


856  per  cant,  *«  ara  toM,  haa  our  gnun-er 
ereaaed  from  166S  to  1B8S.  The  tfnJn-crop  of  IBM 
waa  OTor  100,000,000  bnahda  laa  than  that  vf  IMO. 
Bjr  deouUui  we  find  that  tlie  incrtaas  1iet«e«a  tha 
yean  18S0  and  1870  waa  33  par  cent :  1S70  la  \m>. 
50  per  cunt;  and  from  1S80  Ui  IBlHI>.  S3  per  Cent,  or 
3j>B  per  CDQt.  S  per  eenl,  and  4A  per  cent  par  yi*t 
m>i{M-i!llvely.  The Knin  (roni  16S0  to  l8fl0waM43por 
cent.  c>r4,'n  per  c«iit  yvi  year;  and  if  we  ealenlato 
Ironi  18G0 1<^>  1^85  at  the  aaiae  rate,  43  per  cent  per 
dcendi.  we  find  dneun n oropot3,000,43N,e(M bnaEda 
AD  a^aiiiM  :i.gl4.0ii3.iitU :  and  the  marreDoua  j^ala  of 
9Sfl  per  cent  <iveT  IXKIi  appeon  leai  than  waa  to  be 
cxpoetcd  fiiiiu  what  m*  wen-  doiuR  Iwforu  the  war. 
Tliii  hay-cmp  of  1883  would  have  ouioanled  to  about 
600,000  ton*  more,  if  it  bud  been  the  rMult  of  an  ia- 
oreaae  ««  froni  ItUKi  to  I81IO.  Since  1883  the  liay. 
crop  lamped  fiiMi  38.000.000  ton«  to  48.000,000  tn 
two  year*,  a  tmly  pbmomenal  Inernaao. 

Ilailway  mileage  bu  iner«Mad  S90  per  cent  aineo 
1805 ,  but.  it  we  are  to  talk  of  per  vmia,  IM  llila  Kaln 
of  twenty  yeaia  be  oompamd  with  317  per  cent,  tea 
year*'  gain  from  1850  lu  1860,  In  miles  the  gain  haa 
been  from  1850  to  1860,31,600:  180O  tn  IH70, 23,400; 
187(1 1<>  IHHU,  40,700 ;   1880  tO  1885.  SS.OIKi, 

It  wuiitd  lie  of  Iniiri'iit  to  we  if  the  net  iucuuie  hat 
iunrenaed  pro  mfo. 

For  proRrew  in  wealth  we  are  ahown  a  labU  of 
fir«-itiiHir«npe  rinl!!".  nud  nn  increaae  tber«4n  of  310 
per  cent  HiiM-e  IKtiTi.  Wby  not  talie  the  aweaaed 
value  of  all  rsiil  and  n.'raiiiial  propi-rty?  Thia  waa, 
in  1M.*,0.  *7,0O0.Ol)0.i>00 :  in  1H'M>.  »13,000.00ft.«l0  ■ 
and  in  Ihno,  it  17.000,000.000.  Of  eourae,  Ui»ro  iaaa 
incrttime  h1iip<-  IHr,r>,  but  in  pet  cent  it  doe*  not  eom- 
pare  with  tliHt  fri'lN  l«SO  to  I8l!0. 

Aa  to  pig.irun  and  iln  38ii  yi'i  oont  inor«a*c  ainoe 
leeS,  it  will  take  >  pretty  lUfl-neokad  protecUoniat 
to  nnderoland  hi>w,  tinder  the  eondilionit  of  ila  pro- 
duction, it  Hlauda  for  380  per  cent  hioroaie  of  w«altl) 
to  the  people  who  bate  to  use  it  and  pay  for  it. 

Anil  now,  it,  to  make  the  aIiuwiu^  a  little  laora 
eoinprehenaive,  we  look  at  the  number  of  acres  of 
Improved  laud,  we  find  that  it  inereaaed  44  per  cent 
from  1800  to  18C0, 16  |>e«  oeat  from  1880  to  I6T0, 
and  Rtly  per  oent  from  1870  lo  1880,  — an  av*ra)(*of 
3)  per  oenl  par  year.-  very  clcne  to  the  inereaae  In 
popolatiou.  The  talueof  agrlonltnralimpleiaentaiB. 
oraaaa*,  from  1850  to  1800, 03  per  cant ;  1800  to  lti?0, 
37  )>ar  oent ;  1870  to  1880.  3  jwr  cent ;  aiinaa)  avar- 
age,  4  per  cent. 

Rice  proiluetion  haa  fallen  from  315,000.(100 
poundi  IU  1850  to  110,()00,()00  in  l>i)40.  Tobacco, 
which  gave  an  incroBBe  of  117  i>er  rent  fiuiu  IHGO  to 
1800.  and  lu  1800  bad  434.000,000  potind«,  ha*  but 
472.000.000  in  I NSO. 

Iriab  potatoea  iucreaiir  flO  per  rent.  29  per  ecnl, 
18  per  eent.  reapectively  for  tlie  tliiee  decadea,  or  Um 
averaita  of  3A  per  cent  per  year. 

Swevl-polatoaa  fall  trom  38.000,000  busholB  in 
1850  to  33.000,000  In  I8H0.  Chcoae.  olix.  whirh  wu 
at  105.000.000  punnds  iu  1»<GII,  !•■  lu  IH80  only  37,. 
000,000  pounds.  Duttur  rine*  V>  per  cent,  19  per 
veni,  knd3I  per  cant  Ihrongh  tbe  three  de>cadeB,  aa 
average  of  3,0  per  oent  per  yiiur.  I.ivo-itoek  f^lom 
100  Yot  oenl  from  1850  lo  18B".  40  i<et  enol  from  ISW 
to  1870,  luid  fall!  off  G  per  eent  lieln<^eu  1670  ai>A^| 
\tM\,  an  average  ratu  of  incrcou  of  4}  per  cent.  ^ 

And  wlikle  onr  pnblie  debt  has  been  dccreaiHul  by 
t87C,070,833  Iwtweeu  lH&f.  ami  IHW,  we  find  on 
hand   in   1880  a  etate.   county,   and  town   delH   ol . 


JursAKT  98,  10S7.] 


SCIESTCE. 


91 


•l,0M.40«.am,  vUiub  >c«nu>  to  aliaw  Hist  Uie  nv- 
•own  sliicli  svnt  to  rwdnc*  tbo  uatioaul  dobt  hM 
Wm  divartml  tu  local  IniiimTMiMOta,  and  baa  bo. 
oane  a  wealtb-prmliiniii;  pow«r. 

Oanpariiig.  now.  Uic  atMOge  inereaH  by  dnoaJca 
aiBoa  IHSO,  wa  fln>I  |io{iiiUtioa  nt  about  30  per  «c«it 
per  decade:  bay,  uir«|4  for  INHa  and  1804,  36  por 
cent  ;  (wltuu.  40  per  rent :  |{nui),  4'i  )iMr  CNit:  nil- 
irajr  milowp.  115  pot  ccut;  improtej  laud.  37  per 
ctmti  ^T^nltaral  implemciitB.  (D  per  eoA:  Inah 
pOMtoM.  3»  p*r  Mdl;  bun«r,  116  pw  cant:  Uvo- 
•tock,  17  p«t  cent ;  mttomA  Talu«Uo»,  40  par 
cent:  while  ri««.  aveet-polBloea,  aud  cliMae  u*« 
dncmwod  ni)  per  Mut,  l\  por  cent,  74  pec  oent, 
labMMo  in  an  in  ISCO,  aad  cm  debts  bai*  iriaiply 
ahamvd  tona.  Tlila  MitMoent  of  aTM*^  IncrtaNoi 
per  dMade  itfaixn  liow  elMelf  Ingetlifr  XVx  varlmia 
Tallica  l»aT«  kont  (uor  lliirty-fi'o  j™nt.  Iln.-  (pent  ad- 
TkiMif  iriiion  IHil'i  ban  DOW  about  brought  na  up  tuUio 
)>)»«•  Hr4<  sbimlil  rtxixiot  hail  tlie  war  bM  lut^impted 
oar  dutelupuiemt,  Pruiliirtloii  hu  adiafi«ed  oaly  a 
Uttle  faatct  Ibau  tiopulatiuii,  and  this  U  probably  due 
te  tmpvormi  iiDpiomenta,  iuprorod  metfioda,  gi«Uei 
dNMai),  aiul  wore  laHllliH)  tor  handling  the  orop*, 
!.«.,  raitwajM.  C.  H.  I.txim. 

Nw  Turk.  Jao.  M. 


ProEeMor  N«wb«rrr  on  fl«rtb<{u«kca. 

In  bia  Unities  of  my  arlicio  oa  ouitbifuakwi,  in 
dWiMw  of  Jan.  T.  Mr.  Krorclt  Huydco  iolimnlna  that 
1  an  iMt  warrsetocl  in  my  Mat«iu<<iiUi  In  reretvnce  to 
tbo  cntiM  of  cATtbuiMkea  aad  the  i^andiUon  of  the  In- 
tervir  of  the  orth,  oitina  tbo  dirvraity  of  opinion 
whleb  la  tm  reword,  and  tna  authority  of  great  nanuia 
opfMMd  to  Di»,  u  «  r«MOii  why  1  nboitld  ezhlUt 
Kn*lor  UKNkaty. 

I  Mn  acery  that  I  oannui  see  the  mailer  from  Mr. 
Hayden't  dUiuI- point.  If  he  baa  nnj'  taota  or  argu- 
naent*  t<>  uffer  wbkli  inilital^  AKalutit  the  atatemMila 
I  bale  mailv,  I  ahAtl  he  ini>iit  hnjipy  lo  cooaider 
tbem,  and  I  ahall  lii>  oouTJni.iL'd  by  tliom  if  tbey  m 
ooarinolnijt ;  tint,  wlUioiit  facta  or  new  orgiunanla, 
wo  nay  w«ll  lie  epared  tb«  appiial  lo  antliorlty.  A 
blind  defoieaoe  to  the  ntleianoea  of  K>^at  men  hoa 
rioae  RooUigy  tawrh  harm.  Sir  WilTiun  TbonuHtn 
baa  BO  mote  aincxro  ailmirci  than  uiya^lf.  both  for 
hia  genliu  an<l  bu  nobility  of  rbarocttir ;  aiul  yet  I 
do  not  biuilale  to  aay,  that  bpr  bia  uuunrrKuted  atiile- 
(MUta  in  regard  to  tba condition  of  the  iuleriurot  the 
•aitti.a  waiter  in  which  bia  matbetDaticol  gtminaaud 
learnlug  ^Ita  hini  no  tltix^ia  to  apoak  aothwtlallrely, 
hehM  aerioiwiy  reLarl>"l  tli->  |iri>gr«H*  of  geolO(;iml 
tOMI^dge.  From  thv  j>b»ii»iii<^iiH  •>{  llio  tidm  nnd 
lb«  pMCoMton  Mf  tbo  (x|uiiioirB.  ho  boa  iuforrod  and 
MaerUd  that  the  flgste  of  llio  earth  ia  aa  in^xlblo 
Hlbon^h  It  were  compoacd  of  gina*  or  atei'l.  Tliero 
ia.  howetor.  a  donlH  in  lh<>  i»lud«of  many  pliyairiiM 
wbolbnr  the  tidni  au(t  tlio  pruucwduu  of  tho  oiininoita 
aConl  anvh  delicate  oad  quanttlatiTo  tcata  of  the 
•anatMio]r  of  th«  rarth'a  flgnro  >«  to  warrant  lb«u) 
ciKMlnirioiu.  H«nu(Aj  and  Delaunay  hn*e  shown 
Ibat  the  argnmeut  (rum  the  preceHiou  of  thv  ciiui- 
notea,  at  l<«at.  ia  nfok  :  but.  ofcu  i(  the  fact  ol  the 
eoDntancy  of  the  fnitli'a  flgnr*  be  eonooded,  tbalu- 
tacenoe  that  II  la  liei-muw  of  a  tigidlty  of  Ih*  earth'* 
malarial  equal  to  that  of  glam  or  ateel,  i«  oertainly 
unwarranted.  The  nrgnmmt  provoe  too  much :  we 
•it  Inow  Ibat  the  inaU'riala  eompodng  tb*  earlh'a 


iDMB  Me  mot  ••  rigid  a*  mIaoL  Tbo  fw4fl  oonneoled 
wHb  oanbqaakaa,  ToJcMBoea,  monnlain-efaaLna,  and 
the  oaolllatioiM  of  tbe  larel  of  coaala.  vhleb  I  bcieSv 
oitod  in  my  article,  nhow  ponctuairely  that  IbaeMtB 
ia  not  an  onyioldtng  aolid  :  and  I  have  aiiimealll 
that  th«  want  of  homogoiutlty  In  the  ntatariua  wok* 
po«iiis  It,  —  iMrtly  lolli),  partly  wlacoua.  partly  ftnld, 
—  niuVr  Tnr^'iug  eonditiona  of  preaanro,  may  nou- 
tnliro  llio  toudonpy  to  diatortioa  from  the  ebanslBg 
attcwobona  of  tbo  ann  and  moon.  He  tacts  cited  by 
geolngiaU  aa  dliqworing  the  abaolule  rigidity  of  the 
earth  are  unqnemionaUe.  and  th«ir  argntnenta  are 
cnmnlnlivo  nnd  iiuAnnworable.  llencH)  aatrononi«ra 
QiQHt  Qnd  aomo  olhor  olplaluitinn  of  the  ciMirUncy 
of  the  Hgnrn  of  thaaarth  —  Itlbal  bej>Tov(>d — than 
a  lolid  interior. 

I  am  only  eieroiKinK  uiy  InaUoimble  right,  am  de- 
fending my  hourtb  ancl  Iiouo.  when  I  proteal  agkinat 
tlie  Ininaion  of  our  field  of  reMarcb  by  niaatora 
In  other  ileiiartmeiita  of  avi«iioe.  however  gifted, 
who.  with  imperfect  knowledge,  bnrry  toconcloalona 
inccmpatible  with  thoae  wbicli  geolngliiUi  have 
reaped  by  ILfoloug  atndy.  That  Kir  William  Thum- 
BOB  did  not  glre  tolhe|H«lagioal  facta  due  comudera- 
tion  when  be  ultMed  bis  diotum,  ia  ahown  in  hia 
original  paper  read  before  the  Goijogiloal  society  of 
Glnagow  In  1R79.  Here  in  ailvooattng  the  tbeory 
thiU  tlin  earth  U  itollil,  and  that  tbe  aolidifioatlan 
benn  at  the  centre,  tbe  leaoH  of  Ui«  couting  and 
abtking  of  an  estemol  cmat,  be  atato*  that  moat  «nb- 
ataaoaa  are  deoaer  whan  cooled  lo  aoUdlflcalloii  Ihaa 
wlien  fued.  lu  a  footnote  to  p.  40  of  the  Ytdnme  of 
tbe  Tnaeavtions  of  the  K^ogl«al  aooiety  of  (Ibu- 
gow  which  oontainii  Sir  WiTIium  Thomaon'a  addrnw, 
la  giTon  a  report  of  later  eipnrimnola  nuuin  lu  tMrt 
thiN  i|ii(«tiou  by  Mr.  .toonph  Wliitley  of  L«edit.  Bog- 
Iniid.  who  found  thnl  iron,  copper,  braaa.  wbiturtane, 
and  oianilo,  the  only  mnturiala  hn  tcated,  were  ail 
liua  ilonaii  nbon  arilld  than  liiinld. 

Tbix  in  not  thf  ouly  tnatauce  where  mi-n  of  dc- 
serT«d  viuiuvDM'  in  their  owndonartineuttiol  aoicnoe. 
without  taking  paina  to  infonu  uemaoliea  in  nigud 
to  the  facta  of  neology,  have  aougbt  to  leach  geolu. 
ghita  leaaoDR  wlilob  they  hate  not  tbnniaelTM  fatly 
luanied. 

Sir  Robert  Bnll.  aatrunooior  royal  of  Irclnnd,  an 
able  and  diatingni*!"''!  man.  whoao  morila  have  ttaui 
anilably  rocogiili«d  In  the  oDloe  be  liolda,  anl  the 
titio  conferrMl  upon  hiui.  in  hie  eloqnent  aildreM 
eulKled  '  Glimpaea  tluoush  the  corridurii  of  time,' 
haa  propoaed  a  theory,  which,  if  accepted,  woalil 
not  onlr  revolDtlonlni  all  geological  biatitry,  bat 
would  (liaotedlt  the  teaching*  of  tbe  most  uminont 
geologitita.  In  Uie  oiionmatanMa,  I  bare  felt  called 
npon  to  protoet  apiiiut  thia  invanoa  of  our  domain, 
and  haio  ahown  that  tha  geolooic*!  record  alfonle 
oonolnalTw  erldene*  anlnal  tbla  Theory. 

SaU*ndaUeff,oneaf  tbemoM  Muluent  of  cbeniirta, 
haa  prodabned  tbe  inotganio  origin  of  the  rcnnayl. 
Tania  potrolenm  from  an  infarred  abacnoe  of  nrgHni« 
matter  from  which  It  could  bo  geDDraled.  Ue«e, 
also,  I  have  ventured  to  show  tbnt  a  bett<f  knowl- 
edge of  the  geological  utnictnre  of  wealevn  PMiiiqrI- 
Tiutin  would  have  revealed  to  him  tbo  true  aoute*  of 
tbo  petroleum  In  enomoua  underlying  orgsnie  dc- 
poalta,  an<l  wanld  have  prevtinUd  the  proiuulgaljoai 
of  a  geologioal  bcrMy. 

Tboae  only  «r«  eamble  of  intalligontly  diaonaafaig 
and  dsoiillng  tlioae  dJfBcnlt  problnnu  In  geidagy,  wlw, 
wHL  special  tastes  and  aUUtlaa,  have  devoted  Uvea 


92 


SCIKNGE. 


rV<M»  tX.,  N<K  SOB 


W  Uunr  Miidy.  And  I  rMiMcttitUy  ■nhtiiil  that  iko 
ono  nbatild  itoccpt  tlic  grulogirnl  senemliEatiuuH  ot 
cliMiiAM,  oMronoiDoiv.  and  phynoiMB  until  tboir 
ntt«mm«  tattT«b«Mi  approvod  aadmcoapleij  bj  Ihnui 
whom  we  reoogniiM  alt  llu»  kbl«itt  «nd  mutt  uilJiarith- 
Uth  exuouDdciB  ut  oar  «cftao«.  A*  ff^c"^*  origin 
or  eartliquak<«  bdiI  tiic  condhJOD  ot  tbc  intcHot  of 
tli4  Mirtb,  UK  Willi  nn  tba  otbOT*  qomitiiiiiH  I  bnvo  mon- 
Ucmed,  I  intiKl  <trrliu«  tu  rMnwt  tb«  opliitoim  I  bare 
Mli«iio*d  until  tlirv  dukll  1)0  met  wltb  new  fa^tH  ot 
b«ltei  nr){DmnDU  tbnit  any  7«t  offcrod. 

J.  8.  Hkwdkut. 

Raw  Tork.  Jui.  It 


A  CAfd  to  American  geolofiits. 

A  ni(*tiTig  ot  til*  Aliinrlcnn  eoinmltlnn  of  lh«  In- 
Iftmniiouol  ocingrMM  of  f(OolnipAt«  will  Iw  held  in 
Albnny  fmm  April  >!  lo  April  9,  1887. 

Tli«  iiliji'iM  of  ihiii  nMOUng  ia  to  perhet  a  >chiiine 
<rml>o(lyiug  tli<<  tlioiifthts  of  Amarleia  ([«olngl«U  ou 
tlio  ijiteatiunii  ot  olBMlBoatioo.  uoineneutnr*.  oolors- 
tiou,  fttR..  cntvTitig  into  t)i«  iiTHl«in  of  nntfloatiaai  at 
geological  RCiaDCs,  which  i*  tbc  objootof  tho  Intftf- 
naitional  eongTSM. 

In  ord«r  tliat  th«  ooiTimiti«(i  luny  Tppr^ent  Iho 

T>«wa  <rf  All  goologinta  in  \\k  I'niti-cl  Blulen.  it  hoicb^v 
inHtM  from  all.  tbnii  imliTidaal  opiuionii  on  any 
■iibJcetB  libily  to  ariwi  in  tha  eauf^tm.  Thoae  who 
will  meet  tlw  Ani«ri<ttti  oonunjttoc  in  Albany  are 
Te<|ii«aUid  (o  Mmd  to  tbo  nndenigneil  a  noW  of  the 
topic  or  toplci  thnj  pirDpoM  to  treat,  and  thn  time 
which  Ihoy  will  TiMtulrfi.  la  raiwii  wh<in>  it  in  not 
«on*MU«nt  fur  them  to  go  lo  Alliauj',  tbey  ar« 
r«qn«atad  to  (om&rd  n  itlatAiiient  of  thcdr  rioira  to 
tbe  undMslpud  in  vriling  before  April  1,  (ot  praa- 
•otation  to  the  oonini  it  !«•.>. 

For  liiforaintioti  on  lo  the  kind  ot  <|Qeati<]ii*  to  he 
diacoHsvil,  allcnticin  in  colled  to  the  '  Itoport  »t  thn 
American  cotmioltteo,'  iiiibliiibod  loiil  uprluit'ln  wbirb 
Ih*  dabatca  in  tii«  third  HCiwioti  uf  th«  Iiitcmatloniil 
MBgra*"  ar*  ro[>ort«d. 

The  folIowiuK  aro  the  rnili-rominittM-s  of  thn 
Anwnean  oomiiiSttiH>  ^  arobHui.  Ilnat.  Mllrhrorlt, 
Winchelt,  Piuul>eilT:  lowvr|iAli>niAlv,Hiill,Wiu(iheU, 
L*al«y ;  oppnt  pMoojioic.  Ilall.  LuBlfy,  Newliernr. 
BlateiuoD,  WllUamij  uokukiIo,  Ne^borry.  Cook, 
0(n>a,PDWell:  oalnouile(inariiie).RDiitb.KA«hr<rry; 
calDUOBcdo (interior),  Cupe :  qnatiTnnry.ravi'iil.  arebu- 
ologgr,  Powell,  Vinchell.  Cmik. 

PnutroB  FaAXUi,  Sferrtary. 
Plifladoiphiii.  Jul.  U. 


Loco-w«ed. 

iBjOiur  note  on  tho  *  looo-woed,'  on  p.  33  of  Seftite*. 
tar  Ab.  14.  rsferenee  la  niado  lo  the  bcltof  of  tbo 
Indiana  Ifant  au  iiueet  in  the  cauaaoftha  dlatoaoanp- 
[loiw-l  to  be  pro(lii<»!>t  iu  horaea  and  cMtlo  by  eating 
tUs  w««<l.  In  n-«tnm  Kanaua  thero  are  two  plnntji 
<wUed 'looo' by  the  ranchinon.  Thoae  art  Oxytropia 
lamberti,  PnnA,  and  Aatragalu*  molUaKlmna,  Torr. 
Bpedmcni  ot  tho  latter  plant  were  brought  li>  mo  a 
tew  ilaya  ago,  wboao  low«r  ■l«ina  were  abundantly 
oeoapied  by  a  Btalk- boring  inwet  larro.  Thoao  In- 
•oola  are  believed,  nut  by  liirliAna  but  by  a  certain 

CbjulclBn,  to  bo  Uio  oau«e  of  Ibe  '  Im-u '  di«ea«a  in 
one*  by  prodadng  *bo(a.'  Moreover,  thin  pbyaioian 
h«a  treqaontly  bmo  the  bonn  bot-fly  lioponit  ila  oggii 


upon  tho  loavM  of  tho  Aatrwaiiu  Hoaoeforth  lei 
(Jemeutary  enlomology  be  Mded  to  th«  cduhhw  of 
■tody  in  ourmedieal  ifhools. 

i  mnv  add.  that  Prof.  L.  R.  fiayre,  of  the  dO|iarv 
nieut  of  pbnriiiHC.v  of  tho  Uuivemity  of  Banaaa,  i« 
luaking  un  cxbansliie  etudy  of  tho  '  loco'  problem. 

FoiKoia  II.  tixow, 
Lawrt-nei^,  Kau.,  Jan.  IS. 


Spiders  and  the  electric  light. 

Homo  illiuulvniita([<i  or  cril  uppiam  to  bo  altendant 
upon  evory  iniontiou.aud  lbo«Jontrio  light  ianoti 
cxooption  in  thin  renpeirt.  In  thid  oitr  Uiey  harw 
boon  pinccd  in  pmntiona  wiUi  a  view  of  itlBmlnaUuf 
tlia  linildlnitii.  uotnbly  tho  ttoaaiuj,  and  a  fine  and 
striking  fSvvl  ih  prodncocL  At  the  aaine  tinui.  a 
■peciee  of  spider  baa  diaOOTCnd  thM  gHW  in  plentj- 

tnl  in  tlioir  vicinity,  and  that  he  oan  ply  hia  «raft 
bolh  day  and  night.  In  conaaqiMUoa,  tholr  woba  are 
«o  thiok  and  numetous  tbat  portiona  of  the  uvhl. 
teettml  oruamoutalion  are  no  longer  viuble,  and 
when  torn  down  by  the  wind,  or  when  Ibny  fall  from 
deoay,  tbo  rofnwi  gives  a  dingj"  and  dirly  apfioaraaee 
lo  every  (biuu  it  onnioa  in  oontB'-l  with.  Nut  ooly 
thia.  but  tb»e  lulventurcrs  lake  piXaetMiuD  of  the 
portiiin  of  tbo  cciliag  of  any  room  wbicb  recalvM  the 
lllniiiltiiiliou. 

It  would  l>t<  uf  lulor«t>l  t<>  know  wbolber  thin 
Kpidor  ie  confined  lo  a  oerlaiu  latitude,  and  at  what 
■eniionii  of  the  year  ot  tempotature  we  ean  indulge  In 
our  il  I  uuii  nation .  (1.  TacwraoM. 

WsAUutlOU,  D.U,  Jan  M. 


A  pine«l  eye  io  the  meaozoic  MMninAlJA. 

Among  Ibe  large  number  of  nieaozoic  grurrn  which 
have  beiiti  iletvnuinMl  by  Owen,  ManJi,  ami  otban, 
only  uno  genua  ban  any  couHtdentble  portion  of  the 
ukull  pieBetvod.  TliinisTrilylodon.aeompanitfTalj 
large  animal  from  the  upper  triMuda  ot  Sooth  AMea, 
dooorlbed  and  tV^iired  by  Profaaaor  Owen  iu  the 
^MirteWv  Jounutl  of  tbo  (loologlco)  looiety  in  ISM. 
in  doooribmg  the  oianium.  be  write*  (p.  MS),  "  A 
■hart  anterior  divarication  [of  tho  porietoli]  boonda 
a  Bioall  Tttnnity  ozpoaing  matrii  wlileh  ha*  flllnd  tho 
cerebral  cavity  i  which  Tacnlty  H  eoiuplotod  anteri- 
orly by  a  itbnilar  divarioUion  of  the  mid  and  hind 
anglaa  of  tbo  frontal  bonea,  the  mid  luturo  of  which 
la  nnobUliitateit.  Hi*  above  vacuity,  r.  If  natural, 
repreii^uts  A  foulonolle,  or  it  may  In-  InlnTprvliul  m  a 
pineal  or  poriclal  fonunen;  it  may,  howarer.  be  due 
lo  poathnmoni  injorr." 

now  that  the  mooning  of  thn  pineal  gland  ban  boon 
oiade  clear,  tbiv  oliiwrration  in  »t  vory  8r<«t  Intoroat 
and  importance.  Trilyloduu  is  one  of  a  large  and 
widely  iptcnd  group  of  mommaU,  repreiicniod  by 
Trlglyphna.  from  Um  tfiaoalc  booo-bod  ntat  Stiit^ 
salt:  Bolodon, from  lheBDgUdil>iirbock(JnrMle); 
Allodon,  from  the  American  upper  Jurwwic ;  and 
Polynuwlodoo.  from  the  American  lowent  eoecne.  or 
'Puorco.'  Prom  the  Inrgn  iIm  of  (ho  poiielol  fora- 
men in  Trltylodou.  whieb  griiatly  mepcU  thai  irf  any 
of  the  ruoout  lixatda  in  relative  diamoItT,  nudcom- 
parcn  with  that  of  the  laby  riot  hod  onU  and  HiuriiuiB, 
wo  luny  tafoly  infer  that  tlt«  prlmillve  Mammalia,  of 
this  taiiiily  at  lon«l,  ha-l  a  |iini«l  oye  of  ooino  funo- 
tional  nta  and  value,  HKSar  F.  OhhOXH. 

Pitaceion,  K.J..  Jan.  U. 


SCI E N C E.  Supplement. 


fe 


FRIDAY,  JANUABT  88.  )887. 


mSTORYOF  THE  AOASSIZ ASSOGIATIOS.' 

A»  in  l>^ln  the  piibllcalloii  of  a  oiai^-iixiDfr  de- 
voted to  111*  loterosU  ot  tlie  Apta^ii  iii»rx;iiitiaD, 
it  troold  tern  to  be  neoesaarj-  to  roheariH!  to  the 
luge  circJv  of  nrquftinlBocrt  we  dow  awH  for 
the  flrst  UtTw  rnir  hintorr  nnd  onr  hopm. 

Asking  the  indnlgonoe,  tlierefoiv,  of  our  mem- 
ben,  to  whom  th«  (arl«  are  alreAily  familiar,  n-v 
wUI  ooadenae  from  addr^mea  drtlvei«(l  in  Philn- 
delpbik  and  Itavenport  iw  succinct  an  nocount  a* 
pomible  uf  thm  liiatory  and  aim»  of  our  xocictjr. 

The  first  hitit  that  rvrr  canio  to  a»  ot  tiie  forma- 
line) of  A  •ocMiy  for  Ibe  study  of  nature  Is  found 
Id  one  of  Jacob  Ab1xilt'«  farnoaa  Rollo  tKXikii.  — 
*  Rollo'a  muMom.'  Puliliiili^d  mure  tluin  ihirt}- 
jtianiflso,  tbnt  little  Uairlc  voliimr  in  utill  n*  k^tkI 
B  Riiidr  a*  any  knnn-o  to  nip,  lo  put  Into  Hie 
ttaiula  of  youni;  |vn>nn4  vho  wIhIi  lo  or|;atiil« 
tbMdaalvfO  Into  a  »ocl«<ty.  It  wud  a  half- 
eonactotu  r«ootlevtlon  of  the  pleiisuiv  I  4tnr*i 
from  reading  ihio  iKMik  wlien  a  i-lnlil,  that  Its)  mo 
more  than  t«i  yenn  aRo  xo  [•rnpo'e  a  einiilsr 
■odeiy  to  the  pupilH  in  the  Ixinox  high  gchool. 

The  ))ropoeilion  was  received  with  triiibunuiiiui. 
Nearly  hair  tlie  school  Joined  tlie  Mx^icty.  which 
*r«ti  ftni  c«lWd.  I  believe,  ihe  Lenox  bi^h  •rhool 
itcientilic  Botiitty.  Our  wi-o-k  «vus  i:'Xlrem«ly  «ini- 
plc.  Ow  bi>y  kr|it  D  daily  rrroril  i>f  Ihr  l^nipera- 
Cora  W  indU^iOfil  by  a  ■omcwluit  quwtioiiable 
UMrtnooMtar :  on*  kept  the  ri?<v.nl  of  the  neallier. 
wlilch  WM  quite  btcoulc.  boini.'  souiethin^;  liki' 
thU,  "  Monday  pleoaaiit.  Tueslay  i&iii,  Wtnlni-H' 
tiny  cloudy.  Tl»ur*day  Iiot,  fYidiiy  pli-iuuint.  Sntur- 
diiy  rain."  Tlien  im  bognn  collecting  siM-cimnnB. 
1  rcmrnilipr  onr  l)oy  collect*^  buds  from  tirenty 
or  thirty  dilTer«nt  kindo  of  tree«.  He  got  them  all 
oa  the  sane  day,  and,  hy  oornimring  tlieiii.  leaiDud 
■mnrlhing  attoul  the  times  of  leaf  developnient. 

One  expedltioD  wu  made  to  ntudy  tin-  sectiotiM 
ot  tmai  ttutt  bad  been  out  down.  We  winhcil  to 
6nd  n-bnthcr  tbe  li«>rt  is  ulwaji  in  tli<'  middle  of 
thi^  inw  or  not.  Wf  found  it  nlwnyi  nriimc  tho 
coidcet  and  windint  nunrtcr.  "  Te  see.  the  wiud 
blows  Um  wood  away  from  the  heart,"  a  criu- 
lenplatire  rustic  explained  :  thus  uncouBcluusly 
Ulwtniting  the  tendency  of  untenubli?  theory  to 
follow  in  llie  wake  of  obarrved  plienomrna.  With 
'RoBltoSrHnoiDMrot  Tht  Sirttt  Ontt. 


these  and  otiier  aimple  observallon*  our  UMle 
•ocietT  busied  itself,  and  pr<]e|)efed  for  KTeral 
yean.  At  one  time  there  were  on  my  deek  about 
a  hundred  cooooos  of  curiouH  fonn.  One  of  tbe 
Imya  had  found  what  be  oalUil '  pi-n-|Kxls  growing 
on  ft  lilao-buflh,'  and  broiiKlit  theee  cocoona  ftll 
Kftthered  from  one  tree,  Each  was  eadoeed  in  a 
lilac-leaf  curiously  folded  around  II.  At  tliat  time 
I  had  never  seen  a  coooon  yield  up  Its  imprisoned 
life.  One  day  our  scbool  was  visited  by  Mr. 
OeoTge  Waltou,  one  ot  Ibe  HusacbuseiU  board 
of  education.  It  so  happt-ned  that  while  be  was 
lititentnic  to  iu>inn  rccitatiun  or  otbur,  I  noticed 
one  of  the  pm-pods  nctiUK  in  a  uLtniigo  nuinnot. 
It  rolled  over  of  lie  own  accord. 

I  quietly  picked  it  up  ami  lianded  It  to  Mr. 
Watloii  without  a  word.  While  he  held  it  in  liia 
band,  there  wnerged  one  of  tboee  litautirLil  crea- 
lure-i  known  as  AtUietu  proBietbra.  It  hung 
down  from  tho  dry  cocoon  by  iln  roro-Iegs.  and 
ftlowly  i'^pnndod  ita  wondi-rfiil  win;^.  Nonp  of 
UH  hail  Ken  ihe  bumtiiigof  ■  chriMllH  bi'tori',  and 
we  were  all  deeply  inlen>Ri«d  and  di-Ilithted,  We 
lbe»  told  him  of  our  little  society,  and  showed  oiir 
other  tivaautvn.  U«  urged  us  to  tell  our  planx  h> 
frirndH  about  uk,  and  to  HbDW  them  our  speci- 
rnona.  So,  at  n  conrnntion  ol  tuadicrs  that  met 
noon  after.  I  Kave  a  short  acvxiunt  of  the  matter, 
nod,  opening  a  satchel,  covered  Ibe  table  uith 
specimens  wliieb  bad  been  gathered  and  prepared 
by  the  ohfldn:n.  The  thing  wemed  to  them  m 
IilruBiiiit  und  so  simple  und  ea£y  lo  do,  that  at 
the  <:Ui*e  of  the  meeting  ou  less  thnn  tidy  tcnchcn 
cniwdiNl  nrnund  tbe  Uible  to  exnniiiie  tbt>  bugs 
nnd  buturflini,  the  atones  and  wood*,  flowers, 
ferns,  nnd  grasses,  and  In  nsk  nil  snriA  of  iJTIMtlotu. 
Sfvcrnl  similar  and  corrcHixmding  aoclettee  were 
formed. 

About  the  same  time  there  appeared  in  the 
•Vein  Unf/taiut  Journal  of  ftucitlioti  a  short  article 
by  Couut  PourlAlei  <a  fonuer  pupil  ol  PrufeiNMM 
Agiu«iit)on  Ihe  Kubjeol of  school  ■cit'otiflcwiciptint. 
From  this  nrliclc  we  tlr»l  lenrnrd  of  the  Swiss 
socleliee  of  like  nature.  an<l  of  the  boys  nnd  K'rls 
who  wear  I>a<lge8  of  green  llr  and  go  togelhet 
for  frequent  field  and  forest  excursions.  Thus 
gradually  grew  (be  thought  of  extending  to  otiieni 
what  hod  proT«d  so  pleaaant  to  ountflvni :  nnd  na 
Ihe  SI.  yUAoku  nagaant  bad  nrganiu-d,  and  for 
a  time  maintained,  a aodrtj  called  -The  bird-de- 
fenders.' it  was  nntural  to  apply  to  Ihnt  magnzine 
for  spaci^  In  which  lo  print    an    iniitatimi    to 


•94 


SCIEXCK, 


[Vol.  IX.,  No.  B09 ' 


kll  wbo  nilglit  bet  inUrwted  to  JoJo  hb  In  our 
work.  Tills  request  w«ti  grantMl.  and  Ibe  in- 
vitation sppeopwl  iix  yean  ago,  and  was  widel; 
acce|it«(l. 

The  word  ■  amociation '  wna  vhooen  iiul««ul  of 
'■ooictjr'  from  nn  imprcMion,  pothnps  Dot  mttie- 
Ij  vwll  fotind«<d.  that  tbnt  word  could  1»  taken  to 
mean  '  a  union  of  8ocJirtir«,'  junt  ac  aocklT  m«aiM 
'  a  union  of  individuals.*  And  our  firat  plan  was 
to  have  these  local  societies  entirely  iudep«ud«ot 
ol  oni-  nnolher,  PKcept  iu  the  );<-ueraI  uanie  nnd  in 
the  )iuqH)ge  i>f  aluHf  tnt;  nuturi'.  Ai  that  tluie  no 
conientiom  were  thought  of,  HKscniMies  were  not 
In  mind,  coiir.tes  of  rtudy  hnd  nol  been  contem- 
plated, a  liad^e  was  not  desipw''*  nor  had  tee 
euppo»ed  It  possible  that  thorough  Hrientilic  vroik 
could  be  systematically  done  l>.v  maii;  of  the  c-hap- 
len,  if  at  all. 

Wn  choae  the  luimc  '  Agns'iii:'  liecnusn  it  wnn 
linen  uppermost  in  mind.  His  then  recent  death 
WHK  freshintlie  hearts  of  the  nation  ;  and  his  birth 
in  SwitBerlBod,  where  n  similar  organlxaliuu  was 
said  to  exist,  rendered  it  efpecially  approprinle. 
The  choice  was  wiser  than  we  knew.  No  nm- 
can  rend  Mrs.  Aj-assiK's  life  of  hiT  btmbond  with- 
out frclinK  that  no  name  (-ould  bettor  sUmuInt**  an 
lo  faithful  work. 

Havinx  Ihiw  >irIoet«i  thn  name,  a  letter  was 
sent  to  Prof.  Alexnniler  AksssIx,  ashinK  per- 
mlBsioii  publicly  to  adopt  It.  Profe-sor  Agassii 
replied  Ibnt  he  cordially  a^aeiita  that  thin  vpry 
lilcnennt  and  uwfiil  plan  for  children  be  cnlln)  tbe 
AgasMz  amooiation,  nnd  that  we  huce  bin  hmny 
good  wishes  (or  it*  hucccsk. 

The  societies  lliat  joined  lis  during  the  flret  year 
or  two  of  our  existence,  when  our  plans  wrre  hIUI 
uncvrtain  and  our  methodd  comparatively  crude, 
rplain  tn  many  casni  the  nutiun  that  the  Agnnslx 
amocinlion  to-dny  U  the  same  loose  orgnnixntion 
It  was  at  fltiil,  —  nn  aggregntion  of  local  societies 
united  only  In  name,  atlooed  lo  drift  hither  and 
thither  without  direction  or  asBlflaiice.  But  ibe 
ntKMTSiity  for  careful  i>U|M^rvisiun  and  guiilaucv  liiia 
grown  mort>  and  more  uppan-nt.  \Vi?  huve  Ixtrn 
constantly  liesiegnl  with  n-ijucHtit  for  'lyntcmntic 
couraM  of  study,'  elalioratc  plann  of  work,  per- 
•onal  counBoI  and  adno*.  Couraes  of  study  hare 
accordingly  been  add»d,  plans  of  work  sketched, 
and  a  regular  system  of -reports  established.  Thu 
condEtioiiB  of  adrulssion  have  been  defined,  and, 
in  sliorl,  mom  hosiiicM-liki-  m<rtbO(Li  adupti.'d,  iin- 
lil  we  now  retwmble  rather  an  «slendod  sohool 
with  numerDUB  olasses  tlinn  an  ordinary  sodetj. 

Wliat.  then,  Is  the  Agaisix  amoclatlon  at  It  s)). 
pears  lo.day!  And  what  claims  has  It  upon  the 
Intereet  of  the  public  1  It  ia  a  union  uf  S»a  local 
aooiMicD,  rncb  nunilwring  from  \  to  130  mcmlx-rv. 


of  all  ag«s  from  4  to  $1.  Our  total  m«mbenlilp 
la  above  ten  thousand.  We  are  disiiibuted  in  all 
the  states  and  territorie*  with  very  few  eicep- 
tiuiis,  and  have  xtrong  bronch  socirtini  and  active 
meinbcn  In  Canada,  England,  Irvland.  Scotland, 
Chili.  Jn|)im,  and  Penda. 

Thi-  986  local  socioitiw  are  known  as  •  chapter*.* 
They  take  their  names  from  the  towns  where  ihfy 
nre  etitabll-hed,  and  are  further  di>>tinguished  by 
the  letters  of  the  alphabet.  Tim*  thu  lirst  chap- 
ter established  here  wub  called  New  York  (A); 
the  second.  New  York  (B) ;  and  so  on. 

I  may  mention  four  dilfcrrni  »oits  of  chapter*. 
PiraE,  family  cliaptrrs.  The  parenis  and  children  of 
a  single  family  unite  for  Joint  study  anil  researcli. 
(_^lLnplers  or  this  liurt  are  especially  desirable,  and 
|iTov«  almost  uniformly  iwrmauettt.  Chapterv  of 
another  sort  ore  found  In  schools.  T1i«re  aiv 
many  teachers  able  and  willing  lo  givo  their 
Hirength  nnd  time,  bejond  the  exacting  requjre- 
menls  of  their  contracts,  to  the  cnooiiragement 
and  aeeistanc*  of  their  pupils.  Under  tb«  foster- 
ing rare  of  such  men  and  women,  the  hnppleel  re- 
sults luive  been  accompliihed.  Not  the  least  ini- 
portikut  result  is  seen  in  Ibe  pit-atiant  pergonal  rda- 
lions  thu»  established  between  teacbi-r  and  pupil. 
Chapters  of  a  tliir>l  kind  are  organitc<l  and  con- 
ducted entirely  by  young  perwms.  A  company  of 
girls  or  bo.i'S  meet  together,  and  deci<l«  to  form  a 
brnncb  of  the  A-  A.  They  elect  their  offioers, 
draft  their  rules  and  by-laws,  engage  their 
rooms,  build  their  cabinets,  make  their  collec- 
tions, prosecute  tlieir  studies ;  and,  if  I  needed  to 
awaken  interest  or  arouse  enthusiasm,  1  should 
have  only  to  kIiow  wluit  our  girls  and  boys  have 
done  even  when  unaidrd  and  alone.  They  have 
made  li«ti>  of  all  the  Huwers  that  grow  about  tliein, 
and  of  all  the  birds  that  fly  over  their  beada. 
They  have  published  ]in|iei8.  started  mtUH-unw, 
foundt^d  libraries.  In  doing  this  they  lutve  mas- 
tered llie  laws  of  parliamentary  debnto ;  ba*« 
learned  to  observe  uith  accuracy,  to  write  with 
lliioncy,  tonpcisk  with  power;  and,  after  working 
thus  (or  a  few  yi'nr«,  many  of  lliem  have  pushed 
themselves  Into  iirhoolH  and  cullet-es  and  labora- 
tories of  the  higlieAt  gmdc,  and  arc  now  complet- 
ing their  self-appololed  preparation  for  lives  of 
commanding  intelligence  and  cheerful  service. 
Finally  I  will  loeatiou  chapLets  of  adults.  In  In- 
CTeaaiiig  nnmben.  men  and  women  of  niature 
years,  feeling  the  ticod  of  thnt  ncieiitilic  training 
which  the  schools  of  their  childhood  fulled  to 
give,  are  organising  societies  joining  thi-ir  Influ- 
ence to  our  aoiociatlon,  and  receiving  in  return 
the  benelita  coaiing  from  uulied  endeavor  and 
from  entbusiuelic  devotion  to  a  common  cause. 
But,  •xcelleiit  as  tbu  work  of  all  Ihew  cbapt«ra  is, 


I 


I 


JUOUT  W.  1007.1 


SCIENCE. 


95 


\ 


wfl  have  fonml  mtoo  n«cd«d  work  beyond  their  ii>- 
liivMiMl  ■lUinmvnt.  A  geBeral  conivntton,  Tor 
example.  coaM  hardly  be  received  and  cared  for 
bf  a  single  chBp1«-r :  nor  could  a  wid«  ranice  «I  lo- 
cal obaerrMloDi  be  propvrlj  collattd  and  <liai-ii6Hed 
by  the  inhabiUnte  nf  n  nitiglp  town.  Ii  lias  tbi-rv- 
ton  bmrn  dM-mrd  winn  to  bring  about  the  union 
of  bJI  tlte  ohapmr*  of  n  cHjr  or  n  ^tate  iolo  mori) 
esl^wled  ontaniutlonit  than  the  ungle  chapter. 
Tlicae  oMifederationa  of  chapters  are  called  -w- 
sevibUa : '  the  two  mo«t  protnineot  at  present  be- 
ing the  Philadelpliia  aasemblr.  and  the  State 
uaemblr  of  lovra. 

BtBbracing  all  the  little  ohnplcn,  binding  into  . 
OfM  tb«  larger  and  loatv  powerful  onc'mbliM,  and 
makinic  room  nlvn  for  individuals  tvlim  obnpIi-r>i 
cannot  well  be  formed,  in  our  Ajcniwir  nmncinlion. 
There  are  OM  cbapters,  aboat  0  actual  and  40  po- 
tMttial  aasembltea.  but  onl^  one  asKictatioii.  And 
th«  inUiM.-nc<-  and  iin)«)>crti,v  of  t«ch  sMecnbly  can 
be  incr«<u>(:<l  and  jierpfluiilt'd  by  nprpudiiig  overy- 
lehwv  »■*•  go  A  knowledgj!  of  inir  lijcnl  work  nol 
only,  and  of  our  lornt  orgnniuition.  but  alao,  and 
«««n  with  more  emphanio,  n  knowledice  of  our  en- 
tire aModal^on.  witli  Its  broader  nteiaberablp  and 
its  rftnher-rem:hinK  ainH. 

Our  ABiociation  in  not  by  any  meaua  great  or 
powerful.  Aa  ret  it  in  young,  it  in  ignorant,  it  la 
treak.  We  hnv«  n»  ocoaaion  for  vain-glory.  Yi?t, 
OB  the  other  hand,  whilo  we  have  no  excuse  for 
vanity,  neither  need  we  feel  rexatlnn  of  spirit. 
Our  purpo«e«  are  good,  our  uiethods  right.  In 
■pile  of  oor  feebleneM,  in  the  face  of  our  igno- 
mov,  ctithx  har«  lie«n  indulgtrnt.  iind  «'(•  have 
bMO  n>or«  ODCOuntKed  nml  prniK^I  for  what  we 
have  tried  to  do  ihan  derided  for  our  failnrea  or 
censured  for  onr  taultH.  Sci^oitiRc  men  of  hlKh«vt 
repute,  men  like  Ramsay  of  England.  an<l  mvn 
like  Agaaalz,  Hyatt,  Wlnchell,  Reon»eiH.  Uould. 
Oilman,  and  Seudder  of  America,  have  «it«ukid 
to  na  the  hand  of  noognition. 

The  prvA  ban  almost  always  been  indulgent ; 
and,  allhough  we  have  often  i-xpc^ed  nuraelm  to 
fair  attikck*  of  Mtirr.  our  real  drairr  to  do  honest 
work  has  aomehow  turned  the  most  caustic  pen  to 
kindness. 

In  speaking  of  our  helpem.  I  sbotild  be  unjuirt 
if  I  failed  to  m«'ntion  rvilh  n-neuiwl  gratitude  and 
tioncv  Ihn  large  number  of  ncinntiota  who  hav« 
volmtanlr  devoted  th«ir  valuable  time  to  ibe 
ohetrful  and  patient  asaiaUince  of  our  needs.  More 
than  fifty  gentlemen  reprveeiiting  all  deportmenta 
of  *cienc«  bold  tlieniaelves  always  ready  to  an- 
*wer  the  qneationa  that  pusrle  ua.  Thanks  to 
their  b«n«!Toience,  the  boy  who  live*  in  the  r^ 
moteat  and  unnlleat  Tillage  can  send  his  bit  of 
stone  or  hie  carious  beetle  lo  one  of  tbeae  men. 


and  learn  its  name  and  hiftorr,  and.  belter  still, 
be  taught  how  be  may  beat  study  by  himaelf  its 
■iracture  and  ila  history.  Some  of  theae  profta- 
sora  hare  ev«>  volunteered  to  conduct  ooarsM  of 
rtudy  in  various  hrancho.  We  ha»e  had  i-outm*  in 
borany,  entomology,  and  miinrraluity.  TIk-  counte 
tn  mineralogy  recently  finiahed  by  Profnuor  Croaby 
of  Boston  tias  been  especially  sucorwfal.  One 
huiidreil  and  forty-four  chapters  or  Indlrldnals 
took  this  couiw.  and  completed  it  not  only  to  our 
•ntbraction.  but  to  our  surprise  and  delight. 

It  •eeraN  at  linil  thought  diflicuU.  if  not  impoa- 
sible,  toKiiggeKt  nnygencnti  )>rinciple  of  study  that 
can  apply  to  the  whole  oRioriDtiiiii,  for  it  Is  com- 
posed of  element*"  no  diverge. 

We  are  of  all  ages,  of  varying  capaciliea  and 
diffpriiig  deviine.  living  in  places  widely  distant 
nnd  Htraoi^ly  different.  Rome  of  us  pick  our  ri(K 
Iclo  in  June,  others  in  Janoaty. 

But  there  ia  n  common  ground  on  wbirh  nil 
«tand,  —  Invo  for  nature,  and  desire  to  lenrn.  And 
there  is  one  principle  that  nnd«n-lie*  and  deter- 
mioM  the  methods  of  our  study.  It  b  this :  Na- 
ture must  be  studied  from  ber  own  book. 

While,  tbi-refote,  we  do  not  underralue  tba 
printed  rvcord*  of  Others'  work,  and  while  we 
ever  recognize  in  printed  hooks  and  papen>  nrces* 
sary  and  eherJBhod  guide*,  yet  we  believe  that  our 
flntbuslneflslstomeetNatiirefscetoface.  There- 
fan  we  leave  the  conAnea  of  the  library  and 
school,  and  go  out  under  tlie  open  sky.  —  into  the 
forest,  and  along  the  strenm. 

Forj[etting  tlieory  and  iiEelo^  wrsnglins,  it  18 
our  purpose  to  see  Milnga  as  they  are.  and  to  re- 
cord them  as  we  see  them.  It  is  the  biislneH  of 
the  AgosaUi  association  to  live  for  the  truUi. 

Many  of  those  who  Arst  Joined  our  rank«  are 
growing  out  of  childhood  into  manhood  and  wo- 
manhood. Many  adult  chapten,  too,  ore  forming; 
and  perhaps  lo-day  one-qnarter  of  our  total  mem- 
bership  may  be  over  twenty  ycnn  of  age.  What 
can  we  do  for  this  increasing  claacy  In  the  Hret 
place,  we  can  give  them  the  opportunity  to  help 
the  younger,  even  as  tbey  themsehee  hare  bees 
helped  white  young.  It  is  to  them,  the  sdentlite 
of  tlio  futun?.  that  «■*  must  soon  look  for  special 
help,  instruction,  and  guidance.  Meanwiiilc  wo 
need  them  still  among  u*  to  encourage  us  by  tbeir 
example,  and  to  Bid  ns  by  their  work.  And  we 
want  to  help  them  too.  We  must  provide  higher 
courses  of  study, —discover  the  heel  hooks  for 
Btudeots  mere  advanced,  and  help  those  who  need 
it  to  secure  the  beBt  instructjon,  I  was  greatly 
pleased  this  summer,  while  resting  !>>■  the  sea,  to 
find  in  the  laboratory  at  Anuisquam,  among  the 
Iwenty-flre  earnest  workers  who  were  bending 
day  after  day,  and  night  after  night,  over  the 


96 


BomircE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No.  908 


diiMvting-Uihld  and  Iho  microwopc,  no  kwi  than 
»PTfln  mon  and  nnntcn  wlio  either  are  or  hnvp 
bMn  iDPiDbors  of  the  AxadciiK  awnclallon.  Here 
la  tbe  moral  of  it:  joulbful  obflervalion  oS  na- 
ture, wjaelj-  ilirevieij,  (cruwa  into  miuil;  and 
woDiuiily  coDtrcmlion  to  rckiKut. 

Now,  one  thing  our  OKiociAtion  ouglit  to  do  in 
tbo  nrar  rnture  Is  to  secatvconlrol  of  one  or  more 
tabkt  Id  this  and  other  tlioroii^lily  ei]Dip|i«d  lah- 
OlVtOliefl,  an<l  plac(>  tbiMu  ,ve«ir  b>'  year  freely  at 
the  disposal  of  HUi'h  of  uur  uutulnr  an  may  sbuw 
tbemwlnw  worthy.  May  we  not  in  tioiu  hope  to 
eatoldiah  licre  and  there  laborutoriis  at  uiir  own. 
mnmuMl  by  our  «nn  {iroftumirt  1 

W«  w1»h  also  to  mtabhsh  coiinw«  of  utiidy  with 
greater  r«if(u1arlty,  and  of  wider  ran^.  1  should 
like  to  see  a  yearly  oorreBpondeDc*  course  In  eacli 
of  the  branches  of  natural  sclrace,  conducted  by 
the  be«t  teachera  of  Ajii«rica.  I  should  wUh  tli<«e 
ooursea.  H|)«-'imttiH  included,  to  In-  aliaolutely  tree : 
■nd  1  iiboiild  niiih  the  men  who  Rtve  them  well 
paid  for  thrtr  IJnic  and  wiirk. 

At  present,  an  wo  depend  entirely  upon  volun- 
teer*>  our  courtee.  thiiuKb  frequent,  arv  ralbf-r 
deeultory,  and  accumiwnled  with  nomv  slight  ex- 
pense for  epeoiaietis  and  printing.  To  ila  all  wi- 
hop4i  to  do  will  coat  much  money,  and  the  tnoney 
miut  bo  rained.  The  Agiu-iii!  ni»ncintion  muHl  V 
endowed,  and  tbc  money  will  come,  a*  time  and 
devoted  labor  have  long  since  come.  There  are 
plenty  [>f  wealthy  men  and  women  ready  to  girv 
money  an  (oon  as  we  cnn  prove  tliat  it  dad  be  given 
rafely,  worthily,  and  well.  Nnw,  here  we  have  a 
school  of  more  than  ten  thouimnd  pupils,  coodned 
to  DO  one  city,  no  one  slate,  no  one  denomination. 
We  baveaoor|je  of  llfty  volunteer  instructors.  W« 
need  no  eniieiisive  bulldlnits.  And  ir  we  find  that 
in  order  to  meet  llie  needs  of  our  maturing  mem- 
benhip  wu  need  a  fund  uf  ten  or  twenty  or  tiriy 
thousand  doHara.  wlioae income  ilmll  l>c  applied  to 
giving  worthy  youn(,'  men  nnd  wnmcn  a  chance 
to  work  under  compt'tent  instruction.  I  liave  faith 
to  believe  that  some  man  wUI  Im  found  derji 
cDoucb  in  pocket,  and  brood  enough  in  heart,  lo 
endow  the  Agaaslz  awodatlon  as  he  might  n 
collegiate  chair  or  a  private  school.  Let  eaob 
chapter  and  e«cli  uemW  be  like  Diogenes,  ever 
poMing  about  with  lighted  hint«m  t<i  find  tlils 
man. 

But  we  nood  not  wait  for  that.  There  is  enough 
we  can  do  unaided  ;  and,  indeed,  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  tubor  vokmtarlly  ezpeoded  by  boys  and 
girls  iu  building  their  own  cabiaeta,  and  by  girls 
in  decorating  nndcikring  for  thrir aweiaMy-roocu, 
la  the  cautn  of  the  tniest  satisfaction  aod  enjoy* 
ment,  and  is  also  productive  of  the  greaKst  intt^r- 
eat  la  the  wclgbtioc  oullen  of  scieaiilic  atudy. 


croaoopafl 


Tou  can  noe  most  cbarly  tliroogh  a  mici 
that  you  have  worked  and  waited  for. 

If  theendDwmentoniiht  tocnoie,  itwlllconwln 
due  time  :  but  in  the  mean  while  let  each  conlinne 
todo  his  best  wheiebe  bappcrusto  be.  Tbe  way  to 
bet[i  the  whole  ositodation  is  to  give  your  beat  at- 
tention to  your  individuid  work.  Let  tlx!  little 
onoN  gather  tboir  pi<Uhleii  nnd  their  flowcrn.  I^t 
the  elder  look  more  cinsely  into  the  structure  nnd 
the  habits  ot  bird,  or  beast,  or  plant.  Let  u'  all 
be  always  Urlng  for  the  (ruth,  and  striving  to 
read  in  ex-ery  leaf  of  Nature's  book  her  lewwia  of 
fsitli.  lier  li"Hion  of  hupe.  her  leeoon  of  Iot«, 

Admirably  Imx  one  of  our  Iowa  chaptMa  united 
H-icnco  and  humanity.  Organiiod  as  a  society  of 
M-ienlific  workers,  U  lias  made  llself  also  a  bond 
of  mevcy.  It  has  proved,  that,  although  llie  eye 
of  Science  In  keen.  Iier  heart  need  not  be  coUl,  and 
that  her  hand,  however  cunning,  may  yet  be  kind. 
Two  kindred  spirits  were  Agaadz  and  Audubcm  ; 
nnd  very  many  who.  with  us,  have  enrolled  (hem- 
srlvra  under  tlie  name  ■  Agassix,'  have  aUo  joined 
the  Audiition  society,  while  many  others  are 
learning  —  regarding  birds  not  only.  t>ut  et  erj  liv- 
ing thin>;  —  never  needlessly  to  hurt  or  to  deotroy. 

But  AgamiE  was  nut  unly  niercjfnl :  he  was  de- 
vout. Befont  uiH-ning  hb  famous  school  at  Peni> 
ketN-,  he  Uiwe'l  his  bend  in  >ilnnt  prnypT  ;  and,  as 
the  tK'cnn-brcww  genlly  lifted  his  wlijtening  locks, 
every  head  was  bowed  with  reverence,  and  It 
seemed  as  though  tlie  Spirit  of  (io<I  were  xhtsn. 
We  therefore  beg  our  memburs,  ax  they  walk 
through  this  fair  gnrden  of  the  Lord  (and  this 
thought  I  eciio  from  the  lips  of  Dr.  Parktiurst>. 
not  to  let  tlie  beauty  o(  the  creation  hide  from 
them  tlie  face  of  tbe  Creator,  We  do  not  believn 
that  faith  is  inoousistent  with  intelligence,  hope 
at  lariance  with  knowledge,  or  kive  opposed  t" 
science.  "The  garden  of  the  Lord  should  not  S 
cimcnid  the  Ixird  of  the  garden."  Let  us  study  ■ 
witli  the  eye  not  only,  but  with  ibe  heart ;  and 
may  we  all  be  lifted  to  a  sweet  cunsdousntBa  at 
Nature's  roi nisi  rations,  the  beauty  of  ber  handi- 
work, tbe  music  of  her  singing,  and  tbe  leniter- 
nesB  of  her  love.  HarU-S  U.  Bu.iA]ti>. 


i 

I 
I 


A  CRITICfSM  OF  PASTEUR. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Pnria  academy  of  medi- 
cine, Jan,  4,  Professor  Petsr,  the  well-known  an- 
tagonist of  Pasteur's  theory,  read  a  paper  oonura- 
tng  a  case  of  death  by  hydrophobia  after  preveo- 
tive  inoculations. 

!l  seems  that  a  cart-driver  by  the  name  of  R*- 
veiliac  was  bitten  in  the  finger  some  lime  since  by 
a  mad  dog.    Twentr-tour  hours  after  the  accident    ■ 
the  w«und  was  cauterized ;  and  the  nex^day,  fbl-     ™ 


UirvAMT  as,  1687.1 


SCIEJ^CE. 


»7 


I 


knriag  Uw  adTlce  of  some  friends,  tbe  num  went 
to  IhaWiur  to  be  mitiuiitti^d  lu  liU  treatment  nc- 
oordlog  to  lh«  BI9W  inetlioil,  which  w&s  explalncil 
la  a  rewBt  '  Paris  letl«r'  to  Scienet.  Klnttora 
pngnMcd  faroratil;  till  Iho  13th  ot  Decrniber 
(tbv  Bcriiirnt  wiu  cnrlr  in  NovrnibtrJ.  On  thut 
iJaj  R«v<'illnc  f«lt  pain,  M  lJri>t  alight  and  aft«r- 
wmnb  larm  rnsvun,  in  tb«  points  where  tho  inu(!u> 
laHdos  baid  heen  made,  white  no  paio  waa  felt  iu 
Uh  bitt«a  llii]$vr.  Thb  Important  point  waH  twti- 
(M  toby  Ui«  patient  hliunelf  nod  bj  the  peraont 
who  llv«i)  with  him,  and  it  baa  been  earroborat«»I 
after  carefnl  inrtsliftation. 

Poltowjng  thin  pain  wtro  olbcr  oj-niptoma, 
prominent  nmoDK  which  waa  a  g«nrnJ  frrling  of 
rratlcKoms  and  ftieat  wealiciras.  The  wwiknraii 
wai  ««  Kivat,  even  on  the  llret  du.v,  thai  the 
patient,  on  being  advised  to  visit  I'luii-itr  und  ask 
fur  relief,  amwnvd  that  he  wihIu'iI  to,  but  fpit 
uttcrl}-  anabte  lodo  to.  Thesecond  da;  tho  wenk- 
OMM  incmiaed,  and  the  patient  i:oul<l  hatdlf  eai> 
He  died  on  tlie  10th  of  December.  During  the 
tut  two  days  of  the  Ulneu,  Iht-  atl«ijdi;is  phifsU 
ciana  witncMwl  symptom*  in  the  throat  of  an  iin- 
poMiWiil;  of  swallowins  lii)tiid>i.  Thtrrr  wct«  no 
eonvulnioas,  but  only  wealtncw  and  paralj-sis. 

Profmor  Polec  csUmI  attention  lo  the  facts, 
flnt,  tliat  lite  premonitory  pain  waa  not  in  tbe 
ttniter  where  the  orl|;inul  poison  had  mter«d,lnit 
at  the  poinbi  wImtq  the  inociilatiooa  bad  been 
mad*  ;  sroODd.  Ibat  the  other  ayuiploiiis  had  nul 
tiecn  iboM>of  ooinmon  rabieti.but  of  experiiueatal 
hfdrophafalftt  lastewl  of  oonvulsionx,  paralyiia 
waa  tl>e  principal  •ymptum. 

A  diacuNdon  fuJlownl  the  remltug  of  the  papnr, 
and  tbe  objivtions  wrrv  miulc  tliat  it  was  by  no 
aumnn  crrtain  that  Rvi'oiUac  had  died  from  rafal«t. 
that  paralytic  rabies  la  vevy  rare  atnung  iu»n,  and 
that  iiuinygjmptomaQttlMtdiBeiUM  were  wanting. 
Profeaaor  Petn'actJttcism  is,  howen-r.  int<-milinR, 
and  ia  likely  to  attract  utt«ation.  It  in  iinforlu- 
nate.  however,  that  we  hiiv<i  no  ci-rtnin  [iroot  that 
R^eillac  died  from  tlu>  inociilatiou'.  1(  i-ure  hud 
bc«n  lahm  to  Jnoculata  anlmola  frum  the  tisHuea 
likely  lo  be  tnoal  alTected  in  the  patinit,  we  aliould 
Imvc  bad  a  better  baaia  for  deciding  nn  the  mcnta 


M      Tub. 


THE  RVBY-mSES  OF  BVHMAH. 

For  aoQie  titiMi  paat  a  considerable  tbare  of 
Bnropeui  political  aad  military  interest  haa 
oantnd  In  touth-«actem  Asia.  The  fact  that  in  at 
ImM  oae  of  the  COunUies  of  that  region.  Burmali. 
(raokxia  ctOOM  aro  reputed  to  be  found  in  |,ieut 
qaralitlea,  will  a(tm~t  attention  of  a  diffenml 
Older.     In  iriew  of  the  raport  that  British  troops 


wcro  about  to  take  poownsion  of  III*  Burmcae 
riiby--mtnn<,  n  cormipondnnt  of  tbe  Lon<loa  Time* 
bns  fnrnished  tl>al  jotiraal  with  a  itrsoription  of 
them  and  an  estimolc  of  ibeir  i>rolial>le  ralue. 

It  «eema  that  mo*t  of  our  infoinmtion  coaoen^ 
iug  these  sniaee  coqmv  In  a  awro  or  lem  unendTd 
form,  from  tbe  aocouut  of  Tavemier.  — informa- 
tion of  two  bnndivd  yeara  ago.  to  be  eur«,  bat 
still  the  basis  of  all  aubaequant  necounta.  He 
deacnbciK  the  place  where  the  rublca  are  obtained 
as  "a  mountain  iwelre  daya'  journey  or  then)* 
abouta  from  Slreu  (i.e.,  SIriam)  toward* tbe  nofth- 
eaat,  and  it  is  called  Capelan  {i.e.,  Kyat-pyen).  It 
is  the  mine  whence  is  obtained  the  gnaieei  qiuui- 
lity  of  rubies  npineilro,  or  motben  of  rubles,  yel- 
low topazM,  blue  and  white  aapphirva,  hyacintbN. 
amethysts,  and  oilier  stonea  of  different  coloura. 
.  .  .  Siren  is  the  name  of  the  city  wher«  the  King 
of  Pegu  resides,  and  Ava  ia  tbe  port  of  tbe  king- 
dom. From  Ava  to  Siren  you  aaoend  the  river  la 
large  Bat  bgais.  and  it  i*  a  voyage  of  about  aix- 
teeo  daye.  Yon  cannot  travel  by  land  on  account 
of  the  foreeta.  which  abound  with  lions,  tlfien, 
and  elepbiinta.  It  is  one  of  tbe  pooreat  countries 
in  the  wmid :  nothing  oomca  fruin  it  but  rubieo, 
and  even  thev  are  not  ao  abnodaDt  a*  ii  generally 
believed,  seeing  that  the  value  doea  act  eJtocod 
100.000  cniwiu  per  unnuin.  Among  the  nulti- 
tuile  of  these  eIoiu*  .vou  would  (ind  it  dilttcult  to 
luec t  wiib  on«  of  icood  quality,  weighing  three  or 
foiu  i-arats,  because  the  king  doee  not  allow  nny 
to  be  fT'mi>vcd  till  they  have  been  aeen  by  him, and 
be  retains  all  the  good  ones  which  he  tliide  among 

tlMOI." 

Two  otlier  antlioritics,  men  who  have  visiied 
thwe  mitie«  during  this  century,  are  Father 
U'Auiato,  who  aaw  (he  iuine»  about  IBSO,  and  a 
Mr.  Brvdemeyer,  who  waa  ia  charge  of  minee  in 
the  vicinity  uliout  IMS. 

Father  D'Amntfl's  account  is  that  Kyat-pyeo  Is 
situated  about  «eventy  milm  to  thu  Hortli-rmrt  of 
Huu'Jaluy.  Tlio  gem -gravel  occnrring  there  waa 
reachL-d  by  piw  of  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  lo 
depth :  but  extensive  working,  uwiug  lo  the  In- 
flux of  water,  was  impuBiibto  with  the  primitive 
methods  followed  by  tbe  miner*.  BesidM  rulHC*, 
saiiphlrea,  topa;:,  and  oriental  ememtda  were  alao 
found,  out!  Bpinvllea  were  abundant.  All  stone* 
abore  a  certain  weight  became  tbe  property  of 
the  king,  provided  tliey  went  not  stolen  and 
smuggled  away.  PacUiliea  for  Ihia  wore,  how 
erer,  afforded  by  the  viaita  paid  to  tbe  mince  an- 
nually by  merdiaDta  from  Clilna  and  Taitary. 

Still  mora  recent  visitors  to  Uandalay  have 
found  that  the  majority  of  tho  rubies  found  are 
lees  than  a  quarter  of  a  carat  in  wcighi.  and  the 
larger   ooea   ai«   flennratly    flawed,     Sapphiree, 


98 


SCIEKCE. 


[Vol.  n...  No. 


tbongb  rar«,  sra  nccBston&lly  FouikI  of  from  nine 
to  thirteen  carats  In  ivelgbt  and  wilbout  fU«-. 
The  revenue  from  the«e  miii«<i,  which  has  t* on  n 
rej-al  monopoly.  •uiminUf)  in  IH.16  lonbnut  iilLpnn 
Ifaounnd  pimn<lH  slorlin;;  nnnunlly. 

Aa  tc  the  benefits  to  BC«nip  to  tho  neir  onueni. 
the  riniM  convKpondoRt  Is  sceptical.  He  Bays 
thnt  to  MUiKiiine  mlads  th«  prM|>ect  tnair  ajtpear 
tempting,  and  It  may  be  lliought  that  with  |)ro]>e4' 
mininK  appUanoeo.  and  under  BritiKh  numago- 
ment,  theae  niiuea  might  ln-«  tnndo  to  Yield  a  rich 
return.  It  may  provp  Ut  Ijh  W),  but  ■'  oxpcrienci- 
ill  India  and  Ceylnn  undi>r  more  favorable  cir- 
<!um8taticrs  oF  position  does  not  Juslifj  that  ooo- 
vht*iou." 


BRITISH  CENTBNARXANS. 

TliK  Briil»h  medical  aaaoclallon  awigned  to  uiio 
of  its  commilteed  the  task  of  liiqulrini;  into  th<i 
medical  liidlory  of  the  wry  nB*«i.  In  nniiwcr  to 
thoir  widely  dictribulod  drculan,  the;  have  re- 
cni*«id  a  Inrg*  number  of  records ;  and,  of  theoe, 
Hriy-two  caws  refer  to  penons  claimiof;  the  a^ 
or  one  hundred  years  or  over.  The  deiailifd  tiililt?* 
witli  regard  to  those  Hftytwo  (^entcnarinnit  are 
puhliMlu^  by  Profwuor  Humphrey.  F.R.S.,  in  n 
icupplemcnt  to  tlie  Britith  mrdtcat  journal  (Dec. 
II  and  35.  1880).  It  U  not  meant  tn  he  implied 
tliat  all  these  cnses  are  beyond  qiiettton  ;  in  only 
eleven  caies  (two  uiale4  and  nine  fumaltw)  vra>  the 
age  eonfirmed  by  buptivnud  or  other  nvnnU  ;  and 
in  the  rent  of  thn  ea»m  ime  cttn  sifcty  cny  thnt 
they  were  vrry,  vrry  old.  It  is  satliifftctory  to  And 
that  in  these  tablce  the  weli-hnowo  pride  of  lon- 
gevity and  love  of  exa^anteratlon  have  not  induced 
any  one  to  claim  so  high  an  age  as  110 1  108  and 
100  are  the  higlie*it  ages  ri-curded. 

Thirty-eis  of  these  ltriy-two*rewom''o  :  Ihisex- 
ecM  undoubtedly  indloatei  (hat  females  ore  mcire 
apt  to  reach  thes?  extrrmin  ii|^*  than  men  ;  but  it 
also  indicntes  that  females  areninre  apt  to  lay  claim 
to  extreme  longevity,  and  llie  ratio  of  'M  to  Ifl  must 
be  discounted  acciordingly.  The  average  ag«  of 
femaluM,  as  well  iw  of  males,  is  slightly  over  102 
yeers  ;  11  were  single  (of  these,  10  were  females), 
5  were  naairied,  and  HO  widowed-  The  arentge 
age  of  Ruurlage  for  the  men  was  81  yettis; 
for  the  women.  85  years.  The  average  dura- 
tion of  married  lite  for  the  former  was  or«r  M 
y<«n ;  for  the  latter,  over  8S  yean.  The  arer- 
s^te  number  of  children  waai  about  six  :  only  one 
male  and  one  female  had  nocbildren.  The  cente- 
narian hna  a  leodency  to  be  among  the  (irst-bom 
cJuMren  r  in  Ihirly^eight  returns  hia  average  posi- 
tion is  about  the  second  or  third  child,  and  in 
twelve  cases  is  be  the  tlret  (and  in  two  of  theee  the 
only)  cbUd.    Only  8  of  40  spent  their  Htm  In  nfllu- 


in™ 


I 


eoce :  28  were  in  comfortable  ulnrumstancee,  an4 
IS  were  poor.  The  returns  of  their  paaj  ooaditloB 
show  a  remarkable  imnnimity  as  regards  their 
iianlth  :  Ihey  ore  a  robust  race,  and  spore  as  op- 
posed to  stout.  They  are  not  subject  to  ailments, 
OS  a  rule,  and  show  some  temaikable  cases  of  re- 
covery in  old  age.  One  Itod  epilepsy  from  17  to 
TO  year» :  another  an  alxicets  connected  with  tlie 
spine,  a  stiff  knec^  from  injury  at  SO.  and  othi 
troubles :  a  third  had  acute  bronchitis  at  HK  :  and. 
a  fourth,  iMialyals  at  00. 

The  qualiliea  ma«t  frequently  menlio«ted  in 
these  lite-histories  are  a  good  family  hMoryt  « 
well-mode  frame  of  average  sltiture  ;  an  equftble 
development  of  all  the  organ»^.  including  espe- 
cially a  good  digestion,  ready  sleep,  keen  but  not' 
large  appetite ;  releotion  of  the  hair  and  Uvth ; 
and  tittle  uee  of  stimulants.  Their  habits,  on  the 
whole,  show  them  to  be,  as  a  class,  early  rlaen^ 
great  out-door  exercisen,  and  moderate  In  all  in' 
dulgenoes. 

The  avera^  height  of  the  males  is  S  feet  B( 
inebe;,  and  their  weight  138  pounds:  of  the 
females,  5  feet  3  Inehes,  and  their  weight  13ft 
pounds.  Tweuly-two  report  good  hearing,  and 
S4  good  sight,  or  3S,  38  use  glasses,  and  4  of  the 
olher  7  proliably  could  not  read.  Fourteen  de- 
scribe themaelves  as  placid  in  disposition,  8  aa 
irritable,  1 1  as  energetjr,  8  as  placid  and  energetics 
and  S  as  irritable  and  energetic.  Of  40,  SP  af« 
reported  as  powessingaverHgeiiitelligeiice,  S  have 
low  and  II  high  intellect;!,  Tlio  memory  for  re- 
cent events  is  good  in  36,  baci  in  6,  and  moderate 
in  7.  Simitar  flgures  fur  the  memory  for  past 
events  are  80,  4,  and  4,  showing  the  greater 
tenacity  of  early  associations.  One  "  remem- 
bera  and  will  quote  a  great  deal  of  the  Bible;" 
another  could  ■•  rej^at  about  one  hundred  Pulma 
corrui-tly,-  Of  45.  7  smoked  much,  of  which  4' 
were  women.  The  areragr  time  of  going  to 
bed  was  0  o'clock,  and  of  rising  8  o'clock. 
The  averajce  chest  girth  in  inspiration  was  86) 
inches  in  the  men,  nearly  ill  inches  for  the 
women;  in  expiration.  i)Gl  incties  and  SO  inches. 
The  slight  difTert'nces  indicate  a  weakening  of  the 
respiratory  activity.  The  average  pulse  is  75,  and 
the  respiration  24,  per  minute.  Of  42,  34  had  no 
teeth ;  among  87  case<i,  iliere  were  144  teeth,  of 
which  08  were  in  the  upper  jaw  (10  incbors.  8 
OBoinee,  and  80  molars),  and  81  in  the  lower  Jaw 
(33  incisors,  13  canioee,  and  40  molars).  Evidencea  ^ 
of  deliility  are,  of  oouree,  not  rare :  they  occur  in  fl 
hair  the  cases,  and  are  connected  with  the  heart 
in  two  oBMe.  with  the  heart  and  lungs  in  3,  heart 
and  urinary  organs  in  S.  with  the  lungs  in  3,  with 
the  brain  In  8,  brain  and  urinary  organs  tn  1, 
urinary  in  4. 


;4 


r 


JAntAUT  as.  1887] 


SCIKNCE, 


99 


THE  MELANBSlAN  RACES  AXD  LAN- 
QUAQES. 


Dr.  Hnnifibrej  conctudea  liia  coramraW  upon 
lh«»oaM««rith  tlie  hopeful  conslderailon  Ihnt  Hi* 
mult  of  U>«  invMiii^tiun  in  fauoillobeibat  "i)i«> 
ni«Bti«  DKwt  uitod  for  pmlonging  life  .  .  .  are  Uiv 
mrans  li««t  calciilat«<l  to  turn  it  (o  Kood  ttcoount 
Kod  to  make  ii  happy." 

r 

I  Soke  of  Ihe  most  prrpl^xlng  problena  of  »lh- 
tioVafj  are  eiK'ouiilered  iii  dvanicK.  A*  ia  wHI 
known,  thin  \b»  inland  worli).  slretching  «ast- 
irnrd  fram  aoutli-eutern  Aaia  far  Uito  th«  Paciflo 
nonan,  is  conmonly  diridrd  into  five  geographical 
provinces,  —  UalniNia.  or  iIm*  Kn^t  Imllan  an^hi. 
petago,  exWodlng  frotu  lli«Str«iUof  Halaccn  U> 
New  Odinea ;  Kelaneada.  comprisInK  New  Guinea 
and  Ibe  gnnipa  Mut  of  It  to  the  ttjl  Talands ; 
Pcdjssna,  including  the  iaianda  of  the  aoutliem 
KoA  eaatfTn  PaciB*^.  from  Ntrw  Ztniland  lo  tlio 
Uawailan  gronp ;  ftUcroni^ia,  the  mngc  of  nonl) 
i.ilfluda  in  the  North  Padlic,  ea«t  ot  the  Philippines; 
and  Auvlnilaaia.  cocDprlsinx  Australia  and  Taa- 
tiuuiia.  Thr  triliM  that  inhahit  the»e  turioua 
regioiM  Aittvt  in  idl  tli«  trailii  which  are  bup{kismI 
to  Indicate  diflinrtion  of  tncv.  Tlie  Hidnje  nic 
BhOTI.  wilh  lighl-lirown  compl<^xi(in,  strnighl  hlB<'k 
httir,  and  stnall  Siaiueae  features.  The  Potynmhins 

»Mte  tall,  of  cictu-  yelloir  hue.  with  vtSiiy  blaok 
bnir,  and  handionio,  almoiA  Europuan  countc- 
nancen.  Of  the  iwarthy  Melnnraiana,  *atav,  like 
tlur  Papnana,  are  tall,  with  prominent,  aqalline 
tmtum,  and  frixxicd  locks;  others,  like  the 
Negrito*  and  SamnngH,  are  sIktI,  with  wooll}'  or 
luftetl  hair.  Tlu^  Auiitrnliuim  mv  black  or  red- 
•liah  brown,  with  ufRToiil  frnturen  and  wbtjf  ur 
oriapy  hair  :  while  b»uIIi  of  tlipoi  the  now  ■■xtint-t 
Tumaniana  bod  similar  feature*  and  comploxion, 

■  wttli  co«uplrti-lj  woolly  liair.  'llie  qowtlon  to 
be  decided  I*.  Do  all  thctie  (ribea  belong  lo  one 
rvee,  or  to  two,  or  to  many?  EthiiulugiBta  of 
Ibe  higheM  ability  and  attainment*!  —  Crawford, 
Pritchard,  Huxley.  Wallace,  Lesaon.  Von  der 
Gabelf ntx.  Wfoehptt.  and  many  others  —  have 
Ukeci  part  in  the  ditcuaaion.  and  we  wttm  >•  far 
(rona  a  definite  cunduHioa  an  ever. 

Hie  bUeat  and  perhu|H  tti«  most  valuable  coo- 
Irfbtitiou  yet  maile  to  l\w  eriik'nce  on  this  subject 
to  Um>  coniprelientlve  and  prcitoun<l  work  ut  the 
ReT.  Dr.  Codrington  on  lite  Melancsian  languagtv. 
Tbe  matvrtHk  tor  the  work  were  gathered  during 
many  yeatH  of  loisBioiiar;'  labor  -pent  cliiefly  on 
Nurfotk  Island,  in   the  Mclikucaiiui  uiia»ion-«choo1 

JU  MttaatttMn  lanaaaoit.  Ur  IL  II.  ('oi>kl)lim)M,  Uiforcl, 
Clanm^Kpi..  Mi.    S*.    (Xit  Tuft,  Macioman.) 


of  the  Anglian  church.  AuMBHDTls  not  in* 
eluded  within  the  acope  o(  tlie  woik,  and  New 
GniDi'n  in  only  noticed  in  noine  incidenuil  nlln- 
t\oa» ;  hut  all  the  groufn  Ijing  pmI  of  tbni  Island, 
and  extending;  from  New  Ireland  southward  to 
New  Caledonia,  and  eastward  to  Rotuiua  and 
tite  liniita  of  Polyneaiu,  are  Illustrated  by  it. 
No  leiw  tlian  ihirty-fuur  languages  anil  dialtcta 
ore  carefully  docribed,  and  ore  oofnp«re(l  with 
one  another  and  with  the  idioma  of  M«lni)c»lA  and 
Folyneeta.  as  well  a*  with  the  language  of  Mada- 
gaacar,  which,  as  U  well  known,  belongs  to  tJie 
U Ala; o- Polynesian  family.  Dr.  Codrinclon  i«  nn 
Oxford  Hchulur,  vi-rsed  in  claBBical  siudu«,  and 
fault liur  nitli  the  iniMhodsand  reaullaof  |>hiUilogi- 
cnl  rviearrh.  To  a  ■tud<-nt  of  linguistic  sdence  it 
t»  no  unall  pleaaure  lo  peruae  a  work  in  which  th« 
laws  of  the  sclence.as  they  have  been  wroiiglit  out 
by  the  ableet  minds  in  the  aludy  of  the  Imlo-Eu- 
ropean  and  Semitic  tongues,  ate  appUrd  wiih  a 
happily  illuDiiiiating  elTrct  to  Ihi'  Inngunges  of 
thcM-  LnrhiirDUK  tribe*. 

The  timt  rrwlt  in  to  raiao  conndrrshly  our  optn* 
ion  of  tlie  quality  of  the  langungea,  and  cnir  enti> 
mate  of  the  intellect  of  thow  nho  speak  thent. 
The  author  finds  tliew  idtoms  remarkably  eopi- 
ou».  Of  Ibis  fact  he  gives  an  interettting  illuntra' 
tion  from  his  own  exprrieoce  with  one  of  llirm,  — 
that  of  the  iahtnd  of  Moui,  of  which  many  of  the 
pu|)ila  in  Iho  Niwfolk  Ulnnd  school  wure  luitlvee. 
"  After  some  twrive  ypore'  acqUBtntanoe  with  (lie 
language,  (alkinjf.  teaching,  and  translaling,"  Ii« 
writee,  "and  after  having  aoquired,  more  or  hnv 
correctly,  a  considerable  vocahulaty  of  Hota 
word*.  I  bvgan  lu  buy  words  thut  I  did  not  know 
nt  the  rate  of  ii  shilling  a  huudn.il  fri>in  the  scbol- 
ani  nt  Norfolk  iKlnnd.  I  IcftoR  wlicD  lists  of  ibree 
ihouMind  wor<U  unknown  to  me  had  come  In.  It 
is  certain  that  elder  nuttves  living  at  Mota  u»u 
many  words  linrdly  hnunn  to  tbuee  who  liaca 
gone  a«ay  from  their  own  island  lu  buys,  and 
tliat  the  boyn  hull  by  no  means  exhaunlod  tlieir 
■tnctc.  I  calvulatP.  therefore,  that  than  ww* 
probably  aa  many  wiirdu  Kltlt  lu  eontn  a*  would 
bring  u]i  my  vocabulary  to  at  least  six  thouaaod 
words.  Of  theee,  many,  of  cooree,  are  cttmpound 
and  derivative :  hut  tliey  are  distinct  wonb.  Thia 
cimci-ms  a  small  islanil,  with  lem  than  a  tliouannd 
inhabitants,  with  whom  European  intcrcourao 
heKO"  within  the  memory  of  tiring  nten."  This 
fiilnem,  it  should  he  added,  in  not  mm-lyin  iiainea 
of  objects  and  nctiona.  Purely  at»tract  temis  are 
common,  and  are  formed  by  a  srslem  o(  deriva- 
tion as  clear'aud  rej^lar  as  that  of  the  Oreek  vt 
the  Sanscrit.  Thui  fiom  foj^  ('to  aUde')*e  have 
togara  (-behatior')  and  togava  (*»taiion').  iVi>- 
nom  (' to  think 't  yields  nonomKi  ('thought ');and 


100 


SCIENCE. 


IX.,  Ha 


tapt('io  love")  l)(u  for  it«  nonn  lapeea  ('I«v•^. 
A«  Dr.  Codrington  rernarliB,  "tlip  presence  of  »1>- 
etnct  wnnls  like  these,  snion^  peojile  ot  whom  it 
Ib  uiM  ■that  tlitif  are  unable  to  t^oncdve  an  ab- 
stract Idpa,'  M  woithj  of  notice." 

A  uo  Im"  importAnt  rrmilt  brought  out  by  (tiia 
work  i»  the  clenr  proof  it  prramt*  that  nil  th<w 
iBBguogai  aro  nearly  allifd.  nnri  that  tlioy  all  b^ 
lonjt  to  the  Matay<>PoIyiie»laii  family.  Of  ibis 
fact,  no  one  who  I'zutuiuui  the  excellent  coiupars- 
tiT«  grammar  and  thci>xteD«ivi>voc:ibLiliirl<--s  given 
in  Ma  volntno  cAti  vailrrtain  a  doubt.  TIiu  quri- 
tion  at  once  arise*.  How  ahall  wi>  rxplnJn  thi*  Kin- 
Kular  connection  of  «pe«cli  licrln-een  tribes  Aq  widely 
dilTerent  in  pbyaical  traits? 

nme  *xpl«nntiiiiiB  hiive  btt-n  <i(rt'red.  The  finrt 
iiippOtCO  that  nil  these  ielands  were  uri(;innll.v  oo 
cofded  by  one  wice,  —  a  yellow  (»  light-brown 
people,  with  straight  hair,  —  nnd  tlint  the  differ- 
ence have  been  caused,  in  the  course  of  ni(e»,  by 
the  slow  etfecle  of  climate  and  other  nntural  in- 
Saenoea.  In  tJiis  view,  0<.-«aulca  would  be  a 
niicroooem,  rcpnatiiiK  witliiii  tis  linill«tlie  etlmo- 
logicjtl  p)>a»e«  which  the  world  at  laree  hut  di»- 
ptuy»d  OD  a  wider  xcnli^.  A  sccmid  thixiry  i«  that 
which  i»  favored  by  Dr.  CodrinRton,  and  main- 
tained by  him  with  mncli  force  of  arcumenl  and 
many  tlhwtralii-t  facts.  Ho  supposes  tlut  the  whole 
arctiipelaKO  wn»  at  rtrst  occupied  by  a  dark- 
skinned  and  wool ly-hu ire d  pi*(>]i1e.  oriKinnlly  ii- 
euing  from  Asin,  end  ii|i(«kinK  tli«  primitive 
languiij^c  from  which  al)  these  Malay o- Pol yned an 
dialect*  nrv  di-rived.  At  a  later  day,  a  light- 
complex  ion  ol  rncir,  iktlied  to  ihe  Slaneae  and  other 
naiiuuaof  south-nistrm  Anin,  entered  thi-  iilundn 
by  alow  and  tfradual  migration,  took  wives  frotn 
among  thi<  Melane«taiis,  ndopird  their  laciguat^. 
and  flnnlly,  by  their  Inherent  and  superior  Tigor. 
displaced  them  eulirely  in  iiiaoy  of  the  iedunds, 
and  psrtinlly  in  others.  This  lug«niouii  tlK^iry 
would  explain  why  only  oiie  family  of  lunguagca 
exists  throughout  tbe  AleliincHiun  region,  if  such 
wcr«!  ihe  caae.  It  colliii«c»,  however,  in  the 
pfvaentH.'  of  some  imponant  facts  which  tbe 
leanied  nuUioc  ha*  uot  sufficiently  considered. 
One  of  these  facie  in  the  ascertained  exiHtPuu-  in 
New  Oninc-n  »f  scveiiil  laiiguageu  rudiculiy  dis- 
Unct  front  lho»r  <>f  the  Malayan  itock.  Dr.  Cod- 
rington  htmsett  mnnrka  that  tl^rvc  Nvw  Guinea 
VTXubularicf,  furnislied  to  him  by  Mr.  McFarlane 
of  the  Uindon  mission  society,  oontalne<l  no  words 
that  li«  knew :  that  Is.  uo  words  of  Malainian 
orifcln.  TliWH.1  were  from  souIh-«usleru  Nev^ 
Uulnen,  opposite  tho  Auntraliiui  cuuBt.  In  the 
north-western  part  of  the  island,  the  Crnrman 
miMlonarles  liave  studied  the  language  of  Mnfor, 
nritr  tlio  Bay  of  Itarey,  and  hare  translated  i>or- 


tions  of  Iba  scrfptnres  Into  It  A  careful  analj 
of  this  language  is  given  by  Prof.  F.  MOller  in  hit 
comprehenslre  work,  'Elenienta  of  tingulaUc 
aeienc*' {Orundr  its  iter  Spraehtettatntchaft).  Many 
words  in  it,  on  he  polntc  out,  on  derived  from  the 
Malay  ;  but  thnw  are  clearly  modem  adililions. 
several  of  them  being  actually  of  Arabic  origin, 
Tbe  grammar  at>d  the  maw  of  ilie  vocabulary  are 
]ieciili)u'.  ProfeiHur  MQlIcr'n  conclusion  in,  that 
the  Halny-apcnking  Metanoianii  atv  a  mixed  rac«, 
derived  from  a  minRling  of  yellow  Malaiiions 
with  an  nhoriginal  block  lace.  This  theory,  in  a 
certain  way,  accords  with  tliat  of  Dr.  Codrington ;  J 
but  it  dlllets  from  It  In  supposing  tliat  the  Ma- 
lay o- Poly  lies  Ian  language  belotiged  origbially,  uot 
to  the  black,  but  to  tlie  yellow  laoe. 

For  this  conclusion  there  ia  evidence  which 
«ermK,  on  philological  ground*,  to  b«  dccUve, , 
Hie  vocabularies  show  that  tbe  HaUlslait  words 
which  appear  in  tbe  Melaueeian  dialects  are  usu- 
ally corrupted,  distortml.  and  nliHd^ied,  having 
undergone  tbe  name  fate  which  the  Lutln  words 
exporiencBd  in  the  pninunciation  of  the  Celts  nnd 
Iberians  of  Oaul.wbcn  thciie  barharinns  ndoptfid  the 
apeechoflheir Roman conqueroni.  ThiiH.llicMalal- 
aian  ap(  or  i^t  (' Are ')  beoomee  In  various  Melaue- 
«ion  dialects  av,  tv,  eu.  M ;  ita  ('  (ith ')  dwiudleo  to 
ifl,  eg,  ie  ;  (nia  orfua  ('  fruit ')  is  transformed  info 
(Tuo,  hiii;  uv,  wi,  oi ;  telinga  ('  the  ear 'J  nssumte 
the  various  forms  of  trUga.  tikga,  doh.  korai,  hUl, 
tain.  Similar  contractions  and  corruplloua  per- 
TBde  llie  entire  lOiabulary,  It  is  oleariy  a«  im- 
powiblc  111  hold  that  the  fuller  Malaisiun  worda 
are  deriveil  from  these  briefer  furais  an  it  wonld 
be  to  suppose  that  the  tjitin  factum,  patrr,  ranM, 
and  ucMfus  liad  their  originals  In  the  French  fait, 
Itrrt,  fhien.  and  cell.  I 

There  run  be  liltle  doubt  tliot  the  view  of  Pro- 
fessor Mniler  in  tbe  correct  on*-,  and  tliat  the 
Melaneslann  of  whom  Dr.  Codringlon  trvftts  are  a 
|)Cople  of  mixed  origin,  deriving  Ihnlr  language 
mainly  from  the  Malayan  race,  and  their  physical 
trsiU.  in  varj-ing  proportions,  partly  from  that 
race,  and  partly  from  a  negroid  race,  which  i* 
still  found,  nearly  if  nol  quite  unmixed,  in  many 
jmrtii  of  New  Guinea.  It  is  but  Just  to  sty  that 
the  author  putM  forth  hia  ovm  theory  mrtetr  as  a 
suggestion,  and  doea  not  allow  it  to  intlneiuw  iti 
lUfS  manner  his  Iivatmeot  of  liis  subject.  Noth- 
ing could  lie  mure  sutisfactory  IhtiD  tbe  general 
nietho<l  ol  his  work.  \\e  lucid  style,  itn  preciaion 
and  completeness.  Several  good  niaiw  afford  uw- 
fnl  aid  to  the  student.  The  volume  must  be 
ranked  among  the  t>e«t  of  the  many  valuable  ao- 
qubdtioDs  which  ethnological  scleiioe  owes  to  uie- 
sionury  seal  and  sdiotarejkip. 

H.  Halk. 


I 


FRIDAY.  FGBRITABT  4,  1891. 

COMMENT  AND  CRITICISM. 
The  AmecAL,  rxpobtx  of  Preai'l'-nl  Eliot  of 
Harvard  alira<re  contain  sutcgpeti^i*  ivA'tinic  for 
ttioK  wlM)ar«  lntvreel«d  In  th«  s<lv[U)n>and  im- 
praT«n>eDt  of  tewhlng.  as  well  a*  in  tcacliing 
ilarif.  The  <>onMtanl  i-fTorl  to  Mttk  out  and  put 
toio  prartirr  Mlrr  mt-thoth  of  inatructlon.  or 
oMtbod*  mcHv  in  ki^ppuie  with  the  avtA^  of  the 
ttiiU',  liwi  Imii  pTiT-cinint^mly  u  ctmracl^rlvtlc  of 
thi-  prpiMit  ad  m  in  lit  nt  lion  at  Hanard.  This  was 
wfli  pointi.'d  out  by  Prt«iil«iit  A^ngell  of  Michigan 
in  Ilia  aftrr-dinner  )ipee<:b  at  tbe  Harrard  oelebrair 
tioti  liut  Novrtnbcr.  He  alludwl  to  tli«  ilebi  Itiat 
ali  AiDMknn  collpg™  owe  to  tb«  old  uulvenHty 
(or  tii«  bold  npint  of  cxpc^riniect  that  haa  \«^A  to 
tb*  rccoKnition  of  tbt?  difference  tn  valii«  between 
thdniditiooa),  customary,  aiidoonrenllonal  inetli- 
odbi,  inbmted  from  pfwioiH  fenerations,  and  the 
iKW,  fnwh,  origimil  methods,  ttiat  contribute 
their  »barv  to  ttie  aitvaiicc-  of  the  a^.  Any  thing, 
h»  niit,  ratlter  than  sta);:naliun  in  edncatioiiul 
DMttcn.  CrrtAinly  Uiere  is  no  Bta^uatlon  at 
narvard,  and  the  many  chaosmof  the  tiut  (ilt^«ii 
jean  tioeta  otily  to  prepare  the  wray  for  more. 


On»  of  tite  prcHMit  cuncerna  of  (lie  college  is 
namtall;  to  >ecurv  good  tt-acbing  for  ilioae  who 
IBKJ  darira  to  lake  entrance  eiamiuationt  in  sci- 
aace  hM(4«d  of  in  one  of  the  cIumjca.  It  Is  wbII, 
therefore,  to  note  President  Eliot's  attitude  on 
thin  qiMwtion.  He  ■syn.  "A  »erioua  dillicuUy  in 
tl>e  irny  of  getting  acience  Kell  taugbl  in  second- 
ary ftcboiila  tiai  beeu  tlw  lack  of  teachers  who 
knew  any  thiug  of  inductive  reaMiiing  and  ex- 
perimental methods."  One  m»on  of  Ihla  ia  that 
"good  vliool  metliodi  of  teaching  Ibe  aclencea 
have  not  yet  been  ebboraled  and  demoDstrated, 
and  it  ia  the  tint  dnty  of  aniversit?  ilepartmente  of 
■cImk*  to  remove  at  least  this  obstacle  to  the  intro- 
duction of  science  into  achooU.  .  ,  .  Scleiioe  can 
iMTerbcpulon  the  right  fouling  at  the  university, 
•otongaait  ia  pnicli<ally  excluded  from  secondary 
scboofe.  or  ia  admitted  only  to  be  taught  in  a 
pMllivdy  hnnnful    way."     This    bring*  to  the 

^     front  as  important  a  waiter  as  has  lately  been 

H  Na.tn-»i7. 


ooDsldered  in  the  developmont  of  colkflttofllo^r, 
HMlToangBWD  may  well  ooniridw  Uw  oppcrtuBhy 
that  It  wilt  open  fur  lliem.  For  the  next  tweaty 
years,  the  preparatory  ncboola  will  show  a  gtuwth 
on  (he  sU«  of  soience-lcachtng,  the  like  ot  wliiob 
has  not  been  ae«u  iu  tbta  country,  and  mllygood 
teachers  of  cheoii^try  and  phy*i<a  will  be  tn  in- 
cren»tng  <leinaDd.  It  wiU  be  u  fortunate  univenlty 
tliBt  nball  supply  the  mo*t  of  tlieiae  leacben. 


An  tnlcreafinc  pangnpb  of  the  report  relates 
to  the  '■  list  of  [mUfeaUosM of  Uanard  univervity 
and  ita  KBIceni.  1R80-I88li."  "  In  tills  list.  al>oi» 
lllrvt^H{uattenl  of  the  1,^13  entries  lelalc  to  wlencv, 
including  in  that  lonn  uicdidne.  Very  Jnaccil-, 
rat«  estimato  of  the  rslatiTe  actirily  in  liiacftty  and 
•cientiflo  publications  of  some  leading  American 
UiiiverMtie«  having  of  btte  yearn  obtained  cur- 
rency, and  iierhnpa  credit,  ttuvugb  thn  public 
prt^M,  it  ia  permissible  to  remark  In  the  iut«vvst« 
of  Irutli.  that  it  would  be  discreditable  itwleed  to 
Uarraid  unitenrity  —  old  and  well-equipped  as  It 
is  — if  any  other  American  iaatitutioD  could  ap- 
proai-b  it  in  the  r«ng»  and  volume  of  it*  annual 
literary  and  sciontjflc  puhlications."  Tlie  eicns 
of  scieulilic  publjcstlona  over  liternry  would  be 
much  reduced  if  pages  Inistead  of  titles  were 
counted  :  for  in  science  a  larger  number  of  brief 
mouogruphs  <tn  limited  topics  can  be  found  than 
there  is  imy  vtjnivnlent  for  in  lileratnre. 

During  the  last  twenty  years,  white  sctentiflc 
studies  were  6nding  their  place  In  the  college 
elective  lists,  the  lAwrence  sdentiliv  sahml.  onc» 
a  leader  among  itsfellowt'.  has  been  steadily  Icoing 
iu  uuniber  of  scbolurs.  nnd  henoe  iu  itiflu<^nc«. 
For  some  yesra  past  it  bn*  sulTt-tvd  seriously, 
simply  from  being  overshndowed  by  ibe  growing 
oollege  across  the  streH.  Some  hare  tliongbt  that 
this  meant  a  discouragement  to  science- teaching 
at  Cambridge,  liut  the  very  reverse  is  the  aaan. 
When  the  school  was  founded,  the  cullege  was 
narrow,  and  saw  no  propriety  in  aliowjng  a  wide 
variety  of  study  to  ita  undcrgniduales.  There 
waa  no  advanced  teaching  in  physical  or  natunl 
•deoce  In  the  college  till  l»;i.  and  ambitiow 
students  of  Umm  aubjecia  ia  the  earlier  yean  bad 


to  go  lo  the  lAWTvnoe  school  for  them,  if  they 
came  to  Cftmtirldge  at  all.  Now  the  «ame  class  of 
■tud^nCa  undoubtedly  goes  to  Ibe  college,  altrac- 
tlTe  In  »o  many  ways,  for  lt»  Ituea  of  study  bare 
been  exiendeil  to  Include  nearly  every  thing  at 
flm  found  only  in  the  scientlHc  school,  in  accord- 
ance with  what  U  vaguely  termed  the  '  spirit  of 
tbeofift;'  but  it  should  be  recognlted  thnt  thin 
lipirit  hfui  been  ntroogly  guided  by  Ju«t  snch  inali- 
IntioPB  Bii  ihc  L«wrcDce  school,  whose  g^nduBiea 
incind*  a  Inrge  number  of  prominent  and  inSu- 
QBtlal  men,  If  auc««sg  ia  to  Iw  oicnsiired  by  the 
vhare  taken  in  (he  labor  of  brioglng  iiegte<-led 
Btudiee  into  their  )iroper  poaitton,  the  libemlity  of 
AbbutI  lawrcnct'  and  Jumes  l^wrencr  hu  bii-tt 
■uocewful  even  b«iyond  their  bope«. 


In  rieir  of  theae  altered  relatfomt,  Preuident 
EKot  reoonimenils  that  the  separate  or(;anl»ilion 
of  the  Lawrence  scientfBc  achool  sliouIJ  be  dia- 
OOnUnned  ;  that  the  college  faculty  should  be  iu- 
tnuted  nitli  the  function  of  tecomineuding  to  the 
governing  bosrda  caodidales  for  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  science ;  and  ttiat  tlie  academic  oouu- 
cil  of  the  unlver^ty  should  recommend  candidates 
for  the  graduate  degree  of  clril  engineer,  the  un- 
derlying degree  being  either  A.B,  or  S.1I.  The 
LAwrenc««  would  still  be  commenioraled  in  tlie 
names  of  certain  profeesorHhipa,  although  no 
longer  attached  to  a  separately  organised  school. 
The  flrst  of  these  recomniendatlona  will,  tl  Is  to 
be  hoped,  commend  itself  to  the  authorities  con- 
oerncd  ;  for  the  sepanite  existence  of  tbeschoolie 
not  sutHciently  eticouraged  bj  its  prAent  nltcuni- 
Blaoces,  and  w  not  likely  to  be  by  any  thing 
visible  in  tbe  future.  The  thin)  recocomendation 
is  not  of  a  kind  to  provoke  unfavorable  scttna. 
It  in  to  the  second  reoammcndatinn  that  the  most 
interested  dUc-ueslon  will  turn.  If  it  r«8UlC  in 
uniting  iMicbelorB  o(  spiiiifc  with  baobelors  of 
arta  in  ont-  body  of  ntumni,  the  prclitniuury  eX' 
anilnatione  and  the  undcrgraduato  courses  of  study 
being  equivalent,  it  will  be  one  of  the  great  steps 
in  the  advttnccucut  of  dcientilio  education  at 
Harvard  college. 


WSat  hat  bk  OALiJti>  the  official  nutoliinKmpliy 
of  the  knigbta  of  labor  i*  contained  in  an  article 
by  Carroll  D.  Wrisbt  in  the  current  number  of 
the  Qtuirlerig  jovrital  u/ eronomtcx.  To  bo  nure, 
Ur.  Wright  >■  uu(  »  membc-r  of  the  order ;  and 
w«  have  bad  other  account*  of  it*  gentsis  before. 


mi  of 

M  Ihtfl 
acter.,^1 


notably  tliat  detailed  one  publlsiiietl  in  the  larg« 
work  on  the  labor-question,  edited  by  Ur.  Oeotga 
E.  McNeill.  But  we  learn  from  a  footnote  that 
Mr.  Wright's  article  was  submllted,  preriotw  to 
publication,  to  several  ofHcers  and  in(<mbvn  of. 
the  order,  and  was  bj  tliem  prcinoiioccd  cor 
In  all  statement*  of  fact  It  is  this  that  give* 
sketch  what  we  have  called  il«  offlcial  cburact«r.J 
Mr.  Wright  beginsh/ictaliDg  that  two  fundamental' 
ideas  underlie  all  lnlx>r  ortnniznlioni'.  itomc  ohooa- 
ing  one,  and  some  the  other.  Tho  lir«t  i>f  tlicso 
ideas  is  that  of  the  aiwoc-lation  of  nil  men  of  like 
employment,  and  on  it  the  mediu-'vul  {-uilda  and 
the  modern  trades-unions  were  founded.  The 
second  idea  is  of  lirouiler  scope,  und  takes  do  ao- 
oonnt  erf  |>nTti(-uliir  vocations.  It  mvlu  to  orgauixe 
mil  lalxirers  into  a  single  ivMociatioD,  and  is  of 
later  growth  than  the  idea  underlying  the  );uil<ta 
and  trsd«s-unions.  On  it  the  celebrated  Inler- 
nntional  was  foumled.  and  the  oo  leas  celebrated 
knights  of  labor  take  it  as  tlielr  starting-poiot. 
This  second  idea  it  both  unsound  in  theory,  and 
is  every  day  proving  itself  (lernlclous  in  practlca. 
ItenlU  for  the  division  of  society  at  laift  Into 
classes,  and  arrays  the  one  against  the  other.  Asfl 
a  matter  of  fact,  no  such  cleavage  of  society  b^ 
pt»siblc  on  any  but  the  mo>t  superficial  rttaaouiiig. 
In  this  country,  wliere  vre  recognlu  no  aristocracy 
of  birth,  and  where  the  industrial  organization  iB 
deowcratic  to  the  laal  degree,  theatiempt  to  bo  di- 
vide society  is  especially  foolish  and  short-al^iUd. 
Though  it  may  create  uneasiness  and  dUturbanoe 
for  tlie  time  being,  it  la  in  the  end  certain  to  fall,_ 
If  by  nny  chance  the  advocates  of  the  idea  inque»^| 
tion  should  succeed  la  thdrwidaavor  to  errata  in* 
d  uBtrlal  c  In^stw  and  to  array  th«in  against  each  Otbet, 
tlm  very  flrst  conSict  would  scatter  their  honM  of 
cards  In  every  direction.  It  would  require  a  T«rf 
grvat  turning-back  of  the  wheels  of  progress  to 
make  it  possible  for  the  American  Idea  of  Indt 
viJual  liberty  and  personal  re8ponsil>lllty  to 
overcome  by  tbc  ancieul  and  di^arded  idea 
corporate  action  and  corporate  responrfblllty. 


With  the  vnriouB  stage*  In  the  development 
the  knights  of  Ubor  we  are  already  fairly  faioll 
iar,  but  Mr.  Wright  put«  the  facte  SKain  before  i 
in  a  very  clear  and  connected  way.  We  learn] 
how  the  personal  character  and  history  of  DrL 
S.  8t«phen»,  the  founder  of  the  order,  imprntsed 
themaelTM  upon  Its  early  orKaniznlion,  ami  bow 
the  order  struggled  along  from  its  incepticoi  in 


UU  1,1887.] 


scienct:. 


loa 


ilelphi*  OB  TIttiikaRtviBK  dnji  >MB,  until 
{eneral  UMmbly  at  Detroit  JD  1861  fn«d  it 

HMXty  ot  tbe  ntitricliotu  plne^d  upon  it  bj- 
|l«pbn»,  Knd  nude  it  •«  popular  vrllb  crrtniii 
m*  ot  the  pcojrf*  tlMt  slno«  tliat  tim«  its 
th  han  bran  pfatnoniffDal  In  tlio  hietorj-  of 

orfpinizuioR*.     Mr.  f^phenn'*  rontrolUng 

swm  to  hitv«i  bpvn  two,  —  Drst,  that  suiptus 

•Iwajw  k««pK  vn^re*  dnnn  (it  dots  not  aeem 
(va  occurred  (o  him  that  iiuproving;  tlie  qual- 
r  Umt  will  caiiK  wages  to  riw) ;  and.  aec- 

Ihsl  Dothlng  can  Km^dj-  this  ^vi)  but  a 
(y  and  dovplj  mcnt  organixniion,  hnsed  iipon 
n  that  *hnlt  Irnoh,  or  rnther  iocnlcale.  ur- 
tatiooi,  and  at  the  snnie  limo  educate  Ita  mem- 
lip  to  one  tet  of  ideas  ulticnati>l5  Mibverslve  of 
pivaent  nages  sjrEtem.  The  hintory  of  the 
ht8  of  Inlior  Ihemselvee.  and  the  action  ol  tbe 
ral  nenembl,v  at  Dettoit,  tire  siifllcieitt  conv- 
ta  on  tfai«  ecvond  principle.  Tbo  order  ktcw 
Ir  at  firiit.  iiiul,  ax  tituu  pninpd,  Uw  district, 
Hnull;  tbf  gi-ncrol  aK-cmbly,  wprr  evolved  to 
Kt  and  vaUy  the  organixation  ot  the  local 
oblj-.  Th^  flmt  district  amemblj  was  orgiw 
In  18T3,  and  the  Hmt  K^'nemJ  aosraibly  met 
e<*TcaT'aday.l8T9,atRflBdfnK.  Mr,  Wright 
iw  Ibe  vaifcnu  KMienI  awembly  meetlngii  at 
ling.  Hi.  Loula.  Cblcogo,  Httsbuix.  Detroit, 
Yoric.  Cincinnati.  Pbiladolpliin,  flnmllton. 
Diand  (a  apvcini  mM-ting).  nnd  RiclnnoDd, 
cbnntctciiziii  briefly  tbv  aclloa  inkpn  nt  iiacli. 
a  Ihf  nircngth  uf  the  order,  ho  cjtps  Mr, 
dCTly'»  ttwtimifii?  before  the  ctinitro*«uonal 
nitiiv  in  Mar.  t^^,  thai  it  ihen  num- 
I  500,000  m«mbiis.  At  the  lime  of  the  Rlch- 
d  DM-uting  lust  Oclobt'r,  there  ncrp  one  hnn- 

oim]  listy  diHirict  awtcmblieeand  about  nlna 
■and  tooal  aaaembliea.    Tbe  total  membership 

then  about  7M,000.     Mr.  Wright  believes 

El  ia  to-day  about  onv  million. 


r>  Wriglit  mlxee  very  litcte  ciiticiau  or  com- 
t  with  bin  lecjtal  ot  facta,  and  tre  trust  it  ia 

because  be  wldiea  to  avoid  any  appearaofi? 
liacourteay  to  IhoaP  who  have  materlariy 
lt«d  htm  in  collntInK  Ills  data.  For.  as  to  tbe 
i»d0  of  aoand  and  enlit{blened  public  opinion 
irds  the  kniKbt*  ol  Inbor,  there  can  be  but  one 
loB.  That  thftm  wb«  n  wlde-Kprrad  nymiialby 
I  the  orRxnimion  and  iia  aims  at  one  time 
•ot  b«  dmied  :  and  it  ix  junt  a*  inoonteitnble 

thii  aympothy  ban  boen  mmod  into  disnp- 


pmntment  and  diagtst  by  tbo  cxceaan  of  the 
TorioUH  orgnnitatioiM.  and  the  abusu  tlKy  hnvo 
made  of  their  poiv*r.  Without  tbi«  xympalhy 
and  the  mi>port  of  public  opinion,  no  grral  move- 
ment, labor  or  other,  r«n  be  carried  toasucceaarnl 
coDsammalloo,  The  spectacle  of  baU  a  million 
or  evm  a  inillloa  men  aROgBting  to  theraaelvoa 
the  title  and  prieileitea  of  laboc«ra  to  the  excln- 
alon  of  the  other  aiileen  or  reventeen  millionn  of 
wage-enracrs  in  the  country,  isludicroua  aoongh ; 
bnt  It  bMomea  mipreinely  ao  whfii  thia  naall 
mInoHty  endeavora  to  prevent  any  of  tbe  majorl^ 
from  obtaining  flurb  employment  aatlie  latter  may 
desire,  at  such  wages  as  Ibey  are  nillinic  to  accept. 
It  la  this  general  principle,  quite  as  mnch  oa  Ibe 
various  ezcewes  Ihnt  haie  been  cnromilled.  that 
baa  disgusted  thoTigblfiil  men  with  tbe  whoie 
moveiDeol.  The  cowardice  of  political  Icftdera. 
and  the  luiscalled  philnnthiopy  of  Tnrioiia  mcm- 
bera  of  tbe  community,  hsTc  permitted  tbinga 
whieh,  witbont  tbem,  no  organiuitUiB  would  iMtve 
thought  of  undertaking,  much  kis  of  proaaout- 
ing  •ticctftafolly. 


TiixKK  lit  no  sruKT  which  has  for  tbe  aaul- 
tarlan  more  inivreet  than  that  connected  with  tbe 
great  mortality  amuug  the  young  cbildreu  of  our 
large  cllle«.  And  as  tb«  principal  factor  in  thia 
mortality  la  reprMeuled  by  the  I<?rm  '  Hummer 
diarrhoea,'  It  ia  to  divoaaea  of  thl»  nature  that 
especial  attention  Is  devoted  by  tlioee  who  liaveat 
heart  tlie  welfare  of  the  young.  Tblrty-flve  hun- 
dred persons  snccuiubeil  to  this  class  of  diseaaea 
diiriug  ihe  past  year  in  New  Votk  City  alone,  more 
tbuii  Imlr  of  thi?  number  in  tbe  two  months  of 
July  and  August.  Todiminisli  tbi«  mortality  is 
a  task  worthy  of  tbe  t<et>t  efforts  of  the  pbilanlbro- 
pist :  and  evevy  coBtribution  to  thlseml,  however 
bisigni Scant,  should  be  gladly  welcomed,  and 
made,  so  far  as  it  can  be,  tbe  basis  tor  actioo. 
Dr.  1,.  Bmmett  Holt  of  Kew  York,  in  a  paper 
recently  read  before  tlie  New  York  noadciuy  of 
medicine,  hns  mode  n  very  valtuhle  oddltioQ  to 
our  knowledge  ot  (he  i-nuseH  at  work  in  tbo  pro- 
duction of  summer  diarrliocA,  and  to  the  methods 
for  iu  treatment.  .Uter  n  full  discussion  of  these 
point.-,  he  presents  tbe  following  oonclueinns  :  1. 
Slimmer  diarrhoea  is  not  t«  be  regarded  a>  a 
dl^ase  depending  upon  a  aingle  morbiGc  agent ; 
2.  The  remote  <-aii£ee  are  many,  and  include  beat, 
mode  of  feeding.  surroundingB.  duotjtion,  and 
mimy  other  factors  ;  3.  Tbe  iuunMliiite  cause  la 


104 


SCIENCK. 


IVot-  DC..  No. 


thv  putrefactive  chtutg»  wUiuU  take  place  in  (be 
■tomacli  and  bourebt  in  tooA  nut  <li);ntt<.'d,  which 
chauices  are  often  begun  <iiilaidi!  tbe  boi>7  ;  4. 
The<«  pr(Mliict»  nuy  act  a*  aystemii:  [loigana,  or 
thr  particles  umj  cauw  local  irriiatlou  and  InlUin- 
Ruition  of  the  intmtioe.  In  ilii?  ireainieDt  of  (lie 
afTvrtion,  Dr,  IToll  believes  that  anti«ep4ic«  are  »t 
great  vnlun,  fuqwdally  naphllialiii  ani)  tlie  »alt«  of 
aalicylic  ncid. 


TkEKB  ^EMA  to  BK  n  dJ&ixeition.  on  the  part 
of  COngcCM,  lu  (laiuriT  the  aigiinl  FCTVtre  bureau 
to  the  new  deparlment  of  agriculture  and  labor. 
Qeneial  Sheridan  aiiproTrB  this  plan,  and  aay*. 
that,  aa  a  achool  at  inatructiuti.  thv  bureau  ia  not 
needed  Id  the  aruiy,  and  wuuUl  jifdvc  rather  an 
onoumbrance  tbuu  mi  aJviiiiiu|;e :  vrliile.su  far 
an  ilR  meteorological  obtierTativiiii  ai<-  copcenied, 
thwe  relate  whollj'  to  llic  inlereiiti  uf  agrieullure 
and  commerce,  aiul  should  l>e  under  the  diretrtioii 
of  aume  ciril  braoch  oHlcer  of  the  gorertuuent. 

Prof.  Wiu-lvm  Jauis  of  nunrard  luw  a  very 
dear  description  of  the  lawn  of  lubit.  in  the  cur- 
rent issue  of  the  Popular  anenot  nuinlldy,  tluit  it 
at  onie  Bcienlilit.-  and  phJIosophicnL  Thi-  old- 
faahliiued  liternry  tti-ntnifnt  of  habits  is  as  far 
reuiuvi-d  iia  jHisiibli-  from  lliir  |iuint  of  liew*  and 
metlxNl  of  ProfraiHir  Jiiiuiii.  He  nhuwi  lis  Ihnt 
•  habit'  is  a  terra  of  vnry  wide  uppUcatiun,  and 
tliat  the  pbenumeiia  uf  habit  in  living  beings  are 
due  to  the  plaaiicity  —  which  means  the  piwsc^ 
dODOf  a  atmcture  ntrak  enough  lojrielii  to  an  in- 
(iDCOce.  but  stiong  enuiigh  not  to  yield  all  ut  unci! 
—  of  the  organic  materials  of  nhich  their  bodim 
are  computed.  Thus  a  full  accouut  of  habits  im- 
plies some  reference  to  phjrstce  as  well  m  to  phytci> 
ology  and  peycholo^.  Tracing  briefly,  then,  tlie 
plijsiological  and  iisycholoKlcal  aide  of  habits, 
ProtMHT  James  paesee  to  the  ethical  and  peda- 
gogloal  ootMideratlons  winch  concern  them.  He 
calls  babit  the  '  fly-wheel  of  society,  its  mo«t  pre* 
clous  conservatire  aicenl,'  and  claims  thai  "  it  fs 
well  for  the  world  that  In  uio*>t  of  us,  by  tlie  age 
of  thirty,  the  chnmclcr  Itas  set  like  plaster,  and 
will  nevet  solten  sgain." 

The  decadv  between  twenty  and  thirty  'a  found 
to  Ui  the  critieal  one  in  the  (ormalion  of  inlel* 
kctual  and  profe6sio«al  habits,  while  the  p<-riiKl  of 
lift  before  twenty  is  the  miwl  impurtuJit  for  the 
Bxing  of  penonnl  habits,     t'roui  tliis  it  follows 


eonly  that  by  education  we  rouat  s«<ek  "  to  make 
automatic  and  habitual,  as  early  aa  pixttuble,  at 
many  usoful  actionn  aa  we  can ."  and,  coiK-ersely, 
to  prevent  the  dropping  ioto  injurious  balHta.  Pro- 
ftdsor  JaniBH  abows  liow  uncunsciuusly  habits  of 
uiiiid  are^ormed  tliruugh  tbe  proctaa  uf  our  dally 
routine,  until  some  day  we  awake  lo  tbe  fact  that 
we  have  acquired  peculiar  power  or  ekill  In  ecMoe 
direction.  Tlie  constant  preaching  of  this  truth 
would  intuae  new  hope  aou  ambition  Into  msBj 
draponding  worbcra. 


TiiB  EsciToiKKT  AND  AL.auM  whicli  prevailed 
in  thio  couuiry  but  year  and  the  previous  on«,  In 
anticipation  «f  cholera,  have  entirclT  nubsided, 
and  yt^t  perhnp^j  the  danger  of  ita  apprnrnnrw  in  aa 
great  Io-<lay  ns  it  has  been  at  any  liiii<-  in  the  )>ai>t 
tliree  yeara.  Although  freijiient  rcien.'noe  to  ita 
preaeDci'  in  F.utupe  bus  been  mndi!  in  thi-  doily 
presv.  its  ravages  have  nut  l>eea  dencriU'd  on  fully 
as  the  fnctH  warrant.  At  Budapest  there  bare 
bei-n  1.3-^0  cuiea  with  SHO  deaths:  at  Fmoie.  360 
case*  and  lOt  deaths  ;  at  Trlcnte,  )^06  casm  and 
S67  deaths.  In  Japin  diu'ing  ISSH  there  were 
1S8.03U  ciiawi.  of  which  I00,<03  were  fatal.  In 
Yokohama  alone  the  caaea  numbered  lt,<UI,  and 
the  d«atha  3,378,  In  tiouth  Ajnetica,  cholera 
etill  existe  at  MuntevidMi  and  Mendoaa :  the  U.S. 
i<an>nd,  under  dute  of  Jan.  19,  reporting  tliat  it 
hii4  l>een  ofHciiilly  declared  ut  the  formtrt  place 
The  disease  etill  exists  ut  Buenus  Ayree,  ibough  it 
ia  said  tu  be  dimiuishlng  and  of  a  less  virulent 
form  than  heretofore.  Tbe  presence  of  chokm 
on  the  west  coast  of  Bouth  America,  which  has 
Ixien  announced  by  the  press,  still  laoka  offlcU 
oonflnnatiim. 


YOUTarULSESS  I,\  SCJKXCB. 

ETERT  college  instructor  knows  only  too  well 
how  the  morr  nctlve-minded  students  are  eaf^er  to 
grapple  with  the  mightiest  suhjeils,  all  in  the  un- 
tested pride  of  developing  intelligence,  llielr 
themes  are.  '  The  prngress  of  democracy,*  *  The 
compariauu  of  French  and  English  literature,' 
'  Solar  iiwrgy,'  ■  The  Darwinian  tlieory.'  '  Tbe 
origin  ol  mind  ;  *  in  abort,  all  the  va>t4«t  problemo, 
such  US  a  lifetime  is  Inadequate  for.  Mont  of  ns 
can  gather  from  our  personal  recollecliona  some 
examples  ol  the  foible.  Youth  does  not  know  Ita 
meaaure.  Only  maturity,  and  not  always  even 
maturity,  realises  how  itiiy  and  feeble  is  the  force 
of  the  Individual  when  it  turns  to  attack  tbe 
world  problems,  which  stand  more  myairriously 


4 


PxanvAKT  4.  1W7.I 


8CIEJ!rCJC, 


nr* 


and  lonfttT  ihrni  th«  nphini  to  pprpW  nnd  balI1« 
humuUtj.  The  a<lol««cenl  mind  i*ixmfl<I<mt :  for 
It  bM  aever  lj««n  lM«t*n,  since  it  liiu  never  bwn 
engsfced  In  anj  nuil  fl^liling,  It  proudlr  believes 
tn  ttB  o*-D  HUCCMi,  and  U  but  too  apt  to  look 
dbdaiafoll^r  uo  grent  thinker*,  broouae  ther  left 
more  to  be  thouKtit.  It  f;lonn<  in  Krncmliatinns, 
and  In  elndl.v  indifferent  to  the  hanmiiifi  dotaiU 
and  prcliniinariee,  with  vhioh.  If  it  oontinuM  ac- 
iiv<r.  it  trill  afterwanla  be  chiefly  and  aeiMlbly  oc- 
■mplfid, 

The  inmitj;  man  in  often  a  would-bo  rerolution- 
Ist.  Be  iH  suti'rinFd  that  oldf^  and  wiwr  and 
tie(t«r  QM-n  tm  to  benishted.  Lpt  lu  not  be  niiit- 
understood.  The  joubr  man  we  are  chnnMrterii:- 
ing  ■■  the  one  in  whom  the  faults  bl»  year§  are 
preoe  to  tn  •Uoofcly  aooentcd.  We  have  no  in- 
tmtton  of  wlifdeMlc  condt-m nation  lonardti  a  I'litaa 
to  which  we  have  belonged.  nn<I  ilmreforr  may  tic 
Hippoeed  to  think  of  nmpfrtfully.  If  thp  unfor- 
tanate  individDn]  nr  type  we  are  discii»/ing  hpiakee 
hlniMlf  to  tcienc^,  he  may  do  useful  and  prsiee- 
worth;  work,  but  he  Is  pretty  sure  to  injure  ilt 
mvritononn  put  by  adjuiicta  of  mtsehapeD  gen- 
eralieatiun.  and  of  criticisms  very  bad  in  taste  and 
unjuM  in  Mbelanoe.  His  pagee  >1ion-  unaddming 
*f>#ct»cle  of  overgrown  self-ooofideoc*.  brtrayed 
by  the  tone  of  exprnnoD.  by  thu  ill-rc^pmoed 
laodatioa  of  his  onn  Iheorim.  and  tlie  hod-oian- 
twred  btilt-lindinK  with  othen.  perliapti  merely 
betauHp  tlwir  oheerrailons,  without  which  the 
joong  man  could  have  done  nothing,  were  not 
ttxiwaative  of  the  field.  N<-xt  tollowM  pitile^ 
critidMB  ;  the  pedertat  of  flimHr  logii;  ia  dashed 
■way;  the  victim  fall*  from  his  eminence.  The 
apedoaa  argiimerntntion  is  reft,  and  the  man's 
Ignorance  i*  expwed  nakedly.  LasI  comev  the 
cruel  ahaacment.  all  the  vorM  to  hear  bi-caune  it 
is  the  public  sequel  of  elation.  And  rtill  tho 
young  tnan  tnnet  be  gntlefui  if  the  late  leiwon  cnn 
b«  leaniad  by  his  ncUinj;  nnd  n>pent«nt  mind. 
WoaM  that  the  ilr«  of  the  aoul  alway*  purified, 
and  never  consumed ! 


:  with  the  voluntary  aciionB  of 
peopfc  M  to  be  deprecated,  excrrpt  when  each 
ainions  Ireepaaa  on  the  right*  of  other  membera  of 
the  GommuDity. 

A  cfaMnSeal  factory,  emitting  noisome  fumeo, 
aniat  not  be  «atahliahrd  in  tlie  midst  of  a  town  or 
city.  o«-  rocwmm  most  be  enforced  agninst  it  to 
prevent  tltr  conlamlnation  of  thoimrrmindiiigair  : 
a  boakr-factory,  with  Its  din  of  rivL-t-hnmraering, 
miHt  not  be  mifTered  to  dlsttirb  th?  peace  of  a  r««i- 
^nttial  nmgbborhood  ;  a  gunpowdeir-factory  must 


not  bn  allowed  to  endanger  other  properties  by  tta 
proiimity ;  a  graveyard  must  t>e  kept  away  from 
ovnlre*  of  Itrlag  population.  Tlirae  interfvrem'oa 
wilb  the  voluntary  actions  of  factory  and  gmve- 
yard  owuers  are  justified  by  the  fact  that  the 
inferdlrted  operations  ore  IrespoMen  on  tho  rights, 
becsuM!  baneful  to  tbn  health  or  oomfovt.  of  the 
community. 

Ia  Uwire  any  limilar  JiHtification  for  the  pso- 
hibition  of  the  Dkanutaoture  or  aale  of  alooboUo 
llquon? 

We  know  that  nse  is  very  apt  todegeoerate  into 
abnae  of  such  oiMnmoditicti ;  and  we  know  that 
mon-  than  half  of  Ibo  immorality  that  afflirta 
society,  and  of  the  crime  that  HIIh  our  primns,  is 
dimrlly  tmcealile  to  the  abuse  vS  alcoholic  )li|uora. 
We  know  also  that  tbe  heavleat  portion  of  the 
burdens  on  tajt-payers  —  the  cost  of  protective, 
detective.  Judicial,  refonnalory.  and  punitive  ea- 
l4ibliHlimeuI.a  —  Is  largely  owiii^' to  tbe  Hame  cause. 
Everybody  admita.  therefdt*.  that  society  would 
ho  justitied  in  doing  wbatuvrr  is  rvquiaito  to  pro- 
tect ilsrlf  from  the  gigantic  evils  which  apriag 
from  ih«  liquor  traffic. 

Here,  however,  Ui«  policy  now  widely  advo- 
catird  divermes  from  tbe  line  of  Justifiable  inter- 
ference. Problbllioa  of  manufacture  or  sale  is 
not  the  pn>p«r  protective  policy.  Thia  intetferea 
witli  Ihi-  Tuluntarr  at'tiou  i-qually  of  tbuee  who 
innocently  use  as  of  tluiee  who  criminally  ahtiae. 
No  notice  need  he  taken  of  the  bigot  tbeof?,  that 
innocent  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  Is  impoeafble. 
Let  us  grant  a  plaoe  In  the  world  for  evi-ry  thing 
to  bn  found  in  it,  and  for  every  production  o4 
mttn's  hand*.  Uac  and  ubuse  arr  poaiblr  for  all 
things. 

What,  then,  i«  the  ^per  line  of  social  action? 

Society  do(«  not,  and  can  not,  prevent  the  play- 
ing of  games  of  chance  by  thow  who  choose  to 
waste  their  time  and  means  in  such  demorallKlDg 
pursutta :  but  Miciety  does  interfere  with  tbe  busi- 
tw«»  of  the  gambler,  the  cnnl-sliarper.  tbt?  lottery- 
ticket  seller,  etc.  Society  doM  not  seek  to  stop, 
by  fiitili-  prohibitory  rofasurrH,  the  prevalcnor  of 
other  fonoa  of  '  social  evil,"  but  society  docn  pre- 
vent the  fluuDting  of  itomoi^I^  beforetlie  |>iib11c 
eye,  and  the  use  of  the  streets  for  its  adi-ertising 
puipoes. 

8(1  ill  reference  to  the  liquor  traffic.  Koatf»rapt 
nerd  be  made,  orabonldbemode,  to  interfere witb 
manufacture  or  tale :  bnt  the  moit  abaolnte  pro- 
hibition should  be  laid  on  the  bHuinnt  of  seMng 
liquor  '  to  be  drunk  on  the  pren)is>«.'  Saloons 
and  bar-room*  are  eril,  and  only  evil,  and  that 
continually. 

It  a  man  wants  beer  or  brandy,  let  him  buy  it 
as  he  does  beef  or  bread,  and  by  due  m«a>ure  of 


106 


scmmm. 


IX..  No.  »»| 


pint  or  ghllon,  mi  he  doe*  Koltd  provwiom  by  annex: 
or  jioiinil.  Aod  let  hb  pHrclui««s  of  liijuor  be  ilc- 
llt^rrd  Kt  his  home,  as  openly  as  his  meat  and 
v«(«iMbl(«  are^  What  would  be  tbouKlit  ot  tbe 
inaD  wbo  sliould  pack  bio  fill  of  bwrsuak  and 
fnyOxn  wlihin  hia  own  waiHU-oat,  nod  Imvb  hia 
familr  to  d!ii«,  aa  beat  tbi-y  could,  on  bara  pota- 
lowf  If  the  bwr  U  good  for  the  Uusbnod,  a 
lillle  of  it  would  bo  vqunlly  Kno>I  for  the  n'lfe? 

No  artidiM  of  cvDciiDiptiooani  solaiuper^  wiib 
bj  <leM«riou«  sdulterallons  as  the  stapled  of  the 
bar-room.  No  articles  are  sold  at  sucb  a  dispro- 
pottloa  between  th«  wholesale  co«t  and  the  retail 
prlee.  Nothing  meoeured  by  Ui«  jrard  or  weighed 
bjr  the  poumi  ia  »o  vague  in  c|uantitj-  aa  the  saloon 
•  glaw.'  IVopIo  iini'ak  bvhind  tho  lattjc«-8cr««n, 
and  Hubmil  to  the  extortioniit«  didhonesty  tor  tho 
«nka  of  tite  privac;  of  their  srlHah  indulgt-nce. 
In  the  higher  order  of  such  places  ilie  puttmiK  nm 
further  attracted  by  objects  of  tuxurjr  and  iK>n- 
Miolily.  Gad,  gilding,  niirrora,  ntiituary.  aud 
paintings  are  lavialird  on  tbl^  rnirroiindinjri.  Tlie 
wrvtched  tippter'«  hoine  i«,  of  cour««,  dull  in 
oomparinon  wiih  this  brilliant  vestibule  to  the 
Uunpl<'  of  vice. 

Prohibition  and  local  opliuo  are  the  utcnaurw 
mo«t  widely  rt'ooiuuii.-nded  fur  the  mirr  of  the 
(trluk- habit.  But  thu  true  leniedr  has  not  been 
thought  of  by  the  ndvocnt^B  of  these  worse  than 
inelfoctive  panaccoi.  Thn  nodal  curse  can  onlv 
be  stopped  by  stojiplng  the  lli|uor-aupply  at  the 
point  where  alone  It  is  capable  of  Ivgislntire  con- 
trol. Shut  the  saloouB.  Allow  n<i  litiuor  tt  be 
sold  anywhere  to  Iw  drunk  on  the  premises. 
Tbia  is  the  grand  summary  of  a  grand  revolu- 

CiOD. 

This  'prohibition'  leaves  to  every  man  the 
due  exercise  of  his  personal  freedom  :  it  prohibit* 
only  Hie  manufaotura  of  ilrunkurdo,  paupm, 
tramps,  and  criruinAte. 

The  spideiv  who  fatten  on  thn  wiink  fr^uenlers 
of  their  glittering  nrla  »f  doom  would  have  to 
turn  to  other  vm))loynient«,  7'AfV  would  not  be 
the  lJi|Uor-sollpis  of  thefutiire.  Tbe«e  would  be  of 
the  class  of  ordinary  honest  tradesmen  who  put  a 
fair  price  per  definite  quantity  on  a  definite  quality 
of  their  warta.  IMrcboseni  would  br  prot<!cted 
as  to  quality  by  cortiU<^  innpi^ction.  nnd  as  to 
quantity  by  tbo  compulKori-  urp  of  nie*sures  in 
selling.  Cut  nwny  by  tlieee  provisions,  the  touioe 
of  dlnhoiicHit  prollts  from  the  biisine«i  of  the  bar* 
room,  and  even  tbe<  iirupritrluni  of  Hueb  mtabliah- 
inetitB  would  Bpet»dily  tcbnijuiiih  the  irafUc. 

HroliibiliOD  of  thf  uat  uf  alcuhnlic  liquom  hnii 
ne*<T  BuoDeeded  —  never  can  huccoihI  ;  for  it  io  a 
tyrnnny  from  which  ovory  independi-nt  mind  re- 
Tolta.    If  a  man  will  play  ibe  fool  wllb  hia  brains 


■nd  his  means,  society  cannot  stop  him :  but  U 
ought  not  through  its  licensed  agents  to  faclUtat« 
the  proceB%.  It  abouM,  moreover,  provide  an  easy 
iu<ans  of  family  proieotion  from  the  oonsequencw 
of  drunkrnnt-HB.  Leginlatiom  can  BOCompliab  tbia, 
nnd  nothing  nioii'  would  \m  Btoiwary. 

To  »top  the  Mite  of  alcoholic  liquors  for  con- 
suRiptioD  on  the  pr«mlaes  would  Inconvenience 
nobody.  I'htals  of  any  capacity  nii^ht  (n-  obt^ned 
for  u*e  at  home.  And  the  gilding  and  glillcr  of 
thf  luiloon  might  »ti11  lio  nvnilable  li)  n^nder  attriu> 
tive  the  tea-room,  coffee-room,  and  re-nding-toom, 
where  families  as  well  as  Individuals  might  resort 
for  tlie  cup  '  which  cbeer^  bat  not  Inebdatw.' 

B. 


PETEH-8  ATTACK  OS  PA8TKUH. 


I 
I 


Tbs  diacuasioa  in  the  E^aris  academy  of  m«di* 
clue,  which  originated  in  ProfeBwr  IVU'r'it  reoMit 
paper  on  death  l>y  hydrophobia  after  pnTCDtlTe 
inoculation,  waa  ccucluded  at  the  last  meeting 
(Jan.  IH).  ProfeMor  PM«tr  spoke  again  upon  the 
subjnct,  but  in  much  milder  language,  and  his  r«- 
marka  may  b<>  auiuinaru!«d  aK  follows :  — 

When  death  tnkri  place  nftf r  prerentive  inocu- 
lation, the  dofendeni  of  r»)rt«uriAm  recur  to  an 
alibi  or  to  extenuating  circunislancee  instead  of 
rjmfiwing  ihv  truth.  For  in»,ta&oe,  Ihey  aigue 
that  dentil  wan  due  to  some  other  cause,  »i»oh  as 
uniemla,  meningitis,  or  idbuminuria,  but  not  to 
hydrophobia.  In  other  cnaeii  they  admit  that  hy- 
drophobia is  the  cause  of  death,  but  they  explain 
it  by  *taiing  that  the  patient  did  not  apply  for 
treatment  until  it  wa«  too  late.  M.  Peter  tloea 
not  accept  iheoe  excusen.  and  bluntly  auya,  that, 
if  patient*  die  after  having  submitt«l  to  preTeD> 
tive  inoculation,  their  death  i&  due  to  the  inocula- 
tion, entirely  Ignoring  the  etTecCii  of  the  raUd  aal- 
mar«  bite.  Pasteur's  method,  according  to  U. 
Pet«fr>  ia  an  ingenious  one  ;  but  it  should  not  bn 
applied  to  man,  tsjiecially  the  more  roccnl  method 
of  intensive  inocuhition.  The  old  uclliod,  bp  a^H 
raits,  i«  harmless  though  useless;  the  new  meth-V 
od,  he  claims,  is  harmful,  even  murderous.  To  ii 
nod  not  to  the  hiiee  of  the  rabid  animals,  he  at- 
tributes the  recent  death  of  patleiita  wllli  hydro- 
phobic symptoms,  after  preventive  inoculation. 

M.  Brouunlel.  in  a  ehort  mutlcr-uf-fai-'l  uddrvw, 
aaid  that  M.  Peter's  arguments  were  utterly  illog- 
ical, and  concluded  by  giving  the  Htatislics  of  re- 
sults already  achieved  at  Odessa,  as  follows:  out 
of  101  oasea  treated  by  the  ordiaarr  method,  there 
were  '  dvathx;  out  of  ilS  caace  treated  by  the 
mixed  method,  1  death  :  out  of  MO  oa«(a  treated 
by  the  intensive  method,  ncif  on«  death.  Thia  di*- 
poood  of  [he  ohnrgc  that  tlie  laltmr  method  ia  mur- 


nVKBAKT  4.  1W7.1 


^^Enii 


saiEJucs. 


107 


I 


14.  H.  Vulpuui  atatwl  tbnt  uu(  of  188  oums 
ot  bibw  mlliMixl  ID  thf  facp  by  nninmU  known  to 
ba  isbtd,  Irrutiyl  bj*  Ibo  nritinar}-  tnrUKxl,  lh<iv 
v«(»  to  ()««Um  ;  out  of  SO  similar  cmsfv  irf«»d 
hj  Um  lD(«iuiTe  metliod,  no  dralltt.  As  to  the 
oharge  Uiat  the  luMhwl  l«  uwlew,  t)Mt  i«  Ntuted 
br  MitlBUoa  almdy  rmnilUr  to  thoae  inMrtawd 
In  the  aabiec*. 

H.  Vulpiun  s(H>k<.'  at  aoatr  k-tiKth  on  tbo  poMriMl- 
itjr  of  tncMinlrriuj;  tbi-  |iural;ti<!  foam  of  hydro- 
pbobjji  in  mnn  under  ordtnarjr  ronditiotiii,  a»a- 
tkamtg  ■omn  cnMw  wlikh  prove  tbnt  it  dom 
wneiinm  extot  where  the  [W-noo  bltieti  bv  rkbld 
tir*""'*  hu  Dot  bepn  subjected  to  preventive  in- 
ocoUihw. 

The  diKiuBiOD  fs  t-nded  for  thi'  pniM-ot.  bat  it 
wilt  doubllrwi  begin  again  at  name  futurr  timt^. 
Thoujih  M.  Polcr  was  somrwhftl  tn<idpnilo  in  his 
rvtnnrkii  nt  Um>  Jmt  mwtinK  of  the  acndemj.  he 
•loe»  not  Rnim  to  ponm  Ihp  ipirit  ot  w.ientlflc 
criilrliini,  pervrlvinit  odtbor  tbe  we4«b(  of  the 
arxoiMnU  advanced  Id  oppoitcion  to  bis  Maertknu 
nor  tlte  fallacr  ot  some  ol  hia  own. 

\a  H.  PttBleurhaA  been  aocuwed.  tbuUKh  wrong- 
fullj.  of  concealing  the  msulta  of  his  trentmcal,  It 
baa  bom  dn-ldisl  (o  publish  •taliatM*  roonthljr, 
tnntwd  of  (luurli'rly  •■  hvtdofont.  Thny  wil) 
■ppCT  in  the  Annalea  ilf.  I'  intlitul  Ptutevr,  whldi 
will  be  pubtlabcd  nndtt  the  direction  of  H.  Du- 


I  ST.   PBTF.RSBVRO  LETTBR. 

TBK  geographicAl  erent  of  the  season  in  the 
n4ufn  of  l^iluuiii.  who  In  expected  here  in  time 
to  attend  ihe  onniul  mn-iin);  uf  tha  Ruaaan  s/aa- 
grapbical  Hoeint^r  thin  mimth.  A  large  map  ot  tbo 
nnia  b«vo1Uid  by  him  inbt^inK  |irTp>r<-d  byColoMl 
Bolacbaw,  th«  mililsry  outoKnipher.  The  pre- 
tIocu  travela  of  Potanln  were  eepecUly  ooto- 
woxthy  on  acooant  of  hla  etlinologlcal  and  aolhro- 
potOKica)  atudiM ;  but  Uie  chief  importance  of  the 
vxpedltioo  from  which  be  now  rcturna  lies  in  the 
Rwigmphical  BiudicH  modv  by  him  in  thr  highpf 
parta  of  Aaia,  not  only  becauee  be  hus  visited 
ragkaa  bcntoforo  untrodden  by  (.-ivitixol  man, 
but  alao  htKMUne  of  the  Rcrurncy  of  hin  nlnorra- 
tiOfM  in  Ihow  r«)ponii.  The  latitude  and  longitude 
of  sixty  different  points  hac  been  a(>oerlAined, 
and  tiie  )>arometHc«l  observations  of  tbe  espedi- 
Uon  will  permit  of  a  tolerably  accurate  itei«>nDb)a- 
Iku  ot  heights.  Tbefe  were  4.r>u0  verata  of 
aoaunt«  tiurvey  umde,  and  this  in  the  parCti  leant 
known,  while  in  tbe  more  thickly  nettled  rrKiona 
apiiroximata  aurvoya  ufily  were  found  poooibla. 
liw  (Hvoperatioin  n*  topographpr  of  Skawri,  who 
accompanied  8evertxow  on  ntany  of  bia  travels, 
oontributed  much  to  tb«ae  reealla.    The  travellera 


were  «xceedingly  well  received  by  tbe  Cblaeae 
autbontiea,  who  funiinhi^  them  with  gruidea  atrf 
all  iHyiexMry  infomiBtion,  The  most  important 
work  was  done  on  tbe  journey  from  Koko-Nor 
directly  north  to  KlachU  by  way  of  tbe  OoU 
d«eert.  The  river  Errin-OM  wras  followed  over  a 
grcAl  p&rt  of  ita  ooarw  to  Ibe  |>oint  where  it  taiit 
mto  Lake  Soyok-Norinlo.  Farther  northwanl 
four  ranges  of  mountiiius  were  found. 

Hw  second  in  Imporliince  of  tlw  Rnieian  acien- 
ti6c  expeditions  of  the  past  year  was  tbe  so-called 
Chan-Teneii  expedition.  heoHed  by  Ignaticw,  who 
visited  the  glaclera  of  titat  mountain.  Tbe  remlla 
of  the  expedilloD  ore  not  yet  made  pnblic.  He 
travelled  through  tiie  Hniart  paas,  and  found  tt  to 
be  as  difHoult  of  nixM-m  OH  it  waagenerallj  beUe*«d 
lobr.  ThnbolanlHt  Kritanow  took  a  D>Oia  tl^tiAf 
rood.  and.  tiarcndng  tbe  Dedel  pai«.  went  to 
DtBch-Torfan.  Much  is  to  Iw  eip«x-led  from  tha 
talei<t  work  <if  tills  youDg  nattmUsl.  if  we  may 
judge  by  wliat  lie  baa  aliMtdy  acoomplisbed. 

Till'  u^'retury  of  ibe  Oeographlcal  society,  A. 
W.  nrifioriew.  rci-eutly  atteotpted  to  vi^it  the 
Solovetx  Islands  in  t)te  While  Sn.  deHiring  (O 
make  olnerralions  on  the  depth  and  temperature 
uf  the  n-aters  there,  but,  as  tia  «Mild  find  no  khip 
to  Ironsport  him  tbitber.  did  not  succeed  in  reach- 
ing tbe  iilondii.  He  made  an  excursion,  bowerer, 
to  the  watcrfolb  of  Kiwatach  and  Por-Poroa;. 
from  Petrwcnrodsk  on  I.*k^  Onega.  The  poaillon 
of  the  latter  waterfall,  as  nell  as  of  itn  river,  ia 
not  shown  on  any  map  as  yet.  There  is  a  grant 
hu;k  of  wrtronumicBlly  determined  polnU  and  of 
accurate  nurrcy*  tn  that  part  of  Sasala.aiid  tbere 
is  hut  little  hope  of  any  thing  lieing  acmmpUshed 
there  at  preaent  by  the  military  loirveyom.  It 
would  be  a  good  field  for  prlrate  f^terpriac,  aa  Um 
region  may  be  easily  reached  from  St.  Petvabnrs 
by  meaaa  of  tlie  steamem  plying  on  Lalcea 
Ijvdoga  and  Onega,  ti  is  a  pic4u[«ai)ue  country, 
with  numerous  lake*  and  wadstfaUi,  and  affonla 
excellent  salmon  and  trout  (Ubing. 

Some  new  dntn  an  th<i  topogmpliy  of  the  conn- 
try  between  Volagda  and  ArchnnvcJ  were  obtained 
(turiuK  the  past  summer  by  Kusncjrow.  Tbe 
greativt  elevation  ou  the  walersbed  between  tbe 
VoIks  and  the  Uwiiia  waa  found  to  be  799  facL 
ThiK  tlin  topographical  work  of  Russia  la  ilowly 
adenncing. 

The  OeOBTiiphic*!  society  baa  under  ccnaldem- 
tion  some  short  practical  inatructiooia  to  explorcn, 
the  main  point  idnad  at  being  to  draw  their  at- 
tention to  the  allegod  gradual  drying-up  uf  the 
inljutd  waters  of  the  Asiatic  <imliiicnt.  It  Iim 
already  been  mentioned  that  Jmlrinww.  on  com- 
paring laxt'^entury  maps  with  thoan  of  recent 
years,  6nds  that  the  lakes  of  the  Bambn  atcppe. 


108 


SCIENCE. 


[VOL.  IZ.,  No. 


ntch  aa  Toohaii}-,  lor  inntiuice,  huve  ihmnk  to  lialf 
tfadr  foTOKi  dimensJoDii.  On  porwnal  examioa- 
tlon  of  Ihoso  lulcee,  htt  found  xatMy  IracM  of  a 
reOBBt  dccKsae  in  tbojr  wnton.  Susiin  hae  so 
manjr  lokm.  that  the  BtuiJy  of  thdr  phfeicnl  kpok- 
rnphj  in  iwpixrlrtlly  inifKTlsiit. 

The  pendulum  ordcnd  )aat  year  lias  been 
broiijfht  from  Hamburg  to  St.  PeienburK  by  Pro- 
(«e«or  \jear..  It  ho«  bwn  torcfuUy  teated.  and 
ProfeHBOr  Bredi<^hin.  thx  imtronomur,  will  makR 
dtrtdnuinatjons  of  gnvl^  with  it  next  mtomrriD 
thr  ricintty  of  Moscow. 

Among  the  recent  ckiuiKes  in  the  permnnet  of 
thn  QeoKraphical  Bocitty.  the  following  may  ba 
montloned :  (funeral  Stehnitxky  has  bm-a  oboaen 
president  of  th«  matliematicnl  set-tion,  and  Prof. 
W.  lAmanok^of  the  ethnogrnphicsl  arction.  The 
former  in  known  by  hie  excellent  geodetical  work 
in  Iho  Cauciuus  ami  the  eael<4ii  part  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  also  by  lila  works  oo  local  aitraotion. 
The  latter  gentleman  it  one  of  our  mvnl  uminont 
Slavists. 

The  eclipae  of  Aug.  IB  will  be  visible  owr  a 
gKAt  eiient  of  Ruwinn  territory.  The  (|ueetion 
aa  h>  the  bent  methodti  of  ita  ulnervatioD.  which 
warn  diaouMed  lael  eprini;  by  thv  Physio>-clK-mical 
KKiirtr,  ia  BOW  being  toneiiJered  by  the  Meteoro- 
logical commiaHion  of  tlie  Geographical  society, 
which  will  oouupy  ibelf  mainly  with  obaervatiuos 
on  premun-  and  temperature  during  the  eclipoo. 
It  hiw  not  been  decided  what  expedition*  will  lie 
ociiilpped  for  tbe  purpoae,  and  only  two  poiuU  of 
obwrvatioti  have  an  yet  been  determined  upon. 
One  or  two  uHtrunumers  will  be  alationrd  on  the 
estate  of  G<-ncral  Mniowsky,  in  tbe  district  of  Tver, 
whpre  an  natrnnomical  observatory  is  i-Ktabliahed  ; 
and  Professor  Br«(lichii>.  wilhtwuEngtinh  friends, 
will  lake  obsert-ations  on  his  eetote  in  Iho  jcovem- 
ment  of  K<wtruiiiB.  It  ia  not  os  yet  known  wjipther 
or  not  the  Pulkuwa  oheervatory  will  wild  out  a 
party.  Till-  vieibiitly  of  tho  eclipse  on  laud  will 
be  unusually  great ;  and  the  country  w*wt  of  I.nkp 
Baikal,  whore  tho  totality  will  be  fvt^n.  in  lolnmltly 
well  settled  :  and  (o  Tomsk,  at  least,  thn  railroad 
sad  steamboat  com muuioat ions  are  gnod.  The 
time  of  tlM  year  is  favorable,  nud  tho  hour,  T 
A.H.,  is  such  that  the  morning  fogs  will  havt- 
been  diwipntnl. 

Thv  question  as  to  the  new  chair  of  geography 
in  the  Russian  universities  is  tinder  disouoirioo. 
The  universities  of  Moscow,  Kharkow,  Kasan. 
and  Oilesaa  have  aln«dy  sent  thdr  opinions  to 
the  mioistry  of  public  iiuitruction.  that  of  St.  Po- 
ternliurg  is  still  considfTiog  the  subject,  while; 
Prof.  A.  Woeikof  has  been  scot  lo  <lifl'e<reut  coun- 
Ulu  of  Europe  on  a  scientific  mission  in  oonn«c- 
UoD  with  the  matter. 


The  Academy  of  sciences  lias  recently  elected  U>' 
memlwrahip  two  cbemiaia  and  a  malltemalician. 
The  farmer,  Profrmor  Beketow.  of  Kbarlow,  and 
Professor  Betlslein  of  Ihn  Tochnolngic*!  iD>ittt«l« 
of  St.  Peteniburg.  are  woll  known  aliroad  ;  the 
latter,  Dr.  Marcow,  of  St.  Poleniburf;,  is  a  young 
man  of  gr«at  taleDt>  who  occupied  the  chair  of 
PiofeMor  TtebeUecbew  after  the  latter  left  the 
university. 

Among  recent    scttfoUtic  publications  may    be^ 
mfnlioDivl  tlint  of  M.  A.  Rykatsohi-w  ou  Ihe  frees-  ' 
ing  and  op<^ning  of  rivers  and  lukca  in  tiumsia. 
Tlie  author,  with  the  oatisutnct^  of  Ihm.'  uavali: 
oflicers,  —  KowaUky,  Maliarewsky,  and  Fllonius,  I 
—  has  collected  a  great  quantity  of  material  whicb>| 
be  has  used  jn  a  very  able  manner.     For  the  date*  , 
of  (^DtDg  of  the  riier»,  lakes,  etc.  he  ho*  availed 
himself  uf  observatiouH  at  907  different  points, 
and,  for  those  of  tbdr  fret-zing,  800  points.    Some 
of  these  nbeervationfl  rxtroded  over  long  periods, 
those  relating  to  tho  Noia    at  St.   Peti-rsburg. 
Vjritutn  at  Warsaw,  Dwiiui  at  .^Tchangnl,  Angara 
Ht  Irkutnk.  DQiia  at  Riga,  and  Kbro  at  8torkftro, 
reaching  back  over  a  hundred  jeaxs ;  tbe  Onega 
at  Oni-gii.  Dit-lnya  at  Ufa.  Volga  at  Saratov,  Obi  at 
Damaul,   Sookhona  nl   Ustiug-Weliki,  Sysula    at 
UsI-^ynoUk,  and  Yentaej  at  Yeniiu^iak,  more  than 
elKhty  rmn.  The  following  table  shows  the  num- 
ber of  available  observations  as  lo  time  of  opening 
and  freezing  at  tbe  points  mentioned  during  tbe 
nnmber  of  years  given  in  the  firstcolumn  :  — 


t^pilns. 


n  yesn  or  Biora 
mnnrsars. 
ai  "  M    " 
ai  "  »    " 
10  ••  IS    " 
LohUuui  10  rBara. 


In  the  hook  under  considi'ration  the  obeerv»- 
tioos  tor  e«c)i  year  are  given  separately.  The  re- 
sults are  also  graphically  shown  by  ihttt  obarti  or 
diagrams.  —  one  for  the  date  of  opening,  one  for 
that  of  frer-Eing,  and  one  fur  the  number  of  days 
tbe  rivers  are  frozen-  As  might  be  expected, 
there  is  nivtrly  always  a  retardation ;  that  is,  tbe 
rivers  do  not  freeze  over  until  somn  day*  after  the 
tempcanturo  ban  fallen  bnlow  0",  and  do  not  ojMm 
until  some  days  after  It  has  risen  above  O".  This 
retardation  Is  greater  for  Isrge  rivers  than  for 
small  ones.  Tbe  explanation  of  this  diffi>r«^ni-p 
fa,  that  a  longer  time  ia  required  to  chill  a  large 
body  of  watvr  than  a  smatlnr  one ;  and.  on  the 
other  hand,  the  melting  of  the  snow,  and  ths 
consequent  snow. water,  sooner  aRects  the  ice  of 
a  small   river  than   that  of  a  larger  one.     But 


I 
I 

I 


FtmvjMT  4,  1887.] 


SCIENCE. 


109 


I 


wbcn  once  IwRnn,  the  thawlna;  sn<l  breakinx-np 
at  tbo  kv  on  B  laxi;e  river  prooeMi  niofe  tA\nA\y 
Vuaa  on  ■  ainalln-  one.  Tfai!i  rvtnnlalion  is 
grMit«r  m  the  Voli;a  tlum  on  tmj  otbrr  rinr  in 
Rnada.  On  the  tnujur  part  uf  iu  middle  and 
loww  courae  i(  tvinntnii  unfrozen  for  mnov  tlwii 
thirty  dujs  nflT  th<-  le-mprmluri'  hiw  fnltrn 
below  0°,  and  it  Aim  not  open  in  the  xprliiK 
UDtil  at  leant  fifimn  daj»  after  the  temperature 
riana  to  Ihat  pmnt. 

To-dKj,  at  the  ymAj  unttng  of  ttie  Academy 
of  tfAmixn,  a  cominemoratiT*  ri^  mtdal  wu 
pmMt«d  to  Oen.  K.  H.  PrjevalKky.  a  E. 

8l  PsurMiun,  Jan.  IOl 


At  the  taai  meeting  i>f  thi-  bonrd  of  rfiKunta.  tw<i 
■wiMMit  Hvrtlnrira  wetv  nppointi-d  to  nid  the  aec- 
nimxj  in  Ihr  vork  of  th>>  f^mitlwontan  institution. 
Prof.  S,  P.  Ijinul^'y  of  AlIeKJian j  City,  Peiiii, .  waa 
appointed  n«  asfiiBtanl  aecretar.v  in  charge  of  ex- 
chaoicea,  piiblk^tloos.  and  the  library  i  and  Prof, 
n.  Brown  Ooode.  U4  aataatant  «ecir«(aiy  in  charge 
ol  the  nat*raial  inuwuiD. 

—  The  Ctnrinnati  nodetj'  of  natural  liistorv  pre- 
•rats  an  nnTiwuiItT  attractive  oourwe  of  frve  popu- 
laradenllHc  l<>c(nre«  the  preaent  HeiuMm.  This  is 
the  iiisth  coume.  Bn<l  the  subjects  aip  rni  fi>llow8 : 
'CUmali'.  plant-Iifp.  and  conaninpCion.'  Dr.  W.A. 
Don  L  •  Dpi-p-en  ttxplnrntlon^.'  Jotvpli  P.  Jainee  : 
■The  tnopn.'  J.  Ci.  Porter:  'The  retreat  of  tlie 
ke  and  tlie  evolutifm  of  IaVv  Brie.'  E.  W. 
Cbiypole;  -The  U.  8.  lieJi  i-omnuiuiion,'  Her- 
btrt  Jeoaer  l  '  Forestry."  R.  IL  Ward^tr ;  ■  Sun- 
•pots,'  Amoe  R.  Well* ;  ■  Otw  an  a  fuel,*  N, 
W.  Lord  :  ■  GtadM*  nod  oorthqnahm.*  J.  W. 
Hall :  ■  Prinwra)  man,'  B.  P.  Cope ;  ■  B(rd- 
lifle,*  F.  W.  UuiKiIon.  The  Hrstlectnre  wa«  |:iven 
on  Jan.  14,  and  the  otiiers  follow  at  (ntervaU  of 
one  nrol:.  Tlie  mciety  li  unufrually  iLCtive  thia 
rear,  awl  ia  in  ■  provperous  couditioii.  A  lyi-eum 
for  yotinx  peoplehaalieeniDuUEUrated.  and  ninety 
namee  are  now  enrolled.  The  object  is  tu  interest 
children  in  the  atudy  of  natural  history,  ami  there 
ii  «rer]r  Niaaon  t<t  l)elk-Te  th«  plan  will  siicoecd. 
Id  addition  h>  then;,  n  omirac  of  l^irtares  on  phyfii- 
olc^.  by  Dr.  C.  B.  CaldnH),  to  the  gc liool -teach- 
•n,  la  bdng  given.  Sixty  liave  been  enrolled,  and 
«acb  lectnre  has  been)  well  attended. 

—  The  reoent  election  In  the  California  aoadeoiy 
of  Klenoee  held  In  Son  Francisco  resulted  in  the 
deetiOB  of  the  following  ofllreni  :  pnvidenl.  H, 
W.  Hsrkuens ;  lint  *iTw)«esident.  U.  U.  Behr : 
HOOBd  Tjce-predili-nt,  U.  Uewslon  ;  oorrespomliuK 
Wtattmrj,  B.  Fenvr:  recording  secretary,  ClurlH 


O.  YaloitrMaurer.  JohnDalbm-;  librarijaB,  Carlos 
Troyer ;  director  of  the  intueum,  J.  C.  Cooper ; 
truMew.  Charles  S.  Cfoclier,  T.  P.  Uadd«o,  S.  M, 
HcDonaM,  E.  L.  0.  St«e>)e.  S.  W.  UoUaday,  Dr. 
HayM.  and  B.  J.  Holeia.  Pmf.  Oeorge  Daridaon, 
who  had  bMii  pniddoBt  of  the  academy  for  ttfteen 
jfnni.  wan  not  riMtlpcWd.  By  thr  » ill  of  the  lat« 
Jamea  l.ick,  the  nrsdemj  wilt  r<<cHT<!  two  hundrnd 
tliousand  dollan,  a  portion  of  which  wilt  be  de- 
voted to  tbe  erection  of  a  new  building. 

—  Coivul  Bissinger,  at  Beimt.  in  a  recent  re- 
port to  the  depnrtniRnt  of  slate,  snyii  that  the  pre- 
liminary and  experimental  borings  in  the  estruHiTe 
oil  regions  on  the  littoral  of  the  Red  Sea  are  being 
pushed  forwar«l  with  unalmteil  vigor  by  thpEgyf^ 
tian  government.  An  effldent  staff  of  );r<ologi>ta. 
raining  engineers,  and  other  experia  Ironi  thfr 
United  StatM.  Great  Britain,  and  BelgtuiD.  ar» 
buaily  nt  work,  ably  xeeondcd  by  experienced 
amtlanta  from  the  Americiui  and  Ruaaian  oil- 
flelda.  luiprofod  maohiuery  and  muobanical  ap- 
pliances o(  every  dewriplion  hove  fpcMilly  been 
landed  at  thf  newly  cnnHtructod  harbor  nituated 
about  two  oiiW  north- nor Clt-c««t  of  tlii-  p<.-tro1eum 
wells.  These  wells  are  pools  of  a  black -looking, 
bitumen-like  BUhetanoe.  which  emit  an  unmiatAk- 
abk*  odor,  and  noeol  the  deeert  air  for  mik« 
around.  The  whole  district,  from  Qenisah  in  lh» 
Buulh  to  over  twvniy  miles  north  of  DJeb"!  Tcyt, 
presents  every  indication  of  the  pretence  of  oil  : 
and  when  It  is  remenibnrt^l  that  oil  wai  '  Htruck  ' 
at  a  moderate  depth  at  the  flnt  boring,  and  a 
'  flowing  well '  was  produced  at  a  greater  dopth  at 
a  8ubee<]uent  boring,  there  is  every  renaon.  it  ia 
claimed  liy  tbuae  having  devoted  much  time  and 
thought  to  the  subject,  to  believe  that  the  flelda 
contain  petroleum  deposits  in  such  abundance  a» 
to  fnlly  justify  the  immense  pspt?ndituM«  ven- 
tured in  the  elaborate  pre  II  ml  nary  opcniliuua  by 
the  Egyptian  government.  A  more  recent  report 
announces  tbat  well  Ko.  1.  at  Gemsah,  i*  now 
spouting  pure,  heavy  petioleuia  at  a  depth  of  12& 
feet- 

—  The  bouse  library  committee  has  made  a 
favonible  reixirl  on  the  resolution  providing  for  a 
joint  committee  of  five  senators  and  eight  mrm- 
ben  to  consider  Ibe  expe<lieiicy  of  holding.  In 
1803.  an  international  exhibition  of  the  iiKlustriea 
and  pruductH  of  all  nations,  to  be  held  at  Wash- 
ington in  1893,  to  commemorate  tbe  four  hun- 
dredth annivmary  of  the  discovery  of  America. 

—  An  amendment  will  be  added  to  the  sun- 
dry oItU  bill  in  ilie  Beuate,  conatitutiag  the  secre- 
tury  of  state,  tlie  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian 
imtlitutica,  and  the  librarian  of  oongruiB,  a  oom- 


110 


SCIEu 


mlmton  to  report  to  cODgraas  the  cli*racter  and 
Tuloe  ot  Ibe  hiKU>ri<«l  and  olbtrr  mnniliM-Tiiiln  W- 
lofiging  to  Ibe  cowrnioml.  and  whNt  mrthml  nni) 
policf  atioold  b«!  puraaod  in  rcfisril  i'>  ediUoK 
th*m. 

—  Th»  THtowstcmc  park  hill  was  iiaaoed  by  (be 
aeiiale  last  week,  It  defines  the  (lark  IxiunOarieii. 
places  it  uuder  the  exclueive  jurisdiciion  ttl  tfai- 
UuitMl  Hljit«ii.  uid  neta  the  t^rriUiry  upxrL  n*  a 
public  purk  Mod  plciiauri'-grouud  for  the  )>eneHt 
of  th«  ptijpli.'.  Tlic  JwcTPtorr  of  thi-  iniorior  is 
MullioruL-d  to  makv  ruhm  for  thn  nuuiagnmeni  and 
c&n>  of  th«  park,  nnd  provision  U  niade  for  a 
detail  of  tioops  lo  pmloct  ita  bMutles.  ATI  hunt- 
ing ot  wild  animnis  or  blrdo,  except  animals  dan- 
geruUB  U)  huniaii  life,  fish in«:  with  iipIh  or  traps, 
iaproliiliit<.-d.  aiid  riul&tiona  are  punislml  hy  ftno 
■lid  imprlHoiiini-nt.  The  Frt'Sideiit  \»  to  appoint « 
couiinimiioncT.  who  in  to  rL-sidu  Id  the  park,  nod 
■ot  m»  a  juntine  nf  tlie  pcnre  in  placinR  olTenden 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  n  diiitric;t  court. 

—  One  of  the  mwt  complete  and  most  valuable 
collectloDS  of  ludiuii  folk-lore  jet  published  is  the 
Toluinv  of  -Jndiuii  traditions  of  nortb-wi-stern 
Oaniidtt' (VVnrfi(wn«  hutienntK  da  Canada  Nortl- 
m'irf}.  whirh  lina  jUHt  nppiuunl  in  the  series  of 
'  /j*ji  Utlfrnturfit  populairr*  de  touted  U»  natwiia ' 
<t*arls,  MaissoDiii'iive  FWrw  et  Cb.  l*clerc).  Tbe 
author,  the  Kev.  Bmlle  Patltot,  who  was  for 
twtMitjr  j«Hr8  a  miflsioiiary  amunK  the  iribosof  thr 
far  north,  is  well  known  to  scbolara  by  his  cxc«l- 
iMit  comparntive  grammnj'  and  dictionary  of  the 
IWn^DlndjIO  dinlci-ts,  and  by  mnnj-  other  usefal 
works  on  t)ie  iihitology  and  ethnoxraphy  of  north- 
ern Aniiirlca,  1'he  preaeint  collection  is  chiefly 
dt-voted  to  die  le^^ends  and  Cradltlons  ot  tbe  (ar- 
Hpmd  Alhabowan  trthes— styled  lWii^-I>iudji&by 
the  author  —  occupying  the  va«t  region  bttwMrn 
thi'  Gakiino  of  the  norlbL-rn  ouuats  and  the  Algon- 
«|nin  and  Dakota  Irihiii  of  tlitt  Red  Rivrr  and  Su- 
hatchewan  countries  on  tlie  south.  The  starie* 
an  given  in  the  bold  ■implidty  of  a  literal  version, 
with  no  attempt  at  literar?  gamisbitig,  -—  a  fact 
umdeeleoi  by  thi-  addition,  in  some  coses,  of  the 
orjginn),  witti  an  Inlvrlinuar  translation.  Even  in 
thia  rude  Knise.  evidence  of  no  small  imsginalire 
power  Is  frequently  apparent.  What  is  chiefly 
TVOMUrkable  Is  that  (with  a  very  few  exceptions) 
th«u  Athabascan  legends  dlffor  totally,  in  their 
InddentA  and  their  mythology,  from  tlie  folk-tales 
of  their  iieigliliore.  —  the  Eskimo  on  the  one  side, 
and  the  Algoncjuin  and  Dakota  Lrilics  on  the  other. 
Tbs  VXoeptionR  are  tn  a  few  of  the  stories  of  tbe 
more  Knitheni  tribes,  which  differ  widely  from 
tbe  rMt,  and  are  clearly  borrowed  from  the  Alteon- 
(pia  Crecfl.    ^ile  dMiDCt  ohuacter  ot  tbe  AUia- 


ITot..  tX..  Net,  9M 

boscnn  leRrad*  eonflrmfl  the  bet.  which  ho*  htva 
noticrd  by  Major  Powell  and  other  careful  ob- 
•Mvers.  that  the  Indinnn  of  each  II nguhtir  family 
havn  their  own  special  mytholoKy,  different  from 
all  others, — ^a  fact  certainly  of  xreat  and  far- 
Teachiujc  importsnoe  in  ethnological  si-ience.  M. 
PelilAl  haa  some  fancifiil  thrones  uliout  a  connec- 
lion  between  the  IiKtians  nnd  thi>  len  trIlicB  of 
Inrnel,  and  nl>o —  what  nrvnis  rathiY  incnnnistent 
—  olmnt  the  rfference  of  aome  of  the  tesends  to  tbe 
gUcial  era,  ibe  chanice  In  the  earlh*s  axis,  and 
other  primeval  events.  As  in  (he  case  of  that 
learned  and  evtiuiable  but  somewhat  visionary 
writer,  tbe  late  Abb^  Hraueur  de  Bourtxyurg,  — 
of  whom  our  author  much  reminds  us.  —  reader* 
can  nnvpt  tbe  valuable  facts  which  he  honestly 
Kives  Ihrni,  without  trmibling  Ihcinmlves  about 
hiA  peculiar  hypothepps. 

—  Following  the  mnoiisiTtph  on  ■Co-oporntion 
in  a  western  city.'  by  Albert  Shaw,  Ph.D.,  the 
American  economic  amoclalion  announce*  the 
puhliuaiiou  of  a  hii'tory  of  'Co-operation  In  New 
England,'  by  Edward  W.  Bemta,  Ph.D..  to  b« 
issued  Feb.  S.  Dr.  Bemis  has  made  a  study  of 
co-operation,  and  this  work  will  be  a  gtiide  tor 
co-operaton,  and  oonlAin  many  fads  to  tnt«rcst 
the  student  of  the  labor  problem.  Cojmos  may  be 
had  ot  Dr.  Richard  T.  Ely,  Rccreiary,  Johns  Hop- 
kins university,  Baltimore,  Md. 

—  Mr.  (3.  W.  Bill  of  the  Nautical  almanac 
office,  Wnsbington,  was  awarded  the  gold  iikediat 
of  tbe  Rnyol  astronomical  society,  at  the  Dece«D- 
ber  meeiing,  for  his  lalxtrioiui  and  masterly  le- 
searchea  upon  the  '  Lunar  theory.' 

—  The  Royal  society  of  New  South  Waleaoffwe 
Ita  meda)  and  a  money  jirhee  for  Ibe  best  cofoma- 
nioatioii  (provide)!  it  tl)^  of  nufHdent  merit)  oon- 
taining  ibe  results  of  original  research  or  ob- 
servation upon  each  ot  the  following  subjects :  — 
Series  vi.  (to  t>e  sent  in  not  lst«r  than  May  1, 
1887) :  No.  30.  ■  On  the  silver-ore  deposits  of  New 
South  \Vale«,'  the  wxiely's  medal  and  £28 ;  No. 
ai,  ■  Origin  and  mode  o(  occurrence  of  gold-bear- 
ing veins  and  of  the  associated  iniuetals,'  the 
society's  metlal  and  £ao  :  No.  38.  •  Influence  o* 
the  .Vualratian  climate  In  producing  modiliculions 
of  diseusm,'  the  suciety's  medal  and  £'^ :  No.  38, 
■On  tbe  InfiiM>ria  peculiar  lo  Australia,'  the 
society's  medal  and  £35.  Series  tH.  (to  be  sent  la 
not  later  than  May  I,  1888):  No.  W.  -Anatomy 
and  llfe-blstory  of  the  Echiduu  and  Platypus,'  the 
society's  medal  and  £2.'5 :  No.  3fi.  '  Anatomy  and 
hfe-ldstory  of  .Molhisca  peculiar  to  Australia.'  the 
suoietj's  medal  and  £2.1:  No.  2S.  'Tlie  chemical 
composUlon  of  tbe  products  from  the  noralled 
kerosene  ahale  of  New  8outh  Wales,'  the  sooiety's 


% 


4 


4 
4 


PUKCAKT   4.    1H07.I 


SCIENCE. 


HI 


mednl  ksiI  £:».  Swie*  tIIi.  ho  be  Bent  in  not 
lam  than  Unjr  I,  188V) :  No.  ST.  •  On  tbe  cbetnls- 
irjpof  ttte  Atut»liangutnBnt«lreefna,*lheM>de4r'e 
■n«dal  ttDd  <2S ;  No.  SS.  ■  On  ihi:  aboriginee  of 
AoslTBlia.'  tbe  «oci«t;''i>  miitnl  and  £33  ;  No.  20. 
•On  tbe  Lron-uiv  depcKitii  of  Now  South  Waif*," 
Um  oodety'i  mnlnl  nml  £Sfi  .-  Ko.  SO,  '  LUt  of  the 
tnarbw  fanna  of  Port  Jackson,  wild  d««crlptlv« 
DOtv*  aw  to  hablla,  disiriliutioo.  etc..'  th«80cie(v'« 
mtdal  DDd  £ja.  Tli«  cumpetitiun  U  in  no  wa.v 
oonAned  to  m^'mbpn  of  tlic  nock-iy,  dot  Id  tvn- 
AvOm  In  Auatralia,  but  U  upon  to  nil  trllbmit  tv- 
■trldkia.  No  Mw-nnl  will  ht  made  for  a  nwro 
oompUatkin.  boimrer  mpritorlons  In  lt«  woj  :  the 
common icnlKin,  to  be  siiccefuful,  tmist  \»  tMhtr 
whollv  or  in  part  tbe  rewiill  of  oiiginal  obwrvii- 
tloD  or  n-nearcli  an  tlie  jMrt  of  tlu-  contributor. 

—  The  nnnunl  trport  of  llio  dimtor  of  Ihi- 
Harvard  ohr^nxMevy,  which  «'iiii  jirewati-il  to 
the  vinittnc  <-oniniiltt«e  on  D(^-.  T,  baa  ju^it  Wen 
prtnlrd  ok  a  part  of  t1i«  rapuTt  of  Ibi-  pn-sidrDt  of 
tlw  uniTPrvit.v.  ProfeMor  Krkpring  In  ti>  In-  con- 
gntulnUKl  upou  the  highl}'  Mliifnclorr  flnnnclal 
baaii  <Ki  which  tbe  obtHTTutiirr  U  at  lon&th  pinoed. 
throaxh  tbe  muntSivnci!  of  thi-  lat<?  Robert  Treat 
Pitlne.  About  hiilf  of  the  Piling  bequenl.  or  tlOl;- 
IM,  In  now  ninilahln  ;  and  tlM>  enduwnieotof  lh« 
obaermtoTj.  which  irns  |ia4.O0*)  In  1H75,  and 
IS3T.0O0  In  ISeft,  liBB  now  rir«ii  to  |aiN<.OM.  A 
liMK  o(  Ui«  Inoreoaed  funit*  mimt  1«  applied,  for 
tlw  preeent,  to  needed  r«tp■l^^  and  to  the  publica- 
tion o*  obaen-atioDN  alraadv  niad«.  Tli*  in-lnch 
«|ualoria]  is  to  hnvo  a  ntw  nioiiiiliiiK.  ami  Pro- 
r«Mur  Pittkerinji  liopes  that  at  no  diatant  duf 
■nean#  may  be  found  for  n-placing  tbe  ubiiorvntorjr 
boilditiK  by  one  tietti-r  adu]>t«d  to  tbe  nviuuvmenM 
of  modem  astronomy.  Th<-  report  details  the 
wwk  of  the  tarioua  inntrumenti,  particnlar  ai- 
teoiioB  lieinK  given  to  the  aubject  of  |riiotometiy, 
■a  In  pan  jenn.  Tho  mnot  Important  new  work 
nf  tbe  obwrrnlovT  ia  in  tli«  field  uf  alelUr  pbo- 
lograpb7.  For  thi*  in*«ali|intlon  Mra.  Draper  hu 
lent  tho  ll-inch  photographic  leva  emplored  by 
lifT  hnubnnd,  the  Ut«  Dr.  Honri-  Dtaprr.  at  hinob- 
arrratory  on  the  Hudiion.  and  baa  pruiidod  mcntii 
tor  Its  new  mounting,  an  wi-ll  as  for  ih*  prowcu- 
lioD  of  rhe  teHearchn  to  which  it  ia  to  be  devoted. 
We  regret  to  not*-  the  mi^naiinn  of  Profewior 
Bogers,  the  flnt  ns^sinnt  (or  the  pa*t  tlfleen 
ytmnt,  and  (be  observatory  sutTers  a  second  Iom 
ia  tbe  mnsnation  (ram  Its  staff  off  Mr.  S.  0. 
Chnndter,  j<m. 

—  Dtiring  tbe  past  week  the  U.  S.  Qab  (.'omniis- 
_  made  the  following  distribution  of  Cali- 
fornia trout  in  tli«  locttUtlM  git-on :  800  yearling 
■rout  wereptaccKl  inSwinkalAko,nearScotl«horo, 


AU.:  ITS  yearling  In  San  ters  Creek,  Ala.:  175two- 
year-old  ia  Paint  Ote«k.  Ala.:  175  .vearling  In 
Bear  Creek,  near  Benton.  Alu.:  73  yearling  and 
100  two-yenr.old  in  FUni  Rjvpr,  near  Brownaboro, 
Ata.;  I7&  onr^yrnr-nhl  in  Oi>w  Ctvi-k.  Ala.:  ITS 
t<vo-year-i>lil  in  Iiookoul  Crprk.  near  Rining  Fawn, 
Ga.;  178  t«o-yeni-4>ld  In  the  Soiilb  Fork  of  iho 
Chlckamauga  Hiver,  ne»r  CbalUaooga,  Tran. 
Tlie  next  dislribiition  of  trout  will  be  made  durlD([ 
the  (.-dming  w«ek,  and  will  coier  the  slates  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Uichimn. 

—  It  haa  bn.-n  settled  that  the  gift  of  PteakteDt 
Vniit«'*  valwtble  biNiorJcnl  1ihrar>-  to  Coniril  nni- 
veniity  is  to  Im.'  followed  by  tbe  erection  of  a  large 
library  buildjog  by  tbe  college  authoritin. 


/,KJTfi/M  TV)  rHK  KDITOR. 

•,*CVrtWi«D>dmttiir«r*«wiiiHI  rat*  w  »Mt/ a*  »*hM(.     The 
tf'r<l«.''**«><*Ct  <HUir  Aur*rf^^(r#dff#«*«ttfa^tfood/ia<Uk, 

SoDfce*  of  nitrogen  assimilated  hj  growing 
plants. 

In  my  k(ldr>«t  )>uf<.ir<'  seclion  C  at  llnffalo  Laat 
Angnnt.  I  ttaTc  a  rVnunii  iit  tbe  iuTeSliKSUiiuii  niada 
ii|)  \"  tb«t  tiuiii  in  Tfflprvt  o(  the  ■oarooa  of  ailn>g«n 
cuuaameil  by  pluitk.  Tho  goncral  eonehuiona  of 
this  paper  were  uiiwi  lu  the  aliirtnuit  «t  tlui  addrsas. 
wbicL  appnrrd  lu  Seirnet.  Siaca  tbat  time  two  im- 
portant mviwtiHati'mH  baro  lievn  pnbliiheil.  ami  I 
nel  that  I  onKbt  lo  aikl  nn  sbsEnbot  of  tbcae  •■  a  rap- 
plmnctit  to  tbe  ono  yon  niadi>. 

AtvatrT  (Amir,  thrm  >oiirn.,  ilii.  N<».  Ti  and  6) 
has  shown,  in  two  )inii?n  reciMilly  puhliabed.  that  !■ 
many  caarn  Ibere  in  a  \ow  "t  uiiraaau  in  germinating 

filaut> ;  in  iitbcr  vordK,  iiiit<i|{eii  tliat  may  bo  ponaent 
n  a  uitritlNt  [orm,  or  in  n  fcnu  ««Hily  uitriBM.  may 
meupe  SMiiiiiliallon  by  bHng  Bot  tTVl^  by  tbe  ilMillrf. 
fyiuK  feruieiit  iliwarilMd  by  (Inyon  und  Dupolit  sad 
Hpriogcr.  Tbe  imporlaac*  of  thii  ta«t  M>«an«  to  have 
hnoD  oTorlaokcd  by  most  investigators,  and  tha  mti- 
iiialK  ndalion  it  boa  to  all  atodlwi  of  nKrogco  silml- 
liiti'.ti  will  not  be  dnnlcd  by  any  cue.  Ovnerally  H 
luw  been  aMiimed.  tbnt.  it  plants  ikbow  an  amoant  of 
•wilniilatad  nitrogen  equal  to  that  in  the  aood  and 
food  sDppllad,  it  u  a  pr<M>f  that  no  free  nllrogen  haa 
beeu  FOtMmnsd,  aitfaur  dirceily  or  incliivclly.  Itat 
if  it  ahonld  be  eslaliUnbiHl  thai  nmrh  uniniilablc 
nitrogen  in  tbe  setxl  or  tuod  may  ba  lost,  than  tho 
abovA  omomplion  caanut  be  una.  Aa  a  oontHlmUoii 
to  tlie  Kiidy  of  this  iDtoro^ng  jnoblem,  Atwaiar's 
papora  an  worthy  of  ounfol  eonaidontion. 

Hallri«gel(Z«ir.  d.  Vtr.f  d.  Rulpnaurlirr.lndiulri€, 
November.  18H6t  hiui  lately  jtutillnhed  a  |iapaff  tn 
whli-h  h*  nbnwii  that  an  actiro  nitrifying  ttvmsBt 
may  prepare  iiuswuuiilablo  nitrogen  (or  plant-food. 
VMiito  tli»  Gramineae  appear  to  poMoaa  Utthi  capa- 
bility at  Iwing  nonrished  byUie  nltroRm  that  eaa 
be  darivixl  tnnn  the  atnioapberp.  tbv  i^pillionai^eaa 
poseeiu  thi*  powDT  to  u  rcmarki^lo  eilrut.  Tu  a 
■teriliied  earth  five  of  nlUogea  wna  adilrd  a  tew 
caliio  eonlimatna  of  an  aqasons  aitrerl  ot  earth 
lokcD  from  a  Aeld  where  ]».««  wrre  iu  ai'tiie  |{nnrtb. 
Pitan  wfirv  hpronied  in  pota  of  nitrogen -tree  aod 
dteriliteil  tartb,  and  eontioood  to  grow  nam  tbe 
nitrogen^rapply  of  Uie  SfMl  wan  oihanatad.  They 
nil  then  paued  into  a  tfate  of  starratlan.    To  aoma 


8CIEJV0B. 


(Vol.  IX.,  No.  aw 


of  tbtm  iiaU  thu  «iui)i-«itTM<l  iiiMitlnnnd  »1)OTe  ma 
a>Me>).  lo  a  few  dayn  thi!  piniits  timk  imi  a  now 
grt'wtli.  InUllv  out  of  propoHion  to  what  <iuiil(l  h«v<i 
b*«n  oaoMd  by  Um  niinnUi  (juablitv  of  cuinliiiKxl 
lUtrtigvn  contai&Bd  tu  tlie  oxtnuit.  The  tiUnte  ialhe 
pota  not  tcccivtH);  thin  ii>iiiHtu«i1  iu  A  ^ylnft  ■^ondi- 
tlon.  Tlio  micTo-orgruiiunii  in  th«  rax^  jiwt  man- 
licoirid  (nlMMt  ft  iiiiiall  Imlb  nbirb  ■ppoan  od  Ibn 
lOOta  of  Ui«  plant.  HTi'l  ill  IhiK  UborMory  tha  Inuia. 
fonnatioo  of  the  uitrfgiti  HpjH'im'  (i>  tak*  plMHi. 

The**  lator  JnTnrtigktiumi  lead  ampboAis  Ia  Uia 
•tataoBont  I  miulft  In  my  Buffalo  luldrcMi  "ThoM 
Tlnra  ot  (dUtaUte  »o  lUMinKiiialifil.  boMil  m  ttacj;  arr 
oakMriw  <■(  oxprrimciibt,  ■■i1':iii!hiI  ami  Uboriana. 
BT*n  If  not  «boT«  eritiomi,  mtuil  cuiiimanil  onr  nrnat 
Mriooa  MtentlaiL.  Thcj  •^imkIj  admit  the  puMi- 
UUty  of  tb»  OM  of  th*  frwt  nItroRon  of  tba  atmoa- 
pbei*,  bat  w«  careful  not  t«  lit«niUy  afflini  it." 

H.  W.Wn*i. 
WMtitacKia,  Jan.  at 

Haloi  mtat  at  D«nTet. 

On  the  afliTuooD  ot  Krlday.  J^n.  7.  and  in  th« 
•T«nlii([,  Uier*  was  »  brlllUiit  'dUiilay  ot  halo*.  «t«.. 
■t  DMiTHr.  1  bar*  Ijcen  told  that  H  Iiprhii  U  about 
1  r.K.,  but  I  did  not  aw  it  imlil  U  30  r.M.  At  that 
tlina  tli«  aky  tm  of  a  milky  hnr.  trum  the  pR«Kic« 
of  tbn  lr4>.c)onda.  'I'lio  pnrlmlic  circle,  pOHiiiig 
tbrouab  tlie  nuu,  pikra>l1>'l  t<'  tli>>  horii/ia.  conid  be 
Inood  entirely  around  Iho  sky.  eiii^pt  In  tli«  iinini-. 
dia(«  Ticinityof  Iho  imn:  iinria  of  tl  wvtv  at  tiniM 
temponriiy  obRonnid  by  ninnll.  iwiftly  paonng 
olondH.  The  wo  prlupspttl  parlialla,  Sa"  •UMont 
f^oED  tfa«  HUD.  wen)  very  brigkl.  BDil  HHr^ndary  por- 
hrlin  wen  nrn  nt  a  dintance  of  130".  Tlii>  linlo  ot 
22''  rndi'u.  i-uriicliiin  tlio  Mm,  waa  inixiniplote,  lii 
ttic  ivnilh  WW  n  tniut  cir<?leaf  iwd  ll|tbt  aliout  •ilT'  in 
diameter.  TIjc  quAdrnist  nearMt  tlie  auii  wa*  ni- 
pandod  into  a  nuwniflccnt  Inno  a"  wide  at  tlie  bruad- 
•at  placw  ;  It  dlapi^ml  tli*  prinnatie  colon  froia  r*d 
to  Tii>lu(.  tlui  red  border  b»ln|t  toward  the  mui.  Aa 
tbr  Bun  dMFfni)«d  lowftril  llie  wmI.  tbi>  Inne  ffrvw 
■un-owcr  nnd  longer,  being  only  1"  ijr(>ml  at  3,3(1 
r.K.  During  tfao  uoxt  ten  uiinntiv.  eloudK  riiunu 
from  thv  WMtarn  boiicou  obmrtLred  the  nun.  nnd 
with  It  the  parh«Ue  cirpi*.  Tb«  Inne  wm  rlalliln  tor 
ftdiorttiine  after  tho  nun  bad  dlMijipvArod.  but  at 
S.IO  P.».  it  too  had  touiaheil.  By  looking  towanl 
111*  w«at  dnrinK  the  dwpUy.  the  Jcp-cryKtalii  near  the 
tuth'a  •nrfKoe  w><r«  plainly  Tlnlble.  and  luid  Uio 
form  of  alendei  iierdle*. 

In  Ifao  evotliiigthe  sky  Koeuied  rlear.nn<1  tlii>  monn. 
la^DK  two  dayi  of  bring  full,  nhoae  brightly.  The 
pkrHKcYeni''  Hrplo  wan  iioniplelA,  and  beautifully  eon- 
tmitcd  witb  the  dork  Hky.  It  wofi  l^"  brooil  oppo- 
■itc  the  moon,  ami  gTP«  narrower  aa  it  kptiroacbad 
thai  lomiBory.  It  oonld  be  tnoed  almoM  up  to  the 
moen'a  dUk.  At  H  p.ic  the  halo  of  29*  radina  «l>oat 
tlie  moan  wo*  i4<ry  dtatbiM :  at  the  highvut  and 
lovcat  point!  tberf  were  radfiufntuy  tangnnt  aroe, 
md  ■  eonicqnent  iuereaae  of  brillianpy  at  thoao 
poUita.  Th»  pocnwlenae  were  not  at  tbu  inlenieotion 
of  the  halo  wltJ]  iliu  paraiicleniiT  cirole,  bat  on  the 
)Mt«r  about  3"  or  4"  <>iiiHt<li>  of  tb«  halo.  The  Inner 
edge  of  the  halo  vHa  n  led  cirule,  but  tbu  ontor  «d|[0 
wan  an  ill.deSnecl  ellipiK),  tlM  tnajor  aiia  of  wbicb 
•tioti-biid  Uitworji  the  two  pwaadenao,  while  its  minor 
alia  oolu^idiil  wilb  tbe  lertloal  dlomeiei  of  the  red 
«inlo.    liie  qiMe  Mweeu  tbo  Inaor  and  outer  edge* 


wa*  fill«d  wttb  milky  liflfal.  At  8.30  f.m.  Iho  par- 
Mclrnne  had  illaappfArml.  SecondAr;  )iiu*ael«naa 
wore  ooen  at  diiil*ii(ie>i  of  121)*  ftian  the  moon.  At  9 
P.M.  a  bright  lire  having  a  uniform  breadth  o(  3*. 
anil  exblliitlnij  prinuatic  colon,  wMaeen  In  the  eixntli- 
ea«t.  beiiiK  *  f'^tioa  of  a  nrale  of  kbont  40'  rardlna, 
ill  Uie  ceuirD  of  whii'h  lay  the  nooo.  It  paoMd 
tUiongh  the  triangle  ot  •.■onaptcnona  etara  f  (,  •,  ^  ) 
iu  Cftiii*  Major.  At  0.30  r.it.  all  tbo  dtclai  except 
IhiH  <■■>«  liif!  voEiinhiMl.  and  at  10.30  it  hw  had  gotK. 
I  bave  been  told  that  after  midiught  llitr  natire  aya- 
Icm  ot  eiielea  rr-apneared.  There  wm  do  lone  In 
the  unith  before  micblgbt,  or  afUr.  aa  for  m  1  ba<* 
bem  able  to  learn.  It  waa  poMlble  to  eee  tbo  ice- 
rryvtals  floating  down  by  looking  toward  the  moon. 
I  regret  that  I  hitd  no  tuattminenta  tor  uihIuiik  »ocii< 
mu  mcaenremeuta  of  the  enpilar  dinliuioeH  wbtrb  I 
eBtlmalod.  H.  A.  Howe. 

UBUirer  DnlT««*IIT.  Jan.  IK, 

Coaaumptton  unonK  Indiana. 

In  MfNM  f or  Jan.  21  (p.  TK)  rofcrencc  ia  mode  to 
a  sappiMllloii  that  "  it  is  cbanK*  ot  diet  wbiob  ia  the 
mo«t   iKilent   remote  OMM  of  oanromption  among 
the   Indian*."      Anotlier  eanae,   in   my   opjnloo,   la 
rbango  ot  dreet.     IWare  ba  ewiienndertLeiDttit«oo*      ■ 
ot  civiliMtion.  the  Indian   wm  not  clothed  is  gar-     H 
mokta  that  would  inletf.*r*  wiili  Uio  free  aelion  of     ^ 
the  poren  ■>(  tlm  ikin.     H  a  li*e  mlibit  V.n  dippnd  in  a 
eolation  of  gliio,  »o  on  to  cover  itn  IuhIv  witb  •  ooet- 
ing  impervionit  lo  air,  tt  la  torpriiing  how  qtaieUy 
thii  trpc|aeney  ot  the  tveplnitory  moTcm^nta  inoreeMft. 
Bhowing  tliat  the  work  of  the  1iiub«  is  inereeeod  by 
depriviiiR  til*  skin  of  free  hcccm  lo  the  air. 

The  pr<:<c(Ma(  of  ciiilintion  baa  a  aoinewhat  eiiultM' 
eOeot  upon  tbe  Indian,  though  to  a  Icm degree.  Otw 
ot  the  ftrnt  lawoiu' in  the  effort  to  ciflHiehTmUaebea 
bjni  to  euvvlop  himult  in  clothing  of  ■  kind  that 
Urnda  to  inijiedu  aixl  impair  the  normal  action  ottbe 
fckin.  the  porea  of  which  fti*  orgaui  of  excretion,  —  ft 
mui^baiilain  by  which  morbid  and  waate  mat«ri*l  may 
be  thrown  out  of  the  ajutem.  De^irived  o*  theoN- 
■ialauce  allord'tl  under  ptDTiuna  oonditlona  by  tbe 
■kin,  the  work  of  thu  luu^^a  i*  grcBtly  iDoroaaed,  iMt- 
d«rlng  them  peculiarly  auaoepnble  to  bronchitia  aod 
pneumonia,  —  nilmonU  wbiob  are  commonly  Itao  fotv- 
rannere  ot  conauiiiption.  If  we  aooept  the  Ibeory  of 
Koch,  they  make  ttin  luuga  a  anilnble  faabitation  for 
th<i  liaciUua  tuljervnUiU^. 

It  wi>  Mudy  Ibo  pre-trihprcoUr  hlatory  of  man,  wo 
find  his  clothing  in  Ihoee  timca  fur  diffnprait  from 
what  it  la  to-day,  when  the  percentage  of  d«ath  from 
eoiunimption  reacbee  «0  biRu  a  iVfcnre. 

The  tsiot  that  thu  mortalily  from  connunption 
lunong  the  ludiana  iiuincdiulely  aftur  they  come 
under  the  Inflnnnoe  of  our  ciTiliratiou  la  oo  inncfa 
greater  than  ouiouk  the  while*  proTea  the  Irnth  of 
what  I  h«*e  •dvanowL  We  baie  lia<l  our  liability  to 
ooDimmptioai  from  oterworked  Inng*  t«mpered  hy 
hnadreila  of  Mnamtiona  of  aneeeUir*  habituated  lo 
tbo  oae  cf  elotalng,  ao  that  onr  riok  in  much  leee. 

The  facts  trnderlylng  tlieaa  viewa  Bfe.  1',  tbe 
Innft*  am  not  the  only  organ*  of  respiration ;  3*, 
thdy  ore  Important  excretory  orgniut,  and,  like  tbe 
kidneya  or  llscr,  tbcy  m>y  l»  orerworked;  3".  tbe 
■kin,  tn  ita  Datorat  condition,  aa  on  organ  of  reapira- 
tioD  and  eioretioD.  la  a  moet  ImuortAiit  adjunct  of 
the  lunipi.  mt.  0.  WrwaM. 

Ueuoll,  Mlua.,  Jao.  M, 


rUM-AKT  4.   IIXFJ.] 


113 


A  pt««  for  ciTiluu)  contiol  of  th«  U.  S-  w*>tb«r- 
bureau. 

A  MooBt  diaooaikia  of  Ui<>  value  of  Ui«  Higiuil-iHir. 
Tie*  wMlhar'pnxUetloiui  mw  bognn  in  tile  Boiton 
Tyantert'itt  bj  K  IMter  from  •  Hoaton  Uiryor.  A  pot- 
t*oa  of  th«  letter  >■  bora  givAu :  — 

*'  To  Iht  tailor  of  Out  IVaiwcrii^.  It  woDld  w^id 
thftt  tt  1*  llmia  to  oaU  for  b  twmiMtion  o(  tbc  brce  of 
nnbllafaiBK  llie  ottoifti  v^athM-ptogiioiitiefttioiw,  at 
ImM  m>  far  m  Uie  nd^bbavbood  m  DcmIob  U  oov- 
««n>«d.  Wbo«rtrr  )>  io  Ibe  bablt  of  looktu  ia  tb* 
loomiDK  pspor  to  And  wliat  vmUicc  in  pTuinlMd  fof 
tbo  ilaj  tnnul  baTo  bono  miiob  iiuittfloed  of  Me  >JUi 
lbs  fu)«U7  for  getting  it  all  wrong,  wbtcb  tb»  WmIi- 
ittgtoa  bnreM  Bppaara  !«  |ioiw««^  [H«ro  tollon  a 
wnole  liM  of  Botatite  failami  iriUitti  a  mouUi.]  In 
«oiictn«oD,  I  will  only  uk  wliclheru '  wcalliei-buraau' 
wbicb  iiruiluRd*  nacb  (ailoru  ui  tbcac  is  worth  tbe 
MM  of  ila  iuaiiil«iutD«« ":  It  may  claim,  indooil,  that 
it  baa  ■onetiniea  pri>pli«Hii<il  Hiil't,  )>ut  a  man  lu  a 
dark  eloaot  «oul4  not  ponibly  bote  gii«M«<l  alwayH 
vroam." 

A  niuub«J  of  l«tl«ni  followmi  tliii  ftmn  difleteat  per- 
•OU,  all  of  which  tigrMil  In  rnunxil  to  the  itieSldMiej 
of  Ibe  rigiwl-iterTicc  pradiotiuiu;  ami  tliia,  I  think, 
voiMa  Uw  goBBral  ■eatlment  ol  the  Mew  I^ii^IhikI 
pMpla.  I  bad  ao  froqnoBtlr  b«ard  peuplo  lust  year, 
wben  tbaj  ware  apcalnng  of  the  ngiuil'aorTiuo  ptc. 
■Heiiona,  lay.  '  Anyliody  conld  row*  at  ibo  voathar,' 
that  (lie  qaeKiDo  prcMnted  iiaalf ,  Why  waa  It,  that,  lu 
(hoaol  the  taot  tbattbe  offldal  bqlletiiuolaimed  nighty 
«ir  Ofwu  nlanlj  por  oant  of  ■ncocaafol  rcriflcattoD. 
the  aTflrag*  K«w  Englandor  had  anlvad  at  the  oon- 
oluaioB  IhM  lh«  (fgoal  mttIm  merely  gnaaa«id  at  the 
woMhot  ^  It  oociurrd  to  me  that  the  popular  ineae. 
■K  of  micocw  won  nut  what  per  mat  Nome  arbdtncr 
MOlhod  of  veriAvatton  gav*.  hat  i>lhar  how  miiRh 
better  wer«  the  Drediotion*  than  tbo«n  whicb  nuntil 
be  made  by  peojile  ordinarily  nithuut  iiiKtniiiienta  of 
aay  kind* 

!•  ordn'  ft  iMt  tbla,  I  had  Frank  Brown,  an  tntel- 
UgMit  M^wHTil  nf  Blu<<  Hill  oliMmtory.  nmkii  wxallicr. 

(rtdiotioDs  at  iiuiuet  (or  the  fullowiiiu  tw(<uly-((nir 
ooia  on  each  day  from  lout  Marph  to  July  iui'lnoire. 
Theae  prvdietlona  I  mcorilcd  when  lunde.  lUid  oare. 
fnlly  verified  them  in  acoordonen  with  tbn  tiiIqh 
stTMi  by  tbe  aignal  aertloe  to  vi>liiiitnry  obiwrvont 
for  Teritriug  Ibe  algnal-iierTioe  iircdi'itiuuii,  I  Chen 
conparod  liu  prediotiaiia  with  thuae  uf  tbc  ngnol 
ewTlce,  Tciifled  in  the  aame  maunor,  and  I  found 
thai  aaob  Bionlh  bn  obtalnei]  from  three  to  t^in  \iiit 
o«Bt  hiaber  eneteaa  than  tbe  etgnal  earvleei. 

In  oraeruot  \a  conftiw  tbe  t«*ttoona  ]>er«oit  aluue, 
I  aak«d  Mr.  luid  Mta.  UaTFU]>ort.  intelligent  pcraoua 
Uviatt  n*ar  Iltno  Hill,  bat  vhn  claimed  to  know  noth- 
ing almut  lb«>  Rclence  of  melmirolaay,  to  tuake 
WMtber-prediuiiona  diiring  the  muaUi  ol  June. 
Theee  ptodictiona  were  made  at  anneet  for  tbe  twen- 
ty-foni  boam  beginning  at  midnight,  and  ««n  beaed 
on  the^ppoanaoe  of  the  aky  alooe  witkoat  any  In- 
atrumenta.  Th««e  predletlona  wnre  revived  and 
reiMrded  vhra  mftde.  and  thv  «n<l  uf  thi^  month 
•bowed  that  the  prcdictiona  of  i>a('h,  tli'jugh  (lightly 
dlfer^nl.  weru  niohty  per  cent  [orlDed.  while  the 
el^al-eervto*  pretlictloDa  durinii  the  Muni:  lim«  nnce 
oaly  atTeMy-eeveD  per  eNit  wHltod. 

Tb«ee  r««ulta  clearly  abow  why  ni&ny  pouple  do 
not  regard  the  aignal-aciTioe  preiliotioiia  oa  of 
-vain*. 


It  would  ocoupy  tooniaeliapacetaattempt  toabos 
why  the  aitinat-iinrviiw  uMtbod  of  Tevifleauon  nakea 
thoui  Apjii'Mr  to  Kaio  ■>"^h  high  iiacceM;  milWHlo 
say  that  many  of  tbe  catui  which,  aocording  to  tbc 
nuoB  adopted,  uuat  be  recorded  na  BUi!Maafiil,  ai* 
moat  glanng  failnrta. 

Dun»i(  the  bMt  tew  muntba  1  have  «udeaTor»d  to 
a«i>M-laiu  tbe  canaee  of  the  aiaay  falloraa  in  New 
Encland  i>(  the  mgnaUaerriee  'iodintiaiu;'  and  1 
find  in  the  poutiooi  of  Kow  England  botweeo  the 
lake*  on  ooie  aide,  and  the  ocean  on  the  other,  1 
tkiak,  a  fruitful  canao  of  the  tiuluree  of  the  rignal 
SOTTioe.  VTfl  find  friMu  local  obeerratiaiw  here  In 
Boaton,  iJmt,  when  a  atoru  qiproatihiiig  ttam  the 
wort  paMMB  o<rcr,  the  eky  bc^aa  to  clear  almoel  im. 
mediately  after  the  paaaag*  of  the  line  of  ndnimuni 
prMaure.  Bat  on  a  aynoiitlc  rliart  it  it  fMqaently 
found,  tint  evtfo  Ihuugli  tbe  nrulre  of  leaat  preaaiu* 
ia  off  on  the  oeoan,  it  in  rniuiug  or  mowing  at  certain 
lake  alationa,  ancb  u  Maiqiietta,  Oavego,  «4c;  and 
til*  iixplatiatlon  la  a)>iiarpjit,  for  the  ououlation  of 
th<<  wind  in  Ducb  M  to  drlTe  tbe  air  aetoaa  tbe  gnat 
Inkw  to  theae  atatioaia,  when  St  arriTca  laden  with 
moiature  and  ready  fat  preoipitetion.  The  alunal 
•orvice,  ignoring  allloeal  uiflnonoea,  and  ba^ng  tnoir 
predloUimH  ou  the  teatward  moTement  «F  weathor- 
^baugm,  predict  over  and  OT«r  again  rKin  or  anow 
for  I^w  England,  wbiob,  nnder  aneb  OMiditiouB,  *el- 
dom  oirivea. 

■tualn :  hu  amt  of  high  prnanurp,  api>roMhinK  Nuw 
England  frooi  ovHr  tW  lAkee,  may  \iv  aliened  by 
fair  wuatbi^r  \  but  immediately  it  arrirei  oTer  the 
Oulf  Stream,  and  begins  to  foroe  air  on  lbi>  Und 
from  the  north-east  or  eart,  rain  beginn  ^  and  uiimei. 
»na  (ailur<i«  of  tbi>  aJKnal  ti^rTiciK  can.  1  think,  bo 
traced  lo  thia  eauM. 

I  faare  not  canftned  my  atu<liu(i  of  the  iii^nal-eer> 
ric«  prediction*  to  New  RuKlend,  but  bavtf  oIomIt 
■atolieil  them  OTer  other  (lartM  of  the  oountry ;  uid 
I  luivi-  beoome  couviuceil  that  the  prediction*  are 
buacd  olmoot  eatiiely  on  the  oaatward  moTtoueala  of 
wntther-eliangoo,  with  but  Utile  reifaid  to  local  infln- 
enc*.  or  t<i  tbe  facta  elieitnt  by  tbe  Bpltmdid  re- 
ewitcho*  daring  the  laat  leu  yntm  uf  Loomia,  Van 
Bebber,  and  alioat  of  otben.  In  olhot  word*,  tbe 
nai^mce  of  weather-predicting  in  the  United  StatM 
hua  not  adranced  a  alep  alnea  the  day*  of  Joaepb 
HMiiy  and  Kitpy.  Thla,  t  belleie,  lia«  largely  if  not 
untirrty  r(<»ijli«d  from  tbe  tuUitaLTy  control  of  the 
weather-buTBau.  ConreDliaiwl  nrntine,  and  aoUoo 
witbont  quortioniug,  ia  a  neceaarjr  part  of  military 
training,  and  ll  baa  produced  tia  IVnlta  In  a  blind 
fallowing  »t  a  few  nilee  and  a  eouMiioent  want  <A 
adtanee  in  milibiry  waalher-predictiona.  Hot  only 
dt)«  the  mililAry  organization  (ail  to  giic  the  beat 
nwulta  which  migbt  at  pruaont  bo  obtained,  hut  I  be- 
li«T«  it  ih  liuiuMUMly  ilMriuieitlal  to  the  advance  of 
tuet>K)roli>Ky  t"  a  bitfher  and  more  •cientlfto  poaition. 
In  Europe  the  men  in  char^  of  the  wMther-aorrloM 
are  iicientifio  men,  who  not  only  do  their  preemt 
work  veil,  but.  aualained  and  enthueed  by  their 
work,  are  In*«ill^ting  the  dilSnuIt  prableoia  wlnali 
prMrut  themaelves,  and  thua  puahing  meteorology  to 

a  higher  and  uiore  sciontiSc  stand.poiot. 

Kor  do  1  think  Ibodetrimenc  of  the  military  orsaai- 
xation  enda  with  tlie  predicting  dopartment.  I  haTO 
kuowii  iiecdi'iinllr  a  number  of  bright  yonng  men, 
iuteUMlly  iuternatcd,  and  trained  in  «<tieuue  and  aOL- 

nntifia  motfaoda,  who  were  kept  ont  of  the  aignal 
aorvjee  on  amount    of    tbe  mUitafy  organlmuon. 


lU 


SCIENCE. 


[Vou  IX..  No.  am 


"nfM*  nicD  wvrc  >«r*rc  of  Uicir  abilit;  to  caru  nu 
ample  nnsicDBiKw  in  tba  world,  and  did  not  ctrc  M 
r<'!>'iuMi  lltt'lr  Itbnrty  and  andorgo  whfttnTM  ioiligtii- 
iXo*  i^i^hl  In.'  viut  iijiou  tbeni  in  »  inlUUry  i>rt|)u)lz«- 
ti>.>n.  Tnicu  luronlly  inU'tligUDt  iwrgeMitt  of  tb« 
nignul  oorpa  bn(e  (oid  to  mo  that  "  for  the  talari«N 
piiiil  to  HUT  ob«uirY«a«  w«  could  obtain  Home  of  tbo 
iiirwt  iiit«ll%eiit  i»eii  S&  our  city :  wli^nuu  wo  now 
IiAvv  tu  pnt  up  with  muoh  IcM  »ffuo(iv«  work."  One 
of  IheM  told  me  of  an  uaiBtaiit  in  bia  offloe  wbo,  ou 
a  »cry  riear  nigbt,  rccoidod  tlic  Milk;  Way  oh  thin 
elooda  moving  alowlf  from  tb«  vi-U..  Of  i^oarso. 
•neb  men  iu  tha  itKnal  olllc*  u  tent  lliat  ilivy  wonld 
low  tb«irpuHition  oy  ibe  tmiafer  of  tbt  biir^ii  ii> 
dTiliui  control  aro  bitterly  oppoiiod  to  the  irliniigo, 
and  Mvrnil  bnm  ([iTnii  mo  tbia  very  rcoaim  tor  op- 
poittng  (liv  trau*>t*r. 

TbM  IbiB  i-oumuiueatiou  iiiay,  iii  tli«  pr«iKint 
ariais.  do  ■omething  lownrd  influcuoin^  the  chuiiKe 
to  civilian  "ootrol,  wbicb  I  betiete  ao  much  needed, 
la  my  nLmetit  bopi>.  II.  Helm  Oi.jytok. 

Bla«  Bm  inel«ar.  otMerr., 
Jan.  SO, 


Tbe  pia«al  eye  in  Tritjlodon. 

Tha  aooompanying  cm  ivpreseul*  lb«  top  of  tbe 
•kali  of  the  retnnrkalilv  mninmul  Tritylodon  Owen. 
It  ■•  rcduMfd  to  Iwu-Uiirdi  trntoral  uil-.  the  g«ntu 
b«ing  intiRh  larger  tbon  any  otk*i'  bltlinrto  ImowD 
from  tba  roaaoxoic  porioil.  In  tlit<  iiilfrviLl  Iictwe<'U 
the  parUitala  and  fri>ntAU.  ;hi  and  fr.  ia  iie«n  tin* 
pariutal  funuuen.  pf.  nbich  boa  eioctlj  cbe  some 
poaitioa  and  relatioua  nn  in  tbn  liurd  genua 
HphsDodon.     In  niy  aomiiniiili'ntiun  to  Sri'mM',  Jau. 


--A" 


-A 


ii.«r 


i'lv 


98,  t  apulio  of  tbia  fonuncu  vbiob  l(Hl|;t")  tbe 
pineal  eye  '■  ai  greatly  exceeding  tbat  of  any  of  the 
recent  liiard*  In  ri'latlvo  dianiotor."  I  find,  apon 
•laiulnliiK  tho  Hpliinodon  akull.  tliat  tbla  ia  a  allKht 
«»4ncvra(i'>u.  and  for  Ibp  vonU  'rtlMlie  iliaiiieter* 
■bould  be  aulwtitult'd  '  actual  diuiueter,'  Even  with 
thia  limitation,  tlic  foft  it  of  remarkable  intersnt. 
and  adda  lo  tbn  rapidly  accnninlntlng  rrTldrnco  for 
tbe  repUlian  anoMtry  of  lb»  mamiuala. 

Bkhk  F.  OaiDaM. 
Pi1o«Mao,  pao.  t. 


Simple  quUitatiTc  test  for  artlflcUl  butter. 

Proferanr  H<:hplTi>r  {Fharm.  AunJurA..  1886.  iv. 
'i4t4)  baa  |<r<i|»iwil  tbe  followiiijc  tMtt  fnr  dlatiiiK^Ub- 
ing  between  ifenurDe  and  arlificial  buttpr:  n  luiit«ir* 
i*  made  containinfi  40  Toluoiea  of  reetifiinl  anijl- 
alcohol  and  60  volumaaatbar  of  .735  apaciAc  gravity 
at  10".  On*  Knini  of  butter-fat  i«  dlMolvad  is  3c& 
of  tbii  mixture  at  30-38".  On  th«  other  hand,  1 
gram  lard  requirca  lOoc.  of  the  aolvent.  I  t;ram  tal* 
low  .Vk-c,  and  1  gram  iltArin  5S0cc  For  tbe  experi- 
ment tnke  a  t«Ht-tub»  nl  l^i'c.  capacity,  and  place  in 
it  I  craio  fat.  ad<l  ^oc  of  the  fnaet  uil'Mhernilzlare. 
After  linhtly  oorkinj;  (he  lulie.  jiut  it  in  a  water  bath 
of  18^.  and  with  fniqucnl  rhaking  bring  the  temper- 
ature to  S8*.  If  tbo  buttT  Ih  pitrv,  thu  toliition  be- 
comm  perfectly  cl^or  at  ibiR  t^mp-niliir*.  If  not 
dear,  mnTB  o(  the  »nlutii.>n  can  be  run  in  out  of  a  ba- 
reltr.  ord  the  additionol  quantity  required  will  be 
■ome  IndicatKtn  -it  tha  quantity  or  quality  of  tbo 
aduUvraiit  which  ha»  lie»n  miwl. 

According;  to  Si<bvffcr.  mixture*  uf  pur*  butter  and 
lard  gftve  tbo  following  data  i  — 


1 


Bunar. 


Qaantllx  of  mlitore 
r«iulrtil. 


•Me. 

a:: 


A  trial  n(  thia  method  hoi  ahown  that  it  i*  eopabk 
i>t  Kiviug  vaJuahli-  qiinlitotiiB  iodicationii  ai  (o  the 
purity  of  the  aasiple  uude r  eiaiuiuation,  I  belt*** 
it  i*  tbo  bent  (implo  toki.  capable  of  geuernl  applica- 
tion. «hlch  bat  been  pri>pii»>d.  I  liaro  adopted  a 
simplermethod  ol  getting  veniibly  eonotiiiit  weigbta 
than  tbe  one  rrcommeniled  abore.  The  I'Uttvra  or 
iijbititiite'  to  be  i^xnuiinod  an*  n>eUed  and  6ltered  in 
tliN  uiiu»l  way  \;  rrninvw  unit.  unltT.  etc  A  Ice. 
pipvtte  ia  uied  t"  niemiire  uut  the  lat,  whii.'li  vrill  be 
aroiibly  .9  uf  a  gram.  All  tbe  grn<luitti»l  ii|iparataa 
nccraaory  for  thia  teat  i«,  therefore,  a  loo,  nod  8m. 
pipette, 

The  theory  of  tbe  teat  ia,  tbat  tri-atoarin  ia  \»m 
(oluble  iu  tbe  amyl-ether  miilure  than  the  olber  boV 
icr-fati.  and  that  the  [ati  uivd  nn  butler*«ubttitiltea 
conlatn  tunro  of  tbta  aul-ntance  than  pure  butter. 
The  t'nt  is  cliltfty  talaalile  for  it*  airajdlcity  and 
wide  application.  H.  W.  WiLBT. 

WaaUlocvoD,  Jab  A 


German  construction!. 


I  ihonld  Kko  to  aak  your  correipondent.  VLt.  Bg- 
gert,  i[  he  iiuppuaeii  there  exi*ta  any  (.thi>r  langoage 
admitting  of  to  horrible  a  conatructiuii  aa  the  pla- 
cing-together  ef  lix  pronouns  in  immediate  contact  I 

■'Odudeldu  mlcbdea  lob  to  aiU'tUoh  llebe  I " 

It  i>  tmo  Ibat  German  wnters  of  to-day  ohow  a 
material  gain  in  cleanieei  over  mott  of  thone  who 
wrote  a  hundred  yean  ago,  and  Ibia  in  ituubtleaa 
owini*  lo  tbe  iDcreDsed  familiarity  of  edui^aled  Ger- 
man! «ith  the  (bortef  aenteocea  and  leas  parrothetlc 
furmt  at  conatruction  ueed  Iu  EDglieh  and  fremih. 

U.  Cauit  Lu. 
Ptklladetpnla,  Jan.  87. 


I 


vaA      M 

J 


FRIDAY,  FEBRUARY  4,  1S87. 

SOME   UmCALLED   CASKS  OF  TUOUOBT- 
TRA  SSFEIiRESCK. 

Svcit  w  tlw  titk  or  an  kriiclr  in  T/ie  nalknial 
^rcvfno  (JnnuwT,  1687),  by  Ada  n<iitbrr-BJKS  >d<) 

Biiaa  L.  Halchaid.  This  8rticl«<  (t^siTvrs  to  be 
*  rmd  by  ervry  Mie  iiilcre«t«d  In  the  subject,  and 
C*]iCciaUr  by  the  ixn-mbem  o(  tlie  fingtish  M)cl«tJ 
for  pKjchtc  i(W«ri:h.  Thin  society  tukia  tlie  posi- 
tion, that,  having  rtilcd  nut  fnii»l  and  colluaion. 
and  RtlU  flndinit  a  larger  mlio  <if  aiiorettoa  than 
cbaiir«  would  allow,  tho  only  thins  left  ia  t«Icp- 
atbj  I  and  this  is  forthwuti  raiac^  to  the  disnitr 
<tt  a  Mw  and  omniputeut  power  ^Kplnining  all  th« 
injMerUtat  oocarretici-s  in  hypDolbm,  in  *phau- 
laamB  of  tlw  living,'  in  deathbed  and  other  pr«- 
Mntinivnta,  and  thn  lik«.  The-  true  logic-ul  l'uiil'Iu- 
•hm  is,  Ibnt,  nucli  a  thinf;  lu  trlrpalby  U-ing  ho 
Utt^rlf  op)in«>cd  to  tbfl  nocntnulntrd  ncimlilii' 
kDowled)^  of  centuries,  the  prohRhility  of  hnding 
uUier  suflltlent  modes  of  eixplaininK  the  phiMioin- 
«ui  in  quenlion  is  «ztf«inely  great :  in  other  n-ordf>, 
th«  infen'iMt'  ix,  not  tliat  trli'jKilby  in  ii  [uot,  but 
that  Ibe  inodee  of  explanation  thiin  far  conalderad 
do  not  form  a  s«t  of  exhaustive  alternatives. 

This  is  Ibe  rational  poedtion  Uken  by  the  writefs 
of  ibb  uitide  i  and  one  might  aay  of  th>»,  as  they  do 
of  a  Niinitai  point,  that  "it  in  a  Htrikius  proof  of 
Um  blinding  effe<'t  of  preonniKivcd  opinion  on 
•m  careful  investigators,  that  such  cnutioii*  and 
candid  inquirers  as  UcHBts.  flarreli,  (iiimey,  and 
Uyers  abould  bate  failed  to  perceive  this." 

The  notion  of  (boiighl-lnuisfe'Tenee  was  doubt- 
tos  HUKi^ted  by  tlie  couinioDplaoe  and  yet  very 
impfviMiie  incident  of  two  pereoua  simultaneously 
eiproitiug  the  same  thought.'  But  knowing,  on 
^we  do,  bow  cUmely  alike  arc  our  nindrra  educa- 
I  and  inleJiMrtd.  the  wondvr  if,  milieT.  thnt  these 
Dcea  are  not  more  frequent  and  etartlinii;. 

I  pcoccM  Is  termed  ■  simitar  liraiu-fuui'tloniu^ ' 

'  In  Ibe  above  article  ;  and  the  rras'io  K'hy  its  iiii- 
portancv  is  apt  to  be  overlooked  is  Lecausc  "bo 
much  of  our  mental  aelivily  goes  on  iiul>-i-on- 
KJoualy.  Tfeua  the  nwmbling  rtmiHn  arc  fnn'od 
Upon  our  notice,  whiln  the  r^snmblinK  procfMi^* 
get  overlooked." 

■  CklUnn  aie  vnjr  miioh  liRpmniMl  b7  auoti  ootucidSDOM, 
,aB<  IB«  wrtwr  ramanilKn  diiiiuuujr  bow  iu  ■a<tt  c«K*  lb* 
>«MUnm  oenesniHi  ■wauii  (.bHrra  uia  •triowai  sBmh)*, 
1,  IDcklDB  UMlr  lUUo  DucNa  log«tliur,  «uuU  mak*  a  «lah 
kWt  was  Mtlatvd  lur*  to  cnm*  true. 


O.  EI.  Levren  lellH  a  story  in  point,  Walklug  in 
the  country  with  a  friend,  be  heard  tlw  suund  of 
bonea'  hoofs  behind  Ihem,  and,  wiM-n  the  riders 
fMeed  by,  at  oi»ce  r<-Riarked  that  he  wim  oon- 
Tlnoed  that  (be  rlden  were  two  women  and  a 
man,  which  they  rt«Ily  were.  Tlis  conipanion  de- 
clared he  had  formed  tlie  same  conjerlare  (erl- 
d<a)lly  thouglit-transferTeoce.  *ays  the  Psychic 
rraearcli  nodel.v).  Mr.  Lewm  puulmt  over  the 
maltPT,  hut  <'ould  not  think  uf  u  cbaiut-teriatje 
dlfiilDguishlnic  the  sound  of  a  homcwoninn  from 
tliAt  of  a  honeman.  As,  howerer.  it  i«  a  fiu^t  that 
men  Irol  and  women  canter,  the  two  differvnt 
sound*  had  uuconwioualy  re^i^'ered  tliemaelvea 
in  Ibe  brninx  of  himself  and  his  friend. 

Thw  shows  that  (as  mui»L  occur  dally)  "two 
penfonn  may  lend  to  function  similarly  in  response 
to  certain  stimuli,  yet  nrither  iif  ibem  be  aware 
uf  the  tendency  :~  and  tt  b  jitHt  Mich  piK'noniena 
that  get  utilized  by  the  lelepnlhtettf. 

(jueeHtug  a  number  Is  a  very  popular  mode  of 
studying  though t-trausfeirence ;  and,  when  the 
conrct  guesses  are  more  frequent  than  the  action 
of  chance  would  predict,  the  hyi>othe«i8  of  telep- 
alby  b  thouiiht  to  Iv  riit-orcd.  "  F^)in  this  con- 
clunion  we  emphatically  diiwmt,  on  tlie  ground 
tluit  an  appreciable  petcenta^  of  the  *ucc«Me« 
must  lie  put  down  to  the  cre<llt  of  similar  but  in- 
dvpendi-nt  bruin-functioniuj;.  For  It  is  n  fact,  ad- 
witting  of  iiwy  vcriticulion.  that  the  ordinary 
human  mind  (providrd,  alwayM,  that  It  be  sub- 
jected to  no  other  liiamiiig  iulluCDce  beyond  Iluit 
involred  in  the  verbal  fmming  of  the  necer«ary 
questions)  tends  to  select  perticular  numben  in 
pK>fcicnce  to  others : "  In  other  words,  thnw 
writer*  have  ludepejidcntly  discovered  tho  *  nam- 
ber-hnbit'  which  Dr.  C.  H.  Hlnot  baa  ao  ably  di». 
cuased  in  the  Procoodingn  of  the  Anterlcan  eociety 
for  psychic  rfee«n;h.  Thin  diiicovery  was  brought 
nbuul  by  noticing  that  quite-  connlantly  an  undue 
oumUr  of  «uceeesn  occurred  at  the  lieginning  of 
many  nets  of  uumber-gnetalDR*.  The  explanation 
i*.  tlut  at  fin>t  the  sceptic  reiinrd*  the  whole  pio- 
cce*  a«  nonsensical,  thinks  of  the  flrst  number 
Uiat  pop*  into  bis  head,  that  is.  he  follows  his 
number-habit ;  but  later,  wondering  at  the  suc- 
cesses, he  AUopoct*  something,  and  adopts  a  more 
arbitrary  mode  of  selection;  wlierwupoo  tbe snc- 
ceiHeBure  lees  frequent. 

Tlicy  t-erilUid  this  supposition  by  simple  experi- 
ment* 1  and,  to  avoid  the  telepnthist'a  objection 
Itiat  prrhaps  tlie  tendency  to  choose  ponicular 


116 


SCIENCE. 


|Vou  IX..  No  flW 


BUnben  was  'iTanftferred,'  tw«Dt]r  or  thirty 
fHradx  mvm  askrd  u>  i>tit  |»i«(-rib0d  qoMtloiu 
and  tubulute  the  Ti-tu1t*.  Tlie  rMulte  uhlained 
wcie  i-min-ly  coiiBrmator.v  of  the  Bu-call^d  iiuin- 
bcr>hiit>it,  nn<l  "il  in  H<«r  ttint  tbU  varying  pre- 
dilection for  different  numbcra  iniitpiially  vitiHti-a 
nil  reaaoniiiR  Imiipd  on  ittt  aMuai]itbn  tbut  we 
sbsll  IndifTorcnllj  (-hooM  any  numbw."  Not 
on)y  are  particular  numbm  favora),  but  tbpre 
ai«  decided  l^ndeuclea  lo  select  nuiubcre  on 
cerUin  prlndplcH ;  here,  ftgain,  (be  results  Bret 
reached  bj  Dr.  Minot  are  «irTObnr«ted.  For  ex- 
ample: in  I.I'JO  irialH  iii  which  inultipleo  of  ten 
would  huvo  buvn  wlrcled  100  tioie*  b,v  tbu  oetioo 
nf  ohanco,  \)mj  n*pte  iirlunll;'  ulrct*^  307  liinuf. 
When  pemonri  wcrv  n<kod  to  choow  n  tioinli^  (no 
liniit*  beiiijc  wt).  Jt  o'a*  round,  that,  in  \'ii  trinlK, 
84  cbow  nnmbers  under  ifi :  and  ilU  of  l)iri»e,  num- 
ber under  10.  Yel.  If  joii  eel  t.OUO  aa  the  limit 
uDCOosdcNiaJy  implied  by  each  i>eraou.  numbers 
under  SO  wutild  occur  only  3.2a,  and  untler  10  only 
I.M  tiineo.  Agnin  :  wlicn  HiDiU  were  vet  to  the 
numbt-ni  to  l«  lliouglit  <if.  Ihvtf  wna  n  ulroog  din- 
pixiltion  to  nTiiid  cnrly  numlieni,  and  delect  titow 
nriir  [he  fiirtlK^t  liinitn.  The  table  recording  the 
rexnlt  of  tho  nuniliere  penona  ore  luovl  likely  to 
choo«e  Is  very  tugj^esllre,  and  should  l>e  cuin- 
paied  with  the  lablea  given  in  Dr.  Mimit'N  n.<{H>rt. 

In  abort,  aa  vita  recogninvl  long  a^t  by  iii-in>i> 
tayclialoKlHtn  and  writcre  on  iirolnbllitieii.  the 
humnii  mind  i»  not  c-alcidaled  to  a<:t  likea  dl«-bos 
or  n  rnflti  nil -wheel,  and  to  liuve  numbem  Wtonoi  in 
a  different  thing  from  huving  them  Jraicti,  In 
fact,  It  b  pomible  lo  Bii^gmt  a  <vnnin  hind  of 
numljrr'pnrterenee  by  the  fnimiiiK  of  the  question. 
When  the  <|ueiitiun  rend. 'Clioose  n  number  oon- 
toiiiiii^  thrrt  ligur™.'  the  digit  »  occurird  nuire 
llinn  twici'  11.1  oIt<-n  ax  it  fJuiuld  have  done  bv  the 
action  of  chance.  Of  course,  this  phi-iionicnon  in 
not  conRnod  to  numbers  :  gueeaini;  letten  of  the 
olpliabet,  names  of  people  and  town*,  and  the 
like,  would  be  very  apt  to  be  unuMunHy  successful 
by  reiuoD  of  iodepeudml  idmiUr  bm  in- function - 
ing.  lo  I'buiBing  lettcm,  tbm*  lendencles  un'  nb- 
served  :  1".  lo  choove  A,  B.  and  C  (of  \',i  {H-<>iile, 
8T  vbooc  A,  31  n,  and  U  C) ;  li",  to  cboon  one'* 
own  Initial  (this  was  done  fi?  ttmea  in  m  cxwei) ; 
V,  to  choose  Z  ( Id  thues  In  tTSuues). 

Tbearguuientain  favor  of  supenvnsnry  thouglit- 
traoBfenence  would  ujiply  aa  vtrW  to  tbe  common 
•imiiUaneona  diaeorery  »t  now  points  in  acienco 
by  widely  sepanled  observers,  or  even  lo  tha 
similarity  in  customs  of  unrelated  savage  tribes 
(whic^h  Mr.  Tyior  so  lateirestiiixly  describee  and  so 
rationally  explotDK),  astotbe  uumlier-colacldenott 
of  the  usual  '  leleiwlhio '  eipi-riiDenCs.  The  same 
causes  Ibat  led  to  Ibe  development  of  the  dednuil 


system,  or  to  the  selection  of  oerUin  numbers  a» 
sncr«d  at  ill-omrn«l,  nrr-  Klill  active  in  L-reuting 
the  preference  for  <^rtn)n  numbem  which  Is  so 
easily  overlooked.  RipriimtTnlKtakinj;  this  foetnr 
into  accouiil  csn  be  devinrd.  nnd,  when  thcrcsulte 
still  leave  a  residue  of  imexplnined  phMuxoena, 
it  is  time  enough  to  begin  lo  consider  tlie  remoti^ 
puBsibility  of  real  telepalb;.  J-  J. 


IS  BOTASy  A  SUITABLE  STUDY  FOR 

AxiduatHH^mM  to  exist  in  Ibe  minds  of  some 
young  men  that  liutany  is  not  B  oMUily  study : 
tlutt  it  is  merely  one  of  the  omnmentAl  (iruncheii, 
suitable  enough  tor  young  Indim  and  etfeminnle 
youtlis,  but  uo[  adapted  for  able-t)odied  nnd  vlgor- 
oiw-brained  young  men  wlio  wish  to  make  the 
bent  utM.'  of  their  pcwerv,  I  wi><b  to  show  that 
thiK  id<ia  is  wholly  unfounded,  but  that,  ou  the 
contrnry.  botany  ought  to  be  ninki'd  ua  one  of  the 
most  lu^fiil  and  mo:it  ninnly  or  HiudiM,  and  an 
lm|)ortant,  if  not  nn  indi*peni>it1>ie,  port  of  a 
well-rounded  education,  In  luppinrt  of  this  view, 
these  four  good  and  cogent  rMMoos  con  be  ad- 
duced ; — 

I.  Tlie  xtudy  of  Utlany  (t  an  admimble  menial 
ilufiplitte.  .Vny  educiitiun  is  defective  which  in- 
cludes no  training  in  the  scientific  method  of 
study  :  ibat  i4.  in  developing  the  powers  <4  care- 
ful, minute  observation  and  comparison  Id  aome 
depnrlinent  of  nature.  By  this  means  Is  ac<|i)lred 
Uie  habit  (if  investigation,  or  the  aeekiug-out  of 
nature's  mysteries  by  the  use  of  one's  own  senses, 
Iu8t«ad  of  Lrusting  wholly  lo  the  obwrvationa  of 
others.  This  method  of  ntudy  may  tm  leanieil 
tlirougli  any  tarancit  of  science  ;  but  Ixitany  pre* 
HentB  this  advantage,  that  it  can  be  pureued  witli 
lets  inconvenieooe  and  lt«s  expense  than  any 
other.  The  mental  trainbig  which  bolany  oCTonJa 
i*  very  thorough.  The  details  of  ptunt-structure 
are  infinite,  nnd  rucntial  iieculiarilies  are  uflm  so 
hidden  n«  to  bo  recoftnised  only  by  the  most  mi- 
nute investigation.  Thi*  involves  the  ufe  of  the 
microscope,  which  every  educated  mnn  ought  to 
understuod.  sincie  it  reveals  to  the  eye  a  newly 
discovered  and  wonderful  world.  —  a  world  of 
whi<-h  our  grand fatlxini  liud  but  the  faintest 
glimpnes.  but  which  m  srjuvely  inferior  in  iuterest 
to  thAl  larger  world  which  the  unuided  eye  can 
see.  After  this  training  of  the  powers  of  per- 
ception and  com|>arison,  comes  the  process  of 
generalisation,  whereby  the  laws  of  vegetable  life 
ore  determined  from  (he  study  of  plant  forms  and 
tnodeeof  growth.    Thus  is  ooiuired  tbe  lioblt  of 

■  rrom  the  flrU  Dambvr  or  Tht  SutM  CrOH, 


I 


FnRCAKT  4,  1687.1 


tiCIEl^CS. 


117 


indaoti**  rMwoninic.  or  Ibp  mpporllng  of  erprjr 
fMwral  pfopocttlon  upon  a  »olld  foundation  of 
posltiw.  Indisputable  fsc-l. 

LMmtng  ili«  natnM  of  plant*  l«  tnil  the  begin- 
DiD|(;or  the  ftluily  of  bubmy.  It  »  like  learning 
tbe  muDM  of  our  (vmpnninaii  or  school tnnli'i  bo 
foiv  w(t  bnTooM*  mlly  ncilunint<Hl  vtth  thfm. 
Atltr  we  linw  learned  to  t«ll  pUnln  npnrt  an<)  to 
call  (bed  by  name,  we  hSTe  proaenieiJ  (or  »tiid^ 
such  pcoMenw  as  the  lain  guvemiuK  their  di*- 
tributloD,  the  relalkm  b«4we«n  tlie  floRi«  of  dif- 
fvrvnt  conltneatx.  and  tht  Tnlation  of  rnrii-ty  to 
spvrim,  n-hioh  iRtrodiioex  tho  ■iiliji'ct  of  l}arnin- 
inm.  Tlie  lOiKly  of  boitnny  »\m  lnclii<W(lie  ftMnll 
plantn.  and.  I>7  enabling  ih  to  trace  Ibe  ve^^table 
kinptoin  from  Its  tint  a|>|>«araiioe  uinui  the  earth 
ihrougli  all  the  varying  conditions  of  the  geolugio 
agbt,  opeOA  Ibone  In-'inundoiu  KcientiBc  (jimtiotitt 
M  to  the  birth  un<l  infancy  of  thi*  world  of  oun 
whkh  wi-  noH-  MM>  in  its  maturity,  anil  an  to  Rhat 
it  will  becnnn-  in  It*  old  an*.  Tlicne  researches 
afTurd  not  otily  t)iv  aTDpIe^t  uit-iilal  tnilninji;,  but 
abundant  occupation  for  the  longeil  life, 

4.  TTiertadg  of  Uitiinif  pramoU*  phl/»ieal  iteerl- 
i^pmmf .  Tbr  botanical  oludrnt  mtiU  bo  a  wolkcr; 
and  bla  frnjuent  ttsnipd  harden  his  m<ascl««,  and 
Mrengtheii  his  frame.  He  luust  strtke  oS  acrow 
tbe  fields,  penetrate  the  woodd  to  Iheir  secret 
defKlis,  scmiulile  through  iwamps.  and  climb  the 
liill*.  Tlif  fn^-t  thnt  he  wnlkii  nitb  nn  Mimesit 
paqMW  gives  a  H«t  to  these  rambles  :  and  he 
conaM  home  protid  and  happy  from  his  successful 
warch  for  botanical  ireasurM,  with  a  keen  appetite 
Rltd  an  !nvi|^irDttii  ixMly  and  mind,  tfu  liaa  eti- 
joyvd  hitnM-lf  more  tti'.irougbly,  and  gnined  mue 
RubataDtinl  )>eiit<lit,  than  thow  who  haw  devoted 
thtaaDM  lime  to  tlw  bat.  the  racket,  or  tlw  bi- 
cfds.  In  hia  racations  tlie  young  botanist  can 
toughen  himself  by  making  long  and  delightful 
esouriiioiiH.  liTitig  all  aummtr  in  the  open  uir.  and 
may  even  liaw?  o[>p(>rtuniti«H  for  joining  govem- 
nMOt  wcplooring  partir*,  and  enjoying  the  active 
out-of-door  life  full  of  n<l>-enture  and  u«etul  ex- 
perience. 

a.  The  ttttdjf  of  bofuxy  ia  of  great  practital 
iilSilg.  It  M  an  UHcntio)  ]>re|Ktraiit>n  for  several 
importiuit  pumuitii.  Tht^  phyeiciou  ami  plinrma- 
dH  RMd  to  lutTp  a  practJcai  knowledge  of  thcce 
pbmta  which  areiaed  as  medldnea:  and,  It  this 
knowledge  Is  not  acquired  in  ««riy  life,  the  oppor- 
tunity itever  afterward  prteentA  ilBcif.  For  tlie 
protoolfoa  of  our  rapi<llv  dwindling  forevte.  ilie 
MrTim  of  many  skiUed  forenter?  will  noon  be 
fvquir«!d:  and  tbe  forester  miutt  Iv  a  priu.'liiCAl 
botanivl.  Ho  mn*t  abo  the  liorticulturiitt.  n-iinthef 
profearicotal  or  amateur.  For  the  most  acoom- 
pliilwd  botanists,  who  deeire  to  make  this  their 


life-work,  there  will  always  be  place*  m  InMnMt- 
ors  iu  our  many  collegea. 

4.  The  ttmljf  of  bofoivy  i»  a  aoNrre  o^  Nfttoitg 
htippiattK.  Wbulerer  luny  be  one's  Mation  or 
pursuit  in  life,  it  is  a  grout  thing  t«  have  an  in- 
telloclunl  liobby,  which  will  ■fTord  agr<>rnl>ti>  and 
cievnling  occupation  In  all  tetotm  faonrs.  Botany 
in  one  of  the  best  of  liobUN.  It  can  be  studied 
oat  of  doora  from  early  B|«iDg  till  the  ^now  fBlie  : 
and  even  In  winler  there  is  jilenty  to  be  done  ia 
the  analynin  at  dried  njiecimenB  and  tbe  care  ol 
the  h<-rbnrinm.  Tlie  liotnnist  lives  in  the  fmdt 
air  and  lunnhine  :  and  whi>a  h«  Invcs  tltn  wirrld 
bvliind,  mid  seolts,  amid  tlie  folltitdee  of  Nature, 
to  |>eiietnite  lier  woudfinu  mysteries,  he  feels  the 
((UickeningH  of  u  htji:brr  life.  A  taate  for  iHitanj 
wiinderfully  eiihnnnv  the  plnuHirm  of  trarel,  and 
nltKi  givn  happJOMaand  content  to  him  who  stays 
at  home.  It  b  eqoally  eflicacionii  in  prrv<rnting 
the  ennui  of  wealtli  and  the  anxletke  of  poverty. 
If  one's  surroundings  are  uoooogenlal.  and  life 
proveB  full  of  carM  and  dinppoinlmeois,  ll  is  a 
grenl  solace  to  li«  able  to  My  witfa  Aurora  Leigli, 

■*  I  WM  not  tlwrcfon  Mil, 
Vj  wul  «<M  ilaslw  at  a  wort  apan." 

For  these  nasons  It  is  obvious  that  the  etitdy  of 
boianr  is  peculiarly  rich  in  those  elenvenis  which 
conduce  to  a  vigorouH  mind  and  body  and  a 
robust  characm.  It  is  tlionefon  im-eminently 
a  luaiily  ^udr,  and  an  inniiiiaUe  part  of  a  young 
man's  education.  The  ctu dent  may  rrti  nasured 
that  the  lime  and  elTorl  d><voied  to  It  are  well 
spent :  for  the  mult  will  he  to  make  him  a  wiser, 
stranger,  more  useful,  oiiii happier  man. 

J.  F.  A.  ADAMS.  U.U. 


THE  TEKDEXCr  OK  VOSTlSmKiHAkY 
GERMAS  THOUaUT. 

ROflXKT  ZoofCBlu.vx,  writing  of  cuiit«tuparary 
German  litenttum  in  the  Alhrnaeum,  expruww  Uw 
following  opinion  as  to  tbe  philoaophic  l4.-ndraciy 
in  Uemiany :  — 

"8cienti6c  men,  particularly  phy«toIogi«tii  and 
nnthTopologtits,  nliwe  ptol>leins  ln^oIIlnt«rity 
touch  on  tlie  domain  of  philowphy,  sivd  in  per- 
tlcularof  psychology,  arc  yielding  to  a  spiritual- 
istic impulnr  that  attrac<i>  them  beyond  the  limits 
of  tbe  material.  The  wHtmoo  of  man.  according 
to  the  opinion  prevalent  among  natiiraliati'.  is  a 
chapter  in  xoulogy.  The  '  Enl>i>'>ckhinK<tg(«chichta 
dp*  menM:hlichou  OeiHtee,'  by  Uustav  Hauffe,  of 
which  the  Hnt  part  (in^vioutrly  published  contains 
■  A  nth  Topology,'  tmceji  hack  tlie  eiBenco  of  man's 
nature  to  an  atMolnle  nml  indluMiIulile  union  of  tlie 
corporeal  with  the  psychic  element,  tlie  (jiiritual 
soul  with  tlie  mateiiij  body,  —  a  mvtliod  that  re- 


11» 


SCIEXCE. 


(Vou  IX..  No  M* 


minds  u*  at  Hrgrl.  who  had  inocir|iontl4Hl  antliro- 
pologT  an  thn  Rnt  chapb-r  nf  hio  tlicc^ry  ot  the  nub- 
jootiTv  tntolloct.  thflt  Ifi,  oc.cording  tohiF  imrot  li»n- 
gUftf;e,of  |«;c)ioIoKT.ari  arrHiineinenl  in  whldi  Vm 
WW  (oUowed  L}'  Ilia  Dchoo).  Dubois  It^jraioad's 
thongbtfu]  and  w<>II-<.-xpr(wH.il  '  Aknik-misclie  Re- 
Ava '  rcvRol  the  imwiftiblo  nn'd  at  vomrUiing  bo 
yond  ihix  mnt«rlnl  world  in  tlioir  nrknixrlndmnent 
of '  world  rlddlw  *  and  ot  ptiychlc  phenomooa  aa  ac- 
COmpMiimentaorphvsical  proceases.  The  ph^siciMt 
G.  Haeh's  olear-fightrxl  ■  Ihfiirjl);ir  mr  Aoul.viit^  <ler 
BiDpfiDdiuigeii '  kvtp  wiiliiii  ihf  liiiiilH  of '  puiri^lio- 
phyMica,'  without  tliroH-tii);  nof  doubt  on  thp  ex- 
Ut«DC«  ot  the  p«;chic-al.  Itownrt^r,  ihii  oodlfCt^d 
«Mo;«  of  W.  Wundt,  who  wan  bml  a  p)i;i!ii}lof(l«t, 
proTD  tliat  evpn  an  lnvr«tlx*tor  who  starts  from 
piir«l7  emplrlo«l  cauhc^  f«ela  Ihn  need  uul  only  of 
phllom>phy,  but  abo  of  the  special  braiicbra  that 
have  aJwaya  been  included  umltrr  this  liend.  psy- 
otaolOKT-  logic,  ethics ;  wIiUl'  t'vuu  metnphysic. 
though  falli'Q  into  (^»ntlTnlpt,  i»  a>«crling  itself 
ARnin,  ltow<>v«ir  much  th<t  iitm  of  this  new  indue- 
tlT«  scienco  may  dilfor  from  tlie  old  6peoulatire 
one  that  bore  the>  name." 


coNSANGUimrr  and  mestal 

SOUSDSESS. 


u.\ 


TitK  qunillon  at  thn  efTecte  of  consanguinity  ia 
one  of  thosT  vrmi  problems  on  whicli  much  evi- 
dence hsA  been  collected  pro  and  eon.  The  ob- 
aerraiiont  ban-  been  made  by  cnrrf  ul  observcn ; 
anil  tlie  most  prolwble  oxplnnntjon  of  the  divundty 
t1  th<i  roKuIbi  reached,  in  thnt  oilier  drcuimtancea 
hnve  in  aome  csms  cnnoelled  the  bud  clTectA 
of  loo  cloao  iiUwbreedlnt;.  and  in  otJwr  case« 
brouetit  them  into  proriilnence.  A  very  fair  con- 
sideration of  the  prubU-ui  ia  given  by  Dr.  U.  E. 
Shuttleworth.  in  the  Journal  of  mental  tcietuv  for 
October,  1866. 

The  common  muRivinK  an  to  th^  pruprioty  of 
oouKiu-inarriageti  is  of  rather  re<;ent  oiigin.  In 
ancient  Uiuee  luarringes  of  near  liin  wttv  not  for- 
biddon :  the  lint  prohibition  of  them  is  in  th« 
fourth  uentury  A.D.  Tbt'  Church  soon  cunv  to 
OMl  its  odium  on  marriagee  even  of  the  Hercmth 
d«gTM  of  nilfttionahip.  and  (he  fees  for  removal  of 
Biich  objectloiuhydispeDsatiou  were  an  important 
source  of  revenue.  Thia  baa  undoubkidly  influ- 
enofd  popular  opinion  cm  Ihe  iiueetion. 

From  Ibe  physician's  jioirit  of  view,  the  evidence 
from  the  animal  world  is  important.  Here  there 
b  almost  a  conKnsus.  Ihni,  while  the  i-ITect  of 
•  In-and-in  biwding'  is  to  intensify  point*,  in  the 
long-rtiu  it  ia  opposed  to  vigor  of  coiiBUtuiion.  It 
is  to  be  reiueinbertHl  thai  every  breeder  lakes  core 
to  exclude  any  ani mala  with  any  InioHil  morlnd 


tendeoey,  while,  on  the  oontnu-y,  iu  tbe  genufl 
Uomo.  as  Dr.  Claiwton  rttmarka,  there  oeeroi  to  be 
"a  Hpcciiil  t^^ndpncy  for  mombeni  of  urarottc  fam- 
illFD  to  Interniarry."  The  mull  ot  Iht*  will  i» 
that  in  some  portJons  of  tbe  population  the  off- 
spring  of  such  marriagea  will  show  ihe  evil  reenlta 
of  it  to  on  unusual  extent.  And  thuH  we  find, 
tbnt  in  runi  und  rapecially  in  mountaiouuH  di«- 
tftolo,  where  the  population  is  sauill  and  fixed, 
the  oompuratirc  amount  of  idiocy  ia  grattcr  than 
eliwwhere.  StalUtirol  tnlormalion  i*  iiuMloquat« 
on  Ihe  subject :  tlie  motion  to  Include  it  in  tlia 
ceuttUH  returns  of  England  was  r«Jectei1  "  amUtat 
Ibe  scornful  Inughlerof  the  bouae.  on  tli«  ground 
that  the  idle  curtOnity  of  aiiec-ulatiire  pbtloitopheia 
was  not  to  be  gratilied."  In  Fruucv  the  mUtrn* 
have  givnn  riwc  to  varlou*  ntimatea  [varying  tTtaa 
/a  to  at  or  9  per  wnt)  of  the  fr«iqu«aicy  of  oon- 
santtuincoUH  marxiog^s.  Mr.  O.  H.  Darwin  cam? 
Vi  the  concluaJoa  that  In  London  It  p«r  oent 
of  all  marriage*  were  between  ftrst-coualne.  In 
urban  dbitricla  'J  per  cent,  and  in  rural  districts 
H  per  till  I. 

If,  now,  we  itscertain  the  ratio  of  tdiota  and  in- 
sane patients  tliat  am  the  offxpring  of  im<;h  inar- 
riagr«  to  the  total  number  of  palientn  in  the  asy- 
lums, we  will  have  some  means  ot  eetlioatiDg  tbe 
reaults  of  i-onfauiruiuity.  Fh>ni  quite  an  ex- 
tended series  of  records,  It  la  ooncluded  that  Ihe 
ratio  just  referred  U>  in  tbe  idiot-asyluma  is  from 
8  to  5  per  oent :  h«aioe  "firtt-ewin  niarriogM,  at 
any  rate,  are  to  some  exl«nt  favoraMe  to  the  pro- 
duction of  idiot  children."  But  this  conclusion 
luun  be  tempered  by  the  consideration  tluit  in  a 
large  number  ot  such  cases  of  idiocy  and  imbo- 
cility  other  niuurs  fur  thin  condition  ore  pmcmt! 
and  thin  iMiniddcration  l<adi  Dr.  A.  Hitohcll  to  tJ>e 
opinion  that  "under  favomble  conditions  of  life 
(be  apparent  HI  elTcct*  of  con^anguineoua  mar- 
riagea  were  frequently  almotit  »U,  while,  [f  the 
children  w^re  ill  fed,  badly  liouseit  and  clotlied, 
tbe  evil  might  bocome  very  marked."  From 
nich  fdctE  and  figures  we  may  conclude  that  flnit- 
GOusin  marriages  should,  as  a  rule,  be  discoumgod  ; 
but  that,  if  a  cIom  Bcmtiny  rerenla  no  heritable 
vreakness,  neurotic  or  otherwiBe.  the  Imnns  need 
not  invariably  be  forbidden. 


I 


I 


ALLOBMEIttE  NATVBKUNDB, 

Ix  tbe  production  of  elaborate  works  ou  natural 
science  for  the  Keneral  scientilic  rt-uiier  or  sludont. 
tho  (ienunns  ore  farriU  pritteep*.  BexidcB  be-oring 
evidcncn  of  thoruushncu  and  gmcirnl  accuracy, 
such  workx   uiually   prrsent  a  homogeneity  and 

AUgvni^lf^  ii.afvriEu.niff.  I.4tlpitf,  BlbUoffapbtMibM  la* 
•UWl.    B°.    (Sow  Yort,  WHisnnana.) 


i 


rnmcART  4,  1H8T 


8cmi 


119 


compWUnen  nrelj  attained  In  English  odm  of  a 
•Intiar  clan.  To  vivndty  of  v\\\nrvai<m  and  the 
more  purtljr  lilvnrj  MntM-lliHlimpntn  at  \Hertay 
oandintcnbi,  tli^x  nirrl,v  nuk?  prrl^'OHiotK  ;  nod 
]r«t  b«  who  bas  road  In  Ib^  ohKuial  (he  writings 
of  mcb  anthon  as  Haeck«l  will  n-adlly  concede 
Ihal  tXiv  UcTuiikn  style  may  tn-  not  u  whit  \vei 
chamiiug.  k-w  Mmplci,  luid  U-sh  intrnating  tlian 
the  OCDolt  <ir  EngliiUi,  wbil<'  ut  thi-  Kiimi-  limr 
COmlnDinftt  wbnl  »  o/t«n  tutrli  a  fatal  dcfn^t  iti 
nwDy-  Fivnch  works  on  general  nsdirat  fAwtcP,  a 

pTigld  regard  for  Kienlltlc  mitlidilnew.  Bulfcn 
na<le  maay  book  naturatiiil*.  but  li«  baa  nitjob 

^\a  anawer  foe  la  the  self-suflicieat  couiplaeeticir 
uid  inexactiiMsof  many  of  tlie  t'Kiu^b  nHturalitta 
who  have  sui-i^rnlrd  biu.  It  in  a  rnrv  talent  that 
out  cxcrl  in  nttnirtiTV  litrmry  rxptsitiim,  and  yot 
iDtood  Ihv  rwpoot  of  the  crttiCBl    HCientitlc 

At  leaat   measurably   Bucr«wful  as   furnishinu; 

iBIansdag  and  inoiruciive  readiog  (or  tbi-  non- 

MJaBlillo  inlidligrnl  rvtulcT,  luid  as  an  ejthnuslivti 

Morvhouao  of  inrormntinn  for  tlic  Kcnrrnl  rtudpnt, 

la  the  AUgrmninr  naturkuadc,  n  work,  of  Ita  kind, 

which,  for  (ulneM  of  traitment,  richneea   and 

bwealth  of  illu&lration,  and,  withal,  genial  read- 

*ableDeas.  lias  rarvly  if  ever  hnd  ita  equal.    Tbi' 

work  will  be  complrtcil    in    nin«  large  iK'tarn 

TOlamM,  of  whioh  four  arci  now  Inntril,  and  will 

atah)  over  three  thousand  engravinf^  on  wood. 

~_for  the  grMter  purt   originiil. ^one  hundred 

■nd  twenty  ooluml   )iliili».  and  Iwcntj'  map*. 

•eri**  re-Bll7  ia  cotnpnsnd  of  four  separato 

,  wbtc^li  might  Bad  tlioir  places  on  the  book- 

Bbd*M  ot  the  gi>oti>irisl,  botaninl,  onthropologisl, 

■d  anatomist,  dealing  with   man.  iudividuallj 

i-«iul  is    general,  ptaul-Iife,  and  (^rology   in  ita 

widcM  aeDae.     It  it  tntendiHl  a.i  a  <^ontinuiiIioD  of 

Bnhoi'a  'Tiaoivben,'  a  work  well  known  in  itself, 

as  well  an  from  Ibe  numtmiis  engravings  l>or- 

rowod  from  it  in  the  recent  English  and  American 

natural  history  works  of  a  similar  kind. 

ni«  publMied  volume  of  the  two  papFvuon  ■  Erd- 

fOKluchte,'  by  Nenmayr,  dvalu  with  geneni  phyei- 

|cal>djnamic-n!,  and  atmtigmphio  geology.     -Der 

eb,'  by  J.  Ranko,  trtaU  of  lite  embryology, 

Efcrelopment,  anatomy,  physiology,  psychology, 

and  fo&logical  relations  of  man.  and  is  followed 

by  thrtic  volumea  on  '  Volkerkunde'  by  Rutiel. 

Tbb  latter  part  ia  nipecially  full  and  intrrmting, 

sad  la  liohly  illuatnUnl  by  engmving*.  innps.  and 

[  platn.     Finally,  Iht^  n-mnining  two  rol- 

^ttnaSi  'Pflaaanlabvn.'  by  Mnxilnun,  are  lorontain 

general  expedition    of    plant-life,    Rtriiclural, 

pfaysMogical,  sjBl«maIicftl,  an<I  economical,  witli 

Llorty  colored  plates. 

Tbo  fotir  volumes  now  published  — 'Hentch,' 


'  Brdgevobiebte.'  and  '  VoUcerkuode '  (two  vol- 
nmM)  —  fully  bear  out  the  promiNM  of  tho  pul>- 
lishcm.  The  numermiM  engravinge.  colored  platoa, 
and  tlie  typogrn|ihy  nix-  excellent  J  111*  dMCriptive 
matter  rea'lable,  and  tor  tlie  moat  part  IntemitiDg, 
and  scieiitiAc.  The  styte  varies,  of  course,  with 
the  difTerent  authors,  that  of  I*rofeMior  tUnke 
being  le«i  clear  and  It-nte  than  that  of  either  ("^o- 
f««BOr  Rntxi-1  or  Profemor  Ni?uroiiyr.  From  thp 
peruiul  of  what  ban  nltendy  sppcnrpd.  tlw  writer 
has  founil  generally  hut  little  disciiwioa  of  hy- 
potbcMe,  and,  wherever  critlca)[y  examined,  full 
and  latest  m»lt«  of  modern  research.  Of  the 
general  reliability  of  the  work,  the  authors'  repu- 
tatioud  will  alford  sufHdenl  evidence. 


JUETHODS  OF  ARROW-RELEASE. 

This  nulntantiHl  iNiiiipblrt.  reprinted  from  the 
Bulletin  of  the  Emei  tnotilute.  October- Deoem her. 
I86r>,  in  a  notiiworthy  example  of  the  thorough 
methods  of  modern  arcboological  reM-iuch.  Pro- 
feasor  Morse  has  laid  onder  contribution  not  only 
nairatlvea  of  travellers  and  explorers  among  tbe 
existing  aavag«  racea,  but  all  available  records, 
fCcsphio  and  other,  of  ancient  time*,  to  illuatrate 
tlie  manner  of  u«ing  the  bow  and  arrow,  Tbi* 
remarkable  invention,  as  the  late  Lewi*  U.  Uor> 
gan.  in  Ills  well-known  work  on  'Ancient  »oc»ety,' 
hat  nhowu.  did  not  make  its  appearance  until 
mankind  was  well  odrtmoed  in  the  lUivage  state 
lowiiriiH  bnrbnriaDi ;  and  it  h>»  nurvivt'd  to  the 
|ir<9#nt  lime  among  primitive  peoples  as  the 
principal  weapon  of  warfare  and  the  chnse.  It 
U  reunonuble.  tlierefore,  to  hope  with  OUT  author 
that  intemiing  letiulifi  fn  tracing  tlie  affilittlM  of 
ancient  races  may  be  derived  from  the  minute 
study  of  tho  different  waya  in  which  it  has  been 
employed. 

ProfeoAor  Mone's  altcniion  wm  flnt  dir«ct«d  to 
Uio  subject  by  observing  that  his  roelltod  of  shoot- 
ing wB»  quite  dllTerent  from  that  ot  a  Japanese 
friend  :  ■'  In  tbe  Kngli^'li  practice,  ttie  bow  muat 
be  grasped  with  the  tirmucM  of  a  einilh's  t  ice :  lu 
the  Japaneae,  on  the  cmtniry,  it  ia  held  aa  lightly 
aa  poeslble  ;  in  both  caae^.  however,  it  is  held 
veiticolly.  but  in  the  English  method  llio  arrow 
rmlB  on  Ilie  left  of  the  bo«,  while  ia  the  Japaoeer 
it  in  placed  on  the  right.  In  the  BngUah  praclloe 
a  guard  of  leather  must  be  won  on  tlie  inner  and 
lower  portion  of  the  arm  to  receive  the  impact 
of  the  string :  to  tbe  Japanese  no  urm-guard 
ia  required.  ...  In  tlio  EngliEb  metliod  the 
Ktring  ia  drawn  with  the  tips  of  the  first  three  fln- 
gem,  the  arrow  being  lightly  tield  between  tbe 

,tncUnl  OAd  modrrn  miMind*  nf  arnu  rtlratt.  Kj  Kik 
WABD  B.  MOMi.    Aalatn.  BuIL  SMai  ta*t.    fl>. 


lao 


8CIEXVE. 


irot.  nt..  No. 


first  and  bm^hi),  the  reUitM  b^inft  pfTrct(d  hj 
eiinplj  ■traiRlitening  the  flng«n> ;  tn  tlie  JnpnD^Ko 
Uie  siring  is  drami  heck  hy  tli*  l)eiil  tliumU,  Hio 
fori-flnf;<T  Hilling  '■>  holding  the  Itiuuib  down  on 
the  trtrioK." 

Thus  »et  U|Xia  intjuii)',  In-  biin  liiHoon-rwl  tUat 
tlier«  «re,  or  bnvo  liccn,  flvm  dUfiTi  nt  nii-tliod*  in 
▼ogue  in  the  URi'  of  tb«  hovr  and  arrow.  Tlio 
HimplMt  cnnriiit*  In  "gni^ptng  the  arrow  bptwrcn 
tlie  end  ot  tho  BtrAlghl«qi«d  tJiuiub  and  llie  firet 
nndaenindjolDtaof  tltebentroreltoBor.  .  .  .  Willi 
It  light  bow,  Huch  a  (vUut<!  i»  Ihu  iriinplMt  and 
beet :  and  it  nialc?^  but  littl(<  diffrn-nco  tijion 
wblobBideor  thn  hon-  ilii^  arrow  rcots,  providrd 
tbe  bow  in  held  vprlically,  Tliiit release,  liowcivr, 
preveols  the  drawlnK  ol  a  «tUF  bow,  unlem  ons 
poMM«9  enoruiouH  Hirengib  in  ttie  Ongera."  Be 
OtU*  tbb  th«  ■  printarj:  rtilmM  * 


ruMi.  1  urn  &  —  ruiMoiv  imAuiK. 

It  sppeen  to  hate  been  ttie  method  uwd  by  tbe 
■uUtcii  of  this  countrj-,  whvn  tlist  disoAverod, 
McmdinK  to  William  Wood's  quaint  description : 
"Pot  IheJr  ahoolini;  they  br  moftdcupcnuer  marlM- 
men  for  a  point  blanckc  objwt  ,  .  .  tliey  c«n 
smite  the  awtfi-niuulnti;  Hinde  and  the  nimble- 
wiii]t,'ed  Figmin  wliliuul  a  standing  pause  or  lefl- 
ifyud  hlinkiot;  :  Ihcy  draw  their  Anowt-i  bctwMni 
(ho  (or<!  Iinf;rr  and  tlic  thumlw  ;  Ibcir  biiwc»  Ijc 
c]Uicli,  but  not  rrry  rtmnj;.  not  killing  alxivn  nix 
or  sevTO  score  "  {Snc  EKgUiniTM  prowpect,  part  ii. 
chap.  Jtir,,  Prince  soc.  rd.,  p.  DT).  Seteral  of  the 
American  trltiea  still  practise  this  method  of  re- 
leoae,  and  our  readnti  have  doubtlt««  seen  Indian 
boys  shooting  in  tbia  manner,  Tliis  ia  aUu  lliu 
babit  followvd  by  the  Aino*.  the  priniltlti^  inhab- 
itants of  Japan. 

Tbe  second  mannerof  reletue  "conftittslngraap- 
iiig  the  arrow  with  tlie  strmgbtened  thumb  and 


hrnt  fornRng^,  whtl«  (bi>  pnd«  tit  thr  accond  m 
third  fingers  are  brought  to  bear  on  the  Ktring  t'> 
aaaist  in  drawing."  Thlt  Is  an  advance  tipon  th<- 
firtt  through  tbe  hip  affordeO  by  the  ottier  fln- 


»o^^^ 


PUK,  a  AKD  4.  —  fiaoOHPxaT  aautioa. 

gvra  in  drawing  tiie  stiing.  Tbia  b  d«dgnnt«d  h 
tbe  ■  »rcoii<liir J  release, '  and  is  stated  to  be  the 
method  employed  by  the  Zufiis,  the  seml<i«ilixed 
Pueblo  tribe,  living  in  th«  ncrtb-vreeiem  part  of 
Ken*  Mexico. 


Pio«;  a  IN*  c  —TwKTUMt  nauuK. 

ThetliirdmcUiod.  which  he  Mylee  the  ■tertian' 
releane,'  "  differ*  tn  the  poelilon  ol  tbe  fonOiiger, 


FuamoutT  4,  1887.) 


SCIEJfCh', 


121 


wUeh,  fnalMul  of  being  bent  and  prtwed  SKBinft 
the  anttv,  is  Denriy  luaiglil,  il»  tip.  as  wvll  as  the 
lip  of  111*  NCFond  Olid  iii>inrtiini-s  ttmt  o^  tlie  thinJ 
lingvr,  cngnftinK  the  litrini;."  Thii  ui  (be  kind  of 
rpli-iuw  practlwd  hj  nw>st  ol  tho  wMlerD  Iribw  of 
UiiacoimtfT. 

"  la  hoMinR  tlio  bow  horiunttnlly,  (lie  rrltast* 
hsnd  la  lield  with  tb«  {wlm  uppcmioBt.  Ibu 
arrow,  of  conne.  n«tiiig  on  tli«  bov,  .  .  .  but 
neoewiliM  aruing,  na  in  xliooUui;  in  a  forwt,  or 
•bootinfi  ndi^  hj  Me  vrilli  o(hera  clctfrly  ap- 
IHiMWlil.  tbo  bow  wiw  ri-quirrd  lo  b«  lieUI  vertical- 
ly.    In  thUB  CurnlnK  thp  bow-bnnd  iii  (be  aal;: 


fllW,  T  IKS  &  ^  HRpmaUUMIAK  ttKLRMK. 

way  it  could  Iw  turned  conranlentiy.  the  arroM- 
would  b(<  broni^t  to  Ibe  l«n  of  tbe  bow  r^rlicvil. 
...  In  the  piicnary  and  ttecoudnrf  relfiisre. 
bower«r,  it  makes  but  little  tlill*niicc  on  wbidi 
Mile  (lie  arrow  in  pbiired  ;  and  some  trilies,  using 
Ifae  bow  T<«tical,  pliMf  (he  nrrowtolbfl  right,  ond 
itib  m  proliobtT  n  qnickrr  way  of  adjuelinfc  Uie 
arrow  when  nbootlnfc  rapidly." 

ftofeanr  Hone  next  oouBidere  a  form  of  te- 
lowe  "wtUcb  by  docuiuciiiiiTj'  evidence  baa  bc^en 
In  Togne  among  Ibe  Meditrrnnicun  naticms  (or 
centuries.  Ilia  the  oldi-sl  ri.-li'HH-  of  Hbic:h  we 
have  any  knowledfce.  It  In  priu-iiM>d  today  by  nil 
nUKlem  Bnglinb.  Frrneh.  nnd  Ami^ricnn  archftis 
■ad  fa  (Ih^  one  pmctiwd  by  European  archers  of 
tin  middle  ages.  It  conelets  In  drawiii^tlie  8triai{ 
tiaclc  with  tbe  tlp«  ot  the  Itnt,  aecotid,  and  tbinl 
Boicers.  ilie  lialla  »t  the  tbisen  diugiiig  to  tbe 
atting.  with  the  terminal  joints  of  the  flngi-m 
slightly  Nex«d.  The  arrow  is  lightly  held  b«- 
twMn  the  flmt  and  wcoikI  fingers,  the  Ihtimb 
slnughi  and  inoctiTe." 


JSlnco  it  lua  been  pnctiacd  by  tbe  Hediter- 
naesD  nations  from  oaily  hislotk  tlnx!*.  he  very 
appropriately  cmlls  It  the  ■  Mediterranean  rflroML* 

"  Thill  la  unqiKBtioiiably  an  ailvanoe  on  the  oth- 
ers thus  far  described,  an  ii  enables  tlie  drawing 
of  a  slitT<>r  liow,  aod  is  exotitliugly  delit-ate  aiid 
suiooth  at  the  instant  of  looting  the  arraw."  It 
Is  quite  remarkable  that  thla  method  of  relcaae  is 
practii-L-d  hy  thi-£Bkiuiu:  which  circumstance  tends 
lo  confirm  Trof.  Boyd  Dawkins's  theory  that  tbii 
people  is  tho  direct  n-prtvcntalive  of  the  care- 
dw«llere  of  southem  Frnnor.  Tlve  Eskimo  are  the 
only  people  known  to  Profevor  tlorwe.  who  have 
dwigoed  a  distiDct  form  of  arrow  for  this  mMhod 
of  rrUnae. 

Finally  Profcmor  Stonw  proceeJa  lo  «zamina 
an  entJntly  inikpendent  n-leiue,  having  no  relation 
to  tli«  Otheis.  "  In  this  the  string  is  drawn  by  the 
flexed  ibamb  bent  over  the  string,  the  vod  of  the 
foreflager  asalsting  in  lioldiuK  the  thumb  in  this 
pooition.  Tbe  arrow  is  belil  at  llie  junclion  i>f  the 
thumb  and  foreliogor,  tlie  base  of  the  flngn  prrH- 
ing  tlic  arrow  aKiunit  the  bow.  For  thl«  reawn 
the  arrow  in  always  placed  to  tbe  riglit  of  tbe  bow 
vertiral.  This  release  is  cbatncti-ristic  of  tho 
Asiatic  mces,  such  as  the  Uanchu.  Chines,  Kore- 


PuM.  V  iMD  la  —  MomaMtM  aatxAtx. 

an,  Japanese,  Turk,  and  Joubtleaa  other  cognate 
peoples." 

As  it  is  ptautised  almost  exclusirely  by  Maugo> 
llaii  uatiuus.  he-  cnilt  it  tlie  '  Mongolian  release.* 

In  this  relenw  thr  thumb  has  lo  be  protected  by 


133 


8CaSi\Ch\ 


IVnL.  IX.,  No   9« 


iioni«  Mdi)  ot  h  guard,  which  is  geuerallf  n  thick 
ring-  "The  tfleaaee  vary  iu  tbfir  cfliticiny  «ml 
BtrODStb.  Tli«  two  strongMt  ami  prrhapa  pi|tially 
powerful  oniv  are  Ibi!  Mediti^rninenn  nnd  )I«Dgo- 
lisD ;  Hiul  it  in  inUTdnting  lo  nol«  Uie  facl  that  ih« 
lii-o  uTtMit  (liciiioiu  of  the  buniaD  family  who  mn 
claim  a  bi«to(T,  an4  wbo  baie  been  doniimiit  in 
ibe  offaira  of  mankind,  are  the  Uediu-rranMa  on- 
Uoow  and  tlie  HonKolians.  Fur  tbrra  or  four  thoii- 
nnd  j«nr«,  at  least,  Mcli  etotk  lias  luid  it*  peculiar 
arrow- rrl«a»<%  und  tJils  ha*  pcnii«ird  throtiitlt  all 
the  (uutBtionM  of  trmr  to  ihr  prpt^rnt  day.  Lan- 
gnage,  Dianncni,  cuirtoiiiif,  Tvliglona,  have  in  thit 
ctroKae  of  crniuri<«  widely  separated  iliMe  two 
gtenl  divifclonN  Into  natlonn.  Hido  by  iiiilo  ibey 
liaTe  lived  ;  devavlln);  wars  and  wain  of  conqumt 
have  iiiurk(.<d  their  coutact ;  and  y«4  Ibv  apparirat- 
ly  itrlTial  and  simple  act  o(  rrlrnfinK  tliv  arrow 
from  tbu  how  huH  n-tmiini-i]  unclinnKPd.  At  the 
prCfeDt  niommt  thf  Eitropran  and  Asiatic  archer, 
•hooting  now  only  for  cport,  practise  each  the  r«> 
Icaiwi  whkh  chamclerlied  their  renioM  ancenloT*." 

We  wiah  it  were  in  our  pou-er  to  follow  our 
aathor  through  bis  drtAiled  iovMiigatioiiB  of  tlwi 
peculiaritiea  in  lh«  use  of  the  bow  br  hn*  dis- 
covered in  his  truly  marvellous  ntudy  of  the  an- 
cifut  nioniinients :  but  Ihat  ia  impoaxiUe.  In  a 
chi*!<ilied  list  he  has  giTm,  under  Ibe  heads  of 
'r«oent'  and  'ancient,'  all  the  tribee  and  uatioiw 
who  havt  practised  the  five  dUTcr«Bt  kinds  of  r^ 
lease  deecribed,  and  he  eonolndca  by  begging  for 
further  intormnlioa ;  — 

"  Travellers  imd  eiploreni  ourIiI  al»o  not  only 
to  obeerve  the  einipl^  fact  that  oucb  and  such  p<.'o- 
pie  use  bonit  and  arrows,  but  they  idiould  accu- 
rately record,  1",  the  attitude  of  Uio  aluft-hnnd  ; 
S°,  whether  the  bow  ia  held  vertically  or  hori- 
xontally  i  3°,  wbi-thc r  the  arrow  la  lo  the  right  or 
to  the  left  of  the  bow  vi-nit-nl ;  and.  4*.  whether  ea- 
Im  arrowti  are  hdd  In  tlw.lKiw-hand  or  ahutt-hund. 
The  methud  of  hiacing  the  Ijow  i%  uf  im|Kirliuicc 
alsOh  .  >  .  I'aiticularly  does  h<-  d««ire  lo  leurn  the 
reiMM  am  pnctitwt  hy  the  Veddaha  of  Ceylon,  Iho 
Hill  Irlbra  of  India.  Ihe  tnhoi  of  Africn,  Houth 
America,  and  wpcciully  the  Fuenana.  Inde^, 
any  Inforowlion  rcgnnling  tho  methodi  of  srn>w- 
release  In  any  part  of  tb»  world  will  he  accept- 
ubU-." 

In  annwer  to  hia  inquiry,  we  veature  the  aug- 
geirtion  whether  it  ia  not  possible  ilint  tli«  bo- called 
■  pierceil  tahlrta,'  which  are  dMcribed  and  tigurcd 
by  ProfoDor  Rau  {AreheoloffKal  foUeetion  of  thf 
Btnithaonkm  jn»fi(ufion,  p.  W)  and  otfaer  writers, 
and  which  hav«  given  rise  to  so  much  dtscussioo 
BUoug  Ainerieaji  aiiliqnorlm.  may  not  have  been 
gunrdii  worn  to  pdralecl  the  wrtst  against  the  r«coil 
of  the  bow  Ntring.  II.  W.  U. 


THE  BVITKafUES  OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 

Onk  Wflcomee  an  old  friend  moreoordtally  tliaii 
n  new ;  so  that  when  Mr.  Edwarda,  afMr  mme 
b««ilation,  ataxia  a  third  arrim  of  hia  rnnowmil 
and  incomparable  iUuBtiKtiona  of  our  native  but- 
lerHies,  begun  twenty  yeant  ago,  we  are  ready  t" 
rvndcr  the  full  Dieed  of  pniee  lor  bis  iuiwearie<l 
rnnriiy,  the  sncceta  cf  hia  bre«<ding  QXp<'rimenl». 
and  the  mure  than  liberal,  nlmuat  profuse  illuatra- 
lion  with  which  Ibey  nri>  published,  Wbvn  we 
know,  in  addiiioD,  that  he  has  ittMed  with  a  oon- 
aidernblc  portion  of  hie  unique  eoltectiunto  obtain 
meana  wherewilb  to  launch  tliia  new  aeriea,  we 
can  only  hope  he  irill  find  a  ptililic  ]in>p«r)y  ap- 
preciative uf  auch  Krnl  and  («acri(tc«. 

Thiii  fliat  number  i»  a  retuinlteence  of  Uie  past. 
Two  of  the  Ihiee  plates  represent  hitherto  un- 
figured  siiecies  uf  that  u-i  Ddcrfully  protlflc  boreal 
genuti  I  rgiynuis,  one  from  .^nilniboiu,  und  the 
other  fnim  Utnb  mid  Ailr.ona,  with  brirf  merely 
ileacriplire  teit  —  which  remind  us  especially  of 
bla  firet  leries,  where  nearly  seventy  figtires  of 
Ihlsiceuiia  Were  !;'*"«■".  Tberemalning  plate  gives 
DOl  only  the  butlerlly  wtib  lis  voriutltinH,  but  also 
all  the  earlier  alii^i-K  of  our  Cnlirorninu  apecies  of 
Mcgonoalomn  (or,  ns  Mr.  Edwarda  prcfera  to<:la<a 
It,  CoUaa),  with  many  enlarged  (Iguiceof  minor 
details,  accompanied  by  a  tolerably  full  account 
of  iheinaect— which  rccidlatho  more  dellnllely 
biological  character  of  the  second  serim.  To  ob- 
tain the  earlier  stages,  eggs  were  sent  from  OaU- 
fornia  to  West  Virginia,  und  (Ik- caterpillars  raised 
<in  an  Amorpha,  pre>  iuualy  sent,  in  )Ir.  Edwards's 
garden. 

The  test  is  not  ao  full  or  interesting  as  the  later 
porta  of  tlie  last  aeries :  but  to  say  that  the  snm« 
care  aa  betoiv  lian  been  taken  with  the  tllustrs- 
li<init,  whether  in  faithfulness  of  delineation  tothe 
la*t  detail,  or  in  truthfulneea  of  coloring  with  an 
abaenoe  of  all  gandloeM,  ia  ((uite  enough.  Noth- 
ing baa  ever  surpassed  them  ;  they  are  a  jierfect 
tiiodcl  for  such  work.  The  same  arllsta  have  been 
connected  with  the  work  almuat  from  tbe  fliBt: 
nnd  though  Ibe  chief  urtlnt,  Mrs.  Peart,  can  no 
lon^ter  undertake  the  liihognphy  «Hth  hnr  own 
hand,  they  receive  her  rnrvful  aiipervlnon. 

We  can  only  congratulate  naturallsta  OB  Hr. 
Bdwarda'a  deiermloallon  to  continue  ptihlithtivc 
on  the  same  scale  as  before,  and  lieg  to  remind 
them,  that,  hut  fur  this  libEtnbty,  we  should 
hnrdly  hare  advanced  in  knowlcdKC  of  th«  life- 
histories  of  our  l.ntterflica  beyond  wliat  we  knew 
when  Botsduval  and  LeC^ule  publiatied  their  titlte 
octavo  —  a  lialf-eenlury  ago. 

n>  bMltiflf  qr  XorH  JtmrUt.    Br  V,  B.  EDWiam. 
Tblr4  aarlM.    Put  I.    BuMod,  llou«hton,  MlSta  A  C«k  4*. 


I 


« 


SCIENCE. 


I 


PKIDAT,  FBBRDABT  11.  1889. 

COMMENT  AND  CRITICISM. 
Thk  ArTUoBrriEs <)( tlic  Jolins  IIo(ikiDa  univerei- 
iy  h»v*  always  liekl.  and  ri^ihlly,  tluil  thL-  U-iie  uai- 
ventty  tuust  not  only  nfTurd  »m|il«<i|ipotluniliim 
tor  vriKuutl  reiMfarch  in  library  and  in  labora- 
tory, but  thai  It  must  alM  olToril  opportunity  fur 
the  publiratiou  of  th»  i«bulla  of  aiicli  rauNtroli. 
At)  ■  rmull  of  Ihia  poliey,  llic  publicution  of  the 
Amtrican  jammat  of  malhrmalifji.  tht^  Ami-riean 
elumiatljounutt,  th«  Amcriexin  jovranl  of  philol- 
ogy, tbo  StuditM  from  Ihr  hiologiml  Uiboratorn, 
aod  ti»  SItidif  in  hUtpriml  ami  political  fi-lrnof, 
ha*  bMti  miocoMtTely  and  eurorwfnlly  undertaken. 
Tb»  BDOouixvnipnt  ir  now  made  tJiai  this  toroM- 
M»  lint  w  to  b4>  oxtmded  by  tha  addition  of  an 
AMtnea»jotmal  of  jMUctuttagy.  nndcr  tboedllor- 
ahip  d  Pros.  Q.  Stnnky  Hntl.  The  journnl  ia  to 
be  piib)i»h^  qiiarti-rly,  and  tli<i  flrnl  number  will 
kppw  nt  an  rorly  dat«.  The  vcopo  of  tlur  jounial 
to  to  be  H  wido  u  that  ot  parcboiog;  Hwlf. 
Ihough  we  infer  from  the  announcetiient,  that  tlu' 
major  portion  of  tlic  Hpncv  will  lie  devoted  (o  the 
reeulla  of  inrefiltxalicii  in  paycho-phyalca.  psycho- 
geneala,  and  lo  the  phyaioloidcal  ride  of  mental 
adeooe  In  Rtiteral.  It  U  purpoeod  nlso  to  repn>- 
dac«  entire  valuable  arlicio*  from  other  JournalH, 
when  tbey  are  not  readily  aixenlble  in  their  oriKi- 
nal  form.  Thn  journnl  will,  it  wonm  to  ii»,  Utid  a 
Held  awaiting  it;  for  thir  liewe  pliilo»Q]'hiqm 
and  lite  PAilowpAMche  monaUht/U,  toK«tb«r  wiib 
tiiedr  continental  contemporariM,  ara  hardlf  read 
bt  thb  rouniry  nl  all ;  and  their  columna  Boldom, 
If  vrer,  print  nn  nrtirle  by  nn  American  scholar. 
Mind,  to  be  ■nrv.  hun  b<>cD  very  griivrousof  late 
fai  Ue  allotniLtit  uf  ■iKu.'o  to  Anicricno  niilbors, 
bat  It  ha*  a  t^ry  lioill«<I  drt'ulntion  in  this 
ooaatf?.  To  appeal.  fln>t  of  nil,  to  Amorioui 
rMMlers  and  Uttdcnla  of  mental  voivncc.  and  to 
embody  tlm  lat«at  rMuita  of  Am«rican  rfiwarch, 
sliould  be  the  particular  aima  of  tbi^  new  journal. 


In  CAurOMiA,  if  anywhoro,  fonwtry  shonld 
claim  proper  attention  from  the  etato;  and,  ap- 
parently on  tho  itrinciple  of  bettor  IU9  than  never, 
the  Sral  biennial  report  of  tlte  Slate  board  of  for- 
So.  no-  tSB!. 


Miry  En  mvw  ieaiMd.  A  rcKion  lllte  middle  and 
souihem  CaJifomla.  on  (he  bordtrriaiid  between 
eulKi-ii'iit  and  tiuufficiiiit  ralnfatl.  wtitre  irrigBtion 
in  eawtiliiil  lu  agrit'ullun.-,  must  care  for  il« 
atreama,  and  mimt  tli«r«rore  care  for  the  foresti 
when-  tli«y  riiw.  By  tbb  it  ia  not  Intended  to 
amert  tlvBt  fonmta  vxetvite  any  ooolrol  o\er  the 
amount  of  raintall.  And  it  i«a  aatiafoctloa  loaee 
tliat  thii  popular  f;vUaay  reoHrea  no  rery  direct 
support  in  tli«  rc^Mirt  undvr  oonridenuion  :  Init  aa 
regulators  of  discharge  by  aUfnta.  the  imponanre 
of  tlie  relation  between  fomU  and  rainfall  cannot 
be  queetioned  :  and  in  a  «tal«  like  California, 
wh<-re  the  foreetH  are  peculiarly  limited  lo  the 
bighev,  rough,  non-aratile  taude,  whenro  the 
atfeama  flow  down  to  the  farua  below,  the  prM< 
erration  of  a  fair  share  uf  the  treee  ia  a  primn 
neoeaaity.  In  llie  aoulliem  part  of  the  atato  the 
balance  of  condltiona  la  bo  delicate,  that  the  for- 
esee merely  aurvive,  but  hare  no  rvc-uperativn 
power.  If  de«troyed,  tbey  do  not  xpring  up  again, 
hut  leave  the  surface  Iwrren.  It  i«  in  uuch  dia> 
trietf  thai  much  dainajciv  has  already  bren  dooo. 
not  only  in  detacinit  the  hill  country,  but  in  in- 
creaiiinK  the  ineKularity  of  stream-flow.  The 
ralu  ruiis  off  from  a  bare  hillside  in  a  violent 
flood,  carrying  aoil  and  gravel  with  it.  and  lear- 
Itig  no  stove  of  moiatare  In  the  ground  to  anppi; 
springs  in  Die  dry  aewon.  The  foreatry  board  and 
the  school  of  foreotry.  Inaugurated  at  Los  A  njprlM 
in  the  Unl*eralty  of  aouthem  California,  hav* 
Iberefore  a  large  work  before  tliem,  that  mn*t  b«- 
come  of  much  value  to  the  alat«. 


Ix  Tin  Nineletttlh  cenfnry  for  January,  Hr. 

George  J.  BomaneM  repUes  lo  the  crilica  of  hia 
paper,  n-ad  some  lime  ago  before  tbe  linoacan 
aoc-irty.  on  ■  Physiolo^cal  selection, —an  addi- 
tional sotiiteation  on  tbe  origin  of  speoiea.'  He 
Mvs  thai  the  finrt  mialakc  bin  critica  made,  waa  in 
treating  hia  idea  us  a  fully  vUburated  theory,  in- 
stead of,  aa  wnj<  int<-'Ddrd  by  Mr.  Homaiies,  a  tuere 
suggestion  or  working  byputlieais.  He  quietly 
adds  that  the  study  of  Im  critica'  arguments  onJy 
maken  him  think  m<irv  highly  of  his  anggestiaii. 
Mr.  Koauoii/il  hypotlieiiis  uf  physiological  aeleo- 
tlon  seta  out  wiib  nn  attempt  to  prove,  that,  eon- 


SCTENCE. 


|Toi»  IX.,  No. 


*idnvd  aH  a  th^orjr  of  the  origbi  ot  apeciea,  tite 
thMT7  of  natuml  MieotloD  la  fnadequatr.  The 
•vMmoe  going  to  make  up  thl*  proof  falls  under 
Ihrcm  li«sds;  first.  Hie  inntilitT  to  species  of  a 
larger  projKjrtioriul  number  of  tlieir  apeeiflc  cltar- 
tKt*n ;  second,  tkir  general  fact  of  ttmtVWtj  be- 
twMtn  Killed  epecies,  which  it  is  admitted  rannot 
be  niplftloed  by  natural  selection,  and  ilierefore 
ha»  hitherto  n*v<T  hern  explained;  and,  third, 
llie  ■WBinpin;g  iiiQuDnre.  even  npon  URcful  varia- 
lions,  of  free  inbrivrueeing  with  the  parent  fnrni. 
Bcranne  of  these  facte.  Mr.  itomanes  luworts  that 
the  tbeorr  of  nalunl  aeleclion  is  not  a  tlieor^  of 
Uw  oriein  of  8pecit«  at  all,  hut  a  theory  of  thv 
caianlutive  de\'el"jinient  of  adnpUitioae.  Physi- 
Ologfoil  H>l<xtlon  or  ■  seKn-gntioo  of  the  Bl.'  on 
Uw  OtJicr  hand,  Mr.  Boman<-H  liriDgs  forvrurd  aa  a 
theory  of  the  origin  of  speciea.  After  brie6y  ex- 
plaining what  Is  meant  by  physiological  seleotion, 
—  whidi  h«  dom  in  a  way  loo  ooinpact  to  be 
abridged,  and  too  long  to  lie  quoi«<l.~Mr.  Ro- 
muiiKi  turns  to  his  L-ritica,  and  d«tibi  with  ttie 
objei'lions  which  they  have  adraucvd.  Two  of 
tlieni  —  Mecsra.  A.  R,  Wallace  and  iSeebohm  — ore 
refwred  to  by  name,  and  Mr.  Itotnaiiei'  criticiein 
of  them  is  very  inleresLltig  reading,  He  a^cribea 
the  Dbjwtiona  of  both  of  these  gentlemen  to  a 
tnidandcnilandliiic  of  what  phyniulogieal  selection 
I«ally  tne-ann,  and  Jeahi  wilb  the  whole  subjeut 
Id  ao comproheDslve  and  yet  Jeuiiled  a  way.  that 
we  nMij  be  snre  a  reply  will  be  provoked  from 
auch  of  the  critics  aa  deem  tliemaelrw  cntsrept«- 
aoatad  or  onfaUrly  ueed  in  tb«  prvtent  article 


Tax  CDSSKKT  woBK  of  the  U.  S  fisb  comraift- 
afooatiterarioua  niationa  shows  gratifying re«nli« 
tn  hsteblng  young  llitta.  .\t  Wutthingion.  .%.00(j,. 
000  wbilA-fiah  eggs  are  now  being  hatched.  Die 
fry  to  be  eeut  to  Lake  Krie.  Small  lot*  of  .Sni- 
mmidae  are  also  lieing  hatclied  there,  principally 
for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  difTcn^nt  meth- 
ods of  lishHTulture.  At  North»ille  uwi  Alpina, 
Hiob..  1S6.04XJ.000  wbit«-ash  eggs  wurtt  cuUectod 
during  the  full,  of  which  135.000,000  have  been  di»- 
trlbuted  lo  the  etate  commiwiuners,  for  bulcbing 
and  planting,  and  about  100.000,000  have  been  rw- 
aerved  to  be  batched  at  the  Korthrille  station,  the 
fry  to  be  placed  in  tlie  ocean  and  the  great  laket. 
The  station  at  Wood's  Holl  has  be«a  actively  en- 
gaged In  collecttug.  Iiatching.  and  dlstribiitinK  the 
eggs  of  cod-llsli  of  which  36,000.(100  liave  been 
hatched  and  planted  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  other 


adjacent  waters.  11  Is  probable  the  total  produc- 
tion of  the  season  will  exceed  100.000,000  cod-OBb 
when  eggs  are  obtained  from  thn  Ipawich-Say 
school.  At  Wyihenlle.  Va..  the  collediug  of 
California  troTil  eggs  ts  now  in  full  iirogress.  OT«r 
tOO.OOO  eggs  haTing  been  obtained,  of  which  Itfty 
per  cent  will  be  distributed  in  lots  of  Q.OOO  and 
10,000  to  the  different  slate  cumminiona.  the  bal- 
ance to  lie  hatched  and  mani)  nl  the  station,  and 
distributed  us  yearling  fish  to  the  streamii  of  the 
Appalachian  region  in  Pennaylvuniu.  VirKloia. 
West  Virginia,  Morth  Carolina.  U«otgia,  and  Ten- 


The  dkbatk  in  tIte  senate  on  the  appropriations 
for  the  nipport  of  the  coast  sun-ey  during  the 
next  fiaoal  year  shown  the  appierlation  by  tbot 
body  of  tlie  importance  of  making  approptiationa 
Bullicieut  to  carry  on  the  service  effectively.  Ttie 
bouse  pared  the  items  down  in  a  parvlnioniomi 
apiriC,  and  with  a  false  Idea  of  economy,  wttboat 
co«>sulting  the  coast  survey  otDclsle,  or  the  treas- 
ury department,  or  the  needs  of  the  »ervice.  TIm 
senate  approprlatlona  ooiumlttee  addmaed  a  letter 
to  the  secrelary  of  the  treasury,  infiuiring  if  the 
esttinaleiB  as  submitted  by  the  Miperinlendrnt  of 
the  coast  survey  were  aatiafaclory  to  that  depart- 
ment. The  secretary  replied  that  the  rstiinatea  as 
subinltled  were  entirety  Batisfactory.  ond  fully 
sustained  Ibe  superintendent  of  the  ooast  surrey. 
He  also  submitted  an  intrreoting  and  instructive 
communication  from  Iklr.  Thorn,  showing  tbe  rea- 
sons for  ench  item  of  expenditure  and  the  present 
condition  of  the  service,  which  we  have  not  room 
to  print.  Tlie  secretary  closed  his  letter  with  the 
following  observation  :  "rn>m  llteae  communica- 
tions it  appears  tliot  the  estimatea  made  provis- 
ion tor  the  efUHcnt  and  economical  prosecution  of 
the  survey  during  the  ensuing  year ;  it  bIm  ap> 
pears  that  the  provision  made  by  the  liouse  bill 
will  not  secure  such  rtctilta :  coosequently  iha 
arrangement  there  made  is  not  satlafaciory  U> 
this  department."" 


4 


4 
4 


I'BE  EXPiaNATloN  given  by  the  Investigators  of 
tlie  Plymouth  epidemic  ot  the  origin  of  that  epi- 
demic has  by  some  been  regarded  a»  iinsatiafac- 
tory,  because  It  required  the  acceptance  of  the 
theory  that  typhoid -fever  getms  could  retain  vi- 
tality after  being  expoted  to  the  inleniw  cold 
which  prevails  in  that  latittide  during  tJie  winter. 
Dr.  J.  S.  BlUloRS,  0.S.A.,  boa  been  experimenting 
on  this  point,  and  gives  tbe  reeulis  of  hla  cxperi- 


FwmViKt  It,  1B0T.1 


SCTEyCE. 


135 


lacals  to  the  StntUarg  rnginftr.  On  Jno- 10,  i^g\, 
five  cubfe  oeatiiiK-tm  ot  HlrriU»  i]  wnlrr  in  ■  Inil- 
tnbewere  inocalaUHl  wjtli  t^rphoid  hacillun,  and 
vspowd  to  Ibc  outer  air  during  tho  folkiwioK 
Bight  at  a  temperature  o(  10°  F.  It  wm  found 
BoUdly  frnien  during  the  luorDiitK.  Jna.  II.  thiK 
fKH«n  mMB  was  tlutwed,  and  fruio  it  thirre  «rvK 
inoculated  od»  6^U  and  ibre<e  ^f  Inline  tubes.  On 
Jan.  IS  tbeie  waa  a  dedded  typical  developanoit 
of  the  tjpbold  bacillus  in  the  agar  tube  and  In 
two  of  the  gelatine  tubee.  lie  ea;s  tbat  evldonllj 
the  Tilntilf  nf  tliet;plKit(l)>adlluaisHOtd«fltrDjt<l 
by  rm-xing. 

Oxx  or  THK  KKTHOMt  hj  orbich  Inftvtinua  di»- 
«WM  tony  liml  nn  i>nltanr(>  into  n  (wnntrr  w  ox- 
eiDiililk-d  in  Ihn  hiiloiy  ol  tho  introduction  of 
clictera  into  tbn  Argcntinr  lUpnblic.  On  Nov.  I 
of  taat  ft^t,  tb<!  Itnliun  nlij))  P(4s«o  arrivrd  at 
Bueoca  Ajrn  from  Gpnoo.  During;  the  loyttf^ 
nearly  a  aoud!  of  |>CT«on«  hnd  dim]  of  ctaolMu  on 
Um  Hh!p.  The  ambanndor  of  tbi:  Artntntine  gov- 
erntueDt  in  Italy  was  a  poim-ngi-c  on  tbrtihip,  and. 
Id  lh«  ansietv  of  tbe  eliip'B  cumoumdrr  to  permit 
him  Co  land  without  dHt«iiliun,  all  \iuo.\\tay  rulr» 
aecui  to  have  been  overlooked.  The  diKMuiL- wna 
not  confined  to  Buenoa  Ayn.ii.  but  waanlMicoD- 
T^jred  by  ihe  aaoie  sUip  to  Rostvrio,  some  two  hun- 
df*d  iDile«  farthtr,  wfaure  there  were  at  onu  time 
from  twenty-Oife  to  afty  deaths  dailj-,  The  dis- 
eaa«  Mill  «xi*is  in  bath  dtieti.  but  is  very  inucti 
iMs  prevalent  than  formerly. 


TUE    CONDITIONAL    LIBBRATION  OF 
PSISO^VBRS. 

Tqk  ndvaneca  making  in  prieon  eclmce,  — or 
Ipfootofjr,  a«M>me  are  fond  of  cailinic  ll,  —In  (his 
muniry  are  «»bUT  diacenied.  Not  only  do  the  an- 
noal  m(«tli>K*  of  the  national  priaoD  oongreoe  at- 
tnd  wider  attention  and  ultrnct  larger  audi- 
unoo,  but  tbcre  la  a  growing  thoruugliiicx  and 
RMlhoi)  in  tbc  current  dieciiMionii  on  prison  topics 
tbat  (tanip«  tbiira  na  acieotiflc.  Tiie  rvadint;  pub- 
lic at  large,  moreover,  tHke  an  Interest  in  tbew 
anbje<ta,  for  tlw-y  apprnt  to  iheni  on  many  ac- 
ooanta.  —  ethlr«],  economic,  and  philautliroplc. 

In  the  International  reeord  of  fharitiea  ami  cor- 
rtftitm  haa  apjieared  a  papii'r  hj  the  editor  of  ibat 
journal,  wbitb  waa  reml  by  hint  before  the  re- 
oent  moeting  of  the  priaOD  vongrew  ut  Atliinta, 
and  wbieh  nut  only  typific*  the  aoienlific  method 
of  trcaliog  prisiiD  ijuestiuns,  but  iJions  its  nppticn- 
lion  to  a  particularly  interesting  iiibjert.  Ur. 
I  Wlnea  diacuMc*,  in  the  article  in  iiuesiion.  oon- 


dltlonal  tiberathm,  or  the  paroling  of  pdaoiMra. 
He  polotfi  out  boib  the  cluee  relation  and  tlw  dis- 
tinct iou  between  tlie  Hu-callrd  imh-lmniiuite 
aentenvw  and  the  ouudilioiuil  dischnrne  of  a  con- 
victed criuuTial  undrr  parole,  and  aays,  tbat, 
while  in  tCuropi'  Che  ir'ndoocy  luu  been  toward 
conditi'inal  litx'rntinn  under  senteuoM  which  am 
of  fixed  duration.  In  the  Uoiteil  Stales  we  incline 
to  an  iadeHnite  sentence.  On  both  coiitincnta 
the  Brat  experiments  in  conditional  liberation 
have  been  tuade  with  juv^inile  olTiiDder«.  As 
eaily  oa  1694  the  charter  of  tho  New  York  bonM 
of  refuse  contained  the  (remi  of  the  tl>eory  of  an 
indodnice  HCDUaicc,  and  ulxleen  years  lat«r  a  law 
wan  pawed  by  the  leglslatureof  tlieaamealaU  for»' 
shadowing  the  principle  of  condllioaal  Ubtnlion ; 
but  both  acta  referred  only  to  oflendera  in  IheJr 
minority. 

From  the  early  expcrienoeof  Ftmnoe,  Mr.  Wlaea 
adduces  some  atgaiBcant  Klalistice.  In  1833  pro- 
Tision  wuB  made  that  prisoners  dischni^ed  from 
la  peiiU  lioquetlt.  the  I'nriR  prliuin  for  juvenile 
ofTendvn,  might  U.-  tntruMcd  to  a  special  aoclety, 
which  was  nulhorinrd  to  appnratioe  them  and 
watch  over  their  conduct.  The  effect  of  tbia  step 
waa  to  oanao  a  decrease  in  a  few  yeara  of  tlie  per- 
oenlaxe  of  jiiTenile  reddiTlets  from  aeveDty-IIre 
to  seven  percent.  It  was  then  propovul  by  an 
eminent  judge  tliat  Uie  plan  whidi  bad  proved  so 
■itcccaiful  with  juveniles  hn  madn  applicable  to 
adult  criminals,  but  it  is  only  very  recently  that 
this  was  done. 

With  respect  to  odulla.  the  English.  In  tbeir 
'  tickrt-of. leave '  system,  were  the  first  to  try  con- 
ditional liberation,  Until  ISTiS  this  ticket-of-Ieare 
provision  only  applied  to  convicts  ahlp]K.-iI  to 
Australia,  but  In  that  year  it  was  exteudnl  to 
Include  convicts  Incarcerated  on  EnKllsh  eoiL  In 
more  recent  years  the  value  of  ihe  aystcm  of  con- 
ditional liberation  has  been  more  widely  apprc- 
ciat«-d.  It  was  adopted  by  the  grand  duchy  of 
Oldenburg  and  the  kingdom  of  Saxony  in  ISO:!, 
and  its  siicccMi  in  Saxony  wan  imch  that  it  waa 
emt>odie<l  in  the  (-riminnl  codo  of  the  German  em- 
pire. whicJi  took  effect  in  I8TI.  In  I1D68  it  wn 
adopted  by  a  Swiss  canion,  and  in  Uie  fj>llowfaig 
year  by  Servia.  Denmark  pnl  it  In  application  in 
1878,  an  did  tlie  Hwita  c-anton  NeuchAttL  Croatia, 
and  euntoiis  Vaud  and  Unterwalden,  followed,  OA 
did  the  Netlierlanda  in  IH81.  and  Kraucd  In  1889, 
In  1683  JB)iau  aduptird  It.  and  it  Is  a  portion  of 
the  criminal  codes  uuder  dittcumHiii  in  .\uiiiria, 
Italy,  and  Portugal.  The  timt  rvciignition  of  tlie 
principle  of  coDditionnl  libirrBtii>n  in  the  le^lsla- 
tutve  of  the  United  States  wa«  in  1^08,  *  hen  tlie 
ctateof  New  York  establislied  the  Eln\lra  reforma- 
tory. 


126 


SCIENCE. 


pron..  II..  Ko.  SID 


Ttie  objMtioti  that  ■  pofolc  is  a  pnrdon,  und 
mual  In-  )pvnt(vl  un(l<!r  i\\c  Inwa  nnd  conditionH 
^vi-ming  (lanlnns,  Mr.  WiDr«  notii^na  nt  some 
I^DRth.  He  holds  iluit  >  pafola  U  not  a  jinrdoo. 
Tor  Uui  reason  tlint  nhen  ft  ronvict  Mpardinwl  Ilia 
linbitity  under  (he  law  cmrm;  but  whMi  he  ia 
paroled,  and  until  his  coodltlonal  releew  ni«rg«« 
into  one  that  ia  absoiut^.  lie  ia  Mill  in  the  custody 
of  the  law  hikI  under  wntencp.  TblabeinK  an  tm- 
poiiaut  point,  Mr.  Wines  il!»cii»e«  it  hi  detail. 
lie  showe,  tliat.  if  a  puroli'  is  tinrLOiutiluticiiial,  so 
ia  tli«  time  allowniiMr  now  aiiidr  in  afanoct  vvery 
AiMe  in  tbi-  union  t"  the  coiiriot,  (or  Rcioil  bc- 
lutviur  whilr  in  ronBnnupnl ;  and  ndilK  llmt  ■'  tlie 
bi«toi7  of  the  diHcuHtioii  of  lb«  indetvrminnlv 
aeotMoe,  Iwlb  at  home  and  abroad,  shows  that 
until  tlile  le^al,  quasi  constitutional  objection  to  it 
is  dispuKHJ  of,  no  progKM  can  l]«  made  In  tbe 
way  iif  aivuringn  candid  and  careful  consideration 
of  itM  pmcticaladvanlogrs." 

Paaninft  from  the  kgnl  tci  lliir  pruclicul  aide  of 
the  <iupslion,  Mr.  Wines  clninin,  that,  not  imly  tbi' 
a  priori  nffiunient,  but  tbi>  ivniilt*  of  it*  pnicticnl 
workings,  arp  «»ntir*ly  in  fa»'f>r  of  tlio  ■yi.t^ni  of 
conditional  Ilb^mlion.  A|ii>lic<l  in  any  priMiR,  it 
alfecta  bolb  ofticere  and  conTlct^.  Tbe  foiiner 
have  a  new  reepouiiibility  thrown  upon  them,  lliat 
of  "judging  at  what  umnieut  each  convict  cnrn- 
mitfd  to  thi-ircari-  lHlilti.'d  for  thi>  t*Btof  cliorac- 
t4>r  oiitxi^l^'  of  tbo  privon  oni'ltwure  :"  nliltc  the 
latter.  findinK  his  bo|»e  and  his  d<«ir«i  of  pcntona] 
freedom  called  upon,  becomes  an  cftlrii^nt  and 
wUllnju; co-operator  in  hlsownamenduient,  "Tlie 
aysteui  «ukeus  iu  Ibe  I'reaBl  of  et-ery  |>ri(iouer 
who  ie  not  sunk  in  intellectual  or  moral  iiibecilily. 
the  ^nae  of  individual  n'sponeibilily.  and  ntimu* 
latei  it  to  the  higbMl  di.*griw  uf  activity  which  hi- 
is  I'apable  of  sUBtatning."  The  nyHti-'m  ia  olao 
recommended  to  students  of  criminal  jurinpru- 
dence,  because  of  the  benefits  It  will  confer  upon 
society  at  Inrite.  It  l«Meas  th<>  sufTerinK  of  the 
family  and  frirnda  of  the  cilmiual.  ami  it  dimiu- 
laliea  the  exjieuse  rL-quired  for  bin  luainteuance. 
It  is  at  oncH  a  thorouyb  and  the  only  praeticabli- 
means  of  tooting  the  priMmrr*ii  reionuntjon  in 
prlaon.     • 

Hr.  WinM  does  not  overlook  nor  pa«i  by  tbe 
practical  dilScultiM  vhlch  are  urxrd  aicalnst  tlie 
adoption  of  the  syatecu  he  is  adrocntinfc.  He  eon- 
itlderslhem  In  turn.  Thelirstof  tliem  is  "  Iheiniio- 
muce  and  apathy  of  the  public  with  refeience  lo 
e«trry  pluuw  of  the  ijueHtion  of  prison  discipline." 
An  ihb  biu  otuod  in  the  way  of  many  important 
ivfornw  before  now,  and  has  always  had  to  yield 
in  the  end,  Mr.  Wincn  dcctinee  to  give  it  any  acri- 
ous  attention!  It  will  cure  itself.  To  the  objeo- 
tioD  tliat  a  prisoner  is  natiirolly  a  hypocrita,  and 


that  therefore  no  correet  judgmant  can  be  fonaed 
n«  to  hi«  imprcirtHi  chttrtM--ter.  it  is  answered, 
"  How  does  this  apply  to  thvsyMttmof  cuudilional 
libPTBiion  any  more  than  lo  the  good -behavior 
laws  now  so  common?"  In  the  Unitrd  Slatt*. 
oonctned  action  on  the  part  of  the  vnriou*  aiatea 
would  be  aeoetaary,  to  order  lo  operate  tbe  nyMnm 
effectually.  No  special  watctiiuf  of  tbe  paroled 
convict  in  desirable,  and  tlie  writer  quotes  prtsoa* 
director  Sicliarlfif  Wurleinberg,  to  the  effect  (bat 
poti<?<-  «uri'cillnnce  is  undesirable ;  for  tbe  paroled 
prinonrr  should  not  be  eubjected  to  unneceaaary 
niortiflcnCion.  What  he  reciuixes  is  protection 
aKalnst  any  hindeiance  which  may  I'xiBt  to  liia 
honorable  success  i  and  in  no  oient  shcnild  iiur- 
veillance  of  any  dMcrlptlou  he  continued  longer 
tbau  the  circumstances  of  each  caae  seom  to  r*-- 
quire. 

Mr.  Winee  then  develops  hifl  ideas  as  to  the 
classes  of  couvjcts  ■<>  whom  tbe  priviU^  of  con- 
ditional litiemtion  should  be  grunted,  the  ata^  of 
imprisonment  at  which  a  parolemhouldbexnuiled, 
and  the  authority  to  whom  the  di«cretio«ary 
power  of  granting  the  parole  should  Im  onlrunted. 
Statistical  are  quoted  »1iowinK.  that,  of  1.60S 
paroled  prisoners  in  Bavaria,  only  nO  relaiuml :  of 
783  iu  Wurtemberg.  only  8  relapstil  ;  and  of  286 
in  Saxouy,  only  6  relupied.  The  statistics  on 
this  point  gathered  from  the  cxpcrienee  of  the 
New  York  slate  reformatory  at  Blmira,  are  alrrady 
kuowu  lo  our  readers. 


tO.VDO.V  LETTER. 


Thk  character  o(  Ihe  Friday-evening  tectum  at 
the  Koyal  institution  (the  scene  of  the  labof«  of 
Davy  and  Faiada> )  ia  probably  well  known  to  moei 
rmdeni  of  Science.  Tbe  afler-Cbriatinaa  aeries 
was  upent.-d  by  iHir  William  TliomBon,  who  dia- 
coDTsed  tea  brilliant  audience  upon  tbe  probable 
oriicin.  extent,  and  dumtion  of  the  sun's  heat. 
Adopting,  appaienlly  unicservrdly,  Hclmholix's 
tlieorj'  of  Its  origin  l>einK  due  to  the  shrinkage  of 
iti  muiM.  owing  to  gravitation,  he  pointed  out  that 
gravity  wiisSTJ  tiuacB  na  great  at  tbe  8un(at  pteaeut) 
as  at  Hip  earth,  and  hiiw  difTi-rent.  therefore,  solar 
phynics  were  from  Icrrectrinl.  Tlio  mystery  of 
tbe  relation  between  gravitation  and  the  otlier 
propettle^or  matter  bad  hitherto  proved  Insoluble. 
A  body  (ailing  through  only  lorty-llve  kllometmi 
on  lo  the  sun's  surface,  wuuld  develop  more 
energy  than  any  known  cliemioal  oomhiuationa, 
and  hence  he  relegated  sucb  onmbination*  to  the 
domain  of  the  determining  Influences  of  merely 
Incidental  cliange*.  Much  time  was  devoted  to 
calculations  of  solar  energy  from  (he  point  of 
view    of    the   -mechanical  equivnleot  of    beat.' 


I 


FzMurABY  11,  1807.1 


SCISNCE, 


137 


Tb»  lunouoi  of   solar  shrinkag«    was   piobably 

labout  0.01  per  cent  of  liis  ilinnn-iiT  ui  8,000  jri-arH. 

fUtrnni   niiUioti  j*«t»  ago  tiir  rum  «»«   proliobly 

(oar  Uixi«B  ita  pnwcnl  duunritrr,  and  in  luioChcr 

twoBty  million,  iu  dniiity  will  pqusi  that  of  lead, 

UK)  tli«  acUvilyof  wlar  radU (Ion  will  jirolMbly 

greatir  ditntiifsb.     At  pntunt  it  waa  about  T6,000 

bune-powM  per  square  m«itv.      Looliio);  badt, 

ftlthonich  biologjr  detnutdvd  mow  time,  tb«  aladjr 

Of  dMd  nutter  would  give  twtnlj  million  yrara 

tm  K  inasimum  piut  limit,  and  ten  tnillion  Tear*  m 

t*Duu[i>num  future  limit,  of  tbe  b«t  Mcdved  at 

pceMDt  by  tlwmrih  from  lb e  ton.    Tbeapwiker 

CKSted  •Otoe  sniuiwnifnt,  towards  the  end  of  his 

idiaoomw,  by  sdmliilnK  that '  However,  afl«t  all, 

^'weknow  aolhiu^  wliaivver  abuul  it  I' 

TIm  Prlnoe  of  Walm  has  Jiist  been  elei.'ti'd  tin 
honocary  member  (probably  ibe  Itrst  Britinh  imr-) 
<  of  the  Liniiaenn  locirty,  which  ban  hithc^n  bpvn 
'  comewbat  duty  of  bpiitowiiiK  itx  '  parchmenia 
a«aJed  with  wax.'  This  famniig  soc.lrty  was 
fooMlml  in  1788,  and  ts  the  owoor  and  cuModlan 
of  iha  tibrary.  mnniittcripts,  and  herbarium  of  tlie 
ilhHtriooB  Linnaeus,  who  died  iu  1778.  Tlicne 
«r«  orlfitnally  buUKht  truni  liia  family  for  about 
t&.COO,  by  Itt.  Jaian  Eduratd  Sniitb.  who  foiindod, 
and  was  first  pnvidi-tit  of,  thn  I.innB<«ii  «ocie1y, 
which  luu>  cutupriai'd  in  itH  roll  all  the  nio«l  dia- 
UnKOiHhed  naturn)ist»  of  the  day,  and  auiy  bv  <^on- 
•idere<l  lo  be  a  aeW-i  club  uf  K-ii-ntinlK. 

The  'CliriHlianpvidi-nccMK'ifly'aiiniiati^niiler- 
I  AcUlu;  till-  atbi-iatic  niiirit  which  Ih  altpKpd  to  l>e 
•preaditi^  uuions  tbn  tniufiro  in  Ixindon.  l.alteTly, 
its  [jun-ly  thcoloKicnl  niertinKB  and  lectures  have 
bcm  frngiK'ntly  mipfileraenled  by  lectntee  on  BCien- 
lillo  nibjtvIM  d^llrered  by  men  ot  well-lcnown 
adentillc  i>Miti«n.  In  the  west  end  Df  London. 
duiing  the  prewnl  mouth,  the  iirwidi'nts  nf  tbr 
Itoyal  and  cf  Ibe  Linniwan  si)cietii-8  (Dr.  Stoke* 
and  Mr.  Carrutbera)  will  lak<^  pnit  in  ni<'h  a 
coiimi'.  Ihu  former  inking  for  hi«  nibject,  *  Is  the 
dvmand  f<if  lieoinnHtrntlve  pvidence  In  r«h^on 
rpKutnahler  Dr.  J.  IL  Gladiitone  and  Mr.  W. 
Laitt  Cari^nter  also  take  (lart  In  thin  oounie. 

On  Jau.  17  a  riv>tice  wa»  iaened  by  Ibu  pnnt-offirR 
canoeltiDg  all  prvtioaa  notices  aa  to  delay  in  ibe 
Megnph  aerrice  owing  to  tbe  bnuik-down  <n> 
nulonrd  by  Dip  itorm  of  Dix.-.  dQ.  For  tbe  week 
ending  Jon.  lA,  tha  numlxTT  of  nit'iiMiKee  was  60!!.- 
WiO.  as  SRain*t  Tail. 000  for  the  cnrre«|>ondlnK  week 
of  last  yrar,  oolwitlMandiDg  the  lact  that  aenden 
were  warned  as  to  probable  delay.  Tbu  dttfMurl- 
I  inent  has  been  able  tu  liave  thia  good  record  while 
Uie  wiren  wi-re  down,  mainly  tbr»Uf;b  the  fnv  use 
of  tliv  WlK-utatonc  automatic  f  lul-iprnl  tranninit- 
(vr,  wbivb  fur  a  lone  f'^^  has  been  doing  TOO 
words  |>vr  minute  (800  la  Mcli  direction.  Ibe  line 


being  duplexed)  over  one  wire  between  Newcastle 
and  London,  about  300  mll««.  Every  eRorl  wm 
nuulc  to  gi-t  mnmngiw  through,  no  matter  how 
cirruitous  tha  route.  Sonw  mmtagee  leauhed 
Louilon  from  Pmrw  tia  New  Yovk.  In  tbe  angry 
contmvcrBy  whirli  has  lK>en  rasing  on  overhead 
ftrwM  undergroand  lines,  the  following  stalo- 
menta  have  been  put  furwar<l  on  aatboiilt :  The 
Boglisli  poet-oOloe  baa  SO.WKI  mUee  of  UBdergroond 
UnM.  as  againai  29,000  In  Gmnany.  Tlie  cvat  of 
an  undrrground  win  ia  £850  per  mile,  and  of 
every  additional  win-.  £16,  ns  against  CSS  and  CIO 
respeetively  for  ovi«rhcaid  wires,  Underm-rouni) 
wlree  diminish  the  spved  of  Mgnnlllng  from  aft 
to  75  per  cent  over  long  diabknoea.  The  cost  of 
renewal  and  mainteDaoee  la  abont  the  same  la 
both  caaea. 

The  pfveent  year  in  tlie  jubilee  of  the  queen's 
Bcoaasioai  lo  tlw  throne.  Tliere  ia  ooneiderable 
fenr  that  the  prwpond  for  on  '  Imperial  iuotitute,' 
aa  B  commemoration  therrol,  wUI  not  be  ade- 
quately supported,  ami.  in  ncienliflc  circles,  much 
feeling  exists  at  the  scanty  recognition  of  tciimco 
In  lli«  constitution  of  Ibe  couimitlee  (nominated  by 
the  Prince  of  Vr'alea)  which  framed  the  schene, 
and.  n  fortiuri,  in  the  scheme  itself . 

An  inlemding  biirtory  i>f  tlw!  'Sdcnce  and  an 
depaitinent '  has  junt  been  issued,  showing  its 
gruwth  iluriuK  tb«  1a«t  fifty  years,  and  the  enmnr- 
agemnil  given  by  the  state  in  this  way  to  instnic- 
tioii  in  Boieiice  and  art.  Its  lieadquarters  are  In 
Houtb  Kenuugton.  which  ii  in  connection  with 
nlxiut  t.aoo  scientiHc  nohoolsall  over  the  United 
Kingdom.  Tweoty-fivft  distinct  branches  o(  sct- 
enco  are  taught,  and  the  annual  grunt  for  its 
maintenance  approac^hes  half  a  million  iiounds 
sterling.  This  is  mainly  distributed  on  thr  rtwalts 
of  the  May  examlaatlims.  held  at  the  end  of  the 
winler'M  teaching.  In  connection  with  this  are 
tlie  scb«tai)ihi|in  due  to  Sir  Joseph  Whltworth's 
contribution  of  £3,000  jwr  year,  given  In  ISSt). 

W. 
IdtiilaD,  Jsn.  M. 


HONOLULU  LETTF.R. 
Mb.  E.  D.  Pit&TON  of  the  U.  .S.  geoiietic  sur- 
vey liaa  juHl  arrived  and  begun  work  nnder  lem- 
Iiorory  i-nga^menl  with  the  Hawaiian  govern- 
ment mirvey.  Hia  task  is  lo  establish  a  normal  or 
standard  latitude  for  this  group.  The  latitude  of 
several  points  has  already  been  carefully  <leter- 
mlned,  —  two  "iich  in  1888  l>y  Mr.  Preston  in  con- 
neciitin  with  penduhim  obscrvtitionH,  and  lome 
olberv  by  the  British  oliserveni  of  the  lnin.->it  of 
Venus.  Since  full  geodirtic  tvmltii  have  h<>en  ol>- 
Mined  by  Inter-islsad  trlnngntalton,  iierious  di*. 
crvpttnciee  an  foUBd  to  exist  between  those  and 


138 


SCIENCE. 


IToi.  IX.,  No.  no 


Uw  MtTOiiornic«I  determlD&tlotis  of  latitude,  rlflntc 
■«  higli  III  forty-five  «eoou<la  of  laliiude  In  ilie  rel- 
ativL-  puKitiona  of  etatioiiii  un  nt^igliboriiig  iHlande. 
Tbe  Hludy  i>r  lliMi-  (liBCTi'piuicii.-n  h)iow!i  tlM^Oi  to  be 
dH«  to  local  dHWiions  of  th«  vMticul  in  t-onftt- 
qiujice  of  tbe  powerful  nltrpiction  of  our  grrat 
mouotftln-iDBwics.  Tbo  nrror  produced  npprairn  to 
b»  gr«at«r  than  in  luiy  otiier  pari  of  the  world  In 
proporllon  to  tlw  extent  ot  th*  geodetic  work.  A 
dl»cre{Miiicy  ia  longitude  of  slxlj'  »e<-onils  Id  fouDd 
to  i>xjvt  bntwepn  Eailua  and  Honolulu.  1S(I  miles 
distant.  Time  lougitudts  nrn*  dtL-ttrmiiix^d  b,v 
U)<!  British  trauMit  t^xpcditioti,  troiupDrtitig  twelve 
clironoineierti  ttini-  muad  trip*  brlwren  llie  stn- 
tinm.  Tlie  luountoimi  of  IhoiH-  iHlandii  rise  above 
tho  wa  from  4.000  lo  14,000  fort.  But  l>rfnK  nur- 
rounded  byu  depth  of  ocwm  of.  nay.  'JQ.lKHi  f^i^l.  tbe 
mBMMarv  mklly  from  »0.()00  I<.>'4(i.00O  feet  bigli. 
futlj'  aooountlng  for  tbe  extmurdtnury  defleettoti 
of  tbn  Tsrtlcal.  Twelve  slAtiooH  have  been  neleoted 
wbowpositioitBart^preciaulydetcTuiiiied.iindwbioh 
Itr  on  oppasit«  sidee  of  tlieir  ruspective  islnods. 
Mr.  Preston  will  otvupy  each  one.  so  ns  to  secure 
Kt  least  oue  hundred  oteervations  of  pairs  of  slarti. 
It  h  Iwliered  that  a  study  and  oompBrl«oi>  of  tbe 
diarreiiancie^  lietween  the  latiludm  obtained  will 
oiittbk-  a  siiindnr'l  latitude  to  be  detprmlDed  for  the 
wlioli'  group,  very  closely  approxintitting  to  Ibe 
true  InliCude. 

No  preciac  dctiTminBlion  of  lonfritilile  can  po*. 
albly  be  obtuiiicd  until  ihrrr  in  cable  rominunica- 
UoQ  1>etwi>eQ  Ilonoliihi  and  the  continent.  II  now 
■Mina  probable  that  inch  coni  in iini cation  will  noon 
be  Mtahlisfacd.  Sir.  Preetou's  work  will  thl^n  hr 
available  in  ccirreclloiia  to  detfrioino  a  standard 
langitod*  u  well  as  latitude  for  tliis  group.  When 
Qi«»»  POrrectloDS  for  the  latitude  and  lonitltude 
itre  applied  to  the  tniuiit  of  Venus  ntation  at 
Honolulu.  It  seenia  not  unlikely  that  better  riv 
aulta  may  lie  obtuinod  from  the  work  done  by  the 
Dritbh  tntnuit  esix'dition. 

A  jionoTiiiDn  of  the  cjOd6rB  of  KUauea  got*  to- 
day to  till-  Uniiod  States  for  public  exhibition.  It 
JxanRcrumte  rvprenentation  of  the  great  rncIo«- 
iire,  and  of  the  Interior  active  lak«s,  a«  Mon  at  the 
period  ol  i-ulmiuatiuK  aclfiMi  thoitly  before  tbe 
periodical  collafwe  which  t*>ok  place  Inst  year. 
The  work  ia  by  un  eminent  lU^ixt,  JuUw  Taveniier, 
who  it  portii-uhirly  euct^ewfiil  In  vivid  repreteutn- 
Uon  of  incandescent  biva.  Tho  whole  la  litelike 
and  roalistic.  Although  slutllng,  it  poativMca  k 
high  acientiflc  value,  far  beyond  a  ineni  populor- 
iijng  of  tlie  Bubject. 

Since  the  oollapee,  the  lava  has  r#^App«ared  in 
force,  and  i«  slowly  rising  in  the  lak«<*,  already 
]wi!M!ntJDg  Ivi I liant  exhibition H.  After  a  period  of 
the  highiat  arliTicy,  the  lakea  suddenly  aank  out 


of  Hxht,  leavinK  deep  pH*.  the  bottom*  of  whiob 
were  TOO  feet  lower  thau  the  previoua  IvTel  of 
liquid  lava.  The  surveyor-general  embmctNl  Iho 
opportunity  for  a  precise  survey  ol  Kllauea  and 
its  bmnch  craters,  which  hna  been  complelrf.  It 
will  probably  lie  several  years  before  any  thing 
like  the  recent  high  level  of  lava  i*  again  attained. 
A  remarkable  phenomenon  still  proo<^eding  boa 
bp«<n  the  uplifting  from  the  bottom  of  tlio  pit.  aa 
if  by  colossal  jack-ncrews,  of  a  veritable  mountain 
island  of  lava  more  than  SOCI  feet  In  diameter  and 
ISO  feet  high,  around  which  the  liquid  lava  flows. 
Tliis  perniBiiE-nt  island  has  already  rlHfii  M>ine  300 
feet  within  seven  months.  The  bi«t  facilities  are 
now  given  for  access  to  the  cmter,  involving  live 
dayn'  alisence  from  Honolulu,  at  the  coat  of  Hfty 
dollare,  covering  all  transportation,  hotel  tsn\  and 
guides,  with  two  days  at  the  crater.  K. 

UODOlulu,  Jul  18. 


OEOORAPaiCAL  NOTES. 
A»ia, 

Dr.  A.  Bunge  and  Baron  E.  Toll  have  tetumMl 
form  their  journey  to  the  New  Siberian  Islands. 
They  have  mndi?  valuable  collections  and  oboerva- 
tions  on  the  five  islands  of  this  group,  which  of 
late  became  so  famous  by  tho  haxardoiis  boat 
Journey  of  the  Jeannette  crew.  Tlie  results  of  this, 
the  first  scientilic  ezpeililioa  to  tbeae  tslanda,  will 
be  of  great  interest. 

There  are  new  reporla  on  PolBnin'n  expeditioti 
to  soudiern  Mongolia,  flis  return  wa*  unnouocrd 
In  the  SI.  Petersburg  letter  of  last  iiwue.  Potanin 
left  the  district  ot  Koko-Nor  on  June  35.  1686, 
ctiiweil  the  desMt  of  Gobi  on  a  previously  ttn- 
known  route  from  south  to  north,  and  diseorered 
four  parallel  chains  of  mountains,  which  fonn  the 
Miuth-oaHlem  continuation  of  the  Altai  system. 
The  journal  of  the  Imperial  Russian  geographical 
society  cootninit  a  report  on  his  hiat  explomtioni 
in  the  district  of  Koko-Nor.  He  cjiplored  that 
part  of  tlie  Nan-ehan  motmtains  which  separal«« 
the  country  drained  by  tho  HonnK-bo  from  the 
plains  of  southern  Mongolia.  It  Is  eum]>otied  of 
three  mountain  ranger,  with  pass™  13,800  feet  in 
height,  and  intermediate  valleys  at  an  elevation  of 
10.000  feel.  On  his  way  north  ho  fell  in  with  Iho 
Jegurs.  a  trilie  hitherto  nnknowo.  Potanin  sur- 
veyed the  whole  country  he  traveled  over,  and 
dct«rmine<l  the  position  of  seven  places  by  astro- 
nomical observations.  His  ooin|Muiiao.  the  natn- 
ntlist  Derefsiiwsld.  will  stay  near  Kiuchtn  imtil 
next  winter  in  oriler  to  complete  his  oollcction*. 

Mr.  P..  Michaolis,  in  AVifupr  of  Dec.  18,  "tatce 
that  traces  of  the  ioe-|ieriiid  are  found  in  the 
aoutheru  parts  of  the  Altai  Mountains,     Fartlier 


« 


rwmBtMT  II.  IKfT.J 


SCIEIfCE. 


129 


Math,  OS  the  nottbcm  dvclivitv  of  the  rangn 
JwtMcaUjr  and  Snonr,  vhirh  fonn  the  Bouthero 
Unilla  of  Um  tnuia  ot  the  Irliftti.  larite  depoftito  of 
bowldm  w  found.  Tliej  oonaist  of  HTHnitic 
rodoi,  wbicb  have  b««n  carriMi  l>j-  the  Uw  from 
the  cTral  of  th«i  inuunlaiii^  lo  a  disUnce  of  about 
ten  rnikv,  (be  iayrr  liaving  u  diiiK'tion  fromaouth 
to  north.  Tli«  nuigE  <if  Snoor  attain*  a  hoiglvt 
of  aboDt  IS.SW  frcl  abom  tbv  Irvel  of  the  sn.  At 
th«  prcDCnt  iKTiod  mow  alirays  lira  on  its  highest 
puis,  but  no  glacirn  are  found. 

Aocording  to  Nikolfhj,  Labe  Balkaith  in  drying 
up  at  th«  nit«  of  ooe  nietn  in  fourteen  or  liftccn 
;«an.  lla  toutfaere  portion,  call«l  Aln-Kul.  is 
boing  tnosfonned  into  a  ■alt-pan  Hmilor  to  Kara 
Boca*,  Ihe  wttU-known  bay  on  tbo  ee«t  side  of  the 
Oupiaa  Sn.  A*  the  evaporation  Is  very  rapid  In 
tbOM  tvgion*.  and  the  boys  bare  no  tribolarles, 
the  lo«  of  wntjir  in  replaced  by  tlic  mtU  water  of 
the  lake  rushing  tlirougb  the  narrow  mtrance  into 
the  hnj:,  (he  vrater  of  nbich  liarjng  b<Yx>mr  con- 
C«tilr«t«^.  the  Mlt  in  contimmlly  being  precipi- 
tated at  lu  bottom.  Some  other  lahea  ol  W««t 
Siberia  and  tbi' AraloCnapian  region  ar^alaodry- 
ioK  Up.  Judricnxnw.  hf  oomparinK  the  extent  of 
the  LakM  Sun;.  Abysbkan.  Molokl,  and  Chuny. 
in  lli«  goviimmeDl*  ot  Tobolsk  and  Tomsk,  as 
reprcM-nt«d  in  maps  of  ITM,  ISlit-SO,  1850-60,  and 
1880,  prorei  tiiat  the;  are  di-HiccatinK  at  a  rapid 
rate.  Lflku  Abinihkao  maamired  S30  sijtiare  niilai 
at  tho  bef.'uiniQK  at  thia  century,  while  only  tJin» 
Hmall  pon<I«  of  one  and  a  half  uilm  in  width  re- 
main. Tbe  eame  prooew  ia  going  on  throiiKl'out 
WM  Siberia. 

Aceonliag  to  tbe  A^otwe  Vnmga,  the  trading 
r«rB«an  lately  d*>spat(.-lir(l  by  the  Cenlnil  Asian 
commetvlal company  KoudrineUnspnaaed  through 
Kaali^-ar  and  entered  ThiU^.  This  company  is 
likely  to  play  an  important  part  in  C«<ntral  Asia. 
It  has  eatabliahtd  pmnanent  agencit«  at  Merv 
and  Aakabad,  and  in  tlte  PerBlanciLiraof  Rulehun 
and  Heahod,  and  now  It  propoaea  lo  do  the  like  in 
Thibot.  It  ha«  received  from  the  Ameer  of  Bok- 
hara a  large  tract  ot  laud  on  the  bank*  of  the 
Amo-daria,  near  the  Clianljui  Ktation  of  the 
Transcanpiati  railway,  (or  tlic  oultiTatloD  of  cotton. 
In  the  Traiucaspian  thi-rc  Koemn  to  be  a  great  dta- 
triut  Nuitalih-  for  (-otton-gron'ing.  and  there  to  a 
general  tfpinton  among  the  oooimerclal  clawm  of 
RoMia  that  the  decetopmetit  of  lids  indtutr; 
ought  to  be  sleadtl;  encouraged  by  the  govem- 
meot. 

Purtbet  anvn  haa  bean  received  from  Dr.  Oacor 
Lenz,  italvd  Kibunge,  April  30.  Nynngwe.  May  19, 
and  KatKNige,  Jun«  I.  l^mz  left  Stanley  Falls  on 
March  lo  in  cunuea  nupplied  by  the  famous  Ara- 


bian trader,  Ttppo-TJp,  who  eenl  Mveral  Zanat- 
bad  aoldlen  with  him,  and  gave  him  aliout  twenty 
negnwa  for  oamncn.  At  Uie  catararta  ihey  bad 
to  hire  natirea.  aa  the  work  waa  too  hard  for  tbe 
small  company.  Having  leJt  Htanley  tails,  they 
pnoiKKl  through  a  dreary  country,  tlie  banka  of  tbe 
rtrrr  being  low  and  <x>veT«d  with  thick  fort«l». 
On  account  of  l)i|^  water  they  had  great  diiliculty 
in  lindiDg  places  for  camping.  LeuE/ound  many 
of  the  uaiire  vllla^jtv  mentioned  by  Stanley  de- 
serted, aa  tbe  natives  bad  settled  farther  inland  to 
eiH.-ape  the  attacka  of  the  Arabs.  He  met  Zann- 
bnri  aoldiem  belonging  to  Tippo-Tip's  troojw  tit 
mo«t  ot  the  villogm.  who  gate  him  aome  trouble 
by  trying  to  tax  faim.  It  took  the  amall  caravan 
seven  days  lo  paaa  tlie  oataraota  of  Wamanga, 
liavlng  several  times  to  transport  their  bulky 
oanoes  over  marshy,  bush-covered  ground.  On 
April  IS  tbey  nNu.-hed  KiUrnge,  which  i«  largely 
inhabilnl  by  Aralia  and  Zanzibarin.  It  is  named 
after  the  cblfif  vrho  ea(nbtiK)u<(I  the  Tillage  nine 
years  ago.  He  c-nmr  fmm  Nyangwe.  and  is  inde- 
pendent of  Tlppo-TJp.  The  village  ia  very  ext«o> 
nve,  and  Is  composed  ot  a  great  nnmlMr  ot 
roncbee,  with  gardens  and  fields.  Its  situation, 
however,  ia  very  unhuulUiy.  aa  il  is  buUt  on  the 
low  banks  of  the  Kongo,  and  large  lagoons  and 
swamps  surround  it.  As  tbe  district  is  very  suit- 
able for  rice  outtuir,  the  Arutw  have  cleared  llie 
land,  and  grow  considerable  qoantitioa  of  rio». 
Lenz  considers  the»e  Belda  far  m<xre  eslenkive  and 
numerous  than  thoM  in  West  Africa.  Be  left 
Kilxmgf-  in  comfauy  with  several  Arabian  traderv, 
who  w-erc  going  to  Tipjio-llp's  Hlation.  Kiba-Rlba. 
A  few  days'  journey  abovi-  Kibonge  ihej'  beard  the 
soiindH  of  the  wiir-iirume  of  Uie  natives,  iind  pre- 
pared for  defenoe  in  caseof  an  attack.  Wlierrver 
the  Aral)s  have  settled,  the  nrgrow  hare  fled  into 
tbe  woods,  and  when  they  have  achanoo  of  attack- 
ing the  intruders  with  safe^  Ihey  do  so.  and  the 
Arab*  are  lit  oonslant  fear  of  their  poisoned  ai- 
row*.  The  feeling  of  uneaoiuem  did  not  subside 
until  tlioy  had  reached  tlit>  rriendly  tribie  near 
Riba-Rjha.  The  latter  place  derives  its  name  also 
from  its  chief,  a  Nyangwe  negro.  The  rivir  be- 
tween Nyangwe,  and  Riba-Riba,  and  Kibongc  ia 
frequented  by  travelling  parties  going  from  one 
jdaou  to  another  in  pursuit  ol  their  trade.  They 
extrad  their  JouiuevH  far  Up  tbe  tributaries  of  the 
Kongo,  na  far  south  as  Urua,  aoutll-wyst  of  the 
Tanganyika.  Njangwe  t*  built  oo  a  hill  alioui 
a  hundred  feet  above  the  Kongo.  It  coneifita  ol  a 
number  of  bouaea  Gurroiindrd  by  gardens.  The 
inhabitants  ate  rich  Arabian  mrrchont*  and  Zaa- 
xibaris  and  natives  who  are  in  their  employ. 
Some  housea  are  well  built  of  sunwlrled  bricka 
and  ba\*  Bnv  pituxa*.     Kaaonge,  tlie  ht«dquart«ri 


130 


SCIENCE. 


{7ov.  TX.,  No.  91Q 


of  Tippo>Ti|>,  la  far  more  impofftant  thiui  Nyan- 
gwe,  Mag  Um  place  wh«i«  raravaiw  to  Lahe  Tsn- 
gao^K  are  fltled  oat.  Tippo-np,  whMQ  Lfnx 
had  left  St  Htaolvr  F&IIb.  umvcd  ut  Knauiigv  about 
th<.>  tiniv  of  Lciu'ii  nrrivnl.  mid  ■■  hv  wiw  p>mi;  lo 
Zftneilmr,  I^ne  rrarrd  IhnI  hn  would  not  be  able 
Ui  K^t  n  HuHU'W'nt  niimbor  of  man  fot  his  omvAn, 
L4it4>r  ti-U>Krapliic  newn  iDfonus  ns  tbaC  Lenz  was 
oompolled  to  abandon  his  intention  of  reachlnK  Dr. 
Jimker  and  Brain  Fncha  (Dr.  SctinltsW).  and  a 
short  lime  ago  ttie  calite  informed  tw  of  hitt  arrival 
at  ZannUir.  He  lui>  crowuxl  the  continent  from 
the  mouth  of  tlio  Koneo  to  ZaiunlMir  in  Inm  than 
oighti^n  tnonlhH. 

I«nz>  rcmsrlcB  on  the  Antbdan  tnde  with  Ur- 
aa  arv  of  Interest  when  oompwred  with  the  rivwa 
Captain  Cameton  exproosedat  the  London  tnatitu- 
tlOD,  on  Jan.  tl,  1687.  While  hunt  emplwHuEu 
Vb»  difficulty  Uwt  Kongo  fr'nw  Stati-  und  othw  Eu- 
ropean powcni  will  encoutitrr  by  Tippii-Tlp'ii  pow- 
erful itiflu<-ncr  in  Knsoni^  nnd  tJrun.  Cnin«ron 
think*  tluit.  hj  following  the  T^ntnmi,  the  London 
miMionnr;  tmcirt.T'a  ngents  and  tli«  oiHwrs  of  the 
Kongo  Five  8tate  would  mmd  rfiach  thia  country, 
and  he  expretae*  great  hopes  of  tlieir  being  abli-  to 
do  away  with  the  harroni  of  the  Hlave  trad«  which 
prevailM  theiv  owing  to  tlie  Portuguese  and  Arab*. 

Lieutenant  Wefaater.  late  commnndor  of  the 
Mation  of  Slimle.v  FhIIs,  propflw«  to  exploie  the 
dlsirlct  between  Adnmaun  and  Kauieruon.  Thi>i 
la  the  region  which  Hubert  Flegel  trii-d  to  entt'r 
from  the  upjier  Benuf.  Henr  the  unktiawn  area 
almoet  ezlendH  to  the  couat.  and  thi'  nhdtactat 
arising  frtmi  the  honiiltty  of  ih*  native  tribes 
buve  liithrrto  prrvimti-d  nil  fiploren  from  ent«r- 
ing  the  rontini^it, 

The  Ilnllan  tTHreller.  A.  FVanaoJ,  has  deter- 
mined to  alnndon  his  Intention  of  croiciing  the 
Somal  country,  on  account  of  the  unsettled  state 
of  affairs  In  tiiat  district.  He  will  go  to  ZunxJbnr, 
axA  proposes  tu  follow  Thooisoa  apd  Fischer's 
route  tliruugh  the  Hntai  dinuict. 

Dr.  K.  JQIiIkvi.  of  the  Gnrmim  Eact-Afriean 
company,  wiw  mtirdemd  in  Ki*mayu  in  the  be^ 
ginning  of  Deeenber.  After  having  purcliaso)] 
Umgara  and  tlie  Doighboring  oounlriee  in  1884, 
be  added  to  the  poascaaions  of  llie  company,  in 
Jime  and  July,  18SQ.  the  district  bb  far  north  as 
the  Kitimiinjuro.  and,  on  hin  la.it  ex)>cditJon,  tliat 
from  Vltti  to  the  mouth  of  llir  YuIm. 

Captain  ItmiTirr.  memlxM'  of  thr  joint  commia- 
alon  of  France  nnd  llic  Kongo  FVee  Slate  for  de- 
termining tlie  boundary  line  of  the  poHsmsions  of 
both  *tatu  up  to  longitude  IT"  K,,  hHn  maden  sur- 
T«y  of  his  rout«a,  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  a 
great  advance  in  our  knowledgu  of  tbn  geography 
of  the  Kotigo  Eiver.     His  ubwirvations  siiow  that 


Stanley  Pool  Is  far  smaller  than  It  was  NappoMd 
lo  be,  and  that  the  positions  of  many  placM  and 
rirera  require  cliangiug. 

Henry  tL  Stanley  left  Buer  on  Feb.  ft,  OO  lh« 
nteaniur  NnTsrino,  for  Znnnibur  direct. 

The  Gcnniui  Fjwl-Africnn  company  has  hewn 
cuioTiTled  into  n  cor|x)rntion  by  u  committee  of 
the  founders,  mercluinM,  nnd  llnaiK-ieni.  Tlw 
board  of  directors  will  hereafter  coniiiat  of  twenty- 
seven  membera,  three  of  whom  arv  to  be  nomi- 
naled  by  Prince  BisniArck.  Tlie  capitid  is  to  be 
raised  to  Q.OUO.OUU  marks  by  a  fnrthor  imue  of 
shared. 

Jmeri'ca. 

Dr.  r.  Ghrenn-icb  nnd  K.  von  tHelnen  nalbit 
from  Hxmburg  bst  wuek  for  Brazil.  Ther  intend 
to  explofo  the  eoutliem  tribularim  of  the  Ama- 
zon. 

OeraiK. 

At  B  nioeting  of  the  Paris  Acodvmy  of  sdencee 
on  Jan.  10,  n  report  was  giren  of  oxperimenia 
made  by  the  Prince  of  Monaco  to  detmnine  llie 
direction  of  the  North  Atlantic  cutrentn.  Of  160 
floats  thrown  oterl<oard  SOO  miles  oortli-wesit  of 
the  Arores.  in  IBM,  14  have  been  rvcorcied,  show- 
ing a  gvncml  south-easterly  direction  and  a  mean 
velocity  of  8.88  miles  per  M  hours,  Of  the  810 
floats  thrown  overbimrd  in  1886,  much  nearer  the 
French  coast,  0  liave  been  recoveced,  showhtg 
nearly  Ibe  tame  direction,  with  velocities  of  from 
9.80  to  6.i9  milea.—  iVof  urv,  Jan.  M. 


SOTm  AND  NHU'H. 


The  plans  of  Ibe  Johns  Hopkins  unirendty 
liavealwuys  had  refcri-nce  to  the  c-sUblishment  of 
a  fDcidly  of  DitMlicInf  wbcncvrr  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins hosjntnl  sliould  be  iTom)>lrIcid.  The  buildings 
are  nearly  ready  to  be  occupied,  and  arrangements 
wlU  he  |>erfect«d  for  inntmctinn  in  surgery  and 
medicine.  Meanwhile,  oonrsea  prdiiuiuary  to  the 
study  of  medldne,  especially  in  pbjsics,  chemis- 
try, and  biology,  wilh  the  modern  laoguugea,  nr« 
provided  in  the  philoaopblcal  faculty.  The  nurle- 
uii  of  the  mediad  faculty,  as  now  constituted,  in- 
cludes tlie  president  of  the  university,  a  profecaor 
of  pathology,  n  professor  of  physiology,  a  profes- 
for  of  chemistry,  a  lectiuvr  upon  hygieoe,  and  an 
associate  In  pathology. 

—  During  the  past  year  the  Institute  of  owiiil 
science  of  Sew  York  has  lield  twenty  meetings,  at 
which  were  presented  and  ilisctisied  the  following 
papcn  ;  '  The  logical  method  of  studying  sociolo- 
gy.* Wr.  Parke  Godwin  ;  •  An  introduction  to  ao- 
cial  science,'  T.  B.  Wakeman.  Esq.;  'Principles 
that  should  control  the  interference  of  the  slate  in 


4 


* 


PtncAai  11.  IttST.I 


SCIENCE, 


131 


I 


\ 


iBdiiaM«»<.*  Dr.  B.  C.  A(Uro> :  ■  Thf  6>nil  probtom 
of  sit  naiioM.'  Prof.  .1.  C.  Znchon ;  ■  Kngl«cl«d 
taicion  in  aociR)  ntowm,'  Rev.  Dr,  A.  H.  tlradfnrd  ; 
'Englinh  Mx-iatb<uti,  cvpeciallr  co-oiwntloD.  and 
the  Chriiitun  socialistic  movMoenl.'  Dr.  E.  R.  A. 
tMiffman  ;  '  Htwdity  and  opi>oriuatty,'  Dr.  LmUt 
F.  WarH  :  ■  Cnlit-'UDi  of  Svligcnan'*  pap«r,'  Mr. 
Byword  Kintc:  '  Tbr  Und  i(umtioa aM prcMnited  by 
Mr.  Henry  GcwrK".'  Profcwior  Molina  ;  DiwMWuion 
of  Dr.  AdatnVK  pnprr  a(  April  S :  '  Karl  ^Inrx> 
tbeorjr  of  rnhie,'  Mr.  Bwald  LHDRerfeld  :  Dt»cu»- 
aioa  oontiniMd  of  Dr.  Ward'e  paper  of  June  10 : 
*Tbr  dptnnndii  of  labor.'  Mr.  Edward  Kiii^  :  'Fiee 
comiwlillou  !«.  irtatf  socinliam.'  Mr.  Justu*  O. 
Woodi  ;  ■  The  mcimt  mcprct  of  the  (leonomio  qura- 
tioiH,'  Prof.  Thoranii  Dttridwnn  :  '  A  pmctJciil  view 
of  protwtiini.'  Mr.  Robert  P.  PotlCT;  -Tlie  baric 
taw  of  owncr«bip.'  Mr.  Edward  O.  Clarh :  'Tlie 
aauc  and  curp  of  crime,'  Mr.  W.  M.  P.  Round  ; 
'  Tli«  econooik  hereAiea  of  Mr.  Henry  Oeargv.'  Mr. 
Oeorg»  Oantoa.  The  papen  generally  were  rery 
XMritotioKi*.  And  iM-ri-ra)  of  Ibem  were  publidind 
fa)  lh«  levdine  pcriodicaiU  and  joiimali.nnd  othm 
la  IMmphtcl  form.  T)ip  inxtiliite  lina  Ihiin  aided 
in  elucidiilioK  «nrlal  topic*  wbich  ar<-  commnndiiitc 
M  Itont'ral  and  jireMinx  public  atlentinn.  One 
nMOiberoflbelnsUlDte  has  8UPe«-;«fuily  orgnniBtMl 
two  popular  claaam  fur  the  systematic  study  of 
•odal  economicH.  and  otbem  are  beins;  formed. 
ThrM!  or  nmre  of  Ihe  nieiiibcm  ar*  preparini;  l>Doka 
un  thin  KUhjwl  for  piiblicatloD.  Ttitiae  who  bare 
followed  carefully  t)ie  impers  and  tli^ir  dlHcuasioD 
bnr  emphatic  tetitimouy  lo  their  unefulnesf.  It 
ta  worthy  of  remark  that  th«  lesutt  of  the  diactifr 
■iom  baa  been  faromble  to  cotigKTvnlivc  opfoion, 
and  prorea  that  lM«ltIifu)  KoHal  proxrese  will 
corot-  throuRb  a  more  Rpncml  and  belter  aodef* 
Manding  of  the  principles  iinderlylne  aooU  eotv 
iMinics.  The  dlMnimion  of  the  pappr^  ban  tahm 
•ometimea  too  much  the  form  of  dHiuteH,  in  which 
the  coDt«ntloD  i«em>ed  rather  for  viciorj-  than 
truth.  Dtopulanla  buve  not  alw-nyn  <'on6ncd  ih«iii. 
aelve«  to  the  topic  discussed,  but  hav<i  disputed 
with  each  olbrr  points  not  involved  Id  the 
pmpen. 

-~  Strmuons  ^orts  are  beinR  rnadp  to  Induce 
th«  legiidatuTo  of  th<'  ittatp  of  New  York  to  eniM-t 
thn  ■in*ndnwnta  to  the  piewnt  tenement -houac 
law  of  Ilm  city  of  New  York,  which  were  pre- 
pared  by  tlie  tonement-bonse  cominiMion  of  1SSS, 
The  act  piovldea  Ihal  every  tennnent  shall  have  a 
dry  cellar,  good  dratuaKe.  ani|>In  wnter-aupply, 
aad  a  janitor  :  owner'a  name  to  b<-  n-Rinerfd  :  a 
semi-annual  inspection  by  the  bnnrtl  of  lienlth, 
and  UD  nnnunl  leport :  frn  winter  tntht- ;  electric 
lightB  in  tmement  diirtrict ;  and  cultltiK  tbtough 
I^otiard  Strtiel  to  open  up  the  Mulberry  lJtr«ot 


'  bend.'  Petllions  aro  now  being  ciirulated  ia  be- 
half of  IhU  law.  Tlw  citixenR  of  Brooklyn  are  also 
moving  in  the  matter  of  len^'nieiil-houBe  r«focm, 
the  law  in  Uiat  city  beinfc  pisctlcally  th4-  siune  as 
it  wnj>  twenty  yean  ago,  and  the  teDotuent- bouses 
lacking  many  of  the  impcovemenU  which  are  to 
be  found  in  Kew  York.  The  amended  ordinnnccs 
which  w«re  forwBt^ed  to  the  couiiDon  couacil  of 
Brooklyn  nearly  two  yooni  ago  Mill  remain  un- 
acted upon,  and  eRorts  arc  now  being  made  to 
have  them  adopted  by  that  hoily.  For  this  pur- 
po«e  a  meeting  haa  been  called  by  the  cuntmiasioner 
of  hnltb.  of  bniklen,  arcbltecte,  pbyriciana.  and 
philainthropistii,  lo  consider  and  r*Ti»o  theae  or- 
dinances before  thoir  final  adoptloa. 

—  Mr.  H.  C,  Rufxell,  goviYDmrnt  astroDoiuer 
for  New  South  Wales,  and  lat«  proident  of  the 
Rnynl  society  of  thai  colony.  KAve  u>  account  in 
his  lost  prrvidt^ntiat  nd<lrvBs  of  certain  oacDlatiorw, 
oc  Stidit*,  a»  the  Swln  call  tl)«ni.  in  tiie  watcn  of 
Lake  Geomc  (New  South  Wales),  as  determined 
by  the  record  of  an  automatic  eTapoiHiion  magv* 
Tlie  lake  fa  about  elghle™  mil™  long,  five  wide, 
and  titiem  or  twenty  fert  dn-p;  ila  osciltatlous 
bavu  au  auiplitudf  of  from  two  to  nix  inche*.  and 
arr  of  two  jieriodH ;  the  lonRer  bring  two  hours 
and  eleven  miniiti»,  the  shorter  one  boor  and 
twelve  mtnnl<w.  In  mod  cases  the  motion  is  con- 
necttHl  with  thepassa^of  thundnr-stinrns:  but  at 
other  times  it  seemed  to  arise  from  the  repeated 
and  well-timed  impulses  of  a  l«m  nppiuwrt  force. 
For  example :  on  one  occasion,  whwi  the  take  was 
vpry  qtiiot,  the  water  nuddetily  rose  nn  ineh.  and 
fell  n<ain  within  thirty  minute*  :  iben  It  iohc  an 
inch  and  a  half,  and  foil  two  incheti  in  lbroe-4|u«r- 
ters  of  an  hour ;  neixt  it  rose  two  inches,  and  fell 
tltree  aiid  a  half  Inohef  in  an  bnur:  linslly  il  roM 
three  and  lhree-<|uarterB  tnchr*  in  forty  minutes, 
and  su  started  a  series  of  pulsations  which  H-ttled 
down  to  two-hour  intervals,  and  lostnl  twraty 
honn. 

—  The  Society  of  arts,  England,  oOcra  two  gold 
and  four  sliver  medals  for  the  best  motors  suilahto 
for  eJecirto4lght  ioeUillations,  to  1>e  competed  for 
in  Loodon  next  May  or  June.  Tlia  motoi?  will  br 
divided  ioto  two  cltiSH«a^  —  those  In  which  Uie 
working  agent  is  produced  (HMtm  and  gas  «n> 
gines),  and  thonr  in  which  the  working  agent 
must  be  supplied  (sleiuii,  gua,  and  hydraulic  en- 
gines). 

—  The  following  Is  a  copy  of  a  nolo  found  by 
Mr.  J.  C.  McClitre  on  the  nulb  >lde  of  Nnnlucket, 
Jan.  Si,  18Hf7  :  "Tbia  Iwttle  was  thrown  overboRfd 
froniscrhuunerEmmaL.  CoUiugham,  July  'JO.  188S, 
in  Utiluili-  41"  ue'  north,  longitude  09"  09'  west. 
Any  penon  Hnding  this  will  confer  a  favor  by 


132 


(Toe.  IX..  So.  SIO  { 


wDiliag  thia  lo  tlm  liydrngrapbic  oflk-e  at  Waab- 
lagtan,  D.C.,  ttatiDg  whoa  sti'l  whtrru  tuund." 
Tbe  iiai«  wan  Hignrd  "J.  L.  Somrn,  vchr.  EtaatA 
L.  Cottinchain.  of  Somrrn  Pntnl,  N.J." 

~Thrrc  monHhwU  of  thp  tojHiKriiphicAl  nUn* 
of  New  Jpiwy  mra  I«*a«r1,  innklnK  thirtwn  out  of 
tba  MTiMitmi  for  llie  whole  slate.  Tlie  d«w  »lit«ta 
•n  mned  after  llielt  uhief  plticm.  Trentoo.  Mount 
RdIIj,  and  Camden.  Th«  Tvinuiniiig  hIicvIk  will 
probably  be  romplt-t«il  in  1888. 

—  Th0  tvpott  of  Limit.  William  R.  Sohurtse. 
V.S  N.,  on  his  oMcial  irip  (o  &unU  to  distribute 
th*  t««ti>iioiilals  vf  (]it<  govemmcat  to  the  subjectn 
of  Rnwia  trbb  est*-n(led  aid  to  tbe  Kurrivon  uf 
the  Jeaniiell«  explorini;  irxpeJltiun,  wus  preienlrd 
to  Coni^reiM' ta^t  vrei'k.  The  report  in  quite  long, 
and  i«eor\lH  in  detail  tbe  niovejnwila  of  tlic  lii-u- 
t«naiit  aiid  Ibe  renutls  of  his  obserrationK.  Ac- 
cmuipunyiDg  tb<-  n-iiort  are  (»>pies  of  two  charlfl 
tine  esisli-nco  of  wliich  Lir-ii tenant  Schurteo  b*- 
tinrm  liarn  liepn  foricotl^n  outt)l<l«  of  KuBBia.  Uu 
■a.VM,  in  view  of  the  general  iiilereal  taken  in  any- 
thinK  pertflining  to  Uie  J«aiui«rtte  expedition,  it 
■eems  tbnl  t)ie«e  cbarta  are  worthy  of  kpedal  oon- 
•idcratiMi.  because  tbey  rebit«  dtivctly  to  two 
nglona  Dioat  prominent  in  the  hintory  of  tlic  rx- 
pedJtiou.  iiamciy.  Briinett  Inland  nnd  lh(>  I«na 
Delta,  North  Siberia, 

—  Tbe  U.  -S.  cimst  and  Btndvtie  swrTey  report 
tor  1885  ^Appendix  No.  10  —  nontnins  a  paper 
by  ClmrlcH  O.  Botit«IIe,  wtio  fives  practical  sue- 
mentions  for  gt'odetic  recoQDaimance,  auch  aa  be 
derivra  from  bl«  luu^  exfierience  in  tleld-work. 
Hisiaforinntlonon  the- Belection  of  boaelinm  and 
Btatione  for  iriunj-ulution  will  be  mugful  for  topiig- 
rapliera. 

—  In  1B93  uniall-poi  waa  very  prevalent  in 
New  Vnrk,  llieie  having  been  TWcaaes  with  2!i» 
deatha-  In  1!<83,  only  gS  cum  aiid  13  ih^thi  oc- 
curred ;  in  ie»4,  .5  ciur'N  luid  no  dMithm  ;  in  IKM. 
105ca4e8iind  3S  dcnths  ;  and  in  IStH,  lOU  cases 
andSl  death*.  DurinEtlie  wenkendintc  Jan.  30  of 
the  prvveiil  year,  tliere  were  S3  caaea.  of  whicli  B 
proved  fatal. 

—  The  brnlth  oomnilsaloDar  of  Denver,  Col.,  re- 
ports that  in  1)^0  there  were  IK  deaths  from  con- 
sumption  in  that  eity,  only  five  of  whldi  origi- 
nated in  the  slate  of  Colorado. 

—  Th«  U.  8.  Keoloij^cal  survey  is  engag^I  in 
the  prppantion  of  a  detailed  (opojcraphical  map 
ol  the  vicinity  of  WashiiiKton.  AleKandriu.  and 
eoatigaaoB  pans  of  ilitryland  and  Virginia,  tt 
li  intended  to  ahow  the  clfvation  by  roiiimirn  nt 
twenty-five  fi^  intrrval*.  xlmwinK  thi-  curvature 
of  tho  earth  as  it  rises  from  tlie  sea-levcI     Tlie 


eztitiug  coast-survey  wo«k  In  thbi  D^ighborbood 
will  be  incorporated  in  the  new  map.  This  will 
bv  the  firml  authentic  t€>|)agrsphli'al  map,  on  A 
trigonomr^Iric  baii*.  of  the  Dialrict  of  ColiintU» 
anil  itn  mirroundintn.  The  coiuil-aurrey  ataaoMT 
Hassier  arrived  at  the  Msre  Inland  navy  yard  last 
week,  and  will  soon  go  nonli  lo  the  Ahutka  coast 
and  Knuioe  work  in  tliac  viciolty. 

—  Dr.  HinrirliB  hna  lately  publivhrd  a  compari- 
son of  theo'i^ther-pr^ilt'-tionsof  iheaignalservica 
for  last  AugUMl,  a*  indicated  by  Anff-nigiia Is  hoisted 
at  Iowa  City,  with  the  weather  occurring  in  tlie 
period  for  which  the  predictions  vretv  (Dftde,  get- 
ting the  following  reaalta  : — 

Frr^leumt.  Facta. 

{IdBTB,  avvrac*  dlOeranm  tram 
(  Sam  t!nn€»  dtS«r«ia^  V.a 
wsnnar. 

8l..ioo.rrwmi*r«u™.r»*J5Jr"'*'^  diflar.ao..  «•.« 

^^V- ^5  dnr*. 'avonc*  dUMnoiM,  *•■« 

^    wanuof. 

■  •  'larv.  HTtrrat*  dUtHvooa.  l*-4 

Warmar,  •  dwa. -{4  dajis,    a»rg<a  itlSereuotk  t*.8 

I  ir&mi4r. 

U  ■tar,  no  i>aaDg«L 

II  danii  no  lalo. 

r~..i  ..In   iiri.«  I  »  dar*.  rata  not  JnwuumWa, 

LocallalD,  II  <la]n ,  b  lU/i!  rata  barali  m^ammWa. 

[  t  Oar^  •ppTMlable  ralo. 

rs  •lar*.  apprwlitbla  ralu. 

„., .. . 1  ■likv.vlalaattbusdar.slonn,  irliti 

P»lri.MtIi(.r,»d«T»-.    -,     s^Vi    wlud  and  rain  ifilban 

[_    ant  iDeaUoiied). 

Dr.  Hinriuhs  concludes  that  it  is  exopedingly 
unfavDrahtn  to  the  people's  cooUdewoe  i»  the  flag- 
display  nf  tbe  ngnal  >eTvic<e,  when  its  fair-weather 
flag  ia  lieatrn  by  atorm  nnd  mm,  and  when  its 
rain-flofc  flutter*  luatily  ond  dryly  in  u  liaiy, 
balmy  almo«phere  of  HUninier. 

—  A  vnliiahle  AIgriti<|uin  Frrnch  lexioon  (Leav 
iqiie  df  la  tanqtf  Aif]onquiuK)>tj  the  diatin^iabed 
pliilologist.  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Cuoq.  baa  lalrly  bran 
iniblished  (Montreal.  J.  Chapleau  et  Flls).  Tho 
.\lgDoi|uin.  aa  the  name  is  b«re  uwd,  I*  tlie  laa- 
guuge  i>t  tluit  tribe  of  Indians  who  formerly  pos- 
■QHied  the  country  about  Montreal,  and  of  wfaon 
•onic  linndii  atill  remain  in  tbe  neighborhood  of 
that  city.  Their  npeech  hai  a  special  importance, 
both  ecientiflc  and  hiitoricol.  As  in  tho  case  of 
the  autlior's  Iroquois  lexicon  ihrire  are  intcrmtiiig 
notes,  linguistic  and  elhnoInftl<«i>  on  atrooet  ever?- 
]utgc.  Tlip  volume  lacko  tlie  FVencb-AlKonquin 
part.  It  is  lo  be  hoped  that  thi-  iiidtistrtous  author 
will  horrafter  supply  Ihl^  deltoirncy.  tw  well  aa 
llie  nimilar  Inck  which  detracla  from  tbe  uwtful- 
ness  of  hia  exceiloiit  IruijuoiH  lexicon. 

—  Pnif.  Max  MQller'i  volunui  on  'Ths  adeace 
of  Ihonxlit,'  on  which  he  has  beim  engaged  at 
intervals  for  several  years,  will  aoon  tie  published. 
The  author  Is  occupied  in  it  witli  die  orl^a  at 


4 


4 

i 


I 


FsMDAMt  II.  It<cr7.) 


SCIENCE, 


138 


I 


•p»pcli,  wbkti  in  hb  virw,  n*  in  that  nr  tli« 
((re«k»,  in  tdcDltcnl  with  thou  slit.  A  onntributiua 
or  thia  sort  to  irKTUchysintl  scl«uw,  from  •  writer 
who  in  at  oncn  ii  profound  plillotocflsl.  su  aide 
annotntar  ot  Kant,  and  ibtt  uiaitter  of  a  nin»t 
liKtdand  happj  EDKllsb  atyli'.  oEII  tie  exp<«t«d 
with  itmpral  ini«rcM. 

—  'Ilarvanl  und  it*  nuToiindinKn '  (BcMtuii, 
fiantt  Awry  Co.,  H^SS),  »(  wlilch  the  seveatb 
eiliiiou  has  ju.it  Uvn  Uiiurd,  i*i  d«»iKn«<l  lo  lakp 
tlie  pLaiwof  on  intrilisent  <N>iDt>ai)loD  lathe  visi- 
tor in  hi*  wnllc  ibroiixh  Hari-artI  and  Itc  vicinity, 
gMng  brief  ypt  ButBcl«Dtlv  dedolie  deaniptjotis 
of  crnry  place  rislted.  wiib  puasin^  nlluoions  to 
ita  lettdlng  histoticaJ  ami  biogr«i>htciil  dikwIii- 
titfiM.  and  iki-oting  iho  Inrxpr  proportion  of  B|>8oe 
to  tbe  specialty  notowortltv  objwta. 

—  The  AlhemKum  paintH  the  fol  loir  ins  :  "The 
UWIogTaphjr  of  [mmvd  nocletim  In  l>eit)K  enriched 
by  a  coupk'  of  moriil  pithllcatiouii  now  euuiing  <iut 
inaH;tionK,~-DieWi»8eii»<-tiitrtlieh(Mi  Vi-n-iiKt  iind 
OcadlKlwIteR  Deul^chlando  im  Ifi  Jnhrhuiiilert,' 
bfUr.  Joannefi  MQIIcr;  and  the  ■  Blhliofcraphle 
dc«Tnivnux  Scieoliliilueii  ct  A  re  h«otoK)q  IK'S  pub- 
lic par  lt«  tjovIM^  HaraDiTK  dc  U  France,'  pub- 
Uibed  undev  the  auKpiuM  of  the  minlvter  of  public 
h«mi«ton.  Now.  Mr.  A.  P.  C.  OrifUn,  of  the 
Boston  puMic  llhrnry,  propoies  to  bwue  by  nuh- 
arriplton  a  'BlMIogrs|>hjr  of  Ainerittan  bisKiric&l 
"ocwttf*." " 

—  We  l*9ni  from  the  Alhatofttm  that  three 
important  libmriea  of  deatiuMd  profemora  have 
(•lei)'  been  auM  in  Brrlin. --that  of  Profctuor 
Sdierer,  which  wnn  booRht  for  3H.O0O  markii  by 
&n  Ainrricnn  unlver^ty ;  thai  of  thp  hinlorinn 
Wntt,  which  (etched  Ifl.OOO  murloi ;  nnd  tlwl  of 
ProfMKW  HfllleDhoir.  wltich  luia  licrn  pun^ha^pd 
for  tbe  new  UerioaniHcbi-  Si-mimir  of  the  Univer- 
ally  of  Berlin.  Si^bt-rrr's  library  is  reported  to 
hare  been  one  of  tli«  ftniwt  private  collec-tiuDit  In 
Oesman]'. 

—  Klelberof  St.  Peterabury;  haslutc-ly  computed, 
in  Um  ilHtorotogiteke  Zeitachri/f,  ihc  half-yearly 
TarbUooa  of  8lmoq>beric  |ir»>iure  in  the  two 
heniapheree,  taking  Janunry  and  July  for  the 
■untlifl  of  cxtrenM!  comlilioriiL  He  ftnda  tbe 
RMn  prawiire  for  the  whole  e»nb  TSg.20  mm. 
Thia  remit  is  neoni«arlly  the  same  for  ibeextrome 
moBtfafl,  and  tlte  aftreentent  of  the  author's  flf[iir¥« 
•ema  aa  a  check  on  hb  work.  Tbi-  mmn  [nvm- 
UR  of  the  northern  liemi^iphere  ia  700.31,  Tary- 
fa)g  from  701. 19  in  Jujiuury  to  798.6S  In  July  :  for 
the  Kiullivni  hi-misptiert!.  the  nguraai  nre  Tn8.09, 
730.00.  and  '50,^9.  Thi.-  mcnn  pmnnrp  In  tho 
northrm  hrmuplurrt!  tliua  exoenln  tlint  in  tho 
eo4itJ»em  by  2.22.     In  July,  when  the  notlJMtm 


atmosphere  b  expanded  and  fiows  off  to  aouthem 
bttitudea,  tbu  average  northern  i^rwa  in  r«*erae<l 
to  a  alight  deflcieocy  of  0.76 ;  but  in  January, 
when  the  eold  of  the  lan<l  hemisphere  is  extrenio, 
il  luvumulatca  mnrr  air  than  lumal,  and  itHOXcen 
rifice  lo  S.90.  It  inny  therefore  be  mid  that  a  maaa 
of  air,  equivAent  to  that  wliirh  would  (pvii  n 
preamre  of  6.H  over  a  heminpliere.  la  petjodically 
Inuwferrvd  from  one  aide  of  ttie  ec|uabar  to  tha 
other. 

—  The  report  of  the  U.  S.  geologloal  aurrey  on 
Ihc  mineral  ramirei*  of  the  United  Stales  for 
1689  caaUina  some  inleTcaiuii!  atatiilica.  Tbe 
totnl  mineral  product  m  lalucd  at  ^36,021.330,  an 
inervaw  of  IHV.aOO.OOH  oviv  18&4.  Among  seventy 
mineral  subslaDci-sciled,  coni  Is  thn  moat  impor- 
lant.  showing  a  total  value  of  (I.IU.OIO.AOS.  An 
increase  b  fliown  In  the  production  of  coke,  not* 
ural  gaa,  gold.  alNer.  oopper,  xinc,  qiilck»il*«r, 
nii'kel,  aluminum,  time.  nail,  femeiit.  pliospJiate 
ruck,  monganusp.  und  cultalt  oxidt-,  while  tlie  pro- 
duotion  of  coal,  petroleum,  plg-irim,  U^d,  prvcjoua 
stcOM,  and  mineral  wRlom  dccrcB)u>d.  r'rom  the 
pment  outlook,  says  the  report,  it  U  probable 
that  the  total  oDIput  of  1980  will  prove  much 
icrealer  than  that  of  l>^.  and  even  larger  Ibon 
tlie  proApeioua  year  of  IVVi. 

—  A  very  valualtle  contribution  to  the  study  ot 
c«Tel>ral  tocalixatioii  i*  made  by  Dr.  Uenry  Hud 
Id  tlie  Amerimn  jf/un\al  of  tKr  medical  acitmea 
(or  January.  1887.  Tlw  article  reconls  a^ven  un- 
usually inlereatlDg  coaes  In  which  the  nymptoma 
were  observed  during  life,  and  tbe  lentonH  of  the 
brain  carefully  i-xuniiiictl  nfli^r  death.  The  r^iulta 
corroborate  inn ny  of  th*-  current  view*  on  locnli- 
xntlon,  and  in  a  few  |ioinlB  corri'  the  pro«.-«aB 
further  than  wa*  pomible  before. 

—  The  year  1880  bnji  added  eleven  new  aalcr- 
oldslo  the  list,  which  now  iiuiiiben  304.  Sovonof 
the  Blranicerti  n-ere  discov«red  by  Dr.  J.  PnliA  of 
Vienna,  who  has  found  do  lesa  than  llfiy-seven 
in  all.  ivhilr  three  were  discovered  by  Dr.  Peiera 
of  Clinton,  who  is  now  credited  wUb  rorty-«ix. 
No.  3.18,  Tyclw.  was  found  by  Dr.  R.  LutheiT  of 
DUsseldorf.  No.  334  has  tii-cn  named  Augusts : 
dSn.  Oppnvla  :  2.^7.  Silnia ;  ans,  200.  201.  AMbeta. 
Huberta,  and  Prymno.  retpcciivflly.  Tbe  n-maiu- 
ing  four  are  still  unnamed. 

—  The  duplex  priiiL'tple  linn  been  aucoessfuHy 
adapted  lo  llie  Phelp*  »js1i-id  of  induetite  t«Leg- 
rajihy.  so  that  mrnoges  uiay  lie  w-nt  to  and  froim 
moving  train*  in  t)ir  ordimiry  manni-r  without 
Interfering  with  the-  iranRmimiim  of  miviages  by 
induction.  With  this  improvement,  a  single  lino 
'a  all  that  Is  required  for  both  train  and  ordinary 
telegraphy. 


134 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  DC.  Ho.  <I< 


LETTEHS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 
German  conatracttona. 

I  DUuonsl  lolo  cofla  with  my  Ipnmotl  (olIow-ritiiEen 
M  to  what  bo  U  |>ltfiw>itl  Ui  i'bII  'Itorriblu  ootuUnc- 
Uod'  Id  Ocruittn.  1"i(  l>iiU»i<'.  ou  thu  cootnuy,  thU 
for  one  wbuw  par  ii  trainvil  to  It  th»  lenlenoea  Of 
qnaliflMlioD  lun  u  cIvat  ua  un  aoMmblBsa  of  Bhort 
phtMM*,  md  arvr  iki  mnob  mar*  powenul.  A*  an 
«XMDpl«  of  Ih*  Invalvsd  ttjU  (mUodi  it  evnr  ti»d 
b)r  tb«  b«M  G«rmnn  irriten  Mill  apanlHin.  bj' thn  vay), 
takethia;- 

Dom,  dor  don.  ilor  die.  dun  Verbut  putlitt1tcnd» 
TUel  abginitMox  hat,  anzoigt.  wird  hiordurob  cioe 
BdobwuiK  sngc^ohert. 

Thia  ia  toi^  (or  th«  aiitl-T^nitcm,  but  it  ura  in 
dghlfcn  woiAi  and  nincty-fl**  lf<tt«ra  what  ciuiuot 
bo  lit«nJly  Uaoalatad  Into  EuhU*!'  in  leu  than  mnn. 
tMn  vords  and  ona  hmulred  and  lour  Intlctm. 

PsaairDs  Fbaur. 
Pbtliwlslpbla,  Fob.  B.         

Inertia-force. 

Will  roa  allow  mo  to  clmw  nttcDtion  to  van  point 
in  Dt.  E.  R.  IlaH'H  r»cently  publisltod  pampblol  vu 
'KiDuinntary  IdMa,  d*flnitiaua,  and  law*  In  dyniun- 
loa.'  vrLirli  ha  usma  to  mo  to  have  tr«at«i(  uith  lorn 
aucoeiiH  than  h«  hna  the  oUiur  nuinta  nudod  J 

On  p.  IS  In.  Ilnl!  iin,v",  "We  hate  upokvn  aoai«. 
tJiDto  lit  tha  rnrei'  winch  i*  applunl  to  a  bodj  to 
cliuiffH  il«  iiiolk-u,  Hiid  HduiKtiiiia^  of  tha  TaaUtanoo 
or  couu(M-li>rif  with  whiiih  the  Xn-Ay  tirnnta  the 
^>plied  toroc.  Each  ia  noociiaaij-  to  th«  other.  We 
ooold  not  oxort  toro«  upon  a  body  if  the  hody  ulltired 
no  rwlstMion.  On  the  otLor  liand.  ronalniuM  would 
be  irapoanblo  if  ttiore  w«t«  du  applied  foroe  to  bo 
mot.  Wo  aboil  call  tbo  cDnutfr'tun-ti.  which  a  Inxly 
in  linno  of  Itn  inertia  «i«rta  to  mrnt  a  force  applied, 
tb«  intfiia'iort*."  On  what  body  IbU  oonnl«r;foteo 
te  aappOHod  to  be  «xortBi]  la  not  at  <a\f-  t^tnar.  At 
flnil  it  BMmad  to  nie  to  be  tbe  body  \ty  which  tho 
applied  torco  waa  axartod,  the  D|)pHed  forrv  and  the 
coiiTili-r-foroe  bolnit  tliiia  the  opponlto  napectii  of  the 
Mni«  etTMit.  And  this  SMmed  <i«p«clally  probable 
ttQta  the  fact  that  un  p.  M  tbe  tbirit  law  ot  inntion 
('riiioli  of  oonrao  applioa  onlv  to  the  two  opgioalte 
ameli  of  on*  itrwii}  1*  eltitd  to  prove  the  ti^uulily 
of  the  applied  fotre  (tliern  Iriutli'il  on  doiiiR  work) 
anil  the  c<«ii liter. force  fthcrp  nulled  *  riiMUtiiiK  (nice). 
But  tho  followiog  (|iiotiiti»iii>  Hhow  that  ihla  i> 
nut  Dr.  Hall'*  mnaniiitf :  "The  (orer.  or  nmirtauce, 
OiMtnd  by  a  body  varl»A  i>:r#Atly  with  tbe  condilion* 
of  tlie  exjieritiieut,  beiuu  HOiuettni««  larfi*,  aoinetimai 
kuibII.  according  tu  the  foUowinu  general  lawi 
Wton  tbo  ball'D  niolion  in  ebanged  wirwly.  it  "ffera  a 
aligbt  r*aUtiuii>",  -  u  ■lunll  forco  lutfieL-^^  wh«u  a 
oonild*<Tiibl«  change  ih  In  be  nHiwliiil  in  a  ihort  tlmo, 
w«eneounter  a  huge  nmiatrtnoe,  —  a  xmA  fnros  ia 
required  "  (p.  S) ;  and,  "  Tliere  ia  uo  «liange  of  mo- 
tion, and  heiic«  no  Inartla-foree  ia  developed"  (pp> 
0  and  7).  The  ounnter-foice  majr  tbn*  boconc  ivro, 
tbongh  tlie  itren  aiill  anA :  and  bono*  It  cannot  b« 
on*  aapeot  ot  that  atrea*.  Tb«  tollowina  quotation, 
liOw«Ter,  HMDM  toaottlelbo  matter:  "If  one  of  th* 
oppOiing  applied  forom  In  fircalor  thiui  tbe  other, 
tbe  icnwter  will  preToll,  and  a  ebangn  of  motion 
will  ooouT,  oaoaaioning  an  iucttia-forco,  which  will 
work  u<ci  tbo  ■mailer  applied  force  agaiiut  tbo 
fi«atoT"  (p.  7).  Tbe  inutia-force.  thtneforu.  is 
mppoeed  to  act  am  tbe  body  by  whieh  it  ia  exerted. 


The  mi^piltiide  of  Ihia  in«rtia-forc«  ia  determined, 
nooordlug  to  Dr.  Hall  (m*  aboTa  qaolatJou  from  \i. 
B),  by  tbe  magnitudes  of  tbe  forooa  applied  ti<  tbe 
body ;  and  tlw  following  quotation  — ' '  tbo  working 
force  end  the  nmi^tlng  (oree  muat  alao  be  eqnal " 
(p.  U)~idiowa  tbat  Juat  auffldont  inntlA-foree  U 
called  into  pluy  in  any  cMe  to  tnticty  tbo  ooDdiliou* 
at  eijnililirinin. 

Now.  tblii  noQivlB  *eiy  like  the  old  notion  of  cen- 
tritugal  furr>o.  It  waa  formerly  held  that  a  body 
moving  with  iiuKorm  »pi>oil  in  a  eircular  jwlli  wan 
acted  opon  not  only  by  a  foroe  iliroeioil  towiuds  tbe 
centi«  ot  tbo  path,  and  applied.  Nay,  by  mfoua  of  a 
aUlng.  but  ahio  by  an  eqa^  foiev  dirvi-i4<l  from  (be 
oentie.  called  tho  cenlrltnKal  (oroo.  and  viertMl  on 
tbo  body  by  the  bfjily  ilmilt.  which  wa>  accordingly 
coniddorcd  to  bo  in  o(|iiilil>riiiiii.  Dr.  Hall'ii  inertia, 
force  la  tliiin  ]uit  u  gcueratinkti<.>n  of  tha  old  Dotton 
ot  centri(ii|(al  (nico. 

Although  Dt,  Hall  IhuH  propoMjt  to  re-iutrodnce 
what  Bcema  to  be  an  old  errw,  the  imly  evidence  be 
bnnK«  forward  for  his  inertis-forco  !■  tho  oHivitiou 
OOditaiuiid  iu  (lie  flmt  ot  thi*  ahore  ■piotalioni'.  (bat, 
of  the  aiiplJed  and  Inertia- tore™,  eooh  is  Ti'-'-''*wu-y  to 
tbo  other.  Yet  he  do«a  itot  leave  ua  without  niHtna 
al  JudgiDg  of  bin  theory  of  the  'ranntanec'  which 
bodloR  offer  to  applied  force* ;  for  according  to 
hli  own  aoeount  of  tbii  inortia-forco,  m  ahown  above, 
it  both  acts  ou,  and  U  exerted  by,  tbo  aame  body. 
Now.  on  u.  18  be  Mlinlta  that  "every  force  impliea 
an  action  between  (leo  bodl**."  Hence  tho  nippoaed 
inertia -torco  cunnot  be  a  force  at  all.  And  again,  m 
we  hni':  tH'pu  nlmrft.  nceording  to  Dr.  Hall'a  own  an- 
conut,  ull  l-Kiili'jK  imiHt  Im  acted  tipou  by  equillbral- 
iOB  lynteiiui  of  forces,  it  tliia  lucTtia-force  lie  taken 
into  iH^ooiiiit ;  and  thetetore.  if  Ibis  iuertlo-torco  he  a 
force,  a  bo<ly'e  tiioti'iii  iiiiiy  be  cbtuigiug  though  It 
■atinfy  the  foudilioii"  '■(  i'ljiilUbriiim. 

Apjiarently  Dr.  Hull  liiw  1k'<-ii  leil  to  poetolato  thia 
liifiilia-tori-o,  bi.oaiiiic,  1'.  be  holil"  that  a  body  re- 
Hint*  an  np|dli'd  tiirci-  i  be  evoii  titkex  tbU  In  ho  a  IkM 
given  in  ciiiiu'I'-'Ih""**,  (nr  ho  laya.  p.  3,  "  One  feelt 
that  the  baud  in  |i<i"i'nf/.  that  it  eiicoiuiti>rs  a  mM- 
nnee,  which  ii  oflered  iu  mmie  way  bv  tli*  bull  at  the 
other  iiud  ol  tlic string"  h  and,  'i'^.  1)''  nmnot  undcr- 
Hlatid  a  fore,  lu  Uiing  riMii,tnl  iu  nuj  iilber  way  than 
bv  the  e»i.-rtum  "f  an  i.]ii"'KinB  fi-rce.  I  Hgre«  with 
liim  that  the  \fnn  '  iwi"tiiiioc '  thiiuld  in  dynamice 
lie  ri-ttiicliid  to  the  <ippoBilii.iii  n(  (urcoi.  But  tho 
liiaiitfi'Ht  ooiMoquonco  i»,  that  a  bmiy  iitiglit  not  to  be 
Mid  to  reHii>t  n  foroo,  and  that  Maxwell'*  qnorite, 
quoted  by  Dr.  Hall  (n.  88)-  "  U  it  a  foet  that  maU 
l4ir  ban  any  power,  either  Innato  or  iieqiiired.  uf  re- 
■Istiug  iixtonial  ioflaenete?  Dws  not  nvery  force 
which  act*  upon  n  body  always  pruduee  oiaotlj 
tbnt  eliauge  III  Ili<>  uintinu  of  tbo  body  by  whivh  lla 
value  BB  a  force  i»  r«chonvd  f"  —  are  to  bo  anawared, 
ae  Maxwell  evidently  intended  thoiu  to  be  oniwcred, 
the  toTmor  in  tbo  negative,  the  latter  In  tlic  iU11nii»- 
tive.  though  MHna  ot  hi«  own  deDiiiUon*  may  b* 
thereby  ihown  to  be  worded  in  a  faulty  manner. 

I  hope  I  have  not  niUrvi<rnBriilrd  Dr.  IlaH'e  poid- 
tlon.  I  bove  read  liis  ]pMrii|ibU>t  c.arefntly  acreml 
times,  Aikd  can  get  only  oue  lut'nniii^  out  of  U.  Were 
I  revleviii){  tbo  panipblnt,  I  would  tind  many  potnta 
topraiiH' ;  and  I  dmw  atlonlion  to  the  at<ovfl  apparent 
ortor  only  becanee  the  excellence  of  the  iinmphlet 
gonemlly  ia  likely  to  eaoae  it  to  tAkerool  and  apicad. 

Or,  Hall,  in  hi*  appendix,  qnutee  •  pauiatto  from 
Minchiu'a  '  Utilplnuc.r  klnematica '  which   eeetna   to 


4 


I 


• 


I 


i 


Fnii.c*»T  II.  IlWr.] 


SCIEJ^CE. 


136 


■how  that  h«  bM  higli  >DtliorH7  for  bia  inertU-forc*. 
But  thu  Xentom'*  vit  iiiWfa  or  p(»  inrrtiat  \m  quite  k 
diffsrFiil  UiiDjt  tcoin  Hair*  tndrtlA-forctf.  will  bo  evi- 
(lont  (roiD  tbn  tnllowing  qnoWtiinia :  "HMc"[Ti» 
liwi1«]  "MDi|>«r  proportioDkliH  est  mo  eorpori, 
aninu  diferi  qnifqium  ab  inoitia  BMMe,  viA  in 
immIo  condpicadi "  (Newton's  Priiutpia,  couaiumt  on 
dot.  Ill);  anil  "  IiMtrtia  ui<l  Inertlk-forca  miMt  b* 
camriilly  illollllKiiitJiM "  ^Hltl]'*  p»iii|iIiImI.  p.  4). 
MliK'liiu'it  * forrir  of  inertia'  is  jiut  D'Alptubcrt's 
'  rlTvctitc  fore?.'  knd  ia  not  a  foi«o  at  nil,  bnt  amplr 
llio  namn  given  to  the  product  of  tha  maaa  ot  a  ftaa- 
fir  inla  Ita  aoonlfnlioik  J.  Q.  UioGuocn. 

Ilntlfu,  Jan. «. 


An  Ohio  mound- 


I 


I 


mvn  ttola  Ibn  nuUlo 
1J-.  <M.  Itl.  1886,  I 
•rpIanUooil  of  ■  mounil.  looalcd  in 
Ibe  nurtliL-ru  i>nrt  at  Van  Bni«ii  tuwuilup,  tOuibj 
eoimtT.  O..  an  aucoimt  otf  which  ma;  bo  of  inlMiMt 
to  uiaq«arlatia. 

Tii«BtT.Av<>  yoan  ii^o  th«  ntouud  waH  teu  foet 
Ugh<  and  twUDtj  f««t  in  diaiustcr  ttt  it*  Ijose.  It  was 
tn)«n«d  at  that  timo  by  a  Mr.  nobiiinon.  tha  ownnr  of 
Ika  (anD.  and  a  Ddghbor,  but  lotbiiig  wun  dlacoT- 
•nd  by  thwn  baTOnd  tha  fai>l  tiint  It  oniitHiuvd  a  d*. 
poait  at  tb«  (Mf[ini^al«  of  lH>iir«.  im1i'<«.  and  nd 
«Mtfa.  A  more  carrful  viamiuntioii,  huaevvr,  made 
bjr  digging  a  tren«h  font  fi>rt  wide  through  it  from 
caat  to  wont,  rviratled  tha  tact  that  It  wa«  not  unly  a 

iJacn  of  d^pnall  for  il4«d  boilli<*.  but  a  pl«Ol^  wh«ra 
innian  boiUaa  ««»  conntinivd  bj  fi».  A  lirga  por- 
tion ot  ttio  interior  of  tha  moaod  ia  vmapOKti  of 
calcluad  bonto.  Hanj  of  tb**"  botii*.  alnea  th«4r 
««Iein«tlan,  bare  bt*u  flll«d  by  rwlHuialc  of  Uutv, 
and  are  now  aa  hard  and  boary  h«  Btonc  Thrio 
were,  no  doobt,  a  frw  copper  iniplcnnDta  or  oma- 
mcBU  iloponited  witli  the  bodlm,  m  thn  bonco  ar«  alt 
highly  ookmd  with  lb«  aalta  of  Umt  mctnl.  A  f-an. 
fu  eiantinatioD.  howVTer,  failed  to  discoTcT  tped- 
mam  of  the  metal.  A  iinanlity  of  roioa,  miBciiiDt  to 
^tetha  dAni  a  gltttaniu  appaaranoa,  wiw  fonnd 
aiifiiaad  throniib  Iha  anllN  inaaa.  DajicaiUi  of  nsl 
olar  wwra  found  In  dilferunt  portion*  of  the  mound. 
uS  a  deeper  red  tlian  tb«  red  color  prodtioi-d  by  tbo 
notioB  or  Are. 

On*  ouriona  ftatnro  of  th«  conlauta  of  th<i  iiiouail 
waa  tha  laiga  tiu»I)«r  of  balla  toiiiid.  irarilnu  (loui  a 
bBlf-ln«b  lo  two  InohM  In  di*in<it«r.  They  h&Te  all 
been  bnmed.  and  an  of  about  the  lukrdnaM  of  aoft- 
iMmad  biiclu..  The  only  tclioi  found  vcrn  a  f^iw 
anall  fragnieeita  of  pott*rT  and  a  (tnum  xlAt*  lAblitt 
Uirae  incb«a  long,  pteroeil  l>y  a  bole  At  odd  uud. 

C.  W.  WI1.UAMB0H. 

Maw  Ureiaaa.  O.,  Feb.  S, 


A  method  of  labelling  muaenm  •pecimeni, 

Tbe  taak  of  ao  UbcUinij  n  cnllReurjQ  of  rockx,  miu- 
«nU.ar  aludlar  obj.tobi,  Hint  lb.>lr  lilvutitj'  CAn  in 
IMBe  but  the  xi»M  <-iti-<iiit'  imuhi  be  lout,  in  no  tight 
one.  A  comuKin  mcrlbcxl  Ufiw  L-nip1oyi>d  uonaiatJi  In 
panting  a  BDiall  nrea  npoii  tbi'  nbjuci.  vhleh  unrTea 
aa  a  backgionnd  apou  wbkoh  tlie  »vtiitl  uiunber  ia 
a^tn  paiuifd  in  a  dllTsiMit  color.  Although  the  re- 
auUa  tboa  obtaiiwd  ant  lasting,  the  method  ia  too 
bboiioiui.  Another  common  method  eonaiata  In 
wiiliag  the  raqnkite  dau  with  pan  (a  peoell  upon  a 


alip  of  PttpMi  which  ia  Umh  guntmad  to  the  aMoU 
men.  Thia  ia,  howcfcr.  woiihy  uoly  of  nnlwaal 
oondenmatian. 

Att«r  aoTaral  y«ani'  «ip«ri«n«a  In  dMllng  with  i«ek 
oollMtion*,  I  have  adopted  tlie  plan  glTen  balov, 
which  ia  but  a  nodifloation  of  that  fliM  naentfon^d. 
ItaadTMUageaare,  caao  and  mpidity  in  application, 
Icgibilttr,  and  'dntebllity  of  reanlla.  The  method, 
then,  1«  brielly  thk :  lake  coiumou  load  5>aint,  of  any 
dealKd  color,  and  diLk  with  iivdinary  ramlah  and  a 
Ter7  UttU  turpentine  Inatettd  at  oil.  Apply  wllb  a 
braab  over  an  ai«*  aottcianllj  large  to  aooomiBodato 
the  eatalogna  nnmbar,  or  wbat«*ei  data  it  may  ha 
<Uialr«d  to  pill  npoii  It.  TliU  (|ntckly  drlta.  giving  a 
suK.Hith.  glowty  anrrace.  Witb  T«ri-  T«Hi<Milar  roeka, 
aa  Bomc  of  the  tecont  lavoa.  it  ia  irlteii  bMt  to  even 
the  Borface  by  moana  of  a  little  pUat«i.ot-PBiia,  ap- 
plied with  a  kuife-pnlnt,  botora  painting  tha  atrip*. 
Tliau  take  tuV  paiiitH,  <— I  iiti*  wIoaot  A  Kewtou'a 
lamp-blaek.  —  mix  tbiii  with  tiirpmtine.  and  with 
thia  and  a  eommon  ateel  pen  writr  thu  number  on 
thaanrtaea  praparod  aa  b1kii<i.  It  tbo  paint  ia  Jiut 
the  right  eoniilatency,  —and  tlUa  («ii  lie  Uaned  Mily 
by  eiiierieDcv,  —  th«  uuuilwra  oan  bv  written  almuat 
as  rapidly  na  with  a  pcueil  on  paper  Buthpainla 
bail  bpat  be  mU»l  in  wateb-glaiau,  or  aoma  anallow 
T«aMl  that  can  bo  r«adUy  cleanaad,  aa  th«y  ara,  of 
oooraa,  useleea  aft^r  onne  lUTlng  baoooM  bard  and 
gmumy. 

On  colorloaa  erritala,  RDch  u  (loorti.  the  nnmber 
can.  porhapa,  b»  hmt  wriltitn  with  a  merkiiu-dia. 
inonil.  On  atuooth  (Ijcawed  apacinwaa,  aa  poliahad 
marble,  the  uambota  ean  be  writtan  with  fian  and 
paint  without  the  flrat  atripe.  On  account.  howeTer, 
of  tbo  gi«at  divendty  in  oolor  and  texture  of  maleri- 
ala,  [  have  fi>nnd  it  lieat  to  adnnl  a  nulfurm  eyataia 
for  all.  — a  lii^ht-blui.-  base  with  Bgacea  in  blMk. 
Any  other  aufficiently  coatmating  ooloia  will,  of 
oooriHi.  do  aa  well.  Oaaani  P.  Manattx. 

t'.H.  iiai.  muK.  fabL  a. 


Fiah  paraaltea  in  Meleagrinae. 

Tbo  oocurrenco  of  ])UBaiC49  oi  Fouuu.-naala  iu  the 
pcarl-oyatPIB  or  motbci-ut-prnrl  abclla  bu  iHMin 
Imowii  (or  n  bmtf  tliiir.  8-'viTal  j/iut,  o^d  ;  ISTI). 
I*rof*iMior  I'oliiiiui  i>f  CnmbrUlfi*  il.u«'tibi.il.  Iii  the 
I^orieL-clinKii  of  the  Boston  looletr  of  ualunil  binlonr, 
Fiotufer  dnbiua.  n  amatl  flab  common  to  both  ooaato 
of  OoDlral  .^luorlca.  which  aomotimoa  inhabila  holo- 
iliiiriaiM  <.m  thu  Atlantic,  anil  [learl-oyMara  on  tha 
Paoiflv  aide;  and  lie  rufemd  toaapeniinen  ot  the 
pcwi-oy liter  in  the  Moaoum  of  eoninanitive  SOOlogy. 
in  which  a  Fieroaffr  1b  umboildoii  in  the  naavonl 
RuluitaDco  ot  tha  ohelL 

Iu  June  laat  Dr.  Oanth»r,  at  a  meeting  ot  tha 
Zoological  aooietf  (Loudon),  exhibited  a  Hiniilar 
epeeimen. 

About  a  year  ago,  while  exonuning  certain  malarial 
belonging  lo  tha  uaidcan  gaog>«ph)CBl  eownilaalon, 
I  deteeted  )>robably  the  aame  epeelaa  enoloaad  in 
nacre  iu  a  pearl-ojalor  ralru  from  the  Gulf  ot  C^L. 
foruiu.  and  tvn,  if  not  three,  inaianoca  of  another 
Bpeciea  of  fiah,  opparonlly  an  Oligooottna  (in  the 
opinion  ,at  Dr.  Bean),  alndlarly  encloeed.  The  oc 
ourrenoe  of  a  oru«tae««a,  the  pt«-aiab(nnnother«e), 
under  the  tame  contlilions.  in  a  peaTl.OT«ler  ehell 
from  Anatralia,  wim  made  knuwo  to  the  Zo01ogi«d 
aoolaty  laat  April  by  I>i.  Wontward.  The  forthcom- 
ing report  ot  the  national  luuaeuni  will  oonlaln  a 


136 


SCIEHrCE. 


(Tot.  nc.,  No.  srt 


nMrauipl«  denciipliun  with  Qgiireaot  tbow  JQtcrcit- 
fng  panuuU*  ur  oomiuaDialii. 

V.  &  au.  DlUl^  WAKlilniclua.  Kab.  £ 

Natloaal  proaperitj. 

Hy  MI('Dtii>D  hiu  been  Failed  to  tho  cummotita  of 
Ur.  C  II-  IiDcte  Qpciii  a\y  iatmoTj  orticlo  in  tho 
OmtKrir  Duipactnr.     'iXi.  LeM*  objacts  tomaUng  Um 

CIS6S  a  baoia  for  tbe  oomiwriMm  of  progT«M. 
detftils  of  (iicti  yritr  wure  fiiven.  &□<!  he  could 
ehuoM  I(ir  biiiuM-'lf  nuy  ycikr  in  (ho  (oriei  from  whirb 
to  dMt«  progrcaB.  PcchiipH  it  may  bn  mli-rvatioK  ^ 
•nbmit  tho  *D(ilo«od  more  ample  itM*.  »bi'<vlii([  pniK- 
t«M  from  I8T0  op  to  tli»  pi<M«ut  date.  In  rt>n)j(<at  lo 
DOttou,  tbc  ante-vtar  crupe  aiv  giren  u  wvit  ua  lh« 
poat-war  prop*.  Tbo  gam  •nbanjUdnl  \n  tho  war.  aa 
oompatod  tn  the  Iwantj-ou*  ;mis  praTiona  to  th« 
war,  luM  bApu  iiineb  gr«a1«r  tban  Mfor*.  for  tli« 
rCMOU  tbM  fur  cTHry  cent  wt  pound  added  to  th« 
price  of  dotlui)  iind^r  the  ilaTc  aymtom,  ^100  wu 

At  Mnfum  of  gain  (n  pi>pulatiim,  prv^artivn,  teraUS, 

To 
IBB,  popnluloa 

"     pndnelteti  of  crnlo » 

*■     nenauitiptlon  at  ootton 

**      omaumniJuii  of  wool 

"      nrDdui-ilnii  »r  bnjr 

"      ilvpcalU  Id  HTiugg  biuKa  «f  MaxachuaMM 

*'      prodDotloo o( ootutu - ..•.■,,,. 

IBWi  il*poa<laluaBiliii:>  liiuiKaurUanMiuliuHHa. 

ISB,  pToducUna  ■>(  Irou 

*■     Inaqraiiue  of  prepsitr  acalBM  loaa  br  <■>« 

"     nillaofrallnwd..... 

■MS,  mllMUl  raUniad „„, 

"     produMliHiot  tmii •„..,. Iff,..,,,, 


ptoporijr  iDiiiir«(l  agalnai  Iom  by  flr«.  tboy  r«ptM«nt ' 
tbv  priif^cMA  of  the  niilltim  !■  Um  mcoiia  ot  oommoa 
welfare  rathi-T  tlioii  of   tho  inJlUiMiiudra  in  penonttl 
mttlth:  BUcI  ibal  Ibey  gtre  taatinioiiy  to  tho  bonafl- 
CMit  Uw  of  proKiii«B/rvm  nottrty. 

B«10D,  V'h.  7. 

Yanthfnliicsa  io  science. 

Your  ruticR  upon  '  YoiitlifDlnnm  Id  acltnca '  (Sei- 
ntctt,  U.  No.  21)0]  ilhiHtraktt  a  moat  nuUcal  d*fM)t  in 
our  eduoalloual  Hyatcm.  It  daet  cut  bmiii  to  b»  tfao 
chi*J  purpoae  lo  incite  thr  iiludollt  to  WMgb  «Tid«!n«a 
anil  acciuo  »p(^l^at^^  knowlmlH''.  piiilng  abom  •vnry 
tlilnti  th«  ability  lo  form  oorroi^l  ]ii<l|j[iiiriitfl  In  regard 
to  the  signiflcaaoe  of  obiwrvHd  ta<rU.  It  in  not  eitun 
lUMuned  that  h«  cwi  haw  any  otbor  feeling  in  bW 
atndioa  than  a  aeUah  deadro  for  poraoiial  mnovii  or 
advanomiant.  raapoot  for  or  lora  of  tnltb  and  knowl- 
edge for  tli^r  own  *»k(i  Iwiug  MiUr«ly  out  ol  Ui« 
amc.     Inaluad  of  being  tatigbt  t«  piodt  tiy  eritidam, 

and  MitifH^,  ISTO  fo  1)tB5.  and  on  »amt  {Um»  fo  1SB6. 


CO- 

loO' 
iae> 

IIS' 
I4II- 

ift-- 

tlQ> 


■ddtsl  to  thi^  vTic  of  aa  lUktbodM  llnrf.  Tlw 
ptantcni  oonld  not  boy  labtv  tUtl  tttBiigb  tok*«]>  np 
with  tho  domimd.    Thin  prinelple  WM  eonpletely 

alat^d    In    DtHaw't    rerirw ;  and   it  WW  OHO  of  tbo 

cau««>i  wlili^b  iudiirod  the  ctironw  pnMUavoty  mim 
of  the  soulb  ti>  att«ru)pt  to  ro-opan  th«  ^T*.traid*  be- 
fore tbo  war. 

Mr.  Lecto  uulU  atlculion  to  the  rclardutiou  in  tb« 
gain  of  population  Hnon  tli#  war  aa  coniparod  to  the 
pr«vloiiH  iwriod  fruin   INal)  to  IHdl).     It  dona  not  r«- 

r*Tu  much  tbvuglit  to  oouiprebeud  tbo  r«a«on  of 
t  tctArdatioD. 

Iblr.  I.»te  uakn  v,-hir  pio^tttai  ami  wenlth  may  not 
be  pTiHllvati^l  ou  Um  nuuiucd  tidnc  of  real  and  per- 
sonal propottj.  I  bat'  i<ui1>.'HM)T4i<I  to  prorr  prn|[iwaii 
lutlwaoouinulationiiti'ikpilal  nithoiit  liK-lii>Uiit{l»>id. 
People  do  not  iuatire  loud  uki"""' '■J"" ''}'""•  only 
pioper^  of  otbor  kiudn.  UureDVer.  the  cennuii 
BgnrM  of  tbe  paat  upon  IhmiD  puiuta  arc  alJ  rubbiah. 
aa  «Tery  «xp«rt  of  the  oniaiu  woU  knowa. 

It  atrikoa  me  thai  Mr.  Irf<«Ie  maltt*  a  good  oiample 
ot  tbo  common  Ntyina  about  ■tatiitlicn.  ^tiiat  one 
can  twiat  the  flguroa.  it  he  chouaen.  au  ua  to  prove 
Miy  Uiiiiif  tbnt  ha  doairaa  to  proro.  No  ono  oompie- 
bi-iid*  thiK  )H<(l«r  ItiOD  th*  iiinii  who  ia  »rciMt«niMl  to 
iHHUiiile  Blatiatioa.  The  valne  of  HtaliHllMi  <l«]>Mide 
wliol^  upon  the  motire  with  which  ihef  have  been 
gM]iM«d,  the  porpoae  for  which  they  have  becm  oom- 
piUd,  and  an  exact  mgard  to  traih. 

In  «OD^deritig  Ibeae  relative  galni,  it  will  he  ob- 
MTved  that  (hey  ruprMcnt  a  PoiiHlAiit  gain  in  tlie 
PH*na  of  ■ubsiateQoe  oxer  jxipiilalion ;  that,  with 
the  eioaptlon  ot  thn  InfTuwD  in  Dcraonal  wealth, 
wbieb  it  indioaled  by  lb»  luojmuw  ui  the  amount  of 


be  in  led  1«  dii'od  it.  M<ir(«>i*'T.  Ii"  liuda  that  bin 
odncatotB.  iastcail  of  oilmittiufc  frankly  tbiil  to  err  ia 
bnnuui,  and  tliat  all  alike  must  Icatn  to  profit  by 
llinir  iiiUlakiui,  nrt-  njijmriiDllv  ukaI.  oonFeruod  in 
aet'kiug  to  m»iiiti>!ii  a  repiidili.iii  (or  infullibltlty  by 
ountribuliug  nolhiiig  wliuteTtT  to  the  udvaiioMnent 
of  kuowledgo.  It  la  not  ntnuige  that  progreaa  ia 
alow  wliare  anch  a  spirit  preioilB. 

M.  A.  Vouu. 
Lr>il*.K.V.,  Knt^OL 


Germ  of  hydrophobia. 

I  havB  uQt  ofuiTT*d  ill  your  columnB  a  reference 
to  what  appi^ara  to  If  an  nxccuilingly  inipartaDt  com- 
muntCBliun  by  PruFeM'>r  P'A,  of  Qeniiia.  to  the  S*iM 
natural  histnry  anciety,  with  regard  10  the  hacilliM 
iif  rahii"*,  ••  hich  bo  claima  to  have  itolnted. 

Avo'iriltiiic  to  the  Hitilogitdifi  critti'alblati  (Dec. 
Ql).  Pru'eoor  Ful  liiulji  lliut  (iir|i>-nti>ir  (nrnu  water 
which  baa  baen  Bbnkeii  up  with  lurpviitiiie)  avCa  aa 
an  efloctive  gormieide  icben  added  It  pure  I'ulturea 
of  Ibl*  liacilliia,  and  that  It  ia  nvan  nan  effectual 
than  a  one  p«r  oml  ■ulutiun  ol  eorroaiva  nlblioial*. 
Ho  runKiderf.cuxai^iiu'ntly.  tbnl  turpvaUnv  nii)(ht  lie 
aaed  aa  a  lubalitute  (or  the  actual  rnuiery  in  iha 
Creatnient  of  recent  bitaa,  •qtecnully  io  place*  such  aa 
tbu  [aco.  wliara  tb«  caotpry  would  produce  great  di*- 
Sgurtment.  N>>  ■uKpHtlmi*  an>  made  *a  lo  applioa- 
tioD,  but  if  eipFrimeiilH  on  aninwls  abould  juatlfy 
Pivtnaaor  Fol'a  vie*,  it  would  be  deairable  lo  give  tl 
aa  wide  publicity  a*  pouiblc 

R.  IttxkAT  Wmanr. 
UniTon.  uolL,  Taronte.  Feti.  S. 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


I 


FRIDAY.  FEBRCARY  11.  1887. 

THE  STUDY  OF  OKOOSAPBi: 

It  Is  a  rvinurkabli;  tttd.  that,  in  thr  nvi-nt 
liuiralurv  of  KiMiKrnphv,  rumrche*  on  Uir  method 
and  tiinitit  of  thnt  acwtUM  OCCUpjr  «  promini<nt 
ploov.  Alnimt  ov«^  <ll*lltiKuisli«d  Reoicrapher 
hM  f«ll  tbe  necmsll;  of  expieMluK  tils  vl^wa  on 
Iw  Aim  snd  aci>p«.  aud  of  iI^'fi^tKliii);  it  from  being 
disLntv^ral^  anil  Hwalluivini  up  hy  gpiilugy.  Ixit> 
any,  hatatj,  and  iitlwr  nciooco  trvAting  on  eul>- 
jects  similar  to  or  idi-aticAl  with  thooo  of  xrogrn- 
jfbj.  If  tbu  TvpTvMnUtivM  of  a  ici^nca  as  j-oung 
ao  (vographj  npond  a  xrpat  port  of  tbeir  ttm?  in 
dIaciMikMU  of  this  kind,  tboutrli  lli«  niAlerfal  lor 
InvMUgBllooB  1«  still  unlimited  ;  i(  tlic;  feel  com- 
pelled to  defend  tiK-ir  liekl  of  ratrarch  ngniiutt 
aMaulln  '>f  Ui«ir  fi-Uow-in-orkvn  and  outNidon,  — 
tbu  iviuMD  fof  thin  fact  mtuit  b*  1ook«d  tar  in  a 
dMp  dunviKuiC)  beti>'e«nllirir  fundamental  views 
o(  adanoe  and  thom  of  tbeir  adverearies. 

Formetlr.  irtien  the  g;Teater  |Nirl  of  tlie  (arth*d 
surface  was  uiidiirovered.  and  Kuropeiin  veaielH 
taiilwl  onlj  ovi-r  thpir  wcll-kiiown  roi)le«  from 
coaiiitcnt  t4>  mntinf  nt,  rari-f  iil  nol  to  iitrs.v  from 
Um  old  path  and  feuiiiK  the  dangers  of  unltnown 
nt}ot»,  the  n)er«  Ihouj^htot  theae  rast  terrltorle* 
which  >iad  never  b«(-n  aiglitwd  by  a  Eurupeun 
could  till  the  mind  of  geograplieTB  with  &td<rnt 
longing  fuT  extt-ndod  knowledge;  with  the  dcsiri! 
of  unrriling  thi-  Kctetn  of  rcKioiM  ridivL-nod  by 
inugioalioD  with  Qgurea  of  unhnaivn  nnimnb 
anil  pooplM.  Dut  th«>  more  completely  the  out- 
linoo  of  continents  and  Islands  became  known, 
the  atrooger  grew  ttie  desire  to  vtulfrttauti  the 
phenomena  of  the  newly  diKovei^d  regions  hy 
eoinparing  tlteni  with  tliOM  of  one's  own  oountry. 
Instaad  of  incfidy  extending  th<rir  ntudy  over  ntrw 
arvM,  ticienliiil]!  hcgiin  to  bt-  aUicirlird  in  examin- 
ing Die  plteoomma  more  intently,  and  comiMuing 
them  wiib  tlie  mnlta  of  obaWTAtians  alrcndr 
inndp.  Thus  Uumboldt**  adinlmble  works  and 
Karl  t{iiii.-f'n»)u]pHrative  geography  arace  out  of 
llie  rapidly  cxli-nding  knowledge  of  the  earth. 

tike  fact  tital  tlit- rapid  diaclusurv  of  the  must 
Temote  pari*  of  the  glotxr  ooincided  witli  tlw  not 
leas  rapid  deralApmenl  of  physical  sciencts  hui 
bad  greai  influtoice  tipon  the  dvrelopmmt  of 
gM^raphy :  for  while  ibo  circle  of  plirnomvna 
btCAine  wider  erery  day,  ttie  ld«a  became  prvva- 
■wt  tbul  a  tiingla  phenomenon  is  not  of  great  avail. 


but  that  it  ta  Ihe  aim  of  acl«Doe  to  deduce  Iaw« 
from  phenomena ;  and  the  wider  their  scope, 
the  inoiv  vuluohie  they  are  conttidered.  The 
deecri|itiv4!  science*  wer«  dimiied  inferior  in  value 
to  rceeorche*  which  hiul  hitherto  been  outaido  their 
range.  InktciMl  of  systematical  bolAfly  and  eo&logj, 
biology  becam«  the  favorite  study  ;  theoretical 
phlloaophy  wsh  supplanted  by  expefimenta)  psy- 
chology; and,  by  llie  same  process,  geography 
was  dtsitilegrated  into  geologjr,  meteorologj,  etc 

Ever  siiii-e.  tlienu  Boienoea  liaTe  been  mpidly  de- 
vidupod.  but  gaogmpliy  iiself  has  fcv  a  Ion;;  time 
been  almoat  ovenhndon-ed  by  its  growing  chil- 
dti-n,  Hotrevw,  wo  do  not  think  they  can  811  Its 
pliuw,  and  ti'isli  to  prove  that  its  neglect  cannot 
be  remedied  by  the  attentive  cultivation  of  (hose 
sciencM  separately. 

Tlioee  accustomed  (o  vulue  a  study  according  to 
Ihe  scope  of  the  laws  found  by  nuaun  of  it  ore  not 
content  with  researches  tm  phenomena  nidi  dm  ant 
the  object  of  googTapliy.  They  comndor  tliem 
from  a  physieol  stand-point,  and  find  them  to  be 
pliysicol.  meteorological,  or  ethnological;  and, 
aftef  haviug  explained  them  l>y  means  of  phy»i- 
cul,  physiological,  or  pBychiilagical  laws,  liari: 
tinbitwd  their  work.  It  in  very  inatmotive  to  con- 
sider thoroughly  their  dcKnilion  of  grogrnpliy. 
Tlipy  declare  that  the  domain  of  ttili  science  com- 
prises neither  magnelicnl  and  niet^-orologicaJ  nor 
geological  phenomena  and  processes.  They  gen- 
eraii!>l)  grant  it  the  study  of  the  disttilmtion  of 
anlmalB  and  plantH,  as  far  as  physioIogiHla  and 
evoiutiunista  will  permit :  but  all  agree  ttiat  an> 
thropo-geogniphy  —  tlie  life  of  mun  as  for  ns  it 
depeiuU  on  the  countij  ha  lives  in  —  is  the  true 
domain  of  geogrsjiliy. 

It  Is  not  dlfHcnlt  todiscov^  the  prbciple  on 
which  this  segregation  i:*  founded.  Physical  phe- 
nomena are  subject  to  physical  laws  which  are 
ku3wu.  oc  wliich  will  oasnredly  be  found  by  die 
metliddB  use<l  in  disiHivering  thoae  tliat  are  known. 
Phyiiiologicnl,  and.  to  a  .itill  higlu-r  degm',  pKy> 
chologicnl,  Ib«m  am  not  so  well  known  ns  to  allow 
their  bcrlng  Inatad  In  the  tottie  way  as  physlml 
laws,  fiu  conditlona  of  the  phemmienu  are  gen- 
erally 00  complicated,  that,  even  If  the  most  gen- 
eral taws  were  known,  a  strict  conclusion  cannot 
easily  be  drawn,  Buiwere  those  aoxiltaryacienoM 
juHl  an  far  developed  as  physics,  no  doubt  the 
Miine  ncicntislB  who  at  the  prcnenl  lime  concede 
them  willingly  to  geogra|>>iy  would  not  hMitale 
to  claim  thorn  for  phyflology  and  psychology.     It 


i«  ovidctit  Ibal  Cli«r«  Lt  no  middle  kaj  :  geogru- 
pli;  Diust  either  be  maintained  in  Ua  full  ext«nt  or 
it  muBC  he  g(v«a  U|<  alto^Um. 

As  Boou  UH  wt  Bgrci'  tiiat  tlie  ijurpnw  ()f  i-vt-ry 
Hoieiioe  in  itcmiiipliiihcil  when  llie  lavrr  wliicli 
^uii-rii  iti  |)hi>iioincnH  nrc  ili^rovrrvd,  n't'  iniint 
iitlmit  ihnt  tlie  suljjecl  wt  geography  is  (II«lrlbiiU<d 
among  a  Rreat  ouintier  of  «cioiicM  ;  if.  Iiowever, 
«'<>  wnuld  inuinlaiD  its  iTi<lv|>t^[i(l«uct'.  we  must 
proie  lliat  llicre  exiatH  unuUi>rr  objet't  for  Bciencv 
l>e«l<lM  llip  ili-^uvtion  of  Inw'i  from  plirni>iniMin. 
An(|  it  U  OUT  opinion  tliiit  (li<Trt'  m  nnolliir  ob- 
ject, —  tlic  IhoraUKh  uiKl^rolomlliiK  "f  iilienoiueiia, 
Tliiw  wo  fliid  that  tl>Gconl**il)etweeii  i^eogrspiiera 
ntid  tlii'lr  atlvenaries  is  identiual  wtili  the  oiil  con- 
li'iveray  between  hiiitoHnl  aad  phynical  melbudH. 
Que  party  I'luima  that  the  ideal  Mim  of  iiHcnct! 
ought  lu  be  llir  dinciivrrir  of  svoutrnl  Iawii  ;  the 
other  iiininUtitia  tliat  it  u.  thn  inTmtlgatloD  of  pile- 
ncuni'Tin  tlienieelven. 

It  is  eanily  uuderatoixl,  therefore,  why  in  |;et)j;- 
rapliy  the  conleBt  lietween  thwi*  viewB  is  poitieu- 
larly  liiely.  Here  imltimliiita  nnd  liintMiinni'  tnF<'t 
It)  &  ei>mtuou  ii<'ld  uf  work.  A  Kriwl  nunilx'r  of 
mudem  gitigriipliem  hnTc  liei'n  cduoateil  as  liJe- 
tortunii,  and  they  must  Iry  to  <H)me  to  an  agree- 
ment with  tlie  naturabsts.  who.  in  turn,  must 
Icnrn  to  accommodate  ihelr  vievra  to  Ihoreuf  llie 
historians.  It  is  evident  tlut  au  auswer  to  thia 
fimdAinental  iiueEtimi  on  the  rnluc:  of  bintorinU 
atid  jiliysiml  sciontM^cnn  only  l>e  found  by  a  nie- 
tbodiutl  investigation  of  (heir  relation  to  each 
Olber. 

All  agree  that  the  establish iti en t  of  fuels  ia  the 
foundation  and  elatliog-puinl  of  seienei?.  The 
phj^elBt  compares  u  neriea  of  aipiitur  fuciH,  frotii 
which  he  iiolates  Itie  genrml  iihcnonienon  which 
ia  oiintmon  to  nil  of  theni.  liencetorth  the  bihkIp 
fnclH  Im-ome  Ii«a  Important  to  him,  as  he  tuya 
Ktrtwi  on  the  iteneral  law  alone.  On  the  uthtr 
hand,  (he  facto  are  the  object  wliich  in  of  iai|xir- 
tance  and  iBleresi  to  the  historian.  An  example 
will  ex|>laln  our  weaniug  more  Mtiafnclorlly  than 
a  tlieoreifeal  diaeiuiaion. 

When  Newlou  atudiod  the  motion  of  the  planets, 
tlir  dintributiuTi  of  those  relnstial  lxHlie»  in  aini'e 
and  time  wbti-  tin-  means,  not  the  ohjeet.  of  bis 
rssearvbcs.  Qie  problem  wus  the  action  (.f  two 
bodini  upon  eftcb  other.  an<l  thus  h<'  fuund  the 
law  of  graTltatiom.  On  the  uther  hand.  Knnl  and 
Laplace,  in  aludying  the  Kohir  nyiiteni.  uked  the 
quetlioD,  Why  is  every  uni-  of  the  liodlep  I'OHBli- 
liiUni;  (he  sulur  system  in  the  ptsre  it  oci-upiea? 
Tb«T  took  the  law  ok  Kranled.  and  applied  it  to 
the  iilicuomena  from  which  It  had  been  deduced. 
in  order  to  Htiidy  the  history  of  the  aolur  vyvlctn. 
Newton's  work  waa  at  an  eud  aa  aoon  tu  be  bad 


found  the  law  of  gravitatloo,  which  law  waa  the 
preliminary  condition  of  Kant's  worl«. 

Hvtri  is  aiiotbur  i-Knmpte :  aoeording  to  BiKkl«'a 
cuni^:plioii,  hiatorioal  foot*  inuat  be  considered 
w  Mng  ca.Qi^A  hy  pbyxiolos^cni  and  jMycbologtc*! 
InwB.  Acconllnj(iy.  he  dow  not  dencrilie  men  and 
their  actions  as  arising  from  their  own  chamfter 
and  the  eventa  inlluenciii)^  their  life,  but  call*  our 
niteutiun  to  the  Pawa  goveirDing  the  bist«»y  of 
manlcind.  The  objecl  of  the  hiaturiaui  Is  a  dif- 
ferent one.  They  are  nhsorlKil  in  tile  stiuly  of  the 
fact«,  and  dwell  adniiringl)  on  the  o)uiruct4.T  of 
iheir  heroes.  Thej  lake  Ihe  niont  lively  intf-rert  in 
the  perBons  and  nations  tliey  treat  of,  but  ore  un- 
willing Hi  uumider  them  as  subject  to  striDgent 
lawR. 

Wo  believe  that  the  physical  conception  is  no- 
where eJse  expressed  as  clearly  as  in  Couile*B  sys- 
tem of  soieuces.  Selling  nslde  n^troDumy,  wliidi 
has  been  pla«d  rather  arhitrarilT  lielween  niutbe- 
muticsaud  physlcii,  all  his  sciences  hare  tbe  one 
aim.  to  deduce  Isns from  phenomena.  The  single 
(ihi-noinenon  ilaelf  is  insi/enlflcant :  it  is  only  rnl- 
unble  bcvaure  it  is  nn  emanation  of  a  law,  and 
serves  to  Dnd  new  Inwa  or  lo  corroborate  old  oiie». 
To  Ibis  system  of  wicnren  Humboldfa  'Uwmoa' 
la  opposed  In  Its  princijile.  CoBinogrnpliy.  oa  we 
may  call  this  scieuce,  considers  every  pheDommaD 
aa  worthy  of  being  atudied  for  lt«  own  aahf.  Ito 
mere  existence  entitb*  it  to  n  full  share  of  our 
attention  ;  and  the  knowledge  of  its  exi8li.-nce  and 
evolutiuTi  iu  ppuce  and  time  fully  snti&Hes  the  atu- 
dMit.  without  rrpird  to  the  lawn  which  it  i-orrob- 
omtes  or  which  may  lie  deduced  from  It. 

Physiciit*  will  ucknowled);e  that  the  rtndy  of 
the  bictory  of  many  phunonienu  ia  a  work  of  »ci- 
vntiflr  valne.  XoIkkIj'  doubts  the  iui)>oitanc«  of 
Kant's  researches  on  the  aolar  eyatnn :  nobody 
dero^tes  from  tliat  of  invmtiKationa  upon  llM 
i-volutiuii  of  orKaiiiama.  However,  there  la  u»- 
olhcr  diiss  of  phenouiewa  Uie  study  of  which  b 
not  considered  of  equal  value,  and  amonic  them 
are  the  geographical  onis.  In  coneidering  (he 
geu((raphy  of  a  counliy,  it  ai-eiuB  that  the  geolo- 
gical, meleoroluglcal.  and  antbropu-ijeiigraphiral 
phenonieuH  forui  an  Incidental  con£loiiirTUle,  hav- 
ing no  nntural  tie  or  relolion  lo  rain  anntbcr. 
while,  for  instauci-,  the  evolutinnisfs  subject  of 
»tiidy  fomis  a  natural  unity.  We  may  be  allowed 
losay  that  the  nBtnrnliat  deumndH  an  objective 
connection  Iwlween  the  phi'Uouieiia  he  studl«s. 
which  Ihe  geographicnl  iihenomena  aeem  to  laok. 
Tlirir  connection  seems  to  be  nulijective,  origi- 
nating in  tht'  mind  of  the  ol»erver. 

Aivordiugly  there  are  two  principal  quciitiona 
which  miut  be  aoswered  t  lirai.  Ihe  one  referring 
to  the  oppositiun  between  pbyaiciata  and  couuog- 


FnntUKT  II,  1887.1 


SCIENCE, 


139 


rnpbpn,  i.«.,  Te  the  ttwdj  of  pbeootn^ns  for  tbeir 
own  Mk«  eqnal  In  valiw  to  th«  •l^xluctioii  of  law»  > 
•teond.  ts  tine  Mudj'  dT  u  strioH  of  pliMiomeiia 
baviaic  a  mfrt-t)^  BnbjcrUvi!  ooniin-Unn  equal  in 
TiUne  to  rMHuurlMs  oa  tlin  hUtorj^  of  tliow  fono- 
tng  an  ohjectivp  tinity? 

We  shall  er»t  trwil  <in  the  dUT^renoe  of  optnton 
betwiH-n  ]>h<f«ictKl»  and  roHuioKniphere.  Tlie  two 
]iartM«arr>tn>nKly  opposeil  to  eaoboDier  ;  aoO  it 
i»  a  hard  task  ^)  valii«-  justly  tli<-  arRUUii-nta  of  op- 
ponents wlite^  niMbod  of  thinking  bimI  way  of 
fwlinK  tuv  i-iiliMy  rtjipoMtl  in  unr'*  own.  An 
iinHHiaiHl  Judfpiirnt  rnnnot  Iv  fornird  without 
»«;»-frr  inptitAl  >tniKKl<^  whirh  ilrtilroy  ronvirtionn 
that  worr  rcniridpteil  ininioi  ablo,  and  bad  hwnmp 
dvHT  to  U8.  But  thoAe  tttruxgl*^  lead  to  the 
■crander  couvletion  that  both  partJM.  thuiii;Ii  in  a 
permanent  atate  of  <?nnlli(.-i.  aspire  to  the  >aoi« 
Hid,—  to  lliid  tbp  ftcrnul  tnith. 

The  4)«t^n  of  every  iicii-nc*  we  find  in  two  dif- 
fert-Dt  dmirea  of  the  hunuin  mind,  —  itn  nt-otheiic 
wants,  and  tbr  fr^^linRii.  whji^h  nrp  the  iiource"  of 
the  two  brnnehp*  of  wierw*.  It  «as  an  early  de- 
RTo  of  dwvjoplnx  mankind  to  airaoKe  KyMt'cnati- 
c&lly  (Iw  phniomena  sera  by  the  olnerver  iu  uver- 
wbelmlnfc  number,  and  thun  to  put  thr  oonfuHrd 
imprMslons  in  order.  Thin  dnive  mu»t  in-  con- 
BidM«d  an  emaiwliun  of  Ihcarilhdi.lnl  diKjiriulinn, 
wbich  \»  off««)d«d  by  ronfuslon  and  want  <>f  i-lear- 
IMM.  When  occupied  in  caliafyiuj;  thin  d<«ire, 
th*  regularity  of  the  iimc-cmc*  mid  phi.-noni«n& 
would  attain  m  tut  Kr««ter  inipcirtnnce  tlinn  llir 
■ingle  pbrnoDKnton,  which  i*  only  considered  itn- 
partant  an  beiitff  a  Kperimen  of  the  clasa  to  which 
it  belong.  The  elearer  all  the  phenomena  are 
arranged,  the  better  will  the  aestJielic  dtnire  be 
aatieSed.  and.  for  that  reiUKUi.  the  nio>t  general 
bwsand  Ideaaare  t<onBid«-ied  the  mcnt  valuable 
Roulls  of  aci^nce. 

Prom  this  point  of  view,  the  philosophical  idcai 
'  EpicuriM  arc  vory  Jnl«re«tlnf(.  an  they  may  be 
DBfiderod  the  extreme  opinion  to  which  tliis 
•tlielical  desire  c«n  lead  if  the  pleeaure  one  en- 
joy* in  arranging  phenomena  in  a  cttAr  syMem  ia 
lODlyinoe&ttve.  He  con^iili-rrd  iinj-i-xptuiiulion 
Pol  a  phenomenon  sutliciunt.  j-roi  id<^l  it  In-  iiatimil. 
It  dMH  not  matter,  hi-  luiiglil,  if  an  bytxithDnn  in 
true,  but  all  pmtiiit)lr  cxpbnntiona  nTi<  of  the 
Inuno  value,  and  the  choitv  brinren  them  in  quite 
bautnillcant.  We  believe  this  oiiiolnii  U  ckiied 
to  a  new  life  by  a  number  of  modern  ecientiiits. 
i.e.,  by  Ihoae  who  try  to  construct  the  evolutioii  of 
organisnis  in  detaibi  which,  at  the  pmwnt  time  at 
loaat,  can  ncitlier  be  provMl  nor  refuted.  If,  for 
lnatBitGe,ll&llerde>KTibeiilho  hiMnry  of  tbei>volu- 
Uonofflowen,  he  given  only  a  prolinble  way  of 
IdeTelopBwnti  without  any  hotter  proof  than  that 


It  M>emfl  to  be  the  simplest  and  thervfon  the 
nkOit  probable.  But  this  constrtiction  of  a  prob- 
able bypotheaia  aa  to  the  origin  of  lliese  phmom- 
ena  gives  a  Mtiafaction  lo  our  aeetbetii-al  d<vire 
l(>  bring  tlie  oonfuNion  of  forma  and  epedee  Into  a 
system.  Rut  il  nboiild  bi-  tiorue  in  mind  that  a 
theory  miirt  b*  tnw,  and  that  ila  truth  Is  the 
standard  by  wblch  Its  value  ut  meji,ture<i.  There- 
fore naturalists  are  always  engaged  in  pxamining 
the  truth  of  llieir  theories  by  applying  them  lonew 
phrnomena,  and  in  tlnr«e  reaearchea  thoao  pbc- 
nomeiia  are  tbe  most  important  which  aMin  to 
be  oppwed  to  the  theorim.  As  soon  as  the  (|Df«- 
llon  whether  the  theory  itt  applicable  to  il>e  class 
of  phenomena  i*  solved,  tb?  whi>le  class  la  of 
little  further  Interert  to  Uie  investigatoT. 

While  phyfrtc*l  science  arlaea  from  the  logiiud 
snd  nevtbetltdl  dnunnds  of  the  human  mind,  co^ 
mogrsphy  baa  it*  aource  in  tbe  personal  feeling  of 
man  towards  tli«  world,  towards  llie  phenomena 
surrounding  him.  We  may  coll  thb  an  'affective' 
impulae,  in  conlraat  to  the  antbeiic  impiUne. 
Goethe  boa  expreased  Ibis  Idea  with  admirable 
eleanMV*  :  "  It  seems  (o  me  that  every  phenome- 
non, every  fact,  iUclf  ia  the  really  interesting  ob- 
ject. Whoever  explains  il,  or  counects  it  with 
other  events,  usually  only  nmusee  himself  or  makes 
Hliort  of  us.  as,  for  Instance,  the  naturalist  or  his- 
torian. But  a  single  action  or  e^-Mil  is  inlerent- 
Ing,  not  because  it  ia  eiptaiDable,  but  iiecaiivi  It  is 
true"  {Vnlerhalfutigtm  <tftil»eh<r  Aiugfwnnilnim). 
Tlie  mere  nccurrenoe  of  an  event  claims  the 
full  altonticn  of  our  mind.  Ix^cauae  ue  are  affected 
by  il.  and  it  i»  studied  witliout  any  regard  lo  its 
place  in  a  system.  This  continuous  Inipulra  is  tbe 
important  counterbalance  against  the  one-sided- 
ne*s  of  n  science  ari«en  front  merely  aestlieiic  im- 
]>ulse«.  An  the  truth  of  every  phenomenon  causes 
us  to  study  il,  a  true  histor}*  of  tla  evolution  alone 
can  satisfy  the  invmtigator'*  mind,  and  il  is  for 
this  reason  tlinl  Epi<'urus*N  probable  or  {lowlhle  ex- 
pUnntion  is  not  at  nil  eetiafactory  for  acience,  but 
that  every  iippiiia<:h  to  truth  ia  conaidered  n  prog- 
ress by  far  superior  lo  the  most  elaborate  system 
which  may  give  proof  of  a  »ul)4ile  mind  and 
flcrupuloua  thought,  but  claims  to  be  only  one 
among  many  posdiWe  systema. 

Nntuiidints  will  not  deny  the  importotioe  of 
every  phenomenon,  but  do  not  onnslder  it  worthy 
of  study  for  it«  own  take.  It  la  only  a  proof  or  a 
refutation  of  tbetr  lows,  systems,  and  hypotheaeii 
(as  they  are  deduced  from  true  ptienomena),  which 
(bey  feel  obliged  to  bring  as  near  Ihe  truth  aspoa- 
fllbk.  The  de^luctionK,  however,  are  their  main 
[Dt««oH :  and  the  reward  ol  the  indcfaligxble  Mu- 
dent  is  to  review,  from  the  summit  of  his  moM 
general  deductions,  the  vast  fiHd  of  phenomena. 


140 


SCTEmJE. 


IToL.  IX..  r*8.  «o 


Joyfully  he  sees  that  erery  process  and  every  pbe- 
nnmcnon  which  tt*tn  to  the  stmnR^  an  irregutnr 
iind  inromprehmifihle  conjrltiincrale  is  n  link  of  n 
lonR  chaJQ.  Lostnit  sli^lit  of  tlie  tiinjtle  facts,  he 
now  on)}'  the  beantlful  ord*-r  of  the  wurld. 

The  cosniograptatir,  on  iliv  other  band,  hold^  to 
the  i^enoiaeiioti  whfoh  i'«  the  ohjpc-t  of  his  study, 
may  ft  occupy  ii  high  or  a  low  runk  in  Ibc  synivru 
of  phyvicnl  frjmirm.  find  loritiKly  tiirx  to  pi-ni^ 
trat«  into  it*  i>c(Tn>t>i  antil  every  I^vttirv  i*  plnin 
nnd  olear.  This  occupallon  with  the  ohject  of  hii> 
ftffc«tion  affords  htm  a  ilelifcljl  not  Inferior  to  that 
which  ttie  physicist  enjoys  in  his  syMematka) 
UraoKiemeiit  of  tlie  wurld. 

Our  inquiry  leadA  u»  to  the  coDflutiion  that  it  in 
in  vain  lo  sean^h  for  on  answrr  to  Ihi- ijui'Blioo. 
Wliit'li  of  tlip  twi>  methods  is  of  n  higlmr  vahK- '! 
aa  vai^bortgiimtesiandifTerent  i)i<sire  of  the  human 
mind.  An  answer  cnn  only  he  auhjectlve,  beJnR 
a  (lonffiBicni  of  the  answerer  tm  lo  which  Is  dearer 
to  him,— hi»  pergonal  feeling  towards  the  phr^ 
noniena  »urmundini;  him.  or  hie  iiiclinalioti  for 
attractions ;  whetlii-r  he  prfifi-n  tu  reoogiiizr  lh« 
Indirlduality  in  Ibe  lotnlity.  or  Iht!  totulily  in  th« 
iadlTlduolily. 

Lei  tin  now  turn  to  ibp  diKiimion  of  ttip  aecond 
point.  We  havp  spcn  that  pliyelcbM  «re  Inclined 
to  aclcnowl<>d£e  thn  raluo  of  a  certain  claw  of  cos- 
nioKrnphical  eludtPB.  It  is  Uie  characterlHtic 
quality  of  those  pheuoinvna  that  they  are  the  re- 
sult of  the  Ofliou  of  inf'idfntiU  i-nu«^  upon  one 
group  of  forcM.  or  upon  Ihe  clemenlH  of  phc» 
numcnn.  Tliu  pbynciit  does  not  study  the  whole 
phvnomenon  an  it  rrpvesents  its<ilf  to  Ihe  human 
mini),  but  rfsolvpK  it  into  its  elements,  which  be 
inroetlKotcH  rcparately.  Tlie  investigation  of  the 
blat^ry  of  ihe«e  elements  of  phenomena  leadn  to 
a  oyslemaiical  arntngeui«nt.  which  kItts  to  the 
OMtbctical  d«in-  aa  much  suliafai-tion  ox  the  for- 
mulntiou  of  law*.  Tliernd  which  evolutional  and 
Milronomical  imrarrhca  tvnd  to  in  the  be«t  proof 
of  thi*  fact.  A  study  of  groups  of  phonomeim, 
which  seem  to  be  connected  only  In  Ibe  wind  of 
the  oliserver.  and  admit  of  being  rmolvi-d  into 
their  elemenla,  cannot  k-nd  to  n  similnr  revult,  nnd 
is  ther«fot«  oonaiduvd  of  infmor  value.  However. 
w»f  havB  Irird  to  prove  that  tlie  source  of  coemo- 
Kruphical  r<«enrcheB  in  analTecilve  one.  If  this  be 
riKbt,  we  cannot  disliniriilsh  K'twtMi  complex  and 
simple  phenoniena,  a%  the  pb.vsicisi  tiles lodo.  and 
neglect  llieir  subjective  unity,  —the  connection  in 
wbicb  tbey  appear  to  the  mind  of  the  observer. 
The  wltole  phenomenon,  nnd  not  it«eleinenta.  in  the 
object  of  the  coamographec's  study.  ThuH  Ihe 
physiognomy  of  a  country  ia  of  no  int«9mt  to  the 
phyaidst,  while  It  is  important  to  the  oo«tnog- 
rspher. 


Tnm  the  stand-point  w«  oooapy,  a  dlsctisalon 
as  to  the  value  of  these  rewarehea  is  of  juot  as  lit- 
tle avail  nit  that  on  tho  value  of  tlie  two  braDchni 
of  Kcienee.  for  the  judgment  will  he  founded  on 
the  niCDtsI  disposition  of  the  judge,  and  bo  only  a 
coiitewion  a«  to  which  impulse  predomlnaleo.  the 
aeHlbellc  or  the  atfeolive.  However,  one  fact 
appear)  fruTii  our  iniguiry  :  cosuiograpby  is  closely 
relaltHl  toiht.'  arts,  as  Ihe  way  in  which  the  mind  is 
afTi-ctedby  phenomena  fomwan  inipiirtant  branch 
of  the  «tiidy.  It  therefore  reipiircs  a  differi-nl 
Irratmeni  from  that  of  the  phynictti  •riencm. 

We  will  apply  these  remits  lo  the  study  of 
geography,  Its  objects  are.  the  phenomena miiaad 
by  the  distributiou  of  laud  arid  wal«-r.  by  Ihe 
vertical  forms  of  Ibe  earth's  surra<«.  and  by  llie 
mutual  influence  of  the  rarth  and  il«  inhabitant.-! 
iipim  eai'h  other. 

Whnt  diies  Ihe  physicist  do  with  Ihis  object  of 
study  'I  Mi^  Bfleets  a  single  element  onl  of  ph^ 
nomena  which  an*  observed  at  a  certain  jiolal  of 
the  earth's  surface,  and  compares  it  with  anotlier 
one  found  at  anritber  place,  lie  continues  iit  ilila 
way  searching  for  similar  phenomena,  and  Ioms 
kight  altogether  of  the  ti|)ot  from  which  he  started. 
Thus  he  becomes  the  founder  of  the  sciences  into 
which  geography  ha*  gradunlly  Iieen  reeolvnd,  as 
his  i^tndies  nie  either  direeled  to  geologie-al  pbe- 
nonicns  alone,  or  to  meteorological,  botanical,  or 
w  halever  it  may  be.  The  tno^t  general  deductions 
which  can  be  reached  in  the  |iuniiiit  of  these  itudtes 
Btill  have  a  close  connection  with  the  single  ob- 
ject, as  they  catmot  In-  carried  farther  llinn  to  tlie 
m(»t  general  geogrBphirnl  idr-oi^  ae  mounlaln- 
rnngce.  ninning  water,  oceans,  etc.  The  most 
general  results  of  his  i n Test igat ion h  will  therefore 
be  a  general  history  of  the  earth's  surface.  If  he 
bring  these  results  into  a  Hystein.  be  acta,  na  ft 
ncemi  lo  un.  ogaiuat  the  cosmograpbicnl  character 
of  the  M'ience.  For  inatance,  n  nystem  of  all  poa- 
MiNc  actions  of  water  as  forming  the  earth's  sur- 
face seems  to  us  of  little  value,  except  from  a 
practical  etnnd-point  a»  bi-lng  useful  in  studying 
tbe  geological  history  of  a  district  or  of  tho 
earth's  surface.  Tlierefore  ibene  eystems  niusl  be 
oooHidered  as  important  auxiliary  scicnceB,  but 
tbey  are  not  geogmphy  il»e!f.  Their  value  Is 
founded  only  on  their  applicability  in  the  study 
of  geography.  The  inventJon  of  geographical 
systems,  so  far  as  they  do  not  serve  Ibis  |)urp(i«n. 
must  be  contid«red  as  usele^.  and  cInHiilications 
munt  be  BMde  only  as  far  as  geograpbicvl  ph^ 
nomrna  of  a  iiimilar  kind  must  be  explained  by 
different  cati»en. 

But  there  Is  another  branch  of  geography  bo> 
sidtatliis.  equal  to  it  in  value.  —  the  phyuognomy 
of  the  earth,     tt  cannot  iilTonl  a  iiati«factory  oti> 


i 

i 


I 


PnRVAXT  II,  iwr] 


scmycs. 


141 


Ject  of  UtMljr  Xa  tbe  phjvkbt,  bb  i(s  unitjr  in  n 
nnelj  subjivtivi'  mw;  naH  iho  gnDf^phi^r,  in 
Imting  (brw  mbjri-lH.  nppmndHv  tlic  itoinnin  of 
an.  lu  Ilw  tt^illB  (i(  liin  Nliid.v  i>rii)cl)iall7  offwt 
tbi'  ((vlinft,  Bi)d  lhfr«(oiv  tniiol  lie  dmciitied  in  mi 
orlisUc  way  in  onler  lo  Mliafy  Ihr  tvvMng  in  wliicli 
U  origtnnteil. 

Our  contideriition  tnad*  u*  ti>  ll>r  roncliiaion 
tbu  giKigraph)-  ii  pnit  tit  nxtmoKraphj-,  and  hw 
iu  (ouivr  in  thp  BlTfclir«  Jn>|>uL!«,  In  the  (l«sin> 
lo  UDdprstand  Itic  phenoiueua  anil  historv  of  a 
roontry  or  of  llie  wbule  eanli,  the  hc-in^  of  uinn- 
kind.  It  depMKis  upon  ib«  iiK'linutiiiu  of  ihL> 
flclenllaC  tourarils  [Jhj  ideal  or  cutntogmiihioiil 
BiMbud,  vrb<'llirr  Imi  atiidifs  the  hixtorv  of  thp 
«rbotc  ciutli.  or  wlictlwr  he  pipfprii  to  leam  that 
of  a  atDglo  oonnirv.  From  our  poliil  of  Hew,  ll>e 
disctianon  whether  fceoloicy  or  luett^orology  be- 
("OK"  lo  fteogfaph}'  U  of  little  iruporliuKf.  noit 
«re  are  willing  to  call  all  sciriiliiiia  gi'iigmphrn' 
wbo  ittuilj  the  phenomena  of  the  emrtb'H  surface. 
We  sin-  g^'iogjf  DO  prtferetK^  <fvt  the  other 
braachea  of  wii-noe,  ns  nianT  mndem  eclentlslB 
ar*  Inclined  to  do.  The  Btu<lj  of  the  eaith'» 
surface  linpllce  geoIoRJcal  r«e«rehr«  as  uell  nil 
meteorologicuJ.  vthnologioal,  and  oiheni,  an  nono 
of  them  co<  <T  llii-  »cope  of  gt-ogrnphj-,  (o  iMlnrBle 
the  pidurn  of  tlip  ennli'ii  nirfare. 

Many  are  the  scienoM  that  muat  belp  10  reach 
UiIh  end  ;  iuhdj  »tv  ilii-  9tu<ti(¥  and  reHairche*  that 
must  lie  punAinl  In  add  ncn-  flF;iires  lo  tlie  inrom- 
pleti?  picttirv;  but  trrcrj  ■topUmtliriogs  ub nearer 
t)M>«md  Ki^'e*  ampler  eatlsf act  ion  to  tbe  Impulse 
which  Indnoea  tin  lo  deroie  our  time  and  irurk  to 
this  study,  gratlfyiag  ihe  love  for  tht-  eountry  wo 
inbalnt.  aod  the  nature  that  ■urroitndu  um. 

Fhane  Boas. 


TTAUAN  MEMCAL  PfVCHOLOOY. 

TlTB  «Hi»ly  of  the  n<f  voHH  nyrtem  in  health  and 
diaoue  hat  1>eeu  aselduouely  culliiated  in  Itnly 
for  DMUiy  years.  The  peculiar  euiiroriment  and 
volalik'  ohuntriMi.li in  of  ibe  nw.'O  uiaj  have  hei'n 
influential  in  ilrauinj;  altiniilon  to  llie  atudj  of 
tnaanity. 

Italian  alloniftfl  ha^e  takim  n  dnr^  interr«t  in 
tbe  pa,rc(ioh>gk'a)  sfipeoU  of  their  ^iieHalty  ;  and 
Iht-ir  main  review,  tliF  Eiviilii  iqirrimtnlnle  di 
frenialriii,  ha>  berti  Ihrivint;  Ut  niiinr  yi'nm.  A 
brMnoticQofa  few  of  (he  articli^  contnined  in 
tha  last  volnmp  will  wrTi-  to  indicnie  some  of  the 
directioDs  in  whirh  work  is  beinic  carrie'l  on. 

A  frequent  cMilrlbntor  to  this  review  was  iIm.' 
phyiuok^t**  Buccola,  wbo  died  lant  year.  He  hai> 
publiabrd  a  volume  to  th«  International  HTirntitic 
ntiw  which  i»  Aeroted  to  an  n<x>ount  of  the  es- 


pcrim«nlnl  study  of  the  time  of  psyohk  proceswe, 
and  wbtch  m«rHa  an  EDglish  traiislattoa.  One  of 
his  lalert  researchea  ta  eniUHlind  in  n  long  article 
in  tliis  review  on  Ihe  Hi«c<ri<T  reaction  uf  tbe  acoua- 
tie  nerve  in  the  itiMinc  If  you  pinre  one  of  Ih* 
liolrti  in  the  exlemal  auditory  ehamlier,  and  (be 
other  on  Ihe  nook  or  the  band,  bealdea  causioK 
sIlKht  pain,  niuscular  contmctiona.  etc.,  a  dibtinct 
sound  will  be  heard  on  oloatng  the  oireuit  if  Ibe 
□ei^l{T«  pole  H  in  contact  with  Ihe  ear,  and  on 
opening  Ihe  circuit  if  it  in  tbe  positive  pole.  Tliia 
for  IIm-  heiiUliy  ear.  But  in  tlw  inwuK'  tbi*  formula 
la  sometiniiMi  KV4TiH'd.  and  satfen  irreRulaiHiea. 
TIm!  examiualion  of  the  audilnry  nppcinilns  is  Ihna 
of  iliagnodio  value,  e«peeially  In  ease*  of  auditory 
liatlucinnlions.  Id  almotl  all  aueli  caae«  the  li««r- 
init  is  Ibus  feliouu  to  be  diaeased,  and  in  a  few 
cases  Btimulatiou  of  the  auditory  mwc  cviused  the 
balluejnaUons  to  appear. 

Two  ohMTven;,  "nimbrani  and  A  Igmi,  oontrihute 
to  thin  Rtiidy  of  Ihp  jxiyrhlc  dla^oels  ot  insanity 
an  account  of  expert inenls  upon  tlie  reaction  times 
of  Ihe  insane.  After  srnntr  prelimiiiury  Iraining, 
the  jiatieut  na«  aubjec-led  to  eight  t«bi  of  forty 
ohaerratiotw  ench.  An  ohaeiration  consislvd.  I*, 
in  meaiuring  llie  tioie  neeewnry  for  the  patient 
to  rei;l  the  eonlncl  of  a  point ;  a",  tlie  time  to  per- 
ceive whether  n  single  point  or  a  pair  of  ]ioinl« 
2.2nim.  a|«rl  wai>  drawn  scrom  Ihe  tip  of  bin  right 
foreflngrr.  The  paranoic  patienl  reacts  iDure 
quirhly  than  Ihe  normal  man :  and  In  Ibis  i*  itn- 
(ilieil  not  only  that  be  feels  sooner,  but  knows 
what  he  feels  inoip  rajiidly  :  it  is  a  ptychic  hyper- 
arsthi'sin.  In  all  other  forma  of  inaanily  the  lime 
of  a  simple  rejidlon  and  of  a  dtitinclinn  is  lengtlt- 
ened  when  the  nnrnial  time  la  .18^1  of  n  second  : 
the  time  of  the  paranoic  type  is  .174  of  a  second : 
of  Ihe  maniacal.  ,813;  of  tJie  demented,  .344  :  of 
tbe  epileptic,  .868 :  ol  the  meJancbolic  (In  whom 
all  turnCul  lile  is  sluggish  and  monotonous),  .814, 
Four  jH-Tsons  of  raofa  type  wen  examined.  It 
takes  slightly  limgrr  to  perrrirc  a  (kiuhle  than  a 
siniilr  poinl. 

A  very  carefnl  »ludy  on  the  effect  of  rvpntilton 
of  aimple  acta,  tliat  is.  uf  practice,  upon  tbv  time 
it  tukes  to  perfonn  thifn.  is  rendered  by  Oulc- 
riardi  and  Clonini.  They  take  as  their  bn«is  tlire« 
well-known  laws  rrgarding  practice :  vix.,  I", 
that  it  makes  repetition  easier  (and  quicker) :  S*, 
that  it  does  so  at  llrst  more  rapidly  than  later  on  ; 
and.  3".  thai  u  limit  lo  this  prooess  is  alowly 
mu'hfd.  Tlie  origlrinl  part  ol  their  work  consfala 
in  showing  that  practice  has  griTatrr  alibn-vitting 
power  in  comptie^tod  than  in  simple  arts.  A 
eimple  touch  reaction  by  the  effect  of  iSO  repeti- 
Uons  was  shortened  .010  of  a  second  ;  the  time  for 
perceiving  that  but  a  single  point  was  louchuig 


142 


SCIEIS'CIl!. 


OvK  dtiD,  by  .lai  of  B  MCODd  ;  th»t  two  polnU 
were  (nurhinR.  Hy  .1W  «r  n  eecoinl.  The  lime 
nw«i»ary  (or  iinitintc  thtre  U-tl*rt  ww  shortened 
by  1.050  secoTidx  in  aoo  rcpoli lions.  In  asfociat- 
ing  abfttract  words,  lher«  wiui  ti  tlifferwici-  or 
nearly  Itve  aeoonds  between  tla-  longmt  and  the 
abnrt*'ist  tiiiic' 


iSlNSRAL  PaVSiOhOGY  AND  PJTTSIoa- 
RAPIIY. 
Thib  iKjok  in  »  cirilectlon  of  wioijb  whirh  ihi-ir 
author  liaa  i>ublf«heJ  ilurlnK  thp  paHt  few  year*  in 
the  pfocoediDipi  of  BC-venil  learr.rd  »ofifU«.  wpe- 
rinlly  in  thr  TrnnjiiictioiiH  of  llie  Boynl  eociely  of 
Ciuuida.  The-  |>ri-fBi-P  stales  thnt  Ihey  wen?  all 
uritlcn  with  3  ])wlcU>riiiiiif-l  plan,  which  their 
pn^i-nlatiim  iii  lhi«  oonm-tiMl  form  for  the  first 
time  lully  rcalixco.  The  work  will  furnish  a  vnl- 
unhle  addition  to  every  f;<>()lo(;ical  lUtmrj'.  Tljen> 
is  appamil  iu  It  an  atlonixhiui;  »iuoiint  of  ti-urn- 
Idk  and  palnetaklng  research,  in  ni'te  <•'  ihf^  fad 
lliat  llip  views  of  oUiera  are  not  inrreti'iemly  i-n'- 
xwtpd  in  11  partial  or  one-rfded  mnnner  :  the  au- 
tliorV  cnnolnsionB  also  are  well  worthy  of  siuily, 
although  ntany  of  ihomi  will  hardly  be  rewived 
by  ^eologlsls  as  (Innl. 

It  would  be  unpoMJble.  in  a  brief  review,  to  do 
justice  la  a  ninirle  one  of  the  eeaayA,  to  any  noth- 
ing of  Ihp  rolleoi  ion  of  iliein  before  uk.  Tlie  Br"t 
two  serve  as  a  nencrni  inlroduption  and  attei»pt 
to  show  tlie  relations  of  ihf  tiaiiirnl  scicnc**  to 
each  other  and  to  Reology.  Then  are  r(in»idered 
in  suoeeioiuii  the  cliemiMryof  ihe  earth's  nlmos- 
phere;  the  origin  and  deray  "(  Ihe  cryslallijie 
rooka  :  a  naltirnl  syslAui  in  niinernlogy  :  a  hietory 
of  prc^Ciimbrian  roeks  and  -tcriieti tines  ;  and. 
llnnlJy.  tlm  Taconii.-  i.|iieation. 

Tlie  most  inrermlinR  and  novel  portion  of  the 
itork  Is  contained  in  chaptarev.  and  vi..  which  set 
forth  the  author's  reinnrknble  views  rennnlinp  Ihe 
origin  of  tbt-  erjatalllne  »ehirtB.  Thew.  a»  he 
(talm,  an-  pimly  Nejaunie  <r  Wernerinn.  Tlie 
former  liyjiollw*™  iilallo(|:  to  the  Archean  roeks 
are  reviewed  and  clawilled  w.  1'.  endoplutonic  : 
S",  exoplutonic:  8*.  nif  I  amorphic :  4",  nietft«>- 
mntic  :  ft",  chaotic ;  6°.  llwrmoehaotir.  None  of 
tlieae  are  rvRtirdod  as  witiafaciory  ;  and  n  wv^nlh, 
so  called  'erenilit;'  lt«»ory  is  therefore  ndrnnoed. 
According  li>  thin,  the  globe  bin  HoHrllfled  n-ftu- 
Inrly  frnrii  lis  (vnlre  outward,  its  IiibI  layer  heinfE 
a  bonii-.  i|uenr.le«  roi-k,  not  unlike  dolerilir  in 
Gompoaitiou.      Tlii"  niaje  was  tlsniri-d  and  rrn- 


■  II  >  uut  g'llW  .-l"*!'  »Bplh»r  lliiwo  iJlllen'D<T»  rotor  to 
Ui*  »tirMiinUii.iuoln«l>'(;W'»perlm*>ni,'ir  WltieeHrMn" 

Itinrral  p\iiiinU>gy  ami  itAiuiudrapAf.      »r  T.  fn%t*i 
Bun.    UoKUiu,  cwsloi-.   W. 


deted   porou*  by  'refriRMiition  and  crysUlIia*- 
Uon"(l)and  upon  it  were  precipitated  the  wat^ra. 
till  then  held  in  the  atinoephm-.     Ihoie  were  wt 
in  einuhilion  by  the  heat  from  l«*low.  and  under 
hiRh  tcmiieratitre  nnd  pressure  tlicy   leached  out 
U.e  more  acid,  alknlim-  -iliwitw  from  Ihe  h««lo 
HUtott^luni  U-Iow.  and  ilcposited  them  in  thick 
layer*  at  the  mirface,  like  Ihe  prodnda  of  theriMl 
springs  (henee  the  lerm  -rrwiitic."  from  «^M.  *• 
fountain  "l.    Tlie  cheinislry  of  this  froer™  ia  eup- 
powd  to  reeenihle  that  whereby  quart*,  orthnclase. 
and  the  w'olitie  mineral*  are  occaaionally  depowttd 
incaviiieitof  basic  eruptive  rocks.     By  ouch  ere- 
nilic    ftcUon,    in    Ihe    nulhors    ojiinion.  all    the 
bunded,  prc-rambrian  roek»  were  formed.    These 
wen.',  infteoier,  of  such  a  Ihicknets  a*  to  boiy 
tlie  ciriginal  haric  nubstratum  too  deeiily  for  any 
siil>HH]H<nl  iipheavalsto  expose  it  nt  the  eBrth's 
siiifarp.    Tlie  crenKii;  hypiitbeei»  ia  also  snpponed 
to  oifer  "  for  the  flr»t  lime  a  reasonable  and  ten- 
able explanntiou  of  thp  universal  eorrugation  »>f 
the  otdeel  crystalline  ftrnta."  in  Ihe  n-tnoral  of 
mich  a  lar^e  qiionUty  of  matter  from  the  underly- 
ing hohic  layer.    Tlirou([h  Iheee  crumpled  crenilio 
rockd  (Arcliean  grnnite*.  (Eneiseeji.  and    whiiilB) 
tame  intrusions  of  a  Iihml-  mnginn  deriied  from 
the  gnderlying  or  origin:il  stratum,   while    the 
upper  or   tranaitioii  pre-f'ambrlan  rocks,  as   the 
Bulhor  calls  Uiem  with  Werner,  a le  rrgBided  as 
deiivrd  from  the  Bulwerial  flecJiy  of  the  two  types 
of  priniiity  origin. 

Tlie  olyections  which  at  once  •uggeat  th«iii 
»rlves  to  thin  reoiarkalde  iheory  of  Ihe  origin  of 
Hu-  crrtlalline  rocks  are  far  too  many  to  lie  even 
mentiooed  here.  The  len(^bing-oul  of  a  layer.  '  at 
lenst  many  mllen  in  thkknew.'  of  quart*  nnd  pot- 
ash-(rUpar.  from  a  hosic  Nutirtratum,  require,  suf- 
Bdent  drnughlB  on  the  iinaKinalion  :  while,  even 
in  case  Uii«  he  assumed  oa  poselbl«»,  it  ia  still  moro 
ditUcult  to  conceive  how  the  waters  could  cirCTi- 
late  through  thia  eompncl  overlying  layer  wbieli 
they  were  depofiting.  with  nutfident  (reedoro  to 
increaiH;  it  to  anywhere  near  the  thicknew  which, 
the  hypollimia  re<iuir«.  I 

No  one  wiU  deny  that  any  single  one  of  thfl 
numerous  theories  hitherto  projioeed.  fails  to  Wilia- 
fBctorily  account  for  nil  the  phenomena  eibit>ll«d 
liT  the  soK»lle<l  crystalline  rocks  :  nor  is  it  at  all 
|.V.ibBhle  that  any  theory  e^•e^  will  awximpliah 
Ibis.  There  Is  doublleee  some  element  of  truth 
in  all  the  ilieoriei-.  and  the  only  vmy  lo  explain  the 
diverelly  of  Arcbeaii  geology  would  seem  to  be  by 
the  assumption  of  an  equal  div*rtity  in  the  cauwfl 
which  produteil  it.  The  dogma  that  many  differ- 
ent agcnties  may  not  liaw  nded  at  the  aame  Um# 
ii)  the  formation  of  the  pre-Oambrlan  rodw,  in  aa 
dangeroun  a*  the  other,  that  the  same  agency  may 


< 


I 


^^^Miu;, 


MT  II.  lan.] 


8CIE1 


I 


\ 


not  hare  ftclcd  ut  dillerait  timn,  —  oiM'  that  Kta- 
TM  with  !l  tbf  fAltarfnuii  cxinclunion  thut  ttie 
litbolof{ii«l  rhnract«ir  of  a  rock  is  any  roliahlrr  in- 
dication of  ila  geological  aiffi. 

Chapter  viH,,  imtitlrd  ■  A  iiaiurni  «ytXvxa  iii 
RiE&Malogy,'  MggnUancw  baHb  of  mioeraloci- 
c«l  claaaiflcatfoa,  and  llliuUaU'H  il  in  u  aw  olaasl- 
flcatton  of  ibc  Ktlimtiv.  Thi-m^  nnt  divided  into 
tfarwe  mnin  KrD»I*i  iuxx>rilti)j(  rr  Itictr  liuni  arp  in 
tJw  j-rolnnidf  Htala  (|>roto«llk-a(t>«).  in  both  Ihi- 
prutuxldenitd  w«M)Uloxhle  dlales (iimlopcniilicnt^*.!. 
or  wholly  in  the  »etM)uk»idp  HlaU  ({irttkllcatiw). 
TImm  proupa  ar«  further  iliviJul  Into  vaiioiw 
IrflNa  Moordfng  lo  princlplni  whk-h  cannot  be 
explained  in  thin  plane.  Whalvvfr  may  bv  the 
cbetuical  lueril*  of  thu  >i;»4<-in,  it  would  apfHiir  to 
da  knioaii  tiolcnnr  to  t)M>  cr}»tnlloKra|ihic  rt'la- 
lionahipiiof  ocvtsln  ninnrals,  as  may  In-  m-m  in  thv 
wlda  Mparallon  (if  iti«  ineuiWrs  of  the  pyinxeo? 
and  amphiboly  |;nMi|H. 

The  three  M-mainint;  tssaya  nre  of  an  historical 
chanu'tvT.  iiixl  cunlain  n  tdhI  uuiouut  of  infonna- 
tion  regarding  tho  x'wk*  which  han?  tot-n  hvld  on 
lbcaubjt«t  of  cryslalUnerockf^  The  lirxtof  thtw.* 
it  a  anniRiafj  of  the  wrllor's  report  R  of  the 
SMond  |[Mlog(cal  survey  of  PennHjUanin,  im  thp 
pre-CHU)brlao  roclta  in  Atawlca  and  Europe.  Tlie 
wvood  deals  with  the  geolo8:ical  liislorj  of  the 
arriwiitioea,  and  dirveloiw  Ihe  writer'*  idea  iliat 
all  terpentintii  are  of  aqueons  ori)(ini  h^ing  of  thr 
naiate  of  chemical  piecipltalea.  The  chemical 
origin  of  a  small  and  long«ince  burled  bed  of  a 
serpent iiie  like  deport  occurring  in  Ihe  Onondaga 
mtt-gniup  at  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  and  of  the  tnajipie- 
Sian  Hilicati'H  (ivpiiolltcs)  of  the  PurU  bnsin,  to- 
gt-lhrr  wttli  rrrtiiin  rrnctionii  which  an-  fouDil  to 
laki'  pliice  l)pl»'Crn  tlie  carlx'Untiw  of  lime  and 
ma^fnia  and  (r^v  Mlica  In  healed  Mliilionii,  axv 
nddiiofd  an  a  proof  t)iat  all  «er|>t'nline  is  of  chctni- 
cat  origin,  Tlien*  M^ms  here  to  be  a  very  |inriial 
and  one-filled  alatement  of  the  heel  authoriiies  on 
tliis  subject,  for  llie  origin  of  verpC-Dtine  hy  Ui« 
hydration  of  crupliTo  f-brywiUtlc  rocko  will  surely 
ha  iliaputod  to-ilny  by  □■>  on?  who  lia*  carefully 
and  tnipartinlly  looked  into  tlii'  nxiCIrr.  Though 
liierw  mny  U-  trutli  in  both  hypolhwes,  Iheri"  is 
oMXe  eiidence  In  fat  or  of  llie  latter  :  so  tiiat  here, 
again.  Ibe  danRec  of  accounting  tot  all  riK-ks  of 
dmtlar  djantoter  by  <nie  set  of  causes  becomes 
apiKrent. 

Tba  Biialenaiy  is  dei'utcd  lo  an  i-laborate  reiiew 
of  tlw  laconic  tjuealitm  uiiil  a  nlntcint-nt  of  the 
writer's  opinion  that  the  Tnconlc  of  Knimonii  is  n 
fofmstiiw  of  Ihe  Iransftion  cIbm.  nhicli  uncott- 
fonnahly  nmlerlies  Ibe  Cauihrian.  and  is  f^parated 
from  it  by  a  great  IniefvaLot  liiue  which  Indiidea 
the  KeweenluD  period. 


Tltruugbniit.  the  book  Ja  inliirmling.  —  abnort 
fawiiiatiug,  —  but  nevertheleiw  full  of  danger  to 
any  one  who  acoepU  It  luipllcttly  a*  a  KUide.  or 
to  tlie  beginoL>r  who  is  not  able  to  Milntale  it  i» 
compariaon  with  ilx-  work  of  olber<<. 

REUSBN-S  EI.KME.VTS  OF  CtiKMJSTttY. 

Ix  tlte  prefaca  to  hi*  ■  Elemenla  of  cbi>nii*tn'.' 
Pn>f««eor  Remaen  *tat4-«  hi*  opinioit,  thai  If  a 
oourse  in  chemistry  "doe*  not  to  aome  ex- 
lent  help  the  pupil  to  think  air  well  wt  to  see.  Ut 
n«iH>it  aa  well  on  lt>  uLaerve,  It  doe«  not  ileaerve 
to  Id-  called  rational."  An  ettorutiil  pHrl  of  bin 
plan  in  this  elcmMitaiy  courw  in  the  perrorniance 
uf  ex|>erim^ntit  by  thi-  pupil,  who  in  then  to  lie 
questioned  by  llie  tracherconci'ming  the  rmills  of 
iIk-  experimenU.  and  Ihe  oonclunians  to  he  dmwn 
from  tliein.  Appropriate  questions  are  ftlven  in 
the  book  in  conneciiou  with  the  <l««cription  of 
cneh  expiTiment,  and  a  quite  exlenfeire  line  of 
qumtiona  and  probU-mn  (not  numerical)  is  append- 
ed nt  Ibe  end  of  tlie  work.  A  number  of  experi- 
nienM,  with  questions,  itlurtratiTe  of  ebDmiral 
change  in  general,  are  given  nt  the  'nit*el.  before 
ereti  the  nuiuts  of  the  elements,  or  the  (listinction 
belwi-eii  eletneDls  and  compounds,  (a  imparted. 
Thi!  atomic  llieory  and  that  of  valeiieeare  tnated 
briefly  and  clearly,  npocicit  care  being  taken  to 
preientthe  too  common  (■onfiision  of  facte  and 
bypotbetes  in  the  young  student's  mind.  A  great 
deul  of  attention  in  devoted  (o  subjeclx  which 
cue  likely  lo  inlerevl  the  [iiipll  by  teaaou  of  their 
praclicnl  importance  or  their  relnlion  to  his  daily 
life.  Such  are  Ibe  inuiiutucture  of  tuMtp  and 
paper,  fermentation,  bteud- making,  the  wi«king 
of  Iron,  and  the  imiMiritiea  of  water.  In  ttwae  a* 
well  as  In  other  eubjects  the  endwenr  ari'ma  lo 
have  been  made  to  lnlraduc»  all  of  the  moat  re- 
cent discoveries  and  advances  which  are  snltalile 
to  an  elementHry  ireati(«.  Examples  are  the 
watcr^ga*  proveia.  the  tiquefactlon  of  the  'per- 
manent* gaw*.  tlie  eleetricuJ  fiimucr-.  celluloid, 
cocaine,  and  nrlilicini  nliiarin. 

About  one-ninth  of  tbi^  volume  Is  devoted  to  m 
di-acripllon  of  i>oine  of  tlie  compounds  of  carUin. 
The  relutloDS  tielween  the  prlncijinl  cla»ees  irf 
thee  bodied  are  pointed  out,  but  no  aliernpt  is 
made  lo  tench  the  Htrndutal  formulae  of  tli« 
more  complex  compoonds. 


TUB  U.&  cionoul  at  Palermo.  Mr.  Pliillp  C^ar* 
r<j1l.  Iui9  forwarded  to  llie  state  department  a 
translation  of  a  pauiplilet  Inued  by  Prof.  E. 
Albaneee.   preaident  of    the  sanitary  council  of 

n>  tltmfnlio/fhrnilil'V.  }\)  tHx  IliuuiiiK.  Kd«  Ycrk, 
llolL     If. 


144 


scricyrR, 


tToL.  ni..  Ko.  *»' 


lUermo.  In  this  patuplilet  lie  ttayo  tliat  typhoiil 
and  «c«rl«l  fev«n,  ilIplitlirriH.  small-pox.  unil 
rholen  aeem  to  have  itiuiIi-  ibi-ir  qIkmIl'  in  It«ly. 
The  oountrjr  reinauis  (inptondvi)  nitli  Ktuiitorjr 
law* :  nnd  the  govi'nini<^nt.  InckinK  cilolotclcat 
and  hre'^"''^  knowleilKi",  mak*^  jirovliJou  onl/ 
wlieii  any  (lioewii'  apiJitirn.  nnd  nearly  alwaj'8  lu 
consoTiaDc«  with  i)io  ImptMsion  of  ibe  tnamail, 
iasutiig  coafusing  or  contlktiuy  ttcL-rrM  and  un- 
ttuataXAe  luHtTUcliunt-.  wliiiJi  iin;  neatly  always 
umIch.  Then  tliu  cliolera  lias  its  sway,  and  cities 
are  {t-rrot-slrjokm.  The  siuiiiary  niitliorilieg  of 
tli«  kingdom,  the  HUperior  xanitai'y  council,  llie 
miniAler  of  the  interior,  pr«fecl»  and  mayunt.  tn- 
quimtly  i>rovlde  conUadiotory  ibinutin^.  iieuiug 
Tt^gulatioiiB  i>t  uu  efllcacy  iu  preveutiiig  tin-  i>pri-iul 
of  infwlious  diseuw^.  During  thi;  lust  tHriity* 
six  yritn,  in  which  Italy  bus  lievn  free,  Ihr  KOTorn- 
nient  hu  novcr  ocnipied  it^f  with  puhhc health. 
In  Sicily,  Napoletfliio.  Piiglie,  anil  Abiutxo.  ani- 
inalHdvrell  In  tliename  rooms  with  the  people  who 
own  tbeiD.  Tlie  pamphlet  of  I'rof^wior  Albanese 
rlcarly  ilfDiurmi  rate's  (but  nniUry  matters  in  Italy 
are  about  aa  bad  un  ih<;y  can  be,  iind  that,  unleea 
Ivniedif'*  nrr  xxin  ii|>plied,  thrro  is  nothing  in  the 
list  of  fpidcniic  dinrniies  which  mny  not  bo  looked 
for  In  tlio  ncnr  future.  lie  recointnends  that  the 
government  should  at  once  assemble  a  couiuiiation 
compoeed  of  the  moet  eiulneiit  hygienista  and 
pt*oticnl  jihyHicianii.  with  n  riciw  lo  projecting  a 
n-organJEHtion  of  Nnnitnry  sjiteins. 

•~No.  V.  of  part  iv.  of  Ihet-lerenlfa  volume  of 
ttw  'Homoinor  the  Aiuericnn  aaadcinyof  artaand 
Scl«nco« '  contains  ihi'  fin>t  in»t«Imeiit  of  a  ■  cata- 
logue of  130  iii>lnr  »lnr«  for  the  epocJi  IWS.O."  The 
Joint  BUIhnifi  UTv  F'rof.  WUIiaui  A.  Kogvn  und 
Misi  Anna  Wjniock  ;  nnd  to  the  latter  the  crvOit 
uf  the  execution  of  the  work,  uccording  tu  Pro- 
feimor  liugers't'  jiliinB.  is  due.  The  compiitalion^ 
invulved  ore  very  labotious,  uud  out  must  n<lnii(e 
the  zm)  and  ixilii'OCL'  with  u-hich  Miui  Wintoi'k 
has  CArrinJlhi'rn  through.  The  catalogue  is  l>aBied 
Uliun  all  oliwrvations  of  Ibn  stars  froiu  ISQl)  to 
IHHO.  and  Ihervfore  a  large  number  of  reductiuna 
to  the  e]>och  18T6,fl  had  to  be  perronned.  For 
polar  atars  these  reductions  are  quite  t«diou«,  tie- 
cauae  Unus  of  higher  onWn  euunut  1w  nrglootod. 
It  waa  theiefore  decided  to  dini^uai  ihc  various 
method*  of  redautiOD,  and  t<i  And  out  the  limlta- 
lions  of  the  approximiitiuiis  employed.  The  star 
GrDOtnliridge  tllO  n-aschOHn  for  Ibid  puipooe,  It 
being  one  drgreo  from  the  pole,  and  the  computn* 
tious  are  kI'cu  (h  txtetiaa.  The  conclusion* 
roa-hed  at  to  the  aiuilahUity  of  Ihu  ditTrrent 
methods  caauot  be  explainL-d  here,  but  unt  of 
much  ioleredl  to  aMlroDomiTs.     Tho  authora  liave 


luade  a  r««lly  valiiablv  <ion(riliiition  to  tli«  litera- 
ture of  the  subject.  Amomg  olhw  tbtngn.  the 
catalofnic.  when  completed,  will  contain  yearly 
ephf>ineiide«  of  all  of  Ita atara  vft^in  thrmdegiVM 
of  the  pole,  and  data  for  the  reduction  of  tlie  dif- 
ferent caialugucK  employed  to  Itie  sjatem  of  the 
A»iri/nom  ixche  (SrneUxdutfl. 

—  Dr  Lunibwrd  hairfinvesligatcd  Iheqiwatlou 
aa  to  whether  or  not  the  upward  niovomnnt  of  the 
leg.  when  the  patellar  tendon  under  tlie  knM  ia 
strack.  is  a  reflex  act  The  main  argumant 
against  its  being  ao  la  that  the  act  requlrea  only 
.08  lo  .W  of  a  BPCond,  while  Ihc  n-iltx  act  »vt|uiree 
.It.  Thechinf  jHiiiit  in  fnvarof  its  rvfliPK  origin 
H  Ihiit  the  vigor  of  Ibe  rcacti'm  di>p(>nds  on  the 
ijilcgrily  and  health  of  the  *plnal  coH.  Ttie  ex- 
planation that  the  phenomenon  Is  direct  maaclt- 
elTeot,  but  that  tlie  spinal  cord  must  eead  dowa 
a  shower  of  retlexe^  or  kcL-ii  up  a  healthy  lonns  to 
hare  tlie  act  rwuH,  ia  vi-ry  unnatijifactory.  Dr. 
Lombard  found  that  the  act  follows  after  the  same 
interval,  when  the  muKcle  in  cli'Ctrically  stimu- 
lated or  the  tendon  struck,  but  that  the  inlHrval  in 
mueli  longer  (four  times  a^  long)  when  a  txflex 
euutmcliiiii  Is  excited  by  nibliing  the  skin.  Hencv 
it  in  argued  that  the  plienoinenon  is  a  direct  mua- 
nilar  Hiimulnlion.  and  o<<cur*  U'o  i^uickly  tu  be  ol 
a  reflex  nature.  In  one  caw  an  aftt-r-jcrk,  fal- 
lowing at  an  interval  that  8Ugge«led  a  roflex 
origin,  WHS  reuordeU  ;  hut  ihbt  compound  nature 
of  the  renpoiiae.  though  lurL-fully  looked  for.  was 
not  ngniii  •ihstTviii.  'i'bi-  niil  anal  inn  of  Ibe  rela- 
tion of  the  knci'-jcrk  to  (he  spinal  vwA  cannot 
y«t  bo  given. 

—  George  Fleming.  I.L.D..  princi)al  vr-leriuary 
surgeon  of  tlio  liriti^h  army,  regards  as  uiiirue 
tho  gnnerally  ncwtpli-d  Ihnory  that  smnll-iiox  in 
man,  and  cow-pox.  arti  one  and  the  ^anie  disease. 
One  of  ttie  l)est  authoriticji  quoted  in  support  of 
the  theory  waa  the  late  Mr,  Ccoty,  who  »portod 
that  be  Imd  succeeded  tn  producing  cow-jiox  by 
inoculating  a  cow  with  amall-pox  matter.  Dr. 
tlcmiag  belicvei  Ihut  Mr.  Uei-lj  was  misled  in 
this  exp<!rin)cnt,  and  that  what  hu  really  used  was 
vutvini^  nnd  not  the  vinis  of  small>pox.  His  ex- 
periment was  suharquvntly  repented  on  twelru 
helfere  by  l>r.  Klein  under  Mr.  C^oely^  supervis- 
ion, and.  though  small-pox  matter  waa  IniMlvd 
abiiudautly  into  the  luciaiotii,  cow'pox  waa  not 
devi-lupi.-ii  in  any  of  the  animals.  Sbnilar  ei]>eri. 
UM-nta  hnve  liti-a  piTlonm-J  in  JVance  and  Italy, 
and  the  results  hiivo  nil  Uvn  the  same  as  thunc  tn 
Rngland.  Dt.  Fleming  hi.lds  that  all  thcae  ex- 
]>erimonia  go  to  ahow  that  the  Iwo  dlaeeaoa  u« 
tiot  identic-al,  nor  can  cow-pox  he  produced 
inoculation  with  smallpox  virus. 


4 


« 


I 


SCIENCE. 


JWDAY.  FEBRUARY  18.  188?. 


COMMBNT  AKD  CRITICISM. 

Bt  niOdx  wiio  *EAD  arlclit  tlie  signa  of  the 
tinwa,  it  Is  K«n  that  Important  advan<:m  In  edu- 
catton  >re  deettoed  to  h«  mad«  in  lh«  tiol  xerj 
(iMtant  (uEim.  And  Ibaeeadvancaare  not  (ubi-, 
»■>  Doitip  liATc  bM«  In  the  )»M,  whoUf  or  partl;r 
dMiruetirv.  For  a  true  phitoKiph.v  or  prcigtma.  a 
dMtructtvp  ndvaocv  does  tint  «sat.  Tht-  pKaenl 
b  rooted  in  the  pa>t,  and  tho  future  nill  dnw  its 
nouTuhnti-nt  frmn  th«  prMcmt.  Any  change  or 
doretoprocfit  is  oonditioinvd  hj  that  which  it 
chAnged  Hiul  drvrlop<>d.  Wr  cannot  destroy  jMreH- 
«nt  condltione  If  wp  will.  We  oiuy  oHkx,  ammd, 
or  caonlcTHCl  tlivm,  but  thetr  anuilillation  b  pc*- 
■ihlr  neither  In  tltought  nor  fact.  Tlti'refore  it  ia 
tbM  thow  educational  tefotn>erH  wlio  would 
■wMfi  an-nj  all  that  now  exlxls,  \ivtart  thrr  Im-kid 
tboir  work  of  (vnnntnictlon,  are  hanorul  agilntori. 
Ttioy  raJM!  a  dotnand  that  they  cannot  nipply. 
Tliej  wa8l«  time,  and  thougbl.  and  money.  The 
Ime  «<ducati>onal  progress  ia  goini;  to  bfi  more  mH- 
entlllc.  more  pliiloMphJc,  than  tliiH.  It  will  take 
thinjcB  as  It  finds  lliffui,  aud  mould  tlieoi  to  its 
purpose.  It  la  no  sign  of  Aound  ulucntiDnnl  think- 
ing to  Join  tlie  aenaelettt  clauor  Im  H\t>  Kweeplng- 
aw»y  of  Oreek.  or  plilloaophy,  or  evwy  tiling 
elae  that  cannot  bo  at  ouou  coined  into  dollars  and 
cento.  Utility  la  never  going  to  Im-  thn  tc«t  of  the 
true  education.  The  inie  ptragreo*  will  suffer  no 
HUi-h  lowering  of  lt»  ideal.  It  wilt  keep  before  it, 
asita  aim,  th«development  of  man.  and  the  whole 
man,  aa  man.  But  it  will  uak  wbrllmr  we  have 
not  oi«rlool(t<d  aoine  of  man's  faculliw.  It  will 
Inquire  witli  what  reaaoii  we  have  in  the  paat 
InsUtat««l  a  feixlal  ityslvni  among  the  human 
powers,  which  relegatea  aoiae  of  them  to  an  un- 
dixntBed  MTiltude,  and  gives  to  othen  nil  the 
lionor  and  wtMoi.  Have  we  not  ovi»st«pp(id  the 
limits  of  science  in  this  r«ipec(  ? 


poembilities  of  demlopm«nt.  Somesions  wo  ban 
ncglcct^l  entltely,  otbrra  wo  haTe  educated  onir 
in  part.  The  eye  in  taught  to  rrtu\.  and  the  linnd 
to  write,  bnt  nrither  ii  taught  in  draw,  nr  to 
mould  and  fachton.  Many  of  the  reflnrmcnt*  of 
the  MtnBC  of  touch  nn^  ab»  mlireiy  poiuvd  over. 
To  Tvtnvdy  IhcttR,  and  iiiiniLar  omi»tonii  in  ooi 
education,  not  destruction  hut  raotintctinn  b 
neCMMniy.  Keup  what  we  hnvr  that  ia  good,  but  t«- 
uimnge  it,  that  theelenient*  hitbrrtoncgtcctvd  may 
liiid  a  plnoe  in  the  scheme.  Thf  cdnoaiJon  that 
will  do  iliin,  in  tli«  new  educstiun.  but  it  is  aodly 
in  need  of  a  name-  Words  uieiely  Htaixl  for 
idvoa,  to  licsure.  Iiulvomvtiuit^a  wordadds  to  the 
di^fimteoeHoftbeideBiimprweut*.  'Hanaaltrain- 
hig'  will  not  do.  for  that  eonveys  lh«  idea  of  teooh- 
iug  a  trade.  Tlie  new  education  will  not  do  tide. 
■  InduHtrial  education' will  not  do,  though  a  meOB- 
ing,  not  explicitly  conveyed  hy  the  words,  may 
be  rend  into  the  phnae.  Yet  lliia  means  ambi- 
guity, and  ambiguity  means  loos  of  roft«  and 
directnew.  A  name  is  wanted,  but  it  ronet,  to  be 
*ati*factory,  stand  for  the  idea  we  have  outlined. 
It  must  nut  inenn  tbv  training  of  the  baud  and  eye 
alone,  t>ut  the  training  of  tlie  mind  through  the 
liand  and  eye.  And  it  mutt  not  exclude  tlie  ohler 
tnalru<:ti»n,  which  ia  ezcelknt  an  far  aa  it  goes, 
but  which do» not  gu  far  enuugh.  II  l«  this  —  the 
old  plus  the  new  ~  which  we  mean  hy  the  new 
education. 


Locke  called  the  ■etiMii  the   '  window*  of  tlie 

soul,'  bui  we  have,  t.i  u  %tvMt  extent,  doevd  or 

defaced  thoae  windows,  without  refleHbig  that  by 

so  doing  we  were  denying  to  the  soul  some  of  ita 

a*.  Ill  -  iwr. 


Tbe  RECK^tT  ARncut  In  the  Coatemporant  review 
on  unlTOTsitj  education  in  the  United  State*,  by 
Prealdent  Charlen  Kendall  Adara«  of  Oimell,  is  a 
Tvry  clear  and  anccjnct  account  of  iho  proRm*  of 
Ihongiit  on  univcmlty  subjects  in  tliin  country 
duriufC  the  pant  half  century.  It  sltould  be  pur- 
ticuloily  wekonie  to  thow  European  ntu^lente  of 
educational  science  who  dudre  to  undentand  the 
development  of  cdnc-ntionol  thought  in  this  ix>un- 
try.  Prcnitlent  Adams  sIiowh  very  clearly  that 
the  e«lablishment  of  our  BcimtiSc  and  technical 
schools,  the  founding  of  piuiille!  courses,  as  at 
Cornell  and  Michigan  univeruti*^.  and  thehnUd- 
tng-upof  the  elective  svHtorn,  ax  at  Hnrviud,  were 
nil  the  outcomo  of  the  Hunu  deBite.  —  to  aatlaf  j 
the  increonngly  critical  dcmande  as  to  higher 
education.    PreUdent  Adama  suatalna  President 


146 


SCIJSJ^VB. 


IVOL.  IX.,  No.  Sll 


Eliot  in  all  Ihp  IntlOT'inoMil  controrcnic*  riMipMrt- 
ing  liiB  ruviirilr  d«otiv«i  iif*ti<m.  iini]  aitidb  to 
8liQ«r  hiouvK  ijUJb;  lu  rnromblj'  dispiMtil  luwanl 
the  elcolive  i.THtrm,  puro  luiil  ■impli-.  iih  IowtuJ 
the  scbiMnp  of  pamllcl  ctnirmii.  to  the  ilevplopn»Mit 
of  vrhich  lie  litta  liitlivrtu  giviii  »»  tiiucli  tliouj^lit. 
Tbe  imii-le  will  aUeil  u  Hooil  of  light  upon  ihe  edu- 
Ottional  dimnissioiis  in  this  oountrf  aa  they  apixwr 
to  forvlj^  readerv,  anil  It  will  wl  some  tacts  ev«ii 
mote  olearlj  before  our  own  countrymen. 

Wbat  tiucbkra  SHorm  anxa,  is  nn  intneeting 
question,  nn<I  ot)«  iibuuC  which  there  iei  iiiar«  or 
lew  lUMCnncpptiOD,  Sooip  iiervonn  Kemn  to  tlilnk. 
that,  bocaiiiw  tfiocli^m  are  tonoliEr?.  the;  cciuh'  to 
be  inrn  and  women.  Al  least  this  is  the  iufdviice 
which  we  feul  justiBed  in  ilmwing  from  itmoh 
tliut  ia  written  iin<l  said  on  this  subject.  Lists  of 
bookti  Ihiit  it  is  desirable  that  lenchers  ahoutil 
read,  urn  drawn  up.  but  in  nine  enses  out  of  Ken 
tliey  cuntaiii  iiooi-  but  pntfeesi'inal  works.  Tliis  is 
undesirable,  for  a  vartetjr  of  muionti.  In  th<?  liml 
place,  it  nanrowa  the  teoober'n  view,  cuatincs  bin 
■yinpatblee,  and  aids  in  the  der«lopDi«nt  of  noliona 
and  DMihoda  b««t  d«iiouiinated  as  'cmilcf.' 
Then,  loo,  pedagOf^c;  literature  ia  not  a  lliiiig  to 
be  IndlscriniiuaK'lj  recommended  to  teachers. 
It  needa  severe  erilical  revlaioii.  before  all  the 
harmful  and  timi-wuBiiug  ciMni-iils  in  it  arc  elim- 
inated. KuBCiikrani  jioiiita  out.  in  bis  *  Plulcaupby 
Of  education.'  that  the  treatiaeti  on  education 
abound  more  In  riiallowness  than  an;  other  litera- 
ture. Bhorl-«lght«dnee>i  and  arrogance,  he  »Ayt, 
ftnd  In  educational  literature  a  muHt  ccnicenial  aU 
mrapbere,  and  uncritical  methmlH  un<l  declamatory 
bombast  flourish  th«re  as  nowbert^  else,  All  this 
must  be  recoKolEod  and  guariled  agaiuiit :  and  from 
what  we  «ee  of  current  educational  lit<^rature. 
periodical  and  otherwise,  it  Is  not  yet  recognlited 
itnd  giiar<le<l  ngninat  sufltctently.  An  Inconcek- 
able  nmouiit  n[  ooneense  is  (slked  and  written 
nbotit  e'lucatioii.  Dr.  Willinni  T.  Harris,  In  a  re- 
cent note  im  this  subject  of  reading  for  teBcliers, 
very  utieibly  urees  n  coiirsr'  of  reading  for  teach- 
er>  tlmt  will  sr^iire  general  culture,  and  furnish 
new  Inspimtion  in  tim  Uuk  of  inntructlon.  Dr. 
Ilarrin  iiieutions  n  numtier  of  bookn  as  suitable  for 
this  purjioBe,  and,  though  neither  complete  nor 
mUiifactor.v,  it  serves  well  enough  to  empbasixe 
Um  fool  tbat  itiachera  rtrtnin  (heir  humanity,  and 
by  bow  niach  tho  moro  they  cultivate  and  broaden 
it,  by  Ki  much  do  they  increase  the  value  and 
cfflclancy  of  their  t«achinK-powers. 


Db.  WmiKM-HoOKK'a  addkeb9oo  the  subject 
of  the  hi|;ber  education  of  women,  delivereil  before 
Uie  British  medical  omociation,  lias  raised  a  gr^iat 
storm  of  indignation  amoog  the  advocates  of 
woinen'H  higher  e<liic:iition,  both  in  EnKland  and 
lu  this  country.  Wv  have,  froin  titiie  to  lime, 
called  attention  to  various  pbosea  of  the  argument 
as  it  baa  prooeodinl.  }iln.  William  Orcy,  in  a 
paper  read  recently  beforw  the  ladles' ootmcil  of 
education,  at  Ijecds.  is  the  last  participant  in  the 
controvtay.  Slje  pusam  by  Dr.  Withers- Moore's 
argument,  with  the  remark  llial  no  tinie  need  be 
wasted  in  ■  Hoggiag  a  dead  bnrse."  and  rridei»i-«  at 
Nome  length  the  rtatemeut  of  Dr.  B.  Wnrd  Rich- 
ardson, that.  ■'  there  ia  nothing  in  women's  ooii- 
stitnlion.  physical,  moral,  or  mental,  to  prerent 
their  comjietlng  succeMftilly  with  men  in  any 
(icU  of  labor  wliatsoever.  proviiieH  they  wilt  piiir 
thr  irrice  /or  it"  This  price  Dr.  RichardHon  had 
lUBCTted  to  be  the  toss  of  grace  and  lieauty.  and  tli« 
reoundution  of  all  the  joys  of  home  and  family, 
e«peclally  motherhood.  Mr*.  Orvj  admits  that 
marriage  so  uvorely  handicapi  n  woman  that 
th<rre  ia  little  If  any  chnnco  of  her  reaching  the 
top  of  the  profeseloiial  tree.  Sim  claima,  however, 
tlmt  Dr.  lUcbardeon's  argumentn,  in  common  with 
thoetu  of  nearly  all  writers  and  Biteakers  opposed 
to  the  ■  claims  of  women,"  are  vitiated  by  the  fact 
tliat  they  upplv,  not  to  women  ok  a  «ex.  but  only 
to  that  siuall  minority  whose  circumitanoea  per- 
mit them  lo  choose  between  work  and  Idleness,  — 
'■  lietwcen  going  into  the  hnttle  of  life,  or  sittlBg  at 
home  at  «a«e,  while  it  is  fought  fur  tliem  by 
oUietw.'"  

Thi"  minority  is  »o  Bniall  that  Mrs.  Orey  pre. 
fer«  to  regard  it  as  constituting  the  exceptions  to 
the  univerwil  rule  that  women,  as  a  sei,  lake,  if 
anything.  mor«  ihaji  their  fair  share  in  the  hard 
work  of  the  world,  while  fulfilling  at  the  samo 
time  their  special  function  of  motherhood.  Sha 
quotes  some  instances  from  her  experiencea  In 
Italy,  and  becomen  indignant  at  the  Idea  that  the 
strain  upon  a  woman's  physical  powt^  unfits  her 
for  her  peculiar  functions  an  a  mother,  "llie 
hollownessof  the  Ltik  about  woman'*  work,  and 
whut  they  have  or  have  not  atri-ngth  for."  says 
Mrs.  Urey.  ''is  mad«  mnnirest  the  moment  we 
|ook  outfltde  drawing-rooms  to  (he  real  facts  of 
woman's  life  as  a  whole."  It  might  be  «ut.-):t«ted, 
in  nrply  lo  this  argument,  that  it  is  precisely  this 
class  of  women,  whom  Urs.  Or«y  tteets  as  exce^ 
lions  to  the  general  ruk,  that  the  higher  education 


« 


« 


4 


I 

I 


* 


'IS,  vm.\ 


SCIEHrCE. 


U7 


nMctrn.  It  cvrlnlntj  caoMl  readi  wcmen  as  » 
•ex  %ay  tnotv  llw»  it  now  mchw  wen  as  a  wz. 
Il  majr  bo  tliat  the  c)av««  of  womra,  llie  majority 
who  work  Iwrd  riuI  the  intDorUy  who  Iwul  a  life 
lit  R'bitJvr  csM-.  luvr  l>e<conw  ao  for  dlatioct  tliat 
tbc  fWDo  argnmraii  will  not  nvc^T  to  both.  It  do, 
voomderatiODH  drawn  from  thp  iitud.v  of  ibp  dasa 
wfalcli  the  )iii;hi!r  iflucatiim  in  not  rxpect«d  to 
nacli,  become  po  loogL-r  pi-rtinrat  wbim  applied 
to  the  etoati  of  «-oau.-ii  who  will,  if  any,  rropiv« 
the  benedla  uf  tlw  prupowd  tmtiiing.  Tb-n-  in, 
niwiUMtlonably,  much  hiulj-  and  inijiuliiivc  cx> 
praaslOD  of  opiuiuii  on  tbia  important  (|u«ition, 
'but  may  it  not  also  be  true  ibal  there  is  some 
looM  thinking  conccrDiiis  it? 


TBE    EJ^VENTn    AJOTTjU,    HKIVRT  of    Pmidt-Dt 

UtlUMUi  to  tli«  trustitwuf  the  Johoi  UopkinH  uni- 
venUy  i*  lurgd;  »  ri-lrcn{H-H  »f  what  the  uui- 
vevdtjr  IiM  ttcconiplislicd  durinK  Di'^  d<Hmd4i  of  iU 
existrtii-e.  Much  tiiat  the  prwiiient  suyH.  he  lins 
tnhl  iM  before,  or  it  hnH  been  emttodied  in  tliv  uni- 
Terrjtj  finblicntionk.  The  aim  of  tl)«  collrgiate 
faetmitioD  i»  defined  to  be.  "  the  trHiiiin^  of  the 
mind  andchuittcter  toliabitauf  lldelity. ailiniiun, 
penerveraitce.  metiior.v.  and  jm lenient."  and  in 
ptmuoiKW  of  Ibut  Him.  the  well-known  croup 
Bjalem  baa  lieeu  put  in  o[>enition.  suaa  "looecure 
a  poeili*e  aiuoiinl  ol  re|:ulii(ioD  with  a  certain 
amount  of  fteedoui."  Dtirinj;  the  decade,  fellow- 
afaips  luve  been  beslowt^t  ii|H)n  one  hundred  and 
tblrt,T-fcur  individuals,  and  lo  this  fellou-tthi])  eja- 
l«in  Pr««i(lent  Oihnaii  8»crlt>es  —  and  with  r«a«on 
—  mnci)  of  tli«  SUCI-M6  of  Itie  u&ivevslty.  By  far 
tbe  (najor  nnmher  of  these  fellowflhi[M  hnve  be«n 
bceiowed  upon  stiKl«nt«  of  fdenre,  —  hfology. 
cliMDiHry.  niRtl)ematic4.  pbvRics,  iceolog:.!,  and 
erlnx  liaTJnK  luid  nereniy -eight  fellows, 
vhlteall  ibp  liinKonx*^  Ingrtlier  with  bisloricnl 
■cienoe  and  philonopby.  have  had  but  Hftx-aix 
alloilcd  to  tbcm.  In  appnralue:,  Itbiory,  and  pub' 
ticntionii,  the  unlvfmity  i«  nrit  supplied,  though 
^procti  rccaninii  to  he  done  in  all  llio^e  dhreclionB. 
■ident  Giloiati  iilnu  hua  •■>mvllilug  to  ta,y  re- 
gardins  tlio  eaci-t  of  Brieatlllc  advance  on  the 
moral  and  Bjtiritiml  nituiv  of  man.  Me  ezprcawa 
tbe  convifition  that  "  man's  «on»ciaiinw»  Ot  hia 
mm  personality,  witli  ito  freedom  aad  mpoosl- 
MMtr,  hiM  belief  in  a  Fatlier  Almighty,  Iila  hopes 
Of  a  life  to  ouine.  hU  recognition  of  a  mora]  law 
and  of  the  authority  of  an  Inward  monitor,  will 
•(and  Una,  whal«ver  dlacoTerlee  may  be  ma(l«  of 


the  eToIution  of  life,  thanlntion  of  noul  and  body, 
the  nature  of  atom*  and  of  force,  and  tlie  oonoep- 
tlons  of  Rpooe  and  tinMi.  Scicmct-  nbowa  u«  that 
all  knowlrdgp  proceed*  from  foitli.  ~  the  awnmp- 
lion  of  premixea  in  which  tlie  lnv««ti)pitor  be- 
lievw." 

An  iulereMiug  feature  of  the  report  ia  the  aelee- 
tiun  made  by  Pr«aident  Oilman  from  papcraimb- 
mitted  to  him  by  the  several  heads  of  depart cnente,  ' 
BummariitJng  the  work  perforincid  byeach.andlhe 
theory  on  which  the  department  haa  bnm  organ- 
ined.  Of  the  daaitical  iiislniction.  Pmfemor  Oil- 
der«leeve  u-rilea:  "  In  organixiDg  the  eUaiix'v)  de- 
pBiImeiil.  the  importance  of  both  nidee.  the 
aL-itoitiUc  and  the  literary,  wa*  oarvfuily  consid- 
ered. Without  aclenliflc  atady,  the  cultivationof 
llie  literary  eenne  Is  apt  to  di^itnniTute  inlo  finical 
a«4llielici4ni  ;  liept  apart  from  Ihf  large  ami 
liberal  appreciation  of  antique  life  in  all  lla 
aspects,  the  K-ienlillc  study  of  ibcclaariclangiMgea 
divorces  Itself  from  aympatbj  with  tnutltlon,  and 
relinqutshee  lla  surest  hold  on  tha  wtwld  of  culture, 
on  wlildi  the  structure  of  thaunivesaity  must  reat. 
.  .  .  Ail  uniTer»ityKtud«nt»>ihould  work  incom- 
mxn.  Tlie  |pn>]er  uliould  oanign  no  work  that  is 
without  its  lesson  to  thrmMAesperienced  student, 
or  ivitliout  Its  stimnhw  lo  tlin  merest  novice.  .  ■  . 
Tlie  history  of  the  liwt  ten  yi-ar*  aliow*  that  the 
stead  fast  adberemoe  lo  theae  lines  of  work  luis  won 
for  the  untrersity  an  influence  that  manlfesta 
il*elf  far hejonit  the  domain  which  it  now  ocnu- 
pie»,  and  which  il  lias  Uxin  pi'nii*lenlly  extend- 
ing." Tlie  work  in  lilsiory  and  political  adeaca  ia 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  three  claiUeH  of  Btudenta. 
the  undevgraduatea,  the  nndergiaduates  who  want 
to  give  apecinl  atlentiun  to  historical  studica,  and 
the  gntrliuite  students.  Professor  Remtan'a  idea 
has  liecn.  tlint  it  is  bett*r  "  to  train  thoroughly  a 
small  number  uf  chemists  than  to  make  a  large 
number  u[  merv  analj-sts."  And  in  a  Hlmilar  way 
other  profewoia  outline  their  scbemo  of  work. 
Tbns,  Prealdent  Oilman  has  brought  togalber, 
not  meiely  data  of  inl«reet  to  (he  friends  of  Johns 
Hopkins  university.  Iwt  eaprcadons  of  opinion 
from  eminent  men  as  lo  how  higher  imilructiou 
in  their  several  s|iedallife  ran  best  lie  oritiiuixBd. 


Soui  mvoATioNAL  SOVKSUS,  in  taldnj;  notice, 
aawodid,  of  theaclionof  theantlioritleaof  aslale 
t«acher^  asiociation  in  mitigating  the  text-book 
and  iK-huol-jouTDid  peddling  nulmnce  at  a  recent 
meeting,  are  dispeaed  to  blame  tlte  anthoritieB  for 


havlog  Ukeii  ail  unjiutifiabk  aWp.  We  arv  dia- 
poBMl  to  believe  thai  tliew-  pu|jMs  mual  have  been 
amon^  those  wboie  activity  urun  curtiiik-d  at  the 
neetlDK  In  question.  One  uf  tbfni,  lor  vxuinple. 
lulrely  inquires  whether  it  is  "a  worst-  <<ri[ue  to 
oxhibll  and  explain  «  book  al  aa  ctlucational  gath- 
ering than  to  show  the  umi  of  a  plow  at  an  a^i- 
caltuml  fair."  We  would  {loint  out  tliut  ttiia 
.Mologj  ia  fallautotiH.  The  end  and  aiin  ol  ao 
imrictiltaral  fair  U  to  see  and  ezauiine  all  the  new 
agrlculturttl  Implemenla  and  productB.  and  the 
demonstratloB  of  the  virtues  uf  a  certain  ]>1ow  in 
pteciMly  what  the  spectators  ha*e  oocue  to  see. 
Ad  educational  Katbering,  on  the  <Maitrar^,  U  not 
cnll<>d  (oiiotlier  once  a  year,  or  onoe  Lu  sis  tuwiths, 
to  exninino  and  compare  books  and  papers,  but  to 
atudy  and  ducam.  under  tlie  guidance  and  lesder- 
ahip  of  u|ipointed  spettkerB,  qitesttoiis  pertaining 
to  ihe  tbvcay  and  practice  of  the  iMcher'a  profea- 
aloD.  If  an  cjchtblt  of  t«xt-biMk«  and  school- Jonr- 
nnlacan  be  arranged  so  as  not  to  interfere  with 
the  projier  cnrrjing  nut  of  tlin objort  of  the  mept- 
ittK-  '>-''  >t  be  done.  Such  an  exhibit  ciui  do  littlp 
harm,  and  niay  do  much  good.  But  (ho  n-im*- 
■eiitBttvue  of  publishing  liouaes  do  not  aln'nyii  atop 
berv.  The;  make  IheinaelvrB  a  good  den)  of  a 
nuisance,  and  interfim'  with  the  work  of  thi'  ilimj- 
elation.  W«  fancy  that  It  waa  thin  feature  of  ihn 
exhibit  thai  was  abject«id  tn  in  ManuichuRetl*,  and 
we  hoartil;  oommend  thme  in  chnrijic  of  the  nr- 
nogomeDta  tor  (he  mc«tinK,  for  putting  a  stop  to 
ft. 


l,EFT-HANbEDyi!SS.  —  A  tUHT  fOR  EDU- 
CATORS. 
On.  Dakhei.  Wujhon,  president  of  the  R->;a1 
aodcty  of  Canada,  lias  Lately  oontributed  a  paper 
to  the  Proceedings  of  tliat  society  on  tlie  subjc-et 
of  left-bandcdnesB,  to  wldch  be  htta  maua^'d  to 
give  an  nnexpeoted  and  xmy  pnu^tical  iiiti^nxl, 
affecting  all  who  bare  childrm  or  wbo  arc  con- 
cumvd  ID  their  educntion.  Thci  author  had  nrltten 
praviously  on  tliis  subjnct.  but  not  with  nuch  full 
and  offi-ctife  treatment.  He  reviews  the  various 
caiiMa  to  which  the  general  preference  of  the 
rigbt  lianit  has  beeo  ascribed,  and  also  thoae  to 
whldi  the  oc«aaional  oaaea  of  lefl-bandedncM  ara 
attributed,  und  llnds  ihem  motdlj-  un»oti!ifiicti>ry. 
He  shows  elearly  that  the  prefenntml  uiw'  of  the 
right  hand  is  out  to  Ik;  »crilicd  ontirrly  to  early 
trainiug.  On  the  <-onlrflrT,  in  uiany  iu^tancce, 
where  pun^nta  have  ti«d  up  the  left  hand  of  a 
child  to  overcome  ihp  ]>ereiateDt  preference  for  Ita 
use,  the  attempt  has  proced  futile.     He  coooludea 


that  the  general  practice  it  probably  due  to  the 
fiupiTior  developoM^nt  of  the  left  lobe  of  the  bfnin, 
which,  a*  t>  wi-tl  known,  is  ronnMled  with  (be 
rlKhl  iiidr  of  thf<  bodjr.  TbH  viev,  an  he  Khows, 
was  oriHinatlT  mijixMted  by  the  eminent  anato- 
mist, ProfoHor  Oratiolel.  The  author  adopla  and 
uialntaina  ll  with  much  force,  and  adds  tlie  cor- 
relative riew  that  "  left-bandedneaa  is  due  to  an 
exc<.-ptional  development  of  the  tight  heiuispliere 
of  tile  brain." 

A  careful  review  of  the  evidence  give*  strong 
Tcan>n  for  belienng  that  what  i«  now  tbe  <:vuiw 
of  the  pn-ference  for  the  right  hand  waa  original- 
ly an  effect.  Neither  the  apes  nor  any  others  of  , 
the  lower  animals  show  a  similar  Inclination  for 
the  siMcial  use  of  the  right  limba.  It  is  a  purely 
liuman  attribute,  and  prutmbly  ardee  gradually 
from  the  use.  by  Ihe  earliest  races  of  lueu,  uf  tlie 
rifiht  arm  in  fighting,  while  the  left  ar(n  waa 
reserved  to  cover  the  left  sidn  of  the  body,  whss* 
wounds,  a*  their  experience  showed,  were  moat 
dangerous.  Thme  who  nnRlect<^l  this  precaution 
would  Ite  moat  likely  to  he  killed  ;  and  hence,  In 
the  lapae  of  time,  the  natural  sorrlval  would 
make  the  human  race,  in  general.  '  right -luuidvd.' 
with  occnaionnl  revenions.  of  course,  by  ■  ata- 
vimn.'  to  thf  left- blinded,  or.  more  properly,  the 
am bi -dextrous  condition.  The-  more  frequent  and 
energeitlciiseof  the  right  limlis  would,  of  course, 
renetuponthe  brain,  and  briugalfout  the  exoeaUre 
development  of  the  left  lobe,  aueh  aa  now  gener- 
ally obtains. 

The  ooncluflon*  from  this  coiino  of  rooaonUig 
are  very  important.  Through  the  effect  of  tlie  Ir- 
regular and  abnnminl  derelopmeat  which  has  de- 
acended  to  us  from  our  liellicose  ancestors,  one 
lolfe  of  our  brains  and  one  side  of  our  bodies  are 
left  in  a  neglected  and  neakened  condition.  The 
evidence  which  Dr.  Wilson  pro-Jucr's  o(  the  in- 
jury rvsnlting  from  this  ouusl*  is  very  striking. 
In  tlie  niajorily  of  rases  the  detect,  tliough  it  can- 
not be  wholly  overcome,  may  be  in  great  part 
cured  by  early  training,  which  will  strengthen 
at  once  both  the  body  and  the  mind.  "  When- 
ercr,"  he  writes.  ••  the  early  and  penislent  culti- 
valion  i>f  the  full  use  of  both  liandH  has  been  ac- 
complished, the  mult  i«  gnsiler  elllciency,  with- 
out any  corresponding  awkwnrdnrw  or  defect. 
In  certain  arli  and  profeuions.  Iiotli  hanils  are 
neccaaarllr  calleil  Into  play.  The  skilful  eurgecin 
Unds  an  enurmou*  advantage  lu  being  able  (o 
tmnsfer  bis  instrument  from  one  hand  to  tJie 
other.  Tbe  dentisL  liua  to  multiply  iuttruinentK 
to  make  up  for  the  lack  of  such  acquired  power. 
Tlie  fencer  who  can  transfer  his  weapon  to  the 
left  hand,  places  his  adversary  at  a  disadvantage. 
Tbe  lumberer  finds  It  Indispensable,  in  Ihe  opera- 


« 


hmrAwr  18.  18H?.) 


SCIEirCE. 


U9 


tiocia  of  bl>  woodcrmft,  tal««rn  tochop  titutwr  tifAn 
■nd  left  haji<l«(l ;  tuxl  the  ciirpi'nior  nwy  be  fre- 
quently seen  naing  Ihe  ■aw  nnd  harornvr  in  cilfacr 
hand,  tmd  ifaereb^  not  only  rraiing  his  tirm,  but 
grmtly  fiu-ilitatiiiK  liin  Trork.  Tn  all  the  flne  nrt» 
ibe  mutvnr  pT  both  bands  (b  advaatageoUB-  Tbe 
■enlptoi',  lb«  carver,  (lie  dreuf^btsinan,  the  en- 
SnT«r  and  caineo-cutter.  vach  has  recount  at 
timm  to  the  lelt  bund  for  Ktiocial  manipuUtive 
dexterity ;  ihe  pianitt  dt-pend*  little  ieM  on  the 
left  haiul  tbiui  on  the  right ;  and  m  for  the  organ- 
iat,  with  tlw  numrroiiii  prdalH  and  stops  of  the 
iDodern  gmnd  orf;nn,  n  i|iiadruinanoii8  mugicino 
would  (till  find  re«»t>n  to  envy  the  anipl«r  scope 
which  A  BriareiM  could  cuiDmand."  That  all 
this  \»  true  is  abundantly  Hhowa  by  the  nuineroua 
examplen  dted  by  ilw  author,  —  from  the  eTvateiit 
of  srtMs.  tli«  LerMionded  Liotuifdo  da  Vinci,  to 
the  diatingninhrd  PX'prnrident  of  the  AmeruMUi 
•cieutiKc  nmociiition.  Pro(.  E<Iward  P.  MOFW.  and 
{we  may  mid)  to  Dr.  Wilson  biiuaelf.  both  of 
whom  are  known  to  be  aouomplisbiil  draughta- 
BMO  with  tbia  t<K>-iu-(;lpcl4.-d  hnnil.  In  viow  of 
tfaeae  facta,  it  in  evident  that  tf.vt  more  impotlnnt 
subjeciB  can  be  oHcivd  for  the  coiufdeiatioD  of 
educaliin  Lhnn  that  which  Is  preteoted  in  this 
inipRwve  oMay. 


THE  HUPA  ISDIAXB:  AN  ETHNOGRAPBIV 
SKETCB. 

OxK  wlw>  hoB  cliarge  of  a  oiuMmin  in  freqii«intly 
tolil.  ■■  I  nhi>uld  in-  dvlightH  to  help  you  If  I  only 
knew  what  yon  want."  lo  tlie  former  articlea  of 
tbi*  illnatmiol  f«ti««  special  aria  have  been  elabo- 
nU«d  in  ofder  to  explain  the  cutnpletenecs  denirrd 
in  anthropolechnic  coltei-tioa*.  The  preennt  pnpcr 
appeals  to  tJie  (mveller,  tluf  missionary,  lh<>  army  ■ 
or  navy  oRiocr  or  pr>Tat4\  and  ebowii  wliat  any 
one  of  thr>m  may  do  at  hi*  Iei8:tire. 

Rinre  bin  expedition  to  Point  fiarnnv,  Lieutvnont 
Ray,  CS.A.,  Iia>i  l)een  stationed  at  Fort  Uanion.  in 
nonh-weel  Califoniia,  on  the  lower  Trinity  River. 
Here  is  the  Hujki  rvnervation,  and  here  dwell  what 
are  oallnl  till'  llufm  Indiana,  ^henda  known  by 
rarioaa  namcvi,  but  nearly  all  belongiiii;  to  Uin 
Psiclflr  coast  hmnch  of  tlie  great  Athubamui 
Stock,  represented  by  the  Kulchin  ami  Tinnf  im 
the  north,  and  by  the  Apache  nnd  Navajo  on  the 
south.  Before  tlieee  aboriKinrHwerrieiToriiied  by 
the  whit«  miner*  and  Qshennen,  tliey  were,  io  the 
langunge  of  St4'pli<-n  Fnwer«,  the  Rotuans  of  Cali- 
fornia. AIlhoiiKh  they  have  been  culmod  down 
to  th«  normal  slo^atiou  of  a  t^vcrntncot  roerva- 
tion,  there  remains  a  great  deal  of  the  old  art  and 
clvlllaatlon  amoag  them.  They  are  really  lu  the 
aeoUtlilc  ugfi,  and  may  tell  us  much  about  the  way 


lo  which  Fteochtoea  of  the  ttobenbausieo  epoch 
lived. 

If  we  eommeoM  by  MyiBg  tlwt  their  mountain 
boroeaare  in  the  midst  of  giant  redwoods,  that 
their  «treams  are  the  roaorte  of  the  aalmou,  that 
around  them  grow  the  materials  for  the  finest 
testilea  and  clothing,  the  story  of  tbeir  daily  life 
is  blocked  out. 

The  Hupa  Uvea  in  a  puncheon  or  slab  house  (see 
accompanyiag  plate,  1,  S),  and  paddlea  hia  canoe 
of  ndarood  in  die  IMi-proliHo  waleraof  tlie  Trinl^ 
nnd  Klamath.  By  mcona  of  clkbom  vredgea  and 
neatly  polialuxl,  hell-shaped  hammcmi,  lie  is  aUe  to 
reduce  the  lamert  trwi  to  any  .Iwirrxl  form  of 
slab,  which  he  smooths  and  ehapeo  with  adxes, 
formerly  fllnt-hladed,  now  edged  with  steel.  He 
also  cleansed  bimgelf  in  a  sweat-house,  sat  on  a 
humble  ehair  (4),  alept  like  an  oriental  on  a  pillow 
of  wood  (S).  and  nursed  liis  baby  in  the  prettiest 
of  willow  cradles  (3).  Uis  mush  he  eooked  in  a 
water-light  grass  basket  (6)  by  means  of  hot  stooes 
(7),  baked  bis  bread  in  rude  tconpiitane  pans  (H, 
and  nervpd  his  roa«tnl  Hntmcin  in  a  wicktT  tray  (Sy, 
Since  the  U.  S.  tlsh-hn Idling  sifttion  hn<  been 
planted  not  far  off,  be  gently  scoops  around  tbo 
wharf  in  rude  citizen's  drees;  but  formerly  be 
madtT  B  barbed  harpoon'  froiii  tlie  leg-bone  of  tlie 
deer  (10)  nnd  ravrbidc.  und  therewith  landed  tbe 
wildent  salmon. 

Neither  andent  nor  inoilem  uvaga  could  sar- 
pass  him  in  chipping  jasjier  and  obsidian.  Hia 
lam*»  lie  gibx,  whether  fur-wrapped  (18)i  liafted 
in  wood  (U),  or  on  a  lung  pole  for  flailing  (16V  are 
justly  the  admiration  of  tlie  world.  His  6n«n 
wmpontt,  however,  weru  his  bow*  and  arrows<l6). 
The  bow  is  of  yew  or  cedar,  and  so  deftly  backed 
with  a  mixture  of  shredded  derr-sinrw  and  flsh- 
glue  that  the  oninltlated  mistake  the  lacking  for 
a  lough  bark.  Hia  arrow  consists  of  the  following 
purla :  sbafi  of  willow  or  other  soft  wood  ;  fore- 
nhaft  of  bard  wood,  Inaerled  in  the  pith  of  the 
shaft  and  vized  wilb  ainew  :  head  of  jasper  or 
obnidinn,  untnnged,  and  lasht^  with  sinew  ;  and 
the  feather  often  laid  on  spirally.  Add  a  pretty 
quiver  of  oiler,  tox,  or  wolverine  skin,  and  Ihe 
artillery  is  complete. 

Tbe  Hupa  women  are  among  the  most  refined 
and  delit-ale  tanners,  efobrolderets,  anil  basket- 
weavers  in  the  world.  A  cloak  of  dM'rtikin  (10), 
fringed  and  decked  with  colored  groM,  or  n  skirt 
of  pinr-nuts,  etc..  is  a  most  graceful  drapery. 

The  Hupa  has  a  kind  of  mnney  (1!)  otade  by 
wrapping  snalw^kin  or  maiden-hair  feni  bark 
around  long  dcntaJiam  altellsflT).  Re  also  cata 
out  disks  from  the  clam  or  olive  shells.  Tbe 
former  money  he  keepe  lu  a  curious  pocket-book 
of  vikbom  hollowed  out  and  wrapped  with  buck- 


I 


152 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  Ho.  t\t\ 


sktu:  tbe  UU«r  be:  atrinRi  on  n  thuDg  aoti  rulis 
dovD  on  ianilHtonr,  lik^  a  Mmiiursns-islnncler. 
F«Kthers,  hi>w«T«r,  on  hit  KreaieaC  pride,  bdiI 
gaudy  pIumM  oT  Uio  woodpecker's  ci««t,  ihe  duck'H 
iwck,  and  (he  blu(Sja}'s  plumagt.  ar«  held  at  fab- 
oloua  prion  (33), 

Bis  mtvic  he  draws  from  the  nrhiatle  at  bone, 
the  rattle,  and  tha  drum  ;  in  hie  danccn  he  carrica 
aqucvr  wand  of  boaketrr  tn  his  band  (31):  oome- 
timea  he  wean  a  ■  aprttBail  yard '  In  the  aeplum  of 
hCa  Doae  (30) :  he  cnislwe  vcrmiD  in  bla  head  with 
a  spatula  of  elkliorn  (16) :  and.  linallr,  he  has  a 
fashion  of  putting  vury  nburp  pinn  uf  clkhurn  in 
his  lioir  (16a|  to  pierce  lh<!  hand  »f  ihe  ndvcnuiry. 

LieutenADt  Rajr's  coll<icTlion  in  nccompnnipd  irllh 
an ezoallent  descriptive  catalogue,  itiahinK  hie  work 
for  the  national  mnaeum  worthy  of  Inillaiiuii.  It 
boa  nlsn  the  additional  merit  of  explaining  oliuiMt 
an  equal  number  of  niee  old  Apecfuiena  that  hare 
bwTi  waiting  forty  yeara  (or  au  ialfrrpreter, 

O.   T.   tlASON. 


OEOORAPHICAL  SOTKS. 
Europe. 

The  RuMlau  (iovemtuent  is  planning  an  ethnn- 
gTSpIilcal  Kurvey  of  Kumiuii  Poland.  Thin  prov 
incc  hu!i  hith(-rt4)  bivn  much  m-gtct-'tcd  by  Ruaslan 
Mcirntino,  and  in,  ac:ocirdinR  t<i  Professor  Petri,  not 
even  included  in  the  gniat  '  Geograpblcal  slatbt- 
tlcal  lexicon  of  the  Russian  empire.' 

The  condlrucliou  of  two  canab  in  southoni 
Ruasia  is  prujei-ted.  Tht-  Duke  of  Leuchh-nlxTK 
propones  to  [liiTPi"  the  istbinuH  of  Perpkop.  This 
vannl  wmild  ihorlen  the  distance  between  Odtwsa 
and  thn  hnrbori'  of  th^  (luif  of  Aitov.  Tht?  second 
project  ii  far  more  important  The  Russian  psv. 
emment  Inlendn  to  connect  the  Don  and  the  Volga 
by  a  canal,  and  tlie  country  between  the  rii,-cT*  in 
being  Murveyed  for  the  purpoM'-  Thun,  a  water- 
way between  tlie  OiHpiun  and  Itlnck  seas  will 
be  eelnhtislied.  and  a  new  outlet  opened  (o  the 
producf  of  j\*in.  The  project  in  a  very  old  oue. 
having  bi-cn  nttirmpted  by  Peter  theUr^ut  in  1690. 

At  the  meetlnK  of  the  Geographlcul  xueiety  of 
Paria,  Jan.  7,  the  Count  of  8uiut-Saud  gave  a  re- 
port on  his  surreys  In  the  Pyr«-nee».  lArRi-  Itnrtis 
of  thvne  mountaina  are  hIIII  ltttl«  known,  and 
Baint-Saud'a  rvaearchee  will  Im-  n  valuable  com  ribu- 
tioo  to  our  knowledge  of  the  topognphy  of  that 
district,  lie  diHovered  a  aiountaln  9,000  feet  in 
bdgbl,  and  corrected  the  position  of  aoine  other 
peaJia. 

FMldetaeu,  during  hU  tnvelii  in  aouthcrn  Ice- 
land, found  the  remains  of  large  tmw,  which 
IWOTO  that  forests  formerly  existed  on  tliat  Island. 
Dr.  lAbonne.  who  croned  Iceland  from  south  to 


north  hist  ninimcr,  mnk«a  ■  aiiBlItt ■talement. 
He  found  some  rcmainx  of  wUlOirt  IDd  blrr^he* 
about  sixiem  feet  Iwlow  the  nurface,  embedded 
in  the  sllidoit*  deposit*  of  the  Oeyoer.  The 
facts  prove  the  coneetnesR  of  the  old  ■  Saga*.* 
which  refer  to  forests  in  Iceland. 

Afia. 
P.  LotnbanI,  missionary  In  Sinm,  pid>lia1uia,  in 
the  Jifuuion«  eatholiqut*.  a  map  of  the  Menam, 
on  which  nil  lettlenieots  situated  on  the  banka  of 
that  river  nrd  marked.  Tlie  new  infermattoa 
contained  in  thin  aiti\i  is  imiiurtant.  as  Lombard 
bas  lived  a  long  time  in  Siam,  and  ban  acquired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  geography  of  that 
country. 

Africa. 

Junker's  explnrelion  of  tlic  WcUe  makea  ita 
identity  with  the  Oimngi  very  probnhle.  He 
croi™^!  tlie  riwt  six  times,  and  followed  it*  course 
aa  far  as  latitude  8"  18'  10'.  and  longitude  -^  4T' 
W.  He  found  it  to  run  east  and  west,  with  no 
part  of  it  farther  north  than  latitude  4'.  The 
abundance  of  ivory  found  un  the  islands  of  tbia 
river  is  said  to  Hiirpags  Ibat  of  any  other  part  of 
Africa.  Notwithstanding  these  new  diicoreric* 
In  this  part  of  Africa,  our  knowledgeof  iUhydroic> 
raphy  in  itlill  very  imperfect,  and  the  exploration 
of  the  waterslied  between  the  Bbari  and  Kongo 
elill  fonns  nno  of  the  most  important  problema  of 
reeearclies  in  Africa. 

Captain  Coqullhat,  who  visilod  Stanley  Falls 
after  the  Arabs  bad  token  posseaalon  of  it.  do- 
scribes  Ibe  moral  Impression  which  tiie  loss  of  tlw 
Htation  has  made  upon  the  natives,  ae  follows : 
'■  The  natives  admire  the  pen4stent  reebtanoe  of 
the  whiten.  The  losses  of  the  Arabs,  wbtch 
nmountrd  to  Bixty,  while  we  lost  only  two  men. 
made  a  grr-at  imprenion  upon  the  negroes.  They 
haT«  *«en  and  felt  that  the  white  wan  Is  not  an 
ally  of  the  Arab,  and  that  thry  will  Bnd  a  sap- 
port  in  hirii  against  llieir oppression.  The  innnncr 
in  which  llie  natives  protected  and  sn^eil  Mr. 
Dtane,  tlie  ckief  of  the  station  at  Stanley  Falls, 
proves  Ibiil  they  detest  the  Aral>s,  and  that  tliey 
d<«ire  to  lie  governed  by  whites."  However, 
these  views  seem  to  be  somewhat  sanguine.  The 
loss  of  Stanley  FWo  Ih  n  serious  affair  lo  the  bmo- 
cialion,  and  shows  how  little  oalabliidied  ita  power 
is.  It  would  be  in  vain  to  expect  support  from 
the  nalivus.  who  consider  both  wbitn  and  Arabs 
intrudoni  in  their  country. 

The  Kongo  aotiaciaiion  Is  pbtnnlng  two  oxpedi- 
tions :  one,  to  determine  the  best  route  for  tho 
proposed  railroad  ;  the  other,  to  explore  the  Kongo 
and  Ita  tributaries.  The  latter  will  bo  composed 
of     geologists,    agrinilturiste,    and 


4 


< 


1    commercial      ml 


r«Mr*Rr  18,  10S7.) 


8CIBKCE, 


i5» 


*KenU.     Mr.  IMcoininiui«,  whoapent  X»a  .feanat 
tint  fadorka  and  sUtloiu  on  the  Kongo,  will  prob- 
\  ably  be  it*  l«ad«r. 

"nw  annouuct-meut  of  Dr.  Holub'a  dnth  in  de- 
nied by  the  laUtil  Uilcgniitbic  n«w«.  Tloliib  left 
At»Uia  a  few  inonthN  a^o,  wHb  his  wife  and  a 
r«w  KTTaat*.  (o  cxplom  tbe  countrr  nortk  of  tbe 
Zarab«Ei.  and  mrki  wmIes  ago  news  was  received 
ttiat  a  EurojwnD  was  munJend  UMnabouL  It 
•Minti  tbnt  thin  report  gare  rise  (o  thu  rumw  of 
Huiub'i  ileaih. 

America. 

Tm  Omrraphical  aooiMj-  of  the  Citjr  of  Hexiro 
BunouacM  ilJi  iotenlitin  of  rcaumtng  Ilio  publics- 
tlOD  of  ita  journal,  which  «rti«  di«coiitinu«d  in 

lan. 

Dr.  B.  B(>ll>  r^wrt  on  t1i«  Alert  expedition  to 
Bwtoon  Bay,  which  Is  cuiitaiuMl  in  Che  laat  'An- 
nual rppott  of  lb«  e«>Io|^<^  survey  of  CaDuda,' 
kIkiwi  hour  little  m  known  of  thcw  counlHcH.  Aa 
theobject  of  (he  expt-dltioD  wjw  Ihi-  rrlii-t  of  Urn 

'  lBDt«arologiCB]  ntationn  in  Hu<l«>n  Strait  and  Unv, 
Bdl.lwd  no  opporlaniiy  of  tcnviiiK  rhe  «hi|>  for 
any  length  of  tim<'.  Howpvpr.  hb  otoervatioua 
ar*  the  only  oni*  we  haTi^  r^ferrinj;  lo  lliis  vast 
dlHtrkt,  and  lu  ho  ban  cnr^fully  avaiied  himsvlf  of 
erery  chiu*ci'  Ihe  moveiaenis  of  tho  Bliipf,'arrhiiii, 
beoffeniaRTPnliltuilor  new  material.  The  author, 
who  t*  ihormighly  ac^uuinled  »iUi  ifap  tludaon 
Bay  Bacin.  through  hi*   nxtc^^ire   travels    and 

.SUBaerouarvM'jirchpo,  Kiveiin  K^neral  Bkelcii  of  tba 
distrlbntion  of  firata  In  Hudson  Bay,  and  makes 
it  probable  that  the  whde  of  tbiv  vatil  basin  is 
oompofed  of  llal-lyiiK-  paleozoic'  utrnta.  His 
obaervatlooB  lead  lijrn  lo  tbe  ooRcluKion  tliat  dur- 
\ati  tbe  glaicial  pf^rind  an  mormon*  glacier  Hlleil 
HMlaon  Htrait,  and  llowrd  ewt  lon'ari<8  the  Atlnti- 
tfo  Oeeaa.  A  ■oulhpm  braocJit«em§  to  buvecume 
frWD  Ungar*  Rny.  It  is  rery  d«virubli>  Ihiit  a 
gROgrnphioal  eiipedltton  to  Hudson  Buy  be  organ- 
taod,  as  il>e  eosst  la  only  known  In  its  grnenl  oat- 
tinea,  and  no  acipntist  hua  erer  wt  hi*  foot  on  (he 
greater  p<irt  of  tlu-M-  diotrioto^  Since  Fox's  Jour- 
ney to  Fox  Channel,  only  n  few  wbnlen  have  en- 
Und  thin  Rtmit :  nnd  ihn  coasts,  whieli  are  wilhin 
Msy  teach  trom  our  Imrhors,  and  are  of  conxider- 
ftble  importance  on  aocouot  of  the  wbale,  walrus, 
and  aeal  llaberlee,  have  never  been  esploml. 

Atttntlaaia. 
The  New-Guinea  oom[4Ui]r'*  irtpamer  Ottilie  hoa 
MoeDded  Auguala  River,  in  t)i«  Orman  part  ot 
H«w  Gnincn.  It  wtM  found  navltfnblc  for  a  con- 
•Merable  distanon.  nnving  Niilcd  three  days,  the 
water  was  found  to  be  too  shallow  to  continue  tbe 
'  Jooraey  in  tbe  steamer,  which  drew  eteren  feet  of 
water.    Tbe  party  aaoeoded  the  riv«r  two  and  a 


half  days  faither  in  a  Bteani  luuncb,  and  ratumcd 
only  ou  account  of  Ibe  want  of  provialoas.  Maa»- 
uriug  on  a  straight  line,  Ibeir  fartbwt  point  wiw 
156  nonticml  mika  dirtant  from  the  mouth  uf  the 
rivcf,  and  74  miles  from  the  north  shore  ot  tb& 
island.  The  existence  of  a  navigable  rivnr  of  thia 
•ice  will  be  Impcnani  fof  tbe  development  of  tbe 
ooJony. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS. 
THB  fourth  annual  catalogue  of  Uie  Chicago 
manual  Inining  aebool  is  T«ry  enooungtng.  Al- 
though the  tegular  nchoot  exenHam  we»  only  be- 
gun in  Febmary,  1884,  the  total  nnmbcrof  pupils 
enrolle<l  is  now  IW.  The  oouiae  is  a  three  yron* 
one,  and  embnoea  biatmotion  in  mathematjai, 
Bcieoce,  language,  drawing,  and  shop-work,  dur* 
ing  the  entire  period.  Tlie  rniuisitee  for  aduxis- 
sion  are,  that  the  candidate  be  at  leant  fotirteen 
yeora  of  age,  and  be  able  to  para  a  satii'fDi.-iory  ex- 
amination in  rending, ^pe1llnK.  writing,  gi^eraphy, 
English  com iiosi lion ,  nnd  arilbmi-tie,  Tlic  w:hoot 
has  a  well-equipped  wood-niom.  foundry,  forgfr 
room,  and  machine-ehop.  and  ample  apparatus  for 
leaching  the  various  aubjecte  in  which  instruction 
is  given.  Under  tlie  efficient  direnticu  of  Dr.  EM- 
field,  tbe  successful  future  of  this  innlitution  la 
aaeur^d. 

—  Perhapa  no  uaivenity  cbair  in  (be  world  bim 
had  Mich  a  sucoNaion  of  distinguiahcd  occupant* 
08  hns  the  Smitl)  profeeaorshtp  of  tbe  fVeDch  and 
8[iBnish  langusgw  and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard. 
Tbe  profeeaorehi)}  was  established  sewnty  yeua 
BgOiandQeorgeTicknor  held  it  for  nini'tn^n  yt«n. 
His  sucoeaaot  waft  Henry  Wadswurtli  Longfellow, 
who  held  it  tor  eighteen  yesra  -.  and  Jaoie«  Riiaeell 
LowpII,  wlio  boil  Juat  rMigued,  held  II  for  thirty- 
one  yeiu». 

—  In  an  aoconnt  in  Jforfem  lan^ttage  twte»  for 
February,  Mr.  C4Urin  Tboniiw  «ij»  thai  of  the  IW 
nanieHoftboBe  in  attendance  at  the  recent  ocnveD- 
tion  of  tlit^  Uudrm  language  association  at  Balti- 
more, tieveiity  per  cent  appeared  to  be  EuKlisb  or 
Americnn.  and  twenty  per  oeut  were  obviously 
German.  Of  the  total  numtxT  in  attendance, 
seventy-eight  werf  tMcher*  i-ogngrd  in  modem 
language  work,  and  of  this  last  number,  sixty-live 
wete  engaged  at  collegee  and  univenritles.  Tliceo 
sixty-fire  cwme  from  eigbleen  dlfterenl  states,  as 
followa:  Trom  Uaryland,  II;  Uawachuoetta.  8; 
Pennsylvania,  B ;  Viiginia,  6 :  Ohio,  4  :  South  Car- 
olinn,  4  :  Now  Jeney,  4 :  Now  York,  S :  lUiodo 
Island,  8 ;  CoanectJcut,  3  :  Indiana,  3 :  Miehigan, 
S;  Kentucky.  Louisiana,  Delaware,  Illinois,  Ten- 
nessee, and  Nebraska,  mcU  1.  TI>«ee  flguree 
afford  at  leuat  u  rougti  criterion  oa  to  bow  far  the 


164 


SCIENCE. 


[Vou  IX..  Ho.  211 


baa  come  to  be  tnily  reprwentative  of 

—  Profi-wor  Conrnd  of  Italic  bftn  nn  nrUcli^  in 
the  AUgfmrine  ariUing  of  Jan.  4,  crilicixint;  thi? 
■jDtcin  of  ftiviriK  iitipen<lfl  to  sttidmU.  wtileli  now 
prcTsJls  at  ibeOermao  unlvereltleo. 

—  iVufurv  print*  an  nvcountof  a  meeting,  Intvly 
bi-ld.  of  thi^  AMMK-iation  for  promnting  ii  li-nching 
univf  mitj  for  Loodon.  at  which  tli<-  iwcionil  re |>ort 
of  H  iinh-coiiiiQitt^p  on  the  subject  was  rercivcd. 
AtatiMetlng  h«)d  lu  De^wmber,  1883,  tliecoininlt- 
tM  wfT*  lnatruci«(l  to  open  communicallona  with 
the  KoveraiDg  bodjen  of  llie  Uoiit-raily  of  Lon- 
don. Uuivewilr  collrgt!.  King's  collfjt*.  the  Roj'al 
colli-gc  i>f  plivsii^ixtw  of  Lcm<i<>n.  Iho  IIoj^l  cal- 
k-gv  <>t  surgeons  nf  England,  nnd  ihit  voriouH 
miHlt<-ji.l  schools  of  Lmtlon,  aa  wril  b«  with  thn 
couDcil  of  legal  education,  for  Iba  purpcee  of  pro- 
moting the  objects  of  the  anoclatfon  on  lh«  ba«is 
of  (hat  reiMTt.  The  oommttle^  bar«  been  In- 
tota\«A  b.viliesenati^of  tli«  UniveisUyof  Loadon, 
u»l  by  Ibe  uouncit*  of  Univvraitj'  oolli-ge  and 
King'a  oalli>gi.\  that  coinmitteca  of  thow  bodiea 
had  bvt-n  a|ii)uiiit<'<I  to  caniider  tlR-  ubjucta  and 
propoaaln  of  the  a«M>riation.  Tbi'  coiincU  of 
SJDR's  college  have  ado|>tcd  a  i^floliilion  lo  the 
■•flbct  that  "the  couDcll,  while  reaernng  their 
opinion  aa  to  tbe  deiails  of  the  »clie[De  laid  before 
them  hy  joar  CMnmilteit,  appruvo  gL-nenily  of 
Uin  object*  which  the  aaaociution  luw  in  rivw." 
Tlie  •ubjwt  baring  been  brought  b^tforv  tbo  t^un- 
dl  of  DniTvtslty  college,  ihev  sdoptml  a  nwolu- 
llOB  lo  Uie  following  efTect:  "lltat  tliis  council 
do  exprcna  a  gMieral  approval  of  the  objects  of 
the  nasociation,  which  are  aa  follows:  1^,  the 
orguiiiiation  of  unireniljr  teaching  in  and  for 
Lnodon,  in  thr  form  of  a  tmching  univt-nilj.  with 
teciiUim  of  art*,  ncience,  medicinr.  and  luwn ;  3°, 
the  awodallon  of  uniTentily  exaniiruition  witli 
QDlreralty  beaching,  and  direction  of  both  by  tho 
■BDie  suthorltiw  i  8",  the  conferring  of  a  sub- 
Mantive  voice  in  the  govetDiuent  of  the  univer- 
sity upOD  thciM!  engaged  in  the  work  of  uiiiier<(ity 
moblng  and  Ncaminnlion  :  V,  eiiating  iustitu- 
tiona  in  Iiondoo,  of  unifcrnty  tank,  ixit  to  bu 
ftbolialied  or  ignored,  but  lo  be  taken  aa  the  Imarn 
or  cotuponml  |>arle  of  the  nnlTeraity,  and  either 
partially  or  completely  Incorpoialed,  with  the 
minimum  at  inttrrnal  change  ;  ft',  an  alliance  to 
be  eotabliahad  bctmvn  the  uniTervity  and  tlia 
pffofemional  corporation*,  the  counoil  of  legal 
education  aa  reprca^nting  the  Inna  of  Cotirt,  and 
the  Boyal  colleger  of  ithysician*  anil  of  mrgecna  of 
liondon."  A  coriferenoe  between  the  depulAlion 
of  the  couiwittee  named  in  that  behalf  and  the 
«oa)mitl<-«  of  Ibe  annate  of  the  Uaivcnity  of 


London  was  held  on  Mov.  S3  at  tlie  ITntnwaity  of 
London  ;  and,  at  the  coodutdon  of  a  long  and  ini- 
porlnnt  divcuoHioD.  the  vice-rhaoeellor  gaw  to  the 
deputation  the  aamirance  tbal  tlic  genwal  dbpi»l- 
lion  of  thoao  preaont  wat  to  move  in  the  litrsction 
indicated  hy  lb*  nmocialion.  Variona  other  Insti- 
tutions have  virtually  exprioaeil  approval  ot  tl»e 
object  of  the  oMocialion ,  and ,  while  awaiting  »«"'>« 
further  couiinunlcalion  fr<)ni  the  »maleof  the  Uui- 
vemity  of  London,  which  it  is  undenlood  will  tie 
mad*,  citbfr  In  i  hem,  or  lu  an  iiukpi-ndenl  way 
to  tlie  university  tonclit-rH  of  I,ondoo,  tlie  com- 
mittee ppopow  to  Ittki;  stpp*  for  bringing  to  tbp 
uotlce  of  her  Mnjeaty'a  government  the  need 
which  exists  for  tho  coKiperaUon  of  the  govern- 
ment ill  order  to  promote  uniTersily  teaching  In 
London. 

_  Profcwor  Hunt  of  Princeton  has  In  ooniee  of 
preparation  a  book  entitled  •  Bngliah  proae  and 
prow  writeni,'  which  will  be  publinhe'l  in  Ihe 
spring.  It  i*  intended  to  be  a  test-book  for  ad- 
Tonoed  In^tnictioD  in  English  prcae  styk. 

—  It  la  reported  by  the  Jtheitaeum  ihat,  ad  Ihe 
advice  of  Dr.  W.  Wright  of  Cambridge,  and 
Prof.  D.  H-  MOller  of  Vienna,  the  Oriental  con- 
grras  al  Stuckhobi).  and  alio  the  adjudication  of 
the  Kinii  of  Sweden's  two  priw  easaya,  are  put  oil 
lo  1890. 

—  The  Athrnnrum  i«  authority  for  the  abitemenl 
tiiat  Ihe  Prince  of  Wales  has  undertaken,  al  an 
enrly  dale,  to  open  the  new  building*  of  the  Col- 
Icgf  of  preceptors  in  Blooninbury  S<iuare,  Twwnlly 
ercrtcil  at  a  cost  of  over  £tB,000.  Tlie  council 
hopea.  in  ita  new  quarters,  to  carry  oo  with 
increased  efficiency  the  manifold  work  of  Ihe  In- 
stitution, the  importance  of  which  may  be 
measured  by  the  fact  that  mom  tlian  litteen 
tbousaiid  pupil*.  rr.pre»eiiiing  nearly  four  tliou- 
mnd  scboijs,  weT«  exanilnii)  liy  the  college  during 
the  laial  twelve  month*.  Tlie  council  also  pao- 
pose*  to  lUrt  a  fund  for  the  purpose  of  eslahlUh- 
ing  a  imining  college,  or  of  proraoling  some  olliet 
M-heme  for  the  tniiniiig  of  l«acbor«  ;  nnd  in  tlw 
mean  lime  It  ia  intendf-d  to  set  apart  £800  a  year, 
lo  be  au'ar<led  in  theihape  of  scbolaishipa  for  in- 
tending  teachent. 

—  The  paper  on  'The  mutual  rebttions  of  the 
coII<«K«  and  academies'  read  beforv  the  cou- 
veotion  of  Ibe  Unirerslly  of  Ihe  >.tote  of  New 
York,  in  July  last,  by  Profe«aor  n«w«tt  of  Cor- 
sell  unlTersiiy,  baa  been  issued  bi  paraphlot  form. 

—  The  tvtums  from  the  Uni>-enily  of  Berlin 
this  winter  eliow  an  unexampled  activity.  The 
total  number  of  students  is  -VMT,  the  largest 
ever  reached  al  a  Oeraiau  university.    Of  thew. 


i 


7H  an  m.iirK-iilaUK)    to  tbe  faculty  of   tb^ol- 

ogy,  1.283  in  the  factilty  of  U«-.  l.SOT  in  the 

ifkcolt^of  D>e()k'ine.  Hixl  I.UtM  in  tl>v  facutlr  of 

[.phOoMphF :  4,002  or  tint  otiidenU  an.-  Irota  Ptuh- 

i»U  ;  whtt«  the  n»l  of  CJi-rmnny  fumishmi  7<0. 

The  fOTvfgn  Httidrn'H  tiumbrr  381,  tlii-  Ku-finnK 

ccvning  Snl  with  109,  AnMiioa  tollowinR   ntth 

149.  In  tht-  fmraltv  of  philoeophy  are  ilS  students 

from    KJ'Dinivia,  and    403  from    real-gymnasia. 

Tbe  totai  nnmtwr  at  laslruL-tora  is  now  388.  iu- 

eludtOK  IS  (n  Ibeoiogy,  39  iu  law,  108  in  inoiticiDif. 

I  aod  UT  ill  philowpliy. 

—  M.  Jiuli,  who  hu  rfc^Ired  8  flitt«rili^  rail 
lo  thr  CnivirriiitT  of  Vii^nna,  will  i>ot  ieA<«  Ilia 
chair  of  the  iiutnrj  of  art  at  Bonn. 

—  Tlie  Pac^/te  tcienre  monlhlif.  i^ii^'i)  hy  Rev. 
fiteplien  B(vw«n.  is  to  bp  iiunuHt  n«  a  hullrtin  of 
ill*  Ventura  tKciHy  of  nnturnl  htnlnry  in  the 
future,  Hiid  imMishod  qiiatlrrly  or  as  occasion 
denuuMls. 

—  EL  L.  Qntaw,  who  has  made  a  name  for 
Umarif  by  hjo  -StcKJIeaof  the  botany  of  ('iiliri>raia 
■nd  parts  adjactMit,'  lias  beon  latclv  ujipuintrd  a 
profmfor  in  the  Univetsily  at  l^lifomia. 

—  Tbe  March  number  of  the  Popular  Kifiiee 
monfJUy  will  contain  a  portrait  of  ihi^  Inte  Prof.  E. 
L.  YoaiuHiu.  encnTad  on  rtwl  by  Schleclil.  Tlie 
UktnieR>  ill  coiuirfered  remarkably  TJvid,  whilp 
the  expTtitlon  of  lh«  work  i*  muoli  aup^or  to 
ordinary  l>uok-|ilnt«». 

—  Henry  Hemphill,  the  renowned  bridc-lnyer 
and  conctiologbit,  btu  prriiuTitrct  n  i-otlecUiHi  of  a 
tlxuwand  specinof  Hbelia  to  the  Snn  Diego  sorlety 

.of  natural  histt-r}'.  A  faw  7*ara  ago  be  gave  the 
t Stole  nortiiul  irbool  a  wtIm  of  orer  eight  hutulred 
I  molltuikii,  collrx^ted  by  himself  Lu  the  wwt  pari  of 
I  Ibc  Unitm)  Stales,  which  waa  by  far  tbe  best 
pubtl**  collection  on  the  ooaM. 

—  In  ttie  Clarcndmi  prvw  Mirlea  of  school  and 
oaUege  tpxl-books.  tlimti  new  vnJomes  bate  r»- 

-Omtly  nppeanti.     ProfeeeorSireet'a 'Second  mid- 

IdlaEngliah  primer'  Is  meant  as  a  cuulinuation 
of  his  '  Plrrt  middle  Eiigllsh  primi-j'.'  and  conaiata 

1  of  a  »erlM  of  selections  from  CTiuucer,  together 
«ltli  a  brief  graininalicul  outline  and  a  key  to 
{■booetic  transcripticin.  Mr.  Sloninn'x  edition  of 
the  >  Ade^ihi '  of  Tctcnon  a  rxrellent  as  an  eie- 
tneotary  book,  and'  thr  n-oml  tbnl  can  l>e  said  of 

iBvbardm'e  rditii>n  of  the  '  Medea '  is,  that  it  cod- 
tafaw  nothing  new. 

—  Hungarr  baa  within  ita  bordcn>  14a  tnirns,  In 
74  of  which  the  Magyar  dement  predoniinBte*,  in 
S4  Ibc  GtTnniio.  in  'H  the  Slavic,  in  il  tlie  Rouuia- 
aian,  and  in  one  «acb  th»  Servian  and  Bulgarian. 


Thirtnn  towna  ar*  not  marfcad  by  the  dbUnct 
preponderance  of  any  nationahly. 

—  Tlie  population  of  Africa  Is  eslimated  at  two 
huodivd  miltiiiu.  of  whom  fotiy  per  cmt  are 
neijnxB.  unil  forty  per  cent  Holtenttfa  and  nuib- 
mi'ii- 

—  The  iHJucntional  biircnu.  iir  museum,  and  the 
ppdngogiicnl  library  that  SiipcrintfiMlrat  Draper 
l«  tiuildins  up  in  conection  with  hi*  department  at 
AiUtny,  dtircrte  eDcouragemeot.  The  collections 
will  not  only  be  valuable  in  themaelvee,  but  they 
should  be  the  source  of  iusptrntlou  and  suggestion 
to  numbers  of  tmohcn. 

—  Tlie  Kcol'igicBl  rorvey  iii  n«ri*iiiK  data  dally 
concprninit  the  recent  earthquake  of  Feb.  0  in  sou  lb- 
ero  Indiaoa,  Illinois,  a  snull  portion  of  Kentucky, 
and  east  central  Miseourl.  The  nnly  accurate 
tJoie-«bfer>'Btiun  was  that  made  at  Trrre  natite, 
Ind..  by  Prof.  T.  C.  Uendeiiliall,  who  give*  the 
time  a*  *MM  a.m..  Feb,  6.  Tlie  newspaper  re- 
port* indicate  an  area  »f  about  73,000  aquare  milea 
in  the  slntcH  jii>t  given.  Tlie  greatest  ini«n6lty 
waa  in  eonth-we«lern  Imliana  and  mutb-eatlem 
Illinois.  Efforts  are  being  wade  to  obtain  tlie 
accurate  boundary  ul  (be  aiea  covered,  by  means 
i>[  ctrculan  sent  out  by  tlie  geological  survey. 

—  Ur.  Cnrlinle  Terry,  one  of  llie  moat  eUclntt 
officers  of  the  coast  survey,  who  has  been  fn 
charvi-  of  tbe  magnetic  obaerraiory  at  l««AngeleB, 
has  been  compelled,  on  account  of  ill  health,  to 
retire  tein|>i>mrily  from  the  service,  and  has  boon 
(ifcb-red  to  hia  home  al  Columbus.  CJu.  Theiwulta 
of  Sir.  Terry's  thorough  work  have  been  most  Im- 
porlnnt.  and  hi«  sennces  lill  be  greatly  mieaed. 

—  Among  the  reported  dincoverieo  for  the  pre- 
vention of  mbim  is  that  of  Dr.  Feiiiandet  of  Bar- 
oetona,  wbu  claimi  thai  a  dug  tliat  has  been  bitten 
by  a  vijK^r  never  ban  rabies  and  cannot  liecome 
rabid  when  inoculnlod.  He  h^s  inoonlnted  dnga 
with  viper's  poison,  and  he  holds  that  under  do 
circumstancee  will  they  ever  becooie  rabid. 

—  An  autoowtic  collecting  or  toll-taking  devioe, 
to  lie  nttaclied  to  telepbone«>  al  public  or  pay 
Btationi.  hna  been  invented.  Ttie  niecbanlstn  in 
the  tt-lKphonc.box  b  no  amuiged  that  tbe  tetepbaqie 
irill  not  operate  until  a  coin  of  a  certain  Hixe  and 
weight,  dropped  into  a  silt  in  the  front,  seta  upon 
a  Hvrlicb- lever,  tberehy  making  electrical  oonneo* 
lion  between  tbe  iransniltler  and  Ihe  line  wire. 
The  act  of  banging  the  recelTiiig-telepboDe.  after 
UM',  in  thi-  place  provided  for  it,  <lrap«  the  coin 
into  H  till  and  reli«»M  (he  switcbdcve*',  thereby 
brealdng  the  electrical  connection  aud  '  Netting  the 
trap*  for  tlie  ne»  user. 


166 


SCIENCE. 


(Vou  K.,  No.  an 


—  Captain  OaUv  i>f  lb«  ship  L.  Schapp  lia"  ro- 
pOTted  to  tlif  U.  S.  hjdrograpbic  olBcc  tbat  on 
Ajwil  19.  whMi  olT  Cape  Ucmi,  on  n  voy^K^  from 
San  FVniifisco  to  Liverpool,  tbu  lomperalure  of 
the  water  fiodd^nly  row  from  42*  to  44".  Ju(l|;iiig 
from  this  thai  the  vee§el  wan  too  dm*  iniJiore.  he 
hauled  olf  three  points,  and,  sfter  etan'HiiK  on  ihiii 
course  for  four  houn,  the  trupt-nitiiro  fell  lo  43°. 
Tlie  capUtn  atutnl  thai  on  a  pf*vloma  TOyajce  he 
hiul  notii'td  tbia  wnnn  hvll,  luid  judgea  that  It 
dots  not  rxtond  moixi  than  ten  miUi  oCfahorp.  Ho 
believH  he  would  havegono  Mhorc  it  bn  bad  con- 
tinued on  his  Brst  coune  luilf  an  hour  lonfivr.  Uc 
had  Dot  Aeeii  the  *tui  tta  twelve  days. 

—  The  luDgiKt  (somplt-'iinl  tunnel  in  (he  world  is 
at  Scbi-mnitz  in  ilungnry.  It  is  10.27  milo^  in 
Iragtb,  nilb  it  crc»ii4rction  of  9  frnt  10  inc^lii-s  hy 
S  foct  S  inchro.  and  i>  iiihhI  for  ilminnge  purpotta. 
The  new  Croton  aqneduct  tunnel,  now  in  rourBe 
of  excavation  near  this  city,  will  be  ninch  the 
longeal  tunnel  in  the  world.  Wben  completed,  It 
will  be  nearly  90  mites  long,  with  a  ^eclion  much 
Inrgi^r  thun  tliiit  of  thu  Sobemnitx  tunnel,  heini^ 
■buul  16  fitvt  in  dluiurti-T.  Twenty-two  mile*  have 
already  been  i-xcnTut^. 

—  The  [nl«mntional  (tatiHtJcjil  inrtltntc  will 
hold  a.  nieetlnK  in  Rome  early  In  April. 


LETTEHS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

't*Cttrrr*tM'Vtmtt  art  re/jiittrtit  to  br  iim  Arief  at  ittttiAtt-    J^r 
■H'f  r't  niiKf  4t  tn  n"  fii*f <  it^juifrd  *u  proof  vfuOfMt  fiitth. 

Tba  naturaJ  method  of  teachlDg  lanj^ag^s. 

Vi'tti.  yon  potmit  IU(^  to  call  attention  to  two  mla- 
■tatemonU  In  Mr.  Stiiru'n  artivtu  <iu  '  The  natiwal 
method  of  ttMti'hhis  IiLD^u»t{p«,'  whiob  appp&n  in 
JMmm  of  Jan.  31  V  On  p.  Ca  ho  uys.  "  Wby  la  it 
that  tbo  old  method  .  .  .  could  bo  iduklicn  In  tU  T«iy 
foundation  to  each  a  Atgn*  that  one  of  Ito  warnieet 
dtpfeadera  write*  bal  lately,  '  It  i*  erident  to  me  that 
Uioald  gnumnntioal  method  cannot  inirfive  tlic  ns. 
aanlt  at  the  natnnl  mnthod '  V  "  The  writnr  rrtoTird 
to  a«  'one  of  the  varmest  detrndeni'  of  liic  dIJ 
method  baa  lieun  ouuaplcuuue  and  outapokru  in  din- 
ouriling  'the  old  luothod.'  both  in  theory  uid  prm'- 
ticc.  toT  iiiitoy  ymuii.aml.  had  hln  nunc  boon  qnntcd. 
tlir  nliinrillty  of  (be  abovi-  wuiilil  iiave  been  at  once 
ap|i»r>'tjl. 

t^arthec  un,  Mr.  8t«rn  «aya.  "  It  would  Kcom 
■tnoM  .  .  .  tbat  an  ednoatlonal  Jmirnul  wbirU  in 
not  tntodly  [He]  Inclined  towanto  tlie  mctliod  Hlidiild 
have  Teoenlly  bpi^u  fori>vil  to  mhuit  thai  '  tbi^  ^ul'j'-ct 
ia  now  attracting  greut  atttntioa  in  Ibc  socuiidury 
and  bigbnr  achoola.'"  TUn  ciprmiion  "  (oti«id  lo  ml- 
iiilt' U  luUleactlne-  Poiedbly  It  uiw  intemlnil  to  ho 
ao.  It  would  be  iulere<ititiK  <<>  ■'■am  the  exact  nature 
of  the  forcing.  By  Uic  mnitt  tokvn  it  inighl  be 
elaime<l  that  any  itatemcnt  uf  fact  ia  a  fori^ed  admla- 
alon.  It  wna  nlmply  given  aa  an  eicuie  for  Intro- 
doclng  the  Diatter  aa  the  eubject  uf  /nfrrvAangv. 
Porhape  Mr.  St«rn  would  clfum  that  our  Blatemunl  that 


"there are  twfoity  thoniuuid  aeoondary  taacbota  in 
the  United  States  "  wot  a  forced  adialaaiao,  but  we 
have  noTer  eo  regarded  It. 

Tiot  Bnmw  or  Tua  Ao*nWT. 

Brmnue,  K.Y„  Jon,  HL 

The  auboicrged  treea  nt  the  Columbin  River. 

Tbo  pbrnoiii'iiia  which  Copt.  C.  E.  Itiittr.n  liw  •» 
well  diHcribed  Under  the  atioTc  heading  in  No,  'JOK 
of  Scirna-  ware  obnerieil  by  mo  in  tbo  autumn  of 
1870.  when,  in  tbo  coutno  of  pre]>aratlaDa  tor  a  topo- 
graphioftl  iiiiil  Bcologiciil  aurvuy  of  Monot  BainiM.  I 
mode  a  triji  friiin  Ponlond  to  tbo  Dalle*  and  back, 
and  later,  on  my  rctiiru  from  Mount  lioiniFi  efa  the 
Dallei  to  Portliinil,  diiririK  Ibii  month  ol  November 
of  tbo  eamn  ycni.  Tbu  ■iihm«r);ed  tree*  excited  my 
vivid  intcrenl  daitng  thmo  tripa  up  and  down 
Ibc  river:  and  dniing  ui  enforced  atay  at  the 
Cnacailea  on  o«ie  of  th<ae  occaiilon*.  I  made  eome 
iuvMtlgaticaie  in  the  vicinily.  which,  with  in- 
forma^n  I  obtained  from  old  Hndnoo  Bay 
trappera  and  Indiann.  eagKein<>d  to  me  an  ex- 
planation of  the  l<*cklng-np  of  the  liter  different 
from  that  offcrud  by  CnpUin  Itulton.  Thi«  siplana- 
tiou,  which  WBB  cmbodiwl  in  a  aomewhat  popular 
addrvKS  delivered  by  mo  before  the  American  oeo- 
grapbioal  aociety  In  New  York  on  Uarcfa  13, 1887 
(Bnllotin  No.  4,  aeaelon  1876-17,  p.  11).  1  vontore  to 
rvpeat  hare,  for  the  reatou  that  Captain  Datton  aa> 
Hurea  me  that  be  had  not  known  of  my  pubUcatlon 
on  the  aubject,  and  tbat  the  explanation  had  Bot 
boon  BUKgeeted  to  bim  at  the  time  of  hie  invcaliga- 
tiona.     It  in  briefly  tlds ;  — 

1.  The  valley  of  the  Ooluinbla  Klver  at  the  Caa- 
oadea  la  a  cut.  couidcrably  broader  than  the  actual 
attvam-bed,  through  over  3,000  feet  of  beds  ot  baaaU 
and  baaaltic  breccia,  which  here  form  tha  axla  of 
tlie  Caacailo  range,  and  which  reM  on  a  Uioaely  ag. 
gregaled  bed  of  conglomenita  eMrylng  leaf-ninai&a 
and  trunk*  of  trena,  aomatiinea  netrifted,  aomreMaiaa 
merely  patViuuir'rd.  apparently  of  mlooane  age.  Tbla 
boii  of  f  oDglouK-rule  is  aeeu  to  ontcrop  abont  at  the 
rlver-lov'l  at  the  fool  of  the  Caacndea :  therefore  in 
ite  cutting. down  or  dorriuion  the  Columbia  Biver  had 
already  rcnrliitd  this  oouglomemte  bed  below  the 
falls,  and  above  waa  nithiu  thirty  tent  of  It. 

■i.  'I'lin  river  nt  the  Cascade*  la  a  narrow  boU- 
itig  iilr«Hm.  ruiLbiDg  dowu  over  immenav  Inokeo 
niHWii-a  uf  Imhiilt.  and  between  steeply  cnt  banlca  of 
baiialt  ^  which  tiHiikk  ure.  If  I  locollect  rightly,  icaoe> 
whiit  higher  ihau  the  broad  feeeet-oovered  atreteliea 
of  lh»  valley  which  extend  on  either  aide  of  the 
Hlreaiu  lo  the  lioao  of  thn  ntccp  bounding  ctifFn.  In 
thin  utrnteh  on  the  corlh  bank  I  ubacrTod  on  old 
atream-bod  filled  with  rounded  pebblea,  through 
which  at  loaat  a  part  of  the  atream  once  ran. 

3.  The  Indian  tradition  above  referred  lo  aaya  that 
there  once  exiated  a  natntal,bridge  at  the  Cooeodna, 
and  that  the  anoeatoni  of  the  inem^iit  tilbcn  (prob- 
ably at  no  very  diitont  period)  iisi^d  ti>  i^ti"in  the  river 
her*  clry-*liod.  The  form  of  the  banks  nt  the  bead 
of  thv  Ntreniii  !eud«  jirohability  to  the  Uutb  of  thla 
tnclitioti,  for  they  niniear  Ilka  the  rud«  abntmonia 
of  Kuch  a  bridge,  which  had  been  left  after  Ila 
deitmctinn. 

4.  Tbg  itnbmerBed  atmnpa  at  treea  which  line  ir- 
regularly the  baoxa  of  the  river  above  the  <Jaacad«a 
are  of  the  aame  ajMclea,  and  generally  about  the  aana 
aixa,  a*  the  older  of  those  which  clothe  iha  ateep 


4 


KT  18,  1W7.] 


aCTEXCE. 


167 


«lopM  of  tba  ^1«T  on  oithar  ild*  tron  tlta  watar- 
lijie  npvard*.  TtMir  «iibiB«ritBtkM  la  AvUantiy, 
tii«n<ofe,  ■  matter  o(  qnita  r«««at  dftt«,  «t«ti  hiilari. 
ally  «p«akiu«. 

noto  tbvAbOTHfactaandtraditiotia  I  reconitruoUd 
-tiia  hialoiy  i>[  tba  (onuMlon  <it  tbn  caiondca,  tli« 
^'ifnriiic  and  lMickIii|{  up  ol  Uiv  atraain  abav#.  and 
Uia  ooaaaqiMiLt  auboiwgwioe  and  kiUing  of  llie  tntm 
whioh  |[r»vlinin«diM«1.T along  itabnnk.w  (uUowi^  — 

At  tlia  Umi!  <(lK>n  the  gciioral  cattiita  o(  lh*i  Ci>- 
liiBthi*  TKllof  hoA  rotchcd  abnnt  ibn  laT»I  of  Ibn  ]>roii. 
«nl  OuihUjiIbiu  at  thi*  CaacatlM,  tbroa)(1i  Miue  o»cl( 
or  oUicr  naturat  oprailng  ila  vMoa  found  a  pauaga 
iau>  iha  itndvTtTiDK  oanglomenita  bad,  which,  being 
paniMkbla.  allowvd  a  naai^a  of  tbi*  waMr  dowD 
Btreaui  to  a  point  ioUioiMdlUalrwbnnilt  onioropimd 
at  or  above  tbo  laral  nt  Uiv  Idwct  jwrt  of  the 
atrtaai.  Si»oh  a  pMMge.  ouoe  volabliBlied.  vuuld  bo 
aapldlj  MilMged  bT  the  foroo  of  •neb  ua  oTttlriag 
maM  of  water  w  tbo  Columbia  Riirr  ^  anil  l-i  tboao 
tanriliar  with  the  eoinullntt  foroa  of  water,  ai  abowR 
in  til*  atrMun-autiau  uf  wMtom  riien.  it  moM  readi- 
ly ba  apparent  that  it  woald  booo  b«n>me  large 
amoo^h  to  lak«  in  th«  whole  ■trmiu :  that  thiu  [or  a 
entHn  diataiioo  the  wholn  Columbia  vonld  riiu 
nndergroaiKl.  Hkn  Iba  ao-called  '  Lost  Kivvr«.'  which 
an  allTl  fonail  iindwr  ths  baMk  (Iowh  of  the  Suiik« 
Rir^r  pluittt.  Tbua  would  bavo  boon  formed  the 
tuliiml  bridge  apoken  u(  by  the  IiidiaiiA.  MoreoTer, 
by  Uiia  towering  of  Ita  bed  at  thin  pulat,  tli«  bed  of 
the  riT*r  alioTii  would  have  been  corrMpOQiUnglj 
lowsioil.aiMl  tr<«.gn>wth  would  hare  gradually  ax- 
tandH  down  to  tb«  water's  edgv,  oa  it  doM  at  proa. 
•Bt. 

McautinM  the  oortaalou  of  thla  und«rt[rouud 
atrnana  vonld  gradually  wear  away  tliu  aupporta  of 
tiM  OTwhaQsing  ahMt  of  bowdt,  until  at  length  thay 
beraoia  iBaoeqnato  lo  hold  it  np;  and  wliau  thay 
full,  tbo  nndorKMand  paoa^  would  have  Immi  aud- 
donly  miixl.  th»  rlter  damined  up  to  the  pi«aiint 
Iwvel.  aarl  thi<  ttrram  alao  boflktfd  up  no  ■■  to  eovor 
th«  roc4a  uf  aud  tborvby  Idll  tbo  trccaaloug  thalnwar 
part  of  ita  bonkL  Such  in  I'ui'ntlally  tha  pr«a«iit 
eoMditMO  ai  th«  alroaui :  (or  tlta  broken  maoMi)  uf 
tba  hoaalt  which  fonu  th«  priwent  etreain-bed  at  tho 
Caafadiw  retin  t>ie  woaring-airay  of  tha  vrater  bettor 
than  dul  thr  cuo^toinrrato.  aotl  tho  river  above  the 
CaKadca  nlill  ntaiiiln  u(  a  lilKl>or  Isval  IboD  It  did  b«. 
for«  tbo  falliuK-iu  -it  lli*  liiwiilt  brldg«. 

I  tnunl  ndiiiSl  Ibit  iiiiwibitil}'  that  an  actual  nurroy 
of  the  (MEion  about  the  CoHCiuleii  uiight  din^loao  facia 
that  wi>nJd  make  tbo  abovo  npliuinttoD  inAdinliwIble. 
unco  it  la  fomodcd  on  a  T(<ri'  liMtj'  and  mtperflcial 
■■laiiiiaatloD.  In  ipite  of  t]i«  fuel  rif  CHptaiu  DuU 
ti>n'*  latar  and  poMibly  dioto  tburougb  e lamination 
than  my  owu  (for  I  have  not  l>oon  Ikotc  unpo  INTO), 
I  ani  not  anile  willing  to  yield  my  tbc»r7  in  favor  of 
hda,  for  vtf  toowm  that  hia  tli*ory  fntolve*  what 
••am*  to  mo  a  ][*olo^cal  liuprolialiility,  —  one  which, 
lo  my  axperieone  at  b^t.  Iiuh  not  been  aupportod  by 
my  obierTed  (act*.  Tliis  in.  tbnt  an  oorth  movenMnt 
—  for  Mcb  tho  Unt  antirUnol  aicb  hn  anume*  to  ao< 
ooitnl  lor  the  raiaiii^  <■(  llie  old  flood-plain  b«low  the 
CatcaileN  iuvolv«*  —  «ould  haia  prooeedod  more 
rapidly  than  ifae  corraaion  uf  on  large  a  atroom  aa  tha 
Oohunina,  «a  aa  to  actoolly  ihuii  ii  up,  and  than  hava 
«aatv«bl«atly  atoppad.  oo  ok  to  allow  eornu^ou  to 
gijn  tie  tonaar  aaaandieDCy  oiur  tb^  vorth-uiovomcuit. 

B.  P.  ExMOira. 
WMlilagtcni,  reti.  B. 


A  carnivoroni  antelope. 

A  few  nmUba  ago,  while  vitdtlu^  n  friend  on  a 
nttle-roneli  in  Uie  San  Andicaa  Hounlaiaa  of  aoaifa- 
ero  Hew  Haxiea.  I  aaw  what  to  nie  oeomed  a  loaat 
abnormal  habit.  Hy  friend  had  a  yoimg  anl4ilopo  aix 
or  Mvea  uiontba  old,  wblc-h  he  Iiad  raiiturml  when 
very  youns,  and  k^jit  aa  a  pet  about  thv  ranrh.  Tfaia 
animal  ia.  by  the  way,  (ery  tame,  tolloiring  ita  -t*- 
tar  about  without  one*  wVotng  to  Join  itt  toUowa, 
which  often  eoio«  la  alght  of  tha  bomw.  Wbon 
offered  pi«c«A  of  raw  lieef.  it  will  Ml  the  a*at  with 
evidenl  rellab,  aud  iu  prefvreooe  lo  vewilable  food. 
I  have  aeon  it  oat  piece  a(1«r  pdeoo  nam  it  hJM  dia- 
poood  of  half  a  poind  or  mora,  tbon  it  woaUl  walk  to 
the  otini.ortli  and  aal  aom  m  a  aurt  of  iliaei-rt.  ft 
al*o  vOk  bread,  oooked  potato,  aad  aweet-potalo 
both  raw  and  ouuked.  Balts  8.  Tara. 

CamlirtilKS.  Fdi>.  li. 

LaB|raaec>tc*clune. 

The  importaut  aahjeet  of  tho  teachlaK  of  uiodant 
tnQ([iu|{i'.*  linving  l>*eii  dUcnaotd  tu  the  roluiiuia  of 
Scimef.  ami  »••  d«Suil«  plwi*  haring  been  offeredb^ 
either  of  the  niitrr*  dincuwing  It.  poriiBpa  the  origi- 
nal and  indairandont  viawa  of  a  practical  taaehnr  will 
not  be  nnwoloome. 

It  la  obvioiM  that  a  oomplete  kuowledga  of  a  lon- 

Suo)^  couaiala,  X",  in  bavins  foU  oominand  over  the 
odily  organi  throogb  vhieli  it  ia  either  roocired  or 
oommnnicatad  to  othen,  —  tIe,  the  votal  othsoik. 
oara,  and  oy^a.  —  no  •«  lo  be  able  lo  iitl^  any  *>>aud 
llk«  n  naliTo,  to  undvmlaud  all  that  he  1^}*,  aad  lo 
rvod  auy  book  oloiid  in  the  proper  nuuiaer:  3*.  in 
montering  thoao  fondamnntal  mloa  of  grammar  —  In. 
eluding  those  of  ttia  vetba— indlepMiaable  In  order 
to  ap«U  and  write  oorrvoUy ;  3",  in  the  potMaaion  of 
a  rand  of  word*  and  Idloonatic  forma  for  the  eipreo- 
non  of  Idaaa;  and,  4*.  In  the  power  of  tulag  tbeae 
word*  and  forme  en-eordlug  lo  the  apedat  genina  of 
the  htnguage  Bludicd. 

Soionda  of  the  hnman  VMCe  are  the  Tibtatione  of 
an  expired  current  of  air.  piodnced  by  the  voeol 
orgona,  which  (Id  llie  ease  of  the  Preneb  proutUKw- 
tlon)ar*.  fur  the  formatioti  of  every  toiUM,  inn  flud 
and  delemunod  porition.  In  my  book  on  pronnad- 
ation,  'Preneb  orlhoopy.*  I  have  indicated  tlie  rela> 
tivn  jHiritlom  of  thi>  vor«l  anuoliM  for  i^very  FreDOh 
artloulation  anil  vowel.  The  learner  1«  trained,  by 
meone  of  lUKerent  voral  eiercisea,  to  utie  the  imitra- 
meut  of  •[leceb  in  eiaotly  the  name  munn^T  ui  the 
natirei ;  and.  emjiloyiog  the  Mme  uwaiu,  he  muat 
neoeoutrlly  obtain  the  Nune  mnlt,  Tbewe  gymnao- 
UcH  of  the  voice  are  uccompliahed  in  a  few  abort 
hour*,  and  are  an  indicponiiatilo  preliminary  oxm- 
cioe  before  conunoDctng  tho  atndy  proper  of  the 
Innicnago. 

'l>aoniog  a  language  without  tho  few  fnudamcatal 
rnles  thai  regulate  it,  including  thooe  of  the  verbs.  i« 
depriving  tlic   ctndatt  of  a  moat  vnlnablo  aid  ami 

Sioide;  iRiile  making  grammartfae  all-tniiiortont  eub- 
>et,  eapoolally  In  the  beginning,  i«  lo  ornate  a  ^on- 
foMiou  111  hie  iiilud.  and  to  iuiiwdc  bin  progna*.  I 
have  taken  a  middle  oounto;  and  in  my  gtwnmarvrlll 
be  foand,  in  a  eonciae  form,  only  thooe  general  rulee 
wlthoat  which  nobody  can  either  apeak  or  write 
properly.  My  gnimmnllonl  eierd«ett  have  been 
framed  with  the  vi'w  -f  iuilUting  the  lenmcr  into 
the  idiouu  and  c-juntrui^tiun  of  Ibu  Ipngnait*.  To 
avoid  thoao  diiconnccted  and  oommunplace  ]>hniMa 


158 


scna^CE. 


IVoi.  IX.,  No.  811 


maHntl<r  fonnd  in  Prneoh  ftmntaim.  I  liavo  irmtcd. 
in  ewA  ot  thOM  nKK^nciB,  uiwi  niMiRial  imbje^. 

I  bne  oinde  a  i>xi)<^>tia  Ubl*  ot  tbln*«n  lino*,  by 
whieta  §Sl  verlw.  reuultr  or  imgiilM'.  at*  nnijii^atvi] , 
tiw*  Mftvlng  the  (tndent  the  inaiuitoiijr  and  aiuiuj-uww 
ot  itodjiiig  tU«  verb*  from  mpmoiT'  by  a  naw  com- 
Uaatlaa  and  arrui^ifinitrtit.  The  utadciit  In  thvroby 
MTe<l  loM  of  time  iu  trriliiiK  miiII«m  conjngatioui  ot 
v«rb«. 

To  iiuko  Mttftotivo  and  uiKtmcti*e  a  atudv  which 
Ib  too  oflMi  waarinoiiw  autl  iilrrilr,  I  linT«  givnn.  In 
til*  third  volnu*  ot  nij  ••rli*,  a  vocntnilftri'.  illviiltul 
into  chotptM*.  Moll  coutiuuiiig  iio  iiitvri-Ntiug  uutUne 
of  iiloriMbaarinKanB  ■fiooiui  imlijoot.  bdcI  (Munnnii- 
ini;  a  tint  of  Ihn  most  useful  oDd  Unpoitniit  worda  of 
lh«  laii);u>K''  'o  ilallj'  ii*i<'.  Tliim  n  ii&ltiritl  rhaln  Of 
idcM  ia  formod.  nwily  mii«niilwr«<1.  uid  which  can 
bo  mado  the  mbJFCt  of  n  puuvcnation  aud  oompon- 
tion,  tlut  utadcDt  gaining  in  thii  wav  a  tboroiiRh 
knowledge  of  tlia  piacUcal  framAWork  ■>!  Ihi'  Imi- 
gnSM.  Ah  ituc'ii  »•  the  atiid«Qt  kaowt  n  (kw  witde 
of  tS«  Tocaliulary.  tli«8e  ontlioe*  mv  uimlv  Uit-  iiub- 
jocta  of  ooDTcnjiliuiui  lii-twitn  ti-nohur  and  pupila. 
and,  lalar  on.  bctin^uu  the  pnpUi  thomiwlviw.  Thnv 
ira  alio  M)ip1o,v<<il  iu  lliv  (onu  at  naTmljT(>ii.  Iiy  join- 
ing tiiein  bi([Mbur:  and.  bjr  'l«f^M,  they  atv  ea. 
Urged  iqwB  norp  aud  muiv.  Toe  tuarlh  Tolnme  of 
1117  aariaa.  *Tbe  nuxUni  Frenoh  m«tiiod.'  eompriaw 
a  aN'l«a  of  worda,  iditimi,  luid  provcrbii,  fonniag 
•kelslon  uurath'eaot  trnTrl.  Inclilaiit,  mu)  «ceue«.  ~ 
nimuDlK*.  <lmintitk,  »iid  ciiiiiir.  —  all  fitted  to  elcratc 
tliic  niinrl  hdJ  iiispitc  uutilo  tbonttbU:  then'  arc 
alMi  »]iolcha>  in  ycography,  biogtapbjr,  and  Iiiittory 
to  lie  uMxl  In  oonTMmtinn  and  conipoutloD.  ity  th<> 
Mtody  of  thia  work,  th*  Wruiir  aoipiIrM  tli»  Inimf- 
work.  worda.  and  idioam  for  litanry  Htyle:  and  ub 
1/rtiTy  word,  idiom,  and  provnri)  in  propdrli  looat'^il. 
Uie  atndeut  will  •■onijirolifnd  all  tli<^r  bi^nrini;*  by 
the  context,  aud  vill  koow  lieu  [•>  unr  thciu  in  Ihcir 
(nil  nMAning.  .K  vunt  Dumber  of  idiomatie  qnsMioiu 
am  put  npooi  the  aboTr-mcntlancd  ontUno,  uid  tho 
anawen  aro  fmninhnd  by  tha  itndont  from  tbaskel*^ 
toD.orfnuaewixrk,  u|)04>  whlcbbeeolarKeastwill.  In 
order  that  the  Icaroerahould  acquire nelt-teliancii.  and 
be  nblc  to  eipTewbimBcir  freely  on  Ulemty  »iibjpc!U, 
aud  Hhdiild  |{nt  an  olrgant  ntylo  of  htH  una.  hi  tniM 
down  In  narrallTs  (onii  i-m^li  lowii-ii  j>rvvliiii«ly 
treat«d  convetMUouall;',  by  wliii^h  iiieaun  ho  can 
give  free  play  to  hia  iiuiigiuiiliirc  facnllim. 

The  pupil,  being  cooaliuitly  iiubned  with  Frounh 
Idewi,  and  acconomed  to  look  at  tliinxa  tioni  a  Fn-m-b 
point  of  ilw.  MU])t«  hiiuHelf  l<>  thHn.  aud  iieoca- 
aarily  expand*  fala  mental  vtnioti :  hijiI  uh  a  gtrui 
number  of  tlic  «ik1>jeotc  Lu  treiitx  of  nfoniie  his  moral 
■eiinilnljty.niid  lire  fitted  lo  eieile  in  Iiie  h.iBrl  l.<udfir 
cuiiil)iuaii>ii.  l>Tnth«ily  lovii,  dbvollou  l<>  )iU  rrll'iuH. 
and  ««lf-di'uinl,  hi*  moral  capacitim  maHt  be.  ui  a 
matter  of  course,  enlarged.  This  method  ia  easy 
and  liniple.  iotereatina,  nntnral,  and  piaetk*! ;  and 
It  rnlicvta  the  ntndcnt  notn  mnoh  Irksomo  and  luonol- 
miODJi  labor.  It  tminn  tha  ear  to  tha  appniliunsioii 
at  the  Rpoken  lanuuaf;«.  and,  by  a  lysteoiHlie  trnin. 
Ing  of  tbe  TooaT  avgMW.  KiTca  to  tho  ipenker  a 
fknltleaa  Pariafaa  prammdation.  Tbo  i>u|iil  In 
prMHtotod  witb  a  Tontbnhuy  ao  conatnivled  tlint  all 
ihe  wnnU,  Idloma,  and  proverb*  form  uu  iDlclli^-iblu 
outline  of  Riwtit*  and  bketrbea.nhiub  Itie  mind  groapn 
and  retaloa.  while  bringing  oat  fnlly  thoii  indlvid- 
oal  uid  oonvoitianaJ  maanlDgiL  Tb«  ploturee  are 
mails  «0  vivid  and  obTlons,  and  the  vonls  are  no 


■uggeative,  thai  the  meonor;  ia  greatly  aeaiated,  and 
thoaqolrament  of  a  atock  of  word*  bMOcnea  a  mere 
putliue.  Thane  word*  nrn  flxod  In  the  inlnd  of  tbo 
•tiidviit  byfreuueot  and  jiUiwhui  re^Iltlou.audlhnii 
mt-mory  i»  CTUtifated  without  stniniug :  whll*,  by 
meana  of  idinmatic  tinentiona,  odudag  appropriate  an. 
■wara.  thq  learanr  ia  Riadaaoqtudnlad  with  the  peeoliar 
geniu*  of  the  FYeurli  langiioKft.  No  Envliiih  la  either 
written  or  nttemd  durinu  the  eouiae.  The  pupil  IliiiU 
in  the  book  ample  EngUah  eiplaoativnit.aud  i«  nuTer 
It^lnllui  dark;  yetliy  do|p«M  bo  beoouci aceiu- 
loined  to  think  la  VtmA. 

JoasPH  D.  Uiui.AU>. 
New  Torn,  Feb,  It. 

Inertia-forc*. 

In  Sefenee  ot  Feb.  II  Prutetaor  UaoUrecor  haa 
voty  oourti-uualy  criticised  my  ase  of  the  idea  which 
I  have  tiiuntlit  to  ezprwea  by  tho  term  'inertia* 
force 'ia  a  |iniiip)jli-t  rvcunlly  puMtahed.  Protaoior 
MacOreKor  miinnderitanda  me.  however  —  or  1  mle- 
undsiitand  him.  He  auole*  from  my  pamphlet  tho 
folluw itifi  pui»ai(<> :  ''  )l  one  of  the  oppoiiog  applied 
force*  i»  icr^utv r  tlimii  tlio  i-thnr.  the  Hruator  will  pro- 
rail,  and  n  clinuKc  uf  ni-tion  "ill  oo'iir,  ooraiilonluf; 
an  inortla'furc.  which  will  work  ioi*IA  tin'  i>atall*r 
applied  forcp  offainif  tho  grcaier."  and  then  wye, 
"  The  inwrtia-t'Tcv.  tbrrolore.  i>  mppasiKt  to  act  on 
tbe  bndy  by  a  hioh  it  i*  exeRed." 

I  am  at  a  I'Ha  to  iindervtand  how  Profeuor  Vac- 
Grcgor  mukea  thii  iutrtenor  from  tlie  pa«ag«  ha 
i]UDt»«.  I  meant  tbat  tbo  inerlia-fi»co  work*  I'ada' 
wnuld  lie  ■  lii'ttcr  word)  with  the  (.maUer  applied 
force  af/aintt  Ih"  Otrrtil  ieAiV/>  viertx  the  grnat^r 
force.  Take  thii  rxaniple :  a  train  ia  Mng  atarted 
by  a  loeomotiip.  Tbe  fuicea  appUfd  to  the  Iraiu  are 
the  pull  of  tlie  l<iC'>iii<itivn.  and  the  eraaller.  oppoalng, 
force  of  trictiuii.  The  pull  of  tbe  tcicomollvo  pr«- 
raiU,  but  iu  provaijinB  it  must  deal  not  inly  with  the 
reiiiiCanoo  dn*  to  friction,  but  with  the  reaction 
(which  alto  I  «all  rvnietaooe}  due  to  tho  icerlia  o[  the 
train.  The  friclion  reititlaiiee  would  bn  nearly  tho 
•amo  whether  the  acoelirrutiiiii  ot  the  Iraio  war* 
great  or  amall ;  but  the  resiitanoe  dur<  to  inertia,  tbe 
jnflrliO'rreitfanee,  or  iiurtia-forcr,  would  be  always 
prooortional  tn  tli*  aifalaration. 

Too  term  ■otMitrifunnl  f»rci-,'  elliiciiinb  I  do  not 
like  it,  doe*  not  eicitf  in  ine  the  borrsr  "liich  Fro- 
feuor  UarGrngbT  evidently  think*  it  ihuutd  occ«- 
«ion .  I  curtolnly  ahould  not  aay  that  a  bdl  iwin^tig 
ill  a  rirole  at  the  eod  nf  a  xtring  connecting  it  with 
Vbo  centre  ot  the  circle  in  aetfd  on  by  'a  torcedl- 
ruclod  from  the  centre.'  but  I  oerlainly  ebuuld  Niy ' 
that  tho  hall  aef*  upon  tAe  lErint;  with  'a  foroe 
directwl  from  tlm  centre."  —  a  pruptnition  which 
■eema  to  me  an  plaiuly  Iriie  llial  I  think  all  JiRerouco 
of  Diiinioa  a*  l<i  it*  ttulh  muni  arise  from  dliler^nB 
inter (iretotioD*  of  the  word  '  force  ' 

1  nuxpeet  thut  Profeieor  UacQreRor  and  I  do  in- 
terpret that  noril  Hoiiiewhat  differently.  The  tol- 
bwinn  quutaliou  from  MaiWHlI't  '  Uattor  and  mo 
llan.'  p.  iH.  >ecm<  to  me  Ui  oxpreui  my  view  with 
iiufliciPnt  aeciiiney  :■ — 

■' A«  lOini  ah  we  have  formed  for  ouriolree  tho 
idea  ot  a  ttrein.  auch  bm  tho  tenMan  of  a  rope  or  tho 
urewuro  between  two  bodie*.  and  have  reoognlaed 
It*  double  aipoct  u  it  nflecta  tbe  two  pnrtii>n»  ot 
matter  batwoan  ahleh  it  acta,  the  lliini  law  ot  mo- 
tion i»  eeen  to  be  equivalent  to  tho  (tatemeot  that  ell 
force  IB  of  the  nature  ot  atrvm,  tliat  Ktreu  exiita 


i 
< 


« 


4 


FnaviBT  18,  1887.] 


VIENCE, 


159 


onlj  hMwtan  two  imrtiotii  of  nwttrr,  and  that  Jtn 
vlTvct*  on  thvM  portioDo  of  nialtor  (inoaiuri'd  by  tlm 
noneolmn  ^vtmnUiA  In  n  ^tv^ii  timr)  arv  *i]u*l  «di1 
opfxaito.  ftr  *fm*  i»  m^amml  num«W<t(i/ly  bv  Mie 
/artr  rxtirltd  on  filbrr  o/ Ike  Iwo pOTlioia  of  malUr" 
(Um  iulm  arw  tnior). 

In  makitig  tbin  iiaotBtion,  a*  <D  Duklnit  atb«rr 
ouMationj  trow  lb*  lunii-  Kuth<>nty  in  my  [lamphlnt, 
1  •pfMMl  (roni  Usiwll  \hr  critic  to  Mbxh«1I  tlip  au- 
thor. Tlip  p«na^  jurt  qnotwd  ni««ts  no  maoy  oT  tb« 
paiaU  rnixd  b;  ProTaMor  llacGragor,  IfaK  I  *li*l1 
Xn»r:h  QpoQ  yeor  iiMfa  nn  (nrther  bow.  i>xrepl  k> 
Uiank  PpotfiuKir  UiM-rirpKor  for  bin  jnnrral  (^ominen- 
dalion  i.f  mv  paa>pl>lrt,  and  to  lay  that  I  mad«  mjr 
quciiniiin  from  UiocbiD.  not  to  oupnrt  my  uia  of  tbs 
t«iTn  '  iDprtia  fore*.'  hut  iMvnatu  of  its  nroKnItion 
of  wbat  Utncbtn  lh*Ti>  oalla  th»  'ki(>k'  of  a  boily 
'4|tftiiirt  «4ianici^  of  tnnlion.'  K.  H.  Bail. 

OtnkrMiB,  Man.  F«b.  1& 


Gennui  comtnictioaft. 

Permit  mo  ■  U^v  nordi  a)»»poa  at  iho  Tarionn  lat- 
len  i-«ll«it  forth  hy  my  iwniAilu  abtnit  (ipmivi  »cricu- 
lifto  writiU)^.  To  Mr.  I^f^ert,  wliu  fuimd  fault  with 
W  lO  kbnnibuitly.  ttiei*  naa  no  poaaibUity  of  reply. 
H  fata  mottTcB  v«n  Mootioutl.  And  crltiolmii  biM 
uMltinic  to  tokn  trom  amotiaii  aicfplafiiiiiftlby  loan. 
dertbiD't-  Mr.  T^ggfiri  vitA*.  " '  H'  mvoiiim  to  judge 
of  th«  lilpnuj  qaaliflcntfona  of  people  who  nao  a 
la^inago  iritli  wbicb  be  binwrlf  in  t«w  familiar  tlian 
ha  la  wUh  Fmioh  and  Euttlinh."  I  rn|(i«(  tlinl  b» 
iuad»  thia  amqiaoua  atatviuvEit.  Hut  (<xi<ori«K«  haa 
■iKnni,  thai,  wbea  tMople  «otpre«a  opiuiuua  on  aub. 
Jceta  tbey  know  polking  about.  tJiejare  not  UDapl  t« 
w3lo  Hirimia  niiattkca.  and  no  Mi.  F^fgort  baa  blau- 
derrH  abuvt  luy  kDowlmljw  c{  Iniiuiiairrii. 

In  r.--Kanl  toHr.  Lea'*  ieul«uw«rlthUi««ixpTODontiB 
Id  nxccrablr  ■nccvoaiun:  in  it  modi  worao  than  tbn 
following  Bomplc  oS  what  la  grniiiuiatlcnllv  jtoc-il 
Bngllklir— "Ra  aald  that  that  Ihnl  Ihnt  thai  man 
nned  waa  itipovr*ot." 

Ur.  Fnz«t  giTcB  a  Hent«iic«.  whiuh  lio  kindly  od- 
toHato  be  obacnro,  oltbongb  it  (oilnwi  npon  tba  (ii- 
pfMnloii  of  bla  iblintrAtionot  tbe  luoldlly  of  tliat  kltul 
of  tmlnillrmni  iibrahfOloK.v,  He  admire*  eTen  tjiis 
•ea1«iire.  Ueiii,  d«T  dm.  dvr  dii>,  das  Verbot  MitliBlt- 
omlB  Tafvl  abgeriiaen  bat,  anicigt.  wild  hiardnicb 
ebw  BelohQiDK  xu({r«kbort.  —  "  bdcaiuw  It  Mya  In 
eUlt««li  woriU  aii.l  iitu«ty-fi(«  1»tl«ni  what  cannot 
[lie.']  be  litrntllj  tronHlntrdinloEuttliitb  in  I«m  tban 
DilMlaen  wuiiis  sod  one  Iinndnd  and  four  lutton." 
A  yvry  iiaall  iliffBTDnoo:  SuppoK  um.'  oicloima 
'Irani  ' Ptnnlobahawaoan,'  —  odo  word  and  four 
tMt«r*.  aixl  MM  word  and  flftaeo  Mt«rn ;  or  '  wood- 
naaior'  and  '  Holiicnorgunnlni^otor.'  In  Aim. 
tria  (lia  hill  tUleof  tho  offloial  u  kaiaerlicb-kOnigUcb- 
fWaala»laOTlailinhiilttfiraoriiiin|(«iiiaiiirtnr  Sacbpettv 
vonpatiMDa  ars,  of  H>nna,  only  Jrair-<r*^trit,  and 
haie  little  arguiueulMiv*  value. 

To  nrtnm:  tbn  E^glinb  of  Mr,  Frnxvr'a  p^rvpica- 
oiooB  phraan  might  ^^e^.  iuMricily  litanil  tiantlalion : 
"A  roward  la  baroby  promianl  t<i  wliomoifei  t<<lla 
wbo  renwiwt  tbe  wamlnK  aigti,"— tblrtaan  worilit 
and  aiitjr-two  letter*;  ur  if  w»  jiul.  aa  would  be 
nalnral  m  Engliab,  '  uutint '  inat<«d  of  '  warning 
■ign.'  (watre  worda  and  Qfly-aiiTan  Idtt^ira.  Thero  ia 
aoina  iIllBouliy.  an  lli«rii  la  do  exact  tqnivalant  for 
Ferbot,  In  Ensllab.  -di*  iba  V«rbot  ontbaltmda 
1W«1 '  might  will  bo  '  uuliot:  to  lre«pBiHiM«.*  or  aome- 


Iblng  of  ihi>  kind.  It  would  be  lateraiitlag  to  known 
u'liBt  Mr.  FraMr's  l«tiKlhjr  Iraualntion  waa  i  It  oaa 
bardly  bnT«  been  aay  tbiag  but  «t  ladicrona  nndcr- 
iog  oj  word  for  word,  and  not  roal  Engliah  at  all. 
dUMiT  in  apirlt  or  emuilrnotlon.  Tbo  axamul*  will 
ami'  ray  purpOM :  Oarnian  iirnnita  very  leofiiliy 
and  involTdd  aenlenraa.—  I  think  of  my  fTiend.  a 
diHiiugaiahpd  prolMaat,  who  roJoi««d  that  the  twelfth 
part  of  a  wnik  on  minomlogy  bad  poiuo  ;  It  <xim. 

flatad,  ha  wid,  tli«  ftrat  Taluiae>,  aoii  he  hoped  to 
Dd  the  T«rb  ia  tbe  aeoooid:  —  a  men  droD  exaner- 
alXtm.  Bui  wbat  mnM  be  the  powbilitiaa  of  auui- 
goi^  when  anch  a  joke  about  il  niakaa  odo  langb  ? 
Tbe  ipM  of  Uut  wbola  malt^ir  i*.  llwt  a  gT«*t  uiauy 
0«nuaa  writere  do  dlajibv  the  bad  poaaibitiliaa  uf 
tbrir  IMigu« ;  and  when  Mr.  Pnu«r  aaya  that  tba  beat 
writon  aeldom  or  uotm'  nao  thr  involrod  anntoDOM, 
ha  tnakea  an  iinpltoaliodi  about  the  goofl  and  nMdlo- 
ere  wrltwa  wbli-b  aliowi  tliai  hf  agrpea  tu  raalitj 
wfUi  the  general  '.ipiuioti  tbnt  Gi-rtuun  nnihora  b«TO 
too  fraqnently  a  fnnltT  ami  obaciiro  atylo.  I  com- 
mend to  hia  notice  Malthow  Amold'i  criticlama  on 
th*  Ofinuane,  or  RlTaitil'a.  M. 

HoslDU,  rctiL  to. 

On  certain  electrical  pbenemena. 

At  ona  liiud  ll  waa  Tcry  hnrd  for  me  to  b<ilteTc.  In. 
liiwj.  tliHt  Hiij  pHiiMiii  llring  ponawaed  inch  a  )>ow«r 
a*  bviiiu  alik'  t>.>  abiifltc  acroaa  th«  earpet  of  a  room, 
and  ligiit  the-  gaa  aa  it  imoBil  from  tb«  jtH  of  the 
tiumei.  by  niniily  toncbins  it  with  the  tip  of  th* 
flngfir.  1  bavi>  at  prnu'nl.  liownTitr,  two  tneuda,  at 
tcaSt.  among  uiy  nc'tuaiiilaiioee,  who  aeem  to  be  oa- 
pable  of  peTfomiiiig  ibia  fi>at  at  all  time*,  and  under 
BUT  droiUDBtancoa.  How,  I  Snd  aimilar  phonoaMoa 
eibiblt<id  to  a  vet;  high  degr**  la  my  own  puraoD. 
at  Kurt  Wiiignte  b»rit.  This  jwiat  i«  over  ft.Ooo  f»M 
abuTv  ii!a.kvol:  the  only  walvr  in  the  uoighbiwhood 
ia  a  uDoll  pond  —  a  puddle,  really  —  and  a  few  imdo- 
nlfloant  aprlnga.  'I'be  air  I*  naually  elaai.  anil  biRbly 
miS«d;  inilMid.  all  Uie  conditioeia  aeem  to  b^  laioi. 
able  to  Ibc  cxbibiiton  of  electrical  appeainneea 

Onlv  Uio  atlier  ilav.  while  pacing  my  rooni,  pawing, 
aa  I  did  an.  vncb  tlnif,  oTor  a  Urtj;c  woollsn  Naiajo 
blankat  tbnt  lay  apreail  out  on  llie  floor,  a  circntn- 
•lanoe  nnme  which  called  ujiini  me  ti)  tmiob  the  mat. 
iron  nm  that  omatneoted  the  top  •?!  a  amell  wood- 
atATo  in  the  apartment,  and  wbiob  bad  a  ftre  in  it  at 
(be  time.  Befofe  the  tip  nf  my  inden  flngor  tonehad 
it,  by  a  dtatiuioe  of  fully  a  >;Mitlmetr«,  there  vaa 
diaplayed  in  the  intcrv cuing  Hpacp  n  brilliant  eluc. 
trie  flivh.  occomjuuuDil  by  a  tnpoii  tbal  could  bo 
diatlnctly  hoanl  in  th«  adjoining  room^  above  ordi- 
nary iMiQver*aUon  Tlie  experiment  woa  r«p*atad 
three  or  four  liiuea,  but  the  dli^lay  became  more  and 
more  feeble  o-itb  cncb  trial;  it  regaiaed  ila  original 
toroe,  bnwcTct,  after  I  paeod  aeroaa  (he  bbuiket 
on  tbn  floor  n  t«w  tlmea.  Additional  uiprrimenta. 
lltHi  went  to  ahow  that  thia  electrical  illorliAxit*  wna 
coiuiddrnbly  giwiter  from  tbe  tip  <if  tb«  iwli^x  fln(;er 
tban  fiDiu  any  of  the  otben  of  Iho  hand,  and  grad- 
nnltr  dlniiiilHhod  In  regular  oiiler  on  wc  prot-Mdad  to 
tbfi  iittl*  tl1<^•^T  I  and.  further.  It  mwitukI  ia  my  caaa, 
mure  i'iii!i5ul  in  Ibe  left  iiifUi  nttbt-r  tban  in  Ih* 
right  one.     Wbeu  all  ten  fii(grr-tii)«  were  drawn  to- 

S ether  and  then  brought  up  to  wittiin  a  contimctre'a 
latanoe  of  thia  atoTn-nm,  the  flaab  and  report  ap- 
peared no  greater  tlian  It  did  from  the  Index  flnger 
alone. 


160 


aciEnrcE. 


(Vol..  IX.,  No.  MI 


Al  timM,  ajipKrcntlf  dopoodiag  nponOia  iiiMiimii 

1citli<^l  cou^inoDg,  my  (intirc  ii)*tiMii  mini  (e  bM09M 

thciKiQ)(tily  fihArKMil  ultli  Uiis  uilmutl  •I»etriolty,  uid 
inoirt  am^l  objri.'tx  rruckla  luijd  snap  an  I  handU 
thMD,  leattog,  u  night  dMW*  neur.  om  tiii«oiiifort- 
ftbla,  aolihig  XDiuatinii  in  m;  arui,  ami  ci1«iidiuit 
niOM  or  l«iui  (liiwn  niy  nido.  UiirluK  ibwM  Mmo 
Unw.  (iloiit'l  my  oifv  lii)i<>  uny  email  object  trom  inj 
luuid  (m  a  drnuglitiiig.ppii.  ui  tlui  iipciDge~plu«  upon 
whioh  lach  ■  pea  i*  Dlconiwd)  an  clectncBl  report 
foliowH  Ihn  contACI.  Hint  n«u  bn  illatlnrtly  li(«n,l 
tluonBbont  >  lam  raow.  On  Uie  otber  liMtd,  I  Lftd 
oooanon  to  exanuiie  u  injury  of  Uw  book  io  «  yoiu% 
■nnlntto  girl  of  &bout  fdUtati  •jci*  of  ^i?,  a  few  Any* 

So,  vhfa,  irith  my  right  baQd  reatinii;  upon  lior 
onMor.  luiil  my  l^n  maklDK  Ihn  r«iiiilr«il  tixnuiina- 
tioD,  Ui»r«  iiidtiuilly  followed  for  m*  a  mum  of  Ui« 
mo«t  profound  luliuf.  u  if  it  w«r«  ttwt  all  tbe  eleo. 
tiicity  in  xay  vnwa  bad  boon  oomplaldy  wltbdrawn 
by  th«  aot.  Tbia  ^t\,  during  a  atay  of  naarly  threa 
jroan  at  Fnrt  Wluifst*,  bM  naver  m>«n  ooniHione  of 
■■Djr  elvi-'triml  |)Iii»ioineiia  aaaoefatad  with  hMwIf, 
rfmilor  to  tliuiio  nhiob  IbaT«  oxpentaiODd.  Prerioui 
to  coming  iMia,  I  bad  lOMdMl  about  a  year  in  Waah- 
ingtoo.  whnn  I  bad  nanr  ob«arfad  anch  nxlilbitlona. 
■o  br  aa  iny  own  uoraon  was  ooaie«mod,  ami  tliey 
.<»ity  gradually  devBloped  al  this  plaee. 

I  writs  a  srcAt  dMl.  aomctimw  aii  and  dghl  houn 
DODMCotiTalj-,  and  I  And  the  only  kind  of  p<a-bolder 
that  I  oau  uae  tritb  comfort  la  a  rubbar  oaa,  and  otmi 
than  tlie  oomatant  psMage  of  tbe  aleatrjdty  is  f<xoeed- 
'Initly  Dxhaotfing  during  tbo  moal  of  the  iinie.  IaI« 
the  othor  aTcfUDg,  liAving  written  abant  tiahx  honiv 
dniinfc  the  day,  1  throw  myaalf  upnu  a  thick,  woolon 
Marajo  blanket  whlcli  C0T*r«d  an  Iron-froiiM  bad  tn 
wy  atady.  I  was  tirvd  and  narvona,  and  bavtuv  lain 
thara  about  half  an  hour  I  aroaoai]dd«nlv,and,1E>«Jiig 
K  Uilte  daMiI  and  droway,  I  aalMd  hold  d{  th«  Iron 
fkMne  of  th»  bed  Ui  ataady  rayaelf :  tliH  act  if  aa  fol- 
lowed by  an  daotiioal  aboek  thnt  nvafly  tliivw  mo  to 
the  tlittoi,  but  It  waa  not  aocunipBiiicd  by  any  audible 
TCfMtt.  It.  W.  Sat-na.tiT. 

EMI  Wlartte.  Xvw  KaxlM^  Fob.  R. 


Osteological  notes. 

In  liliMlim.  tbrou|[h  Ibo  eiliibition-rooma  of  the 
Unaenm  of  eompoTHtivn  zoology  not  loag  idnco,  my 
jrtUintion  waa  nilli<d  Xt)  lliv  fnol  that  th»  akclKtoa  of 
tbe  BUon  bonaanii  prcitcuteil  n  mdiiuoiitAry  NF'i'OUtI 
metiiourpar,  wbilo  the  BiKin  aiu^ricauus  at  itn  eid« 
mhibiti-il  tbe  cimtoinory  fifth  motiirarpal ;  in  olhor 
woiita,  that  the  aiUffluttjiUnt-bonieiTbiob  wnaprvunlon 
«aob  ak«le(ou  occupied  exactly  oppoillt«  podtiona, 
that  of  tbe  Amerieaa  biaon  being  on  tb«  oi]h>r.  while 
that  of  th>i  iiiiroeh  wai  ou  the  ioDtTiide  of  tbe  limb. 
Thl«  niiiaiilnr  dillpriiiiPC  I  at  oiic*  attributed  to  cattv 
Veamoaa  in  tbu  m<j<iiiliu|{  «t  tbi^  pn'pomtion.  without 
Kl*ing  f"  "">"*''  furth'.'r  lhi"i(ilit.  Tli*  mibjiiol. 
Euwerer,  bulns  again  inoidcuully  l)T(iu|[ht  up.  I 
thuughl  it  worUiy  of  inTeatigation. 

Cloae  uxanination  of  the  porta  in  i^neation  aliowod 
Mtlitaolorily  that  thvy  occupied  thdr  normal  jKal- 
tton,  that  the  diarthrudial  facet  fortbe  utlciUatlon  of 
Uia  o«MOua  atylat  woa  behind  and  to  the  iuaida  of 
Oa  npaiior  extroudty  of  the  prinoipal  meUtoatpa), 
■ad  tbiri  there  waa  no  corrMpondiug  facet  upon  the 
oulaide  of  the  muiie  buue. 

In  the  rnmimiliDg  lectiona  of  tbe  artlodActyla,  aa 
U  wall  known,  the  woond  and  fifth  ineUwarpala  are 


always  raduDod  to  man  r*pr«MtilatiT«K  of  their  proi- 
Imni  eitremltiea,  and  in  eoma  oaaea  are  entirely  ab- 
eeut.u  inthegiraffc,  pruug-bnck.  and  inaome  of  tbe 
antelopes,  ojt  well  on  in  the  canieU.  In  the  Oerridaa 
Ihn  three  j>halaiiK<u  of  the  aeoond  uid  fifth  digita 
are  pre»Bat,  artlc.iilM.iii  to  ibe  dlalal  end*  of  their 
reepKOtive  mHacarpalM.  which  gradually  taper  to  a 
puiut  upwordn.  In  aomo  apefiva,  in  addition.*  tmoll 
rnu-tion  at  Ibc  proximal  extremity  of  the  fifth  nwta- 
eaqinl  la  foundl  Id  the  wapiti  (Oi^muu  eonadenaia) 
the  Hlylltorin  rudluienta  of  uic  prnxiiual  <iilrfniltica 
of  botli  aiilinl-bonea  are  preaeut  In  tbe  Bovlnae, 
M  a  gnnora]  rule,  it  ia  the  mdinantary  proximal  end 
of  the  fifth  metacarpal  that  la  exhibited.  In  looking 
iivi'r  tbe  collection  of  ekeJetona  of  Biaon  amerioanna 
in  ibi»  muaeum,  I  found  no  exception  to  tbia  condi- 
tion. In  tbe  iikrlelcinH  of  Bo*  (auruH.  however, 
although  tbe  mlc  held  the  aame,  there  were  eioep- 
tion*.  In  caie  caaa  the  mdimmtary  pioiimol  ruda 
of  both  aeeond  and  fifth  metacarpal*  wiiri'iicgiially  do- 
Telopod.  In  eeTCTal  otbeta  the  etylet  of  tbe  Moond 
woa  preaeut.  but  rclatirdy  very  dimlnntiv*.  Ia 
otbnn.  In  place  of  a  dtaunot  mdinwntnry  oMnel*, 
there  wn*  an  otwific  deposit  upon  the  oanon- 
bone,  Himnlflting  by  lt«  ehape  and  poaltlon  tlia 
undereloped  pruitaial  end  of  Ibe  oeeond  metaoarpiJ. 

The  only  oUior  akeletos  of  Riaon  booaaoa  ia  thia 
ooantry,  to  my  kuowlodttn,  ia  in  tfaa  poaneaaionof  llie 
SmiUiaouiau  iiietitullon.  In  answer  to  iny  inqnlriea, 
Mr.  True,  the  ourutot,  kindly  wrote  a«  follow* :  '*  I 
haxe  eounintid  tbe  skeleloD  of  Biion  botuuua,  and 
find  tlint  lite  mntacarpnla  of  the  leeoad  and  fifth 
digiU  are  developed  nlmnt  ei]uiLlly  at  the  pmilnia] 
end.  The  lurgeet  mdiiuent  i»  Rfi  uiiu.  loiiu  :  tbia  ia 
on  the  mitaide  of  thv  right  leg,  Ou  the  left  leg.  how- 
8T«r,  th*  lurifer  mdinipiit  in  Ibe  inner  one." 

Upon  the  »kel>tiiD  iu  the  Cambridge  iiiUMum  the 
mdlmoDtarv  metJicaqiAls  of  the  Mnoud  digit  are 
both  equally  developed,  and  ineuaiiro  07  mm.  in 
lenKtli.  white  there  1h  not  a  troeo  of  tbe  fifth. 

Owi'ii.  who  jH  the  only  writtrn  authority  upon  tbe 
anatomy  of  the  European  blaon,  taya  in  his  '  Anatomy 
of  verfebratei.'  "In  tlw  bfaon  t]i«  bouea  of  tbu 
apuriouK  boofa  oonaiBt,  ia  «adi,  of  the  middle  and 
di«lAl  |ihalangasi  and  thare  Ja  a  atylitorm  repr«- 
ai-ulativB  lA  the  proilnwl  end  of  tlmlr  renpncU** 
metacarpal!  ikrticuiatod  !u  the  tore-foot,  one  to  the 
connate  trapezoid,  the  other  to  the  uucifonu  Bud 
ciiuHttnriii  bciiioM." 

Tile  uiutliflratk'D*  which  proTail  in  the  oonitmc- 
tiuD  and  number  of  the  iligiU  if  tlie  tlngiilAta  are 
in  many  potata  of  licw  eilrvmvly  inleTi<«tiiig.  The 
aboTfl  liaia  ore  too  fragincntary  npou  which  to  draw 
oonclnaione,  bat  possibly  they  hoTc  their  ralne. 

I).  D.  81.1C11.  U.D. 
CuDbrl'lKO,  Moaa..  Fell.  T. 


Respiration  and  pulse-rate  of  foreisn  residents. 

1  nbuiild  bp  jilenwwl  lo  Icnrn  from  your  mbaoribcra, 
bom  in  England  or  upon  the  continent  of  Europe, 
wbotlier  they  bare  obeerred  any  earlatlon  In  the 
ro«])lratlou  and  pnlao-rale  anni-  beeomiiu  citiEeua  of 
the  Uulled  StatM-  The  reports,  to  be  ca  any  ecien- 
tUe  value,  should  contain  fnll  atatement  of  any 
change  in  oooupatiou  or  iniiunrT  >if  ]ltf<.  a*  weJl  as 
diffaieaic*  of  latitude  and  «1«'VHlivu  above  the  bm, 
and  the  effoot  of  anch  irariation  tipon  the  gencnl 
health.  EowAim  T.  NaUKn. 

Dataware.  crelLfi. 


SCI  EN  CE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


I 


FBIDAT.  FEBKUABT  18,  1887. 


ASPECTS  OF  EDL'CATrON. 
L  —  HmunBH. 

RUtOK  tW  rrvira]  i>r  InrniDg.  MCOnd&rv  edncft- 
tioD  in  Europe  hu  pHwu-cl  ilitoitfrh  Ihnv  pbaan, 
wbkh  may  be  convtuiirally  rallml  hutnnnistn, 
ivaliflm,  and  naturollam.  Tlin  first  in  ^troiiniled 
upon  the  atixlr  of  laDstiBKC,  nnd  mpecinlly  nt  ihf 
two  dMMl  lani;uttge«.  Greek  aoit  LaiId.  Tlie»^ond 
ia  baaed  upon  tbe  slud}'  of  thinK^  iDnlead  ot  wonls. 
lb*  edtmliun  of  thv  ruiiid  tluuiijcli  Ih^cVf  SDd  th(r 
hand  CViwly  <^>nintt«l  with  tliis.  ih  the  stuily 
of  tltow  tliinf^  which  niny  br  i>f  dirfCt  influence 
upon  SDii  dl»ct  iniponnner  U>  life  The  third  is 
not,  ilk  Ih«  dm  Inslanoe,  study  at  all.  It  Is  an  at- 
Ieiiip4  la  huild  up  tli«  whole  nature  ot  the  man  ; 
(o  vducalc,  Hnn  bis  body,  then  hia  i-ha»i.-t«rr,  and 
liwtly  hi«L  mind.  All  (h«>riM  ot  ixluciitiun  which 
have  taken  a  pnu-licnl  form  durini;  the  tairt  thrrr 
hundred  years  may  b*'  taiigi'd  under  oni-  or  oilmr 
tt  UwK  three  heads.  Modem  ndiK-atioti.  an  we 
know  U,  is  an  uaconaclouii.  but  not  the  leaf,  a 
raal,  ootnpnxniM  between  the  ihree  ends.  If  wv 
coDSidcr  each  ttcpanit,>l}*.  we  hIikII  be  iu  ihi-  bat 
pcwition  to  nndetntand  the  aystein  t«  wbirh  they 
have  Riven  rlw. 

It  Is  Important  to  renininbw  iJiat  thp  refornia- 
llon  ill  Etirope  hapjiened  at  the  time  wlieii  the 
bMt  European  intellects  were  directed  towards  the 
study  of  the  claaalcs.  This  was  not  a  mere  caluci- 
denc-«.  Tlie  revioal  of  learning,  an  it  ia  called, 
■  lial  is,  the  clOMT  and  more  intiinnti-  ertiuaiotiinFe 
wilb  Greak  and  Latin  tvxtii,  which  had  Ijefnri? 
Iir«n  known  through  tmn* In tiotin  an<l  paraphravm, 
was  in  liseU  the  principnl  oiium-  ot  a  refonnailon. 
The  cvttkal  spirit  Ibns aDgaadcTed.  the  diMal'sfar- 
Uoa  anxiaed  with  the  leaeblng  of  the  old  religion, 
Ibe  revolt  a|;ainsl  the  schoolmen.  war»  alM  efH- 
ciml  iri  bringing  about  the  refonnation.  The 
vducatioD  of  the  middle  agi-a  was  t-novflopedic, 
in  aim  if  not  in  renlllr.  The  seven-year?  course 
of  study  —  frinuni  and  tfuo'lrinuta  —  wna  in- 
tended Ia  rompriw  every  thing  thai  a  man  need 
know.  Grammar  lauicbt  the  whole  scicnoe  of 
worda,  dialectic  tnmlshed  a  scholar  with  the 
wlioie  annor  of  ant  n  men  I ,  rlieloric  invented  him 
not  only  with  eloquence  in  speech  hut  with  the 
more  gneeful  gifts  of  poetry  and  imuginaiion. 
Tbe  tetaaee  of  muKic,  tlie  science  of  numhcrw,  the 


poww  of  meoMiriDg  the  earth  and  tbe  heavenai 
ftimiiJiiMl  out  tlie  cam)dc<<^ly  edumtcd  man. 
Hand-book*  ot  thcmiddlcaRex  In  tended  for  *tudfnta 
cover  ih."  whole  ground  of  human  knowU"dgv 
Tbe 'Tr£«or 'of  Branet  to  Lallnl,  tbe  master  of  Dante- 
is  divided  into  three  bookv;  il>e  first  book  into 
fiva  parte,  Ihe  last  two  into  two  jtarta  each.  The 
first  biMik  cpenki  of  th»  origin  of  all  Ihiiigii.  After 
this  come*  philosophy,  dlvidod  into  itti  two  com- 
pononl  part*  of  thnory  and  pmcUce.  Th««ry  Ium 
threegreal  divisions,  ^theology,  the knowkdgf  of 
f fofl :  pliy§iCH,  the  knowledge  of  tlie  world  ;  and 
malbemati(-B.  the  knowledge  ot  the  four  sclencee 
which  form  tUt-  quadriviKm.  Practice  has  also 
three  divinionii.  —  ethics,  T(iti.-ach  lUtliow  togoveni 
oiirwives ;  m-oDnmicH,  to  toach  u.i  how  to  govern 
our  family  ond  our  belonging*  ;  and  politim.  the 
highnil  aS  nil  Rcienoe*  and  the  moot  nolde  of  hu- 
man orciipationH,  which  Imchn  u*  to  goi-rm 
towns,  kingdoms,  and  tiationa.  in  both  peace  and 
war.  As  a  prelude  to  (heae  nobler  scieBC«e  stand 
the  preliminary  atU  of  grammar,  dialeciica,  and 
rlietoric. 

It  ia  tcui'  that  before  tlic  rcfurmatiun  this  noble 
plan  of  education  lind  become  narmwcd  and  tvt- 
raallaed.  Thecliurcli  had  ppwwd  all  knowlmige 
into  its  service,  and  no  fcirni  ot  know)c>lge  wbk 
highly  valued  which  did  not  contribute  to  the  «e>r- 
vice  of  the  church.  The  method*  tit  teaching 
became  curruplt^  :  memory  was  aubstituled  for 
thought.  There  was  a  striking  cuntratt  between 
the  high  aims  of  the  best  part  of  the  nuddle  agea 
and  the  Knnty  attainments  of  its  decadence ;  hut- 
tb«  shell  was  still  there,  and  ns  lung  as  that  re- 
maini-d,  life  might  be  poured  into  it. 

Tbp  rcnniuanre  owepi  away  this  effim  as  a 
dream.  Rchdlara  brought  faee  to  face  with  Virgil 
and  Horace,  witli  Cloero  and  Plato,  wen-  «i  won 
by  the  cbarru  of  a  new  and  marvellonx  Ijinsiiage, 
that  all  tlieir  «treiigtb  wa»  spent  In  eiplnming  and 
apprecialiiig  It.  The  literary  reeiiUs  of  the  rcnaia- 
lanoe  were  twofold.  On  llie  one  hand,  it  arouaed 
the  pure  eaijoyment  of  literary  form  and  expres- 
sion ;  on  the  other,  by  sllmulatiag  a  more  exact 
scholarship  ami  a  more  minute  pliilctwi>hy.  it 
urged  on  the  human  mind  1^  in(|itiry  and  to  rebel- 
lion. , 

Just  as  the  stream  of  thla  revival  wax  in  full 
flood,  the  reformation  came,  and  »eparatc<)  the 
culture  of  Protectants  from  that  of  the  old  church. 
We  do  not  sufficiently  realiee  what  a  wrench  this 
waa.     We  are  so  acciistunied  to  regard  Prote*unl- 


162 


SCIEI^CE. 


I  Vol.  IS.  No.  ail 


i*mii0ftstiiiiiilu8toinrl«peiid«DC«Bildorlii;in'i1itj<>f 
lliontclit.  ttiat  wi-  do  not  conaidef  wl»t  it  !'>?*  wtm 
\gA  rtrsl  BliffrTtM]  hv  tl»L-  Ivi-ncli  willi  (he  ol<l  r««lt- 
lion,  TJw  u,*lit)l«  iniJtUTr  of  llin  miildlc  u^r*  wbm 
iilliiiiulrly  connootod  with  tlip  church.  If  wr 
taki-  Dnnti-  nji  nti  example,  who  wo*  st«iioil  in  nil 
thr  know-lpdjc  "'  his  time,  nv  find  thai,  in  every 
thing  hp  w-Totc,  the  «ccl»la«tical  aspect  Is  n* 
IiromiDent  n«  the  poetical.  There  Is  »0  moment 
when  he  has  not  art  equal  right  to  sTuitl  atnonj; 
tlie  tiortors  o(  theology  Hnd  vrith  tlie  poets  of  Par- 
nsMiiM.  Those  who  broke  with  the  i:hureh  of 
Rome  htttl  to  rrtyitf  n  culture  of  tlwir  own.  uuci 
Ihe  fulttite  which  tlipy  rmnleil  wnii  nntiimlly  tliat 
whU'h  Ihtn  ptrvailcrd  in  thp  chiirrh  winch  tlicy 
•Kctr  IfBTing. 

It  wno  thi*  that  snve Melanchlhnn  his !m|Kir1«iic4; 
in  the  ri^  for  mat  ion,  and  that  euroeii  for  him  the 
name  of  the  '  leat'her  of  GemmDy.'  Ue  was  by 
nature  an  exact  scholur.  He  was  well  read  In 
tH)th  Greek  and  Latin,  He  may  have  intended  to 
III!  U|t  the  other  ilivisiunn  of  l<-nming.  but  liotb  his 
(ante  hikI  lib  powers  Iitl  him  to  conlint^  himiwlf  to 
th09i>  il<^  part  men  tH  in  which  ho  excelled,  tie  said 
to  hii  KcbiX)l-lx>;i.,  ■  Whatever  yoii  wii^h  to  tcnm, 
Imrn  grammar  flreU'  He  recommended  the  study 
of  Cicero,  Llvy,  Virgil,  Ovid,  and  QuiniiUan,  and 
amonji;  Greek  writers.  Homer,  UeriKlotus.  Dooioe- 
th(ine».  and  Luciau.  He  recuni mended  tliem-ii- 
[ngof  Latin  letten  and  Ijitin  v<tu%  with  Latin 
Hpiwcheii  and  thrinm  for  tho  norcadvanord  stu- 
denlH. 

Uelanchthon  niixht  have  Intended,  if  life  lasted, 
to  deal  MUCt'ewively  with  other  brsiiclieii  of  tlie 
mediaeval  curriciiluiu,  but  his  own  taDies  and  Ihe 
success  of  his  (Irol  tllDrtii  (leterniiiiwl  his  whoU- 
career.  Ue  inaile  tlie  study  of  huiguat-e  in  ail  ite 
bnncli«i>  cum-nl  coin  for  ProtrKtants,  but  Itere  he 
stopped. 

Whntrrvr  tavj  hnv9  bfOD  the  influence  of  Me- 
huichthon  on  Prottvluitscliacils,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  they  recelTod  their  form  from  John  Stnnu 
of  Sirnslnitfc,  who  was  rector  of  Stra^bUTK  biicb 
school  for  forty-live  years,  from  1088  to  1698.  We 
And  his  name  in  Ihe  pages  of  Asdiam.  and  It  U 
v%tj  probable  that  his  plan  of  study  lorine>l  the 
■lodel  on  which  ttie  new  ooilege  of  WeHlmiiiBter 
WHS  orptnixctl.  but  hin  influence  i-xt^rndwl  not  only 
to  England  Init  to  all  Pnittstani  counLried.  He 
wa«.  a  politician  as  well  a*  a  ■rliool- master ;  and 
WM  in  conHtsnt  correspoDdence  with  tht>  leaders 
of  the  Protestant  party  all  over  Europe.  His  great 
tMwers  were  devoted  to  an  elaborate  plan  for 
teaching  the  L^iin  language,  in  all  its  exirut  and 
in  its  fullest  elegance,  to  school -Imyu.  We  have  a 
oo(nple(«  account  of  the  organ imtiuo  of  liiii»chool, 
and  tfaorv  is  thin  remarkable  fact  about  it,— (he 


hoy»  wer«  not  only  made  to  proceed  from  step  to 
Me|i  MKrards  ttami  e»(i'lli-nc<',  l>ul  tliey  wero 
Hiricily  |>T>iitiib(le<)  from  takitiK  tu'te  than  one 
Blup  at  a  time.  In  the  examinations  which  weie 
Ill-Id  lit  the  close  of  each  year,  it  irns  nut  only  a 
rrimi'  to  bate  oinilted  to  learn  the  net  nibjecls  for 
thnt  pcriixl.  but  i(  was  tM  great  a  crime  to  have 
lenmnl  morr  than  liad  been  set.  Not  only  «■■* 
the  human  mind  ticl  and  IkmiimI  within  the  limit* 
of  a  curriculum,  tmt  imlividual  minds  were  pro- 
hibited from  oiitetepping  the  limtH  of  that  curri- 
culum in  any  particular.  Slurm  must  be  regarded. 
more  ttian  any  one  else,  as  tho  crvator  lor  Protvat- 
luiU  of  the  classical  system  of  Roglisb  |>ublic- 
Hchool  education  aa  ft  is  remerohcretl  by  uiany 
who  are  Ktil)  living.  In  this  system,  hoys  lieKan 
to  learn  ihc  l^ntin  enimmar  before  (hey  leamod 
English  Krammot:  tliey  were  set  to  <1«  Latin 
veiraea  before  they  fioukl  «  rit*  Latin  proae.  The 
Latin  taught  « as  not  tlie  masculine  language  of 
Lucrtrtiua  and  C8e«ar,  but  tlx-  omste  and  artiftoial 
(licTiioD  i>r  Horace  and  Virgil,  and.  abovtt  all,  of 
t:ii<im.  Tliere  is  uu  doubt  that  tills  system,  nar- 
row and  faulty  as  it  was.  gave  a  good  education, 
so  Umg  as  peoiile  bcUcreil  in  it.  To  know  Horace 
and  Virgil  by  heart  ht-caim-  tlie  first  iluty  of  an 
GuglUh  gentleman.  Speei^brii  in  porlisinenl  were 
considered  incomplete  if  they  did  not  contain  at 
least  one  l^tin  ((uotstion.  A  false  luantlly  wao 
held  (o  be  a  greater  crime  than  a  slip  in  |oitical 
argument.  Cicero  not  only  inducuced  Ibt-  educa- 
tion of  E^nglish  stnli-iiiicn,  but  had  no  incoOHider- 
able  elTecl  upon  their  conduct.  The  vqnily  of 
self-iiis|ieclion,  the  continual  reference  to  wliat  Is 
digiiilled  and  becoming,  coupled  with  a  high- 
minded  devolii.>n  to  duty  and  a  stroug  if  some- 
what romantic  liutriotisin.  distinguislied  Englbh 
statesmen  in  the  eigbttvuth  centur:!'  ub  much  lU 
they  diatinguielied  the  grL-ut  ontor  of  Rome. 

There  is.  indeed,  much  to  bt>  said  fixr  humanis- 
tic training  as  a  diwipUneof  the  lolnd.  It  la  tme 
that  It  deals  only  with  words,  and  Its  highest 
elTorls  are,  to  decide  what  expression  is  abmluiely 
best  under  certain  circuuiBlauces.  It  la  uo  light 
thing  to  r«ndi.T  an  t^nglisb  sMiteoee.  oniati-  and 
idiomatic,  intu  :t  Uitin  ntntcnce  which  exactly 
rcpres'nbs  its  meaning  and  wliich  is  npially  ornate 
and  idiomatic.  It  in  difficult  to  annlyzi>  the  subtle 
lad  hy  which  a  scholar decidesa|>articular  reading 
in  a  iiarticular  passage  to  be  right  and  all  other 
readings  to  lie  wrong,  or  by  which  he  determiiun 
one  Latin  or  Greek  verse  to  be  sodrK/idedly  superior 
tu  anutber.  that  tlicrir  comparative  merit  admits  of 
no  argument  or  hesitation.  Anj  numbcv  of  com- 
petently (rained  •cltiitars  wMuld  agree  together  Jn 
a  matter  of  this  kind,  and  yet  it  Is  entirely  beyond 
argument  that  not  one  of  them,  II  cross-examined 


I 


I 


PnaCAKT  18,  I9fl.] 


8CIENCE, 


163 


I 


In  K  wltneai-box,  couM  gi?e  rvnutnu  for  hiH  judg' 
raetit  which  trotild  Mliiir^  n  jury.  The  quiwUMi 
H  dMennincd  bj  (he  nxMi  dclimh!  wdKhing  of 
prob«bi)ili««.  b^  a  mibtln  tnct  idiiiiUr  to  ihitt  by 
which  Ibo  taaa.  complicntml  oprrallon  or  an  artllt- 
oor  ii  cMiriri)  on.  Is  not  tbb  Ihe  verj*  prooras 
which  wp  have  to  apptr  to  Ihe  luoet  dilDculi  prob- 
lems of  life?  Tlie  orcnoou  of  loalhrimalictil 
ntaooixt^  is  a  far  duumier  and  bluiitcr  iiistrumiMtt 
than  tbe  orgauuo  hj  whirh  hiiinikni«tic  dJAicultini 
an  deoMnl,  whik-  thi-  orgnnon  of  cclencitic  fba- 
WDinK  in  cluniatpr  and  blunter  still.  Uathetnatlca 
doftl*  for  iIm-  Qioul  p«rt  with  thiogB  whlcli  «u)  be 
aocunU^'ly  appreheoded  b.v  the  miod.  It  aiuu, 
more  lluui  aiirthlog  el^.  at  eia<rtii6iti,  and 
«ll)Kmg)i  in  ila  hi|;lirr  br»Di.-lirii  it  nduiitH  h>-polh- 
MW  of  |>ruhabilitj',  jkK  it»  pcin<-ipnl  objrct  is  orr- 
lAintr.  Seienoe  goea  farther  tlian  this;  It  not 
onlr  adtnHa  cnrtainty  of  appreheDsion,  but  It 
«laia>«  that  it  ihoiiid  tmich,  see,  anil  hatulle  tba 
mui«r*  with  wht«h  it  deals.  Few  re«ulta  cam 
•tand  this  ooar«e  analysis.  If  biolo^  aiid  I'hcni' 
Ittfy  refiwe  lo  ac-knowlfdii;*  uii}-  irutii  whic^b  <-an- 
oot  bedeuioD*trat<.-(l  to  tlip  mmibmi,  they  put  oat  of 
thvlr  n^noh  tliow  tniihi  which  arc  tlic  tnost  im- 
portant to  know,  luid  which  can  ho  arrived  at  by 
|)ri>b«>>ility  aloiM!.  If  tn^thpniatici  admits  of  <te- 
tnunsiMllon  which  idiall  Kive  a  cl^ar  proof  to  any 
on*  who  BKks  ii,  it  removes  from  its  qihen  Uum 
Jodpnenis  which  mtt  upon  the  IraiiMd  InatiBct 
of  experts,  and  which  can  only  be-  tnndi-  clcftf  to 
one  wbu  lias  uudvt^ni;  a  similnr  tminintt. 

IteKunlmj  from  this  point  of  rinw.  huniaiiisBi 
wa«  no  bad  prvrpnration  for  active  life  or  for  (t«- 
rolion  to  any  other  sauly.  It  had  Ihe  advautagv 
o(  belnjc  small  In  contpase.  and  of  liinita  which 
wetv  easily  ftsoetlained.  Devotloo  tu  humanixlic 
Mudie*.  properly  tindemood,  did  not  uscludir  ap- 
pikation  to  otlwir  studim  which  iDight  be  con- 
aidered  moragnvc  and  imiKmani.  William  Pitl. 
cImucHIot  of  the  cxchiiiuiT  ut  twenty-two,  prime 
mtnialcr  nt  twimly-foiir.  ww  n  flril'mte  humanist, 
a»  he  was  an  escvllont  Rinthemutinnu  ;  but  this 
did  not  p«went  him  from  Iwing  an  adinirablc 
<jrator,  a  close  reasoner,  a  profound  atudi-m  of 
history  and  politics,  and  a  political  ocunomiat  fnr 
in  advance  of  his  lime.  Much  oa  wo  may  rcgrot 
that  education  in  Prolesliini  countries,  eepecwlly 
in  England,  Holland,  and  Sweden,  was  narrowed 
hjr  tli«  humnniatic  tendency,  we  must  not  refuse 
to  Kive  ibat  training  all  the  credit  whiob  it  de- 
•erres.  Oscab  BitowMK«. 


Or  S30  railway  «inploy««8  examined  In  Buda- 
pest by  Ucfatenberg;,  84.8  per  cent  were  found  to 
have  Impaired  hearing,— a  r«8ull  which  is  cvr- 
Utiuly  Rt&itliog. 


PUBLIC  lySTBVCriON  m  JVJPIF  VORK 
STATE  IS  ISSe. 

The  mlrnnoe  aheetii  of  Ihe  nnnaal  raport  of  Ifae 
unpen ntendent  of  public  toslrartloD  of  Kew  York 
state,  Andrews.  Draper,  witlle  not  contninInK  tlw 
full  tables  of  statistics  and  the  sppei>di<«s  that 
will  aocompany  the  full  report,  enable  us  to  Jud^ 
of  tbe  work  of  Ihe  past  year. 

The  aKgrcKate  amount  of  money  expended  by 
tbe  department  dniing  tlic  year  waa  tlS,8M,- 
8M.0S,  and  it  coven  tlu!  expenan*  of  Kupcrrision, 
of  normal  wlioids,  tMcben'  innitute".  Indian 
schoolii.  Biul  inslitnttoim  for  (he  deaf,  dumb,  and 
blind.  It  does  not  include  tlie  expanses  of  those 
p«Tts  of  tbe  school  system  thai  come  InunedUiely 
under  Uie  supen  i^ion  of  the  regents  of  the  luii- 
»ertity.  The  total  number  of  teocben  employed 
wae  81,833,  of  whom  SS.STS  wont  fenudiii.  The 
aver»ee  annual  aalary  of  teacheni  was  |T0t.31  in 
the  oitiea,  and  $981. W  in  the  towns.  The  num- 
ber of  chfldren  of  school  tffe  —  between  IS  and  SI 
yenm— was  l,?aS,tftS.  The  number  who  attended 
tlie  pulilic  ocbooh  at  some  lime  during;  the  year 
WBs  1,037,147:  tlie  aTerane  daily  altendaoce  was 
633,813,  Tbe  whole  number  instructed  in  tbe 
common  achuolii.  normal  school.  academJMi,  col- 
le|;e<,  private  BCliooIti,  and  law  and  mcdioalw-boots, 
wai  I,u!3,32T.  Tliu  averai^  numlier  of  weeks 
taught  wan.  in  the  uitin.  98.7.  in  the  towns ;  8S.6. 

From  the  data  collected,  it  seems  that  Bfty-ntne 
per  cent  of  tbe  school  poputetion  attended  tbe 
public  schools  at  some  time  during  tbi-  year, 
against  sizty-nine  jier  cent  in  mo.  At  first 
■il^lit  thia  number  M-ema  very  small,  but  its  mnall- 
new  b  ii|>fiiirenl  rather  than  real :  for  all  pereoos 
between  Ihe  ages  of  lire  and  twenty-one  are 
reckoned  a«  of  school  sijce.  and  It  Is  tlierefofv  jwe- 
sible  for  a  lx»y  to  be  returned  as  not  attending 
school  who  has  been  flfteeo  )ear>i  a  pupiL 
FtitUieruore,  it  iuuhI  Im  recollected  thai  uniuug 
the  forty-one  per  cent  of  noii-ultrudiii^  childrtm 
are  reckoned  all  tfai-ae  who  attend  private  icbooU 
and  uctuleuiits :  and  in  a  state  like  New  York, 
which  contains  a  very  large  urban  population, 
the  number  of  pupils  in  private  schools  and 
academieB  will  be  very  large  :  so  the  figures  as  to 
school  attendance  cited  above,  and  which  Hrst 
meet  the  eye  In  reading  Ihe  report,  are  mUlmd- 
ing.  In  another  ))aragraph.  however,  Superin- 
tendent Draper  tuakcB  the  direct  statement  that 
the  number  of  pupils  in  Ihe  public  schools,  pri> 
vale  schools,  and  ocadeniics,  at  some  time  during 
the  year,  was  nxtft-eigM  per  cent  of  Ui«  scliool 
population. 

Mr.  Dmper  finds  that  the  c<amputsoTy-«ducfltlon 
act  of  1874  has  not  only  been  ineffectual,  but  that 
In  its  present  form  it  is  hardly  capable  of  beinfc 


164 


SCIBNCF. 


{VoK.  n..  Ko.  an 


oiadetoopniiti'iiiircrHifDllj.  HowyiithAt "  ttchoot 
truMlcpi  el»cl«l  xo  supwvlte  the  Mhnolf,  Hnd  •rrv. 
ing  mithoiit  nny  oompenMlion,  nnuiraUy  objprt 
ro  being  tiimei)  Into  constables  and  police  offlr^n 
for  the  purpose  of  upprabendlnjE  d<>l(n(|<ieiil  chil- 
dren or  tli«  children  of  delinquent  pareold.  More- 
over. lli«  whoola  are  fuIL  In  moaC  of  thei'lties, 
the  accumodatione  are  taxed  to  tlip  utiuont.  Any 
e(r<.>ctuii]  execution  of  the  law  would  at  ono«  <-rc- 
atv  thr  neoewliy  foor  ndditjonnl  buildintc*  in  cvtiry 
city  of  the  state.  Rnl,  notwithstanding  these 
conrfderatione,  the  problem  caaoot  safely  Ite 
UtalxA  with  indflTervitL-e  by  Ui«  state." 

The  n<)rnwU-5fhool  work  in  the  ntnlt-  iKwom  to 
be  in  puft'lirnt  <'c)ndition.  TIutt  on-  nini'  ni>rini)l 
•cliooU.  omployiiiK  \-2^  li>achrr>.  and  having  a 
total  eniolment  if  ft.«08.  While  thcue  whooU  »n> 
in  good  bands,  and  dolo^  excellent  work,  ret 
they  ar«  Inadequate,  for  as  now  operated  they  do 
not  fill  one  in  ten  of  the  vscancie«  occurring  in  the 
raolu  of  tlw  thirty  tbousanil  curuuion-scbutil 
tcBoben  of  thtr  atati*.  Thp  Muperintendmt  ui^s 
that  thr  norauU  KchooU  might  nccompliBb  larger 
mults  Khoiild  ther  iippnd  Iciu  time  in  foumtnlion 
work,  and  confine  themsplven  to  special  training 
and  practice.  Moreover,  sorae  scheme  slioiild  he 
devised  to  bring  the  normal  schools  to  n  8iil>stan- 
tlKl  uniforniily.  innlvaU  of  leaving  Ihcin  si."  fub- 
jcct  to  local  dcmancls  and  inHm-noes  as  tbey  now 
are. 

Aft**  treating  of  the  vsrloiiB  othpr  Huhji-ct* 
thai  have  come  under  biiy  HUpervlNion,  Mr.  Omper 
concludes  his  niixirt  with  souie  general  ob«erva- 
tiona  and  BUggeetidnB  of  niurv  tlian  Im-itl  or  stat«' 
nppliciitiim.  Me  inijuir™  whether,  sinfi-  Ihi-  Mtnin 
of  New  York  is  now  spvndinK  (14.000,01)0  uniiual- 
1y  in  nipporl  of  its  public  ichaol  nybtcai.  it  would 
not  be  a  good  idea  to  apvnd  »  few  ihou«and  <lol- 
lan,  once  in  a  while,  in  delctmining  how  to  spend 
this  vast  sum  to  the  l>est  ftdiantage.  "  Is  our 
nJuoatloii  as  practlnl  as  It  lulniht  be?  Do  we 
n»ch  nil  tlii-  children  we  ought  V  In  our  ardor 
over  the  high  schooiH.  which  nine-tenths  of  our 
cbildivn  nover  reach,  havu  we  not  neglm'tnl  the 
low  tchools?  k  thiTc  not  too  much  Fmich,  snd 
OeTEnan.  and  Latin,  and  tirivk,  and  too  little 
siwlllng.  and  writing,  and  menial  arithmetic,  and 
Bngllsli  grammar  l>elng  taught  ?  Have  we  heen 
■a  ambitioati  of  progre^i  tn  the  lower  grades  a*  in 
the  advanced 't  Are  not  our  cdutsl's  of  nludy  too 
nomplex ':  Arc  we  n<it  andertnking  to  do  morr 
than  WF  arc  doing  wi>ll  t  k  not  the  examina- 
tion tnuine«M  being  orcrdone?  Are  we  not  cram- 
aaiag  with  fact*,  which  will  soon  be  forgotten,  In 
order  to  pass  esaminaliono,  rather  than  InstlllinK 
principles  wblch  will  endure?  Is  not  our  etlnca- 
tion  running  on  the  line  of  intellectual  it}-  alone  t 


Are  we  educating  the  whole  man  ?  .\r»  we  am 
giving  up  moral  training  more  than  we  ought,  be- 
cause of  the  danger  of  trenching  upon  seciariwi- 
Ism  ?  Is  there  no  way  of  adhering  to  tlie  one,  and 
avoiding  the  other?  Ai«  we  doing  what  we 
might  in  the  way  of  phynical  culnre?  Ought  iwt 
tlic  stale  to  ilo  sonxtthing  at  leant  to  eni^ourage  In- 
dnxtrial  ovhoolii?  Wmild  we  not  secure  better 
schnoUin  the  countiv  if  tlm  tnwnahip  wan  the  unit 
of  government  railier  ilian  tlie  prvnent  wcluiol 
diNlrict?  Does  not  the  prexent  arrangement  help 
the  well-to-do  and  leave  the  poor  to  get  along  oa 
brat  they  uiuy?  Should  not  thp  law  whlc^i  Hxaa 
live  and  twmly-one  yearn  as  the  limits  of  school 
age  he  chnngfd  to  six  and  sixteen  years?  Is  tt 
not  lime  to  forhid  llic  divernion  of  lihrur.v  inoneys 
from  their  legitimate  u*e»,  or  to  provide  that  they 
may  be  exjienrled  for  school  apparatus  innicnd  of 
tenchers'  wugen?  lioursystem  of  apporlioninK 
public  moneys  thi-  wiiipsi  and  ilie  bt«t?  I*  (here 
no  WAT  of  ^pecinlly  aiding  ihi-  small,  remote,  and 
poor  dialriris?  Do  our  different  claanes  ofeJuca- 
tional  work  supplement  each  other  and  Rt  to- 
gether 90  as  to  make  a  symmetric-al  and  complete 
system,  and  do  they  co-opera(«  aa  they  might  and 
ought  1 " 

Am  Mr.  Draper  adds,  these  are  live  questions, 
and  app<«l  to  i>dumtars  the  world  uver.  To  an- 
swer them,  he  mnlre*  the  suKgentive  recuinmeoda- 
tion  that  a  i-ouncil  of  *ay  thirty  eminent  edu«' 
torn,  n-'pre*entinK  college,  normal  "chool.  bifrh 
Nchoal.  utid  common  M-h<Hfl  alike,  be  called,  to 
moet  at  Albany  (u  diacuw  these  questions  and 
make  such  rccontniendalions  and  suggMtfonti 
concerning  them  as  it  Etees  flt.  In  New  Jersef , 
a  state  oonncll  of  this  9on  is  in  proccM  of  organ* 
iiatiun.  in  pursuance  of  PrpBidnnt  Meknej'a 
recommendation,  made  tn  the  state  tencheni  at 
their  annual  asHOciation  meeting  in  Trenton  UM 
E>i?cemlicr :  but  therr,  it  is  unofficial,  the  flrM  more 
having  lieen  madu  by  the  teacliers.  If  it  i«  wisely 
contfliluted,  it  nhimld  become  an  educational  fao- 
(or  of  great  force  in  the  state  ;  and  if  Superin- 
tendent Un»i>er'ft  plan  is  carried  into  effect.  New 
York  Bt«lc  will  have  a  aimilur  body  of  representa- 
tive a<lvlser«  on  edu<-nt.ional  subjeote. 


TflE  TRAJiVlNU  OF  THE  FACVLTtES  OF 
JVDGMENT  ASl>  HEASOM^f).' —  tl. 

I  NOW  proceed  to  show  how  some  of  our  schiH>l 
flubjecta  uiay  be  employed  in  the  syntematic  train- 
ing of  the  judgment  and  the  reiisontng  power*..  "l 
nhnll  follow,  as  neatly  ok  pomible.  the  ofiler  laid 
down  in  ll»c  previous  article. 

The  leMons  which  I  have  described  under  tbeee 

'  Proo)  ilw  JOfwiMl  vftiluealion.  •  (uipsr  niA  befor*  lb* 
Education  Mwtgly,  Oek  »,  ttM. 


r«MciitT  IS.  iwT.i 


SCWXCJC. 


10S 


beads,  whra  tllustradwicih^tniiDioKur  ihefMuliy 
a(  oonrvpcinn.  will  letvv  uidoiiruMj  foroxi-rriniiK 
the  chill]  ID  furniiii^  implk-il  nnd  pxiilirit  juiljt- 
mi-nt',  Rnd  In  nixkinit  olntrinpiitu  <M>iio(-rnInK  III*' 
NirikiiiK*  atUibuti'S  of  tbinsH-  For  »iat«rlal  ol>- 
jirci«.  cliHik,  xalt,  cod,  and  tbe  common  meule 
will  fttTord  iiH  niimcTom  leMons:  aud  ao  will  the 
leri^tt  lit  ini]uiricii  Into  llii-  luiiuiv.  proptrtifw,  ami 
H<:iiun<'r  wat«r.  80  ailmiiublj' ikicrihni  in  Hux- 
((•jB  'Introductory  scif-ncv  prliim.'  For  form, 
we  mmr  utie  tUe  regular  inliil*,  nurfarn.  and  lines; 
wliilr  Ixitcny  and  iiutiirnl  lii*U>rr  will  provide  an 
inrzlMustible  Kuppl,vnf  Ipimnson  lif«,'  Tbe  tnaiii 
tbiny  will  bi-  iomnki>Miire  tlinl  the  child  :<tatfB. 
in  cImt.  uiuuiibi)[uoas  UnicuHiKe  (which  ho  under- 
alaoilH),  imlv  iiuch  fads  ah  he  hua  rt«lly  (ibwrv<?d. 
CtaHaifirntioin  will  inevitulily  tntrudun-  thi-  foirmn- 
lloo  of  judfcmeniti,  ■□!!  ili-linition  will  involve  tlw 
imttinit  <4  iliem  into  word*.'  But  better,  at  this 
Htagr,  than  L-lnatiticatioii  or  dvAnJtion.  will  be  a 
>ini|>|p  nurattve,  givMt  by  tbe  child,  of  wliat  he 
luw  teei)  to  (hi-  abore  iManru.  or  of  wlrat  baft  hap- 
fiened  to  him  ilurinic  the  pa^t  week  or  on  aoiue 
specially  marked  orx-asion. 

iMtrr,  propo8ltton«  may  bi-  pmH-ntvil  to  llii- 
child  for  acoeptanee  or  rejection.  lho»e  beinft  the 
Iniit  whkh  c^n  rmilily  U.-  Khnwn  to  be  true  or 
Calae.  Perhaps  the  caHimt  ot  ■tich  propositinM  will 
conoero  numbn-  and  miucnilude.  For  ntuiibrr, 
the  flimpli-st  proNeinN  <>[  iiril 1 1 luetic  are  rendy  to 
humi  :  ffven  such  ua  tlir  ol>]  i-utch,  '  which  would 
yoti  rather  have.  &ix  duzeo  rioBpn,  or  half  a  iloren 
do«(en>'  will  be  U-wful.  For  miifcnitiide.  we  luay 
take  *tich  B  pnililem  ii>  the  arranKiitK  of  a  nuuiber 
of  fnu-iiODB  in  tbi-  order  of  their  value,  or  a  com- 
(MtiMD  of  InroriMD  (lerlveil  from  inventtnriits  in 
different  utorkn,  every  step  in  the  iinxir:!  being 
clearly  tudicnied  and  expliiined.  1(  we  dfsiie  (n 
be  moil-  con<-rele,  we  inaj-  choriw  ■m'h  n  problem 
NM  the  HlMling  of  Ibe  t-hoitest  diHlBunt  hetnren  two 
|>mntM,—|<lacing  Uie  two|x>iniaon  the  blackboard 
ai>d  tettinit  a  piece  of  itrian  hnnit  hi  a  loop  be- 
tween tliein.  showing  how  it  projeota  hejoud  them 
wbea  pulled  al might  i  niid  then  beginning  with 
it  •traighl.  and  nhowing  how  its  eniln  must  a|)- 
|)n»rli  one  another  in  order  lu  allow  the  Htnng 
to  bang  in  a  loop :  and  no  on  through  the  mnny 
simple  protilenis  of  praiMicol  guometry.     Itut  the 

t  HiY  Wf  •dmlrabl''  lt>i  or  Icmodi  uiujvr  tbe  boftijii  ol 
■Form  wkI  »ptteB-  MaWiial  «i»l  (orur:  IJfo  iiii<l  nrtmila 
pradu-iut.'  iliaii  bjr  I>r.  Wonnell.  In  bis  paper  ou  'Tbn 
MMhlbN  of  •iMaonurr  wlviKa.*  In  ibo  Bilunllanal  ilmtt, 
Marca.lM. 

•  Bji  <l*M(<lc«(i'an  HUil  ifrilnJrlm,  I,  of  ouutw.ilii  nol  moMi 
kRV  Ikr  ramplvw.  tatUttdmtt  ncM  of  tbe  adult,  bul  ibo  Imiwi^ 
liwn  tnHiuOj-trowlaK  ainaol  Qia  cMlil.  Wonra  WoofMD 
gttm  u>  IcnoHni  th»l  llMf*  niuil  be  ■  croirUi  uid  |ii  in.i  i«i 
la  Hn—  proOHBca  m  In  «r«rr  Uilaf  vine  irblcb  *  flillil  AfM- 


o|>i)0(tiuiitiev  for  exerrining  judgmenta  aiv  too 
numeroua  to  nenl  pnrticalar  nveoiiun.  Let  in 
only  bmr  in  mind  tlie  ordvr  of  ibVir  difllcutly.  and 
very  soon  Introduce  rMiwnliiK  tide  bv  idde  vritb 
tbe«D. 

At  OJt  Mtir  stage,  you  will  lemeniber,  Uie  child 
ia  to  be  encouragi-d  to  nearch  tor  oauses.  Here, 
again,  a  wide  Bcld  lien  before  us.  Tlie  only  difB- 
cntty  in  wliat  to  chooce.  Again,  our  only  guide  is 
the  order  of  nature  and  Bimpltcily.  Tlie  reaMW 
why  Are  hnma  the  band,  or  why  a  book,  when  let 
go,  falls,  ia  dillicull  and  complicated.  But  it  ia 
aimple  to  diicovet  why.  If  I  divide  a  *heel  of  paper 
iniu  four  equal  pnri»  aud  take  three  of  ihem.  I 
get  the  wime  amount  u  wIm-o  I  divide  it  into  eight 
ei|iiiil  parlM  ntxl  take  nix  of  tliem.  At  a  much 
mori'  advanced  ■lafci%  we  may  nttempi  to  And  Ibe 
reaM>n  why.  if  a  niiniber  \»  diviaible  by  nine,  the 
sum  of  its  di(rlls  is  also  divisible  by  nine:  while 
all  (he  i»iiiipler  theorems  of  abetract  groDHiiry 
will  supply  the  young  inquirer  with  numbitli'iH 
cxamptM  fairly  withta  hi*  power  — tl>e  theon'iu» 
being  put  in  the  form  of  ({ueatioua  (wh>'  is  a  cer- 
tain (act  Irue^  or.  ia  it  true  or  not  tniefV  The 
main  dlltlonUin'  about  causes  lie  in  tliere  being 
roure  than  one  of  them  nt  a  lime  at  work,  and  In 
tbirir  being  liard  to  llnd.  At  dm.  thcrerore,  the 
cs»e«  viv  choice  should  Involve  only  singtt-  cau»m. 
and  tliciae  very  evident.  Later  we  niay  jirowvd 
to  HUch  lemuiiti  as  those  on  the  forms  nt  water,  in 
Huxley's  •  Introituclory  primer."  which  I  have 
already  referred  to,  and  which  intrwluoe  more 
than  one  muse.  —  change  uf  tempifruture  and 
change  of  preavure,  tot  tmrtaiuw.  in  the  cates  oi 
evnporalion  and  condensation.  But  even  here  we 
may  make  tliltiKB  much  simpler  by  taking  one 
agent  iit  a  tinie  and  noting  its  etfect.  inxlead  of 
weking  for  all  the  cauhm  of  sotne  phenomenon. 
80  we  may  note  the  ellect  of  heat  and  of  cold  on 
water  separately,  the  nature  of  Aieam.  the  ef- 
fect of  sudden  chong^t  of  deruuly  on  moist  air  in 
the  bell  of  au  air-pump.  A  ucat  interating  leoson 
may  be  given  by  gathering  from  our  pupils,  and 
diarUHiiig.  all  the  liMiances  vn  can  of  the  disap- 
iwoiance  of  water — apparently  Into  the  air  r 
clothM  liung  up  to  dry.  wet  pavements  after  a 
shower,  water  in  a  kettle  boiled  away.  etc..  eW-, 
Again,  tlie  re-nppearauce  of  molature from  tlieair: 
tbecold  plate  held  over  the  steam  from  tbe  spout  of 
a  kettle,  the  moiature  on  the  out^idtr  of  a  glaa*  of 
iced-waler.  dew  wliroi  the  sky  is  clear  and  (be 
night  Hoe.  the  waslilng-liouae,  etc.,  etc.  Then, 
the  experiment  with  iiiobi  air  In  the  bell  of  the 
air-pump, —  the  foruiuttuo  of  the  cloud  due  to  thi> 
sudden  lessening  or  presmre.  the  cloud  depositing 
lis  moisture  on  the  glass,  and  10  ou.  We  note  (lie 
frequent,  if  not  unrnrying,  concomitant  in  each 


166 


SCfEy^CE. 


[Tot.  re..  No  m 


case,  awume  il  u  a  nan.  make  further  pxprri- 
meata  on  thin  lumimption.  In  the  wa.v  described  in 
Ihe  '  mHlicHl  of  experiment,'  Kiven  al>ov«, 

OtUBM  maj-  also  be  dealt  witli  In  our  tiiHiurj- 
l»moaB  in  numb«rlew  wajH.—  isiKrinliy  uIimi  the 
children  are  encoura^^  (c  bring  Itipir  practtcnl 
knowledge  of  modem  things  to  bciir  on  ihinKo  of 
the  past.  The  iniuieK  of  the  En^clieh  setl]em»nt 
in  Britiiin,  of  tbo  invasione  of  itie  Norsemen  and 
Dntim.  rtio  lx>  mode  fairly  oi<'nr  by  the  li>;ht  of 
nKKlrm  cmiKratinn  atid  itniniffralion.  Wliy  the 
EoKliiih  rlio«e  John  for  kinjt.  .idJ  their  fdlow-itub- 
Ject*  on  the  roDtinent  (ill  Irn*t  »amn  of  tlipm) 
ebOM  Arlbur,  will  nut  be  difHcutt  (or  tV  <rbildricn 
to  ditcovur ;  while,  HtiirtinK  from  our  modern  ««• 
ricoJtutBl  troubtcv.  we  luny  attempt  a  more  elab- 
orate chain  of  rcoaoaiiiK  and  atvuniulation  of 
oauBu  in  vxphuiBtion  of  ihe  peasant  revolt  in  the 
Ltttcr  purl,  of  the  foiirteeotli  ceaturj-.  I  do  not 
(hinli  it  ViHIl  Ik>  needful  for  me  to  go  iuto  dHail. 
—  the  demandi)  of  the  jteaaants.  thy  uctuitl  occur- 
rences of  the  rebellion,  and  the  i-vmui  wbit-h  im- 
medUtaly  preceded  and  f»iti»vcd  it.  will  suggest 
aitttetont  oaiuea  lo  Ihi!  ti'iiohor  nnd  his  pni'ils,  and 
into  Ibeae,  invenligation  aiay  then  be  made.  .Vor 
need  I  point  out  Iiow  *trikltigt3'  Bugge«tiie  of  tm 
expliination  riK^-nt  eventa  have  been,  —  diatrera  of 
a  grnernl  clmracter,  a|;riL-nltunl  diaireoa  and  dis- 
axTi^emenle.  politick  dlatoiitent,  the  lutrodurtioD 
of  the  elcint^nt  of  rawd}:'iiini,  noctnlium,  wanton 
deetfuetion  of  pm[icrt}-  by  the  ivKiilar  l/mdou 
roob  .  <!vi-n  th<!  KunrdiRtis  of  onler  appear  lu  liave 
been  A*  pnmlyied  and  nBeleae  in  thin  town  of  Lou- 
don on  the  one  occaalon  as  on  tbe  otbt.-r.  The 
Buaalogy  )•  strlkincly  complete.  But  n*e  muHl  lio 
Cttreful.  Analnglee  are  daagetous  thingH.  nnd  are 
wout  to  rarry  u«  loo  far,  and  to  makt^  ui  nvid  into 
araae  evideoL-e  not  mllyihom.  Thi-y  xluiuld  ln(I^ 
gtxt  thi*  din'ction  and  nature  of  our  ini|Hiiie»<. 
rather  tlinn  bi^  taken  a^  in  themwlvee  eulRdeiit 
explniiatiotiH.  But,  afi^r  all,  the  Kieat  thing  in 
work  of  ihJH  kind  i»  Co  choose  our  Hubjei'l-muiter 
froin  eommon  everr-day  evenla  and  things,  or  to 
bring  what  we  choote  at  once  Into  a*  cloav  a  rela- 
tion a6  IB  poeiible  with  every-diiy  cxpcriem*  and 
modern  doiQgH  ;  moreovi-r,  vre  nerd  nnt  exhniiat. 
or  attempt  to  exhaumt.  all  the  Cannes  for  our  phe- 
nomviin.  ProTided  that  the  children  arc  made 
and  ktpt  kteoly  awaiv  that  then?  are  other  causes 
berides  tbMe  we  are  ronsldering,  we  alull  du  no 
hann  in  conHning  ourselvee  to  tlw  most  promi- 
nent. 

In  the  work  we  have  be<'n  dcBrribing,  wc  nball 
fcnuiiially  hnve  ndvnnnrd  from  indivldiialH  to 
«la(Ks,  —  tlui  ntntenientB  at  which  we  ha^'v  lieen 
airivtn^  will  liave  contained  predicates  mure  and 
mufe  general,  and  more  and  mure  abstract.     Now 


we  may  hesln  to  clieck  and  cornKt  miwUntc- 
ments,  to  curb  exagceiaijons,  and  lo  encourage 
Ihe  child  to  make  more  marked  diatinetion  b^ 
tween  bnoy  and  rtality.  We  ^nay  begin  e^ine 
■iniple  dednclton.  comiiMling  of  the  applieHlioti  of 
(orae  simple  general  princijilo.  or  gcnenti  couelu- 
nioas.  ti>  theexplnnation  and  solution  of  pnrlieulnr 
cases.  Arithmetic  nnd  alKebni  —and,  later,  wnrne 
of  our  laiiKiia^e  work  —  will  \m  found  of  in^-nt 
amietance  liere.  We  could  bnnjly  begin  with 
any  iliing  better,  perhaps  than  the  de<luction  of 
the  rules  for  the  multiplication  and  division  of 
rulgar  frui-tiuna  from  the  general  principles  that 
regulate  the  nature  of  n  vulgar  fraction,  and  from 
the  geni^nil  principlen  of  multiplication  and  dirlit- 
ion. 

The  way*  of  dtnng  this  are  namcroun.  and 
familiar  to  every  one  :  we,  of  coume,  genendly  be- 
gin by  e«'tah1jghing  the  roles  referring  to  thoae 
changes  in  the  form  of  a  fmctton  which  do  not 
ufTect  lie  value,  and  in  tiiaking  clear  Ihe  fact  that 
the  numrrittur  and  denoiuinalor  of  a  fraction  may 
he  trenteil  an  the  dtvldMid  and  diriaor  o(  a  turn  in 
division  ;  or.  to  put  il  cnneiM-ly.  auch  an  FXpr«»- 
8ion  Be  1  of  I  in  the  name  no  1  ot  3.  But  whatever 
plan  we  adopt,  of  this  we  ■liouli)  take  Ihe  great- 
etit  care,  —  that  our  reasoning  Is  strictly  and  hon- 
estly dnluutive,  and  that  its  wording  and  its  cogency 
are  Iwth  thoroughly  understood  and  appreciated 
by  onr  pupiU.  This,  however,  is  JUKI  tlic  very 
thing  that  teaehMB.  hr  a  rule,  will  not  lake  the 
trouble  to  do.  They  are  in  tixi  grent  a  hurry  to 
get  to  the  working  of  siinis,  —  the  mefhanicnJ 
manipulation  of  fignres  or  Aymboln.  Thin  they 
Aeem  to  look  upon  as  Ihe  great  end  of  anlhmellc 
wurk  :  and.  when  their  pupUa  have  applied  a  rule, 
never  elearly  uuilertilood.  to  some  buudivd  \>nr- 
fectly  meiihniiicul  exumplen,  the  teacher  "111 
lend  them  cm  witli  the  ulinmt  eoniplneency  lo  an- 
other iiieehanifrel  rxerd)«.  Shall  I  be  exnggemt* 
Ing  If  I  say  that  mora  than  Italf  the  lonelier*  of 
arithmetic  to  children  are  unable  to  explain  clearly 
to  any  one,  when  the  lime  for  explanation  cornea, 
the  principles ot,  say  short  division?  Not  because 
the  loaltor  hi  abotruae  and  diftlcult.  but  beeauw.' 
they  have  never  thoiight  it  nei'mmiry  to  under- 
alaitd  Ibuae  principles. 

The  principles  of  tbi-  method  of  dednction, 
however,  will  come  out  more  dearly  in  some  of 
the  (jTubleins  of  almehra.  —  such  as  the  theory  of 
indioea,  — and  lo  simple  propositions  of  tbeornlcal 
geometry.  It  ia  lafuentiible  how  seldom  one  getn 
MO  euHy  a  piece  of  reaaoniug  a4  the  theory  of  in- 
dit«aclcnrlynnd  oorreclly  lot  f>-rtb  by  j>u|iils  whian 
no  dinboUc  compliention  of  iguonlitieH  and  signs 
and  bmcketa  can  dinmay.  They  can  manipnlate 
almost  any  thing :  they  can  Peoaoo  out  nothing. 


I 


I 
I 


PnmVAXT  18.  ]t»T.| 


SCIENCE. 


I«- 


Thp  tfxmn  is  good  enough  in  lu  wav  ;  hut  to 
omit  lite  reaiWoiDi;  la.  lo  my  niiiid.  (o  oroli  the 
nmt  vahixMe  part  of  the  training.  The  text- 
boob  are,  In  n  it>ea«ure',  iti  tilAtue  for  tliU.  We 
w*at  lh«  Mages  of  the  work  uiorvcleocly  marked. 
—  the  BMt  a«tiuiupiioD  witli  r^Ronl  In  o',  a*,  rto, ; 
the  more  adviinci.i1  oMuinption  with  irfpinl  to  n", 
with  thp  inviilviK)  aMnimntion  that  n  i»  n  pooitlve 
int^Kvr  ;  tlie  flmt  ilnjiif  lionx  m  (o  the  results  at 
«■  X  n",  and  n  ■  +  n" ;  the  desirability  of  eK(«rid- 
InRour  notauoti,  aod  iotroduciii^'  iiidion)  of  any 
valite  :  the  ix^i-nHity  for  u  fuitlier  iwiutnp4ion  ;  our 
right  lo  anutiii'  (liat  ti"  r.  a"  shall  equal  a""-^  for 
all  vulu«s  of  in  and  n  :  tbc  rt^ulls  of  (hia  nsBnmp' 
liun  when  appJirtl  to  rxplnjn  tne  meaoiag  of  n" 
when  n  i«  um>,  Degatlre,  and  fracttonai.  All 
(heoe  sboold  )>e  clearly  marhed,  aud  clearly  d|a- 
cuned ;  and,  ao  lreat«<d.  I  know  of  no  piecp  of 
ejMnentary  deduction  more  jiirigoraiiDg  and  mt- 
fefoctory  lo  the  youog  learner.  In  geomtrlry  we 
omially  fan-  hetter,  —at  leant,  in  thn  Icxt-bookii 
Ihi-  resanninx  1«  writ  linked  and  cleorly  set  forth. 
Till?  deductions  are  f>linple,  and  tliey  have  this 
great  advanlage.  that  they  can  be  immeitinlely 
put  to  nee  and  be  made  to  produce  further  de- 
ductjona,  wlille  their  value  in  practieal  work  i-an 
be  GomMflntly  exIiibiU'd.  All  this  gives  the  child 
a  MMp  of  incrrnM-d  nlntity,  progress,  life,  — -  which 
is  ao  rafcinating  to  him.  and  to  nil  of  on.  It 
dispeb  ttip  dr|>reMfng  feeling  of  futility  which 
iipiMlii  BO  mu<rb  »f  OUT  work,  and  makes  the  sehool' 
room  fl  trmd-mill.  But  even  in  geometry  tile 
nature  of  llie  rcannning.  and  itH  limitations,  are 
rarely  f>ufllclently  Imiught  horn*-  lo  the  leomcf. 
He  Is  allowed  to  go  on  without  an  ides  of  how 
miioh.  or  li'>w  lliile,  he  ha?  proved.  How  many, 
for  instance,  can  ex|>lain  uliy  the  induction  of 
Baclid.  i.  4.  is  a  general  Irutli.  not  limited  to  the 
eaaeof  the  Iwu  particular  triangles:-  Again,  in 
languugp.  nnnlyiiiH  and  pursing  may  afford  eacel- 
Iml  ^txampli-n  of  the  applicutinn  of  general  prin' 
ciplex  la  the  explanation  of  particular  ciuirii^  •■ 
may  the  corroetion  of  nentenceK  in  which  the 
gramoutr  or  ammgrmcnt  !•  fnully.  But  then  we 
must  l>e  careful  not  to  inlroduoe  dlslinclinns 
irbidi  the  langua^  itself  has  never  observed,  or 
ha*  long  ago  discarded.  (The  new  Blun  Lutin 
grammar  (s  a  tevrihle  sinner  In  this  res|iect,  with 
ita  aurbt.  and  its  array  of  lensea  in  thtr  inliuitire.) 
And  we  muat  abandon  all  such  rubbinb  as  tluit 
*tlM.-  around  of  two  nouns  ia  put  in  the  g<'nitire.' 
A*  lo  how  the  grammar  of  thu  mo thi-r- tongue, 
or  of  any  other  tungur.  may  be  hiiilt  up  induo- 
tivety,  I  n<T(l  My  nothing  here.  I  hnvc  ulrrad; 
inotv  than  once  enlarged  on  the  topic.  Tliose 
who  are  ixill  inquisitive  a«  to  my  views  and  plana 
win  And  them  fully  «et  fortlt  In  my   ■  English 


grammar  for  beglniicni''  and  wy  'First  U««on" 
In  Freneli.* 

Olir  next  ^tage  cnoaltfts  of  the  iTilicism  of  lUo 
Ntatemenl*  of  otbeni,  complex  mnoniog.  aitd 
chaiDs  of  demonstration.  With  regard  to  the  two 
last.  I  have  alrendy  aocnewhat  anlldpnteil  niyooir. 
In  wtial  I  hav»  nid  about  geometry  and  algd«ii. 
With  r«g«Rl  lo  the  first,  1  cannot  do  belter  than 
recommend  rxereises  in  the  logical  conver»ion  o( 
pro[iocitionH  and  immeduitf  infvrence.  The  roll* 
nrv  Mimple,  and  «ui  l>e  renilily  understood,  They 
will  he  found,  clearly  oet  forth,  in  Mr.  Jerons'a 
little  book,  leiwin  X.  From  the«*  we  may  |ias9  to 
exercises  in  the  detecliou  of  logical  and  material 
rallactes.  wliicli  will  be  found  both  vnt«rtainlDg 
and  highly  useful.  Mr.  Jetona  gl»M  M  the  help 
that  will  be  needed  in  IcMonK  xx.  and  xxi..  lutd 
likewiac  »u|(irfi«  wt  with  many  excellent  examples 

whinh  may   be  supplemented  from  the  well- 

chown  examplea  In  Dr.  Bay's  hand-book  of  *  D»- 
ductlve  logic*  (published  by  MeiBri.  Macmillan  A 
Co.).  Those  which  touch  n|ion  the  iieiwual  «- 
perience  vt  the  loaroer  will  be  the  best.  With  re- 
gani  to  algebra  and  gwmeWn,'.  1  wilt  merely  iwld 
that  I  think  the  first  Iitssoos  in  each  slioiilil  be 
much  mom  carefolly  (rented  tlian  is  usually  the 
case.  In  beginniag  algebm.  we  paw  from  the 
particular  instances  and  particular  aymbols  of 
aritJimetic  to  genernl  lUse*  of  number  awl  general 
symboh  :  ond  we  should  l)e  at  the  pains  of  making 
quite  clear  tlie  nature  of  the  change,  the  enlarge- 
ment of  limits,  and  the  practical  value  of  the  iww 
treatment.  AJl  thin  is  far  too  much  hurtled  over, 
as  H  rule  :  and  an  excellent  opportunity  for  exer- 
oiaing  (lie  reasoning  powers,  and  for  what  i*  even 
mon-  imiwrtarii,  exciting  the  curiosity  of  the  pu- 
pils and  displaying  the  practical  nlillty  of  lh« 
work  about  to  be  altemplMl.  i»  lost.  As  proft«Ot 
Do  Slorgan  polnIe<l  out,  tliere  la  much  to  be  learned 
from  contrnating  the  proofs  of  — j—  +— ^-  =  "• 
orofia  ,  6)(rt-h)  =  ci*- W.  wllhstrolUrpropo- 
BiUons  in  arithmetic :  while  the  early  Introduction 
of  probleiDH  involving  simple  equaiionaU  far  more 
valuable  and  atimulating  to  the  beginner  than  all 
tlw  olemring  of  bracket*,  and  simplifying  of  fric- 
tions and  the  rest,  with  which  he  in  usuiilly  In- 
dulged. The  corrt«i)ondliig  work  in  neoniciry  is 
the  passing  from  Ihe  lutrticular  c»h»  and  in- 
ductions of  practical,  to  the  deductiiMi"  and 
general  truths  of  tbi'oriilical  work.  We  should 
dwell  upom  llie  llmitntions  of  our  earlier  work : 
the  tvssoni  why  a  practical  proof,  such  tui  liiat  In 

I  Iu(ap«ilid.I  mxiM  rolvr  to  tlio  ouvtnlly  crwled  iMauns 
bf  mma*  nf  wtiliA  I  atrtva  M  Oi'  di>nnlllnn«.  o(  Oia  pans  at 
>p>«.-U,  u.'t  lo  th»  IMMB*  wtalob  tbow  no-w.  br  l»4uta»m.  •* 
nifty.  nn4  •liouW.  wrtva  M  tb*  ruli"  rf  IsUuf  to  Uu  onlor  «( 
wool'  tD  «  snutence,  sad  lo  Oio  use  of  ilopn. 


169 


SCIENCE. 


{Vol.  IZ.,  No.  911 


Euclid,  i.  A,  boldii  K^nprallf .  w liilp  w»  iwfd  •oidc- 
ltiingmon<tlisnpra<rtlciil«xperlriieRttoprov»,Hiv, 
that  rertfmllf  opjxMite  HU)i;leB  iir«  Mjual,  or  thni 
thv  Ihrm  angles  of  aur  triangle  ui«  aJwuys  togvLli ft 
«qukl  to  Iwo  right  aDglrn.  Till'  DOt.'d  for  proofs 
that  are  ign'O^nAXy  true  tuny  he  broURht  out  «'cry 
clearly  ianui'li  a  matter  a>tli<tc«nNi(l(tmii»n  of  tli>n 
best  prai'tical  method*  for  tnpRnurinK  plane  our- 
faces,  or  wxne  other  flmilar  work.  Id  sii.t  ca«v, 
lot  us  hrjiiK  home  to  (li«  learner  the  neetl  for  uiore 
gimenil  (iroofti,  and  the  iiutiire  of  the  method 
adopter!  forobl^Jnlng  them  :  whik-.  all  throuich  our 
Xeouietncal  work,  kt  iiskpcpiii  mind  liow  rpfmli- 
Ini^  it  iBlobeullowed  toMfniul  ii]i|)rpoinli' tbobrnr- 
ing  of  tln«rr  on  |l^■^tirl^  —  the  proclieal  uiilily  of 
the  rvnulU  i.:i  our  thi'orelirsi  work.  Once  a){sin, 
what  bf  tt«r  menus  can  we  have  for  exerH«iiiK  |ju- 
pile  in  niixed  inductive  and  dnlut-'lirr  rvowniug 
tlian  poliijcal  economy  V  Wt  [D>iir  \vfia  with  a 
etOTj  from  Mi»«  Mnrliiieuu's  collrcliim,—  or.  to  hi- 
more  precim-,  we  omy  tnki-  "Thi-  ihipwiiTknl 
aailora,'  fmai  Mr>.  Fancrti'K  -Tnlc*  in  political 
evonumy.'  and  work  up  ti>  the  queFtion  hh  to 
wb4ii)i«rlu]iuri()uiiexpfiiiliture  and  waste  are  good 
for  tnule,  or  to  the  KTmt  problem  of  demand  and 
ftupply.  nod  the  (irjce  cif  cmiimodiliiM,  —  making 
deductions  frrju  the  priiiclp1e«  at  whicli  u-(.-arriv«. 
and  tfWtiniE  Uiem  by  couii'urison  with  the  results 
of  pracliml  experieui-e. 

I  will  (.'DiK^luUt!  by  iTuiindinK  you,  I  hat,  for  pure 
induction,  you  will  Kcnemlly  have  lo  re-ly  ■«!  the 
pbynicsl  nciencps,  —of  which  botany,  energetii.^ 
(If  I  may  u»>e  the  word),  and  cheuiiBtry  will  be 
tiie  be^l  for  *choi>l  piirpoaes :  while,  for  deduct  ion. 
the  wliole  held  of  mathematk-H  iii-a  U^foieynu.  I 
may  add  that  you  will  llinl  an  excellent  nimlel 
{(■Hun  in  induoiiou  on  llie  ■  ]ijle'<lriTinR  machine ' 
in  I'roftTBor  Puyne'»  ']AS.aureB  on  educntion.'  Iii 
mathpmatio.  p<!rlia()«  the  beat  and  simplest  e»- 
aniple  of  induction  suitable  lo  beginuen  is  the 
well-known  '  binomial  theorem '  for  iMMitice  in- 
tegral indlcew.  H.  OoCBTaoPB  BowBLt. 

MODERN  BIOLOGY  AS  A  BRANCH  Of 
EOUCATION. 

A  iilaSce  at  our  higlR-r  educatiomi)  inotitutlKtiu 
to-day  nhows  a  tcDdc-Dcy  toward  an  increxHe  in 
the  Imporuuica  of  biolugii-nl  ocience.  Eietywbi-ri- 
blology  !•  being  wpiirnted  ox  s  iliHiinct  depart- 
ment, and  at  leant  oni>  Rclionl  w  founded  for  the  ox- 
pre»  purpote  of  piir»uluK  thia  study.  An  tn- 
crMUting  strew  ia  beliiK  placed  upon  this  iM^imoe  a« 
a  part  of  a  liberal  education,  and  itn  number  of 
Mndant*  is  growing  rapidly.  We  niiih,  in  a  few 
word*,  to  idiDw  why  lhi«  i*  no.  and  to  give  the 
grounds  upon  whicli  Inology  Is  every  year  de- 
manding more  recoKnition. 


Biology  in  Mmetimex  called  a  luw  nciniKv.  Tliia 
i»  not  hecBU«e  the  subject- matter  treated  of  is 
new,  nor  hecauae  living  nature  is  a  new  Hihjt-ct 
for  «iudy.  but  ratlier  becaute  the  methrKi  of  itutly 
lias  so  clianged  lu  Ibe  la^t  twi-nty-ATe  year*  that 
the  study  of  life  appears  muler  tm  entirely  new 
aB()ecl.  An  materia)  for  o  deM-Tipiive  ecience, 
aniinulH  und  plants  have  been  stutlied  for  eeik- 
luriiv.  but  hii>l(jgy  ne  ■  djnaniicnl  iwivDce  is  of 
comparatively  rvcenl  growth.  Modem  biology  i* 
neither  xoAlogy  nor  Ixitany,  Ibnugh  it  of  <^our■■^ 
includes  the  study  of  both  anliunls  and  planla. 
The  terms '  zoAlogy  *  and  *  l>otauy '  usually  convey 
l«  the  mind  the  idea  of  loui;  names  and  tedious  de- 
scriptions, with  an  oierwhelming  abtmdance  of 
un  in  I  cresting  detailn.  and  the  student  well  uaka 
whiit  in  their  vnliie  to  him.  It  biology  ofTi-red  to 
itH  uliidentii  to-dny  no  more  than  n  dmw^riplioti  of 
nnimnU  and  plants,  it  would  lie  well  (iuefctii>ne<l 
whether  it  should  In  Justice  demand  any  greater 
atteniiou  tlian  baa  tieen  8ll<>tt«I  tu  xualogy  and 
tiolany  fur  tilty  yeart  piul.  Bui  iioientilic  teaoh- 
en  are  begiuninglosee  that  the  learning  of  name* 
and  dc-icriptionii  oliould  bear  nliout  the  iwtiie  re1a< 
lion  In  biology  that  the  learning  of  dales  bents  to 
history.  Some  dales  muM  be  learned  in  studying 
history,  and  some  names  anil  iU<A(Tiplion«  must  lie 
learned  In  studying  biology  ;  hut  the  former  does 
not  constitute  history,  nor  the  latter  biology.  T)ie 
rapid  extension  of  obwrt  atiim  on  vital  phenoniena. 
and  ihe  more  careful  tlioiight  thereon,  liaie  been 
teaching  scientiais  to  comprise  large  groups  of 
focls  under  general  fornit,  and  thus  to  deduce 
general  Inwt  regulating  life.  It  Is  Ihe  study  of 
lhe«e  principles  which  is  cuuiing  inoiv  and  more 
to  constitute  the  scieiici!  of  biology*.  The  eiior- 
nioun  multiplicution  of  ttpeeies  is  making  /jH.logy 
and  b(.>iaiiy  unwieldy  Buhjec(&  to  be  treated  in  any 
general  way.  Clnssilicationt  hnre,  by  reason  oS 
recent  discoveriee,  grown  go  intricate  and  compli- 
cated thnt  they  can  no  lotlger  be  taught  to  tlie 
general  ntudent  with  any  degree  of  BHtisfut'tiOii. 
But  this  very  Inctease  In  discovery  is  lulding  to 
science  new  laws.  t»  rendering  intelligible  the 
older  ones,  so  that  the  materiiil  for  the  study  of 
biology,  as  !K-|uirute  fixim  Eiiulogy  and  botany, 
\»  becoming  more  abiin<liuit.  Biology  ia  thus 
mpidly  freeing  itwlf  from  the  dry  bonee  of  de- 
lailet)  rlassiflcjition,  and  beeooiing  of  more  and 
more  intereat  and  ^igniUcance  to  the  general  ntli* 
dent.  Biology  Is  growing  lo  be  more  the  study  of 
life-principles  as  lIlUHtraled  by  auiumln  and  plania ; 
Is  becoming,  therefore,  cnore  a  study  of  life,  and 
not  so  much  tm  it  hsi>  been  a  study  of  living  (bioga. 
It  ia  biology  with  some  such  scope  as  indicated 
above,  that  ia  now  claiming  to  lie  recogniaed  b»  a 
neceiuary  part  of  a  lilH-ml  I'dunition.     Education 


X 

i 


4 


I 

I 

4 


r*MVA*j  le.  lem.t 


!JVIJ!!i\CJi!. 


16i> 


I 


biu  ihrvf  prjmnr;  ol>ji>r|ii :  1",  linbtnild  k'^**  mro- 
tal  immiii£ ;  3',  it  »]u>uM  tiirv  a  rarlain  amount 
or  pntctk&l  knowl^^  ;  S=,  it  should  |>)iw«  tti« 
Mudetit  in  (uoh  conlact  wrKh  philnMiphieal  tlionKbt 
Itwt  hp  mav  Iw  aMe  to  undi^mtuiid  the  Uvni  of 
Ukooght  a(  ll>e  pivtient  tiiui.'.  TIjp  u>-*w  wcit-uce  of 
dynatiiical  lilolofijt  clainu  onc'iilion  u.i  uuiitiiig  in 
ll»  •ccuoipliftknirDl  ii(  all  ilirrr  ..t  tlif!"- nhjrct*. 

TIw  valiK-  of  liiiilnK^v  n*  a  monni  of  mpntal  Mt.- 
riptinp  ft  chifttj  in  oit-rcioinic  Ihe  fowem  of  nlMor- 
vatlon.  So  ccui^e  in  tliis  niidv  U  in  an.v  "ray 
coitii>)F(>-  witlioiii  anu[-i.-uiii|>>iiiyiniccoi>i«»  in  lubor- 
i«t(it}'  wiirk.  llioii|||;1i  iIm^  miiiiunt  of  hucIi  nork 
nwy  Iw  •oiuetimm  very  i.moll.  Thi-n-  in  noiliinf; 
beltO'  ada|itMl  tu  tvach  ihc  (tmlrnt  to  qh-  liis  vyvo 
MCOntlely  tlian  a  c<>ui>c-  in  inlionitraT'  work  upon 
living  Ihlogs.  including  aiirroKxipic  itludy,  dlxaec- 
tion.  aixl  anulyiiis.  Hk-  vnliie  of  thia  (orl  of  edu- 
ralion  in.  ioderd.  too  i>laiD  to  i((|ulr«  more  thaii  a 
■luticp. 

TI>iTf  i»  nndoubledly  a  groK-in);  demand  in  tbi* 
tmuntTy  ihat  studies  should  hati-  n  praoticttl 
wloe :  aitd  for  anj  now  study  to  fonv  iti  "ay 
Into  wld»  a<.<>-eptanri'.  it  muft  hr  attle  to  ahon-  that 
it  haH  MHiii-  Jirci-t  utility.  Noo',  bloloicy  is  by  no 
mnuis  n  ■  bn-ailand-butKr '  study,  luilcw.  jwr- 
rhaitty.  it  hr  to  tbok«  n-lio  aim  lu  imicIi  it.  But 
U  (lo«4  xiri!  th«  student  huowleilgi-  in  tfaoM  dirfc- 
tiom  H'lticli  Sprncer  callH  tlir  RaMitinla  of  rdura- 
tloii,  and  w)iich  nrr  too  often  nCKlectf^.  It 
teacbeti  him  to  Ik-  u  good  animal.  A»Jd«  from  fia 
ratuv  IB  a  |>rc4imiiiarT  medical  Hairing,  biology 
giv«Ban«luoulion  which  pvt-ry  one  nevdn.  Tlatr-iB 
bardly  a  dtn.'oveTT  ol  Ibe  Cfutiir^'  whiili  bid*  fair 
to  produce  more  InHuenoe  upon  thi-  human  raro 
than  tbr  gvtm  theory  of  diseasr.  Thi>  dUcoTery 
w  npMly  Diodllying  Dicrih'>d»  uf  dniing  with 
conUic^u  diBeason :  and  il  i*  an  injiutice  to  the 
BlurfFUt  to  otati  him  into  the  world  without  a 
knowledge  of  Ibi-M-  gencni)  faew,  the  ntgiiilit^'anci' 
of  Mnitary  iffccnution^.and  the  nietlKMls  of  nvoiii- 
ing  di»cA#«.  But  atldi^  fium  aucb  fncti.  it  ix 
hardir  poolblc  lo  overeHliuiatv  the  lalav  to  lyvery 
one  o(  a  study  of  the  lavn  of  lifr.  The  student 
iMrae  tbat  he,  luo,  i»  an  ntiinial,  and  undn-  tlie 
InfluMKv  uf  tlie  t»ma  law*  whicli  he  Itnda  elw 
wbere,  and  comen  alowly  lo  ivaliiie  the  niuKuing  of 
many  of  tlxavlawswlth  a  ^iiidnem  which  cao  be 
prodiMw)  in  Dootlierwuy.  Heli-amsof  iho  cfTect 
of  snrroandingt  upua  tlip  ft'o^^th  of  liring  thiiiKn. 
aiu)  ibal  animalit  arr  largrly  what  circumslanoen 
make  llivra.  He  gain*  a  utmng  iniprcMlon  of  tlip 
laiting  elTi'rT'  of  halittii.  wi-n  Ilint  nothing  is  too 
•null  lo  (n>  withoni  tt^  inllnetice.  He  ia  brought 
fac«  to  fare  with  the  defradlng  vBvcla  of  para- 
sitism la  all  Its  forms  ;  sees  that  inaolirity  is  unl- 
venally  folluweil  by  degnxlation,  and  that  only 


Motive  nnimaU  can  riie  in  nature ;  leama  tl»t 
luxury  IN  alwnya  Ihi-  pn-nmor  uf  drgradailon, 
wUik  advewity.  if  It  be  not  m>  grenl  tu  to  ilesirof. 
la  sure  to  emit  the  animnl*  under  il«  inSueope. 
All  of  these  fsctors,  toK«tlier  witli  tli«  pb.vslo- 
logical  laws  which  he  niuU  obey,  and  h»i>dredB  of 
others  of  cmaller  iuipuri.  an>  or  should  bi'  forced 
upon  a  Hludi'nt  who  haa  taken  a  good  coutw  in 
biolony  :  nn<l  tbeici  facia,  tlioagfa  not  teaching  mm 
to  earn  a  living,  dot«*ch  them  to  make  befter  itw 
of  Ihelr  livw. 

But.  after  all.  tlie  (-htef  rramn  why  biologj  b 
o))taining  a  greater  iFcogniiion  as  a  nei.'cwatT 
branrli  of  ■•ducation,  i«  none  of  these,  but  rather 
Ivc^iupr  of  its  rrlatio«M  lo  philiMuiJiii-at  tl>olighl. 
Modem  biology  rvpn-umtn  to  ii»  a  final  step  ot  thr 
belief  in  ttipunivetaality  of  law.  A  coniprebtn^ion 
of  it»  Import  Is  therefore  iwvewuirT  to  one  who 
witibes  to  keep  abreact  of  modern  thought.  From 
the  time  when  llie  curiosity  ot  early  man  was 
arouae<l  con<H'niing  naliirr  around  him.  h«  has 
been  rcmitnnlly  nkking  lor  eauses.  Al  fltsl  ihp 
only  Kort  of  cauMliiy  of  whirb  he  liad  any  con- 
ception  wai  that  of  personality,  noil  hi'  therefore 
coocei'od  that  behind  every  ph^nooH-oon  of  na- 
ture there  na»  a  pc-rvonalUy.  The  explanation  of 
coutifi  wail  ihUH  (lOlyihelBUi.  Sluwly  and  irregu- 
larly Ihwi-  aroMT  from  this  belief  the  nobler  <ijn- 
ceplion  tif  nitinoltieiiim.  But  nil  ilirough  ilw 
past  <vnliiriei>  llie  God  of  nionothinuu  wia« 
regaideil  as  (orniing  no  i>art  of  nature  iiroiH.-i,  but 
aa  holding  aloof  from  it.  and  Interfering  now 
and  then  to  iierforui  tiiiracles.  Indeed,  even  to- 
ilny  wc  find  not  a  fc«'  who  still  retain  this  coo- 
cc)>tion.  and  ■con-i-ly  atv  any  room  for  Ood  ex- 
cept to  t^xplairi  niyiil<Tl«.  But  th<ite  mysteries 
hare  been  dianp [nil ring.  Lillli-  by  little  did  more 
extended  oliservationii  otioii-  that  nature  acta  with 
uniformity,  and  there  thus  arose,  vaguely  ut  Gr»t 
hut  more  clearly  afterwards,  the  iilea  of  naturul 
law.  Since  the  time  of  Uewlon's  discovery  of  thr 
fint  grand  law  of  nature,  there  has  been  inaugu- 
rated a  new  method  uf  renesrch.  Science,  as  we 
now  under«tand  the  term,  has  arisen,  and  liaB  been 
trying  to  reduce  (lie  varied  plienomena  of  nature 
to  an  order,  to  disimver  the  laws  regnlallng  (hrni. 
and  to  investigate  the  former  niyalerles  of  naton:, 
and  explain  them  by  the  diuple  application  ot  di»- 
oovcrrd  law.  One  after  another  have  the  various 
rnolms  of  nature  been  rtudi«d.  and  one  after  an- 
oilicr  have  tliny  be<-n  nmipivhtaidMl  under  the 
iinivrrxnJ  reign  of  law.  Nature's  niyHlerirs  hate 
been  constantly  uncovered  and  rendered  tnt«lli- 
glble.  The  thunder  h  no  longer  a  bolt  tlwowo  by 
all  angry  deity,  nor  1»  the  north  wind  the  hrpath 
of  an  aienglng  god  :  but  each  falls  In  with  the 
general  order  of  »atur«,  and  is  exi>1ained  by  the 


SCIENCE. 


ivoL.  IX..  No.  atr 


sctioD  of  known  laws  ami  foro^a.  L'ntll  within 
very  receol  doiea,  howi'ver.  it  baa  uot  l)e«n 
hnaieiiicU  thnt  llii?  plieDomena  of  life  i-ould  be 
brouKtit  un<l«T  llii'  Mira«  laws  wUirb  regulate  tlie 
biuri.'ai>i<^  world.  Life  Kt-oie  »o  dtCTervnt  fK>m 
all  Ibiit  in  not  living  that  it  lias  been  n-gardt^il  as 
Moniiinit  hj  itwlf.  U  is,  nithnl.  i^  mj':tMi<nis 
Ulat  it  hiu  At  all  timcv  lienn  rrgnrdetl  n:  n  ilireot 
iiMtiinc*  nf  almighty  power,  anil  living  iliings 
hare  been  looked  iiixin  aa  titiraclcs  concerning 
which  it  was  aliDost  micrllrKe  to  question. 

Mixleni  (l.rnamical  biolutjy  owea  its  exioteiice  to 
the  utt<rin|)l  liiappl}'  to  the  organic  wurltl  the  wiine 
courae  of  int-nctieation  which  hri«  bei-n  HutcesBfiil 
riwwhcrr  ;  nay.  indeed,  to  apply  tu  liTe  the  ainie 
rhttmiml  and  physical  lawn  which  itovern  tlic  in- 
ori^nin  world.  The  tirat  Kr«at  step  wax  takm  in 
tbia  ilirTCiJon  \>y  Darwin  when  he  tried  li>  show 
that  species  were  not  tu  be  coiiaidered  as  aiieclal 
nvatlona,  but  aa  having  ha<l  a  natural  <rlgln. 
ZoAlony  and  botany,  an  thev  liad  been  Atudied  be- 
fore, were  Dimply  Hlalioal  scipncoa,  merely  study- 
ing and  clttiwifyinE  facts  an  tbty  weri-  Tuund. 
Uudiim  bio1oK>'  >*  a  dynamical  science,  in  that  it 
ntttunpta  to  explain  the  facts  of  life.  All  vital 
plimooMnn  have  l>een  attacked  wltlithi^  purpose  in 
viow.uKl  biuloKistH  are  now  sueTiuoiinly  trjInK  to 
001D9  to  (Kiuie  explunati"n  of  the  fuiiilu menial 
fact  of  life  iiwlf  by  the  application  oMchemical 
and  pbyiiicAt  laws. 

It  in  plain  enoiiKh  that  sncli  xtndy  and  sueti 
conclusions  are  of  |[reat  slRniHcance  to  the 
tfaouRhts  and  beliefa  of  every  one.  It  fa  not 
•tnuiK^  that  iheae  ooucliioionH,  removiniE  as  tliey 
do  do  many  niiracIeH  from  nature,  should  be  re- 
garded by  many  an  conlliciing  with  all  tlifiniic  lo- 
iter, for  wr  ore  all  inclinod  to  think  a  fnt-t  i*  un- 
derstood when  it  in  cnmprined  undnr  any  law. 
But  it  iv^ualljevldent  that  ntoreearelul  thought 
abowi  that,  even  acceiitloK  theee  conclusions  ot 
biology,  we  are  by  no  tneaiia  able  to  say  ne  have 
falhomeil  life,  fur  we  do  nut  underBtaud  the  rea- 
son for  tiler  eiiHti'DiT  of  any  aingle  chemical  or 
physical  law.  Hut  wlmti-vpr  )h.-  ibif  ci-ncliiBiun 
wbicli  may  Iv  reached  as  to  the  ability  iif  biulo- 
giata  to  exiilain  lire-principles,  or  ns  to  tlip  nigniS- 
cnnw  of  the  explanation  when  reached,  it  is  cfr- 
tftiidy  a  necemity  tor  any  one  who  wishes  to  com- 
prvbend  the  thuuxbt  o(  the  limes  to  ^et  acquainted 
nore  or  Iwa  intinintrly  with  Ihme  atttruipta  ol  the 
nen;  ncieuci-.  The  iitudc^ia  who  pj  out  from  onr 
hi>;hpr  schools  are  to  lake  n  stand  among  the  (oic- 
nwsl  thinkers.  Indeed,  they  nie.  it  i«  hoped,  to 
advance  Uie  tltoUKbl  of  the  world.  Whcihcr  Ihoy 
be  theologlana.  philosophers,  adenttsts,  or  teach- 
em.  it  in  neoeaaary  for  ibem  to  realise  the  mean- 
ing ot  the  mpplicfttion  of  dynamics  to  life  :  they 


■bonid  nndersiniid  tlie  poniiion*  heM  by  advttnoiMl 
hiologieto,  and  know  at  le»»t  ttie  aort  of  arKiitnent* 
naed  to  support  tbtw  poHilionK.  In  ihiH  fart,  ilten. 
lies  the  psspntfal  reason  for  the  growing  inipor- 
tanc«  of  this  study.  As  a  branch  for  ajwclsl 
aludy,  bloloKT  I'O^  ite  o<en  fascination  and  defen<.-e. 
But  as  fastas  It  becomes  freed  from  the  burden  of 
detail,  and  b«'comee  a  study  ot  lite- principle*,  jiui 
so  fant  will  U  betmme  recognlied  as  a  neOMaai; 
part  of  the  education  of  the  genera)  student 

H.  W.  CORS. 


THE  y BENCH  LYCEE. 

Whii^  uiucli  of  the  educational  jnnpiration  of 
the  day  b  dvawu  from  Uermany,  it  must  be  t>ame 
in  mind  that  Prance  U  actively  engasn-d  in  think- 
ing out  the  great  pniblpma  which  are  of  common 
Interest  to  nil  nattims.  W«  hear  much  of  Die 
'gymnnsinni '  and  'reiiiichiile.' but  not  t<o  uueli 
of  the  '  lyc^.'  This  woni  ■houlil  cull  to  our 
[uiuds  as  deflniie  and  accurate  an  idea  a-n  tbo  woni 
'  gymnstfium '  does.  The  materinl  for  such  an 
idea  in  oontuined  hi  a  short  ari^ount  of  the  curricu- 
lum of  a  French  lyct«e  recently  published  by  Mr. 
W.  II.  FmstT  of  Upper  Canatla  e<illege. 

The  word  ■  lyctTc'  ilju-lf.  in  its  present  appllCK- 
iloD  to  the  Bocondnry  ciiUcgiw  of  France,  datea 
back  to  Napoleon  Itonnpartc.  nnd  was  uivi-u  t»y 
liim  tn  them  when  lie  re.oreanlKeil  the  univcmity 
■ystem.  Thcr  niune  was  atterwards  chnns^'d  to 
'college royal'  at  llie  rmtotatioD  and  under  Louia 
Phittip|io,  but  wnschongiHl  again  to  lyct^e  in  1848. 
•  Lyc&e"  U  the  Frenc'h  forni  of  >.Ui<m\  the  pyinna- 
siuiii  near  Attien*.  whem  ,\rislotle  aaoembletl  the 
menibereof  his  school  of  philo!M)phy.  By  exten- 
sion it  wan  applied  to  certain  whools  in  Paris  df 
voted  to  science  and  lileiature.  Almost  every 
(^Miaidtrable  ciiy  and  town  in  France  baa  now  ila 
ly<«e,  whilst  in  Paris  there  are  several  of  lliem, 
for  example,  Lycte  Henri  IV..  Louls-le-flrajMl,St. 
LoiiJs,  and  others,—  enotmons  eatiiblisiiments  af- 
fording arconimndnliim  to  ninny  hundreds  of  stu- 
denta,  iKitb  inln-nr*  nnd  externet,  an  tiic-  Mudentd 
in  residence  and  the  outwders  are  respectively 
called.  Until  recently,  only  boys  enjoyed  t)ii> 
privilegi*  of  Iliese  colleges,  but  now  iwoviaion  haa 
been  made  in  several  placcB.  Including  Paris,  for 
the  ntucatioo  of  (rirls  also.  Their  coUegr*  are  en- 
tirely distinct,  and  the  programme  of  those  for 
girls  i<,  in  l\\c  nmio,  a  modilled  form  ot  tliat  pre- 
pared for  their  brothers. 

The  whole  conme  of  the  lyc("e  sliould  bi-coTO- 
pleled,  and  generally  in  completed.  Iiy  the  |>upil 
before  he  ha*t  reached  his  twenly-Hntt  yi-nr.  It 
may  be  Hnisbed.  however,  by  the  oightepntli 
vear.    Tbia  ia  nut  astonishing,  when  we  reflert  that 


I 
I 


FBmcAitT 


I 


the  pupU  (Divn  at  no  tiaty  me,  Uiat  the  wmImio 
■re  lonii.  «Dd  Ibnl  ho  moves  forward  withooit 
br««k  or  int«Tni)iC)on  thrtHicli  a  prognuitu«  carc^ 
fuUjr  vroiglM<d.  meaMiKd,  itntl  d«taJi«i  Ivfur^ 
band.  The  cE«w  tiours  art-  now  tiritity  n  week. 
M  cocupnird  wlili  iwetilT-four  pn^vioun  In  1884.  a 
tvdiKtion  owiug  l«  tJif  fiw't  Oiat  evidence  ot  orer- 
w<wk  hwl  becoiDi-  n|>iiarml, 

"nie  wholp  work  J*  divuI«Kl  into  elRlil  {Ismm. 
nuiuberiuj:  from  riRlilIi,  a»  Ih*  lowest.  ii|i  to  sec- 
ond, vhicli  i(  followed  by  the  flataw  <lc  rb^uriqiic 
Biul  Ibr  <-liuHe  dc  t>biluMi[ihie.  nut  numbrrrHl. 
Thrr«  i«  below  Uie  righih  n  pr^paraionr  cls*«, 
which  Is,  Id  its  turn,  iin-cedfd  by  br  ele(n<>ntary 
dJvl»loa  of  titiw  i-lnvMv.  TliUH  tbe  bo;  may  enter 
"try  jwiagi.  and  may  !«■  iiromoted  lo  the  eijchtti 
ct>K  wlten  ht>  i«  nino  yettiti  old.  Tbe  work  Id  the 
inc)>ttrslory  ctace  coii»ist»  of  tV«nch  tuKt^tlirr 
with  German  or  CDistish  :  to  tbi-M-  ulimr  four 
boon  0«il  of  the  twtnly  an-  di-viiltHl  :  nUo  hintory, 
fCMK'^phy-  *'■<'  *'"<*  bourn  a  wcpk  for  arithiaetic. 
tO|:Mher  wilh  an  hour  mch  of  nbjert  leflran  and 
drawing.  AtnincyenniorHKe.  then,  tbccollcgiaii 
is  fairly  laaiu^bt;d  upon  his  career,  Tbe  numlKT 
of  binir>  d<^T(ite<l  to  his  iiiotli«T-tont:ui'  is  aim  the 
Minci.  nine  ;  be  lias  still  four  boura  a  week  in  Eor- 
It»h  nr  denikaii ;  liiBlory  tukca  an  boar  and  a  lialf, 
and  fceoiEraphy  tlie  aarac  ;  arithmMlc  and  object 
IcMODs  take  three  lu>urs,  white  dranio);,  ha  in  the 
imiwmlof}'  cla«M,  occupies  aii  hour.  The  n^xt 
j«ar,  if  he  has  not  failed  at  examinations,  the 
papll  proceeds  tutlienei-tnitb  <-bi».  and  niiMl  beat 
leaal  ten  yeara  uld.  In  il,  thi'  diTisioa  of  lime  to 
tl>e  vaiimii  Bubjiftii  is  prvciKi'ty  the  Mine. 

When  tbi-  I'lijiil  IB  at  lesei  eleven  years  old.  and 
Id  tba  aixtli  chuis.  i.e.,  at  le^el  *ix  ytwrx  from  the 
OOmplMton  of  Ills  course,  n  uiurked  (.'bunitr  Uikr« 
pbc*  in  the  subJecU  of  .liudy,  and  in  the  dlspo- 
sltlon  of  tiote.  Uift  nntiv^t  lanftuiiKr  <lro|iA  nt  once 
to  three  lioimi  a  week :  be  haa  lieen  exercised  In  it 
for  yiouB  ttenrlr  half  of  the  whole  elass-liniv,  and 
bin  rtyle  hnn  liecn  larxely  formed.  Perliaps  thi« 
early  and  ihoiuuKh  praetical  exer<.'iM  in  bi< 
notber-tooiiine  is  a  reason  why  alDiij«t  wrry  edu- 
cated F^Dcliman  i.'an  exprews  himself  in  lan^iiaite 
always  elegaut.  Hmouth,  and  concise.  What  Is 
loat  by  French  oiid  mclcrn  Innguajtes  in  the  pro. 
gramnK'  is  i;ninod  by  Ii.(ilin.  whii:'b  lises  at  oomlo 
ten  hour*  a  week.  History  al-o  jcaiDB  an  hour, 
arithmetic  and  science  lusLiiK  an  hour,  while  itraw- 
Ing  ^alDS  tbe  time  which  they  Uise.  TIiuk.  when 
tbe  Latin  grammar  and  'De  viris  illu^tillms 
Hotniw'  i»  IwKun.  thn  Imy  is  reading  in  Btiglisb 
it'um  Rdgewortirs'Tnlei!.'  *  EvenuitC^  at  home,' and 
MiM Comer's  'History  of  England.' or  Beiiedix's 
*Der  Pnceaa.'  ■  tiriecbitclie  Herovngi-afbicbie.' 
«tG.,  in  Gemun,  with  exorci»M  in  reading  and 


oonveraallon.  In  arithmetic,  be  la  dolns  micar 
and  d*H;imal  fractions,  while  in  drawing,  he  i*  at- 
leiupting  arcbiiectural  design  and  the  human 
ligure. 

In  Ibe  fifth  cUkM  the  hmir«  arc  pt«ci*ely  tlw 
■amv  until  January,  when  (trivk  is  Wgiin.  nod  to 
it  two  hours  a  week  are  devoted.  The  Latin  lias 
now  ^t  as  far  as  the  '  Fables  of  Phaedni*.'  ■  Cor- 
nelim  NepuB.'  atiat  the  '  lletamorphosM  of  Ovjd.' 
T)ie  On-i'k  tn  eli-uicQlary.  but  iti  ^iiKlifb.  ^Ir  Wal- 
ter SrottV  'Taleti  of  a  gnindfatiier.'  and  other 
wnrkunfnniilardifflcalty.atand  aide  by  tide  with 
Orfmni's  ■  Riiry  talee,'  Andef«Mi'«  •  Tal««,'  ai»d 
•Der  Blgenqlnn'of  Benedlx,  Th*  hialory  corre- 
sjioDds  to  the  language  studied,  no  ihnt  in  Ibia 
claati  Ureek  history  is  almoet  exclitt'iveJy  nmd. 
Aritbmdic  baa  eot  as  far  as  tbe  rule  of  three,  and 
gwMuctry  is  conltiioed.  fin  elementary  courseof 
Imtnny  bidanem  a  simitar  couise  of  loOlony  in  tl>e 
pn-cniing  year. 

In  the  foiirlh  clnsii,  only  two  houn  are  devote<l 
to  the  inotJier-iongue :  liUtin  lias  hx  and  (irvek  six 
hoiira:  modeni  languaxm.  bistory,  Ktence  (in* 
oliiding  tnatheuiatinil.  drawing,  two  each,  and 
geography  our.  French  ctawiealauthois.tre  ri~«d. 
CneMir.  Ovid,  and  Virgil,  iu  Latin,  conjoined  with 
I.^tin  compoHition.  In  (invk.  XeDU]>lion.  LadaDi 
anil  couiposition  are  done.  L4.'9>ing.  Muaaewa, 
Kotxehne.  and  Itoffinan,  with  Da  Foe,  In-ing. 
etc.,  are  read  in  Oennao  and  Bnglltih.  liontan 
biatory  ia  continued,  while  a  course  of  gwJogy 
n:ip1aM'»  the  botttny  of  thr  preceding  j'ear. 

At  not  loHK  than  fourtei'n  yearo  the  tliint  class 
is  entered,  and  tbe  work  be<-<ime«  heavy.  In  this 
class,  mathematical  work  Inciensei^ and  ban  thm- 
boursamlgned  to  it.  Latin  and  (ireek  havr  each 
five  bouni.  with  modem  laii^-unge*  about  n>  li'*- 
forti.  It  would  be  tedious  to  go  into  <lelalt  In  all 
thp  clauo  :  the  principal  dilTerwicelolw  ho*«1  in 
the  devel'ipnient  of  the  nclieroe  in  the  next  thre* 
year*  is  the  iiu^'reaxing  attention  given  to  mathe- 
uiatict.  ptiyslm,  and  history. 

At  flftei-n  years.  It  the  boy  be  clever,  he  is  in 
the  xeoind  cbu*i.  After  the  coinpletinn  ot  Ihi* 
ypjir'a  wurk.  llie  pro)cramine  dleides  Into  elaiMr 
de  rb6tori(pi«  and  claaae  de  philosophie.  Tba 
Freuch  cloflsic*  are  <\>ntinu<il  in  the  second  class, 
ami  the  oliler  Frnnch  lileratur^  iin<l  philology  are 
Bludied.  together  with  the  hinorr  of  literature. 
Virgil,  Horace,  Cicero.  Livy,  and  Tacita*  are  rend 
in  Latin ;  and  Houwr,  Euriiridea,  Plato.  Xi-miplum, 
and  Plntorcb  in  Oreek.  In  the  livina  langiinKe«, 
plc<««  from  (iortlip.  Schiller.  HaiUf,  SbBkH(ieare. 
Ooldsmith.  Waller  Scott,  and  Dickentt  an?  reii'l, 
and  the  maibeinatics  go  about  a«  far  a«  lit"  end 
of  (juaiJralics. 

Aa  atated  above,  the  oonnse  now  divide*  intu 


172 


SCIENCE. 


[T«L  DC,  So.  an 


Iwo  cl&fspx  In  the  clame  At  rli^orUiup.  ihi-  Ian- 
giUktv  prr\-ail.  wlille  in  the  cJowie  d«  philmophk-, 
BwUjihrdcs.niJitliviiiatJiii.atid  th*- natural  •cIcim-fi' 
pnrail.  A  ncootl  Mra  i>t  Ihr  proportion  mxf  tw 
obt«ine<)  from  tl)<- time  iIpvot«<i)  to  ««ch  su)ij«>ut. 
Id  th«  clMMtr  dp  rli«lorlqu«,  Fr«iii.-b.  Latin,  and 
Grveh  have  pM-ti  four  lioun>:  hukIitp  lanKiiagt«. 
hitlory.  two  liours  Hicti :  malhi-iunlitv.  i^.,  thriw 
hoam.  and  K^n^raphy  oiw.  In  Ihr  ulmiK'dr  phil- 
cwopliM'.  mental  an<t  moml  ncifticr  and  Ionic,  and 
Ibi'  Prrnrh  auiliam.  orrupy  pi|[ht  hount.  Ijlin 
and  {ir««k  one,  modom  langiiaK*^  one.  and  hif' 
torr  two  ;  ucivnce  (induHiiii;  arilliinetii:,  alic'-bra. 
S»Oineii':r,  phyMcs,  chemiatry,  and  phj-Hiuloncj-) 
haa  right  hour".  A  fair  idea  of  iho  difBi'ulty  of 
thii  riiial  year's  work  owiy  br  obtained  by  a  ttlancr 
■t  Ibi-  Riithoralnlhf  rJniwderlif'lorique.  Nearly 
Mil  thr  ]iT4(M.-i|ia)  Fimch  classical  authors  aiv  r«ad  : 
in  Lai  ill.  Trrenre.  Lticretius.  Virjiil.  Hunoe. 
Cicero.  Liry.  Tacitus:  in  EukIIhIi  and  Ot-rman, 
8haki|N.-ur<-.  Irvlni;,  Byrun.  T.'niir»on,  DIrkenH, 
Otwtc  EHol,  Liiouiic.  Oootlip.  and  Schiller ;  n 
KUOd  di-al  of  iiiiHlirm  hintory  i*  aJdei).  nitli  ptnne 
and  >.pVrical  jj^-oinrtry  and  nonic  oheniiMry.  It 
misht  be  ottili-'d  tlint  two  baam  a  w««k  ar«  di^ 
voted  lo  ilraH-inif.  but  Dial  in  llie  higher  eUaws  it 
1*  coiinidfred  nn  extra. 

If  wp  n^hicv  ili«  above  sketch  to  i>on'entag«ii. 
taking  into  account  \\m  wliole  tixiie  of  the  Btii- 
d«il,  rrvDt  entrance  into  the  eighth  claw  tUl  the 
CTid  of  his  courM:,  n-e  obtain  the  follouriiig  :  — 

Subject,  French,  80.02  per  cent:  Lailn  and 
(Itn-k,  :S.74:  modern  tanguusm.  13.23;  history 
■od  gMtcrapby.  14.86 :  mathemaiim  and  science. 
14.ttli  menial  and  moral  wionce,  'S.CiO  :  drawiiiR, 
1.35. 

In  Ihw  conrwf  aome  tlilngf  are  obvious.  Tlie 
prpponderancF  Riven  (u  laiiimage  and  literature, 
Ljilln  and  Greek,  i*  mpM-iully  iiotictuble.  It  can- 
nut  iHiitald  that  thp  proj-ramme  in  a  light  une. 
Anollier  tn>inl  is.  the  vitry  Munll  jmrt  which  o|i(ion.i 
play  Id  it ;  certain  uplion*  arc  iillowpd  to  thom? 
who  intend  to  h««mr  ti-nrhcw  of  llii-  natural 
acienn^  or  rent hciua tie*,  othorwijie  the  fmrnern  of 
il  ■e«m  to  lake  for  Krantcd  that  erery  boy  should 
go  through  iheaaoiecourseot  tiieiital  K^tmna^itca. 
FortliOW  wJio  with  to  study  a  iMrofeasiou,  or  for 
MMb  u  iriab  to  apcciaJiie  ftuth«r,  th«  univenity 
in  op<-n.  and  the  university  courw  pmmppoiMv 
«x  a  ha<i»  tb(-  linad.  Keniral  rulture  of  the  l)rr<'. 


Ddhiiu  the  winter  of  IftO-M  there  irere  14,- 
488  Mudenis  In  the  Italian  nnlrcnitlc*  :  8,894  of 
Uwae  were  at  Naples,  3,UT»  at  Turin,  1,SI8  at 
Rome,  1.163  at  BuloKtia,  l.iXIfi  at  Padna,  and  1,0(11 
al  Paviiu  .\t  tVrrara  llieie  were  but  'St.  Ot  the 
whok  number,  fi.lM  were  students  of  medli-ine, 


WHES  SHOCLl*  THE  STUDY  OF  OREEK 

BE  BEorxr 

Tbe  biennial  conference  of  Ibe  liead  ma»- 
tem  of  the  great  Bngli*h  nrhools  and  college* 
aluvayn  deri^lop*  taav'  inlerfoting  diiK.-uae<iou<> 
on  nliicRiional  tojiics  of  ciim'ni  intemt.  as 
well  nji  »onie  very  iitilntM¥«(ing  on««  »>ii 
matteru  of  purely  local  interest  and  im|>t>r- 
(anoe.  At  Ihe  nieeliug;  in  I)v«enil]rr  last.  Dr. 
FMion  of  Wiiichealer  moved  tn-u  reMtlutton*  re- 
ganlinic  the  study  of  (ireck.  and  spoke  at  length 
in  ["upiiorl  iif  tlirm.  Tbe  revolutions  rvod,  1°. 
thnt  it  j'  dcoirahle  that  Ihe  IMching  of  Oreek  to 
boys  idiould  l>e  t>eeiin  at  a  later  age  than  it  i<  at 
pr««enl :  -i".  that  il  Is  desirable  that  a  knowledge 
of  Oreek  should  not  be  requiivd  for  admlmion  to 
the  classical  side  of  the  jiublii?  schools. 

In  tbe  jiulilished  report  of  Dr.  Fearon's  reninrka. 
we  tend  that  he  betnn  by  explaining  what  he 
meant  by  the  words.  '  nt  a  later  .ige  tliau  at 
pimeilt.'  He  iwiil  that  he  lind  rrcrtitly  hiiuself 
oollecled  stallsiio,  and  found,  thnt,  of  iie.'V  I><>>b 
now  teamltiK  Oreek,  SIH  liad  beRun  at  ten  or 
earlier,  imd  of  tlie«e  'US.  st-vemy-four  had  begun 
al  nine  iir  earlier.  The  average  age  waa  Ira,  or 
ntlH-r  younger.  He  hiul  also  ronsulted  a  number 
of  preiHiralory-M'liiHjI'mnsleni.and.fllniurt  vrith''^t 
an  exoeplic.n,  they  put  the  time  that  it  tixik  them 
to  pre[iare  hoys  In  (ireek  foradnilfwion  into  public 
•choolaat  from  two  to  thrt<e  yeani.  The  llr=t  prop- 
iwilion  he  wished  to  ettnblinh.  was,  that  the  cause 
of  (treek  would  not  suffer  by  raising  the  age  of  be- 
ginninjc  fn>m  ten  to  thirteen-  For  the  last  year 
anil  a  half  he  had  kept  accurate  records  of  all 
boys  wlio  hnd  pawod  ihmngh  Wincbesler.  and 
he  had  suhmilted  their  records  to  hi*  stalT.  It 
waa  dltHcult  to  arrange  pnrtir:iilnr  factn  In  a  way 
that  would  carry  Reneral  conviction,  but  the  in- 
fereiior  that  lie  and  liis  aasisianl  inaxten  —  al- 
nioft  without  an  exception  —  had  drawn,  was, 
that  lHiy«  who  hinl  started  Ureek  at  ten  were  no 
better  than  Ihow  who  had  startiil  at  eleven. 
8onie  of  the  moHt  nblp  and  brilliant  claisicRl 
ticholius  at  Oxfonl  and  (.'ambridse  had  beRun 
Greek  after  they  were  Kfteen.  Bui  he  did  tmt 
ml  hiM  case  i>n  his  eiperleuoe  with  promising 
lxiy«,  who,  it  might  be  argued,  would  coine  out 
well  under  any  Rystem.  Tbe  facts  as  to  boickwanl 
boys  could  not  lie  got  over,  and  were  moat  humili- 
ating, or  thirty-five  Imys  who  had  lately  entered 
ill  the  lioltoiii  •livislon  at  \Vinchc"tcr,  only  three 
liad  RSkcheil  a  |>o4nt  in  the  school  where  they 
read  anything  harder  than  tbe  Bliort«r  form  of  an 
clonicntary  Drerk  reader.  One  of  them  had 
studied  Greek  for  three  yeura  before  entering, 
and  for  seven  yean  nt  Winchester ;  two  othere 
had  reached  that  point  after  tluee  and  n  lull 


< 


4 


« 


PEHacAmT  19,  IKn.) 


SCIENCE, 


17* 


I 


I 


jckTi  :  ukI  Ihirtr  ha<l  not  rparhwl  it  Ht  mil.  Sui-h 
■  (UU«  of  Uilnjta  appeared  to  him  ln(olenbl«,  ami 
Iw  had  MXj  oMde  up  bis  miixl  (o  •)««!  with  It. 

T1i«  »sp«^tic«  af  the  i-outiutMl  wM  wholly  op- 
ptMed  u>  ttMt  EDglixh  plnn.  At  BwkJ,  no  language 
except  the  mDtli<-r-toii)^«i  wni  IcAnuxl  til)  ten, 
then  Latin  wan  b<>f:nn.  and  Frpncb  and  (j^rman 
not  till  thtrlwn.  Tlie  evldtuce  Ijom,  Germany 
wna  mor«  («rliii«oc.  for  there  liotli  syatema  had 
been  tried.  In  the  gyniiiaaia  of  Hanover,  before 
Uiie  ye&r  ISM.  Urwk  liml  bcvii  be^uii  in  tertiti 
(averagp  agr  Ibirti.t.-D).  whiirt-iui  in  I'ruiMia  il  "U* 
begiiu  in  quarta  (nvpfiipr  ago  tni-lvt),  ,\ftcT 
IM6.  tbr  HnDovrrUn  ■vvtrni  wnn  bnmght  int'> 
anirnrmity  wilh  the  Pruminn,  and  tlii"  wao  con- 
tinned  till  ds  years  ago,  when  It  wm  delermioed 
not  to  begin  Greek  ttU  fourteen.  The  teetlmon; 
of  the  profeeaura  of  Hano%-er  la,  tliat.  at  eighteen, 
boys  know  jwt  as  much  Ureek  by  beginning  at 
fourteen  a«  by  beginning  at  twelve. 

Faming  to  hi*  nrconi)  propoiulion.  Dr.  Fenmn 
maintained  ihat  other  tiihjpctii  •kkto  kqiin-M^l  out 
>>T  tl>e  premaln re  study  oTGrvrk.  Intlio  liutflvc 
yean  they  had  ha<l  boya  fniin  ISA  preparatory 
schoola.  He  bad  sent  a  circular  to  »ixty-iwo  of 
tlw  toot*  important  ajuuni^  tlietii,  anil  received  an* 
■wera  from  forly-Bve.  One  of  ibe  queittions  be 
had  aakcd.  wa*.  "Do  Ibi- requiieiueiilji  uf  public 
schoolii  coaiptl  you  to  disregard  Bubjects  to  vbidl 
you  consider  more  iniporlanoe  out;ht  lo  lie  paid  7°^ 
To  tlii<4  ijuiMtiun,  twenty-one  bad  answf  red  ■  no,' 
and  twenlj-lbree  ■  ym,'  but  he  confrBBed  that  the 
'|Uc«tion  was  a  nickwl  oni*.  and  that  he  could 
liardly  expect  maaters  to  pnas  iHind  cm  nation  on 
Ihelr  onn  eyvtera  of  Uaching.  In  thix  niniier  tliey 
must  lEO  behind  the  Jiidftment  of  prpparaiorj  maa- 
ler»,  iumI  he  found  by  exi>erience  thai  it  waa  pre- 
cUoly  in  this  matter  that  preparatory  luaatem 
ened  and  <^aiue  Hhort.  They  W'lil  to  Win<-btHter. 
boys  adoiimlily  grounded  iu  Ldtin  gratunmr.  but 
Mdly  deDcient  in  EngtUli  hinlory  and  f'n-nrb.  In 
Ibe  laal  yimr  he  bad  been  udvUed  tu  reject  boys 
for  total  ignorance  of  Fn-nch-  And  be  found, 
moreover,  not  only  that  the  luont  Imokward  boys 
in  Uitin  and  Greek  were  tbi;  mint  iHickwnrd  in 
nvncb.  but  alao  that  tbey  nvre  comjiamtively 
more  backward  In  French  than  in  ctiu»icj>.  proving 
that  nil  their  enerjcy  bad  been  put  into  Greek  and 
Latin.  Ttie  unly  safe  ^ulde  in  thin  iiunitloii  was 
to  look  to  the  training  of  tioys'  minds  and  educa- 
tion generally.  To  judge  from  the  experience  of 
the  teAchers  of  lower  fornu,  aiid  liis  own  experi- 
ence Ha  an  examiner.  Ibe  buys  who  were  best  at  a 
nwchanival  knoKiedge  of  Gru^k  gramtnur  wi-re 
Umw  who  were  getting  least  good  na  to  tbc  i-uttnre 
of  gniaial  intelligence.  He  was  conrinced.  from 
Ma  own  obMrration,  that  the  twomain  difflcutties 


of  young  boys  aniee  rr»ni  thi'  miil(i|ilicily  of  Mib- 
jwto,  and  from  the  number  o*  cubjectB  all  o(  the 
esme  kind.  Their  brains  got  perfectly  muddled 
by  being  driven  from  inie  point  to  anotber.  So 
far  from  the  study  of  Greek  suffering  by  th« 
cliange,  be  believed  tbat  it  would  gain.  Boys 
would  come  mure  fmhiy  to  tlie  subject  at  thlr- 
taonor  fourteen,  with  minda  more  matured,  and 
able  to  OT  the  point*  thai  maoleni  were  driving  at, 
and  we  should  rid  of  one  absurdity  our  prment 
Procnistean  education. 

In  conclusion,  be  re4y>ui mended;  1".  Ttint  tW 
stutly  of  Greek  should  not  begin  bi-forc  tlM-  age  of 
Ihirleeii  or  fourteen,  and  Ihat  it  tdiniild  not  tw 
inircKlnci'd  nl  nil  in  tlio  entmni-i-  examination-  of 
public  Kcboolii.  Tliii  ste])  h*  intended  lo  carrr  uut 
himself.  3^,TI)Bl  Grvek  should  lie  rigidly  eieluth-d 
from  examinations  Uv  entrance  scbolanhipaL 
Latin  and  English  would  afford  a  much  iK>under 
test,  and  it  would  be  a  great  advantage  to  hare 
from  Uw  Hist  the  teucbing  uf  Greek  in  their  own 
hand.  3".  He  would  give  up  Greek  wlib  boys 
who  showed  o»  taste  for  Greek,  or  who  intended 
to  leave  school  at  srventeien.  He  knew  that  Ihts 
declaration  would  Inee  him  votes,  but  ber^Hihl  ntif 
himself  continue  the  system  which  uIIowihI  buys 
lo  be  Blndyiug  Greek  delectus  for  ten  yt-at*.  Tbey 
could  not  dietutp  to  preiNimlury  ncbmiU.  but  tbete 
would  fcdlow  it  ihe  head  mnctem  gave  Ibeui  a 
lead.  By  thH»  poxtponing  and  limiting  i)ie  nitidy 
of  Greek,  they  would  do  nothing  to  injure  Ibi* 
cause  of  Greek  scholanbip,  tind  they  would  do 
niucb  to  set  Ibe  (•ducatiun  of  tite  country  on  a 
more  mtiefaclory  basis  tbnn  it  was  at  |>re«etii. 

Familiar  as  this  sort  of  argument  is  in  the 
United  8taiea  and  on  the  criiitinent  of  Europe,  it 
in  still  cuDsideted  ultra-radicnl  in  Engliind  ;  nod  it 
is  Honiewhat  surprising  that  Dr.  Feanin't  resolu- 
tions und  reTDiu*ks  met  witb  no  greater  opposition 
tbnn  llicy  did.  In  foci,  a  number  nt  head  n»0tet» 
aided  more  or  liw  ntningly  with  r>r.  Fearoo.  No 
immediate  nction  was  taken  on  Ibe  resolutiona  Xfj 
Ihe  conference,  however,  and  they  were  referred 
to  a  comiuiltee.  after  baling  an  amendment  to  tli» 
etfect.  ihat.  "  il  is  desirable  to  arrive  al  somn 
grenler  ogree-menl  as  to  the  sUige  in  education 
which  should  \v  readied  lirfore  CitiMk  is  begun  by 
boys  intended  for  a  ctnMcicnl  school,"  tacked  im  to 
them. 


THE  ORKEK  KLEM&ST  IN  ESaUHH. 

Thk  crusade  against  the  study  of  Giepk.  which 
is  the  fashion  just  now,  is  not  always  succesklully 
met  by  Ihe  defendeni  of  that  study,  because  they 
either  understate  tbeir  own  i>o»ition  or  else  miss 
altogether  the  true  point  of  the  discnaslon.    The- 


I7i 


SCIENCE. 


(Vou  IX..  N0.MI3 


etiHy  of  Or««k  is  dM  gotng  to  relain  lie  placv  I)e- 
cuiuc  some  celebrated  mediaeval  and  moileni  in- 
trllrrlfl  wvri!  Iniilied  in  ir.  It  inliBt  H<ttt  [U  claim 
itpon  tlu!  htglutr  |{t<>»i»l  iif  it>  biimaiiiiing  iiillu- 
«aoe  nnd  Ita  nnextwllcd  tili'mr?-  cutlute.  Grtvk 
tUw  npposln  to  us  tui  having  no  im-oiiHiilL-rablo 
8hnre  In  (Ii«  ronnntion  oT  our  own  lanftQaK«  si  we 
luiow  and  use  It  to^f ,  tvpedally  In  the  nomen- 
clature and  lermiuologr  of  philoMphj  and  the 
(cienctv.  The  value-  ot  llie  slui(,v  on  tbia  ground 
in  not  n.>ferTWI  to  often  enough,  and  we  Imve  u«v«r 
Mwn  il  rooru  sitnply  and  daftly  iitipbuM«.*d  thoii 
In  Dr.  Goodoll's  little  buok  ralitlfd  ■  Tbi-  Orvck  in 
Eniclliih."  As  the  author  put«  it  in  hlo  prcfatT, 
"  Theobjert  of  this  hook  is  toninblc  pupilw  to  Rain 
Bome  real  and  living  knowledjte  of  that  part 
ot  English  which  came  frutu  Ur^ek.  ...  II 
mcrt-Ij  attcnipiB  to  teach  that  n)inimuiii  which 
rvcD  tliovc  who  wiah  to  bMnisli  (be  studj'  ut 
OrM>k  from  our  HcbooLi  nould  ailuiit  con  l<-a«t 
raeil;  bo  Kpnr^  :  and  it  in  vrillen  in  thi?  hulief 
that  that  portitm  In  ahsolntely  in^'ntinl  (o  a  rvjulj' 
comuiand  of  a  full  EnKli»Ji  vocahuJary.''  And 
llii«  la  (he  kernel  of  the  book.  It  is  written  to 
li«lp  atiideula  to  an  undfrBlan<lln)c  of  Eniclish,  In 
»o  far  as  English  i%  derived  medlatelj'  or  Immedl- 
•Ulf  from  Ur«vk, 

Tba  work  in  atrangisl  about  a  gramtuatical  init- 
Ijno  wHDowhal  like  that  usually  foiuul  in  tireek 
primers  of  th«i  old  •fashioned  wrt,  bc<'auiv  the 
sutbor  belie\'e«  that  10  be  tlie  eimplei't  and  quick- 
eat  way  of  leariiing  wliat  lie  bof  to  teach.  The 
vocabulary  is  ratlitr  representaiite  (ban  complete, 
but  it  i*  rtaionnbly  full.  \\v  are  nuile  ready  10 
believe  that  Dr.  Goudell'B  Imok  will  comuivnd  it- 
self 10  many  prrpnratury  tcncliF-m  aK  giving,  not 
all  that  the  beginner  who  haa  a  college  course  in 
I  iew  waaia  to  know,  but  that  nilnimiim  of  Greek 
■bat  is  a  ncoesaary  part  of  the  equipment  of  every 
«-ell -(educated  man. 

Dr.  (Joodell  roakea  u  curious  slip  — unless,  in- 
dred,  he  hokU  the  not  impuaalble  bat  Improbable 
opinion  advanced  by  Clemrni  of  Alexandria,  that 
■  uietaphyMice '  ikcquivolent  io3U|iranatUTa1  —  wben 
he  iDBlaucea  ■  metaphyaics '  as  one  of  the  wurds 
into  which  a  deeper  inaight  is  given  ufl  by  a  knowl- 
edge of  Greek  ;  for  the  prevailing  npiniun  is  that 
the  u-ord  ■  mtrLaphyaics'  is  a  conglomemtc  used  by 
Andrunicun  of  Kliodes  to  denote  llint  portion  of 
Ariirtotle'v  writingn  which  came  aft«T  th«  trwttlao 
on  phyncn  in  hla  arrangement  (:d  ^rra  ra  ^voi]. 
Therefore  the  fact  that  mi-taphyslca  means  ontol- 
ogy, the  acienoe  of  bring,  ia  puix-ly  accidental ;  it 
mfghl  Just  as  well  bavfi  come  to  mean  ethice  or  psy- 
chology :  and  a  knowledge  of  Greek,  while  It  ex- 

■  Vu  0*Mk  in  KnfflUli.  Br  TttQUta  D.  OOOOSIJ,  rb.0. 
Stw  York,  Hon.    111-. 


plains  the  geneela  of  the  word,  can  liardly  be  1 
to  give  UK  a  -  lively  aenae  ot  ita  exact  meaning.' 


ROSESKRANSrS  PHlTjOfiOPBY  OF  EDUCA- 
TIOS. 
TliK  inlluence  of  Prnfeum  Roarnkriinx  on  the 
e<lucaIlonnl  thought  of  tiermony  has  Im-n  viirr 
great.  Bom  early  in  the  ceotary,  he  uaa  n  uni- 
vcrwily  Biudent  at  a  period  of  great  philnsf.phical 
and  pedagogical  activity.  F^chle,  Kchellitij;,  H*-i;^l, 
and  Schleiermiichcr  wi-re  then  tli*  great  leaders  of 
German  thought,  and  ItoacnknuiE  caiue  under  Ibe 
personal  influence  of  tlie  two  latter.  While  yet  a 
TOty  yaang  man,  —  he  was  twenty-eight  years  of 
age  at  the  lime,  —  he  entered  upon  hi"  long  tenure 
of  tlir  chair  <if  pliilMOphy  at  KflniKsberg  in  suc- 
cnnion  to  Kant  and  Herbail.  The  n-orh  of  which 
the  book  liefore  UB  IB  a  translation  wa«  publiahed 
In  HiMS.  under  the  titU-  ■  l'a«Iagogik  als  eyXem." 
It  may  Imt  wiid  to  liave  rni>ir<l  pi-dagogical  diacua- 
sion  in  Germany  from  the  petty  lietnils  of  kindnt^ 
garten  and  administration  in  the  high  plane  of 
philoaopliy.  The  woik  has  also  had  n  wide  circu- 
lation, considering  ita  cbaracler,  in  thiaoount(T, 
for  it  wan  originally  translated,  ■woie  Dfteon  years 
a^o,  for  tbi«  Jourmif  of  apeculalitv  jJtikMOphg^ 
and,  in  adition  to  ita  circulation  in  that  form,  two 
thousand  copies  of  a  reprint  failed  to  meet  the  de- 
mand for  it.  For  the  present  ami  sec'ind  tflition. 
which  Dr.  William  T.  Harrin  publishesas  the  flrnt 
volume  in  the  IntenmtionBledui-allonserie*,pdit*d 
by  him,  the  translation  has  been  revised  and 
popularised,  and  accompanied  wilb  a  full  oom- 
mentaryaDd  analysis,  prepan-d  by  Dr.  Harris  him- 
self. Thew  lulter  are  so  elalxiratp  that  Ibi-y  uu- 
qiienlionably  veil  to  a  certain  extent  Roiu-nkranz'n 
own  work,  hut  juiit  aa  unqutetlonably  do  they  add 
to  the  value  of  the  book  for  twichets. 

The  translation  of  the  title  by  ■  philosophy  of 
education  *  ia  a  happy  one.  for  it  aeta  the  book  be- 
fore .American  readers  in  ite  true  light.  It  tella 
them  in  a  word  that  there  Is  a  science  ot  educa- 
tion, and  that  that  science  claims  a  place  in  the 
philoHophicBl  encyclopuedifl  in  the  cloaeat  connec 
lion  witb  psychology  nnd  ethics.  For  pedogogica 
may  l)e  best  dencrilied  as  psychology  and  ethics 
applied.  The  tlllo  indicates,  also,  the  stand-|x>lnt 
and  method  of  the  bonk.  for.  na  Dr.  Harris  cays  In 
his  prrface,  to  earn  this  title,  "a  work  muftt  not 
only  \x>  nyiilematic.  but  it  must  liring  all  ita  details 
to  the  l««t  of  the  blgbeM,  principle  of  |ihilo«iphy." 

It  muat  be  premin-d  that  Bo*enkrani'»  philoso- 
phy, and    hence    tbla    Ibeory    ot    edacation,    (■ 

Tkr  (]/i.;.«opAv  o/.rfBcotion.  Bj  JOUiWi  K*Ki.  I'stsDaicn 
KMKKLHiNr,  T.aailaWil  b)f  Avs*  C.  BsiOKHTT.  New 
Tork.  AiifaeUo.  IS*. 


« 


n 


TEBmun  }9,  U87.] 


SCIENVF, 


176 


I 


Hi-si-Iiaii  in  form  ttad  ataMneal,  and 
■IhhiiuIh  io  tli«  cccenMcitin  toA  ni«ta- 
(iti^ik'itl  (HH'tiluKttiM  tiT  itiiil  KD'HI  tUinki-T.  But 
\o  iHir  miniS.  ihiR  dor*  not  Jnipnii' iW  iiH-/tiliuwi 
nxiA  llmflln«*>nf  (lie  book,  for  whnlr■vp^^f},Tl'■^'s■ 
■KK«^><ion«  ma;  Imi'e  been,  sncl  de«))lle  tlie  fact 
ilMi  hid  |>liiliMOf>h;  Is  oD  tlw  waue,  lie  »eise<I  bold 
on  »  ureal  nuitiber  ol  «]>lritual  Irulhr.  and  formu- 
liU«il  tbem  an  Wufy  bail  nevi-i  Uvn  funnutali-d  be- 

EOK. 

Thr  kej-nolv  of  Roncnkmnx's  imiIsi^iku^  I>lii' 
t(Ni»|>h*  In,  that,  '■  tnntra  true  niituri'  U  not  Umad 
in  him  at  birth,  but  linn  to  br  ilrvrloprt)  hr  hia 
activity  ;  bn  inic  iinltin'  is  tiU  ideal,  wliich  be 
may  aclaaHw  br  cdiiratlon." 

Tli«  book  Is  divided  into  llir««  partfl.  TlieHret 
oofi«iden  llie  idea  of  educnlion  iu  )j;en(:TOl,  its 
iMilur«.  form,  mid  llmilB.  lli«  t«cond  put  treats 
of  th«  sfiecinl  i-leiiieots  of  edwatioo.  the  ]>bjr>ioa], 
Ibr  intcllcT'lDiil.  and  the  priiolica]  (in  the  hum  of 
will-<<ducaltoo),  nnd  >li»cuases  the  varioiM  atogw  Of 
the  prorvm  of  rducation  and  tbo  problanui  pro- 
renNxl  by  Ibecn.  The  tbird  I*  Kivtn  over  lo  par- 
llculw  systems  of  ediicstluD,  and  is  a  short  history 
of  cducallooal  theories. 

Botwokrani  strikes  a  true  note  when  be  puto 
peilajro)i;k>s  on  a  |i8i'i.-boloKi<«l  basis,  ■■  tb«  DOture 
of  edurulioo  is  deU-rmined  bytbDiiatiireof  tniod" 
(p.  10).  "  tlM!  gpiti-ral  furui  of  educutioii  iv  detrr- 
mtni^  by  ihc  nntnn-  of  thp'  mind  "(p.  Sfi),  a>id 
pauim.  The  liiuita  o(  rducntion  an'  three.  The 
Hivt  i»  the  subjectlre  limit,  and  is  touiul  In  the 
itMlividualtty of  the  pupil.  "Whatever  does  nut 
vxiHt  in  this  iiidlvitluality  asa  possibility  cannot 
I*  dmlopcd  from  it.  Education  can  only  loud 
nnd  asHirt  :  it  can  not  create  "  (p.  47).  Tbi-  nccond 
limit  \*  Ibii  objective  oac.  and  lies  in  tbc  means 
wlucb  can  br  appropriated  for  education.  ■■  That 
a  talent  for  a  certain  culture  Hball  be  presemt,  is 
certainly  Uie  Arrt  thinf;;  but  the  cultlTatlon  of 
this  talent  Is  the  si.<cond,  and  no  less  necessary. 
But  bow  much  cultUalion  can  be  given  to  it.  ex- 
l«U9irely  and  intenaiTely,  depends  upon  tlw  means 
iu*d.  and  Ihiiie  sji;aiii  are  condllioned  by  the 
dMtvriul  mourn.-*  of  the  family  tu  which  one  be- 
lonfpi.  The  Rn-4iler  n»d  moTA  valuable  the  meoiu 
of  culturv  which  axv  fomidin  afamily,  the  great«(r 
talbe  lmiDedial«  odT-aniaKi-  which  iheoulture  of 
each  on*  has  at  the  start"  |p.  4aj.  The  tliiid 
lituit  of  eduratlOD,  Rosenkranz  calls  the  absolutt* 
limit.  And  this  Is  defined  as,  "  tbe  lime  when  the 
youtb  bus  apprehended  tli«  problems  which  he  ban 
la  Mlrv.  has  Icamod  to  know  the  means  at  bis 
dispuaal.  and  luu  acfiuired  a  certain  fncUity  in 
nainc  ihrm.  ...  To  treat  the  yimth,  after  he 
bu  poaMd  tills  point  of  time,  still  u  a  youtb,  oon< 
Indicts  tbe  vwy  idea  of  education,  which  ides 


flnd4  Its  fullllment  in  tite  attainment  of  thin  state 
of  maturity  bj-  the  p*ipil "  (p.  19],  Aftrr  this 
llmil  is  reacl>eil,  eeir-vdiicitii'  n  t^iipplanis  invruc- 
liun  by  tea<:hens,  and  Ibe  ideal  lo  be  had  In  riew, 
nnd  tbe  mi-thodii  to  be  followed,  must  hav«  been 
implnnled  during  ilur  autei-edeiu  period. 

It  wouUI  unduly  (ax  our  space,  and  it  ia  not 
necessary,  to  select  for  empbnns  thi;  many  vabi- 
aUe  and  sug^stive  point*  In  Rownkranx's  ttnat- 
ment  of  speclllc  educational  siibjpcis.  They  will 
apiieal  at  ouce  to  erery  edticnior  who  reads  tlie 
bfiok.  But  some  BpecUJy  pregnant  pamaueti  may 
^Iw  (|uoti-d.  "Jfrnuaaiia  in  oof]>oreMnoia correct 
asa  podagoKical  maxim,  butfaultaintbi-judKinenl 
of  IndlHdnal  auMa;  liecaiiae  it  i*|>aMil)t«,  on  ihe 
one  hand,  to  have  a  hnallby  rniml  in  nn  imlwaltlij 
body,  and.  on  the  niher  band,  an  unhealthy  mind 
iu  a  healthy  body.  Neverthelcca,  to  striw  after 
tbe  harmony  of  soul  and  body,  is  the  material 
condition  of  all  normal  activity.  The  drvelnp- 
m*nt  of  inlelliKeace  prvsupputes  pliynical  health  " 
(p.  68).  "  What  we  learu  Uirougb  tiuoka  forma  a 
contrast  lo  what  we  li-um  through  livinfc.  Life 
form  upon  ns  its  wisdom:  the  liook,  on  the  con- 
trary, (s  entirely  passive.  .  .  .  If  weare  indebted 
to  life  for  our  perceptions,  we  must  ohlelly  thank 
Ifoiiks  for  OUT  understanding  of  our  pernqitloaa. 
W<!cnll  bdok-instrvction  'd«ad'  when  it  htoks.  for 
tbe  exiHwition  whidi  it  gives,  a  foundation  in 
illustration  addiaased  to  senB^perceiptlon.  or  when 
we  do  not  add  to  the  printed  description  the  pcrcep- 
it(iii«  which  It  iiiipUes;  and  tliese  two  am  quite 
dilftn^nt"  (p.  131).  "The  oourae  of  study  must 
be  anangeil  ho  aa  to  avoid  two  extKmts ;  on  the 
one  liond.  it  hiu  to  kee|)  in  view  tlicr  sprrisl  aim 
ot  Ihn  school,  and.  according  lu  tbb,  it  lends  to 
contract  tt»«lf.  But,  on  the  other  liand.  It  must 
connider  tbe  n-latlve  deppiidcnru  of  one  specialty 
upon  other  specialties  and  upon  geneial  culture. 
It  must  leave  the  tmnsitiiMi  free,  and  io  tbi*  it 
tends  lo  expand  itself"  (p.  1^}.  "8ocial  cultuiv 
contains  tbe  formal  phase,  moral  culture  the  ml 
phase,  of  the  pts,otical  mind.  CoiuciL-non  fonns 
the  iraiiHitioii  lo  religious  culture.  In  itn  aniver- 
nal  and  necessary  ualure,  i[  reveals  tbe  absolute 
authority  of  spirit.  Tlie  iiidividiinl  diucernti.  in 
tbe  depths  of  hid  owu  consciouanew,  commands 
poawaaing  univarsolitT  and  nccewlly  to  which  he 
liaa  10  subject  himself.  Tliey  apiieor  to  him  as 
tlw  Toice  of  Gorl.  Religion  mskes  lis  appiarsnce 
ad  aounoB  the  individual  dislinguisbes  Ihe  Ab«o- 
aolute  from  himoelt,  as  a  personal  subject  exist- 
ing for  and  by  Himself,  and  tlierefore  for  him. 
Tbe  atheist  remains  at  the  sla^  of  insijclit  into 
the  alNwIutvnew  of  the  logical  and  physical,  aes- 
thetic and  |iraclical.  categories.  He  may.  (berv* 
fore,  be  perfectly  moral.     But  he  lacks  religion, 


176 


BCIEHCE. 


(vwu  IX..  No  an 


though  ht  lovw  to  cbani'Tli-riTr  hw  uprijthtnMit  by 
ihiN  niUDe.  and  to  tnuwfrr  t\\v  tloftmntir  drfinl- 
liniu  of  poedtlve  religion  into  tlie  rthical  ephpre  ** 
l|>.  IW).  •■  Educ«t)i>ii  has  to  pieimrp  mao  for  re- 
tli^ion  in  Hi*  foll<m-inK  H«|iectB :  1*,  It  glvM  lilui 
the  euDCppiiun  of  it ;  i",  U  eiid«avora  to  hare  thin 
conceplion  milii««l  in  his  llt«;  it",  ii  Bubonlinatm 
Ibe  thcurcticfll  and  prnolical  proona  in  odAptJnx 
him  to  «  Bpedai  Htand-poiut  of  rvligiou*  cultum" 
(p.  13B). 

In  treatiDj;  the  liitdtMj  of  r<IucAti<inal  Ihporws, 
RownlirHiui  illstlo^inhiti  thm-  tn^-  the  nation- 
a),  the  tli«ncrHli<'.  ind  the  humanitarian.  "ThP 
ftwt  worin  nfi^r  ihv  n^anner  of  nature,  since  it 
Mluuit«t  til*  indiridiial  m  a  type  of  liin  raw" 
(p.  186).  The  theocratic  *yMtm  rweublcs  (he  du- 
tionaJ,  Nit  it  makes  tlie  ground  of  the  uniforcnity 
o(  ths  indlvldualB  uol  mt-nlr  thi-  nnturnl  HroK-nl 
In  coRiuiou.  but  il  tukrn  tw  thn  i-ommnn  infrrot 
the  result  of  apiriiuiil  unity,  which  neitlpcl*  na- 
ture and  concuDtnilr*  itself  upon  the  erentJi  of  lt« 
o«-n  Itintiiry.  "The  Iheotratic  8y«l«n  eilucat«B 
thv  individual  a*  tho  serTaat  of  Ood"  (p.  1»6). 
Thr  third  ayrtem  "  eiiiannpale<i  tlie  iudividuul, 
KDil  elevates  him  to  tlie  ^rnJoymeDt  of  frevdoio  tt* 
hiaMaence;  eduntM  him  within  uatiunul  Hniils 
which  no  lonfcer  HrjMrate  hut  uiiitr  :  nnd.  in  the 
('Onadouan«»>  tbut  each,  without  any  kind  of  me- 
diation. liDH  u  dirvirt  mlnttDn  to  God.  make*  of 
liim  a  man  wlio  Icnowa  himself  to  be  a  memher 
of  til*  Hpiritiis)  world  of  huiuunity  "  <p.  1SH). 

It  i»  alraoet  impowiblv  to  exiun^rate  the  im- 
portanre  of  thit  trettiaieot  nf  educntiim  for  tom'h' 
era  and  the  Auierii-un  puhlif  genernllj.  Too  often 
iclren  over  to  almlluw  thi-ory.  fnlji^  prartire.  and 
BuptrlioUl  ■entimentnliHin.  a  hnind,  ilciep,  and 
pbiloMpbic  tniNtniient  nf  educntion  will  he  for 
them  boUi  a  rtinnilant  and  a  tonic.  To  Ihow  used 
to  ibn  irnxhy  rduoatioiinl  Jonrnats  niid  books  now 
to  convnt  antonic  un,  Roaenkraox  will  undoubt- 
edly he  dlfHcnlt  readinjc.  But  he  needs  more  than 
TWauJing;  he  must  be  «ludied.  The  cerlaiu  rSrvX 
of  Ibe  atudy  will  be  to<l(>velo|>  the  intellrctnu)  and 
moral  inslKbt  of  the  student,  und,  whera  a  t-icioun 
ainivity  uud  Ixild  r  x  peri  men  Ijiliam  esial,  to  Mlb- 
Rtitute  for  tliero  a  true  pmclico  and  n  sound  phl- 
loiophy. 

The  Swedish  society  of  anthropolo^  and 
(Wgntphy  has  puhlidlied  a  oulleclion  uf  dmn-inKS 
made  byC.  Bovallius  during  hin  atny  in  Nicaragua 
In  1888-88.  Though  xuolugicnl  renenrrhn  were 
tlie  main  object  of  thr  author's  joumey*.  he 
«rBii«d  bimsplf  of  the  oppoitnnity  to  make  Bom« 
arcbnolugical  collprtlonii.  He  went  ovm  the  same 
giound  nil  Squier  did  more  than  thirty  yvarv  ago, 
but  be  found  many  new  relics  of  the  aucient  in- 


habltanta.  He  pnhlls1»e«  df»wiags  «S  many 
stttUM  hitherto  unknown,  and  w  he  does  nolr'on- 
sider  Bome  of  Hquier's  reproductioDS  sufficiently 
exact,  he  gives  his  own  copim  of  the  originals. 
The  roJnme  contains  41  plate*,  and  a  map  of 
Xicnragnn  and  Costa  Ricn.  In  thr  platn  we  Hnd 
rvpn«(Milpd  objiTtn  from  7jtpntern.  a  aniall  island 
in  the  bike  of  Mcarsgua,  rock  carvinga  fruni 
Ceiba,  a  sninll  island  near  the  former,  and  r^tmmic 
objects  fn:>m  Ometeplc.  Zapatera.  and  Ceib«i, 
Tlio  author  glvM  n  brief  introduction  oti  the 
tribea  of  Nii-aragua,  and  <l*WTiptiv«  text  to  ac- 
oompftay  the  plates. 

—  The  last  number  of  the  Qwirtrrlg  joamal  <^ 
mieriMcopieai  teietict  (vol.  xxvli.  |Mrt  il.  p.  SSi) 
contains  a  very  aevere  criticism  of  Dr.  E^tten'i 
paper  on  the  *  Eyes  of  mollii»<ks  and  arlliropods.* 
Tlie  review  in  unsignril.  Init  wad  presumably,  we 
wnture  to  any.  written  by  the  editor  of  the 
journal,  FrufesHjr  Liinkmter,  who  Is  certainly  a 
competent  authority  l»  puss  judgment.  Fault  ia 
not  founil  with  the  new  otwervatioiiH  recorded  by 
Dr.  Pntton  :  on  the  rontmry.  they  are  accepted  aM 
wnrere  and  valuable.  Thefullsererity  of  thecon- 
demniilion  In  turned  upon  tli«  theorie*  and  g^tHT- 

■  ItEutitinsuf  tlie  author,  and  upon  his  critidtims 
of  prectidiiig  investigators.  The  accuMtion  ia 
brought  tliat  the  author  baa  promulgated  many 
falio  viawt  and  crudv  tbcorio,  such  as  would 
have  appeared  possible  only  to  an  ignoniiil  thinker  ; 
fuTiber.  that  be  bap  rvckleasly  set  aside  by  Mmjtle 
deiiiiiU  many  statements  of  eoteemod  obM-rvers. 
(•n  llie  ground  that  they  were  ixrecoucilable  with 
hi*  own  ciincluaioiifl  :  linally.  Dial  be  \ia^i  a  tone 
in  bin  criticivmi  which  is  luipiudouable  in  a 
wicnlitlc  diH-uiBion  under  any  circunutum-es.  It 
is  very  ran*  that  &uch  heavy  rhargii  are  iuad« 
sgatost  any  loientiHc  writer.  Thrlr  extreme 
gravity  renders  it  specially  incumbent  up<ni  ii*  to 
reserve  our  Judgment  until  Dr.  Patten  shall  have 
made  bis  miswer,  As  we  have  dlrecte-.!  attention 
to  the  nccunulion.  we  ahall  be  glad  to  give  du«  at- 
tention nUo  to  the  <Iercnce. 

—  As  part  of  the  wheme  of  the  late  Colonel 
Roudalre  and  H,  de  Le<*»ps  to  form  an  tnknd 

■  African  sea.'  It  wat  «i(Ki£eel«d  that  an  attempt  Iw 
msde  lo  obtain  water  from  ariealan  welU.  with 
the  idea  of  cuttivuiiiiK  the  sourrouiidlng  country 
iind  using  the  rents  f<ir  buiMinif  tliecaiial  intended 
to  conoirct  ihi-  Meditemutmi  with  the  pn^ioaetl 
*<«.  Th«  (Inl  well  was  atarled  in  Hay.  ItMI. 
Wntvr  was  found  at  a  ileplh  of  SUA  feet,  and  in 
June,  ISM.  waa  running  at  the  rale  nf  9,3i0  gal- 
lons per  minute-  A«  a  con««|nence,  the  Imuks  of 
the  Melali  River  (Tunb).  which  a  v«y  few  tnonlhs 
ago  were  deserts,  are  no  w  populated  and  productJrn. 


« 


PAKY 


SCTJSNC15. 


I 


I 


Contems  of  foreipi  ednotiooal  pe  ri odicats, 

CmfraX-orvnn  far  rfiV  tnUrrt^m  rfci  Bralsthul- 
iBrtrm*.  Drf-aibrr  imuri.  —  Zovikftmpfo  xviKhen 
^rlotiwOrtirn.  Dr.  Priediifli  — Wumit  mUM  dfranK- 
limh*  Uulerricht  in  Daiitwhlanil  Iwirinnrn  r  Dr.  Briuit 
Pricdtldi.  ~  Di*  SinhrltKcobuU.  —  KacfarklilM, 
Bd'-Kor.  —  Aiiw(|t*«.  o.».w. 

Zeilwhrifi  fUr  'In*  UfaUetivlittrira.  —  Die  B*B*lch- 
nuair  lUr  Au»*|>fachn  iti  don  rni{li*Fl>rn  Ij>hrhQcli*rii, 
Prof  J.  Rrwb.  -  Uvbar  da*  •pl>4risi'li»  DnM*<rk.  Bd- 
(lard  O  mil  ma  on.  —  ScThiiliiachrichtFii.  l{pMtiM'>nrn. 
0.».w. 

ttruMf  Inlrmalionatr  dr  rrntitanrmrnl.  Jan,    lA 

—  La  qDHtinn  d»  udItc rulii'a  Iranf aiau*.  Ernvst 
l^viMM,  —  Ij%  n^tortij*  ■!»»  f  »■•)»*  juridiqu**  en  Alle- 
•nWID*,  O*or|tn  Blnndpl.  —  Hinioirf  dr  la  dviliia- 
lioo  <hiii*  la  t^-oueft  do  la  France.  Camill*  Julimn. 

—  Cn  pnffaataur  frantal* ;  U.  Baioi.  M  Buy*!.  ~ 
CkroMlqua,  fyirraa|innilanc#,  iiouveli**  «C  intorni^- 
iiof;  Krtbliuurapbiv.  *tc. 

AfFu«  rf*  0^ara}thit,  December.  Do*  rapporlii 
Nitr«  lea  populaiinDi  rt  lo  climal  anr  U*  bord*  furo- 
iMVoBi  d*  1«  UfJilrrraix^a.  U.  Vidal-Ubladi*.  —  La 
•ocMW  d*  topoicrapbie  <)«  I^raiii:'-  hI  I'^oola  dr  Kfr>K- 
rmpbie,  H.  Bardinix,— De  la  onititntiou  An  la 
adewM  irtoKrapliiqu".  M.  L.  Drapeyron.  —  Da  la 
topgRTapblo  appliqufeo  ft  tn  rDloiiiiatinii  lU'  la  rAC* 
nc«idmt«la  d'Afriqii*,  M.  t!h.  Korer.  —  Lc  mouor- 
imcnt  )H'(«nplii(|iir.  U    D«1aTaai. 

ArWr  de  rmKifptrment  affimdatrr,  Jan.  1.  —  II«- 
*iaa  d«  qnlniaiDe.  U.  ZoTort.  —  Laa  Maala  d«  Mon- 
Ulfcn* :  notr*  blbbocmpblp.  U.  Ouitat*  Altai*.  — 
A(rf£ltatioa  de  renwiKn'mt-nt  special  en  ISHT  ;  BiUi- 
ogra^iw  n)toi«la.  —  L'aniflai*,  lengiw  cniiip]£m»ii- 
tair*  da  ralltmand,  U  G,  S^. 

lUtiitft  '!«  la  attoeitUUm  rff  Mamlna,  October 
(Baena  Airta}.  —  BorarioaaacotNn»(rarta<)aBarra.) 

—  Baforaaa  tacolarea.  onffreocia  par  ol  profeaor 
■oraal  Pablo  A.  Piuani<>.  —  Lju  rvanlonM  p*da- 
Ktefraa  J  1m  hciniHM.  —  Una  ixirAtiin  a  Pearalaixl. 

—  rlrtailoa  d«  la  eihicacion  larllculr>  dcdi«kdo  A 
Mdna  l<M  oupMintendeOtcit.  --  lodicatiODca  AUtm  A 
bia  OMaatra^ 

ftititia  pfdagogiva  italiania,  D»c.  IB.  —  Cn*  in- 
cbieata  piicnliiKira  tuH'  infanzla.  K,  Murtelli  —  Uili- 
tAriiMouDD  o  tentx  null  tar  iiiamento  dot  CDnvitti 
aaiinnali.  A.  Gi'laiiiil  —  I  Invorii  tnniiuatn  iiolla 
MrUi^la   p;l"iUr»>  (i-iHitiriunti'iiin  f  Hii'l,  C  (iiiinaldl, 

—  Sol  pUKiaciiio  drlle  nouole  elemriitari  b1I»  tlatQ.  — 
Pocbr  oxervBiioni  di  an  owotEto  Hem  en  id  re,  A. 
(JDUlli.  -  -  UbIIf  varia  prDvincia  del  regno.  —  L'Utru- 
aion*  prioiaria  in  I^Jmrno,  Pllnio  —  Qua  <•  la  frai 
pratnuiuni  iliilatiid,  F,  Vnniali.  —  Libri  e  jciornali. 

—  Intomn  air  ioiri^iaiDenln  ograrin  nrlle  Bcuoli 
nmll.  —  L*  leicDie  nalurali  ncUr  •cuolo  elemontari. 

Zriltrllfift  f^r  .SVftuI  yragraiihir,  January  —  Die 
S'erw e rtUBi;  deuti^liT  Iticlilunn  uiid  S>K»  IQr  dan 
Kvourapbitrhen  Unterricbt,  S,  Oorjt'?.  ~~  Der  riA 
kondliche  Uiitcrricht  an  den  hoheten  HBdeboo- 
■wtinl*!)  In  Dvatwlilaoil.  —  WlnulpeK.  —  BfporUirlani 
Jfr  ni-llii«)i"Hi»ii  Llfratur.  ~  R.'liefkarten.  —  N"- 
tiipn,  Zi'it-i''inll»».  u.B  «»■. 


BdncatlooAl  trtlcl*B  lo  mUccllaaeous  pctiodicali 

AlWrnativ*  lo  torlallMn.    lb*.      Unsigned     London 

yuartrrty  rrt(m,   January. 
Drctc  Milarel  et  la  at^icoc*  tociata,  I*.     M.  H,  Joly, 

A'ouMfle  rwue,  Jan.  I. 


Bn*elitii*ni««t  aMMadilH  «l  1m  demi^m  r^formea, 

r.    M.  Oabriel  Oompayri.      La  nw  ^rnenilo, 

Jan.  1. 
Fnitn  and  phvalral  ndanea.    W.  H.  Uallock,   foran, 

February 
Of^nrraliaitli'inH  at  auicuce,  Ibe.     Prof.  C.  L.  Uor^n, 

Mind.  JoDoaTy. 
Htw   I  via>  ojunated.      Andraw  D.  WkiM,      famm, 

Feltriiarv- 
Lawti  •■!  Iialnl.  tli*.     Pn^f.  William  Jamvn.     Pop<idar 

»n>BW  mnntlilii.  February, 
HpOmb.  Jninea.  the  pmideot  of  Princeton  onltoKC 

Cfiiluru  i-idpaifiu'.  Fuhruary. 
HHI>-vle   rxi-trimwetale    eh*t    W    a'ii>i«n«,    Ik.     V, 

HriH'Uanl,      litruf  filiilaiojJtiqur,  Jatiuarjr. 
Mnuvi-ineDt  intetl*cluel.  I*.      MU.  Frary  rl  Bourfcet. 

Sourftlf  rvTue.  Jan  1. 
Penii'i>.  la.     A.  Gaotinr.     lUrwr  tftmtiflqvr,  Jan  I. 
Pliyaioliiiiiral  xeltfccion.     Qanritf  J.  Ronianas.     Hmr- 

tffnUt  irnlvrji,  Jannary. 
Pulitic^al  cviDomjr  in  Ameri<ia.    Dr.  B  T.  Ely.    N^rtk 

Am* i-i'Ciin  rrririr.  Frbruary. 
Qunicliio  (III  I.nlin  nil   Allnniaifne,  ta.     M,  Soiiwl'd- 

land,      f{^v»r  ttHrnliJii/u^,  Jbti.  1. 
Rankeaiid  biiRiflthwl.     Dr.  J    H.  W.  Stuckenberg. 

Andotrr  rrplew.  February. 
RcliRluu*  oxerciM*   m  fttit,*   u-booli.     Prof.    K.    B. 

Dnvi*.     ntrum.  Febrvary. 
R«nan'(  lalvr  arorka,     Andi*w  Lang,     t'or1n*g>illy 

rtvitv,  January. 
Seboob  Mt  priKmii  and  priaona  oa  icbooli.     Lord  NotN 

loo.     MnflAratA  tenlurn,  January. 
Scb'iol  »l  Enrllxli  liirratur*,  a.    OmlffnAd.    Iftiartrr- 

Ijl  rrriea,  January. 
Science  In  reli^oni  eilat>ati(>n.    Daniel  O.  Tbompaon 

M>putar  trifnet  nionlMff,  February. 
SpVKrar'i    '  Unkiiowalile.'     Dniigned.     ScollUh   rt- 

vieie,  January 
Dniveraity  of  London,  the.    UoMgned.     <^ai1rrly 

rtvinr,  Jan  nary. 


PuWIcalloaa  reorind  ai  Kdltor'a  Office.  Feb.  T-ia. 


&4ATIA1I.  A.       Die  5cflc  LBducher    UOJ    hBllu^ho    PhEloBAbhie 

in  den  tiMpaiuIem  aiDdeniH  CtiHcnthpini      ItvrL^n,  WttA* 

nun.    »)Jh     ■•*-    (Sew  Verk.  Switiex.  f}.*)!.) 
Bii'ii&iiaTiai.    r.    Lihrbuch    dn   paihaluciKhen   Mrkelugit. 

Kltflc  L    BnunK)nr«i(.  Bnihn.    no  p.    f.    (New  Ysili, 

Sltchan.  Ii.ta.) 
K>itH*cK.  J.  und  T.    Siuiltrn  lul  d<ni  Ccl'itie  de>  BTlethiKben 

und der  JriKhcn  !iptui  b.-h.      It.i.hJ  i.  tv4  i.     t.elpilf.  Hirvrl. 

Iltp.     <*.     (N.Hr  Vorl.  -I -iliirL,  ».,»ii  I 
lt4iLIKV.    W.    S-      A   loinni:.rr    <-.r   yiuerra^   in    mineralogy   uhl 

pclrocffephy.  in   liU.     I'lkllaijfi|>l4i«,    Amtr.  nal.     l4aj   p. 

ti". 
C«->Li,iTf,  H.    Di0  uruvtH  SpncJi (otieh uof  uoU  dk  F.rklarune 

da  indiatnntnlichtn  Ablsuia.    ^'Kingan.  ^'aailrabOMi 

A  RupiRhi     V  i>     e:    <Nto  Vork,  Sln-lml,  Ui  (inlkil 
Ci.>1irAiHi.  ii.     EICmfHIa  d'lmlFUClKtn  inorlle  cl  (ivicjnc,      ^ifa 

ed.     Pant.  Iirlaiilanv.    aoi  p.    i6*. 

Sunt.      U^lif,  «etBp1*i.  prtopfai.  panbeln,  Ublia, 

loelh  ed.     PaHt.  Delaplu*.    tjB  p     if. 
NotiHU  <l^meBt«lMt  de  la^cbolniiic.    I^irn,  DcTaplaaa. 

DiiiL.  t,    DLt  K-nhwtndlcVtli  d«  Reluion.  •ini  Itin*  Ceaae- 

Juenfl  der  du«viniihcn  Lehre.    Itvidelberi.  WeiM.     iiip. 
'.    (N.»  Votk,  Kitthcti.  rictnii.j 

IJiB&aaicim,    A      IJnurr  Sflb^i-  und  Schrnv^f.lauic  (aiich  dia 

cnill<>Kci>  ill  ntufrn  l.ichif,      MrauLiirK,  Trijbntr.    )I5  p. 

<•.    I^cw  Vflrk.  Siecbcrl.  ^tj/f^-t 
liu  Bt-^iv.KatKKhD.  E.     R«d<a  vcrn.    Z'mritela}^,    Bioflnpfaiet 

Wliienichad.  Anipiaihm       iMfiit.    Vail.      (t^  ft.     (■. 

(New  Vetl.  Sie<hcnj  Ij.jo.) 
Euu.  A.    Ucb«  die  PiycEopliTiik-    Mtibuft.  H.  O.  Elvtn. 

y»\'      


)«B.     «*     (N»w  VoA,  M«hetl.  71  crnd.l 
■T,  T, 

L<ipti(. :  i«- 

FiiTt,  ).    Au>  ■ptikei  Weli>nKhtuuii(,     Ragen  I    w,,  RhaL 


2of  1lek*DQpfuhK  iv'iiAiiundj.*hrifCT  Imbuaiej, 
L<ipti(.  Fnuch.  (4D.  •'■  iNe»  Viiili.SlKbeR,j^  tvata.l 
Tt,  I.    Au»  aotiker  WcliBDAchauuiif,     Hi         ' 


178 


SCIENCE. 


(Voi.  IX..  No.  Ml 


Bnuuch**!!.  VkewH.    ,b\  p.    g-.    (Km  York.  Sicchai. 

l>iOiU».  C.  nnindnia  d*r  isaUDiKhrn  Philatocl'-  Uir  I. 
SinHburit,  Triibnti.     Mt  |>.    ■*.     <!<»  YHk.  StMhen. 

Ci'turiLDi ,  P.  In  den  liu:liiil)iFii.  td  eJ  lliilla.  AIlu* 
m«in«r  V^nin  Tut  dfuufhc  t-Kcntur.  im  P  '■*-  (N<* 
Vatli .  Siccbtri .  •■.•n.i 

HvMt^Ci  E,  Leber  NcwImi'iOe^li  <lv'  t'.irl>tnait4<huii(,  l*nf, 
Tliopilijr.     .jj  p.     B".     lNt»  Vuik.  Sleclirrl.  )jMr.l».| 

1tlLCABJ>,  K.  W.  Alliat^  br>r^»  imjctrii'n  4jid  dnina^  in  lUcrr 
(imluftl  KlhtloQ*.    ^criJi»tnio,  :MAir     4(  p.     K* 

HlLC«HvKU>.  D,  A  JudvEiOiufii  uitJ  Ju4mr)i'it1tnlhmn,  r«n« 
Kbclil4H  lu  d(r  "  KcUErEtBcbichu  d«t  L'mlirUlcnihiiink. " 
Lfip^.   Kriqland.     tt>  «■    V     iNtv  VnrV,  Slccbvrl.  t^o 

Jmusuk.O.    Die  tilyiAuJt-   Umlu.  I'tneDill .     lUV-    ••"< 

iNn  Verk,  ftuchtti,  wotcu  I 
Kahi^  f.  G.    DJt  Tnupl»(kn  ritr  P1l4ht4h  uiid  thtt  Hm-airk- 

imc  Mf  die  Aukbildunf  iHltPfitclif  r  ii«v«tv,     1tnu>i*chvviv. 

Bnihn.     iD(p.    «•.    lYn.  Vork.Sltcktit.  i)  1U.I 
LutCf.  L     Dk«  MChifhirichc  F-nt^ickeluuM  d<t  benfuui^be- 

ptlln  usJ  [Iji  T»nuHKh(ll<hr<  eadirfsbniai.     L<ipti(  )-  n- 

^Iniuin,    ^i' V'    ^*-    <N*v  SVrIf,  StA:bvn>  ti.in.h 
Mliuu,  R.     Die  Quellknf I  dn  Khuliiuie  und  die  l^elluuK  ■)> 

UtiKb*  Ifrm*n14'li£vr  Ra*k(iDn0ii,     fittt,  (tGib«HiU.   |6  |il 

('.     I>>e»  Viifk.  Sl»cln-i.  jtunu.) 

CaUndar  of  Socktici. 

frfr.  12.  H.  A.  HiuiMi.  Tlic  t>k.v|;l<ni«  of  IHSS; 
Ualli-}'  WllIU,  B*7'i  UounUina. Tnniiuitrir :  Q. Brawn 
Oootl*.  'Vh*  OKi^n\thiet,\    lUntrlbntiou  of   acjeiitiflp 

men  anil  JiiHtiTnlioiiH  in  tiw  l'iilt«il  HUWu. 

ftU.  10. —  It.  B.  ltluK>  uad  .P.  K.  WlittBcJd,  on 
•am*  u«w  iii«to(iril«H ;  C  A  Croniptoii,  AnnlTiilii  of 
•ngar-ciuip  and  )>«it-juir(«.  etc. 

JWrpif  bofanfrctl  club,  .Vrtc   i'ork, 
F*b.  8.— P.  J.  H.  Uorrill.  Eihibitloti  of  plauU 
«oD*«t«I  at  Tiunpa  luiil  Kaj  W«t.  Fla.,  ami  Uolllii 
iltd  Bohnruoii  iH>uuii(>»,  Tex.,  In  IKAii. 

Boaton  »e(eiiHfi«  »acMy, 
/Vt.  8.  —Soma  «rTin«  In  reUtlon  to  Uir  art  of  ttte 

BOOad-bnilden :     A  ajilcndid  mtrloor;     Pm  out  ut 

aMBOBi  8.  (lonuui.  On  MombvIiuwUh  imakeii. 

Snialia  miltml  Aufnn/  '"rirfj/, 
Nov.  «.  —  Q.  C.  BrowlbFiul.  Tlif  go»logy  of  wwrt- 
•m  Hbwiarl. 

f>rr.  1».  —  M.  M.  B|i*rkkiil[.  Matnml  liinrorj  ami  tll« 

lUM  of  Ibo  IuiOTU«(>U|J(<. 

^an.    10,  ISKT.  — F.   A-  8iuu|>iM>U  aihilillvd   a  Qi» 

akull  of  the  Oorjphodiit);  Urn.  C.  Dcintitb,  Ittptilui, 
KlrpUtm  of  vjtrtn.—  PruHldiiiit,  Dt.  J.  W.  Tradar; 

vioe-prMldtmt.  H.  C,  Slnuvtli  currn^iuiidlug  micro. 

tntj.  F.   A.  Sampaou :     mouTditiu  hvcrt'lary.  J.    W. 

Walker. 

MitMiuH  vntrTr*it\f  club,  Coltimbia. 
>V».  T.  —  H.  K.  Call,  Tlia  prvatoit  utatiia  of  ibe  doo. 

Advertised  Books  of  Reference. 

MAMMALS  OK  THE  AI}IR(]ND\<.  )^s      I: 
UerniiB.    CoalAibt  ut  iaifoduclory  (.riiLi'Ki    inrjciEij; 
laatwfl  *ad  baundann  ot  ih«  nfio*.  i(«  (r-^nphidi 


1 1.  L.  Hktl 
i:  <^    ihe 
-      .        ^    ,    ,         I  bi*terY, 
Hpttfnphy,  cU">Aif.^enc«ftl  fttAi^m^  b<4iftn>.  rnmi   r4itntJ  peti- 
■ob    Tlib  vnk  luDiiiu.  la  ibc  fini  piKe.  u(  *  iceeni  movuni 


THB  S.TAKDAI1D  XATL'RAI,  HI^VORV,  lly  .11  ih« 
lEtdilu  Amtntuo  unarniili.  t^iid  by  I.  ^  Klnfilc)'.  I'h.U. 
Vol.  I.  Lowci  InnntbiitM.  Vol.  II.  Cnuucei  ind  loiecii. 
Vol.  111.  Ki.ho.  wd  REptlle..  Vol,  IV.  Bii*.  Val  V.  Utm- 
mkh.  Vnl.  VI.  Mm-  At«1>-.  new))  i.yn  llluMiadcnn  ud  i.soa 
iiMHt.  iDp.  Bn>.  (kiiti.  |itaii;h>H  naiueeD,  t^l-au.  S.  K. 
CDUiiaACo.(Bn4lK  Whlddnl,  ISibli<h<r..  Bnloa. 

TIIK  RIIITEKFLIE^  or  Tllb  KASTKRM  UNITED 
STAi'BS.  Fai  ih4  UM  af  iluKi  in  miiliity  ind  prlv«M  uu- 
dcBb.  By  G.  II  VttiKh.  A.M.  Illu^nile>i  by  qicm[n*iaci  aiitf 
■  iMp  dI  tbo  ivnif'iry  ivprr^tnt^J.  t^rv*  i>mq.  Clolh.  1*4 
J.  B.  LippianHi  Coib(uii|-,  Pub>..  I'liilUilpl.u. 

LIPPlKCOn-S  milliKAPHItAl.  liiCTlOSAKV.  A 
n(v,  ihurtudhly  ■niml.  and  irrai^T  cnli>ti;nl  eilllioB.  A  iinivir- 
ul  pr^iktiunt-ing  diclbtovy  41  l<io^TA|p^y  Ri^d  myrhDloAy-  Con* 
ulnini  r.>inpleleiiid«iiidl«bi.>ii«|ihitjl  ildchri  o(  >be  (mmfni 
bVFhrp^  'ft  aJI  iv««>hJ  CWIDIfiA-  Kj  I.  ThoDm*.  MrD.,  L[._t}, 
Imptrul  tr—r.  tij^  Pf*-  ^''"V-  *i>-°°'  J-  B>  Upihbcmi 
CoiDpinT.  P"ba..  PhiUdeipbli. 

MASt:'AI.     OF    IHK      HOIANV    OK    TIIK     R<x:KV 
MOL'NTAINS.     <>H>li*t  iWilwbCall).  *va..  w    pp.    Ii.lf  . 
lv<u>n,  Blikifnui.  Tiyli-r  <  Cv  ,  Pubi .,  Xnr  Viok. 

!>ritU<;Tl.'itAl.  B'lTANV^  •».  OntiODnnphy  lui  the  taiu 
ul  Mun-holfwy  ;  ■>•<  iirin>ipl~  '>i  lamKay  uhI  Phyioiitfibt 
and  a  C'loutfry  u(  Boiuiii*!  Itfmv.  Gny  >ll4ri-»d).4v^.  414  pp. 
ft  ^>,     Niom.  Blskem.n,  Tijloi  a  tu  .  Pain.  Ne*  Voik. 

INSIKUCTiON  POK  IIIK  [irrCRMJN'AnON  OF 
KOCK'FORMING  MINKKALS.  fey  Ui.  Eugan  IIuimIi. 
IM>ai  Docaoi  in  ih*  I'nivcniiy  cl  Oran-  TiauUlcri  trom  ifcc 
Gctnun  bj  Kwiu*  G.  Amhh.  I'nif««ier  p4  ClHiBittry  and  Uiafl> 
■lour,  BcIaIi Collect.  With  >t>i  p(aM>.l*«,cloili.  Ijoe.  John 
Wn«y*  Ssna,  P>ib>  .  Axur  Plu«.  Mm  V<rk. 

INSeCTS  INIUKlOU-i  TO  FKUITS.  By  Pn-i.  WjliuB 
Saundcn.  P.R.8.C.  I  landuiBily  illurtnud  inili  440  voed  •■• 
■nviiwa.  CnvD,  tmt.  Clolb.  )i,  J.  B,  Upi^nnitl  Cxnainr 
Pub>..PbiUdelphta. 

WII.^OK,  —  AMP.BICAN  ORNITHOLOCV  i  or,  Tht 
Xalurjl  Huldry  of  Ibr  llirdi  a(  rhi  Unilsl  SuiM.  lly  Alin- 
aiid«  Wilaim.  Wiih  a  lile  el  Ihe  aulhi*,  by  <'*<i'|<  Ord,  F.R.S. 
Vfhch  contiDUBIliti  by  Cbariei  Lucirn  Ronaporlq  (Priftc*  ol  Uv 
ajjcnaoo.)  PoM'iAV  >:t.<n4in,  complcfe  in  one  woluoi*  vkh  ]fi$ 
ncuTB  dI  blidi.  Im[j.  t>".  Unih,  tr.yx  Hall  Tgrlxy  mw., 
ti>  v>.    Porter*  Coawi.  PbtUdclpbii.. 

rtn:  INTKHNATIONAI,  CVCLOPF.DIA.  Tha  bai  fo( 
popiiiu  (ibc  and  i(>ecially  adapltd  (or  read*  fefertnfe.  Fiff*BB 
Myal  fvo  volunca.  ij.rgA  i>Aj|e*,  49.64^  teadiaj  riilea.  SQldoslv 
by  aulHSriplliM,  i'aimJlt  inJrimt*  ■%•■»./.  Dadd,  M*ad  a 
dv.  Pubfc.  K.W  VoA. 

CEOUICV,  CHEHICAI,,  PHVSICAI..  AND  ^TttATI- 
OHAPHICAI.  By  jixph  Piomich.  U.B..  F.R.^..  FC.S 
ComaModtai  of  ih>  lnii>iiii«  «!  Frann.  nvfotwf  «(  ctolacy 
in  Lhe  X^iiveiilly  of  Onion),  In  t*o  yu1»  VoL  t.:  CheiJiKKl  aad 
Phnksl.  ivg.  It.ij.  (Oafunl  Uninniiy  Pna.)  MacmilUa 
«Co.,  PuU..  KnVocli. 

<K:RII»NKIt'S  STATISTICAL  ATLAS  or  THE  UKITEU 
5TATi:§  :  Shmiiu  by  Ufwiilc  Uciluda  iheit  Fnmtat  CoKti- 
tioD,  Vkd  ilieir  Policial].  Social,  sad  Iwlutirial  DevelDpmem,  aa 
Der«nnin*d  by  Ihe  RapnTtaof  iha  I'vMb  Cinhuv  iht  nurtfls  01 
8lUlitl».  Ibe  C«iDailwioHi  nl  Fdufulinn,  Slaie  OKiciala.  and 
cribn  AulhuriUtlve  lioDIVH.  lau  PiV**  I'eil.  >ii  platca  (11 
doubiti,  ar^  Uap*  (n  fcdioX  969  Chath  and  Diact^ma.    5ald  only 

aSvbtcripiiDn.      l>aidripDrt    <iKi*t>'    tent    on    apTv1i<«lkin, 
arfti  Scnbnn*!  Kooa.  nba,.  f4)and  jti  Uroadway.  New  York, 

ENCVCLOPXDIA  OF  CHBMISTRV.  ThoontioL  fine 
licvl.  and  analgticml.  at  applied  10  tbeanaandmani](aftur«a  lly 
Wriiinof  fcnainfan.  Pmruwly  and  handvatly  tlluBcnMd  Id 
ivo  nluEnek  E^ch  fonulnjnjc  wi  aioeUpkaie  tpgniyiojii  tad 
nunscnua  moitciila.  ImjicFial  Hto.  Price  periel:  Cxintcloih. 
ftif^co.  Library  ■hfp,  tilLoo.  H^lf  morocco.  $»ajoa.  J.  H* 
Uppinccpii  Compaik)'.  PTihi,.  Phtibl^lphla 

HOURS  WITtI  THE  UIBLE.  m  ibe  (kinuiuca  in  ihe  Li^l 
of  Modem  I^ivoveiy  and  Knifwledj^T.  ^y  Hcv,  CunninahaBi 
Ceiklc,  D,  D.  1'ba«ari«mvan  cbr  whole  ottht  Old  ~l*icavn«i. 
&V(pi.  It*.  Clolh,  mth  illutlfaiioHi  and  '■ndF\  Sold  teyandely, 
aod  (wh  coflipMe  aad  dlaliixi  in  iixlf.  Ii.u  per  ml  Jamea 
Pell  *  C*..  Poln^  K«  York 

SC1F.KCE  ECONOMIC  IIISClfSSION.  A  («>li*ver»  b«- 
ivtvn  thv  adhfrcno  ol  ihe  old  and  nn>  tvbuvia  of  tioliital 
economy  rtceitLinallieir  main  (>ciinLa  of  diflervnce,  by  Hei 
Aduni.  RichtKl^.  Ely.  ARtiur  I'.  Ilidley.  K.  J.  I 
Simon   Nnnpnib,  ^laien   N.  Paiwn,  Fjlwln  R.  A.  licluiinani 


« 


af  tlM  prtmiocflt  featurfaof  Ihe  Adirondack  reirivn;and,  aKond- 

ly  of  ■  fofuLar  aanailn  «f  (be  habiu  of  in-  uimali  Inund 

aidiia lu OTaAnta.    laip.  Bro.    ti-fi     Heary  lloti  A  Co..  N«v       jucii.     ScieDi.e  CviDuany.  Pulia..  Ntv  York 

Vork. 

ANNAI.S  or   MATIlRMArtCS.    Rdicnl  by  OtmoDd Slant 
•od  W'ilUiB  M.  ThernioD.    OSn  of  Publlcalba  1  Ualvcnily  Bl 


■y  rtceitLinallieir  main  (>ciinLa  of  difference,  by  Heorv  C. 

.   Richtrd^.  Ely.   ARtiur     I'.    Ilidley.  K.   J.  laewa, 

KcviDinb,  ^iBien   N.  Paiwn.  Fjlwln  R.  A.  lieluiinan. 

Ri<hinL>nd  M,  Snuih,  and   Frank  W,  l^auraijc.     i>na,     npee, 

icli.     ScieDi.*  Cvinpany.  Puba..  Ntv  York. 

PHVSIOLOGICAI.  BOTANVl  I,  Ouilmta  <d  tbt  lliuolory 

of  Phaaaoaaoioui  Plannj    II.  Vegtiible  Pbyiilulinr'    (loodale 

<Uavai^.»n,.atD«i.    bf.y).      Ivlaon.  Blikemta.  Taylor   a 

C»„  P^iba..  Ne-  \o.k  ' 


FKEDAY.  FEBftUARV  «.  1687. 

COJUMEXT  ASD  CRtTtCISM. 
Tnx  VVU.  biscVKgCHi.  from  botli  the  eooaomic 
taiA  (Iw  oooiiBMGlaJ  Btamipoinls.  Hint  the  luler- 
■tAt4>  ocnnnMroe  fatll  h*s  reoeUM  In  the  United 
BtiitM.  broUKbt  mil  tli«  man}'  poinbi  of  contact 
bcLvBMi  the  ntiliray  prohlem  m  II  pr^woto  itself 
to  Ihw  uid  to  other  nalioiw.  Wq  baw  had  forood 
hooM)  upon  UK  tJM!  oonrii-tlon.  that  nliile  I<ks1 
oooditiiMia  mnv  varj,  fnl  ihr  question  ai  iuun  in 
•nbatiuillslly  tbr  (amr,  n-hether  it  iiresrots  jIm-U 
here  or  in  Uicnt  Britnin  nr  Ciprmun^.  Fnr  thia 
rMMiD  tli«  ob«erTatlans  conoernioK  the  rallwaja 
and  tmwponation  mnde  br  the  British  oomiute- 
sioo  OB  the  deprenJon  of  trade  —  of  whow  report 
fco  prTwnt  Hn  account  elsewhere  —  will  be  ot  In- 
lorrnt  to  Ibww  who  have  Htiidied  Ihe  rallwitj 
pnblotn  in  tite  Ualttd  Stnle«.  The  lepoft  of  Ihe 
HMJoritf  of  Ihe  oomuj««ion  HiuU,  that,  among 
111  lh«  catWM  which  an  mid  to  have  aggravated 
Um  pre*alllni;  d^pgcwiow,  none  haa  been  do  p»r- 
•IMenllj  pat  furward  as  tbe  difllciitliea  (.-onnM-tMl 
wttli  the  innaportatloD  of  gooda.  The  raiuplainta 
made  before  the  conniUslon  uoder  thla  bM<I  are 
at  tJinw  damea  :  '*  1^,  that  the  railway  vompanlea 
regulate  th«ir  chaijtM  ao  m  to  faror  otw  diilrlct. 
or  plac«,  or  tnwle.  at  the  expense  of  anollier,  and 
the  Importer  of  foreign  goods  at  the  expense  of 
ibe  Imbm  producer;  i",  that  the  coat  of  transit  In 
Ibto  couRtrj-  U  eicnsive  as  oomparcd  with  the 
charvn  made  for  alniltar  services  in  otlier  coun- 
trica,  and  that  conaequentlf  onr  borne  Irado  Is 
bring  crippled  or  dntrqjred  tn  the  advantBRe  of 
our  forrign  cooipetitors,  wbo  ar«  abl«  U>  pinoa 
tbeir  goods  in  our  markrtit  at  n  lent  rxpenw  Ibiui 
Ibe  boane  produciTt.  who  carrion  |lu>lr opiTaltoiia 
at  a  much  kf*  diMancn :  8",  It  Is  conl«tid«)  that 
if  the  wati-r  cummunk'ntloia  ot  \be  country  wen.- 
profMrt}'  developed,  an  eff«ctivefoinpetitti>n  wonid 
tbuR  be  mtablkh(^d  which  would  nigulate  Ihr 
ntoaopoljr  now  potaiweed  hy  Ibi'  nulwayo." 


or  localil,r  loaaa,  another  must  gabi.  I^irthcr- 
tnoK.  if  oanipaoicti  be  coinpdiMi  U>  withdraw  tlie 
adrantagra  romphunml  of  in  Ibo  ca«e  of  imported 
goods,  what  aHunnee  is  then.'  that  it  may  not  be 
found  n«c«Haar7  to  follow  tbi'«amotre«tmeatwiib 
good»  tnt4>aded  for  export,  and,  in  fact,  to  abolish 
all  through  mtes?  In  regard  to  the  second  point, 
it  is  admittrd  that  railway  transpottnlion  is 
cbunprr  nn  thi>  ctmlinpnt  than  in  Grrat  Britnin, 
becouHi!  of  thi'  towrr  initial  cost  of  thd  ciiotitienlal 
railways,  and  liccause  the  longer  diitancve  to  he 
traviMWMl  thrre  opcrntt^  to  reduce  thi?  rate  per 
mile.  But  it  is  oont^nded  that  Ihe  prcaenl  rai«« 
—  which  hare  parllnuxentary  aanctioD — ooly  af- 
ford an  avvngi.-  n-luTn  of  about  fotir  p«v  c«nt  on 
the  capital  invesied,  and  contMsiuenily  cannot  be 
reduced.  The  commiasioo  adds  that  It  la  not 
•o  much  the  cb«apne«e  of  land  transporlation  on 
the  oontlnenl  tint  is  felt,  but  the  ch«apneas  of  the 
se«  transportation  between  the  continent  and 
Oreat  Britain  :  (or  Ihe  complaints  arise  prlnct- 
pully  from  the  inland  towns  which  have  no  trans- 
poit  «a»e  that  afTordcil  by  tlie  railwajs,  and  c^n- 
a«quentlir  are  at  a  diiiatlraniage  an  cumpareil  « ith 
aea-<.-otul  towns.  Aa  this  advantage  in  favor  of 
the  latter  la  perfectly  natural,  tite  commtasloo 
Bods  no  Juatlfleatjon  for  inietferiiig  with  It.  On 
Ihe  third  point  Iwlh  complainantaandcooimlnlon 
agree,  and  liie  latter  recointnends  the  adoption 
of  mesiaarM  which  will  perrull  of  tlie  fras  dvvcl- 
optnent  of  canals  wlinrerer  tbey  are  likdytobe 
useful  and  provrnt  llirir  1>eing  controlled  by  the 
railway  companita,  as  appears  to  be  the  case  in 
many  parts  of  ilu>  country. 


The  report  statea.  thai,  so  far  as  the  Brat  ot  these 
po«nta  g«e«,  ^ren  It  prored,  It  couM  only  account 
a  local  and  not  for  any  such  wide-spread  de- 
n  as  ia  found  to  prerail :  for  what  one  trade 
]e«m-uBT. 


lor 


The  bill  wbich  baa  been  introduoed  fn  tJie 
Bioembly  of  tbi-  vtnte  of  New  York,  entitled  "  An 
act  to  refn>late  the  lioeiiBlug  and  rvgisualion  of 
pbysiiiianfl  and  surgeons,  and  to  codify  the  medi- 
cal laws  of  the  stale  of  New  York."  Is  one  which 
should  uieel  with  the  heart]'  nii>port  of  the  medi- 
cal prof<sMlun.  and  receive  the  vote  of  every  mem- 
ber of  the  legUlature.  That^legtalstlve  action  Is 
neceasary  to  codify  the  laws  relating  to  nwdicid 
pracUoe  is  evident,  when  It  is  coMfchred  Ibnl  lber« 
art  aiiheprfsmt  lime  fourlcvn  or  more  such  lawa 
in  force,  some  of  Ihnu  having  boon  enacted  aa 


long  ago  a*  1S00.  Tho  act  now  beforo  tb«  lej^tsls- 
tuni  roproiln  mnn;  of  ihew  laws  pntli»ly  m  well  m 
tbo  incotuiiHli-nt  ttxtd  \ifv\eef  snftiona  o(  tbo  Otbmi. 
We  havn  ncit  hnd  tiaie  to  cunipore  Ui*  propoMd 
Ikw  with  tbiHi-  nhich  it  will  r«pMl,  but  n*  the 
act  liuB  bcc-D  jiri'tKuvd  by  the  coanaol  of  tbo  X<>w 
York  (.-ount}'  iii«lic«l  society,  wbo  bun  probahly 
lull  as  mtiob  <-i)ieri«iioc  in  tlinc  mntlctni  in  tho 
oourta  sa  any  of  the  lawyvra.  wu  prvcunu!  th«  m- 
\)r»liDg  clauM  ia  right  mai  proper.  Wo  ant  gUd 
lu  HH!  iluit  provision  it  aloo  nwdo  hy  whiirh  tbo 
qumliuu  of  rcgiBtniliua  wilt  bv  K-ttlcil.  wi  timl  tbi- 
practli-e  of  county  clerks  tbruugbout  tbe  atat*:  will 
b«  tiniforoi.  It  will  h«r<«rt<!r  be  neoeanry  for  a 
physician  10  reid^ler  in  {lenon  in  but  one  comity, 
after  wlik-h  leic'^iralloti  he  will  receive  a  oertifl- 
eate  of  registration  froii)  the  county  clerk.  If  he 
dcalrw  10  remove  hia  practice  to  another  county, 
or  to  engage  in  practlcv  or  open  an  oflloe  thecelu. 
be  nwy  pre««iit  faia  certificate  in  penon  to  the 
clmli  of  that  county,  or  mad  it  lo  him  by  rtffla- 
torad  Irtifr.    On  ihii  certiUcate  ihe  clerk  wij]  in- 

dorac,  ■  Pogirtprcd  nl»o  in county,"  and  the 

phyaician  ia  thai  qunlified  to  pracliae  therein. 

Ahotlier  section  -^f  tlie  law  which  Is  most  equi- 
table and  jmrt,  and  oue  which  will  remove  all 
naae  lor  doubtful  iut«n>tetatioii  of  exiittiiig  laws, 
la  as  follows;  ■'  Notlilng  In  this  acl  aliall  be  ocni- 
strued  to  ptmlsh  com  missioned  medical  ulBoers 
serriug  in  the  army  or  navy  of  tlio  United  States, 
or  In  tbe  U.  B.  marine  hospital  service,  while 
so  (.'omntlssioued,  or  any  one  while  actually 
serrtDg  as  a  member  of  the  reiddent  inedlcal  staR 
of  anjr  legally  incorporated  boepital,  or  any  legally 
qoalMed  and  registered  dontist  exclunjvnly  on- 
gaged  in  practising  tlio  art  of  donii»try,  or  any 
lawfully  qnalilled  physician*  and  surgeons  resid- 
ing In  other  states  or  countira.  meeting  regisliTed 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  this  stale  in  consiiltn- 
tioD,  or  any  phyaician  or  surgeon  rs*iding  on  the 
bordorof  a  neighboring  *tal«,  and  duly  autbDriKed 
nndsr  tbo  laws  thereof  tu  praotlwi-  pbyaic  or  siir- 
g«ry  tltcrrtin.  whcua  praatioi?  extiinds  into  the 
Unrita  of  thin  8tat«,  providing  llint  sucb  iirscti- 
tlontr  nhall  nut  open  an  officv  or  appiiint  a  place 
(o  mivt  jAlivnts  or  receive  calls  within  tbe  limits 
of  tbu  Mate  of  New  Yovk  :  or  physicians  duly 
n^tcml  in  one  county  uf  this  staio  called  to 
attend  Lnlated  caaea  in  another  county,  hut  nut 
midiug  uT  bubiiually  praetMng  therelD."  The 
otluT  proviaioiiB  of  the  Isw  which  are  iuteoilMl  to 
punis))  all  those  who  rraudulently  practise  medi- 


cine, are  ako  wortliy  of  oommendntton.  Wo 
alnoerely  trust  that  tbe  whole  bill  will  promptly 
paM  both  hoUNra  nf  the  l^sUturv  imd  rcocire  the 
signature  of  the  goTcrnor, 


CAi-r.  A.  VT.  GhRBLVEi  nppaintmant  as  chief 
signnl-ollloer  wit>i  rank  of  hrigadier-getirtal  is  a 
well- men  ted  promotion.  It  is  also  a  ooin|>roinisv 
with  IhoK  wbo  have  been  advocatiug  the  sv^ioni- 
tion  of  tbe  service  from  the  army ;  for,  while  the 
new  diiel  is  an  army  oOicer,  he  is  also  a  niau  of 
scientilicnttainmentsandexperience.  and  It  was  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  a  person  with  tbe  latter 
<|Uatilii-atiuns  that  the  change  was  advocated. 
Tbe  appointment  is  also  applauded  by  the  Preal- 
deul's  frlMidaaB  beluf;  In  strict  line  of  clvll-serrloe 
reform,  as  Captain  Oreely  was  next  in  rank  In  Ute 
bureau  tu  Qeneral  Uacen,  and  had  worked  long 
euough  with  him  to  understand  fully  the  roeili- 
0(b  of  the  service.  The  i^neral  impreMian  senns 
to  be  that  the  senate  will  oonlirm  tbe  nooilnaUaa. 


I 


TBE  LATE  ERUPTION  FliOM  KILAUBA. 

LtKCAUi^K  of  tbe  iDcnased  numbers  of  tourlsta, 
beltrr  f  ncititiusaro  now  offered  for  visiting  Kilauea. 
InatMd  of  tho  arduous  equeatrian  Jouniey  (d 
thirty  mites  from  Hilo,  over  rough  lava,  oftm  in 
the  midst  of  rain,  thn  trnveilor  can  Dow  disam- 
bark  from  the  Klnau^  thobostof  the  iotor-inland 
steamers  —  at  Keauhou  on  tho  dry  side  of  Hawaii, 
and  reach  the  Volcano  House  by  a  nowmad,  only 
eighteen  miles  lung,  and  tiiat  luoetly  in  a  car- 
riage:. Ammgi-nitnla  ha»-e  been  perfected  by 
which  ilio  round  trip  can  be  taken  from  Honolulu 
in  six  days'  time,  allowing  two  nights  and  one  and 
a  half  days  nt  lh«<  <ulderu.  and  at  u  cost  of  adxty 
dollars. 

Tlie  Krst  recorded  eruption  from  Kdnuen  was  In 
ITHO.  when  a  uoop  of  native  soldiers  wen-  snlTn- 
cated.  The  lirst  lolfUllQc  account*  are  tliose  of 
Ellis  in  IHSit.  unJ  of  the  U.S.  explortCMCexpedhion 
in  ISIO,  tt»  given  by  Commodore  Wilkes  and  Prof. 
J.  D.  Dana.  Since  then  the  more  notable  changes 
have  beoD  recorded  by  Dr.  Titus  Coon  in  tlie  ool- 
umna  of  the  Atnttwut  jofimal  of  aeif»».  In 
1883  Capt.  C.  E.  Dutton  cxplorvd  Kiluueu  and  tho 
Ilawiiiiiui  Islands  getierally,  presenting  in  tho 
•  Fourth  annual  rv|>ort  of  the  U.S.  fpnlogical  sur- 
vey* tbu  best  dcBcriptioD  of  tlte  volc:mi<!  phe- 
nomenii  uf  tbul  part  of  the  world  that  ho*  yet 
appean<d.  In  tbe  following  year,  and  also  dnring 
the  pnst  summer,  the  writer  went  over  tbe  same 
ground. 


FuaDABY  35,  1B87.J 


aciEjfrcE. 


181 


IniuitNliHteljr  after  Ibe  4iauppeiiranc«  of  tbe 
lava  ill  Kilauca  in  March  Inst.  I'rof.  W.  D.  Alex- 
lioilur,  thief  of  the  trigonoinelrknl  nurvpy  of  the 
nnwiiiinn  UlnndK,  ilirvctcd  his  ami«tnnt»  to  nwke 
a  plnn  of  Um ihslurlied  region:  nnd  b^  Itis  kiDil- 
new  wn  itm  (lermttti-d  to  prment  it  to  the  reodera 
of  SHmet.  Tbci  irianj^iatiuu  and  delaile  of  the 
Bunken  porllon  ar«  from  ihe    iiurv«;8  of  J.  S. 


betuf«en  the  large  and  small  calderae.  Captain 
Dutton  coi>ied  tlieee  errors  of  Brl^hain  into  hla 
repiirt. 

CommcKliire  Wilkes  prepared  a  inap  of  Kiiuuea, 
delineating  tlic  main  li>|xigruphiciil  featurt'S.  and 
especially  showing  the  '  black  ledge.'—  ii  shelf  of 
deeic«atcd  lava  from  HOO  to  a,O0<i  fe^t  in  width, 
aad   about  MO    feet  Motr    Uvakabnna,    tfae 


KJLA  UfJA, 


TifjpBili 'fffiifi  (' \l\u  A>«u 


highsit  point  in  the  rim  on  the  wMt«m  side.  It 
encircles  a  lower  pit.  13.000  feet  long,  3,000  feet 
wide,  and  384  feet  deep,  whicli  repreeeut«  the  di- 
uieuviouH  of  thi<  block  of  uieltedlavuthut  brokt-out 
twt-Dty-Hevt^n  luileiidiBtiuiti  and  then  tluwed  twelve 
mil«  to  IbL-  sea  at  Nuuawali.  The  black  ledge 
wna  Btill  diicerniblf  in  1805,  but  ban  not  Steexx  men- 
tioned fur  the  pnat  ten  yenm.  The  aoulhrrn  end 
of  the  deep  pit  repreaenta  (he  centre  of  nctirit)', 
cnllnd  '  Unlenin'umn'u.'     From  titno  to  tinut  t«m- 


182 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  DC..  No.  319 


]/on,Tj  Ittkee  of  lire  iippenr  on  oil  si(l<!«,  hut  Hnlr- 
mn'umii'u  remains  c'snentiall)'  constoiiil.  Thin  in  n 
real  cmIot,  whilo  Cnplain  Dulton  ha«  well  «ii[- 
Rmtod  the  OAnie  of  ■  caldcro '  for  the  enllra  de- 
prewlou. 

Th«  Milira  ptt  wm  n«v«r  fuller  than  on  the 
«veniiiK  of  Hurch  6,  1866.  Th«  litTatlmt  for  ciop 
jeon.  or  uucv  Ibi-  Iiuit  |>roriouii  imporlanl  di*- 
charge  (ISTT),  hiul  been  Hccutniiliiting  and  pouring 
o»OT  thfl  floor  from  Hnlemn'uinm'ii  and  New  l4ike, 
till  it  attnined  the  altitudo  of  8,710  feet  above  the 


it 


some  of  them  pmbnblj'  ncyiaiiuwi^  by  thi<  fallte 
of  larg«>  maasN  of  rock.  Shnril)-  nfirr  midnight 
tbe  Uva  disappeared  Ihroush  a  HUhterrenennchuk^ 
n«l.  Ijlltng  up  »ORi«  vacant  chamber,  probabljj 
since  it  did  not  diecbargesnjwhereat  the«iirfac4^' 
nor  vraii  there  luij  oeeanlc  dlaturbaucie  wiihlnecsy 
disituice  of  the  JFliind.  The  thicldifiHi  of  lb* 
molten  (N>lDmn  (hat  di»oi)pi:iired  iirovm  to  Im  STO 
feet,  nttliout  estimntiiiK  the  iKlditinniil  dintance 
to  the  unknown  reservoir  beneath  Ihe  rouKh  fal- 
len fra^nenio. 


Flo.  I.  — CiTtrr  one*  ocorriiD  er  iiik  Nkw  Lxki 


aeorletol.  Thu  Hoor  was  convex,  and  180  fort 
hlgh«<r  at  thn  lukm  than  at  the  oortht^rn  edKe, 
while  the  Kooernl  lev^l  avemgc U  from  150  lo  SOO 
feet  above  Dm'  bint-h  Icdgn  of  Witki-H.  To  tlie 
south  tlie  lava  had  riuMi  upon  tbit  old  siilpbur- 
bankH.  nearly  coverlnft  them,  while Icavtnga  lung 
nartiiw  promimtory  scarcely  a  down  frft  alHiii? 
the  general  level.  Lot*  in  the  eveninKthetePoui- 
m^ntTd  n  Mtrit-n  of  parihituahr-.  mi  severe  na  to 
alarm  J.  H.  Maby.  the  laiidlonl  of  Ihe  Volcano 
Bnu«e.  and  hin  hoURrbi>ld.  Up  lo  H  a.H.  of  the 
foUowlDK  day,  fortj-thn-e  ■hocks    wero    nuled, 


TliP  map  Kivea  a  correct  drlincnlinn  of  Uie 
sonken  aren.  Tlie  main  deprc«Bic>n  is  roughly  trt- 
angular,  witli  aJdeaaboul  S.O)  feet  long,  forming 
an  area  leas  than  halt  u  mile  Miuare.  In  «xtrnt 
it  is  not  very  unlike  Kilnuea  Iki.  iliougb  Ibe 
bMin  cnrrim  lean  cubical  content.  To  tliu  en*t  of 
the  prindpnl  dc|in»Hion  in  the  9|Ni<-e  lelt  by  New 
l^ke  and  Little  Beggar,  tlic  smnllw  temporary 
craters.  The  art-rage  depth  of  Ibis  circular  aeg>- 
ment  is  IDS  feet;  the  leniith.  1.700  feet;  width, 
SM  In  050  feet.  It  \i  n  tort  of  abrlf  or  terrni-e  nd. 
joining  the  grvater  depreMion.     The  triangular  pit 


Fkmoait  SJt,  1897.1 


8V1ENCE. 


183 


I 


w  vwT  irmralnr,  wroe  portlODtiof  It  quailing  t)i« 
Npw  l4kp  terrace  Is  altllude.  whilf  \\w  deepest 
part  is  In  the  ceolre.  The  nulls  ot  tht^  Ji'prnitiion 
may  now  b^  call«l  llie  ■  blnck-ledgp  ; '  nod  thwr 
liinitnl  (HiDi-nsioDH.  m  riMnimmiJ  with  lb«  gmtfr 
pit  fornuyl  in  1840,  will  tlliutniti-  th«  lltUmeM  of 
Um  lnli.*diitrhnrf;c.  Lili<>  \.\w  lant.  tlip  next  eriip- 
tioo  iiia5  br  cxp«c1«d  atier  the  new  pit  Iibb  bmi 
radUtd. 
ThvacoompenyiDgillufliTatloDBsbow  thcflnnken 


from  its  lowTMt  point.  Tta«<  graateat  d«|4li  exhlb* 
ite<l  in  STO  fM't. 

Braidon  itic  fonnalioa  of  tliiii  pit,  tli«r«  wen 
pnxlu(.'i>(l  neventl  terge  craclai  in  the  neigliliorhood, 
—  itav  un  ib4!  Polio-kpnwr,  al  (hp  )nilphur~banlia 
tM«rth<>  Volcatfio  HiMiH  ;  wwl  two  on  thr  way  lo 
Knniihou,  two  milM  dtitwit. 

43uietu«48  and  (Urkoraa  nJgDtd  tn  this  pit  till 
th»  fouttli  day  of  June.  Fmir  ilnya  lalor  we 
visit«d  it,  tind  found  upon  the  iiul  tide  of  tfae 


ft. 


rni.  i.  -lliu«4'mA'C  «mK  tur  Dts^rruRiirc*  or  uvjt  tM  Urttiu  I'M. 


Tlx  ftnt  (Rg.  I)  shows  Ilie  s|iac#  oc- 
mpted  br  Keiw  Idke.  Tho  vteep  wall  noH  the 
«d^of  Ihe  uiolleu  lavu.  uDit  tlM^dt-pIti  1*l.'i  ftet. 
In  bolb  views  Iho  |irecipilous  walln  conaiitiiti-  tlic 
new  hIjK.'lc  ledf^e. 

Tbe  fet^nd  (lig.  3)  kIiuwi  tbi'  pit  of  tlaWnin'u- 
loa'u.  TIm!  inva  ifCK-biil  vrr;  nonri)-  iii  the  lop 
of  lliv  cliir  brforr  thp  rnipilon.  Tlin  KpoerRl 
luwl  of  llic  drprcwinn  i*  Kiniilnr  U>  that  of  th« 
bottom  of  N«w  lAke,  and  tl»e  central  j>lt  i%  well 
■bowR  whh  the  »teani  and  »u1phuroui  jca^e^  rixiag 


deepeal  pit  a  bole  about  forty  feet  across,  deiiceEid- 
ing  at  an  angle  of  eighty  or  eighty-live  det;reui  lo 
a  Inlu'  of  fact:  Grnit  roluniw  «r  xlenu)  iiod  ■nil- 
phur  v«|H)4  iMiuted  out  of  tlili  oriHc^  w)ioa»  walb 
wcri'  lincnl  with  subljtued  sulphur  and  Prtf'a  hair. 
jVs  ilie  [i|>(MiiiiK  Inv  In  the  mldsl  of  toove  blockaot 
Isvn  and  wlileitpd  out  downwards,  It  was  Aaagtt- 
oua  to  stand  nenr  theed^e;  bii  I  Uie  swashing  of  the 
liquid  was  di^tlnetly  audible,  and  stoneH  lliri>wn 
down  were  heard  to  nplisti  into  the  tiquid. 
The  dq>(h   tu  the  lavti  ivsx  prMt«bly  about  two 


184 


SCIENCE. 


(Vou  IX.,  No.  filS 


bniidred  fpct.  To  tlir  nnrtliwan)  about  two  hun- 
dmil  fpft  wnn  a  ci>|>ioiiii  iliocharsn  of  rorrowTr 
rapors,  vrhich  inrrpaanfl  In  titrv nuth  In  thp  colirw 
ol  Ihi"  followinit  week.  At  nljclit  the  fire  pwild  be 
wen  nhovp  the  [ill,  just  as  r1  nor  earlier  visits  It 
wiu  eTldfiiii  the  Ifre  had  r«l(iroeil  t«  Kilauea  :  and 
the  drooping  vphliH  or  the  |>r<>|n-iflorti,  who  bud 
made  vxWivArc  preporutiiMiit  tor  thi?  ■■ntcnainmi'nt 
of  toiiriaii),  began  to  re vivp.  On  liw  2Slb  of  Jtin* 
B  still  lar^rvpntoppnpd  npon  thewMt  Hide  of  Ihr 
tlet-p  pit.  or  rnthpT  two  of  lliem.  Two  Inkc*  of 
Atc  farineil,  divld^'l  b.v  a  xry  narrow  rldKe. 
cnrljat  thei  level  of  the  (l«e|>««t  jiart  of  lite  pit 


Homh  n  strrtcb  of  rolcftnic  Mnd  and  ti&nrit  fally 
njuiil  in  (lirapniion*  *to  Kilniiea  iDH-ir,  On  «x- 
nmtnlDic  morr  clwwlT-lhe  mat^nl  railed  ■muvd- 
slone'  und  'gravel'  upiin  the  map,  it  was  Fewi  to 
(■on^l^t  of  material  ejectei)  tnim  the  volcano,  and 
BLiinerous  lava-lumibH  wnv  pk-kiii  up.  Asliea 
altH)  covi^r  the  ci'Uiilry  [o  th(.'  Buutli  and  tioiitli- 
west  over  the  KtAi  dnmrl  (or  ncvorol  miltii.  Tho 
ftonchiiti'in  i*  thprpforc  Totrrd  u]>on  w.  that  Ih* 
«nrlirT  eniplion«  varipd  in  chnmrt<>T  from  any 
thlnic  ihst  ha»  been  observed  durlnx  the  last  half- 
oenturir.  Aeliea,  aand,  and  stones  were  thrown 
a  distance  of  several  miles  froin  the  rolcaoo: 


M 


IriO.  L— T»*  KIW  niUElU'iniA'C,  M  MUEN  8JUILV  K  OdOtn,  IML 


(at  leaat  600  feel  bc'low  the  Volcani>  House),  and 
havlni:  a  lenuth  of  TOO  feet  and  a  width  uf  400 
feet.  About  ihr  name  lime  the  lava  llnwud  out  of 
the  small  opcming  of  Jum-  4.  and  i«  Hlling  up  thp 
deep  pit.  PrafpMKir  Van  81)  ki-  of  Oiihu  ci>lle);i) 
roporta  that  the  jiit  wns  entirely  nilpd  up  at  Ibe 
end  of  Jtilf.  iind  thai  a  conical  mound  is  forming 
above  It.  This  will  probably  develop  into  a 
second  llukma'iunii'u,  iicwfuiiyinK,  as  it  don,  ex- 
actly ihf  iiniuc  plniT  (in  thi-  olJ  one.  All  Ihe  dis- 
I'harginf;  vent«  arf>  gitiintiv]  withiu  Iho  limits  of 
th«  sunkm  area  of  the  mop. 

Advantag*  was  taken  of  our  visit  to  explore 
the  Hcnilbern  part  of  the  ciildera.  SUnding  at 
Kpanii  Kiikoi.  one  hi-cb  to  tlip    souih-wost  and 


that  the  V««uvian  type  of  aclioni  has  been  »o«ne> 
tiOK-s  exempUBed  hi-re.'  It  was  in  the  n«igh1<or- 
tiood  lit  the  Keni)3  Kukoi  Ihnt  tiie  nrtiiy  wm  mf- 
focaled  In  I?8B,  pwhnp*  hr  tho  very  miption 
whoMxUbH*  ate  aav  atrrwed  over  the  surface, 
and  ft  may  bave  come  possibly  from  Keana  It- 
self. 

It  Is  not  generally  known  that  in  1849  Ihe  lava 
of  Kilauen  diix' harmed  from  h  vent  in  the  Kan 
deiiert  Buvi-n  or  I'iuht  miteti  dinlunt-  II  baa  Imn 
uiuinicd  by  aomr  thnt  tli«  How  ot  Kahuku  in  that 

'  iitmnrTatlDUo  nun]*  tn  tlia*uBu-i>UiiUii<otidlaU4otBOf 
all  Ihe  IbIui'Is  hukmI  chut  Ih*  lUtunll  I*  probably  derived 
tram  ilia**  aerial  dlecharxa*  ralber  Umn  fnon  the  daooB- 
IHiiUoD  at  lava  ov  Irom  a  depoull  BeueaUi  Uie  oooan,  aa  wof 
SMM  b7  Caplaln  Dultoo. 


rSBMVAXT   2S.    It»7.| 


SCIENCE, 


185 


cainr  friNii  Kit«iie«.  Tbe  best  authoritlM. 
Duttoo,  BKT^  that  l)i«>  KAliuhu  flour  CMUe 
from  Mannn  l<as,  whilp  Kilauea  overflowed  In  tlie 
K4IU  (li-scrt.  The  area  of  the  flow  la  aaij  aboul  a 
qaartcf  of  amlle  iu  Inigtb  mid  breadtli. 

It  H  watthj  ot  not«  Miat  after  Ihe  rTuptioini  of 
le&t.  IH4II,  nu<l  1880.  the  Ttturiiin);  Uva  hus  stuoil 
nt  near)}-  (tip  same  Il-vcI.  Thut  i>f  lt*£i,  dnwrihrd 
by  Ellin,  iit  caiinnln)  bv  Dutton  to  hnvn  br^n  400 
feet  Iowpt  (ban  at  the  Ume  of  hU  Tintt.  Redu- 
cin^  tbu  dKurra  In  a  uoifonD  staDdard  reference 
to  Ibe  wn-lcvd,  the  allllnd*  Id  1838  wan  8.IT7 
fM-i;  in  im>.  8.170  feet:  in  188*.  8,140  feet,  or 
thv  lowest  point.  In  I88S  (he  level  of  Nvw  Lakn 
wuattliaated  at  S,5T7  f<«L  Tbe  bigbtst  tnvcl  of 
lAardi  4  waa  at  S.T19  fwL  It  appcnn,  themfore, 
UaU  there  hmt  lieen  no  UMsntial  chiinjp>  in  thn 
■umnal  natural  lervl  of  tlui  inoltvn  lam  for  the 

By  lulTinw  nent  ns  late  a»  the  middle  of  October, 
it  npt^'lirc  (hat  the  oeiilnil  cone  bus  rtaeu  TOO  or 
SW  feet  alKiv«  the  JuweHt  level  of  tbe  pit,  and  it 
la  alill  rlcing.  Smull  Htreuuu  of  luva  Usuc,  pU]^ 
around,  and  banlen  bL-twcten  tbf  oittitml  rune  and 
tbe  wallft  ot  (lie  pil  :  Hotbnt  tin-old  Uiilomn'uma'u 
ia  hebiic  ivntorrd  (Hg.  3). 

l>uriii£  thn  monthH  of  Septemlier  and  October 
PrafMaor  Alpxiuul^r  employed  jnrllea  to  make  a 
tether  Borrey  and  ui&p  of  the  i^re<at  caldeni.  Tim 
NMilt  is  Klreo  in  the  annexed  map  arter  the  nur- 


f^.r^y.Ti 


"^~ 


.J 


atUDtAVUAt!  la  ooitiuN.  KBS. 


T«j«  of  F.  ft.  Dodf^.  The  nnrlii-r  map  of  Emcnon 
was  based  upon  tho  iketch  of  W.  T.  BrlRham, 
nade  (b  1806,  and  any  general  chaOKm  of  oatlln«> 
dtoeired  are  due  to  the  greater  prodeloo  of  Dodge'e 
marrvf.  OtM  obaerT«e  dlfferencee  in  the  nortliem 
wall,  the  (tiaightvniog  of  the  cliff  in  front  of 
Kllaiiea-lki,  thi?  nmrf  iiati«fwl"jry  n-iiri'sentation 
of  tbe  two  ■idc^'Ci^lcn,  mid  the  l(ii?iilton  of  the 
pcmtlontAry  at  tho  old  mil phiir- beds.  Hslema'uma'u 
UmU  abows  changm  betireeo  these  t«o  Intoit 


maps.  Instead  of  tbe  de«p  pit  in  (be  centres  000 
fM  below  Ui«  VoIcHno  Houce.  there  i«  a  circular 
ridge  iMMirlj  BOO  f«tt  aboTc  ihttt  lowy»t  point.  Hie 
lava  whieh  eommimced  to  flow  June  4  hw  oon- 
tinvud  to  diiicharKi'  ryv  irince,  nnd  hax  now  built 
up  Ihia  crater.  Tliere  io  a  mfI  ot  nioal  lielween 
Uie  crater  and  the  black  ledgv  HunuundiuK  It  m 
well  UH  the  oenlrsi  pit  witliin.  Tliere  is  re|ire4e«t(ed 
aim  an  inti-YMtinf;  patch  of  An  tu  thi-  north  of 
Haleinn'uma'a.  C  H.  HrrcHCOCK. 


PARl.t  I.RTTF.n. 

b(  a  pap^r  recently  read  before  the  Holocical 
MxHcty  of  Paris.  Dr.  Deblerre  gare  tite  Terotta  of 
remurchm  cuuverning  the  pbystral  supettorhy  of 
the  riKlit  nAt-  of  the  human  body.  Binc#  (he  ex- 
periments of  nnrting.  Sapjicy.  Jobcrt,  Concel. 
MUne-tklwanbt.  and  otbcra.  it  ha*  been  gi-nenUly 
tKeF|i(eil  that  in  rJRht-banded  prnwnt  Ibe  ri^hl 
Hide  in  larger,  longer,  And  hAATi«r  than  the  Ii4t 
■ide.  To  aacerlain  wbeth<n-  thin  dinpnrity  pxista 
in  nnrly  life,  or  Is  afterwards  developed  by  educa- 
tion. Dr.  Debierre  experimented  upon  the  d««d 
bodim  of  Ti>ung  children,  and  found  that,  where 
education  and  pmtlioe  had  out  interfered,  ther^ 
was  no  difference  in  •!»-■  or  wi-i([ht  briween  tbe 
right  and  left  limbM.  Tbi«  i*  vretl,  mi  far  as  it 
goni,  but  there  must  be  some  rea«on  for  Ow  supe- 
rior devctopnipnt  by  edutMion  of  tli»  right  sldr. 
Even  if  wp  ailmit  that  education  is  the  only  reason 
for  (his  superiority,  wn  miut  lielieve  that  some 
cueumetanccw  m  the  foetal  development,  or  in  (he 
oonditiona  gOTemlnR  (be  nrrvous  eentrtv.  ore 
fftnirnblu  to  H.  as  it  is  so  gmrral,  unIrM  we 
believe  that  the  first  niaii  was  by  special  <lnlgn 
created  right- handed.  But  this  belief  I  thiok  no 
naturalist  would  uM-ept. 

As  a  consnqucince  of  tbe  troubled  interaalloiial 
ralations  on  our  contlnimt.^a  siaf*  of  affairs 
prejudiuial  (o  thmiglit  a>»l  liiLiinetiB  alike,  and 
which  will  rtid  some  day  in  ■  (ii'menitouti  erash 
and  mCMt  foolish  and  un]>rnlllnbl<'  wiuti-of  human 
eneiKy  and  life.  —  chemists  arc  busily  engaged  in 
seeking  improt-ed  melboda  of  doatruction.  In 
France  a  new  explonive  has  be«n  devi(«d,  nid  to 
be  as  much  superior  to  nitro-glycerine  as  the  latt«r 
.is  U>  common  gtmpowder.  It  is  called  'melinite,* 
and  i(B  ekp1o»lve  foroe  in  to  thut  of  )<;uut>owder  as 
100  to 5.  Its deelrurttve  effi^ta  are  fearful,  inas- 
much an  bombs  charged  with  it  do  not  explode 
imme<lintely  upon  striking  a  wall,  or  aioiilar  re- 
sisting surface,  tlie  explosion  taking  place  BOm« 
little  (Ime  after  punetTHiion.  Thin  new  war  ma- 
terial is  the  inri-nticiD  uf  MM.  Locard  and  titron- 
daid  of  Bonrgc*.  t«  whom  the  minister  of  war 
bugtrenan  order  for  200,000 bombecbargedwttfa 


186 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  IX.,  No.  SU 


It.  In  OecQiany  a  new  shell  baa  been  <l«*itietl,  <m 
prlnclplw  niaile  kiwwo  nottn.-  yi-imi  agnb]'  M.  Tur- 
pin,  a  I'Vencb  invcutor.  In  Uibi  nrw  projoctilo 
two  aubd^DCfis,  on?  of  whicb  nrU  iu>  igniicT  and 
(lie  otbcr  us  ccmbu«tfblff,  are  placed  cIo«e  to  i;a4.-b 
otbur,  but  not  hi  contact.  Tbe  Itcniler  k  am- 
taioad  in  a  kIom  l>oltl«. which  i«  broken  b^  the  nhock 
caused  bjr  th«  striking  of  the  shell.  iherrb>-  pvr- 
mittlnK  I'le  twi>  auhetiuifn  la  coaie  into  contact 
and  caublug  thv  exp1o^ion  nt  tbe  desired  moment. 
Nritber  of  thew  substances  is  dangerono  in  Itself, 
mid  eitlier  niuy  be  handled  eeiianilelj  without 
rittk.  The  pngectileB  nm  not  cliarged  with  the 
igniting  suljaranre  until  they  are  to  be  ueed.  A 
third  new  esplonive  ban  been  invented  in  Bi-rlin. 
It  in  called  'mburite,'  au<)  has  Kiien  k<><x1  remilti. 
but  it  Is  daniceruus  to  liandli-.  and  »  *nid  to  de- 
leitonite  more  or  leas  rupiill;  afUrr  mnnufnclura. 

Hbfl  Ktuiiipke.  whcmi  1  mentioned  in  my  liwt 
letter  as  having  competed  for  tbe  Menat  of  tbe 
Puia  hoapitali,  bu  bemi  BUccnBlul.  paH<iiig  aa 
nnmbcr  16,  th«  whole  number  of  coiiiiietitora 
beinK  about  000.  She  Is  an  American,  fruni  Son 
Pnundaoo.  Another  A  mericuo  lady  ha.i  been  ap- 
point«d  Mtme  provitoirr,  to  be  on  duly  only  in 
caw  Buppleutenlury  inlertia  am  nrc^Hury  and  for 
one  year  Insicud  ur  four. 

As  I  stated  in  my  lart  letter,  female  etudents  are 
l>nrtty  numMVus  Jo  Paris.  Most  of  tliem  are  Rua- 
Nianii.  (ceneraHy  very  poor,  no  ihej  tluh  together 
in  small  Het«.  ~~  ninny  of  Ihein  Imve  linitlinrH  or 
kosbands  with  them  who  are  iitudciila  alai),  —mid 
put  their  reauurcea  into  u  eooiinoD  fund.  One 
room  la  need  ae  dormitory,  auuther  ui>  study,  etc., 
and  a  aingk  oook  does  for  all,  —  phnhin«terl8in  as 
piropused  by  Fooricr.  Tlu-y  work  hard,  and  the 
life  of  all.  men  and  woinen,  ia  wry  raai>ectal(le  in 
««ity  way. 

Ata  recent  meetini;  nf  the  Bloloff leal  bucieiy  a 
paper  oD  parnlyti<-nibjes  in  man  muh  mid  by  )1. 
OmmUXb.  a  piiyf>idan  of  Udeina.  ami  director  of 
the  Runlan  anlirabic  inuculnliun  iiiHtitmioD  in 
that  city.  One  of  M.  Petei'ii  ninin  aiKertions  in 
bis  discussion  wilb  I'asteur  is  that  immlylicsymp- 
toma  arc  mrl  with  only  in  rab1>ii»  and  In  caaea  of 
QXperimcntBl  hydrophobia  ;  genuine  hydrophobia, 
according  to  M.  Peter,  being  always  enpvulsivo. 
H.  Gamatela  «hoHe  thai  »uch  is  nut  tlie  case,  and  , 
gtvee  the  records  of  sixteen  caaew  of  paralytic 
rabies  wilneeoed  by  himself.  The  symptoma  io- 
ducvd  by  this  sorl  of  hydrophobia  ar«  aa  laUowB : 
ataxy,  pansw.  and  paratyMs  of  the  tegs  andarme, 
leneibility  being  unimjuired  (Hi  the  outset,  at 
leaat) ;  lumbar  painn,  Hhnotlng  from  ttie  back  for^ 
wmrda :  paralyi;!*  of  the  alMtomtnal  and  rectal  mu>- 
eles.  The  paralTale  gains  i^rouiid.  iu^'ading  the 
neck,  tongue,  and  face,  aud  lioully  aspliyxia  svta 


in.  Among  the  ctiusi«  which  seeu  to  eo^oporato 
in  inducing  the  parnlylie  form  of  rabies.  U.  Gam* 
aleln  notci  ecpedalty  tlic  penetration  of  a  large 
quantity  ol  virut^  Tliii  certainly  was  [be  ca«e 
with  ttie  patients  who  died  after  subanitting  to 
Pasteur's  Intensive  method, 

Tlie  gm-emment  r«pon  on  flabertes  for  1S8S 
has  Just  l)eeu  published,  Tlie  Bsbiiig  veasels  of 
all  deieciplions  number  SS.t<TT.  manned  by  85  D15 
men.  There  are  also  Q7,(i8S  llsliermen  who  Bidi 
aiong  dhon.'.  The  total  wtigbt  of  fish  taken  waa 
1S".000,UOO  kituKiams,  voluiil  at  M.THCBS)  franc*. 
Thera  has  been  a  eoniptnint  for  some  yraoiiaMof 
the  IncreaBing  RrarcilT  of  lardinn.  Tbeae  IMt 
seem  lo  stop  In  i  he  netgbborhnod  of  the  SfMoiah 
and  I^rtuguese  coasts  not  goins  much  foitbar 
north.  Tbe  deaths  niaouu  tht-  llsliernten  for  the 
year  mfnliouei]  number  808.  leaf  Ing  ■i\i  widom 
and  416  orphans.  Were  it  Dot  (or  ibe  lllall 
froixlila  rbiiTgcd  by  ilie  railroads  for  the  traa»- 
portalion  of  Bidi,  lh<-  BBheries  would  be  mudt 
more  prodperou*  than  they  are,  tlie  liigti  Trei^'hta 
preventing  the  devrJopment  of  new  markets. 
This  Is  especially  the  ca*e  with  oyatefM.  In 
Brittany,  for  loatanoe,  oysters  ai«  so  rery  abun- 
dant that  at  prevent  ihey  sell  nl  nine  (ranc*  per 
thousand,  while  in  fans  they  sell  at  titty  fmncs, 
owing  t'j  the  high  price  of  iransporlailon  atad  the 
loe^l  duty. 

Tlie  telephone  experiment ■  which  recently 
took  place  between  ftiri*  ami  Itniweh  were  wry 
salisfaaiory.  The  tine  waa  open>-il  to  the  paUto 
gi>nic  days  ago.  wbeti  a  lively  ebat  look  plare  bc- 
twn-n  Ihf  inviieil  guestaot  the  minister  of  poets 
an<l  telcgmphs.  and  ihoae  of  the  poal-di rector  of 
Bnmwls.  Within  the  city  the  wiiv  is  incloMd  Ip 
wooden  tubes  envelopeil  liy  a  letiden  tube.  For 
the  rwt  oC  tlie  distance  it  is  an  ordinary  aerial 
line,  the  wire  being  of  silieooun  bronze, —  the 
Mune  wire  being  u«ed  for  Unb  [elegrapbie  and 
tele|)houic  purposes.  The  tarilT  for  Ave  niinutcw* 
canversttion  betueeu  Paris  and  Uniteels  i»  tliree 
francs. 

t^me  days  ago  Proftvnor  Algla^e,  the  aUe 
director  of  the  Intrmuliunal  scienlidc  nries,  in 
France,  delivered  an  inleri-sting  public  lecture  oo 
alehohullsui.  He  stated  that  of  one  hundred  insane 
persons,  forty  had  been  Intemperate :  tliat  fully 
one-half  our  erimiiuilk  had  lieen  m  tbe  habil  of 
drinking  lo  excem.  aud  Ihat  delirium  treiuena 
kille  2.200  pereuns  erery  year.  The  reason  for 
the  increase  in  the  death  rati;  of  alcoholic  polieDta 
is  not  tlial  there  are  a  greater  numlier  of  vietima, 
but  that  alculiolic  liquore  are  much  more  jioison- 
OUH  than  formerly,  owing  to  their  poorer  quality 
and  the  addition  lo  them  of  inferior  alcohol  nuuie 
from  rice,  pulaloea,  com,  beets  etc    Of  l,8T'j.000 


n 
n 


4 


n 

4 


FUHrAAT  %\  1887.] 


SCIENCE. 


187 


h«c1olitn«  of  atcobol  cunaumiMl  annually.  Ksroe- 
I7  311,000  Iwctalltrra  uf!  pun-  t-lhflic  alooliol  msde 
rromicrapM, — anddUwrnlcolnJnari-  rmt  ixilsoiis. 
aa  ma^  ea«ily  t«  shown.  To  kill  mi  miininl  it  tv- 
(juirett  abuul  7  ]in^iii&  ot  ethylic  nlcohol  per 
kUa|;ram  of  l\\v  uniiuurB  weiiclH.  while  of  ninytu! 
ali-obul  it  r«<|uin«  only  Hbuui  I  itran>.  To  pro- 
due*  (imlb  in  a  mnn  of  80  kikigruius  wdiclit,  it 
vrouM  raqnirn  490  Kratnn  ot  Oir  puiv  atoobol,  but 
only  84  of  tiM  otbn.  Alooholixin  U  th«i«[o(«  pro- 
dnoed  mtpu  Uoms  Moner  with  Iho  latwr  lliiu) 
with  the  former. 

It  te  now  ilfiy  y««f8  since  the  flrvt  railrond  wa* 
built  in  Vntux.  aixl  tbe  UfUetli  annlvpmry  la 
boin^  wlf-brntHl  In  ttie  Bois  de  Viocwmea,  But 
Ibo  milrtxul  <'omiiunin  pr«f«-r  to  wkK  and  oelclirate 
thin  onnivrmry  during  th«  exhibition  of  Itttfll.  ao 
it  i«  likely  tlial  tbc  pmacitt  celebration  will  be  a 
failnre. 

At  a  mTitt  miwiinx  of  ili«  .\i-udrniy  at 
Kienrt*,  M.  Hayr<i>  of  the  mrdintl  HChiml  mKl 
K  ptper  on  the  ilienoraom  nollcvd  in  tbr  head 
of  to  aDimal  after  decapitation,  nitli  or  witb- 
out  tniD^fusi  n  of  fre«li  Iklood.  As  »onn  aa 
tbp  hmd  in  wjiaralt-il  from  Ow  ludy  the  eyea 
movv  iMnTiili>i<^ly.  mid  a  luok  of  wonder  and 
anxiety  is  notioculilt!  on  thi-  fact?.  Tbv  Jao'H  w-p- 
arali-  with  tart-v,  and  tbt-  tongui-  ■««□»  ta  bi'  in  a 
tetanic  state.  1'ltere  n)>re*ra  t<i  t>e  Homenonarioiis- 
new  of  wlial  U  itoing  oa.  but  tbi«  doea  not  last 
more  ibaii  three  or  four  woonda.  Tli^  eym  Uien 
slirinli  iuio  tlie  Itead.  and  some  BiMMinoJic  v0fitx% 
at  breathing  are  tuad«  ;  tlie  noatrlls  expand,  the 
luontb  o|N-na,  tlie  tun);u«  ia  retracted  loward*  the 
faucn.  Tliiri  rcBpiralory  effort  i»  rtiwiili-d  tlirrr 
or  four  titniKt,  but  Ihi-  ai-nsL-n  secin  to  be  innrtir*!, 
and  Ibo  will  ■*  l«t.  Thrsi'  phcnooifnu  Iniit  one  or 
at  u>iMl  two  Riinulis,  iukI  thp  hcnd  llirn  liecoruea 
Utterly  inert-  If  prnparaliOtM  have  pre^ioLialy 
b«en  made  »o  that  the  hwd  Bfter  veiwratiuo  l-uu- 
tiouen  to  receive  a  frtuh  §upply  of  bloud.  the  vol- 
untary maiiife-tatioiu  |<i.T»Jat  ta  loui:  us  liiu  liUiud 
Bllpitly  ia  auOicient.  —  that  in.  fur  Uulf  an  Imur  or 
tto.  When  a  blood-iupply  is  furninlxHl  iifii;r  the 
head  boa  bucuou!  L-otirely  miilionlvM,  thf  phe- 
nomena an;  ui  fiillowa  :  twnie  oontracltona,  very 
wmHc  and  feebk.  take  place.  wpecJally  In  the 
miHcIn  of  tbe  tips ;  than  aome  resjiJnitory  effoita ; 
nSex  action*  of  t]i«  ore,  fir»t  weak,  Iheo  well 
marked,  but  the  eyellda  reaiaio  droopini; ;  tli« 
Moaea  ar«*  (jtilte  atlrep.  anil  no  will  is  laanifcati'd. 
Of  ooume.  tlie  loDKcr  thi?  period  butwccn  ik-oiipitu- 
tionand  thu  railoTiitiun  of  blood  lupply.  IhnUmRi-r 
the  time  bt-fori'  thmr  phenomrnn  are  apparent. 
In  OoadtMion,  it  niny  bo  uasiiuird  that  d<icapj- 
tation  dors  not  |>rodii<M'  inalantaneous  doktli. 
Cou*ciouH  life  and  feelinx  ooniUiue  (or  a  few  tec- 


oode.  Whether  or  not  pain  is  felt  daring  this 
brief  period  cannot  b«  asorrlaioed,  tnoAt  likely  not. 
owinic  10  tlic  rD|i*'l  death  of  nvrvoua  «l«mntta, 
with  which  nbiiM  <ciwation  w  ooacvni«d- 

H.  J.  SolMwnfeld  lum  rv<Tnlly  tlrvin^  an  in- 
genious DMthod  of  written  communication  b«> 
tween  blind  peraoos  and  IIkmc  who  can  arc.  bi- 
Ktciid  of  lu-intloK  the  letter  p.  for  loBtanoe.  in  rrJiaf 
ns  in  other  Hjsletua,  a  couibiuuKoti  of  pointed  pri> 
jcctiona  or  atop*,  —  aa  we  will  call  ibem  for  con- 
venioiice,  —  in  umnI.  Theae  slops  are  of  conical 
form,  HUch  OS  may  be  jinxluced  ayium  one  side  of 
a  piece  of  paper  by  iireB>ing  liehtly  upon  tlw  other 
sid«  with  a  sliar|>ety  pointtil  pnicil.  The  iiumbecr 
of  Btopa  used  la  rix.  arraiiKod  in  two  ]»rill«l 
colunint  of  three  each,  thus  \\ ,  and  niimbarrd 
con>tr<-utively  from  one  to  alx,  I,  3.  and  8  rnnBloi 
down  tlm  firM  ctduwn.  nwl  4.  ft,  and  0  down  the 
MTond.  In  this  syat^'ni  tlx;  l«tt«r  o  ti  ro|irmea(eil 
tlius  ;-.  and  r  thus  ■■,  — and  ua  thmc  Mgns  are 
lu  relief  tbey  ruay  be  re«d  aa  wvH  by  tbr  4>y«  aa 
by  Uie  touch.  The  letter  o,  as  we  peroojvei  it  % 
comlMnaliun  of  the  stopd  numbered  1,  3.  and  ft,  — 
3.  4.  nml  0  iNnng  omitted.  The  letter  r  la  cotn- 
po«rd  of  the  Htopa  nunibeted  1,  9,  8,  and  8  :  and 
so  on.  each  li>tter  brJnit  ivprcanitvd  by  a  dlilerrat 
combiunlion  of  two  or  more  of  the  Moiw.  By  the 
aid  of  a  liftt  of  all  the  cuiubinalion*  uacil  and  of 
the  letters  to  which  they  corrmpotid,  thio  iiystont 
is  Misily  learned,  and  it  tuay  be  as  eastiy  rend  by 
the  blind  a«  the  n-lief  p«int  now  used. 

A  very  unefitl  tlt-iugb  little  known  labutalory  ia 
P»ri«  \»  that  devoted  to  anlbropometry,  aa  applied 
to  tlie  idttutiflcntioa  of  crimioiils.  It  is  piriiularly 
(-alle<l  th«  '  Fpet-burimi.'  The  rwioon  far  tbia 
)>eculiar  nante  will  he  found  laitlier  on.  In  tliia 
laboratory  evcvy  criminal,  whfrn  taken  into  ou^ 
tody.  Is  submitted  to  a  IbomuKb  anlliropomoUlcil 
examination.  He  Is  dkested  of  all  ctotbing,  and 
the  form  and  dlmenelons  of  his  bead,  face,  flngm, 
fei-t.  body.  Hq.,  uie  accurately  noted  <lown.  and 
liLi  fae«  1*  iihatogniplu'd.  There  is  already  a  col- 
leotlon  of  aoiue  lixty  thouuntl  iiliotograpb*,  and 
liow  van  any  ponii-iilar  pbotoKraph  in  thi«  large 
collerlion  Xrr-  ijuiokly  found  when  rvijnlrecl  ? .  This 
fa  the  way  H.  Bertillon,  the  able  director  of  the 
bureau,  baa  claaaiAed  Iheni,  so  that  he  canretHllly 
lind  a  photocraph  hy  which  to  itientify  any  crim- 
inal wbutte  picture  is  in  the  collection.  The  pliOtCK 
Kt.tphs  are  divided  into  tlin-e  Kroups.  iu<(M>nttngto 
Ibe  agx  of  the  criminal.  Each  of  tbc«-  uruupa  ia 
HulHlivided  into  three  dastn*.  acconUng  to  the 
hi-igbt  iif  Uic  pcnton.  A  fuilher  •ulidtvifion  of 
thoaa  clastM  is  bn*Ml  upon  t)>e  lenxlh  of  Uie  heed, 
and  a  Knal  mibdivi^ion  is  xoTerne*!  by  the  IcngtJt 
of  tlie  feet,  —  bence  the  name  '  feet' bureau-*  By 
thia  arranj^eniient  any  tlMJied  picture  antuog  the 


188 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IZ.,  No.  S18 


•iitjr  thotUMirt  inaj  be  fouiid  tna moment,  jmd  on 
the  linck  or  il  Is  a  complete  record  of  tlie  critni- 
DnrspiMt  life,  to)i;ether  widi  ui  acountp  rfi-Hcrip- 
tlon  of  him.  Tliei  bimnu  is  -vvry  Hrr*ic«able.  the 
criininala  beiug  tho  onljr  omea  wlio  tind  tmy  fault 
with  iU  workinftit. 

An  intrrri'liaK  pnptfr  upon  th?  phj-idolofcical 
nvtiiNi  uf  Htodinrinn  — <ll0[M>v<TCid  itomp  jpara  bko 
by  Fnhlherg  ^  Iis4  been  ootitritiuted  by  MM. 
Adnoco  nnd  Hoeeo,  Tliry  ftnil  thai  fruf^  c«nnot 
ilv«  in  a  solution  of  (bis  subilanee,  on  itci.-miiit  of 
Its  acidity,  tfaon^h  stronK  dem  of  a  conci'Dlrutt-iI 
■olulloo  of  it  do  not  Befm  !■>  nlTrcl  thnm.  tJpnn 
dogs.aaeebiirini'' has  nndclinitr action.  Tlit- weittlit 
of  till?  animaU  ia  not  ohnngrd  hy  il«  iise,  and  It 
has  no  cSctA  opiin  the  <|iiiintlty  or  quality  of  the 
win*  voidnl.  Chlorides  «eein  to  be  ejected  in 
gmtor  proportion,  but  iIjIs  is  all.  Sacuh&rine 
pttMes  IhroUKh  the  body  without  clian^.  itii  only 
*ITect  \»\it%  to  render  the  uriDL>  Udk  piitr^Pililr 
than  iMual.  U|)on  man  tlm  i-ffi-rtB  nm  rimilnr, 
five-grain  daily  ilnm-n  lutTinx  no  effect  whatever. 
paatingawnr  wholly  with  the  urine,  entirely  uii- 
cbaitgrnl.  Upon  the  whole,  saccharine  aeenu  to 
be  on  tnijiffenBlve  substance,  havine  the  valuable 
i|nality  of  belnic  a  ^ulnliiute  for  a\uga  wirhuut  llie 
injurious  elfeois  of  ilu- lutli-r  in  ™rtJiiii  uilmttntii. 
aocb  as  diabetw. 

An  excellent  work  upon  hyRienic  dietetira  lias 
reonnlty  been  published  by  M.  Diijardin-Boaunjetx, 
in  which  he  ably  reviews  previous  works  aiMOitbo 
physioloKr  of  digiMlion,  and  udvanoM  aonnd 
Ideas  of  what  dietetioa  must  1>c  aa  gowmed  by 
the  ymIoiu  states  of  health  and  dineaiic.  Another 
work,  by  M.  Dang^-nrd,  wpon  Ihi-  inferior  nrcnn- 
linns,  will  provn  lutefiil  lo  rrv>liii[i'1>'nnd  lK>lnni»lii. 
It  is  a  book  of  roference  concernlnit  a  very  email 
dtrWon  of  protosoa,  but  conulas  no  gvnerul  ideas 
apon  pJiyslology  or  morphology.  V. 

Flut*,  Fsli.lt. 


QEOOBAPBICAL  NOTES. 
Afriea. 

The  Eun)|>ran  iioinilation  of  AlKim  in  1888 
numbered  24SI. 900  (Vrncb  and  8I0.0OO  foreigner*. 
Among  tht!  latter  Ihi-  Spntiinh  element  is  Ibe  most 
nnmormi*.  As  among  the  Cronch  [lopulatinn 
thftv  ant  8^.000  soldictv,  and  about  n  thon^nnd 
foreigners  are  luttiiraliiwd  €Vcry  ye«r,  the  foreign- 
eis  actually  outnumlier  the  French.  Tlie  Euro- 
pean population  ha"  doubled  during  tli»  last 
tn'cnty-li>'e  yean,  ami  the  nnlivi:  population, 
which  nuDilirni  S,300,Q0O  Arabti  and  Kabylts  and 
■l!t,UOO  Iimelltcst  is  iocmiKing  at  a  mtn  of  iibout 
80,000  a  year.    SiBCO  l88t  the  incr<tiuicwnj>  493,000. 

Stanley  pubUahe*  a  letter  In  whicli  h«  statm 


that  all  the  political  sulhoritles  and  experts  tn 
Oairoare  opposed  to  Iho  idea  of  his  taking  t]i« 
Kon^  route  for  r«acAiog  Einin  Pasha.  As  hie 
expedition  will  be  well  armed,  tliev  do  not  con- 
sid^  the  obstacles  he  would  Bnd  on  the  Kangw^ 
or  MoiUii  rt)Ut(!  insuperable.  Sumtey.  however, 
wishes  to  avoid  a  Btniggic  with  Uganda,  as  ho 
feani  that  the  miwInnRries  now  in  Mwnnga's 
power  will  be  murdered  In  case  of  war.  Ho 
estiuiBtta  the  length  of  the  Kongo  route  at  lAT 
days,  — twenty  days  by  Httamer  from  Zaoidbar  to 
the  Kongo,  three  dayH  by  nleitnier  on  the  Lower 
Kongii.  thirty-five  ilayii  on  tho  Upjiut  Kongo,  and 
ninety -nine  days  of  Innd  journey  lo  Luke  Mwoo- 
tAn.  The  Karagwe  route  \w  cnlculAtr*  at  ISB 
days  land  journey,  the  BEasal  route  at  134  dayk. 

No  uewd  has  been  recelTed  of  Mr.  IXdactta, 
who  went  on  an  eiplorlng  eipedltlon  In  Mrath- 
weBtvrn  Africa  last  fall.  He  haa  not  be«>n  hewd 
of  «ince  ho  embarked  on  the  Orange  River  In  a 
canoe 

l>r.  R.  llolnb'a  party  has  been  attacked  by  the 
Bechunnns.  and  hia  companion  was  killi^  in  the 
light.  Holiih  escaped  unhurt.  After  the  wiwn  of 
thisdisatfler  was  received,  a  conimiHc  won  formed 
in  Vifiiim  to  raise  funds  for  enabling  Dr.  Ilolub 
to  mume  bin  esplorations  im  the  njtper  Zambesi. 

The  French  an.' making  use  of  their  occu|>ation  of 
Madagascar,  sayi)  Natarr,  to  gain  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  naturst  hiatory  of  the  island.  There 
liat«  already  issued  from  the  national  press  several 
tasciculenof  a  maguifloent  'Hlsloire physique, nat* 
urellc.el  politiqueileMadi^ascar.'ediiedby  H.  Al- 
fred flrandidirr,  to  be  completed  in  thirty  volilmee 
quarto.  Tho  mibjei'tB  to  be  ooniprtBe<l  in  this 
work  are  :  I'',  physical  nnd  nRlronomicul  geog- 
raphy :  3*.  meteorology  and  mognetiiim  ;  U".  eth- 
nology, anthropology,  and  ItDgDistio :  4",  political, 
colonial,  and  commercial  history  ;  •'i'^,  natiiml  his* 
tOTvot  manimols:  6*.  natural  history  of  birds  ;  7*, 
natiiml  history  of  Bsbee :  8",  natural  history  of 
reputes :  9°.  natutul  history  of  Cruslneea :  10", 
natural  bletory  of  terrea trial  and  freebwaior 
mollusks:  If.oatural  hirtory  of  plants  ;  IS°,geol- 
ogy  and  paleontology.  The  varioiia  sections  aro 
intnuted  lo  oumpeient  authorities  :  and  the  geo- 
logicnl  portion  ii  to  be  illustrated  by  abont  five 
hundred  chmmo-litbograpliB  or  colored  plates,  the 
anatomical  det«ils  being  represented  iu  lithog- 
ntpby  and  jihotogrnphy.  The  total  number  of 
plates  will  not  be  lew>  than  ISOO. 

America. 

Mr.  Cliaffanjon  was  going  I«  learp  Ron  Fer- 
niuulu  de  AiubaiKi  on  the  Upper  Orinoco  In  No- 
veralier.  IS88.  to  explore  the  nounies  of  tliat  river. 
TItruugh  tho  nupjiort  of  llie  government  be  got 


I 


M 


FBncMT  95,  imn.\ 


SCIENCE. 


189 


MOM  McH|iiiTilaroii  Inillui*  for  fpiXAn,  Tiwj  arc 
tbB  DWRhboni  of  thp  QniihnriboH,  who  ncciip?  thr 
dMrict  ol  ihp  foatwn  of  ih?  Orinoco.  TUe  Uttw 
arc  Terj"  much  fenr^  br  the  whlt«iiL,  a«  they 
toardcr  eT'«r>bo<l;  who  Iri<«  to  enter  their  i-ountrr. 
CfaaffanJoD  ho|)««  tliroughlliehelpof  hU  Moquit-i- 
taiV8  friMidH  lo  be  able  to  i^ian  Ihtn  ouiiU<teDi'e 
aad  aonnupluih  hU  purpcae.  On  hb  wuy  lo 
San  Feniaoilo  lie  luiide  int^rmtiog  linf{w*tic  and 
iut.'h«ilO£i<ial  mNvuTlini. 

Oceania. 

Il  H  tUted  by  ^(urv  that  tJie  lake  district  in 
N«w  Zealand  is  ahowitig  6igna  of  frtBta  ilivtur- 
bsncM.  Trvmora  huve  bom  felt  at  Rotorua,  and 
Taiawera  ha*  eioitled  dense  riilurorai  at  iit«aiii. 
Tb*^  Wahai)^  Prnk  appi'nroJ  niont  nrtivp.  No 
Unt  was  viiibk,  and  after  tills  outburst  «T«r7- 
thtDg  (luirtai)  ilown  agftlB. 

On  the  iSlh  of  January  a  new  volcanic  eruption 
look  place  on  Ilavrall. 

OcraK». 

The  Prooecdfngs  0*  the  Royal  e'-offniphji-nl  no- 
clMy  for  DfCeinbO',  ISM,  I'ontnin  nn  ini<'r<e«tinK 
pttpvr  by  J.  Y.  Uucliannn  on  ' Siniilarities  in  the 
pbyncnl  graj^tpliy  of  lbi»  grpnt  otieans.'  The 
author  mninlj:  diapuuni  three  important  oeean(>- 
graphkraJ  problems,  —  the  equatorial  currral,  the 
«(|uatoriul  counter-curreut,  and  tlic  rinnK  of  cold 
wat«r  n«ar  ttie  coaMa  of  cantinpnta.  Bndiansn 
dfwribc*  the  inHuenrv  of  the  evaporation  which 
tRkc«  plnici!  in  thi'  rr^ttm  of  lhi>  dry  and  warm 
traiif^vinilf  and  rarnisnnnii.  The  water  which 
gets  warm^'r  but  more  oonc4aitral«d  iiiiik»  under 
tbe  colder  layero  of  lew  concentrated  wattr.  and 
tbun  ht^cunues  a  medium  of  tntniiportiition  of  heat 
into  the  deeper  ntrala.  Aa  Ibis  warm  water  is 
moving  w«st,  it  rvucbm  ita  en-iiltut  depth  iu  tlif 
treMcm  port*  of  the  w-rangi.  As  corAle  are  con- 
fined to  renions  of  n-arm  water,  they  prinoipallj 
lira  in  the  rnnie  nrpa.  Whll«  the  region  of  the 
equatorial  current  lias  water  of  great  density,  ilie 
equatorial  counts-current  has  tighter  water,  and 
wfaprcver  the  teloclly  of  the  euatctn  current  is 
fDcrescing,  ita  d»usitj  in  decreasing.  Buohanan 
does  not  gin'  an  explanation  of  tbeortglii  of  the 
conn(er-ci>rT«iit.  Hi*  obnervations  on  the  density 
agree  with  ihe  well-known  fact  that  the  ciinrnt 
lim  beyond  the  belt  of  trade-wliida  which  elfi«t  a 
rapid  vraporation.  The  niechaDical  cause  of  this 
euTTeot  ri!tnriinH  sltll  doubtful,  though  it  seems 
protnUe  tl>at  thi-  cquntoriul  currMil  in  its  princi- 
pal cause.  Buchanan'n  rrnuu-kn  on  the  rising  of 
oobi  watvr  near  tlie  masts  of  M>riihieiiis  urf  of 
great  inlt^roit.  Formerly  the  exiateiMy.-  of  cold 
mtcr  vrnti  coiuiilered  a  suDIcient  proof  for  the 


exiiftenco  of  eold  irum-Ria.  Reoenl  rmrarcbea, 
however,  makt*  it  ]>rohable  that  in  sii<:b  ptaoM 
oold  abysmal  watef  rw«i  from  the  atljolnlng 
depths.  Biivhaiuui  showm  on  a  map  thai  tlie  cold 
water  Is  prlocipnlly  fount)  on  windward  consts  of 
the  oceans,  where  ilie  currents  are  Sowing  from 
the  oontinenl.  Tbe  low  of  water  in  these  r«gjo«M 
is  matio  good  by  thu  rising  cold  water.  Tlie  Jant> 
ary  number  of  the  Annalen  iter  hyilrvgraphif  call* 
our  attention  to  the  fact  Uiat  wherever  a  cunrent 
Is  dedecled  froiii  a  coast,  it  altncts  (he  adjoining 
water.  It  depends  ou  the  oonfigiitation  of  the 
ocean  whether  the  abysmal  water  or  that  of  tbe 
adjoining  surtaee  t«k««  the  plac«  of  the  water 
that  isc-arried  away  by  tbi! curreut.  The  rotation 
of  the  earth  Is  tbo  principal  caaae  for  Uw  deiloc- 
tioo  of  the  currents  and  tl»r  consequent  rlflng  d 
the  cold  water.  Erery  roam ■  current  in  llM 
northern  bemispheie  Is  deflortci  to  tile  right,  in 
tbe  southern  to  the  left,  and  in  all  tbcne  ptacva 
cold  watatr  may  ix  ob.erved. 

Gtnerat. 

The  Febnisry  nainhi-r  otlb-  SeotIM  gfnffraptti- 
cat  nuigatiiif  roniein"  a  pop-r  by  Julin  Murray  on 
the  total  raiufall  of  tlie  kIoIx^.  "ud  >is  rel.iiion  to 
the  dbcharge  of  river*,  ftccomptnied  by  a  map 
showing  tbe  distribution  of  annual  rainfall.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Murray,  S.dlS  cubic  mih*  of  tain 
fall  annually  on  srcns  with  inland  drainage 
Such  areas  extend  to  11,480.300  square  mile*.  The 
land  dminiu);  directly  lo  the  noean  baa  an  area  ot 
44.311,000  square  milea.  If  from  this  quantity  we 
subtract  all  area*  baring  1e«a  than  10  inches  of 
annual  rainfall,  we  got  88,a20,7aO  square  wilea. 
The  mean  diwhsrgi)  from  this  area  into  the  ocean 
b  0.609  cuhic  mltta  anniuJly.  Tbe  total  wrigbl 
of  siihstancee  canted  by  lhi»  nwftns  to  the  ocean 
is  tnlber  more  tlian  5.000,000,000  tons  each  year. 


iVOTA-S  Ai\D  A'fiirs. 
Tbb  cholera  epidemic  is  now  declining  in  the 
Argentine  Republic,  having  entirely  disappeared 
from  Conloha.  It  still  prevails  in  Montnvideo, 
and  has  recently  brokenout  at  >"reyBenili»,  whesro 
the  Liebig  company  has  its  slaughter-houses  and 
factories  for  the  |>n-]>aration  of  tbe  extract  of 
meat.  The  I.o  Plain  River  Is  closed  to  navigation 
on  account  of  the  epidemic.  Although  cholera 
haa  declined  In  the  interior  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, there  is  no  change  in  the  city  of  BoMioa 
Ayres.  There  is  no  news  froiu  Pnmgoay.  but  it 
is  learned  from  the  Braiultan  province  of  Matto 
nrtHHo  that  cliolera  is  doing  gr™t  havoc  there. 
At  Corumbfi  tbe  [leople  are  terror-stricken  Jmd 
bare  (led  into  the  interior.    Fear  is  DOwmier- 


190 


SCIEX^CE, 


CVw.  nc.  No.  SIS 


UuD«d  that  ihnc  rafugMv  oiAy  Hprmd  th«  cbokra 
intu  GojrnK  nnd  powibi;  Into  the  Amazon  n^LoD 
uul  to  Purit. 

—  Following  s  period  of  appamtt  stagnation, 
do*  to  the  Hnitl  ArranKeiDentB  dh  to  alio,  pro- 
graiuuie,  details  or  bulldini^,  niid  thv  laying-out 
of  the  Krouiidd.  adviem  from  th»  henitqnnrtiT*  of 
the  dirrcl^nvof  Ihn  Pnri«  jubiU-c  of  rnilwnri  iitnto 
Ibnt  ftctiviiy  now  prvvniU  on  the  KTtl■ln(()^  nnd 
thiit  thp  pnlnrc  and  oquipmenl  will  btr  reailj  for 
thi-  opfinintc  in  May. 

—  MeMK.  Tktuor  A  Company  announiv  for 
pubhcatiuD,  on  JMUny.  Feb.  35.  -Thf  lifp  nnd 
works  of  OiuTiinnii  Bnimi,'  n  new  volumtt  of  the 
Enj;liih  wicl  foreign  phllcisapbtc-.il  library  :  '  Th<> 
course  of  cmpiir,'  In-ing  outlinm  of  Ibe  chief  po- 
liticitl  RhiuiK<4  In  the  hieiory  of  the  worlil,  ai^ 
rnng^  hy  cenliirieH.  with  variomm  llbistratious, 
hy  C.  O.  W|]eel<>r.  aulburof 'Faniiliar  uIIuismib,' 
with  Iweutt'liTL-  iniipa ;  and  '  Familiar  nlhinionn,' 
a  hRudbuuk  of  miiKvllunfoiiA  infnrmnlion,  includ- 
ing lilt  nnnira  of  odebml^d  kiAtnt-n.  pulntin^s, 
Iialaoos,  country .w-B Is,  riilni>,  eliurcliec,  eh>i>8. 
stn'ets,  chiliH.  natural  curirwltle^,  and  t\\v  liki-,  by 
WLUtam  A.  Wlieeler  and  Oliai-leti  U.  WherliT. 

—  At  a  lal^  meetlnK  of  the  New  Vork  acwJemy 
of  nedidae.  Or,  J.  U.  tiirduerread  a  paper  on  thr 
netboda  of  detecting  unil  lix'nti»K  nK-tallio  ninneii 
in  the  buinun  body  by  ihr  indiictJnn  btilnnceand 
the  tt'lrjihonic  pnilw.  lie  rcfrrrvd  lo  the  a|>|ia- 
mtiiB  which  hnil  lieen  Cf>n9tnict«'d  by  Ptofetsur 
Bc^ll  tor  the  purpose  of  locating  the  butlrl  in  the 
caw  of  President  (larTleld,  and  raid  (liat  it  bud 
(ailed  becBU-e  ut  Iht-  limr  Ihe  putieiil  wua  hing 
on  a  niHallic  niutltma..  whirh  inlcrfcmd  with  ibn 
working  uf  the  instmini^nl.  Now  wr  have  nn 
appnratiM  which  will  dolrct  and  tocaCr  any  piece 
of  ni(-tal,  wh»i»vpt  Hituakid  In  tlic  human  boily. 
Id  the  conitnicrion  of  th*-  induction  balance  a 
bichrnntic  lialt#r]'  Is  used,  with  six  cells,  and  an 
ordinary  interrupter,  the  intvrruptioOH  being  about 
six  hundred  to  a  secooii.  The  exploring  coil-i 
were  put  in  a  fmniuwork  ot  wiiod.  whic-h  Pnifiit- 
nor  Bell  cnllnil  the  •  explorer,"  white  to  the  othffM 
the  nnnie  'ndjuslfng  coils'  was  given,  Thiin  in 
the  primary  current  were  iwocolls,  in  the  eeconiU 
ary  current  were  abo  two  colls,  and  In  the  circuit 
wn«  a  I«leph(inic  reoeiwr.  When  the  explorluK 
coll  was  not  in  relation  to  a  uielaliic  ^utwlanoc^. 
there  waa  silnace  in  the  lekphonii:  recrirer ;  but, 
w  Uie  uxplom  approacherl  or  rccoili^  from  Ihv 
lUDtallio  maw,  Ibe  halnnec  was  diatii(bi<d,  pTixlu- 
oiag  a  mnstonl  tone  in  the  receiver.  The  itound  i« 
diMlDCt  six  inches  from  the  metal.  II  tot^BlelJ  in 
the  human  body.  The  telephonic  iirobe  conalsts 
of  a  telephonic  reoeiier  and  two  wires.— one  ter- 


minating (n  a  long,  slendm  sUfl  probo;  an<l  tJue 
other  with  a  hIi.-4-)  plate  hiid  ovtr  the  aurfacr  of 
the  body  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  niotallic 
nines,  as  dcterniined  by  the  induction  iMilantw. 
The  steel  probe  being  now  pinuged  into  the  body, 
as  soon  as  i(  roaches  the  metal  a  distinct  click 
is  lieard.  The  practical  working  of  the  inatm- 
uieut  was  shown  by  locating  a  bullet  in  the  cheat 
of  a  soldier  wounded  during  ilw  ci«il  war.  A 
piece  of  lend  was  also  reougnln^  in  the  centre  of 
a  piece  of  heel. 

—  Sir  J.  William  Dawson  will  prepare  a  t-olnme 
for  the  lui^niaiioual  Hcientific  »eriea  on  the  aub- 
jed  of  Ibe  derekipment  of  planta  iu  geological 
time. 

—  The  arlii^le  by  Prof.  N.  S.  9hal.-r  of  Har- 
varil.  on  '  The  itiability  of  the  earth.'  in  the  Uarch 
ScTibntTM.  will  t>i>  acconi|Minied  tiy  very  nume-rou> 
Illustrations,  which  throw  light  upon  the  Huhject 
of  eanbquakes  and  other  movements  of  the  earth  e 
crust. 

—  The  penistence  with  which  sntgeoaa  con- 
tinue to  employ  chloroforiD  as  uu  unafsthetic  tn 
snrg)cnl  upfrotionc,  nutwiihitnndiug  the  OVei> 
Khelmiug  evidence  of  it*  danger,  in  lieyond  ooin* 
piebenFJon.  We  hnve  called  otCcntion  to  this 
subject  whenever  dentil*  bavoroaulted  rmm  thia 
cause,  and  the  tiumbtT  of  such  events  has  been 
consideroble.  Another  has  just  occuri*d  in  Phil- 
adelphia. A  Uou-lamtT  in  the  errvice  of  Fore- 
paiigb  had  one  of  his  fingers  bitten  by  a  colored 
man,  and  in  the  counie  of  his  Ireatment  chloro- 
form was  admini^teri^l.  It  la  »tid  that  lie  died 
upon  the  table  «  bite  still  under  Ibc  niioeHtbetlo. 

—  Licqitenaut  Gmory  wilt  sail  early  in  Harcb, 
in  command  of  Ibe  Thetis,  one  of  the  Onwly  ex- 
pedition rel  11-1 -ships,  fur  the  Alaska  ociant. 

—  Thp  U.  S,  fish-cnniinisnon  steamer  .\lhnlro«a 
la  being  Hitod  wiih  new  boilers,  and  will  nail  in 
the  spring  for  her  work  on  the  Pacific,  where, 
among  other  i|uei>llor)s  to  l<e  solved,  will  be  that 
of  the  Osb'beariug  properties  of  the  buge  Klu 
Bawa  or  Black  Stream  of  Jai>an.  which,  croeaing 
the  PaclBc  in  a  high  latitude,  mudilles  the  tem> 
pcmturo  nnd  climate  of  -Mnaka  and  the  Aleutian 
Archipelago  in  very  mueb  the  Name  way  that  tho 
Gulf  SlTMini  does  tb»  climnto  of  England  and  the 
Shetland  Islands. 

—  Dr.  Uabi  iel  B.  Manigault  of  CharlMton,  !j,C„ 
haj>  accepted  the  invitation  of  the  geological  sut^ 
rey  to  <n'rit<!  a  descriptive  account  of  llie  inddenU 
and  elTecta  of  tlie  nuthqunkc  of  Ang.  81,  1866, 
for  the  fortbconung  report  on  that  subject.  Dr. 
Manigault  i»  an  accoroplialted  naturalist,  and  is 
curator  of  the  muaeum  In  Charleston.    Be  was  in 


4 
4 


i 


Fnnir&Rr  25,  1887.1 


SCIENCE, 


19L 


tbc  cit>-  ni  Um  tinw  of  the  MTthquakp.  nod  Ka* 
*iiKM'  miuli-  M  cwfal  invMttKatlon  of  Kx»  tnddenlr. 

—  Uajor  Pour^l,  director  of  Ibe  g^olo^ic-nl  sur- 
vey. Id  b  Btaleiueiil  u-liicli  h«  lum  furnished  for 
publicalion.  m\a  that  lUvn  is  lui  prvsent  likvli- 
liood  df  iron  ore  liviDf;  vxImu^lrHJ  in  tlijs  oounirjr ; 
bat  tbe  rvnu'djr  for  proapcTtit-c  exhauBtion  b  atill 
furlhcir  fxplorntion  (or  tiie  niintv  U>  nhieli  the 
gtologHC  pointB  tn  varluiu  parts  of  tbe  couUry. 

—  CotumlMiooer  CoIuwd  of  Ibe  depaitmrat  of 
agriculture  lum  iMued  «  circular  rclaiiog  to  Ihv  n»- 
nlkd  ■  Australian  rabbit.*  HrMyatlintlhciuinio 
is  a  mioMMncr,  tbo  nniRinl  brinK  the  common  Tab- 
bH  of  Europe,  wbicb  fans  been  iotnxluced  in  Au»- 
tmlia.  Ho  twite*  ibi  maKM  In  tbat  country. 
Bod  ATI  Ihat  the  Introduction  of  the  Buroptwn 
Species  would  Uf  an  uniMcetaary  and  baxardous 
experiment.  Ue  nuggeMs  Ibat  oongrCH  pass  a 
lav  cooftrrring  upon  tbe  commlMdon^r  of  agri- 
ctilturv  Ibv  puwtfr  la  prcvmi  th«  landinK  of  any 
aninial,  bird,  or  otiier  prat,  in  any  port  of  tbe 
UniltHl  Stnliw  tbnt  in  bis  Oplnioo  would  be  ibju- 
tiouK  to  Bf[ricultnre,  in  tlie  same  way  tbat  cattle 
Infwted  wltb  ooiit«gio<uo  dlseasM  are  now  ]tro- 
Mbjled  from  eot^rtnK  our  ports.  Ue  citj-s  tbe 
caw  of  tbe  Eiif^lbih  sporruw.  to  show-  tbnt  it  is 
unwiae  to  transplant  speoies  wbicb  crowd  out  the 
natirv  oniM. 

—  We  Inm  from  tlic  SiOertitl  mtatengrT  tor 
February  Ibat  Chicngu  may  lci«  it*  tiatninomiral 
obeervHtory.  Tbo  D<-arb<n^  obarrvntocy  ia  tbe 
property  of  tin-  Chicago  a«lrotiomint  TOciety,  hut 
M  upon  ground  Icaexd  to  it  by  tbe  now  extiitct 
tJnivcnity  of  Chicago,  aiid  may  be  required  to 
vacate  upon  sixty  dayft'  notice.  The  atciety  has 
reoetved  a  rei|ueal  to  lrHii»fer  iln  instrumcnla  and 
llbmy  to  an  instlliition  of  Iramini;  uurindc 
of  Chicago,  hut  an  elTort  i>  doing  lundt-  to  obtain 
another  silo  within  tbo  city. 

—  Anolhi-r  «nnll  compt  irut  dlKorered  by  Bar- 
nard on  tlto  cTpninK  of  Feb.  lU.  It  la  visible 
in  a  Uirro-lnch  telescope,  The  gnwt  Houthcrn 
comet  aecma  to  bavo  vaai&bcd  mv  Huddi>nly  an  tl 
canw.  Ttiough  careful  March  htti  betm  made  for 
it,  we  believe  It  baa  not  been  iti'n  in  tbe  nortbom 
lieuiispbere. 

—  Nino  coDMiW  pncsed  the  sun  in  reriew  during 
the  year  188ft.  One  waa  a  well-known  periodic 
comet  retiiniinf  at  Ibe  appointed  time  :  and  two 
of  the  new-ooinerH  appear  to  ■«  muring  in  elliplio 
orbit*,  one  of  tbeiu  lil4-nli(-al,  gioEsibly.  with  Do 
View's  tuet  comet  of  1IH4.  or  at  li-ost  lielnnKinR  U> 
tbe  *H(ue  family  '  an  Ibi-  latt<-r.  OIUts'  rornel  of 
ISlft,  which  was  i-xi-ectixl  at  ;>eribelioD  in  Decvni- 
bcr,  1998,  has  not  been  deWcted,  but,  as  an  uucer- 
lainiy  of  over  lliroe  years  exists  In  Ibe  lime  of 


rvTohition,  ft  may  be  picked  up  during  Ibe  coni- 
iDg  year.  It  is  tbe  only  periodic  comet  expecud 
in  Wn.  Two  out  of  the  nine  comets  were  dia- 
oovered  in  ISM.  one  in  1887.  teeving  nix  for  1886. 
Three  wen-  visible  li>  Ibe  naked  eye.  Three  be- 
long to  Darnnrd,  Ibn-c  to  Bronkt,  Two  were 
found  by  Pfnlay.  and  one  by  Fabry,  Comet  1880 
IX.  waa  picked  up  by  three  oltserver*  in'l^'pen- 
dently  ora  three  auooewive  niornlogs  in  October, 
showing  what  a  careful  walch  is  kept  for  tbeee 
tittle  wandrrcni.  Mr.  Wiuner  has  paid  eight  hun- 
dred dollar*  in  prixc-monry  for  the  oapturei. 

—  As  a  result  of  ilie  attempts  to  bring  to  pass 
an  earlier  puhlfcatiou  of  tlie  Proceedings  of  the 
American  anoeiation,  the  Proceediogu  of  tbe  Buf- 
falo mectinR  held  Inut  summer  wi-re  published 
diiriiit:  .Innunry  o(  thin  yenr.  Heretofore  the  Pro- 
ceedings hare  not  been  publlcibed  much  wltliln  a 
year  after  tlie  date  of  meeting,  Thi«  promptness 
in  pul-licaiioo  lia*  resulted  partly  from  the  rc- 
duoKl  volume  of  tbe  Proceeding*,  and  partly  by 
obliging  the  aulhont  of  patten  to  furnish  abstracts 
prior  to  the  liitie  of  riacHng  Ibem.  Sen-ral  of  tbe 
addreesea  and  n'|H>fis  wprvintyiH.'  and  strrvolyprd 
Iwfore  the  mceiitiR,  and  olbcm  wcri!  ln-ld  in  type 
ready  to  be  incorpomted  in  the  order  of  prinling. 

—  Th*-  annual  meeting  of  the  Davenport  acad- 
emy of  sciences  wax  held  in  llial  city  Jan.  30.  Tbe 
past  year  was  one  of  unnnunl  artivity  in  the  H>ci- 
ety.  and  large  acoenions  were  niatle  lo  Ibe  ccllec- 
tions. 

—  tn  the  Bogton  mtdteal  and  ttirykal  Journal 
we  8nd  an  extract  from  ilie  dnnalea  tthj/gShu  et 
nUilmiie  Ugale  which  gives  tbe  obtervatioua  of  a 
FT'  ticb  physician.  Dr.  Hosaon,  on  the  footjirints 
which  arc  notnntiniM  found  at  the  aeonoof  a  mur- 
der, and  thf  aid  whu-h  they  furnish  in  the  dotec- 
lion  of  the  peiprtrntor  of  tbe  crime.  Tbe  point 
wbicb  was  (fpeeially  studied  was  wliMhtr  Ibe 
marks  discovered  were  made  by  one  and  the 
Mune  foot,  and  so  by  one  peraon  only.  Re  found 
that  the  same  foot  would  t-lie  foolpiliita  with  very 
differi'nt  diineasioTis,  according  aK  it  was  used  in 
standing  or  walking,  curmpunding  with  tbi-  two 
«««en<ial  funclions  of  tbe  foot,  as  an  organ  of 
loc'ocuotlon  and  of  i>iip)ion.  It  appear*  to  Dr. 
Haakon  Impossible  that  two  human  fontfirints 
should  closely  resemble  each  other  UDleeatlteaame 
foot  has  made  Ibem.  Tbe  Imprenlon  made  by  a 
fool  diseWea  euch  clear  characlerisiica.  tbe  di»- 
tinrtire  marks  mider  differeut  conditions  are  so 
numrious.  Ilir  rootjirinl«  of  tbe  hiudc  foot  are  ao 
alike  under  dlaimiliir  circumstiinctv.  that  an  at* 
tentlvc  expert.  Iiaving  giwd  footprint*  lo  study, 
ought  lo  arrire  at  itlenr  and  jireci*^  riinclaBUin(>. 
Tbe  loM,  the  great  toe  capecially,  leave  mark*  that 


192 


SCIENCE. 


ivou  IX.  Vo.  ais 


should  be  examined  atlentlvely.  These,  and  [lie 
oatliur  of  the  digito-planUur  depreuiou.  ihe  line 
wbicli  ilollDeH  llip  plsnttu-  arch,  tav  the  datn  (or 
dUipicaiis.  The  emicluBiuna  which  Vt.  Mnsooa 
dtaw*,  are,  l",  ihv  iiitiii-tuiu>ti5  and  the  xhajir  of 
footprint*  mkdc  bj  thi?  wirop  fiiot  vary  with  tlm 
latitudes  tnk»n ;  S°.  the  two  extreme  niiil  cliariu:- 
trriallc  type*  *re  repiy»eiitetl  by  impresfiims  made 
by  the  loot  in  watkinic  aod  lo  etnndiiig;  i",  the 
expert  vailed  to  «tudy  tlie  matter  of  footjiriuts 
•hould  always  take  iuipreMlaiis  of  the  fooL  of  the 
•oenwd  in  the  act  of  ataadiag  and  of  vmlkioK' 
and  should  (^ompurv  onlir  Ibose  which  <^onv•pond 
with  the  Kiim<!  nttitudr  :  4°,  in  t.f>nnnrtJon  with 
the  tDeBiiun'mrniM  madi>,  ono  Klioiitd  nlirayii  con- 
sider the  point*  whic^h  throw  UrM  npnn  the  in- 
dividual ch8racl<»r!8tic»  of  tlie  fool. 

—  We  have  receivri  the  llrnt  volume  of  the 
piublication§  of  the  obtm-vatory  ('  Si«tory  and 
work  of  the  Warner  observatory')  fouuded  by 
Mr.  n.  U.  Warner  of  Rochester,  N.Y..  about  sU 
years  aKo.  and  now  w«ll  kuown  through  il«  con- 
nection wiib  ihi;  Warner  couiel  priwuv  The  toI- 
ua>e  is  published  by  Dr.  Lewiiitiwi(t,tbL'  diroclor, 
and  K>^e«  n  ibscriptivn  of  theobaprvatoryfatower 
attachc-d  to  the  divcllina  o(  the  dirt^rtor)  and  the 
fnstruiiitnts,  and  a  list  of  over  four  hundred 
nebulae  discovered  since  July  ^^,  ISH^.  About  two 
thirdf  at  tlifi  pamphlet  are  lakeu  up  by  ■  The 
Warner  pritn  eauya.*  Tlieex.-  are,  an  aai\r  on 
■Cviiiets:  their  eompositioo.  purpose,  and  rlfoot 
upon  the  earth,'  l>y  Prof.  Lcwi-t  Biim  of  thr  Dud- 
ley olnM-rvatorr  ;  and  foiiress.-ijg  on  tht xtcy-Kton h. 
by  ProfiKHor  KleesllnK.  and  Mrv^is.  Clark,  Maiue, 
and  Binhiip  rtfpectively.  The  piincipal  iuiitru- 
tneiit  of  the  otmervatury  is  ati  excellent  16-iuch 
Clark  equntoriul  provided  with  a  Ular  Riicjometvr 
and  niaoy  conrroientneveHMiriee.  I tii  equipment  is 
to  be  uicrensed  by  n  «prctro»to|ie,  to  cost|l,00O, 
ordered  from  the  CInrk*.  The  olnrri-ntory  'a  also 
providi-d  Willi  a  4i-inch  comel-iKvkKr.  Dr.  Swift 
luis  devoted  himself  almost  entirely  lo  the  di«- 
oovery  of  new  aebulav.  and  the  *enrch  for  ooniela, 
B  Held  in  which  b«  Ii*b  had  nearly  thirty  yeaifc* 
traininK-  It  would  aeem  ungracious  to  (omuent 
upon  any  of  the  ■hortoouings  of  llie  report ;  wv 
Hug^eot.  however,  ihnt  tlio  muefulaeBs  of  theubHcr- 
vnlory  as  an  aslrtmomical  inHtitutiun  mij;bt  Iki 
gn-utly  increased  if  the  dtre<Ttar  were  provided 
with  n  Iboiou^ldy  cooipcti-nt  awistant,  in  order 
that  hi>  own  work  of  dJMMvery  may  ba  suppl«- 
■nentvd  by  careful  study  and  Bio««ur«mMit.  It 
should  ba  noted  that  Mr.  Warner  has  expended 
more  than  ^,500  In  astronomical  pnxes  since 
Oct.  10.  1880. 

,  —  II  M<«caii  thai  ])ro(etisoni  In  Italy  are  chosen 
by  a  method  tbul  seems  lo  l<e  purely  nali'>ual. 


We  ijuote  from  a  recent  article  by  tt.  Bonichi :  — 
"  For  those  who  do  not  know,  I  should  mention 
that  in  Iluly  Ihe  university  [irofeBJors  are  elected 
by  the  lyntem  of  co»icor«.  for  which  there  SL-vnw 
to  be  no  exact  English  equivalent,  und  the  guir- 
ticnlar  method  adopted  hna  hcf«  altered  snverol 
times,  but  Is  now  the  following  :  The  faculty  in 
whicli  a  professor  is  wanteii  ]>ropi«es  to  the  ntln- 
ister  lire  nainee  of  ovdEnaty  professors  of  the  sub- 
jpL't  for  whicli  a  toucher  is  needed,  or  of  cognatw 
Hubjeota,  and  if  the  nilnbter  approve*  of  them  h« 
appoint*  them  na  n  committee.  To  It  every  native 
or  foreittner  who  thinks  him»>lf  adapted  for  such 
a  chair  can  xend  in  his  tilnli ;  that  is,  his  aca- 
demical deicrees  and  the  books  he  has  written. 
The  committee,  iu  a  more  or  less  explicit  rvporl, 
judgt»  who  in  eligible,  who  not,  nod  who  nmcmg 
thoite  considered  eligible  deserves  the  Hrst  plno<-. 
Such  u  iudftmmt  presupposes  that  ntl  the  mem- 
hem  of  the  committee  should  read  and  (xtnder 
carefully  the  t>ook8  sent  in  by  the  candidates,  but 
tbe  general  opinion  la  that  they  do  not  do  bo>.  It 
is  oomnioiily  supposed  that  they  meet  with  their 
minds  already  made  up,  and  tliat  they  are  pro- 
posed and  nominated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  in- 
sure their  coming  to  the  deci»iirin  which  will 
please  ellJter  the  faculty  tlint  propmes  them  or 
the  minielcr  who  nominnlee  them,  Tliis  may  not 
be  true  in  all  ca»es,  but  in  some  It  doiibtlew  in. 
At  any  rate,  the  report  of  the  coninillt*^  ia  then 
sent  up  to  llic  BUperior  council  (of  public  instruc- 
tion), which  linii  nothing  to  do  but  to  see  (hat  all 
due  foTniK  hnve  been  ulieervpd  :  which  forms  nat- 
unilly  nlway*  arn  <^l^6e^Ted,  unless  through  some 
oversight  in  the  drawing-up  o(  the  report." 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 
Left-handedness. 

On  p.  HIS  iif  the  current  volnnie  of  Seirnw,  mtta- 
tion  is  mndi>  of  Dr.  Wilson's  viow  u  to  the  cauie  of 
lett-handodncHL 

III  RciuucctloD  ^th  thia.  Dr.  Thoiuaa  Brown's  sug- 

rnstiou  in  bia  '  Vtilgar  errors '  (Londuu.  ICGS)  nay 
0  qiiotrd.    It  ocean  la  the  chapter,  *  Of  tbe  right 
and  loft  tuuuL' 

"  Ainl  tliuiefnre  thu  brain,  eipnclatly  lh«  spinal 
marrow,  which  is  bnt  thn  brotu  prolou^od.  hath  a 
fairer  [jea  betvto :  fi^r  thiwi^  i>n<  the  pnuoiplca  of 
motion,  wberaiit  dextndity  consists ;  and  oredlvlded 
within  and  without  the  Ccany.  By  which  dlvMon 
tnusiuittiug  nervM  respoctiniy  untoeltliN^de;  ae- 
cording  to  the  luriiltvTeiiry,  or  oHkIuhI  mid  nativity 
prepotency,  th^rs  arisolh  on  pqusUty  in  both  or 
prevnlmry  in  cither  wdo." 

He  doe*  noi  lay  inuoh  woittht  on  this,  tor  his  oon- 
elusion  is.  — 

"  And  thus  have  we  «t  large  dec laiud  that  althoagh 
thn  right  be  most  ccuumonly  used:  yet  batli  it  no 
re^'iiar  ni  certain  root  in  nature."  B. 

l>j»in(Vpii,  Vn.,  Feb.  itl. 


i 


4 


I 


FRIDAY.  FEBRUABY  25.  188T. 


Bioway  A.\D  sociowar. 

Ix  nn  artloli'  rnlitliNl  'Bevolulion  and  erolu- 
litm,'  printr<l  in  iho  Contcmixfrary  reritw  far 
Septemher,  &ir.  \^on  MptrlmikofF  nitKO*  wnr 
agmiitM  the  oplnioDe  of  tb<tm  who  wouM  draw  a 
doae  parallel  l)«4w«eii  the  Uologlcsl  relBtlDnB  of  * 
oommunitj  of  loofds  and  the  M>ciologlc»1  oodiH- 
tioDM  under  which  nn  iik'ul  iMiocialiou  of  butuaa 
iD<livid(i«U  miiat  occur. 

AncdvditiK  lA  HnlrhnikofT.  tliitm  it  m  cnmpkin 
anlitlt«»l8  lietveen  tli«  lawsof  thpfocioioKicol  and 
(he  faioloi$ica1  domatm;  for  th«  Dnt  baT«  to  do 
with  aicicr^satliMw  of  Individuals  malDtalDed  bjr 
e»«p«ra((on.  *c<}tiM;louii  or  uncoDwioiu,*  while 
the  M9Cond  conc«niH  aal;r  Rroupings  which  arv 
bawud  on  ttrvggte.  Then  the  author  admitB  tbi- 
0«njrM-ni'''of  thciKtciiiloififiil  liiw  in  Ibe  kiolof^rnl 
oomtnunity,  hut  *till  nlHcll.v  insiats  thnt  indi- 
Tidaal  itrUKKlo  anil  commiinni  <xM>pr'rnlion  nrn 
two  farces  of  dlfferHiit  kindi-.  He  Niys  ({>.  483). 
■*  WIviMrrrr  we  see  a  pIieiiouieouD  at  UBKN^iutioDi 
—  br  it  in  Ibe  Hbupu  of  a  vi>girliil>Ic  or  KDinial 
orKanwni.  or  tliat  of  a  nuin-  pprfoi-t  biiman  com- 
aiUDit7.—  w«  oannot  fniltodfliTt  tximethinic  nrw, 
as  WHoDtiaity  dkrtinrt  from  (lie  law  of  IndUldual- 
bllcoontptlltlon  orslru^gle  aa  that  specillc  Dar- 
winian law  itself  is  distinct  from  the  Newtoniun 
oniverval  law  of  Rravltallon.  Tliat  noinelhinR  is, 
namely,  the  i-onKtnsuit  of  a  nunilwr  of  morr  cw 
lea  individualinsl  form  aintiiig  at  nn  rnd.  not 
pcnonal  Ioodl-  of  the  alli<«,  hut  ooinnitm  In  them 
■Hi  and  that  ii  what  wfi  call  eo-operattoii''  The 
oonclnsioD  MD'aui  to  U\  that.  whMi  w«  rim  from  the 
blologlcsl  into  the  sodoloi^CBl  domain,  wv  can 
carry  nothing  us«>fu1  from  our  tollsoiui!  studieH  on 
Uie  way  in  which  iliv  uriT'inUiuH  of  nature  har* 

beea  built  up  uud  pniirrvod.  but  must  scfk  out  a 

new  law  of  (l(.-lib<.-ratp  altnunlic  co-oppmlion, 
which  in  rcpieiionl<^  iv  hnvint;  no  rplatlon  to  tbe 
natural  tmpiilw  of  the  individual  lowatd  his  own 
sdvanoem^int. 

Far  from  pmunilnK  to dealdlrectly  with ao com- 
plex a  (iimtion,  It  is  the  object  of  [his  paper  to  pre- 
sent the  truth  aa  regards  onp  sideof  the  problem  by 
dlocoTerlng,  if  putHiUe,  tlie  true  comiaunnl  rrla- 
tfonatrf  (he  ^mpJest  differentiae  mnkinf;  up  the 
rooet  complex  animal  body.  It  will  be  pointed 
out  that  biological  data  indicate  no  tiiial  auiago- 


ntam  betwM4i  oo^pcrotkin  andiilnigslp.  hut,  on  tlie 
contrary,  Ibal  the  on«  Is  the  neceesary  anteocxh^nt 
of  the  other. 

Lit  ioK  matter  or  protoplnsui  lias,  apparently.  In 
lUI  iu  funns.  ibe  mine  gvni-rul  functional  and  sudi 
a  ntudy  of  relation  »i  tluit  propoaed  ought,  if  <'ar- 
ritnl  out  on  right  tinea,  to  Irad  na  to  a  concv])tion 
of  the  philoHopliy  of  proloplnitcii,  by  which  in  nn- 
der>(nc>d  the  main  impulM<  or  motive  K"idlnK  indi- 
vidiial  and  determinInK  collective  action. 

Whatever  may  be  Ike  preeent  and  future  sub- 
jects ot  bloloxical  dlspote,  the  tidal  wave  of 
thought  has  lifted  and  fcroanded  Itrmly  beyond 
the  danger  uf  oi'ertlirow  one  grand  general  idea. — 
thitt  every  living  organiiim  may  be  analiiniically 
annlyxeil  into  a  greater  i>t  Imn  number  <if  phyBJo- 
logical  uniln  —  the  cells  or  modified  cello  —  which 
contain  the  living  matter,  and  which,  in  function, 
though  not  In  form. are  like  tbe  parts  (hey  go  to 
make  op.  The  aocaracy  of  this  ana|}Hi«  is  not 
a(T(c1ed  by  the  dilTereiitialion  of  the  i-i^la  them- 
iM.-lveH,  nor  would  eouolusiooH  from  it  be  diHturbed 
■hould  «MCh  cell  itnelf  be  proved  (o  reprmcnt  a 
community  of  di«cre(#  (actort. 

It  has  come  to  be  a  fundameiitat  doctiine  of 
physlolofcical  leaching,  thai  the  hlf;ber  aniinala 
may  t«  looked  upou  aa  coiouiuniliw  of  living 
cells  or  modiried  cells  wbooe  ranctiooi  ilrtcrmina 
the  action  of  tlie  organs  tlwy  eompoec.  and  which 
are  liound  togethex  by  more  or  Itw  not-living,  ia- 
ten-clliilnr  mutier,  made,  or  at  leant  niodlRed,  by 
the  cells:  nod  ret  it  appear*  tliat  wme  of  the 
most  evident  and  Important  conse<|uencea  that 
arise  fn>m  (his  coiiimiiiial  relation  of  difTcrent 
individuals,  haiiiiK  uee<h>  and  iKiwemof  all  gradea 
of  siiuilarity  and  dinimilarity,  hHv<!  been  gen(T> 
ally  neglected  or  minuiiJerntood.  The  analogy 
Itetween  the  auiuial  cell  as  rehiied  to  tlu^  organ- 
biiu,  und  the  human  individual  In  liis  entirety  aa 
rclabil  to  vociety,  ia  a  very  ntriking  one. 

Thctx'llii  of  a  body  all  lake  tbeir  nulriment  from 
the  Huni*  f^eneral  pabulum:  they  all  Itavetheaame 
general  needs ;  and  as  the  food-aupi^y  in  a  reMtll 
of  constructive  effort,  and  iherefore  limited  In 
quantity,  there  must  bi>  a  struggle  for  food  (or  a 
BtruKgle  for  existence*)  among  (be  ccllx,  which 
would  be  laotv  aeverr  the  more  ntmrly  alike  their 
iitdiridual  ucinIh.  TliLi  itntrment  will  l>ear  an 
illuxtrntion.  Wo  know  Ihat  a  blood-fiee  muscle 
may.  by  artlQcial  stimulation,  be  re<luced  to  com- 
plete exhaustion  :  hut.  if  a  nutrient  solution  like 
blood-aeinm  be  now  paMod  through  tbe  hlood- 


194 


SCIENCE. 


pToi.  IX.,  Ho.  419 


Tceseh,  the  niuw^U^^nitatwiat,  hr  rirtu«  <A  il* 
CbenloU  ufflnitim.  ntracln  certain  mnitm  froni 
the  aupply-fluid,  *nd  rooovora  it*  irritJibility  and 
ooutntL-tility.  Now-,  we  know  th»t  this  unstnlile 
mtunlir^uUlancie  t«  onDtiniially  Iwinic  oiiiJiMd 
with  the  production  of  oeruia  ira«te  products. 
Supfinw  that  the  affliiliieHof  a  given  musclc-llbre 
tot  food  matter  are  mi  ferble  that  leiM  iiulriuieut  ta 
bmu^ht  Id  ■  given  time  into  thv  ti»uc  than  b  luot 
In  Ihft  way  of  wimto :  tbi'  rvwilt  in  u  gnulunl  <l<- 
ca<lt!no<>  or  stropby  of  llint  mtiiTlc  An  in  the 
phyiiiol<?ition]  condition  tlia  too<)-«Lipi>lj  In  llniilod, 
tluim  (nu8cle>-niirM  will)  Mroiif;<«t  wnstructivp 
chemical  afflnitles  ro)>  the  weaker  fibres,  wlilch 
cauld  unly  grt  tlifir  (ill,  lu  it  vivn.  by  a  aitidiliui- 
tiOD  of  ])h)ti{ul()giL'u]  uc-li»ilj  Ibrougliuut  IIh-  whole 
body.  Thi»  i.>it>Lunati'jii  of  llif  rrtiition  of  growth 
to  oouipetition  pn>h(ib1j  partly  undprlii'n  (Jic  wrll- 
known  fart  of  thr  cxtmordinnry  growtli  of  one  of 
>  pnif  of  Kimtliur  orgunii,  oa  m  kidnoy,  rfhcn  it« 
fellow  i*  pstirpnt«<l. 

Owing  to  the  physioloKiml  itlvialon  of  labor 
ftmong  the  tlmnes.  i»ch  one  of  ilieee  has  come  to 
depend  Dearly  abtolutely  upon  organs  far  removcnl 
for  some  of  the  CMentfala  lo  its  vr«lf urr  :  a».  lot 
example,  a  gland  in  ottiui  caIImI  upon  dtiringMtcro- 
tion  to  pour  out  n  bulk  of  nint^trta)  gmiter  than  Ita 
own  vohioie,  and  for  the  perforatonee  of  this 
function  there  ia  tin  n Iteration  of  nwo- motor 
Activity  thniiiKh  which  aion- IiIcmmI  viajta  Ibogbnd 
in  time  of  nrtnl ;  nncl  thin  vaaculai  chnnKO.  as  alao 
the  Dcy-rclion  itself,  is  ilimrlly  controlled  by  nerve- 
oentree  lying  in  the  dititftnt  bralo.  So,  elaewherc 
In  the  body,  we  arc  contiDually  oouing  upon 
p}ienotuena  In  which  the  working  litiHue  appenn 
to  deriTcllttie  dixvct  benefit  from  lt«  cBiat :  Ilie 
aotji'ity  of  mdi  organ  aeeiuH  determined  by,  or  at 
least  co-wilinat«tl  with,  the  n«Kli>  of  iia  fcllowe ; 
and  thia  fact,  indvod,  constitutes  the  vaty  daflnl- 
tloo  of  physiological  aclmty. 

If  wc  inrrnt  a  pliyaiologieal  allegory,  whooc 
peraonage*  are  (he  animal  crlla  snpixieecl  to  bu  «a- 
dowed  with  HeiMiMlity.  reason,  and  motion,  like  in 
kind  f>  the  faculties  of  cotniilele  organinint,  we 
riumhl  lind  tliut  the  fanciful  sketcb  of  ihccHlalar 
■ooiety  csmntructul  on  nuch  a  ichcnie  corresponds 
remnrknbly  well.if  not  idcnticnily,  with  the  actual 
result  of  such  osKwIationa  of  cella  as  we  lind 
them  in  tiring  organisms.  The  apparent  altniinai 
noted  above  Is  perhaps  moat  marked  in  tho  work- 
ing of  the  Peaplralory  nert«.centro  on  whoee 
rhythmic  Impulses  directly  dependHthecontmctlon 
of  tiie  reapiratory  uiusctia  which  expand  the 
cheat,  and  thus  dmw  inl»  the  lunga  the  fresh  air 
necoMary  to  the  life  of  the  whole  body. 

Thin  npn-e-ccntre  Is  generally  supposed  to  lit 
cooipoKd  caseDtlally  of  a  group  of  iuirv»<«Uaoc* 


cupying  an  iniugiiilicant  area  of  Ihc^  brain  :  and  on 
their  ceuselpie.  rhythmic  ontpat  of  cnetgy  ev<-ry 
liring  mokuulc  of  the  body  «ch  moment  deiircw 
benefit  without  giving  any  manifest  adequule  r**- 
turn.  Still.  Uiougb  each  new  atiidy  of  tli*  hotly 
brings  to  view  frwb  exnmplco  of  the  8uhacT\'ionc« 
of  indiviittial  needs  of  the  phyrioli^ical  imil»  to 
the  ni^fniv  of  the  ooiumunity  of  oeUa,  It  can  b« 
shun  n  an  w.-]ircely  doubtful  that  thin  altruism,  ap- 
parently purpodiv-B  on  the  pari  of  the  living  in- 
tegers. U  but  no  iniiin^Tt  outcome  of  an  ■■Uort  for 
their  own  aggrandizoincnl,  thdr  sTiprmip  nelflsh- 
niw.  aa  tt  were.  Thoro  i»  the  Htrougest  rvaaon  lo 
bi-lioe  that  the  physiologioal  individual,  orctdl,  fn 
ncompk-xorganiitm,laprimftnl;n)>  completely  bant 
upon  ita  own  nutritive  welfare,  and  as  reganllMa 
of  the  rondi1i<in  of  irs  neighbor*,  m  if  it  were  a 
Dee  monad  contending  for  wscennnon  against  a 
myriad  of  ltd  fellow*  in  a  culture-sol  ution.  Bveo 
in  the  case  of  the  action  of  the  reapiratory  omtie, 
wliich  seems  devoted  purely  to  alma  benevolent 
to  the  organism  as  a  whole.  exp«Tinient  indtcataa 
that  any  such  beueAc  conferred  out«ide  the  centre 
Itsolf  i*,  aa  it  wore,  a  mere  accident  In  Ita  ac- 
tivity. 

It  is  tbi>  prcM'nt  belief  of  phyaiologista  that  llw 
nerve-cells  of  llu-  r™pinilory  centre  are  atimulalMl 
by  a  lack  of  oxygen  to  diaclutrge  energy  into  tho 
motor  ncrven  arising  from  them ;  and  tlitir  dis- 
charge*, up  to  u  ceiiuin  point,  IncrcBs*  in  vigor 
with  diminution  of  oxygt^u-aupply,  andconvenely 
become  weaker  ami  Icia  fretiuent  when  that  gaa 
is  in  excess  in  tlie  blood.  If  oxygen  fail  toUlly, 
the  celU  soon  die.  Now,  aupiKHi!  au  animal  to  be 
in  a  xlate  of  respiratory  quil'«c<^ncl^ :  oxygen  ia 
still  lieing  drawn  from  the  blood  by  evwy  living 
tissue.  A«  a  rmult  of  Ihl*.  tliere  isfailurr  of  oxy- 
gen in  the  rmpiratory  centre  i  and  a  ■limulua  of 
some  aort  Is  heaped  up  in  the  nerve-c«'ll»  therv, 
until  tinally  an  eiplnxion  of  energy  proceeds  from 
thorn  into  their  motor  nerves,  and  liience  to  the 
miisclro  of  inspttatloii  which  criikc  the  cheat  lo 
expand.  Thcri-by  ttvnU  air  Is  drawn  into  the  Innga, 
new  oxygen  dilTuiHii  into  the  blood,  4nd  thus  t]>c 
excitement  of  the  rmpiratory  centre  la  allayed  tor 
a  while,  praeumably  owing  to  the  oxidation  in  the 
oontre  of  some  Irritating  chemical  products  of 
timuo-chiuige. 

It  ha*  Ixtni  found,  that.  If  the  ninnnor  of  circu- 
lation is  nrlillcially  ao  alteied  in  a  living  animal 
that  the  brain  atill  receives  blood  oxidized  to  ita 
normal  art<>riiil  condition,  while  tlwiuea  of  the 
trunk  or  limlw  get  imly  venous  blood  or  even  none 
at  all.  the  rhythmic  aoiion  of  the  renpimtory 
centre  goea  on  undisturbed,  though  the  orgnna 
with  altered  ciiculutiun  soon  die  from  asphyxia. 
On  the  contrary,  nbould  the  aittfiee  conveying 


4 


* 


-J 


tnr  S6,  1IW7.J 


SCIENCE, 


195 


UocnI  to  the  braio  be  rlamiicd,  thu*  catting  off 
Ibc  ox7f>eii-OTpp4f  nmt  nholiEblntc  ihe  mnoTal 
of  ws«t«,  or  alioalil  iXve  blood  pawlDjc  tlmnigb 
the«a  be  utiflcialljr  wumed,  tliiu  baat^uing  the 
cfaMuioa]  dikogm  In  Die  n«vvv-cvTilr«ii  without  « 
ootmiranding  Im-teiun  iu  the  ntpidtt>'  of  food- 
«ipl>)f  mkI  wa8i«-remoTiLl,  tW  docp  and  Mwrgetic 
brratliinx  of  ilj'spnoen  soon  shows  the  pareoring 
need  of  tbi>  umlm  Ira  fi««b  oxygen :  and  the  aui- 
maJ  inajr  die,  an  far  as  Ha  brain  Is  roocemed.  in 
the  roDruWniM  ot  asphyxia.  Ibousb  thtr  gnvil 
bulkoT  Itebody  iaunaflvcted.  uad  livnoo  in  prrlnol 
riift  Ki  soon  as  (be  exliaualcd  tirain  can  no  Inngcir 
Ktir  its  muscle*  1o  i-ontrnotion. 

If  we  arruDs*'  a  murcnttxed  Hvioganlnial  In  such 
a  way  n  (o  olwprvc  iho  chaiuges  in  Ihr  ninount  of 
Its  arterial  hlood-prrasiire  while  supplyiiiii;  ulr  by 
nrtifidnl  rrtipirariuii.  It  will  bi-  obsemil  iliul  Ihi- 
pn-Biiro  riiSM  wlim  ilie  n-npiraliim  fails  evw  so 
Itltif,  Biul  llie  i-Ii>vuttoii  ill  meet  ouirkrd  when  tho 
milMnilar  oootrat'tiona  of  rxtremr  ilj>i|>no«>a  ap- 
pew.  Now,  it  in  thin  nrli'hnl  prmsore  which 
driree  tbn  nulrirnt  bioorl  on  its  way.  The  blood- 
ouneiit  in  Ktronjcer  and  dwitter,  Ihe  grrnli^r  \\\e 
prcaan' :  and  the  result  of  such  a  (,'Iuui(,'p  in  to  pre- 
•cut  «ich  lt;8ue  with  a  icon:  abuniliuit  supply  of 
oxygen  aud  other  food-tuulcriiLln.  Tlic  rise  of 
pnaaure  noticed  in  tlie  llntt  inaUmce  wm  du*  to 
the  ooDlmotion  of  the  lirlnK  walls  of  th«  blood- 
TwaiLi  throaghout  the  body  :  tJicy  rmpoudi'd  di* 
iDctly,  or  were  made  to  resiNind  iDdirPclly  through 
llieir  luotur  iiervcv.  to  the  uppi!  i>(  thp  oiygpn  in 
their  Ioc«l  ari-iia  luid  in  Ihe  brain  ;  and  the  result 
of  tliiii  uctiiin  wiu  to  supply  with  aM  dei^patch  the 
Ka|)initory  c«aiire  witli  whatever  store  of  osymn 
thOT»  wna  In  Ihe  blood.  So  we  haie  tlit!  all-iui- 
portaiit  fact  of  tlie  mutual  hclprulumi  of  th« 
bodily  timues  on  Iht  oot- bnml.oiid  thertupimiory 
Derv«-«ellH  ou  thv  i>thiT.  brought  about  by  th«  in- 
dependent cxiTlion  of  mch  lirini;  fiwtar  of  the 
body  in  iU  own  liclialf.  Every  physiologist  knows 
cs  penmen  tally  how  the  whole  body  rises  Iu  pro- 
t«et,  as  it  were,  at  any  interferenco  with  the  fn<e 
performani'e  of  the  rmpiratory  functioiia ;  itod 
tliat  little  group  of  colls  whnoe  busiona  it  ia  to 
initiate  the  nioi-umi-nti  of  ItriTUthing  uru  tliua  pro- 
tHTUHl  from  want  by  pvnry  part  of  the  txidy,  which 
ia  iiw-lf  dependent  on  then),  A  comploto  record 
of  all  such  Ro-ordiiiate  actions  would  f<vm  a 
treatise  ou  phyeioluKy.  and  a  oonalderaliou  of  all 
tln^  mulls  jUBiitivB  this  gtiienttuation  :  Uuit  every 
ptiy Biological  unit  <>t  ii  (■omplex  organistu  labon 
fur  ita  own  aggraruliziTinpnt  alono  ;  but  it*  csivt- 
«i>ra  ia  conditioned  by  an  mnociation  with  n^gh- 
bon,  with  which  it  must  competo  and  upon  which 
It  depends  ;  aud  thla  tinion  ha«  the  HUKgestlve  re- 
Bult  that  eT«iry  living  cell  la  the  body  reoeiras  aid 


and  protection  from  lis  neighbors  In  proportion  a« 
It.  In  mm.  by  Its  activity.  tumtiiliM  tliem  with  old 
and  protection. 

This  remarkable  union  of  the  energies  of  lb* 
moTphoJogical  elementu  of  the  body,  which  sug- 
gnts  Ko  t'liNirly  the  social  rvUtioua  of  an  ideal 
cMnmnnily,  finds  ita  eaphmalioa  in  the  groiuKl 
law  of  tlbn  doctrine  ot  evolution.  If  we  liut  pre- 
snine  the  fact  of  a  struggle  for  existence  nnKMig 
the  tlstnie-factors,  the  eunival  of  the  iitte«l  niual 
Int  a  corullnry  lo  that  pro)H.(>ition  ;  and  the  Hllflit 
iudividual  is  that  whose  life  bwi  tends  topreservw 
the  welfare  of  the  organiani  na  a  whole,  (or  on 
Ihin  dejK-nds  the  enxlence  of  uaoh  Ol  \\»  con- 
stitnrnt  piirbi. 

Tlie  tanlKU'  wr  peer  into  the  mystpfiM  of  the 
living  animal,  new  tilllitarian  benuii<«  are  dia- 
closed  with  every  secret  unfolded  ;  and  the  lime  i* 
probably  nul  far  distant  when  it  will  be  dIRlcult 
Iu  puiut  out  a  structure  or  funcliodi  wliicti.  far 
from  biUTig  simply  uselew.  has  not  u  dvliuile  |>»r- 
po«e  nimifl  at  piL-servIng  the  tufoty  ur  perfecting 
the  economy  ot  PinTgy-dixchargr  of  ibe  whole 
l««ly.  Eteo  it  one  lieiars  in  mind  tlie  woll-Vuown 
crilicisui  on  the  ini|)erfectlon  of  the  eye  mn  an 
opticHl  iuntruuK'nt,  his  view  woukl  be  onc-flided 
and  unjujt  if  cunteut  lo  »wl  there.  The  errors  of 
normal  vision  arc  nearly  all  enot«  of  Judgment : 
which  Is  a  subjective  proccaa,  and  it  i*  pratumable 
that  liner  workmanship  in  the  optical  cautera 
would  be  ua«lees  In  arousing  eenntloii*  of  greater 
advantagi-  tothe  organism. 

From  a  phyniologicol  point  of  view,  tlie  physi- 
cal environmi'flt  of  an  animal  law  only  a  remote 
though  n  certain  nncl  mnrt  complex  relation  to 
obauices  in  Ihc  orgnniKni.  Now,  any  change  of 
Ihi-eovironuient  must  l>e  followi'd  by  a  kaieido- 
Kcoinc  alteration  In  the  relations  of  the  tiMoet 
aniiiiii;  ilitriniielveB.  and  these  may  bo  vvry  iiro- 
found  without  auy  necessary  variation  of  tho 
total  vital  conligunition.  Dr.  Romanes,  In  his 
recent  exposition  cuncL'niing  physiological  sdec- 
tion  as  a  mcjinB  of  nceounting  for  the  origin  of 
species,  has  done  good  Mxritie  iu  looking  direoUy 
at  the  independent  varlabla— tho  animal  coll^ 
in  H-cking  a  solution  of  tbe  hitricate  problem 
preeenlpd  by  the  body  as  a  wliole. 

If  this  analogy  between  the  ouinmunal  relationa 
of  living  c«-1Ih  in  the  body  and  tlioM:  uf  iudividuals 
in  human  society  have  a  foundation  in  fact,  we 
ougtit  to  be  able  to  u>c  thi>  iKtrallel  aa  a  patli  of 
rrwart^b,  and,  from  what  is  known  couceniing 
Ihricvolulianuf  society,  gain  light  as  to  the  physi- 
ologicnl  n-lntion  within  (Arte  of  the  Ixxly  which 
yield  their  fact*  very  npariiigly  to  investigation. 

A  well-known  physiologist  ban  culled  ibecen- 
tnl  nervous  system  tlie  final  battle-ground  of  Ihe 


196 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No.  919 


HcieDce.  U  wc  look  upon  th«««>  myeUriouB  nerve- 
cv\U  M  n  coiumunlty  of  reosonliiK  individuals, 
we  should  expect  to  Rnd  a  division  of  labor  mmonK 
then)  wblch  diould  KEtrict  more  or  lew  com- 
pletely the  ph,vBiol«Ki(.'ul  acUvitj  of  each  anatom- 
ical area.  What  wc  kncnv  of  ihe  subject  justi- 
fies thin  i?ompnri»on.  Wc  fintJ  the  nervc-cullK  «f 
till-  ni<>dullu  and  Kpinnl  cnni  inberitiUK  nutomntic 
nnil  r«Si>x  pnwere  of  coiiiiiarntivelj-  «mple  clinr- 
Rcl«i.  but  of  %ital  Etij|xiTtflni.-e  tu  tlie  life  of  tlie 
whale  system  :  uod  llicrv  is  leusuii  to  believe  ibat 
these  puwers  are  mon.'  extt'imive  atid  (.'tlicieiit  tbe 
lou);rr  lln-'T  huvf  b<*n  iaiprvsBEil  by  hnedity. 
Whwi  wp  usccDd  from  Ibc  mrdullu  lo  ihc  eciv- 
Iwllum.  tre  romp  upon  poirrni  of  thn  Kninc  kind, 
but  vBHtly  mom  conipUts  in  tlieir  coordinations  ; 
and  bera,  orhereaboutB,  wem«els  new  fncultj',— 
that  of  iforning  reHexM,  or  learning  to  carry  on  a 
complicated  action  witb  mairbine-like  dellniteneas 
andoel^rity  tu  obedicui-'e  tua  givt-natimuluiL  The 
complex  mulionH  of  walking,  buliinciug.  the  iwr- 
(omiBnoe  of  an  cxpcrif^tefl  pianist,  are  Inrgt-ly  n> 
floxn  whow  oontm,  in  all  pmhahilitT.  lie  in  chin 
pMtof  tliebrnin.  TIten  we  gradually  rise  throu nil 
nerve-centre  after  nerve-<ientre,  wlib  graduated 
{Jiyalologlcal  powen.  till  we  rMu.-b  the  Teucber 
himtelf.  wh-mt;  enwgy  is.  doubtless,  that  of  thi- 
corticnl  (x'lrbrnl  c('Uii.  Notliing  U  clcnrrr  in  physi- 
olngy  than  this  iceneral  difTervntiatl on  of  funclion 
iiniung  the  n«rve-o«iitree,  and  it  in  altogi^tlier  pruba- 
blu  that  a  phytiologicAl  dilTereuliatiun  e^en  goes 
hand  in  band  with  tbo  niorpbiilcigioal  one  whii'li 
hiHtolugiKlB  hure  ulion-n  to  tDvolvu  Ibo  matter  mok- 
iug  up  tbc  indiridual  animal  cell  itoplf. 

liOoking  at  the  cortlcAl  cells  aRiun  no  a  com. 
munity,  we  should  expect  that  the  complex  of 
powtn  of  the  society  should  be  divided  up  and 
portioned  oSl  to  dUtlnct  individuals  which  diould 
inherit  exlreu)e  facility  of  action  in  a  delinili? 
prurint'v  without  altogi-thcFr  luHiug  the  other,  now 
Hijbimlituitcd,  funclionii  with  which  they  were 
itrifcinnlly  radonc^].  Artilidii]  ntiniulntion  of 
definite  cortical  arvna  wo  nhould  expect  lo  l>e 
followed  by  a  manifestation  of  theirspecilic  func- 
tion ;  and.  on  the  contrary,  annihilation  uf  aucb  a 
region  ought  lo  be  followed  by  a  correaponding 
pnralyais.  whicJi  would  not  be  pcrmunait,  liecnuse 
neifthboring  celhi  would  gradually  develop  the 
loot  function,  the  pnwor  to  perform  which  had 
hitherto  been  Intent  In  them.  Each  new  lesion 
would  be  followed  by  a  crippling  involving  the 
tame  fentum,  and  the  recovery  would  each  time 
Im  leM  perfect.  This  pr«aentatiou  may  bn  tAken, 
u  tar  M  the  rtsnlta  K»t  on  the  actual  outcome  of 
expeilmeotation  on  the  brain  ;  and  the  same  his- 
tory would  be  rqieftted  by  any  dvlliced  com* 
munity  in  wbtoh  the  Tarious  tndca  and  pro- 


fesgions  should,   in   turn,   be   deprived  of  their 
workers, 

Physiological  phenomena  are  thuee  in  which 
the  activities  of  various  tissues  are  co-ordinated  in 
such  a  way  as  to  produce  a  combined  action ;  and 
we  may  connidereach  tiesue-element  a?  a  reason- 
ing individual  which  aesociatw  physiologically 
with  ii«  nciRhbors  only  »a  fur  as  n  result  of  this 
union  la  beneflcial  to  ita  own  welfare. 

I'urning  now  from  the  normal  body  to  view  the 
phenomena  of  pathology,  we  enter  n  Held  whidi 
liEui  been  too  incompletely  surveyed  for  iw  to  trace 
our  wiiy  ot  will  in  it :  hut  no  far  &a  pathologic-ol 
pToceFses  are  undentood,  they  m*iu  lo  be  piirted 
by  tlie  same  law  of  endeavor  for  iflf-uggrandlse- 
ment  on  the  part  ot  the  living  dcIIb  coiicerued.  as 
in  tboee  actions  already  considered.  When  an 
artrial  wall  becomM  obeeey  or  chalky  in  athe- 
roma as  a  result  of  increased  arterial  strain,  we  see 
living  tis8ue~elenient«  redeveloping  some  ot  their 
suppressed  embryimic  powers  of  melaboliBni.  and 
replacing  their  sentient,  overworked  protopliwmby 
an  inrrt  suhetance  incapable  of  either  evolving 
energy  or  sulTe'ring  fri.>m  uveralrain,  Unfortunately 
this  ostrich-like  hiding  of  Ihe  head  Is  an  ill-judged 
attempt  lit  self.pre*en'3tion  ;  for  it  entails  In- 
creased labor  on  other  organs,  which  may  result  In 
fatal  incoordination.  So,  also,  when  a  foreign 
particle  within  the  body  is  encysteii  by  an  cnve- 
lope  of  tissue  developed  tor  that  purpose,  the 
whole  proceffi  goes  on  as  if  the  active  cells  had 
distinctly  in  view  the  covcrtng-upof  a  hurlfully 
irritating  object. 

Those  pathological  procciwee  which  are  more 
UBual  grade  imperceptibly  into  the  phy«iologiciU ; 
oi.  for  instance,  tliote  pheuomena  of  altered  cirou- 
lation  and  growth  altpudiug  the  healing  of  the 
fracture  in  n  broken  bone. 

Only  a  ra>mpptpnt  pathol<)Ki»t  could  give  full 
force  to  the  propo*ition  hrre  Btntod  :  but  tliert- 
seems  to  be  convincing  evidence  that  in  pathologi- 
cal iM  in  physiological  processes  there  is  a  distinct 
effort,  on  the  part  of  the  acting  protoplasui,  towards 
self-nggrondixenicnt ;  that  ia,  to  reduce  its  expen- 
diture nnd  to  increase  Its  income  of  energy.  In 
the  phyHiologic-o)  proceed  Ihe  various  fnctOTN  work 
together  in  such  a  way  that  the  resultant  effort  ia 
of  the  greatest  possible  benefit  to  each  aeparatfi 
member  without  detriment  to  any  other.  In  an 
extreme  pathological  ucliou  tlieselGshnessof  some 
single  individual  Itrings  ruin  on  tlie  wliole  organ- 
ism, because  regordlees  of  the  fact  that  unlimited 
self-Sggrandiitement  in  hurtful  lotheremninderof 
the  community.  We  mny  prnfitably  compsre 
these  two  biological  conditions  to  the  states  of  dis- 
cipline on  »lii|>board  as  they  may  be  obiierved 
nepectively  in  culm  weather  and  during  great 


I 


I 


PsKtCAKT  25,  1887.) 


scmycs. 


m 


'czdMtinil.  In  th«  Rr«t  initance  every  move* 
owDt  id  ojitriml  out,  im(t  every  iluiy  U  perronnn), 
with  rrlntian  to  a  coiniuuu  [lurpow, —  ttie  nioet 
<!<>mplel«  welfart-  of  Hlii|>  utiil  i-rvw  i  bul  no  one 
can  donbt  [list  ihv  iiidivitlual  motire  of  Mcb  snilor 
h  to  thereby  briiiK  Ihr  griAtctit  beneOt  lo  bimself. 
Ill  th(^  UDunuiil  ocounvnri'  ot  Ihtvstrnrit  ahip- 
wreolt.  bimrrnT,  this  co-onlinntion  is  Io«,  becuiim 
thi!  iivlli«bneM>  of  each  Individual  in  awktng  bl* 
own  Mifpty  rauees  bliu  to  diaivg&rd  t)i«  dtity  he 
o<ve»  Ills  conipaaious,  and  tbe  romlt  unt  ia  fat^  in- 
co-onllnntioD. 

If  wliat  we  Imvi-  raid  be  truti,  the  ptvmine  &s- 
Bunieit  by  Mi'lclinikoCr  Is  fundnmentall?  wrong. 
The  duclrino  of  evolution  applied  to  tlie  Uvia^ 
oi:ganunil»ichea,nottb(it  there  is  liiml  unta^nuui 
botwono  frlniKgle  and  oo-opention.  but  that  wmw- 
dinntion  auil  tbe  vrcJI-bfing  of  tho  whole  Is  t]i« 
natural  outcomo  of  utrufEcle  for  e>:tsT«ooe  awomg 
the  indiviJuiil  luirtidc*  of  the  boily  :  aiid.  pn-aum- 
iDg  c'ap(i)>ility  of  variation,  there  must,  through 
■KUrvivuI  of  the  Dtt*«t.'  coine  lo  bti  incrrain  of 
apedoliEntiOD  and  iierrection  of  pcrfomiimcc  in 
evMy  function.  Fatal  or  mcrcty  injurious  patb- 
ological  prociWMw.  when  tr4Kied  to  their  aour«c, 
are  found  to  bu  duo  to  accidents  which  do  not 
conw  undt^r  Il>i>  brad  of  unlforui  law.  Suppos- 
ing fturh  an  accident  to  ucc-ur  bu  frequenUy  as 
to  bfoonie  a  uormal  event :  tlie  ribil  elasticity  of 
the  organJBni  ro-adjnata  jtaelf  to  these  new  condi- 
tions iiivotrod,  BO  that  they  (aa  in  the  vnsr  of  tbe 
bont-frartiire)  are  hardly  distinguishable  from 
ordinary  (jhyslologlcal  proreffies. 

Urnky  Srwxu,. 


TtIK  BRITISH  COMMISSION  OS  THU 
DKI'HESSloy  or  TRADE. 

Ik  r(Binni>i>  to  a  gen<Ta)  feeling  of  anxiety, 
eowe  of  it  expressed  opc-nty  and  some  not,  nn^al 
comtniiKion  was  appointed  some  niootlis  ninco  by 
the  Dritish  Kovernmcnt  lo  take  into  conEi<leratton 
the  depression  of  trade  and  indnstry  In  Oreat 
BriUin,  and  to  ntport  by  what  means,  if  any,  th<' 
4epKmitm  could  be  reuieilied.  The  final  ri?|iort  ot 
tbe  omniniiBion  has  reoenity  Iwm  publisbod.  and 
llbrbtlMiwith  points  of  Imlh  tlieorelk-ul  and  pnc- 
tkml  interest.  The  rtport  is  by  uo  luiunH  tinani- 
mODa.  A  majority  ri'i>ort  i:^  aii;ni^l  by  the  lute 
Barlof  Iddeiileigb,  th«al>ie  prwident  of  tbe  com- 
mlasioD,  and  uKlib'en  of  liia  fellows.  Eknn  of 
Ui««e,  howcvn-,  sign  under  certain  restricHoDs  and 
rMer^atlons,  which  they  append  ov«r  their  re- 
spective signatnres.  The  minority  report,  which 
represents  the  viewi.  of  the  so-called  fairirade 
party,  is  signed   by  Lord    Duuraven  and  tht«c 


othw«.    A  tliird  report  is  submitted  by  Jlr.  Arthur 
O'LVinnor,  and  xiKned  only  by  himself. 

The  majority  report  lirRtnx  by  luentiontng  tlw 
general  points  of  aicreenient  aiming  all  the  wil- 
neuwe  ezaniineO.  Thne  aro  aaid  to  be.  I",  thai 
tlie  trailu  and  iodtihiry  o*  Uw  Poantr>'  "i*  in  a 
condition  which  muy  fairly  be  d«*cribwl  aa  de- 
prtwed  ;  2°,  that  this  dcpreaaioo  takes  the  form  of 
a  diminution,  and  In  mma  caaea  an  absence,  of 
proHl.  wltli  a  corresponding  diminution  of  em- 
ploymenl  for  the  laboring  clnsw :  S^,  thai  neilhcr 
the  Ttdunu)  of  trade,  nor  tlie  amount  of  capital 
invested  thrrcin,  hna  DWtM-ially  fallen  oR.  tliougb 
tbe  latter  hiu  in  many  caaea  depreciated  in  vitliut : 
and.  4".  tlint  this  depmrion  dates  from  about  the 
year  1873,  and  thai,  with  the  exception  of  a  short 
period  of  proB])rTity  enjoyed  by  certain  btanchea 
of  trade  in  the  y.«r»  1880  to  is«a.  It  bn«  proceeded 
with  tolerahio  iinifnrnnity.  and  has  affected  tbe 
trade  and  Indiistn' of  tbe  countjy  genersJIj.  hot 
more  «ii>ecially  thoi«  btanclw>  wbkh  arc  con- 
nvct«d  with  agrirullure. 

Tilt*  unanimity  did  not  extend.  liowoTer,  to  the 
causes  whirli  lirougbt  the  depreaaion  about.  But 
tJiose  causw  to  which  any  great  im|K>rtanoe  waa 
attached  were,  1*,  ov«a^production ;  3",  a  contin- 
uous fall  of  prices,  caused  by  an  appnvciatlon  of 
the  Htnndsrd  of  calut) :  »*,  tbe  effect  of  foreign 
tarilfs  and  bounlim,  and  the  reotrictlvo  commet- 
cinl  ]>ollcy  of  foreiKn  tviinlries  In  limiting  Bitgli^ 
Riarhets ;  4*,  foreign  competition  :  5'.  un  iucn«KC 
In  local  laxatjoii ;  0'^.  cheaper  rales  of  trunsporta- 
tioo  enjoycfl  by  fureigii  competitors ;  T",  Icgiala- 
tion  alTe<^ling  tlie  eiiiploymeul  of  labor  in  indnn- 
trial  undertakingH  ;  ff,  superior  t<<chnical  oduca- 
tion  of  formgn  workmen. 

It  Is  pointed  out  Uiat  it  1*  from  tbu  employen 
of  labor  and  producers  that  mont  complaints  ot 
trade-dp])rewion  have  come;  but  the  rcfiort  adda, 
that  its  vigncni  are  ■atihti«d  that  in  rocent  years, 
and  particularly  in  tlie  ycum  during  which  the  dc- 
preniiion  Ima  prevailed,  the  production  of  com- 
modities generally,  and  the  accumulation  of  capi- 
tal In  the  country,  have  been  prooeedlng  at  a  rate 
luore  npld  tlian  the  increase  of  population  :  and 
iu  Mippon  of  Uiifl  tlie  Rtatixtioi  as  to  pauperism, 
education,  crime,  and  savinga  banka.  are  dted. 
Tlie  stntislics  of  fcreigB  tmdv  show  an  upporenl 
fiUlmg-off  in  wme  respects ;  but  this  Is  allributed 
nluKKt  entirely  to  tbe  coutluuoua  fall  in  prtcM, 
eepeciallytboaeof  row  materials, since  1H73.  After 
making  allowance  for  this  fall  In  prices  and  for 
tlie  fall  in  the  price  of  raw  materials,  it  Is  held 
tiiat  the  actual  products  of  British  labor  and  capi- 
tal have  largely  increased.  It  is  pointed  out,  for 
exnmpic,  lliat,  If  valued  at  the  prices  current  in 
1673,  the  aggregate  of  tli«  foreign  trade  of  Oreat 


198 


SCIENCE. 


ivoL.  IX..  No.  aia 


Britnin  for  1888  would  hareunountn]  to  fWI.OOO,- 
000  pntiiKl^  (>t«rliiig,  iaaU-ivl  ot,  lui  it  iip]i<:«ini  now, 
W7.(XIO,VOO  pounda  »i«rlinx. 

Tfab  coDdiuJen,  however,  is  onrnie  in  the  eaae 
of  Burtvultura,  whn«  it  Is  founil  i)iat  t>ie  <iiuui- 
tity  of  ivodoo*  niwd  in  Gieat  BriUiii  diirinic  tli« 
last  fvw  j'l-ntv  Ims  malcrially  dccrMuwd,  aoii  Umi 
atKody  fnll  in  tiric«8  baa  been  fe)t  nvcm  mum 
•evi^n-lj-  Ihaii  Ihp  diniiniahi-a  jJH.)  of  Ihc  noil; 
mnd  it  is  tlw  dpclion  o{  Hw-  <:nnini  unity  intcrnlpil 
in  agrlcullure  nbk-b  the  commisiJon  finds  pnr- 
ttcularly  ufft-cttnl  by  (h*-  depnwlan.  The  com- 
pbintB  lui  t(>  lUNKOice  of  pn>fll,  thoitgii  ;^jienl,  are 
not  luiirumi.  The  eridence  shuwn,  bowert^r, 
tliftt  whili;  husliims  la  not  absolutely  \vm  in  ifuiin- 
tity.  it  is  carried  ou  witli  (he  KRiulliMit  pwwbl« 
mnr^D  of  piuHt.  and  in  wiiup  rimes  iritii  no  profit 
«t  nil.  Nev»Ttb(.-lFiiii  it  is  pointed  out  that  th« 
Unws  Miiouiit  i>f  jwopprty  and  profits  awewed  to 
the  incouKT^s  io  tho  ycttis  188S  and  18M  1»  much 
larger  than  Umt  of  any  prevloiu  year.  Too  mufh 
stTnu  cnnnot  1>e  laid  upon  iheac  ttgurM,  bMauiw 
tlie  incnn^  of  the  iuromc-Ux  aaMMmicDt  ia  in 
KrMildei(reealUribuUit>lc'Iutlirinrn'nsr'ilrl)i('i4fii(;y 
of  collection,  it  In  fimhcr  stated  tliat  in  sonte 
oatM  the  taxis  paid  on  protiis  not  earned,  l>ecauM> 
of  Ui«  uuwtUinKncw  of  traders  to  inaktt  knowu 
Uie  fact  that  they  havi-  ^tistttiiied  la<ata> 

But  tbo  absence  ur  diuiiniittim  of  proHts  Is  not 
th9  only  marked  fcaturv  of  Uie  preTalllnK  de|wpB- 
alOD,  tbouKb  it  i>  the  mont  unlfenial  one.  The 
supply  of  commodities  is  found  to  be  iu  cn-vn*  of 
the  deoutnd,  and  the  natural  tmdrnoy  to  tsjui- 
librtam  between  them  mi-ms  to  bnv^i  been  ob- 
attuoted  for  an  unuaunlly  Iohk  period.  And  Ibis 
MMCaa  of  supply  is  maintained  in  (he  face  of  tin- 
remunerative  prices.  The  chief  features  of  tbe 
coinmncinl  situation  are  thus  siimiuMl  up  :  I",  a 
very  icrious  fsllln^-oK  in  ttie  exchangeable  value 
of  the  produce  of  the  soil ;  %*,  an  incrcaned  pro- 
duction of  nearly  all  other  dMaw  ot  commodi- 
ties ;  8".  a  tendency  in  the  supply  of  CDmmodili<« 
to  outrun  tho  demand;  4°,  n  consequent  dtminntlon 
Id  the  prollt  obtainable  hy  production  ;  and.  5^.  a 
•imilnr  diminution  In  tbe  rale  of  interest  on  iu- 
TfMed  capital.  The  diminution  In  Die  rate  of 
ptont  obtainable  from  production,  wbi-tiier  agri- 
cnltural  or  laanufacturiug.  hua  k''**^'!  nnc?  to  tbe 
wMa-eprend  feiJing  of  di>pr'tM>ion  aniiing  all  the 
produring  olasaoa.  Tboav,  on  tbo  other  hand, 
wbo  uw  In  ncdpt  of  Oxad  niariea,  or  who  diaw 
their  iocouies  from  flxed  Inreatmeots,  have  little 
to  oomplaln  uf.  The  same  thing  is  true  with  r«- 
fcanl  to  the  laboring  claM,  so  far  as  the  pun'tmHiiig 
power  of  wa£m  ia  oonwrnutl.  Some  itistrewi  b 
cr(iat4>d  nnumg  the  laboring  claaw*  by  tho  di»- 
plaoement  of  labor,  which  is  always  in  progrees 


Qwbig  to  tba  Inoreaaed  nn  of  machinery  and 
other  changes  ot  productloD ;  and  laxt  winter 
this  distress  was  aggravated  by  the  severity  of 
tlie  weather. 

Tbi-  rt-ptirt  tlien  lakn  up  the  cause*  which  tlit 
signcm  bt-lii-vc  have  assisted  to  produce  the  de- 
prcesion.  It  goes  on,  ■■  we  bare  aliowu  that  tbt 
production  of  Ihe  more  impo«-tant  chuaieB  of  coiD- 
moditiea  has.  on  the  whole.  cx>ntinticd  to  increase  : 
and  there  uin  be  no  doubt  lliAt  the  cont  of  prodao- 
tjon  tends  to  diminish.  It  is  diincult.  thrrrfore, 
to  uadcmlaiid  how  the  net  product  of  industry, 
which  ooiistituUii  the  wwltli  ut  the  country,  can 
have  fnilod  to  incti-nnc  ftli«v  Thnre  is,  moreover, 
suHlcient  evidence  that  capital  htut.  on  the  whole, 
continued  to  aocunmlatv  throughout  the  period 
whicli  is  dwcrlbed  as  depressed,  Uiough  tliere  baa 
been  a  nensibli.-  depreciation  In  the  value  of  taiaM 
kinds  of  cnpital.  How.  then,  are  we  to  account 
for  the  guncml  M-iiiMt  ot  dcjicesBlon  which  un- 
doubtedly osistA.  and  is  iKK-oming  pvrbaiM  more 
intense  every  year!  " 

The  view  which  the  signers  of  the  majority  i«- 
piirt  adopt  ia  that  tbe  aggregate  weadUi  of  ihu 
country  \»  iKtitig  dUtribulcd  diffeirently,  and  that 
a  large  part  of  tho  pTevailing  complaints  and  the 
general  sense  o'  depression  tnay  bo  nccounied  for 
by  the  changes  wliich  have  taken  place  in  recent 
year*  in  the  apportionment  and  distribution  of 
pmSt«.  Tbe  reward  of  capital  and  uiaiiagemeot 
has  become  lens,  and  tlie  employment  &f  labor  iB, 
tor  Ibe  time  at  l(a«l,  not  so  full  and  cootlnuous ; 
so  that  even  where  Ihe  rate  of  wagga  haa  not  been 
diminiHbcd,  tilt'  lotal  amount  earned  by  tha  laborer 
has  been  less,  owing  to  in*'gidar  or  partial  employ- 
ment. Setting  aside  thi-  cluHBi-a  immediately  de- 
pendent upon  Bgricultnre  for  their  lucomM.  and 
considering  those  only  engagivl  directly  in  cum- 
uercisl  enterprlseci,  it  Is  found  that  tin-  total 
amount  of  jtroUls  on  which  the  income  tax  haa 
boen  paid  has  increased,  as  has  also  the  nnmlxr 
of  prisons  aascwed.  In  the  decaile  fium  IKS  to 
lHtir>  the  number  of  incomes  aiaiettsed  under  sched* 
ule  D  of  the  income-tax  list,  amounting  t4)  £300 
or  more,  increased  from  IM.3.14  to  SlS.ac;.  a  gatai 
oi  nearly  thirty  per  cent.  But  tlie  increase  wu 
much  more  mpld  at  Uie  lower  end  of  the  scale 
than  at  the  upper  :  for  it  seems  that  the  number 
of  persons  with  inconiiwof  lesB  than  £3,000  a  y««r 
has  Incieased  at  a  more  mpid  rate  than  the  pOpQ- 
lotion,  —  which  during  tbe  period  in  quation  boa 
increased  about  ten  per  cent.  —  while  th«  numljer 
of  peioon  with  incomes  above  £J,000  has  increased 
at  a  leM  rapid  rate,  and  tbe  number  of  persons 
with  incotnea  nlmvo  £3,000  has  actually  dimin- 
ished. Tbe  nile  is,  the  tower  the  Income  the 
mote  rapid  tha  rale  of  Increase,    The  conclusion 


i 


i 


A 


Fbx&vuit  S5,  1887,] 


SCIEffCE. 


199 


from  Uiia  la,  that,  nliHhur  proRtN  nre  incruaicinK  or 
Dot,  tbtsc  u  direct  cvi<l«nc«  Ihnt  proflbi  arc  Iw- 
coming  nic>n.-  wiilrl]:  <IUlribtit«<1  ninoiiR  UiccIimm* 
•Dgaged  in  trado  and  in<l»«U?,  and  that,  wlijln 
tho  InrKrr  cwpitalisU  may  l«  r^celvlnj;  a  lower  re- 
turn llian  that  to  wbioli  ihtj  bave  been  a(?cu»- 
tomed,  Uie  oiunber  of  tfaote  wbo  are  dwUng  a 
piofit,  though  poesibl^  >  aoull  one,  hai  latgdy 
Increawd. 

T)ie  jiign(-n  rt«of;ni»>  the  fact  that  nvvr-prodnc- 
linn  nuiy  cj.'uA.  for  a  lime  and  in  (vrtafn  hrancti^ 
(A  indDitry.  and  that  It  t«Dds  to  correct  {|»elf. 
But  they  are  more  or  leas  at  a  low  to  account  for 
an  oT«r-pToductlcn  at  oucp  «o  geiM-ml  and  »o  Iohr- 
oODtinned  an  theoneunili-rt'oniiidpmlJonhaii  tv*^. 
Thejr  arw  dlapoocd,  however,  to  explain  thin  aa  the 
effect  of  tiie  ptotectfonist  policy  of  »o  many 
foreinn  pountiiee,  whJoh  has  bei-'urue  oiutv  marked 
diirluK  the  past  decade  than  crer  Wfiwr.  "  Thi" 
high  pricnt  which  proU-elicn  i><i?urp!t  lo  llw  pm- 
Ancvr  williin  Ihi-  pr»t»-tci]  nrra  nntnTidlJ-  Htimti- 
bitp  prodtirlinn,  and  impel  hjm  to  enga^ce  In  com- 
petition in  foreicn  marfceta.  The  eurplu»  produc- 
tion whirh  CAiuiot  Qnd  a  market  at  home  is  »ent 
abroad,  and  in  forel^  inarkoU  iindert^lla  the 
commoditiM  produced  under  lew  artificial  ocii- 
liitions." 

A  »lmr<.'  of  the  liliimo,  if  titamc  it  can  be  called, 
for  the  depreeaion,  is  laid  upon  the  working  of 
the  limited  llnhillty  sjatera.  Under  this  the  capi- 
tal inveKted  lu  email  auina  b,v  a  large  imuibi'T  of 
individiuil  shuivhuldiT!!  U.  an  a^ile,  contunlrd 
with  II  lower  zn\ie  at  tntcmit  than  Ihe  ordinary 
prodn(M;r  will  rrt|uin>  iipim  th>^  c«i>ital  which  lie 
employs  nt  hi«  Hole  and  unlimited  risk.  The  (eu- 
dencj  of  limjl«d  liablUtj  compentea  ia  alao  to 
nndeitake  ent^rpriaee  with  rcgaixi  rather  to  Uir 
ereatlon  and  speedy  sale  of  \,\iv  shuni  at  ■  pre- 
mium than  to  their  twrrinnnrot  pro»pfTity.  Tlie 
limitation  of  thc^  tiiibility  furl  her  wrvis  (o  encour- 
age a  less  otiitiiiiiii  or  more  tpec-iilntiie  RyKterii  of 
trading  than  can  safely  be  piii«tied  by  a  trader  who 
1b  himself  liable  for  tbe  full  extent  of  his  opera- 
tiona.  The  report  offers  no  opiniuu  aa  to  the  bene- 
fit derived  by  the  community  at  large  from  (ho 
timtt«d  liability  eompanim,  but  Htmply  points  out 
Ihe  imporUnt  infliwnoi-  which  tbeyhnvccxerclaed 
both  upon  the  exlnnt  of  iiroduction  and  tlie  rate 
of  proUt  nlilninnble  on  Ihe  capital  eoiployeil  in  it. 
The  fact  that  atoohs  held  by  middle-men  httve  Ir.- 
oome  available  for  consumption  witlioul  nrplac*- 
meat,  because  uf  the  more  rapid  and  dirL-oi  nmi- 
municalion  between  the  producer  and  the  con- 
Hunier,  baa  tended  to  deiirexa  prii-iii  and  profit"  : 
tutil  there  ia  alH  to  hi-  taken  into  conniderndon 
thn  fad  that  llie  p^Hibtlitieii  of  new  demands 
throughout  tbo  world  are  becoming  annually  more 


limited  :  ft  la  cooseiiiwntly  predicted  that  In  future 
more  atabjlity  in  Ihe  ratio  of  supply  to  demand 
may  be  expe«<e>l,  with  a  nior«  regular  though  n»> 
dwced  rate  of  proRt. 

The  report  next  eoni^ideni  nt  much  length  tbe 
fall  of  prices.  The  reaaoiia  for  thia  may  be 
briefly  eniim<Taled  as  an  appfeciation  of  the 
«taudnrd  of  value,  n  dtvreawd  demand  both  In 
domrwllc  and  fnrriKn  markets.  —  ibe  latter  atlrib- 
uteH  In  large  degr»v  to  Ibe  operation  of  prot««tire 
lariffH.  —and  the  fact  that  the  reputation  of  Bril- 
inh  workmanabip  du««  not  nUnd  as  high  aa  itoaco 
did.  The  fraudulent  alamping  of  foreign  gooda 
of  interior  ([luOity  with  Britiah  marks  baa  had 
fiomelhing  to  do  in  hrin^iing  hIkiuI  thia  malt :  and 
DMuy  wltneawH  befoiv  Ibe  c>>mmi<wion  lielleved 
that  legislative  restriction*  on  labor,  and  Ihe  action 
of  the  working-claases  themaelTea  In  increaainc 
Ihe  ci«l  of  production  by  slrihea,  and  M  forth, 
harr  bnd  an  irii|KJrtaiit  elTect.  Tlw  majority  ra- 
port,  howrver.  disieiiLs  from  the  riewr  of  (heaa 
witniWHw. 

When  il  cornea  In  the  quealion  of  remedies  for 
Ihe  depremlon,  the  re|iart  bfcomea  more  vagae 
and  indefinite.  The  c«nt  of  production  must  be 
cbeapened  so  far  as  la  consistent  with  tbt-  muin- 
t«ianc«  of  sound  quality  and  good  workmanship. 
The  increasing  aererlty  of  foreign  competition 
must  Iw  met.  New  mnrketa  mnat  be  eouglit  for. 
Technical  and  commercial  Khools  must  be  dei-et* 
oped  and  Improved  until  they  are  equal  to  tlioae 
on  Ihe  continent  of  buro^ie.  LegUlation  ianerded 
to  make  man  eiTeirtiVB  the  proviaioua  of  the  r<xiat> 
ing  lawa  oa  to  Ihe  counterfuit  or  fraudulent  mark- 
Ing  of  gotidii.  The  Uw  oitolimitrij  liabititycofn- 
poiilc"  U  >iiincn|>tible  of  tmprnvement,  tboii^fh  Ibe 
report  fall*  lo  point  out  Imw,  The  report  ihein 
concludes,  "We  think  that  while,  on  IbL-  une 
hand,  the  iorormallon  which  ive  have  lieen  Ahln 
l(>  oltecl  will  tend  lo  dl?|iel  much  of  tbe  ajtpre- 
hmsiun  which  api»jira  to  pivvailun  Ilic  subject  of 
our  <'omawrt'ial  pmitlon.  and  loencouragen  more 
hopeful  view  of  the  aituatlon.  it  will  also  show, 
that,  if  our  pMilion  ia  to  bn  maintained,  it  must 
be  by  the  eserci»e  of  the  name  energy,  perse- 
verance, self-restraint,  and  readiness  uf  resource, 
by  which  it  was  originally  created." 

The  miitority  re|>orl  is  of  inleret^t,  becnuKi  it 
i5nit>odim  tbe  views  of  Lord  Dunravcn  and  hla 
fi>l  low-ad  vocuti-a  of  fair  trade.  In  it«  analyids  of 
the  deprvwion.  it  is  in  almnst  cntira  agreement 
with  the  majority  m|iort ;  ile  individuality  coa- 
slstfl  in  its  recommendations.  It  mentions  and 
approve*  the  remedies  outlined  by  tlie  majority  of 
the  commission,  hut  tlnds  that  they  leave  tin* 
touched  Ihe  (.rrealest  and  moat  permanent  cauaoa 
of  the  depreesion,  which  are  the  action  of  forcjgn 


200 


SVIE^rCE. 


yVou.  IX..  Ho.  319 


bountiiw  «nd  tariSii.  Vid  l\w  srawinf;  offoct  ot 
AhitCtXy  or  indinTtly  (tufasitliEe<I  foreign  <iimprti- 
tion.  ThPM  luv  not  nstumt,  but  nrtillrintif  cre- 
ated dllHcuUlra.  Tlwy  wilt  inrivnse  nXhvt  than 
diroiniHli.  To  connteract  itiem  it  Is  nol  recom- 
mrndvd  tlmt  u  like  s]r«lein  of  Import  duties  be  e«- 
lahlwlii'd,  butthe  miDOrit.v  IWit^telhat  ■'aHliKhlly 
profptrntiKl  IrMCini^nt  of  Ihu  food -products  of  In- 
dia and  the  coIodum  ovirr  thinu!  i>f  rnroign  nul.inns 
would.  If  ndoptvd  im  a  p<>rmnn<>nt  htsI^iii.  ^ra'V 
ually  but  cerlBinly  dfrtf-t  tli*  How  of  fuoil-Ktow- 
iDK  cii|>iUii  and  lubor  tuoTv  lownrds  our  owu  de~ 
peBdenoicn  iiDd  lens  lowarcU  tbi'  Unitrd  t(tnte»  tbtin 
bnvtoforp.  Wlirn  it  it  in  nntrd  thnl  in  the  ,vear 
18M  Itie  AuAUnliiui  ooloniot.  willi  01117  8,100,000 
[nhiibitanU,  purchnwd  £S».KIi3,?r>B  worth  of  our 
mnniifni'tureii.  while  tbeUiiitiHl  Slntee.  nilh  utwul 
S:r,0OO,OOO  iiihubitanlH.  purvhuscd  oidy  CS^.I^.&ltl 
worth,  it  will  Im.'  iipjitin-iit  bow  ejvM  wniild  bo  the 
effect  of  &  |k>1)c:t  <*  hit-h  ■lioiild  lead  lo  thr  more 
mpad  peoplinK  of  the  Aiislmlinn  onlonieii  in  Klving 
tiUler eniploymenl  tooiir  workinK-claseesflt  lioiiiv, 
and  ihiM  inCTeaslaK  tlie  lienltliful  actlrit;  of  lb<! 
ho(n«  trade,  aa  well  asthe  import  of  raw  mata-inl* 
tor  our  TarioDB  iwluatries  to  ai>enite  ti|Kin." 

It  i»  tbought  that  "Bivdlic  diilim.  equal  to 
about  ten  per  <wnt  un  a  low  mngD  of  THium.  iin- 
powd  upon  tlio  import  from  fureij^n  countrie*  of 
tboav  Brtiele«  of  food  which  India  and  the  i-uU>- 
vipn  azv  well  able  (o  produce,  would  HUtHcit-nllf 
tffect  tliis  purpose.  Thejr  adoption  would,  of 
oouno.  iiiTolvc  tbe  abolition  of  the  henty  diiti<« 
on  tea,  ootToo.  cocoa,  and  dried  fruitu,  which  are 
now  l«*jf>d  on  Indian  and  cnlutiinl.  equally  with 
forelKn.  produce-  It  would  widen  the  ba^igof  our 
reveane,  and  render  u*  lew  dependent  upon  thu 
Bustained  produelivenem  of  the  incotue-tax  and  ihn 
duties  upon  intozk-atiiig  liijuoni;  and,  what  is 
«v«n  more  imporlunt,  it  ceuld  not  fail  10  draw 
clofer  nil  pnrtionn  of  tho  ■■mpUi'  in  the  Kind  of 
mutual  inlerrilA,  ond  l.liun  pure  the  way  lowanta 
n  more  effective  union  for  common  objects.  For 
thi-n-  would  be  no  exctuMon  of  foreij|;n  fuud-pro- 
ductn  :  tbey  would  come  in  on  payment  oF  the 
duly  nnmi-d  :  and  w<>  are  convinced,  tlinl.  If  any 
effect  woro  produced  upon  thn price ■  of  theartlcl«« 
in  question,  it  would  be  verygliKht  indeed,  and 
limited  in  duration  to  the  time  required,  ujider 
Ilie  stiniiiliM  of  preferential  treatment,  to  increase 
the  production  of  them  in  India  and  the  colonies." 
Braidee  this,  a  duty  of  Zs.  -Id.  per  bund  re<l  weigh  I 
on  sugar  is  advocatnl  lo  olTsi't  the  BUgnr  liounties. 
"Ita  eifr-ft  would  hp  to  rcrtorclo  (he  producers  of 
sugar  Inonr  coloDioa  and  in  India,  and  (o  tbe  le- 
flner*  in  this  oouotry.  (be  just  right  uf  comppti- 
tion  on  practically  equal  terms,  and  to  transfer  lo 
our  own  oxvliequer  tbe  export  bountim  given  b; 


furi-iin)  naltonii.  Tbe  i>ufiition  of  the  British  cou- 
Humcr  windd  bi-  the  same  as  if  wi-  buil  by  negoti- 
ation obtained  an  equivalent  reduction  of  the 
bounties,  while  In  his  quality  of  lax^peyer  he 
would  \»  a  Kalner  by  the  diversion  of  foreign 
money  into  out  eiohiicquer  so  long  as  tlic^  bounty- 
receiving  iniportiitiunN  coDtiDU<!d." 

Thn-(!  luv  Ibc  niiiin  feature*  of  thci  reports 
which  hoTo  hern  looked  for  with  considciahle  in- 
tercut by  the  commercial  clashes  and  economists 
both  in  this  country  and  In  England.  How  far 
future  leiclslalion  will  emitody  their  recoouuen- 
dalions,  and  how  sueceasful  they  will  In  if  enacted 
into  lawa.  remains  to  bu  M-im. 


Aa  B  subntitutv  for  Kunpowder.  <lynamjle.  or 
other  explosive  requiring  Ignition.  Dr.  Kosmun 
propowe.  for  use  in  mines  ctmtjiining  inflammable 
Kn«ee,  cwtridgea  filled  with  dilute  nulphuric  scld 
and  sine-dust  (the  mixture  of  flnily  dicided  sine 
and  zinc  oxide  that  ooltectti  in  the  condensera  of 
Iht-Klncretorta).  ThecnrtridKe-csselsaglaasvylin- 
der  divided  into  two  cbam  ben,  one  beingfour  tirni* 
tlie  capacity  of  the  other.  The  larger  chnmbtr 
contain!)  the  odd,  tbe  iine-powd«T  being  placed  io 
the  other  when  the  civrtridge  in  nlioiit  to  bo  used. 
The  cartridge  is  inwrt«d  in  tlic  Nliol'hole  in  the 
usual  niaiiner,a-shuoling-neeHle'heintitlr8t  passed 
tlirough  Ihf  i!inc-|>oivder  to  a  plug  in  llic  partition 
separating  the  two  chnmbem.  The  shot-hole  Is 
them  tamped  in  tbe  oiditiary  way,  the  end  of  tta« 
nucdle  projeclMg  «t  the  aurfnc.s  A  tap  on  tbe 
needle  displaces  the  plug  and  lin-aks  the  glass  pat^ 
tition,  when  a  rapid  evolution  of  hydrogen  takea 
jilacc  with  sullk'ienl  cxpanaivo  power  io  do  the 
work  of  the  vxplusivo  cartridge,  hut  wilbout  its 
danger, 

—  Gen«m1  I*froy.  formerly  director  of  the 
Toronto  ohservatory,  who  is  considered  to  be  the 
bent  authority  on  tenmtrial  niogneliBin  in  Canada 
and  the  British  ponewious,  i>ajs  the  following 
cotupliinent  lo  the  work  done  by  the  United  Slates 
In  tbtBdirttclion  i  "The  United  Stan*  appear  to 
be  in  advance  of  must  Eiimpenn  counlrire  in  our* 
rent  knowledge  uf  tbe  facts  of  Ilie  earth's  mag- 
netism, but  the  magnetic  survey  of  ihi-  British 
Islands  Is  again  in  progress,  and  we  ^hnll  soon  be 
up  to  dale  again."  In  this  (onnwriitm  it  may  be 
well  lo  statu  that  Prance  has  jiuit  uiadca  ma^etlc 
survey  of  it*  urea,  and  in  England  the  third  one 
is  now  being  made  ;  oentml  Europe  had  but  one 
magnetic  Hurvey ;  the  Russians  ore  alive  to  tiiia 
ini;H>itant  work  :  and  Japan  has  just  completed  k 
tine  survey,  900  stntloDs  occupied,  with  the  curious 
reouli  of  a  connection  of  the  magnetic  curves 
with  the  lines  of  foldlug  of  Uie  geological  strata. 


i 


FRIDAY.  MARCH  4.  188T. 


I 


COMMENT  ASD  CRITICISM. 
Pbof.  C,  S.  Saroent,  dintlor  of  Ibe  Arnold 
arboretum  of  Uarvunl  outlef^,  taken  oci'UBion  to 
nvecM  seme  of  hin  eailii^r  adviiM-,  in  an  article 
prints  in  a  i«««Dt  report  of  tlie  Maenai'huseitii 
•tate  boani  of  aKrlciilture  on  the  Hiibject  of  cnie- 
plABtlag.  He  had  be«n,  like  moel  American  writers 
OB  fonetiT,  atroDKl;  imprvMed  witb  the  value  of 
forelpi  trees  for  general  cultlvatton  In  New  ^g- 
land  :  but  a»  imported  trees  grow  older  thej  do 
not  fulfil  the  protoiw  of  th«lr  Mflltr  years,  and  h« 
hae  therefore  become  coovinoed  that  native*  are 
better  suil«d  to  our  climatv  aud  soil  than  any 
exotii-8  can  be.  The  willow  alone,  oi  all  foreign 
Introduced  trees,  has  qualities  not  pUHScmMl  iu  a 
greater  degree  \>j  some  nati're.  Tbe  European 
oak  U  perhaps  the  most  onsatiaraeturj-  iltsriduouii 
tree  that  has  been  expert  luenled  upon  :  it  grown 
rapidlj  when  ^oudk.  bat  fails,  when  about  tweni}' 
years  old,  from  the  oaoklng  of  the  main  stum, 
and  then,  after  drHg|E;inj,'  out  a  wrvroliwl  uxiau-nce 
a  few  years  longer,  niiBerabl}-  pcrrinbtv.  The  StKitcb 
pine  Is  a  failure  in  New  England  aaanoraaintaita] 
or  a  timber  tree  :  It  perishes  long  befot«  tMchiog 
nuituritj,  and  the  discovery  of  itn  woTthlessDese 
bos  cost  American  planlerfl  fomelhlng  In  money 
•nd  a  grent  deni  in  (liBappolntcd  ho|iee.  The  Aue- 
trinn  and  the  CorsicJiu  pine  seem  Vn  Vie  no  better. 
The  Norway  spruce  hns  been  tor  many  years  the 
most  widi-ly  cultiruteil  toniKo  tree  in  HsMa- 
ebiuetlH  :  it  in  uhcup,  nisily  transplanted,  and 
growv  raindty  and  gracefully  when  youug ;  but 
tbo  general  intmduciion  of  this  trc«  into  our  plau- 
tatiuiu  muni.  ni'vcTtliclnw,  be  rt^rded  aa  a  public 
miofoitune.  It  mult  be  ocknowliidgr^  to  be  a 
oompleie  failum  in  coatcm  America :  it  will  never 
produce  timber  hen,  and  it  ia  fl«crepit  and  un- 
■igbtiy  Ju«tat  that  period  of  life  wfavntraos  shonld 
beoome  really  haudBuiiie  in  full  danlopment. 


where  lbi>  farmnra  have  leamod  how  to  plant  and 
raise  forests  sorceisfiilly  and  profilJibly.  •'  It  lias 
been  denionntrnled  In  EtamsUtblf  county  that  « 
crop  of  piti:h-pinc  f«n  bf  mined  from  seed  with  as 
much  certainty  an  a  crop  of  eoro.  aud  with  niuch 
l<HiH  expenw-:  and  that  tfae  loune  and  shlfUng 
MndH  of  Capu  Cod.  useless  for  every  otbeir  pur- 
piiw,  can,  witli  lh«  aid  of  this  tree,  be  made  to 
bear  raluablo  cropn  of  wood."  There  are  also 
ptuntutiooH  of  while-piii«,  dug  un  iNfedliiigB  In  the 
woods,  made  forty  or  fifty  jt»n  ago  in  the  bar- 
ren, Nandy,  eshausi«d  soil  of  If  iddleborougit  and 
BridgewNter.  Tlie  young  trees  were  set  out  in 
■hallow  furrows  at  odd  tlmee  with  little  ext<enw, 
and  required  oo  aulwequeut  care.  Hen  are  now 
living  iu  lhe«ie  towns  wlio  have  cut  aud  sold  white- 
pine  aaw-Iogs  at  llie  rate  of  $150  an  acre,  from 
seedlings  set  by  (bentselves,  Theee  are  no  doubt 
tlie  most  successful  and  profitable  attempt*  at 
sylviculture  ever  made  in  tlie  United  8iatf«  :  and, 
although  the  beat  methods  of  planting  are  not  ye>t 
so  fully  nndentood  a*  in  th«  cast  of  the  pitch-pine, 
the  experiments  show  that  the  wtilu-plne,  the 
miBt  valuable  trees  In  New  EnglaiMl.  can  be  culti- 
vated with  success  and  profit. 


These  ^Cs  cnimot  be  genetnliy  apprcdatnl,  for 
rror«Mor  Sargent  estimates  that  Ave  fon^ign  tre«« 
are  now  plan(«d  to  one  native.  But  roiuc  progmu 
In  iMtive  sylTlcuIturr  ha:>  been  made  in  ilu!  aouth- 
eastent  counties  of  Barnstable  and  Plymouth, 
Na  a.a—UK!. 


The  supply  of  rsilroadtios  is  a  matter  of  grow- 
ing importance  tor  the  New  F.ngland  Inrmer,  nod 
certain  ovpoiimcnlii  niadit  at  tlic  *ug|!r«tion  of 
Profowinr  SarKi'nt  by  lln^  Bnntnii  and  Providence 
railroad  iiavn  an  impirtant  liciuing  on  it.  Fifty- 
two  ties  wpfr  laid  in  December.  IST8,  on  a  Inx-'k  in 
Boston  wltere  tJie  tniAlc  is  very  heavy,  having  an 
avrmgc  of  sixty-five  tjuiuii  dally.  Ten  kinds  of 
wood  were  tried,  lire  in  the  natural  stale  and  Hre 
oreu«oti<d.  None  of  tlie  lirt  t«tt*d,  exoepl  one  of 
tbcailantua:  tlieotbeis  tliat  had  to  be  removed 
had  been  injured  by  the  baiuuiermg  of  the  trains. 
Spruoe,  bemluok,  larch,  and  southern  pine  have  all 
MulTered  badly  in  this  way.  White-oak  lasted  well, 
Init  it  holds  the  spikes  so  llrmly  that  they  cannot 
bo  drawn  nhm  the  rails  have  to  be  shifted.  Cico- 
soted  elm  and  birch  did  well,  and  are  to  be  recom- 
meudeil,  Chestnut  was  unfortunately  not  In- 
cluded in  the  experiment, although  it  is  conMderrd 
one  of  the  bet^t  woods  for  ties.  Th*  behartor  of 
the  catalpa  was  one  of  the  mosl  inl«r«»ting  foi- 


303 


SCIENCE. 


(vou  nc. 


luni  of  Um  dm*  -  H  hM  Immh  MuMr  qMkm  of  tar 
IIm  m  Momiirtt  'if  lu  pracUnd  ladMintetlUUIr 
wltnn  |)lNn*l  III  lb«i  wfll,  ami  all  Uib  iIm  of  Ihk 
womI  linrn  itlml  nra  •till  •'lund,  Ptrvjit  JaiA  nndor 
Owi  tmllii,  "linn lliry  nr»  ifmili«l  nrarl)'  t/f  palp.M* 
W  |A  1w  (i(  iKi  wYTlrKi  wlMlf  or  Trir  rnwlH  <rf  baMTj 
InRU'. 

IM  A  Muiorr  nitmlwr  of  Mr^m  wo  nnt^t  wfin* 
liwlitui<M  In  wliluli  UriM  *n\\Aayfr*  IiimI  k'**'<) 
rilMifitliti'  li<miiKiiif  I"  llio  ai'tlipii  (r(  priillt-ahRrtnK 
Itl  itfiwHxtliiit  kiiihI  fi'olliiK  nliil  liMrfiiintl'Mln  rot*. 
Ikitia  IrtwiH-fi  i»iniiliiYi'r»  nnil  rliililny***,  Thi" 
nitwn*  k|i|«  li  iin'wiiliil  vrry  f'ln-ilily  nnil  i-lw»r1y 
Uy  Mr.  UlolMnl  Alitrlrli  In  tli"  V«nrt*tVtf  jnumal 
•/fMMHMd'*.  Mr.  AUlrli'li  |ii>ImU  «ul.  ihnt  any 
■fM*in,  aiuoh  ••  |inifll-NbnrinR  nr  Initmlrlnl  jnirl' 
nwihtp.  wlih'h  ("^HitlMHi  •»  MiDiiirnloiiN  rv^ulta, 
onM  tw  Riiliin'tnl  ((I  a  inial  I'lirrfiil  rKnitilfiHtlun 
IwAmv  n<(<v*(l»i;  tl(i>  aUitiii  i>r  ai'iiniviil,  Tlir  In- 
ituptll*  i>vtili'«('ii<  ko  fiir  iitiiiiliinl.  lit*  <>iml<>tid*.  U 
nol  aMncicnt.  t«^'«nw  iIik  ilnin  liiclmhol  In  ll  ani 
wf»w.  th*  »Iu<Ip  iiiiinlwi  i>r  Inrfaiu^M  miIImiIwI 
MM  Iwhtit  miw*  ihau  mmi  liunilml,  — «  vary 
wlaMi)  ^wiak  te  Ihit  whulK  «»Hil  of  IniatHMa. 
VMlMnaM*.  Ml*  n^--lultl  iii>|m«Hll>H>  or  (!»<■  ■y<>l<-ii> 
»f  |wv«-4MtH|c  hw  famt  «>  UwMmI  UmI  <  hi>  pwai*. 
ri\««i  ihvlr  'nrf  Miv«tt,v.  Imiv  oftvn  lwi>n  mr- 
I  li,T  ft  art  «f  •I'n'Ul  oliv^iitMlHWiWK,  itl><l  Iti 
Ui*  vth^  vif  lbna>  a  lant^  ntinilwT  i4 
t  awl  faa  avimw^  Intlurliiai  Winn,  tiir  the 
«M*Mltvt  H  IB  trntxtrnxy  tit  turn  to 
IftialMfHarfvMHMMWltaBa.  In  a|<rl)'^ 
,  li  tank.  nu>|i>wrtim  muat  toi-  ttpwnt 
M  k  r'"— "*  ""*  ICMikMt  tnttxalTua  nj-MMn, 
•mAwi  m  •nwfloMi  a«4  tmwilwwwal  Thra 
lli»  Mm  K*mtt»trtMm  k  ihM  |WMllt-«liaTtnc  h  wi- 

ftki,  t>  MM  ft  iIMmW  tW   MlUTkl  an.'wMHc  «( 


nv  lanr*  *i  tftlmt  (Kw 

to  r^li.  Mrf  U 


ithmMm  lulTrrrity  iJi>D«.  It.  of  ranirar,  mtf^ 
tlwlf  thai  a  n-MTvr  fiuMl  mlictit  U-  c^nlilUbnl 
Kood  }Mnt  lo  til-  itml  in  bad  otira,  bat  tfapn-  I 
praolh-jil  obj«cl»unH  to  ttiis.  In  lb«  flnrt  piM 
the  allniiilu*  to  the  •wployw  which  proflt-abl 
InK  la  mipiiuMHl  (»  furnki>h  hy  hniitini;  out  a  (Wl 
pact  uf  ImiiMitlnlfKaiii.  bUunloil  by  nny  elating 
tlia  itnim  prollta  «Uivr  tluw)  th«  nranaiarj  onM 
liilmwl  on  capilfll,  aw)  proBt  rai  thn  aiutM ;  aq 
aroondljr,  ttir  Mwct  amount  of  Ibc  rvnrrvc  f^ 
would  lie  itlflk-iilt  to  d«termliM<.  Another  md 
vny  forcllih-  ut'jcctiou  to  prnflt-abtuine  m.  thai. 
(iriliT  111  iini*»H-t  Ow  ifvuiktym.  a  full  pub1i<mli 
lit  IIk'  iircountH  i>I  (bv  btuuurw  •tmUiI  U-  tu«i 
MiTv.  T))l«  wouM  nmler  bmdMM  impoenli 
Hivn<ry  In  nivountu  »  a  moat  Importuit  eteiM 
In  the  Hvutiiy  Mini  ■tabilit }<  of  an j  hminuw,  bo 
rvnr  mdiihI.  Mi.  AklrkJi  d«*alo|w  kII  Ibaae  oc 
•l>lcrMl«n*H>nirwhiki.Ba^lbiBB«nt>«tu  llwn 
InlMivthiK  an*!  •■VSeatiTF  pnjnl.  htthvrUi  |ti 
i-mlly  o«  vrliiiArd.  that,  hefaow  of  tb*'  impovtam 
nt  Ihr  mtirfXTiMVP  in  llw  Bvodrrn  iaduMrial  «] 
lom,  thi-tvBuli  <J  IW  wttMy-xptvad  adoptiioii 
lUiliiMrinl  iianm-nJura  woM  b«  to  ■nfaovfiiH 
111"-  i»!i  "t  (ti*  laUff-r  In  Ihr  a*tma  of  the  eqat 
till  nho  •'Ui)>)>'.i(  bim.  Wbm  cxpitnl  fl»y*  sat 
nnlliiatf  |wti.  wbm-  tW  (^Mttaaaof  tbt?  *mt 
jsmiMir  arr  tvdmcrd  tu  a  wfateBM.  ttwrv  will  i 
iJnatrial  iwiinrrahtp  he  a|ftod  with  gnmUii  cbu 
(if  KUi-vyM.  hit  Mtn<n-*<  Mr>  Mr.  JLMndi.  tl 
I^^HI-aluuInc  >kiro  aU  thai  0  cjaiwrf  for  il  k^- 
•dn*rai<^.  anil  <• 
IVHimt  « til  Ibc 
i-1u>ii|t«tl  T  TW  MtirfMttw? 
t»>  uv  Ju*  W  i»» 
thr  a^niMa.     "TW 


fhi«n 

«nhni-«i'Kf 


r 


4.  It»7.| 


SCIEKCE. 


I  pncttseil  upou,  and  il  b  to  be  hoiu'd  tlutt 
w  inaj-  now  prevail.  Twvo'.y-Btivpti  of  imr 
]Kwl7  have  la««  tbnl  fUxw  tlie  prof<-iiti<ni 
tiMij  to  mnt  not  pra[>Frly  lituil  for  il,  m> 

MMQhUMUa   hW    beoODM,   RH    il   wtTD.  an 

for  Ibo  tiniltinMl.  and  Ls  aln-iidy  Ooixled 
x'tD,  thert-by  working  gruat  banlthip  on 
Gtttod  nnd  capaU«  membeni  of  thi!  \iiotv9- 
3ood  reawMM  afialiiBt  huo)i  tvt^ulatiun  aa  the 
tinseUa  legialaturr  b  now  c«u«l<ieHii£,  am 
[  to  Aweovex. 


nt  Oai]ibridic«,  wlwre  alao  the  obserratlon*  mad* 
nt  the  new  station  will  In  )(«neral  be  mltind  ud 
prnpart^  for  inihlicatloo. 


eBBmeUne  m  thb.  but  In  a  iMsadrancMl 
■  B  movi-  in  Prnniirlvania  to  allow  the  |>re- 
«  of  spcwtutThs  only  to  properly  Instructed 
I.  and  withhold  it  from  opticians,  wliow 
!0d  with  supplying  the  fflaMw  that  have 
'evcritwd.  W<!  ctnild  iwldim  hcTc  ili«  raQi« 
nts  that  upliold  thir  propri*ityof  pprmllting 
It  pli^aielani  ti>  pixwribe  madidaaa,  wbRc 
itB  may  compound  th«  mvdidnM  thtu  pra- 

;  whil(r  till!  objivtions  to  thp  propoettlon 
Vyane  only  from  thom-  wlio  ai^c^pt  the  not 
Don  liupTMituoii,  mcountgttd  by  mort  op- 

tbat  lb«  ohoicv  of  Ruitabk-  glii»es  ia  not  a 
t  malter.    This  is  tniv  pnouKh  in  mutj 

caw-i :  but   rvery   ocuUal   can   quote  ex- 

oT  hnimrul  ■.■ITeolfi  follawio);  the  use  of 

ot  adapl«I  tu  the  n^eds  of  tlw  i-yr«.  Few 
IB  have  iDorv  than  a  mecbanioal  training 

art,  while  tho  oculist  should  b«  a  apAclal- 
Mcian.     He  and  his  imtients  (lrserv«<  the 

blectioTi  that  in  extended  lu  other  docton 


VA  wnx  of  the  1at«  Uriah  A.  Boyden. 
r,  the  prwont  ralne  of  which  exceeds  two 
and  thirty  thousand  dollan,  vw  bft  tn 
r  the  puipowr  of  HatronomicBl  rramrch  * '  at 
elevation  a*  to  bo  frw,  »o  far  iw  prncUca- 
im  tlip  impi'iIiiiii'nU  to  nnTurnte  ohiwrra- 
hich  occur  ill  thi-  obMTvatoriiii  now  exist- 
ing to  almonpheric  influi-nota."  Thn  tru*- 
.hti  fund  have  transfi-TTul  the  property  to 
uidriil  aud  fetlowH  uf  Uarrard  (*ullrgi>,  in 
at  tlip  rtoeaicbm  pr«i>o»i'd  by  Mr.  Bi).vden 
dli*cted  at  the  Uurvant  college  ubscrva- 
rheee  research™  will  be  Bupiioned  by  a 
of  tbe  tueahH  ot  tlie  obeervutory,  in  addi- 
tJie  trust-fund  itself.  The  eelablishment 
iMal  luanaKetneai  of  the  pr<)posed  moun- 
erratory  will  foem  a  pan  of  the  work  done 


This  donation  oi>eus  a  new  ReU  to  aeironomical 
activity.  Ueietufore  tbe  eelablisliment  of  oheprv- 
aloriee  ha«  depended  upon  local  or  peraonal  Inilu- 
eoioes,  which  have  usually  QonHned  them  to  the 
nejghboehood  of  Urge  dliee,  obviously  nol  the 
b«M  eltuatkn  for  aMraiMMDh»l  work.  Tlie  new 
obatovatory  can  be  placed  In  what  may  appear, 
alter  mfflcti-nt  inquiry  and  esperlmMit.  to  be  the 
brat  attainable  locatiou.  Uany  obvtoua  nuMma 
•ugtteet  tlie  inflection  of  aome  placpin  the  MMilhern 
hetniqiliem.  The  coathnm  hmvmaarr  idill  exittt- 
paratively  unknown,  much  as  baa  been  effected 
during  the  i>n'«''iit  century  by  the  soulbem  esp^ 
ditioos  »f  astrunomeni  from  Europe  and  tbe  United 
Statea.  and  by  the  gradual  eatabUehiuent  of  p«r- 
tnanent  obaervatories  aoutbof  the  equator.  More- 
over, it  tbe  present  obaervatory  of  Harvard  ooll«ce 
b  aided  by  a  new  station  hi  lite  sovtham  heml- 
spliere,  asoheueof  work  may  lie  planned  at  Cain- 
hridge  for  the  snrvey  of  the  entire  hMveru  upon 
a  nnlforrn  plan.  It  Is  also  probable  that  the  Ma- 
tions  cotublnlnit  tbe  advantage*  of  ttfr  greatmt 
elevation  witli  comparative  ease  of  access  and  a 
cliinale  not  too  severe  may  be  found  apon  some 
southern  mountains.  Before  the  project  can  be 
executed,  it  will  be  necessary  to  obtain  as  much 
Infonnatlon  as  possible  upon  all  geographical  and 
clbnatic  topics  which  may  affect  tbe  ntablWi- 
menl  of  tbe  new  observatory.  All  who  hnvnsuch 
infomiation  at  command  will  ncrordin);ly  bo  nsn- 
dering  a  serrloe  to  tbe  caiiM  of  K-icnon  by  com- 
munlcaliog  it  to  the  obeervatory  of  Harvard  col- 
lege. 

THE  INDIASA  EARTHQUAKf. 

Tax  V.  a.  gflolngicol  survey  lias  ivoeivrd  infor- 
ninllon  frmn  about  iu-i*eiity  lowni  within,  and  ad- 
jaeenl  to,  the  arwi  shaken  by  tlie  enrtbqmike  of 
Feb.  0.  turiT,  in  Indiana  and  Illinois.  The  aocom- 
puuying  toap  shows  the  derived  Isoseiunsl  llnea 
ntunbcm  3  to  S  on  the  Roeal-Forel  scale  of  In- 
tensity. The  survey  is  greatly  indebted  to  Prof . 
T.  C.  Uc-ndenholl  of  Teire  Haute  for  hts  courttny 
in  distributing  printcil  trtuirn  of  inquiry,  and  it  i* 
maiuly  from  the  replir>  to  ihMc  ktlaira  that  the 
data  have  been  obtained.  The  only  exact  tioM- 
ohoFrvatiun  bIbu  was  made  by  hiro  wilb  a  aeia- 
moHr^tie  cooiiealed  wttlt  a  clock.  Tbe  tinwbt 
give*  was  i"  15"  0*  reduced  to  tlie  OOUi  mcridlaa 


« 


202 


ffcmxoE. 


[Voi.  DL.  Ko.  ai8 


lure*  of  Uw  obm  ;  it  boa  brm  hightj^  >]iukini  of  for 
liCH  an  nooount  uf  iu  pmctJcjil  tndmtnictlbUJty 
vehan  pIiuMni  in  the  Hciil.  and  nil  tlir  ties  of  this 
wood  hen.'  tried  am  stitJ  sound,  I'xcrpt  juat  under 
the  rails,  where  tUey  arc  erunli<?d  iiMuly  \a  pulp,  »> 
aa  to  be  o(  DO  •errtct-  whttUjrw  for  roadn  of  heavy 
l»fli«. 

\v  A  RKCEXT  nnmhor  of  Sfffenoe  w«  noted  aome 
imrtancoi  in  which  UrKfi  employers  liad  ^ven 
favomhio  Ualimonj  lo  tlip  action  ot  proflt-«barliie 
in  promoting  good  feolinic  ftnit  harraoniom  r«liu 
tioiw  bctwt^n  «niplo)rctx  nnd  omployfiM.  The 
reverse  side  is  presented  yirry  foniiWy  »nd  dpariy 
by  Mr.  Richiitd  Aldrich  in  the  Quarttrrly  jimmal 
of  eeonomicK.  Mr.  Aldricb  ptiintii  out  thnt  any 
8jflt«iii,  Hueh  aa  i)r[>lil -sharing  or  indurtriul  part- 
nenbip.  whivh  pnunisen  bo  inoaieotous  multa. 
ntuBt  be  stibjecteil  to  a  novt  catirful  esaniiiuition 
before  reoeivliiK  the  stamp  of  uppruval.  The  in- 
daetiTe  erldence  «o  far  ohiaiued,  he  oonleuilH,  ia 
not  sufHcienl.  I^ecaiise  the  dala  inHuded  in  it  ar« 
■O  few,  th«  whole  snmber  of  iiMtaucM  collected 
not  betnic  more  than  one  hundred.  —  a  v«rjr 
tnlauie  speck  lo  the  whole  world  of  buaineae. 
Fnrthonnnire,  the  nrtnal  application  of  the  syfltem 
of  prof! t-« baling  has  beentio  limited  thattheoaae«, 
from  thete  9try  norelty.  have  ofieii  been  sur- 
rounded bj'  a  Kt  ot  special  <-ltt;um«taticeB,  and  lu 
ellratnaUi  the  effect  of  these  a  large  number  of 
caaei  muM  be  averaged.  Induction  being,  for  the 
piwsent.  tnooncUislTV.  K  Is  neoeeeary  lo  turn  to 
tlworetical  and  a  prtort  oonsideTStlanB.  In  apply- 
ing lhi<M>.  In  turn,  profli-sbarliig  must  he  rlewed 
an  n  prrn)an(>ni  and  preralent  indiit^inl  system, 
nod  not  n*  exceptional  anil  eip<vlrnenlal.  Tlien 
the  Unit  conddoration  is  that  pmfit-ahnring  is  un- 
fair, In  that  it  distiirbit  Itie  natural  working  of 
wages  and  pays  the  employee  twice  over — his 
liuured  part  of  the  product  repTNenled  by  wages. 
and  »  prrmium  brslde*,  The  latter  Is  taken  from 
what  ahoald  nccriKi  to  capilal,  and  in  over  and 
above  the  c«mmul4>d  and  flied  advanced  share  of 
tlie  product,  to  which  alone  tlui  craplojrMr  is  «n> 
Utied. 

Fartfavnnorp,  pront-sbaring  implies  some  profits 
to  AMn ;  but  what  happens,  Mr.  Aldrlch  naks, 
— and  thi«  i*  n  point  we  hntv  fm)ui>ntly  empha- 
Mied  in  Mfnar, —  it  instead  of  a  proHttlicre  should 
lie  a  lian?  IxiKicjilly,  pfolil-aharing  most  and  doe* 
imply  loiuMharing.  Bui  this  is  impoMEttle,  and 
while  capital  is  ashed  to  share  ptiMpMity.  It  must 


I 


shoulder  advMndty  alnnn.  It,  of  ooursr',  eugg««ts 
itself  that  a  reserve  fund  might  be  established  in  i 
gnnd  jeare  In  be  UM-d  in  bad  ones,  )rtil  then-  uran 
praciical  (ibjc^clions  lo  this.  In  the  flnct  pinoc,  ^ 
thn  stimulus  to  tlie  ermployct^  which  iirolit-Khar- 
ing  is  BUi>pneeil  to  furnish  by  holding  out  ■  pros- 
pect iif  ininiedialegain.  i>  bluntnl  by  any  cUini  on 
the  gri»e  profit*  ether  than  Ihe  nm-Roiry  ones  of 
intcrvst  on  cnpilal.  nod  profit  im  the  wune  :  and,  j 
secondly,  the  exact  amount  of  Uio  merve  fund 
would  lie  diSleull  to  di'tf-rmine.  Anulher  and  x4 
very  fordblc  objectiun  to  prolil'sharing  is.  that,  id  I 
ordi-r  l»  prated  the  cmplt^ers,  a  full  pubticatioa  I 
of  tJM;  acciiuiiU  of  the  buHiiieiBi  would  be  nt^iii^ 
sary.  This  would  render  business  impift»ible. 
Secrecy  In  accounts  is  a  most  importnnt  element 
in  Utc  security  and  stahilily  of  any  business,  how- 
evw  eooDd.  Mr.  Aldrich  develo]«  all  tlteae  con- 
sldetalfons  somewhal.nnd  then  mentions  the  very 
Inlnrnting  and  suggestive  point,  hitherto  gen- 
erally overlooked,  tluit.  because  of  the  tm|>arlance 
of  the  mirfprmeur  in  the  mcxtmi  industriiil  sys- 
tem, thert'sultof  the  widely. spread  adoption  of 
industrial  pirtnersliipe  would  be  tu  sulsirdinala  ^- 
the  pay  of  the  bbon-r  to  llur  sucoem  of  the  capital-  H 
inl  who  employs  him.  Where  capital  plays  asub-  ^ 
ordinnte  part,  where  the  functions  of  the  enfre- 
pmicur  lire  rrdiKvd  to  ■  minimum,  then'  will  in*  d 
dustrial  jwrtnership  lie  applied  wit  h  greulirit  chance  M 
of  success.  But  suppose,  mys  Mr.  Aldrich,  that 
profit-sharing  does  all  that  is  claimed  for  it  by  its 
advocates,  and  is  intnidured  generally,  in  what 
respect  will  the  situation  of  labor  and  capital  Iw 
changed?  The  Batisfactory  resulto  now  ultvnted 
In  are  <lue  to  the  preaenl  excrpUonal  chaiacter  of 
the  system.  "The  glamour  and  cmotioual  iuler* 
est  which  surround  the  expcrimeula  in  industrial 
partnership  have  prevented  any  practical  t«at 
frnni  ever  yet  being  made  that  would  give  the 
system  an  undoubted  cluim  to  be  conalilered  a 
folutiuo  of  tho  ■labor  problem.'" 


Tbk  i>EirnFrs  or  MASSACHDiiiiTnt  are  agalo 
endeavoring  lo  secure  n  legislative  net  establishing 
a  Ixiard  of  registration  in  dfmlistry.  Such  an  act 
alinoal  became  a  law  sevct«l  years  ago,  and  sivmn 
to  have  failed  because  it  wu  regarded  by  some  na 
an  infringement  of  the  liberties  and  rights  of  Ihe 
people,  or  on  that  small  rhnrr  of  them  who  wished 
to  practise  <lcnttstry  without  nuincient  pnrrious 
study.  A  broader  view  of  thi'  quntiim  would 
give  chief  ciMwdrration  to  the  frrltngs  of  those 


Uahos  4.  Iti8T.| 


8CIE2rCF., 


903 


I 


who  are  pnetisrd  upon,  and  It  is  to  bp  bopnl  thiit 
thn  view  inuy  uow  pn^vnil.  Twentf-«ereti  of  our 
■tniiw  ti]rc«(l.v  lisTu  imva  that  dose  the  prarranon 
of  dmtlslrjr  w  men  not  propvrlj  ntt«(l  for  it,  •(> 
tbnt  MsMacbuHelts  hns  become,  as  it  were,  an 
a«5liim  for  ih»  umkilled.  nn<l  la  already  Hooded 
with  tlK>iti.  Ilierpby  working  taval  lianlatilp  on 
the  cdiicaiecl  and  <.-a|)al>le  nn-rahctn  of  the  prof<a- 
aion.  Ciood  reaaoua  iLgaiael  such  iviiiilalion  as  the 
Uaswchuivtu  leglblitiure  U  now  considering,  are 
(lUGcult  t»  discover. 


at  Oamiiridi^.  where  alao  th*  obwrvatiMM  nMle 
at  (iw  new  giaiiun  will  in  general  be  reduced  ami 
pn^iarH  for  publtcalioo. 


I 
I 


In  the-  Mme  line  an  this,  but  in  a  Inu  adranoed 
stage,  in  a  nwvp  in  Peonsylrantu  Ui  allow  ihe  pre- 
■criptioo  of  Dpectaolw  only  to  properly  laKtructed 
oculiHta,  anri  wltniiold  ll  from  optician*,  whose 
dulin  itnd  with  supplfiiig  the  glaiac*  (hut  hove 
been  piiMNiriU-d.  We  TOuld  addnoe  hi-r.-  ihe  wme 
argunirnts  that  ujitintd  t))e  propriety  of  pcrmlltinK 
none  but  iihyiicianc  to  prescribe  ue<Ii[:ines,  while 
dniggiala  nuiir  oomponnd  the  medidnes  thus  pre- 
scribed :  while  the  objections  to  the  propodtinn 
would  come  only  from  those  who  aocei>t  the  not 
unooinmon  imprctMioa.  encoDra«ed  by  inost  op- 
ticians, that  the  cboioe  of  suitable  f^Ufaes  is  not  a 
dtHicuIt  matter.  Thin  is  true  enough  in  many 
nimpte  cases:  but  every  oculist  oan  quote  ex- 
amples of  hnrinful  effects  following  the  use  of 
leBBM  not  ndaptm]  to  the  needs  of  tli«  eyta.  Few 
ofitielaas  bkre  more  tlian  a  n>ec)iani(.-at  training 
In  their  art,  while  the  nnuliat  t-liould  be  a  special- 
Ued  physirian.  He  and  hia  patients  deserve  the 
same  protection  that  is  oiended  to  other  doctors 
and  theirs. 


Bt  the  WU.I,  of  the  lute  Uriah  A.  Rirden. 
property,  the  prmeut  value  of  wliich  i-xci'txlii  two 
hundml  and  thin.v  tliousand  dollars,  was  If  ft  in 

-tnast  for  the  pnirposeof  astronomical  naearch  "at 
ch  an  elrvatinn  as  to  be  free,  ho  for  as  practica- 

'  Ue,  from  the  inip»l intents  lo  accurate  observa- 
tions wliich  ocnir  in  the  obeorvatories  now  exist- 
ing, owing  to  .itmnepherir  inflnences."  The  Irns- 
t«ii  oi  thi»  fund  have  transferred  the  property  to 
the  President  and  fellows  of  Harvard  college,  in 
Oder  tlmt  the  researches  propoeed  by  Mr.  Boyden 
may  be  directed  at  the  Hnrvnixl  college  observa- 
tory. These  rvaenrches  will  be  supporied  by  a 
portion  of  the  means  of  the  observatory,  in  addi- 
tion to  tlie  trust-fund  itself.  Tbo MtabUalun«iit 
and  genefsl  management  of  the  propoaod  moun- 
H  lain  ohaervatory  will  form  a  part  of  tim  work  done 


This  dooatkio  opens  a  new  field  to  nstmnoniiaB] 
activity.  Uereiofore  the  t»labUshmi.-nt  of  otaerv- 
atories  luts  de|>eiid»l  upon  locul  ur  in-moual  inBu- 
«nc«ti,  which  have  usually  coiilln«l  them  to  the 
ndgliborliood  of  large  cities,  obviutisly  not  the 
beat  Biluatlan  for  astronomical  work.  Tbe  new 
obserratory  ran  be  placed  In  wtiat  may  appear, 
after  sufficient  inquiry  and  experiment,  to  W  the 
beat  attainable  location.  Many  obvious  reiiaoua 
mggost  the  sslection  of  some  place  In  the  southeni 
hemisphere.  The  sontbem  heavens  are  still  com- 
psntitely  unknown,  much  as  has  l>eeu  elTecled 
during  the  proatnt  vettDaxj  Iqr  tbe  souibern  ex|>e- 
dtlionaolastronomvn  from  Europe  and  the  United 
Statee.  anil  by  the  grndtial  ntnblishment  of  p«v- 
tuani-nt  obeiert-ntoriiw  soulhof  thr  rqualor.  Mofe- 
over,  if  tbe  prvsent  observatory  of  Harvard  oolliftn 
is  aided  by  a  new  stulion  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, a  scheme  of  wuvk  may  be  planned  at  Cani> 
bridge  for  the  surrey  of  tlie  entire  beareiis  upon 
a  nnlfoTO)  plan.  It  is  also  probable  that  tlie  sta- 
tioiM  comUning  the  advantages  of  the  greatest 
elevation  with  compantlve  ease  of  accnw  anil  a 
•climate  not  too  severe  may  be  foiud  upon  some 
southern  mountains.  Before  the  project  osn  be 
executed,  it  will  be  oecescary  to  obtain  as  much 
Information  as  poeslble  upon  all  geognpbical  and 
climatiG  topics  which  may  affect  the  establish- 
ment of  the  new  observatory.  All  who  baveMick 
information  at  command  will  accordingly  be  ren- 
dering a  service  lo  the  cause  of  science  by  oom- 
municatinjt  it  to  the  observatory  of  Harvsrd  «ol- 
lege. 

THE  lyOlAXA  BAKTUgUAXE. 

Tag  tJ.  8,  geological  survey  has  rooeived  Infor- 
mation from  atMut  sevent)-  towns  within,  aw)  ad- 
jacent to,  the  ar^a  sliaken  by  the  earthquake  of 
Feb.  6.  18HT,  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  The  aeeum- 
pauvlug  map  shows  the  derived  isoseiiimal  lines 
numbers  9  to  B  ou  the  Rossi-Furel  scalo  of  in- 
tcnaity.  Tlie  snrvey  is  greatly  indebted  to  Prof, 
T.  C.  Mendi'tiholl  iif  Terre  Uaule  for  his  cx>urlM]r 
in  distributing  prinlcci  Icllpm  of  iiuiuiry,  and  It  it 
tuainly  from  the  replies  to  ifane  letters  that  ihe 
data  have  been  obtained.  The  only  exact  Ume- 
obwrvalioo  also  was  made  by  blm  with  a  seia- 
raoscope  connected  with  a  clock.  The  time  he 
gives  was  4"  IB"  O  reduced  lo  the  SOth  meridian 


198 


SCIENCE. 


ivou  IX..  No.  aia 


Britain  for  1668  would  haro  lunoantMl  to  861,000,- 
000  pounds  Bterliag.  uislcml  o(.  ns  it  n|i|iran>  now, 
807.000,000  puund*  iit«rlinf[. 

Tills  eono1n«ion,  however,  Is  untrue  In  Ibe  case 
of  OKrii-iiltur*,  where  It  Is  round  ihnt  lh«  ijuan- 
lUj  of  pioduce  raited  in  Omi  UriLaiii  iluriiic  tlii.> 
bat  f«w  jrtara  faas  maHiaritMy  (Itvn-uM'O.  and  tlw 
■tcadjr  fall  In  prtoa  luw  Iwou  frll  cmn  inon 
•eveavly  tlian  the  dinimbhni  jinUl  of  tlw  mill: 
and  it  la  l\w  sectioii  of  thi-  cflmmiinilj  tnlrr«it"i 
tn  R^culluiv  which  tho  comiutwion  flml«  pHi^ 
ticDlarly  ulTiwIi'd  hy  Ihp  depremlom.  The  coni- 
plalnU  lu  to  ab<«nre  of  proQt,  UiiiuKh  i^neral,  aie 
not  unif<irin.  The  evldenn  HhowB,  lKii>'evL*i', 
that  whil«  hurinMS  ta  not  ahaolul^tl;  low  in  quan- 
titj,  it  Ik  carried  on  with  the  «niallpKt  powlhlo 
Biargin  of  prollt,  and  in  BonMi  oaae«  with  no  profit 
at  all.  KevvrthckiH  it  i>  |iolat«d  out  llial  the 
gross  amount  uf  proprrly  and  pfoftta  aaMMed  to 
tbe  laooraistax  in  ih«  yean  1889  and  ISHO  la  mucli 
larger  Iban  tbiit  of  noy  previmia  year.  Tui>  iDUch 
■tnaa  oannot  be  laid  upon  tlictr  fisuiw,  becauvo 
Um  incrMaM  of  the  in(.'ouiL--tax  aMmainvnt  in  in 
gTMt  degree  atlribuCntilD  to  the  incn-nwil  eflicionoy 
of  collection.  It  i«  further  staleil  that  in  •ome 
casea  the  Uu  ia  (Mid  on  proSta  not  earned,  l>ecau»e 
of  the  unwiIliR([nn«  of  tiudero  to  make  known 
th>>  fai-t  tlwt  tbey  have  suetained  loa«s. 

But  the  absence  or  diminutian  of  prollta  ia  not 
t)i«  only  marked  fenturu  of  the  pn>vnilinj[  depr(«- 
elon.  though  it  is  the  most  unlvfTMil  one.  Tlie 
aupply  <if  oiimmodlUeB  la  found  lo  be  in  exoi-M  of 
Ibu  ihrniand,  and  the  natunil  tendency  to  equi- 
litirium  l«twern  Ihem  H(«nia  to  hart  be«n  ob- 
•tnictad  foran  unusually  \<ms  period.  And  thin 
ntoeas  of  BUpply  is  maintainrd  in  the  face  of  un- 
ROmnerBtivi-  prices.  The  chief  features  of  the 
oonuuurrial  situation  are  thus  summed  up  :  1",  a 
very  m^rious  fsIling-olT  in  the  exeliaugeahte  ralue 
of  the  produce  of  the  soil ;  S",  an  incroaned  pro- 
dndloii  of  nearly  all  other  vtiusta  of  oommudi- 
Um  i  S°,  a  tendency  in  Ibo  aupplT  of  (!oid moil i ties 
tooutnin  thndomnnd;  4", ■coiiHH^uviit diminution 
in  the  profit  obtainable  by  prodnction  ;  and.  5".  a 
ainiilnrdlininiilion  in  the  rate  of  interest  on  in- 
t«ct«d  capital.  The  dtmlnulioti  in  tbe  rat«  of 
proAt  obtainable  from  produi-lioa,  whether  agri- 
cultural or  manufaoturing.  has  given  riH.'  to  tbu 
wide-s|iTi!nd  feeling  of  deprraalon  among  uri  ibi- 
producing  olaMeJi.  ThcMU>.  on  th«  oth^^r  hand, 
who  are  tn  receipt  of  ftxcd  satarira,  or  who  diaw 
tlwlr  tncomea  from  Bnd  Investments,  Imts  little 
looomplaln  of.  The  aame  Iblng  Is  true  with  re- 
gard to  the  laburltkg  claw,  so  far  as  the  purchasing 
pon-er  of  wugM  is  conoerned.  Soinp  dirtrcM  ia 
crMtvd  among  t)in  laboring  cImens  hy  ibo  dis- 
placement of  labor,  which  ia  always  in  progreaa 


owing  to  llio  [ncTejij)«l  use  of  machinerr  and 
other  Gliangm  of  iiroduc-llon  ;  nnd  lunl  winter 
this  dietrees  was  aggcarated  1^  Uie  severity  of 
the  aealhi:T. 

Th«  report  then  takes  up  the  causes  which  the 
signers  believe  havi-  uionatvd  lo  prodnoe  the  d«- 
preasion.  It  goes  on,  ■'  we  have  shown  that  tho 
prodacLion  of  tlie  more  important  HaMea  of  ooiD- 
moditiee  has,  on  tlie  whole,  continued  to  inorease  ; 
and  tiiereean  be  no  douWtlint  the  roi*  of  produc- 
tion tends  to  diminish.  It  Is  difltcult.  therefore, 
to  undcrntuud  how  Iha  net  product  of  industry, 
wbieh  constltutea  Uie  wealth  of  tbe  country,  con 
liovn  failed  to  incTttiiw  aliio.  There  la,  moreover, 
sufflcieni  evidenoe  that  capital  ban,  ou  the  whole, 
continued  to  accnmulata  thnnighuut  the  period 
which  la  described  as  deprMMd,  thougli  there  lias 
be«i  a  sniaible  depreciation  In  the  value  of  some 
kinds  of  capital.  How,  (lieu,  are  we  toiuN:ounl 
for  the  general  Miniie  of  depression  which  un< 
doubledly  exittx,  and  ia  becoming  perhaps  mora 
Intense  every  year  ?  " 

The  view  which  the  bigners  of  the  majority  re- 
port adopt  is  that  Ihv  agjfreKAte  wealth  of  the 
country  in  buing  distributed  differently,  and  that 
B  hirge  part  of  tlie  prevailing  vomplaints  and  the 
general  sense  of  depression  may  be  ncoouuted  for 
by  the  clumges  wbicb  bavo  taken  place  in  recent 
years  in  the  upporlioniuent  and  distribution  of 
protll*.  The  rewunl  of  <-ai>iial  and  managemmt 
lias  liecomc  Xvau,  and  thL>  (.■oiploymeiit  M  labor  la, 
for  t)ie  time  at  least,  not  so  full  and  continuous; 
so  tltat  even  when  the  rate  of  niigcn  hua  not  been 
diminished,  the  total  amount  named  hy  the  laborer 
has  bcon !««,  owing  to  irregular  or  partial  emjiloy- 
ment.  Setting  aside  the  ciaj^ses  luiiuediately  de- 
pendent upon  Bgriculturo  fur  tht^ir  incomes,  and 
coD«ideriiig  tliose  only  mgiii;H]  directly  in  com- 
wcrcial  enterprises.  It  l»  found  that  Uie  total 
amount  of  proflls  on  wblch  the  income  tux  hua 
been  imid  ho*  increased,  as  hnx  also  the  number 
of  persons  owneed.  In  the  decade  from  |f4T5  to 
188S  the  numlxtr  of  incomes  assemed  tuider  sched- 
ule D  of  the  iniMMno-tox  list,  amounting  to  CSOO 
or  more.  Increased  from  1S1,S54  to  23B.H67,  a  gain 
of  n«irly  thirty  per  cent.  But  the  increase  was 
much  niori>  rapid  at  the  lower  end  of  tbe  scale 
than  at  the  upp<-r  :  for  it  seems  that  tlie  number 
of  (lerMHiH  with  ineom««  of  lesa  Uian  £9,000  a  year 
has  Increased  at  a  moru  rai^d  nto  than  the  popu* 
Ution,  —  which  <lunnK  the  period  in  qumtion  has 
increased  about  t*n  per  cent, —  while  tin-  number 
uf  peiaou  vriib  incomes  above £^.0(h) has  incroused 
at  a  teas  rapid  rate,  and  the  nuuiber  of  persona 
with  income*  above  £-1.000  lias  actually  dimin- 
ished. The  rale  io,  the  lower  tho  income  the 
more  rapid  the  rate  of  increasK    Tbe  oonoluuoo 


I 

J 


FzutvuT  is,  1887.] 


8C1E.VCE, 


199 


from  this  Is,  thnt,  whether  prolitn  oiv  incrtautins  ot 
noti  there  1b  diteet  OTicIoDm  tluit  proetH  nrv  Iw- 
comtni!  more  widt-lj  dUlrilnitw'l  iini<>nf;  thi-cltMiM 
mgaged  iii  trudo  and  indiintrj-,  nnil  Ihnl,  nhtUi 
the  larger  capiiiUiiibi  mny  b«  rpcvjvtnx  a  lowvr  re* 
tnm  Ulan  thnt  tn  which  they  hiiT«  b»en  acena- 
tfimiHl,  thii  number  of  Ilio^e  wlio  nre  inaUnf;  a 
profit,  thcniich  ponlbly  a  mnall  one,  has  largely 
Increaaed. 

The  slgn^N  re co^iisr  thr  fnct  that  ovar-produc- 
tioD  niay  vxiai  Uit  n  linn-  ntiii  in  ccrlain  limnchpB 
of  inilualry,  luid  Ihnt  it  t^^uU  to  correct  Itiwlf. 
But  ihcy  nro  tnoiv  i>r  1pm  at  a  loss  to  account  for 
an  over- pmdur  tic  R  at  once  to  generHl  and  m>  loni;- 
^CMiliiiUfO  HH  the  one  under  cODiDdrnil ion  hnjihevn. 
Tbcjr  atv  dispowd.  howcTcr,  to  explain  tliin  b«  the 
effect  of  the  protect itinint  policv  of  uo  manj* 
(omign  cuuntruv,  which  ha?  becnine  more  mnrke^ 
tturinK  tlip  pan  decaile  than  ever  before.  "The 
,  hl^h  Ibices  which  pTot«ctiuin  »ecura  lo  ihf  pnt- 
Lduoer  within  Ibe  prot«o1«d  area  naturally  atimu- 
late  production,  and  impel  him  to  cngago  in  <^ira- 
petition  in  fomgn  inarket&  The  nurplnn  prmlur' 
tion  wliieh  cannot  flmi  a  mnrkct  at  home  is  8i>nt 
aliniiul.  and  in  foreign  markele  undemells  the 
oommodjljes  produced  under  lew  artiUciul  con- 
ditions." 

A  ahare  of  the  blaaie,  if  blai»«  it  can  l)r  united, 

pfor  the  ileproKiion,  ix  laid  upon  the  workjntc  of 

I  the  limited  lUbilitj'  xjHlem.     Uoder  tliU  the  eapl- 

.  tnvtoted  la  timail  sums  hj  a  large  number  of 

llndlTldual  shareholders  in,  as  a^le.  ctnilimted 

tritha  lower  rale  of  iiiivrt-H  Ihiin  the  (inhnnry 

producer  will  n-Hiuin.-  ujion  thi-  capital  n-hirh  ho 

LcmpIoTa  nt  bin  lolc  and  tmlimlti>d  rliik.     The  ten- 

Ideoey   "f    limilnd   lisbility  companies   is  also  to 

[endertnkn  entfrprii"?"  wllb  reR/inl  lutlier  lo  Ibe 

[oreatinn  and  >i|iee<)j  luile  of  the  i^linrps  at  a  |>n'- 

ntium  thau  to  their   |>ermiinFiit  pm^ipcriCy.     The 

limitation  of  the  liubiiily  further  sen™  toenooiir- 

■go  a  iees  cautiiiun  or  nir>ri<  Hpcruliilii'e  t.ynti>m  of 

J  trading  than  cnn«afely  liepuniu<>d  hyatmder  who 

I  himself  liable  for  the  full  extent  of  Ids  opera- 

ns>    Tlie  report  olTen  no  opinion  aa  to  Ibe  bene- 

I'Btderired  by  the  commnnlly  at  targe  from  the 

limited  liability  compaDlen.  but  i>imply  ("^inta  out 

the  importanl  inlluence  which  tlicybavc<-xerciwd 

Ixrth  upou  tlie  ext^ul  of  production  and  the  rate 

of  protit  olitiiinable  <ia  th<!  capital  rvniployed  In  it. 

r  fnct  that  nocica  held  by  middle-men  bave  be- 

I  antUabla  for  oonsnm[iiion  witbout  replaee- 

I  bMUiae  of  the  more  rapid  and  direct  cum- 

Itlon  between  ttie  jiroduoer  au<I  the  coa- 

ImncT,  haa  teuded  lo  depreta  prion  and  iimfita ; 

f  and  there  is  alao  to  be  taken  into  considernlioR 

the  tact  tliat  tlie  pi».-<il){liiirs  <•(  new  demnndu 

throughout  tli«  worldurvbvcominganDUally  more 


limited  :  it  la  conieqiieitlly  predicted  tliat  in  future 
more  ■lability  in  Ibe  ratio  ot  supply  to  demand 
may  be  expected,  with  a  more  rcgalar  thouffh  r«- 
dileed  rale  of  profit. 

The  report  next  conaid«ni  at  miiob  leoeth  the 
fall  uf  priced.  The  reasons  for  litis  may  be 
tiriefly  eciiinerHted  aa  aa  apltreciation  of  tiM 
ntiinilard  of  ralue,  a  decie«ued  di-miind  lioth  In 
domestic  and  fomgn  market*,  —  the  laltv  attrib- 
uted in  large  decrw  to  Ibo  opcrntion  ol  protectire 
tarilT^,  ^and  Ibe  fact  Uwt  tito  r«putaUoa  of  Ilril- 
iiih  work  luaiiahtp  does  not  atand  as  high  aa  it  onoe 
did.  Tlie  frnudulent  ataoipiiig  of  foreign  goodH 
of  inferior  quality  with  BrilUh  marka  Imu  had 
aomething  to  do  in  briaging  about  thin  rvHUll  i  and 
many  witntwani  1>efor«  the  commiwion  lieliered 
that  legislative  re«trictioiiii  on  labor,  and  tlie  action 
of  the  working-classes  themselrea  in  Eooceaajng 
the  cuet  of  production  by  atfikea,  and  ao  forth, 
have  bad  an  Important  effect.  The  majority  n<- 
porl,  howm-er,  diaaeDla  from  the  view  of  ihcae 
witoemai. 

When  it  cornea  to  the  (|Uration  of  retnediea  for 
the  deprMidon,  the  report  becomes  more  vague 
and  (ndeflnitfi.  Tlie  cent  of  production  must  be 
efaeapened  ao  fw  as  is  coni^stent  witb  Ibe  main- 
tenanve  of  sound  quallly  and  good  workmanidiip. 
The  inereaaiug  severity  of  foreign  oompetitioa 
must  be  met.  New  markola  nu«t  he  sought  for. 
Technical  and  commervlnl  sdwols  must  lie  devel- 
oped and  Improred  until  they  are  e<|ua]  to  tboao 
on  the  lyjDtinenl  of  Europe.  Legislation  i«  needed 
to  mukp  more  elT(«tivf  the  provisions  of  the  exist- 
ing laws  as  l()  Ibe  oounlerfeil  or  fraudulent  mark- 
ing of  good*.  TliP  taw  onto  limitnl  linl>illtycoui- 
panten  i"  BUnceptible  of  iuiprovcment.  though  Ibe 
report  faili*  to  point  nut  how.  Tlie  report  then 
uouobiiles.  "  We  think  that  while,  on  the  one 
hitnd,  the  inforroiitlon  »'blch  we  have  liren  able 
to  collect  will  tifiid  lo  dinfiel  much  of  the  nppre- 
bennion  which  appears  to  prerail  on  the  mibjnct  of 
our  commurcitU  position,  and  looncouragea  mow 
hopeful  vinw  of  the  aituation.  it  will  also  show, 
that,  if  our  poaition  i*  U>  be  maintained.  It  muat 
be  by  the  exerriae  ol  the  (ame  energy,  perae- 
Teranoe,  self-reetraint,  and  readiness  of  reeource, 
by  wblcb  it  was  originally  created." 

The  minority  report  is  of  interesl.  becaux:  it 
tfmlMdii-H  the  views  of  Lord  Duuraven  and  hi* 
fullon-advocatea  of  fair  trade.  In  it*  analynia  of 
the  depaeodon.  it  ia  in  almoiit  entire  agreement 
witb  tbi-  majority  report ;  ita  Individuality  cou- 
sist*  in  ita  rooommendntions.  It  meotious  and 
npprovo  the  romedies  outlined  by  the  majority  of 
the  commiadoo,  but  linda  that  they  leave  un- 
touched the  grmleat  and  moat  pennanent  eauna 
of  the  depression,  whiab  are  the  action  of  forctgu 


S06 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  UC..  No.  218 


began  on  the  IStb,  more  (hAn  bnlfway  down  tho 
•outh-west  riank.  aa  above  state<}.  tt  wn*  ex- 
tremely oopiuun,  risiiif;  in  sevitral  Inrge  fountslofl 
frotu  one  liunilml  to  two  bundntil  fnit  hlgb,  and 
ivttchfil  the  an  in  twontj^ix  houfs.  The  width 
of  tbo  Homewhat  oroohed  and  Irregular  aUeam 
probablf  AVor«j(t«  Ihree-fogrlLs  of  a  mil*,  which 
ia  about  Its  widtb  ou  the  maahure. 

I  waa  unable  to  reacli  the  aoene  until  Feb.  3, 
when  It  had  Just  cvaaed  to  Aow,  and  thrre  re- 
mained only  Ibe  htUi-ous  auoria  emhanknimt — 
'  DionBlruoi  horrendum,  informc,  inKens,  axti  liiitien 
adciu|]tum.'  Until  tlui  previous  night  the  toun- 
tain  luul  continued  to  be  n  powerfully  bnlliuiit 
object,  luid  tbii  Ntrejiniing  I.ith  roi)«(iicuuus  un  thv 


m 


/u 


If 


rfopea.  Spot*  of  (lowbiE  cinder  were  atill  to  be 
acmi  oa  the  front  of  tlie  cmbnnkmcnt,  ua  our 
■twaioer  laid  by  for  dayliichl.  Our  tourlat  crowd 
of  two  faunilrcl  [ieopl«  landed  in  the  inom- 
in|(<  Nodlflioulty  wasexpeilenced  In  traveraiug 
the  many  equate  mltea  of  piled  SMiria  iu  any 
direction,  except  tb«  incredible  raKgedneee  of  the 
•urfiMN!.  Occwdonal  piU  or  reota  diadoMd  Ui« 
Bary  interior.  Tlie  lava  nevnied  to  be  of  unuaunlly 
high  apcnflo  gntirUy.  judginK  byasmplMof  waT«- 
BHHirti'd  fta{tm«ota  on  tlio  many  iH-iichn  in  tbr 
rovo*  of  111*  MM-front.  The  rmlmnknirnt  crrmcd 
to  arermKC  About  thirty  fert  in  <l<>ptb  almve  tlw 
old  lava  of  the  foot-plain  of  tvp  milcw.  tuaiblinx 
OTVr  a  low  pr<s;iplce  of  twenty  feet.  havinK  filled 
oat  from  llir««  butidre<l  lo  Ave  hundred  feet  into 
water  of  tliirty  fatlioms,  al;ui:  tour  Ihouaand  feel 
of  HboTc.  inakinR  about  thirty  acrea  of  Dew  land. 
No  (litulcr-ciuK!!!  hod  tiwn  funned  by  tiie  oontaxrt 
wjtta  tbe  tsm  oa,  this  occnoiOD,  oIUmhikIi  mx  or 


Aeven  such  stood  in  Ibe  immfvllate  violnlty,  one 
liavtnic  risen  mil  of  tbe  mm  at  ilie  How  of  1M6. 
and  iioinediat^ly  U-en  united  by  lara  to  the  land. 

Tliu  now  flow  is  almoal  excluBirely  oa,  or 
clinker.  Tbe  nel)(hborinK  flow  of  1806,  equally 
midden  atid  oopioua,  waa  poAocAor,  or  niMMtb. 
humtoocky  lara.  Tbe  new  flow  appear*  to 
aboond  In  olIvLue.  Unlikn  the  rruplion  of  IMS. 
which  waa  preoed^id  by  lontt-ron tinned  and  de- 
slractlve  eanhquakm.  there  waa  little  premonition 
thia  tioie.  and  no  very  serious  datnu^  wim  done 
to  tbe  fauKC  sugHT-mlils  a  f«w  oiilea  distant,  ex- 
c«pt  the  rupture  of  one  reaervoir  in  the  Ticinity 
of  the  mud -a  Tain  DC  he  of  li^OB,  In  actiud  ijuantity 
of  laTB  emitted.  Ihi-  priseiit  ie  largely  in  excess  of 
tlio  otlier.  Expi!rlMioe<I  oliwtrvrtB  in  llilo  nrir 
oonlidt-ut  that  lhi«  in  only  a  iMnporairy  intermis- 
alon  of  flow,  and  that  activity  will  speedily  he  re- 
sumed, with  probably  a  palwdux  flow,  such  hav- 
ing been  the  genemi  hiutory  of  previous  large 
eruptions,  like  tho»e  of  18»t  and  18Sfi, 

t  desire  to  note  particularly  the  presence  of  a 
hoavT  stationary  line  of  dark  cloud,  lying  pre- 
cisely over  the  line  of  the  whole  flow  from  the 
sea  to  hiiih  up  in  the  mountain.  This  cloud  re- 
mained without  chnn)^  nl  forni  or  position  duriflK 
Ibe  Iwwity  bouN  of  our  preseni-*  In  the  vicinity, 
and  KTved  to  mark  tbe  position  of  all  parts  of 
the  flow  with  great  precision.  Althuugb  a  little 
pnfflngof  >tMm  wasriBing  nlon^  tlioxea.nntbint; 
but  dry  beat  nnoendrd  from  any  point  inland, 
suve  two  rery  Mraall  oolumns  of  Fiilphiiiona  yoioke 
four  milciup.  In  wnlking  over  the  How.  currents 
of  hiKhly  heaterl  air  had  to  be  avoided,  but  no 
steam  waa  observed,  nor  sutoke.  nor  troublesome 
fUDiM  of  any  sort.  Yet  a  dense  und  moosive 
condenestlou  of  vapof  was  constantly  going  on 
directly  overlieod.  I  judged  the  source  of  this 
vapor  lo  be  soloJy  and  Mitirrly  from  the  inflowing 
ourreuls  of  air  with  Ibelr  ordinary  charKe  of 
watiir-vapor.  ThMO  wmo  drawn  in  sod  drlvvn 
up  from  tlie  immense  heated  MUrfaoe,  and.  on 
rracbinii  the  neceasaxy  helRhl.  precipitAled  tbeir 
contents  Into  the  dark  cloud-liauk.  just  as  natu- 
rally aa  tbe  sea-breeie  piles  ita  cloudit  daily  aii;aioat 
tbe  mountain- flank  all  along  that  iuaai.  It  needs 
to  be  uodenluod  tliat  llie  evolution  of  Iwavy 
doud  above  lara  in  no  povitive  prnuf  that  Meam 
is  rising  from  that  lava.  Thu  inflowing  Bir^tur- 
renta  may  supply  nil  the  vnpor  Kpi-n. 

A  ainiilur  but  aniallcr  cloiid-tinnk  was  teva 
reetlnx  over  Kilauea's  dre-lakee  a«  we  steamed 
past  late  tliat  ariernnun.  On  the  early  morning 
of  tl)e  eruption  of  IHOB,  I  observed  ita  glow  from 
the  dialanre  of  143  miles  at  IjiIiuIdu.  and  obtained 
a  good  attitude  of  the  uouioiuus  <Tuniulu*.cloud 
<if  vapor  risiitg  from  ila  heat      Witli  due  oorrec- 


« 
« 


kakh  4,  ion.] 


SCIENCE, 


I 


tiouB,  Ihin  jpivg  no  natiniat«<l  hai|{ht  of  wvm 
milua.  ProbttUy  ■Umm  rram  tbo  boillnjt  mn  irm 
oonliibutinK  U)  thin  cumtilaR.  About  six  w|nare 
iiulMotKlowliigaucfscew«r«  liken  radlatiuje  heat, 
kII  near  tb«  lea,  tbe  point  uf  voiLssion  beitig  utily 
mmn  milM  buck,  and  9,t>4>l>  feet  u|>.  I  juiiged, 
bowerer.  that  the  ch'wt  HOUrot!  uf  the  vaiMT 
wa»  ih*  onir  abon.'  Dnined,  —  toUowing  ntitKH- 
pherif  L-uintDla.  That  cutnulua  wcut  lUktunilly 
tdwdDK  wiU)  iDocMMit  lightning,  visiblat  «vc<n 
nftcr  siinriso  nt  that  imniienB?  distaDce.  Bonw 
brownish  unuke  could  be  (Iiaiinguiah«d  aroa&d 


TBS  HIVIERA  EARTHQUAKE, 
TuE  accomponflDK  sketch- map  «how«  the  siwn« 
of  (he  Ut«  dfafructice  earthquake.  The  c«)tr«  of 
(be  disturbanoe  was  in  (he  Italian  province  ol 
VatUi  Mflurizio  and  Ibo  Mljoioin^  freni-'li  Departe- 
intrDt  dvH  AJpn  MaritimtMi.  Twi>  vevov  iih<M:ka  in 
quick  Kuco(wii>un  ocoiuTcd  on  F^b.  33  at  6  a.k. 
Thc^  did  a  grac  dml  of  dnniAit*'  nil  alonf;  thr 
ooMt.  and  wcm  fdt  tnr  inland.  The  heavienc  Iom 
of  life  imd  propeKf  vtm  auBtnin^  in  the  dlstriot 
ol  Oa«>glia,  510  |j«r»o)M  being  killed  and  ISA  In- 
jured.   The  vlIlagM  of  Diaiio-Harin*.  Diauu-Caii- 


THB 

E . 

f                       v^ 

RIVIERA 

7>^?*^^ 

frctnuwo 

^ryJ^'' 

{'■■/jTS^ 

^^b^)  ) 

l^M 

tlif  lowrBt  part  of  thi-  snow-white  pile  of  (rumulua. 
PrevHias  to  thr  n<:tanl  outflow  of  180S  nn  enor- 
IDOIH  eniLwion  aX  amoko  had  lak-.-n  plnce,  which 
dMMirijr  shrouded  lAlialoa  and  (he  whole  group 
for  Duuiy  da;*,  objects  ooe  mile  distant  being  in- 
visible (o  ua  when  al  the  ibiukwt,  and  a  verf  4ia- 
tlnci  odor  of  Hulphnr  being  priieent. 

Tht  preopul  vruplion  wan  first  anuoiinced  to  iia 
at  Uonolulu  by  Ihr  ptrradinK  smoke .  (.iMitinuiiig 
from  tliv  :iClth  to  the  .lOth  of  Jiinnary .  The  mnoko 
is  «vid«nt)j'  tlr«t  di*cliar(p«l  mio  tht?  upper  cur- 
rent, nnd  transporled  far  to  the  eact-i)orth<«a«C 
before- titling  down  into  the  trade  wind,  which 
bringn  it  bauk  upon  ua.  S.  B.  Bisbof. 


Irllo,  and  Dajurdo  wcrr  almost  dwtroyed.  tn  the 
province  of  Oenon  thirty-four  pet»ona  were  killed 
and  tlilrtj-sfTeD  injurt^l,  and  in  the  Oe)>urteniei)l 
dee  Alpee  Maritimes  devrn  iiersouB  were  killed. 
The  following  report*  Mhow  tho  oxtvnt  of  U>e  dla- 
turbance  :  at  Toulon  two  Tlolont  fihocks  wen  felt 
at  6  A.U..  the  Grst  shock  of  filteen  Ncondadunlioo, 
tbi^Kcond  of  twelve  Beconds.  The  moremcfiti  wecv 
(rom  wrst  to  rnst.  At  Caniiee  (br««  ahodia  were 
f«lt  at  tlu!  wune  hour.  At  Cuneo  aud  Ttirin  tliey 
did  coniiidemble  dntooge.  Boribquake  shocks 
were  obnprvpd  in  m>uthH-iiifti.-rn  Franoe.  Swit«er- 
lond.  Piedmont,  Luotui,  and  Conicu.  On  HouDt 
Vesuvius  the  inatrumcnta  did  not  indicate  an;  dis- 


308 


ITOL.  IX.,  No.  «S 


lurbttnce,  while  tboM  of  Etun  and  itt  CiiUuiin  wne 
latich  HKituUxl.  The  titxinmr  Gujuldloup)-  fplt  two 
aborki  ia  liilitiulo  4:i'  W  K.  and  limKitiKle  S"  iV 
E.  nl  G  A.»..  nnd  n  llilnl  on«  nl  8  a.H.  At  C«niies 
nnd  Aiitilx'K  the  !>««  Ml  thri.^  feet  at  tin-  inuiopiil 
of  the  cliief  »hock,  atid  tlitrii  ro-u?  six  r<vt.  Tlit^ 
MJsmOMCope  at  WufiliiiiKlo"  waxditdurlMrd  oi  1.3S 
A.M.  Od  Feb.  M.  >liKht  Alxickn  oM-urml  nC 
M«ntane  Mid  at  Dij^i?  (1>pBrli>nicnt  den  BniHcii 
AIpe*).  uDd  on  thr  followJnft  day  at  l.<%>i  am.  a 
abock  wiu  reported  Irooi  Nic«,  and  at  9  and  4  a.m. 
front  Cannr*. 

ThiK  (ai-tliciiiabe  oociirred  on  the  Isr^e  fault  on 
the  south  -  wcBiern  Hitlt^  of  the  ApenmiicB.  A 
glanoe  at  llie  uiup  bIiuwb  the  dilTrreticn  bt-twofo 
the  declivities  of  the  AiK-nninm.  North  of  Grmia 
the  Molus^e  hillH  gradnnlly  iw  troni  liii?  plain* 
of  fieiliuoiil.  riirniint;  n  onntiniioue  ctirv^.  whlcli 
ina.*  be  obnrrvt-d  from  lieiv  to  Ihe  Buy  of  Taranto. 
lOHide  of  fhinoonlinijouD  l>fll  we  Hud  liaiMlone. 
forming  tlir  Ahnizzo,  Orati  Basso,  anil  the  Basill- 
cntn.  Thin  line  i»  iniemipled  in  Tuscunr.  Btill 
fnrthfrr  inside,  on  the  **«t  coast,  and  iHirtly  nuh- 
Bwrgod  In  the  Tyrrlieuian  mHi,  we  llnd  th(^  wpn- 
rated  d/Ms  of  tlie  andtint  cryrtnllinc  rorks.  ITcre 
is  tlie  itmt  fault  between  the  sunken  tract  now 
oocupieil  bj  Om  Li^nirinii  ami  Tyrrhenian  seas  and 
the  nountainii.  ll  i*  inarkMl  by  the  Iodk  linn  of 
volounorn  nnd  coiiniiies  of  fn^quent  seimniciiJ  dis- 
turbances. The  east  side  of  the  A]innninc!ii)' tcKii- 
larly  folded  :  IhewottKideiK  torn, nnd  a  reat  of  vol- 
canic and  Beiemiciic'tiun.  The  ToMihI  tide  Is  convex 
and  euntinuouti :  tlu'oppouiU-oneisbtoht^tiliy  faults 
and  Hunkm  tmcTln.  Inside  of  the  Aiieuuiiies  tlipn- 
are  U  grvnt  number  of  i^iuikvn  trjcla  urtan^^  on 
»  long  line,  the  curi'rd  limits  of  which  cut  far 
into  tho  raotce  of  tuouulaiuH  :  the  Uulf  of  (ienon, 
Salerno,  Naplea,  nnd  Ihe  bay  annuid  liic  I.i|hiri 
Islands  are  the  eenln-s  of  n-ipon*  of  this  kind.  The 
niovementH  of  th<?  almln  alons  llipse  faults  Kite 
rise  to  the  numerous  violent  eatlhquakes  of 
we«tem  Itnly. 


LONDON  LETTER. 


TliB  unwrory  subjec-l  of  the  diapoxiil  of  London 
aewa^  oontluum  U  uttnict  inucb  attention,  and 
to  create  coni<iderable  interi'M.  On  thmo  succek- 
eive  evenioBB  ihr  Inree  thcntrf  of  the  Inttltiite  of 
civil  engiiici-rs  has  lieen  I'rowdeil  lo  excess  to  heiar 
the  diiKTUsiiiciij  iin  pnpers  by  Messrs.  Dlbdin  and 
Crimp  on  s<7wagc-sludf;e  and  its  dlspoaa).  Thp 
mocl  telliDR  «pe<?rli  was  thai  of  l>r.  Hey  molt  Tidy, 
wlio.  In  a  most  inciHire  maimer,  liulivered  a  heavy 
indiclment  agiUuBt  ihe  Mnlropolitnn  board  of 
work*,  on  Ihe  (-round,  that,  when  Forced  by  puhlic 
opioiuntodo  wonething  to  remedy  the  nulsanre 


in  the  Thames,  they  anramooed  lo  their  aid  the 
rery  ohemisls  wlio  hml  previously  given  evidence 
liefore  a  roynl  conimiMion  to  Ibi'  flle(-t  thnl  there 
was  no  HowKBe  nniaanot'  in  the  river  1  He  ridi- 
culed unsparingly  the  iiealment  by  lime  and  fei^ 
runs  oxide,  and  by  sotlitim  manK>nn(c.  wbiHi  hod 
been  ailo|>ted  by  Ihe  lH»r<l,  and  also  Mr.  Dilulin's 
view  that  Ihe  ferious  oxide  acted  as  a  carrier  of 
oxygen  bi-tween  Ibe  air  and  the  sewa|j:e  in  which 
it  was  mmptauli^rl.  The  idea  thai  n-wuge  oinild  be 
'  mode  l«  jHir '  had  dout?  mon-  timn  iiuy  thing  else 
to  reilrict  udvannm  in  thr  mode  of  dmling  with 
it :  such  piooeases  were  like  Ilium-  for  i-xttui-tinK 
silver  out  of  sen-water.  On  another  orcanion  the 
ndvocnles  of  irrigation  nnil  (ewsKe  farms  hod 
their  say  nl  tho  Society  of  arte,  whete  Dr.  Alfred 
Carpenter  jKave  his  ex|ieriences  of  the  Cru>don 
Ben'ugp-fariu,  near  l/indou.  wtiich  were  very 
favorable,  t^ueh  an  oi>iniun  has  vipeoial  value.  u« 
Ihe  author  in  well  known  as  a  diptatguiKhcd  unni- 
tarian  and  mimical  otSoer  of  health.  The  Wal 
oanditiim*  for  siic-cessfuJ  aawago.irrifialion  arc  not 
i-ntily  'ibininnble.  There  are.  howecer.  many 
plnecs  near  American  clliw,  within  the  know ledye 
of  the  present  writer,  where  aewa^i^iiTlgation 
might,  be  applied  with  the  xrealtM  advantage. 

Another  subject  much  befon?  the  iH.-ienlili('  pub- 
llo  at  pnw^nt  u  the  employment  of  gn«  fur  lighttng 
and  heating.  Mr.  Colnaghi  hna  ligblrd  a  small 
picture-gallery  most  efllciently  by  Ihet  ga«lif;ht 
system  of  Dr.  von  WeUtach  of  Vienna.  The 
llgurM  given  are  an  arerage  cunnunipUon  in  earh 
burner  of  two  feet  per  hour,  at  a  premurr  of  nine- 
teuthsof  nn  inch,  and  an  average  illuminnting- 
power  uf  Mrveotecn  cAndlcs,  or  eight  and  a  half 
candles  pL'r  cubic  foot  of  gns  consumed.  Within 
an  ordiniiiy  atniosplicric  or  nitnsen  flarne.  \it  placed 
n  mantle  or  hood  of  cotton  net  or  wpbbing  which 
has  been  previously  steeped  In  a  soluliun  of  oiidea 
of  liivonluin  nod  lantliuiiUim,  Mr,  WillinmSiigg. 
the  well-known  gas-engineer,  lot^-ly  gave  a  most 
Hucorasful  gas-oooking  dcmtmatrntion,  in  which 
the  non-luminous  Bnme  is  abnndonnd  in  favor  of 
the  milinnt  heat  from  a  luminoui;  finme  in  a  well- 
TontilaCed  chamber.  Tlie  gns  nupplj-  Is  regu tabid 
by  a  governor,  and  the  results  can  l>e  predicted  to 
a  nicety.  The  loss  in  roasting  a  joiut  iu  reduced 
from  twenty-Rve  per  cent  lo  eight  or  twetvc. 
Neither  the  food  nor  the  vevniln  containing  it  are 
tonoheil  by  tliB  6ume:  hence  nnplenaani  flavora 
are  avoided,  and  Ihe  whole  apparatus,  which  ia 
adaptnlile  i<>  many  dilfen>nt  culinary  oi)erai{ons, 
ha*  tho  merit  of  great  simplicity.  A  very  striking 
lecture,  well  Ulustrated,  was  recently  given  to  the 
Mnndieater  technical  school,  on  -Some  cnrinus 
flames.'  by  another  gas-engineer.  Kir.  ThonMs 
Fletcher.    He  strongly  insisted,  lha^  in  tlie  ah- 


I 


4.  18870 


909 


8«aoe  of  a  Mli<l  iialMaiicc  at  m  high  ttmfvnluK. 

Il  (s  impotMitilelomuMToiuliuNtion  without  Snmc, 

uul  that  wlirn  n  ftkini-  in  uonl,  it  is  impotwibk  to 

itiukL<  il  (ouch  n  rold  iiiirfar«.     The  «xlM«ic«  of 

thin  impMMhIe  colli  rone  wa«  <l«in(iDMTa(fd  by 

pBUitiy  miioiiaesperlnaenU.  aud  iu  prai-timt  <.'ou- 

I  nqaonccs  wm  pointed  out.    There  wui  amvh  of 

i  •  decfiptiw  ohunic(«r  sbmil  the  mera  npiKunuioe 

'  of  flame, 

The  Nevf  Zvuliinit  ■Miithqtiaki'  iif  June  10.  1898, 
atul  the  ilntniclion  of  tlic  (nmoUK  (orrHcca,  have 
IUcl,v  rotiH-  in  for  n  lar^v  8har«  of  put'llc  atten- 
tion ;  the  Hop\ftj  of  art4.  the  Oeolo);iett'  astocU- 
tioii  nt  their  annual  trieetltiK.  aud  the  Ueolojiical 
Bodety.  haviiiK  eaeh  recently  tl«vx>ti>d  an  «reoing 
to  It.  The  readen  of  papi-n  w«r«  nwpcctitoly, 
Mr.  Kerri-  Xiohols.  Mr.  W.  Lunl  Carpi-ntor.  Cap- 
Iain  Ilultcio.  and  Mr.  J.  htnriin.  In  thi-  Qnl  two 
ca.i(-B  some  □urTclloun  phoioRnphi.  taken  hj  the 
Hciiri-'h  (Kirtir*  wnt  up  during  the  enj|>tl-in,  were 
thrown  on  thi-  "CTwtt.  Hie  hTdrollitrinal  char- 
acter of  ilie  whole  was  well  broumbt  out,  one 
Htriklngvlew  l^ing  that  of  a  rwul  in  tin- t<ip  of 
Mount  Huawhia.  iSre  hundred  fet^t  dixp,  nix  hun- 
dred:! yar^ls  u«row,  and  u  mile-  and  n  half  long, 
whieh  ■■as  blown  out  in  Ihrtr  minutfn. 

An  uuotuiil  tiiimlioi  of  rlinnjte*  are  in  |>roKrem 
among  the  »l.alT  of  i)ie  Natural  histikr;  niiiaeuuiat 
South  KenHiuKion.  During  the  paat  ymr  the 
BoAloglnl  (le[jartuii-Dt  has  loat  the  wrHora  of  Mr. 
K.  J.  Mien  and  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Quelch,  who  had 
cbajge  of  the  CruHtacon  and  ZoAphytra  rmpec- 
tiwJy.  Tlir  formi-r  K^'ntlrrnnn.  I»>«ever,  cou- 
tinurs  In  do  iinofflcinl  work  In  the  moseum  :  but 
Mr,  Quelch  has  icono  lo  Uemerartt  aa  uuntor  of 
the  museum  there.  Mr.  H.  O.  Kidlty,  who  hai 
done  so  mui-h  Kood  ^ungiulogioal  work,  in  about 
to  Icare  lh«  uiuspuoi  and  lake  ortlcni.  Thefreo- 
togii-ul  dopurLnient  is  also  on  the  point  of  losing 
it*  two  miniiir  aasistnnti*.  Mr.  R.  Rtheridge,  Jan., 
will  ihoitly  rKurn  to  tliewpneof  hi4  earlier  si-ien- 
ijflc  work  in  Australia,  where  be  has  nK'eJved  the 
appotntiDcnt  of  paleontologist  lo  th«  AuBtnilinn 
nnaeum  aud  Ihe  deportment  of  nUiies  at  Sj'dni>,v. 
The  geologioal  dupurlmtnit  will  suffer  contiidnr* 
ably  by  the  Ioh  of  his  nirinimte  and  crompnthen- 
aivn  knowliHlgp  of  invprt<-brnle  palnnntologj,  and 
hiH  widr  (-xpi-rienc^-  in  thr  arranRcment  of  fowtts 
for  exhibition.  It  i^  not  too  much  to  say  that  in 
this  latter  respecl  the  Brltfab  tnuseain  is  far  in  ad- 
vance of  any  other  miuenm  In  Europe,  as  ia  uni- 
venally  admitted  by  our  continental  visitors ;  and 
for  this  result  (he  muaeiiui  uuthoriUes  arv  very 
largely  indeljled  to  th<'  c«r«  and  skill  of  Mr. 
Ktbi-ridgc.  AlmoBt  the  saine  may  bi-  said  of  Mr. 
W.  DavieN,  who  i*  about  torclircona  welt-«nmed 
punaioD,  after  a  prolongiid  period  of  service,  dur- 


inx  whieli  he  Imh  had  oharge  of  tlie  fosail  verte- 
brate*. Altbotif-h  be  boa  ]tubliihrd  littlt>,  b«  baa 
done  very  much  for  vrrti'bratp  pnh^mtolncy,  both 
in  the  prvparation  of  ii|mriinrn*  for  invnartigatioB 
WWl  esbltiilioo,  and  from  Itie  uOfieKMi  way  in 
wblch  his  extensive  ko'ivleilge  tias  always  l>e«ni 
unreaervedly  cotnmnuicatt-d  to  o\\u-t  workers. 
Many  important  obBi-r'-«ti<iaii  whkh  an:  rworded 
in  pnleontologicul  iiiciiioirs  hy  viuii>ui>  autboni  ara 
in  nialitT  due  to  Ibe  work  of  Mr.  Dai'iii,  tbouidi 
thin  faot  hnii  not  nlonyn  lieen  ntnde  known  by  tha 
wrhors  of  tlw  memoirs  In  (|ne«lioii. 

The  Zoilogieal  rfeord,  the  future  exloiencfi  of 
wlild)  has  been  In  dancer  of  late.  U  now  to  have 
a  new  lease  of  life.  For  soni«  lime  past  the  sub- 
soriplioii-liu  hav  not  snfflot^l  to  pay  the  working 
expeuami.  and  negottationit  were  net  on  fool  with 
Dr.  Anton  Doliro.  In  ordrr,  if  potnihlc.  to  bring 
about  a  itaion  of  the  Urciint  with  the  later  catal^ 
hahed  Zontoginfhtr  Jahrft/nrrirht.  Thew  have 
fallen  through,  hoveter,  and  ho  the  7»AlDgtoal 
society  is  about  lo  undertake  Ihr  imMioatinn  of 
the  Htfor^.  It  will  remain  under  the  able  editor- 
Mhip  of  Prof.  F.  3.  Bell,  who  ban  brought  out  the 
last  few  vi>luniwi.  Thwi-  iiitv«  nppenrpd  within 
the  year  nufi-iM-ding  tluit  of  whii^h  tlir  literature  b 
recorded :  and  fn  thla  rMpoet  the  Enidiiih  work 
has  the  ndvantage  of  ila  OMtnan  companion, 
which  ia,  however,  morli  more  comprelieiwiTo  in 
ita  scope. 

Fennentation  in  relation  to  tiread-making  lias 
been  invnttipiled  by  Mr.  W.  Jago.  who  com- 
municjiteil  his  ntaiili*  to  a  rroent  m<Tting  of 
tho  London  aection  of  tlie  Society  of  chemirail  in- 
daatry.  Diacardlng  entirely  the  prevalent  idea 
that  Ihe  raaJn  object  of  tbj  feriueniatloii  was  the 
aeration  of  the  bread,  be  described  an  ajiperatas, 
and  the  results  obtained  by  Ita  use.  for  cotuparfng 
the  amount  of  rermenlalion  prtduced  under  (he 
Mamo  conditionH  in  viirioais  irlemeota  of  ihr  Hour 
neparnlely  (e.g..  glutrii,  starch.  n<|n<<onH  extract, 
etc.).  by  nxMiniring  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid* 
evolved  from  the  same  welghta  In  the  same  peii- 
odf .  The  ferment  employed  In  all  oaan  had  been 
the  preMed  distillers'  yeast,  usually  obtalae'l  fnMn 
rye.  It  was  elicited  hi  the  diBCiunioo  which  f(d- 
lowed.  that  bolb  tlie  author  aud  otlierv  wen!  en- 
gaged ill  inveatigaling  the  w'lMinite  u<.-ti(tuB  of  the 
diffetviit  kintlaof  fi-rmenta  to  he  found  in  bnkera* 
yrnat.  ami,  in  fact,  in  endeavoring  to  put  tho 
ohemiitiT  of  pnnifaction  on  the  same  *oiind  basis 
•H  that  rei^ienlly  •■■tablinheil  for  llie  teruieutallon 
of  beer.  T)ie«e  remilta  will  be  looked  for  with 
much  Interest. 

At  the  ^mr  meeting  the  lint  scientitic  data 
were  given  about  the  recent  English -grown 
tobaeco.     The  percentage  of  ash  wan  very  much 


210 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  Xo  818 


liigiwT  th&n  in  ddin  Atmriftlll  or  Uerman  tobacco, 
indicnlinKlhnt  the  plant  had  been  niucli  'forred;' 
mill  it  contained  utticli  more  lime  tliati  usual  in 
proportion  to  Die  polu«b  aiul  aotla,  an  well  as  a 
high  perceota^  of  pUlorioe,  Moreover,  water 
extracted  ooe-lliird  more  of  voluble  matter  from 
Engllsli  Lliaij  fntcu  Amcricnn  tuluii-eo. 

It  biay  be  worth  notint;  Ihnt  ihis  Hociety  has 
Bownearlj  tbnir thoiunnil  membeni,  tbnt  it«  jour- 
nal in  mt<TiDK  on  lis  Hlxth  voluiu«  (puliliiihed 
mouChl}'  uader  tli«i  direction  of  a  oonitulUee),  and 
that  iiaaimsare  pcrfn-ttydiatlncifroiii  iheClieiu- 
(oal  acidity,  wblch  dealn  wiih  pun?  acienoe,  and 
Ormn  tb«  Iiutitut«  of  clicmiatrj,  wbicb  in  inainl)' 
an  ataoctatjoo,  fur  prafnwJnoial  and  •df-iimtivtive 
purpueis.  uf  atialyticnl  clieinicts 

A  pap4Ton  'Telvplionic  investt>ntlDnB,'by  I^vf. 
S,  P.  Tbomimon.  i»  Kivini;  rise  to  thiv*'  Dighte 
diKUsstuii  at  the  Society  of  telegraph  engi(i««r« 
and  cloctriciane,  of  wlilcb  thv  veteran  SirCharlea 
Brif;ht  in  now  preAlileni.  T\w  paper,  which  is 
well  worthy  ol  attentive  study,  coiitaiued  au  al- 
tno"t  exbauBtivL-  clnsjiriivitiim  of  teleplioiiio 
trsiiBniitters.  r«*i*ere,  mid  trnno formers. —  an 
accouDl  of  the  nnthor'sDUTnerouomenrvheH  there- 
upou,  aiid  eNpcriatly  of  hU  -valve' telephone, — 
and  nn  elaborate  iliecuHslou  of  the  effect  of  lieat 
in  microphonic  contMCl>).  The  author  oondudtHi 
with  the  followiug  Heutenceti.  upon  wliii'b  Ihv 
discuHEiiun  miiltiTy  tumei;  ■■Incnnchision,  I  would 
reiterule  my  conviction  that  the  sucree«of  lonK- 
range  tclopbooy  depends  upon  the  powibltity  of 
deviiiiDg  liutrumentit  which,  ou  the  one  hand,  can 
be  uaad  with  higher  balletj-  power  to  transmit 
rtzonger  cumnta,  and  wbicU,  uu  the  otbri-  band, 
will  be  adapted  to  tvodve  these  cuirmta  by  meaiu 
vA  apparatus  whicli.  tliough  nut  neceaaarily  niure 
neneitive  to  small  cum-otH  tlinn  tht  prraent  rr- 
celvara.  will  bavo  u  highiT  electriml  and  mnohani- 
cal  efficiency.  And  I  nin  convinced  that  the  path 
of  pragnHW  lie>>  very  near  the  roud  already  trarelleil 
byihoxo  wboliHve  perfected  the  exieliuK  machine- 
ry for  the  dectrlo  iniiiiiuiimiuu  of  itower." 

The  direct  uppuaite  of  Ibu  was  very  stuiilty 
maintained  l-y  Mr.  I'Tcroe,  head  electrJL'ian  of  the 
poht-ofSce  tekjtrapbn,  who  arRned  that  Itoth  on 
tbeotwticai  grouDdn,  —  vix. ,  that,  in  Sir  W.  Tlioni- 
nan's    law,    the   value  of    a   in    ttao   equation 

a  =  ClirP 
WH  Indcfieadent  both  of  cnrrent  and  of 
«lectn>>niotlve  force.  —  and  also  aa  the  result  of 
[ttactical  experiuieniii.  a  great  nuuiher  uf  which 
w«re  i|Uotpd,  loiiK-distiuice  telephony  wan  a  ques- 
tion, not  of  iiulruuKruls.  but  of  liui). 

At  the  annual  mwtinf;  of  tlie  I'hyidcBl  xociely 
ot  London,  hold  this  nftemoon,  Prof.  Halfour 
Stowart  wan  rr-elected  preeldent,  and  Dr.  E.  At- 


Idnson,  who  for  mauy  ycotm  hati  been  tmaurer, 
was  elected  a  viit^-prmitlent,  while  Prof.  A.  W, 
HQcker  (the  recently  appointed  nucMttsor  to  tlie 
late  Profeeeor  Guthrie  at  the  Science  scboola, 
South  Kensington)  waa  appointed  treaaurer.  The 
society  adopted  an  alterntion  of  ita  rules,  whereby 
meoiberahip  of  a  foreign  or  colnninl  scieoUtic 
society  shall  in  future  be  held  eiguhalent  to  tlie 
penioual  knowledge,  uii  the  partuf  members  of  the 
aoctety.  of  eandidatea  for  its  metaberahip.       W. 

l^ODdOIl,  |i'«b.  IS. 


QEOQRAPmCAL  NOTES. 
Africa. 

Tlic  lai«it  letler  of  Dr.  O.  Lenx  is  dated  Deoem- 
bcr.  1S80.  On  June  SH  be  left  Koxoagv.  which 
was  being  mvaged  by  small-pox.  After  be  bad 
left  the  villsge  the  disease  broke  out  among  his 
caravan,  and  among  those  who  died  of  it  were  bis 
own  and  Bobudorf's  servants.  On  the  Tth  o( 
August  be  reached  the  Tsngunjika.  where  he  met 
with  the  English  tnisBiouurii's.  He  crosaed  the 
lake  to  U.jiji,  whenee  be  wished  to  g'>  north. 
However,  on  account  of  the  war  IjetHi-eii  the  AiuIm 
and  northern  tribes,  he  was  unable  tocontinuehin 
journey,  and  was  obliged  to  proceed  toiTardfl  the 
east  coast.  He  dii  not  follow  the  well-known 
route  from  Ujlji  to  Bagouioyo,  but  chow  the 
Zumbexi  routi?.  He  crussed  the  land  iMtween  the 
Tanganyika  and  NvnKiui.  went  by  liout  over  Lake 
NyaBsn  and  down  the  Shire  and  Zambezi.  Having 
reached  Kwlllinane  at  the  mouth  of  this  rirer,  he 
em)>arlied  tor  Zanxibar.  His  arrival  there  was 
announced  a  short  time  ago. 

J>  Fnoni]ieinenr  gMgraphiqtiie  of  Feb.  IK  contains 
an  interesting  sketL-ji-iuup  of  the  district  north  of 
llie  Kongo  by  A.  J.  Wautera,  showing  the  present 
slate  of  our  knowlnilge  of  tbi'  hydrography  of 
tliat  country  iuH.->irding  to  the  explorations  of 
Junker.  (Irenfell.  I^iipton  Rey,  nod  Ftegel.  The 
Welle-Makiia  ban  iH^jn  fopied  from  n  sketch  fur- 
nished by  Dr.  Scbweinfurth.  and  shows  the  im> 
portant  dlscoveciee  of  Dr.  Junker. 

Stanley  baa  left  Zaaxlbur  for  the  Kongo.  At 
the  name  time  the  famous  Arabian  trader  Tippo- 
Tip  ntarled  for  Stanley  falls,  and  baa  promised  to 
iiupport  Stanley 'i  expedition. 

The  January  nnmber  of  thv  BiUtftin  of  tha 
Paris  geographical  society  contains  an  accurate 
map  of  the  Qgowe  In  West  Africa  by  Lieutenant 
Miion.  and  of  bis  return  journey  to  the  coasL 
In  the  paper  wbicb  a<x.'ompunSe«  the  maps.  Mixou 
describes  the  mHhuda  of  ubwrvatiuu,  imd  given 
the  pciiJtion*  of  nomc  of  the  more  important 
pointa.  The  maps  am  on  the  ■cale  of  nbont  one 
kilomelrc  to  an  inob,  and  contain  a  gieat  deal  of 
topographical  and  orograpblcal  detail. 


SCUBIiVJi. 


211 


TIm  Hudaou  Bay  eonipinr  liut  kulumn  ootD- 

ptet«d  a,  iit««uitTr  for  tbi'  lower  |iar(  of  the  Il«e- 

,  kMisifr  River.     Trial  triiw  <rcr*'  mnde  ou  Onat 

'  GiBve  Lake,  and  ni^xt  ■nimmcr  hIiv  will  run  to  PeH 

River,  near  th?  muiilti  ot  tbn  Mnc-ki<iizie. 

The  Gwigraphical  society  of  iViv  P»RiHc  at  San 
Francisco  nnnaUDccs  tbe  n-ooRnllion  of  Itip  new 
moDthlv  journal  Kosmot.  «dit«nl  tij  C.  UiU'liell 
OfUt,  u  Ita  ufficiul  ortcun.  The  new  periodioal 
wUI  iiive  reporta  on  the  uecliiiRH  of  th«  •ocwly. 
Tbough  iti  |ilan  incluJee  all  branches  of  science, 
the  flnt  number  Is  Inrgeir  devoted  to  geography, 
We  tlnd  in  it  a  description  of  the  ascent  ot  Mount 
St.  Elia«  by  U.  W.  Melon-Kun.  snd  a  paper  by 
PmS.  Oeonc^  Davidson  on  ■  Subinnrine  ^alleys  on 
the  PftciRo  OMiet  uf  the  UniicJ  »lnl>-s.'  The  re- 
ftuming  of  publications  by  tite  geoi^raphiral  m>- 
i-iettea  of  Snn  Fmncisc^o  and  Mexico  shows  ihat 
iiitenvt  in  geiigrnphy  Is  increasing  in  America. 

FoUtr  rvgn'on*. 

Mr.  Alexander  MnArthur.  f.u-nierlyan  riaployev 
oi  the  Uiidiioi)  Bny  n>ai|uiny,  Ipft  Winulpe^,  Feb. 
IS,  onanexplorinKCipeditioD  Co  the  iiolar  reRiont. 
1I«    tntenda     (n     uo    fruin     Wiunipe;;    to    Fort 
Clmrcbill,  an<l  to  continue  his  journey  along  Ihr 
we«t  coast  of  Hutlsun  Bay.    White  Uildrr  pmpn*cD 
t"j  puHh  north  liy   the  wuy  of  Fury  and  Hccia 
Strait.  Mc-Ariliur  i>refer*  to  go  norih-weet  by  the 
wuyof  Kinjt  WUIiMn Land  and  Boothia  Felix,  the 
ill-famed  diHtricU  of  Bom's  aufferintiB  in  it^eO-SS. 
and  of  tlie  Iom  of  tlie  Franldio  expedition.     Ho 
intends  to  stay  a  irinler  on  Kinit  William  Laad, 
and  to  iJio  onrtti  in  the  ensuing  winlvr.  croNting 
Lancaciler  Sound,  and  ftillowinK  the  weat  coiul  of 
North  Uei'on.     From  then*  he  propiwes  to  cross  to 
the  little-known  iHlnnds  nt  Jnn«t4  Stiiiiiil  and  tbuH 
reach  thtr  wc«t  nhorc  of  OrinueM  Ltiud,  which,  he 
.  liopw,  will  prove  a  Mfe  route  north.     Ue  expecin 
'to  b«  abMnt  some  three  or  four  ymri.     This  pinn 
of  nachlDK  tIte  north  pole  will  nndoubtedly  be  ae 
UBSUCoeesful  aa  Gilder's.    Uilder  liai  nmplc  ex- 
iperlence   in  «rctio   trnrrllin);.  and   con«ei|(iecitly 
does  not  attempt  a  route  that  )■  even  unkTxiwn  w 
the  Eskimos.    The  way  he  Intends  to  i^  ia  inhalv 
.itod  by  niitivcD,  .-nd,  under  favorable  circum- 
lltwcM.  b»  oiay  liave  a  chance  to  reach  Lancuiter 
■Soitiid  In  the  s^n-inx  of  1689.     Whether  he  will  be 
abl«  to  cross  Umcanter  Sound  Udoubtftil.   The  Es- 
kimos travel  Very  rarely  acmtu  thin  Mrnit,  aixl  tlie 
[journey   can  be  itccoin|ili*hcd  only   in   favorable 
t'joan  when  it  i«  fromn  over,  which  >lo«e  not  oo 
lour  often.     A*  steam -whalers  go  every  year  to 
Smith  Sound  and  Pond's  Bay,  Uilder'a  plan  can- 
not be  considered  a  good  one.  IhouKfa  be  mixht 
^do  ooostdentble    gcognpbicnl    and    ethnoloiricat 


work  between  l''ury  and  Heels  Strnit  and  Pond's 
Bay.  He  will  have  tl>e  lerMtrnt  difflcwlty  in  gtt- 
tlnn  I^kimov  to  go  along  with  him  a<-row  Iab- 
easter  Soand.  Fowl  i*  very  acsrce  on  this 
Journey,  and  many  stories  of  ttie  natives  referring 
to  families  crossinc  Lancuner  Sound  are  lull  of 
Ifae  horrors  of  Mort-atton  and  cBiiiiihalisro-  The 
natives  of  Cape  I<a>iella  are  xatd  to  be  compara- 
tively well  off,  and  tli«*>  arc  the  only  ones  who 
can  liolp  an  explorer  along.  We  oanuot  see 
any  reason  why  a  trareller  who  inteoda  to  ex- 
plore till'  extreme  north  shuuM  not  Klnrt  from 
the  ncnrmt  nvailuble  point  instead  of  wanting  hia 
time  and  atreoglh  no  a  haznnloiut  journey  for 
which  there  is  no  nwemity.  lit.  McArihnr  may 
succeed  in  rtachlng  King  William  Land,  as  there 
exist  two  or  throe  routes  to  tliat  country  whicli 
are  used  by  the  natives.  —  one  from  Cbwrteifleld 
Inlet,  another  from  Wager  Htver,  and  a  third 
along  tlie  coast  ol  the  Uutf  of  Boothia.  Rae  and 
HatI  nuvl  the  Innt.  and  Schwulka  the  second  nmU'. 
As.  however,  the  Fjikimoa  of  King  William  Lnnd 
and  Boothtn  do  not  travel  farther  north  tlmn 
Bellot  Strait,  and  *lnf^  IfW^  do  not  even  vUil  this 
p.irt  of  the  cuatit.  ami  ss  tlipy  an-  m*  at  all  ac- 
ijiiniiiti'd  with  the  more  northern  tx>t'ta  of  the 
Arctic  ArtJiipel-igo,  iheie  l*t  not  the  «lighte8t 
chanw  for  McArthur  to  get  along  on  thi»  route. 
Explorers  like  McArthur  and  Gilder  may  acoom- 
plish  coiuiderubte  anil  valuable  work  when  th*y 
conSne  thcuiselees  toalask  ade(|nnteio  (jieir  nieaoa 
and  the  vtnw^th  of  a  alnglu  man,  but  the  accom- 
plidimcntof  tlM-ir  plans  iaalmoit  impossible.  Tbe 
exploration  iil  Jooni  Sound  is  one  of  the  rmM 
important  prohlenu  of  the  geography  of  erctto 
America,  and  it  (nay  lie  BocompilshiMt  by  u  few  mso 
at  A  •mult  expense,  tlllder  is  a  man  of  exteuai*« 
experience  in  travelling  iu  the  Arctic,  and  we  may 
Ite  allowed  to  cxprvaw  tbe  wish  that  heshould  give 
up  lii»  pre-K-nt  plon  and  apply  tiis  energlw  and 
■Icill  to  this  imporlnnt  work  which  he  will  b«  able 
to  accomplish. 


yOTHS  AND  NEWS. 


^iOT  long  ago  NicolniiT,  workiiij^'  in  FlOgge's 
laboratorj',  found  a  bacillus  which  Imd  the  t>ower 
to  produce  in  animals  tlie  phenomena  of  lock-juw 
((etoRKJi  fruwmaffras).  Afterward  Rosciibacb  ku<.<- 
cecded  in  obtaining  tlie  same  bacillus  from  the 
wound  of  n  man  who  had  died  of  lock-jaw.  It. 
Brleger  hn*  recently  prepared  frutti  llesh  a  pto- 
maine which  pro'lucc*  in  unimnln  the  mime  symit- 
toroa  as  tbuee  which  are  produced  by  injecting  the 
sprcific  tetanus  bacillus.  To  the  tnlmtance  lie 
gives  the  name  '  leianine.'  He  has.  furtlier,  found 
the-nnme  substance  in  hutnan  cadaver  which  bad 


212 


SCIEirCE. 


(Vol.  IX..  No.  S18 


(or  wteral  mgiiihit  bora  nndcrKoinfc  RponMiiooii* 
deoomptMilfnn.  TeUoiD^  ia  4k  definile  rh^mioal 
oompound  which  caii  be  purifli.-il  hy  tlw  usual 
ebnniic-Al  m^lhud«,  nod  was  ito  {iiiritltd  by  Iko  tlls- 
oovcrer.  Brieg*r  aJ»o  round  to  t«lunus-rulture8 
KBolfaer  ptoinaJnt?  whkli  )>*■  tbu  (iowlt  to  i>n>duoe 
cramps  and  othtrr  symiitains  dowdy  rescmbliiig 
tbaa»  ot  l<H-k-jaw.  Tlin  flndint;  of  ibn  trtAniis- 
bMillo*  ntid  of  t«laiiiiio  MifncmW  an  explnna[ii>ii 
of  fwrbiin  f»cl*  wbicb  faa*«  iM*n  known  for  fame 
tioiv.  In  KKD6  localltieB  pereons  w  ith  wnund*  are 
paniouloriy  llabl*?  to  loi-k-Jnw.  In  one  such  )o- 
colHy,  St  k-nst.  InrKU  iin-un  i>r  Und  ore  covered  for 
a  part  of  the  ywir  wiih  iIm-  n'fii«e  froin  lirh-oil 
faotorlea.  ItM-ctnonifl  ituprolmlili-  Ihiil  Jii  the  diy 
eompoMliun  of  tiu>  Mi  tli«  ptomafnp  dmrribvid  by 
BriegfT  niny  bo  fomifKl,  and  tliot  m  tbo  matter 
dricn  it  may  find  tt»  way  into  tlie  air  to  eoine  ex- 
tent :  or  It  may  be  prment  in  the  earth,  and  coa- 
Uol  with  the  eurlh  iiiay  i-auae  its  imroduL-tloii  iulo 
A  wound. 

—  Out!  of  tlic  niOft  Taluabio  contribgtionii  to 
•oiencv  now  in  roune  of  preparation  ta  a  niric*  of 
i-'hnrlR  KhowiDK  the  Mrface  teiuperalur«s  of  the 
Atlantic  coasi  nalers  (ram  the  eastern  coani  of 
Maine  to  the  extreme  uouiherly  count  of  Florid-i. 
Thi*  liDportaiit  work  in  being  prosoculc^  by  (hi- 
V.  a,  flsb  coin  minion ,  with  tbt  niil  of  tlip  ligbt- 
bouw  bunrd  and  thi.-  KiKnnl  Krrricv.  and  is  based 
upon  (>h«i>rTailoi)«  iiiade  ihLio  far  at  twenty- 
four  hclithoum  Btatlous,  aliuwio);  tlit--  nurfucv 
t^vinpeialurM  at  tlitw  loonlilii-n  during  the-  laat 
Ave  yesTB.  Tlif  tem|>rmtumi  at  ciich  nlati'in  aii> 
■bowrn  In  di-tail  for  irach  ynir  by  icti-day  mnan*. 
and  thcae  nviiltii  Br«  ovmblncd  wiili  a  iwHcs  of 
laotlwnuiil  i-)urt8  showing  the  rrlalions  of  the 
dUTe«-nt  Htaliontt.  Tho»o  obMercailona  have  a 
uodl  jai|xir|jiiii  bearing  on  tlie  study  of  the  mi- 
gration of  Ihe  mackn«),  menliaden,  sliad,  aud 
otlipr  migratory  ItshLtt.  and  will  be  of  gr«at  valun. 
Other  temperature  obforratioiu  of  Uie  inland 
val«r»  of  tbo  Uoilvd  Ktati-s  arc  now  in  courtr  of 
reduction,  ami  will  nhortly  lir  iwuril. 

—  The  provalrni  hnltef  iliat  an  Indian  bean 
pain  with  |"?rfrcl  ooinpiMiire  la  likely  to  be  ovet- 
throwuhy  tbeol>iervalJoiit<of  Dr,  Cof busier  among 
tha  Apaclte  IndlarrB.  He  Onda  that  ibey  do  not 
endure  pliy«lcal  pahi  any  better  than,  if  ua  wpJl 
aa,  the  wliitM.  (in'at  pain  rtudt-re  them  utiijiid. 
and  the  wlolidity  witb  wliich  thvy  arv  inippoiird  to 
btwr  jMin  Ik  not  w<dl  maintained  by  thi-m  under 
•mall  mirgii^iU  operation*,  nvc-n  thr  i>xirantinn  o(  A 
tootli  almiwl  alwarq  elk-itiiig  a  grown  or  a  yell. 
The  paint  wblcli  ia  iiitually  on  tlieir  faces  conceals 
tfatfir  exptemiou.  Wlien  this  la  removed,  the 
cbangea  induced  by  the  eoiotionit  may  be  readily 


dftodjMl :  anger  ia  aluotf  always  betrayi-d  by  the 
rxpresiian  of  the  fl]r»,  fear  by  Uie  dirty  gray  isb 
color  the  nkin  ataumM.  Nurpriae  by  suddenly  draw* 
log  in  a  breath  as  if  gasping,  and  sometimn  by 
oorering  the  month  with  oiu>  hand. 

—  The  Linna<ifln  society  of  New  York  liare 
paswd  resuliitions  asking  congnea  to  miikv  ude- 
(lualr  Inwa  fur  Ibe  prmar gallon  of  the  natiic  ani- 
iuuIh.  foienlo.  and  the  many  objects  of  wonder  und 
ncirntific  inttreal  cuntaineil  in  tbe  Tellowntone 
national  lutrk.  Tbe  rwijIutioiiH  were  ]ire*ienlcd  In 
iMtb  liouaea  of  congrcM  on  Monday  Uot. 

— Thn  licsirr  haa  been  frecjiicnily  Pxpn-eHHl  for 
an  American  journal  dcToti<d  tn  tlic  inten-Hiaof 
agricultural  science,  and  several  iinsiicci^sifu]  ef* 
fosta  bare  been  made  to  ettabli^h  one,  buL  thn 
modiwl  jimrnul  under  the  titt«  of  fl^ricMffHral 
teirnpf  (CbiirluaS.  Plumb,  Geneva,  N.V.).  whose 
flwt  two  numbeta  lie  bi'fori-  ua.  in.  we  believr.  the 
flrat  of  th<<m  whit^b  haa  proved  viable.  The  pur- 
pose* of  tlio  new  journal,  aa  stated  by  thr  editor, 
lany  be  sumnMitEod  a*,  flrst,  the  publication  of 
original  work  in  agricultural  scieitce  ;  second,  the 
publication  of  abstraola  ol  articles  In  forelgu  Jour- 
nals ;  (bird,  to  furnish  a  mwuia  of  commuuication 
for  Htudeiila  und  inveHtigntom  in  tliia  line.  In  tbe 
numlirrii  bvlon-  ua  the  two  laltor  aim*  of  tbe 
journal  are  more  amply  fulflMrd  than  (he  Rrat. 
The  abstracts  are  well  selected  and  prepared,  and 
not  a  little  news  of  int«te«t  is  prea«iiied.  Tlie 
tirigiiuil  arliclm  are  live  in  number,  and  take  up 
twunty-oni'  out  of  foriy-right  pogca,  but  only 
three  of  ihem  i-onlain  tbe  record  of  any  original 
work,  and  tbo  main  points  of  one  of  tho*e  bave 
been  previously  published,  so  Ibat  we  have  Iti  the 
two  numbers  eiiiht  pugea  i>f  frtnh,  original  in- 
r«tigulion.  This  fact  aeeiua  to  ua  to  slion*  plainly 
one  <if  tliG  chief  diflicultiea  likely  to  lienet  tlir  edi- 
tor, viJt.,  a  pniirity  of  original  iUTeatigalion*.  Tlio 
amount  of  original  aciraliHc  work  |H'rfonnod  at 
the  various  Agricultural  oollegss  and  experiment 
slailouB  In  not  large,  and  conridenible  of  what  Is 
done  seems  likely  to  tind  lia  linnl  and  only  means 
of  publicutiou  in  annual  repuria  and  the  like.  At 
the  aamo  time,  we  wish  llie  new  journal  oil  poa- 
slble  SUCCHW.  The  attempt  ij  certainly  a  most 
lAU<lalile  one.  and  the  execution  thiu  far  pratie- 
wortby.  Whether  the  two  olmincli'*  of  i>anclly  of 
material  and  a  oscwoirtly  somew liat  lliuiu-d  num- 
ber of  ivnd«Tts  can  be  ov«rcunie.  time  must  sliow. 

—  The  pulilication  agency  of  the  John*  Hopkins 
imlvcrslty  has  now  ready  (or  iwue  vol.  i.  of  a 
sericti  of  selected  morphological  mouograplin  by 
members  of  tbe  univerwily.  under  tJie  editorial 
direction  of  W.  K.  Btooka,  Ph.D.  The  volume 
contain*  tbr«e   hundred    an<l  seventy  pagea  und 


I 


I 


flftf-one  pIniM.  quarto.  Th«  ront«nl8  ftiv,  'Lnclfer: 
a  rtud];  in  marpliolony,'  wltii  eleven  p)at«s.  b^ 
W.  K.  Bronk« :  ■  The  ilvvvlopini-nt  of  [tenilla.'  willi 
Kixtfvn  [ibtes.  )>;  E.  B.  Wilson  ;  ■  Tbv  life-liistory 
of  tli«  HydrO'MiTilusai! :  a  (liiicuMoa  of  tbv  urif^in 
<4  tlie  Mt^JuiKu-,  nnd  iif  (hi-  niKnifitninw  of  iiic(«- 
geoiwu,'  wilh  eight  plnlrs,  iij  W.  K  Brnoks ;  ■  Re- 
port on  thn  Stoma lopnda,'  witli  eixtMW  plAt«*,  bj 
W.  K.  Bmokfl.  On)7  ono  Iiumlr^d  eojAet  in  all 
will  he  Ifinied.  TIip  pricir  is  lixed  at  MVftn  dollars 
and  flft.v  oentfi  net,  dflirernl  bjr  mait,  iwatogv  [Wlii], 
or  by  exprew  At  the  expeoiic  of  tbc  purchaacr. 

—  Tbv  Sntithsoniitn  inslittition  hn«  tvooi^td  no- 
tice from  Col.  J.  H,  Wood  of  8t.  Pnul  that  hi*  hag 
ahipprd  to  Ihum  the  hod\f>  of  ftv*  pereons  —  s 
man.  womon,  bi>i1  tbree  ciiildren  — taken  from  a 
cavp  In  the  Bad  Lands  of  Dulcota  bj  a  miner. 
The  bodies  iire  simpljr  driMl  up,  and  ate  not  petri- 
fied, but  urv  in  a  remarkable  »tal«  of  presi-rvntiou. 
Scientific  rorn  who  hnve  seen  them  say  tliry  bo- 
long  to  n  ran;  which  exlstrd  two  Iboiidand  jeare 
ago.  Thii  wilt  he  a  Tery  lni[)onant  a'lditioii  to 
th*  ooll«ctlon  of  desiocated  bodies  now  on  ezblbl- 
tion  In  the  national  museum. 

—  Dr.  Baker,  secretary  of  thv  Michigan  state 
board  of  health,  baa  Inuad  that  id  that  stat« 
emall-pux  bun  bftm  <-ompanitiT«ly  ^pidcnitc  oveiy 
flT«  ynus.  In  I8T2  tlipre  were  S03  deathn  from 
that  diwase.  in  I^TT  there  were  lOI}.  aud  in  1863 
there  were  100.  Ue  looks  for  its  Bppvurani:«  in 
the  Hlale  ai;aiu  thla  year. 

— Tbe  fitHtvmrnt  is  made  that  aupemumertkry 
tOMUidfingenare  very  oft«u  met  with  among  the 
negro  trlbea  Ifrini;  beyond  the  Orange  bYee  Htate. 
Dr.  Stoekly  mwitiona  th^^  onao  of  a  Catlrp.  eighlern 
jvam  <ild,  who  liud  six  fiogcnt  on  ent-h  hftod.  Hiii 
father,  moihnr,  four  siiitc««,  anil  a  brother  hiul 
tlu*  lamc.  UiH  mothn"  bad  also  a  doubln  sr-rieo 
of  toes  on  both  feel. 

—  The  January  meeting  of  tlie  Michigan  state 
board  of  hcultb  wn»  iiiprciolly  noli-worlhy  by  rea- 
son of  n  rc|>ort  of  a  spiwinl  committ<iT  which  had 
been  appoinU-d  to  confer  with  tbc  r^Kcnt*  of  Ibc 
university  relative  to  the  eetabllsboient  ot  a  bibo- 
ratory  of  biology  and  hygiene  at  that  iiwtitiilion. 
As  a  result  of  tlie  agitation  of  the  eubjecl,  the 
legislature  of  the  «taie  haa  been  inemorialieed  to 
eslabliiili  suob  a  laboratory. 

—  An  unnamed  fever  i«  »ald  to  be  rnry  provn- 
lent  In  Jerusalem,  the  patients  being  so  nnineious 
as  to  (ill  a  large  hospital  canipL  As  quinine  is 
Aid  to  be  gWBlly  in  demand,  we  presume  the 
tevea  is  of  malarial  origin.  It  is  thought  that  the 
spread  of  the  ditviue  i«  due  largely  to  pollutL-d 
drinldog- water  and  unwliolvnomn  food. 


—  Referenoe  was  made  in  a  recent  numb«r  of 
Science  to  th«  deaths  which  oreiirr«d  in  January 
of  tlie  present  year  in  tlie  city  of  Tray,  N.Y.,  tram 
the  iuluUation  of  fuel-ga*.  The  Jtftdioo/  ttewa  cuo- 
tain*  u  hbtory  of  theae  caaea  rnm  tlie  pen  of  Dr. 
BonlPcaii.  who  aiMwtud  at  the  autopalct  held  on 
the  victimii,  and  attrnded  othera  who  rvcoverMl. 
The  occupants  of  a  row  of  dwrllinga  wctv  almoxt 
■11  seriously  otvrcome  hy  the  gan.  When  tbe 
cauae  wasdlarov«red,  tlie  police  amused  tkcae  wtm 
lived  iu  these  lioutei^  ntany  of  whom  were  found 
sick.  All  tbe  oecuimnta  of  one  Hat  weie  dead. 
At  the  uutoftties  Uie  solid  tlwoew  and  llie  blood 
were  found  to  be  of  a  oheiry-ted  color,  which  ia 
character iatic  of  |ioiiK>ning  by  carbonic  oxide.  Tlie 
compofition  of  the  focl-giu  which  wax  uaed  in 
throe  houses  tn  mid  to  be,  hydrogen  3fl,  and  car- 
bonic oxide  44,  parta  in  100. 


LETTKRS  TO  THE  BDJTOB. 

1tr1r*r'9  nume  U  in  uUhuu  r*«ut*tfd  a*  pr^of  of  fto6  f^aK 

On  certain  electrical  phenomena. 

b(  Srimer  vt  Fob.  18.  Dr.  Shufeldt  n-lalu  name  In- 
teroiftisg  inntanoeii  of  ac«idDutiU  eJoetrifleailoD.  He 
ceenu  to  imply,  in  hia  dcacriptloaof  the  phMionena, 
that  titers  la  someUxinff  ntysterlonsor  uuiutnnl  in  rof  b 
ooeutTaDoea.  If  ba  mil  eritieally  eiAuiinc  hi*  facta, 
poiMibly  nliminating  a  few  of  tfaom,  1  think  he  will 
and  DothinK  which  la  not  aaNlly  aeconnied  fur,  ud 
whU^h  hiw  txit  been  long  reeognixed.  I  haro  annaml 
myw-lf  Aud  many  of  mr  frivnda  with  ibia  aorl  :/t 
thing  tor  m&ay  yean.  The  oleetriflcatiiHi  of  n  man 
or  a  wnmim  in  moving  abont  aTOom  Isaphenormmon 
in  wliloh  thii  Individnal  Is  not  to  be  eonnted.  »m  it  do. 
pcnd*  vnllteljr  on  the  eouditlonii  existing  at  tbn  Ums, 
F.Tcryl'ody  in  '  ■utceptible '  if  tbe  eoBilitions  are 
tavoiobl*.  Ai  Dr.  SbnfrJdt  Mntcn  thM  hn  had  never 
obHKrviHl  such  eiliihlUoiM  in  Wnxliiiiglvn.  I  may  ro- 
maik  that  in  two  different  boiuM-H  in  whieb  I  lived 
in  tluit  city  I  ubwervnd  lliciu  im  innnmetabls  oeea- 
■iono.  In  one  ut  thue  I  arranged  a  eonnls  of  bent 
wItos  in  meh  a  way  tbat  the  ipark  passed  betwecoi 
Uiem  dlniotly  over  the  openhm  of  a  gaa-bnroer,  and 
for  several  week*  mali'hnt  were  a  iis«l«ea  luxury,  [n 
aaothar  boaae  that  I  know  of.  ilainring.pnrttiie  were 
especially  gottvu  ap  by  the  young  pn»p1ii,  that  they 
might  be  amiiMid  by  tho  poMoge  of  Iho  spokrk  in 
toncbliig  liaads.  In  tlie  latter  InsMiicv  the  pbonome- 
noD  waa  strungly  marked  during  nrarty  nil  of  a  con. 
tinaonaly  cold  winter.  During  Uic  pri-Mnit  winter, 
in  tho  hoose  wUoh  t  now  ooenpy,  accidental  eUetri- 
Ocatlon  faaa  aevetal  Unua  reached  soefa  a  point  aa  to 
be  poaltlvsly  disagreeable.  In  nioTingaeroaa  a  room 
to  Inni  a  water-fancet,  or  to  touch  a  poker  or  »iiy 
other  fairlv  good  *graiuid,'  a  long  spark  and  an  on- 
comfortably  itrong  abook  wonld  rtaitlt.  Bui  thii  wnn 
confined  to  no  peteon  or  pnraona:  any  ouo  who  Lap. 
penml  In  wm  affecinil  In  the  same  way,  provided  tbe 
oondttionH  were  e'lually  hvorable. 

Tbe  neccHiiary  cuuditiuna  are  almply  those  whleh 
BIO  Teqnirod  for  tbe  Kiieo«a*fnl  performance  of  any 


* 


214 


sciEJscj':. 


(Vol,.  IX..  No   Sl8 


dxporimiuit  in  'friotiDBat  rtadteinity'— »»  Milled. 
Glvoii  H  luiuM  hcatad  br  a  bot-air  funmce  or  hj 
Bteoni.  A  Itoor  covered  «ltli  loft  carpel  wfajtli.  in 
Ttrtue  of  th«  furuftoe  li«at.  In  drjr  kuiI  wnrin.  a  luan 
Uio  ioIm  of  wbow  KhoM  *r#  tliorouglily  di^.  Mid 
elaoUiflaition  will  piobabljr  rwnlt  frtuu  every  briHk 
moTMtwnt  at  tho  mnn  oror  tko  Mtrpot.  TboM  oondi- 
tiona  are  iuu«t  WMtAj  to  bo  lunt  irith  dnitng  cold  wiu- 
tor  woatbur.  and  !t  ie  Ibeii  Iliat  tli*  phoaomnna  ar* 
K«t>onili]r  tioUc«d.  It  \a  not  prohablu  IbM  Dr.  HHiii- 
feldt**  tWD  friMidi  ««ii  perCorDi  the^  fi-at  of  ti^liting 
ffm  in  lUe  wfty  '  at  all  nnieii  and  nndor  all  eiraitn- 
■Unoea.'  HiaBtateDMiittbal  tba  "  aloolrical  dlaoharga 
wiw  eiHunderablT'  pu*t«r  from  the  Hji  of  the  Index 
finger  (lum  trom  mj  ot  the  oIb«r«  of  the  baud,  and 
gnuluAlly  llllnlnlBbl^d  in  regular  order  an  we  i>n>. 
ccoded  to  tlie  little  ilu){<ir,"  )■  iut«foitiii)(.  but  niwiU 
contlimatiuu.  I  aiii  «oi>|>tlcaI  m  to  tbn  rliortrlUK  at 
blit<>iiUn>»T»leio '  mitblhiMHUliual  electricity.' and  the 
reHullH  which  foUoired  mi^taaociDditJun.  and  imrtitii. 
lBrlynuaislotli*ori|[iiia(  the  "neiMe  at  the  mort  pro. 
(oiind  relief,  •«  If  it  vramthat  all  the  clootncitTot 
my  *yiiteiD  bad  lieen  cuinpUtvly  irithdraim  by  the 
act,"  u'lilcb  ho  eipcrJMiceil  when  hlA  band  tuiicbed 
the  hacli  of  the  ^ouu^;  malatto  girl,  Ih  uuui  one  of 
the  oxtreiuel.v  ruibII  nnmbor  of  animalii  haTing  ip?- 
dallied  oleetrititl  nrjcKno?  T.  C  M. 

Tnre  Raule,  Inil.  Feb.  tt 


InertiA-forCe. 

The  impunauoe  of  oleor  alemonlarT  Idoa*  on  the 
Haflhtng  of  djnmiuiiw  jualiflea  m>,  I  think,  in  nHking 
•ptM  for  a  farlbor  dutooMiati  of  Di.  E.  H.  Uall'n 
■bMrtia-force.' 

In  hia  letter  pubUaluHl  in  .SViVihv  of  Fnh.  1«,  |lr. 
Hall  cipr— »"»  the  «pitii"u  thni  <iur  d!lTHreuoi>  wttb 
T^Md  to  '  Inwtia-fiirpe '  is  based  upon  adiffcrenee 
of  intoprelation  of  ihc  terra  '  foree.'  Tbul,  I  think, 
ta  not  tiio  oaae.  With  all  IiIm  MatrmnnU  an  to  forvo 
in  ([ennial  I  agree :  and  th-.-  piMMigu  which  \w  <piole» 
from  M*xw<>!l,  m  expreiwing  bin  view  of  forpe  with 
■affloieut  HCRuntcy.  oxprauioii  ulno  my  viev  witli  com- 
ploto  aeaumiiy.  Itr.  Ilall.  indnnd.  wiyiithat  this  pat.. 
Mga  maeta  miuiy  of  the  ]>olnli'  ntlHuii  by  nie ;  and  it 
wonld  ihu>  (com  tlml  it  uiuBt  W  iiipooiiiistenl  with 
many  of  my  poadtioiu.  But  I  am  anabtc  to  detect 
the  inooiiBleUdioy,  and  Dr.  Hall  merely  aanertji  it 
witbont  giving  any  pnHir. 

I  an  in  tall  a^ivmeut  aXuo  vrilh  Dr.  Hall,  not  in 
oppoaJtlon  to  lum  «•  he  inippuBeii.  when.  paoBing 
from  foroe  In  gMiaral  lo  a  particnlur  cue.  bo  ■nya 
that  a  ball  awiagluf  In  a  circle  et  the  <ind  of  a  *trlng 
aoU  opoa  the  ntriug  with  a  force  directed  from  the 
CMitra.  The  bull  rattainly  doea  exert  tucli  a  foroe. 
[  thiiilt  It  tnlalcading  to  cnll  tbat  force  ceutrifugnl 
loroe,  M  be  and  many  wrilota  do ;  bat  that  tlic  force 
whioh  bo  oallH  centrlfnjiciil  force  In  an  acUial  (urcn  la 
andoabtod. 

But  whan  Dr.  Hall  pruceecLa  to  expound  his  'iuurtia- 
toffoe,'  «•  MKn  to  p*rt  eomitanv,  perbnpn  because  ho 
baa  not  given  a  eonijilntc  •|incifleoUon  of  thin  foroe. 
Ho  hM  told  OH  itM.maKaitiidv'  and  lU  illmctlou.  but 
Its  plaoo  of  rtpplicutiuu.  tli<-  bc>d>'  on  uihich  it  act*,  he 
baa  left  d>  to  uifer  from  tho  context,  and  uur  infn- 
onoe  lie  MUe  in  i|iiosiioa.  It  would  be  ommm  for 
mo  to  Jnatify  my  iiifcrenne.  bocaiwe  In  Dr.  Hall'H 
Istlar  he  modifiea  the  HtoUiueut  of  tlie  pamphlet 
from  wbidi  il  inw  drawn.  HoyinK  that  what  he  meant 
waa  tliat  "  the  Inerlia-foroe  worKK  [or  acta]  with  the 


Riuallcr  applipii  fot-'c  n(fcii'nj(  thr  agmt  icAicfk  exerts 
the  grealei  f urce , "  Flum  tills  modified  statement  t 
conld  not,  of  coiiru.  have  made  the  iufercoco  re- 
ferred to,  —  in  fact,  I  coiilil  linvc  made  no  ind'rnnco 
■t  all ;  for  It  le  couched  lu  langan(^  which  la  not  the 
current  language  of  ilynttmics.  which  ic  not  doftned. 
and  which  I  mmrt  eoafcas  I  do  not  undenilwid- 

liOt  na,  bovcvnr.  take  Dr.  llaU'a  new  iUurtratton, 
■nd  see  what  ll|[lit  Ibat  tlirotm  ou  tlui  plane  of  appli- 
oatlon  of  in«4rtia- force.  "  A  tntiu  iti  lieinii  ttart^d  bj 
a  locomotive.  Tim  forcea  applied  to  the  tr^n  are 
tho  pull  of  tba  looomotiro.  nud  the  smaller,  op^poving, 
force  of  friction.  Tbc  pull  ol  Clin  locouotiTo  pro- 
VHilii,  hut  In  prevelUug  It  ininit  il«al  not  only  with 
the  rmietniicH  due  to  Molion,  but  with  the  reacHon 
(which  also  1  call  reaiatance)  due  to  the  inertia  of 
tho  tmin,"  in  other  worda.  the  inertia- force.  Here, 
again.  Dr.  Hall  mm  tcmie  not  current  in  dynamica, 
and  I  do  n<:4  utiil^'niUuid  what  be  nieaua  by  the  loco- 
motive 'dealiug  with'  both  the  frietlonal  r*«i*itaao* 
and  tho  inertia-farce.  Ulistovei  may  be  the  exaot 
meaning  of  that  phrMc.  however,  it  MMna  olew  that 
If  tlia  Inertia-foroo  acts  on  the  tralu,  and  If  the  pall 
of  the  loci)iiiottv«  hiut  to  deal  with  UiU  force  In  mov- 
ing the  truu.  It  ninsi  he  expected  to  have  Home  eSeot 
on  the  moliou  of  the  tnun.  Vet  U  F  t*  the  pull  of 
tho  looomotiT*.  R  tbn  Irielinnal  rciiatance.  Jf  th* 
niiuM  of  the  tral».  and  a  iu  acccle ration ,  we  havo 
nudoubtcdly,  by  Newton'*  dccond  law  of  Dioti-m. 

a  -{F-  K)-t-  U; 

nnil  liciir«  the  inertia- force  ie  ^nlt*  wltbont  effect  on 
the  m<ition  of  the  tmin.  It  would  eeeio.  thcreforo, 
Uint  the  tnl^^tiB-forco  cannot  act  on  tho  tiuu.  Doea 
it  then  act  on  Ih*  locomotirey  If  so.  It  con  only  be 
the  force  which  the  tniu  exertt  oo  tlic  liK<omotiTc, 
which  i>  of  coDTse  equal  and  opposite  to  the  above 
tofcc  F.  Hut  it  cannot  lie  thu  force;  for  if  the 
brokea  be  put  on  the  train,  thonah  tba  pull  of  tho 
loconiotite  on  the  train  ~-  anil  theivtore  tli*  torco 
oxertvd  by  f  be  tnuu  ou  the  locuiuotive —  may  lie  kept 
constant,  tbo  occDleradun  of  the  train  will  change; 
and,  anoording  to  Dr.  Hall,  tlia  ln«nia>forcc  mnit  be 
f>T<>portionaI  to  tiiU  nccelemUon.  Thna  even  thla 
new  illiwlratluu  doev  not  enable  ue  h>  detenulne  on 
what  bwly  tho  inortia-foroe  acta. 

Tbie  dittlculty  in  delerminina  the  place  of  applica- 
tlon  of  the  inerUe-toice  wniitd  lie  at  once  orcountod 
for  If  it  ahoiUd  bi>  tonud  to  linvc  no  (ilacn  of  ajipU. 
cation  at  all,  and  1  dtrouoly  sunpect  thin  t>>  lie  tlie 
true  oonclunion.  l>r.  Hall  secmH  to  me.  in  fiwt.  to 
havo  poatnlalcd  a  hyiiotbeticBl  force  lo  ncvount  for 
the  aapponeil  riiimlance  of  a  liody  to  the  action  of  an 
apvlied  tone,  and  to  have  thus  fallon  into  the  error 
refcmd  to  by  PoImod  in  the  following  ■cnteucea :  — 

"  Concevoiu  qu'un  oorpa  aoit  jftnt  aur  no  plan 
horixontal.  et  qn  il  n'y  aodt  retonn  par  aucun  grotto- 
ment.  8i  'ye  veiix  le  tnlre  gliaiterBnr  m  plan,  II  taudn 
nennmoiuH,  &  i'H'Iw  di-  I'LUFrtic  d<-  In  matldic,  quo 
j'exorvc  nn  effort  quoioonque.  .  .  .  J'aunti.  dona 
ohaqno  om.  Id  HnlUnoiit  dn  I'offortqne  JcionuabllBt 
de  fair* ;  mala  Je  na  devrai  pa*  en  concluru  (ina  la 
matiArw  oppose  ancune  r4id«taiio«  k  Oct  ellori,  et  qu'U 
exiate  dana  let  corpi  ce  qn'on  appelle  tria  imgiropre. 
nient  an«/ar(i'cr<nert((.  Quand  ona'exprime  alnai. 
OB  oontond  la  aoniaUon  quo  I'on  a  <proav/ic.  et  qui 
reanlto  de  I'ldtOTt  'in'ou  a  *i«rc4,  avec  la  seunation 
d'nne  rMlat«noe  qui  u'eiiste  rvclleuient  pM"  ( fraitf 
fin  mMtnfgve.  toiue  i  gl30).    J.  O.  UaoGuwob. 

nalitax,  ys..  Feb.  3L 


1 


SCI  E  N  CE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FSIDAY.  MARCH  4.  16ST. 


THE  itAGyETlC   A\D    TIDAL    WORK  OF 
THE  GREKLY  ARCTIC  ESPBDITSOS. 

It  i«  vmll  loiovn  ihnt  the  <ixprtlitJon  Mmt  out 
br  the  gorernnient  (o  I,«dy  FranklJo  Bay  in  rom- 
mandof  Li«ul.  A,  W.  GrwiT,  U.S.A.,  vnsono  of 
twv expedittouit  X-i  t-i>^fvrat«  with  and  form  part 
of  the  pbjiicfti  expluralioiiH  proponed  by  Ibp  Irtt^r- 
national  polar  coiumiuioii.  Bv  inriutioii  »f  its 
prwidcnt  thp  lRt«  Gt'Reral  UitEi-n,  vhM  HigDul 
oHWr,  nccvpletl  tlie  organuntiiin  luid  BtHnK-»ut 
of  two  parties,  one,  under  Liciilonant  OnM!!;-,  to 
proceed  to  the  »hore§  of  lady  Franklin  Bny.  Grin- 
nell  L4ta(l,  the  other,  under  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  lo 
go  toUgluinie.  Point  Biirtow,  Alaska.  While  the 
gmenl  re«ponail>ilit<r.  the  HuperviUon,  the  ar- 
oonntJi,  the  aelection  at  men,  and  their  tnuupor- 
tatiom  t^  and  from  the  statiooH.  remained  in  bia 
own  handh  OcDeral  llai^n  reitUfvU-d  Dadnxvivrd 
tll«  aid  of  Ihe  const  and  geodetic  aurvey  In  the 
Special  de|Mrtuient«  of  termtrial  maKi^tlnn.  of 
tldea.  and  gravitation.  Tlie  at^inlance  of  the  nir- 
ivy  by  its  then  superintendent,  Cnpl.  ('.  P.  I'atter- 
am,  conaiateil  in  furnishing  nuch  InKtrunifnta  ni 
OOUld  bp  spnri^  (pom  ila  limited  mipply,  in  crnin- 
Ing  the  ob^etiers  (or  their  work,  and  in  prnvKlInK 
theoi  with  Ihe  ueceasary  (DotructioM  and  Iorta% 
of  retxirdfor  thciiroptrpeiformaueeof  itieirduty. 
It  ao  happunpd  that  (^ong^ea$  had  already  (in  1800) 
anthorluil  a  •eienllflc  exfieditlon  to  Lwly  Franklin 
Bny,  hut  thr  fundi  were  appropriated  ho  lutein  the 
•prlnK  of  1S81  that  it  wna  found  impo«il>1e  to  pro- 
cure the  needed  special  iwnrumentt  and  to  give 
that  tlioroagh  training  to  llie  cnr|is  of  olwervers 
wlijvh  could  only  lie  attained  by  ample  llm« 
for  prepurattuu.  Indt«l,  the  commiwion  iteelf 
found  it  uxpi^ii-nl  loaUirt  otlier^xpixlitiuna  ayenr 
later,  in  ordor  to  obtain  better  orKanixntlon  of  the 
wimtilie  labor,  Bad  p«ip4<einltj  fur  the  ronflmction 
i>(  Huitnhle  Diafcnellc  dilTerrntial  inHtrunienls. 

Tliere  Is  no  need  of  referrinic  hereto  the  general 
history  of  the  two  American  expeditions,  an  we 
already  pooH.'si  the  oflieial  publication  of  the  one 
under  Lieutrmmt  Ray,  and  the  nurrutive  of  the 
l^Ay  Franklin  Ray  party,  in  two  handnotue 
vojamni,  by  ita  leader,  IJculenant  Hti^ly.  By  hia 
pennlsaion  we  are  enabled  to  lay  before  the  read- 
ers of  Sclfin-e  the  general  results  of  hl»  labors 
during  1H8I-M  in  the  domaius  of  lernMtrial  uiag- 
netiam  and  of  tide*.    They  are  eztraclrd  from  the 


nwnmcTf pt  now  ready  for  the  printer,  but  It  Is  no4 
OUT  intention  la  enter  minutely  into  any  details, 
which  would  be  be«e  out  of  place,  nor  to  for«- 
xtAll  tlie  Jiidfiment  of  acdentlsta  on  the  metrfia 
of  the  work  :  this  muat  bo  r#aorTeiI  for  a  time 
after  Ihe  official  publication  and  when  the  rcsulla 
by  t  lie  several  international  espedltlonscan  he  com- 
pand  and  collated.  A  brief  statement  of  facte  so 
far  u«  tliey  relnte  to  that  iiatt  of  the  work  which  WU 
intrunti^l  to  the  ^iiccial  direction  of  the  U.&ooaat 
and  gpoilvtic  inirvey,  ia  all  we  ptopcae  to  give  at 
prpsent. 

Tlie  aftlrouomical  and  magnetic  work  of  the  ex> 
pedition  was  plorced  in  Bpecial  charge  of  Kergeont 
Edward  Untel.  who  unfortuoaiely  was  OIM  of 
thotp  not  pnrmitteil  to  return,  but  whose  records 
abundantly  testify  to  liia  tatthf uIdiai  and  paius- 
takinjt  industry.  Cople*  of  thiwo  records  iii  a 
hlxhly  oondcosed  form  were  mfely  brought  home, 
and  were  placed  In  tlie  hands  of  C.  A.  Schutt,  oa- 
ainliint.  cou^t  and  iceodellc  survey,  for  iliocuiaiion 
and  fur  preparation  for  the  press.  This  task  was 
renderiNl  nomewluit  diOicult  from  want  of  addi- 
tional eiplatiotion  on  Ihe  part  of  the  observer  ; 
fortunaiety  IJeutennnt  On^ly  look  llie  precau- 
tion, nlieii  retreating  from  his  station  in  1883.  to 
bring  with  him  the  niajniet«  and  pendulum,  thus 
pt-nnitting  certain  supplementary  obwmUioma  to 
bo  made  at  home.  Thiscanuot  be  too  highly  com- 
mended,  wheu  wc  consider  that  every  ponud  of 
dead  weight  carried  nrcemitalcd  l««ving  behind 
8o  much  food  to  luatnin  the  life  of  the  party  on 
their  perilous  retreat.  In  judfcing  of  the  merits 
of  the  labom  of  the  expedition,  it  ibuuJd  be  borne 
iu  mind  tlidt  all  etrorts  had  failed  lo  vucoor  this 
party.  Which  occupied  the  norihernmo*!  Ktalion 
aatigned  to  any  of  tlie  expeditions,  and  that,  at 
the  time  of  its  aikiliug,  certain  moKnetlc  Jostra- 
mi'ntH  n»«eded  for  fully  carrjin|:  out  the  pro- 
icrammn  adupte<l  by  thu  inlernutiuual  coumiisaion 
could  not  l)e  obtained. 

The  maxnetlc  obeervalory  at  Fort  Conger  waa 
erected  a  abort  distance  from  the  main  hotuie,  and 
was  supplied  with  a  new  maciietometcr  made  by 
Fauth  &  Co.  of  Washington,  and  with  a  dip  ciicla 
of  the  Kew  pattern,  but  it  had  no  dlllerential  tu- 
Rtrumeobi.  The  obaervatitina  were  made  on  UOt- 
tiniren  mran  time,  which  ditferw  !<■  GS"  from  local 
time  and  .'■>>  48"  from  WaHhington  timis  A  amall 
transit,  loaned  by  Ihe  survey,  served  for  the  de. 
terminations  of  time  and  longitude.  The  otverva- 
tiona  for  time  and  latitude  were  made  by  mwuM 


216 


VNCE. 


[Vol  IX..  No.  218 


of  Uie  HDxtant,  and  comporiDOiiH  of  chronoiuetera 
w»re  nutdr  throughout  the  st&y  of  the  party. 
ITrom  n  upries  of  otwervatloiu  of  double  altitudm 
of  thciRUn  (n<*Br  lower  Iranait).  and  of  i-ircum-niieri' 
dinn  allitiflraof  thi.-(iuo(ui>tH-«tmnidt),  th  a  latitude 
w«»foiindlolw8l''«'00--4  ±  ft.'4.  Thpiwimuth 
of  the  mark  fur  aboolutv  dfcllniition  waa  d«(«r- 
min«)  on  tbn-o  da^R  from  observations  of  the  eun 
with  n  IhfiodoliM.  vix..  44»  44'.1)  ±  (/.■&  «<ai<t  of 
aouth.  The  longitude  of  Ihe  staiion  froni  Unwn- 
tricb  w«6  det^rmlued  by  ait-aus  of  BhiinT  obru' 
nomelera  on  the  outward  Irip.  and  at  tbr  utation 
hf  oboervaiions  uf  moon  (^ulminationa,  ocx'Ultn- 
UonH.  and  htnar  dintances,  with  tbp  remit  4''  IH" 
SB-.a  i  i.,8  went  of  Oreenwieb. 

Tbo  accuracy  of  this  reetilt  ia  mainly  line  to  n 
line  §erifB  of  aeveiiLeeu  uiooii-culininationK.  In 
arc.  the  longitude  is  M"  43'  50'  W..  and  tbo  value 
prelim  inurily  adopted  by  Licutoniuit  On^ely  for  the 
usv  of  bin  party  wna  ftl"  iti'  W..  on  the  aiitbi<rlty 
of  Licntnnnnt  Archer,  R.N.,  as  the  KHult  by  tbo 
Britiih  expedition  lo  ibis  place  (n  K^TIV-TO. 

DurinK  the  flrsl  ten  monthe  uf  the  i-cmiputionof 
the  poet  a  serleu  [>t  tiuurly  obaort  uliuns  of  Ihi'  dnr- 
Unatlou  mm  itiuid«  on  thr««  days  in  eocli  mnnth  : 
Ibis  ivimpriBtd  the  period  friim  Aug.  I,  1883,  to 
Aug.  31,  1883,  nnd  includes  MO  ob«ervations.  with 
a  ronutting  dcrlinntian  100''  IH'.O  west  of  uorth. 
The  miults  of  the  diurnal  variation  of  Iht'  d«cUna- 
tion  are  etai««]  as  follows  :  un  the  yearly  aniline 
tliH  ueedle  reni-hed  its  extreme  westetly  deflection 
b(ftwi>en  3,^  and  4'*  P.U.  (Iik-oI  time),  amount  Vi', 
and  ila  vitreme  eastorly  deflection  lietween  0^  and 
S''  A.M.  (luoal  time),  amount  40'.  henoe  Ihe  diurnal 
fang0  f  23'.  The  diumRl  vHritttiori  is  llliiHtrnlcd 
1^  a  diagram. 

Tta«aeriea  of  hourly  observatioim  uf  the  declina- 
tion at  Fort  Conger  bfKU"  »itli  July  1.  IW^2  and 
Muled  with  Aug.  I.  1H83  ;  [bin  in  tbo  perioil  which 
WU9  Udsigned  by  tin-  inti'mittiimnl  i^omminsion  to 
be  that  of  e\ose  nnd  nimuluinnniii  co-ope  rati  vi< 
BUgnMic  work  obliKntory  on  nil  parties.  Tlie 
differential  measure*  of  this  »eTie«  were  cuiiverie-l 
Into  absolute  values  :  tlie  lahulalion  and  dlHcuasloo 
of  (bis  iteries  ronslituteil  Ihe  jireatrr  putt  of  the 
labor  expended  od  the  oboervatlund.  The  method 
of  aeparating  the  so-called  dLiturbanors  from  the 
genenkl  record,  and  their  trcmtmotit  when  sep- 
arated, was  left,  uppurcntly.  by  the  Vienna  con- 
ference to  the  discretion  of  ciich  Imlivlilual  ))urty. 
though  spventl  melhode  were  jiro|>osed,  Itia  wi-rl 
known  that  there  i«  no  certain  crllEriuu  of  what 
«ooiUtuIe»  a  dlslurbftm»^.  and.  moritoTcr.  pro- 
oewea  Uiat  may  ananer  in  lower  Intlludrs  will  be 
found  difficult  of  application  for  stations  in  IiIkIi 
■MgDL'tic  btlitudra.  It  would  take  loo  much  npacu 
to  explain  here  thla  rather  tecbnlctd  subject :  it 


may  be  sufUcIently  described,  however,  by  mtating 
that  the  mean  deviation  of  an  observed  Table  from 
its  respective  hourly  and  monthly  Dornia)  value 
was  first  ronde  out.  Then,  according  lo  Dr, 
Lloyd's  rule,  one  and  a  half  limeH  Ibix  value,  or, 
in  the  COM  of  Fort  Conger.  l''0«'  wan  couiiidervd 
the  limiting  vnliie,  and  any  otiBerration  dilTixing 
by  this  or  a  greater  aoiount  from  Ibe  normal  value 
«  as  designstod  '  a  dislurbnnoe.' 

Them-  hourly  nonnals  and  (larger)  diuiurbancra 
were  tabuluted  and  the  results  were  disctinwd. 
The  avriwge  dcclinalion  from  this  Aeries  is  100'' 
84'. 5  W.,  and  when  comfKired  «ith  the  curlier  re- 
mit of  Ibe  Qrili»li  expa-dillon  i;iv(-s  IK.B  a.<  Ibe 
mo*t  probable  value  for  the  iinminl  diminution  of 
west  declination  at  this  place.  It  is  »ho«m  that 
tbo  effect  of  the  presence  of  these  (larger)  diatur- 
hances  was  to  diminish  the  declination  by  S'.S, 
and  that  the  diurnal  ruiiice  of  the  motion  of  the 
nd-dle  was  inereuBeJ  by  Iheir  inlluence. 

Tlie  dotai-dlumal  variation  of  Ibe  dcclinalion  is 
pr««enled  in  tnlmliir  nnd  Rnalyticat  form  ns  well  as 
by  a  diagram  :  its  most  cbararterltitic  Icatiire  is 
the  occurreoc*  of  the  wfeierly  extreme  soon  after 
local  noon,  with  a  deflection  of  i)7',9,  reaclteil 
earlier  in  sumnicr  and  lat*r  in  winter.  The  oppo- 
sito  eilieme  is  reached  un  hour  and  u  half  aru>r 
midnight,  wllh  a  dcflccttnn  uf  ST'.B.  nl"o  found 
variable  wllb  the  waaon.  Avcrriftn  diurnal  mnge, 
October  lu  Muruh.  0"  00'.  and  Apnl  to  September. 
VHS'.  In  the  aunual  varlatiou  of  thin  uviaroffe 
range  Decemher  exhibits  the  minimum  of  28', 
and  June  the  moxltuuin  of  1"  48'.  The  lowest 
reailing  on  record  wnn  on  Nov.  Ifi,  ISS'i,  nt  SI"  Bfi"' 
A.M.  tGdllingen  lime),  wh^n  the  dcclinnllon  was 
93**  SI'.O  W.,  and  th?  highest  reading  on  the  day 
following  at  10"  Sdi"  P.X.  (lireeOMicb  lime),  >ix.. 
113°  IB'.S  \V..  Bhowing  a  cbnuge  of  no  leM  ihan 
ait*  flS'.a  within  thirty-eight  hours  :  and  it  Is  noted 
that  a  grvnt  magnetic  »lonn  was  raging  l>etwe«n 
Nov.  lU  and  Nov.  ID.  iH^-l,  which  rulminnled  in 
iDlenslty  on  the  ITlh. 

The  total  number  of  hourly  ohoervattons  during 
tbe  year  wub  (>.74tl.  and  the  number  of  (larger) 
dii.lurbanc«B sfparated  from  them.  1.169:  inother 
word*,  there  w US  one  tlorgely}  disturbed  obnerva- 
tlon  in  every  right. 

The  diRtrilmtion  of  the  iHsturbanovn  in  the 
diurnal  and  nnnital  pcrioda,  witb-tipparatlon  into 
tioHterly  and  vtintorly  diKturhRnoea.  was  Iheo 
unulyEed  and  the  t«?Hi)lts  wer«  talnilatod.  with 
reipect  to  both  frequency  and  maguiludv.  But 
for  wnni  of  space  we  cannot  follow  out  alt  tlirre- 
<ullA  preai-nied.  We  may.  however,  mention  the 
following:  during  the  year  (ending  Aug.  I,  IMst], 
the  enaierly  dislurhanoes  exceeded  in  number  the 
westerly  ones  in  the  proportion  of  601   to  SOS,  or 


« 


I 


HASm  4,  Ifm. 


SCIENCE. 


217 


«l  1.30  to  1 :  In  the  snnaal  variation  tbr  i])i4urt>- 
init  fct»  wsh  moat  ac1ivt>  during  Kuvcniln-r  nod 
■mm  during  SpptcinlNV.  Id  the  diiirnnl  Tinialion 
t\if  easterly  and  the  wi<«i|i>rl;  iii>tiirliani.'e«  fntlnw 
dilTctcnl  laH-iin«  to  freqiienc)'  and  Htiioutit.  The 
dbttirbinK  f*rc*  drfl^-etitig  the  north  trid  of  the 
m^lp  towanls  Iho  (niBj^ni-tic)  eunt  is  most  iw.-tive 
two  bourn  afti-r  midnight  anH  Irnat  iictivn  during 
tlip  liuuni  12  to  17  <i>r  nft^rinHtn  hoitr*).  On  the 
otbiTT  hand,  deflections  In  ilie  west  appear  most 
frvqupnt  three  hours  after  noon  und  least  about 
iiw  hoiirii  near  midnight.  Reiii>ecting  intcnBityof 
a«iio4i.eaHl«rly(lliiturbancciNlighllyi<xo(«dwnit«t- 
Ijones. 

The  itTRi-dny  and  term-hour  obwrvatlons  ox- 
l(-u(t  oviTlhc  interTBl  f mm  July  I,I88S,  lo  Aug.  1, 
18S9.  Thpj  were  uiadeun  the  Island  IStbof  rad) 
month,  when  the  dedluatiua  luagijrt  itMotttwd 
Ofvry  Ave  iniiiuteei  throughout  Iht-  Ivrt-oty-four 
hours.  simultiuiroii.Hly  ill  uU  »tittion'>  taking  )inrt  in 
the  Tem-tiri-h.  Ucsidt*  Ihi-m-,  ohsTTrnliooi  wrm 
Uiitde  (-vrry  lRi>nty  wcondH  during  ono  •rlH-tml 
hour  on  oMh  ot  the  trnn-dnye.  Tiw  labor  be- 
■lowed  upon  this  pert  of  the  work  vmg  very  great, 
but  )t  Is  esiieoU^d  that  rortespondlDgly  valuable 
r^nlta  may  lie  deduced  by  Ihi-ir  inli.-r-«om|iariHii) 
after  all  thf  i-xin^itioiia  shall  Imvc  publishprl  their 
nbopTvnlionH.  Not  rontftnt  with  thrar  ]nhon>,  the 
aingnrtii:  obwrvprs  nleo  recordpil  the  motion  of 
the  needle  during  magnetic  slorow  and  in  coniwc- 
tiOB  with  appearvnces  of  aurciraa. 

Tlie  n^ual  olwervalious  of  otntlntion*  and  dr- 
flivtiiiax  wen?  made  for  ttif  drlcrminntion  of  ilie 
mngndir  intmnity  :  the  rn^rd  nnd  computations 
Brr-  given  in  drifltl  nnd  the  re«iill*  ar«  tabulated 
and  exprvewd  Jn  British,  QauKlan.  and  C  O.  8. 
units,  or  dyn««.  For  the  epoch  1882-8*  the  liori- 
zudIiiI  ['ompuueiil  of  the  magnetic  tarcv  wn« 
found  I. US  British  units,  or  0.05IU  dynm,  and  it 
would  nppt«r  from  cooipariium  with  the  T»%ull8 
foand  by  the  British  exploring  expedition,  1V7V 
7A,  that  this  Ittteniiity  did  not  undergo  any  per- 
ceipllble  change  during  the  interval.  The  labulnr 
values  show  extreme  variations  of  abont  one- 
fiftieth  part  of  llw  fore*. 

tlnurly  obu-rvationH  of  the  dip  wct«  made  be- 
tween Srpt.  3S.  IHS2.  nnd  June  I,  IWH.  These 
were  In  n  nicnuurp  ditTerrntinJ.  and  resullvd  in  im 
arerage  dip  of  M'  01'.  Combining  with  the  bun- 
Bontsl  coiuponeitl,  the  tiinl  Intensity  un  obu-rvrd 
at  Korl  Conj^r  liecomes  I3.HT0  liritiah  unitn,  or 
O.&OiM  dynes,  for  the  epoch  1883.3.  By  roropori- 
•on  il  was  found  that  thi'  dip  bnd  btrn  inirreaaing 
ainee  'C7&-7B  at  an  annual  rate  of  I'.O. 

The  dates  of  aiimral  diajJaLys  are  next  »nume- 
rttod,  and  exlmcis  are  given  of  the  cJiaractcr  of 
ttw  more  imposing  aiirorss,     Then  follow*  »  \a\Aa 


vl  magaptic  rMniltn,  collected  during  explorationa 
hy  difTprent  parllcw.sndeilraciedfn>tn  Lieutenant 
Qreoly's  narralive.  The  fwi^r  ooiicludM  with  a 
general  oolIecUon  of  magm^tit  mulls  obtained 
from  tlw  expedilictw  of  Knne.  ISK)~^,  «{  Haye«, 
IW^l.nf  Hall.  l8Tl-7S.or  Ka/i^,  1ST9-76,  and 
fnxD  liculi-nnntH  Crostby  and  Sefaree  of  the  Rear 
and  Tboiio  in  18HI.  Prom  theae  obseirvalioot  It  is 
concluded  Ibal  for  the  last  twenty-five  yeare,  at 
leaat,  the  ma^ciMtlo  west  declination  ha*  been  an- 
nually deore*sing  about  V  In  the  regiim  of  IIm 
North  Water,  Smith  Strait,  and  Kane  Basin,  and 
that  in  the  rrgion  to  the  north  of  it,  and  including 
the  Hall  Basin,  this  decrrsw  was  fully  10'  pi-ryvar 
during  the  pa«t  decsde. 

In  clow  connection  wlih  the  achenie  of  physical 
researclies  undetialren  by  the  tnlemutlonsl  arctk- 
couimitlre,  the  deslrabitily  of  u  new  dele  ruii  nation 
of  the  Aineriinn  pole  of  dip  dt*B  twi  appesr  to 
have  been  urged.  It  must  bo  admill«l  that  the 
rvgion  ia  difilc^ult  of  approach  ;  yet  Ihegaintoour 
knowledge  of  lenmtrialiBBSiirtism  and  ttaaocnlar 
obaage"  would  be  very  certain  if  it  oonld  bo 
anccecafully  explored.  More  iliaii  l>sJ[  a  century 
liaN  elapsed  sinoe  Koas  made  his  lueniorahle  and 
bold  dash  to  Ibis  point,  but  aoieiwv  nowadays  will 
di'inand  niorv.  and  the  whole  region  in  thai 
vicinity  would  hav«  to  bd  surv«ynd  in  ofder  lo  per- 
mit the  tracing  out  of  ieoclinic*  or  the  application 
of  a  suitable  analytical  ptticesa  to  bring  out  the 
facta  of  the  case,  as.  in  couspqueiioe  of  local  de- 
flections, there  may  be  many  poinis  »f  >  i-rijcul  dip 
covering  nr  dletribuled  over  a  coosidenibli-  area. 

From  the  time  of  Hansteen.  early  in  llii*  crn- 
tuiy,  to  the  prenvnt  time,  efTortii  litive  Itren  mndv  to 
trace  out  the  *iippf»ed  motion  of  the  interaeciion 
of  the  soH.TalW  magnetic  axis  with  the  surface. 
While  some  physlcisls  hold  It  to  be  fixed  In  posi- 
tion, olhcra  believe  it  tu  have  a  slow  secular  mo- 
tion of  limitdd  extent,  and  still  otlivrs  would  giv« 
it  a  rapid  motion  with  a  |>alb  which  will  carrj^  it 
clear  round  the  goographical  pole. 

The  time  has  cfvrtainly  arrived  when  in  tbia 
matter  facts  should  take  the  place  of  speculation. 
The  writer  has  the  asonnncv  of  IhcwillingneMof 
three  distingulBh^d  American  Arctic  explorers  lo 
undertake  this  Uak,  only  the  one  thing  lacking  is 
the  necesMiry  funds  to  sustain  tbe  exi)luiHr,  say 
for  two  years. 

There  is  surely  here  a  fine  field  open  in  which  to 
gain  well-merited  disiinclion.  C.  A.  S, 


A  NEW  departure  has  l*eo  raad«  by  th*  U.  8, 
coast  survey  by  way  of  experiment,  in  tlie  publi- 
otlion  ot  a  chart  on  Mercator's  projecUou,  extend- 
ing from  New  York  and  emlirarang  Nantucket 
ahdols. 


SCFENCE. 


COUPARATJVE  TAXATION. 

Id  thfltMtoItwoorticlm.pntlllcd  the  *  R^lativp 
Mrmfcth  and  weakriMS  of  natfoiui.'  which  appealed 
En  the  February  number  of  the  Century  magaxtne. 
Mr.  Eitwanl  Alkiiinon  treuU  eS  Ihe  hurtlrn  of  tiuc- 
alion  in  varioiui  I'ountritii.  aud  makes  an  ntitmntn 
of  tilt)  "r*liitiv«i  prnporlion  o(  the  iiisiimcd  |iro- 
itucl  jxT  enpita  whtrh  is  iibHirl>e<l  li,v  natioiinl  tiiK- 
»rion  only,"  II  will  Im  notirod  that  Mr.  Atklnoon 
OOOfinw  hfia§elf  to  national  taxation.  Inchxllnfc 
(ntttor  that  \\**A,  pK«umabl.v,  the  taxea  of  the  iii- 
clitidual  (icrinsD  Slates,  m  w«II  us  of  the  emptre. 
Sui-h  »  (?omi>nri>>on  may  he  of  vaJiie,  but  it  Is  vvi- 
(Intit  thnt  it  cnn  afford  no  rritvrion  of  ihr  com- 
pnmtivo  bunJrn  of  inxnlion  in  the  variuiis  cnun- 
tii««  unlowi  natinnni  Uixoi  nhoiild  form,  apiiroxi- 
maWly  at  l«a»t,  a  like  proportion  of  the  total  Iaxe« 
In  «ach.  &»  a  matter  of  fart,  the  retaliv«  propur- 
tlonii  of  niitionnl  and  local  tAxen  vary  ^rwitly  with 
tho  dtffi-rrnt  poiiniriPs.  local  taxes  Iring  a  miit-h 
more  important  eldmrnt  in  the  United  States  than 
In  the  coiintrie*  of  Europe.  In  the  lattw,  Mp»- 
oiaily  in  the  case  of  each  centralized  govcrnmODta 
IIS  ihHt  of  Kia&ce.  reTenue  derived  from  national 
taxation  ia  omptoyed  for  p'lrpuses  which  hrn- 
come  under  slate  or  local  jurisdidion.  Thrri-fore?. 
thoURh  we  should  iidmit.  as  Mr,  Atkinson  main- 
tains. tliHt  national  taxes  absorb  a  smnller  propor- 
tion of  the  prodiii:^  In  thin  than  in  other coutitrlea, 
it  would  by  no  nii-'Bns  follow  that  the  burden  of 
taxation  WBK  lighti-r  in  the  Unitvd  Statrs  tbnn  in 
European  nations.  Mr.  Atkinson  would  nowhere 
seem  to  aftlrm  this  (Hinclusion,  hut  his  ststement« 
are  ulsleailinK.  from  Ibe  fact  that  lie  neglects  the 
coQsideiation  of  the  x^ry  impnrlnnt  elemt^it  of 
local  taxation,  — the  only  rc^trenee  to  the  quri*- 
tiOD  trading  to  add  to  the  wrong  impresBion,  — 
for  be  Miys,  in  speiikiU);  of  wliut  pro|>urtion  of  Iht- 
lotol  product  is  left  Ui  liie  producer  nft«!r  the  de- 
duction of  nntional  taxes,  "  In  ronsideriDg  theae 
n-mniiidors  after  national  taxes  hsve  bMm  Ht  olf. 
It  niuHt  l>ri  home  in  mind  thai  niiinicixwl  taxation 
as  well  as  proHte  doubtless  lake  a  larg;er  propor- 
tion in  the  poorer  countries  than  In  the  richer 
anea." 

In  addition  to  his  negl^ot  of  local  taxation,  Mr. 
Atkinson  npfiears  to  have  made  nnolhcr  im[H>rtant 
OTeriiiKht  in  fuilini;  to  take  into  cnnMderation  the 
difference  in  tiic  methods  of  otitaining  revenut< 
which  exists  amonjc  tht<  various  countries.  In  Itie 
UnitMl  States,  government  de|ieiid4alm<iel  eutirrly 
upon  taxation  for  its  euppurl,  but  iiiuuy  uf  the 
EhiropMii  nations  derire  a  considaubli!  portion  of 
tbc^r  rftVHiuo  from  the  profits  on  public  under- 
tilings,  such  aa  tlw  telegnpl),  railronds,  public 
domaias,  miues.  etc.  Ln  the  Deutafhe  Ru7vl»rha%i 
for  Janiiat7,  I8(C,  Professor  Rlcbanl  von  Kaul- 


mann  makes  the  follovring  estimate  of  the  propor- 
tions of  receipts  which  oome  from  taxes  in  the 
countries  mentioned  ;  - 


Onrmwijt  (•mplra  sn4  utoiB*). . 

luljr , 

AiMUIii-nuncarT 

Knm\n ,,. 

«mil  Brllals „„.. 

PruiM^ :....... 


Ur.  Atkinson  appears  to  have  sulistitiited  total 
revenue  for  receipts  from  laxes.  for  otherwise  it  is 
iinpoinibie  to  undersland  how  he  can  lime  ob- 
tained the  Hgures  which  lie  Kives.  He  estiuinttw 
the  per  capita  nttioual  taxation  in  the  cuunlries 
fClven  aa  follows:  United  States,  nut  over  til; 
Italy,  IIO.-U:  Hollimd.  «IO.»l);  BolKlum.  til; 
tireut  Britain,  til. SO;   tlermani',  |I9  ;    FVance, 

It  is  interesting,  in  curuparLMti  with  tli«  above, 
to  make  an  esLimste  lakinx  Into  con  Bide  ration 
local  taxation  and  the  dislincliuus  in  the  sources 
of  revenue,  which  nil!  sliow  the  uveriisr  pi-r  (tapita 
lax  paid  by  a  cili£rii  of  N<-k  York  and  Berlin 
mipcctJTttly  for  nil  purpciM*.  loral,  state,  and  na- 
tionni  or  im|NTial.  The  following  stateuienl  is 
luuwd  on  the  'Aliunnach  do  (ioiha*  for  1S8B,  a 
statement  of  the  Berlin  budget  lor  188U-1IIT  whiuh 
appeared  in  Rrnrfsfrcc/'s  (or  March  30,  188(1.  and 
the  report  oF  the  comptroller  of  the  City  of  New 
York  for  IS84. 

While  these  sources  do  nol  correvpond  exactly 
in  time,  they  will  alford  resulla  verj'  nearly  true. 
The  per  capita  national  tax  in  the  United  States, 
wbicb  Mr.  Atkimtou  says  does  not  cicend  fO,  Is 
placed  at  t^.Sn,  nod  tbi' |M~>|>ulnlioii  of  New  Tork 
is<*timal«d  at  1.8,'>0,IKK).  In  Ik^rlin  Ibe  taiee  are 
as  folio  we: — 

Impsrtsl  tax  {■ndusli*  of  •(■M  onilrltra- 

tloas) ^ lua 

I'TOHlan  tax  (Imlu'lliic  matrtliulloa  to  Oia 

ImiHiris]  irsHUf7l 1.14 

LilTUs MB 

TOWL jE5 

The  owner  of  a  house  conncrted  wiih  the  sew- 
a^  system  is  chnrged  one  per  cent  on  the  income 
from  the  house,  which  payment  aaionnls  to  about 


I 
I 

I 


I 


HAitra  4.  IWT.1 


SCTEKCE. 


319 


thirtf-Hve  r«uU  per  c«pit«.     In  New  York  the 
MXM  are  u  follows  :  _ 

Oalwd 8Uii*e uu ISW 

ClirUX  ((acl<llllllC■l•MtU^ i*M 

TOUJ , •.« 

TTwi  ritixen  of  New  York  piij^  npurly  two  and 
iMHt  half  times  ns  much  ah  il'>nt  Ihr  dlUeu  i>r 
Berlin. 

Mr.  AtklDirnn  pstiraat««  the  per  cnpitA  prodiid 
of  the  United  8tat«8  at  $200.  and  Uwt  of  Urttnanj- 
ai  f  lOO  :  ihuK,  altliough  no  eeliumle  ou  a  quMtioo 
of  tfaU  ktnil  cun  make  uny  |)rc[«iiiuon»  to  ai-curacy, 
on  the  faosiii  adoptod  b>  Mr.  ^tkinwin.  nut  only  a 
larger  amount  pnr  citpita  but  ■  larger  p«r<.«ntaKe 
of  the  pnidurt  in  nlinorhnl  hy  laxnijon  in  N^w 
York  Ibau  in  Berlin.  The  reoeuin  i«  ihnt  in  (irr- 
niiiny  tlie  city  and  Ma.*  tOKeilmr  ilerlve  tnoreihnn 
bnJf  of  Ihi^ir  ri>\vaup  frum  tlic  pronto  of  prcluc- 

1  Uv«  undi-rtakingii,   and   by  MUiiorior   metbuds   of 

'•drniniiil ration  tmvtt  gnxitty  mduc^iH)  the  co^t  of 
government. 

In  Berlin,  out  of  a  total  rereoue  of  %\^.'JUM^. 
only  t7.M3,0U  djuies  from  ordinary  taxes.  The 
profit  oo  publU-  worki.  paxtic-ularly  Ibe  }gaA  and 
WRtitr  worki.  amounta  to  $1,339,410  in  escew  of 
payments  miule  for  the  nniorlixalion  of  and  in- 

\  terest  on  the  first  rnjiital.  Payment*  of  a  per- 
GentaK«  of  rtobb  receipts  by  soch  priratp  monop- 
oll(«  aa  street-railways  and  ga»«ompanieB  are 
nthi-r  KinrceH  of  rcTimui-,  ns  is  also  a  charge  of 
$3,1. »n  [iir  Hcholani  in  ibc  hiijheir  bcIiodIs.  Pay- 
DteolA  by  monopoliiv  and  nrholairs  are  tnxes.  yet 
Uwy  do  not  bvaz  upon  the  citizens  in  general  in 
any  ihinK  like  the  same  ixuportioD  an  di>  ordinary 
laxm.  aurl,  in  a  queelion  of  the  burden  of  taia- 
tion,  diittrilnilion  U  a  vtrry  impurlaiil  factor.  The 
nnfclect  of  the  local  ek-nient  must  aloo  cauw  us  to 
quention  Mr.  Atkinson's  ouocluHioni  in  regard  to 
the  oompnntive  nmounls  of  debt,  for  inxtanoe, 
he  plaor*  the  per  capita  debt  in  the  United  Htatm, 
InctudlnK  state  debts,  at  $37.  and  in  Hermnny,  in- 

lelndiog  kingdoms  and  ducbieii.  at  $1I9  :  but  the 
''  debt  of  New  York  on  Dec.  81.  1!4».  wan  $I2«.»T1.- 
138,  or  $94  per  cai>ita,  wbile  thai  i>f  Berlin  is 
$W,|H)A.'i67,  or  $39  per  eopita :  and  in  addition  to 
tbifl  ll  mutl  be  remombeTOd  that  in  neminny  both 
■late*  and  cJlies  own  larpe  amounts  of  prodncliw 

■paopeny.  the  value  of  such  property,  in  the  case 
of  Prussia  at  leaat,  beliitc  u)or«  than  equal  to  the 
■tatc  debt. 

White  it  would  not  be  fair  to  argue  from  tha 
oompsnitivo  conciiticm  of  New  York  and  Itcrlin  to 
the  coropnmtivo  condition  of  Ihr  United  KtnUi  and 
Oertmny  as  a  whole,  still  the  city,  as  a  ccntro  of 

IIModuclIon.  li  an  eJement  of  great  and  growlnic 

'  importance,  and  in  estimating  the  comparative 
burdciui  upon  proiluc«ni  ui  IbU  and  olber  ooun- 


trtea  otore  valuable  r»ulU  will  be  obtainod  by 
oooaltlniitg  tboae  wbo  work,  as  near  as  may  be. 
UB(Ie»lhe»aiB«o<»ditioiiainlh*Tarioui'eounine«. 
than  hy  taking  the  avt-rage  for  whole  populations. 

The  HKU'eK  for  other  eountrii-H  Ib^n  Oermany 
are  not  at  hand,  bnt  the  9»,ave  eon»)ilerBtion» 
would  modify  Hr.  Atkinson's  rp«ult»  in  all  caam. 
though  probably  to  a  lew  degree  than  in  Ger- 
many. 

The  neglfict  of  tbeK>  thnw  points  —  local  taxa- 
tion, proflta  fron)  public  undertakinin  aa  a  Murre 
nf  revenue,  and  adtuinlslrntive  methoilii  aa  an 
element  in  the  cobI  of  government  —  has  in  large 
measure  deetroyeil  llie  value  of  Mr.  Atkinaon's 
wnvk  ns  a  comparative  Kludy. 

Hrxbt  B.  GABRftiai- 


A  DmcvsatON  os  arsenic  poisoyim. 

A  VKBV  intere^lliig  and  Instructive  dimuwian 
took  plaoe  at  a  rvcrnt  meetiuK  of  the  Suffolk  dis- 
trict medical  society  on  thi-  Hubjeoi  o(  poisonous 
arsenical  wall-iMipers.  Dr.  J.  B.  Chadwick  de- 
Bcrib^  nn  experience  which  he  had  in  hi«  onn 
family,  in  which  bis  two  dauBhlcrii  stiffrrwl  from 
dyspepsia,  colicky  pains,  and  headneheii.  which 
disappeared  when  they  left  the  hou«e  for  Ihe  mim- 
roer,  and  re-appeared  on  their  return,  tic  found 
thai  ilie  wall-iwper  in  the  nursery  was  vcrj-  arepn- 
ical,  although,  hnvioK  previtnuly  BUilereii  from 
this  same  cau«».  ho  had  made  uppcial  effort  In  ob- 
tain pnper  free  from  arsenic,  and  bad  been  assured 
by  the  dealer  tliat  a  chemist  bad  nnalv/ed  it  a»<l 
pronounced  It  free  from  arsenic  During  the  dis* 
ouaaion  wliicb  followed,  many  rnaes  of  slchneM 
wen-  r<'portcd  an  having  bwn  caused  by  ar>enlc  in 
wnll-pa])er.  Profemor  Hill  of  Ilar^-anl  uuivet«lly 
said  tbal  he  was  the  exnminvr  for  twouf  the  most 
prominent  paper-bou'cs  in  tlic  xtati'  of  Manuichu- 
selta.  During  ilie  period  from  ItCS  to  tB8d  the 
percenUge  of  arsenical  papers  was  from  fifty-four 
to  eixly-llve  of  all  impeni  examined.  In  IW  it 
hail  fallMi  to  forty-acvm  per  cent,  and  in  188II  to 
thirty-thrro  per  cent.  Only  ihirt**n  per  cent 
contained  any  tbino;  more  than  a  trace  of  arsenic. 
In  reference  to  tlie  law  which  had  faili-d  of  jias- 
sage  In  the  leglalature.  limillnK  Ihn  amount  of 
arsenic  to  oue-lifth  of  a  grain  in  the  square  yard, 
he  thought  our  knowl^dgi'  of  the  limit  which  it  in 
safe  to  establish  was  t<ifi  indi.-tini[e.  A  law  to  pte- 
v«nt  the  wle  of  ■  rough  on  rats'  would  m*e  more 
UvM  than  a  law  to  prohibil  the  sale  of  wall-]uipen 
ooulalning  a  trae«  of  anenic.  Pnifessor  Wood  of 
Harvard  university  tbonRht  the  chief  danger  wa* 
from  the  dust  which  id  constantly  helnR  i^vm  off 
from  tbepuper.  and  which  iscontainedin  tlieair  of 
the  room,  by  which  it  comes  In  cmilact  with  tb« 


ISO 


SCIENCE. 


[VOL.  «..  "So.  fll8 


ey».  oo»e,  and  ihrMt.  Profwaor  HiU  of  Cam- 
bridge cunatilcreil  Ibnt  the  tden  oT  eelnbtJHhiof;  « 
«  limit  to  tbo  drgmn  to  which  nraentc  may  i>x)iil  in 
w«U-papnn>  wiw  faulty,  from  the  fact  Ibat  thev«  in 
no  ivaiKiB  for  the  me  of  anenlc  at  all  in  the  man- 
nfaolmv  of  wall-papera.  Colors  (.-an  iiuw  W  ob- 
tained whlcli  are  rr*«  from  Brscnicus  an  iin[mritv, 
itnd  Ibow  trolorv  Hbould  curtatnlT  be  pin|)l»>'«l  in 
all  papvrH.  Dr.  Cbndwick  offiiT<i  thn  followmR 
resolutiiin,  which  triiM  imsnirooii°ly  culoplfl : 
"  lietuhvd,  that  it  is  lli^  opinion  of  IhU  nievtInK 
that  thi-  flinical  «vi<l«'ii<:¥  aln-ady  udJuced  in  this 
and  other  cuuntrit^a  mtnbtislioii  beyiind  doubt  tht- 
fact  thai  BrnenioBl  wall-paiim  will,  in  many  in- 
RtAnoea,  produmnxmptomsof  poisoning  by  ar»enie 
111  ])tnM>nH  oocupylDft  ibe  iDoma  whoe«  walla  ar« 
curnvd  by  aucb  papen." 


THK  MtaniCO-Lh-OAL  ASPECTS  OP  HYP- 
NOTISU. 
A.  BlKSr.  une  at  tbo  IcAdJDK  Fmnch  aathoritim 
on  hypnotism,  bos  wntl^n  nn  opprecjatlve  but 
critical  notice  of  the  work  of  Campili  that  itiveaan 
«xc<tllpnt  Tipw  of  the  F^noh  and  Italian  stand- 
poinUreganlfng  thia  subject  that  in  awuming  so 
mach  luportancv  there.  Dr.  l^ittiipili  has  hnd  the 
advanta^  of  niim«iouA  rarmnin  in  FrHnn>  and 
ttliewhere.  M.  LegeoJs  has  vhown  tlie  poMibility 
of  ntnking  lh«  by imotic  »uggcatioii  »rvv  a  (.'rimi- 
iial  piirpoae.  but  has  not  diertiased  the  subject. 
MM.  Biuet  and  Fere  set  tht^meelvcs  todelcrmino 
tbr  fonditioBB  under  which  the  reality  of  the  hyp- 
untie  migijeBlion  may  be  admitted  by  a  Iribunal 
—  the  judicial  proof,  in  other  words.  Dr.  Coin - 
pill  prmenta  tlie  problem  from  the  point  of  view 
of  Ibe  two  Hchoola  of  criuiinulugifltti  in  Italy,  the 
olmwical  or  spiritualiatic  acboul,  and  the  nnthro|M>- 
logical  ichool,  which  <lilT«r  not  only  in  their  theo- 
rvticnl  coni^ptions  but  oUo  in  their  practical  con- 
clusionn  upon  the  application  of  punishment. 
UpoD  the  question  of  hypnotism,  however,  the 
two  Kcboola  admit  the  sam*  conclusion.  Dr.  Caui- 
pili  rxnminn  what  th<T  civil  uni)  penal  nvponi<i- 
bility  of  the  bypnotixcd  tiubji<ct  is  nbcti  (-riminal 
.  acta  have  been  coinniiltod  or  nhliKntloua  have 
been  aaaumed  under  the  liitluence  of  a  hypnotic 
BuggMvtiun.  AooordiuK  tothe  clfk>«ical  legal  school, 
the  hypnotised  aubjeci  in  uul  re»i|XiiiBlli1e.  »lnce  be 
haa  not  committed  a  voluntary  and  cotu<ciuu» 
offencp  ;  then?  can  lip  no  puniiibmi-nl  where  tbcnt 
haa  been  no  fault.  Th<!  nnthrnpolojical  school, 
which  doM  not  aiwumc  thin  mibjeotive  point  of 
view,  but  coualdere  that  the  judicial  institutions 
have  the  eimple  function  of  Mclal  preherralion  and 

It  ir'^nltf  l^tfhff Cf n  1 «  M  nifffff^UPilJ  ipnottea,  tkti  rapJMtrti 
tol  ilriUa  ymaU  tl  rMli.  Bf  U.  CuiMI.I.  Rrm  pMtoK- 
jiA^VW,  Vclobsr,  imO. 


defence,  arrives  at  the  aame  conclusion,  but  by  a 
dilTerent  way.  In  a  very  detailed  dim-uguion  the 
author  arrirea  at  the  conchifiini)  that  thr  need* 
of  Micial  defence  only  demand  the  reprnmon  of 
erirainal  acts  when  thew  are  the  ezpre»i>ion  of  tho 
per8i>iiali(y  of  the  ag«ut.  and  since  in  the  hypnotic 
6ulijecl  the  individiiitl  rvaolion  ig  abuliebed,  the 
acis  Ibat  he  does  under  the  inlluencr  of  a  hyp- 
notic suggestion  arc  nimtily  thum-  of  uu  uutouiatun. 
Tbc«e  conclusions  arc  at  ii-ast  debatable,  aaya 
liinet.  and  rest  on  premises  ihat  coninin  an  error 
of  fact.  The  belief  i*  too  common  lo  day  that  it 
is  possible  to  character!'*  the  |iayehic«l  stale  of 
hypDotlstii  in  a  single  word  and  say  it  la  a  con- 
dition of  uutomntisin.  In  a  vast  number  of  c«8M 
the  subject  preserves  his  iulelleclual  and  moral 
identity :  when  he  n«civiii  a  HUggPNlion  li>  act,  he 
m/ky  rcAst  if  th«  act  in  in  contradiction  with  hia 
character,  and  be  may  examine  the  order  and  even 
abanlulely  refuse  to  obey.  Campili  seem*  to  have 
seen  this  difUculty,  for  he  recalls  that  id  an  In- 
grnioua  aiticle  M.  Bouillier  has  admitted  a  moral 
respoDNbiliiy  in  dn-ams.  but  be  meets  Ibis  objec- 
tion with  an  argument  of  little  weight,  that  the 
hypnotized  niibject  does  not  iire^enc  bis  perMoal- 
Hy  In  the  same  way  (lint  a  slee|nng  (.•crson  doea^ 

Bluet  holds,  on  the  conlmry,  that  the  clwcet 
connection  exists  belu'eeii  the  elTecls  product  by 
sttggretiou  and  Ibe  stale  of  drvvming.  The  hy]>' 
uotic  suggest  ion  ia  nothing  rise  than  a  dream  ]in>- 
duced  and  din^'tcd  by  assiHtant*.  In  fact,  the 
aoriinambuIlM  is  not  an  automaton,  he  is  an  intti- 
viilual.  and,  from  the  purely  tln-oreticul  and  moral 
point  of  view,  he  may  be  held  (lartially  resjionsible 
for  his  acts  Tbene  concbwlonB  an?  in  direct  ac- 
cord witli  those  iif  M    Bouillier. 

But  what  is  the  piuclical  point  of  view  ?  Haa 
or  hn«  not  !>o>'iely  llie  ligbt  to  defend  Itself 
against  the  crimes  of  hypnotisin?  Will  it  Hufllce 
for  the  awassin  to  show  that  be  wiu  undrr  the  in- 
fiueuce  of  a  suggestion  for  the  judgim  t*>  grant 
him  his  lilierty  and  allow  bim  !•>  begin  bin  vrork 
again?  Clearly  a  unifurm  toleration  in  out  of  the 
(|ue«tion.  Until  recently  bypnotwui  (Iguied  only 
accidentally  in  judicial  proceed  lugs,  tint  now  all 
this  is  chaoged,  and  hypnotic  suggastion  may 
readily  enter  into  criminal  proceedings.  This  is 
exactly  what  baa  happened  in  Turin,  whore,  says 
LomhrcHo  (Rente  ncieiitijliptf.,  June  10,  1886),  them 
is  a  veiitalile  epidi-mic  of  liypncitism.  Society 
must  inoi^H*!  itM-lf  agaioHl  aucb  a  danger.  Gar' 
folo.  Id  his  lemarkahle  work  on  criiniiioIo(r'e, 
argues  that  we  mti/t  apply  to  tbo  criminal  who 
hai  tx>iiimilted  a  punishable  a>^  in  a  itatc  o(  hal- 
lucination or  of  Bomiiainliulism  the  wime  treat- 
ment that  we  give  to  lliuxe  nlio  haiecommitl«d 
a  crime  in  an  epileptic  or  hyelcric  attack  or  from 


« 


i 


UUKti  4,  1807. 1 


scmycs. 


221 


llie  vitfvt  of  Imputslrc  mnnla ;  that  in,  •prluoion 
In  k  nimlnal  ssjrlum  for  aii  intteftnilp  period  until 
■  OoiupleM  ctu«  iH  cMablishi-d,  ur  until  Ihi-  |iutii?iit 
pmwn  iiitu  sointr  ottiPf  txmiJiliun  that  r«n<lpni  a 
rapelilion  of  thv  act  on  uImhIuIi-  improbability'. 
Cftinpili  thinkc  Ihnt  it  would  be  dilHnilt  to  iipply 
the  lutar  inininlimcnt  to  nn  hypnotio  riirDinnl, 
un(«  he  did  not  r«mrriil  the  crime  of  hl»  own  ac- 
cord but  under  tbe  influence  of  a  third  poreoo, 
who  Is  tbe  true  uulpril :  lli*  hvpoMic  Hubject  Is 
tf  mply  ao  iDatramont  of  crime  in  tbe  haoda  of  the 
hypnotiUT  the  wume  u  a  revolvn'  in-  a  Icniri?.  aiul 
It  ia  h«  who  oufihl  tii  bpor  tiic  mifHinxibility  of  t)i« 
act.  Thin  in  n  niitAli-  diutinrtinn.  TIip  li}'pDOti<^ 
abJKL  Itlra  tti»  vplleplic.  Is  a  danic^raiin  pnrson, 
I  TorllabI*  nataiU,  alnGe  he  allows  a  very  simple 
in?  to  make  him  cumiaic  a  crime.  It  is 
Ffeteolttlely  ueceMiuri-  to  put  liiui  bej-uud  the  pti«d- 
btlily  or  doiuf;  harm,  MorrovLT.  it  U  probulilii 
that  the  dravid  of  puniahmntit  rxravriiMv  a  r^lrnin- 
iu^  infliutni:r  over  tbe  mindii  of  thoiw  who 
■nbmit  rohintnrilj  lo  l)e  by pnotlned  :  in  fact, 
Biwt  holds,  man;  peraono  who  are  sll^lilly  liyp- 
BOttnble  may  rvsiet  hypnollxation  Ruocecafully, 
aixl  oufcbt  to  be  r«u|>oiHible  tor  oooMntbig  to  mh- 
nlt  Ui«iii»elm  to  tlie  rxpiTiiDenl.  There  la  th« 
atrongeat  rawon  for  thin  conclusion  if  Ibe  subjrct 
Icnowa  in  advanci-,  lirfon-  going  to  slert),  that  a 
criniinHl  piiKKexlton  will  Iw  ki^'^d  to  bim.  There 
,  h  one  ciitioiu  bypotbeais  Ibut  Cuuipili  bun  out  no- 
I  tlcipati>ii.  auil  one  which  well  known  fncla  nndt-r 
Ullri-mi-ly  probable,  nod  thiit  U  that  vi'  muy  llnd 
■omu  day  io  luinii!  Intocl  of  Ihi«ve*  or  ii«iuuiun>  a 
hypnotic  aiibjoct  who  of  bli  oivn  accord  yields 
hniwelf  to  criminal  suicgesiions!  tlieuiefulneMuf 
bypnoilc  «iit!Ke«tioii  under  micb  circuruataoi-e*  ia 
Mally  understood,  fur  tlioau  who  arv  uudtr  ibo 
Control  of  ■  iiu^ntioD  Imrv  more  audai^tty,  mom 
couroi^,  and  cvvd  more  int«lli^-ncr,  thiin  when 
Ihey  act  of  tlidr  owu  accord.  Then;  arc  pntlcnta 
who.  ilrroding  lo  be  put  to  deep  by  some  one  thnt 
tluiy  dinltkc,  oArr  t«  the  hypnotic  siiggestlon  of 
one  of  tbeir  friends  a  |x)wer  of  rcsislance  ihat 
Ibey  do  not  liAve  naturally.  Ulbera.  wishing  to 
aoc(ini|>H9li  M>ine  act.  and  fearing  that  their  cour- 
age will  fail  ul  the-  laat  moment,  suggest  Ihrm- 
mItm  tbf  act  thut  th«y  wiah  to  do.  In  [b(>Kc  cir- 
ounntanccH  the  ■ubjc'Ct  ibould  l>i>  punished  a»  tbe 
prindpnl  and  the  hypaolizer  only  fl«  an  accom- 
plice. 

Tlie  Paris  comspOfident  of  tbe  JUedical  rtatrd 
writes  last  December  thai  an  epidemic  of  hyp- 
Duti«m  prevails  then:,  mid  he  paints  the  prevaDioK 
dUtempi-r  in  excei-diDgly  dark  colom.  Every 
■t«nmcr  brings  some  new  booh  on  bypnotisoi  or 
mental  augKeation,  and  thn  amount  of  Ilt^ralnre 
tlial  ba<-  acciimnlaled  within  the  past  year  la  eoor- 


moua.  PuUic  exbibitioDi  of  hypootiun  haro  bent 
inti-rdicicd  in  Grrruiiny,  Italy,  and  Aualria.  Thia 
U  but  oDi*  "id?  of  the  vhicld,  howerer.  and  bril- 
liant therapeutical  results  have  been  lefMirted  hy 
tlie  skilled  coterie  of  French  pliytiifiauB  llmt  ha* 
advanced  our  knuwledjce  of  bypnotinin  so  much 
within  the  jiast  few  yrari.  Yet  on  the  whole, 
perhnpa,  it  I*  a  matter  for  i-ongralulation  that  tlie 
more  atolid  Amrtican  mind  biu>  t>erti  little  affeutod 
by  hypontiam  up  to  thia  time,  not  ctvd  to  the 
extent  of  tumishtnK  Mifflcieni  mbjecta  for  the 
Society  for  payclilcAl  reoearch.  It  may  be  ibnt 
the  '  tnbid-cure '  ia  our  i-roas.  and  at  any  rale  tl>e 
connection  helweea  Ibit  and  bypnotiani  otTers  a 
proniiaing  Srid  to  the  iovnttigator. 

WlIJOAM  Novw. 


PALEOLITaia  MAS  IN  LONDON ^AKO 

ITH  NEIUHBORUOOD. 

Etkr  nince  Dr.  Juhn  Evana,  in  the  year  1800 
(/IrWieofof^Ki,  sxxviii.  SOI),  ahowed  that  tlM*  ob- 
ject wan  a  gi-nuiniR  palvutilhic  implement  of  the 
Chellean  type,  which,  under  the  dlsgnlH  of  'a 
BrIUah  weapon  found  with  elephant's  tooth  mtar 
Oray's  Lid  Lane,'  had  been  lyinjj;  for  yearn  unno. 
ticed  in  the  British  museum,  a  peculiar  tnlrrait 
for  prehistoric  ardieologfists  has  attached  to  ih* 
iiunlvrnary  grarela  of  Uie  valley  u(  the  Thntnm. 
Thi* noteworthy  implement  HvmatohnTe  beeiidis- 
povered  some  time  at  the  rlnne  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  anacconnt  of  It,  illustrate  by  a  rude 
engrsviog.had  bMapriotedM>earlyaiini5.  Con- 
■eijupntly  the  city  of  Loudon  may  lay  clafm  lo  be 
the  site  of  the  lintt  recorded  dii«--oveTyof  tlie  earli- 
est ImpIemenlH  of  mankind.  Kimilnr  dlncovertM 
have  continued  to  be  made  in  different  paria  of 
tlie  ralley  of  the  Thnoie*,  eapeeially  in  that  por- 
tion of  It  lyiuK  within  the  oounty  of  Middlwx. 
Mr.  Wortbinglou  O.  Smith,  in  psrtlcubir,  pub- 
liKhed  in  tlio  ^oumof  of  the  ttnlhropoloffiail  ituti- 
ttiU  ncoounla  of  finding  paleolilhiC  implomente  la 
tbe  little  tribulnry  valley*  of  the  Len  and  the 
Breot.  Bnt  In  1088,  after  five  ynant  of  patieut 
rutieBri'b,  be  u>Mde  known  tite  Intemtlii);  discov- 
ery (publisbed  in  tbe  tame  journal,  xtii.  85T)  of  a 
■  paleolithic  floor  at  Norlb-e»sl  London.'  He 
showrd  that  n  utratum  of  worked  Htnla  of  Ibe 
paleolitbic  aite  lay  aprrad  tor  many  mile*  a  few 
feet  l«nealb  (he  pro«eot  in rf ace  of  iheRround. 
The  majority  of  Ihe  Implement!  contained  In  it 
were  found  at  llie  heiKbt  of  iihtnil  serenty.flve 
feet  above  tIte  preneat  level  of  Ibe  Ttiames.  "  As 
a  rule,"  be  says,  ■■  every  Implement  and  (take  in  an 

paltalMU  mm  <ii  norfA-waM  MIMIhtj.  THi  tvidrtut 
o/  kit  ArMnet  and  On  phf/tttal  (iMdtlKiiu  uiidrr  trtMH  h» 
find  at  BalttiQ,  <»i4  (ii  ncfgUerfcoad,  •<«.  Bj  Joan  Aum» 
Uaoirii.    l,eoauD,  MacmlUiui. 


222 


SCIENCE. 


(Tot,  IX.  No.  318 


sharp  ■>"  '^  *""*  °'^  l'>^  ^"^y  '''  ™*^  uiac)«."  Th« 
beet  wction  of  tliii  '  floor'  wa«  nt  Stoke  Kmvini;- 
lon  Common,  vhcro  llirrr  wiu  fouDil,  nliout  four 
feet  below  the  surfacp,  au  imrHoDur  Mccumiilnliuii 
of  puWlltblc  Imptemente.  of  both  the  pointnl  n»<l 
oval  typiw,  numerous  scra^re  and  hamnier- 
Bloiww.  with  com  Biid  IUk««  lunuinerabie. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Bron-n  has  I)epu  prowcutlDK  simUar 
TVAoawhes  in  Ibc  north -wMlvrn  part  of  London, 
and  has  tll»rovi-r'iil  in  thn  higb-len>l  gravds  at 
Aclon  ■»  [laleolilhic  workuliop  ilu-.'  in  which 
•otne  five  hundred  or  more  of  ouch  obji-ctH  huve 
been  found  nl  a  ili^pth  of  «lx  feet  bnlow  the  nutlaix. 
'•T\xe  whole  of  the  BjieL-inieD?,"  he  «.ti«,  "am  an 
sharp  as  when  Ihey  uere  flaked  olT  from  llie 
cores,  and  It  i«  cimr  tlint  the;  have  never  been 
removed  from  the  spot,  whi-n-  lliey  were  left  by 
the  peleulitbic  people,  who  ninde  tlicm.  when 
they  recreated  before  Oie  advancing  waU-rs" 
(p.  ST).  The  present  volume,  ecnbod; ing  the  sub- 
ataace  of  several  papers  read  before  various  aci- 
entiKc  bodies,  contaias  mi  inlereetlnii  narrative  of 
bia  own  Investigations,  and  those  of  otlier  ex- 
plorera.  and  is  profusely  illuslrutvd  l>y  engravings 
of  ■pcdaiens  of  all  the  diSerent  objecta  which 
have  been  found  h.v  Mr.  WiirlbinRtim  Smith  an 
well  as  by  bimaelf.  But  Mr.  Th'own  hnn  also 
avulled  himself  of  ibe  opiwrtunily  of  comjiiling 
from  many  sourars  an  eiteiided  studj  of  llie  con- 
diliOD  of  certain  i'RViii;e  races,  fur  the  purpose  of 
illuDtrating  the  probable  mode  of  life,  cunditiorui. 
and  cnliuie  of  the  river-drift  men.  With  one  of 
his  conclu>ions,  bowet«r,  I  (eel  constmin«<i  to 
differ.  .From  what  seeiii*  t(>  be  very  insufBciunt 
evidence  lie  Ims  drawn  the  inference  that  th(t 
pulf-ulithic  nian  '  had  invented  or  used  the  bow 
and  ami w.'  His  reasons  for  thieopiaion,  so  much 
at  variance  with  tbnt  held  by  most  prehistoric 
nroheologisU,  are  that  he  has  found  a  few  sinull 
triangular  flakes  which  lie  styles  "tlie  eurli«it 
form  of  nrrow-bead."  and  thinks  thoy  "could 
luudly  hnve  lieen  used  in  any  otlier  way  "  (p.  12) ; 
aad  also  other  flakc«  having  on  one  side  ■■  worked 
holknrs,  which  are  genonUly  regarded  as  sluift- 
■moath(!ra"(p.  lift). 

Now  Mr.  O,  A.  Bhruhsole.  In  an  article  on  "Cer- 
tain unfnniilinr  forms  of  paleulithic  Implement*' 
{Journal o/ ll'f  authrupologiail  intfitnte,i\v.  IDS), 
boa  argued  that  man  in  a  primitive  stale,  having 
only  natural  totms  of  growth  to  avail  himself  of. 
wch  as  wood,  bone,  or  bom,  would  of  necewity 
fashion  tools  for  Bcfapliig-purp<»ea.  » lib  curved 
OUllliK*  ;  and  to  me  it  seems  unruasonahlr  lo  n^ 
Btilct  similar  iQipU-ments  to  the  sole  purpme  of 
.'•hatt«iuootheni'  for  arrows.  Mr.  Worthinglon 
Smith  haa  reached  the  concluMon  that  the  malers 
of  tha  implemeuta,  which  be  has  diioovercd  in 


such  abundance,  "depended  for  food  npon  roots 
and  wild  plants,  and  tlie  bodiiM  of  small  animals 
slain  by  stones  thrown  from  Ihr  hand:"  and  he 
does  not  liclieve  that  thci  objects  found  by  bim 
wvre  intended  for  weapons,  but  for  tools.  Mr. 
Brown's  rejected  hypolheeis,  that  the  small  tri- 
angular flakes,  which  he  has  Agured,  if  indeed 
they  are  implements  at  all.  were  used  aa  'points 
of  sniall  hurpoons  fur  killing  Ush '  (p.  117),  seems 
much  more  probable,  tlian  that  Ibe  paleolithic 
nnan.  a*  I  have  ntlomptddto  sliow  eUewhere  (/>*- 
(Vrdinps  of  Me  lionlon  xocirly  of  naliinit  hiffory, 
xiili.  '300).  should  hoie  invented  such  nn  ing^ 
nious  and  complicated  instrument  aa  the  Imw  and 
arrow,  Hkxbv  W.  Haykkk. 


RIDQWATS  NOSiKycLATURE  OF  COLORS 
AXD  COMPENDIUM. 

GvEBT  naturalist  has  donbtless  at  times  seriously 
felt  the  need  of  some  means  of  identifying  the 
various  sbndea  o(  color  be  is  called  upon  to  desig- 
nate in  devcritting  animals  or  plants,  or  interpret 
in  tile  dcBcriptions  given  l>y  other  autbore.  No 
standani  work,  duly  IHuiitruled.  having  this  end 
in  view,  has  for  mnny  vi-nrst  bi-en  available.  This 
want  Mr.  Rldgwny  hns  now  nlleniptiHl  to  supply. 
His  '  nomenclature  of  colors '  comprijmi  (ifty- 
elght  pag«8  of  text  and  ten  colored  plnlen.  A 
brief  discuonJon  of  principles  of  color  la  followed 
by  a  chapter  on  the  selection  of  pigmenta  and 
their  combination  to  pri>duce  requirc-d  efTecIa,  and 
a  compalHtivo  or  polyglot  vnc-almlury  of  colors, 
in  which  Is  given  the  njuivnlent  terms  in  seven 
lunguag«a  of  more  (ban  three  hundred  designated 
shndn  of  color.  About  one  hundred  uod  seventy 
of  theoc  ilioden  ari-  defined  and  illustrated  by  the 
plales,  and  their  compoaiiion  indicated  by  ex- 
planatory t>.'xt.  Thin  fiirmn  jiart  i.  of  Ibe  little 
manual  under  notice.  Part  ii.  consists  of  an  '  oml- 
tholugi»tB'  coiu|>end)uu>.'  devnteil  mainly  to  an 
«xlMid«l  gluBMiry  of  technical  lerins  uwd  In  de- 
acriptfve  ornithology,  Uluatreted  by  six  outline 
plates,  relating  to  the  tj>pogrnphy  of  a  bird.  Ihe 
forms  of  feather*,  the  pnttamaof  color-nuurkiiiKS, 
and  the  contour  of  egR*. 

Mr.  Rldicway  hax  thus  not  only  nttempied  to 
fix  and  ilhislrate  a  standard  nomenclature  for  the 
"  numerous  hues,  tints,  and  shades  wlilch  are 
currently  adopted,  and  now  form  part  of  the  lan- 
guage of  descriptive  natural  history,''  hut  has 
brought  togetlier  n  m«t  convenient  mani  of  tech- 
nical information  of  great  importanot-  to  omiihol- 
ugista,  whether  specialists  or  naiateurs. 

A  ntintrtttlatnr^  of  fotorg  for  nolumhtU,  and  coniprn- 
dtum  of  um/hI  lenoulnlut  for  fiititUufivwf*-  Vj  IIODniT 
ainewiT.    BoMoD.  LltUs,  Urovn  a  Co,   S*. 


4 


I 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY.  UARCH  II.  1887. 


COMMENT  ASD  CRITtClSM. 

ALTIIOttaS  CONOKBSE  lUB  MOT  ORDESED  that  the 

weaUier-hureftu  slia]l  1«  lraDsfi;rr«]  from  the  sig- 
nal cvirpfl  of  ttie  uray  u>  some  l-ItH  (i^ipartiiicnt, 
the  it^pa  tliat  vr«r«  taken  towards  the  tnoarer 
tcive  strong  niii«uranc«  tbat  it  will  be  made 
Dext  y«u,  when  it  can  !«  andertolten  more  dellb- 
«ratt>l)-.  The  action  was  briefly  an  follons  :  tiM 
hoime  hill  No.  AlPO,  to  rrent«  n  depnrtnient  of 
aftricullure  and  labor,  r«*ivpil  several  ainend- 
Di«liti>  in  tlie  M-nale.  bidohk  which  the  rixth  bad 
for  ita  object  the  Inumfer  of  the  wcatlirr-bureau 
from  the  Eignal  olBce  of  the  nrmr  to  the  new  de- 
panment  on  Ihc  lat  of  next  July.  Althoiiith 
scveriil  senntors  I'otei]  on  Feb.  3^  n^inst  thla 
amendment.  Iiernuse  thcjr  thought  the  iic-lion  nru 
too  precipitate,  it  had  a  niajority  at  tbirtj  .ccven  to 
lifteeD,  with  twenty-four  aliment.  It  prt>vitlc<l  that 
the  Kvciiod  lleuteoonta  and  t]ie  EUbordinatr  mem- 
beta  of  the  corps  should  be  transferred  to  the  new 
departmeiil,  without  changing:  tlinir  work  or  their 
pay;  that  the  rank  of  conmiiasioned  offlc^naC 
the  alxnal  corpa  should  not  Iw  affected  by  the 
tcanefer  ;  and  tliat  the  chief  signal  ofTlcr  gbonid 
remain  in  charRe  of  the  bareaii  after  the  irnnafer 
until  a  director  ahould  bn  api>oint^  (or  il,  Tba 
bill  then  r«tanied  to  the  house,  where,  accordlnK 
to  the  report*  we  ha^e  reocivml.  it  would  have 
oenaitily  been  poaaed  aa  amended,  bad  not  an  nn- 
foTfeeen  obstacle  arisen.  The  Pre«idcnt,  It  aeemit, 
does  not  desire  an  additional  member  in  h\a  cabi- 
net :  tfaebillwaatlierrfote  referred  Imck  tothecom- 
lnUte«  on  agriculture  by  bis  friends  in  the  hou«p, 
aixlat  this  late  dateinlhecrowdi^l  session  it  could 
not  again  be  reached,  not  being  '  privileged  busi- 
■  *    80  the  matter  is  dropped  for  the  present. 


Thi«  poatpoaetuenc  ie.  on  the  whole,  not  to  be 
regnttcd.  It  is  quil«  clear  tbat  the  failure  to 
make  tha  ohange  waa  not  due  at  all  to  a  belief 
tbat  it  ought  not  to  be  ntsdei.  Senator  Edmuuds 
offered  the  only  oonsiderobto  objection  to  the 
traDster  during  the  debate  on  the  amendment.  It 
was  cl*«r  to  him,   "that  the  only  way  to  Itave 


an  aAccUr*  orgasiBation  it  to  have  it  under  milt- 
lory  control.  m>  that  a  man  cannot  reaifm  )<ecau(* 
\tv  geta  miffed  abmit  somelhintCt  biit  h«  maat  do 
Ilia  duty."  ThU  mintnkcn  impreeaion  found  tew 
if  any  iiupport«ni.  It  seemed  to  be  genetally  un- 
dcnttood  that  thr  loa«  of  individunlity  and  com- 
plete aulimiiHion  to  authority,  which  conMitUt* 
the  naenon  of  the  luililary  s^iiril.  are  out  of  plMJ*  1 
in  a  service  tliat  wisely  makes  open  dmilwatioa 
of  its  need  of  intctlrgpnt  (H-rsonal  action  by  calling 
on  college  gradiuiliv  lu  enliat  in  it.  Senator 
Davm  thought  every  one  agreed  that  the  xervica 
"  ouglit  to  be  trunsferred  to  tht-  civil  department 
of  the  goveriimeut."  but  believed  tbat  the  transfer 
oujcht  to  \»  made  more  dfll'ierstely  than  was  con- 
templated In  Uie  ameudiueiil.  Senator  Hate  ex- 
pressed the  same  viewa,  and  these  two  juinrd  I^. 
niunds  and  others  in  votinx  a^insl  the  bill.  But 
their  faTorable  votes  may  be  expected  next  wia- 
t^,  wlien  |)erhn|ie  leas  polltiml  an<l  more  appro- 
priate HUrroundinK^  may  be  chosen  for  ilie 
wen tbcT- bureau  than  It  would  have  found  lu  the 
propoeed  new  de(>aruneut. 


In  th*  mean  time  the  pmilion  of  chief  signal 
offlcnr  is  gii-Mi  (o  CaptAin  flroely,  wbo  in  thereby 
promoted  to  be  a  brigadier-general,  the  senate 
having  fonfirmrd  the  PreHidebt'»  nominatiini  at 
the  last  moment.  60  great  nn  advance  in  rank  is 
unusual,  and  may  he  utiributed  in  part  to  rerxig- 
nition  of  arolic  herobm,  —  tor  surely  the  pteaervK* 
tion  of  a  complete  series  of  records  under  the 
most  dilBcult  and  trugic  circumataocea  was  a 
spltutdid  acliieveuicnl,  ^and  ponsibly  in  part  to 
tbf  feeling  tliat  the  office  should  be  giien  to  somo 
one  already  in  the  service,  rather  than  to  aoino 
oolong  who  stood,  indeed,  nearer  in  the  line  of 
promotion,  but  who  had  had  no  «xperienoe  in  the 
weather-bureau.  But  the  failure  of  the  deficiency 
bill  makes  the  position  of  chief  signal  ofGcei  an 
arduous  one  for  tlie  nest  year,  for  it  is  u  ihaiiklesa 
duty  that  involves  reduction  In  some  of  IIm  eaaen- 
tialaof  theeervice.  It  is  to  beivgietted  tJut  the 
new  chief  wa«  not  given  at  lea^t  (he  Ijest  oppor- 
tunity of  showing  his  |>owef8.  Tbe  remedy  for 
uiisatiftfactory  weallier-predlctlons  is  not  likely  to 
be  found  while  tlie  serrlce  la  thus  erabarramed. 


SUALL-rox  M8UD  to  hare  appeared  recently 
M  Uolfok^.  Ham..  ftniODK  the  ra^-»oncre  of  the 
paprr-mllU,  prmuniBblf  <H>iitmcte(l  rroin  bandtJiiK 
infected  rimR.  There  are  two  poinW,  of  ini«r««l 
in  connrctifin  with  these  cn»e8.  on  whlcb  we 
Nbould  lilcc  inrurmation  :  Bmt,  were  tlie  su'pected 
iBga  dom««ti(-.  or  foreiKn  ?  and,  ■econd,  were  the 
ngHnrtvn  vaivinnicd,  and,  if  no,  when  vsm  the 
opprnliun  Inrt  iKi^<)mied  ?  The  necmsily  for  dtJi- 
inrixftiog  foreign  rags  hn?  been  fo  miirh  di'cufiNed 
of  Ifttu  yean,  that  irrery  tastnixi'  of  thin  kind 
diould  be  iboruugblv  investigated,  und  the  rci>i>II» 
repOTU-d  in  detail. 

Tbe  irevrEST  MoiraoaAPH  of  the  Anierioiii  eco- 
nomic aMOclatton  is,  like  ita  prwIeunMur,  a  study 
of  eo^>i>enitlon.  But  thi?  Ii«ld  of  obeprvation  is 
shifted  from  Minneaou  to  N«w  EngUml.  The 
■Hthor,  Mr.  Edward  W.  BeinU,  keeps  liliiiself  in 
the  baclcfcround  tbrougbout,  oaij  occasionally  in 
the  tone  of  bin  Ireatmeiit  (civiiie  Indications  that 
be  is  a  bellerer  In  co-operation  as  a  reined;-  for 
tauay  of  Ibe  existing  and  mncli-comniented-on 
lRbor<troah1e«.  The  mnnogrnpli  is  ronininpd  in 
one  hiindml  nnd  thiity-six  [uigrs,  nnd  gives  a 
miocinet  nix-ount  of  the  Tnrious  co-operative  and 
proSt-shnring  enterprises  und(^rtnken  in  New 
Kigland,  from  tlie  time  of  the  hapleas  Brook 
n>rm  (1M2-4T}  to  the  introdtiction  of  prolit-slmr- 
ing  into  a  Boston  nen-spapcr  efltRhlishinent  nt  the 
beginning  of  tlie  present  Tmr,  Distributive  nnd 
pmduclire  oo-operstion  are  trented  sepamtely  :  for 
tbey  are  very  different  things,  the  former  being 
the  simpler,  more  easily  muinged,  and  requiring 
a  far  smaller  amount  of  capital  than  the  other. 
The  conditions  of  productive  cO'opemlion  are 
more  coniplicnted  nn<l  involved  than  thnee  of  co- 
oparaiive  ditrtrlbution,  and  therefore  the  lutter 
canM  Srst  in  the  order  of  tiuie. 


la  New  England  the  development  of  lh«  co- 
operative movement  seems  to  have  been  continuous, 
for  members  of  the  Bronk  F^nn  community  were 
prominmt  in  the  dxtjierntive  enterprises  of  the 
Sovereigns  of  industry  nnd  the  Knights  of  labor  ; 
and  the  various  protective  unions,  nnd  so  forth, 
socu  to  liavn  grown  one  out  of  the  other.  The 
Sorereigna  of  industrj',  orgnnixed  in  1S74.  assert 
that  they  were  the  first  to  inrioduce  the  Rochdale 
plan  into  tliis  country,  but  membera  of  the  New 
England  proleodve  union  claim  to  luive  i-oiablinbed 
oo-openitlve  stores  on  the  Rochdale  plan  in  boatun 
a*  early  as  IBM.    The  jieculiarity  of  Die  Koc-hdule 


plan  is,  as  is  w«ll  undvmtood,  that  gooda  Hliall  ba 
sold  at  the  retuil  markut-prlce,  and  any  proUlti 
thai  remain,  ufier  uu  allowance  baa  been  made 
fur  a  leaerve  fyud  and  iuierest  on  capital,  are  ap- 
portioned to  the  customerH  on  tlie  basis  of  their 
trade  for  the  period  since  the  preceding  diatrSbu- 
tion  :  It  Is  |>eruiilted  to  aUickboIdera,  however,  to 
receive  a  larger  dividend  than  is  paid  to  outsiders. 


As  Mr.  B«mis  himself  says,  the  record  of  the 
early  ywits  of  tbeco-uperaiive  movement  contains 
more  failurtH  than  permanent  succeaws.  A  com- 
parison of  the  cuuaes  of  failure,  as  adduced  by 
the  author,  sliows  a  curious  agreement,  ei-en  in 
the  case  of  enterprises  undertjiken  ttndi-r  condi- 
tions quite  diverse.  The  New  Bngbmd  pr«t«ctivp 
union,  for  example,  went  along  from  1S17  until 
IS32,  when  it  bad  as  many  aa  four  bundrvd  and 
three  fnbdiviaions,  of  which  one  huiidml  nnd 
aJity-flvw  reported  total  sales  Ihe  previoun  yt-ar  of 
$l,6fHI.H35.40.  No  atti^nipt  bnd  been  made  to  «e- 
cure  large  protllB  ;  goods  were  sold  at  a»  near  Ibo 
cost-price  as  was  deemed  oonidsieut  with  safety  1 1 
and  the  memburt  were  sati^lled  with  0iz-[wr<<eot 
dividetidson  the  slock.  But  there  was  frequently 
a  simultaneous  Increase,  both  Ui  Ihe  price  of  goods 
and  in  tbi?  amount  of  dividends  to  the  compum- 
tively  small  number  of  8tockliolder«,  "Many 
•tores  ihiut  ceased  to  be  co-opemlive,  and  the 
tbiok  pOHsml  into  Uie  hands  of  a  few  of  the  moTB 
enterprising  or  well-IO-do." 

It  ia  the  game  story  all  the  way  through.  "Tb© 
underlying  cBUsea  of  nil  co-operntivn  failures  ara 
lack  of  intelligence  nnd  of  the  spirit  of  co-opera- 
tion," After  a  time  there  is  a  disagreement  ;  th* 
management  is  declared  to  benrl)itrai7 :  the  store- 
keeper  ia  jKild  too  much  ;  it  is  iisserled  that  better 
bargains  can  be  mode  outside.  This  crenles  lack 
of  conQdence,  and  to  restore  it  there  is  a  depart- 
ure from  the  cash  principle,  or  an  increo^d  divi- 
dend is  declared.  The  result  is  dieiistroiis.  Most 
of  tlie  above  sentences  ore  culled  from  !ilr.  Bemin's 
history  of  the  various  ronoerns.  and  not  a  few  of 
them  are  in  sub»titacc  the  words  of  such  believer* 
in  co-operntion  as  Holyonke,  George  E.  McNeill, 
and  others.  They  involve  the  admission  of  all 
thnt  the  friendly  critics  of  co-opcrntion  claim ; 
that  in.  thnt  it  is  nn  ideal  scheme,  suited  to  a  po^ 
fpctiy  horaogetieoue  community,  the  member*  of 
which  are  willing  lo  make  extensive  tempurarf 
nacrificoK  in  order  to  its  ultimate  suocess.    For  thia 


I  Awn 


I 


I 


I 


r«Hon  it  oanuot  became  a  unlveraal  etnaomic  ej*- 
two.  Tbe  nme  bumsn  na(ur«  that  iiilerfereawitb 
M  n»Bn7  other  beoeAoeot  Bchemes.  ioKrrfvm  with 
(hla.  "CivoperAttre  cx)iK«n)a  fail  txwauiie  of  a 
fiulura  to  at-openMi"  is  the  univ«r«&l  verdict. 


It  ia  but  fair  to  point  out  tliat  tbe  data  gntherr-d 
from  the  latter  luut  of  tho  |H.Tioil  of  which  Ur. 
B«min  writes,  lav  more  favorable  to  cO' operation. 
Iocn^a«eil  experience  miiy  have  noiuelhing  10  ilo 
with  this.  Float  the  tables  com  piled  bj  theatithor. 
ft  apite&ra  that  produetivc  ciJ-opcration  in  twenly 
companies  in  New  Ifngland  Hliotva  a  biuioMB  of 
tl,000,000  a  T«ar ;  cooperaUre  stores  have  a  tiwle 
of  over  $1,7SO,000:  co-operative  creamerio  do  a 
btlBl&ns  probably  of  11,000,000 :  and  about  $3,3G0,- 
000  are  iDT«at«d  in  co-operative  banks.  I^o  that, 
apart  from  co-operative  loBurance  cuuipaniiB.  the 
annual  1>usii><«8  of  the  coKtperative  ouuipaiiie«  of 
Nfw  Enittaod  amounts  to  about  seven  millions  of 
dollars.  In  Massacliusetts  tbe  conditions  seem  to 
be  sppcially  fsvoruble  to  c(K)perative  coriipaoles, 
as  tho  (rt4it«  hiu  a  senenU  law  for  their  incorpora- 
tion. The  capital  stock  i>I  snch  a  ooiupany  Is  lim- 
ited to  |100,000.  and  must  be  more  than  (1,000. 
>'o  one  pemon  cjtn  hold  more  Ihaa  tliOOO  worth  of 
stock,  or  hsve  more  than  one  vote.  It  Is  further 
provided  lliat  there  shall  be  an  annual  dlatrlbu- 
tlOD  of  profits  nmonj;  the  workmen,  purchaaen. 
and  stockholders ;  but  (en  per  cent  of  the  net 
proHU  niiiHt  tint  l>e  net  aolde  for  a  continent  Or 
sinking  fund,  until  n  sum  equal  to  thirty  per  cent 
of  the  cApttnl  stock  shall  have  been  accumulated. 
Tbe  word  •  co-operacive'  must  form  part  of  tbe 
corporate  name,  and  shares  to  nn  amount  not  ex- 
rceding  twenty  dollars  nre  esrmpt  from  attacb- 
menc  and  oxecution.  The  credit  nf  thti  FompaD7 
And  livcurity  of  the  irtocl: holders  nre  further  In- 
creased by  a  full  report  made  annually  to  tho 
atenUuy  of  slal*.'.  Tlie  laat  section  of  tbe  mono- 
graph is  deroied  to  prollt -shoring,  and  Ivrings  for- 
ward BOiue  iiileriHliug  instances  in  nhich  it  liua 
been  put  in  opeiation.  The  bwt  known,  perhaps, 
is  that  of  the  Pence  Uule  man ufuctu  ring  com- 
pany, u'li^ie  prollt-shnring  was  begun  ei)j;ht 
years  ago.  An  average  dividend  of  tour  per  cent 
on  tbe  wages  was  i>aid  to  the  workmen  for  four 
years,  but  siuue  tObl)  no  dividend  has  been  de- 
clared. From  none  of  the  cmse^  of  profit-sharing 
adduced  by  Mr.  EWmis  can  we  deduct  any  arga- 
menls  which  meet  the  ohjcc^ons  of  Hr.  Aldrlcb, 
on  which  we  commented  Inat  work. 


TUB  BXPLOHATlOy  OF  THE  IFKfXR 
BcBWEiNTTitTH  has  recently  e«Dt  a  letter  to  tba 
editor  of  U  mijMPemtnt  ghgn^htgue.  from  which 
we  Uke the  follouios  alMtrnct :  Tbe  Welle-UakD* 
hxH  lui-n  crnwcd  by  Junkerst  six  diScreot  poinU. 
\t  .Mi  Kobo.  in  the  coimtry  of  tho  Basange,  Ua 
fnnhi^st  iH>int  srtjrt,  thn  rivxr  attains  luch  diioea- 
KJoni  that  bo  ooald  not  cctimotc  Us  ritr,  pnrticu* 
larly  as  It  Is  blocked  up  by  ixlnndn.  which  nn^  not 
only  densely  populated  snd  highly  cultivHlnl.  hut 
afford  ample  romu  for  herds  of  elephants  which 
abound  tliere.  Junker  could  not  stay  bere  loog«« 
than  four  days.  Only  a  oouiparatively  sJiori  dia- 
tani-'c  from  tbe  Kongo,  he  was  compelled  bo  le- 
tunt,  as  Lupton  Buy,  the  govemce  of  itie  Bicyp- 
tinn  province  Bahr-ct-Gund,  sent  him  word  ot  the 
rapid  Kpreiuluig  ot  Ihi-  mahdi's  power.  Eight 
days'  journey  bcynnd  the  extr^'mt!  point  nHu.'hed 
bj*  Junker,  the  Mbomo  emptici  itM^if  into  the 
Welle.  The  Mbomo  rtma  east  and  west,  and  hu 
maoy  tributaries,  which  come  from  tbe  walor- 
shed  between  the  Kongo,  the  Shari,  and  the  Nile. 
In  February.  1HI3,  Junker  teacbcd  Abi  Kobo. 
Junker's  'Nepoko'  is  probably  the  upper  caWM 
of  the  nircrrc.  He  Itciitd  nnolbi-r  rivor  men' 
tionod,  the  >~btd.  which,  however,  ho  did  not  IM. 
Schwetnfnrth  is  of  the  opinion  that  it  may  be  the 
upper  counie  of  the  Diverre,  while  the  X^poko 
may  be  Uiat  of  ttie  Mbnru.  The  qusntity  of  wa- 
ter in  the  latter  is,  however,  so  small  that  Its 
source  mu«t  he  looked  for  fartlier  west. 

Waul^rs's  hypotheei«  of  the  Identity  of  the  Welle 
anil  Olmngi  liecomrs  very  prnbalili-  by  JnnkiT^ 
new  discoveries,  as  will  be  seen  by  th^  niccom- 
panylng  sketch -map.  Wauiirs  nupposcs  that 
Otenfell,  who  explored  the  latter  river,  passed  b; 
tbe  mouth  of  tlie  Welle  wllboul  seeing  It.  The 
remarkable  form  of  the  right  bank  of  tbe  Obangl, 
th«  appcnmnce  of  tlie  Unt  hills  at  the  place  of  tbe 
suppoord  conflurncc,  tlie  dotted  line*  by  which 
Urenfell  indicuten  the  left  bank  at  tbia  point,  and 
tbe  euddnnly  increasing  sbollownew  of  tbe  rivn-, 
all  support  Wnutere'a  hypoUiosia.  This  new  in- 
formation Is  of  great  Lin|)ortMic*  for  the  pmgrcaa 
of  Stanley's  expedition  for  tbe  relief  of  Emin 
Pttsba.  He  may  eltlier  asoend  the  Obnngi  and 
Welle,  ibe  Biverre-Kepoko,  or  start  from  Stanley 
Falls.  It  is  doubtful  whether  lliere  are  any  rap- 
ids in  the  Welle  that  uii^'hl  ubslruct  his  paMOga. 
As  Circntell  po-iscd  Ihi!  rapids  uf  the  Obangl  fn 
latitude  4**  ntX  nintli  without  any  difficulty,  and 
those  of  the  Kongo  at  Rubungu  do  not  prevent 
the  passage  of  steamera.  it  i*  possible  that  no  sen- 
ous  dUBcultlee  of  navigation  exist 

We  may  be  allowed  to  call  to  mind  at  this  place 
the  souroM  of  our  former  knowledge  of  tlila  db- 
trict.      After    Schwelnfurlh's   discovery  of   tbe 


336 


SCTEKCE. 


M 

M 


o 


31 
H 


HutcH  II,  1S97.) 


SClEyCE, 


227 


Wellf,  Nnchlijnt  wm  tb«<  Hnl  Ut  gjv*  Mine  now 

iaforntation.     In  1879  he  ptibllAlied  a  map  from 

lib  mrv«;ii  nnd   from   infornution  obtain«'l  In 

Dnr  For  nnd  Wadnl.    Junker  t^xploretl,  tii  1S7S 

and  1877.  Uie  w««tem  (riliuUriai  of  the  Bahr*!- 

AUnd.      In  the  muuv  ,veur>  a  GrMk  pbrBician, 

Dftglotes  PotagiM,  iravtllwl  iircr  a  kftui  part 

lof  Itae  diairici.     A-,  howrrcr.  h»  tniulp  no  aitro- 

noniical  olwcri-atinnB,  and  his  itinerary  ia  my 

primitive,  the  resiilln  of  liis  journey  are  not  reli- 

Ljihlr^    Tbia  ia  atill  mor«  the  caw  with  Bohndorit'a 

^  joumry*.    This  roan,  a  ^oldaniiih,  who  had  been 

in  tbi-  Bprvioe  of  Uetienil  Uordun,  travelkil  ia  the 

rncion  ot  the  hL-ail  "sl*!^  of  tbv  WpU*.     Lntvr 

|pD<  when  Junker  sttirled  no  hia  notHind  jouraey. 

took  BubnilurfT  fiir  his  snrvani,  and  in  Jnna- 

ary,  18(W,  they  Ipft  KhiiHutn.    The  first  summi-r 

was  spent  in  the  Niam-Ninm  country,  nod  «in<v 

that  lioin  JunkiT  hnH  Cmvelled  In  Momhuttuand 

;^in   the  <iiNt<i<:t  of  tbo  W«lle  and  the  uther  rivtn 

minK  wrM.     Lupton  Boy  auil  his  aeema  made 

any  important  joutneys.  the  expedition  of  Itafai 

belDK  of  particuhir  intcniit.     Ho  i*  said  to 

tv«  Kwched  tJie  lake  on  ihcLokoi.    Tlio  oorth- 

no  Irlhutarita  of  the  Duhku.  «*  vhown  on  l)>e 

[■ketob-inap,  arc  from  FleKfl'ti  reports,  who  learned 

Fabout  tliom  on  hi*  jmirnoy  In  Adatnaua.   Tbeoen- 

trni  pari  t^ln-ptn  tlie  r^^ionti  irHVcceed  hy  Kle^I, 

Nachti^l,  ujid  Junker,  ia  still  lotulty  unknuvrn. 


THE  HEALTH  OF  NEW  YORK  DVBINO 

JANUARY. 
Th*  population  of  New  York  t'ity  at  the  bc- 
finnlni;  of  1W7  may  be  approximately  lUtrd  to 
have  been  1.441.400.  ThedcathaduiingthuiDonih 
of  January  from  ail  cause*  w«r<>  8,307,  which  ie 
but  5  more  thou  during  the    precedluK  month, 

^although  the  population  was  Kr«>ier  hy  more  thnu 
1,000.    Of  this  number,  14t)  died  on  the  Stlu  the 

lsr«ftl««t  mortality  of  ilie  month  (we  puffc  SJtS). 

pDiarrhoe&l  di«piiBe0  euusnl  4S  deaiha,  a  n^luclion 
of  IT  aa  coiti|iure(l  will)  Dec-einbrr,  and  tile  loiri^ 
mortality  truiii  (bi>  cnuw  Mnrc  Mnrrb,  HUSO.    Tlie 

kdeatha  of  eliildren  under  five  ypAr*  of  aj^e  amoUDI- 

^ed  to  1.023.  diffrrinti  but  liille  from  the  precedlog 

InHmth.     Concu  Dipt  ion  caused  &M,  diphtlieria  3IM. 

■  anil  •(■iirli't'f^ver  but  4S  deaths.  The  moriality 
froTi)  (lie  loMt-iiained  dleeaae  waa  double  that  of 
December.     Id  Novenmber  there  were  ivcordud  168 

i  d«ailiB  aa  due  to  me»tct«.  In  DccrmlxT  thin  in- 
creased to  S71.  and  in  January  the  mnrtnlily  rn«e 
to  3M,  exi-e«iiiug  by  no  incmuiiderable  flKUre  tlie 
combiaed  deallut  from  diphtheria  and  scarlet- 
fever,  cniphauxing,  vrlint  we  hate  already  dl- 
notad  attantton  to,  that  meaales  Is  not  a  trivial 
diaram,  but  otw  Id  n^ard  lo  wlUdi  all  precautious 


r«tat1nK  to  isolation  and  disinfection  ahonld  be 
|)romptty  and  ihorouicbly  lalcen  and  tnaintainad. 
The  inasitnum  teuiperalure  of  Ui«  month,  OS*  F., 
waa  reached  at  A  P.M.  on  the  OgA.  This  was 
nearly  ten  de|;rMa  above  tlie  average  fof  the  pa*t 
(«n  yoanc.  The  loweM  point  nMtched  by  the  ine«- 
ciiry  vrn«  A"  F.,  at  13  e.U.  on  the  18th.  and  again 
on  the  Iflth  at  3  .i.K.  Tlie  ■vemge  for  Ihe  de<nde 
Is  8.1"  F..  alihongh  durio)^  the  same  month  of 
mSltfellto  — i*'F.,andkn  leSilo— «oP.  The 
tainfoll  tor  January  was  ^.-U  inches,  indudvd  in 
which  ar«  O.O^ri  iiicbe«  of  snow.  The  aTera|t*  '*^ 
full  for  Ibis  ininitb  for  the  ten  years  ODOlSModnc 
m;i4  if  S.S3  incheo,  no  that  more  than  the  amrafia 
fell  during  January.  The  lorgMt  amount  of  snow 
which  fell  during  Ibis  gieriod  in  the  ttome  montli 
was  1  i.S  inchca.  in  tlm  year  1B88.  Since  then,  in 
but  one  year,  1883.  has  lesc  onow  fallen  than  dur- 
int;  January  of  1887  :  the  avoraxe  has  ta.'vn  n<«rly 
10  inches.  There  were  four  snow-siormii  during 
the  month.  In  (hat  which  occurred  on  Ibo  Bth 
and  «th,  3  inches  fell :  thot  of  the  Otb  and  lOth 
rvtiulle<l  in  a  tall  of  4  incbm:  while  the  others 
wer«  insignlHcant. 


GEOORAPmCAL  SOTES. 
A/riai. 

Dr.  Bans  Schinx  gives  the  foUox  i»g  report  of 
the  pr^neiit  stale  of  I^he  Ngnmi.  The  lake  Iuih 
not  dri»l  up,  but  Is  gradually  dcrrcBsing  in  >ixe. 
Tlic  Okamngo,  or  Ombuenge,  forma,  north-went 
of  the  lake,  an  extensive  swamp,  and  during  the 
dry  »cniH<n  the  lake  receives  only  a  small  quantity 
of  water  from  it.  During  tlw  rainy  seoMii,  how- 
ever, the  small  brooks  swell  up  and  fortu  a  large 
stctnni.  which  emptir«  tt«nlf  into  the  lake.  The 
Tamulaban,  whldi  bronclM-s  oS  froia  tlie  Om- 
Inienge  iu  latitude  18^  40' ».,  emptied  ittNilf  into 
Ihe  Botelet,  not  into  the  Zambexi, 

Cotll.  Ad.  Kiause  bas  siiccerdcd  in  entiring  the 
territory  Bouth  of  Tinibubtn.  Since  Itnrth'*  ex- 
pedition in  IHUS,  no  white  uian  lias  Tl^itud  thh 
district.  On  the  7th  of  July,  Krauze  left  the  largo 
city  of  Salaga  on  the  Volta.  end  later  on  rMwbed 
Moei.  whence  he  xtorted  on  Oct.  30  for  Timbuktu. 
The  district  tlirciUKh  which  he  lias  travelled  haa 
been  known  only  thron^h  infornuilion  obtained 
by  Barth.  Our  knowledice  of  the  divCrict  between 
tlie  fnbiUouM  Kong  Mountains  and  Ilie  moat  uortfa- 
em  port  of  the  Niger  Is  still  extremely  imperfect, 
being  founded  inily  on  laformatloD  nhuined  from 
natives, 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  secretary  of  stat»  of 
France,  t^amllle  Doula  is  going  to  explore  the  Wad 
Dnia,  which  empties  itwlf  near  CaiN!  TCooo.  Tills 
periodical  river  runs  at  some  dintance  along  the 


SCIJSXCE. 


[Vot.  nc..  No.  !14 


Harcb  11.  1897.] 


SCTEyVJi!. 


329 


notitb  «ddp  of  0»  Aiiti-Atla«,  and  drauiit  iu  kiuUv- 
«Ri  Mlopn.  t(  WM  crowed  bj  I^opoUl  Panel  in 
1890,  »bout  attf  biUm  above  it«  mouth :  hv  SI  Bu- 
HoghdaA  In  1801.  about  twentj-Hre  miles  lower. 
Babbt  Hivdocbal  foUow«it  one  of  iU  iribuUiies, 
and  croesed  it  at  ibe  MOte  plaov  wli«te  Ltnic  dM  In 
18S0.  nbout  ISO  nuUs  n)nv4!  its  mouth.  I'uii«t  and 
Bu-Mi>gbdiid  tnirallvd  vi«r  burriodlr,  with  u  large 
cnr>Tan  coming  from  .St.  I/mJH,  on  thr  Spnvgsl, 
and  bod  no  chHnre  for  niskinji:  sianj'  olwervatloai. 
In  1&S8  Cailti^  aHoended  il«  upper  |iart  on  his  re- 
luni  trom  Timbuktu.  Doula  int«ndji  liret  to  visit 
Wail  BuH.  whicti  in  liiiiaU'd  bi-iwiTn  the  Anli- 
Allai  aod  thr  High  Atlnn.  RohKn  a<oc3iilod  the 
callcy  in  tf^i,  vrhva  he  «xpUirrd  tha  tipprr  part 
ot  tbi)  Wad  Draa  and  the  Oaslo  TaflleU 

Anutriea. 

Letters  from  Europe  give  nime  more  partimlar 
information  of  Iheobjeetof  Dr.  K.ToDdeDHIeineu*a 
espeilition  to  Brai-il.  Thrw  yeara  ago  he  and  Dr. 
O.  CInuiw  Hurveved  the  whole  length  of  th«  Xingu. 
Von  dm  Steinen  intends  to  ooniplete  tliiii  work  by 
AXptoring  its  sourcee.  He  vrltl  start  again  from 
Cujabn.  As  on  hia  ronner  ezpedtti'ui  K«>gntphicnl 
ra«arch«s  formed  tbe  main  (•l>ject  of  the  joiimoy, 
be  could  not  make  a  Iouk  stay  among  the  Inter- 
Ming  tribes  ot  the  upp«r  Xingu.  NVverllielem  he 
obtained  pthnobgicnl  information  of  grvnt  impor- 
tance. On  the  prcwnt  nsprfiiion  ho  pmpnx^  to 
Uve  some  time  ntth  the  Indians  of  tliat  dis- 
trict, who  liave  never  tieien  m  contact  with  wbltM, 
and  tbwefure  are  of  partUiuhir  interest  for  eth- 
nologiatK.  I>r.  I'.  GhranKld),  who  huB  siuilled  ihti 
tiibca  of  Kio  Uuct-.  and  mnd<.-  raluublv  luilbriipo- 
lOgicBl  obM-rtDtluna  (iurjii^  his  juumry,  and  the 
{■inlar  WillinliaToti  dm  SIrinrn,  will  )■■  his  i;om- 
panions.  Tbi* eip<vlition,  which  oonnintieidiiBivi!- 
Ij  of  scieoitlsts  who  are  thoroughly  ac<)Dalnt«d 
witb  the  Held  of  lh«Ir  rweorchee,  will  yield  valu- 
ablv  rtutUto. 

Ur.  fl.  N.  Ridley.  esHJiibint  to  tbe  Briliab  mui»- 
um,  is  Koing  to  visit  Fernando  Noronhu,  the  lonely 
island  olT  the  Biazitinn  coast.  The  Bnuilian  nor* 
ernmeni  ha*  granted  him  permlsiilon  to  make 
botanical  and  wiOloglcal  collections  on  lb«  island, 
though  generally  visits  of  Ktrangen  ate  pirobtblted 
on  account  of  H  colony  of  convicts  bebig  estab- 
liidied  then:. 

fblar  rtffiona. 

Ollder  bas  TOtnmcd  from  his  jounwy  to  llndwin 

Bay,  fund  given  up  for  the  present  his  plan  to  reach 

the  nostli  pole  bv  tliis  route.     We  pointed  out  lust 

wveli  tlwt  tbe  iHUicultiw  ho  would  0DC0unt«r  were 

,  atnuBt  influiwrubli!,  and  art!  glad  to  I«arn  tliat  lie 

I  nnclwd  tbn  name  oonoluaion.    Gilder  aniTvd  at 


8«Jkirk.  near  Winnipvg,  March  S.  Accordinx  to 
bis  own  Mconnti  after  lettvlnx  Winnipeg  last  fall, 
he  had  a  very  uaplnsant  voyage  to  York  Factory, 
oocupying  two  munlbs.  He  wm  unable  to  get  a 
boat  all  tbe  way,  and  had  to  proceed  in  a  canoe, 
getting  Indians  to  bring  bin  mippliiii  along.  He 
rcnchni  Po«t  C^hnrcblll  too  lat<-  to  ixk'h  a  Uudsmi 
Bay  boat  for  Notttngbam  Istaml,  and,  a*  he  would 
have  had  to  stay  several  montbs  about  Fort 
CbuTchiU  without  occujulian,  hedecided  to  return 
to  New  York  to  IraiiHiu-l  some  bUBineM.after  which 
he  wUI  iMvein  time  to  catch  the  next  Hudson  Bay 
bout,  wteml  montliH  bi-uce.  orelsctukea  whsllog- 
vrauel  bound  for  the  nortbi-m  iciui  mrxt  summer. 
He  left  hi*  companion,  (irifflth.  at  Fort  ChurchUI. 
with  inatnictinw  to  take  the  slorps  and  |>ri>c«rd  to 
Kottlnicbam  Island  by  the  Hrs(  Hudson  Bay  boat. 
QUder  promised  lo  Join  liim  there.  It  is  to  be 
faoped  that  he  will  ^ve  up  the  Hudson  Bay  route 
for  good,  and  take  a  HcoU-h  whaler  goiu^'  to  Mmitb 
Sound  instaod.  The  niulc  fioin  Furt  Cburchill  to 
IiftDcastff  Sound  by  boat  and  sledge  in  impncti- 
cahle,  and  ought  not  to  be  ntteuiiited  by  an  ex- 
plorer who  wlshw  lo  visit  the  extreme  north. 

Charles  A.  ScJiott  has  continued  his  study  of  the 
obmrvationa  on  terrvBlrial  magnetiyui  in  America. 
In  his  former  pnpcni,  whirli  tcvrtt  publialH-d  in  tbe 
annual  reports  of  the  coast  and  goodetic  survey 
for  the  j'eais  IStHMIi.  he  treated  tlie  decIinatMn. 
Tbe  pT«eei)C  potper  —  Appendix  6  to  tbe  report  for 
18d3  —  contain*  a  large  collection  ot  ol'eerratloiu ' 
on  the  iDognctic  dip  and  intensity.  The  collectioD 
of  data  IH  Titrv  complrtn  and  clearly  arranged,  so 
tltat  It  in  easy  to  And  thi-  i>lcments  of  any  ditrired 
place.  It  will  be  of  permanent  valtw  to  Ibo 
student  of  lc>rrr»trlal  phyi^ics.  Schott  disctusm 
tliis  large  collection  of  data  iu  ortl«r  lo  vccrtain 
the  secular  change  of  the  magoetic  dip  and  inivn- 
nty,  and  uses  tbe  tveults  ot  liis  reseorcbee.  with 
doe  rewrve,  for  the  ounirtruiJtion  of  obaits  of  the 
Dnited  States  showing  tbe  lines  of  equal  n»g>- 
netlcdlpandln'tonsity.  His  scrutiny  of  theofaMr- 
ratlons  leads  him  to  the  conctusion  that  it  is  im- 
powible  at  the  piMent  time  U*  gxin  a  detailed  map 
of  this  kind.  The  observations  of  meat  pbcw  are 
made  at  too  long  and  Irregular  InterralN,  and  nie 
net  HuHlciently  reliable.  Therefore  he  girea  only 
a  Kcneral  map  of  the  (.ounw  of  tb«w  lines.  Tbe 
bi'lts  of  tftalioiiary  dip  and  iotensiiy,  which  are  in- 
dicated In  tb*  maps,  showntg  the  Itouudary  be- 
tween Increasing  and  decreasing  dip  and  inten- 
sity, oivof  special  inlereM.  Tbe  belt  of  stationary 
dip  runs  tbrougb  the  Strait  of  Florida,  cromee  tbe 
MisBitoippi  just  above  Its  delta,  and  then  turns 
again  Mutb,  panea  throngb  central  Texas,  through 


230 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX..  No,  au 


nortbem  Mexion,  cniwra  the  Gulf  of  California, 
follou-n  iho  ooan  of  soutlwrn  Cnlifomia.  And 
poiwa  ciiit  to  Km  off  Sen  Ftandsco.  South  of  thiH 
bnlt  Ihp  dip  U  Increasing ;  norib  ol  (t.  ft  i8d««reia»- 
ing.  Tbe  curve  of  tlie  detutar  chanft^e  oi  the  loan;- 
nptic  (H|>,  though  giMicntil}'  tlt^reiiainK,  had  a  neo- 
ondar.v  maximuo)  about  tSUO.  Tliin  aubordinalv 
extreme  ban  hern  pnwwd  north  of  tho  bolt,  but  hiw 
not  jttl  bwfD  rcsdivd  vciuth  of  it  Thr  magnetic 
intvniikj'  Li  also  ile<nva#lng,  snd  reached  ■  siibor- 
dinat*  OMUcf  Dium  In  1810.  Since  then  it  Is  again 
dvcnulBg.  On  tbe  ma)}  obowlac  the  linea  of 
equal  horiiontai  force,  Hchoit  hoa  marlced  ihe  ap- 
proximate HituuUou  uf  tho  n:^OD  of  ata1iuuar>- 
horixoDlBl  inl4.-ni<it7'.  It  lun*  from  nortli-wfet 
Florida  Ihniugh  Georgia.  Tfunnnor,  Misnouri. 
Nebmalia,  Wyoming.  an<I  wecttni  MnntAna. 
South  of  Ihi*  belt  tlio  horinontnl  force  is  liecreae- 
ing  :  north  it  ia  increasing. 

G.  Hellmann  haa  illscuMed  the  atatlatlca]  data 
on  damagednHe  by  lightning  in  Bteawirk-HolMein. 
Baden,  and  Ueaae,  which  are  contained  in  the 
reports  of  the  inaunince  cooipaniee.  He  finda  the 
danger  (ram  lightning,  though  gMiemll}*  incrra*- 
ing,  to  be  decreasing  in  certain  iliBtricti.  The 
daiigiT  lic>c»mes  leFH  ihc  more  cloeely  the  boiioee 
arm  cluiiterei).  The  pclrographlcal  characler  of 
thn  ground  \n  of  gnat  influence^  If  tbe  danger 
from  liglitiiiug  upon  calcareoiut  aoil  be nrprr^enied 
bj  I,  3  will  reprewnt  the  dnngttr  upon  nuulj, 
9  upon  aandy,  and  33  u|>nn  cUj'O]^  notl.  No  ex- 
planation can  Ih-  (iRcrrd  for  the  fa<!t  thni,  among 
trew,  oaku  are  i.tnick  most  rrevjiienti;.  If  Uie 
danger  for  biwchM  be  I,  that  for  pine  la  16,  for 
onksU. 


NOTES  AND  NKWS. 


lit  a  rupoR  by  Paaaed-AMlatunt  Surgeon  T. 
H.  Streets  U.S.N.,  of  Uie  U.  S.  coaat  BUrvej- 
steamer  C.  P.  Pattemon.  aurveying  in  Hie  wratcru 
of  Alaska,  after  rvfernog  to  tlut  rant  rormm  of 
Kpriici-,  <!<'diir.  and  hi'mlock  which  clothe  tlic 
nhorcpi  and  mountninii  and  inlnndo  uf  (outli  eaelern 
AJaskn  with  evprlaating  vci^liire,  and  sllu'llng  to 
the  hrrrlDg.  cod,  and  halibut  which  Inhabit  the 
deep  waierg.  the  Immenslly  of  the  schools  of  nul- 
mon  is  illuaCrated  hf  the  following  account  of 
what  be  eaw  at  Naha  :  "To  iUnstmte  how  im- 
meniM  are  thu  ach<xila  of  aalnion,  I  will  relate 
what  I  oaw  nt  Xnha,  u-h«r«  tlie;  cmwdcd  into 
a  Mrenm  of  trexh  water  in  such  nnmbeni  w>  to 
materiallj'  Impede  the  (irogrces  of  our  cainoe. 
Bruised,  lacerated,  and  killed  In  attempting  to 
mrmuuDt  tlie  falls  that  otntnu-'ted  their  ootuw, 
anfTocalt.'d  in  thu  jam  b(>li>w.  where  tho  water  was 
awork  with  them,  with  backx  and  dori«l  fins  pro- 


truding, their  dead  bodies  lay  two  and  three  deep 
along  thn  vhorcii  ol  thi-  r>Ui-am.  imd  for  lltteen 
to  twenty  yardu  from  the  wntt-r'n  vAg^-,  where 
they  hstd  been  left  by  the  receding  water.  Tlie 
mouth  of  the  stream  waa  obstructed  by  a  wire 
trap  held  to  tbe  banks  bj  a  wire  fence.  The  trap, 
at  the  time  of  our  visit,  was  raised  to  allow  the 
Bsh  to  enter  thn  •tream.  The  wire  fence  waa 
broken  down  hy  tho  weight  of  tho  niaat  of  desid 
Huh  drifting  ngainiil  it.  and  many  mast  bate  bMU 
carried  to  nea  hy  the  tide*  and  currents.  The  air 
was  olTeniiive  with  the  odor  of  the  decaying  cal^ 
caasea.  Fluckti  of  ravens  and  gidls  fed  upon  the 
dead,  and  the  iK-ani  fattened  upon  (he  llTlng;  yet 
aulhciont  numhi?r«  orercome  the  high  falls  yearly 
to  provide  (or  tlu-  annuul  return  of  the  swnrmg, 
A  largo  fi»hr(y  i»  locntrd  then-,  which  also  iloea 
its  pert  to  reduce  their  numbi>tii.  It  ia  a  Wind  in- 
slincl  which  leads  migratory  flKheito  r<!tum  lo  tbe 
streams  where  they  were  hatched  ;  and  Nature  is 
prodigal  with  her  foroee  In  carrying  out  her 
plana." 

—  The  signal  service  will  be  seriously  crippled 
by  the  failure  «(  the  dellciency  approjirlatlon  bill. 
The  chief  aignnl  ofHceraayrt.  "It  i»  now  impossible 
to  remove  a  man.  ctcn  to  dUeharg<r  or  recrtiit 
him,  or  to  ivplace  those  who  an-  deod  or  danger- 
ously ill."  Tlie  term  of  service  of  a  number  of 
men  has  expired,  but  they  must  ivmain  in  the 
corps  from  lack  of  oioney  to  i^eud  them  lo  their 
homes.  Tbe  telegraphic  reimrls  o(  cold  waves, 
storms,  wnminga.  elc.  munt  he  di>ci>nttDUtil  at  a 
numtair  of  important  points,  as  the  funds  on  hand 
(or  that  purpose  are  nearly  exlinuBl«<). 

•^The  new  Oernian  CentraUAatt,  devoted  to 
bacteriology  and  parasilulogj-,  coutinuen  to  fiu'Dish 
tt»  readers  weekly  with  records  of  recent  re- 
■earcliea  on  thc«e  subjerie.  We  undrrxtaud  that 
Dr.  O.  Sternberg  will  confine  liimxcK  to  re- 
porting American  original  work  on  micro-organ- 
isma.  »ud  that  Prof.  R.  Hauisny  WHubt.  Tiironto, 
hiui  miderlakvn  lo  furnish  a  eiuiilar  account  of 
|)n]H'n  publishtrd  in  America  on  animal  purn-itea 
and  on  epidemica  iicmsioned  by  Iheui.  ["rofewor 
Wiight  will  be  obliged  lo  aiithoni  (or  extras  of 
such  papcfni.  which  wiU  b«  promptly  noticed  in 
the  CeitlrufWaft. 

—  The  annual  consumption  of  cocos  It  80.0M,- 
000  puundn.  produced  principally  iu  the  Wpat 
Indies  and  South  Amitrio.  Fnini-'i'  conautnes  26,- 
000.000  pounds :  Sjinin.  Itt.OOO.OOO :  England,  U,- 
000,000 :  and  the  United  Stntn.  9,500,000.  Ktnc* 
I860  the  ooDBuniption  of  cocoa  in  the  United 
Slates  has  Increased  alsfold  ;  during  tho  same 
period,  Itiat  of  coffeeand  tea  has  not  quite  doubled 


i 


J 


MAMcn  tt,  IMT.] 


aomjsTCB. 


231 


LUTTBliS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

mrittt'*  tamaun  all  mtn  rni^irta  at  prtwf  ufyKUt  flkUK 

Tbc  failure  of  toniga  trees  on  Amvticaa  *otl. 

AUiOW  ni«  to  Mkter  n  r««pocttul  proUot  ■((■>''>■(  Ui* 
■wiqriBK  JudgiiMot  of  Profcmor  S«rgeDt  la  coudwu. 
BlMllili  m  toTtiffa  trco*.  which  <r<"i  pablikli  approir. 
iagtr  in  your  iiwnc  of  Mati-li  1.  ThongU  tbcro  in.  do 
donbt.  a  itrrMil  Jidor^ncr  Ijii(i[<>i)q  Ibn  (zlimaU  o(  thia 
«onlJn«nt  auil  tlinl  of  Kiiri>|i<<.  imil  DioukIi  uii<]U«*' 
lioiuibly  InM-^TowUi  in  luoiit  df  jiciiilvtit  upoa  t'limat. 
ie  (onditioiw,  jet  it  wotiM  bo  iinwuiTiiutablo.  (rom 
lla  fnlluro  in  ono  placn  or  ntnn  ncvitml  (iliKca  Id  thi* 
coantry  til  niiiftniuilal  ])lnnMtiouii,  to  ^ener^iia 
U]>on  lb«  KilapUliility  ut  iui«\(tUosi>«olMfor/0T«itrv 
nw.  It  wMiiB  to  bs  genenLUy  overlooked,  if  not  nn- 
known,  in  thia  001111*17,  *^^  foreetry  And  erboricnl. 
tare,  or  tTe»-plantlnK  oa  pnuilaed  by  the  hortloiillnr- 
iat  i>r  l&ii(lHcn|i(<-KarrleiJvr.  ar«  nut  tbu  aame  thiu^, 
bnt  in  tbeir  ubjvvtfi.  Huil  ooukiiucdIIj  in  tlieir 
nietboda  uticl  rcnitlla.  ud  niititcly  diffpreat.  Wlille 
In  oTnamciital  plmillng  the  Indlrtilnal  tree  le  tlie  ob> 
Jent.  anil  lu  tunii  in  Ita  tinlly  autl  Ibe  itoTelopuent 
of  it*  bMUl;  iH  Ihv  aim  of  tbc  planter,  formtry  baa 
to  do  vitli  an  aggngalu  of  trees,  wbieli.  properlj 

S laced  end  srouped  toirclher,  ^row  And  (levaln|i  very 
iVereally  nam  tb#  atiiitle  tree,  or  eTen  group  i^ 
treea,  on  the  lawii.  Tbe  Euiujifim  lareb.  even  in  il« 
iMtive  countrv.  due*  uut  malie  a  dcnirable  Uvn.tiee 
in  ovary  loeuity.  and.  eoiniDg  orittiiuttly  from  the 
hlgbeit  tiionntAiu  clftTnttoiin,  einii  ax  n  fi>re*t-lT*e.  it 
reqiiirex.  nbeii  i;ri>wn  iijiou  tlie  pliuD.jmrticabu'eon* 
diuooi  and  Hpedal  uiuuiigciiirnt  to  aeearc  n  (brlfty 
growth,  and  thnqnnlity  and  iiuaollly  of  (iiiiljer  for 
Tbioh  the  tree  la  noted.  I  have  uften  pitied  tboeo  in 
Ode  oonnlry  wlio  have  eapeoted  theee  remit*  wltli- 
ovt  perinit  allentiua  to  the  reqnironisnta  of  the  tree. 
A«  to  ibft  KoTway  apnica.  of  wiileh  Profeiwar  Sargent 
•peakH  M«  dlai<nraKlii||tly.  I  bare  not  eeen  a  flner  or- 
naueuliil  ruiiifer  of  its  kind  «ti  tbi*  tddn  of  the  .\tlaii- 
Uo;  and  tbongb.  iu>  ii  the  oaao  with  all  tbe  coiiltt-ra, 
■  time  orriTca  wbcu  11  loaoa  ila  |iecQli&T  beauty,  I 
donbl  whether  it  iloae  eo  ROoner  thnu  any  othen, 
liiiile.  as  a  foraat-tree.  K  needa  onlj  proper  condj- 
lioun  and  iDHiagHneiit .  I  VDUturo  to  nay,  in  order  to 
attain  Iho  rise  and  iiiialily  which  It  uliowit  in  Ila 
natite  oonctry.  Phrnt  tb«  Nonvey  xpnioe  In  denae 
grovee,  on  a  northern  or  uorth-weelem  exponiro, 
with  the  Bnropeim  lorob  apMingly  inlenponuid,  and 
no  planlnr  will  lice  long  onoagbtoaoothaao  two,  tlina 
nnileii.  fall  in  their  onward  developiuent- 

'nie  Seotcb-jiine.  ud  poor  l>iit  deep  Mtudn  on  the 
WMrtom  pmiriea.  I  ani  sure  will  lOAkeuiefat  tiiubu 
aooaMr  than  the  wbitO'pioo.  The  wbits-pina  waa  la- 
trodooed  Into  (himuuiy  on  Inrjp?  nr«ea  Axmt  ninety 
man  »(fO.  QfttwIiiK  with  great  rapidity,  and  yield- 
mg  aahiDiabiDK  qnenlitieB  uf  «oi>d  per  nere.  tbo 
qnaUly  of  tbo  wond  van  totrnd  to  be  very  inferior 
until  reRiiit  .vi--an.  Eiperluionla  have  bkUily  ahown 
that  the  wliili>>ti>iiD  Kijiilrm  ninety  yean  to  make 
wood  of  a«  good  rjiinlity  ax  the  Scotch -piue  will  pro. 
dnee  in  aoTcoty  yoara  under  ■imilar  eonfliliuni.  jiiit 
,  M  dlSorent  griunt  will  reqoira  different  lengliia  of 
MMOD  In  whTob  to  niatureu  Tbeae  aiperimeDta  aud 
tte  Duay  dullar  onto  vhlob  eoiild  be  cited  ahonld 
lendi  oa  k>  be  obary  of  Baneraliiationa  U])oit  001 
MHi^  experienoca  in  foreat^y  in  tliii  oountry. 

Of  Ibo  Bnropean  willowa,  ao  flur  a*  oiiiei.ftrowin|{ 
la  aODoem«d,  only  one.  Bails  purpur**,  aeeuM  to 


have  beam  fonikd  adapted  to  car  elimate,  wUl» 
Mveral  native  oBae  promlae  anooaae  If  properly 
treatetL 

While  I  am  ■  muet  eoriMel  advocate  of  Heeking  for 
the  bent  in  tbot  whict  we  hevc  ourwivci.  end  while  I 
edvlte  tbn  jitauliuM  Arat  o(  our  nalile  treea,  with  k 
•pecial  (rtudy  of  their  reqnlremaDta,  [  mnat  dMireeaM  I 
any  know-notbing  nwremmt  aguuM  the  gooo  thbifS  I 
whiob  we  may  import.     Bepeciolly  let  <a  maamMr  | 
Uutt  }i<i«  Kuftlaod  eouatitDUa.  territorially  and  olU 
iiutUcally.  but  a  very  amell  part  of  oar  cotinlry.  and 
that  oouclueiouadr«WB  from  experiinea la  there  may 
not  be  applioeblo  to  other  portiona  of  it. 

8.  E.  Fkiimow. 
Weelilugtc^,  Miuvli  1. 


Inertia-force. 


I  hail  tboiiftbt  tliat  my  ^anipblet.  '  ElemenUry 
ideM,'  e(«.,  Wight  anaktn  diaouaaiuii,  and  p'onibly 
bring  about  a  better  nndorwttnding  amon^  teueber* 
of  phyaica  an  to  the  intorpretatioB  of  certain  familiar 
term*.  The  dlacuMlon  haa  evidently  bc^fun.  Let 
na  nut  deepair  of  the  better  nnderManding. 

Having  made,  bowever.  one  direct  nttcmpl  lo  ex- 
plain i»  Ptoteeaor  Mac<ir«gor  my  um  of  the  lertn 
'  liwrtia-force.'  with  tbe  norry  rveull  of  dlwnUing 
hiiu  by  the  um  of  "  Uiiguage  wbteh  la  not  the  our- 
rent  language  of  dyuanilMi."  I  xball  (or  Ibe  moment. 
adopt  a  different  CDume,  and  llnd  a  little  fanll  witb 
hia  way  of  utating  thinga. 

Protewor  HacOregor  aeoapta  fully  tb*  doctrinin 
iilaled  by  hUxwell  In  a  paaN«gu  iinoied  In  my  flret 
letter,  that  "  all  force  is  of  the  nature  uf  atrnM,  that 
■treaa  eiiele  only  between  two  portioiM  of  niMtw,'* 
and  that  "  tbe  atreaa  la  meaaured  nninerieaJly  by  the 
foioe  exerted  on  either  of  tlie  two  porlioua  of  mat. 
ter."  I  will  mtdestakd  to  ahow  wberMn  hie  reaaon. 
Ing  aoem*  to  mo  to  be  InconeUtiinl  with  Ifala  <loctrii>e. 
H*  take*  tiiy  llhiatrMiaD  of  a  mil  way.  train  vbich  ia 
being  aet  in  motion  by  a  locomotive,  and  aaya,  "  If 
r  ia  tbe  pnll  of  the  locomotive.  R  the  frioUoaal  re- 
alatance,  .V  the  maaa  of  the  trein.  and  1  ite  acceler*- 
tloD,  wo  have  nndoubtedly,  by  Nentou'a  ancond  law 
of  motion, 

a  -.(F-  R)^-Mr 

To  thla  every  one  will  agre«.  Now.  wllli  Protteaor 
UacOregor'a  pvrmiinlon.  I  will  pul  tbi*  eqnalioii  In 
the  forui 

F=R  +  a.V. 

Fin.  hy  bia  own  ateiemenl.  a  fore»,  —  Ibo  force  ex> 
erted  b)f  the  ItHVimotiie  on  the  train,  lij  Ibe  dOO- 
trine  Maleil  by  Maiwel).  vhlcli  ProteMni  MncOrefW 
eooepta,  Ihn  (orcn  eiertod  l/j/  thn  train  u»  tlie  locoiiH>< 
tlve  le  alao  ci)<ial  to  F.  It  is  therefore  etjiial  to,  and 
nay  bo  eij>reMHd  by.  tbe  terms  It  t  nM.  Now.  one 
port  of  ihia  force,  the  juiTt  It.  i»  oceoimted  (or  by  tb* 
roatatonce  of  friction  trannoittiid  ilirouah  the  train 
to  the  «oup11nit  of  Uie  lorouotlre.  Huw  aball  we  ao< 
count  for  the  other  pan  of  the  whole  force  exerted 
by  tbe  train  on  the  looomotiro.  the  port  aU  t  I  call 
it  the  i'n«r(ria-/or<v.  -  the  force,  or  nviatonce,  which 
tbo  ttnin.  by  nXur  of  it*  ituriia,  eurte  ou  tbn  loco- 
motive  wbl^  la  aettiug  it  In  motion.  I  think  I  can 
be  perenadwl  lo  drop  tbe  term  '  incrlia-force.'  if  a 
more  aociuBtely  deeoriptive  one  can  bo  adopted  ;  but 
Profeiaor  MoeGregor,  if  I  iiuderatand  liim,  does  not 
object  to  the  term  merely.  He  deniea  that  the  trefaa 
oVera  any  lealataiioe  by  virtue  of  ila  inertia.     Dal  iB 


232 


SCIENCE. 


\\<yL.  IX-,  No.  M* 


dvnyiuK  ihis  lu  immim  to  m*  b>  reduce  th*  force  ex- 
wt«d  fry  tho  train  on  tb«  1oM)mMiTe  to  tli«  quantity' 
R  alone :  and  luicc  II U  l«M  tbau  /*.  the  poll  eiettcd 
by  the  locomotive  on  the  tnia.  bo  tbaa  abkDiloDa  Uin 
doclrine  tbU  "idl  force  »  of  tbo  iiatare  of  rtrem." 
*u4  thai  "the  Mrew  In  nuwumred  iiiuii«ri<«Uj^  bf  the 
force  axtneA  on  eltb«r  of  the  two  vortioiw  of  mat- 
tar." 

Th*  qDotelioQ  which  ProfoBKir  HMOrtgnr  lonkM 
froni  Foiiiaon  I  Bbnll  D()(Mt«tii|itl»d]eon«»t  leDj^h: 
for  I  em  not  faiuilUi  with  hla  wriliii^H.  and  do  uol 
know  exactly  wbal  lueauing  be  nttuched  to  the  word 
rAMsiHw.  If  ho  xumA  thin  word  on  1  iiu<ti>ratiui(l 
Profanaor  HitcGregor  to  nan  It,  to  in<ticjtt(>  on  npput- 
Aitf  /orw,  and  it  bn  mw  at  th^  Muue  time  coniniittod. 
M  I  nndoratond  ProfeMor  HacQregor  to  be,  to  ibe 
Tiow  that  mt»  fnfoe  Kli*ajii  fmplioa  on  eijaal  and  op- 
pMll«  fOToe,  thuD  T  ran  onl^  nay  that  [  think  PoImod 
*M  wrong  iu  ouc  jiort  or  tb»  otli«r  of  bin  itootrlne. 

E.  H.  Hou.. 
Oambrlase,  Matcb  s. 


Comparstivc  taxation. 

While  I  cordlnlly  iwi-«.jit  oil  Mr.  ncnry  B,  Gord. 
nai'i  ■tati'iiii'iilx  in  regard  to  Iho  innufflcicncy  of  m,v 
Rtud;  of  tho  comiutrativn  taxation  in  Kiuwte  anil 
AniericA,  I  cannot  nccopt  bin  coiidurioos.  He  Mya, 
in  foot,  "  The  iniulviiuut«  oeope  of  the  work  hu  in 
burnt  in««nri><leKiroyedtho  value  of  Ihnirtady."  To 
thiH  I  rannut  agree;  and  my  witneia  ia  Mr.  Oardunr 
b!ui«elf,  lly  vork  hoa  brouKlit  ont  hl«  IntelUgMil 
eiiticinu,  and  baa  turunil  Ibe  attention  of  hlmwlf 
and  of  Tery  xatuty  <'lb(-r  pcnotut  to  tb.f  importance  of 
dotelo^iug  the  Bcicnco  of  rniujiikmiiTr  ■tntiatica, 
wbicb  w  wliat  1  hav<-  aiuivil  at. 

It  ia  T*iy  iruii  tbat  t  have  nut  ultcmplM  ti<  cum- 
par*  tlic  rplHtive  Inxutiim  of  cit)D*.  lonna.  and  other 
aubdiviHiuuB  uf  nlAtoii  in  Enropovith  thnac  of  Amnrl- 
oa:  it  is  fety  Itur  that  iioiiii'  of  tbi<  •;itI.>H  of  lbi« 
country  ore  oioeiwtjK'li'  inwA  at  ouuipared  to  tbuiw 
of  Riirope :  all  th«  morn  mflon  (or  a  cDiu|ilotv  itndr 
of  the  Kubject.  Whore  arc  the  matoriala  tor  aurli 
nn  invretjgatiou}  I  hare  given,  to  the  heal  of  my 
ubilitT,  the  TohillTe  bnrden  of  national  taiutiuu.  I 
•iBted  that  DiIr  iiurl  of  the  tainliun  at  eountriea 
•taonld  1m  couBidurvd  wiputntely  (com  that  of  tha 
tuvuM  and  dtioa.  for  the  rooiton  that  In  Europe  tt 
very  lar^n  part  tit  thn  luAtonal  tKUtlon  ie  expended 
for  ifrafrucfter  pur]ioaaa  or  fo«  the  mipport  of  privi- 
laged  oUaan :  While,  with  the  exeantiDn  of  a  few  citina 
in  thia  oonntiy.  the  revannm  deriTed  from  IocaI 
taxation  am  paid  out  tor  comtrueiivt  piupoM*  both 
tbera  and  here :  and  on  thr  whole,  iu  apil«  of  the 
(nUabMaoine  uatnrc  of  Lbo  colloetlvc  work  o(  dtina. 
Montiea,  and  towns,  thn  pvoplu  of  tbia  country  uet 
ahont  Mvontj-flva  ccnta'  worth  on  a  dollar  for  Vbut 
tliw  )ia;  In  monieipal  laiee. 

MoKOver.  although  Ur.  Gardner  may  not  bn  able 
to  tbid  ciBct  Tctuma  of  taxation  in  P.nropcaii  coiui- 
tiiea  oorrooponding  to  the  per  rapilii  ItKurvM  wbidh  I 
hsveanbmlttad,  yvt  I  ohiiuitobare  provcl  tbcui  after 
aa  complete  examiuatiuu  na  in  open  to  o  privot<i  and 
unofficial  p»nou  who  dooa  not  nad  Owman.  I  bold 
(hat  Ifae  revenue  of  itato  torcato.minea,  and  ottiRr  iii' 
MmmcnUlitiiw  of  aubsiatenoe  which  arc  oft«u  con- 
tnUed  Is  Enropa  by  govemmenta.  oumtiltitc  a*  true 
aUx  upon  thepeojideaaif  thoyhodhnnn  aaaomnil  di- 
rectly npon  their  properly  ;  and  lamof  oninliHi  that  I 
bato  nndcratalod  the  biudeu  of  national  taiatJou  In 


Europe  rather  Ihnu  overvtated  It.  Hnlllcn  it  that  tbe 
fignre*  have  altnurled  attention ;  anil  It  niay  be  that 
within  cm*,  two,  or  three  yran  a  coiiiiilete  cnmparl- 
■on  of  national  aa  well  aa  etata.  duudIt,  and  town 
taxation  may  benome  po*8ibU.  1  i^boulil  )io  gbid  to 
*M  Hr.  Gardner  try  bia  hand,  not  ao  luudi  In  criti- 
ciaing  my  work,  aa  in  preparing  more  aecnrate  and 
more  complntn  tablns.  Eowabd  ATKUiaOlt. 

Uoxon,  Karrb  J. 

On  lh«  flight  trfMfds. 
The  wing  ii  extended  apward  trom  the  horixontal 
)ioiltlou  by  the  deltoid  and  the  laUwiniQa  dorsi 
miiHi^lei)  to  a  line  which  In  iMrpirndicnlar  to  tbe  body, 
and  ia  quickly  a^n  depr«M«(l  to  tlu'  hcirieontal 
poaitian  by  the  p«ctor«lM~  Thia  cointltntea  tha 
Ant  atagn  of  the  '  atroke^'  *  Bccovct  '  ia  initiated  bj 
an  inward  rotation  of  th*  hamorun,  iioniifTexion  of 
tbe  wing  at  the  elbow  (the  ptnlou  removniug  ex- 
tended and  ilirrictL-d  obliquely  downward  and  ont- 
watdl.  and  i*  earricd  well  forward  to  a  deurea  anfll- 
rji<ut.  when  aecn  in  proHle,  to  conota]  the  bead.  In 
tbiis  poHitlon  tbe  pnmaiica  are  •omltotnted  oo  an  to 

SreM'ut  tbe  i<a8t  amount  of  aurfaca  lo  the  air  in  the 
iteetioD  in  wbich  the  bird  in  moving.  Tlie  impeina 
nicitod  by  the  Btrokc  oarriea  the  bird  ii])waTd  and 
forwanl.  In  the  anoond  itage  of  'rocorer,' the  bn- 
menid  ih  rotat4»l  outward,  tbe  arm  la  ([nickly  raitn]. 
the  prUnariM  rwtored  to  thn  poaltloii  aeau  in  the  bird 
at  roNt,  and  the  wing  ia  a  woond  time  In  the  podtton 
tor  tho  'atroke.'  In  the  ngle  and  the  hawk  tbe  I«g« 
are  In  thn  priwlion  of  the  'atroke'  when  Ihe  win|pi 
are  aiuitlnrly  iilafml.  Otiring  tho  '  atroko '  tha  U.g8 
move  bockwant.  This  motion  contlntiva  dnriug  the 
'  recover '  of  the  wing,  lo  that  Ihe  time  of  tliP  ■  re- 
co»*r'  of  tlie  wing  U  nlno  that  of  tho  'recoviir'  of 
tbe  leg.  Tbe  action  of  liotli  wlujfi.  ruid  feel,  piinoe 
both  iiaim  act  together,  ih  uliat  I  pcopoan  to  call 
■  arnoilelpbit'.' 

The  atiidy  of  the  flight  uaii  confined  to  the  eagle, 
the  hawk,  tlia  pigeon,  and  tlie  parrot,  in  the  noriea 
of  inaiautaueone  pliotoj^ntpliB  lokm  by  Mr.  Edward 
Utiybrldge.  nnder  (be  aiiepicoa  of  (be  Uuivondty  of 
PenuaylTanJa.  UuniBOH  AlABS. 

inilladi'liihln,  MarcbT. 

On  the  aerpentine  of  Sjrtacutc.  N.Y. 

An  e»|ien|al  interest  attacho*  to  Ibii  rock  tor  two 
reoDon*  :  1".  becauae  ttt  tbe  almost  total  abaeoce  of 
rock*  ol  tbii  clan,  or  iodeml  of  any  Uitnult*  roeka, 
from  the  undiaturhcd  paleoioic  (tFala  of  New  Vorfc  ; 
and,  i".  bacaiiao  of  the  impartanco  which  hai  btwn 
recently  attriliuteii  lo  It  by  Dr,  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  oa 
affordint,'  evidence  iu  favor  »t  hia  cbnmical  precipita- 
tion tbrnry  of  the  origin  of  acrpeutliie. 

Tha  dyncuao  aerpontiae  nai  diacorered  in  IMtT, 
andirMdeocribadby  VauuxeminbiathirdaiiDuat  re- 
port in  18SB  (pl>.  im  and  29!!),  and  in  hi*  Rnal  report 
on  tbe  geology  uf  the  third  dlotrit-l  in  i^i  (|>.  tOB). 
I<  la  olao  mentiaoed  fay  Bock,  in  hit  '  MineraloKV  of 
KewTork.'  aa  a  -dlka  or  bed'  aUi.p  379).  Dr. 
Hunt  pnblitbed  an  analv*)!  of  thi*  rock  in  the  AmeH- 
irnn  fouenal  of  *eUnf  for  IfSW  (xxri.  p.  286),  and 
linjt  toiil  Kreat  ((reM  unoo  it  iu  bia  rvceat  Many  on 
the  veol'iN'Ical  biitory  o(  aerpeutioo*. 

Throuifh  the  curlmy  of  Prof.  A.  H.  Chaater  of 
flBnutti.D  cnlleire.  tho  writer  baa  been  enabled  to 
atudy  a  vory  complete  tuite  of  tlii*  rock  atiil  it*  oaao- 
ciatee,  which  waa  collected  by  tbe  late  Pruf.  Uren 


i 


UAacn  II,  1887. 


SCIENCE, 


2^3 


Root  white  fan  wa*  ptiiwJpal  □(  th*  S^ncuM  »e»A»mij. 
Mr.  J.  FormaD  Wllkinihnii  of  Syrariw.  whn  it**  nt 
thin  tiaiH  oan  of  PnfMtor  Hont'*  |>u|iil*,  bu  cuo- 
triliutcd  Hvpral  intrrntiilK  pninta  rnlatiltK  \o  Vkt 
ocourrcnf*  of  ilio  >*rpcntino.  In  a  ivcaat  l»iier  l« 
tb*  nrilcr.  hn  nay*,  tii  t|>>>akinK  »f  tti"  <tiirpr«Bt 
lOcatltlM  lUtttillonT^  hy  VanuiHcn  and  Rpck,  "Tba 
MCM't  place  Wat  uj<od  Ihv  lawn  Dovr  dvaod  and  occu- 
pied bj  Howard  G.  Wbite,  .  .  .  Tb«  tfwclwenii  tliat 
fOU  llBva  wfr«  ttacliarcd  MiniH  tlm*  bvtWMO  11(87  and 
MA,  (irobahljr  nran'r  (hv  t4rli«r  porioil.  Wa  awd 
to  ^  to  the  b«<l  wniictimr*  viih  a  pick  (oflumir  nnc) 
to  gather  and  Mit  out  (bo  i>|H>cliu*n*.  They  were 
found  in  a  h*A  of  daoonpaseit  Krerii  ro^k,  whJeli  woa 
•olt.  and  rea<lily  Ka*e  waj  under  the  pick.  Thl*  \mA  ot 
peen diainleicnited  rat^kexUadadalinlimKlhwhideor 
lb*  hill  from  the  middle  «f  JamM  Strv>-t.  nearty  to 
the  place  where  Iluoard  Wbit«'<  home  hbb  boilt.  The 
apacimen*  were,  I  think,  nil  f  lund  at  the  iiorth  «r 
Jamet  Slreol  end.  .  .  .  ICA'n  o  Imrb  mtt  ojwned 
/or  ttaUr.tnaiia  oppriitlr,  ,in-l  n'rrr  to  lltit  •trpoiU  </ 
ttrpentinf  litbout  fifty  ffet  away),  the  cutting  vxu 
throvgh  ffjuMtim."  The  -lutcrop  haa  not  beon  acceatl- 
ble  tor  orer  fortj-  j'eari. 

It  will  be  readily  hwd  that  the  initin  point  of  ioter- 
«M  cxinnei-ted  with  thin  rock  u  its  mode  of  oriftln,  — 
wlMtiier  a4|otaua  «r  ieneau*.  Il  ti  lackdtd  betwem 
two  tied*  of  pmiu  limMtona  «p  dobmito.  Among 
the  •I'weo  e«-  mora  ■pecimeni  In  iha  potwrainii  of  tlte 
writer,  there  ar«  aoma  which  ahow  BDgular  fraK- 
Dient*  d(  lhi»  llmealone  embedded  in  the  aerpentine 
In  one  owe  ibcfo  are  to  abnndant  a*  to  affurd  a 
brMoia  witb  a  icrpeatin*  matrix.  By  far  the  b«t 
proof  of  the  emplifH  nalJire  »(  the  rock  fnim  whieb 
the  Mrjiniitiiii-  lia<  bem  derived  it.  howerer,  afforded 
b)r  ita  nucroH-opic  •Inicturr.  Th*  hand  «(ieciitieiM 
•gree  oia«t1r  with  tbe  dMcription*  nf  Vanuxeai  and 
Beck.  Therwaretwo  (•riocipal  Tariettei.-  one  a  com- 
pact, lUrkicrrnu  pock,  in  whi'^li  a  few  broniy  crya- 
laJ*  are  seen  :  and  a  mottled  on*,  oceaninnally  tinined 
with  blood-rod  upoti.  A  mirmti-opii-al  examination 
•bowi  thai  both  of  thoBF  rock*  arti  moit  Ij'picnl  rep- 
rMeutaUreii  of  the  eloei  knosrn  a*  peridniilei:  the 
former  wiUi  a  ■lifrbtly.  the  intcrr  witli  ■  very  pro- 
nooncod.  porpbytlilu  Mnn-ture.  Thr  oriKtnal  etnie. 
tore  la  Nlill  pert''c>tl)r  prutFrved,  iiltbi>uif  h  mo*t  ot  the 
oouittiluenta  are  chanired  w,  »rpPDtii»!  or  a  carlxM' 
«t«.  The  groundmaaa  conlaliii.  boklde  the>4  two 
mtaorala,  magBetjte,  a  broiin  rnicB  peculiarly  char' 
MterlMic  of  certain  peridotitM.  gr«en  amphib^le,  and 

Cwiah  ociBhodrona  whJeli  tt»y  prove  to  W  ana- 
Tbo  porphyritic  crfetalu  hava  the  typical 
eTfOBl  form*  of  olivine  or  enitalile.  both  eo  perfect 
MM  M  ahaip  that  ther  could  only  be  tbe  early  cry*- 
talliaatjona  from  ■  fluid  m^oM.  The  blood-ml  KpuU 
are  teen  to  be  due  to  the  common  ilalninic  ol  altered 
olielna  efyatttli  by  iron  hydroxide.  The  more  por- 
phyriljo  ipeoiaiene  are  doubttea*  fro<n  tbe  cdite  of 
the  maai,  and  the  coarser  grained  variotj  fnim  11* 
centre. 

Tba  ovldnncw  of  the  erujitiee  oriuiu  <>f  th*  Syra- 
cnae  eerpeoliDc  appean.  theref<>re.  to  (he  writer  Xn 
be  1  1".  Tile  micrtscopic  itruclure,  w  hich  ehowi  that 
tbe  orlKinal  minuralogical  cooipoMlinn  and  arranR*- 
meni  of  the  rock  were  mieh  n»  ere  <>nly  found  In 
naMM  of  an  eniptiro  nature :  i".  The  incluilad  trv^r- 
nents  of  the  adjaceot  limeatone :  3^.  The  lait  remark 
quoted  from  WiHtioton't  letter,  that  Sfty  foot  away, 
on  the  etrlko  of  the  depoait,  only  irypiun)  waa  an- 
eountered. 


There  toeoie  to  be  notbinir  to  any  of  tiie  publiibod 
de»eriptinn>  il  thin  dnpotit  which  indicate*  iliat  Ita 
oriKJn  wa*  a'|ii»ini>'.  Such  an  idea,  exiirrned  by  lioth 
Vanaaem  and  Hunt.  ii  purely  a  matter  of  ujiinkoo. 
antapported  by  ao.v  (act*. 

Tlia  w  ritnr  linpn  anon  to  publleh  In  mnre  d«t4il  tlie 
ramlte  of  bb  rtndj  c4  tht*  r<K-k .     Il  eeenia  l«  bear  • 

■tmae  reeemblBDCe  («>  the  r«rbnni(*rrtU(  pvttdolitM 
receiiUy  dccrihed  from  Kentucky  by  Mr.  J.  H  Oil- 
ier, ■>(  the  D  S  Kool'igical  lUrvey.  —  an  opintuD  with 
wh>(;h  ilr.  Dilter  bionaelf  wholly  conrurt. 

OaoKoa  U.  Wii.luiu. 

ItalllRMre,  Ud.,  Harcb  T. 


Thmtgbt-tTansferrencc , 

It  i»  alway*  a  raah  ctnirM'  lu  attack  utber  people'* 
vaik  ou  the  eirenstli  of  ecraad-baad  report*  of  it, 
aiul  ilimbly  a>i  niien  tbe  roporta  bate  tbemoelTCa 
been  tfaoia  of  boeillo  eritlra.  Tlila  raihnew  I  am 
faned  lo  impute  to  '  J.J.,'  tLe  vrilM  of  a  pap«r  <m 
'Soma  miaouled  oaaea  of  tbonvht-tninaferreDoa,'  in 
your  MppleBMUd  for  Feb.  t,a*  1  catmotfoiamoaaatt 
Wli«T*  Dun  capable  of  Ifao  dollbnmt*  anjijOTvaaCo  rtri 
and  majtmHo  /aJM  wliteb  hia  attempt  to  eiplaln  om 
Engliah  Teavlta  by  ■ntimber.babita '  would  otbarvrloe 
lavolve.  Tba  idoa  that  tbo  atBamcnt  tor  tbovgbi- 
troaafemaiM  b*a  deiMnd^sl  enUielf,  or  maitiljr,  on 
eKperioieula  in  wbit^li  one  petrnHD  eboae  ■  number 
at  will,  aud  another  potaon  tried  lo  gncM  it,  ooahl 
not  aurviia  tbo  uunt  cataory  atudjr  of  the  jmbUalted 
eeldenea.  Tot  that  Idea,  plekad  np  bjr '  J.  J.'  from 
on  ortlele  in  the  .Voltanml  rerirv,  la  tha  me  oo  wbicb 
hie  own  erilieiani  b  exprcaaly  awl  Hxela*lTe]j  toaBd- 
•d,  aoil  which  every  one  of  hia  roaden,  if  naao- 
i|iiaiBtoil  vitb  tbe  original  erldeaoe  or  aome  trnat- 
wortby  Tereion  of  it.  moat  at  Ibia  raumeat  be  b<rfil> 
ing. 

A*  a  lualttT  of  fact,  tlila  tvpe  ot  oipeiiment 
(tliongb.  iw  1  bholl  abow, '  J.  J,'  liaa  icrcatly  oxampir. 
a((al  il*  defucta)  hai  hardly  ev«r  lieea  emfitoyed  by 
lis.  end  ill  roanlta  oro  a  DegU|{ibU  qnantily  in  our 
caw.  Our  publiibod  raconfo  do  not  include  a  *in|tle 
Uialaune  Is  which  tbe  object  lo  be  ttUMaod  waa  a  Ha- 
gie  dif^t  oboaen  by  tlie  aaeot.  Where  tba  nnmber 
ooaiMua  two  dioiu,  the  tidt  of  appreoiable  dtalarb. 
anceot  Iha  Naulla  by  '  nnmlier-hMiU'  ia  of  eoune  fiv 
lew :  and  trials  of  ihi'  l.v|>«  form  botweea  a  •Ulfa 
aud   a  seieutli   put  of  tbe  labnlalod  Oranry  oggre. 

Bat  Ibatr  ImjKirtauca  in  the  ooiaulalira  reaoltof 
tlii)«e  experlmania  la  very  inncb  amnlkr  Ifaaa  ibhi 
(rsdUMt  would  indioate :  aince  Iba  *iK>o«aa  oblauicd 
in  tbem.  thou^  ven-  lenaarkable,  ma  lea*  ao  lluu  la 
•oiue  other  type*.  If '  J.  J.'  likca  to  omit  Ibem,  one 
aud  all,  aa  ■  eiUaled,*  li*  la  woloomo  to  do  ■» ;  and  be 
will,  al  any  rate.  Iinre  Ibu  MUafaetlon  ot  atrtkini;  o 
Dorlain  unnihcr  of  nouBhla  off  the  odd*  —  eetiiuaUid 
at  aboat  a  hundred  luillioo  triUiniw  lo  I  —  agaiiMt 
olitalniiijt    h>   aerident  the  amonnt   of  mioohib  ra. 

■  Tnle  acfteaaui  ocnMeW  ot  reeull*  wbaia  t&a  objeM  of 
■tii<4i  Uie  Moa  naa  10  be  lraD><erre4  wae  kaevn  only  t» 
tome  member  urnwmber*  of  Uie  iDVeaUcellOB  committee. 
Bee  ibe  Inrilc  lu  '  I'liniiuwms  ot  llie  liviuc.'  loL  I.  |>.  ■&,  a*  te 
wtilcb  li>.lii.»iM  Iw  iiotfl.  tb*t  la  ttteeit'ciiuoiiu  witti  itn- 
trla  dlElie.  Ii»:lu'lo'l  uu-ler  tbo  eeOMHl  lined  ot  llubliu  ei- 
peelmeaie,  tlio  uambeneereilrawuel  ruidom  oiitofaliBC. 
Trlela  Willi  "  leilera  ot  uio  itliiaalwt.and  BBineaoC  people 
Bull  lowne,"  by  ibe  war,  nnd  nn  pjaiv  in  Ittte  ervda]  1U< ; 
bat  I  am  curloua  la  kuow  wbelher  'J.  J.'  wouU  Miaanl, 
(kX-  tor  IB*  enmupondeucta  ot  oamee  leronled  on  p.  ST, 
b7  '  Independent  «lmUar  l>ralu-f  uncalooloc.' 


234 


SCIENCE. 


tVot  IX..  No.  21* 


oordvd.  OiU'  only  oUier  pnhliahtd  limtitiioti  of  Iriala 
whor*  doalilo  nniiili«ni  wvn  diOMn,  tM  tliSt  deac-ritiKl 
in  '  rbnnUwiinii  nf  tl»<  liviiig,'  toLI  ji.  34 ;  nndlierCi 
na  •ouu  »»  wp  lirnril  i>f  ot^iUn  rMmurkablo  rcaalU 
wblcb  w*rw  Iwio^  obtiuncd  by  two  of  our  frlriido.  »■• 
took  tile  prccnntiim  (wliich  '  J.  J.'  rtij^nriln  tut  bejoud 
Ihe  MpBcil;)'  at  xncli  tut  im,  tliou^b  likol^  to  ooonr  ti> 

nmoK  XUm  the  nninlMni  nbotilil  be  <lnii«i*.  atnil  npt 
vhoten.  bv  thi-«BOBt.  Thl* |>rec«utioti  Iim, of  oourM, 
bMu  iuiniiabUla  vnriniQcipkl oImu of  experiineiitii, 
wbcm  tlin  nbjMla  to  be  gncMied  have  btcn  plnjiiiK- 
card*  or  two  long  Mrltm  rroordad  in  '  Ph&rttaiiiiiR ' 
(Tul.  i.  p.  3«.  Mid  Tol.  il.  J).  itS4),  wbMW  double  num. 
ben  were  uiQiUirly  dtBuu.ouc' gave  w  tbu  total  of  (>gm- 
plotoly  iMirnot  vaeeitca  •  romli  annJiuil  tbo  ooi-idcntal 
otwaiTMiM  of  irhich  tho  odd*  wi^rd  ovi>r  two  milliooa 
to  I  ;  IhH  other,  vlitvo  acocimt  WM  InkifH  of  CMUB 
whrrr  (b«  two  riifbl  digitfl  wti«  gupmpd  iu  r«TctM 
ordrr.  Olid  iif  rn«t-R  wbcre  ouo  ouXy  of  tbo  digita  waa 
BiiOHiHt  rightly  and  in  tbo  ri(tbi  ptnri',  kIt<ii  a  total 
Tra-ntt  against  tbo  aroldimtnl  tii.-rurrviiiii  uf  whiob  tbc 
oildn  wrrv  nrarlv  Ivo  bnndred  thoaaaiid  luillioD 
trillioa  irlllloiiit  lu  1. 

I  bnt*  )i(-Tbit|iH  mM  nnoaiib  Ui  ludlcatn  tbo  eilnnt 
of  'J.  J.'b'  iiiin«|iroHoiiln(!i>n ;  bill  [  may  fartlivr 
briefly  point  rmt  biiw  drfyL-livr-  bis  iciiFiciDiiig  wonld 
bo.  oicn  AQpiinHiiig  tbnt  oxrcliiiicnlii  of  tlie  lott  nt- 
loctivd  liikd  ri'ttlly  occujiioil  lli(>  plaiw  in  <iiir  ^vidnnco 
wbicb  be  BiippoMiii.  I.  HIh  (.wii  rsiiiark.  Ihnt  tbe 
cliKociieiy  of  ■  nniubrir.baliit '  «-n»  "brutigbt  abuiil  by 
uotioinK  that  ijuilo  coiintuiilly  an  nndno  sumbrr  of 
■noonwM  <iPCTirrod  nt  tho  bfiianinti  of  tiincy  ■itl*  of 
muiibiT'^iitwiicin."  uiIkIiI  lgrtiHiiiiK|{i-''tvdl(ib<m  bow 
•lightly  II  uo*  llki'ly  !■■  alfi-il  lung  norioa.  wb.-ro  ail 
thi»  nniiibHW  nppcui  ugniu  mid  n^ikin.  To  liiakp  out 
bia  cMitf.  lie  ninat  got  n  tow  iiiioiitiatinl  |)«ra»na  nob 
to  wiito  donit  H  nitl»a  of,  miy,  fifty  digit*.  Uld  muat 
(uo»rtain  liy  omuj.nritig  thr  flmt.  Iho  noprmd,  tbo 
third  Iti'iim,  mill  mi  ou.  of  rac-b  [inir  of  Hutu,  wbolbfir 
tho  iiTiiuber  ol  ourru)i<iiiiluiiu»*  in  MH'h  pair  far 
eioi«(Li  tbe  loa  (otiB.tciiih  of  the  total),  "•'bicb 
IN  Ihi!  thooriilic  itioiH  prohnbie  nnmbai,  and, 
if  Ki,  bow  far  Biioh  oxooH  in  oonncctwl  willi  tb* 
prrdoiiiluaiire  ai  ona  or  two  paHieiildr  digiii.  How 
tbu  oom^MMidotieiiB  oniild  lio  pnidiiced  br  a  '  i^rj/- 
(ny  prediloctlOD  for  tUffrrmt  niitiibcTii.'  I  mnht  loaT<> 
it  (o  Iilm,  or  tbe  writoni  wbom  bo  qiiot*ii,  to  iixplaln. 
Z.  Tbe  caaea  be  uddncoi  whnra  ■  p«kodb  wne  aakcd 
to  ebouae  a  nuiubf?,  no  limits  Mng  irt.'and  tbrn.  aa 
a  nilo,  «boa«  iiuiiiI>*T>  uudei  20  or  nndor  II),  aro 

a  nit*  Irrolrvant.  We  never,  ou  any  orrjuiiou.  ((nvH 
ill  unlinillvd  eboleo.  which  wunUl  baio  prrHudi'd 
the  knowledge  of  oxactly  vliftl  It  waa  uidrI  Fnoutinl 
to  kuiHw.— tbe  d«f(T»c  of  probability  that  cbnncn 
wonl'l  produce  tbe  rnmlt*  obtained.  3.  Tbv  fnct 
tfaal  iDany  people,  wben  aakad  to  ehmxie  a  uitinlier 
with  three  floiuva,  ebooa*  a  nniubi^r  (■oulainiiig  tbe 
digit  S,  vt  qalt«  irrelevant :  for.  in  Ibo  first  (iliur.  we 
have  nevt^  fiporimunled  with  namhnnt  of  tbron 
dlgitH:  and.  in  the  necoud  plarir.  tli(i  foot  tlint  3 
Muaibly  prBdouiiDalM  in  a  miiulier  of /Iraf  oIiojooh 
doea  not  OTon  Und  t>.>  uiiggeM  that  it  woiild  wiuiiblv 
prsdamliiate  iu  a  ttrit*  of  eboicea.  4.  To  uxpori- 
menls  with  double  boiaban  (wb«n  oboMO  ami  iiot 
drawn),  'J.  J.'  objoola  that  people  are  apt  to  ohouiM) 
mnltiplva  of  ten  irilb  dinpropoiJiMiAte  fRquouur. 
aud  that  they  tend  la  cbooM  anmban  newr  tbo 
liighor  limit.  X  glaum  at  tbn  <loBbl*-numb«r  reaiilta 
recordoil  in  '  I'liAiitaKiiiH  of  tbe  llTing'  (toI.  I.  p,  U) 


will  allow  tb«  futility  of  makiiijj  n  Moriona  objootlon 
to  Ibem  out  of  tbe  sitgbl  prufer«aos '  for  uiultiplea 
of  t«D :  for  tlM  munbur  of  ancceWM  (obtuiued  be- 
fore tbe  plan  of  drawing  fnMD  a  bowl  waa  introduced) 
•xreodcd  wbnl  obiuieo  una  likely  to  jtiTe,  even  aap- 
poaliiK  <'">t  ibH  ngftitS  rlioloe*  and  Uie  perdpient's 
gUFMBON  Aorf  throKghofU  btfn  rrttrietrd  to  multiples 
of  ten  —  ronlrioted,  that  la,  to  nine  ont  at  tbe  ninety 
nnmbora  over  wbieh  tbny  freely  ranged.  An  regnrdii 
tbo  allogod  prcdllnctlon  for  lattr  niunb«ra,  I  )wed 
only  rciiiAtk  tliat  iu  a  verieii  of  any  length  it  omuh* 
to  be  apparent :'  while,  even  if  it  ooutiuncd.  tbe  Inter 
nuuiberi  in  ■  wrt  of  ninoty  ate  nfflolrnily  numoroiu 
to  ininirD.  at  cacb  trial,  larfcn  ndila  againat  accliUntal 
anoneaa. 

Iu  couriusloii.  I  otirdiiUly  ugroo  with  'J.  J.'  in 
lucom mending  (as  my  eolloaguni  and  I  bnvc  tccom- 
mtaided  publicly  an<l  privntaly  liiii«a  wilbout  nnm- 
bor)  Biieh  forma  of  iiijH'rlnieBt  t»  leave  lb«  tnon  b«- 
Iweea  obnnrio  auil  tb<.>tigbt-trunaferreue»  perfectly 
clebT.  1  am  also  glad  to  And  him,  aud  tho  writen 
whom  he  tinotoii.  ki  oomplet^ly  noiind  on  anotber 
point  whioh  I  bare  apoolally  iirgeii.  —  th»  lulliiRy  of 
oitrnotiDg  Bvidenoe  for  (bougbt-lnvniifvmiiiie  from 
tli(<  freuuMit  aimnltaueotu  attntancoaof  tliongbt  and 
feeling  by  relatiiM  and  intlmatn  aaaoeiatca.  Snob 
follaoiea  <i*iiaot  bo  too  ofton  expaeMl ;  for  telepathy 
anScri  for  mora  from  friende  who  accL-pt  anil  pro- 
cIaIiii  it  on  tn(niin<ii«4it  ground*  tbon  from  Jta  idoM 
•trniuouw  crilioa  and  opponenta.  Wbelber  'J.  J.' 
wonld  eontinao  to  hold  our  grounda  Inanffloienl.  il 
bn  took  tli«  trouble  to  learn  what  they  aru,  (  oannot 
tell ;  iii<>uuwhile  be  iDiut  parduu  my  fee  ling  a  vertaiu 
wuov  of  allianou  with  one  who  to  oleorly  peraeivea 
tbnt  the  novel  doctrine,  though  ovidenoe  may  prove 
it,  oonid  never  bo  proved  by  oaKUftl  expcfliueata  of 
b;r  looee<  popular  argnmenta.  How  noon  the  proof 
will  be^nenlly  recognized  aacouiptcto.  dopcudti  ou 
Kunething  which  vo,  unfortunatdiy,  can  nitJUiei  fore- 
aM  nor  control,  ~  the  d«ar*o  In  wbJrb  aympatby 
with  onr  objeeta  and  method*  lakeii  the  form  of 
help. 

Bi;  chiuu'e.  I  linvo  oiJy  jvuil  icon  Keimc*  for  Jan. 
21,  in  which  I  road  tiiat  l>r.  Uluot  baa  latuly  intro- 
dacftd  aome  trifk  oxporimeuta  with  canlH  im  almllar 
to  eonie  of  oitr  tliougbt-truunrerreuLio  trials.  In  Dr. 
Miuol'a  caaea  Ihe  oaiil  wu  futecd  on  the  driiwi<r  by  a 
confederate  of  the  profeaniim  '  pervdpiaat.'  Id  all 
onr  card-osperinmila  Ihe  oard  waa  drawn  at  tandoan 
from  Iho  pack  by  one  of  uur  own  luvMtlgatltic 
gr<<up.  For  IboHi.-  caaea  to  reBouible  Dr.  Miuot'a.  K 
would  be  iiecoBsnry  that  the  percipient,  or  lome  one 
roDn4:rt^d  with  tbo  iiercipiont.  aboold  have  hold  tlia 
pack  whiln  tho  card  waa  draun.  To  permll  tnch  a 
pror«<liir<>  wonld  bare  linplind  a  dvgr4<e  of  Intiumpe- 
teiiiv  ou  •nir  part  wbieh  :l  did  not  oiM'ur  to  us  ex. 
plirilly  U)  ilinolaim.  Hawoicr.  I  take  thia  oppor- 
tunity of  difli-'laiming  it.  byatatiug  thai  tlio  jMK'k  waa 
invariably  hnld  by  one  of  oiirMlvi>H :  almuat  ulnayv, 
in  fact,  by  Ibe  pi<ra<i[i  wbo  made  tbe  ilraw. 

Dr.  Miuot  ia  furlhor  re]n>rted  to  baToobjoetodthat 
"  in  many  of  llio  ICngliih  oxporimcnta  tijom  oiiiiod 

>  I  baTejuiI  eliuDlDod  Uia  dalaUtof  I,ltl1  of  iIiimd  Irtal*, 
wtiloh  I  liavB  uudnr  nijr  tuuid.  aii4  riiM  Dint  ibe  oiwawliare 
<nultl[i1»i  of  tan  ware  aboaen  torm  mUiet'  more  Iban  an 
elltbUi,  lualeod  ol  a  nlnlti,  of  tbo  vbole. 

'  I  have  examine  Ibree  buadreda.  taKoii  al  random,  of 
llie  aerlea  Juel  meaUoutd.  In  Uis  nm  linudred,  IS  et  ibe 
narabara  vboaea  ware  iiaaror  llin  nichT  limit  ibim  tbo 
lower:  la  Uiaaeoood  and  lb*  Iblrd  huortreil,  Co  were  nearer 
tlie  lower  Umiu 


4 


HucH  II.  18S7.1 


scmycE, 


336 


erldnnt  opporlunitlM  fot  frnid."  QnlM  trne — not 
In  tnuji  odIj.  but  in  all ;  aod  not  ooljr  in  pajrobiMil 
bat  iiipb;>inlcxperuiu>DUfl(  allitorU.  whicbpeopU 
•«o«pt  witliODl  lorif  jinft  th«  rniiulM  tot  UivhimItm. 
But  vkott  InmAI  W«  linT<i  alwar*  b«ou  i'<itii«nt  to 
rwlj  on  tli<<  vvr;  litrgir  cliun  of  casm  iii  vhivli  llie 
fniid  would  Ub*o  hiul  to  bo  our  o«rn,—  tnmi  in 
nthicU  thu  iiiTnrtisntarii  actiT«li-  nbArni],  iiot  iii«Tol7 
wbiob  Uioy  fiul4<J  to  ilotui^t.  i  am  far  troiu  Myltiff 
that  I>T.  Mlliut  i>l  au>'  va«  frXnn  in  bouuil  to  accept 
thla  douilitiuu  an  crucial.  But  it  ■■  inrolx  obtioai 
that  hu  «ho  oatriea  hJi  CT|>Driii».'atii  to  ilin  |iamt 
tt'korc  tbejr  can  onljr  ba  Imjinitiivd  \'y  lniim|{iiltiK  hia 
good  taitb,  ho*  rioiM  —  a«  far  ■»  thv  qua/iry  ot  lii« 
N*nltt  U  conMmei] — all  that  any  ^ipenmculet  in 
anj  btanch  of  ncTJence  ever  cui  do.  Notbing  ro- 
RUUlWi  ktlcT  thin,  but  to  try  to  Incmiuu)  tha  qvantttv 
itt  Um  McultA.  vhsroby  the  ruspouelbUitj  for  tlifiu 
toMj  ba  aprud  ovw  otb«r  ahouldan. 

bntoTD  GriuiKT. 
Icodon,  P»b.  17. 

Od  tiptoa. 

Abont  two  y«>r«  ago  Ur.  F.  A.  Pood  nNiuMted  me 
to  mrk  out  for  him  tbe  probUm  ot  the  hnmaa  foot 
regarded  u  a  lo\nr.  Hn  Ihoiiftht  tbn  ciiui>ntial  (■«- 
tnr*  of  thn  com — namely,  tlie  attHObiin-ut  of  ih« 
cal(-n>ii*i'l<<  t'l  tlw  log  bolow  the  knm,  <w  nell  lut  to 
tb«  livi>l.  Iijr  a  ImdoQ  —  hod  been  igauicd. 

Thn  question  biu  heon  of  iitlrrnut  to  a  oiiaibor  ot 
pcfipio;  aud  it  iitny  bo  wvll  t'l  brin^  th«  triin  atate  ot 
tbn  caiHi  litffore  writvin  uu  anntoiny  aud  ]>byiilo1ogT, 
iiiaaiiiui^ti  itH  it  appears  to  be  geueraUy  *Uted  AM 
Uio  foot  in  a  Icvei  of  the  second  toAvt  wb«n  oiod  in 
rising  '  on  tipton.' 


It  will  do  l<i  aiutiiue  th«  chiuif;^  of  ]i<iititioD  HO 
amall  thai  tbv  t-n-t  niny  l>«  treated  as  a  eiraigbt  tcver. 
Lat  j1  B  Cbe  the  foot-kver;  jt,  th«  point  oi  aUiMb- 
nMnt  of  tendon  to  bocl :  /).  the  anklo  pivot ;  and  0, 
111*  point  wbero  tbn  foot  ronta  npou  tlia  gronnd.  At 
B  M»ol  a  p«rp«ndleuUr,  BD.  to  tepreaent  tlio  Jeg- 
booca,  Ibe  MU-uiiiaola  being  attached  at  D.  Haw  let 
Hi*  mnrala  eontnot,  and  raiso  H  ta  h.  The  work 
dotM  la  attUAl  to  llie  WDlght  of  the  body  (annpuair^ 
one  foot  oiied)  innltl])U<Kl  by  tli*  perpeadlcul&r  dia- 
UliM  through  which  B  la  niaed,  that  is,  bh  ot  the 
Ignn.  The  poirn  exerted  by  the  muiielc  ia  (Kjnal  to 
Iti  poll  nnlUpliod  by  the  diminntion  of  tbn  dlnlaiioa 
AD.  A«  H  riana  t<t  li.  Inl  A  rlmn  to  n,  and  Dlod. 
Tlirough   b  ilrnir    bn  )>arallvl  U>  AC,  and  drop  on. 


Kow,  AC  i«  to  ttl  a*  An  la  to  on.  Tha  tin*  an  la  mj 
approxltuaioly  ibo  outoaDt  of  abortoiiiig  of  the  moa- 
ina.  Tbedgnof  the  ■inecbnnlcal  adraatogc'  will 
b«  poiltiT«,  MTO,  <w  negative,  according  ■■  AB  !■ 
greater  then,  eqiwl  to,  or  lam  tlun,  BC.  A  larer  of 
the  *«ooanil  order'  lnij>li«a  advanlag*  of  pu«iUT« 
aign ;  llMt  ifl,  Do-nttled  '  iiiMbaa{<*I  adiantue.'  A 
larer  of  the  '  third  order*  Impliea  mecbanioafdiaad- 
raDtage.  A  toTer  of  the  *  flist  ordaf '  la  capable  ol 
offordtng  moobaDieal  adTHUafe  or  mechanka)  dUad- 
rantogn,  m  lb»  ntlo  of  tbe  arma  delermtnea :  benoo, 
when  one  riiwii  on  tipUve.  tUv  tool  it  ■  lerer  ot  tha 
fliat  order. 

An  attempt  baa  boon  made  to  regard  the  caae  m(  of 
tlio  aoeond  order,  byealUng  the  upward  pull  at  A.  y. 
and  the  ptnMiitv  of  tlie  body  nt  B,  x.  Tlw  pall  |p  wUI 
be  tcBnafemd  a*  a  downnnril  tbrnit  ot  ylo  B;  ma 
that  we  have  (if.  for  inalonao.  AB  =BC)  an  upwiud 
force  of  p  ai  jl,  and  n  downward  foroa  ot  x  -t-  v- 
eqnal  to  9^.  at  B.  But  ibe  traietae  of  u  is  not 
twice  lh'<  traierar  ut  3y.  Thaa  the  *  priaeiple  at 
work'  limita  the  oaae  to  the  '  fltvt  order.' 

P.  C  Vui  Vtvk. 

How  Bniiuwlcdi,  K.J.,  Psb.  K 


lacieue  of  the  electrical  pMeatial  ol  the  atmo»- 
pbcrc  with  elevation. 

Very  many  olwenalioiu  of  the  vlel^tri<«1  potential 
o[  th^  atniotiphotc  haie  been  made  at  different  plocoa 
in  thi*  country  >)urlD|{  tlic  jieM  yiiar.  under  tuo  aii- 
aj)ii-M  ot  till'  IT. 8.  Higusl  oAlee.  Aiuoi^  othera,  at 
WoJiLiugton.  D.C.  a  aeriua  ot  aimnllaneoua  obaerrk- 
tiona  hiu  be«n  earried  on  at  the  iaatrument  room  ot 
tliK  Hi^ual  (idlci!  and  at  th«  lop  of  the  WaaUngtoo 
uiouuiui-iit.  tbr  liiKbTfrt  known  edifloe.  Thv  objeet 
of  tbe  prenvDl  pnpL-i.  publiohed  by  peniiiiBion  of  tha 
chief  ilttnnl  oOlcur.  (leu.  A.  W.  GTocly.  ia  to  prnaMit 
In  brief  eouie  of  the  reaulta  of  thoae  obaervatlona, 
partioulorly  thoae  bearing  on  the  talne  of  the  iuien- 
nty  of  the  etrotrioal  force  of  the  atinuaplwro  at  an 
elevation  of  dvo  hnodrod  te<'t.  and  thu  Toriauona  of 
tbo  putjinual  iiiiili>r  dlftnrMit  conditlonii  of  wnatbet. 

Il»n-iLrin.  t>i*  rtomit*.  Urnley,  and  Cavallo,  all  tio< 
liced  tluit  tbe  more  oleratcd  Ibe  poaitioa  of  the  col- 
lecting Bpparntua.  the  ginalcr  the  degree  of  electrlfl- 
eatlon.  8ehflblnr  (^Aiorifff.  Joum.  ii.  Mit)  waa  tha 
flriit  to  iiiak''  uieamiemaiita  of  the  dlKereaoe,  and 
tuuud  tbni  a  pimitlva  eleotrifloatlon  tuorcaaud.  al  leart 

Xto  D  height  of  50.S  metreo.     Hia  renilta  with  on 
ctloacopc  were  oa  followa:  — 

HeKfiKmetTM) II.T   Kl   M.4   47.1    ID.I   H.II   Hl& 

D«Be«i|jiKi«Ia(reee).....     »      «D      M      to      U      M      M 

Btr  WQIiMn  Thomoon,  it  ia  aonwtiniea  itated,  found 
an  inereaaa  of  from  300  to  900  volta  for  throe  maliaa. 
Tbia  nine.  lioweTer,  wo*  one  obtaUwil  with  a  poft- 
Bhle  eleotromeler  on  a  flat  open  aea-beaoh  on  the  ia- 
land  o(  Arran.  the  height  ot  the  match  being  nine 
feat  abovn  tlie  earth.  The  rnkdinga  varied  frmn  300 
to  400  vott«.  NO  tb»t  "  thn  IntAoalty  of  electric  force, 
perpendionlor  to  the  «nHh't  eurface.  muat  have 
amoonted  to  from  33  to  (4  Daniell  elememtsper  foot 
of  air"  {ThomaoD.  rnpttut  of  paper*,  ivi  981).  It 
U  alao  intlnutod  that  ou  olbei  cUl«t  Ihji  Talne  mWht 
have  bivQ  twice  aa  largo,  or  jtx  much  ■tnalUr,  Haa- 
cart  and  Joubert  fouD<I  that  It  two  walor-vollootMa 
wem  placed  in  Ibe  Mtme  vertical  Hue.  the  one  tire, 
tbeoUior  l«n  inatroi  high.  tbeindiMttotiawereiutlie 
main  alike,  and  In  tbn  ratio  of  1  lo  &.    SiMiia  axpaoi- 


236 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX..  Na  914 


mcnla  made  by  □>«  in  Mny.  \9M.  coftArantUaimuml 
■Ut^'iiiciil.  alttioiijfli  till)  nctiinl  vklOM  VdUlI  IM7 
gTMtl^  fium  i3»f  t()  Any.  Tlitin.  with  two  coU«oton, 
on  one  ibtu  1  obtained  M  nivnu  vutncB.  for  60  foct 
eloTMiDO.  IfiO  lolu :  (or  .'fi  ft«t  olt>TittioD,  40  toIIh  ; 
wMlo  on  lUiothM'  lint*  ih>-  vnltiM  tor  the  ntam  eUvao 
lions  WHN  rMpeclivnlr  'iOO  volU  nnil  100  toIU. 

Piufviuior  Euur  ( Nrprrtorfum  rfri'  Phj/*(k.  ixii.  h«ft 
9,  fSI)  givoB  tbv  rviQlU  of  M>iua  niporiiDnnti  o(  * 
•imilwr  Dfltiiiv  rnmUi  klHuil  lli«  wuim  limn,  whkli  iliov 
Um  poti'iillAl  u'i"1'^<it  (o  )>''  "f  lUiotirtHiii  vnJii<-,  und 
iuduuuoed  titrgeljr  by  iiiv  pr'iiimily  uf  biiildingn  and 
vlls.  The  following  vnliitn  for  (bo  potmtial  were 
aliUtiwiri  with  >  vitl<'i-(lr»j>i>»T  In  lui  oucIomu] 
court  i  — 

From  mMMitTVinont*  iiiiul'*  uiUi  xnmll  biillouiKi 
filled  with  li]rdruff«n  gas.  Eincr  obtuiued,  (or  the 
pot«iit)iJ  In  (tec  Alt.  thcii?  vulaM:  — 

llelVhttmeL)  IT  IS  «l  11  St  M  K  IT  30  31  ID  U 
PoleiL  <Toltft  lOO  110  jjjfl  IW  IN  !•)  IN  m  UJ^  AO  W)  3U 

fmni  wUob 

TheM)  VHlileN  wutv  obtitlurd  with  n  burning  oiRtch. 
AccvTiling  to  Pellnt  (Compin  renduj.  p.  IBSS),  Ihu 
collncting  offlcieccy  of  (hd  nintoii,  cuiu|iiued  with 
DAtei'droppar  aaA  tiaiiip.  U  In  lbi<  rutin  of  1  ti>  li  to 
lOi  80  tli»t.  (or  roiiijmriM'ii  wilh  lli«  ot««rYiition8 
miuji'  buc,  wli<<T«  t,  nDti~i-dii)p]jing  eoUector  !■  uin- 

iiloyed.  wc  luxvc  on  a  vnluofortbocloclrie  force,  dnr- 
Dg  ealni  fili»  wnnlher, 

mel» 
.Another  set  of  obierTutluuB,  made  on  nn  eipoaed 
moonluin^idB,  gone  these  tuBulla  :  — 
Ualgtat 'im^lnaj    a       n     n       T      11    tl      18    III    »    «>    ao 

Pol»ullaHifoluHtO  jIJJI  KIO  Jgf]  ]^  tSD  jgg  SSO  MO  lOD  «0 

or  thore  la  a  lineal  potential  gradient,  but  witli  n 
liigk«T  vkIimi  than  iu  th«  pr«c(")tiiK  «xpurini«ut*. 
SnpputiiiiK  n  wntcr-dtupprr  to  hikve  been  employed 
tnsteiul  of  Bame  oa  Ibe  poUepting  ugcney,  wc  hnTO 
th«  value 

d  n-  '"*'  matre 
11  ia  erident,  then,  thnt  IhiH  value  u(  the  elertripal 
force  o(  the  atutoupbcni  U  uneortnin,  and  determined 
iMiwIy  b;  local  snrrouadlnga.  It  la  klao  fnrtbor  «(■ 
(eoifed  \tj  tlis  conditiouH  of  («nip«tstiir«  and  r*latlva 
bnmidity.  and.  on  intimated,  b;  incnuHtnui^y  of  the 
colleetiUB  agency,  iu  working  towurii  that  ■  uledro- 
g*odeay'  which  Sir  Wlltlam  ThomuDD  haa  propOHcd. 
wa  muM  deleruiltici  luxl  Alll^w  f<>r  tlioon  nuil  i1ijii1-tl>'iu 
oUiei  influ«nc«K.  B^'  tskiug  thp  mean  or  luikii}'  "b. 
lenniiona  made  at  dilTcreut  timoii.  the  intlueiiceti  of 
tomiifiratuM  and  humiilily  are  to  some  citeut 
•ToidMl.  Aa  taid  above,  the  (iillowloK  ntmoivationB 
were  made  ■imultftneonaly.  iu  1886->1T,  nt  tiie  top  at 
the  monument.  &00  feet  above  the  grotuxl,  aiitl  nl 
Iha  algnal  otHcn.  nt  on  elevation  of  &(J  fret,  Tbp 
InatramMila  iuhhI  neio  iiiodU«dMaiicnrt  AlePtToiootctii, 
and  ^"g9  waMr-dropMra  with  nixiil*)'  of  tha  aamo 
das.  ffimilBT  nwlhMta  and  odjunut  a|>parUiM  w«t« 
amptoved  at  both  placea.    The  valnoa  in  lli«  fuUow- 


1uj{tikblH  appear  to  be  too  timall,  judging  rr<»ii  (b» 
retiiilU  quoted  abav«.  Bat  it  U  to  Iw  rciueiubeted 
that  tbene  oliHenati'inil  ore  mode  in  iintb  eoaea  front 
liaildinK".  nuil  tlio  pi>inl«  in  Air  at  wlilr.li  tliv  eollect- 
iaa  atTMm  break*  away  ore  not  vury  diatant  from  the 
■ld«of  the  building. 


Valuta  of  eleptriefom  0/ 

(Ae  atmotphert. 

Unan  lalun  of  potan- 

3 

i 

liaL 

u     1      i 

^ 

^7 

Eg 

5          9 

li 

S 

9  • 

0 

Q 

Tolt*. 

relt*. 

Potu. 

June  ifl 

DM   ODIisacu-t 

■■    7; 

uret-mlDutflV 

an 

m 

1» 

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observation*  1 

Juir  iJ 

no 

iiM            n 

■2! 

"    ai 

1177 

im           TO 

Sept.  31 

tu 

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H 

an            i« 

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s 

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■isia) 

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list           W 

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oa           SIN 

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IS 

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4» 

l>ea.   IS 

u 

481'                    t<i4 

*MHO 

.Irui.    » 

tn 

41S                 Ul 

in 

¥**.<■     U 

M 

iifa             Mv 

inn 

[ai  Ua  thla  dKle  tome  at  the  ntlaea  at  llie  lower  alatlea 
Went  below  (be  »ro.  Le..  aeifailTD :  OV  otHervatlous  Mve 
poatUva  liiOloaUoii*,  a's»Kli>(  Si  volta.  aod  tS  obeervatlooa 
caw  aeKTkilva  *nlua«^  atomirluic  fU  voIBl  ITia  aenattva 
Taluei  bave  beeu  eublraeied  frvm  Ibe  pealUve.  and  Ibe 
reaaalnder  divided  b;  Uw  total  numlter  of  eliBBTvalloiu. 

M  Not  elmuttaiiaoD*. 

(O  Alt>oUiautloii«<lur1aaralntlieotiaorTnUuiuiiuuuiiueil 
tor  name  UlUe  wnUe  necaur*. 

{iii  An  til  m. 

Wo  havo,  therefore,  (rmn  the  nbcive  table,  a  moan 
value  of  the  potnuUal  for  lb«  lop  of  the  monnraent 
of  637  volta,  and  a  value  of 


dP 


=  4.33 


veil 


:t 


d  n        "      metre' 
and   at  the  lowrt  Gtutiuu  a  mean  value  of  the  poUn- 
tial  of  134  volta  and  a  value  of 
d  r      _  .„   voU 

niMtttoM  it  wonld  iccm  Ibut  the  mean  value  of  the 
potential  at  tli«  Upper  utatlou  in  about  Ave  times  that 
at  the  lon-er  alatiou.  Ainoug  tbu  titisKrvatlona,  I 
find  one  atriking  conflriuutiou  oF  tbi«  nttiu.  On  Nov. 
9,  18HS.  it  wo  multiply  the  resulta  obtained  ut  tho 
lower  atatlon  by  li,  wo  aball  obtain  approiiinntely  a 
ilii|ilirat«  of  thow  at  thn  upper  elevation^  thin  for  a 
scriT'ii  extending  from  11  i.K.  until  3  P.M.  Iu  aoiue 
reapoela  thin  date  wiut  moHt  aatiafuctory,  being  a  dry, 
■omewhat  haxy.  aiitumu  day,  with  light  ■outbcrly 
winiU,  and  aky  about  lialt  onvc'Nd  with  lll-dutlncil 
cirn)-«traluti  eloiula.  The  eleolrini«tioii  nt  the  ti>p 
of  the  monument  waa  aufficieut  Iu  give  a  epark  a 
millimelro  in  length. 

llMae  oxporlniraia  wore  beuan  under  the  direction 
of  Prof.  T.  C.  M«ndenhall.  to  wlumi,  and  to  Ool. 
T.  L.  Caney,  of  the  Engineer  corp*,  U.8,A.,  aon 
than  ackoawledgmonl  or  Idndnoaa  la  duo. 

Ai^xaMDix  McAdik,  M,A. 


i 


SC I E  N  C  E -Supplement. 


FRIDAY.  MABCH  11.  IWT. 


TUE  CHARACTEttWTIC  CURVES  OFCOU- 

AUOVSTVB  DbMoroan  simiowhm  mnarlra  (I 
tbiok  i[  is  in  liia  '  DuilgeC  of  poiadoxea '1  that 
aoone  timp  sunii'tMidv  will  ii)»titiito  a  cotii|>ariwm 
aDKitiK  wriKfH  in  regari)  to  the  av«nge  IvDgih  o( 


mMiii  wonl-Uinirtb  iiiirki>-(|«iI  IIwU.  TIip  new 
Rwthod,  while  BC3rc«l>  more  Uburiuui  Ihiin  Ibat 
propoaed  bj  DeHorKKO.  (irotiiianl  tuyii-l<l  nnOlUi 
tnoK  iiuicklj  and  of  a  dellnitvljr  liiglivr  »rd<!r. 
It  also  had  tW  adtanuge  of  incliKliiifC.  in  tta  ap' 
plicfllion,  all  tliut  uras  n«-ueHitr,v  U>  the  di^trvtnlna- 
tlon  uf  tueau  wunl -length  :  so  that,  in  rcaltty,  it 
fumislinil  two  ilislioi't  («»t«. 
Prellininnry  iriaUof  the  nwlhod  hnvp  fiin>Uh«d 


250 

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I'lU.  I.  —  FIKOT  (IBB  tnOWiHli  IfOBl»  U"    '  DUVliB  TWIHT.' 


worHH  uw)  in  composition,  and  tliat  it  muy  bv 
found  possible  (■■  idvntit)  Ihi*  aulhur  of  a  b(i4k,  ii 
)>c>«oi,  or  a  play,  iu  lliiii  way. 

In  n-Ilpctintj  upon  thin  rvninrk  nt  vnrioua 
tiinm  wiUiin  Ibi.'  juist  tire  or  MX  ypam.  nlwnpi 
wlili  the  d«fi.Tuiinaiion  to  Iiit  tliF  value  of  the 
aug)|:<«tion  whi-nirirr  lira*  for  the  work  Meined 
available,  n  morv  RORiprvhpDftlve  and  astlafactory 
metlKNl  of  nnalfvls  than  that  hwed  simply  upon 


atrung  (grounds  for  tht-  bslivf  Ihul  it  niay  prove 
lUHiful  as  a  me-tbod  of  aDtOynia  li-iulitig  tu  idcnli- 
HiMitiiin  ar  Uisi-ri  mi  nation  of  author?  hi  p.  iinil  it  ia 
thiitftforv  broiifilit  tn  thi;  nttrtitiim  of  tlic  H-ionlilii: 
and  litdrary  public  in  ilic  hope  Hint  iionieonr  may 
be  found  who  i*  at  onotr  ahtc-nad  w-ilUnx  tosoconi 
a  aallsfactory  test  of  its  i-alldity. 

Tbe  nattue  of  tti«  prooeM  Is  estramdf  *iinpl«, 
but  it  may  be  useful  to  point  out  lt«  sltnilarity  to 


2:{8 


scienc:e. 


IVoL.  IX  .  Ko.  S14 


•  well'koovni  mMbod  of  material  Rnaljrns.  the 
oonsidcmlion  of  wfaich  iictually  flrat  suggested  to 
the  wiHlOT  iU  litvniry  ftoalogue, 

Bj  the  uiw  of  Iho  ipoRboscope,  a  beam  of  Don- 
hon)0g6D^otis  Uitht  in  analyMnl,  aud  its  compo- 
nentaaaaotted  aocordinR to  Uicir  nuvr-lrni^b.  Ab 
fawcQ known, eachelMnent,«rh<-n  inti^Dwly  heai«il 
nndtr  iiropi-t  ciini]Uion»>,  iwnd»  forth  light  which, 
uptHi  iiriaiiiutlc  aiuiljrBis-  '"  loiini!  to  <Hiiui>t  uf 
gioatis  (if  waves  of  Jeftnite  len^h,  and  appearing 


e^wy  aathor,  a*  with  evwy  ulemont.  thw  type- 
trum  perslels  In  iln  form  and  app«anuin>,  the 
vnlueuf  tb«  method  will  lio  at  imco  conceded.     It  I 
hae  liem  pruvtul  that  tho  Kprctiufu  of  bxilmgen  | 
is   tlie   siiioe,  whether   that   rlnmmt  is  obtjiiued. 
from  tlie  wutor  of  UlB  ocoan  or  from  llin  vaimr  of 
thi"  alm<iei>hiT(p.     Wherever  and   whwiovrr  it  up* 
peara,  it  menns  hydrogt-ii,      If   It  can    Ix"  |>rovrd 
that   the  wi>rd-a|)M:tfum  cir   oliarat.'IMir'llc   curve 
exhibited  I>y  an  analysie  of  '  David  CopperQeld'  , 


K50 

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nai  K  —  Saownro  nn  aaonv,  or  oxa  raoDMKP  wound  aun.  rttm  '  ouraa  Twiar.' 


Ib  oettain  ileflaft«  proportionB.  So  certain  and 
nntfonn  arc  the  r««uItB  of  tbia  aualyaJs.  that  the 
apiMiorance  of  n  imrticulor  iipeetTuin  ia  indinpu- 
tabli- ■•vidrac4!  ot  the  prmanco  of  th«  i-lenn-ut  to 
which  it  bnlonfiH. 

In  a  mnnnpr  very  Riniilnr,  it  )■>  proiHHKNl  to 
aoalyiK  a  compoeition  by  forming  what  niay  bn 
called  a  '  woTd-epectrum.'  or  ■  charact^risljc 
curve,'  which  aball  tw  a  i^raphlc  repreoentation 
of  an  arranK^ment  of  words  according  to  their 
length  and  tu  Itie  relative  frequency  of  their  oc- 
vnirenoe.     If,  now,  it  ahill  be  found  that  with 


ia  idonlicnt  with  tliat  of  ■  Oliver  Twist,"  of  '  Bar- 
naby  Rndge.'  of  •  Great  <'Xpectntions,"  of  the 
■  Chtld'H  hii>u>ry  of  Bnglaud,'  etc.,  and  tl»t  it  dif- 
fers (wnsibly  fruw  that  of  'Vanity  fair.'  or 
'  Eiutene  Aram,"  or  "  Kobinaon  CruHon,'  or  '  Don 
Quixote,'  or  any  thing  l4bb  in  fact,  then  tli«  con- 
clualon  will  bo  I'lhrably  certain  that  whwi  it  ap- 
puars  it  mean*  DJckena. 

TIu'  vttllility  of  the  mrthud  u  a  teal  of  author^ 
■hip.  then,  tmpliea  tlw-  following  assumption*  : 
that  ovtry  writer  maken  uw  of  a  TOcahularT 
which  i«  pfuuliar  to  himself,  and  the  character  of 


Nabob  11.  IWT.J 


SCTEKCE. 


239 


wbiA  dan*  noi  tuaUrUiU^  cbange  from  ynr  to 
year  during  )ii»  pnxtuctive  perlcxt ;  tlwl,  la  Uw 
uao  ot  tlut  vocabulnrjr  in  cuni position,  ptnonal 
proa  lint  jtioi  in  thv  conirtruotion  of  KcuU'noui  will, 
»ii  the  tonQ-ruft.,  near  u-ith  micb  tegulnritj'  Ihnt 

I  •borl  words,   tons  word*.  luid  wonU  i>r  iii«4iutn 
leogtb.   will    occur   witli    dvAntto    rvlnUvv    trf 

'  qocatclei. 

Tbe  finit  a^suEuplloii  <a  III.  perhaps,  ti^  admltlMl 
in   II   KciMintl    way,  wiltntut  dt-liate.     Il  is  easily 


In  Ui«ir  cvrvM,  and  ronacqumtly  a»  n  severe  lc*t 
of  ttae  Dlethod,  two  (■onl^'mponuiroUB  i>ni-(4iatii, 
DickefM  and  ThochRrsy,  w«re  whwt^  (or  Itic  Bni 
czaminalkin.  Tlw  ojieralion  (hhuMmI  iilmply  In 
ouuiilins  ibe  uuiuberof  letters  In  every  word,  and 
rvrardin^  tlie  imiaber  of  words  of  one  letler.  two 
luUvm,  IbnH!  I«lt«Tii,  *-le.  Tb«  count  began  in 
bolh  cnwni  at  thr  bvginning  of  thr  roluno,  and, 
after  a  few  tHoasand  words  had  be«R  counted  tn 
order,  tlie  baok  was  opened  at  random  near  the 


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Vm.i.—T<n  coMracrrtva  uaoixta,  or  on>  thoituhp  wobm  txea,  max  •vjomr  run.'    TumK  uaotmi 
Know  nmnii.v  tiik  *•«*  Jtvsiitoi  iroKD-MKimn. 


Men  that  to  provr  or  duiprovo  tbn  n-cond  will  n- 
qnlre  tbe  expenditure  of  an  prMirnioiin  nmount  "f 
labor.  The  (ottowlnm  re«ull«  arc  oRtrcd  as  a 
^nrana  of  properly  exhibUku^   the  method,  and 

I  ovidencv.  io  aome  degree  at  least,  of  \u  real 
tvaJo*. 

II  is  ioiporlnnt.  fln4.  to  dettrmine  to  whnt  ex- 
leHt  an  auttior  in-iy  hr  «iid  to  agree  witli  Uiniaelf  ; 
and.  aecond,  Io  what  eiieot  does  be  differ  froin 
otbet«. 

da  an  liunance  in  which  two  writers  might 
well  be  expected  to  greatly  resemble  each  other 


middle,  and  the  count  continued.  In  no  cawwas 
any  personal  choice  exercised,  except  that  both 
counts  began  with  tbe  first  obaptvr.  Worda  were 
counted  ulwayH  in  groupa  of  ooe  thoaaaiid.  The 
graphic  diiiptny  of  the  reault  wna  made  by  the 
common  mntbod  of  rrctangnlai  oo^rdfaiatea, 
iiidng  the  number  of  Icttmi  in  a  word  aa  an 
abscisea,  and  the  correepondloic  number  of  *uch 
words  in  a  thousand  as  an  ordinate.  Aa  an  Ulua- 
tratiou,  Utv  Krst  one  thousand  words  counted  from 
■Oliver  Twist'  may  be  cited;  they  were  aa  (ol- 
lowa :  — 


240 


scmufCK 


{Vol.  IX.,  No.  314 


Nuinbtrol  leltvrs 

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Bran  in  <•»  nmnll  ■  number  as  ono  tli(>ti»ii»}, 
Um  rdktf*«  (liNtrilnititm  of  words  Unpproximalelf 
th^Mimcna  in  n  mucli  Inrgpr  numher.  althoutcb. 
as  would  nnlurstllf  b«i  expects,  itccid«Dtal  VHtia- 
tloiiB  or  '  rune '  overaliadow  pereotiHl  chamct«ris- 


placing  the  numben  tihowitv;  Icttpni  in  mch  word 
nt  pMQis  along  H  horiuintal  line  iwpnnitpd  rrom 
each  olhor  bj  «qiiAl  dialnncpe,  abov«>  esoh  of  these 
place  otti«r  points  whme  di«lancp  front  the  baae 
liiie  bIaII  be  proporti'Mini  to  the  tiuruber  of  «uch 
words  iu  A  UiOUMud  :  then  join  tbeae  points  by  u 
broken  Mne,  nod  tbvckiira<-'iFri«tb curve  isBhou-D. 
Fig.  1  ahowd  llie  cnrvi-  thus  amslnii'ted  fmm 
the  llrst  thousnnd  word*  in  ■  Oliver  Twist,'  th« 
niunericnl  aaalyBia  of  which  is  shown  above. 


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Pw.  4.  —  TWO  nRQun,  Or  tits  TaocuKu  wokdb  kal-h.  r>ON  '  ulivhi  Twin.' 


tics  to  a  great  extent :  but  not  comple1«ly,  SB  will 
be  seen  in  the  charai-leHslio  curvea  shown  In  the 
r<illowing  page«.  In  (net,  wtiem  the  t«n  grotiiw, 
o(  k  Uiouannd  wonls  cuich.  rrom  D)<:kc'nii.  sre 
COmpKred  with  t«n  slmiltu'  fp^npa  froni  John 
Sttiart  Mill,  no  one  of  tite  HrM  wt  rould  hy 
anjr  possibility  be  mistaken  tor  any  one  of  tba 
second. 

The  graphic  representation  of  the  resulu  will  be 
rtuulily  understood.  It  ifl  only  ueu-sKiry  to  take  a 
iihoolof  '  aqunrrd '  paper,  or  paiwr  ruled  iu  two 
dlractlona  at  right  BQglea  totiacb  other,  and.  uficr 


The  next  diagram  (Bg.  3)  exhibits  Rvc  currcB 
cnnetnided  from  the  finil  five  thounand  worde 
tlie  same  froiii  work,  in  givup*  ot  one  thousand 
each,  (t  ie  presenleil  in  order  to  show  the  varia- 
tion among  grou|iB  ba>iMi  ou  a  relutively  small 
inliilbtT  ot  wunla. 

Tilt  nu|ieriurity  of  litis  nivlbod  ovnr  tlmt  of 
ximpli-  word  averages,  as.  snggrstetl  by  DcSIorgnu, 
is  clearly  shown  in  Hg.  8,  whi<^h  oxliilMtii  two  ojd- 
Kpcutive  groups,  of  one  thousand  wonl*  rach, 
from  'Vanity  fair.'  Tlie  numerical  analysis  of 
those  gtonps  is  as  foUowM  -.-^ 


HA>eii  n,  1887.1 


'I^CE. 


241 


LMHfK...... 

Wcrdi  bi  1*1  fraup 


3)« 


Wot4*  In  M  (roup  n  14(1 


iwn 


UR 


WM»li 


u'u 


It  will  be  »eeu  Ibat  llietAtal  nudtlx^r  of  letten 
in  the  ttnt  group  is  'l.SOT,  luid  in  llin  iwcund  4.&0S. 
Oir  an  arerai^  of  i.Wt  and  4.508  lellrr*  to  mch 
word  in  the  respective  groups.     IT  this  nvern^. 


lat.  One  of  the  carveii  diowa  Ka  exo«w  of  nine- 
kUer  words,  whiob  ilow  nut  a{)(i<.'cu'  in  the  otiier. 
Thej  HgTM  in  nbowing  it  grvati-T  nunilwr  of 
six-l«1lvr  wordi  than  a  uaooth  carvn  trouM  (k)- 
mond.  Thin  cxcrMi  may  pemtt,  and  proTi>  to 
Lnj  n  r«al  ohnriuTtt.'nttic  (rf  Oirkem's  crnnponitiaD. 
Fig.  S  pxhiNta  theoe  two  f(Tou[i«  ol  Av«  thoa»uid 
words  combinwt  fn  one  of  Un  tboasBod,  girlni;  » 
curve  of  Kivuer  einooihtieai,  and  approximating 
still  more  c1oie4y  to  tlie  uurniAli-'iirveof  the  wHi«r, 


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I'le.a.— cniT*  roa  mr  mooMtini  wokna  rkou  *ikj«iibTwwt.' 


or  '  mean  word-lenglli,'  t>e  alone  consMereil,  tlje 
two  icroupt  uiuat  ))«  regarded  ae  seoalbl)'  identi- 
cal :  lint  ail  iimpection  of  the  diugram  vlionx  that 
lliey  are  in  realit>  quite  JUrcniit. 

Wlien  the  number  ot  n*ordit  in  n  f;mup  it  in- 
vreuard  tu  li<i-  lliousinil,  thi'  necidpniol  inegu- 
larlttM  b«giu  1(1  tlbiaiiiiunr,  tlie  catvit  hecoinea 
amoothtr.  appri^xi mating  ntnrv  nearly  to  the  nor- 
nul  onrTo  which.  It  i*  tuMumfd,  \»  chnmctcristk 
of  tho  wrili-r.  Pig.  4  exhlhit*  two  group*,  each  of 
fivetboumiid  wordn.  from  ■Oliver  Twist.'  and  It 
will  be  seen  that  considerable  dlffereaoes  slUI  ex- 


In  Hg.  6,  two  grvupw  of  five  thousand  words 
efU'h,  fnini  '  Vanity  fair,'  are  ahuwn :  nud  to 
fig.  T,  two  KToupi  of  loD  thouwnil  eAcb.  frum 
■  Oliver  Twint '  and  ■  Vanitjr  (air,'  nrti  plnced  ndo 
hy  siitB  for  rompnriwiii.  Ihe  former  lietng  r«-pr»* 
senleil  l>y  ilio  iiiii  tin  nous  tliie,  and  Uie  latter  by 
the  brukeu  line.  Alihouich  Ih^se  curvet  differ, 
unci  while  it  in  Ix-lU'rvd  tluit  the  dilTerenre  will 
perviiil  with  an  incmuvd  umiibeT  of  wordit.  it  la 
certainly  KurptiiiinK.  that  in  the  uialyHia  of  leD 
Ihniiwtnd  word*  from  Uickim.i.  and  the  name 
number  from  Thnclceraj',  ko  doete  an  agreeiuent 


242 


scwycE. 


[Toi,.  IX..  So.  n4 


khouM  be  found.  This  agreement  la  particularly 
■triMnR  in  word h  of  ^leveo.  twi^Ke.  and  thirteen 
letters,  the  uiimerical  i-ooiparUun  of  which  U  ae 
follows: — 


Xumbar  ot  leiiMO. 

NuinlMirof  word!  In  ntoi(i*aA   

Sumboror  wonlB  bi  TbAckaraj 


It 


ti* 


Isis ;  but  I  confers  lo  consid^-nlfle  surprise  oo  End- 
ing frum  the  vtry  betpnuing.  that  ultliou^h,  on 
thir  wIioIl-,  thia  kntkipalion  wiu>  ri.'iili»!d,  the*  word 
which  opcurrrMl  matt  fnKjiicotty  wiw  n[>t  iliotUrf*- 
lotti-r  word,  as  with  hoih  Dlckcnii  nnd  Thni-kcrny. 
but  the  wont  ol  two  Iptlcr*.  tnilcifi,  the  woni  of 
two  lelters  wsJi  not  only  r*l«tlvi?ly  niorp  frwiuent, 
but  atisululely ;  that  in  to  My.  it  occurred  tnor« 
frequently  in  tlie  comFX'xition  uf  Mill  than  in  that 
of  either  ot  the  noTeliatB,  and  with  great  uniform- 


' ■ — 

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no.  a.  —  Two  ovnin,  or  m»s  rawiBiw  wokm  mcti,  man  ■  Vjimrr  rAia." 


Tlu*  eloeencBs  to  identity  iuubI  I»  largely  the  re- 
Bnlt  of  aeeident.  nnd  it  wnuld  not  be  likdy  to 
repent  itwir  in  nnotlirr  nniilyi,iii. 

The  writer  ooxt  oxamiopd  wns  John  Stimrt 
Hill :  and  to  tp«t  the  persistence  of  lorni  lu  coin- 
positloos  heloogInK  to  diSerent  pfriods  of  the  au- 
thor's life,  and  ujwn  tlifferent  subjecta.  two  moups 
of  five  tboiiaiuid  wor'ln  eodi  weri-  taken,  —  one 
from  hiM  '  Politicul  economy.*  and  the  other  from 
bis  •P.amj  on  librrly.'  It  was  anttdpatcd,  of 
course,  that  wonU  ot  greater  length  would  occur 
far  ncre  frequently  than  in  tiw  caae  of  tli6  nuvel- 


ily.  M  it  waa  in  «seeas  in  each  thousand  of  the 
ten  nnulyind,  The  explanation  is  eaay,  nnd  is  to 
he  found  in  the  liberal  use  of  iirepositiong  in  n^n- 
tence- building.  The  propii«id  metboii  nf  analysis 
U  designed  to  reveal  any  peculiarity  of  tids  kind, 
and  the  uteinidlflcation  of  ita  power  thus  «arly  in 
the  work  was  encouraging. 

Figs,  t)  and  0  show  the  curre;  for  five  thoiiaand 
wordo  from  the  •  Political  ecoiiomv '  and  from  the 
■  Emny  on  liberty.'  It  will  be  otmi-rvrd,  that, 
while  they  dilTer  considernhly.  then:  ix  utill,  in  a 
geueral  way,  a  striking   reseoiblunce.  and    that 


J 


Mancs  11,  18«T.| 


SCIENCE, 


S43 


tbejr  ar»  In  innrke'l  cnnUaot  with  tba  nnrvmi  of 
Uie  novellsU.  An  intPrMling  omr  won  riimiahed 
In  two  rvci'iit  ottdrraws  on  Ihr  Iiibor  iiuestlon  by 
Mr,  Edivanl  .MkinMfti.  In  (valltf,  one  addrMS 
was  givfii  la  iwo  very  ilifTeirvnl  audleoom.  One 
woja  miiil4-  up  from  the  workluguiea  of  Prorl- 
dciioc,  and  the  other  from  the  alumni  of  the  An- 
dovKo-  theological  ■eminarr.  On  rduding  th«  two, 
one  MBOot  avoid  heiiiN;  atmck  by  the  miirked  dif' 
tSKDW  lo  style,  although  the  two  paprrs  nm  mnrh 


TbeaveraRe  lenicth  o(  Urnthoumuul  vrord*  in  hi*  nd- 

dr«MM  on  Ihe  labor  qimtiun  in  4.3B6  k-ttcnu    The 

mma  word-length  uf  tbn  wrilcni  thus  f«r  exAnt- 

ln«d,  buaed  upoo  a  count  of  t«n  Ihouaftod  words 

from  tiych,  m  04  followM :  — 

AUIOMii. 

DIcKODA. ..... 

nAokaru. 44U 

A  friend  haa  furnished  me  with  the  mu)t  of 
the  ooont  of  the  first  live  tliausnnd  five  hundred 


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lt».1,—Tyia  aniOKn,  or-ns  ntouuxu  wosns  bicb,  raox  'Owrm  Tirwr,' 

■  Viirmf  run,' , 


-;  aUd  nuui 


•like  In  salMtaDce.     It  was  inleresiinf;.  then,  to 

Inqulrv   whether    their    ourrr*    of     rompoMition 

woold  shou-  uny  iniirkrd  Ruemblnncc.      An  analj- 

>is  of    live  tliomiind  wordn  from  each  paper  was 

■Djult-,  and    thf    rcmilt  JH  shown  lu  Ok.  lU.      A 

nry  nlijifnrtor^,  Indeed  a  strikio);,  (^nerul  re- 

■cmbUnfv  will  Im>  observed ;  and  it  u  111  nUci  b« 

soen  that   Mr.  Atkio'ron's  eurvt-  difforn  ilfTidcdIy 

from  others  previoiul.v  li|;uTed  und  dew^rlhed.     It 

I  li  shown  in  cunlraat  with  that  of  John  SinnrI  Mill 

[Id  lig.  II.     Mr.  Atkiiumo'ii ronipocltlon  Is  remark- 

Ikble  in  impcct  lo  thn  nhortnew  of  tbe  words  used. 


words  of  Caesar's  'Commentaries.'  Tlie  mean 
word-leoxth  U  fl.095,  Th«  roo«t  cxton»ivR  word- 
vouTitini;  that  I  know  of  In  that  of  th«  words  ttod 
letton  in  the  Bible.  I  onnnot  vouch  for  the  reli- 
abililj'  of  thi!  information  which  periodically  Roots 
throiiKh  the  oinmnii  nf  Che  pnhltr  pr«i«i,  that  the 
01<l  Trutnineilt  CDBtalm  30^,498  words  with  9,7a8,- 
100  Inttcm.  Add  th»  N«w  T««tam«nt  \Sl.tM  word* 
with  8a8.!l80  letter*.  It  Is  lnt«r«4titiK  to  nute,  how- 
fiver,  tbat  them  nnmbers  sive  averagen  of  4.004 
and  4.83S  ref.pecUTely.  ajcrecInK  witliln  \«m  than 
one-half  of  ooe  per  Mrnt. 


244 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  IX.,  Ko  »4 


Beftm  makini;  an  annlvNui  <rf  Mr.  AUcimtiMi'c 
MMnpoaitioD,  and  nft<-r  Ivnvini;  noiintwl  mnrr  tlinn 
thirty  Ibnnanil  Uwa  othnr  wHU'ni,  1  hnd  con- 
cln<|pr1  dial  a  Rronp  at  one  thonwind  words  wbow 
AvprsKe  leu^h  WHS  Ims  than  four  letters  wuuld 
not  ooour,  except  tn  compaeJtlonH  eepecUly  writ- 
ten in  Khott  wwiIb.  Om  o(  ten  such  groujw  from 
Ur.  Atkiiwon'a  aditri^Mm.  liowevpr.  one  wn»  found 
whoM*  mpun  wonl-ir-ni-lh  was  3.091.  I  Itavu  rc- 
oenllj'  rF<*ived  from  liim  a  >irie[  \mpeir,  entitled 


mr'thcid  of  nnaljTMii  lutd  idf^liHcnliiMi  lino  b«rn 
fiimiKhfx]  by  (WTOrst  frif-nilii  who  hnT<^  had  th« 
pAti^nco  to  eoumerale  thi>  lolt^ni  in  many  thou- 
nnd  words  from  dItTetvnt  eoiiroea.  Prof.  BtAnley 
Coulter  »endtt  ue  tlie  rmult  of  a  count  of  ten 
thttusaiid  from  Diokenii'H  ■  Uhrifttriiua  earul.'  Ue 
writm.  ■■  I  became  exoeeclingly  intetvHled  in  wfalcii* 
inK  bow  iilti«  trickn  of  compoHilion  nSectcd  the 
'  curve.'  For  instance,  iinc  of  the  chnraclvn, 
'Scrooge,'  appears  in  one  place  very  often,  and  an 


*9Crt 

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iila.8.  — Qrara  op  nvsTHOUatxn  wdkm  niOH  lfiij.'H  -pouTKUk  icohuht.' 


'How  do  we  8li  p'l  a  iiiingi''  whicb  waa  piib- 
llslied  in  Work  and  wagv»,  nnd  in  llie  |ire|iaralii>n 
of  whii^h  he  made  a  epecial  cITorl  to  iwe  Ihti  sim- 
pl«at  languaj^  poesibie.  Tiv  article  oootains  a 
tittle  more  than  (wo  thontniul  n-ord'.  the  number 
binng  loo  small  for  the  constnictlon  uf  a  curve 
which  would  be  comparable  with  those  already 
oxhibited.  Tli^  general  form  at  one  bu>«-il  u[)on 
two  thousand  worJs  la  ainiilor  to  that  previously 
obtained  from  the  Mine  writer,  and  the  mean 
word-length  iii)t.T71. 
Ipterunting  widrnco  ut   the   validity  nf   this 


eicesB  of  Ts  is  the  rcault :  in  another  plac«  '  FiK 
Jiiwig,"  and  the  8'scr«vpn])  [this  la  lioiiliIleM  owing 
to  the  fro<|uei>t  ap|>enrniice ot  tlie  naniei>].  Otiier 
rariations  and  exctiSM'^  iieeni  In  cutiie  fruni  Dick- 
ens'* love  of  certain  form-,  of  ilei-cription.  which 
he  iterttea  and  tvUerateH  upon  a  siukIi-  pu(,-e.'" 

I  have  (dotted  tbene  ten  thousand  wurrls  from 
the  ■  Ourol '  wilh  the  ten  thiiURand  aln-ody  uliown 
from -Oliver  Tn'ist'  in  Dg  12,  A  vpry  clone  r«- 
aL-iublunce  will  he  nbarrvt^,  and  it  will  ix>  notii^vl 
tbni  tlic  moon  of  thiwe  two  curve*  would  ht-  free 
from  certain  Irresnlarille*  which  occur  in  both. 


I 


Hascb  It.  1b8;.) 


SCIENCE, 


345 


ftnil  wduM  hr  n  much  clOMr  ai^roxltnatioti  to  Dm 
■Mirmal  chiunctertotlc  eurv«  uf  Dlckcuv 

It  ia  hartJIy  ii«oe««aty  lu  My  lliul  llu!  hicIIkhI  in 
not  nocMOTJIy  oonfiiitHl  W  tW  nnnlvniii  of  ■  cnm- 
pMllJoQ  by  meanK  uT  iln  mmn  irorij-b-DKl)'  =  <' 
may  «(iiuliy  n-ell  bo  upplipd  to  th«  riuily  of  a;!- 
lublw,  of  worcln  in  s^iiIt'Iioc*.  niid  in  various  otl)«r 
wajii.  Thn  naulbi  cliui  fnr  nbEntnc4  from  il»  ap- 
plication would  apprar  [o  JtisUTy  tlie  claim  that  it 
i»  worthy  of  a  thorougli  te»t  through  wliicli  tlio 


Unny  tntrn-Ming  npj^lc-sliom  of  tli«  iraCN.'CM 
will  xuKitmt  Ihf'iniiclTtis  to  r:\*ty  newler :  (bt-  nuHt 
nolnUp,  of  oour«e,  Mn^  Ihe  uliMOiit  to  wliv 
qumUmu  of  dlat'oU'il  autbi>niht|i,  suob  oh  <>xiiit  In 
reference  to  tli«-  \vuen  at  Juniu*,  tbo  play*  of 
Shakspeare,  anil  u4hi-r  leia  wmU-Iv  knowo  ex- 
amirictt.  It  migbi  abu  In  utihnyl  in  o(wiip«rallv« 
bnguage  stuiliifa.  iu  irttcias  the  xxnwih  of  a  lai>- 
Kuai^,  in  Kiuiiytng  th<^  rtowiIi  o*  tlw  vocalnilary 
from  irhildbood  to  nunlMXHl.  and  lu  olher  Alnoi 


9  cn 

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nu.  o.  —  ncmii  or  fi>K  mni-HiMD  •roaut  maa  Uiu-v  '  K»jit  oh  uaturv  ' 


validity  of  iM  amuaiiitiunf  ui^ht  bo  proved  or 
diaproved.  Its  firiuciiial  mrn'ts  nrc,  that  it  offpra 
■  DMans  of  tnvcsUgA'.ins  nnd  dUplaylnit:  the  mer« 
inprliaiiisni  of  i-ompufition,  and  that  II  Is  pur«ly 
lUM-hanicuI  in  it*  application.  In  virtue  of  the 
Knit,  it  tnit'lit  revml  dianict^ristlca  whldi  a  writer 
would  makf  ao  ntt<>m|)i  to  conceal,  beinjc  htniM-lf 
unawam  of  thplr  fxluti-nce ;  and.  of  the  secund, 
Ibp  conrlnxioni;  reacbe<1  (liroitjch  iia  u«e  wauld  Iw 
independent  of  pereoita)  biaa.  tlii'  work  of  one 
peraon  in  tlie  titudy  of  an  author  being  at  one? 
'  comparable  with  that  of  »ny  olhi^. 


tiom  too  numerous  to  b?  cnlaloKuel.  An  ltlua< 
tralion  of  its  nppliralion  U>  another  lHn»;iiatci'  U 
Mhown  In  the  analjisis  of  more  than  tivp  ibi>uaand 
word"  In  Oaeaar's  '  Cammi-attu'im.'  atn'ady  referred 
to,  which  la  repreae^nted  ia  liK.  13.  Thi-  ciiri.-e 
shonaa  relatively  tarne  me  of  lonj;  word»,  and 
its  ]>eciiliar  featarr  Ik  the  pvjdnnt  indication  of 
two  tiiaximum  onjinat"  nearly  e(|tial  lo  each 
otlipr. 

Friiiu  the  raamlnntlons  thus  far  made,  I  am 
convinced  that  one  hniidml  thouoanit  word*  wiU 
be  ncc«mary  aa<l  sufCdent  tu  furiusli  the  i-harao- 


246 


sc. 


IToi.  IZ..  No.  fl4 


terteUc  catm  of  «  wriwr.—tbttt  in  to  Mty.  if  « 
curve  is  oo«wtnjowd  from  nnp  hundroJ  thouMnd 
words  of  a  writw.  lakvn  from  nny  otic  of  hi»iir«- 
ductuMU,  tbtii  a  second  curve  oonNlriuilcd  fr»ia 
uiotlm  liiiDcIred  tbouaaad  wroixis  would  l>r  jirac- 
|j«altyidi.'iitiml  with CliL- lint.  — and  llmt  thlscnrrc 
would,  in  g<-oiTat.  difft-r  ftoui  that  formed  in  the 
mmc  wnjr  fmm  IliccoiupuBitiotiof  aoother  irriifr. 
to  «iirli  an  «xt^nt  tliat  one  i-uuld  atwa.vs  be  dis- 
tinguUlted  fToin   the  other.     To  denioustrete  the 


tfaottgh  not  probable,  that  two  writom  might  »\wm 
ideniical  i-'liaracTleriHtlc  corves. 

T.   C.    MlLtUKHIIAU. 


TIDAL  QBSKRVATJOm  OF  THE  OREELY 

EXPEDITION. 

The  iiriDci|}al  tidal  oliservntious  wen-  mad«  at 

Tort  Coimrer,  oa  Laily  Ktanklin  Bay,  hj  vartouM 

membt'tsof  the  expeditionary  force  working  under 


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fio.  I<i,  — I'Ku  itaur.nt,  nr  nn  TuncuHn  «OHM  UCU,  rnOH  ^ddhbbh  or  Edwahs  ATKimOK ; 
TO  *unii)n(HU(. ;  TO  ii.usi*i  o»  tanoLiiaitni.  mkkiiiiht, . 


Aooaaw 


exlai«nce  ot  such  a  curre  will  require  the  enum- 
eralioD  of  the  tetters  io  sever*!  hundreit  thousand 
wotda  froni  tacli  of  a  nuinhcrof  wrltere.  Should 
Ita  exLttcncv  be  MtabKabed.  the  method  mlitlit 
then  bi!  applied  to  comh  of  ditiputed  authorahip. 
If  Rtrihinf:  differoncco  aw  fuuud  between  the 
curve"  of  known  and  ■unpfcii-d  fiim|>o»itioii»  of 
any  writer,  (lie  evidi^ncenKainiit  identity  of  autlior- 
ohip  would  I*  qiiite  conclusive.  If  tlip  two  pom- 
puailiuna  atiould  firoduoo  curTti«  which  are  prartt- 
■wlly  identical,  the  pttN>f  of  a  comnton  oriKin 
woulil  be  IcM  DODvlnciuK  :  for  it  ia  poaslble.  al- 


direction  of  Berict.  Edward  Israel,  and  with  a 
icencral  supprvision  by  thecurumaiidiMg  officer  of 
the  expedition.  Thny  coneistett  of  hourly  heiKbt« 
of  the  tiile  from  Aug.  30.  1881.  to  July  1.  1883. 
and  the  limes  and  heiKhts  of  higli  And  low  wotera 
from  Auk,  SO,  1881.  to  June  31).  \>^m.  hoth  neric* 
read  from  6xci\  araff  KOU);eBaiid  jitaftically  con- 
tlnuoiu.  A  broken  seric-s  of  hi^'h  and  low  watvra 
from  July  I  to  Ani;.  8.  1883.  obiaini'd  under  un- 
favorable conditions,  worp  not  iisi'd  in  the  diacu»- 
iiioa.  There  were  alwo  short  trric«  at  wsvmi  out- 
lying aiatlona  on  the  coaslA  of  Grrcnland    and 


i 


Kaxcb  11, 


SCIEyCK 


247 


Urinnoll  Lanil.  and  ■  cnaiml  obwmtiou  of  high 
vraU-r  at  the  hm>X  of  (itrt^y  Fiord,  durLiifc  tbu 
proKTeM  of  the  ri'adtn){<>  ni  Fori  Cuti^r,  witb  a 
doxen  m  mora  bigb  bikI  loir  waUTH  notMl  (luring 
Um  iMnu  thrauKb  Kennedy  Channul  luid  Kumi 
,  BMdn.  The  orixinal  TMorila,  too  bulky  for  giHy 
LtMnRportatian,  w*i*  left  mored  at  Fc.rt  CoDjtvr 
wben  tin-  party  abnndouvil  thnt  xtAlton  ;  but  cinic 
tniiiKi-ri]iU,  iirrviouely  jiri'imrvd  and  canMiilly 
T«tidod,  were  brought  away  by  Li«ut«>ant  Gr»«ly, 


at  MatMMw  h(«et  witb  hMvy  Iop,  e*«n  abort  wriea 
arc  iw  a  ni\e,  aadljoatof  jototandconiparativc'ly 
worlblrM.  UnleM  the  sUbility  of  tfae  Ksagfi  ia 
abaoluttily  aasure-l.  wliicb  can  iieMoiD  be  (b«  cawr, 
only  freqaenl  remit  tu  lovi-h  bt-twtvn  tbt^  icaujce 
and  ODe  at  u\on  permonenl  bpncb-nuurksun  atiore 
can  insutw  wientiSo  valun  to  the  atweriatioDH. 
At  Fort  C^iiu^^cr  the  obaiTvationx  >>r  thr  Hnt  year 
iIpIWIuIcc]  in  thia  r<^))PCt  OpoR  a  Kaiifi?  that  MVina 
to  bare  been  alahle,  those  of  the  second  upon 


250 

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a     3     A     5     6     7      »     9     10    n    i;ii    13    1^ 

Piu.  II.  — Tiraoaoinxor  TKHTBOtsjivuirOHDi  NAOn.    ATtDOoH, :  Xiu. — -, 


15        16 


and  on  hia  return  to  this  country  referred  lo  the 
auperiotendent  of  the  ttiaiA  and  KecKletic  »ur%-i-y, 
and  laf«r  wr«ir[' plnrcd  in  the  bandit  of  Mr.  Alex. 
S.  CbrJHtii-.  chiof  cl  t ne  itdal  division  of  the offloe, 
for  rtvliiriJon  and  t)i  cuarion, 

Thi-  iienk  |ioint  of  tidal  otvicrr^-ntione  ffi  almost 
torarinblv.  ev«n  in  mi'ldlr  latitudm,  I  he  in  stability 
of  the  alafT  anil  the  iiiukteraiineft  fluctuatiorui  in 
altllnde  of  th<i  dlail  wro;  so  that  it  not  infr«- 
qurntly  hii|>pr«K  that  a  Mtiafactory  reduction  of 
all  till-  nbaprvallona  lo  the  mmti  plan?  of  reference 
w  a  wholly  intractoble  probtpm.     In  high  latltudea. 


Dtsnt*  at  spjrit-tevels.  Only  two  nvimlhii  i>r  the 
MTi«K  were  in  much  doubt,  and  a  tolerably  Haliit- 
factory  adjuttuieot  of  thcHo  «-b«  Unally  .•fferUHl. 
The  olciprvntionn  lioar  ahnndnnt  Internal  eviilencw 
of  a  conitcip'ntiiuDan'l  pefisleot  endenTor  toae- 
oiiTv  Itustwonby  and  precise  reMtltn :  and,  nlthongh 
thry  are  far  from  equftlllnjc  obaervationa  of  stand- 
■id  eioellence  In  middle  hiiludH,  ihey  ani  be- 
lieved to  conBtltute  thtt  lungmt  and  bnt  wrlM  ovtr 
farongbt  back  frum  the  arctic  avM. 

FoUotving  are  K>ni«  <if  lh«  refiult*  of  a  non-bar- 
inoniL'  luulysii  of  the  o^rvatlons  at  Ftott  Cong«r  : 


248 


^NCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No  iU 


Ibe  meftu  lunlllJal  lolervala  Hr«  1|ii  SI«.A  and 
1T»  4S".8  :  tlKT  menu  rang«  ta  I.DtH  m«lT«« ;  Ow 
Mu]i-ro«Diiii«l  c'urrt^  for  intcTTBlB  ami  liHufbta  rIt« 
the  ago  nl  tli<^  ti<l4'  1.4  <!«>!(.  Ibe  moon  U4«  S.S 
timcK  th«  »iin  litk,  and  xntiirfy  oloadjr  the  «c|ui- 
tibriam  formulae  of  Bornoiiilli.  Thi<  diDtnnl  in- 
«<|iialilf  In  Iivij;lit  la.  ill  coiiipnrisnn  witli  Ihr 
whole  lidc-H  tlitve  timtw  as  fiinnll  tm  in  Hmith 
Souiiil :  thf  inlluenoe  uf  t>ii<  aun  in  |>niiiucin)t  it 
ia  (irmcticaUy  fcjuul  U\  that  of  tlM  idood  :  it  vim- 


mm  <>f  diurnal  ineqiull^  Is  lli«<n  Uittn  up  its  a 
pnthloni  to  kiu«niatic«,  the  dlurnn)  it)i.-<]uiility 
wnTp  in  analra.'d  'mU>  its  principal  (.•"injiooi-ntH. 
ami  tlip  itifli-r*-*!  pi-riuj  shown  i*i  liarp  pln<»  at 
allll  olliprntntiona  both  within  and  witliout  lh<! 
arctic  drclp,  and  lohi-  ii  riih-  rather  than  an  ^xo-p- 
tion.  Therwiult»o(nnlinrmiiniPunalr>iiioflheflrrt 
jwu'b  obaer'allons  will  lie  fmind  in  Ihc  nr|>urt :  in 
•o  far  a*  they  relate  to  th?  sanw  mntliT*.  they  con- 
nrm  till-  reauliapre>iou«l>  found  and  Kawd  above. 


XSO 


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Fill.  II.  -TOO  uaourK  or  Ttx  tnouiuvii  ■viihdii  kk'ii.  nutu  DictKxi:  -uutsk  Tvm,'- 
■CIIKimmM  I'tiuii-,' . 


lahn  for  bliih  water  3*  82"  after,  fur  Igw  nan-r 
1^(16^  before,  the  vanUhiiix  of  tlie  inoon'x  derlinii- 
tion.  and  tlu-  interval  of  llie  two  fonaw  ercnts 
app««n  to  Iv  ind(^|lPuH«nt  i>f  the  solar  decKnalion. 
A  mcitliod  <if  emphical  iinalysia.  due  to  the  late 
AnfatMit  L.  F.  P.iiirljiln'of  the  U.S.ockibI  survey, 
brings  out  th«'  fart  that  tUn  diurnal  iii<!(|uatity  at 
Port  Conger  Is  caused  hy  a  wnvp  that  has  a 
Mi(l«real  dtiy  fur  ita  mean  period  ;  the  wiidd  (liitiK 
ia  tian  abown  to  obtain  at  Fori  Fotiike  and  Van 
B«DM«Ui«r  iMrbor  in  Smith  Hound,  and  at  Think 
Odd  harbor  in  PuUris  Bay. ,  The  KcaeraJ  plieiioin^ 


A  (.-oiuparatlvo  study  of  tlie  apecillc  .:;hanicleTB 
of  the  Fort  Ounger  and  other  arctic  tidei>  n'ith  tlin 
eotidal  liueB.  wldtha.  aod  depths  of  the  ti<lal 
nvdiUFa  to  the  Polar  Ocean,  with  whatever  other 
ti<tal  data  from  hii^h  latimiiea  waa  aooeatible,  re- 
sulted in  cnrlnin  intrrencui  ataled  in  the  r«|Kirt. 
and  whicli  may  itrrhapi  ho  tolcml^  here.  The 
weaknew  of  the  lidcprmturing  foreiri  near  thu 
|iole  and  a  |irfi[)cn8ity  to  diwip.'it""  a*  a  free  u-a»u 
lid  tiuon  as  fornwd.  in  watern  of  even  modtinite 
il6pth,  are  Ivo  caiMW  operatlou  to  prevent  the 
generation  of  li>cal  ildet  of  appr«clAl>le  (iiaKnl- 


i 


« 


M«K«  11.  189T. 


scmycs. 


249 


(u<l«  in  Umi  n>giua.  The  lid«M  of  the  Pnciflo  tut 
■ot  likelj  to  miiko  ilK>iiifH>lv«ai  loll  in  ihnt  Tail  <>x~ 

'paiwe  thronKb  n  strait  only  twine  forty  inil^e  In 
n-iclDi  nn<l  |r«s  than  Ihlrty  fiUlioiiM  In  detith.  wltli 
fitr-streCchlnK  »haal  upproacke^  ou  eiltier  eldi-. 
On  tbe  other  hand,  the  n-lutioii  of  th«  Pulaf  to 
th0  Atlantic  Ocean  is  h)  intiiuatt?  a»  to  auiuuut  to 

tidtatitf.  Thv  cuuLinutty  uf  thv  Atlantic  liiittin 
has  b««n  lieniumtrutcd  by  soundinitB  up  to  iind 
beyund  the  HOth  {mrallel.  TItc  clmnnel  bctn-it-n 
SfMtzticrgcD  and  the  EuropvAD  const  is  shout  a 


But  the  Iowa  o(  ttw  tide*  in  tbe  eitcumiMlar 
MM,  n  oui  df  tne  into  whitih  run  iIm.-  ti'loH  of 
HA  ocmh  MrvtehinK  from  pole  to  pnkt.  nnd  wbvrr 
the  alMenca  of  rontroUInK  ftHronomicitl  forooa 
is  favorable  to  tidal  aitarchy,  can  only  be 
dett-riuiued  with  wf talnty  from  long  spriM  of  ob- 
fturviitioDv  at  fttallona^oetously  diMrlhutMl  about 
tlie  polar  bafin.  Ttia  MiabUahm«nt  auJ  inai&tv 
nuDM'  by  LicutmMnI  Grvdy  of  nnr  oiK'b  Htntion. 
and  Ins  preei'rriition  of  tbt-reconhof  ofasprvaliooi, 
will  lie  njgArdeil  rts  substantial  iim-iRi«  to  siuenoc 


9  St[ 

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2        >        4         a        6        7        8        9        10       11       12       13       J4       13 
Pnt.13.  — amnrr  Of  rira  tnofuvn  nri  nuHiiHiu  womb  mM  CiKLiai*  'COMiiEyriKiiM,' 


16        J7 


faundrmt  faihoma  deep  and  (our  liundrpd  niiien  iu 

vldlh:  tliat  between  SpiUbergen  and  Oreeiilunil 

lluuabout  tbe  tutmi'  width,   but  ia  uni-,  two.  and 

thtw  uiili-'H  d»fp.      Thi-  tidcEn  i>f  tlw  i-ircumpalnr 

■Mtni  cuuuot  aroid  formioK  a   part   of  thr  Allantio 

PR).     An  to  the  tiilf  in  Lady  Franklin  Day.  it 

tMenw  nlnioat  a  (certainty  thst  it  ia  rhi^Ry  nn  At- 

[lantic  tid«  that  hftii  flowed  up  tlirou^h  the  Splta- 

bergeti  Mea,  rounded  Qreenland,  and«Dtered  Robe- 

MBChaDDel  from  th«  north,  wliere  It  probably 

ine«te  aiiotliet  and  fainter  Atlantic  tide  from  the 

wnilh.  which,  deluded  and  xpenl  in  the  alialluw 

Waat  fSrw-nlnnd  mwh.  L'umctt  into  Lady  FntnlcUn 

Day  two  or  Ihrac  huun  hit«r. 


by  alt  interestwl  In  this  bmnch  of  phyiicnl  in- 
.(uiry.  A.  S.  a 


AQRICULTURK  IN  ESOLASD  AV  1898. 

I»  ouclininf!.  In  a  nvimt  numbrr  of  .Snmoflis. 
No.  -'12),  th<^  r«r|)Qrla  pmwiled  hy  th«  ttritiali  com- 
mlMJononllieeKisting  trade depr«wion,  Sfiedal  at- 
tention waa  called  lo  the  fact  that  it  <ras  admitted 
on  all  handii  that  lhtrai;ri<.-u1lurul  ctaitses  w^re  the 
worat  sufferer).  The  lower  prices  of  ajiricullural 
prcidnce  were  very  far-reacbint:  in  their  ceam^ 
qupnoca.  For  thia  renaon  tJi«  Intetit  rettuna  m  to 
that  pmdncc  aro  iif  timt-'ly  iutvroat ;  and  w«  oon- 


250 


8CIJSNCB. 


[Vol.  is..  No,  ilA 


drnHn  tlirm  fioin  n  iwwit  parliamentary  paper 
wbkli  hlinwti  til?  pxlent  of  acreo^.  mid  the  estl- 
matwl  av«Tnt«e  pradurie  per  acr«.  of  tlip  iiriiici|)al 
crop*  of  ilie  Unlt^J  KiiigHom  fur  IIJHO.  Tli«  «ii- 
n>nto  U  baseil  on  tvluriu  reoHTtil  from  oboul 
14,000  piirisbeti. 

The  Rgurt-H  Hhow  ihni  (turhig  thi>  yvar,  EnRhinil 
produretl  n  n-lu-At-otip  nf  .1)^.071 . 1 T 1  Uiifholn. 
which  sliowB  the  Inrnf  tatlimc-ufT  of  IS.tJno.fRT 
buehels,  or  ntore  than  31  per  e«>)tt  •.•ii  (lie  veitr  1885, 
At  BH  esliinaled  aoenii^e  i»  1885  of  36, V7  busiivN  an 
acre.  ngniiiBt  31.51  biixhelti  in  Ihi"  ywir  boforp.  Tbr 
falling-olf  froul  th'.-  BwroRi-  yiiUl  nf  nn  wre  ap- 
pvaH  in  nil  iht-  rountieH  of  Kiiijlniiil  rxivpt  fmir. 
For  Wales  the  i^stimiitii]  toinl  prodiici?  of  wheat 
amounted  to  l.noi.OTS  biiahels,  at  an  averajee  late 
of  21.60  buxheU  an  acre,  Iwtntc  .US  of  a  bushel 
aboru  th«  felinuiled  normal  average.  For  Scotlunil 
the  total  pcoduoe  of  wheat  la  abotrn  to  be  1,86S.- 
Ond  bnsholii,  at  an  average  rate  of  88. TT  an  acre, 
which  may  In-  coniparMl  with  uii  nrrraitc  of  M.tIA 
iu  188fi.  The  ycar'n  nvi^ntgf, thoUKh  iiinnllar  than 
tht-  previoim  yi-nr'n,  i*  Intgir  hy  nrarly  a  bnabel 
than  the  ordinary  nviTnge.  TheagjcregateKBillta 
for  wheal  in  Great  Britain  tliua amount  to  fll.4(lT,- 
698  busheLt,  aa  (-om|)ar«d  wllb  TT.S87,06B  in  iho 
prw^rding  year,  while  the  acreuge  under  whenl 
wnn  7.8  piT  oeiil  below  that  of  188G.  In-lnnd  nl»o 
bIiowk  n  diminution  in  the  production  of  wheal, 
the  nutuhem  of  bonholR  brint;  1,87D,&07  as  aKainai 
2.048,11)8.  a  docreaw  of  8.21  per  oent. 

Of  burley.  the  Unttcd  Kinttdom  produced  78.> 
309,607  buHhels.  at  a^iaM  83,7:il,0!t:i  in  ISBS,  and 
this  decrvtue  of  B.tW  per  cent  1h  shared  bj-  ell  porta 
of  the  ktng<lom.  The  ruLum  fur  oat*  in  more 
ravornble,  lut  the  prodtif^tion  of  the  whole  hioK- 
doni  waji  109.n?it,0KS  Imehcls.  an  increaaeof  fi.S7 
per  cent  OTer  100,440,907  biiahelH.  the  yield  of  the 
preeedio;;  year.  In  thia  crop  Walc«  is  the  only 
puTlion  of  the  klnicdoni  where  there  Is  a  dermtM-. 
and  that  in  very  small. 

Thd  pulsc-cropB  are  again  a  partial  failure  in 
many  ctiu lit ieii.  and  the  prodiiL'liou  of  beium  and 
peasahowa  uiisitisfnctory  reaulto  whrn  romitnrecl 
with  Iho  nnrmul  rule  of  yielii.  The  numbeiB  for 
the  whole  king<locn,  bowi'vi-r,  ahow  nn  a'lvnnce  on 
thoeeof  1985.  being,  for  beans.  10.»07,187  bushels, 
an  tnoreoae  of  15  per  cent ;  for  pees,  9,8SC.W».  an 
inoteaae  of  30  per  oent. 

Of  Die  ruot-CJope.  potatoes  show  a  decreaae 
from  6.874.dl3  Ions  to  5.8S5.4'|IT.  a  falling-otTof 
8.40  IKT  ornt ;  and  <if  thin.  IriOand  beurn  ninri' 
tbnn  her  Kbarr.  nn  th<-  returns  frtim  Ihiil  country 
fell  off  Ifl  per  <Tnt..  Wulii  and  .Scotland,  on  the 
other  hand,  are  a  litll''  ntmve  the  nvBiaue.  Tnr- 
nlps  show  an  improvement  in  all  the  (our  dlrls- 
lona  of  llio  kingdom,  having  ilsen  fiom  34,0flS,- 


4 


008  tons  to  39,007.419.  which  means  nn  increase  o( 
over  41  per  cent.  Mangold,  agnin,  sboww  nearly 
as  hirge  an  Increase,  froin  S.OO0,5£>  tons  to  ?,7B6,- 
811  tuns,  which  19  over  30  per  cent. 

The  bay-ciop  from  grawt  grouru  on  pfrmam-'nt 
tiiistun>-lnud  is  shown  to  pxci-cd  sligbtly  the  aver-  ^k 
Hgc  yield  an  acre  in  (imnt  Britain,  the  total  prod*  ^M 
wx  ammmting  to  .'i.TOa.at'l  lonn.  while  liiat  from 
clover  is  at  the  normal  nvemiie  nf  3,311.4411  tons, 
ihp  total  produce  of  both  descriptions  iIiub  show- 
ing an  agirregnle  of  9,O74,0S4  tons.  Uo|w  show  a 
decided  gain  in  the  year,  as  the  ylehl  in  18811  waa 
■  70.144  hundredweight  as  against  509.170  hundred- 
weight in  1895.  or  an  increuno  of  over  !t'i  per  oeot. 

The  tablni  show,  that,  on  comparing  the  flgun?s 
fur  1888  in  (Irc-nt  Britain  relntrng  to  tin?  ppjduco 
of  the  cTijps  dmit  with,  mnngold.  hoiis,  and  hay 
ar«>  the  only  ones  showing  an  incrensc  on  the  es- 
timated ordinary  average  yield.  Corn  and  polae 
crops,  potatoes,  and  turnips  all  stiow  a  iWfTeawe 
on  the  a^'erage.  ttinugb  in  some  cases  they  arc  in 
advance  of  the  jireviuus  yoor.  The  returns  for 
Ireland  slioiv  a  dei-rcase,  cm  the  average,  of  wheat, 
bnrh-y.  Iieuns.  and  potatoes,  and  an  increaae  of 
oatfi,  peas,  turnips,  niangold.  and  hay. 


NATUHAI.  GAS. 


1\  a  paper  on  the  pressure  and  coinpoaition  of 
natural  gas.  read  1>efon.'  ilie  Bngineerp*  cluh  of 
Fbiladelphia,  I>r.  H.  M.  Chance  siatetl  that  there 
are  no  records  of  the  gas-pretnure  tirst  shown  by 
the  larger  wvlta  Tbt?  recorded  prnwurra  w«r« 
nearly  all  ohacrved  after  the  gas  had  been  Mowing 
off  for  torn*  wectka.  months,  or  even  ynars ;  and 
the  prewurp  then  shonn  by  a  gunge  is  evidently 
no  measure  of  (he  pre^ure  under  which  the  gaa 
exists  in  the  rock,  for  the  gas  soon  become*  ex- 
hausted from  the  immediate  vicinity  o(  the  well, 
which  then  draws  lis  supply  from  a  considerable 
distance,  and  perhaps  through  bands  uf  rock  uf 
such  t^-xtuxe  —  and  perhaps  even  tiirough  the  clay 
Hllingof  crevieea  —  that  the  |)re3»urf  shown  at  the 
well  may  be  only  a  fraction  of  thenotunl  pre^ure. 

ilencc.  while  recorded  jtretaurta  range  from 
nl>nnt  000  down  to  iOO  pounds  per  square  inch. 
there  i*  every  reason  to  l)elleve  that  the  actual 
presHures  are  |)erhafi9  frum  ijOii  to  1.000  pounds 
per  square  inch,  or  even  iu  nouie  cases  much 
grMttu",  but-itill  lieing  li-w  than  tilt?  maximum  Ob 
limit<?il  by  de|ith.  This  maximimi  is  very  much 
liTt*  tlian  the  priiwure  nndwunry  to  effet-t  tiquefnc- 
tion,  and  Ihe  mpposition  that  the  gaa  exists  as  a 
liquid  must  therefore  be  abandoned, 

One  ot  tlie  most  Interesting  phenomena  recently 
observed  in  natural  gaa  Is  its  variability.  The  au- 
alyiea  of  Ptxifessor  Sadtlet.  made  aoine  nine  yeara 


Ka(m»  II.  1607.] 


SCIEIfCE. 


•ICO,  fihnw«il  thai  k»»  ffoin  wells  lomt^l  in  <\i»- 
tricta  Dol  cooiiccumI  nitb  eaob  olbtt  won  «iniilar 
Inooniposllfoii.bul  ihiittheperMntagntof  tlx-tlif- 
ferent  i^w«  prtMral  vaiiis)  widpt^  ;  anil  man-  rv- 
cent  iinikl.vM«Mhow  that  gn«  from  vprllnin  lh«>Mun» 
'  pool.*  nnil  nti-n  tlint  from  th(>  name  well,  h  siib- 
j(v(  Co  dnilj  anil  even  hourly  TaiiatioiiB  In  oom- 
|M»ilion.  When  II  wik*  founi)  Itiat  tli«  calorillc 
valiit-  of  tlio  tfit\  u-as  sutijii-t  <o  chnngr  fnioi  tjini? 
to  tini«.  na  shown  by  vaiintjonn  in  tomperaturo  of 
Uio  furoaot-B.  anti  ia  Ihr  iitram-praMaro  of  bmlnni 
nndnr  nrlikh  il  wa*  buTnC.  IhiK  wai  at  fln>l  ati|>- 
pOtNxI  to  ta-  'luc  to  <lifT(irriio>«  in  pmwiin' ;  that  ii^ 
in  the  quantity  of  gas  dellrpred  lo  tlie  liurnor*  io 
the  llrv -box,  Aulomntlc  |H¥««iir«  regulators  were 
introduced,  ajid  Ibe  pnxlncini;  ootnpaiilea  |>m- 
Teded  a  %ftitea\  by  which  the  preasurM  w«t« 
■naintaiiMNi  ai  a  nearly  cunslant  tigure.  yH  the 
aaine  variations  were  uhicrred.  The  ohnniata 
then  hngan  la  examine  the  gas,  and  Boon  fonnd 
titat  it  was  eitrnmely  variable  in  compoaitton. 
The  MtovrjnK  table  ahoura  the  resnlta  of  ten 
aoal.vM*  (it  natural  itam,  tlie  lirst  foar  beinR  nutde 
from  jjca«  taken  from  the  aame  well  at  dilTerent 
tluiea.  uikI  Ihe  othere  from  tli«  gas  of  difTervnt 
welU  in  different  (ItBtricta  :  — 


■  Anthropofceoinaphir,'  nhicli  Kav«  riar  In  nnmor- 
oua  diacussiiHui,  aiul  waa  an  Incvntiro  Ut  many  ro> 
aearchni  of  a  rumilar  kind.  The  npw  perkxlk-al 
brionR*  to  thia  data  ot  j>ul>)lcallone.  tl>iipan  aeta 
fortli  hi*  plan  In  ll>e  Introduclkni.  He  Inlends  t<i 
icive  n  eojtection  of  reliable  data  arrjiiK<--d  from 
jceoKmpliical  points  of  view.  TliU'  \\v  Unyiei  lo 
Rtve  material  that  will  be  useful  bv  iin  i-li-amFac, 
and  oi'lll  enable  the  ?luilL-nt  tu  luvmliunle  llir  hia- 
lory  of  eoRimcreial  lilc.  "Whopvir  tnt<>ml»  lo 
study  Ihc  relation  tirtwren  man  and  nature."  lie 
saya,  ■*  muat  not  ^ontine  bin  renearcliea  to  a  biie>f 
period.  I  am  nonrinood  that  the  ic<raf(rapby  of 
inviliuition  muni  lie  atudieil  from  an  btalorical 
atond-poinl.  Tien*  Vi  tlie  place  wliera  gcograpliy 
and  liialoT7  will  uteel  again ;  tbU  ia  tlie  wav  In 
which  geo^rraphy  may  become  a  pnciicnl  acienn 
in  the  noblerit  sense  of  the  word.'' 

})upan  amDgea  the  btutiaticnl  data  oontained  in 
the  report  of  tbv  tenth  cenaua  of  the  United 
Statea  into  four  principal  grou|H<.  and  proves  that 
the  nfirthHiwIem  Ktaloa  have  largely  an  Indtutrial 
population.  In  the  rentrnl  group  induHtrial  and 
agricultural  populatimi  are  almoal  of  v<iuul  impor- 
tance, while  in  the  eciuthem  the  agricultural  one 
predoiui nates.     In  Ihe  western  aialea  the  influencv 


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1  a) 

8UPAKS  JOURNAL  OF  (^MMEItOIAL 
GEOiiHAPIIY. 

Thk  Uteel  iiu]ipli.-ment  of  iMrraKtnii'x  MilltiH- 
liinge}i  fornix  the  (Irit  number  of  a  Journal  of  com- 
mercial gcogmpliy,  Prof,  A.  Supan.  tbe  able 
edllor  of  lhi>  Miltheilungfn,  inlendH  to  give  in  the 
new  perioilical  at  regular  iutervaln  a  n-|iort  on  the 
agricultural  and  lii<lu?trial  produce  and  of  the 
ooiumeroe  of  all  contim-nt*  KUcccmively.  The 
pruieut  number  cuiiuiina  a  brief  introduction  and 
the  repori  on  Amtric-a.  The  principal  feature  of 
ihc  new  journal  ia  the  uae  of  ibe  reHuli?  obtained 
by  atatuitiiml  nlmvTatioOB  for  geographical  pur- 
|)0>e*.  fiorr.inn  geoKrapbei-K  of  talv  apply  much 
of  their  time  and  work  lo  !il,udying  Ihc  mutual  re- 
lation liciwecn  geoicnipli[(ail  plicnonienn  and  the 
hiatory  of  uiankiud.     Wc  ciill  lo  mind  KatMl'a 

ArcSiv  /iJr  tl'trMKAa/r*0eii^Tu;j\ir.  /,  KorilaMtrtia. 
ErtfaBuaciaan  No.  Hi  nii  fXfrwuinn'f  Mtlthranngnt.  ty 
A.  IWrAH.   OoUia,  Jiuliu  PerUica. 


oftbe  niiaeral  kwouumi  iichamcleriatic.  ^[Wa'* 
dlaeutekn  of  the  agriculture  of  Nnrili  America 
ia  accompanied  b>'  ■vvcral  mnp«  whioh  give  a 
clear  idea  of  the  distribution  of  cultiraled  land 
and  of  the  ciiliiirc  of  whruit  cotton,  and  lofaaocn. 
TIjc  lablcN  lire  so  nrrunge>l  na  to  ahow  tlie  DKiring 
of  the  ptiri(-i[ml  district  of  production  (roai  east  to 
wi»t  vrhi<;h  began  between  the  yeart  1850  and 
ISflO.  In  1)^  tlie  maximum  of  production  waa 
found  in  the  aoilhern  Atlantic  static  i  in  1800  II 
had  moved  to  tlie  MisaiMdppi-Obio  gTDujh  At  Uie 
aame  time  the  minimum  moved  from  tbc  pr»lrie 
atales  lo  the  plaleaua.  The  agriculture  of  the 
whole  «ast  vhowa  a  parmanent  decreaae,  Ibe 
northern-central  and  tli«  weetero  alatta  a  peraui- 
iicnt  increaou  of  their  relative  ImpottaDce.  while 
the  Houthem  alatea  have  remained  etatiuuary.  The 
rapid  increase  of  the  importance  of  agriculture 
which  prevaileil  in  the  UbHiairippi  and  Ohio 
group  during  lite  hutt  Uiirt}-  yeata  haa  ceaaed. 


252 


scmscE. 


IVOL.  IX.,  No.  SM 


nnd  in  their  atead  the  pmirte  state*  are  rapid))' 

d^-rrlopinx- 

W»  jujint  mil  only  ii  ff  w  of  (be  iiDtmrtanl  ri- 
Mille&npnnoliliimi'd  hj^lbp^i-ogmphioalnmiiiKf- 
tnpnt  afstattsllcjit  dnU  nnd  of  hi«  critinnl  rrninrkn 
Ml  the  arail«Me  iiiaierlnl.  In  studying  th<-  iiidu*- 
\tj  aud  ai^ricullure  of  the  Untied  8tat«s,  lie  8(i»in 
diddeii  tbem  into  four  groups. — llieuorlli-easlern 
iiiduHlrial  dislricl.  the  aouthem  and  rentral  aicri- 
cidtuTtkl  dinirict,  tiit-miuingdiirtnctof  thi>w(r>it«m 
plaW<iuj>,  nnd  thn  PnciAc  dutnttl,  in  wliifh  agri- 
ouliare  prornils  vhito  mining  noil  induntry  arc  of 
coiuiderable  ImportaiKP-  Ttic  clinrsoECT  «(  tlir 
United  Stitle§  Lsnill  tliat  ot  an  BKrlcultural  ccian- 
try-  l>"t  industry  Is  ^p^wiiiK  rapidly  upoii  aKricid- 
tan.  Ah  corupnred  to  thvun.  mining  ia  iwilgnltt' 
cant,  thr  wholu  mineral  pmdui'tion  Iwini:  unly 
elfhtoeo  pec  cent  of  the  agticultuml.  As  wo  ap- 
proach the  Fouthern  uLnli^,  the  indiisiTyd(.'n'<'as«i. 
while  agriculture  lnctpa«e«.  Goin^  wc«t.  indUK- 
Iry  decreases,  and  ia  a  minimum  In  the  prnirip 
iiuiti>H:  farllier  we»t  its  importance'^ls  a^am  in- 
cnnainK.  Tlio  nortli-eustem  Stales  have  changed 
llidr  L'baractiT  fruin  that  of  agricultural  slatea  to 
Induatrial  tauv.  The  induBlry  of  thi>  United  8tat<« 
U  fonndM  iipon  Ihc  pmctuiv  of  nKrJculturc!,  aiitl 
e^'ery  |>r(irin(!fl  wiirk*  xip  iU nation  mntrrjal.  —  the 
•ciuttiL'ni8lHte*,<'oll"n;  ilicaoutliem-centralntalcH. 
tilttoco,  iron,  etc.  Thi>  New  England  stalen  fnrm 
the  only  eici^pliou.  Cotton,  wool,  and  leather 
fnaniitncture  are  the  pnHluiiiinntiiif,'  industrieB.  — 
IhoUKh  cDtluii  diirn  ui)t  grow  then',  — and  stouk- 
ral'ing  in  of  no  importnnoe.  The  induxtry  of  this 
roKton  ha#  the  ramti  character  aa  ibat  of  EnKlnnd. 
It  oonaumea  for  manufacture  the  produce  of  for- 
eign countries.  A  map  accompanyluK  the  report 
iUuntraten  the  distribution  of  iodtislrial  production 
in  No«th  America. 

Tbc  data  on  the  <.-omu)erce  of  the  United  St4it« 
do  not  refer  ta  1880.  na  tli(«e<in  produclitm  do,  but 
are  the  mean  of  the  flvi-  Tenn  ISflO-ftl,  Supun 
|>refere  tills  melhod  on  a^srount  of  the  jrreKUlar 
fluclUAlloKit,  which  are  of  grealer  importanec  In 
oooimcroe  than  in  production.  He  arraiii^  the 
ootnmene  of  tlie  seaports  so  as  lo  show  that  those 
of  the  nartbern  .\llaiilic  cuant  are  iinpurlin;; 
while  tile  MWlbero  one*  are  exporting.  In  the  in- 
terior the  lake  dJKlriet  a.1  far 'u  Cleveland  is  im- 
porting; fnrtluT  wist  it  is  exportinj;.  On  llie 
Pacific  casiAt  thn  northnm  pnrbc  arc  eiporting,  the 
southern  ones  are  iniiHuiing,  vhlJe  in  8au  Fran- 
Cisco  both  hranchei  are  of  ei)ual  value.  The  ex- 
port of  mauufaclures  la  steadily  Increasing  In  value 
as  compared  to  tliat  of  agricultural  prodaoe. 

The  Htatiatical  data  on  Canada  show  that  the 
]<n>fH>rtian  i>f  the  indualrial  and  ngrioultural  |xip- 
iilaiion  is  atwut  the  same  aa  in  tha  United  Utatea. 


The  principal  dlffer«<nco  is,  that  the  proportion 
is  evenly  distributed  In  all  purU  of  Canada, 
while  very  wide  difference"  eii»l  throughout  Hie 
t^iiited  hltatetk  Canada  U  now  In  a  iitage  the 
United  8U(te«  passed  thruitgh  l>erofe  Ihe  rapid  de- 
velopment of  tlie  wmtivn  slater  and  territories. 
The  weBiero  provinoea  of  Canada  are  not  yet  an 
far  doiclopud  na  those  of  the  Uuile«l  State*,  and 
the  kldfting  of  iintduclion  to  the  ]>rairiee,  which 
has  liceii  goinji  on  liere  for  moreiliun  tbirty  y«us> 
hsB  scarcely  bnjjun  there. 

Tbe  prwent  volume  Rhflwa  ttutt  maulta  of  emi- 
nent practical  value  ronj  lie  oblnioad  by  tbe  ap- 
plication of  geajcrapbical  methoda  to  iio(n<ilogi<.-al 
problems.  It  opens  new  points  of  view  to  the 
student  ni  political  economy,  sbotrlng  tbe  close 
counecUuu  between  man  arid  tbe  country  hi-  in- 
babitB.  F.  Boi«. 


STARTiNa  from  the  coinuioii  observation  llint 
when  ne  do  hard  iliiuking  we  cannot  at  ilie  same 
time  use  our  muscles  actively.  Dr.  J.  Loeh  {Pfta- 
grr't  Arettiv /.  ['/ij/niologU)  hvti  attempted  to  esll- 
male  qunntitalively  the  n-lation  tietwi-eu  physieal 
and  )ayclii(-nl  aelivity.  nil  method  wni  In  record 
his  maximum  (trip  on  a  dynnmonirler  ;  then,  af- 
ter a  short  rest,  to  begin  some  mental  work  ;  and, 
while  engaged  in  Ibis,  to  record  Ibe  niaxImiirQ 
grip  once  more.  The  result  n-a>t.  that  the  latter 
grip  wan  deddodly  lesn  iiowerfui.  and  thnt  the  dif- 
ference botwecn  It  and  the  former  grip  was  the 
greater,  the  more  <lil1i<*iilt  nnd  ahnirhing  the  men- 
tal procetH.  For  Inslauce :  lu  one  case  Hie  normal 
grip  with  Ibe  lelt  liand  depressed  the  leteruf  the 
dyniiinometer  to  77"  ;  while  reading  and  uniier- 
*landing  |i  e.,  he  could  repeat  the  substance  of  It 
in  bin  own  words)  a  seientilic  work,  only  to  15' ; 
while  «imply  reading  it  as  so  many  nouiids.  67^. 
Another  gentleman  (ProfeMor  7untx}  could  nor- 
mally depresa  tho  l«ver  to  GO"  :  hut,  n-hUe  reading 
acatalngue  of  name»[rc<iuiring  tittle  mental  stialn), 
tu  ^)t".  Dr.  Iy>el>'s  a<erage  msxlmnm  grip  when 
nut  occupied  w  ilb  mental  work  was  rmenii  of  botli 
hands)  a  depmslon  of  the  lever  to  SH"  ;  while  mul- 
tiplying one  number  under  10  by  another  nueh 
niimbi-r.  iho  depretaion  was  81";  when  tbe  two 
numlierK  were  between  10  and  30,  only  3n° ;  wbcn 
tB^twivn  20  nnd  30,  only  14°.  TbU  shown  very 
clearly  how  the  energy  given  over  to  the  mental 
exertion  Is  taken  off  from  the  muscular  effort. 
It  muHi,  of  course,  lie  understood  that  these  re- 
sults have  uuly  a  general  value.  The  method  pre- 
sents many  mechanical  difHcultics ;  the  quextton 
of  attention  is  eu  iiujiortant  factor ;  and  Dr. 
Lorb  simply  ofTen  tliCH^  results  as  a  preliminary 
Htntcnirnt  of  bin  intcjition  to  work  upon  tliis 
problem. 


I 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY,  MARCH  19.  1887. 


COMMENT  AND  CRITICISM. 

Tax  :<rxTii  OOMOniW  oT  thp  Sori^  luttionalo 
des  |>rafeMeun  4«  Fnm^ii  en  Angleteciv,  hcU  at 
London  ia  JnnuArj,  attracted  oonddemMe  atten- 
tion from  pdiicators  (»npr«Hy,  nnd  prindpoUy,  it 
aMin«>,  (rotn  tli«  v^ry  inBtnictive  luldresa  with 
wbirb  Dr.  Jow^tt  welromed  the  memlic-is  of  tbo 
congTeei  lo  Oxford  ten  aat>  <■[  their  seeaion.i.  Tho 
honoTfd  profntw)/  of  Qrvrk  at  B*Iliol  naiMtci  Ibf 
visitore  tlint  tbo  anoii'nt  and  modern  languogea 
bave  no  qiinnol,  but  mther  they  ore  rebtcd  as 
psnnts  and  children,  nnd  tfae  greatest  affecticra 
ahonld  exist  bctwr«n  them.  In  ptulioular,  fa« 
continueij,  no  Rngliehman  csn  be  itidilTenfDt  to 
tjle  ciceilence  of  Btesu'-t  and  Ftnelcin.  Mont«»- 
quieu  and  Turgot,  Voltaire  and  Rousseau,  Uon- 
loignc  and  Posrnl.  or  insensible  of  tlie  great  debt 
owed  to  IbeBe  men  by  thf  English  language  nnd 
Utentttrei.  It  miint  be  rememliered,  loo.  that 
•bov*  •)!  other  Etiroponn  languages,  in  French 
luid  bero  developed  tbe  noble  and  enviable  ipiality 
of  luotditjr  of  etylo.  Dr.  Jowett  then  oonfeased 
that  the  treating  of  the  modem  languages  in  Eng. 
laod  WW  capable  of  great  improvement.  The 
fint  ateft  in  this  improvement  tnuit  be  tlie  follow- 
ing of  ft  natural  oiethod.  Wliat  this  i«.  Dr. 
Joirett  Immediately  spei^ifled  :  "  Nature  ti^achee  us 
to  Ix^in  tvjtb  the  ear,  and  not  with  tbeeye ;  with 
anoclation,  nod  not  withanalyvu  ;  with  iniitatiou, 
not  with  abstractions :  n-ithiMncenuiliini.  oot  with 
boofcH  of  exerciaes.  The  powen  of  th«  mind  gcD- 
erally  strengthen,  at  least  to  middle  life ;  but  the 
(•oulty  of  learning  InnguiigcH  decaya,  and  ia 
alnoft  in  inverse  ratio  to  ane*a  yMn.  It  ia 
atronger  before  than  after  tru.  strun^r  at  twenty 
UMtn  al  thirty,  nnd  6o  on.''  Furthermore,  nature 
iMtohM  04  that  n  task  should  be  proportioned  to 
thecapocity  of  tlie  learner ;  and  therefore  iu«truo- 
tloD  in  the  modern  longuogts.  wliieli  are  th« 
'  miffir,  dumld  precede  that  in  ihe  clunciciL  Tlw 
Speaker  tiao  commented  severely  on  Um  too  grtait 
lime  now  speni  in  acquiring  a  vei7  modet«te 
knowledge  of  the  olaaiius,  and  called  (or  a  '  reform 
of  procedure.' 

Sa,tlll~W7. 


SuHioient  empbatui.  continued  Dr.  Jowott,  ia 
oot  laid  upon  an  aoiuuiuiaoee  with  modem  lan- 
guage«.  The  univeniitieB  Hlili  guidr  lo  a  rery  lar^ 
extent  ihv  education  of  the  ouuntr>-,  and  they 
tia<«  hMVtofoiw  given  flight  encouragement  \*> 
the  Dtudy  of  Oeneh  and  German.  Wliile  Uio 
unlverHitieii  neglect  the«e  iitudiea,  Ihey  will  b« 
neglectt^d  at  the  achoola  and  undervalued  iu  Ihe 
homea.  He  tlieii  made  a  euggeetloa  which  we 
hare  supported  on  aeveiul  oocaalona  alrviody  : 
namely,  ibat  a  reasouaNe  kiiowledge  of  aome 
modem  language  may  fairly  be  demanded  of  every 
uuiver^ity  student,  but  —  and  here  we  must  differ 
even  from  no  dislingu tailed  on  educator  as  the 
master  of  Balllol  —  for  hia  degree,  not  for  admia- 
alon.  We  are  nolau  but«  iliat  It  it  altoi^etber  fair 
lo  say  that  uo  one  but  a  naliie  can  impart  "  the 
accent.  iJie  Intonation,  the  true  living  voice  of  a 
language."  Dr.  Jowett  eald  Ibia,  and  ol  courae 
his  gueais  did  not  dlaagrae  with  him.  But  ft 
aeems  to  us  to  go  loo  far.  Under  Ibis  dfctUBt 
Max  HOUer  would  be  prohibited  from  ttAoUliff 
BagUsb.  and  Ur,  Haintsbury  from  tettcfaing 
Freooh.  Before  concluding  their  sesahm,  the 
Fmich  mastera  passed  a  foroul  resolution,  aabing 
tor  tbe  establishment  at  Oxford  of  a  sobool  of 
nradera  btngoi^^,  in  order  to  encourage  the  study 
of  French  literature,  and  of  the  Frenota  language 
as  a  living  tongue. 


Fob  TKB  BKmnr  ol  tha«  who  an-  fond  of  im- 
preaiing  on  us  oontimmlly  tbe  grt«t  advantages  to 
b«  gained  tntm  a  thuviiugh  and  detailed  ayetem  of 
methods,  we  would  call  atleolion  to  the  book  of 
inetmctions  which  ha*  lately  been  imued  in  Aus- 
tria, for  the  use  of  tbe  tiHU^hers  in  tJut  renl^chulen. 
The  fVcnch  lyslem  boa  alwayii  been  supposed  lo 
bdtbc  most  highly  organised  poaoible,  but  Aua-- 
trin  is  a  dangerous  oompetitiK  tor  the  honor.  It 
ia  Ur.  Matthew  Arnold,  it  will  be  remembered, 
who  tella  the  story  of  the  French  minister  of  edu- 
ealion  wbo  pulled  out  his  watch  and  exclaiiDed 
that  at  Ibul  liutant  all  the  children  of  Flrance  were 
receiving  inalruction  on  the  same  subject.  The 
nmn  thing  may  beiv«fter  oocnr  In  Austria ;  for, 
asthe  Vienna  corrMpondenI  of  an  English  journal 
remarka,  "  the  Auairiau  Umcher  who,  in  his  geog- 


254 


SCIEXCE. 


[Vol-  IX.,  No.  «1S 


lapfay-lMeonB,  \n  tieatloK  \\w  Caucaaua,  will  no 
doubt  b«  cheered  bj-  tlie  reflectfon  tlial  at  the  same 
moinenl  all  tbci  Keography-tMchere  In  the  empire 
we  treating  tli«  Caaoinis.  ond,  like  bltnwlf,  »ro 
caUJng  attvntkni  to  the  points  of  stmilarity  be- 
twMD  the  Caitcnsua  and  the  PjmneM.  the  stralght- 
ne«  o(  the  two  mnun(nin-rii)Ke*,  tlip  low  plain  to 
Ihe  north  of  each,  the  omall  number  of  pasiev  in 
each,  aiid  the  r«ach  of  both  from  aea  to  sea."  For 
tiU  tJiiHia  laid  (loH-iiinthe  big  book  of  iimtrucllona. 
Moreover,  tbr  ii-ucbtrr'B  ezpreBBiuu  of  countenance 
must  U*  profcHaioDCil.  and  not  the  index  of  hia 
fevUngn :  (or  tlie  rotfulations  eipretial}-  provide  that 
•*  a  tooeber,  on  crotting  the  tbnwhold  of  th*«chool. 
inuKt  exhibit  a  cheerful  and  cunlented  counto- 
iinnco,  (o  nhoiv  that  he  baa  hia  work  at  heart." 
We  cannot  imagine oiiythiiii;  much  more  nuasen- 
«cnl  or  tlegradiiig  to  tlie  teaching  profwasion  tbaii 
tlii«.  Wu  bvllc-Tt!.  uamucbBianyitenHible  educator 
dom,  in  orgitnbuitioD  and  method  ;  but,  when  it  ia 
nllovrf-il  to  proceed  to  such  lengtha  aa  the  above 
iniitAnoeB  indicnie,  it  is  high  lime  to  call  u  halt. 
Method  gune  mail  Li  wuntu  ttmn  no  inelliod  at  all. 


Pnop.  William  StMtB  le  cerMnlr  tlie  pleuant- 
eel  and  clearest  miter  we  bare  tn  tbb  countr;-  ou 
[i^cfaologteal  topica.  Hia  sliort  aiticle».  while 
never  dlffleult  reading,  are  always  worlb  reading, 
both  from  th«  poi>ulitr  nnd  thn  icientiHc  stand- 
point. Mil  Intmt  pap<Tr,  mi  '  What  Ik  an  instinct?' 
in  Scribner'a  magatinf,  is  an  eu'ellent  example  of 
thin,  tn  alylc  and  torni  it  cUieely  rcsembteTi  Ihe 
Niine  writi-r'a  lecr-nt  paper  on  habits,  to  which  wb 
colled  atlvution  at  the  lime  of  its  publicati'm.  In 
each  A  piycliolugical  iiludy  ia  cuncluded  bf  a 
pedagogical  rule  of  practice.  Ab  in  the  prevtona 
paper  Profeisor  Jamea  pointed  out  tlie  impor- 
taniv  to  t be  teacher  of  n  knowlrdge  of  the  pay- 
ohologT  of  halrits.  80  here  he  says  that  ■'  to  delect 
Ibu  momi^nt  of  the  instinctive  reudineei  for  the 
■nhjed  ia,  then,  the  tint  duty  of  every  educator. 
As  for  the  pupils,  it  would  )>robnhly  lead  l»  a 
more  earnest  temper  on  the  |iart  of  college  stu- 
dents if  [bey  had  1ms  belief  in  their  unlimited 
future  intellectual  puteotinlilies.  and  could  be 
hrougbt  to  realise  that  whatever  physics  and 
political  economy  and  phllc^opby  tlicy  are  non- 
aoquiring,  are,  for  better  or  worse,  the  physics  and 
political  e(>onamy  and  philosophy  (hat  wilt  have 
lo  aerve  them  to  thn  end."  Pnifriuor  Jnniea  ac- 
CKpta  the  drJinltioa  that  inntincl  in  the  faculty  Ot 
Boting  in  such  a  wa7  Bs  to  produce  certain  eods, 


wltbout  fOTMdghi  of  ttw  end*,  nnd  without  pre- 
rioos  education  In  the  perfnmuinMi.  This  ia 
sll^tly  lees  epecJQc  tbnn  Ut.  Romanca'  deKnition. 
whlcb  is.  that  InMlDOt  is  a  generic  l^rm.  eompria 
ing  all  thoae  faculties  of  mind  which  are  con- 
oeraed  In  eon«cloiis  and  adaptive  action,  luiteoe- 
deul  to  individual  experience,  wiih<ml  necnaary 
knowledge  of  the  relntiou  l>e<rween  meana  i-m- 
ployed  and  end  attained,  but  similarly  i>rTfurmcd 
under  similar  an<l  freqiu-ntly  rmrurring  circunc 
Btaoce^  by  all  the  Individuals  of  tho  muou  apccica. 


norea*or  James  prefers  lo  suhenme  inslinrtiv* 
under  reflex  actions,  though  we  think  Prof.  Lloyd 
Morgan's  criticitrin  on  so  doing  deserve*  considern- 
Iton.  Frofeasor  Moigan,  with  Mr.  Komaaes,  de- 
lines  rertex  action  as  non-menial,  neoro-muacular 
adjuiitinenl,  due  to  the  luberited  mechaniam  of 
the  ncrvotM  system,  which  is  formed  to  respond  to 
particular  and  ('ft-reciirriiig  «llmuli,  by  giving  rise 
to  piirticular  uiovemcatB  of  uu  adapliie  but  not  of 
an  intfutiOLial  kind.  lie  then  asks  whether  It 
will  not  be  blotter  to  avoid  introducing  the  term 
'reflex  action '  into  the  dellnitlan  of  Instinct,  in- 
aamuch  as  a  rellex  action  Is  a  direct  response  to  & 
delinite  stimulus,  and  |>ula  the  apeciQc  question. 
Can  we  call  all  inatiiicls,  for  example  the  mi- 
gratory inatincts  of  birds,  rcllcx  actions  ¥  Pro- 
fesBor  Jaaiei  sees  clearly  tliat  tbi?  answer  to  such 
a  question  ns  this  must  rmt  upon  tlii?  pxteii"ion 
permitted  to  ifae  ttrin  *  instinct,'  and  he  himself 
confines  instinct  lo  impulHfs  to  act  resulting  from 
preaenl  «ensationa.  Tlie  writer  also  makes  good 
use  of  Schneider's  '  Der  thierische  WiJle,"  but  is 
specially  happy  in  his  demonstratiun  of  the  way 
in  which  twn  scientific  principlei  —  the  inhibitioa 
of  inatlnda  by  habits  and  the  transitoriness  of  in- 
stincts ~~  account  for  what  Mr.  Romanes  has 
called  '  dentngomcnta  of  the  mental  constitution.' 
The  paper  U  a  moat  excellent  combination  of  the 
scientiDc  and  tho  popular,  and  we  heartily  com> 
mend  It  to  all  intelligent  readere. 


Is  TBK  LiWOOS  Jourmtl «/ tduFalion  for  Ftebni- 
ary,  the  Rev.  R.  U.  Quick  has  an  article  on  *  Dr. 
Paulsen  and  Ihe  curriculum  of  the  future.'  which 
cnntainsthesiirpriaingstatement  that  the  writer  — 
and  Dr.  Quick  is  one  of  Bnglimd'a  lieet  Infunncd 
educators  and  edutntional  writers  —  had  nut  seen 
or  heard  any  mention  in  England  ot  Dr.  Pnulsen'a 
■  History  of  the  higher  iustrucljon  in  Germany.' 
He  then  proceeds  lo  paraphrase  the  major  pDrtion 


OB  Jl 


Uakch  is,  I8S7.] 


8CIE2^CE. 


399 


of  Pr.  Paulwn's  cnneludinu  elLaplM-,  and  toa|iply 
ito  watinu-'DtB  to  Uut  iliw-UHinn  lu  tu  ihi^  nnturi!  of 
tJut  cuniculutt)  iif  thn  futiiiv.  W<-  tixv  mfvvni 
thoutmnd  mtlm  farther  from  Brrlm  tbun  uur 
Engliiih  vo-iratktT*,  jot  Dr.  PuuliM.'n'ii  name  And 
thon^t  Mv  wt-ll  known  hem.  In  fact,  the 
Aeadtmn  publUhnJ  r«M!ni)>',  iii  Wm  form  of  a 
supjiUMDi-nt,  ii  oiitiiplot«  anil  vwry  Mirpllitnt  Irniui- 
latioii  of  Dr.  PbuIubii's  now  celi^bratrd  final  ehji[>- 
t«r.  Wi<  cunnot  undcmtnnd  Hu:  Englidi  ignorujiti! 
of  PauliH.-u'a  work  and  slaliu.  unlrn  Uiat  pmiplv 
fails  to  read  all  i!ducalii>nal  Utcruturv  publiuluNl 
olf  the  I»laiul  of  Albion,  wbivh  is  nn  opinion  we 
■hall  b«  r«ry  sorry  to  hold.  Profvaiur  PaLd<«u  la 
one  of  tlitr  uoat  i>0|jidar  prof«iMoni  in  the  E)t-rlin 
faculty,  and  he  kclunra  to  lar)^  audienciw  uf  uto- 
denlfl.  Uv  ia  alto  a  councillor  of  uale  for  t-duca- 
tloo  aod  one  of  tlw  state  board  of  «iaininc-ra  of 
the  caudidat«H  for  liu-naM  to  leach,  and  haa  in  a 
variety  of  ways  eien-isi'd  a  wide  influence  on 
Pnuaian  edui-ulion.  His  philosophical  w-riUncs 
are  of  a  very  bi|;li  order,  auil  he  is  surpamed  bjr 
no  one  in  hia  critical  luasury  of  the  faistory  and 
phlloeoph}'  of  education. 


Tin  DOUBLE  vxmsm  of  the  Librurg  Jourmt!, 
b»«ringtbe  dat«  January  and  February,  will  be 
r«ry  valuable  fur  future  reference  becauae  of  the 
tablod  It  contaiiiH  cuoceming  (lie  librarieH  of  the 
United  Htoles.  The  slntistk-s  ate  lakm  in  the 
first  instance  from  advance  iiheeta  of  the  forlhoom* 
ing  report  of  ilie  but«au  of  education,  and  an  ad- 
dition la  Blade  uf  the  notnee  of  the  librarians  and  a 
cjassincatlon  uf  ilie  libraries  arcurduig  to  aiie. 
The  Koveniinenl  lh<t  coniprlHM  all  Uhrariea  having 
900  volnroe«  or  over,  and  ooutnlns  0,889.  The 
Ltbrttrj/  JourruU,  however,  only  reprints  the  in- 
fctrmalion  concerning  tbo»e  of  1.000  volumes  or 
over,  and  these  number  j.Wl,  Forty-oeven  of 
these  liave  over  50.000  volumes;  and  among  the 
forty-se«'en  are  the  public  libraries  of  Boston, 
Cliloago,  and  Cincinnati,  and  the  libraries  of 
Harvard,  Columbia.  Vale.  Cornell,  and  Brown 
vniveiBltiei'.  ThAwforly-sei-en  litirari<««ggngtite 
S.03ll.4Te  volumes :  and  the  whole  list  of  5,88S 
Kbrariea  aggre){«t«H  SU.eaS.OTA  volumM,  or  one 
volume  to  every  Ihree  persons  in  the  counliy. 
In  round  numtierB,  the  United  8tat««  hns  one 
library  tu  every  ten  thousand  of  populatiOD,  thOQK^ 
in  many  Dlales  the  proportion  u  far  grrat^r.  New 
Uampsliire.  for  example,  has  »  library  to  every 
3.700  persons.    The  DeiKhboring  states  of  Massa* 


ch»w4t*  ai>d  Cnnnectinut  furnish  a  library  to  every 
S,liM  and  3,479  pcr«>n«  rcsi|ii>ctiri'ly,  Califoraui, 
Colnnwlo,  WyomiiiR,  nnd  Michj^nn  hiadJ  well  np 
on  Ibe  llHt.  The  iK>Ut)i<'rn  ntstrn,  ri  mi|;ht  be  ez- 
peMed,  mako  tho  worst  showing,  Arkanaas  brin^- 
tnjt  up  the  rwir  with  onn  libmry  lo  every  50,108  of 
]N>pii  lotion. 


A  TEKDRKCT  Is  observable  on  tlie  part  of  many 
young  liiitiihiiii.  whose  aMtbiulasm  and  imagina- 
tion are  roused  by  the  great  disoovsriea  of  modrra 
science,  lo  substltnte  in  tbetr  initnMtioa  Um 
method  of  discovery  for  th*  method  of  nxpoidtjon. 
Excepting  for  sflvancod  stuili-nta.  in  univmity 
ootiremnnd  tlie  like,  ihe»uiwtitutii>n  is  ratlwfr con- 
fusing titan  beneficial.  Thi-  young  child  coimot 
rise  to  on  appreciation  of  the  Tvlatiims  between 
isolated  facts  ravo  an  th(«e  are  useil  tn  illustratiuo 
of  a  principle.  Tliere  must  be  soiue  support  on 
which  to  hang  the  facts  in  iiiuatiun.  it  tho  fluid 
Is  tn  grasp  tlieir  sjgnitlautcp.  For  tliia  mison  we 
believe  that  there  is  a  stiige  in  education  when  it 
is  prefomble  to  state  a  mmplc  principle,  and  then 
lUiistntte  it  fidly,  than  to  pnvent  the  pupil  with  a 
oongeriee  of  facts  with  the  rniuAit  that  he  aaoer- 
tain  their  ratationaand  cuukbI  (Ixi-ciiddnoe.  Yet  a 
great  many  young  nnd  WKlI-insinH'tcd  ~  nave  in 
pedagogics  —  teoeheni,  undnrctanding  theinnelvea 
the  value  and  purpoer*  of  the  mi-thod  of  inv«ti- 
gation,  demand  of  thcdr  pupibi  what  ttie  latt«rare 
not  able  to  give.  The  fact  idiould  be  recognixed 
that  the  method  of  exposition  has  a  det<inDined 
place  In  education,  and  should  be  awarded  it. 


Dr.  Ijdcy  M,  HaU.,  physician  to  Vassar  col- 
lege, in  a  short  paper  in  the  PopiUar  scfesoe 
tnemlhly,  brings  lo  the  di'cuwIoD  concerning  tho 
higher  education  of  women  Inaugurated  by  Dr. 
Withers-Moore-^to  which  we  have  alluded  seriera) 
times  alraody  —  some  conclusions  deduced  from 
statistica  gathered  by  heraelf  concerning  the  num- 
ber of  children  horn  to  women  who  have  purciiod 
a  conm  of  higher  education.  The  stntiRtini  wers 
gnthcnid  for  the  pnrpow  of  measuring  tlie  great 
falling-off  in  numbers  In  the  American  family, 
and,  though  by  no  means  oomplel*-,  tbey  honr  dl- 
reetty  upon  the  question  at  Issue.  The  data  wmo 
taken  from  all  grades  of  American  lifn  sn^-e  that 
found  In  eitreme  poverty.  Tho  women  were,  as 
a  rule,  simply  edumted.  X  fow  wt-rtt  mon-  highly 
educated,  and  the  flgurm  show  that  the  largetft 
famlUra  of  the  present  gen«mUi>n  belong  to  the 


256 


8CIENCJS. 


[Vou  IX..  No.  ats 


most  hiKbl7«hicnt«'do(llie«Oinein.  One  liundrcd 
anil  Kvonly-flvp  famOki'  gh»  an  attni^  of  3.2 
cbildn-n  to  nnrh.  Of  the  f«w  really  laree  faiullim, 
the  «vii]i'm!R  Hhmirs  the  molhen  to  liat e  been  in 
inotil  cnMv  well  Ftliir-Btetl,  and  In  a  Tew  cues  ex- 
»|itiuDiitl]  BO.  Dr.  HaU'a  own  experience  liaa 
beeii.  that  ynung  wonKdi  in  cotl«g«-  ate  ununially 
healtliy,  udiI  liectime  incrrasingly  %a  n»  (he  course 
pro^^rtwii's,  She  i|U(itee  Pnjeidenl  Bnscom,  of  Ihe 
Dnivti^ty  of  Wtttf^insiii.  iis  »iying,  ■■  Tlie  yoitnu 
wooil'H  do  iml  seem  to  di-tcrinral^  vrith  ne  in 
health,  but  quite  tli«  upjxisite.  ...  It  has  lon^ 
aeenteil  lu  iu<r  plain  that  a  young  woman  who 
withdraws  hftaelr  from  soricty  and  gives  heraelf 
Judidoualy  loa  coltege  course  it  far  better  eimim- 
atanced  in  refi'r«uce  to  lutallh  ihan  (he  gr^nt  ma- 
jority of  her  aex." 


QESICKAL  imrCUOLOGV.  ITS  DEFt.MTlON, 

LIMITH.  AND  METHOD.' 

!. 

It  Is  Dec«^^ry  at  the  oomDiencement  of  this 
matise,  not  to  define,  —for  that  U  almmt  lui- 
poesible,  —  but  to  ex|ilain,  the  meanlnx  of  the 
term  'general  paycbology.'  In  fafcl.  iiiKil  iiow 
the  term  hiu  been  very  rarely  used;  and  in  all 
•ci<-DtJfi(^  liierattire  Uiere  is  no  work,  ao  fur  ai>  oiu" 
knnwImlKe  exLcii'lH,  itiat  iicttni  tliin  title. 

PsycholoRy.  as  unhiiarily  undenrtoud,  in  the 
w-iniice  of  iiilellitteiice  :  Ihus  nil  depond*  upon  the 
extension  gi»eo  to  tlie  wort  ■  intrllijcmoe.*  Tahen 
etymological  I  y  only.  iatelliKvitcc  irignlftes  thecom- 
preheTiHKiu  of  things,  nr  th(>  knowledKe  oE  the 
causes  I'f  action  ;  Imt  taken  thus,  (he  trtai  is  (ou 
narrow,  for  n  follow*  that  there  Is  no  iulelli^ncr 
Nive  in  eonnpcdon  with  a  aelf-cunsciuus  being. 
An  uacoDniTioua  intelllfnoice  would  be,  viewed 
etymologicaUy,  a  meaniiiglctia  phnme.  niece  to 
oomjjrvheiid  a  ihing  would  imply,  h>-  dcBnition, 
tbecouBciuusueMof  ibevomprrhenBion.  Hut  the 
lnftanoe»  of  unconacioua  tnlelligcnce,  nlMiird 
though  the  expre^oo  is,  are  certainly  man)  and 
convineiug.  Take,  for  example,  the  ordinary  oc- 
eurrence  of  the  »iliilinn  of  a  problem  during 
sleep,  though  he  who  solves  llie  problem  is  in 
total  igncranee  of  it.  Can  it  be  denied  that  an 
intellectual  iirot.Tiw  Is  here  involved?  Wp  must, 
then,  admit  that  there  are  intellectual  phenomena 
which  ate  unconscious  or  iieuly  eo ;  and  tbite- 
(ore  paycboloxy  cannot  be  limilod  to  Ihe  ntudy  of 
Mlf-cooscious  iulelligeucva.  The  ehief  dilllcully 
here  Is  in  the  laiigimge,  rinc*  no  other  term  ex- 
cept the  inaocuraie  one, '  intvlligenoe,*  can  be  ap- 

■  TrwuJslAd  far  thU  JOurnU  from  Um  auUior^  fortliCODi- 
at  wfirk.  onililM  ■  Ecul  J*  pijrctiolDclc  gfuHrftle.' 


pli«d  to  thiiuncooMlous  ni«nta]  activity.  Tbeox- 
pmwton -psychical  activity' la  Indeed  belte<r,tho(i(^i 
■omewbat  pedantic.  Perhapa  It  would  \\e  wore 
tItliiiK  to  U!<e  the  word  'Ideation,'  leavinit  to  the 
term  •  inteUlg«noe'  lla  precise,  oleiir.  and  i.-vidcoit 
meaning  :  namely,  (hs  ron»ciou4  comiirehensidn 
of  Ihiii^B.  I,  for  my  part,  prefer  to  giie  the  term 
'  pHydiology'  uti  application  wider  eien  than  un- 
cuntHTioiiK  ideation  and  roniu~i(iii*  intelli){enco  :  fiiT 
thi-(c  are  nutnei'oUK  beinj:*  which  porforni  coiU' 
plicjilnd  ncU  that  are  called  tustincttve,  in  which 
no  intelUgence,  whether  cnuadous  or  unronacious, 
is  involved.  Can  it  he  i>ai<l  that  psychology  take* 
no  notice  of  instinct  ?  Surely  ita  cxcIuHion  would 
bei)erimtted  by  nu  one.  Inslinel  is  a  piydiic  force, 
intelligent  as  to  the  end  in  view,  if  not  as  to  the 
meanii  employed.  This  Is  sufH<-ien(  to  sli'c  its 
place  hi  general  |«j  I'hology. 

Even  il  the  aot  performed  is  not  iiuderslooil  by 
the  agent,  it  is  nevertheless  iierfectl)'  adapted  to  tia 
end.  Thus  a  vague  and  latent  intelligence,  of 
which  we  cannot  deny  the  exIslADcv.  is  inani- 
fmLed.  Murvowr,  weciui  Ijoce  all  the  gra-JatiooB. 
in  a  clearly  dcHnml  hierurchy,  from  hlind  instinct 
t"  wholly  coniicious  intelligence.  Tliere  are.  (hen, 
divene  psychic  forces,  —  instinct  or  la(ent  iatetli- 
gence  ;  Ideation  ur  unconscious  intelligenoe  ;  and, 
tlnoUy,  itit«lligeuoe  properly  so  called,  that  is, 
oonsciotis  intelligence. 

But  what  are  the  sources  of  instinct?  Wlience 
doM  it  arise  ?  Wo  do  not  fear  to  go  on  to  encli 
ct'Dseipieiices  as  general  jisychnlngy  may  point 
out.  Just  as  the  loOlogista  and  «iiihryologlM(s 
assign  to  beioK*.  however  diverse,  tiie  hiiiiitjle 
ciHgin  of  a  primary  cell,  so  we  way  trace  all 
psychic  forces,  iuslinclive  and  iulelligrnt.  to  lliwr 
huiiibli'  urigiu  in  an  ricini-ntary  rrtlcx  action. 
Instint:!  in  not  ulwuyii  no  complicated,  ns  it  IS 
usual  lu  sujipoHc,  when  the  IcTni  is  employed 
without  qnal  ill  cation.  Unqiiextionahly  the  Inst'nct 
of  Ihe  mother  who  liends  lovingly  ove«  the  cradle 
of  her  child,  that  of  the  bee  that  builds  its  hex- 
agonal ("ell,  and  that  of  the  insect  which  poitona 
tlitt  body  of  its  victim  lieliind  the-  sroond  cephalic 
ling,  constitute  complex  inti-llrctual  opernti'imi,  of 
which  the  |Mychulu;:tcal  chamoler  U  nndwiiable. 
But  how  often  is  iDslinct  innro  simplo  and  radl- 
mpntary  'I 

Xjel  (IS  lake  an  instance  whjoh  Is  of  historin  In- 
terest 1  for  it  was  by  this  example  tliat  Uescartea 
first  fntve us,  with  teinarkableprecisio'n,  the  theory 
o(  reflex  action.  Here  is  a  heated  object  :  if  tbe 
hand  touch  it,  it  Is  immediately  withdrawn.  Is 
this  Instinct,  is  it  mllex  action,  or  is  it  an  act  of 
inielligenceV  Here  is  an  act  whiih  at  the  same 
timtr  oornbinm  the  characteristic*  of  nil  three 
clauses  of  phenomona.     It  is  an  act  of  ln(elligence. 


i 


i 


UABca  18.  lan.] 


SCIJSNCE, 


257 


because  nonsdouneae,  and  coiwequeiitly  «iU.  ore 
involved  ;  it  b  toMiuctivv,  because  it  is  nn  ionltDCl 
necownry  lo  th«  pKM'rvaiioa  of  Kfc.  niKlooninMn 
to  nil  beings,  to  avoid  a  conUct  which  giro  ri*r 
to  pMin  ;  Rnnlljr,  it  i*  if  flex,  for  it  »  not  dHvr- 
mined  bjr  IIkt  will,  nnd  the  wilhitrawal  of  the 
hand  is  rAvc-tcd  hefoiv  tlw  resolve  to  withdraw  It 
\»  BMdF.  Here,  tlien,  is  ao  eleniMitarv  re'ilrs  act 
which  is  at  itie  same  time  tDtelliutnt  and  iiMtioo- 
tlve.  Aniotig  the  lower  animab  uiuu}'  iusiinctive 
mot'enM-nte  are  uutbliig  but  rellux  uclionB.  A 
limpet  cliutia  to  its  ruck :  it  is  but  alightlr  (mi- 
tvncil.  unci  movitt  but  •lowly  orn  thp  nurfatv  o* 
the  rtiiao.  Bxit  loiioh  itA  nhcll,  and  attempt  to  lift 
it.  nnil  inMancl.v  it  fa<rtens  itself  tirmly  (o  the 
rock  1  and  todetach  it  a  very  greatexiM^udituieof 
«Sort  Is  neoeasary.  lis  Qrui  adhesion  to  the  alone 
baa  been  inetlnciive,  suddenly  and  reeistlowly  d«- 
terruiiivU  by  cundict  with  tbu  a^xtesaot.  It  t'a  n 
T«ll«x  action,  but  infltinct  is  alao  inrolred. 

It  is  truly  iin))niudbtp  to  say  just  where  instinct 
beginannd  rt-AxXBCtinDendii.  Tbetwnpbeiioniena 
inlerininicle,  and  inntinct  sliould  be  tei^arded  as  a 
complicated  re^x  action. 

'  Int»lllg«<noe. ' '  instinct,' '  reflex  action,'  —  tbeae 
are  the  three  terms  of  iwycbology.  Bciwwn  thrae 
tJin-p  forniD  of  activity  Iherr  in  no  Imrricr.  no 
hiaiua.  no  abyi«.  The  grathition  is  regnlar  and 
wilhout  leap.  And  why  should  it  nui  be  so  J' 
Where  in  nature  can  suddcu  traosiUous,  tbi-«xisl- 
cnce  of  which  was  druie<l  »ven  by  Arialolk-.  be 
found?  SuddL-D  uiipearancen  of  a  new  pbi-n(ini<>- 
non  are  not  kiion'n.  Ik-lween  the  man  and  the 
animal  there  i*  hardly  any  diBtinctioo.  Thcrv  is 
hardly  any  between  ihn  nnimsl  and  the  plant,  and 
the  beginning]!  at  peychology  are  in  the  tiegin- 
nings  of  lif^  iteeK.  It  would  be  a  usel<^  ta^lt  to 
alleni|it  to  limit  psychology  (o  tlie  phenoiuena  of 
instinct  or  of  Inielligvnce.  I^grebolcfar  ooniukenom 
witli  reflex  action ;  w>  that  its  domain  incJadra 
elementary  rirllex  a<;tion.  tlw  nioromcnl  by  which 
the  liiii]>H  clings  closer  to  the  rock,  ax  well  iia  the 
most  complicittiil  inlellccluid  operation,  for  in- 
stance, the  disu-iiEsioD  of  the  Abellan  functions. 
In  wluit  follows  we  shall  see  how,  by  sucoeestve 
tit«p>,  paychiral  action  frees  itself  littl*  by  little 
from  the  elementary  reQex  phetioaienun.  Our 
aim  bna  been  to  take  tlie  paychio  phenomenon  ikt 
Km  origlo,  however  humble  that  may  bi>.  and  to 
follow  it  in  ltd  |irugre«>  through  the  nnintnrniplod 
writ)*  of  lining  beings. 

XL 

It  is  this  synthetic  treatment  thai  Mvms  to 
us  to  nterit  the  title  of  ■  general  psychology.' 

The  term  is  rarely  ii»ed  :  but  «c  lieUi-Te  that  it 
dasorvM  to  take  ita  place  among  the  aoicncex.   We 


tpeak  of  general  physiology,  and  the  teirm  is  per- 
fectly detinitp.  Tbe  ame  t4iaukl  Xx  true  of  general 
payclialogy.  Chemistry  is  the  scim<.v  that  Ireala 
of  the  molecular  tnuMfomwtion  of  matter.  Ac- 
cording to  thi>  f4and-p(Mnl  that  ia  taken,  we  have 
a  chemistry  witliont  any  pnrtienilar  dwignatioD, 
treating  of  all  t)>«  divisions  of  cbemblry,  or  wr 
have  mineral  chemistry,  organic  chemistry,  jdiyd- 
olc^cnl  cfaemiitry.  indiwtrial  ctwnii>try.  aDnl>ti- 
cnl  obemiotry.  But  there  ii  abw  a  fieneral  chem- 
istry, which  pOHH*  oi-cr  in  ailenci!  IkiiIi  the  par- 
ticnlar  facte,  the  detailx  of  which  are  without 
nuinliear.  as  well  ns  their  applicatiotu  and  the 
technique  built  upon  them,  while  only  the  genaral 
laws  of  ciiemislry  are  discussed.  Thespecial  sub- 
ject of  gi-neral  cbembiTy  is  the  tolaUty  of  the 
molecular  tmiuformationsof  matter,  —  ihetlieory 
of  aloma,  their  affinities  and  claMifiration*.  the 
ei]aiTaleaco  of  forops,  and  »o  fortli.  Pbyni^ilogy, 
or  the  eclemoe  of  life,  cnn  aUo  be  studied  from 
dlv«t«e  points  of  view.  Wc  hare  physiolog}- 
witliout  any  particular  designation,  which  com- 
prchenda  all  thr  aubdiolslons  of  the  science  ;  bn- 
mun  pliysioloBy.  which  studies  spedally  the  vital 
phenomcnn  »r  man  and  the  higher  animals  ;  coin- 
jiamtivc  pliyriolugy.  which  treats  of  the  vital 
functions  of  all  animalo  in  comparing  tbe  life  of 
all  beings  from  the  lowest  of  animal  fuatns  to 
man.  which  is  the  highe«tdav«loiiroent ;  regctaUe 
pbysiologT.  which  Ireata  of  (he.  vital  function*  i>f 
plnnln  ;  |mtbological  physiology,  which  hss  to  do 
with  the  functiona  of  life  as  modified  by  disoase  : 
and,  flnaltr.  gMwral  phyiiiotogy,  of  which  life  in 
general  fomu  th«  subject- matter.  Details  are 
passed  over  in  silence,  for  tboy  are  due  to  xpecial 
conditions  which  are  almcet  inrnrtably  pcctdiar  to 
some  group  of  animals  or  other. 

Ijucli  is  the  rvii'sim  cTUrt  of  general  ]>liysiolOK.v. 
It  in  thi'  nyiitli>-KiH  of  all  pbtsiology,  but  of  physi- 
ology apart  fruta  the  myriad  of  details  which  en- 
cumber it.  an>i  tw>t  forth  only  in  its  main  outlines 
and  in  its  most  general  laws.  White  the  dawio 
works  of  pliyeiology  develop  tlio  cuiiii)l«xity, 
which  is  almost  inllnitc,  of  lh«  vital  Fuuclion, 
geueral  physiotogy  presonU  n*  the  picttire  ol  tl^e 
grand  unity  of  Uf«  as  it  Is  maniret^nl,  under 
forms  NO  extremely  di>en«e,  on  the  surface  of  the 
mrlb, 

PNycbulogy,  like  physiology,  falls  Into  several 
very  distinct  diviciona.  There  is  a  jNiycbology 
without  designation,  which  treats  of  pnychulogy 
in  i's  entir<tty  and  UDdtr  all  ita  pbnaes :  also  a 
human  poyohology,  limited  to  the  study  of  the 
inteltigenoe of  man;  alsoa  oompamtive  psychol- 
ogy, by  which  are  analyiad  the  phenomena  of 
inlvUigenee  exhibited  by  animnls  imd  allied  to 
thoae  manifested  by  man  himself  ;  a  patbologicsl 


4 


i 


258 


8CIEKCE. 


(Vol.  IX..  Ho  »16 


pcjrcholo^.  which  d«gcribe>  snd  esplaioa  Uie 
■DoditlcaiionH  of  thi-  huuiiin  iiilrlUg«rDc«  nuMil 
hj  ilisniM-' :  and,  Ijonlly,  u  gcoi-ral  pKyr^hologj. 
which,  without  tnkinj;  up  nil  thp  dptnils  of  !(■ 
nabjcct-niatwr  with  tMr  BnntjFim  and  compnri- 
•onis  MrirM  to  brinii;  to  n  fociu  the  facta  of  which 
the  delaila  are  nuu)berl(»«.  In  a  word,  Kenerul 
IMj'cholo);;  att«i(ipta  lo  form  a  fljntliesia,  proOt- 
iiiK  hy  Ui«  aoalyDtt  inode  by  human  and  conipnra- 
tire  pnjrt'hology. 

For  griiMal  iKiirf^holii);^.  lu  for  general  phyoial- 
ogy,  but  omp  mctliod  in  ponihl^,  —  the  expcrl- 
iD«Dt«l.  And  as  to  Ihlp.  a  sliott  explanation  is 
WHnllal,  in  order  that  a  confuaiou  loo  rre- 
quontlv  made  may  be  avoided.  A*  a  matter  of 
fact,  an  opinion,  ver^  enay  of  refutation,  in  fre- 
qnently  atlribut«d  lu  tlie  d«rvndM«  of  oxjieri- 
mental  pivchulogv.  The?  uri-  mid  lo  admit  noth- 
ing but  fxperienc«,  and  to  dm;  the  Tnlidlt;  of 
introvpccijon  or  the  internnJ  ppnw.  But,  on  the 
rontrary,  no  jihyaioJogkc  I)h*>  eier  thoiijEht  of  set- 
tlHK  a^ldv  the  subjective  oliatTTation  of  the  ele- 
ments of  knowledge.  How  can  we  Mudy  the 
effects  of  memory  or  of  imagination,  unltwa  we 
observe  uuraelrea?  Who  is  thi.-  phyiiiuliigiiit  or 
naturalibl  tliat  iipholda  this  opinion  ?  iind  why 
iiunbai  it,  when  no  one  drfi-ndht  itf  Intrrnnl 
obsfTtation  g}\m  lu  a  psychukiKy  l)a«ed  on  t>xpe- 
riencK- wbk-h  i*  quit«  n*  iegitiiiiat«  and  quite  na 
fluilfiil  a»  the  m^iol  thoroughly  exjieiimrntul 
pbysKiloiiJ'  can  Ike  Intflttiued  to  be.  Tlu.*  fncU 
gained  from  IbeMudy  of  lhee(;i>are()uii4!aMvnlii- 
able.  )iro*ided  ihey  han-  been  obseritii  rHrcfttlly 
and  iiii-lhuiliciilly.  uh  thf  (iliy^olo^icnl  ]>)ienomena 
recordc>d  in  the  lalxnatorica  hy  the  moat  per- 
fect methoils  that  our  modem  technique  baa 
dnviaott. 

But,  however  Important  Ihia  iiitemni  oliAvrva- 
tion  may  be  when  it  addimwa  itoulf  to  conscious 
nnv.  It  can  be  applied  to  hut  a  singto  object,  the 
knowled)^  of  the  ryo.  Beyond  thin  it  is  dnngeir- 
oua  and  eterile.  In  is  not  intemid  obaerration 
which  tHIs  us  how  the  stntH  tiiove.  nnd  what  the 
prupnrtira  of  ninttcr  may  Iki.  It  knonit  and  stud- 
ie*  tlK>  tgo.  It  olnervea  Itwlt,  It  Judges  Itwlf.  but 
It  Is  foi'blildeo  tu  leave  tlila  domain  of  tlie  ego,  — 
a  doiuHiu  BO  vaat  thai  numtierlectt  diacuverim  are 
yet  lo  be  miidc  in  it,  and  yet  bo  nuirow  that  the 
ego'i  unaalinlii-d  i;urionity  urges  it  eai^rly  beyond 
it.  But  here  iicimiir  alone,  wilb  il«  rigiirous  meth- 
od*, it*  ncciimtn  appnrntns,  and  its  exn:c-t  nieasure- 
roenls,  can  mak?  a  proRresB  which  is  slow  but  sure. 
In  a  word,  lntroapei:tion  can  only  liope  to  know 
the  facts  of  comciousneM.  The  xeneral  proper- 
ties oi  OTKank  inattei'.  whether  it  \»  inert  or  en- 
dowed with  thought,  remain  for  it  unknown. 
They  fall  williin  the  province  of  phy»ic»,  oheu- 


Islry.  and  pliysl'ilogy.  Introspection  can  only 
judj{e  plienoineim. 

But  thli  is  euuiniou  lo  all  the  Hclences.  Never- 
t.lictfsj  it  iipptit-6  finrtinilurly  lu  jiHyobolnKy,  which 
proeecds  by  introBpcction  carried  on  with  itreat 
care.  For  pejuhology  cannot  cxperimeql ;  it  can 
only  observe.  And  it  is  well  known  that  acienoea 
founded  upoii  oh«en'allon  are  not  so  rich  n«  are 
acieuces  of  experinienl,  In  conchHions  of  Tnrinia 
and  far-reinchinp  import.  Under  all  circumstances 
wo  nre  forbidden  lo  ratiociiinlr.  thul  Is  to  ^ay, 
to  construct  systems  of  melaph^niai  imd  i>f  Iraa. 
scendenlal  (ihysics.  That  which  pxtehology  cut 
do,  and  which  II  alone  can  do.  is  to  ohK-rve  tha 
phenomena  of  conscioiisDe«e.  Beyondthat.it  is 
but  an  illudan. 

Thus  general  peyclio)Ok:y.  aided  now  by  Intro- 
Kpedion.  now  by  (he  study  of  organic  l>ein>[S.  now 
by  experiment,  rxteitda  from  the  low«l  animal 
all  the  way  up  b>  man.  But  ia  thin  Jtn  whoh- 
ephero?  For  inr  i«rt,  we  do  not  hnsitntc  to  taj 
yes ;  for.  If  there  should  exist  in  nature  intelli- 
gences or  conscious  poweis  analocous  to  Iho»e  of 
man,  tbey  have  uiit  yet  beeu  tevealed  to  ti-.  As- 
nureilly  it  would  be  ahaiird  to  auppose  ihul  this 
nirth  iiloDc,  among  alt  the  inlinily  of  worlds,  is 
thn  only  porlinn  of  nimcc  whrrtt  inlrlligent  heinga 
exi"t.  Tlie  vi-ry  fact  that  men  cxUt  mi  the  f«rlh 
rrudemitextrirniely  pioliahle  that  lite  Iihh  appeurL-d 
ou  other  alurfialBu,  and  I  hat  there  exict  there  ink-lli- 
gcnoes  aiuiilar  lu  oMTS.  The  ('hern icul  corti|>onttion 
of  the  stars  is  ntmost  the  same  aa  Ihut  of  niir 
planet,  and  consequently  the  same  phrnomcna 
ought  to  be  manifest  there  as  here.  But  our  fee- 
ble science  cannot  go  so  far.  We  are  Ihntled  loa 
lerteslrlal  psychology,  which  Is  probably  tbeoidy 
one  of  which  man  can  ever  know  any  thing. 
Though  Ihua  restricted  to  the  animal  world  and  to 
the  coiisciouspem  of  the  eyo,  pmoral  pmychology, 
presenting  fuete  in  their  totality  and  not  in  detail, 
is  not  only  a  srietice  of  iuimense  8Cope.  but  the 
moat  attraetive  of  all  the  departnieut«  of  human 
knowledge.  Ciubles  IttcHBT, 


•  OKOORAPUICAL  NOTHS. 

Europe. 

Some  more  detailed  news  of  the  Riviera  earth- 
quake of  Feb.  23  hue  been  received.  The  facta,  so 
far  na  they  ate  of  sctenliflc  intereil,  are  summed 
up  by  Father  Denza  of  the  Mootcalieh  oljaerra. 
lory.  He  Etatea  that  the  shaken  area  extended 
to  the  east  along  a  line  leaving  the  plains  of  Lorn- 
hardy  at  Loinetllna,  and  pawiing  by  the  diatrict  of 
AleMiandria  (u  the  Klviera  di  Levtmle,  and  weat* 
word  over  all  the  weiilern  Alpa,  proreetling  to- 


Uahob  18,  1W)7.] 


nE2fCE. 


2&9 


wxrds  SwitxerlanJ  lu  far  *b  Geneva  and  beyoail, 
and  to  Parit  and  Condca.  Tlie  cenire  of  (crraMM 
intvniiitr  was  in  the  GuU  of  Oenoa.  alone  a  Itne 
divtilitig  Ibp  pliK'i-  wlierL'  the  ApVDDinM  join  tlie 
Alp».  and  (^xtcnilins  from  Etevonn  (o  Mcntone. 
Th(^  wrlliquaki-  •prend  oivt  tho  ralky  of  th*  B(w- 
Hilda,  and  did  ci>iMidm<l>lA  damagf'  in  n  portion 
of  the  )irovinc«  of  Cuneo,  as  also  in  tlip  provincm 
of  Alessandria  and  Turin,  it  being^  very  liit«nMi  on 
Moot  Ceaia.  It  vra«  KliKhter  on  tlie  plaina  and  in 
tlio  vnllfj-  of  ihf  uroviofi-  of  Novant.  In  tbe 
plaov  whrr«>  the'  iitrthquttko  wati  moat  intmae  tlie 
principal  aliooka  nprc  thrrp  in  numbitr.  and  with 
a  sliKht  difference,  deprndinx  prolmbly  on  Ibi?  dif- 
ference of  clocks,  onrrtopond  to  the  times  indi- 
cated by  tbe  Belf-mic  lnetmment«  Bt  Moi)t«tlierl ; 
namely,  tbe  first  at  $.33  a.m..  Ibe  «ecoDd  at  6.SI, 
and  the  third  at  S.SS.  In  Ihc  plitrc«  nesr  the 
eenlrt!  of  moli'in  slight  nhocki  occurn.-d  at  inter- 
vain  nil  ihroiigh  the  day.  The  MTVrmt  and  inoat 
terrible  Hliock  wan  ilie  llrsi.  which  wm  tuidulatory 
In  aereral  plucee.  oscillatory,  and  perhaps  rota* 
lory.  It  waa  neveral  liiDeti  prolonged  and  acceol- 
uat«d.  At  Montcalictri.  as  well  aa  at  Tuiinaad  elw- 
wberd,  it  hnd  three  principal  ropetiiion*,  plainly 
•rIdMOtd  hj  the  oounes  traced  by  tbe  resiatmiti; 
wtemofcnipli.  These  augmentationa  of  Intensity 
were  inisiakeuly  reguided  by  some  as  eo  many 
distinct  ihorks.  Tbe  dominant  direction  of  the 
Brat  undulaiory  shock  wbs  from  went  to  ttoxl.  with 
slight  deviations  at  intervals  from  west  and  north- 
west  to  east  and  aouth-eusl,  and  with  oecillatory 
and  very  slight  vibnitioim.  Tbi-  two  oiber  ebocks 
were  also  undiiliilorT,  and  tbi-  laiil  was  rather 
more  intonm  thtui  the  srcond,  but  without  niu-'h- 
Inic  the  IniensHy  of  the  llrst.  The  second  and 
third  haA  about  the  tame  ilirection  as  the  flr«t. 
Thm  (iaTtIi(|uukc,  in  |itu4M.-s  where  it  «-as  very  se- 
tenr,  WHS  uFcxmipanied  by  rumhlinfpi.  It  will  be 
nmt^mbnred  thnl  sligbt  sltockn  caotinu<Kl  during 
the  followinR  daj's.  Tlipf^i  havp  occnrrrd  at  in* 
lervals  since,  the  latest  lieiuK  rejxirted  on  March 
11.  At  Mcnioue  and  Porto  Maurixlo  tlieae  shocks 
were  the  moat  vioWut  onw  nince  Feb.  23. 

A  sdenlific  and  industriai  ezbibitiuii  will  be 
opened  nt  Rknl^-rinrhiirK  in  May  ooxt.  The  min- 
ing indiistnes  of  the  ITml  MnuntRlnti  will  bn  well 
repmented.  Special  Interest  will  attach  to  the 
Jcpartinent  of  ethnography,  as  It  bns  l^eeo  ar- 
ranged that  there  simll  be  is  the  exliibition  a 
niimher  of  familini  brkmging  to  the  niitive  tribes 
of  tlm  Ural  Mounlnins  and  Sibrrin.  Their  dwell- 
ings  nill  be  fiactly  like  thnM>  in  whirh  they  usu- 
ally lire,  and  they  will  have  with  tliem  the  wrapnna 
and  ImplementH  used  by  tbem  in  huntloK  and  Hnh- 
Ing.  Another  important  element  will  be  a  collec- 
lion  at  aauient  objects  in  utone.  Iione.  clay,  and 


nuttal,  found  in  Siberia  and  nmonj;  the  Vn\ 
ilountaliM.  Th«w  objects  have  nerer  before  been 
publicly  exblblt«d. 

Oxford  has  agreed,  in  answer  to  tlte  representa- 
tiu[iB  of  the  Koyal  ReogTii|>liical  dociety,  to  found  a 
rrndcnliip  in  nceoxruphy,  bMiring  all  tbir  vxiienife 
thereof.  rnmlxiilKr  Iuk  deti-rminni  to  lak«  ■ 
■imibir  step,  the  RroRrapliictl  society  payinff  )l>l' 
tite  stipend  of  the  lecturer. 

A*ia. 

The  Rueiisn  trai-eller  M.  OgorodnikoA  wiw  told 
at  Hesbed  tbnt  there  ant  tin-minen  ni>ar  that  city 
and  in  rarions  parts  of  Khonnsan.  In  nn  arttclo 
in  the  Rrv«f  wu-nliJUpir,  M.  Berthelol  points  out 
tlutt  this  accords  with  a  pstssaice  in  8lrab<>,  who 
•peaks  (book  iv.  ch.  il.  10]  of  tin-miiim  in  Dran- 
giantt,  the  ancient  naa>e  for  tlie  region  nuw  call«l 
sonllirm  Khorsasao.  If  thi'tir  really  hiirr  bnrn 
tin-mines  in  this  district  from  tiioi>  immrmorinl. 
Iht-re  can  be  little  doubt  that  they  supplietl  the  tin 
for  tbe  bronxes  of  sactont  £;Eypt  and  Assyria. 

Kramiof,  who  was  eeni  out  by  the  Kusaiait  geo- 
Rrnphii-iil  iiociety  to  explore  the  Klutn-tegrl.  Bn- 
isli(^  hit  rxpiurnlion  of  ihit  Ba)ka«h  region,  and 
went  to  Karn-Kul  InM  mimmrr,  wbtrre  he  intended 
to  Join  his  companion,  I.  V.  Ignjitief.  He  re- 
ports tliat  Ibe  rirer  Kan-Boo,  which  is  indicntnl 
in  the  mapa.  does  not  exiM.  He  found  only  a 
small  waltT-timr:*  culled  Kara-Soi.  which  Is  dry 
at  ell  teunns.  All  the  riverw  coming  from  tbe 
inountillns  of  At-lmken  are  lonR  sina'  dried  ap. 
Tlie  Ala-Kul  has  so  llttlf  wat<T  Ihnl  the  Kirgbia 
have  been  able  I©  ctvisb  It  on  lioreetieck  ever  since 
about  tlvxr  yeaTH  ago,  the  horws  having  to  swim 
only  Urtj  yards,  la  apring  the  rivers  are  liigher. 
The  waler  of  tlie  west  sidu  of  the  lake  la  freeli, 
that  of  the  c«nlml  port  brackish,  and  in  the 
□orllieni  (wrts  It  depoHiIs  salt.  Tht;  desert  can 
easily  be  croeted  in  all  direclions,  the  Kirghis 
knowing  many  routes  ;  aiid,  pnrticiiinrly  in  Hum- 
mer, water  may  be  met  with  about  vrrry  forty 
milML  The  river  III  is  probably  being  dHlet-tcd 
eastward.  The  water  is  stagnant  in  tlie  beds  of 
its  delta,  and  no  Bonds  have  oocorred  inllslribu- 
t^es  durini;  the  past  thrw  ycarai,  wliile  tbe  quan- 
lily  of  water  In  the  Knrlu  srems  to  he  increasing. 
Tlic  district  of  Kainan  abounds  in  woods  and 
reeds.  Tlie  Kirghis  used  to  cultivate  rice  tiere. 
At  the  preaent  time  wheat  Is  cultivati^  only  in 
•ovcm]  itistricu  of  the  desiccated  lake*,  which 
ryiquirr  no  irrisutioo.  In  llie  KtiMi-legTi,  Krw* 
nof  and  Ignntit^f  diw^ivere'l  nn  enormous  glacier. 
When  slxiut  to  cross  the  frontier  of  China,  lh«y 
were  sent  back,  ns  the  Chinese  aulboritiee  were 
not  notified  of  their  intention  to  vUt  Chinese 
terriiory. 


« 


260 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No.  SIS 


Afriea. 

The  Btimitiilla,  one  of  the  northern  tril>uuiTi«i  uf 
the  KonKo,  ih»  lower  purl  of  which  aiay  b<-  swn 
on  tlio  slcplcli-map  oootaiofxl  in  the  limt  Uxue  of 
Se»oiof.  iios  bw-ii  explored  by  IJcut.  K.  ntuirt.  who 
■Boendwl  il  on  the  Hmalt  Ht«ame<r  bplonfnnic  U>  the 
station  or  Bunftnllan.  H«i  followed  ita  cnurev  for  two 
bundre')  nnd  twenty  nill««,  when  hia  pro^reas  wua 
stopped  b_T  rapids.  It«  course  ia  very  mtaoderui);, 
dimilnr  to  tliat  of  Uie  Bivcrre.  The  t-oiintry  orimnd 
the  rirer  bt  h!l1y,  imd  inhabiml  by  tho  Sf  N,  who 
are.  tike  other  tribe«  of  central  Africa,  very  urood 
blackamithn.  The  rapids  of  the  river  are  In  lati- 
tude 8=  W  N.,  and  lonititude  33"  W.  If  thiM 
portion  Iw  cnrrect.  Junker'x  Ali-Kobo  will  probn- 
Ux  be  H  lltUe  farther  north.  Thi«  ditvrlion  of  the 
Honjcalla  i«  ni>rt)i-iriu(t  and  south-vest :  its  valley 
i*  dcnicly  woodcO. 

Lipiil«naiit  Wehrter,  late  commander  of  Die 
nation  of  HUnley  FhIIb,  ha*  retttriied  to  BruiBwIii. 
and  kIvcb  a  dcacriplion  of  the  Mbum.  th«  etwlrm 
Dibutary  of  the  Koiijku  emptying  mair  Htiuiley 
Fall*.  Ue  ascended  the  rivw  for  two  day*  in  r 
canoe.  At  the  mouth  it  imbout  1,100  fe<-t  wide. 
On  the  norllierii  aide,  a  littlo  above  the  mouth,  it 
ho*  n  Iributaiy  called  '  IJndi,'  wbii^h  conieft  from 
the  north-wiiit  and  Ik  nboul  six  hundred  fed  wide. 
The  main  river  is  called  by  the  nntivts  •  Anki- 
ambo.'  It  aoem^  to  chhk  from  the  tinnt.  At  the 
fortbM  point  n.'at^'hed  by  Webster  it  is  eight  hun- 
dreil  feet  wide.  In  two  placM  then  at©  rapids. 
The  country  Ih  u'oik)c<)  and  abounds  in  elepbauts. 
It  is  inhabited  by  the  Wabeda.  who  have  villu);<-s 
of  two  or  three  thousand  Intiabltanta  on  Uw  middle 
part  of  thi-  Mhuru. 

Accor-linK  to  a  telegnm  published  in  the 
MoHvrment  gfogrophique,  Tippo-Tip  has  declared 
his  sulnniwion  tr>  (he  Kong<i  Fivo  Stnto.  and  ex- 
presvcd  hi*  r^Kn-t  as  to  the  ntUt^k  on  the  station  of 
Stanley  Fulls  which  occurred  duriuf;  hi«  absenoe. 
As  he  bus  u  enriit  intliience  in  ceulral  Africa,  his 
SUbuuBiion  will  pro1>ablr  lead  to  tlio  rvistahlisli- 
ment  of  the  «tJillon>i  on  the  upp<.-r  Kongo 

Th"-  .Stanley  expeiMlioii  for  ttir  relief  of  Emiii 
Pasha,  which  left  Zanzibar  ntmut  three  weeks  a^, 
arrived  at  Cape  Town  on  Marrh  0,  and  proceeded 
for  the  Kongo  the  next  day. 

News  lins  Ijctti  received  from  Ernin  Tivslin  to  the 
eAecl  Ibnt  in  November  latl  lie  wimt  to  Hgnnda, 
and  that  Kinjr  Mwanga  refused  to  permit  him  to 
t(0  lhn>ii([h  the  country.  Thsn  Emin  Pa^ha 
tiied  lo  elTect  a  paiHiiKe  out  thronRh  KursKwe.  on 
the  we«t«ni  sliare  of  Lake  Nyania.  In  thi^  he 
also  failed.  He  then  returned  lo  WaJelai.  leaving 
a  detachment  of  soldiers  at  Unyoru  under  ths 
command  of  Cusoti,  his  sole  European  companion. 


AmfHca. 

Tlie  misaionuTT  K,  I.  Feck  lias  succeeded  in 
cnwaing  Labnulor  from  west  to  eaal.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1883,  in  the  summer  i>f  1883,  and  iu  the 
winter  of  the  same  VMir.  he  fai)e<l  in  hm  endeav- 
ors lo  reach  Fort  Chinio  in  Ungarn  Bay.  In 
ISM  he  started  from  his  station  on  Little  Whiile 
Kiver  on  July  17,  and  reached  Fort  Cliimo  on 
Aufc- 11.  He  travelleil  by  boat  on  the  numerous 
takes  and  rivers  of  the  peninsula,  and  white  cross- 
iuK  Clear  Wiiter  and  Seal  lakos.  The  numerous 
wnlerdhedR  ami  rapids  of  the  riven'  he  paweii  by 
making  porlagEs.  From  hi«  journal,  whkh  boa 
been  publiabed  by  the  CiiiivA  mwumari/  inMli- 
genivr  tn  lH8tt  (p.  010),  it  apjienr^  that  the  nuqis 
are  uiirelia)>l<^ ;  tiut  he  has  nut  made  uny  ubwrva- 
tioni  u'hich  would  i>nable  us  to  <Mrre(.'i  the  erron 
of  thi^  maiB.  The  fjeoftraphy  of  thin  district  is 
still  very  little  known.  It  is  even  doubtful  wheth- 
er the  western  half  of  I/ibrador  helongn  to  tlM! 
mainland,  aa,  accordinic  to  some  reports,  there  ex- 
ists a  connection  between  Mosquito  Bay  on  the 
east  eoaat  of  Hudson  Bay,  and  Hope  Advance  Bay 
in  Uiigava  Bay. 

In  the  American  nalnraliKt  fur  Jaavary.  1S8T> 
Mr.  John  Murdoch  publisln-a  a  paper  Ml  aomv 
popular  crron  in  regard  lo  the  EakimiM.  He 
points  out  Hist  there  is  no  evidem^e  of  polyan* 
dry  among  thi>i  |>eople  :  that  they  do  not  live  in 
underi;round  deim.  keepiiiK  up  Ibeir  liilernal  beat 
by  enormous  niealn  of  raw  )ilubbi-r  vrashed  down 
with  draiighls  of  lamp-oil ;  and  that  tbey  art-  not 
at  alt  of  dwarHsb  stnturr'.  Tliough  wi-  concur 
witli  the  main  pointi.  of  the  author's  opinions,  we 
wish  to  a<l<l  a  few  remarks.  Murdoch  quotes 
Uraah  as  the  only  reliable  autliority  who  knew  by 
nipiirl  that  tlie  Kaft  Ureenlanders  practised  pdjr- 
andry.  The  bent  uutliority  on  Ibis  subject  is 
Rout,  whollTed  from  IH2D  to  ll^SB  amuni;  the  Es- 
kimos of  Boothia  Felix.  In  hit  'Narrative  of  a 
second  voyatc  in  N^arch  of  a  nnrth-west  pitMsaKo' 
(London.  183.1.  pp.  SM  and  IIH),  he  refers  to  two 
brothers  who  liail  one  wife,  and  mentions  thisasa 
thing  o(  fre(|uent  uccurreuce.  Probably,  how- 
ever, it  in  not  real  |>o]yaudry.  but  a  stale  of 
thines  hroiisbl  about  by  the  prevallinK  ruc^oin 
among  them  of  tending  the  wife  to  an  liitirnate 
friend.  Murdoch  snyii  that  the  winter  hDUiM-s  in 
the  great  middle  region,  from  Hudson  Bay  norlb- 
ward,  an  jj^enerally  of  snow,  built  upon  the  fr«isen 
f;rmind.  Throughout  this  diiftrict  dug-out  winter 
houses  are  in  frequent  use.  They  hare  a  subler- 
ranivin  entrance,  the  rear  part  of  tb«t  ro<if  being 
at  a  level  with  the  ground,  and  the  front  being 
foroied  by  a  large  whale-rib  covcrcl  with  seal  in- 
teetiiiM.  which  admits  tbe  light.    The  roof  is  made 


UAMcn  18,  188T.I 


8CVSKCE. 


261 


of  bcuin*.  ovfff  whldi  are  8pn«<l  two  cohere  of 
■Ml-MkiB,  the  mtCTTnedbto  apace  beiofc  fl)l«il  with 
■linibn.  In  ivfefrfng  to  Sulhurlikntl'a  nM'H8iir«- 
■lfnt«  of  Itip  bjikioioa  of  Ciunb^ilanil  SouimI, 
Murdoch  reiDurks  IhnI  they  may  hiiri-  bmn  biilt- 
btfcda.  Siitbprlnn<l  visitrd  tbr  Sound  only  n  few 
T««ntaftrrit«diwx>vpt7;sn()t)i«rpwei«noKrowii' 
up  liiilf-bn-Mlii  there  at  Diat  time,  tboiiieh  tlwf 
form  n  \nx%^  ponlon  of  the  giopuliilion  nowailajti. 
Tlw  tribes  of  tbtit  district  nre  in  ilic  babit  of  (.-ouk- 
biK  tlie  food  for  tbeir  it-i^ilnr  mmlii :  but  brndni 
thi0,  tb«;  rat  Inryi-  ()unntiti'«  of  rnw  and  froira 
nwM.  Tbi^  indnlRp  In  drinkinic  HI m  liltle as  anj 
(Ahfx  trilip.  Mnnloch  remarks  rlnlitly  (bat  it  i» 
tat  too  tnluable  to  waste  In  thin  way,  av  it  ia  Ibe 
only  and  lixlleijeiiBublc  fuel. 


SOTKS  AND  SEWS. 
TllR  hoard    of  onienta!  sludlm  at  Oxfonl  ban 
addeil  CbiiM^e  and  Burmese  to  Ibe  Ibt  of  lan- 
giuuc^  wbk-li  may  be  offered  tu  Ibe  eiamiuation. 

—  Prof.  Edward  A.  Fri-emur  hi*  bcwi  obliged 
bf  III  bciilth,  tit*  ivfult  of  oTiwworIc,  to  obtain 
IcaTY  of  abH^ncf  from  Oxford  for  n  timp.  Be  is 
now  in  Sicily. 

—  The  report  of  the  Swiw  conimlnion  for  the 
nfonn  of  gymDasia)  instruction  )ibb  JuM  bwn  ia- 
aned.  Tlie  cuminiiuiion  rcroniTneDd  ihat  thrli^ch- 
Ibr  of  lAtin  xbiUl  Ix-gin  in  tlit-  fifth  Hngi,  and 
shall  br  ountinuci],  for  five  hour*  weekly,  up  to 
the  htRhmt  daw ;  Hint  innUurlion  in  Grei>k  shall 
dci>cnd  upon  Ibe  expr«fl*eit  desire  of  parents  or 
Kiisrilians,  and  sliatl  lifglii  In  Ibe  fourth  class: 
and  that  all  fcliolan  who  do  not  learn  Oreifk  shall 
lean)  either  Er>gllsh  or  Italian.  Two  spars' hours 
gained  by  pui>ilB  iu  KnRliali  or  Italiau  ari- to  be 
spent  in  the  study  of  natural  t>cicace  and  mathe- 
muloa. 

—  Thi>  KdwationaX  tmm  remarks  that  the 
«T«nt  of  Ihe  monlti  — January  —  has  been  Ibe 
TJBit  ol  Ihe  FVenefa  teachers  (o  Osfonl  —  the 
nnnbera  of  the  tio(.'i«t«  nationale  dea  prafetneuni 
dc  IViunnlB  en  Angleterrc  —  for  the  botding  of 
Ihcir  aixtb  annual  oongmv.  Thry  luncln^l  nt 
di(fpT<-nt  colli-Rrs,  and  niurmblnl  ibrtrnfl^r  in 
Onlliol  bnll,  nlinr  they  were  rcicfivod  in  n  mori 
eloqnent  t|K«cb  by  Dr.  Jowett  Tint  Di»«ter 
spoke  hlftbly  of  the  vahie  of  modem  ianmaK^ 
and  tbe  promotion  of  llieir  study  in  Englsitd  ;  but 
h«  Iov«M  bistireek  better.  "Modem  lanjcuajieA  In 
Osford."  bo  BHjd.  ■*  must  seive  the  hl^-lier  purposes 
of  «lit<:ali(>o;  thi-rvfcirv  thvy  niusl  not  driie  out 
Iho  nncicnt,  and,  nliovc  all,  Greek,  which,  more 
(hut  any  other  ancinni  language.  loomH  to  hv  tlio 
original  source  of  rmt  litnnturs  and  civilization." 


OtJwr  epeechen  were  made,  and  tbo  toltuwing  ex- 
mlleat  resolutions  wen  carried :  "  I.  Tbnl  Ihft 
8od«ly  ol  R*Mch  masters  earnestly  d«str«  to  k« 
MtaLJiriied  at  Oxford  a  school  of  moiiem  Inn- 
gnogrc,  on  swrh  a  hatiia  ta  will  riicouiuiiie  the 
study  of  French  lil<mtun!.  and  of  the  Fri-ni.'b  Inii- 
fcnage  as  a  livinx  tonicuo ;  2.  That  thr  iHii.-ii.-ly  de- 
sires that  tbe  Hvslem  of  set  bookii  in  thi-  local  ex- 
aminations of  Oxford  and Camhrtdite  benl>olbhed, 
and  that  cerlificales  be  awarded  on  translation  at 
silfbl.  onmposilioD.  grammar,  and  wro  focf." 
lAter.  the  m4>mbeni  dined  together  at  OHel. 
where  they  werv  entj-rtnined  by  the  provost  and 
a  roiiimittee  <»f  reception.  To«uil»  and  more 
speeches  followed  dinner ;  I>r.  Brijame,  the  rep- 
reM'utallvv  of  the  FVencb  minlsler  o(  public  in- 
struction. eipnAsing  an  ektjuent  Iwpe  that  the 
old  friendly  int^-rcouTwe  between  FWncb  and  Eng- 
)i*)i  univoniliirii  would  tw  lenewed.  Alto^bcr, 
the  Oxford  racetint;  was  a  vrry  pleaMuit  nicoeaH 
enjoyable,  and  of  much  benefit  U>  all  concerned. 

—  Tbe  t^uju: I iiih  educational  pspcrfiiHV  Iwwniling 
tbe apfioiiiltiieiit  uf  Hit  Wiltiuin  Uarl  D^ke  to hic- 
ceed  tiir  Ueur}-  Holland  aa  tice-i«vsident  of  Ibe 
council  of  education. 

—  Hawaii  is  not  nnprovidrd  with  educational 
facilities.  Th«  edm^tioD  net  ecanprlx  the  nticnd- 
ance  at  schod  of  all  children  between  tlie  ai;p<>  of 
tiix  and  liflecn,  Tlie  i^iivetnmeDl  supports  free 
jiuhlic  scl>uols  out  of  a  tflx  of  Iwo  dollars  per  head, 
paid  by  etery  male  inhntiilnnt  irf  the  kingdom  l>e. 
twc<4i  the  Ages  of  twentj  anrf  -^ity  ycnr*.  An  In- 
sperlor-Keneral  Is  at  Ibe  head  of  tlie  ncltool  depart- 
ment, but  DO  persoo  in  holy  orders  or  minister  of 
religion  is  ellf^ble  Iu  IIIJ  the  office. 

—  An  anDcintion  for  promoting  Ihe  university 
education  of  trat-'hrrs.  consisling.  in  the  first  place, 
of  the  musters  of  Englieb  elemeolary  lurhoulii  who 
Bpenl  Himv  w<vkii  at  Oxford  Inst  Minimer,  lioa  bi-en 
innUKiiralrd  in  Ijondon.  Ah  it*  firirt  act,  the  awo- 
cinluin  hnn  appealed  to  Ibe  e<)ucation  department 
to  r«i;oKnize  the  nnlvertlty  deem  a*  equivalent  to 
a  ceitiflcate,  "provided  Ibe  imiTersitlra  oo-i>pcr> 
ate  by  making  pro^isioD  for  irainint;  In  leach- 
ing." 

—  Of  late  Ihe  l^wian  minister  of  education  baa 
hsd  several  ajiplicationn  made  to  him  to  admit 
women  tm  vtmlrnts  at  the  tinlveiKiticn.  HIh  rrfly 
is,  that  women  luc  nnt  to  Ih-  admitted  ■*  rrgnlnr 
students  at  any  rrustian  uniicn-ity,  nor  at  any  of 
the  medical  schools. 

—  Cornelius  Nepos  Is  a  partkulorty  good  HoUior 
for  heginDcts  in  Latin  to  take  up.  because  bis  style 
is  vo*\  and  persptcaoui,  Bbd  bis  subject' malter, 
when  trustworthy,  ia  o(  UstOTkal  Interest.     Tlie 


i 
I 


« 


4 


262 


SCTJSN^CE. 


(Vol.  is..  No.  SIS 


littlo  ro4um«  of  wWtiom  from  Npimm  thnt  has 
nv^ntly  apiwared  In  Macmlllmn's  ««riM  of  tie- 
luetiUrj  ctoBftics  1§  at  once  llie  landimt  and  l>e«t- 
pr»|iar(Xl  ^ilfon  for  the  tme  of  bexinnc-ra  tliut  vre 
Knieitilwr  to  have  Wt-n,  It  i«  «<lil<'d  hy  U.  S, 
Fnmi-lt,  M.A..  whohn*  tirrlixcd  ii  htK-f  intnidtic- 
tioii,  nnti  np|)(-n<l(tl  aouiK  Ii4'lpful  nnti-a  onil  n 
TOmbutarr.  The  pniuagrs  for  ImIio  <Minipo«ition 
arr  a  naiiil  ft-atiitv.  aud  Rhoiilit  matcntillj  nld  the 

—  The  progmnms  for  the  aiinuul  ioiihIii^  of 
tlic  BUprriittondeiils  of  tchool*.  ron('lii<I<'d  yvn- 
tiMxIiiy  at  Wn>hinKton,  wnn  a  ODin|irrhrnirivp  and 
attrnttivp  oii«.  The  subject*  of  <li»rti>wion,  nnd 
th«  iipe«ke(B  invited  to  dlscDM  thetn,  w«rr  as  fol- 
loirs ;  '  Public  edMcutiuo  on  the  PaciHc  roa"t,'  Su- 
perlnleiideDti)  C'uiupbfll  of  Oakland  (CaL).  Water- 
nan  or!>t<)cktoii(C«l.).  and  FV  "f  Iiurol<a<?it>v.]: 
'A  trai'hcr'a  iviiiflrstf.  oountj,  citjr,  ntal*-,  and 
national,'  Dr.  A.  J.  Rickoff  of  Yonki-n,  J,  P. 
Wiok««iihain  tit  *IjincMt«r  <Pran.).  Dr.  W.  A. 
Mnwry  of  Bnnon,  Super  in  (indent  Lovett  of 
HiinH>vUlc(Ala,).  W.  W.  Jon«n  of  LIucotn  |Neb.>. 
andSuperiiitendent  Hjudof  Ualli|)olis(0.):  -CivU 
•erviiv  and  public  achooK'  I,.  D,  Brown  of  CoIum> 
bus  (O.).  Sufwrintciid^-tit  Mauley  of  Gallon  (O.), 
B.  L.  Bul<-hpr  of  Kerrrly  (W.Va.),  Sapcrintend- 
tfuU  Morgan  of  W«i  TlrKlnU,  Barrinx^r  of  New- 
ark (N-J.).  Litllelleld  of  If<-n|>ort  (Tt.l-),  and  Bal> 
tan)  of  (,'ulumbua  <0.):  '  PowtTH  nnd  duti<i«  of 
ofBoen  and  t«*clirni,'  RupprinUiiidpnts  Marhle  of 
Worwrter  (Mass.!,  Corni'll  nf  Denver,  Ilinsilale  of 
CIvToland,  Wiw  of  Baltimore,  l^thaiu  of  Dan- 
tUIb  (Til.),  Qwen  of  Long  Branch  (N.J.).  and  W. 
E.  Sheldon  of  Bt^ioii  ;  '  The  WtA  aystem  of  «mn- 
ly  aiid  clly  whiHil  mipcrviidon,*  SupnintMidenla 
UoIcciidIh'  i)r  Indiana.  Gn-cnu-nod  of  Knnaaa  City, 
JolinaoD  of  Columliin  (M.C.J.  Sahin  of  Clinton  (I«.), 
PKhie  vt  TeniieMee,  tlpeer  of  Kansas,  and  IFao- 
donold  of  Topeka  -.  '  The  best  a^steni  of  state 
school  HufXTViidon.'  8u fieri nb-ndi-rtta  KiiMon  uf 
UiuiiiiaDa.  Edw-nidKof  Illinoia,  Pnmtoii  of  Mi»t»- 
alppi.  Pickett  of  Kentucky,  Lawhnid  of  Kanma, 
Pnltncr  of  Alahsma.  Buchnaan  of  Vlrxinta,  and 
Tonillneon  of  Winnlon  (N.C):  *Tbe  relation  of 
our  public  ftcliools  to  tbe  general  fjoienimml.' 
ConipvMniaii  McKinley  of  Ohio,  A,  J.  Michael  of 
Cknland,  and  SupcriDtamdrata  Nrwoll  of  Mary- 
bud  and  Cooper  of  'I^exaa. 

—  WriiinR  from  Pnrii>.  the  Journal  of  aluea- 
twtt'i  corrraixmilent  mentions  two  subjeola  of 
|[«nertd  edueslional  iutereM.  The  lit»t  b.  titat 
there  la  at  prvaent  a  \ier1tel  glut  of  i«n«hiT>  in  tli« 
aoholnatic  mmket  in  France.  Tlie  iniprtuiif[iven 
by  the  reputilicnn  government  to  education  lias 
cauim]  nich  an  infliix  of  young  men  and  joang 


women  to  the  profeseioii,  thai  more  than  twenty 
IhouaaiKl  who  ha^'e  n^ine  tbronith  the  necesMr; 
trainiOK  and  paDBtxl  ijie  ezaminatlcins  cannot  find 
pLucmi.  Moal  of  these  wuuld.  under  ordinary 
ctrcumatancc*,  not  hare  liecomo  civil-nrrvanta ; 
asd  the  incr«aM  in  tho  number  of  tliew.  in  a 
coiinlrr  where  tbe  Inte  function  of  the  state  U 
considered  hy  too  many  to  he  that  of  providing 
pOHtH  for  ila  oitiiou,  ik  a  very  serious  mailer. 
The  si-oond  topic  of  intenet  is  thai  tde  Cbev4 
method  of  BJuging  nt  Mght  is  gaining  gniiind  in 
France,  m  u«11  ae  In  DelKiuni  and  Holland. 
Allbouich  not  to  Ihorough  in  fundamental  prin- 
ciples as  Ihe  tonic  Bol'fa  melhod.  wliirh  lias  done 
such  a  vast  deal  fur  Einj;;iDK  in  Enf^land.  (hia 
aictiioil  ttandii  neat  in  order  of  merit.  The  de- 
gnn  of  the  scale  are  indtcahrd  l>y  ll);ur('ft,  in- 
titfittd  of  by  letters  as  In  tonic  ■iit-fii.  He  adda 
thai  ll  is  a  curious  fad  That  (ierniany.  where 
rational  and  irraliODal  melho>l»  on  every  poaslble 
nubjccl  are  being  doily  cluliorated  wilhexemplary 
can-  nnd  Teutonic  gialiencc.  xtill  pluda  on  wilh 
tbe  old  method,  which  ha«  but  one  point  in  its 
favor  com  [•ared  with  tlie  abov«>-naMird  ;  namely, 
thnt  tt  Is  tbe  only  possible  method,  pracli<«lly 
HpealiiiiK,  for  instnimenial  mii»ic-  Itut  n»  a 
means  of  affording  a  ready  iustgbt  into  the  prin- 
ciples of  modern  music,  it  can  hardly  be  called  a 
melhod  at  all. 

—  The  Alhenaeum  reports  that  a  movement  in 
favor  of  nniioraity  Mtension,  Miuieu  hat  afier  ihe 
KneK  uf  ProfeiBur  Stuart's  schene.  which  Oam- 
bridRe  has  workol  with  nignal  euocees.  is  being 
proptMed  in  Scotland.  The  Universiiy  of  tilai^i^w 
is  considering  the  subject,  nnd  St.  Andrews  baa 
formed  a  coiuiuiltee  which  Is  lo  inijuire  into  tbe 
need  for  inulniclionanditacapabilityof  aupplying 
U.  Sevtvnl  of  the  Kdluburgh  profeesoia  Iiavu 
rignod  a  rntber  vague  tlj^beet  that  tia«  been  put 
in  circulation  :  but  no  general  (■oiicluHioti  has  been 
rcachr<l,  and  it  is  unciYtnin  wlietlier  ihcuuiveni- 
lles  will  divide  t)>e  workamonK  theiD.mch  acting 
aqiatately,  or  wlielher  there  will  be  a  common 
organlxatiun.  lu  fact,  the  question  in  Sefltlan<i 
take*  a  different  form  from  what  it  does  in  Eng> 
land.  England  bad  a  laign  iHxIy  or  ouuiparailvelr 
idlf  tellovra :  ScotlMid  hasnonr.  Wben  ProfMaor 
Stuarl  liegan  hia  work,  (hen  were  large  dislricia 
in  Riii;1aud  untouched  by  university  influence : 
tliere  is  ainioel  no  such  dlHtrict  in  Bcotland.  The 
number  of  undergruduaUti  at  Oxfonl  and  Cam- 
bridge is  email  in  proporttoti  to  the  population : 
the  nuQiber  of  Scottish  amdentt  ia  very  large. 
These  and  other  circumstances  will  comp»l  tht 
Sootii>h  uuii'eT»itie«  to  liundle  llie  i|uee(ion  in  a  wajr 
somewhat  diHeient  from  tluit  pursued  by  ProfcasQg 
Stuarl. 


4 


4 


Uabcb  16.  1H«7  I 


SCIEISVK 


263 


LtiTTBRS  TO  TlIK  ED/TOP. 

dtnU  urr  rt^untM  M  b*(  vj  brv/  lu  p*»nWL  t1h« 
■«  I'  'iiaJ'iiii«<  rfit^lrt4  a^provf^ff/otntfnUtk- 
Zoolo^  in  the  college  cours*. 
Trb  KMnt  kpi)«tnuiM  of  tfari*  soOlogUnl  teil- 
r'books,  ao  diTWB*  in  IfoAtmnit  w  to  )ia  wull-nit(h 
COstcMdietory,  rettvM  th«  •jiiMtioii.  '  How  ubitll 
xoOloiiy  liD  Inii^lit?'  TliH  Ibren  Irook*  to  which  t 
»(«r  ArK  PitrhWrd'H  ■  Zoalog*,'  CoUod'b  •  Ptneticol 
nKUogjr.'  ftud  Nodgvick  and  Wlhou'a  '  Geaaral  IH- 
vlagf.'  The  Bnt  oC  tk(iM>  Iim  alrMd;  pruiMi  K* 
popalwitf  b}>  [HMilug  tliruugb  iWTcnl  editioaui.  But 
popnlDrlty  •ml  rvftl  niurit  mv  not  identic*!  In  rocrui- 
vng.  ProfemoT  Paokud'o  work  )■  »  ooniip#(4ii)i  nf 
tli«  uiiiuii]  kingdom  :  It  ia»f  Jantly  bl^  ttinucil  ituvl«- 
mcntij;  uluil;  of  lh#  ulwuiilJcHtiou  <if  utiiukln.  Tho 
■ladHit  Ifl  CMWtuilljr  bnmgfat  ta  *ia«  orImb  or 
vliMM  u  nompUfted  in  a  f»v  lypw  M)»c1«d  for 

BtUdf, 

Si^Sirick  j»nil  WIInoii  Oi^nij^nnl  their  tcurk  for  col- 
lego  nm,  Tli*  InU'T  jiiirl  o(  it  ia  na  introdurlion  tn 
thft  Rtuily  <il  EoAlogT.  It  ia  tli«  <?oiuil*irp»rt  of 
Psckud'H  '  Zoalogy  ■  In  It  1I10  ]>riiKiplm  ami  fBoU 
Af  oWiiiQratioQ  kro  not  ISnt  ju  impnrtiuim,  but  Uiu 
•todonl  ii  ke|it  npon  the  Htnilir  of  nno  aniiuni  nntll 
ha  baa  tnMt^md  itfrumcTRryMkrulixiitit,  — knnloui- 
ImI,  hiatologioil.  Ditibr}'olii|[l'-iL),  uiiil  nlaulo  Bomr  ci. 
lent  pbjririolnKtcal. 

Oollou'a  ■  Pmctical  jwialo^y  ■  iwcnpiea  a  pine*  h». 

l«'«on  tbu  olhrr  two.     It  wiu  not  il«M|tiieil  for  hm  a* 

•  collpgi'  (e>l-l>cK>k,  oikI  we  flliuitlil  uol  Hnvftk  of  it 

bei«  but  tor  llid  fad  thiti  it  will  bu  iiacd  In  nuuif 

oollqtn*.  anil  wv  I'uuHiiter  that  il  liu  ■crioila  llmlla- 

\  tioiM  It  naeil  for  thin  purpcHi>.  anil  hlioiilO  h«  \HTfftly 

i*dd#d  to,  to  uiakn  It  raiiatilr  i>t  duiag  prDpcnwrricc. 

[  Tin  work  ia  virtuallj'  a  tx-t  «(  niparftdal  altKlia*  nf 

111*  grow  aflalomy  of  n  variniy  of  knlmnlH  amuigoil 

without  fpfcrcuce  to  claMilflcatloi).    Outy  Ibv  luutit 

«aaUy  ucd  ffatnma  In  lli#  analomj  arc  toucbnl  upon. 

Mid  all  ifao  iiior«<  iliffioult  linen  are  iMnittod. 

We  oousiilcr  tbow  t«it-bo'ilai  an  rajiTniMitlnK  two 

dioliuct  idcaa  in  uMJIokIciiI  I*iic1i1ii»,  uid  the  Ibiid  a 

eomprotniao  Imtwiwii  thvui :  flnil.  Uie  vi««  tlmt  Iba 

■tailoiit  of  «>aln(ty  Bbould  bare  nt  Inwi  •  gliiii|iiui  at 

•ipry  lar^  gtoap  in  Ibo  MLlmal  kliiK'>'>ui :  Henuixt, 

tlw  lii-w  that  thn  itaikDt  ahciiilil  bine  a  mj  full 

fnnd  of  inrnmiatioii  about  a   rrry  tow  forma;  and 

Um  Iblnl.  tli«  attvuipt  at  bridging  tbo  ohomu bstwaan 

tbvni.    Tbv  flnt  riew  UmLi  to  «ap«rfl«ial  knawl«dg« 

of  tb«  whole,  tba  aaeond  to  thorough  knowMM  of 

n  wt,  and  th«  oompromiM  •eoiirea  iwitbor  r«atiTt. 

:     Bator*  oonsidering  tb«  relatiro  mcnta  of  th«Mii  two 

Um*,  w«  ntiut  bo  caratnl  to  uaka  It  nnderRtood  that 

m  tn  apoakiag  now  of  a  roll^go  ri>iinn  in  BoOlog]r< 

■nd  iwitJiM.  nu  tbA  (iu(>  hand,  a  high-acbool  nrana 

In  MtiUKl  hiHturj',  nor.  va  the  other  hand,  a  profna- 

^itoaal  eonrm  inEoOlogy.     /o^totty  la  not  taught  in 

Lwrftoge  to  inakA  EO()ioKlitti>  -  il   hIiduM   )|^iiilo  *ucb 

jHvdj  of  lb«  ph«DOIU(<ua  lit  aitiainl  lifo  nn  uill  boat 

lnoMa««  tb«  powetv  of  obaorTation  or  •inirkcii  llw 

Activity  uf  perception,  bnt,  nt  Ibn  mcu*  titni>.   nut 

umit  la  acqaaint  til*  «tu<1e»<  witb  th«  priuoipl**  of 

,  tlio  aclmc.  Mid  irround  biio  well  tor  future  dt^op«T 

.  Mndj,  ahould  be  ever  wiab  to  panrac  it.     If  tlia  rol- 

kfla  Rrarae  baa,  thru,  Ihia  twofold  jiurpoao,  —  to  do- 

,  TWop  til*  atnilf^t'a  [uiwra  aui)  tu  abiiw  blm  mmt^ 

wfaal   of   til*  neieiice   of   XfHUigy.  —  two  ({nefilionM 

triae :  what  m  xoClogy  an  n  scienoe,  mid  doH  it  ttnio 

tlw  mind  aright  by  itu  purauit } 


ZoAlofiy  waa  advaneod  froiu  a  dry  collation  of  ilU 
andunluoJ  facta  lo  ■  Urlnit  acicucv.  aad  vitb  thla 
growth  iU  atudr  baa  ontgruwa  it*  old  pla«e  in  Um 
cnrrimilnin.  IIm  piagraadirB  colkgoa  givo  it  nor* 
proKiliiMi««  and  a  atrong  (otcc  o(  inaaranton,  and 
lumikh  laboiMoriM.  «tc,  for  work.  Evrn  lb*  iiioaA 
co<w«rr«liT«  baT«  atuMmeA  ihm  annlant  and  iliHbonoi- 
abU  pntetiea  of  a  courM  <>llerture«oo  loSlogywitb. 
oot  any  laboratiiry  work,  with  iHmie  wi>tk  ui>on  tli* 
aainialb  atudival.  Witb  tfala  cbnng*  should  fa  tli* 
deare.  iU<ar  t(i  au  many  iniktrui'lor*'  bi«tta.  lo  lufvrui 
tho  ■indent  wilb  all  the  faila  h»  hi»  jtatliprcd  after 
loDff  toll.     Aa  wc  diarard  Ibo  falae  uuUan  ibal  oian 

tba  1tr1»f aiil  «awiH<  luuki  KilllincladcMnMkBowledg* 
of  erery  gTuiii>.  and  r«ali/«  Dmt  by  ' aloniootary '  wa 
nu*n,  not  more  dilute  kuowlrdgti  of  a  great  tuiMy 
of  (-rnattirrn,  bill  Uiorougb  knowlcdgB  oif  fe»or,  wo 
ar*  ill  a  podtioa  to  u««  tha  labontory  for  IU  Ingiii- 
lu^  purpoM.  Tlila  inirpo'*  la  m  aludy  animala  •• 
tbo  MNJlogwt  atn(lin>  llieui.  n(4  fvUy  (moanlt  (» lB*ni 
all  RoiltlDgjr.  bnt  fully  opoagb  to  inti'lligtaiUy  under- 
ntanil  tb«  work  »t  tbr  zoOIcgiat.  including  Ih*  Mndanl 
of  j)1iyKiok>uy  ami  )<athology.  a>«artng  at  the  aam* 
Unie  loOlosiral  tmliiing  fual  to  far  aa  the  atndy  ia 
patwaed.  it  i*  all  u-roiig  and  pfniicioaa  for  th* 
InmbfT  lo  feol  Ibal  hn  ninat  get  bin  cIom  'uvfr  tha 
ground.'  Tlieric  la  no  lltnlt  to  tboamoautto  b«dMM, 
and  bo  caat  *  go  orer  (hv  gn»ind '  <nic«pt  inoat  aaper- 
flcially.  Tbeieoliug  tlkat  caob  lwg«  grouji  iobM  n- 
calT*  aoR»  attvnlioD,  howonr  alight,  in  rtall;  nuNt 
hanufHl,  Ibongb  v<>ry  wlil^-apmul.  The  e\|>c'tiiu«iit 
Ih  tried  «Tery  yi<ar  of  luakiTi);  atndeBia  ajiprrhmd 
prinoiple*  bcforo  tboy  bafo  niBBlerad  enongb  facta, 
and  It  ia  always  uiont  nn*atlifat4ot7  in  ita  ranillN. 

ZoAlo^y  la  nut  at  lb«  uMavDtttBio chiefly couMrsed 
in  the  ducrimiuation  of  apepiM.  wbirb  forma  but  a 
minor  iaaut; :  bnt  the  bulV  of  study  is  in  tba  dirw- 
tloa  of  auatoiuy  aii<l  blalology.  r-iubryoloKy  and 
phyaiology.  TIism  Miidina  all  Ivad  later  to  Uue  cou- 
aid«Talian  of  niauy  Tory  diffl<iu1t  pmbliiina,  and 
among  Ibem  tbone  of  vliuwifinttion  :  liiit  lb#  koOIo- 
ghl  la  not  in  a  poidtion  to  attack  tbute  at  Ihe  otilMt 
of  hia  atudy.  At  flnil  h*  miiat  pnnno  many  Uttl« 
dctula,  UrMutne  or  fasoiiiatliig  aa  the  caon  may  be, 
aiidb  aa  floe  diasmHioc.  vctiou-cnlling,  vith  lulnntort 
attMHion  lo  Ibo  procenaca  of  Imrdcuiiig.  HlaililuK.  BB>' 
InHlillniji,  onitliig,  and  monnling.  mreful  ntmly  and 
inlerprolatioii  of  Hpctiona,  irarlaua  carrfnl  experimen- 
tal obarTTatiunn.  aod  all  thne  alteiiiSi^l  to  wilb  all 
jioMlblo  procliion.  No  one  boa  n  rinbl  !•'  claim  a 
notion  of  tli*  ncloDco  of  ixtOlogy  "bo  hai-  not  bad 
oonndereblt'  ttwiiilng  In  aucb  work,  met  aoiue  uf  Ita 
difKoullica.  and  Uiua  aoi|nir*d  Information  for  him* 
aalf  along  the  orduoua  road  of  the  noOloRlat-  f^H- 
nlah«d  thua  with  facta,  he  ia  riwdy  lo  lak«  bouio  of 
the  blgbsr  at»paof  tbeaclMiliSc  xoOlc^iat  and  aMik 
tbo  l«w  which  noiflo*  bia  ob«Mvatli>us  or  the  grueral 
prindple  wbiob  nnderliea  tbem.  How  Tahiablo  on 
idea  of  the  coll,  Jta  d4^Tntinn.  dillvrentiatiou,  ale, 
ban  one  wlio  baa  KnIInu  lila  lilca  of  t'rlla  from  black* 
board  dinwiii(j»"f  Hut  Urtbimalmly  tlio  growth  ftwn 
ombryonit-  cpidermiH  uf  akin,  bnlr,  nail,  and  gland, 
and  ilHterrnliattoa  besitia  to  lake  un  luraiiiUR. 

Wliiln  (rtily  direct  oTiarriiitiou  cnn  gite  tb''  ■tndont 
an  Bilc'iuatr  ■■•^m'jition  of  Ibn  kcu-iire  of  lodkigy.  it 
at  tlio  Bome  time  iprnrpii  to  hliii  lli»  vi.[y  beflt  fi>r 
wlikh  nalumi  acicuce  tmtiiiug  Ih  of  udiii'allonal  ralne. 
It  Is  nut  «i>  ninth  the  variety  of  ubtK'rralionH  a*  tb<iir 
eiaotntm  wlilch  prodnoM  valnable  reaulls  in  Ibia  di- 
rection.    Nothing  ao  Irkaomu  aa  wiBclneaa,  nothing 


264 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  H.,  No.  «5 


•0  nntiMiBl,  biit  nnlliliiK  to  cl«Aiml>1a  In  cilncKtlon, 
whom  piuyo*v  Ik.  nut  to  iiuiki>  tbiiiga  Mty,  Init  to 
•tTMigthnn  ability  h>  muter  difflualt  out*,  tl  in  just 
thi«  truning  whioh  xoOlogy  ■hotild  (iiroUb. 

Jt  may  b»  not  ilonii  mi  cartalu  tbftt  in  th«  hrlaf  ttma 
lunally  nlli^iti'il  to  toiSlogy  iii  college  no  auileul  nui 
lUAKtvr  butli  tbc  tvdiniqur  ul  idSIouv  mid  n  o«uipl(<t« 
Mrvcj  o(  tbo  cluwiltpiitioa.  It  >»  alio  otrlain  tbnl  he: 
«iuiiiot  neqnir*  witliout  lat>ormtory  wnrk  n  xoi^lngUt'ii 
Conccpliim  iir.  <Ki>  nlll  »ay,  k  rrUKtitiviU).  Hit  limy 
dl*Mi>i:t  u  •.■TUy-fidi  uiiil  Ibeii  b«  informed  tbnl  it  i*  ■ 
oniKlACfftu.  in  wbicli  oiM  be  niMwly  nndentiuidii  tbo 
tcrnin  'pny.aBli'uiil'cniMaroiUi' tobaBynoQ^rniona. 
Out  kt  biiu  lakv  m  oray'flHb  or  liili*l»r  for  bin  llnri 
utiidy ',  l<a  bliu  ilinHL'Ct  it  kud  nUiAy  it*  culliilitr  iilnie- 
tur« :  let  biui  aluily  its  lunal  nliigeB,  From  it  Ivt 
him  go  to  atbtr  muerouruii  nntl  compare  Ibaii-fonuii, 
ftllUic  waf  frniii  tirtii-i  InHippa.  I<otlilm  havnanrnw 
to  tb<i  B,VHi»iiiiitic  trpHtiHi-,  Hud  linAt  outthegvaKaiiiKt 

rdm.  Lvt  bill!  I'l.impiuii  it  witb  tbe  icmBUpiKl  u'ud 
crab,  ahd  witb  Ibe  nwgalop*  ol  tile  crab,  uid  be 
wiU  then  form  uniuo  adoqiiaU  coneaptloa  o(  the 
xoOIofcliil'ii  moninii  ot  s  cmataoeaa. 

We  b#ll«ve  this  to  bi^  th«  tnie  way  to  t«wib  xiM. 
Dgy,  lor  irt-  doubt  tb«  rolno  to  •  man  of  n  mou  of 
Indciflnita  iU-digortDd  t*it-book  uifortnklioo.  Occo- 
idiMially  Ml  oiu]ilTor«  cod  taho  (n  nvfry  IblnRi.  nnd 
dIgMt  and  «o  metabulir-;  it  im  ti>  uri^nuiM  it  iiil<j 
healthy  menial  tinaiw.     They  are,  bowctpr,  the  fevr. 

If  the  rutjuitemcDt  of  itoOlo^y  from  >  test-book  ho 
KDch  an  thiu  outlini'  would  indioU*,  obTionelj  no 
text-book  can  erw  fully  iii*hi  It.  For  llin  iiy«t«mBtio 
work  no  miMWriiig  k«y  biit  the  original  dtwcriptioii 
ehonld  be  oonmltcd  if  poaiublc.  IJnuu  tlio  annUnny 
and  hiatology  the  atndOBt  •honld  tiaT«  the  nan  of 
artglnalaniGlM,  monopnphs,  etc.  Tbie  ia.  however. 
UOt  alwBja  poaiiiblo.  bul  ibe  neuaM,  approaeb  to  it 
ehonld  b«  the  choaoo  coanic<.  Soiigwick  uud  Wil. 
eon'*  work  ooinm  the  neareet  to  helug  aiicli  a  text- 
book of  any  with  which  wo  aru  familiar.  We  ebould 
lia«e  prefemd  the  anlcoUoD  of  aome  luiimal  with  n 
InnpcT  oircle  of  «oiwiu  oiid  other  relativoa,  both  nnu 
■na  diitODl,  and  think  that  a  crnaMopan  or  a  roolen- 
tofato  mifiM  Im  tiJi'n  Ui  t<xhlbil  br>(t(M  tbi*  eoieuce. 

II  will  uiaik  M  long  elride  uf  iuiproreuieiit  for  the 
a«ienc«  uf  xoOlogy  when  tceobon  luid  ciaauitcni  nil) 
be  ouutent  to  allow  the  atadout  l»  boronio  bronil 
only  aftor  h«  has  been  narrow,  in  nlftce  of  MactlBu  of 
lilu  a  large  amount  of  «arl«d  lufonuatiou  wbion  ia 
only  akin  devp,  will  faM«T  am)  taimiinge  methoda  of 
work  wbioh  will  make  bim  the  nuutor  of  the  facta. 
The  real  t«at  of  the  moril  of  a  lodloftlcal  atuilvtit 
alioiilil  be  made  to  He  In  whiil  he  can  do.  how  much 
be  can  ee«.  —  hi*  ability  U>  dpiiiomittBte  facta  in 
RoOlogioal  adenee,  and  not  merely  or  ebicfly,  lu  at 
preooil  too  largely,  in  buw  inneh  b*  ku»«*. 

Elementary  instruction  tn  lootoKy. 

B*ld«nBlia*a  Ireadauarticle.ninong  tbruiauytlmt 
har*  beat  neaiOy  pnbliabod  dealing  with  tbiit  nil- 
important  qneetion  en  to  wbv  blolon}-  abonUl  cou- 
Mitute  one  of  the  leailiuK  i<iliinttional  braiit-bw  in 
the  ooboola  aod  nnfvenitieo,  with  mure  inl«re«I  thou 
I  did  the  one  cootribnted  by  Prof-  11.  W.  Oonn,  and 
publudied  in  the  iiaiM  of  ScUntf  which  appoared 
Upon  Iho  lOth  of  l»«t  montli. 

To  my  mind,  It  not  only  Dreamta  iu  the  most 
mavb^rly  monnrr  why  biology  shonld  bo  inlroduMd 
into  the  eorrienlum  o(  dtctj  grade  of  ichool,  from 


the  primary  claaamlothannivDnitT,  but  bow,  within 
the  u««i  future.  eii«h  a  happy  rMult  will  with  gmal 
cerlHiiity  come  about. 

1  eon  romombor  very  well  how.  a  nuiubiM  cf  year* 
ago,  I  read  With  thn  kHncat  intvroit  oil  of  I]uili-y'» 
now  claMlca)  ewnye  iiihui  tliU  mbjecit.  nnd  watched 
the  luitiriiiit  eSorta  of  hie  to  force  upon  thi>  atlnotion 
of  tboae  in  authority  in  educational  molutv  iu  Kng* 
land  tbr  |iriiiie  impottanoa  of  an  early  inliodao^on 
ot  till'  biolouii:^!  KtuiUea  not  only  into  tbe  gmded 
HcbuotB.  Init  into  tbe  onrrionlnm  of  nvrry  QnlTeraity. 

There  ore  manj.  many  tenohen  and  fdui^tora  in 
this  country  to-day  iJiat  now  hold  the  riewn  of  Hui  ley 
ill  iMArly  all  Miaantlnl  pBrtlralam  -.  and  tboee  who 
liiiTe  thoughtfully  fiillowwl,  "rt^p  by  sUip.  the  growth 
of  tbe  DBtnral  avience*  wilb  ua.  «iic<<  the  Muly  daya 
of  tbia  ceiitnty  to  tbe  prnicnl  hour,  know  full  well 
Dint  tlie  tiiiin  {■  not  for  diatout  when  the  ciluontiou  of 
Hie  iiidiTidiiHl  will  )>y  no  im-ntiii  he  eouiidernl  a 
liberal  one,  iiuleBB  it cuiiij)r»beiida u  wry  clittrnnder- 
(landing  of  the  prineiploa  of  biology  in  their  wiilmt 
■nnMi. 

Fur  more  Iban  a  quarter  of  a  cnnlory  it  boa  been 
my  gocMl  fortune  lu  bare  hwa  able,  tn  coiiimon  with 
otbera  of  luy  date  in  the  flrMH  of  acicnfe,  to  watcH 
and  ntndy  tbe  several  highly  interentiu^-  phanra 
llirougli  wbieb  Ibn  natural  M-li>nceii  liaTelueeoiiiively 
iinwwd.  TheHe  pbOficH  Neeiu  to  divide  tbpmaolvna 
niiluiully  iulo  three  quilo  wetl-iuarkpd  KlageM;  and 
tbeaa  itagen  may  l>c  abaraetcriicd  bv  comparing 
tliotii  wltb  thn  way  In  whieh  any  animal  or  group  of 
euiuiale  has  be«ii  ttuiliei).  In  tiiui'n  kooh  by,  luituTaU 
iata  dealt  Snt  with  ibe  uiere  den<^ri]>ti•JU  of  auiuiala, 

the  nnrrntive  atngc.  na  it  were,  —  nnd  the  lileraturo 
ot  tbe  atibjeet  ]iurt>-H>k  nlmoat  exolnaivoly  of  thia 
alyte  at  trculiDeut.  But  on  the  knowledge  of  anl- 
moli  befome  mote  aeciimte.  and  freed  of  ita  myth* 
leal  taint,  why.  tlian  the  necdi  of  the  mindH  at  mea 
deiiiaudtid  mom  than  tliia,  and  tlie  aubjcirt  natanJly 
uaMed  iulo  itn  aecoud  Htnge.  tod  Ibe  ktiidy  Imeomo 
highly  clnaaifieatory,  CloNiifleatiou  rediii'<-d  Ibo 
enormcnw  amount  of  aUnoat  ohoulic  ilencriiitive 
llU>ratnre  to  onler  and  iiyat«rm.  Next  the  ntudv  of 
the  iintiini)  iiei*'ueo»  gnuliially  pnMUHl  into  Itn  third 
and  pruBeut  Btago.  wbereiti  clnwiilimtioii  la  boing 
checked  and  corrected  by  the  wide-tiprrad  atteutioa 
tliat  i«  being  devoted  to  tbe  itnbjoet  of  ntrnctore,  — 
tbo  iiii>rpliol«Ky  »f  aiiliualR,  II  ta  neodleaa  for  me  to 
odd  here  that  the  outt^ume  of  the  pmeot  pbaae  l> 
■lowly  bringing  to  light  a  knowledge  of  the  fnnda. 
menial  lifr.piineiplM  of  organuied  nalurc,  nnd  in 
uiideralandiiig  ot  the  nulTenoI  1a*it  that  apply  to 
the  whole. 

Ab  (be  preuaure  of  the  necewity  for  the  leaehlug 
of  biology  in  the  ■ehuobi  became  gteuler  nnd  greal«T 
in  T«erat  Ume*.  it  wo*  nmm  (ollowi'd  by  tbe  oiilorop- 
plug  of  tbe  text  binika  Id  \-i-  iiHitd  for  lb«  pni|MNMii 
and  it  has  beeu  with  tbi-  iny  •lp«|ii.wt  intiifeHl  poeal- 
ble  that  1  lute  aluiLoi  the  cwittng  of  tlienc  very  voU 
niiuo.  ttoine  ot  them  have ■lilleUngingto their  pogea 
many  of  tbe  trace*  ot  tbn  '  narrative  '  pbaso  ot  th4 
BoiCD(«:  olIieiK  nre  Urg^ly  claseUteatory ;  while  atlU 
othora,  intended  even  for  the  provngeat  minda,  deal 
chiefly  with  morphology,  —  with  healthy  binta  of  a 
jnvMitle  enhbre,  at  tho  underlying  prlnclpleaof  life, 
judiciously  Introdnced. 

Pram  Uiia  poiut.  space  now  dcuiauds  that  I  hr  brief 
In  my  rauarka;  and  i  will,  in  oonclnding.  ainiply 
pmwnt  my  matured  viowa  upon  the  anhjoct  ot  ols- 
mentory  l«««iliing  Id  biology,  irrMpeetlre  of  any  ot 


I 


Uabcb  18,  1887.] 


SCIENCE, 


265 


■njr  roMUina  (or  botdiag  Ui«id,  oi  k&jt  defence  of  mf 
cOBTietloou  Id  thn  piwinlM*. 

tM  to  til*  UK*  M  which  obildr«B  Hbnntil  &r*t  Inlia 
■  Up  Ibe  Htadjr  of  biulugf .  1  coolend  tLHt  it  tartly  tl«. 
I  pMids  opou  tbe  »pt)i«">  <■'  tbi'  iodindnul  child,  uid 
tbe  caimcily  for  l<uudilDg  of  tfao  Inatmctor.     Hjr  old- 
tut  ami   U  Qiit  y'<i  iiiilu  (mi,  and  h»  cvx  pMn  >  allll 
«iAiuuutiuu  ujHju  Mune'H  *  Fint  boob  In  teoAlogj,' 
luuiw  tbe  bonea  u[  the  vottpbrnte  BkoUHoo,  ci>iui>n-> 
lLMid«  the  genenl  principlwi  of  «  notnnl  elMnno- 
UOB,  rMd«  whII,  aiul  Iiim  liiia  olhtir  ntudlM  fully  ap  to 
tlioae  in  biology,  ituil.  ODnlly,  iiiAkm  mi  niinimaltf 
,  Orediteble  drawicg  dirtvt  frr-ui  any  natiiml  objonl.    I 
llraald  Miy,  tlieD,  to  thone  childma  to  wbuni  all  the 
l^tantagOB  of  Iho  achooh  kre  oiinn.  Iliikt  tiicy  may 
■ftMjr   Mgla   with  tbeir   flrHt  Miftx  lo   iioOlogy  aad 
biology  ftt  uine  year*  of  ti^e. 

An  to  tli<*  niecliodiii  t  would  uy.  tbca.  fur  a  skild 

of  nino  yciin  of  a^o.  tbnl  jaetK  ilciicriptirc  jcofilogy 

',  bo  flliuply  coDniderwd  k  ]uirl  of  liin  K*ii»ral  r<«dlQK ; 

ttbMsaob  tmSulug  *«  coiiitut  (roui  lb«  xtiidy  of  tbH 

fMmi'iig  of  auimiila  t  would  suroly  eaafine  tu  a  rery 

miiiHed  li«t  of  the  oommoncBt  tomi*  of  tbo  •ct«iiU 

rgron])*,  hot  i4t  llinoa  bn  UtorouKbly  nndontood:  uid 

I  would  my  ritibt  ber«,  that,  »ivn  M  thin  ago,  tt  bi 

tnily  wouderful  bow  well  n  cliild  <au  comprvbend 

tbe  srucrikl   priDoJplM  ot  nomcDaUtDre.  if  they  be 

properly  ]>rauatod  (o  blm.     I^vno  clear  tbrongb  tbe 

naiivrallj  course,  I  aiu  hy  no  iii^ado  iui  ndvorat«  ot 

tbo  •tndHOl  putliug  f<.>rtti  tbc<  t<IIuK  %•>  ootiiuiit   lo 

invmory  (he  name*  of  aniinitlo  objoolii.  evoo  ao  fiir  ax 

they  apply  to  the  fauoa  of  bu  own  conntry.    Coni- 

iutt  nitxt  to  cliuwl  11  cation.  I  w>k<il<lMty  that  tliih.  tiH>, 

Ihi  liuniH  iijiou  lull  liifbtty  M  firat.  lboii);b  iU  princi- 

plrt  can  be  introduced  at  a  »ery  early  ilnit«  in  the 

pTOgmmine  ot  biolo^ic-Al  imIiicaIIou.     What  I  obinct 

iio,  1h  th«  i^arly   (^(•iinw  of  xodlo^ifAl  iiluiliw  buiug 

I  bued  upon   any  tyHtcm   of  olaiaiiflontioii.    1  agree 

I  vUb  Protouiur  <^'Dnii  when  bciqntbat  "oliadflcK- 

tiaaa  bate,  by  rnwou  of  reoent  dMoonrJM,  gtown  ao 

lulrlcate  and  ooinplicjited  Dint  Ib4<y  no  longer  c*n  lie 

tauglit  to  (be  geneni  «tud('u(  n-ith  any  degree  of  aat- 

iafacUun."    Bu(  (he  prineiploii  of  cloaniflcatiDn.  oa  I 

■ay.  ann  be  eaaity  made  clcu  to  the   ebitil ;    and   it 

•Oon  Ifoma  (o  K'*"l'  tbiuin.aiiit  pntttli'^'iiiile  Icariivd. 

I  Ij  aa  (o  why  biktH  are  Kroupeil  with  the  uiaiimwla.  end 

wbaleH  are  u(i(  Qdbes ', 

By  thietinie  I  exjioct  my  riowa  opou  thin  part  of 
tfao  lit  ttject  bnio  boon  Ontieipated ;  and  1  baiiten  to 
flay  that  luv  firm  cniiviotloua  are.  that  Uie  iirioclple 
U{K>D  wbii^li  bitiliigy  dhoDld  be  (aught  to  ohildron,  in 
•0  bogin  vri(h  the  atudy  uf  rmca.  Not  only  that, 
bnt  I  eontoud  thai  it  li  tbo  igueation  ot  a  atiidy  of 
tvpefl  that  ibonUI  be  hnlil  to,  all  the  way  Ifarou^h 
bttia  eutlre  •.-■KirHi;  of  eliuly,  natll  the  day  of  grwln^ 
'UoB  at  the  iitiitersily. 

And.  Hguratively  npcnliitie.  at  all  ngen  lbe>e  (tudjea 
rnunt  bo  puraned  with  tcit-book  in  nnn  hand  and  the 
^actnal  •|>eoimnri  in  tbe  otber,  witli  tb»  Icuh  aiid  aral- 
1^  OMiMantl^  at  work. 

'      If  woataitm  with  a  child  nine  yean  of  age.  and 

mmmenoa  to  carefully  point  out  to  it,  connunily 

IMdng  lyMh  epeclinHua,  all  that  can  bo  l«ariii'd  from 

I  tbe  body  of  any  oiu  kind  uf  Hiuall  aniiiiHl.  apprupri- 

^atolj  UtoatraUng  it  an  we  pmceed  with  a  mfficient 

Bomber  o<  the  proper  land  tor  eomporiaona,  and  In- 

krodttobif  at  lb*  lama  time  th*  almpler  lawa  ot  ohem- 

I  Jatrj  and  pbyalology.  It  1*  abaolntely  iiiarTelloiia  the 

^Interan  tiiBt  cnn  l>e  nruiioed.  and  the  progtvsa  tbul  in 

Like  ontoome  of  it  all.    Children  aooo  loini,  too,  to 


iMhe  wotMlMfnlly  good  ekeletian  of  tbelr  work,  and 
may  be  easily  taaght  (o  oosipare  Uietn,  and  lay  them 
aMde  tor  fntnre  nae. 

Tbe  (eiUbook  for  Ibia  panioae.  (reatius.  aa  it 
ought  (o.  ot  a  tew  (ype*.  ahould  Iw  tbotougbly  and 
carefuUv  iUnatnMdi  aud  none  of  tho  aynlenu 
abonld  bo  bi  anj  way  negleolod  or  baatlly  iMMaed 
over.  Take  lb*  ninaenlar  ■jra(ean,  for  eiaaiple.  Fim 
cbildren  uine  year*  of  ago.  it  will  only  be  MtoeaNrj 
to  iUnatiale  tbe  larger  and  inora  Imporlant  muacloi 
of  tbe  trunk  and  eitrumitiee.  t>i)l  Kuod  BgvrM  of 
Iben  iDiut  bo  giTen  in  tbe  texUbook ;  and,  Hay  tba 
inatmi^ior  baa  liator*  hlu  aa  hia  type  aone  auAh  aa 
animal  bh  a  •ii|tiirrel.  bo  can  oaally  lay  bMOtbobioAua 
in  tbe  fore.limb.  and,  Ui  an  attractlTe  way  tor  cbil- 
diiiii.  apiink  of  tbe  eomporiUon  of  a  muerle,  «huw  the 
pbyaire  inrolTwd  In  ita  lererago,  and  nay  bow  it  is 
fuuud  in  moel  all  vertebraim  with  forn-liiBba,  how 
in  mammahi  it  b  in«ette<l  tola  tbe  radlue,  and  In 
luany  bird*  into  tbe  ulna :  ita  preaence  in  onraelTaa 
ran  at  one*  be  democntrated  npao  nnv  child  preoent ; 
and  eo  on.  I.«a«»ie  of  thia  kind,  I  know  from  per- 
Bunal  enperienoe,  an  entered  Into  with  a  growing  in. 
(ercet.andare  pnraued  with  an  exr-liirei^tiia  proit. 

Ho  far  aa  I  know,  to  tuy  niiod.  (he  teit-book  in 
KoClogy  anil  Uology,  tor  the  uaoot  oar  ebildmii  from 
nine  to  fifteen  yeara  of  age,  reiualiia  yel  to  be 
written.  B.  W.  Suvnun. 

Ton  Wh^aie,  H.  He*.,  )«ar<ib  S. 


Thought-transferrencc. 

I  read  with  inutb  aiirpri>e  Mr.  Kiluiiiiid  Uamay'a 
letter  on  the  article  ot  which  I  save  an  accoont  In 
ScifiK*  nf  P*h.  4.  I  thoaght  I  had  roado  it  qnile 
clear  Chat  I  •••*  ainiply  aaying.  In  part  in  my 
wordi  but  moritly  in  their  own.  what  twu  ladiea  bad 
wrttton  on  an  oveilookeH  tac^tor  in  thought- Irann. 
terr«nc*.  A«  thoie  ladiei  bare  ao  clearly  pr<>Tii<l  their 
ability  toi>peak  tor  themielTM,  I  will  take  the  liberty 
of  forwanlini;  th<?m  a  oepy  of  Mr.  Ouroey'a  lettor, 
and,  if  thoy  think  it  aHriaabl*,  Ihey  nay  aoiwer  It. 

The  reaaon  why  t  cooaider  tbe  article  Important  ie 
becaoae  It  lelli  na  aoraathlng  now  and  iatereating 
•bent  tbe  '  number- hn hit.'  not  nn  aco'niot  ot  ita  bear- 
inga  on  thouicht-tranifvrreooe.  The  latter  palol  of 
tI«w,  howoTer,  nai  that  which  intereetecl  (he  au- 
thor* of  the  arlicto,  and  I  tbonght  it  betl*r  to  adopt 
their  form  of  atatnmaot.  Tha  boanng  of  this  fact  on 
paycbic  research  in  to  me  of  rath«r  trinal  interaat 
compared  lo  tbe  p<ychol'<gical  value  of  tbe  faet  itaelf. 
I  tear  there  la  great  danger  ot  magolfyiag  the  im- 
porlaaoe  of  paychlo  reeaareh  In  ganMal,  and  uf  for- 
getting that  It  form*  only  a  email  and  that  rather  an 
unimportant  part  ot  |W]rcholngy. 

It  aoomi  lo  mo  perfei^l;  fair  for  the  writer*  of  the 
artk'l»  ill  quetiioD  to  iimiC  any  detailad  refnreno*  to 
the  work  of  ih*  Eiitrli»h  «u(;i*ly  ;  ainl  (,  fur  one.  did 
not  draw  from  it  th^  infrrence  which  Ur.  Gurany 
drawl,  — that  they  tuppo*e  tho  aririimtnC  In  ai>|>ly'  CO 
all  tho  work  ol  the  ICnglish  *>H.-ieCv.  1  •]<•  beliero, 
how'vrr,  (lut  the  prindple  baa  a  very  murh  vider 
apphcati"'!  than  Hr.  Onmey  tuppooea.  The  writeni 
ot  the  article  in  quntion  took  lor  granted  aonM  ac- 
i{uaintanca  with  tbe  work  of  the  Rncliih  nociety ; 
and  ihn  cliargn  of  iniarapreMiiitaciiio  «e«Rii)  lo  oie  un- 
fair aKaiint  them,  a*  I  hope  ic  is  alox  unfair  againit 
my  accouDl  of  their  article. 

It  eon  barilly  Iw  .-f  intrmc  Co  »By  •>ne  bnt  tnyialf 

to  know  that  Ur.  Onrney'f  own  attempt  at  *  thougbt- 


266 


scisycE. 


[Ym..  IX  ,  No.  315 


tratiifrrruiiM '  hu  been  a  failuro.  No^aly  h«T«  I 
naA  (-rrry  pa)(»  accaiUbla  to  me  o(  the  wrilmK*  of 
Ur.  Durnoy  an'l  hit  iimoo1*C«»,  aiiil  hnre  brKUQ  rc«d- 
iiiK  III"  '  fliHiitAfiii*  of  the  liriiie,'  but,  oa  tbo  whole, 
I  half  K|>i-iii  oiDio  tjinc  in  thi*  ilpiMu-imirnt  of  lll«rn- 
tura  thnn  I  can;  publlrlj  lo  oonfMn.  Tbv  untjr  juoli- 
llcMli'jn  with  vilii(<li  I  ronirale  raytAt  for  kII  lhi>  lead- 
inic  i*  111*  iclio'pn'  h#rv  and  Ibors  of  on  iiit«rc»tJD« 
illuitralioK  oE  tho  ptjehrAotiy  at  ■  pt^chic  mwarrli ' 
itoolt.  If  Ibavr  iivumlimHtait  thu  impnrMiioe  of  tbe 
■rlictft  I  rr|i.-.rt».l.  it  iniiv  lim"  WsH  (!up  to  tils  bright 
09nlra>il  it  ■illiitil<--t  tu  ••>  muob  oE  the  litcmtura  on 
that  luf  ir  with  whitb  1  haTo  como  in  caoCact. 

J.  J. 
BallUoor^  Md..  UaruU  U. 

To  iKiiuo  of  th*  facta  broiiitht  ont  hy  tlie  EugtuiL 
bnuieb  for  ii«yoIilrA]  r)<«cHrHi.  autj  which  bpciu  to 
ue  well  uttubliHlii-it.  —  quite  UA  vrll,  indocil.  iw 
uiui;  (acta  iu  phyaicol  kucdcd  wbicli  aciiuiUbU  ao- 
oapt  bocAUM  tbo7  eaonot  nxjilalii, -^tbo  Aiuvrioao 
brauoli  of  th*  win*  tooiety  uutuni  ita  t^tnoiror. 
"  The  tMla  of  r(M4II«i1  iuvndignton  hare  born  nm- 
doral  qnit«  iinreliablfl  hv  Iba  fn^t  that  thci)'  ««Tn 
thAinielvaa  the  dnpM  of  th«lr  om  UImm."  Noit,  the 
luvMtiicatorini'ii/Mitbailupuof  Uaownfouoiw,  — that 
la  most  true,  —  Imt  bU  fanojr  maj'  bo  «  ■naocptihilttT 
(arorable  to  the  fjut,  or  a  non-recopliTc  aiiMMiptihilC- 
Vj,  tbat  wonid  roqiitn  mom  thoD  a  loglcMl  (rain  of 
poMlbtlitiei  todliqwl.  Me  may  benudiaslav*  uEoo^p- 
llo  habit,  that  lli«  normal  fretidom  of  hii  jadfpucnt  ia 
wi>iihm«il  liy  [inxTouocitpd  ideaa  ai>  tymuiieiil  a«  to 
muke  u(  him  a  biyot.  In  udoutiQa  iaraall^ioti  the 
OUR  itinD  in  lui  wiirtblsM  lu  the  othfir,  —  on  tbe  <iuu 
baiicl,  the  Hi:i^tit)tif^  inniL  nh<t  M^iU  not  l>u  OLmtinotil  l 
and.  uD  tbo  other,  tlic  ouc  who  will  bo  too  oally  con. 
rincad. 

Humanity  la  raado  iip  ot  ectii]iauiid8  pretty  well 
kuowu  ;  au<l  It  aeeiu*  liardly  probable,  that  given 
tbo  naiiio  op|Kirtuuiti«a,  aiid  with  moutal  cnlibrc  ot 
Di)iial  |>ui«L-r,  Uic  Engliab  mea  of  icleucci  tilionld  be 
th»  viciinu  (it  their  own  tanclan  to  n  larger  drgriw 
Uiau  those  ^n  th«  Unit^  HtntM  So  1  take  it  that 
di)p«  No  1  prtMLilx  in  Eurojie.  and  dupe  No.  2  in 
AEoerfco.  It  will  alwayii  he  found  difflonlt  to  fiiplain 
pnyehcilogical  pbeDomciw  npmt  pbyslcal  hnww, -> 
moie  thnn  .litni'iilt ;  il  la  iiiipo«rib]*.  The  thcoriM 
(ollow«d  out  by  the  American  branoh  do  not  seom  to 
nw  to  bo  applioable.  In  (he  Qnit  place,  it  i>  not  a 
(net  in  raenlol  acieuoe,  that  bocauiM  lb«  |H>w«r  of 
tbouKht-tmufMTamee  occon  bi  a«i«  {MnoD.  it  luuat 
oopnr  to  a  cartatn  tileut  In  all  p«nianii,  or  in  at  lewt 
a  grr'rt  uuD}'  perwiu*:  and  1  tcry  miicli  qiiMtioD  tlia 
Diistcuce  of  any  moDtuI  lyitoni  conalmolM  u|>on  the 
relation  o(  tlic  dlgitu  or  the  (latenuiuatioii  of  uiiiii- 
bvra,  Slaitiiiti  ntit  nitb  the««  preoonceiveil,  firmly 
tooleil.suU  iinli'unhle  bT]>othcaoa,  tlu>  Jnvoatigalor 
ban  nlrcodr  inudc  hiiniclf  the  dup*  of  an  idea.  Ha 
is  the  liciuii  of  Ibo  aocioty'a  •iptuiAtlon.  U«  eome* 
to  the  work  totally  luiqnaUfiwl  an  an  Qtiprejudioed 
ob«n*UT.  beoaua*  be  ia  alreadjr  prejudiced  by  pre- 
eoncvived  trainaot  thought,  originatod  by  the  HoaiMy 
to  which  he  bolongi.  and  aia|t){«nit«il  by  hi*  own 
iB-dw«Uiii|t  Upon  tha  aabjeel.  He  ha*  nithdiaim 
fmu  manfau  (rMdom  aoineUuiig  abeolutoly  iicwaiary 
to  it*  nnfeltored  aoUon.  and  eaunol  gire  to  the  iu- 
TOHtlgation  thai  jiut  and  honeat  alndy  wbloh  alone 
«kn  bo  of  Korvice.  Tlie  nnmber  of  uieu  in  the  w-orld'a 
life  capable  of  paMing  DHob  judgment  ia  asoeedingly 
unaU  :   (bej  c^d   he  counted  npnn  oiM'a  flagcn. 


A  maa  luay  be  reverenoetl  In  the  roolin  of  loltcro,  of 
aetrunomy,  of  medieine,  of  natural  hlntriry,  etc.,  and 
yet  it  ia  more  than  prnbable  thai  he  canii<>t  bring  to 
a  OTOcial  t™t  of  pnychic  phoiiomcnn  the  fmidoni  of 
fndginent  that  ia  ueoi-atary.  In  thii  very  nalurc  of 
tbitiir*,  I  ehtiultl  di>iiht  uinitl  eiruiigly  If  a  pliynicint 
in  ever  (he  proper  pervuu  to  (irvnounee  upon  luelit- 
pbyiilcBlproegHiai.lieaBiute  bis  wfaolebabi(-.>(  thought 
haa  btcn  in  a  different  direction. 

To  aecept  Qotliiug  vt  poRiliro  that  haa  not  boon 
proved  dirindlrH  our  world  down  to  the  ^[eoiuelrical 
coDco|itioii  of  a  '  poiut.'  which  biu  position  without 
dlinoniion :  It  luako*  of  hnnuin  life  a  mere  ideii,  tbat 
an  yet  tuck*  luglntJ  tuetbod,  and  ia  without  deiflnito 
fanhiooing :  and  ruba  erery  one  that  take*  the  lif»> 
giving  oxygen  into  hia  Inugn  without  knowing  wby 
ho  does  it  or  what  uUlninti>  piirpone  it  anboerTew,  of 
tlw  very  aweeteM  hope  Uialaatudent  coo  have,  —  tbat 
Mnne  day  the  mytteiriea  tiiat  now  tonnent  na  tlioll  be 
mode  OB  elrar  •«  the  noonday  auu.  Thia  ia  uM  the 
teat  of  piynholnfflcal  phenomena,  and  navei  con  b«. 

I  cou  undereland,  from  a  very  conaldorahla  cxpo- 
rt«ai«e  iu  huepital  work  ou  tbe  oonlluiMit,  that  luaoy 
acNiditiunii  of  ■cU'dcocptiuD  arc  nelf.crenled.  A  man 
may  be  the  victim  of  escEwlvo  inttoapcctiotj.  aud 
nwy  Rvinjute  up  uatital  atato*  of  being  and  menial 
liiiHeerirw  wliieb  lo  him  are  abeoliiEe.  Another  uar 
reoeiTe  into  u  ductile  miud  aa  truth  oerbJn  diapnted 
ideuK.  Locauia  ho  ho*  already  tilled  the  ground  for 
the  reoeplitin  of  the  nerd.  Another  will  fail  to  re- 
ei-lve  Hiiy  thlii);.  Iiecaiiee  he  haa  detcrminod  either 
that  he  will  uot.  ur  thet,  if  be  does.  It  will  eoulliet 
with  bin  preformed  ncientific  eoDOepUoD  of  tbe  luaU 
tcr.  Roth  ot  tlu>*e  tatti-r  ore  oottunly  dnpca,  I  have 
aeeii  a  fuw  eiHiii|iW  i)f  llionght-tninaferrcnce ;  but 
even  Uic  few  wrreao  uumiiitBkably  the  evideuceH  of  a 
now  force  or  power,  and  eo  free  from  auy  Huspiclou 
of  fmiid.  thai  1  cannot  deny  tho  pouibllity  berauae  I 
»iii  anable  lo  explaiu  tho  li,«U  1  oortaiiily  do  not  m- 
cliue  to  relegate  iiueh  power  (o  the  mere  rudl  mental y 
conditions  of  (Hiirniputary  human  life ;  neither  haa  it 
Wen  my  expt>rlrnce  to  Hud  that  the  laent  or  per- 
cIpiHiit  veiv  pemonn  In  whom  tho  intdMoti  war*  oit 
all  weukrned.  We  know  iw>  little  of  eouMtnuaneas, 
of  brain-power,  and  of  the  power  of  the  aenaea,  that 
wo  ibnuld  liluahingly  annonnco  onraeKoB  oa  ignorant 
and  blind,  Iwfore  opening  the  door  that  lead*  to 
regionH  of  which  the  wiw<tt  kuow  alutolutiily  iiothinK- 

lam  writing  merely  aa  my  thunghUii  titi|;KeM,  niid 
not  at  all  oa  one  voreed  in  thia  tbe  moat  abotrmte  of 
all  nclonoea ;  and  tfaeao  thought*  have  bneo  enlled  out 
by  aetudyof  theplonaaudpurpoaeaot  the  aocloty  f or 
InvontiKatinu  these  phciiomona.  It  teeuiH  to  me  that 
tbe  ends  and  purposi^  aimed  at  ore  handicapped  at 
the  outset  by  certain  definitiona  and  prementol  eon. 
eeptluiiH  that  uiiiict  be  more  or  leaa  dominant,  and 
thua  tyrauuiM  over  the  uuderatandiug  ■  *■>  that  tlie 
Teaj man  who  IbiiJoihlnMwmreelncoinea  the  dupe  ot 

Eraeonodved  Idaaa.  The  Inolinet  of  tbe  animal  that 
wt»  hitn  to  iulvrprct  eertain  mooda  of  his  uinstor, 
and  which  is  of  a  ])iut  with  the  whole  tnuisriiiwtion 
of  boredity.  —  the  autumntio  action,  solonjieuk.of  the 
higher  uecvoiis   Kan^tln,    or   tlie  impress  that  Ihnio 

Cglia  have  aoi]Ut[ed  by  aiiaUareiiierienooB  Ihrougb 
idreiln  of  preeeding  geiKnUona,  —  la  •itiitc  an- 
other thing  from  tlia  eompltacplienoauenaor  (huii(Eht- 
tranaferrcnco,  wbldi  ara  the  cxpoBouta  of  a  much 
higher  doKreo  of  eivilLntlon,  eAlliug  for  a  much 
nion:  elaborate  and  iutricate  association  of  paycbic 
fnneCions. 


MAccn  IS.  liStfT.] 


SCIENCE, 


26T 


If  «Teii  lb*  tM«t  aliiBlllMnt  of  alt  of  tbe  flwl> 

hnporMcI  from  Kiiglftixl  hv  dfi^iiliol,  w<>  km  loft  to 

r.de*l  vith  on  •inkDDini  auiuctbitig  quite  npart  (rom 

'liutiDet,  —  flomotbini;,  (or  no  it  ii«iii«  to  lue.  wliiob 

CMltlot  tio  cntapariHl  with  il  in  nny  vc-j,  bill  wbieb  ■■ 

the  evidetio«  at  *  higher  onUr  o(  braltt-iniwirHtk- 

tion  than  ««  bkre  y«t  diM  vith. 

HOIATIO  B.  BtOKLOW,  U.D. 

TbC  tail  of  Cblamydosclachus. 

A  nomt  opporlQnity  of  cmiiiiaijig  n  tecond  aiioci. 
men  of  oii)«ni;<loiiclncbiiii  rnroiiibiHl  tbe  mcaoi  of 
■ddluK  Ml  Itain  or  tuxi  to  our  kiiowl«{i|{n  of  that 
[Monlur  gSDiu.  lu  M-voral  i<'>iiilH  tb<-  «iMiipIu 
'  ffiffeved  m>m  tb&t  origiuollf  doicribcil.  Tkia  ma 
notably  lb«  cNiv  idtb  tba  t*ll.  On  the  liil«r  nptiiro, 
thlfl  oi|pM)  triM  n  Ulil«  iuor«  thkB  onC'toartb  at  ths 
total  kuglb,  nui],  nitfa  Iht-  T«rtatiMl  roliiiiiu.  lApMeit 
to  n  abarp  oxtivmity :  wbonu  in  tli«  fimt  uue  it 
Itoppod  abruptly,  witb  vorUbne  at  eaoadnniblo 
[  tlM,  sa  If  trnncal^.  On  (be  iw  on*,  tb*  lal«nkl 
Bne.  witil  a  few  abort  brtaka  pMteriorly.  ronlinnwl 
towitliiB  HI  inab  of  tbe  «ii(l  of  tbc  uil.  All  ibiH 
liullloAloa  that  tb*  tail  of  tliat  vbit^b  unrvcil  u  the 
lyjie  wfM  iletonnad  anil  lnooint>lHl« :  (b«  <L-(uriiilty. 
in  all  likBlihood.  bring  of  embryouio  origin.     Pro- 

ertioned  u  the  now  one.  tbe  tail  o!  llie  tj^po  would 
vo  baan  niiyitnlfea  iupbtiii  Ioiir.  iaidcni)  »f  wbicb  it 
WM  btit  titUp  uinrn  Ibnii  t*ii.     Oi>iii]>l*<l«d.  tlii  tyjic 
wunlil  hnvo  had  h  lotiil  length  i>t  Aixtytix  iiiribvx.  to 
oiroumfomneo  o(   oleton  and  a  half.     Tbe  morn 
iTDCiiBt  apaoiinnii  had  a  lonnth  at  (nrly-cigbt.  to  a 
Oircuinfureiica  uf  tmi  and  a  Imlf  iiinL«8,  which  miule 
it  rather  lesa  alendor  and  makc'LUio  thiui  its  pred- 
•coMior. 
AiKitbsr    dlffHr^uco    oeriirfnil    lu   tli«    d*utitl«n, 
[  VUeli,  in  the  laat  eiauiiuod,  xboirvil    TurintiouH  in 
'tbe  nnttiher  of  dooticlea  betweon  euuh  lat^nl  (Miip 
■ad  tho  modiuk :  *oiuntim(ui  them  vnre  two,  aoma- 
Uiaaabiit  on*. 

Th«  tropcio  folda.  abdomiunl   ketfl.  woru  preaeut, 
aa  on  tbe  apeoioion  from  which  tbe  oriRioal  deoerip' 

tiOD  WU  taVeU.  K.   UtRHAH. 

<r»Il•^^l<lcn.  Maw,  March  II. 

The  Quebec  group. 

Tliinkirig  it  mKj  lie  iut«mittug  Ut  gmilogMi  lo 
learn  thv  latest  (■oocluiiioai  in  roforence  totiM  rtimti- 
Lmpbiool  anoeeaaion  and  diabrlbntlon  of  tli*  rockn  In 
|1M  pnyrlnc*  of  Qnabec,  hitherto  Iinowii  m  tbe  ■  Qae. 
rbw  group.'  I  und  yon  tbe  foUowiug  brief  obaenro. 
[tiaiia  on  thin  mihijecl :  — 

Aa  U  well  known,  the  diiiMona  roado  bv  my  pradn. 

leoaaoi,  tba  UM«  Sir  W.  B.  Ln«ao.  of  Uila  InUTvaling 

Iwid  etr«edinuly  couipllcaled  group  of  formationa, 

tvere  in  aacouding  order,  —  Lena.   Lanxon,  and  8il- 

Fbrj,  —  and  them  tovether  wen  aoppoand  to  rirpreceiit 

■  pMnUar  pbaM  M  tha  aaldJFeroua  and  efaacy  fur- 

nMiaaM  of  the  Kaw  Tork  lower  jMleotoio  oeriea.    t 

liBTe  daewheve  made  known  m  the  raan]t  of  petaonal 

InTeaUeadon  that  portiona  of  liOTeml   nyntema  and 

tannBtliMiB  liad  OTidnntly  boeii  Snrlii<Uiil  in  tli«  Une- 

boo  gnmp  M  dMorilwil  in  tbe  '  Geology  of  Canada, 

1663,'  MM  depleted  on  tbe  geologioal  map  of  Canada, 

pabtiahod  in  1860.     During  a  pertonal  exiuuinatiOD 

of  a  larga  portion  of  tlin  ara*  (lnrin|{  the  taawiu  of 

1876. 1877.  and  I87S.  1  reoognited  atratu  which   I 


nxudder^d  eleariy  batnnmd  to  aTttaana  attd  fomift- 
tiona  raagUig  from  pte-Dambrla»  to  Silurian :  and 
abn  that  mueb  of  the  ao.oalled  'SillMTj'  waa  in 
rMllt.v  not  th<^  yonngnnt.  but  tbe  oldnat  member  of 
111*  uroiip.  and  of  pr«>Caiill>rlan  •){«. 

.\.l  I  mbaniueat  ioTeatigation  Ium  oonflnnad  th«  cor. 
rectneM  o(  tboae  eonoluMona,  llrst  adranced  in  a 
pa]»T  naA  bafora  tbnKatnral  hiatory  Ho«iety  of  Mon- 
treal in  Faliroary,  18T9,  ami  morn  fully  Ireoted  in  re. 
forta  and  paper*  aiuM  pnblieb«'l  in  Inni),  ISK).  and 
HSi.  Sinoe  Uie  date  of  the  la«t  of  tlii^M-  piibltca- 
Hon*,  Miuidemblo  additional  infurmaliou  relating  to 
tb«  diatrihntlon  of  tbn  aarMnl  formationa  ha>  liccn 
aoqaired ;  and  I  now  flud  that  no  laia  than  tour  dia- 
tin«t  borizona  «n  be  recognitod,  each  of  wbioh  ia 
marked  by  important  bnadaof  ooiigloni«r*t«.  Hme 
of  tb«M  (Noa.  %,  'A.  aiul4)ar«faaBllifon>na  UnsatoiM 
«ouglonienil«a.  while  one  (No.  I  >  l«  diially  falapathlc 
end  diotttie.  iH  nun  foaailiferona.  and  generally  pre- 
aenbi  tbf'  appnaronee  of  n  vidcanie  ogglooM'mte  or 
lirecda,  wbicli  iu  pbtom  beeouwa  a  br«e<4Blcil  acr- 
peaiUne,  Ofiaotherwlactarlantiy  altoml.and  laoftaa 
Bohiotoae  and  mieaeeona.  —  pra-Ckmbrion. 

No.  2  la  of  Cambrian  ago.  and  U  beat  leea  alooig 
the  eoiitli  Blior«  and  at  tl>i-  norlli  end  of  tb*  lalandof 
Orleana,  at  Bic.  at  Mvlia,  and  nl  aev^tal  p<4nla  lower 
down,  on  tbc  aoiitb  aide  of  the  St.  Lawrfuoo  Onlf. 

No.  3  in  the  eclttbrated  Lavia  eongloMerale,  wtdl 
espoaed  at  Point  Leria  and  at  tha  aontb-weat  t«id  of 
the  loland  of  Orleana.  It  La  interbaddad  with  gray 
and  (Urk  blue  highly  graptolilie  alatea.  raoognlwd 
by  ProfaaaoT  Ijipworth  aa  marking  tba  p1iyttogr^>taa 
iKine  of  Europe.  It  alao  r«cnn  wltfa  Ita  aaMctatad 
phyllograptua  alatet  at  oeTeral  i>olnla  batwaen  Motla 
and  tlut  Hataouin  Rirer  on  the  oonth  ahore  of  the 
St.  Ukwrenne,  alway*  In  dlacordant  oontaot  with  tba 
otrata  of  tb«  preceding  group. 

Ko.  4  in  tho  limeitonc  ounglomanits  of  tba  (taebeo 
Oilailol  Hill.  It  oceunt  tbrre  in  tfaieir  or  four  mora 
or  !■■«!  IfiitU-iilar  UkIh,  iiooa  of  which  oxeacd  nx 
feet  ID  thii'kneHH :  thef  are  aaaoolatad  and  tntarboddad 
with  black  hichlroarbonacaona  and  graptoliile  strata, 
yioldlntt  a  vaTiialilo  eenwnt-atano.  Both  to  the  nortb- 
eaHl,  ln-forrt  n>H>-liing  Ihn  Island  of  Orloana.  and  to 
the  aouth-weil,  thrHe  bistH  are  cut  off  by  tba  curving 
Uue  of  tbe  great  8i.  UiwrenM  and  Cluunjilaln  or 
Ap|ialael>tao  fault,  and  are  bronght  into  abrnpt  oon- 
taot wttli  tbii  roil  and  grooniah  gray  alatea  of  Mo.  S. 
"niey  appear  ^jaln,  lioweT**.  on  tba  oontb  ado  td 
the  St.  LawTMice  near  8t.  .Vntoine,  and  tbancn  paaa 
banaatb  tho  drifUroTdTcd  lotel  eonntry  to  the  aoutta- 
weat.  I  bellcTo  tlMM  bada  to  be  a  part  of  the  Utica. 
Hndaou  River,  or  Lorraine  (rronp.  profcaaor  Lop- 
worth,  who  boa  reocntljr  asamined  tbe  graptolitlc 
fauna  from  tboae  roeka,  oonsdoraitlo  dcaotoaalaga 
older  than  Trenton  Umaotono.  bat  deoidedly  newer 
than  lb«  LevU  pbyllocnptaa  aona.  The  latter  view 
is  entirely  in  aecurd  with  the  atmUaniphioal  tvid*nco 
aa  flnt  pnbliabed  by  me  in  1879i  bat,  ao  far  aa  tbe 
atratigiaphy  la  at  pmaaat  known,  il  ia  aa  de<id*dly 
oppoxnl  lu  tli«  former  ooncluolon.  Liata  by  Pro- 
feotor  Lapworth.  of  the  gnplolltaa  froin  Ilia  dlAetant 
horisons  above  named,  will  appear  in  tbe  volmno  of 
the  Tranaaotiona  of  the  Boyal  aociety  of  Canada, 
ahortly  to  ha  pnhllaheil. 

Tb^  fauua  of  No.  1  oouglotiinrate,  aa  Well  an  that 
of  the  aoBociatcd  ilaty  and'ahaly  liedx,  1*  <ixf  lonvely 
of  Cambrian  typo,  -  Dietyonema  aociale.  Kopbyton 
Ijnndannin,  Cruiiana  ('/')  PatadoiideO'Artihaeorya- 
tbua,  eto, 


268 


SCEBNCE. 


Ifot.  IS..  No.  91S 


Tbo  fauna  of  Ko.  3  cton^IonMinUi  In  iQti«(l  Ciun- 
briaii  ttud  lowur  CiiUibru-Siluriiui.  whilu  that  at  tL« 
AHoFiatcd  iliitjr  beds  U  ciclusiTelj-  lowot  Cnmbro' 
tUlurUn. 

TliA  fanna  of  Nii.  4,  tlioii^b  aIho  iii1\|'i1,  in  cliictly 
of  Trentoti  Lt-rriiiii«  ng^.  m  in  tlutt  u(  the  s>iRr:iciaU-(l 

Tlio  mmntnlouickl  nod  litholoeicul  chiuncl'Mv  of 
tlMi  (our  yrou]M  ucf  nn  luarkodlj  ill(I«riiiil  tut  >r«  Ibtir 
pkleouUtlugloitl  fMitiiiiui.  Mid  tbu  furuivr  prVMUl  * 
'■triliiiig  OMTMpoiidcnM  vitli  tfaoM  which  ohnmotar- 
lia  Um  pro-pAleozolo  uid  loir*T  poleoioio  (onuatiqrtu 
of  tbe  Lkli*  Sapwtor  nglon. 

Alto^uthsr  Iba  atraaiiutt  la  Ihv  viiiiiiily  of  (Jiivbuo 
•DDnifl  lu  corrtapond  very  okwoly  with  that  deHoribcd 
by  ill.  8.  W.  Ford  In  bin  '  Obion  ntinui  tipon  tho 
([rn»t  fmilt  ill  H«iuiMl>»r  coauty'  [Amrr.  jmm.  to., 
Tul.  XKix.  Jnuiikry.  191^5]. 

In  tbe  Qaebcc  atcB  the  gnat  fault  sot  only  exiata, 
but  bH  maiiT  mbotdiiiata  and  moro  ar  Iom  pandlol 
braiMliM.  Tb*  moat  Important  at  tbaaa  ctowmui  tbe 
main  Qaebeo  uttiollaal  at  DanTill«.  in  Sblpton  (own- 
■hip,  Md  rnnii  tbonoo  wiutb  by  tho  MiHdmjnui  valloy 
to  HaamnTillc.  id  the  towiwbjp  of  Poltou,  on  (li« 
Vnrmont  boumbuy.  Id  many  placiM  tboitii  diHlor*. 
tloua  liavp,  a*  itoacribeil  by  llr.  Ford  (op.  eil.). 
plBcciI  tbo  older  rooka  ou  tbo  lop  of  tbe  nowar. 
Snch  an  onrQitvucc  i*  wall  aoen  in  tba  gorge  of  tbo 
Nloolrt  KivdrDaaT  DaDTllU,  wImto  tba  black  Oaiiibrn- 
lilliinou  llmMtODM  and  abalM  dljf  directly  uud«r 
gray  wiinUttd  qiwtxow  piw-Ownbnaa  huom-scIubIb, 
-and  ODD  would  anppoM  tbo  two  Mrioa  to  b«  in  oon- 
formabln  anqnmca :  but  not  fac  TMWiTad,  In  tba 
tiiwtiHliip  of  TluKwirk,  a  ■iiioll  oiitllnr  of  Um  aaiuo 
bluuk  liiueatocie  icala  flat  uii  the  uotunied  cdffra  of 
tba  miau  Hchinta.  aa  do  iitbor  iiinmar  oulllera  <ii»«. 
«b«Iit  ill  ll"i  <U"triiit. 

It  if)  quit4>  fiidxnt  tbat  ApjialaubiAD  gculugy  caa 
ncTer  bo  imtiirfactorily  iulerprelecl  and  czplainod 
withont  coKifuI  aoil  luinuto  itady  in  tli*  flnlil  of  tlio 
uniiioTOua  K'"*'  nboviul,  mora  or  l«iwi  |>at«tM,  faiiiu 
by  wbiob  Ihe  wbol«  r«giou  ba«  bwu  affected,  and 
doc  ooonidc ration  given  to  the  nuUToUoiie  eDecla  tb<:y 
bnvo  prodnced  on  th<i  stracturt. 

Xlyukd  H.  C.  Sklwth. 
■ViUwo,  Con.,  March  «. 


Notes  upon  the  erosive  power  of  glaciers  as 
seen  in  Norway, 

Tbu  abovi;  h<taditit(  i«  tk«  tStI*  of  a  papw  lu  ooune 
of  propotatiuu,  of  which  the  following  ia  a  fy«um^ 
Id  port:  — 

(ei)  \*  many  of  tba  NorwogiaD  gloctora  am  rapidly 
adTanving.  tb«y  aroh  ovwr  from  rock  to  rock,  and 
leave  siib.glarini  oatvma  into  wliiob  tbe  mplorer  (.•■n 
go  long  (listuioce. 

(6)  No luerona  angular  and  Bab-angnlar  atoDna,  aa 
-well  as  IboM  rooodeil  by  aliuoa|)huria  eroalvn.  tan 
r«sling  apon  the  oryotailiua  rooky  beds  with  tha  im 
flowing  about  them  i  that  in  to  nay.  the  reaintonco  duo 
to  tbo  friction  betwaen  tbo  aloDes  aDJ  tbe  rock  la 
eieatM  Iban  the  oohe^n  of  tba  naieciilM  of  tb« 
foe,  whiob  flow  about  the  obstacles  aa  a  Tiaruas  bud^. 
Even  ntoDMB  retting  npoo  looM  and  loft  motniaic 
maltM,  over  whjeta  uie  glacier  ia  adTanetug.  ori.'  >ii(- 
fldact  to  cbaiinel  Um  lea  a«  h  movea  ovor,  in  i.Imo 
mf  poaUiw  It  along. 

(o)  Ho  DloekB  vm  seen  in  Um  aol  of  being  torn 


lip  from  Ui»aub}acent  ruck,  norwore  the  loose  xtones 
being  picked  up. 

(d)  \  largo  rciQDdod  bowlder,  held  in  tha  loo,  was 
boiug  roII<iil.  Id  |>larn  of  showed,  along  by  glaploTN, 
OH  aliovii  lay  till-  uiuuliliog*  in  tbit  icu.  At  the  aamv 
tiuiu.  if  wiu  bMDg  eruebed. 

r  f )  Tbo  abradon  by  tlM  lalliDg  of  delacbod  mouoi 
of  icn  BDit  atonaa  la  oomdderabln. 

(/)  A  ti>iigii«  c^f  icu.  liADgiug  from  tho  roof  of  a 
euvvm,  WHS  prewing  nguimil  a  tooae  bowldej.  that  B 
man  oould  havo  movod.  Id  place  of  puhbing  tbe 
atoDc.  or  nioilng  around  It,  tho  tougDH  of  ice.  of 
aliont  a  eiihl^  yard,  wim  bi-iog  livlil  Hiitip«ud*Hl  by  a 
ab»et  of  ice  beut  backward,  nearly  ut  right  angle*,  in 
a  graceful  curve. 

(g)  Scratched  atonca  irnre  ramly  hocd  among  those 
falling  oul  of  tbii  liollomii  ut  Klaciers,  aD<l  iu  many 
plari'D  tli«  rovk*  wen- ■carcely,  if  at  all.  tivratcbed. 
Although  occuaionolly  highly  poliahed.  thi?  subjacent 
rookn.  eVDD  wboro  acratDOad,  ahowed  gsDemlly  aiir- 
faeun  rougbr-DOil  by  weathering,  or  with  only  th» 
auKli<*  r«iiiuvi>il. 

(A)  Tlie  upper  Uyeri  of  ice  wore  Beon  to  bend  and 
flow  over  the  lower,  whofoyer  low  bamors  were  met 
with.  Id  plncft  of  th«  lower  atrata  being  pushed  Qp 
by  ail  o)>ll>|U»  thiUMt. 

(0  A  gla('i<*r  vim  lulvHrioiug  into  tt  uiurainic  lake, 
and,  in  part,  agaiuxl  the  lenuinal  barrier.  In  ploeo 
of  plnugliiDg  up  the  obBtruoiion.  tbo  atrata  of  Ice 
w<^r><  forcHd  up  Into  au  Aiiuelliiol,  almif  irlioae  ula 
tlivrv  uoH  n  fracturti  aiiil  fault.  Tbiia  doinea  of  )0« 
covered  with  uuid  were  produced.  The  sand  bod 
bccD  ile|>ciiiitod  upon  Uie  lurfaco  of  ulaelrm  l>y  tbfl 
waters  of  the  lak«.  Tho  couforuablllty  of  llie  iiaiiil 
and  tbe  at  rata  of  uplifted  iue  waa  uuditftuibed.  ei. 
uopt  uloDg  the  line  of  fault.  Aa  tbe  domes  uioll, 
coDea  of  HODil  with  corifs  of  ice  am  Intl.  Uy  tbe 
lifliug  pniceMi  (be  morainiv  barrier  la  outmwI  with 
clayey  ooud.  as  if  subjacent  etnita  bad  beea  ploughed 
op  by  the  glacier,  nt  which  Ihero  waa  no  evidence 

(J)  At  several  placea  where  gladen  arc  advoneitig 
over  tiioraineH,  Ibey  are  levelling  tbeiu.  and  not 
ploughing  them  oul.  Tills  InTelliug  prooeaa  is  by 
the  dripping  of  the  wMtor  from  the  whole  luutei  sur- 
face. Id  taot.  eveu  the  tuoiw  nlones  upon  tbe  watet- 
soaksd  moralnM  wore  auncicDt  raeislaDce  to  cause 
the  bottom  of  tbe  Ice  to  lio  jjroovod. 

(ft)  Tbo  fail  of  a  great  ice- aval  on  die  from  a  high 
BDow-Bold,  down  a  precipice  of  a  thousand  feet,  to 
the  top  of  a  glaeitr  r*ynanW  was  Kon.  Tlioae  falling 
mOMM  of  lee  bring  down  the  froat-loim-ned  otoncs 
from  tbe  aides  of  tbe  inouotuiDx  upuu  the  glacier, 
which  is  charged  with  dftnlun.  II  in  thin  iual*nal 
wblob  fumiabdi  luud  to  tbe  BDb.glaclal  nlmnnia,  and 
not  tlie  rocky  bed  of  the  Tollay  worn  down  by  glacial 
eroaion. 

(f)  One  dues  not  find  that  the  glncieni  prrsr  are 
prodacing  humroockii.  Thono  iire  tho  reiult  of  at- 
mnapbcric^  aud  ai(iu">us  er'imoii.  altlioii([h  pi^rbaps 
IwawtUi  a  glrtoier,  wliii'li  »wc"p"  over  them,  nml  to 
■uDie  extent  ncratcheo  and  pi.>lialj>'*  thoni.  The  cffecla 
of  ([laeinUoii  in  romoviug  angles  and  id  poliahing 
siirfoocB  oro  aiiiall  c-iiuporod  witli  atiiiospherjc  ero- 
sion upon  thv  Haiuv  luc)^. 

(in)  The  trouflportlnu  power  of  glaciers  to  limited 
to  the  di'lrrii,  which  talla  upon  ita  nurfocc  from  over- 
baDging  or  adjaoent  clitfu,  and  attora'srilB  works 
througb  tbu  iusimi  or  oumus  to  be  depuvitcd  at  ita  end. 

J.  W.  Spxkou. 
DalTersIlT  of  Miaaouri,  Feb.  18. 


« 


SCIENCE.SUPPLEMENT. 


FRIOAV.  MARCH  18.  1W7. 


I  UATB  been  iuk^<)  to  fn^t'  midi'  acrouat  of  (lie 
st&Jd  eTSt«m.  a«  practispd  in  S«nl«o,  tia<ing 
lately  vbiitej  tliat  eounlry  in  ordor  i»  »tu(lj-  IIjp 
s^sWai  bolh  prarlifally  and  tiieoreUcally.  Thi» 
Tinii  conrino-n]  mv  ol  iU  excellence,  of  it«  claim 
to  br  rcgnnUxl  tu  an  imporUint  factor  in  educa- 
tion. nn<l  the  necl  tlipre  is  for  something  of  thi 
kind  in  our  own  acli'-ol«. 

Tlie  word  '  ali>jil '  is  eteentinlly  St-andtDaviun, 
anil  un  equivaleot  for  it  is  not  to  ho  foiinil  in  nny 
oclier  E'lcopeaa  language.  ItM  original  inrnniiiK 
ill  '  i-unniiig.'  'clever,' '  liauily  '  (compnn* '«i<T!ffA( 
of  linnd '),  but,  as  al  [in<Btiit  used,  it  means  ratliec 
llie  'liffrti-ut  kitiflB  of  tiiui(t-work  met\  in  ftchools 
lor  I'llurnlionnl  jmrpoiws-  'SIOjJ'  i«  such  a  wm- 
i  reDinit  word,  nod  pmbract-s  m>  lutioh.  tbnt  1  tliiiik 
ve  stiall  hare  to  nntur»li»>  it  in  Entfluiid,  iind 
call  it  *  sloyd.'  It  liDH  nlivndT  Xnvn  ■doplcd  in 
France  and  (Irrmany,  and  T  tielievc  in  Dpluiiini, 
Auslriu,  and  RuMla. 

Then)  nrc  many  kindH  ct  tlujd,  at  hand-work, . 

practised  In  tlie  school*  in  Swolen,  Norway.  Dea- 

uark,  Finland,  Gennany,  and  other  counlricn,  — 

[idinple   Dieial  work,  smith  work,  bniikot-mnking, 

poiulinf;;  (trade),  (rel-work,  tx>ok-l<inding.  prtpin-- 

maclii,  needle-work,  and  finally  woodxIAJd,  whlcli 

.-eomriais  mainly  of  i-iiipenlry.  but  in  which  carv- 

'  fng  uiul  turning  tuny  pliiy  a  subordloale  finrt. 

Horr  Oitn  Snloioiin,  thi-  director  of  the  semi- 
nary  at  NMs,  hnii  drawn  up  a  table  in  which  the 
Itltove  occupation*  arc  conipoml,  under  llie  fol- 
lowitit^headR!— 

1*.  The  children's  intprnsl   gnincil;   2".  Work 

which  can  be  u»ed  ;  'i".  Order  mid  (irecision  ;  4". 

k.Cleanliuatt    uud    neatnem ;    a°.     Dcvelopiucnt   of 

ItMse  of    form  ;    U".  Accordance  with  chjldren'ti 

roapiicity :    T".  Strengthening  and  developing  of 

the  pb.VHical  jioweni ;  8",  CounterpolM  to  sitting  ; 

9°.    Capability  of    methodical    ex|xi»ll]o>n ;    10". 

Goiu-nil  dexterity. 

It  ai>)-eani,  from  n  careful  cuiiipariiou  uf  the 
ree>nl1«  i.>)ilaincd  by  nteiuii  <if  thme  voriouH  oocu- 
petloD»,  that  nlille  several  ol  them  aniiwcr  lo 
the  above  teets  in  certain  pnniculorB,  yet  only  the 
wovd-nli^t  can  anftwerall. 

I  will  endeavor  to  give  a  tiricf  outline  of  Ihc 
Chief  principlea  of   the  method  for  th»  teaching 


of  nuuraal  work  which  m  followed  at  NUo,  and 
which  has  thence  been  largely  diu«mlnnted  all 
orer  Scandinavia  and  Finland,  and  is  taught 
«vea  withiu  the  arctic  ciicie.  lu  Sweden  alone. 
woiid'Hldjil  is  |>ractiwd  in  eight  hundred  national 
Hcbiiolf.  luta  lava  introduced  into  the  sucondarjr 
■cbiHili  lor  l-ii\H,  imd  is  now  being  adapted  ecen 
ID  the  Dpper  ichixiU  (or  girls. 

It  ban  also  iHvn  inlrodtuvd  into  France,  Bel- 
gium, Germany,  Austria.  Rucsia,  and  the  TJnitiii 
Slatw.  It  will  probably  be  taken  up  in  Ahys- 
ainla,  (hrough  the  instrumentality  of  the  Swedish 
minBioouries;  and  even  rar-disiatil  Japan  is  bIiwk- 
iog  an  intrreHt  in  the  subject.  Are  we  EUglbh 
to  bf  U-H  hD|iel«ialy  behind  in  tlie  adoptiou  ot 
hand-work  a«  an  imponant  factor  in  education  f 
We  hnvp  nlreodjr  aocoptiMl  it  —  in  a  vi.iy  limited 
way,  it  U  lr»«  —  in  Iba  adoption  of  (lio  kidder- 
garten  aysUw,  the  rery  »oul  of  which  in  it*  tr- 
apoDse  to  the  child's  Dead  of  orliviiy  and  produc- 
tion ;  and  alOJd  Is  the  saiuc  piinciple  at  work, 
only  in  a  form  suited  to  ttaa  growing  powen  of 
our  boyx  and  girb. 

Urrr  Solowon  hioiBelf  has  treated  of  the  re«ulla 
aimed  nl  by  sIAjd.  the  choice  and  clawiliculion  of 
model",  niul  the  qiication  who  i*  to  be  the  »l6jd 
teacher,  in  a  work  which  ha>>  already  lieen  troni- 
lated  Into  FTencb  and  (ti>rnian,  and  will  soon,  I 
hopr.  appear  in  Biiglisb. 

^lOjd  aiui^atlhe  following  retiulta : — 

1",  To  implant  reepect  aad  love  for  work  In 
general ;  3".  Tu  implant  c«spect  and  love  eveti  for 
tliecuanwr  formn  of  honeit  muuual  work  ;  S".  To 
duTvtop  iKtiiily:  *°.  To  footer  order,  accuracy, 
oleanlinm,  and  nentneu :  'i".  To  rncouragn  atten- 
tion, industry,  and  pen^vtrrancc :  R".  To  develop 
tlie  i>hysical  powers ;  7^.  To  train  the  eye  and  th« 
sense  ol  form. 

The  Joining  of  the  slAJd  course  should  be  vol- 
uutar}  on  the  part  of  the  pupil :  oonaequeotly  the 
work  atioutd  tulHI  the  following  cuuditiona  :  — 

1".  It  should  be  uHeful ;  t'.  The  preinuatory 
eKercisea  ah'jutd  not  be  too  fatiguing  :  3°.  They 
should  nITrr  variety  ;  4".  They  sbutild  be  ejcecuted 
wilhoul  help :  S".  They  should  be  real  work,  not 
play  ;  C.  They  should  not  be  knick-knacks,  or  so- 
called  fancy-work  ;  T'^.  They  should  belong  tu 
the  worker  ;  H".  They  should  be  in  haruiuuy  wiili 
his  powcrand  physicul  strength  :  C".  Tlicy  should 
beof  auch  a  nature  that  tbuy  can  lie  flnisbed  with 
cxactoeaa:  10".  They  should  allow  uf  cleanliness 
and  neatnesa ;  11",  They  should  demand  thought- 


270 


scnsycE. 


\YaL.  IX  .  No.  SIfl 


(uliuitt,  ntid  Iliu»  be  niotv  tliati  ti  [iukI.t  inecltani- 
ral  work  ;  tS'.  1  li«j  »liuul<l  eUeui-lhpu  and  de- 
vtlop  (he  ph}-«lqae:  13'.  They  nhould  liel|>  to 
«xarcl8e  i)i«  smHO  of  rono  ;  14".  LiuU.v,  lu  niauj 
toola  Knil  Ri«ni|>ulnli<ins  as  jioaatbU-  ebould  bv  itn- 
irfoyetl. 

Sufh  lire  ih*  rvnilta  aimed  at ;  but  lioro  «  vwy 
inponnDt  qiitviion  atlse».  Who  Is  to  be  tliv  alAjd 
UMiohorT  Teacbon  ar«  alreadj  so  overburdcoed 
with  work,  thai  il  ewins  loo  niiiofa  to  expect  them 
to  tindt-rlakv  aoullier  eabj«cl.  But  tor  tlien>.  too, 
a  8Ubj*«l  so  Doi'irl,  and  necrsmril}-  so  dUTrmillj 
tanjcht  from  tho  ordinnry  s<'h«>l<iibjci-is.  would 
doubUeiuliuvi' ibintlnictions.  and  woulit  iUuttmU- 
the  taj'ing,  ■ChiinKc  of  notk's  ns  good  n«  play.' 

Whiftlicr  lhi«  \ir  wi  or  nol.  the  sifijd  iiuiltuc- 
lion  mufl  \io  iinilcrlJikcR,  not  by  nn  >rliann.  who 
n-outd  niiturHlly  rognid  it  nier«1y  from  its  ine- 
<'huiiini1  eidv.  vrbprrwi  (he  main  object  of  slf^jd  I'e 
not  the  iivdhing  of  any  tra<le,  but  the  devHop- 
mrnt  nf  the  fscvltJe«,  aud  the  acqulrlnji;  of  gen- 
cmi  dexterity.  It  uiuat  therefore  be  j^veii  by  a 
trained  teacher,  who  uiideislaiida  Ihe  nature  of 
the  maleTial  on  whiuli  he  haa  to  work,  vie,  child- 
uatut«,  and,  if  pouibl','.  by  tlie  eanic  tmclwr  who 
lakeD  tilt?  olbrr  iicli(iol-$iil>Je<-ts. 

I  may  mirntinn  thnt  l>y  inenos  of  tifgd.  vrbicb 
lueoaiiUik«  iluIivlduBJ  guiteriiaion  and  inrtrurlion, 
the  tcttoher  litis  an  opportunity  of  obtolniog  an 
ioelght  into  the  olmracter.  and  at  Mlablieliing  « 
(lerwiiiRl  rcLiilioii  lietween  liimself  and  liis  pnpib, 
wliic'h  it  is  nimoel  impoanble  to  obtain  by  meiuis 
<if  ctnai-inslrortion.  Niunbeim  ttf  t«achrrB  <-aii 
bear  witness  to  tli?  triith  nf  this  iitat«mpnl.  Tlie 
teiurher  ^lioiild  lend,  direct,  and  control  the  work, 
but  should  be  rarrful  not  to  put  his  hand  directly 
to  it.  In  order  to  be  able  (o  follow  with  adran- 
tage  the  roune  of  instruction,  ibe  |iupil  ought  to 
ha*«  reached  a  point  of  dievrlopmoit  unually  ut- 
lalaed  about  lh«-  age  of  eli-vitn. 

One  word  a*  t»  the  main  ililfMX^oe*  botwcon 
wood-olfijd  and  nrdinnry  onrpimtfrinic,  with  wblcli 
it  in  wry  apt  to  lie  ronfiwod.  The*e  lie,  l".  In  the 
rhnniotcT  of  the  ol)Jerl«  made,  whlcb  are  usually 
Fmaller  than  those  tuade  lu  the  trade ;  S",  iu  the 
tools  used  (the  knife,  for  iosUace.  the  inutt  iin- 
jjorUut  of  all  in  =15jd,  is  Utile  used  in  orUiiuirj- 
carpentry) ;  8°,  in  t)ic  manner  of  working  (tho 
<UvMon  of  labor  ciii)>luy«l  in  iIk^  trudo  U  noc  al- 
lowed in  itiijd,  wbi'tv  ravh  arlicto  ts  begun,  car- 
ried on,  and  llniiilicd  by  thct  (uiiiic  piipll):  4",  but 
the  fundamental  iIllTerrntv  i*  in  the  object  of  slOJd, 
which  UiOot  loturnoutfull-hlown, or  half-blown, 
or  even  quarler-blown  young  carpenten,  but  to 
develop  the  faculties,  aud  specialty  to  giw  geni^nil 
dest«rity,  whicli  will  be  lutrful,  wliatiiTer  line  of 
life  the  pupil  may  af t«rwarda  follow. 


Ae  indiddUHl  Instruction  la  Rvainmlly  ii-i|utr«tlt 
at)d  as  this  manual  work  connol  bo  teughl  in  i-Iui«, 
the  saTue  tcaclier  can  only  siiperinlenil  n  limited 
number  of  pai>ilB  at  Ibe  name  time.  Generally 
npcnking.  Ibure  should  not  be  mor«'  Ihra 
twelve. 

A*  to  tb<-choirp  of  models :  I".  All  articles  of 
luxury  are  to  be  excluded  ;  2°.  The  objects  made 
are  to  be  nf  iise  at  home :  8".  Tlie  t-bildreii  bhould 
be  able  to  flnish  them  entirely  without  hfrip : 
V.  The  articles  should  be  made  of  wood  only ; 
5*.  No  pit\M\  should  l)r  uwd  ;  R",  As  liOlf  mat*- 
rial  ax  t>o«<i)ilt  nhould  be  employed  ;  T'''.  The  chil- 
dn-n  (bould  Irani  lo  work  both  iu  the  bnnler  and 
softer  woodn;  8".  Turning  and  carvliui:  blionld 
only  lie  spnTlngly  rm|)loyed ;  fl".  Tlie  models 
fthoiild  develop  the  clilldivv''*  "enst?  of  form  niid 
beauty,  and  for  IIk'W  ends  the  a-rie*  sliould  in- 
clude a  oerlaJn  nuuiher  of  modelled  objecis  (fur 
uiBtance,  bixkuis,  UdleKandotlierrurvedDrtii.-le*), 
which  lire  to  be  executed  with  a  free  hand,  and 
chiefly  by  rye :  10",  By  means  of  going  tlii-ough 
tho  whole  series,  Ibe  pupils  should  learn  the  use 
of  all  tbe  more  im|Kirtiinl  tooK  In  the  choice  of 
modelp,  care  slionld  be  taken  that  each  one  pre- 
pare for  the  next. 

As  to  classiAcatlon  of  models :  1".  The  aeriua 
ought  to  prourMH  without  a  break  from  the  easy 
to  the  dtfHcult.  from  Ihe  simple  lo  the  eom|>Ies  ; 
8".  There  muni  be  a  iiuflici<-nt  variety ;  S".  Each 
model  must  be  ho  jilaced  in  the  senvs  thai  the 
pupil  shall  lie  able  to  carry  it  out  entirely  without 
the  direct  help  of  the  teacher,  I'y  means  of  what 
he  has  alivady  made  ;  4''.  The  nnwiels  should  con- 
Etitute  such  a  Beries  that  al  each  step  the  pnpjl 
may  be  able  to  make,  not  u  passable,  but  a  correct 
work  ;  B".  In  making  the  first  models,  only  a  few 
toola  arc  to  lie  i>mployed.  Inii  aji  Uie  iieriea  is  car- 
ried out  new  tools  and  new  manipulation:!  are  to 
be«mployed;  6".  The  knife,  an  tin- fuiidauK-iital 
tool,  is  to  be  the  mont  iwd  in  the  iH'fjinmng  of 
tbe  courw ;  T".  For  tlie  llr»t  models,  rather  hard 
wood  should  be  employed. 

At  the  begiiiiiiiigof  tbe  t«-rie<i  Ihemoilels  nhould 
be  capableof  Biieedy  execution,  and  objecii  which 
r(K|uirc-  a  conitidmible  time  nbuuld  be  gTaduaUf 
reached. 

Ia-I  nn  now  »ee  whether  uliijd,  if  thi-  fon-going 
conditions  be  carried  out,  may  lie  regarded  ana 
factor  in  eilucetlon,  whether  considered  phyMcnlly, 
mentally,  or  morally. 

It  Is  «Meutially  a  fonu  of  work  which  calls 
forth  every  variety  of  movcmeut,  which  bringg 
oil  tbe  muacks  into  play,  and  which  exerciua  both 
Hides  of  tite  Uidy.  It  inn)  urrauged  that  tlie  chil- 
dren can  work  with  tbe  left  hand  m  well  as  with 
the  right,  in  anwbg,  planing,  «tc.    Thus  all  tlie 


I 


i 


Nabcb  18,  ia6?.| 


SCIEI>iVJ3. 


271 


ntunolat  are  ntKnglhciHNl,  s  more  hnnnonioM  At- 
vdopntcnl  atlBini-d,  nnd  then  i*  Imb  few  g(  their 
growjiifc  crooknl  There  Is  no  tvuon  to  dread 
their  herounin^  lefl-hantled :  In  more  delicate 
maDJpiiUllotis,  the  ri^t  hnnd  will  slwajs  r«iualn 
tbe  better  rnao  ot  llie  tw<'. 

Duei  HJujd  bflp  forwiuti  tb«  mental  develup- 
ni^nt.'  SiiTL-t}'  work  which  draw*  out  nttA  ctxr- 
cises  energy,  [.en>rvi>rnnw.  ord«a',  BCCUracv,  nod 
tbe  linlnt  of  allcnllon.  casDot  be  said  to  fail  In 
influendoK  the  uienlal  faculties ;  ami  that  it 
aliould  du  so  bj  colt i tat inj;;  the  )irHclJ<.'al  side  of 
the  intvlligraoe,  lendiug  the  pupiln  to  rely  im 
thMnitelvM.  to  vxurubu  forcaigbt,  to  be  conitaiilly 
putting  two  and  two  tuKOtlier,  ia  iipf<-bll]r  ne«d«d 
Id  tbew  dnyn  of  rx<:vMiv«  einininnliono,  when  to 
maaf  ol  ue  are  iiiiTerinK  iram  ilie  odnplfon  of 
VMuiy-nMde  opinlone,  and  the  twallowiuf;  whole, 
hi  grrater  or  Hiualleir  bolu«ee.  the  reeuUa  of  oilier 
inen'a  htbota. 

We  Kiinl  wboli'  men  and  women,  the  taim  total 
of  whmr  fnciiltirii  in  dcvrloped.  who  have  Icn'ned 
to  apjtly  their  knowlixtKir,  not  only  in  the  eoier- 
gendn,  hut  ii>  the  dnilT  occurrence*  of  life  ;  and 
tbia  nadiopM  —  lbi»  Htendlrie^  of  nerve,  ihe  or- 
dered control  of  that  wonderful  luacliine  the  body, 
the  cultivation  of  tli«  pmclic^  side  of  ua  — uin 
only  ontiie  by  eierciiH-,  aiid  this  in  given  by  mciuii 

\tt  alAjd.     Let  un  alnii  remember  that  all  ikillcd 

'work,  liiowovcT  humble  it  niay  app(«r,  Ih  braiu- 
worktoo:  the  hand  U  the  servant  of  the  brain. 
U  any  one  doubt  Ihia,  let  him  try  to  inuke.  from 
fint  to  last.  HODie  complete  object,  however  Xath^- 

^Difioaat.  —  be  It  Ibe  modelling  of  u  leaf.  cub«i,  or 
ta  ball,  or  the  makiuK  of  a  wooden  Kpoon,  — 

''■nd,  I  an*wcT  for  it,  hv  will  gain  n  new  nspcct  for 
hand'W-ork,  doI  only  from  ilu  iiiefiilnrB',  Init  tho 
skill  it  Tvqulrea. 

What  doe*  slAJd  do  for  the  moral  tralninj^of 
the  obiLdi'  It  implant*  reepect  and  love  for  work 
in  general,  indudiug  the  eoaraer  kiiidBof  bodily 
work.  In  tbe  Hcrci?  ciiaipt-tili'ia  which  exist*  in 
all  civilised  ciiunlricM  <itiul  nowhere  ficfrer  Ihnn 
In  oar  own),  which  apringH  in  bo  many  cjiscs  from 
the  desire  to  pu«h  on  to  *ome  fancied  higher  level 
of  life,  wbal  a  eleniiug  of  the  moral  atmosphere 
would  be  effected  if  the  rialnj^  ^eneraiiou  oould  be 
Imbued  with  tbc-  feelini;,  deepening  »«  tbey  grow 
np  into  conviction,  that  it  in  tbe  uiun  who  digni- 
flea  or  d<4;Tad<u  the  work,  —  that  all  lulior  wbtvh 
procoiTdi'  from  u  worthy  motive  in  of  lhjuuI  worth, 
and  that  thr  right  work  for  each  one  nf  ua,  and 
cinsf<qj«nl)y  the  noblcul,  ia  tbe  work  we  oan  do 

ButUiis  is  not  all  which  fJAJd  effect*  in  llie  way 
of  raonU  Inllm^aoe.  It  tightens  and  streu^theos 
the  bond  between  school  and  home.     Every  (biiig 


which  tlie  oliild  mnki-a  1>  tor  homa  nae.  It  prtxed 
there  ax  bin  own  )i»nc«i  work,  and  a*  Ibe  product 
of  tbe  Kkill  whit'h  he  i«  RaininK  si  ac^bool.  Aniodg 
tbe  workinK-claMe*.  tlie  actual  use  of  tJie  th<D^ 
made  by  the  diihlreit  (bealde*  tlw  wholeaonw 
|Jea»ure  ami  pride  they  call  forth)  i*  found  to  do 
much,  ill  tlie  ciuuntiii-s  where  klujd  ia  pracliied, 
to  rneoncilc  the  parenta  to  ihcir  childnMi  rcmain- 
in^  at  Hcbonl  even  wbcn  thry  axv:  brginnini;  to  be 
of  ii*e  nt  homo  and  to  be  able  to  enm  mmelhinK. 
They  Ukvp  tondblo  proof.  In  tlie  otiject*  twouRhl 
home,  that  tlieir  chlltlreii  are  learaiof:  something 
which  make*  tliem  uaeful  and  handy,  and  which 
will  make  iheto  readier  in  future  in  tearaing  a 
trade. 

1  will  only  m«niton  one  otlier  polul  in  which 
al6jd  bcvsRood  moral  fniit.  I  mean,  it  ImpUnta 
In  tbe  child  a  aense  of  aatlsfacticu  In  bonest  work, 
begun,  carried  on.  and  completed  by  fair  mean* 
and  by  hi»  own  exertlomi.  In  Utese  day*  of 
scamped  work,  of  diilionest  trick*  to  be  found  in 
all  tradm  and  uianiiruclurui,  what  eiui  we  wiy  too 
much  in  prakc  of  a  ayitcm  wbtcb  will  Kive  our 
boyn  and  itirla  a  am*c  of  tlio  dixnity  of  work,  a 
scorn  and  coDtefflpt  for  what  InHlovenly  or  trick)-? 
Tbe  Bt6jd  system  i»  completely  opposed  to  the 
Diudero  principle  of  dWlsioD  of  labor,  which  is  no 
doubt  a  neorteity  iu  tbe  preaent  cxmdilioiis  ef  life, 
but  which  would  bedJMttrou*  in  education,  wbvre 
Llie  aim  miiMt  bo  the  deivlopnient  of  nch  indi- 
vidual, not  tlie  getting  tbroagh  a  given  quantity 
of  work  in-iliB  ahorteat  and  cheapmt  way.  I  feel 
Huiu  that  a  buy  or  girl  who,  at  a  period  wlien 
impreMtona  arc  roont  loaling.  baa  had  tbe  solid 
aatltfadion  of  carrying  out  a  piece  of  work  from 
begiBiiinK  I"  end.  will  not  he  satiaflnd,  in  adult 
life,  with  l'(icoiiii  n)(  a  morr  mnrhine  for  ilritling 
boles,  iniliiDx  on  piue'  heads,  or  tiirningout  chair- 
legs  by  tbe  hundred,  but  will,  tn  hi*  leisure  liours, 
vinditDic  Ilia  dignity  and  skill  by  doing  oome  work, 
wWlber  iiructicul  oz  intellectual,  wortliy  of  a  hu- 
man bving.  Wo  must  remember,  tiw,  that  a  large 
port  of  th«  dintmo  in  boil  timctt  is  due  to  tbe  fact, 
tlist,  if  the  particular  frngmfnl  (if  work  which  a 
penon  is  capable  of  i»  taken  from  htm,  he  ran  do 
nothing  el^e  whereby  to  earn  his  hmtd. 

1  can  only  speak  In  the  brlefcat  way  of  ttio  cry- 
ing need  there  is  for  some  a>JCh  practical  training 
iw  is  given  by  sl5Jd.  I  am  not  an  enthusiast  for 
the  purti<:ular  form  of  it  which  1  have  etudted 
myMlf  at  NlUbt,  and  which  I  Iwve  seen  at  wotk  in 
the  Swedinh  m-bools,  where  1  wish  I  oould  traiia- 
port  yon,  so  Uut  you  might  see  for  yourselvoi  the 
eanetrtiHise  and  enerBy  of  the  young  workers,  the 
dexterity  with  which  ihey  handle  their  tool*,  their 
extreme  carefutnees  (for  no  damajied  or  caratoM 
work  is  poaMsJ).  and  the  Independent  manner  in 


272 


SCIENCE. 


{Vol.  IX.,  No.  SIS 


wtiieli  they  work.  6ut  I  <la  «aj,  that  we  want 
aumethinx  <>'  'li^  kind.euiteH  to  our  national  nevAi 
aiitt  fhurnflii,  and  bwirinit  III*  «in>e  fruit  of 
ttuttii.'d  inMligooi'p  nnd  iikiti  n-hii'b  it  U  ('''■"lu- 
cing  In  tWcnnntruw  wlinrc  it  ia  practliwd.  A  Rroat 
dral  ki  bninit  dooe  in  RnxlAnd  for  tPclinirnl  ^ilnca- 
Hon,  and  n  gn^t  deal  j»  mid  as  to  Ita  n?ed.  Tor 
there  la  a  v«ry  real  dao^r  of  English  workmen 
befog:  driven  out  of  die  tti-ld  »ii  a<.«ouijt  of  the 
superior  skill  of  forelgnera  and  the  great  advao- 
lagea  ihey  e-njoj-  in  tliir  way  of  icchnioal  educa- 
tion. We  can  but  rejim-e  lliot  we  arc  bOKinniog 
lo  reeognin-  this  ilaiigfT.  nnd  tliat  »>  inurli  ntlen- 
lion  i*  being  dirvrtrd  U>  iii<>  n«e<l  i>f  technical  edu- 
cation: Init  eten  t'ii]>|io»in);  th«  rouiitry  were 
oovei^  wilt)  technlr«l  schixiU,  if  our  ^roung 
people  oonie  to  them  with  eyes  atid  hnnda  un- 
trained, with  little  or  do  senaeof  form  and  beauty. 
with  lack  of  perception  and  hatiitaof  observation, 
with  unimincd  and  inidevelu[H.-d  tiitiM:lcs,  how 
eiin  ehfj  pUHBJbly  hold  their owniigainnlttie youth 
of  oilirr  countriis,  coming  frrih  from  •chuolH 
wliitB  eye  and  hand  bare  tieen  Iniincd  to  grnrrnl 
dexieritj,  which  will  stand  tbem  in  good  alcnd 
whatever  special  btauch  of  technical  work  the^ 
may  take  up.  with  trabied  oLaerTaiiou  and  per- 
ce|ition,  and  with  a  love  for  work  and  bti  interest 
in  it  whkh  lias  l>een  itu't^kunnl  snd  aliinulaled 
by  many  a  vii^iory  gained  hy  perwicrance,  atten- 
tion, and  energy  l 

Should  this  HlO^d  lti«lnictinn  lie  given  lo  jflrb  a* 
well  a»  bovB?  Tills  question  has  already  tieen 
anawered  practically  in  Ihe  aftirmatlveinSweden, 
and  with  excelknc  lenuUa.  11  isJuHaataiportanl 
for  a  wumsn  to  huvtr  tbe  cuniplete  use  of  tier 
hands  us  fur  a  man.  It  may  br  said  that  Kirla 
hnvv  needlett'urk,  whifh  is  initn?  buiIhI  hj  their 
(cx.  and  more  iiseJul  ii>  Ihcni  in  aflvr-lifc.  It 
would  he  a  very  sorry  thing  for  our  futuip  ycxvvm 
and  mothers  not  to  lenm  ilio  nw  of  their  ncnlle, 
but  wliy  should  tliey  not  learn  needlework  and 
alAJd  loo'/  The  use  of  the  IooIh  would  develop 
their  muaeles,  and  ihey  would  gain  an  added  dex- 
terity whicb  ueedlpwork  uluni.-  cajinol  give.  Aid 
iH-tiiditi  IhiagenctuldtAclopinent.  whjfb  is  of  para- 
mount iininrlancc.  Ihepcvilive  kooo'lodgegnincHj. 
and  the  power  of  doing  littlb  jdIm  about  the 
huu*r.  would  be  of  great  icrvice  to  them  when 
they  grow  up. 

Oat,  it  wiU  be  objected,  even  grnTite<l  thai  n  uiii- 
voml  Iwnd-edacatlon  should  lje  gl^en,  including 
both  sexee,  and  granted  (hat  leachers  are  foith- 
comtng  who  are  capable  of  giving  it.  how  la  It 
poaaible  to  spat«  time  for  another  subject  ^  I  will 
only  Tvfity,  that  the  schoola  in  Sweden  are  among 
the  liest  in  Eurojie,  and  yet  tliey  lind  time  for  it. 
The  aldjd  cJaaws-—  which  ere  entirely   voluntary 


—  are  held  in  die  evenings,  m  as  not  to  lnl«rfei«. 
with  the  ordinary  school-work. 

For  till'  girts  of  our  higher  scboula  ii  seems  to. 
iiirrtm  more  impor Inn t  than  (or  ihelr  ttisters  o(| 
th»  working  claianL  Tlie  latter  hovelo  liclptkeiy^ 
motbere  at  home  in  many  nciive  way",  and  get, 
at  all  evenle,  plenty  of  morenient  and  variety  of 
occupation;  but  the  former,  who  have  not  ao 
many  active  gainea  aa  their  brothers,  and  whoar« 
olten  unable  lo  be  mucli  out  of  doora  In  bad  or 
severe  wtntlier.  are  Iuui(wt4ibly  in  want  of  aome 
inlcrcKting  aetjve  work  as  a  counlerpoiee  to  tbe 
continual  ailting  and  jwring  over  bookii  and  exer- 
clsn.  SI6jd  of  some  sort  is  tlie  vi'ty  tiling  they 
ne«d.  Ism  pentua'M,  that,  if  only  we  wi  our 
fhuiilder  lo  (lie  wlieel  in  tbitt  nutier,  weHhall  lind 
in  this  hand- education  the  true  remedy  for  over 
prnmure  of  bruin,  whieh  ia  not  an  Intention 
ttip  docioni. 

You  will  prrhnpB  wonder  whcso  all  tbe  teauhi 
of  alAjd,  no  univerBally  taught  in  Ibe  Scandinavian 
schools,  are  trained.  A  tXiVyl  urininnry  baa  lieen 
foundeil  by  Herr  Abraliamson,  a  wealthy  Gulhcn- 
burg  mercliant,  on  his  beauttfol  fstale  of  NUbi, 
within  easy  teach  of  Floda  station,  on  the  main 
line  lielween  Stockholm  and  tiolbenburg,  and 
about  an  hour  by  rail  from  the  latter. 

Thii  ncininarj'  woa  founded  in  nieuiory  of  Herr 
Abralinm»in'n  wife,  in  1978.  and  he  liu^i  i>i>ai«d 
neillier  time,  money,  nor  tdlort  in  amking  it  n 
wurihj  memorial.  There  in  al«o  b  model  school 
for  Ikij-s  and  girls  In  connection  with  ll,  so  that 
thoHe  who  are  in  tratniiig  may  see  the  system  ac- 
tually ut  work  anions  tbe  children.  I  may  inen- 
tii>n.  in  jHiming.  Ibiil  this  ecbool  has  a  great  repu- 
tation, anil  that  cbiMren  tin-  sent  from  considerable 
dlslaneea  to  attend  it.  Tiro  seiuiaury  in  dirtfcted 
by  Herr  Otto  Rnlontnii  illnrr  Abnihamwm'a 
nephew),  who  is  quite  on  enthniiiaiit  in  the  cauM 
■>t  alAJd,  and  ilevole*  his  life  lo  the  sjirend  of  ih» 
system  in  other  countries  as  well  aa  bis  own,  and 
to  Ihe  improvement  of  it  in  piactlcal  dolails.  The 
Mrininary,  wliich  ,\t  built  very  plcturcequely  of 
timlmr.  in  the  old  Norwegian  slyle,  is  situated  In 
Herr  .\binibum.-Hin's  [Mirk,  close  to  the  lovel>'  lake 
at  Savl^l!lngl■n.  It  Dan*i«t«  of  large  work-roouia 
fitted  with  double  rows  of  car|H-nteni'  bencbwand 
ranks  all  rouiul  lor  llw:  different  tooU,  n  large  leO- 
ture-rixtm,  a  sitting-room  for  tbe  gentlemen,  a 
small  one  tor  the  ladles,  and  a  room  where  the 
models  and  Itnished  works  are  kept.  l.T|Ktnini  ia 
sleeping  ul-l-oui  modal  ion  for  thirty  men  In  ad- 
dition tolhuxcminuiy,  there  ia  a  pretty  little  liousa 
eloM!  by,  colled  '  Vftnliem '  rfrieuda'  liome},  wliere 
the  lady  itudente  live,  who  furtn  a  very  auiall 
minority  of  tliose  who  attend  the  courae.  There 
are  also  other  cottages  in  die  nrighbnrliocd,  wliera 


■er.^ 
ionV 


lUWB  18.  1887 


sciEyvic. 


273 


Ihn  oterflovlnit  niimbera  Hilvniling  lbi>  coiirw  tm 
a''c«<iinu»lare'l. 

Time  iirp  fuur  alfijd  rouRiM  girpn  in  the  nwnie 
i>r  lli«  yrar.  ~  Iwn  »iimni«r  niul  two  wintT 
couni.'H.  Eitcb  niuntD  bitU  tix  Wf«ke ;  nnd,  w  Ui« 
liRi4>  ti>  )M>  obort,  the  hnurti  nrpionirwliat  loiij^-nnd 
the  work  rnlhrr  hntil,  Tot  tboe«  who  DTr  Di>t  no- 
ctwiodWKt  inniurb  bodily  ex««rlae.  Thu  plnn  »f 
the  day  1b  to  lolluns  :  Tiniye<r.  0.>tS  A.H.  :  Ipcitirr. 
7  to  8  1  brcakfikBi:  F-IAjd  fniai  S.ilO  tn  I,  with  n 
break  of  a  ijuarler  u(  uu  luiur  :  dinner  and  rral,  1 
to  it:  Bl5jcl.  3  ii>  5:  fulTi!^,  followed  h;-  dbcuA- 
sioiH,  eitlirr  im  the  iilfijd  models  —  which  ara  apt 
to  be  T«ry  liirly  — or  on  ordinary '«bool'(iubji>otii, 
f«r  Uerr  Sali.mon  is  anxioiin  to  xakv  udvantii;^  of 
Ihc  pirrenoe  of  »(>  many  li-ai-lirn  by  giitn;;  Ihcm 
frequent.  u|>|<oriuDitiM  of  tiifirioK  f^<*  "tber'ii 
Tlew#.  and  thus  rubbing  rncb  other  up  by  mean« 
of  a  bllle  u-lioliauoe  fricliun. 

Tlie  u'liole  number  of  niodelii,  cODBlattnfC  of  a 
bundm)  nriii-li«,  la  divided  Iniu  two  teriw.  —  Ofty 
in  the  flrkt  eoiirw.  and  fifty  in  the  aec-oixl.  Many 
of  the  teachers  ri'lum  Id  ard^t  to  go  -throuRh  the 
aecond  course,  and  are  sure  of  a  hearty  welcome. 
At  Ibo  end  of  tlic  cohim-,  Fa4.-b  niember  leeeivea 
a  «ertiticittc,  ID  the  |>reH-noe  iif  ihc  wliole  liody, 
HUitiiiK  tliiit  livor  ohe  h)ieal<eniledlh(><y>an>e.  and 
ha*  made  hi  many  mo<l(-ls.  No  aiieetiU  Duiober  is 
reqatrnt.  Eiery  one  la  anxioiia  to  get  on;  but 
pn)(tii  and  ntiilily  rary  eonHicti.-nibly,  nnd  Iho^ 
Hio  rouie  with  a  knon't-ilKe  oC  oarpnnierlntt  *"on 
leave  iti(Brwliubu<'chiid  nii  H'lch  previous  (iractiee 
bopeleHily  Uhinri.  But  nil  Rain  murh  dtirinic  the 
eoume.  i|uit(i  pnoof;h  lo  heKlii  a  *)i\|d  <>la»  ou  thi*ir 
TVtiim  to  (hrir  retpoctlt'e ocliools,  indifferent  pArt* 
of  the  world. 

The  difBmlty  of  l«acbins  lagetlier  reprpaenla- 

tl<e*  of  so  auny  diHereiit  nntion*  ia  nut  ■□  great 

a«  It  neeuB.     As  far  as  the  pmi^ticnl  work  ia  con- 

cvnied.  the  (.'bief  thing  is  to  I>o  shown   how  to 

wixk,   handle   the  tools,  ete..  and  the   primitive 

language  of  signs  lories  a  lonn;  way.     The  leeturM 

are  more  dltHciiU  to  maiiatK.  and  I  can  only  nay 

Itow  tbey  were  gireu  at  the  euuriie  I  allendi-il.     A 

rdally  Iwtiire  wa*  triveu  in  Swedith  and  in  nermnn. 

[Tlie  former  wuh  uileiidtd.  not  only  by  tiieS^-edeH, 

Fbut  1-y  the   Uiirirti.    Norweginni.  nnd   Finlnndere, 

[who  nndemliiiid  Sw<sJi«h    well.     The   Intt^r   w»s 

[■tteodi-Ht  by  the  AuKtrlnnK.  Bohemian*,  and  EnK- 

luh.     tf  we  hnd  Icnown  notiermiinatall.  I  tielieve 

we  sliould  have  received  some  private  hieinidian. 

A  few  words.  Id  conclusion,  as  to  the  life  ut 

[VlUbi,    I  think  tlie  tiling  which,  above  all,  struck 

Tna,  wa»  Its  complete  novelty.     We  felt  ai>  if  we 

tbad  dropped  into  another  planeU     The  inixture  of 

(nationalities  and  laiiKuos™.  the  nimplicity  of  the 

lie  of  life,  the  <arly  hour*,  the  general  kinilH- 


itew.  the  nliH-nce  of  all  elajw-distinetlond.  Ihechild- 
iike  eniojnient  of  litile  pleasure*,  the  Hnnil-tem- 
|wred  rivalry  In  work,  niade  up  a  Ktrl  of  hyper- 
borean Arcadia-  On  the  other  IibikI,  it  ia  only 
fair  to  njr  that  tlie  general  urranKeiueula  are  so 
primitive,  that  no  one  sliould  gu  there  who  eannot 
put  up  witb  a  certain  amount  of  nwgliing  it  and 
very  simple  fore.  I  may  meniion  he<n,  in  rnae 
any  one  xhimld  feel  inclined  to  spend  (lie  minimer 
b«lldny«  in  sning  llinnigb  a  coiin^  of  >JAjd  at 
NAilfl,  thnt  ten  pounds  would  well  cover  the  wliole 
ooet  nf  the  underlaklnR;.  A  Hrti-claas  return  ticket 
from  \jviAna  to  tiotlienburic  !■  £0  fis.  (this  doea 
not  include  food).  The  Journer  to  and  from 
NA3a  Is  short  and  inexpensive,  and  ■  veT7  sni^l 
sum,  about  Ib.  u  day.  ia  charged  fur  food.  Appll- 
ejlttuii  should  be  made  nome  moutbs  beforehand  to 
Uerr  Otto  Salomon,  NU«,  Floila  atation.  Sneden. 
Another  pleanure  wax  the  excellent  ninging. 
Kvncrally  given  In  ilie  op«m  air.  upecially  during 
the  long  eolemn  evening*  of  1be  north,  when  the 
air  was  alive  with  s^ng.  A  choir  was  formed  ol 
the  besl  male  voices,  under  an  excellent  conduetcr. 
a  loeniber  of  the  coup«.  who  took  great  palna 
with  Ihem.  The  quarter  of  an  lioiii's  reM  in  the 
momlne  was  often  tiirticd  to  gutxl  account  in  the 
tntisicat  line.  We  nsm)  to  ait  iiluiil  nulaide  the 
seminary,  while  tbe  choir  woaiM  atand  on  a  knoll 
and  give  us  song  after  song  till  the  liell  rang,  mm- 
njoniiig  uB  to  return  tn  our  laliora.  Will  you  think 
it  strange  that  ibi«  going  to  aeliool  again  wai  alao 
a  pltiasiire?  We  ijiiite  enjoyed  to  lie  the  pupil  In- 
alejd  of  the  tenclier,  nnd  were  aniUM>d  to  lind  how 
n)UCh  our  [loint  of  i  iew  lind  clinngcd  Btnce  w« 
were  in  slafu  pupillari.  But,  let  me  wbiaprr,  w« 
abould  probably  not  have  enjoyed  it  had  it  been 
for  more  than  >  eery  Itroiled  time. 

We  are  proud,  and  Jtb«Uy  proud,  of  our  poaition 
M  EngliiJmien ;  but  I  think  we  can  well  afford  to 
recc^nin-  more  heartily  and  generonaty  ihe  quota 
which  eneh  civilixed  nation  brings  to  the  inH-l- 
lecttial  wealth  of  all.  Even  tliuae  who  are  sinftll 
in  populatton.  and  not  ao  well  eudoweil  a>  oiir- 
selvea  with  natural  adrnnlageH,  do  their  (>art 
relatively  |ieriinp»  better  than  "e;  and  Boellsh 
iKlucutiun,  during  tbla  century,  hua  ndvani-eJ  by 
leapt!  and  bounds.  1  will  only  remind  you  of  tbew 
three  facta :  it  wan  a  Swede,  Capinln  SunlenskiOld, 
who,  in  tbe  little  Vei;a,  Itrat  maile  Ibo  nortlt-fMt 
imwign  ;  it  wai  a  Swede.  Uerr  llenrik  Uag,  who 
Itas  given  to  the  world  tlie  RKwt  i>cienti6n  and 
coatprelienuve  aywicu  of  gymnastics  :  and  it  i* 
Sweilen  who  ngnin  ooraea  forwajii  and  offers  tia 
tbe  hand-eiluealion,  which,  if  rigbUy  uwd,  ia  to 
give  our  children  a  eompleten*™  in  their  training 
which  Isat  ]>reeeinl  lacking. 

GVKLTN  Cu.lPUAK. 


274 


SCTEXCE. 


[v«.  nc.,  KO.  «B 


ASPECTS  OF  EDUCATION. 

HVMANIUL—  n. 

Binunwi,  in  thp  liMids  ot  Slurm  and  hh  fn|- 
loworp,  WHS  at  l^ast  iiilelligible  and  aiaacullue. 
Althouith  it  was  fouuded  upon  u  iiatrow  liuaiti.  its 
um»  wen  deu-  and  IiodcbI.  In  the  next  two 
hundred  yeora.  bunutnutic  tciioliinK  wm  to  iin- 
deri;o  «u  iiiHui-iion  ot  *  TvrT  diOcrpnt  charnrtcr, 
which.  luaiDluining  llie  ouivrard  show,  clianged 
the  substnncf  and  turned  urhnt  was  a  ntodifled 
bltining  into  a  derided  curw.  Tlie  J«sutt  Mchufl)* 
foiimlcd  iu  tho  Uitt^cnlhcL'ntur.vnbtniniHlnoiniic^h 
vo^uv  ill  tlip  Bet-tTaii.-Fnlti  and  eighteenlh,  that 
the^  iiillueaced  thv  whole  ot  RiiropMn  education. 
Protmtant  a«  woll  «■  Oatlmtk-.  TIi^-t  had  oov 
litJe  to  reapoct,  nnd  onp  only.  Tliey  veon  Ihv 
Hnt  lo  liritkK  the  individual  imclitfr  tace  U>  tncv 
with  tlii^  indliidiial  fiiipil.  WdatcviT  ihf'u  nb- 
jpclfi  innr  hav«-  liei^u,  and  whulviiT  wrin  the  ends 
for  whicli  Ihey  iiiIfn<l(Hl  to  mm  ihcir  influence, 
tliereou  benudoulit  that  tlnvdid  fixm  itie  (1n>t 
what  they  Mill  do.  —  atlcmpt  to  *tuilj-  the  wi.rk. 
iugB  of  (wch  individuni  nitnit  and  the  hent  nt  mch 
*i»gle  brnrt.  Uric  tliL'lr  merit  tnd^  Tlipy  d<>- 
•irrd  tliat  the  hrart*  of  their  inipila  idioutit  he  dif- 
TOtrd  to  lh«in.  and  not  lo  bunanit}'  and  that 
tb«ir  minds  should  never  mov4!  out  of  the  liQilta 
which  they  thrmwdv-n'  nIiiiiIiI  Kx.  Iluinmiiiini 
ky  rviuly  to  llvir  liiind.  Hon-  wat  a  subject  on 
whidi  inHnitr  initonuiL.v  nilKht  ■«  exprndcd  and 
ondJnut  linip  wiuUkI.  To  bi<i?i)iue  u  rtunpli'lp  mas- 
tw  ot  tho  style  of  Cicero,  Horuyp.  ijt  Osid,  might 
tain*  H  llftrlluie  ;  yel  thi'  n-MiU  wna  iihpwy  :  lew 
could  undentAiid  itn  nit-rit  iir  the  prooeesee  by 
which  it  wu  reucbinl.  To  di't^laim  on  speeob>day  a 
lonj^  uk-uic  <><Ii' on  the  immaeidale  Virgin,  iw  t« 
tuni  th<-  Sang  fit  Solomon  into  the  Inni^nxe  of 
CHid'»'Artof  love,"  waaanacliEeTemrnt  wliirh  nil 
mij[hl  admire.  Tlie  Je«uft8  were  tli«  inventors  of 
tbnl  biincof  humauitiiiuediK'atioR.  thceui^geraled 
reverenoe  |>ald  tu  Lutin  verse  compoKitiori.  What 
con  be  a  worse  training  for  th^  human  intnd^  A 
tuiiid  U  cnlle<)  well  trained  Id  lanpiaite  wlien  it 
can  coiioeive  nceiimlely  the  idea  which  it  wiohes 
to  etprrM,  and  can  expr^Hv  ihal  idea  in  Inngiinxe 
whirh  no  one  ran  tuisunderBlnnil.  The  wliole 
theory  of  orixinHt  l^ifin  vewe  eoupnuiiion  \»  op- 
(MMed  to  this.  Tlie  pupil  ii  ai^t  to  write  a  copy  of 
rerfW  on  n  net  ■ubjcct,  hi-  i(  sprinn  or  winter, 
auluam  »r  Hurunier.  Din  notion  of  wlial  he  itbouhl 
•ay  in  very  haxy,  but  under  prwsiire  he  will  writi- 
down  twenty  »onil led  ideai  fur  twenty  II iim  of 
Latin  Tcree.  To  expund  ibene  he  will  have  re- 
source to  his  grtfius.  a  book  which  the  JeHUil« 
hare  Ibe  credit  of  inventing,  Ho  will  tlierc  Snd 
eoM^tled  aynoiiynuw  of  the  tdtin  words  he  bae 
(thotten.  which  cannot  (willy  express  the  saiue 


•WDM,  for  in  any  IsnjtuaKe  very  few  pniiaof  word* 
are  to  be  found  «Hb  precisely  the  mme  rneiining. 
If  his  synonynies  are  inNiifllcient  for  the  piirpoav, 
be  will  till  up  the  line  with  epithets  cho»en  from 
IIr-  jirndiiis.  not  becvuse  they  are  Just,  or  appro- 
printe.  or  nii'dTul.  but  beoatlM  lliey  s>.-an.  If 
the«e  nn-  not  «nini|fh,  hi*  handbook  will  funilsfa 
hiiii  with  pliraw*  of  Kmiiter  leoftlh,  iienring  more 
or  Ie«*  upon  the  subject,  and  even  with  entim 
retsea  wbich  be  may  Introdiice,  so  far  as  be  can 
do  HO  without  fear  of  delecliou.  To  spend  muc)i 
time  on  thin  process  \»  ifl  play  and  JUB^Ie  wiUi 
thi>  human  mind,  to  make  pretence  at  thought 
when  tlicri>  ii  no  tluiuRht  nt  nil.  to  mark  time 
instead  of  marching,  to  work  a  tremlnnll  that 
grinds  no  corn,  to  wenve  n  wel'  whleli  rnnut  l>e 
perpetually  uniav^lled  ;  yel  in  llie  latter  lialf  of 
the  eigbieentb  century  we  see  original  Lnliii 
vpfwri  the  clioien  la«b  of  Brhool-boys  and  a  too 
frequent  piiHtime  for  Btiilcvmeii. 

Let  iiH  n<Jl.  condemn  nil  comiKwitlon  in  itciid 
lauKuttKC-  To  turn  tim  luaaUTpiecm  i.f  mudrm 
poelr/  Into  nn  cxnct  (tr>>L>k  or  Iintin  npiivalenl 
may  be  the  worthy  omipnti'in  of  the  bett  trained 
vcliolani.  It  hao  more  ilian  once  happened  that 
Ihc  copy  huB  beeu  more  |>oeti<.ial,  more  niufrfcal, 
more  worthy,  tlian  the  orlKlnal  ilwlf.  Nor  ia  iui* 
italion  of  any  literature  which  w<-  are  study init  to 
tie  ilenpiMKl.  The  Italian  nnnnelH  of  Arthur  Ilal- 
Inm,  the  FVeoch  lyrics  of  Swinburne,  If  not  |i;enu- 
ine  poetry,  are  at  least  predous  fruit*  of  the  poet* 
tcnl  mind.  But  if  Iht*^  friiitw  ai*  to  l-e  produced 
at  nil,  it  is  necessary  that  Ibcy  shiiuM  be  produced 
without  compulBiim.  Tmln  ynur  scholar  In  the 
lie»t  eiamiile*  of  (ireck  and  Litin.  let  him  Mudy 
VIrj-il,  Hoini>r,  and  th.-  (Srerk  Imsedinns  nluht 
and  day.  show  him  all  thi>  pieiry  ihey  contain,  let 
him  com|>ure  them  willi  tlie  Ik«I  proiluctions  of 
Ills  lutive  tongue,  unit  ilip  pioliability  is,  (hat>  If 
he  ha*  any  creative  faculty,  lie  wtll  iM-gin  to  im- 
itnl«  and  will  write  Greek  uud  Lutiu  verw«  with- 
out coerdoii.  But  net  him  dowu  on  a  form  with 
fitly  other  Imyn,  nnd  bid  him  write  poelry  on  a 
subject  for  wliiHi  lie  does  not  care,  in  .i  language 
which  he  does  not  nndei-xland  and  which  U  often 
unlitieil  ('>  the  tbouglii.s  whicli  he  has  to  exptcMi, 
guide  him  by  mecbanlcnl  rules,  nnd  assist  him 
with  mi«cbimienl  handbooks;  you  wUI  then  And 
that  what  ought  to  have  Ijcco  u  ploosure  hns  been 
a  barren  toil,  and  that  his  mind  is  dniliil  by  the 
elfiirl,  Bven  nt  the  priwni  dny,  aCter  nil  that  haa 
been  written  ngainat  Lntin  vi»r«e«  by  those  who 
are  most  lit  to  judge,  they  hold  an  inordinate 
place  in  English  claMical  education,  aud  gire  ua 
good  rrnaoa  lo  pasa  the  slrongevt  oondetnnation 
mi  the  9rei  which  introduced  thum. 

The  fnWnes9  of  Jesuit  prlnciplps  of  education 


^ 


Makcb  18.  |tH7.] 


scmycE. 


•J75 


(P>m  rurtliM-  tlun  thbi.  Tlier  cmi  bMt  be  Juilffe.1 
oo  tlip  ^m(  annual  f««liva)  wbon  the  pntviils  nre 
liivih.ll  to  A««  Uiti  irltiinphv  of  tlii-lr  cbtldren. 
.SpMritn  In  dllferi-nl  luiigiuigiii  atv  dt-1ivoivil  liv 
Iflhildmi  or  rurioiiB  ubp".  c)ft<-n  with  ii  pnthtii  Ihnt 
drawl  t«ani  rr»io  tliour  who  hi>iu-  th^m  :  tliin  i*  m 
SOOd  pari  of  thoir  traininK,  Tlw  hmtil  Imv  ivafls 
out  (he  list  <>r  tUnon  who  have  R&lnw)  prlxra. 
Afl«r  nviiinR  a  ttriiiK  of  nanMB.  he  suddenly 
paiiM.-^.  tliiw  ailriM-tlni;  ()ie  intention  of  all  pna- 
eul,  Thn  prefect  of  otuJii-n,  wlio  iiland*  behind 
him.  conien  to  hi»  nsonc.  anil  ullpntheboy'iionm 
name,  which  he  biw  bt-rn  too  n)od«i«t  to  pro- 
nounce hiuiHclf.  Uiid  ho  Trpoatoil  it  nmontc  the 
others,  it  would  ham  altrncled  no  attention,  but 
the  Dioili'iiir  H-liinh  avoided  the  apjiearance  of 
^  self-builiition  was  ueed  to  extort  the  applauae  of 
the  niuliiiude. 

Thf  boys  are  examined  viva  vxe,      NiUhinjt 

ean  be  more  fair.     Any  ono  at  random  in  unkiMi  (o 

risk*  a  Vln^il  or    Sop1ioo)c«,   to  Muhmit  any  paa- 

I  Mice  fr>r  iranHlotinn.  and  (o  ask  any  qiiMliona  lie 

j-plcaam.     If  thi?  rinininer  ilofg  iifii  work  boneftljr, 

be  noon  Dndri  wUit  a  inivUlie  he  hat  oiadp.     H« 

•ubmira  a  pnamice  for  imnalation.    The  bov  tnnk<M 

a  mivtake :  the  examiner  aiopn  tiim.    Tlii-  hcij 

blunden ;    the  i>xarniaer  insiiUi   npon  a  correcl 

Iraivilation,  whidi  Inkoi  n  Ioiik  time  In  coming. 

rTheivisKtincrnl  dincomrnrt  and  coufnaloD.    TI«! 

«hol(>  sympntli?  of  tlie  ivtutieiice  U  with  Ihe  good* 

toobing  ingenuous  .vimili  im  tlie  pUiform.  nnd  not 

with   llip   bnld-headtnl   i^ilitnt  wlm  is  exatnitiinic 

him.    The  examiner  ask*  a  i|iiMtion  ;  the  Imv  nn- 

■went  It   wronic-      A«  oftra  a«  tho  eiarnlnor   re- 

jeoU  till'  nnHwcr  Riven  lo  him,  so  often  ilore  the 

inipalii-nor of  itie  audienceari§ea);ainatthe  Mupid 

Buin  who  doe«  not  know  iiow  to  aak  question* 

that  the  boys  can  answer. 

If  the  Jeeuita  ba^I  no  faulU  of  their  own,  ihey 
at  lia*!  dearrve  the  t'omlpmnolion  of  posti-rity  for 
■uppreMiiiK  thvir  rivalBthi!  Jansenista,  whnofT«re<l 
to  Fiane«  the  iHvt  opporliinlty  of  recoiving  a 
bninunlHtic  ulucntion  di-volcd  (n  the  noblesi  ends. 
The  obji>(t  of  thn  diHtinjtuMlied  men  who  founded 
tbc  Hltlo  nrhoola  of  Port  Royal  wao  exactly  Ihe 
opiwwit*  to  that  of  Ihetr  Jesuit  rivals,  They  de- 
^■ired  to  make  the  mural  cliaracler  of  tlivir  pupils 
;  and  lndep*?iideiit.  and  to  Inin  their  inlcl. 
teols  tma  the  (iral  In  tlie  sercre  Htiidiiii  of  clunr- 
ud  lofffonl  rewtoning.  In  ihr  indivHijiilattpnticm 
tbey  Rave  to  llicir  pupil.-',  llw-y  were  su|>rrior  cvra 
U>  thi-  Ji'snita,  Thn  whole  nnmlirr  of  children 
that  pjifopd  thriiuith  their  ochootn  waa  email ;  and 
oo  teacher  was  alluweil  lohave  chaniieor  more 
tbau  tlve  or  six.  «'hite  ttie  maet«-rs  were  thus  able 
•o  atiuLy  the  chunu.'teni  and  caiMiciiiea  of  tlieir 
pdpMa  in  the  minuleal  drtaila.    I'niiia  were  always 


taken  to  avoid  nndue  familiarity.  Between  tlie 
pupils  IbemaelTea,  as  between  tlieir  profeiaoni. 
tiien'  was  to  reign  a  dignified  and  icmprmte 
eutirtesy,  rvmored  e()ua)l)  from  sickly  wntjmen- 
tality  and  Troiii  rough  aod  bulMerout  (ood-fellow* 
■hip.  The  Rraumiar  of  Port  Itoyal  waa  not  a  col- 
lection itf  nilcn  lo  br  learned  )■}*  huiiit,  but  a 
treatim  nn  loKtc.  which  fortna  the  boKi*  «f  all 
gratuRiar.  Where  nilee  or  rxainplea  Iwd,  of  ne- 
ceaslty.  to  be  learned,  they  were,  in  dlsreirard  of 
precedent,  plan-il  in  such  a  form  as  to  be  dkwI 
(•lily  rwuemtierwl.  The  Janwnistfl  were  guilty  of 
another  innovation  whk'h  gave  a  great  handle  to 
their  opponent*.  They  taughl  the  dead  tau- 
gnagca  of  aniiiiiity  from  the  liting  tongue 
of  their  own  France.  What  impiety,  inii<l  the 
Je«ult«,  thus  to  viiUarlee  siudice  whicli  onKlit 
never  to  \»  presented  to  xa  without  lolenin  and 
even  sacred  aaaociailoas  1  We  hear  lilile  or  noth- 
ing in  Ihe  Port  Royal  aohoola  of  Ihe  cultivutlon  of 
Latin  rere<-s.  The  air  which  they  hrealhed  was 
too  bracing  for  that  trivial  PK«rciM^.  On  the  Other 
hand,  they  did  pvnl  Bcrvice  lolhp  utiidy  <if  (Irrck. 
U  Is  tnie  Ibal  tlie  Je«iill«  maintained  Grrr'k  aa  a 
prominent  fetudy  in  their  wrhoois,  which  thp 
UniveTiity  of  l^aris  liad  been  com|>elled  lo  aur- 
rvnder  by  the  damor  of  parenta.  Vel  the  •  Oar- 
den  of  Oreek  rools,'  an  aiten]))t  to  inpularixe  tlie 
study  by  ImpartinK  tbc  moat  nec«aarj  knowledge 
of  Oreek  in  French  vcmee.  remained  (or  a  long 
time  a  standard  school-book,  and  wa*  lined  for 
that  puqiow.'  by  SO  careful  aad  exact  a  scholar  aa 
the  liisturiiin  (iibltoo.  If  the  Janseui-t  i>chool8  had 
been  siiflerf'd  lo  exist,  tlier  might  liave  profound- 
ly affectivl  not  only  the  couriie  of  nludy  in  Franott, 
liut  (ho  mind.4  nnd  I'lmrairters  of  Freoobinen. 
Kuroimn  nation*,  in  (ollon-int:  the  French  loudela 
of  excellence  which  rptgned  without  dinjnite  be- 
fore the  French  revolution,  might  have  had  a 
more  muMTuliiie  type  held  up  for  titeir  admira- 
tion. Tbi*.  however,  was  not  to  he  :  and  French 
litrrotum,  inipregnaled  wiUi  Cityronlanlsiii,  had 
been  but  siighlly  Uiuched  with  the  chastening  In- 
floencea  of  Hellenic  ntudira  or  of  ioetieal  precMon, 
Humanism  haa  undergone  many  cfaangts  in  ihe 
laMliteneraiion.  and  it  t«  dtfllcnit  lo  forroaal  it» 
future.  The  position  which  It  held  in  education 
after  the  revival  of  leamjni^  wan  dnc  to  two 
opinions  about  it.  which  were  believed  very  gener- 
ally, liut  not  always  very  i-onaisletilly.  On  the 
one  hand,  it  was  tlioaght  to  be  Ihe  be«t  gymnastic 
(or  the  mind,  the  hivt  mechanical  exercise  whioh 
tlie  hiini»n  rnniltica  could  lie  put  through.  On 
the  other  hnud.  the  lifemtures  of  (Ireece  and 
Roioe,  which  were  the  subject- tnatlrr  of  bti'nan- 
ism,  were  regarded  as  alMolut<-ly  the  thing*  bert 
worth  study,  nol  only  from  Uieir  tntrinaic  merit. 


27(j 


SCIENCE. 


I  Vol.  IX..  No 


but  fniniilieir  forming  I Wbnt-inlrorliiciioii  itttill 
motkru  H[ti<li(-H.  N'rtmnnf^criniBRunuKlpniKrni;- 
nphjr  wai  Uiii^ht  in  IbcUKwtilialinituiflhpiluf  F.nf;> 
li*h  w'1ick>Ih  liy  whnl  wan  ciilletl  n  comjianitivp 
nttnaiuiil  A  r^inpamlK'CKeoirrapliv-liaak,  Ancient 
Kootcraphy  wn*  mukIH  Dm  m  the  ihinji  m  <at 
iwwtful.  aiid  iiiu<l4-rii  naiui-s  werit  uqIj'  Ji-iilt  with 
as  the  fiwrehtlvi-!.  of  mioienl  om-n.  A  gcMxI  Bng- 
lisb  Ntj'lc  wii>  8uppfm^l  t>  be  ncrjufrtxi  rrncQ  Ibc 
•tudy  of  clnasira.  Intin  nraM  fonnt'il  tbe  l>est 
introduction  lo  RnKhsh  poetry :  Latio  ilii-mi-ti 
went  Ibc  hesl  ifi«tl)o<l  of  Inriiinj;  ull  (^'iirrat  tii- 
forinallon.  Kvi-n  now  at  out  uiiivmitiiii  niiui; 
people  would  [ii»int«in  llint  lb<-  winicw  of  modem 
iilnt<»miin«tn|)i'mildontbrtN-itci  ImrniMlihan  tiooi 
Ariptode'i 'Polilics'  lliitb  these  pofnUi  or  tiew 
Iiave  siiffeml  rudfr  iihorks.  Umloiibteill}-  from 
con^idrrntions  ubich  were  Irtillcttli-d  aliu^r,  IDrrck 
aod  Lktln.  miil  Uit^k  e«|iecially,  do  fmn  an  nil- 
mlnitilv  training  for  tlie  mind.  Lntin  Kca")!"" 
is  more  jireci-e,  more  loj^ii-ul.anil  in  these  reaperts 
hftrder.  tb:in  llie  mTaiiimnra  of  modern  InnguajHie*. 
The  Clrreka  iverv  prububtr  Ihe  moM  f(1fi«(l  ixt^u 
who  evi^  lived,  nod  tlitilr  bmi^iajte  vas  adapted  in 
K  wondiTf ul  mnnnrr  Incxprem  most  iierfei-tly  Ibeir 
Bioct  iiulitli'  thniii;litii.  To  a  m»tiin'  si^boliir,  who 
recoKniKoconTTxIiadcof  l>>«  nii^umu.Tbiir'ydirlet 
will  apiiear  unlrannlnl«t)lc.  Tbr  nonln  dm  be  putH 
them  ilou-n.  u,-hrthi.-r  ^lammatical  or  not.  exprens 
preciiH'ly  wliut  he  ititrml*  t'>  *»"!.  nltb  a  vividnrwi 
nnil  n  dimrtneii  vrhii^b  <^nnnot  be  Nurpaw<>d.  To 
rxpntu  nil  Ihnt  bi>  would  tell  vs  in  BiiK'ltab  would 
require  long  vliim<y  imiaphrateft,  nixl  even  these 
would  not  expresM  It  alloKriher.  The  effort  mnile 
b »  «  iiio<leri)  miuit  U>  follow  in  ituHulitletit  folds 
ev«rv  BiuuuMty  of  the  Iboii^dil  of  Plsi"  or  Aris- 
totle IB  in  ilaelt  a  very  valunl>'>>  Ciiiiolii^:  hut  to 
pmltt  hr  tht»  tniijiiii];.  a  confildembli^  BiaiidnrH  in 
tbs  laiigiiAges  must  bnve  l>eeii  renebed.  and  as 
jrrarn  ko  on,  the  nuinln-r  who  re.ic^li  thU  Hliindard 
In  fewer  niul  fewer.  The  foundntiimH  bnve  heen 
underminei],  boy?  and  p&ri-nis  nvoid  ihe  trouble 
of  leurniiiji;  dead  languagri.  nnd  teacheit'  aiv 
ready  lo  eieape  the  trouble  of  teaehliii;  tbeui. 
The  mult  is.  ibni  nnly  the  cl>o«en  n.inohty  art- in 
lh»-  poailion  of  [iroHiInK  by  a  tminiug  which  was 
oiKV  nnlveraai;  and  theie  baTesurbdiMitiKniitied 
and  apprelieuiilve  inielle<-tBtbnt  tbey  wo  .l<l  ahniHt 
alwaye  make  a  traiuinc  fur  thrmsctres. 

If  humaiiisDi  baa  iiuff<-rt-d  hy  tbeijrrowth  of  a 
diitM'licf  in  ill  pdwem  n*  a  K/<"na»li<;,  llipir  ia  no 
ntiB  thai  ilJi  inlrinnic  worth  Is  »Ie<l  leas  bitchly 
than  it  wan.  Ind«eil,  as  hv  be^^in  to  apinvdaie 
more  exactly  the  ne««mry  eleinentJi  of  culture, 
our  reajiect  for  bumunism  ^riiwn  Rreater.  We  are 
lold  ibat  titere  are  Iwo  great  clenieots  iu  wodrra 
civilijcaliuD.  —  Uebraiiim  and  Heileniam.    Tlicre  in 


nil  frnr  at  iinwent  tbuL  rtu>  flr^t  will  not  be  well 
looked  nfKr.  Xo  Chriwiin  ronniry  is  wilJioutan 
flliciciii  church  eiinblisliment :  and  ihe  training 
of  the  detain  all  tbeir  «e>eral  det:ret«,  who  are 
the  choM-u  {||:uatdia»»  of  Hehriiism.  i«  more  ex- 
ten!ilve  and  more  Eatiafaetury  than  in  previoim 
Krneraliuun.  Takr  a>V3>  llebnuHOi.  and  tbe  inoul 
valuable  jmrt  o(  our  intcll«'timl  rumiturc  which 
rcmniiia  im  HcMeoicm.  That  can  on^v  l<e  prt'- 
•(Tied  by  tlie  nombined  effori*  of  all  thoiw 
who  nre  indebted  to  it,  and  who  have  learned 
ItA  value.  This  is  the  special  fiiuclion  of  »cboola 
and  iinlverflttes.  It  ia  reuiarkable  that  eucli 
attack  made  on  the  nludy  of  tireek  has  jiro- 
dueed  Bomif  new  effort  lo  innki!  (he  nludy  of 
UelleniHoi  more  general.  The  cHtublishmeiil  of 
tliL-  Kngli«h  Hellenic  iioc-icty  woa  Iho  dtrrct  mult 
of  tin  attempt  lo  exclude  (Ireek  from  the  entinnce 
exiiitdnntionH  of  the  iinivetKly.  The  jjirowih  cf 
wienee  hns  Ijpen  coincident  with  Ibe  revival  of 
acted  Greek  piny*,  h:>lli  in  Euglatid  and  Aineiieu. 
The  dead  lani;ufl;{et  whieli  were  once  tvveri-nted 
ai  a  iraiuini;  i>r«  nuu-  laliieil  tor  what  Ibey  <-an 
t«ach  U8  :  and  Hcholarahip  is  di-&ned.  not  oa  tbr 
lu't  of  int<.-ri.<hanKing  in  till-  most  ingenious  mmi- 
nerlbi' idtomKof  the  fin-rk.  I^ilm,  and  F.n;:lla1l 
laiigunge^.  but  as  thi>  callin,;'liack  lo  life  of  the 
Hellenic  world  in  all  its  branches.  Hellrniiim 
need  not  always  mean  Ihe  aludy  ul  Urcvk  lift-  oimI 
thought.  Euyi'tiau  culture  preeeded  Hi-llcnic 
euHnrti.  The  Ureeka  wi-nt  lo  irto'ly  in  the  kcIiooU 
o  G:,'>pt.  as  tlur  lioinani  freipirnled  the  univend- 
ties  of  Ureece.  and  ai  the  Kn  ^lifli  vi«it  thoM  of 
fii-rmnny.  An  the  learning  of  the  Ecypllana. 
wbnl^vcr  it  may  bnve  Xxvu.  ban  U-eii  alftorbed  for 
our  purpnaeH  partly  hy  Hellmitri,  and  (uirtly  by 
Uebraicm.  so  Helleuium  ilH-lf  may  be  atnorbed. 
so  tar  ae  it  <lmervi.'5  to  !»■.  by  modrm  litrrtilurv. 
One  ivho  kni'iv  Milton  hy  heart  wouhl  lie  n<i  jiaor 
HebnuBl,  and  be  who  pn>wE'S«eil  Ibo  whole  of 
Ooolhc  wontd  be  no  mean  Hellenist.  Bui  thla 
time  has  not  y<-t  nirlvetl,  if  humaui«m  piufTfrv 
ni>w  ftxvu  a  slijtbt  obscuration,  dui-  to  it*  unfor> 
tunnte  altt>mpt  li  claim  lo.y  much  mattery  uvto' 
the  human  mind  :  yel  Iherv  is  no  feiir  of  it*  beins 
materially  ubMnirrd.  and  the  niwmLan-p  which  it 
may  y<^  render  the  hiimim  race,  in  her  sMUVb 
after  the  g^iod,  thi*  heaulJfnl,  uud  the  J  rue.  should 
command  the  aympathy,  anil  ■timulHtethe efforts, 
of  every  man  to  wbom  lho«  olijei-U  an-  di-ar. 

OecAR  Brow  KINO. 


SCHOOLS  IS  EUYI'T. 

The  nrinrt  of  the  minli^icr  of  public  Instruction 

for  187.^  ■hownalotal  of  4.SIT  schools  In  Egypt, 

with  a,04S  tiMichers  and    140.1177  studenla.      Of 

tbMe.  4,68S  schools  and  3  so-cslled  univetsitiaa 


A 


Uabor  It).  ISST.j 


8CIENCF. 


27T 


InvlDK.  ID  ull.  'i.SOT  Uiu'hnni  tLuA  ISi.ISS  Mixlmita. 
wrere  I  un-lj  Ainhir  ;  B^  kcIiooId.  with  41(i  leactiera 
and  6,061  jHipilH,  were  siMkiiD^'l  lijr  ihe  varloue 
foraif^  <:ii1onir8  ai>d  rellglouf  coianiuulricii :  itie 
remniiulcr  bpinf;  iindor  govern  divoib  I  contrul. 
SUlwiicK  since  IMS  anr  in  isreal  put  nil  obtataic 
bio:  I'lit  it  may  \*f  Mtfdynid.  Ihnt,  iturinj;  tfa«> 
pMt  Iw^Iie  yt»n,  alruort  na  chniijtp  tutA  taken 
place  in  ihtr  Arabiv  Mihonln,  n-lille  r)i*  o[b«r  Iku 
clamfi)  tiuvf  miulfi  pimi  prv-itree-. 

Thi-  Diilivi'  i-lffntlon  i*.  for  firui-iicnl  piirpuuii, 
valwicaa.  in  it  coBSMti  in  nirrc  HK'niorinln:;.  tlie 
otiirr  ftwrnltli*  Wmik  rnlin-ly  nrjclrc-teil.  o(  wlticli 
thp  oiilccnie  is  11  iii(.vhiitiii.-al  uciinaliitHiice  wilh  a 
lUc  (if  fni.'M  ;  aiiil  cfvn  ttint  in  lost  nlurii  Ihe  for- 
luutiilc  onItT  i*  de*tn>feil,  AlalinuM  vrtry  slrrel- 
oorncr  In  thv  ritiw.  brliintl  a  fuuiilain.  b  u  nnlim 
RClioul,  pr<Hidr<l  over  hy  a  ah«ikli.  wlio  iniitrucU 
from  l*n  to  iiiic  hundred  hoys  ju  cummiiting  Ihe 
Koriin  to  RiMiior.i.  lo  1875  thrv  »c-ho(>la  wwe 
alt«ii(lr<I  hy  Ui.im  chililivn.  TIip  inalructiun 
cotiiiistii  in  fopealinx  o*w  and  owr  agHin  UNingli' 
wrap,  until  tlie  put.il  han  leanted  il.  The  .Iron- 
iOK  of  Ihe  L-hilJiv-n  iNnln-n,\8  !iccM>iu)Hiiiin]  nitli  a 
Hwlii4:lii)c  UKilion  of  Die  \nxij,  which  is  supiXMd 
to  fariliUIo  thr  Dientul  effort. 

The  unirrniity  course  i*  much  the  mnie  bh  thnt 
of  tbo  elementary  Khoo'a.  thp  Koran  Im-ihr  the 
centre  atul  mil  of  nil  niMtruciiuu.  At  lairo  i*  lli* 
Uolnrrsily  El  AKhnr.  the  ioo»t  cmlpbrnted  fltruug- 
b'llil  of  Mohnnimedan  il.icirin^.  Its  Muiknta 
nuniU-r  mi.»en  or  *i;ht  thounaDil,  and  i-oinc  from 
all  MoliMmniedan  euuntiitn.  The  sluditv  nro  the 
incinuriimK  of  tlH-  Komn  and  of  the  rgmmen- 
Uirids,  grariinmr,  InngnaK^.  ami  law  (but  (tnly  so 
fara^  they  sn-inhrwoven  wilb  tlw  failti).  and  n 
smattering  tif  Aristotelian  philmophy.  No  Ihnr 
is  drvutoti  tn  ntatheoiatiua ;  history  awl  giMi^Tujiliy 
arcil(^l>inoii,  and  fn-ry  for«i|^  langUBice  w  rijt- 
orausly  excludnl  n*  dnnit^i^us  to  llic  iPliKK-n  of 
Uk  ruithful.  atiidenia  truniiflinirii  upend  a  imiu- 
bcrvf  yrarxnt  Ihe  i-chool.  and  nt  Hip  ^nd  of  [he 
tinir  nffl  tilted  for  niitliing  more  than  lo  Ki'univ 
cAliphs  or  tu^ichera  i>[  Amhic  in  foreiirn  iic<bcxilB, 
at  a  ^ary  of  iruc  or  tiro  pi^unds  a  month. 

The  HchoolH  mnnSKrd  hy  foreiguers,  espccinlty 
thoBi-  ot  IbL'  American  and  Buiclisb  miaeionfl,  are 
Europi'iui  in  orttanizatluu,  and  are  nocoiDpllsliInK 
aoma  excellent  results.  In  thetu  much  time  is 
devotad  to  the  study  ot  English  and  French,  a 
knowledge  of  n-hioh  it  of  tncfMisin^  value  and 
loiporuuiec-  in  Egypt.  Theaa  acluwia  are  attended 
by  pupils  (>I  all  naCionnlftlea  and  religlona.  and 
many  of  thorn  are  np*a  to  both  sexes. 

Govi'innii'nt  supervltjon  of  xchoois  has  cxlsied 
for  forty  years  :  bul  until  bilcly  Ihit  »y»t<ni  woa 
overrun  wilh  abuses,  and  bam-n  of  mults.     Our- 


ing  Ibe  lavt  two  yi-nrn  n  nvr  r*^mt  hna  het-n  en- 
lerrd  upon,  mid  ihr  governntent  hcIiikiU  now  uffrr 
eirvlientadvantaKPV.  Thev  are  of  ihn*  Pliwm*. — 
primary,  prepataliwy.  and  hik'bPi  Hixrial  Mhoata. 
The  primary  acIxhiIs.  tor  clilhlrcii  f  roui  eighl  lo 
twelve  years  at  aj;e,  throughout  the  (uur-yfan' 
uourao  givr  toslrwlion  in  the  Koran,  Arabic  Ian- 
guag*  and  pmmannhip.  arithmetic.  aiMl  object- 
tcmon*  of  the  kinth-rgarlen  Hutraf<»r.  To  t]i«M 
Hiudiea  are  added,  after  (l'«  iln»t  year,  drawing  and 
the  ^feogiaphy  of  ilie  Otioiuau  ein|iire  :  alU-rihi' 
second  year.  Fnmth,  English,  geomotry,  and 
tig^ptiau  lilstury.  Under  Ihe  heul  of  ciriliU  tt 
idarfitUm.  Ihv  pu  pi  la  are  taught  tlip  t>f'"*^'P''"  "' 
t)olit«iiceB,  t'leanlin«i$.  mornl  biibits,  and  »o  forth, 
'fhe  object-lMwns  give  rlrtnmlary  ii»t>UL*tion  in 
phjalcs.  nedmnii^,  and  in  vnrioii*  indii^utef. 
Thepreparatori  seJioolswml inn*  ibp Mime  r<>u^«■^, 
adding,  in  tlie  firsL  year,  ph,\>ic*.  chrmistry, 
itntiiral  liislory.  algt-lira,  aud  mutal  ptiihwophy. 
Tim  results  obtained  from  tbeM-  wcliot^  U  encour- 
aging. thoitKb  the  incompi  trncv  of  Arab  leadiera 
to  adopt  modem  methods  Is  a  griuit  drawback. 
A  iiiiiiisterial  decree  ol  188(1  fimniled  a  iioiuial 
Bchuol  at  Cairo  *'(u  lr>ia  pn-fei^>ri  fiT  the  schjoja 
of  Egypt,  and  to  populnrin-  t^-^  mrtbodsnf  in- 
struction." In  the  normal  ■■cbncd  the  ri'Urfce  of 
three  years  is  a  continuance  of  tlicsc  of  the  two 
1ow«rgndea  of  sehouls.  wlih  the  addiliiin  of  in- 
■traction  in  hygienr.  psychology ,  pedagogy,  and 
gymnaxicB.  Sinill  lu^holatBhips  are  ofTercd  lothe 
mort  dcaorving  studentK. 

AmoDR  Ihc  other  special  courses  an?  tcliools  ot 
medicine  nnd  law,  twogoud  s-.-hooU  of  technology, 
and  u  BCliDol  of  bingunirw.  Much  goml  work  is 
ijt-tng  done,  cHpecially  in  tbu  departments  of  (Dod- 
crn  langiiugi-i.  a  ImowlL-lge  of  which  is  neocaMry 
to  obtain  a  government  potation.  Much  reoia ins 
to  he  'lonr,  hut  the  rwtgetic  cflorta  of  the  gov- 
eminent  hare  fixvd  a  ■lanilnrd  of  (lioioughiieaa  in 
ediieation  which  miutt  soon  remilt  in  a  higher  de- 
gree of  intelligence  and  lew  of  nirchanical  kwowl. 
edge  among  the  peuple.  R.  Aiuiuwsiimi. 


DDKS  KDVCAttON  TUMiyiHtl  JSUVSTHYt 

Tllic  London  Specfaifor.  at  mice  the  mnel  eerious 
and  digniScd  ol  )in|u-n.  tvn;ntly  publiahed  an 
article  of  which  the  n)M>ve  is  the  litle,  wtiioh  took 
tor  ttie  subject  of  ita  comments  the  plan  now 
being  advocated  In  England  for  introducing  work- 1 
ahops  into  the  national  (cluads.  A*  the  aacD*^ 
plan  is  coining  into  prominence  in  Ibis  oaunt<7> 
the  Spectator's  remarks  will  ioteresl  Mir  read«ffs. 
The  writer  in  ({ueslidD  says  ilutt  many  critics  of 
the  pn«pnl  *y»iem  ot  primary  inBlru<:liou  iu  Bug- 
land  fear  that  it  will  brted  up  a  g«neralion  «-ilb  a 


2V8 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  Ho. 


(laMHte,  ant)  e««n  cont«in|it,  for  inaDnal  labor. 
"Tli»  buj-s  mnkt.  In*  tnialr  workman,  Dad  the 
girls  wo«w  couka  itnd  liooHeBMM*  anil  luuiittrj-- 
woRieii,"    Thoy  "are  \fm  handy  and  nmr.?  cm- 
oeUwl  than  n  farmer  g«D(-nti(iD ;  have  Inw  likinf; 
for  work.  An<|  rnoiro  ■uotionn.'"     AaOiinlanKiUKi^ 
b  UBcil  in  aclrocHliiii^  a  •|N>dllr  project.  H  Is  p«r- 
bapi  too  *tit>UK   to  l»  pritlral ;  Inrt  lh«w  is  no 
'loobt  it  ex|>r«»ni  a  f«ellnK  wry  gnurral  not  only 
whh  ■  the  clown,'  but  w  itii  t^mploycrx  of  Utnur  of 
all  (leitrent,  nnd  expii-iully  with  <'inploy<i»  in  (t 
■tnall  way.  MoreuviT.  bvliim)  nlttbew  ronipliiliile, 
»me  of  whJcb  lire  jtutiflt^l,  for  Ibe  CnnliMb  hare 
Mypt  bwH  Ii)o  btiMT  inakinx  up  lt*wjiy  in  tlie 
ImIIIi'  witb  ullt-r  l^nranre  lo  lUli-nil  nutlkicnlly 
to  t««hDicaJ  cduoatlno.  there  wrtH  nn  idt-n  Konoml 
raouifll  and  broad  pnounti  tn  (l4r«)rru  ntlt-ntion,  ^ 
llw  Id**  that  cdncatioii  is  in  itarlf  inimical  to  oon- 
timMnu  imituiry.     A  1ml  who  rocjMiKli*  woie  yeara 
li*  aoquiriim  knowlvdg)-  will  not,  it  Is  fanclwl,  b^ 
lake  bimsplf  nrillinfily  to  the  arudKvry  of  numuol 
lalMjT.  will  avoid  it,  oven  if  lie  lo«*s  by  Ihf  avoid- 
anci',  will  i-niwd  into  Ibe  towno.  und  will  go  |>pt- 
UourIv  tiwir  Bliirvntiun  in  uny  euny  rni|ilojnioiit. 
rMher  tlian  work    witb   hi:,  hnndu    for   fldy.four 
liourti  a  wcfk.     Thu  old    rnptlvid  of  (rnJninir  lad* 
throu);b  np|>r«ntiici-hip  tollw  IWcesmry   lutbit  of 
enduniiK*  is  Uuukiiu:  up.  aud  with  it  Iho  Ri<«lisn- 
Ical  sptildde    tmnsdiilied    through    grnrratlons 
whieb     inado    llie   ur.-quj„itjan    <i(    Ibe    ii^cmsary 
knowlnlgn  sliiioat    iiiiconwioiiH.       Tlie    ivorhiiig 
Ud'fl  uiind  lia".  (.-iiMmlpd,  boH«ver  little ;  and  ho 
will  m.l,  it  i^  ciitiii'niiist,   nork  tm  lie  did.      It  in 
illiilit  ri)chl  tbat  tlie  -tilijoct  ftboul.l  li>  iilirriKl,  for. 
if  Ilie  tboory  of  tin-  otiJMrtor*  is  true,  tlie  look- 
out for  till-  world  ib  but  a  |Joe>r  ow>.     Some  of  Uie 
moat  nifvcmnry  taAksamdiiuijireixiblelaitka.  Bom(<- 
body  must  cart  th«  murk,  dl^  llie  dniinH.  untond 
thp  «)ii|«,  Hlw^k  the  iimIs.  carrj-  tliu  biickz,  or  the 
world  will  Htop :  and  a  resort  to  Hlan-lslior  woidd 
be  vrimiiiid,  or  lu  eicvslvi-  pay  bigbly  incou- 
Tenirat  or  Impoailbte.     Madiinery   will   not  do 
cvt-ry  thtnit :  wUl  not.  for  joatanc*,  before  making 
tbc  tirichg,  exi.-:i\-atf  iind  dnmp  tbe  clay  for  lillinR 
tlw  inoiildK.     Tile  hudinn  baud  ia  hiiII.  in  miiny 
dvpirtrueiitH  of  litW.  the  only  L-onn-iruUic  nt  wpll 
as  the  only  nvnilflble  uuicliino.     Educntion  twinol 
)ieMop[iivl;  and  if.  tlii.'-r<'for«,  »lnciillan  deT«lo|M 
un  nvrnion  to  bnrd  work.  Inmianlty  will  stand  in 
preicw-e   of    u   nrarly    in>oliil>te    problem.     Thf 
obnnce  ercn  ia  iirrioiui,  and  attracts  Ibe  more  at- 
leotiou  beoaoM  there  Is  sonieprtnui'/aefeuvidvnco 
that  the  danger  ia  real.     One  r]i>vi-r  race,  tho  Jew, 
wliich,   tbougli   olt«n   nnrdumtnl,  hns  jn«t   (be 
kimlof  IntrlltfH  Ihnt  rdiu-nlionby  ite^f  pruduoes, 
steadily  and  «orcx«ii fully  avoids  bsnl  tuanual  la- 
bor.    Tbe  Hebrews  all  o*(ir  tlie  eartli  will  not 


plough,  yet  they  cootriT«  to  live.  Anolhrr.  the 
Yankti'.  whi<;h  it  cdu<vtt«d.  dialikM  work  no  much 
Ibm  il  i»  viid  that  ilH  trui-  <l«liuy  la  to  ovcmw.' 
wrirkrT*,  and  that  n  Vnnkn-  nittio);  00  the  l(nl«  to 
drivr  othor  m<Mi  to  labor  in  worth  five  Vonkeee  ia 
a  fleld.  The  drift  towards  the  town*,  which  in  all 
coiintrieo  follows  edur«tton.  and  is  now  ooverliiiB; 
ii:ur>ipe  witb  hu|^  i-entrt*  of  populatirm.  is  be- 
lit>T«d  to  be  in  part  cauwd  hy  tbe  hope  of  obtain* 
ing  ■  lit*ht  *  twks  :  and  tbi-  exoeaolve  incT«aa»  of 
cunip<'titors  for  cltTkHhipa  has  bcR)  for  years  mst- 
ter  o4  constant  olwervation.  The  clerks  swara 
in  «Ter<lncreasJBe  numbera.  till  their  vragee  are 
driven  down  to  starvation -(Mint,  and  Ihcy  deL-lare 
theiiueltcB  ini^apuble  of  living  under  ncompclitioa 
wliicli  seems  lo  huvr  ni>  lioiin<U.  There  an-  triwh*, 
Wfl  heliove.  now,  in  which  Ibe  oli-rks  [lay  the  nn- 
ploveni.  Some  of  thu  peoiilc*  of  tbe  continent 
are  penetrated  wilh  t)ic  notion  thai  instruction  Is 
fatal  to  wlUinj;  labor,  Mr.  Ilamerton.  iobia  wise 
book  on  (^uoe,  devUres  that  tbe  pi^nMinlB  think 
a  son  who  liaa  gone  to  school  outside  tlM-  village 
is  lout  to  their  work,  and  bi>l<«v«s  that  In  tbe  main 
they  ar*-  right,  the  liid>  who  hove  lJl^,•n  inslntctod 
revoltinic  iiKnin^l;  the  unbroken  toil,  tlut  )>etiiiry, 
the  ealciilntlnjc  thrift,  evsentinl  to  thepeaxaut  life, 
Kui^li>'li  dealefH  of  tbe  lower  clau  My  a  lad 
niunt  Ix!  taken  young,  or  bo  will  never  flupwod  ! 
and  in  one  irnde  nt  Inast.  tliat  of  a  sailor,  Ibe 
rules  In  favor  of  heKinninK  <iarly  are  made  im> 
miiUiMe,  llie  old  bnndtf  hnowinjt  from  experieneo 
tbuttbe  life  Is  intolerable  lo  inowt  of  Ibnun  wbo 
linvi-  tneil  any  other. 

On  Ihi-  other  band,  no  dislike  of  work,  and  «- 
pecinlly  no  dislike  <>(  agriuultiiml  work,  wbioh  ia 
Ht  on(«  the  roiiitbrat,  tbo  most  <Mntiimciiu,  and 
tbe  worst  paid,  liss  appeared  amonfi  two  of  the 
iH-st-edni'u ted. races.  The  .Si-otch,  who  have  lieen 
tmiglit  for  two  hundred  years,  and  are  now  for 
mon?  tliciruuKhly  trained  than  the  Kngliah  nalionnl- 
HiThocil  b»,vs,  shuw  no  dis[Hi6ilion  to  uvoid  lulnr, 
but  ure,  on  tbe  eontrnry,  remarkable  for  peniiirtent 
and  fairly  eonl^nted  industry.  There  are  thou 
Mtnds  of  HnKb  Millers  sninn);  them,  thooKb  wll 
uut  hli  Keniu'.  Tbe  Prus»iinn  peawot',  who  a 
as  ediioatt^d  as  tbe  Bni^liab  will  be  twenty  yeai 
beiice.  wurk  exceedingly  hard,  und  in  ihei-ountry, 
wlicre  llieir  holdinitii  ant  their  i>wn,  show  iionu  of 
the  resentment  nt  their  fnte  wliie!)  is  no  doubt 
nianlfeirted  In  the  lownn  in  the  form  of  Hoeinlist 
aspimliong.  Hardeners,  whoatlover  Ormt  Britain 
an*  the  bnit  instructed  of  manual  Iftborers.  work, 
more  eiiwcially  when  workina  for  lliemseliM, 
with  uniisuiil  diligence  ;  and  it  is  ni^iu-r  of  con- 
stant olm-rvation  that  a  laborer  wbobup|H>tui  by 
any  accident  to  he  a  '  bit  of  n  ocbolar'  ran 
be  depended  upon  when  work  presses  and 


J 


ou- 

i 


ev«r]r^ 


Hakcs  19. 


SCFENCE. 


HMD  1»  required.  The  petipl*  of  Rnni<>,  vr\w  rmn 
read  and  wrfle.  are  far  more  (llligvnt  llian  ihe 
Ni^a{K>Iituiu.  M'hi>  cniiitdE :  and  the  but  workmiii  Id 
Italy  an-  lho»r  whohnvrpiiKwHlhrinigh  Ibc array, 
and  «  obtiuncd  whnt  in  i>tncli*'n1lT  iin  nlufolion. 
Tb<-n-  Hiviai  DO  a  priori  roiiM>n  why  it  (hngld 
bi-  otlwrwiw.  Attondano^  in  llie  scIio.Ib,  wliicU 
lui-  wpII  vpnillat^d  antl  warm,  nolorioiisly  im- 
proves lii'iiliti,  and  tliere  ia  iii>  eviijence  wViaWver 
Ihnt  >l  ilLinininlm  nlrvQi^b  in  tlie  I'-ni-t' dattt  an}' 
(■ton-  fliun  in  Ibv  uiiucr.  uiio  <lM.'i<l«lly  bcnriU  bj 
ec'lioul-lifp.  XotlitDK  n.'cngnUable.  in  fact,  hap- 
pouM  to  the  child  who  in  taiighl.  excvjrt  a  bn>ah  in 
hi*  biiliit  of  slriulj  pndiintnr^.wlijrh  U  met  in  Ihe 
agriculiarai  achootH  hj  ili«  fj»t«iii  of  liatf-tlnte. 
I'Md  dciM  not  appear  [o  impair  imluslry  in  (actaricti 
or  VorkstiofA.  Cultivated  )ail« — w«  nicvn  laila 
■  wrll  i^duoHied'  Ea  Ihe  cuavcnlluDul  svmitr  —  work 
In  ecoTva  in  tbe  toundirlrn,  ItiarniDg  Ihr  mginivi'H 
buriacw  throufih  a  avmt  iirvm'  phyncnl  appren- 
tlombip:  niid  lad*  who  fmJKrato  witlinui  rapltal 
cotwtantly  work  at  hnni  taak«  ha  well  and  as 
atCBilHr  n-"  plminhnien  :  often,  moreover,  ackuuwl- 
'  wdfpait  a  rnniplele  contenlmevt  with  tb(.-ir  toil. 
Thev  feel  nionutony  when  ther»  is  munotoiiy ;  but 
llioy  do  not  reaent  liand-work  any  tootr  than 
I  thnu«ini]B  of  ediK-Jitul  Oinndinn  or  Nrw  Rii)(land 
i'fannpnu  On  the  wliole,  and  iiubjeet  to  the  trt- 
ienet  which  can  only  be  8up)iJ!ed  by  rnany  niori' 
TOATs  of  obeenation,  vr«  should  nay  tlw  tritlh  wna 
wntethlog;  of  tbla  kind.  Education  ot  thr  modern 
kind  doen  not  diininiwh  indu^itry.  and  dom  not,  ex- 
wpl  for  a  vtTV  short  jiOTiod,  break  Ihe  habit  of 
■s^dutly  nt  work,  Nor  does  it  diiultiitli  Ihe  rvadi- 
HMB  to  do  manual  tabor  In  tbu»e  wlui  can  do  it, 
tbougb  it  does  diminish  their  number,  —  the 
'delicnt«'  la'ls.  a»  Iheir  motht^n  rail  tli«m.  who, 
fit  left  unwluiTiileil.  would  have  none  on  in  (lie 
|grouT«  o[  Iheir  f<iri'[iilberii.  takioK  by  a  K))pT:ir«  of 
Rtural  mlv>clion  to  IIkt  lifjhter  tBRkH.  Th«  le- 
'maindcr  work  oi  licforp,  tlKPUgh  probably  not  in 
the  ifld,  ina<'hini^likr  nay.  Thfyigambemselvea 
more,  an-  aiot«  quirk  to  avoid  iinnemmry  to41, 
•nd  no  doubt,  as  n  Inrfte  propnrtloit  are  and  miMl 
be  wiflsh  men,  in  numberless  inataucea  lb«y 
■annip'  their  work  in  wayii  tbe  uninliUligent 
ntrvt  tJiink  of.  That  Hcnintung.  logi'llicr  with 
Ihe  vas^mtras  tor  mon.-  money  prmlnocd  liy  now 
tvania,  and  a  ci-rtain  indoc'ilily  or  independence, 
oonibino  to  pmdace  nii  unfavorable  ImprewJon  as 
Ito  loduHtry  which  Is  not  Jiislilteil.  or  rather  is  due 
■lo  other  cauces  Ihan  averaiuu  to  work.  The  Kng- 
llfb  must  wait  a  litlle  tor  full  informutioo,  the 
boys  who  have  ]■»«]  tbn)Uf{h  n-bonl  not  bning 
thirty  yet ;  bat  they  do  not  deepnir  of  seeing 
piraty  of  Hugh  Millera  aoxmg  thi>ir  norknien  ; 
that  M,  m^n  who  are  educated,  yet  have  a  definite 


love  for  and  pride  in  e:ii:v«^linKty  hnn)  and  mo- 
notonotii)  manual  toil.  Miller  f^et  up  stone  wall* 
fof  el^lit  hour«  a  ilay,  —  a  real  back-breckinx  oe- 
CU]ialii>ii.  —  but  he  liad  It-arned  more  Ihan  motf 
lad*.  It  would  bi-  well  if  luiir-tiiuL-  could  tie  made 
genera),  a*  many  an-  nv^rly  coniincvil  it  WMild 
increniM-  leamfnu.  by  aHowinR  urtioiji-tiniv  to  laat 
longer,  nwl  woiiM  not  discourage  anj  scliMoi'  for 
keeping  up  the  habit  vt  fua'iual  Utxr,  whirh  will 
bit  the  1(4  of  tiK-  ureal  niHJorily  whil*-  the  wortd 
goc«  round,  and  which  i«,  in  fact,  the  permanent 
mrmnaKium  of  tlir  human  nee;  but  there  la 
little  fear,  even  it  ihn  pmvnt  tjaleni  eotilinites. 
The  cJianges  which  may  mme  will  nut  lie  pro- 
duced by  balne««,  bat  by  a  longing  for  larger 
waf3«,  an>l  the  comfort  tbey  luinK.  which  some 
incliwtnee,  oiirirultural  enpeclallj.  in  ctowly  popu- 
lated countrim,  may  find  it  dilltcult  lo  mtiofy.  U 
will  br  satislieil,  Iiowckt.  in  one  "ay  or  anolher, 
for  education  o|>FRa  wide  tbe  grvud  wfrtj-vaive, 
the  power  nl  wandering  over  rnrlh  in  dearch  of 
the  opportunity  ot  toll.  For  whni  ««•  know,  the 
hutiinn  race  may  be  dentlined  tomcilny  lo  iwrlsb 
like  mitui  on  a  clieeae,  Ihnnuth  their  own  multi- 
plicnlion  :  but  al  iwwx-nt  tlieiv  is  ample  apncn  for 
all  of  mir  racut,  who  may  fi>r  the  next  i-entury.  at 
the  ooal  only  oi  expntrialion,  hare  tlx-ir  twenty 
Aer««  ajiicce  to  work  on.  Oerroanf.  Enf;lt»lim<tn, 
Itatians.  nrr  nwiirmin;;  out  in  Dioutxndii  dally  ; 
but  still  them  i«  no  chunoi-  that  ihey  will  peiiah 
tor  want  of  room,  or  ho  driven,  like  Cblnamen,  to 
that  ceiiseleas  wnrk  for  Ixire  exiatvnce  under 
which  other  virtues  than  Indtixtry  ore  apt  to 
t>eri»tL  Another  Europe  could  livr  and  proapcr 
on  the  unpeopteil  river-baain*  of  South  ^mrrica. 
Education  hrlpn  to  iltsjiene  mankind ;  and  we  cer- 
tainly do  n<ii  tiiKl  tbnt  emigrants,  who  are  rarely 
of  tlie  know-nothing  riau.  are  ut  all  reluctani  to 
undrrtakp  severe  l'>il.  Is  there  not  in  llie  whole 
iliacusHion  a  defect  cauwd  by  imdjiiim.  nii  iin- 
pm«ion  tbut  lu  l>ra in- workers  avoid  hard  lubor. 
knowing  wdl  that  ihi-y  cannot  do  l>oth  up  to  their 
full  powei,  thou-  wbooe  brains  have  been  devel- 
oped witi  never  do  it?  Fortunately,  or  unftirtu- 
naiely,  tliey  will  specially  f«'l  Iht-  great  di«ciplin- 
ing  loroe  of  ilie  worlii.  •  the  strong  conscription  ol 
ImngtT,'  which  cunetrains  us  all.  If  all  the  world 
were  Ncwionp.  nobody  would  get  n  mmithfiil  of 
bread  without  nomcbody  facing  oil  wrnllicr*  to 
plough  and  kow  and  r««p. 


run  IMI'ERTAL   VSIVBRHITT  OF  JAPAS. 

Tn  ibotH'  of  ua  who  are  not  intimately  ao- 
qunintcil  with  the  intdleciual  proictpw  made  by 
Japan  in  recent  yMira,  the  calendar  of  the  Impe- 
rial univefJtv  for  1886  will  come  as  a  rerelatlon. 


;o 


SCIMNCE. 


IVoL  LX..  .So  nVi 


It  b  hanitooairlr  prinUil  in  tin'  Kn^linh  bngii!i||:i'. 
nnil  prvmiDts  rrrv  niniij-  point"  it  inTvmt. 

W«  lenm  txma  it  lluit  the  T«ikoku  Dusnku.  or 
Imprrb)  iiniTereilr.  wam  oikhiiIx^i)  March  I.  IHSS, 
\ff  an  itiiperlal  onllnntK'e.  Tlie  former  TokyC 
uaiT«niit)-  aad  the  collirgi?  at  enj^neeriiii;  ai¥ 
nM!rgc<l  ill  (lie  prm-nt  instiiutiuiii.  The  uuivpnity 
t«  timl*T  lllt^  control  of  the  niiniiiter  of  stutc  for 
odiicniicin.  iui<l  i)i-|Hm<i«  for  it<  reionuir  on  aaniwl 
allDvrancvs  from  th<-  trcAjniry  of  cbn  imivrial  kot- 
ernmml.  Tin-  oflirrn  of  the  iinli'i>r«it.V.  thi^  11- 
bnury.  iho  colli'(t<^  of  law.  medirlnp,  liicraUirc. 
■nd  •drnre,  tht-  lincpiul  attAciied  to  the  college 
of  motiioinc,  nnri  Mic  linrniitoriee  of  IheM  four 
eolkgea,  —  nil  tli«  nnivprsiiy.  in  fnct,  excojit  t'le 
oollcKe  Of  onfrituvTinic,  whicb  h«s  its  louiporar}- 
locntioQ  cUgwIwip,  —  ar«  albuit«d  on  extensive 
gmiiiKis  nnnr  Tokyo.  In  the  orliiiance  fouiKhng 
Ihu  iinivpnrity,  lie  ohjert  is  dcclured  to  lie  •■  ibi^ 
tvaohiDf;  of  «urh  art*  and  wlence«  a»  hk  ivqulreJ 
for  the  purpoge*  of  the  8(at«.  Hiid  the  |>nnvciition 
of  orlglsal  inteMiK^tioun  in  iiiich  urtu  and  sri- 
encCT,"  The  prt^ideot  of  the  iinlvertil;  is  as^iate-l 
b;  ft  boan)  of  vounciltora.  who  hnT«  chnrgc'  of  ihe 
currlcuU  of  studies  and  tin:  pmniotioti  of  the  in- 
terMtaof  the  uniternty  and  tlicm-  of  eaeh  college. 
Tbwi-  euundllotB  ufp  m'lpc-li-d  from  the  profeH»ore 
by  the  iiiinioUir  »f  edui'iiliijn.  eiich  cnllei[e  heing 
raltllcti  lo  two.  Their  term  of  servlee  iH  flee 
year*.  Kiwh  oollege  han  a  ilirector  or  deuu 
cboMD  from  its  profe-*u)if.  The  academic  >ear 
•xt«ndii,  n  la  tiEual  >vlth  us,  fruiu  t<epten)l>eT  un- 
til Jiinf,  nitfl  (xwlsti*  of  three  terms.  Admission 
to  the  tir<it-year  c\ea»  Is  only  jrrHiiied  to  mieli  stu- 
denta  aa  havi>  completed  the  ciniise  in  one  of  tiie 
hiich  nilDdle  acitools.  or  can  pass  an  exuminiition 
Inslituteii  liy  the  university  auilioritirs.  Tlie 
marliing*8j  atem  is  in  foree,  luid  eluliorate  rutus 
for  lti>  regulation  are  ^ivi-n.  There  ii  tUau  n  lys- 
lem  of  eleiUive  studies,  wid  a  Iwrge  number  of 
acbolunliipii  urn  proviileil  for  dewrvitig  uoil  neeily 
•tudenlM. 

In  connection  with  tho  medical  collegr',  a  hos- 
pital ia  provided  for  the  ndmiwiou  of  aiich  pn- 
tientans  may  he  ileemed  instructive caiM^  in  medi- 
<m1  and  surgical  practice  and  in>«eliKation.  The 
hospital  coulaiiiB  livt  uurds  anil  two  hundred  and 
tiiaLeen  beds  in  aU.  Scieutilie  iuviwtigution*  itilo 
tliu  nalun-  of  'kakke.'  an  endemie  diaetue  pecul- 
iar to  Japan,  nrr  cnrrie<l  on  lieri'  i-onlinuully.  The 
library  —  which  eontains  I81I,U00  volumes  ^  and 
nDBODOM  are  extensive  and  well  armnged.  and 
ther«  la  a  special  observatory  for  the  study  of 
earthrguake  phenomena.  The  Konerai  rMUlt«  of 
ibMe  obeervutiuuA  are  publialied  from  time  lo 
time  in  English  and  Japaoeae.  There  is  also  a 
botanic  gnrtiea  and  &  marine  blolo^'cal  laboraior;-. 


The  univef*ity  hiu  voir  519  ataidenta.  of  whom 
1W  are  law  stiideoU.  SH  nvdlcal.  81  in  the  col- 
lege of  engineerInK*  ^  in  the  cullcgi-  of  literature, 
and  80  in  Die  co1l«««>  of  Rciencc  Tlie  curriculum 
is  surpridinKl.v  cooipiehcnatin,  and  the  announce 
ineiits  of  courses  clowly  mteniblc  thiwn  of  a  Ger- 
man university.  The  eorjui  of  pntfcsrors  autl  lec- 
tureis  inclndes  a  nui<il>erof  Europeans  and  Ameri- 
cans, afe  weit  a*  maoy  onlivef  vho  have  ulituiiied 
ilegFoe*  either  In  tliie  country  or  in  Eur-nw. 
AmouK  the  univif^ili^w  and  colieKc*  rfpreicnti-il 
by  ti;raduates  m  Uie  faculty  are  tho'i''  of  ticrlin, 
Paris,  London.  Stia'tmrg.  LeipziK,  Eriansen, 
llcideltierg.  Dublin.  (WttinBcn,  FrcilwrK.  Giaa- 
;,''>M',  Ht.  An(lrrw«.  EdinhurKb.  and  Munich  in 
Europe,  and  ('oluinbia,  Ynle.  Ilnrtnnl.  .luhntt 
Hojitcius.  Uichiitati,  Cornell,  Ilamilioo,  Amherst, 
and  Stevens  ineltmle  In  Ibis  country. 


ALEXASt'EKH    FHOBLtim   OF  fUt- 

Kosofuy. 

Ho  iiiuci)  of  the  pliilusophicnl  writing  of  tlie  day 
is  either  Imiren  rvjietttion  or  empty  rbntorio,  that 
it  ia  somelliini;  of  a  Kurpri'c  to  Hnd  n  book  on 
pure  philosophy.  «  rillen  by  a  man  who  not  only 
lias  U  di-linile  end  in  view,  but  who  knoivs  what 
that  end  Ik  :  ami  who.  to  re:i<^h  tliat  end,  has  not 
found  it  ni.<ci>>»nry  to  cut  rogether  a  hilmriuuB 
treailve  on  the  human  mind  ur  n  liugc  encycio- 
pacitia  of  ethical  a  lonce.  In  one  liundml  and 
■rvrnly  panes.  Profemor  Akmnder  hna  givva 
iM  a  little  work  of  real  tiiiiellne*«  and  vaJue.  For 
clesrncw  and  profundity  of  tlioughl,  deftness  of 
presenlntioii.  and  lucidity  of  sivle.  Profesrwir  Alex- 
ai)der>  hook  is  not  surpusticd  by  uiiy  i>hilo«ophica1 
work  of  siiiiilnr  hco|ie  in  the  lunsuugn.  Wf  on 
gralilled  lo  miss  in  it  cunihrou^  terminologirs,  in- 
volved sent'-iioes,  and  inappoflle  i1  lustra t ion*.  It 
is  so  simple,  frank,  and  slrsighttorward.  that  it 
will  appeal  to  a  large  class  of  thouKhtful  men  who 
are  accustomed  to  sneer  ui  philosophy  and  ila 
devolves. 

The  TBtious  chapters  are  theuiselvm  bo  letnelj 
worded.  Iliat  any  summary  of  them  thnt  would  be 
jutt  and  at  the  uiine  lime  mucli  shorter  than  tho 
cimpteni  themselves,  i-  impo«-ibte. 

The  opening  chapter.  *Tlie  dtfficuities  of  pbU 
lo^ophy.'  strilivs  Ihr  keynote  of  the  hook.  The 
aitthor  tlinns  that  miiiiy  so-culled  philtMopiiical 
diftlculiiEs  are  not  difKculiic*  at  all,  hut  simpla 
tictiona,  originated  liy  iKnoranl  or  *u)irTllcinl  p«f^ 
sons,  who  aet  them  ftittta  '  u  lightly  na  Ibry  t*ll 
an  after-dinner  story.'  Profevior  Alexander  very 
justly  ivfuaes  to  s)iend  his  time  in/rillcisinii  such 

Sami  jirobldiu  o/  ji'illnanji'iy.  11)'  AKCDiaALU  AiaxiH- 
DM,  t^D.   >~ow  York.ikirlbuor.    IS*. 


« 


UUXCB  18,  tWT.) 


SCIENCE. 


281 


vi*v8.  and  mnark«  lUnt  ''a  mati  ulvo  has  i>ol 
l««n>«(l  the  ulpliahpt  it  usually  (IvMck-nt  iu  a 
kDowle<1|C«  uf  (tnnmiar.  A  aur^vou  who  dom  not 
IcDow  antiiouiy  b  iu>c  lilu-lj  to  ii]B]>ii«  c<mll<l«iice. 
Tli<?  pbilcaophicnl  dJIritunt)'  who  pluneen  mio  iIh> 
luilmioii  (if  prolili'Qii.  of  K"'*i  importiincr  wilhoul 

,  •ck-ntiHc  prppnrDtion  mny  he  left  to  Iho  taak  of 
'(InivrinK  QUI  loTiatluin  vitb  h  book,'  aod  on«> 
r>i-«tl  not  b«  i)l»turbed  ir  bte  uii«uci:««arul  rfforts 

.li>)id  hlui  to  Ihv  couclubfon  tlial  'ujetapbiiJcfl*  is 

'olwi-are,  ustrlna.  and  irrrli^iuus."  Tbe  author 
tJifii  tolcra  up  the  (hrcp  «ayii  of  vicwiug  ineta< 
pbysrirnt  i(iiritian«.  ~  the  vtvptiral.  Ilii.-  dOR* 
mnlif.  nnd  iIki  crilJol.  — dcvi-ribrii  each,  and  im- 
liliritly  iu.'cp|>»  for  liiiukclf  Ihp  Iniin-  mrlhod  end 
the  stAnd-point  of  Kant.  In  lacl.  Pn>f«Hor  Ales- 
ander>  tboMxIit  la  ItitereBlIn);  aa  llluatrailng  a 
*r»larn  tn  Kaot'  which  does  not  at^ceeaarily  im- 
plf  a  return  to  Hei^el. 

In  the  »even(«eii  brief  chapters  wliicli  loliow. 
tilt-  author  farmulaUm  aovonliog  to  lh«  critical 
luothod  suuie  of  th(!  ni(Mt  imirartnnt  pbilon»pbkal 
liifRi-uttio  na  tlioj  aptniir  lo  liim.  Hat  dorn  not 
do  tliis  with  tbp  inU-ntiuu  <>t  prcjiidiciog  niif  par- 
ticular answer  to  ooch.  but  ralher,  we  sui^peci,  to 
show  that  "8  year's  ntudy  of  a  t«xl-lKM>k  of  mra- 
tal  plilloMiphy  is  not  all  lliat  is  neoessari'  \<i  put  a 
DMU  m  rapport  witli  the  ^latt-  ut  thoujElil  in  the 

I  I»«*eiil."  FrufeiHiar  Alexander's  lue  ot  tlw  furiual 
logic  )>  •■xcrllciit,  and  aorveit  lo  sbi>w  what  a 
foiaiidahlfn-pniHin  tlint  Diuch-deciied  t'cience  may 
become  in  the  hands  of  an  experienced  craftaDmn. 
In  no  instance,  althuu^^b  disjuudions,  dil«uunaa, 
VlloittMus,  audeothyoieueti  occur  on  MlmonteTtT?- 

I  pax*'.  Iiave  we  coau)  upon  any  logicnl  alip  or  fal- 
fac,v.  though  uDt{U(!«iiorui1iIy  iip^flc  points  in  the 
varioviB  argumi-nl*  may  Im  disputiMl  on  pfttcliologl- 

,  cnl  or  R]otaph>i>icBl  KToundn. 

As  aD  example  of  tlie  author'^  method.  v«  noiAc 

[  ttw  condusioD  {p.  n8)o{  hU  chapter  oq  >Tbcprub- 

rlem  of  tbe  ultimate  uatuiv  ut  matter  ;'  "It  in 
bqpoeslblo,  im>  far  a»  we  luiuw,  to  sepuraUr  the  tact 
«f   force  ami  ttie  fact  ol  musilily.     One  in  not 

'  found  Hitbjul  tliL-  other.     Wli«rev<T  there  in  an 

'Effect,  theitr  t!i  II  manifoKlalion  of  force.  Whcr- 
crer  tliere  in  a  caiutc,  there  in  an  pxerciteof  fortw. 
When,  tlinreloie,  we  attempt  lo  explain  uiatter 
by  rcf^rrmg  to  force,  we  af«  oblii^ed  tu  explain 
force  by  refcrriDg  to  cauaality  ;  and  iu  eiplAiDing 
cauaallty  we  cannot  refer  lu  niateiial  phenomeon, 
but  ore  obli|j;ed  to  fall  liaolc  on  ibo  a  priori  law  uf 
€ai)uUty,  which  ia  not  givrn  by  experience.'' 

Ob  the  queatkin  of  the  place  of  (ihyoioloKical 
paycbology,  the  anihor  -^jM^hs  |dainlr,  and.  It 
M<eias  lu  US,  with  sound  common  aenae.  He  rr- 
uiarkK  (p.  63)  that  ■■there  ar«  two  oOu)uiun  tuw- 
talna,  —  one.   ihe  denunciation  of  physiological 


tnethods  by  n>en  wIm  hare  never  teeu  a  iranglton- 
cell  :  the  other,  the  denunciation  uf  tuhjeclivc 
tnMbodd  by  men  wlio  hat*  never  iti Ten  an  bourlo 
intrrB(ieeliiio.  II  doea  not  appear  (o  be  lecenary, 
buwevcr.  that  a  knuwlrdga  of  one  ael  of  facta 
tfaould  he  incompatible  with  knowlediie  of  the 
other  fet.  A  comUoatMU  of  the  two  is  the  ideal 
psycliologj." 

It  is  intereellni;  t>i  find  Profe<!»or  Al«xand«r 
proving  (!'p.  M,  OJJHbal  ■■it  u  ponible  that  it  ia 
rational  to  accept  wimr  in  irralional  becauae  it  is 
DM>re  ratiunul  lu  trust  the  aiithi)riiy  fur  what  it 
ttiiiUKht  to  U'  imilional  tbiin  to  |dace  our  own 
m*on  al<iive  nuiib  an  authoritv."  The  admtoion 
of  this  concluKion  into  the  areiin  of  wlenllHc  de- 
bale  would  Ik  an  effeclual  blow  to  tlmse  »eir-«uffl- 
cient  lnve«tl|calon  who  And  as  many  criteria  of 
truth  as  there  are  intnda. 

We  should  be  ;lad  to  point  out  reretal  otlier 
ponianB  of  this  book  that  we  coiic«{t«  to  be  the 
most  inrrrestin^,  hut  lack  of  space  forbid*  this. 
On  the  nrfcunu^al  hj  which  the  author  Iriiw  to  th«w 
the  ntheistic  meaning  of  panthriHin  <p.  131),  how- 
eier,  twi)  pointa  of  pontihle  rrilicimn  Mif;,{eM 
tbtBMelvea.  In  ahowing,  that,  if  a  )>lura]ity  of 
prindples  is  admitted,  pantheii'm,  whi'b  admits 
but  one  principle,  (alls,  Prof«awr  Alexander  mtjt, 
"Theexiiiteuoe  of  human pertons  with  conflicting 
purpi'rai  cauiiDt  lie  eiplaiiitil  withuul  uf^ertiiii; 
<ou  the  paiithcwlit!  hypotbesix,  ol  cour»e)  that 
there  is  opposition  Iwtween  the  parts  of  God,  i.e., 
a  plurality  of  principles."  Wonld  not  the  same 
argument  prove  that  Ihe  human  ego  is  pluial  ? 
For  we  certainly  (Indconlltclingaiotivesaiid  prin- 
cipJe«  in  our  onu  mudiIh.  Again,  may  not  the  op> 
poailioii  spoken  of  he  only  apparent,  and  the  mult 
of  our  inKuffictent  invigbt  of  lack  of  knoulnlKP  ^ 
Stay  it  not  lie  n  part  of  a  real  and  bighe-r  baruiuoy 
of  ichich  our  limited  fnciildi^  are  not  co|iniKHnt} 

At  the  coDclurion  of  tbe  mnie  ar^'vment  (|>.  IS3t> 
Profe»«or  Alexander,  tiavinic  already  shown,  tliat. 
if  the  pantbeiislic  Uod  U  either  material  or  ideal, 
atbriiui  ia  the  logical  conaeqitence,  adds,  '■  If  the 
univefae,  i.e.,  l>ud,  ia  both  material  and  ideal, 
tlu-n,  in  ao  far  as  (iud  i*  materiBl,  tbe  objectiun 
urged  aa  tomntcfialiiitic  panthciim  is  applicablv  ; 
and  In  so  far  as  God  is  idml,  the  ohjeelion  urged 
against  Ideahsiic  [nnlbeiam  b  applicable,"  U 
this  tiealnient  by  partition  valid  f  Is  It  poraiUe 
to  separate  a  compuuud.  and  reaauu  about  iln  vari- 
ous cuuntitueuta  as  supamle  entilieti  or  i|ualitH«, 
and  not  n*  part*  of  another  and  more  complex 
whole '(  It  *iiemm  to  us  nut.  We  cannot  ^ay  that 
water,  in  so  far  an  it  is  oxt  f^n,  will  do  thus  and 
so,  and,  in  so  far  a*  It  is  hydrogen,  will  do  some- 
tiling  else.  Watvr  U  a  new  couifwund.  and  It 
ilevelopb  new  properties  aa  water,  which  are  uot 


282 


SCIENCE. 


ITot..  IX-.  No.  at 


rrpmi'Tit<-d  \»y  addme  tugvtli«r  tho  pnpfftieB  of 
oxjgrn  aiid  h,vdn>^n.  SiiitiHKf.  thm,  that  Ihp 
OMUiufd  oambinnlMn  tif  rontrrini  and  iili-nl  in  CtnA 
(rfT*  a  upw  M>t  of  propcrlic*  :  nr*  thc.v  Rireo 
Kcofcnltlon  in  tlilx  tr««tni?nl  by  |iartilion ';  \W 
«K  Dol  linpuii^iitiii;  in  anj  way  ProfesMH'  Alexan- 
4t«r'A  conclusion,  but  Biuiply  a(ati»g  aoiue  objH!'- 
tionK  thill  liui-»  owtirred  to  lu  an  to  bi«  Du-tbod  of 
rrai^liing  iU 

Tim  conolnding  clinptrr.  on  tli«  '  I>oclTin<>  at 
cause  and  olTeot.'  W  holii  the  lonK««t  and  Tni»\ 
Bnishei]  In  the  bonk.  It  Is  a  roiicise  and  admira- 
bli- nuuiuiary  of  the  IiieloHoal  ii»pect  of  the  doc- 
trine uf  i-uumtiuii  [roiii  tlif  pre-Sixnulii-  pliiloso- 
phen  In  Mil]  imd  S]H>nr%'r.  itnil  ii  prurnuiidly  nug- 
ftwtlvt  indicntinn  of  thi'  tiuo  tlicnry  at  chiim!  nnd 
effect.  All  of  Prof(<nwir  Alrxnndci'n  ivnrli  ic 
Uiorou^hli  well  itono,  and  wp  ri^jtrpt  (o  sfc  tlint 
not  a  fi'w  tyiHiKTapliical  errore  liave  crept  Into  an 
otticrwiM'  uiiKlel  plfce  of  Ijouk-inaking.  We  trust 
thai  Um.'  book  wiU  have  a  vrldtr  clrvulatlon,  (or  it 
will  Iw  founil  an  cxoelliMil  uicntul  tunic  as  wW  an 
RD  oinpbnlic  praluit  nKtiioHt  tlu.-  philosojiliicnl 
dilctlnnliiiTn  aovr  nn  (-nrrvtit.  N.  M.  11. 


A  NEW  EDITJOy  OF  JUVENAL. 

Ax  editton  of  Juvenal  that  xliould  be  KiiBlcJcntly 
imctical  fnrllK'ColIngpcilnwfmotn.  while  em bod.v- 
ing  the  latest  reeulia  of  closidnil  reapatcb  and 
criticism,  lias  for  *everal  years  Urn  groiilly 
Df^ed.  It  is  tberofuK  with  intcrmi  that  one 
ttinis  to  the  present  work  in  the  hope  of  BndinK 
a  happy  medium  between  tlii-  too  litH^  spiiti  rom- 
Bi«ntary  of  Simcox  find  rhi<  loo  mdtmentAry 
tnatmeut  adojued  by  Hardy. 

Apart  from  the  typoj^cmphy,  the  book  Is  a  dla- 
appointmi-nt.  Tb«  iioliv  roDtain  oolhlujii;  wluit- 
«««!r  thiit  is  now,  belD);  t'W  t-videutly  condenseil 
and  ntnplifiod  froiu  Mayor,  iind  art?  bo  dmutlory 
Itnd  ill-«j»ort«d  IU  not  i-viii  to  iIcbitvc  vri-dit  for 
jiidlcioua  wleotion  nnd  urraiigemcQl.  Mon-uvi'r, 
reftl  dlfflculll^is  both  of  synlAK  and  cxegcais,  nre 
pasaed  orer,  whi1»  an  tm^rdiniitt?  amount  of  spncv 
ta  )(iT«D  to  the  elucidncion  of  mntlcr?  that  oiiglil 
lo  be  familiar  to  any  fatclligent  school-boy.  Uoir 
meagre  ur«  the  g;rauuuaticii]  notes,  may  tx?  seen 
from  tlu!  fact  that  on  the  171  linee  of  the  lirst 
mlite  then- are  hut  ivro  :  on  the  m  lin«8ottlie 
mrfoth,  with  it«  fourteen  pagea  of  couimeniary, 
there  are  but  two :  and  on  (lie  iffl-t  liiiea  of  the 
teatli  there  i«  onlj:  one.  When  the  ■.■ditom  do 
venture  to  elucidate  acme  •yntnoiiciil  pocnlioritr, 
it  la  always  one  that  would  oeem  to  need  do  com- 

TttUtrm  inHrtt  vt  J<t»ntl!  irllK  inlniueHuH  a»if  ■»!». 
Br  C:  D.  PUMOM,  U.A..  and  tlKHBiST  A.  StkOMii.  X.A„ 
LUD.   Oxford,  ClBnodoii  pr.    tr. 


mnnt  whntm>e\'ec:  as,  for  instance,  the  rlvld  use 
of  the  im|>erfect  snbJtinctiTe  in  rii.  Oft,  TO;  or 
the  by  no  meau-*  extraonliTiary  employuient  of 
■he  iadlcalive  in  x.  ISK:  while  p<.-culiariti«  like 
the  metrical  qnit  in  xii.  48.  uod  the-  imiilit-d  iif 
from  ne  in  x^i.  9.  uri-  >till  untoufhitd.  But,  on  the 
other  huud.  ihcTP  h  a  iiiipFmhundRnce  of  com* 
mentarr  liki'  the  followinji  nn  xvi.  14 :  — 
"  Oraniif*  mitgnii  nd  wubufiHa  :  the  bench  had  to 
be  piMideroiiH  to  aiip|iort  it*  hujue  occupant." 

An  jmpnrtant  feature  of  thl6  editloo  is  the  pro- 
fMwdly  idiomatic  truiishitions  «)irinkled  thrauxh 
every  pa^.  Thwii-  an?  not  iiili-ndt-d  to  !»  para- 
pbniMes.  for  they  nre  enoloMid  in  <{u citation- nturkw ; 
iiud.  bcaidt-'v,  a  paraphnMC  in  i>)iwwhprc>  preHxed 
lu  ooc-h  oatlri^.  Onn  Jniitnnoe  of  thit  extmordinnry 
rMnii-ring  will  probably  suffice.  Satire  vli,  30  le 
Iniji^tal,  "Kow  hear  the  rich  man's  tricks.  To 
avoid  Bt)h«criliini(  to  yon,  he  (losee  as  a  fellow- 
poet,  and  triistK  to  the  inaxim  that  'dog  doen  not 
eat  doK.'" 

Tlie  eilitoN  have  very  cuuiiueiiilably  refrained 
from  the  aUiurd  espurication  lliat  disligun*  ao 
many  college  editions  of  Juvenal.  Excemtrvex- 
purKutTOii  only  excites  prurient  cimoailr :  while 
it  H'l  ciunsculnles  the  nutbor  rr  to  malip  ic  quite 
inipi>«ible  for  the  reader  to  claim  any  real  acqalnt- 
anre  with  Jtivenal  a«  he  ia,  or  lo  under«(anil  (he 
bittern«M  and  the  motive  of  hla  xfinni  iitJigtuttio, 
from  the  pvrusul  of  these  Iraftnients  of  the  acat- 
tered  poci. 

The  in  traductions,  the  summary  of  a  |«per  by 
Viiitrttfot  Neltleship.  anil  a  brief  account  of  llie 
Codei  PItlioeanus,  are  imereslini;  :  but  why  di>- 
outti  the  Codex  PitlioeanuH  in  a  work  of  wa  ele- 
mentary u  cliaiacter  an  tliis  lust  edition  of  Rome's 
jfreatent  satirist  i  II.  T.  PKCX. 


EnWABDS-S  DIFFERENTIAL  CALCULUS. 
A  NEW  text-book  on  the  dilfetential  caloulut 
comes  from  the  pr(i»i  of  Macmillan  A  Co.  It  i»- 
semhlee,  in  ^iiU'  and  n|]|>paraiice,  the  well-known 
works  of  Todhnnlcr  nnd  Williamson.  An  ex> 
ccedingly  sntisinctorj-  introductory  trentOMrnt  h 
secured  by  a  clo^ie  adherence  (o  one  iwint  of  view, 
that  of  llmillnjt  raltoe.  The  symbotn  di)  and  dx 
an  not  used  apart,  uor  the  meaniiti;  of  «ucli  a  uae 
explnined,  until  the  formula*  of  partial  dUTerenlia- 
tion  in  chapter  vi.  prevent  any  further  [WBtpone- 
ment.  In  this  wmy,  however,  there  is  lo»l  tho 
lulvantasr  of  exhibition  the  variety  of  original 
iwnception  nnd  breadth  of  foundation  di8tinifi>ii>h- 
iiiK  till*  bninch  of  mntlieioatics,  ^  an  advantaue, 

nmpUt.    Br  JunErii  KuwuiMi.  M.A.    Nov  Vork,  MkdmU- 
lau.   s: 


acmircw 


xoAwA,  much  luotv  Trequetitly  «uug)it  than  ob- 
tained. Tlie  Uoguii^  is  pluiii.  unil  the  fi^eometii- 
cal  llluBlntioiu  nn-  nunicrjua  anil  gotNl.  Tli« 
iKffioDa  ftiulla  of  tlio  book  nrc  nin*  of  omiAion. 
Fe  look  in  vnin  for  th«>  riiKtomary  chatiU-r  on 
Uie  change  of  tbe  inclepeo'l>-Tit  vnnnblc,  aniJ  wc 
find  n  atninKo  limitation  In  Iho  treatment  oT  tlwt 
impnTtant  subject,  'uiaiinia  and  mloitna.'  Tlw 
niiihnr  tieiv  cuDti-tila  biuiBVlf  with  Ibe  illsdiivion 
of  riiiictioii)^  iif  u  ainj^lc  variablr.  Tiie  ub«  of 
Aymbolii-mcthwlk,  involving  ibe  txtensluo  of  tlie 
matbctanticAllnwHfcirlliri'oiiiliiniiliun  of  ijuuiittl}' 
to  lh«  sjtiiIkJs  o(  ofipnitiiin.  U  nitrsfary  in  tin- 
noihirii  (lilfcrentlnl  rulculus.  In  (Ids  work  thii 
principle  iot[ixlu<:eil  \»  expUlnv^  in  an  vxcrllrnt 
maimer,  but  a  fullM  exeinplillcalion  of  ftn  Ivtilll- 
■nat«  outjerowlh  U  dKtirable.  More  illuslnitions 
•hoold  be  given.  eti[>eviull}'  uf  tbe  A^mbolii- 
nwlhoj  of  extcnilini;  Tiiylor'n  fiiruiula  to  several 
TaiiabJFB.  Tlic^  cliirf  KlrrnKtli  of  the  txuk  lies  in 
llic  <!hiipt<^ni  r«-lntinK  to  the  throrxof  plnnucur^-M. 
Id  not  a  few  cmws  we  Unci  gnatcr  (trtnil  Riul 
thoroaglincisa  Ibao  iu  t)ie  corresponding  rlinjilpni 
of  it*  imdet-ewoFH.  On  tbe  wliole,  while  no  de- 
cided novy'jlf  uf  tivatinejit  is  shotvii  ti)tlu«e  ac- 
quainted with  (lie  l)Lil  n  ivks  Uillwrtu  itutiliaheit, 
the  proiluction  Ik  ■  i.Ti^ilulile,  UN^ful  Ircntise, 
witlinat  other  fnulta  thnii  llioee  innnlioaol  iilxiT«. 

THtlMJkH  8.  PetKK. 


THE  ALKALI  LANDS  OF  VAUfOHNU. 

The  term  ■  alkali  K>il*  la  used  inCaiirnmiA,and 
the  wcHtem  ?UtB9  (^triit'nillj^.  to  denoio  any  soil 
which  eontnins  an  unutmal  umuunt  of  tiolubk 
salta,  parliculurlf  wlicn  they  rrnder  their  pr^amre 
manifest  by  an  efflortnceacin  on  (licr  nurfitev.  Tbeoe 
ulta  may  t>e  iiiinplj  an  cxci-nit^e  ii mount  of  tlir 
neutral  snlto  found  in  ininiit4'  nnmuittii  in  nil  ootU, 
or,  In  tlioee  soils  more  jimperly  driisiintml  mi 
alkalinv,  they  way  consist  in  part  of  cartionale  of 
aodu. 

By  tlie  natnml  iiroceaBm  uf  evaporalioD  at  Ili« 
■nufac«  and  i-'upilJary  rise  fruui  t>elow,  tliMe  eolts 
lend  to  iKTumulntc  near  or  at  tbe  tfurfuee,  thui 
producing  the  efflomm-ncc  above  notinl,  and  aliio 
UeetioyinK  or  injurinR  the  crop  by  ihcir  corroKivo 
adlon  on  (he  root-crown. 

Ill  tbe  actually  alkaline  soil*,  j.9.,  in  IhoM  con- 
taining carbonate  of  soda,  another  Inf  ui^out  eflect 
ia  alao  otaierveU.  The  alkali  prevents  what  ia 
known  oa  Ute  •  Aocculation '  of  the  clay  contained 
in  Clw  wil ;  tfiat  in.  it  kecjin  in  the  lliiely  divided 
condition  seen  in  '  puddlMl '  day.    Such  a  noil  (^an 

AUult  taitit,  trrigatinn,  and  drainaet  In  Ihtii  muliutl 
rctoHaiu.    Br  K,  W- IliuiiHiL    HiKTiiin#iiU>.  MutW.    K'. 


mevor  be  brought  iulu  proper  tilth  :  even  (he  aiort 
tboroiiffh  cultivation  iMily  nux-ei-dn  in  Ixtiaking  tt 
up  Into  larHrr  or  amnller  clodc.  ami  loaves  it  in  ■ 
mndtttoo  etttirely  Hniiuit«d  for  the  itrawih  of 
orope. 

TlieM?  alkali  soils  are  Moiewhal  abundant  In 
Oal i I urnia. notably  In  theotlierwldeezireuiely  f(>r> 
tile  San  Jixuiuin  vnlley  :  and  Uv  eliiraeirriiitics 
outlined  above  hnrt-  been  tolerably  familiar  for 
year«.  It  was  noU  bowevi'r,  until  it  wa»  dis- 
covered that  (he  |>roce«N  of  iniftatton.  mi  t^wrntial 
in  the  dry  I'liriiaie  uf  Itial  region,  was  wrvinK  to 
extend  the  area  of  chete  nlkall  stills,  and  cvc-n  d»- 
v<-lopinK  tliem  where  tbey  did  not  exiit  bvfonv 
ihnt  the  magnilude  of  tbe  problem  which  (l>ej 
pTTBenl  nu  generally  Appreciated. 

The  pMiDpbht  under  rrview  u  n  sacnmnry  o(  in- 
veetigailons  carried  out  at  diHeiemt  tlmee  at  llie 
College  of  agrlcullure  of  the  L'nivemlty  ofCaU- 
fornia,  and  in  conueclton  with  tbe  U.  3.  oniaus 
of  1880  by  ttof.  e.  W.  Uilgard.  Ihun  whom  there 
i«  pmbably  no  oue  mure  euiinvntly  quitlilled  to 
deal  wilb  the  quesllou  ociculiBtxIIy  and  prac- 
tically. 

AccordinK  to  Profcwor  ililftnrd,  the  ininiedinle 
nource  uf  tbe  alkali  Is  usually  to  be  found  in  the 
•cnl-water,  thun|cli  It  would  appear,  that,  in  8oiue 
caws  at  leant,  the  loner  strulauf  lheiK>il  iinelf  may 
contain  cither  tbene  sattH  or  coiu|mind*  which 
readily  yield  them  hy  wenlherinjf.  When  rv«cl>ed 
by  digging,  the  soll-wnter  u  not  neceoMmly  per- 
ceptibly salt;  or  albaltne ;  but  lu  it  evaporate* 
Bt  the  Hurfaoc,  and  is  supplied  from  below,  (he 
Rolnble  aaltn  are  coucenuated  in  n  rery  sliallow 
layer  at  Ihi-  Kurface,  tlie  nolulion  brrorointc  etrong 
enoUKh  (o  kill  croyo,  or  even  deposlliiig  tiK  volid 
'alksIL' 

It  ia  til  us  evident  Ibat  the  rao^l  iinpurtant  factor 
in  de(t4niiiilng  (he  amonnt  of  alkaU  which  ac- 
cumulalevt  at  or  near  the  Mirfacv  of  th«  Koil  is  Die 
amount  of  noil  water  broLi|j;bt  u|i  from  below  by 
capillary  action  and  evaporated  :  and  any  thing 
which  incr^-aacs  ibc  evaporation  will  lend  to 
Increase  tlie  aDioiint  of  ■  alkali '  deponited,  and 
to  moke  ita  pretence  perceptible  in  spotN  wliere 
before  it  waa  not  present,  or  pnsent  in  such 
minute  amount*  aa  to  produce  no  harmful  effects. 
This,  itrigalion.  aa  ordinnrily  practifled,  doe«.  If 
the  irrigation-water  ia  useit  luiuienhul  aporingly, 
so  that  it  all  tinally  evaporuieti  Iriim  (he  mirfac*, 
two  etfectit  fullow  ;  lli«r,  Uie  grealer  amount  of 
water  pasf-iug  llrot  downward,  and  then  upward 
through  the  upper  airata  of  (be  *oil,  lends  (4>  ex- 
haiwt  it  more  thoroughly  of  ita  alkali,  conceiitrat- 
ing  all  of  it  at  the  nirfnoe ;  second,  by  irrigation 
the  soil  is  moistened  t«  a  icreater  depth  (ban  it  woa 
by  the  rainfall  only,  and  thu»  a  grealer  amount 


384 


SCIENCE, 


(Vol.   iS.,  No. 


of  soil  M  exi)Ci>t>d  In  ihU  lenchinK  boHod.  and 
more  alkali  put  in  drc^ilatlon,  parllcutartj  tr  these 
lower  sirata  ara  ricli  lu  alkali  or  materials  jield- 
iiu;li. 

If,  «n  the  otiiw  tmnd,  the  wat«r  i»  uwed  Int-islit}- 
but  witliout  ]>roi>i-r  provinlona  fur  ilraiuo^i-,  ovil 
vfloctH  Arv  ptoAWMiA  in  n  noinpwhiil  diffenint  wa>'. 
In  thin  <■««■  the  levrl  of  till;  hydroslntjir  wnd-r  of 
the  wul  (it«  n-nl<T-tnH»()  in  broiiithc  ncjiror  tlw 
surface.  The  wfaUr  liaa  a  lew  dltt-iiiee  to  rl*e  bv 
capillary  nction,  henr'e  rise*  more  ahiiuilaDtl.v  anil 
fur  a  loii^r  time.  aD<l  «n  acciimiilatiiiii  of  alkali  la 
broiiclit  about.  Id  oue  or  other  of  these  waya  la 
tirtxifilit  uh'iut  the  pheikuineiioD  well  ilesTiln-il  ill 
local  nompncluture  «»  the '  riae  of  tbi-  ulknii,'  —  a 
thing  whtHi  is  throut^niot;  mont  lerious  injurjr  to 
the  irrlKtit*^  lanil*  of  tbc  Snn  JoDquin  votlev. 

All  tbeiw  nnd  I'tlier  i>oJn|ii  are  l-rouglit  mil  nio«t 
plainly  In  detail  in  the  r«i>nrl  befoie  ua.  One  iii- 
t«r«Btiii||:  (lolDt  deserves  special  tiientlon.  Analy- 
«8  ffhowfi  that  the  nlk^li  uf  lhe«e  hoJIh  is  in  innn,v 
OBe«  rich  in  ploiil-foud.  ufim  tyHitaining  phos- 
phst^K  and  polo-ih  iinlin  in  prai-tic-jilly  Inrxhnusti- 
ble  quantilio*,  nnd  not  infrequently  roneiderahle 
amotinls  of  nitrate*  :  nnd  that,  if  its  excesxiie 
aceuinulation  can  he  iirevented,  Itie  soiU  contain- 
ing il  nill  proie  exlreiiiely  fertile. 

The  tiuestion  of  rrnieilie*  is  fully  eonaidered. 
Wtam  irriitation  is  jiractiwd,  tlu;  prime  cundi- 
llooof  succew  In  n  IhoioDKh  tysleui  of  drainage, 
combined  with  an  occasional  tloMlifiK  with  alaxRe 
<|iiantity  of  water,  in  order  to  wash  out  thewihible 
alkali  into  ihe  dialnoge  in  vasi*  the  rainx  nf  the 
t»iny  seniuin  <la  nut  acoiimpli<h  tliiH  niiQlciently. 
Drainage  rany,  fiitther,  «>  loirw  the  wntei-table 
as  Xo  gr^tl  V  diniinixb  the  nmnnnt  of  water  rising 
throtiKh  the  i><>il,  while  the  ruot8  of  |>lunt«  i-un 
ruaclily  penetrate  to  conftidetalile  ile|itlia  fur  u  sup- 
ply  i)f  wilier.  The  uutiior  in  Vriy  euipltalii.-  in  bin 
■tntemenls  that  irrlKalioii  without  prorwion  for 
drainage  is  suiddnl. 

Second  in  ini|Hirtam'e  fji  drninnKe  i>  thorouch 
coltlvallon  of  the  niirfnce  in  order  to  lUuiiniitb 
erapomtioii.  MitlchiiiK  lias  a  aiinftar  elTect. 
This  neeewilalev,  however.  Ihe  cultivation  of 
crupta  udiiiiltinK  uf  tillage.  Ilitlierlo  n-hfOt  hnfl 
boen  the  Hta|ile  cro|i  of  the  ret-iim  under  dini^na- 
HOB|  T^mnllng  whieb  Pnifc!S!<ur  llil^artl  rrniark* 
that  "tt  would  n-ally  seem  ns  if,  in  the  broadoa^t 
CultureofoerealH.the  farmers  iii  the  alkali  distriits 
had  made  the  wor«t  poMible  selection  lor  tlie  per- 
mancittgood  of  af^riculture  ia  their  region."  An 
Oropi  unitivl  far  alkali  wills,  he  suj-f^vts  ntfnlfn  {n 
dMp-rooling  er»|i,  wbioh  »)uidt!K  the  ground  and 
thus  dimininhen  verv  largely  «urfnee-evnporallon) 
for  a  forajte-ciijii.  nnd  nUo  tnote,  There  these  can 
be  utilised   for  feoding   purpoae«.     An  crops  for 


sale,  he  Boi^ireM*.  Brst,  cotton  ;  then  the  e««tor- 
bean ;  further.  fr;ilte,  eepei'Ially  ralitinf)  and 
pruii«d;  and  po-niblv  aujiar-eane  and  Nirglivm. 

As  Hupplementary  Hi  drulnfiKP  and  lillaiie,  cer- 
tain chenilriil  ant  iilnttw  ninv  lif  i-iiiijlo\ed.  I^and 
containing  carbonnlc  of  smlo  is  gn--tilly  l>eneHt*d 
by  Kj-pKUin  ;  a  doiililn  dii-onipniiltion  yielding,  in 
the  presence  of  water,  carbonate  nf  lime  nnd  "ul- 
phate  of  wdn,  Iwth  relatively  innociiou"  as  com- 
pared Willi  i-arlionBte  of  soda.  Soluble  earthy 
anil  metallic  aulphalM  and  clilcii-lded  n>ay  bo  pr«- 
dpitaied  by  lime,  or  aonetimea  by  calcareous 
marl  ei  en. 

It  i»  ei*ici<'nt.  howcTer,  that  tbesie  t-liemifal  »n- 
UdoteH  only  ehuuKC  the  natum  pf  tlie  nlknll,  but 
do  not  ivmov«  it  from  Ihe  iroil.  Imk'eil.  Ih«y 
lend  rather  lo  add  to  the  aoioiint  of  ««>>ily  *olnbl9 
Riatt«n>  in  the  aoil.  and.  when  the  amount  of 
alkali  la  at  all  larxe,  are  Vo  be  looked  npon  simply 
OA  a'ljiinctii  lo  llie  meit^utes  before  inentioned. 

Thus  fur  the  irrigutiou-w-alrr  itself  haa  been 
tncllly  aiKumrd  tu  1f<;  pnrt.  In  fact,  howerer, 
thi«  in  by  no  niean.^  the  ease  ;  and  a  moat  impor- 
tant port  of  Professor  Hilgard'K  work  tipnn  thia 
matter  has  been  Ilia  eiumiDations  of  the  water 
available  for  IrrticaLioD.  The  water  of  Tlilare 
Lake,  fur  exaui[>le.  —  one  of  the  large  bodies  of 
water  th'it  hud  been  counted  un  fiir  purfMsee  of 
Irrigation.  -  wnii  fimii'llooDRtiiin  lo  much  alkali. 
eapecisllj  caibiinate  of  noda,  a«  to  render  It  lUiRt 
for  irtlgalioD.  Rem  Lake  and  Buena  Vlala  Lake 
wen^  found  to  be  even  more  alkaline  than  Tulare 
Lake.  TIlch.-  n-ateni.  lehen  conceiilmle'l  in  f/ie  toil 
bg eiiiporalioii,  maal  rapidly  inctranc  iticontenl 
of  alkali,  niid  proie  fatal  l»  nil  onltiinled  crops. 
Even  the  puier  waters  '•(  the  livers  were  found 
tu  contain  more  or  [cm  alkali:  snd  in  retcnrd  to 
ihom  all,  the  necewity  of  combining  itraioage 
with  iriigation  la  to  be  emphasiiMl. 

A  moHt  interesting  and  inetruHiie  appendix  lo 
Profewor  Uilgnrd's  report  i»  ronstitnied  by  Ihe 
report  of  the  ■  reh  rommilti'ii'  for  the  AllKarh  dia- 
tricl,  northern  India,  rfh  living  the  UindoMtnnev 
equivalent  of  'alkali.*  From  tbio  it  H|)penra.  that, 
in  the  irrigated  districts  of  nurthcru  India,  the 
name  phr'ouintma  have  been  obaerw-d  an  jiri-  now 
developing  thenivelves  iu  Califomin :  nnd  the 
government  ii  now  confronted  with  the  ne(-««iiily 
of  carrying  out  diflicult  nnd  cneily  reiueHllee,  or 
apparently  of  aliandoning  ultogetber  or  in  large 
I>art  iu  Bjaeui  of  irrlj^atiou.  In  regard  tu  the 
qaeetion  of  n-medies,  Ihe  Indian  oommilti'e  ia 
subetnntiulty  at  onr^  with  rrofriimor  Ililgnrd,  niak- 
inx  due  nllowanei-  for  thi-  fni^t  thnt  in  India  the 
question  is  one  of  remedying  an  exiniing  evil, 
while  in  California  it  is  aa  yet  lar^^ely  one 
prevention. 


FRIDAY.  UAKCH  d5.  IMT. 


COMMtWT  Ayp  CmTlClSM. 
Prof.  Au'sed  !tl«itiiBAiJ.,  thr  unit-«nrit}r  nuc- 
«e«K>r  of  Kswcptt.  oqairii  rorwmrd  in  Uio  current 
ntuuber  uf  tli«  Cmitemtiarurt/  review  l»  projicw! 
icnwdies  for  fluctuatiuua  uf  gvnurnl  pricm.  Ilis 
llioib  iit  ttiut  the  gRatvr  ptut  of  thi-  fluctuntioiia 
ol  geuL-ntl  pricea  are  nat  uf  sudi  a  Dnturc  iw  to  l« 
vtt(j«lil«uf  lieriug  iJiiDuiUlii-O,  nn  poiiir  miiiiinM!,  by 
llM  ailO])tiDin  of  two  nieuUn  iiwldiul  of  oao  ■■  Uio 
buitt  of  cunvncy.  but  Ibnt  tfa*  true  nnd  ob\j 
effective  n-nu<(I)r  for  Umn  lira  in  dirorcing  the 
CumticT'  from  the  •Uardard  uf  vaJuv,  luul  mclAb- 
liabinj;  wiuie  oltii^r  aiiiJ  nutliuriUlivL-  utiuulnrfi  ot 
pun-'huaiD^  |jo"«i?r  iii(lir|vtiilifiit  of  lh<i  rTitrrncy. 
Ttw  is  u  i>laii  by  no  inMUU  iipw  in  ihc  litrrntun; 
of  coanomicii,  but  I*ruf«Bar  Mumbull  urgisit  with 
paitiL-iitur  pefeMDce  to  prasent  wonoioic  condi- 
ticais.  Ilia  Unl  sKp  it  (O  provi-  tlir  ovilji  of  • 
AuclanlinK  Hlnnilitrd  of  vn]ii«.  which  in  a  tolerably 
o«7  tvk.  Tlw!  «.-C(ioil  rtcp  w-iU  mp*t  with  more 
(^potitiiMi  1  tmmcly.  that  the  pHNrkiiu  inetah  can- 
not nUnrd  a  good  AiiuHlnni  of  nlue.  By  on  in- 
gniiouiUy  funstrucUxl  diagnua,  the  vrriicr  ilUi»- 
Wntm  Ihi-  fuct  that  pricm  nhow  nbout  an  much 
vuintion  when  istiiDittvtl  in  tnriuN  of  ihi?i  two 
metolii.  ffoM  and  uItpt,  uh  tlicy  do  whm  mtiiuntt^ 
in  gold  lUwiic.  ("Rim  this  tiL'  infers  that  thr  im1oi>- 
tion  u(  u  binivlallic  etiuidard  would,  in  the  long- 
na,  glv*  la  pricn  hardly  more  trtablp  than  tliey 
ai»  DOW,  In  order  to  tho  fBtabliRhniml  of  n  U- 
imtallioRtandard,  huwe>'or,n«KOtMtion*wit1iotb«r 
OOnnlriM  would  li«ve  to  be  cntcrm)  into.  Flpiforo 
nndcitakuig  this,  Profraeor  Jliushnll  nxkn  that  in- 
quiry he  tiutde  U6  to  whether  tlic  stundard  of 
viilu«  ought  Dot  to  \»  altogether  indt^pendent  of 
the  currenoy. 

"  Tbe  indurtrial  arU  generally,*'  »ayi  the  wrilw, 
"  have  proKremed  by  HulBtitiiting  iifrcriil  Hpccinl- 
ized  inHlniiTieiits  for  one  that  uiml  to  be  applied 
for  many  purpose.  Tlie  t-biavl  and  the  plani',  tbe 
hatniuer  and  the  mw,  tuv  all  (levelopmeDtH  of  Ibo 
priroeral  tomahawk  :  they  do  their  work  well, 
beaaue«  none  of  tlieni  ia  expected  to  oorer  a 
wiiSe  range  of  work.    And  ko,  if  we  have  onv 

KACIS-IM7. 


thing  m  a  medium  of  excliange,  aud  aooiber  at  a 
Uandard  of  value,  each  may  be  able  to  perfomt  He 
share  of  the  work  thoraugbly  w«ll,  became  It  to 
specially  lilted  for  it.  Tbe  purreocy  will  retnin  a 
uaiettil  fonii.  so  that  it  luay  'nui*  from  Itan'l  to 
iMttid  as  a  nxHllum  orexvliaoge;  while  tlieamount 
of  the  cunrency  which  a  t«<i|til>ed  to  dtKharice  a 
ooniraci  for  defi-rrtid  ttaymeul  will  be  rvgnlated 
aetth«r  by  w^bt  nor  meaeine,  but  by  an  authorl- 
latire  t^le  of  (igurefl  laened  from  lime  to  lime  by 
a  govemineul."  Tbia  aupposilillous  goiemuient 
defwrtmenl,  then,  would  exlMid  to  all  mmmoiU- 
tlea  the  acliou  now  lakeo  by  the  tnn-llsh  oommla- 
Biouers  of  lithett  with  rei^rtl  to  luuley.  wlieat,  and 
oata.  It  wouUl  awertalu  from  lime  to  llm«>  the 
pricee  of  all  important  oommodiiiea,  and  pniMlah 
at  Inlervala  the  amoiinl  of  mon«'y  retjuired  to  gtre 
the  Mme  piirrhasInK  power  as  one  jKnisd  had  M 
the  besljuiioK  of.  say,  18^.  Tlili  standard  imil 
of  purebasliig  power  ProlMsor  tiarshall  wouJdcall 
ibe  *  uiilt.*  In  elfectloic  a  loan,  it  could  be  made  in 
cummcy  or  in  uniUi.  If  niaile  in  units,  the  lender 
would  know  tliatwtiitever  change  might  lake  place 
in  liic  taluu  of  money,  whether  it  were  an  appied- 
alionordepret^ialion.he  would  receive  cm  i  he  inpay- 
ment of  hii)  loan  an  amount  of  inutiey  that  would 
enable  liini  to  pnrchaee  just  as  much  and  sa  many 
coii)niu<litie«  as  the  amount  he  ba'l  kiniied.  Under 
tJuB  plan  ProfntBur  Slanhall  l>elieve«  lliat  the 
heavy  risks  caused  by  a  general  rite  and  fall  in 
prices  would  be  avoided,  and  each  trade  would  be 
left  to  contend  with  its  own  peculiar  dangen  only. 
Uia  standard,  he  ndmii*,  would  not  be  free  from 
all  Imperfections,  nor  alwny>  eniiy  to  nhtntn,  but 
it  would  be  aa  serviceable  for  Its  purpoM  aaa  ynrd- 
measure,  and  the  aameaott  of  ai>adranc«iov<Tr  the 
use  of  the  value  of  gold,  or  eren  tbe  mnui  lutwcco 
the  valnee  of  gold  and  sU>er,  oa  n  irtandard,  an  is 
the  suhetitution  of  ttie  yard-stick  for  the  Imgtfa 
of  the  foot  of  one  Judge  or  for  the  mean  between 
the  lengths  cf  the  feet  of  two. 


The  HESULts  o9  the  bivdt  of  typhoid  -ferer 
in  both  thJH  cuuntr;-  aud  Euro|ie  duritif;  the  |)aat 
decade  have  been  ut  great  value  to  sanitarians 
at»d  to  tbe  public.  II  would  seem  that  tbe  (acta 
already  dlnovered  muat  Indicate  method*  hy 
which  tbta  dlaeitt,  wblcfa  to  wall-al(li  nniverwl. 


286 


SCLEyCE. 


ITou  QC.,  No.  SIS 


ramj  be  oonlralleJ,  aiul  perbapa  ultimatt-Iy  exter- 
intnit)«d.  Tli«T«  aeeuis  to  be  uo  doubt  llutt  tti« 
tmciltua  which  was  described  by  Eberth  in  ItWO  is 
tb«  Kprm  of  ibe  diseMC  On  Ihu  |>oinl  Dr.  HUru- 
bcrg,  in  a  |iaper  i*ad  at  the  ini.i.-tiii^  of  the  Ahbo- 
cinlion  of  AruMricaii  phyfiuiuD".  nuyn  Ifiot  jHilhol- 
ogirt*  Rn  dfapoeed  loai-cepi  thin  hudllun  lu  tbe 
Toritnble  'Kerm'uf  t<fpliOiid-fever,  iiotw-iihHUind> 
ing  tb«  fact  tlifti  the  titial  pruof  itiat  oucli  b  the 
COM  i*  Ntill  wnntinK-  This  would  (OiiHitit  iu  the 
prodiKlion  in  man,  or  in  oae  of  Ibe  lower  aiii- 
mnlR,  i>r  tlie  epeeltic  morbid  pheiiouieiiu  whioli 
charHrt€rin>  the  diaease  lo  queellou.  by  tbe  iotro- 
duclion  of  pur«  cultur««  of  the  baclUus  into  tbe 
bodjr  of  a  henlthf  individual.  Evid«nij,v  it  \k  iin- 
pnu'iicablR  to  make  tlie  teet  \i[K<a  iiian,  and  thus 
for  WIS  bnvt!  no  natliitaclor.T  evidence  that  aay  one 
of  the  low<Tr  noinuila  is  subject  to  the  diwose  aa  U 
munifcitB  itwif  in  man.  Tjphold-fever  diadiargea 
Imve  bren  ted  to  Hwine,  ape)«.  dojw,  cats,  Kuiuea- 
pigs.  rnbbita,  while  mice,  calv«8,  and  fowls,  wiib- 
ont  any  positive  reeulis.  Tbe  evldeuiv  uikjii  the 
ctioli)gii-nl  relBtioD  whioh  Ebertli's  bacillus  bears  to 
Ifpboid-fever  U  suinmeil  up  n«  follows  :  No  other 
otrganiiiiu  has  lieeii  found,  after  the  mo«t  careful 
■tearch.  in  the  deeper  portion*  of  the  iflle«linal 
glandu  inviiU-ed  in  this  diseeae.  or  in  the  iDiemal 
organs.  On  the  other  hand,  [lilsbaellliusbasbi-eii 
dcniuiiHirated  lobe  constantly  preaent.  The  vn- 
rious  tni-ts  oliservpd  in  cvonecLion  with  this  dtseas« 
iiidimte  Ihnt  it  is  diie  to  a  micTD-orgaDism  which 
is  eajutble  of  miiltipllcntion  ex<«mal  lo  the  human 
body  in  n  rnriely  of  organic  media,  at  coiupara. 
lirely  low  temperatures,  and  that  it  is  widely  dis- 
tributed. From  the  endemic  prevsleiK'e  of  the 
dineaae  over  vaat  areas  of  the  ««rth'a  ntrface,  w« 
may  infer  that  it  is  induced  bv  a  hardy  micro- 
OTk^anium  which  rorma  s|x)re).  Etmrth's  bacillus 
complies  with  all  of  thee  i-onJilions.  The  paper 
of  Dr.  Se«mbergiaanndmtnibler^auni/or  nllthat 
la  bent  in  modern  experimentation  and  rematch 
Id  onaneeliun  with  thin  tuicitliis,  and  may  l>e  found 
Id  the  TrausacLiunii  of  the  asKiciatioii  of  American 
physicians. 

As  SPRING  APiw>Acii>t!i.  the  Interest  in  cholera 
begins  to  rerive.  It  will  he  remembered  tliul  lant 
jtK  a  obolern  cornmiHelon  was  despatched  frum 
England  to  Spain  to  study  th«  eptdemic  in  that 
country.  Tlie  members  of  th«  coinsilesion  weiv 
Dn.  Ray,  Graham  Brown,  and  Sberrington.  and 
reprtMdtod  the  Royal  society,  the  University  of 
dmbridge,  and  the  Association  for  ibe  promoliou 


of  solenlific  raaearcb.  In  a  preliminary  report 
recently  made  by  them,  some  of  the  reaiilta  of 
their  investigation  are  given.  They  failed  to  find 
Koch's  bacillu4  iu  all  tbe  caw«,  and  they  do  not 
look  upoD  It  ta  being  the  r-aiise  of  the  disease. 
They  claim  to  hare  discovered  a  new  fungus, 
wblcta  baa  been  pronounced  lo  ln>long  to  the  Chy- 
tridiaceae.  It  consists  of  gninutnr  ma%e$iioda 
delicate  mycelium.  TIte  coainiisBion  evidently  do 
not  feel  thoroughly  convinced  tbat  they  have  dia- 
covcred  the  veritable  germ  of  cholera,  as  they 
recognize  that  further  investigation  is  neoes$ary 
iK-fore  ils  etiological  relation  lo  ctiolent  la  lirmly 
tctablifhed.  For  our  part,  we  prefer  to  acoept 
Ibe  views  of  Koch,  whose  experience  fii>e«  him 
opportunities  for  invostigntion  posseesed  by  few. 


Foit  HKVKitAi.  TEAB»  PAST,  a  suspiclon  has  been 
current  among  atii dents  of  glaciology  in  thia 
country  that  the  Furopean  studirs  of  the  drift 
were  not  advancnl  ipiite  as  far  ns  similar  sttidiea 
with  us.  It  is  not  only  that  our  terminal  mora inea 
have  been  trailed  and  mapped  with  UDexpeoled 
detail,  hut  they  have  given  great  additions  to  the 
nvidenc*  for  land  ic^e  as  ugniiist  floating  ice  a<:tioa, 
and  they  have  Taallj  increuseil  our  knowledge  of 
the  Htylr  of  motion  chunicterislic  of  a  ca^lin(^ntnl 
ion-nhei-l.  Similar  revelations  have  heoo  expected 
conoerning  the  extinct  ice-lielda  of  Europe,  ea 
Bono  8»  their  marginal  deiioirfiR  should  rece«re 
proper  correlation,  and  the  expectation  sreois  well 
jUBtilIrd  by  the  work  of  Mr.  Curiill  l,ewl8  ot 
Fhiladelpliia.  who  duriug  a  two-years'  trip  ahrowl 
has  attempted  the  iuveHtigalion  of  the  English 
and  Irish  drilt-niargins  after  what  may  be  called 
theAnierican  method  His  studies  W(-i«  preeciited 
at  last  surnmer's  meeting  of  the  Briti>tb  lu^ocia- 
tinn,  and  are  now  published  in  the  Ameriran  tiat' 
uralisf  and  in  the  ^mrrican  joumul  o/  tcitnce. 
They  give  account  of  curvature  and  irregularity 
in  the  drift'front,  of  interlohate  nioiaioiM  with 
kettle-hole  topography,  like  the  claseiu  example 
iaWiiTonsin,  —  for  in  ihi?  matter  we  have  our 
classics  at  home,  —  and  of  the  critical  ditferEncea 
hetweeo  the  working  of  doacing  In-rgs  and  creep- 
ing sheet«.  This  must  excite  inleteetrd  cmnment 
from  these  who  have  not  yet  made  such  int^rpnv 
tation  of  glacial  deposits,  and  awaken  agreenble 
anuciputlon  of  the  greater  discoveries  yet  to  be 
made  on  cuuiineiital  Europe. 


4 


Another  interesting  ellecC   of  American  geo- 
logloKi  wwk  in  Europe  appean  in  a  auudl  way  in 


March  25,  ISOT  | 


aClENCK. 


287 


I 

I 


the  snnugl  of  the  FVMtcb  Alpin«  chib  for  1884. 
Mr.  lip  Margeri«,  wbOHP  ttudin  of  our  Kctol 
(Bolofdcal  litemtiif^  haTt-  done  inu<?l)  to  niubc  it 
known  in  France,  a  feiv  joars  ago  pc*pure<i  re- 
views of  C«ptaiu  Dutloii'H  iui>ti<>)cnipli  nf  Ibe 
Colorado  Caftuu,  aud  puhlinheil  tticin  in  tbo  bul- 
letin of  tbe  Frencb  K<^l<>)!icHl  aociely  tw  well  as 
in  tbe  annoal  of  Ifac  Alpiue  club,  indtiug  thuvhy 
tbit  preparation  of  aii  ailiuirable  vii-w  of  a  gieat 
'cirque'  in  tbe  Pyr«ueenb,v  Air.  Schradn.  a  (vlluw 
club-meoilier.  "Stiall  It  be."  mjo  Hcbradrr. 
"  that  Ibo  caflori  of  Ibe  C^lurado,  m>  far  a«n.v, 
bmaoM>s  better  known  in  FYance  than  the  Cutua- 
tero,  on  tbf  very  frontier  of  tbe  counliyt" 
Doubik^g  ihe  din>«nsimis  of  (lie  American  plateau 
and  cnnon  ni«  greater  ihan  tbone  of  tbe  mamtvo 
Cntuatero  and  cirque  in  the  P;rrnee«,  but  the 
taUer  have  Ihe  n<I*antnge  In  riKinKfroma  fmeat- 
elad  bn^e  (o  a  snnw-crowned  siimmtt.  ThecoU-re'l 
pbit«  illtMtratJng  the  Cotuntero  is  a  thoroughly 
nrtiittic  anil  apprrciatife  work,  and  it  la  grntnfnl 
to  Bnd  tliAl  tlio  iUiiatrntions  in  our  survey  reporta 
haTe  been  inntiunieatnt  in  semiring  t la  publicntit>n, 
and  in  hrinjpng  it  beforean  interested  circle  i>t  the 
French  public. 

TbcM  Europenn  Alpine  vlubi  nre  producing  a 
Talunblu  literature  at  their  own.  They  liave,  to 
be  sure,  the  nilvantage  of  high  enow -mountains 
that  tviupt  travel  and  clinibtng;  tbrir  membership 
ia  l&rge,  with  many  aecliunal  meetings  and  excur- 
aionsinnd  their trcasuriii  are  eorrespundingly  vrdl 
aupplii^I.  enabling  tbciu  to  publiah  erleclcd  ma- 
terial in  well-iUuntralcd  annual  volumtn.  The 
Engtiah  Alpine  olub  b  mure  conseriative  than 
most  of  Ihe  otbera  In  tbwe  nedpeets.  as  its  matter 
la  largely  ootu|Kyied  of  uamtlves  sucha^  iiGadveo- 
tutuuB  luenibers  can  well  contribute,  not  only  from 
tbe  AljM,  hut  from  the  Oaucasuo.  the  Uimateya, 
New  Zealand,  and  the  Ande«.  where  ttiey  now 
seek  new  fields,  taklnfc  trained  SwIm  guides  uritli 
them.  TliH  Swias  dnb  holds  closely  to  Ita  own 
country,  hut  giren  a  good  share  of  attention  to 
tdentiflc  raatters  in  it«  line,  aa  welt  aa  to  nam- 
tlvM  and  deacripltons.  Porel  reports,  for  exam- 
ple, oa  the  oaoillatiotis  of  glncierE  ;  and  our  sum- 
mer travellera  will  be  glad  to  see  from  bia  dia- 
gram that  the  receacion  of  the  ice.  that  lately 
threatened  seriously  to  diminish  one  of  tbe  main 
attncllon*  of  the  Alpt,  n-ncbed  iU  maximum 
abool  ISTfl.  and  is  now  followod  by  a  well-marked 
ailrance.  Long  panoramic  views  from  moiinloin- 
sunimihi  make  a  characteristic  (nature  of  tbo*a 


votumec,  an  annual  bibliography  of  Alpine  litera- 
ture adds  much  to  (heir  value,  and  an  Index  lately 
prepared  for  the  finit  twenty  volume*  greatly  1d- 
omues  their  utility.  Tlie  Brat  volume  Is  unfor- 
tunately extremely  rare,  as  is  llie  ca*e  In  snveral 
other  clubs;  and  a  republication  of  tlie  early  nuts* 
l>ere.  nieh  as  has  been  lately  done  by  our  aotlv* 
Appalachian  mountain  dub,  would  give  general 
satisfaction. 

Tbe  German -Austrian  clnb  is  a  union  of  two 
originally  independent  anrieiiea.  and  has  a  vctj 
large  membership.  Under  its  nnspioes  BU  excel- 
lent 'Guide  to  sctentifio  observatjon  on  Alpfoe 
journey**  wns  puhlished  a  few  yivrsngo,  and  Is  by 
far  tbe  best  linok  of  \Xn  kind.  Thi-  imnual  of  tbe 
rrenoh  clnb  is  naturally  mcin.'  viracious  than  any 
of  thnc  others.  It«  ariii^ltw  are  attractively  writ- 
ten, and  many  oT  the  woudeutd  nru  eztreoMly 
good.  Scientific  papen  have  u  good  ahowlng, 
though  lacking  Ibe  systeualic sequeucr  of  tluHein 
thvSwioa  -  Jabrbueb.'  Homeuf  thenamtiveeba** 
HO  little  to  do  with  Alpine  mallen  tlitttthe  annual 
might  almuM  be  called  a  geographic  Journal. 
Ue^p-aea  exploration  Is  Introduced  under  the  title 
of  ■  Les  montognea  de  le  mer.'  and  Janwen  de> 
arribes  hia  astronooticai  voyage  in  llie  Pacific  to 
the  Caroline  Islands,  any  thing  hut  a  mounlainoiu 
isle,  for  Ihe  solar  eclipse  of  1888.  But  (o  make  up 
for  thi^  one  member  climbe  and  pbotogri4)lia 
Popocnta|ietl,  and  another  viaita  tbe  nricnnoea  of 
Jam,  briiu;iii}!  bnme  u  wrll-illiiKtnited  account  of 
hi*  travel*.  The  Alps  naturally  have  meat  atten- 
tion, Init  tbe  Pyrenees  come  in  for  a  good  Khanv. 
and  much  information  of  thin  com|)arativ<-ly  little- 
known  range  is  to  bi-  found  in  thme  attractive  vol- 
umrit.  It  is  indt-ed  legrelluble  that  onr  White 
Uountalnn  hare  not  the  few  llioueund  additional 
feet  of  elevation  that  would  cover  tht^jr  tiumroiia 
with  snow  and  fill  their  valleys  with  glaciers,  to 
tlie  admiralioo  of  all. 


A  RBca^T  nriJJn'tK  of  the  U.  S.  Hsli  cocnmla- 
slon  states  that  the  total  distribution  of  «had  fry  tor 
the  oesMMi  of  \vm  nniountrd  to  VO.OOO.OOO.  Aa 
the  entire  numiirr  of  »\\at\  taken  for  the  markel 
Is  1e«»  than  0,000,000,  it  will  bo  seen,  that,  for 
every  shnd  takrn  from  tbe  waten  this  »e«on. 
thrri-  half  lii-irn  uttillcially  hatciied  and  rptumed 
to  the  waters  firieeo  young  shad.  Aaauminj;  that 
(be  entire  eott  of  praductiOD  and  dlftlribution  haa 
been  faO.OOO,  tbe  young  IIeJi  have  bcvn  prodiKM-d 
and  distributed  over  the  entire  United  State*  at  a 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IX..  No.  SlO 


rateofabout  fSlSBRiiilion.orolwul  4$frjforone 
cent.  Another  intmBting  tact  to  mou  in,  that.  t<x 
the  entira  time  up  to  ■»!  iucliuling  IBS3,  thi^re 
were  prcxIuceiJ  :iOO,000,000  yoUDi^  ttbu<I  ;  wliilt'.  tor 
t83t  alone,  the  total  wuh  ovw  80.000,00(1.  TliU 
IndlcatM  ihnt  w<-  art-  octlainljr  approochinK  a  p"' 
■ition  when-  Ihi-  work  may  bf  rvgnrdt^l  a*  prnlil- 
able  from  a  commorcial  ataDd-poitit. 


THE  COAST   TRIBES  OF  BRITISH 
COLUMBIA. 

Dh.  PKAin:  Boas,  who  ri»lt*d  tlio  trlhcs  of  Bril- 
Isb  Colmnliin  in  the  fntl  of  1886.  gives  the  rollow- 
loKprelliK'u^i'')'  report  (nilli  uiajijoD  eoDie  teHuIta 
of  IiIh  journey  :  — 

Vancoiivt'r  tnlam]  uml  the  niuiDhmd  oppoaitv 
are  inhabit^  liy  nutnt-rous  tribeu,  which  helonK 
to  thrM!  linKtiiniic  utocks.  —  the  West  Vani-outw: 
trilirs,  of  the  oiilKidr  const  at  Vniiirotimr  tiilanil  : 
thr  Splwh  trilxw,  whicli  ontipy  the  fouth -rani  |«rt 
of  the  iMnnd  as  far  as  tlie  narrows  •eparallriK  It 
from  the  mainlnnil.  and  iubnbit  the  hauksot  the 
lower  part  of  Fraiier  Hirer  uuil  the  neigbtiurinK 
fiorda:  and  the  Kwaktutl  Iribett,  which  uccnpy 
lh«  northern  pirt  of  tin-  iflnml.  nnd  tlic  miiinlund 
ua  (oT  north  na  Gardner  Chnnnt-I.  The  \Mivt 
trihe*  siiiroiind  the  territory  of  Itio  Billiiiln  of 
Benlinck  Arm  and  Dean  Inlet,  a  tribe  bel'inciuji; 
to  Hie  ttelish  slock.  Kiirtht^r  north  we  find  the 
Taimpvhiao  and  Tllngit  on  the  mainland,  and  the 
Baidn  on  Queen  Charlottv  lelunda. 

The  S4!liflh  lanKuaKe  i«  divided  into  a  grenl  nnm> 
bprof  dinlpcta,  difTprinK  widely  fromoneaoother. 
tTnder  the  name  '  Coast  Belish  *  we  Include  the  dia- 
lects of  Piiicet  )tound  and  of  the  Oulf  of  (leorKia. 
as  those  diak-ctti  arc  more  eloaely  oonnerti'd  with 
one  another  than  with  Ibc  Sdtih  dialccli  of  the 
interior. 

Through  the  dnicriptionN  of  Swan,  Sproat. 
Kraiiw,  and  others,  tho  mode  of  life  o(  these 
tribe*  is  tolerably  well  known.  Their  lutge  woudi-n 
houBfwi,  their  canoe',  their  flHhii'S-K*^"''  "^'^  bunt- 
ing-uetliods.  liave  been  frequently  d<-Hc-rilied  :  but 
their  traditions.  Teligioua  idi^os.  and  auuiul  orf^ni- 
eatioii  are  not  known  ef|ually  well.  Acpordins:  to 
all  ub^rver*.  the  principal  Hgure  in  the  aiytholoKy 
of  the  Tlingit  is  the  raven  Yertl,  who  created  the 
8IUI.  moon,  and  Htars.  who  gav«  man  the  fresb 
water  and  the  Ush.  and  whom  exploits  are  §aid 
to  be  ro  numerous  that  a  lifetime  is  not  BUllicient 
to  relate  Ihem  all.  Dawreon  found  the  same  im- 
dllioiis  among  the  Uaida  :  and.  aceoniitig  to  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Duncan,  the  Tsimpihian  tell  the  same 
MorieH  of  Tghemahen,  Ibe  mnti  who  was  able  to 
tranaform  himaclf  into  a  raven.     It  Is  a  charac- 


teristic fealure  of  Uie  '  i»»en '  legend  that  the 
Unl  did  not  create  all  tilings  for  the  benefit  of 
mankind,  but  in  orin  to  revenge  lumself.  Whilo 
■tndying  the  tril>n>  of  Vancouver  Island,  ouniar- 
ouD  traces  of  thin  Icgmd  were  found,  though  only 
very  franmentary  and  disi-onni'cted.  Amoog 
these  ]>eople  the  raven  is  not  considered  the  creator 
of  the  sun,  the  water,  (he  tree».  etc.:  but  hi*  ad- 
venturea,  which  gennally  refer  to  his  iwraciom 
appetite,  and  bis'c-beating  p^pte  and  animals  hi 
order  to  satisfy  it,  ore  frequently  related  by  the 
natives. 

Tlie  moxl  iniix>rt«nt  legends  of  the  Kwnkiull  aie 
those  referring  lo  KamkiUk.  Thev  lielieve  In  ft 
supreme  lieiiig  living  in  heaven,  whom  they  call 
Ksntsoiimp  (■  our  father.'  or,  in  some  instancea, 
'  our  elder  brother ').  He  sent  down  to  the  enrlh 
his  (wosona  Kanikilak  and  Nomokols.  who  were 
born  there  again  of  u  woman,  the  wife  of  tbc 
woodpecker.  Their  mother's  blanket  contained 
tbi?  Milnion.  which  they  liU-rated  by  dipplnjE  tbo 
corner  of  the  blnnliet  in'nthe  wali-r.  Then  Kanl- 
kilak  travelled  over  nil  the  world.  Uconiing  tb0 
friend  of  all  the  mighty  chiefs  whopi  he  met  on 
his  nay,  and  transforming  idl  the  mabununl  mea 
into  snimnls.  The  name,  in  the  Kwokiull  lan- 
guage, of  those  ancient  beings  who  wi-n-  ueithcT 
men  nor  aniiiinl».  i&Nughnemis.  We  tind  tbcanine 
oriieimitar  Iradltiun  Itelongiut:  to  nil  the  tribm 
from  PuKei  Sound  to  the  ilislrict  of  ibe  Tiiimp. 
■b'an.  Among  the  Selieh  tril>e«  tlie  name  of  111* 
son  of  God  is  UUb  ;  among  tlio^e  of  Ibe  vrott 
coast  the  name  ia  Alls,  The  northern  trilm  — tli« 
TsiQi|ii>hian.  Uaida.  and  Tliugit  — tell  of  thow 
human-like  Ix'ingH  which  wen;  transformed  into 
anlmaU  during  n  glen  I  flood. 

The  supreme  heing  upokcn  of  above  seema  lo 
have  originally  been  the  nun,  though  the  identity 
nf  both  doe*  not  appear  very  distinctly  in  the 
traditions  of  the  nati^-es.  However,  their  ancient 
identity  may  have  been  lu»t  in  courw  of  time,  as 
among  all  the  lnt>es  legemls  of  dillerent  oiigina 
are  evidently  intermixed.  In  the  same  way  as  the 
raven  atory  has  spread  south,  lo«<ing  on  the  way  its 
important  place  in  the  mylboloey  of  tbe  tribes, 
thi'  Kiinikilak  story  seems  to  have  spread  nortli  ; 
and  tbe  traditions,  in  their  present  stale,  ae^'m  tn 
coDxiat  of  element«  of  at  least  two  different 
origins.  Tlie  Skoamtsh  call  the  sun  '  the  great 
wandering  chief."  Tlie  Nanaimo  (Snonaimugh), 
in  aiieaking  of  the  sun  as  the  supreme  being,  call 
it  ShlmihayitlL  Tlie  Bllhuls  call  their  supreme 
being,  besides  Taata  ('our  father'},  by  the  name 
Sngh.  which  ia  evidently  conue«n*d  vt-ith  ttmgh 
('Sim').  In  llie  Kwakiiitl  legends  the  sun  is 
the  father  of  the  mink,  and  thLi  Irailition  is  so 
closely    connected    with  othcn    relating   to  the 


J 


lUncir  as,  1(W7.J 


8CIEKCE. 


289 


_  .  tietng.  thnt  tUo  iclptility  of  both  hv 
^4imBm\}f:h\\  pinlHihl«>.  Tho  lrlh«i  of  the  soatli- 
wn  part  of  Viintvraver  Island  ascrlVw  to  the  mink 
nil  the  oxploitH  ihnl  are  told  farther  iiarlh  a»  har- 
JDf;  tipcii  KPCompMBbed  tiy  Ihi-  mvcii.  ujid  lulil  u 
RTrnt  nunihcr  of  olher*  wkicb  tu'long  to  ibv  Diink 
nkinn.  Tho  (jomokii  of  the  c4-ntnil  part  of  Vbd- 
courer  li-I&iid  n-Iat^  liotb  imdition*  mTnirnfly. 
Tlioap  of  tlie  nrcn  n-fnr  tn  tl«  voTHclniifi  appetlle. 
while  (liwp  ol  ibe  mJRk  hsT«  a  highly  erotic 
cborartrr, 

Th<-  Qomoks,  Helll«ulc.  uiid  the  Bilhula  of  Bea- 
tlni-k  Ard  are  pttrtieularly  iulen-alinc.  &9  w<-  may 
cbWTTe  wHb  them  Hie  rnin»(iTHMioc  ■>(  ti'gL'tiilN 
from  one  tribe  to  tinolhrr.  Thf  nilliuln  hare  n 
tndttion  .of  tbinr  own  drvrribint;  tho  orif;in  of 
niAunlainii,  woods,  nnd  animaK  vrhi^'li,  thoiiitb  in- 
HuL-noiil  hv  thr  loRrmisof  llie  TUnsIt  andTslin{t- 
tihiun.  hn*n  piH-iitinT  rliarjtct«r.  Tliey  say  th&talter 
thn  mvpn  hiul  (rrented  the  sun,  four  men  —  Mua- 
maanlanlRh.  Viilalliiioi.  Ma[la|<alll8elt.  and  Ualli- 
prkonich  —  ih^oendcxl  from  boaveu  and  i-rvated 
every  tbinit.  aftur  wbith  they  ri-tiini«l.  Maninas- 
alanigli  and  tliv  raven  nrv  Hti<l  to  In-  i)l«nli(-ui,  and 
all  hiB  n-orka  originated  iii  YuUttiinut'i  mind. 
The  aame  inulilion  in  foiiod  nmonK  thr  ni-iic«uk. 
Though  they  Nptatk  n  tllnlcct  of  tbp  Kirakiutl, 
thi-ir  cuMtOEM  lod  tiicir  belief  are  <-l<wely  allied 
to  Ihon  o(  the  Bilbuln.  Tliey  nay  tliat  two  men. 
Ha»OUU*la»Igh  and  Noakaiiu.  dtscendwl  fruio 
beavea  and  ciealed  every  tliin^'.  Similarly  ibi- 
Qotnuk*.  who  belong  to  the  Srlinh  fnimly,  hoMc. 
ndoptnl  a  gn-at  number  of  trrLditionii  and  cinttnnih 
of  the  Kwnkiutl. 

The  mont  important  of  these  is  tbe  rannihall«m 
ooniiecl^  witb  the  vriiik'r  dances.  The  ruslom 
prevaila amonK  theKwakiutl,Tltim|whian.  Bilhula. 
and  Qomoka.  anil  ia  said  Uy  HOcoe  nnlivi-a  lo  In*  prac- 
liacd  by  tb«  Tliuuit.  AL-cunlins  to  the  Knakiall 
traitili<>n.  onu  of  thdr  an<-est4>rii  <Ies-en<]etl  from 
bcavirR.  wearing  a  rini;  of  rcd-cednr  bark,  and 
tauKhl  ])enplp  i\\t^  cannibnl  Cfrrmonifs.  The 
Tslmpdliian  tell  of  a  man  who.  in  pniiinil  of  a  bear, 
came  lo  a  luounlaiu  iliat  clor«d  Lijton  him.  In 
tbe  tuttrrior  hi-  learned  the  daiicvti  oounet-ied  wilb 
the  CttnoiUiI  oercmoniw.  and  taught  tbi-cu  to  liia 
tribe  after  bia  return.  Thin  i-uslom  hva  i-vidiTOtly 
bwD  ado(j|4nl  only  by  thf  ttilhnin,  on  none  o[  the 
Soliali  irlhcK  rx<Tpl  rhc  t^>nioki  pia<^ise  it.  Thr 
laltiT  havK  wiopted  only  part  of  [be  c^peinoni**, 
and  re|ilnce  (he  tumble  jiraclii-e  of  derourinj; 
oorpaea  by  eatiiie  artillirlal  ones,  Ibai  are  mad«  by 
Mwtng  dried  halibut  loa  human  sk<-lelon. 

Among  ihe  northern  irihi's  origiii»ti.-d  the  use 
of  the  well'knciwu  copiter  plates,  which  arvliigbly 
prised,  noil  nhich  increase  in  value  tbe  mor« 
frequently  thvy  ohangn  their  proprietor,  and  Ihe 


loflgf-r  thfir  btitory  in.  Tbry  liecame  known  to 
the  nilhnia  <)nilv  recrnlly,  and  I  am  told  by  old 
natives  that  they  have  never  bnni  in  uh-  among 
tbe  IiMliaaH  at  the  mouth  of  Ftbht  River. 

There  n  a  remarkable  dltTpreoe*  bclw«ra  the 
nocial  iniititutiona  of  the  Tatinptblan.  Tlingtt,  and 
Hatda,  nad  IhoMof  (herostof  (£e  Ufbrc.  AmODK 
thr  form^  the  ehiLlnm  bi-tong  tn  the  %fn»  to 
which  Ibe  mother  brhmgs  r  among  tbe  latter  they 
follow  tbe  father's  g«n*.  This  fnct  iiidicatva  a 
HiiBe  eonnerlion  between  Ihe  Kwakiull  and  Sriiah 
tritiea;  and,  aa  a  oonsid«fallon  of  tlw  Innguagw 
ahowa  some  aSinily  of  the  Iwo  peopW,  it  i*  pc» 
•il'lr  tbnt  Ibr  Kwnkiutl  lue  a  remote  branch  of  tbo 
Selifch  «t"ek.  The  imimol  ereal  which  pievailo  In 
tlie  north  )■  not  found  amunK  the  aoutliem  ttfbee. 
Thxlt  Kpnies  derive  their  origin  from  a  fabutoua 
being  which  deecended  from  heuvi-n  dreMud  in  a 
bird's  Akin  or  In  Ibe  sbai>e  of  a  man,  Membrra 
of  one  gena  orv  not  allowed  li>  Intermarry,  but 
have  to  lake  Uicir  wife  or  huftband  from  another 
grnn.  In  lomG  of  the  tribea  there  are  as  many  aa 
from  nfleen  to  twenty  gen  tea. 

Eiery  tribe  owiw  ila  diitrict  for  Billing  and 
hunting  t'urpoee«  and  for  gatluvring  brrrie*.  tn- 
aitlc  the  boundaries  of  the  tribe,  enrh  family  ha* 
itaown  claim  to  certain  riiifs  and  paria  of  tha 
coaxl,  whidi  tb«y  derive  from  (heir  aacMUn- ;  but 
we  are  far  from  knowing  ibv  Uictual  diBiribulion 
of  tiil».-8  and  sente*.  Kvcn  tbt-ir  number  uiul 
names  aie  still  doubtful  in  many  of  the  dintricla. 

The  commou  cutlnie  which  eitvndit  over  IribeM 
of  n  great  iiuuiWr  of  linguistic  utorkn  of  the 
north-went  eoual  Is  one  of  tbe  mo^t  ■Miactive 
problem*  of  American  ethnolotry.  aixl  one  deserv- 
ing a  thorough  ntiidy.  Howe»er.  the  etiinoleglcal 
rhaiacter  of  iheac  Indiiins  is  dimippi'aiini:  lupldly 
tluougb  tl;»ir  pmoanent  contact  with  the  white* ; 
and  within  a  faw  yean  it  will  beloolate  loco]|«ct 
the  «asl  material  that  may  readily  be  gathered  at 
the  pteaent  time.  Puget  Soatid,  lh<-  SclUh  of  tbo 
interior,  the  T^imjishian,  are  artuatly  unknown, 
nnd  an  explorer  may  glean  ample  n«ult«  by  visit- 
ing fome  of  the«-  tribea,  and  oonlribute  new  and 
valuable  material  t<>  .\iui-ti(uin  ethnology. 


LONDON  LklTEft. 

TiiB  tlieory  of  Prof.  tJ.  IL  Uarwin,  euunciated 
iu  a  recent  number  of  tho  Fortnightlg  reiiitit,  that 
the  actual  origin  of  carthquake-iibocks  is  uinudly 
to  he  trowd  below  the  bed  of  the  oeamit  for  from 
the  ctiaaL  will  probably  leceiie  a  <-erlain  amount 
of  contirmation  when  all  tho  ohaervntiona  on  the 
recent  uiutlwiuake  in  the  Kivlera  are  cotlatral  and 
dircuaMid.  The  aieauuhip  Carina,  of  C'ardiiT,  oS 
Sarona,  on  tlie  morning  of  tlie  fatal  Wednvadayt 


290 


SCIE^^'CE. 


IVOL.  IX.,  No  9I« 


experienced  a  terrible  molion  for  three  or  four 
miniitea.  as  tliouiili  Ihe  |>roi>ell<ir  had  dropped  off 
nnii  the  onjtliiefc  were  rRciiiiC  lerribly.  Sev-er»l 
fishermen,  liiiviug  nolicvj  on  the  prevloua  night 
unudiul  uioveiutnilBOttlt««rat«ri>ii  theahore-Uue. 
were  afraiil  to  go  on  ahoro  to  deep. 

Thi'  Lords'  (VMnmilt<v  nf  council  od  eduniition 
huw  yarA  Inkrn  n  new  <li>pArtiini  in  the  use  of  the 
Soiilh  KrnninKttni  nuKeum,  hhmry,  «iiii  schooln. 
Armng(>nient«  hnve  beeii  maile  fut  ihe  studj  there, 
without  any  fees,  for  periods  of  fiuui  Iwo  to  iiliie 
months,  of  pvncm^  mfn^t  in  Iboie  ioiIuBtrUui  in 
which  art  in  inorc  or  )mi  ooncrmed,  (hv  *<r>lD  min- 
dition  bvinK  thnt  the  propriptani  of  workti  in 
wboav  employ  such  siudeiila  are,  &ball  undertake 
to  mHintAin  Ihem  while  lhe>  are  l)iu8  eD](;ai^d  iu 
ttndfing.  We  trust  that  thia  is  only  a  prelude  to 
the  ^laploynient  of  the  seieuce  svlioolii  of  the  de- 
partment iu  a  aiaiiliir  way. 

All  :u.'tive  dinoiusiOD  is  going  on  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  as  t«  the  nrrangeDient  of  «|ieci- 
roenn  tii  Ix!  ndopti^lin  tlir  n^ir  )[tioloi(ic))l  museum, 
which  hnnyol  to  Iw  built,  mid  thesileof  which 
i>  still  undecided.  ProteMCir  Uui«;hea  heada  the 
party  which  desirca  t>ie  stratiKrapliieid  urninKe- 
ineot,  BO  a»  to  prvaeot  tlie  earth's  di-vi-lopmcnt  "t 
dllfeiwit  «pocbs.  The  other  parly,  l«l  by  Profes- 
(or  Newton,  adr  OCR  leu  the  xnulogit-nlnrrangemeat, 
MO  !■•  to  diiqilny  the  lieveloprnenl  of  particular 
crdera  of  plantn  and  animals  ;  and.  vriib  this  view, 
it  devirea  that  the  new  museum  ohould  l>e  placed 
■a  close  as  powible  to  tli«  MtmL-um  <>r  iTomparntive 
anatoniy,  so  tu  to  facilitate  a  cotDpariaan  of  ex- 
iatlng  types. 

A  year  Ago,  Profnuior  Idngley.  the  dlHtiupiisbed 
Amfirioan  aatronomer.  pertormed  an  exjierinipnt 
in  the  theatre  of  Ihe  Ro.iul  iuelilutiun  to  (explain 
bis  llieory  that  the  irue  color  of  the  sun  wns  blue. 
A  few  uighU  Jigo.  in  a  lecture  ujKin  ■Sunllt^ht 
colore,' Cuptain  Al'oey  repented  this  experiment, 
adopting  I'rofcwor  lAOgley's  IJguree,  but  dlspcDft- 
iag  with  'hin  pnper  disks,  which,  he  held,  vitiated 
the  result.  As  the  result  of  this,  1ih  aiKintaJned 
tliat  the  color  of  the  "un  was  very  nearly  that  of 
whiti^  light  seen  at  hii;h  elevations  inaclenr,  dust- 
free  at  moipbere.  When  the  Bpectru  of  sunlight 
on  the  Alps  and  Ihe  B|iectni  lu  ininfcined  by  Pru- 
fnMor  Loiigley  w^re  compariM),  they  were  almost 
identirnl.  In  support  of  soni«  of  his  views.  Cap- 
tain Abney  showed  a  novel  and  l)eiautiful  experi- 
ment, called  ao  -artiGciul  Bunnet"  Through  n 
solution  of  EudiuDi  hypoiulphitc.  a  cirnr  circle  of 
electric  light  wn*  thrown  on  a  screen  :  a  tew  drops 
of  hytlmchWic  acid  added  to  the  solution  pne- 
clpitoteil  the  sulphur  lit  fine  particles,  and  lir^t 
tta«  violet,  and  then  the  blue,  preen,  and  yellow 
rays  w«r«succ««aively  cut  off,  until  (inatly  there 


wa«  the  dull  red  of  the  sun  sottinic  in  n  wintry  or 
a  smoky  sky.  The  effects  of  clearness  of  ntraoa- 
phere  on  photographs  were  strikingly  shown  in 
Alpine  and  Egy pi ian  pictures. 

A  M-rious  DulbrMik  of  antlirax.  or  splenic-ferer, 
recently  occurred  neor  Chelnia(ord,  tlmex,  and 
it  litui  cotnuiunicalix]  itac-If  to  *evccal  human 
BUlijn'tK.  Anthrax  hiii  long  bcrn  knon-n  to  be 
cynonycnoUB  with  that  fnlnl  humnn  ailment  ■  wool- 
sorters  '  disease.'  In  one  of  the  pre^nt  casta  a 
veieriuary  surgeoti  bled  one  of  the  animals,  and 
Home  of  the  bluud  fell  upon  hiB  shirt-tileeve.  A 
pimple  upon  hiaann  wasrubbedurBcnilcked.andt 
thn  tiny  raw  spot  loucbtngtbe  blood-9taineilsleev«>, 
an  unhappily  ■un^emful  Inoculalion  nii>  effected. 
Various  ponuhlc  causes  of  the  oulbtrak  arc  specu- 
latively asslicned.  one  being  the  feeding  with  pol* 
laid  made  from  foreign  com. 

The  board  at  trade  have  appoinled  a  committee 
to  ioijuire  into  and  re|>or[  upim  the  dealrahllity  of 
einctrical  communication  between  lightsbipa  and 
the  shore,  with  the  special  object  of  fncllitnting 
the  saving  of  liTe  at  sea. 

Sir  Fr«d.  Abel,  Ihe  organldng  secretary  to  Ihe 
'  imiierial  instilule,'  designed  to  commemorate  the 
jubilee  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria,  baa  »d- 
dio^ed  letters  lo  tlie  presidents  and  counoila  of 
several  of  the  a:ientiAc  societies,  writh  a  view  of 
obtmiuing  subscriptions  (o  the  scheme  through 
those  chaunela.  luviijiiiuiia  to  members  lo  sub- 
scribe thereto  have  accordioKly  been  issued  by 
most  iiF  tb<-se  bodies.  Besides  the  institute  fund, 
the  Society  of  telegraph  engineers  api>eals  iar 
separate  subacriptioos  townrda  a  tolegrapb  jubilee 
fund,  to  be  devoted  to  an  entirely  distinct  piir^ 
pose. 

It  is  slated  on  excellent  authority  thai  a  new 
and  cheap  insulating  material  and  aysleui  of  lay- 
ing underground  telegraph-wires  has  jufi  b^en  de- 
TJaed  by  HeaCTS.  Oallender  &  Co.  at  London  and 
New  York,  by  which  a  hitherto  unupprtuichnbto 
speed  of  signalling  can  lie  obtained  on  under- 
ground lines.  If  what  is  stated  l>e  correct 
(and  there  «eeias  no  reason  to  doubt  It),  the 
problem  which  has  occupied  some  of  our  beet 
electricians  for  ootne  years  has  been  aucccaafnlljr 

soUnl. 

A  TDOvemeut  is  on  foot  to  obtain  government 
aid  for  the  various  "university  colleges"  in  the 
larger  English  towns.  Similar  colleges  in  Iroland 
nndScotlnnd  have  long  received  such  aid,  and  rer? 
recently  threa  Welsh  colleges  luive  obtaineil  grania 
of  twenty  thousand  dollan  per  year  each.  The 
English  colleges  (in  Manchester,  Ncwcnntlc,  Bris- 
tol, Birmingham,  Liverpool,  Leeds,  etc)  ore  en- 
tirely without  such  help,  and  it)  some  casee,  nota- 
bly in    Bristol,    they  are  in    serious    pecnatary 


Uakb  23.  1D87.I 


BCIENCB, 


291 


vmbamwunent.  Tbr  »xerll«it  chiintctrr  of  the 
•clentilic  work  don*  in  Rum?  at  Uimd  is  justlj 
■ildam]  BB  a  muHMi  for  Ihe  ret)U««L 

Prof.  A.  U'.  Wllltamsoo,  F.K.8..  hu  JuM  re- 
■igmd  tbe  chair  of  clwmfMr;  at  Univmilj  ool- 
legff.  London.  W. 

IjMuha),  MatoIi  T. 


OfOOttA/'HlCAL  NOThS. 
A/rka. 

J.  T.  Ltut,  fommiHulcr  of  tbe  Lomlon  Keo- 
giBplucMl  KK-irtjr  expedition  to  tlie  NamuU  UUla 
in  Eont  Attica,  hna  *ent  a  rvport  of  his  trip  to  this 
•oulh  tmd  of  I.ake  SftML  Souv  of  bia  remurkB 
•re  of  RxncTal  interest  Starttngfrom  the  miMion 
station  tit  Illaotyr^,  be  fHUsed  1^  Lake  Shim, 

^wemHed  MotiDt  Zomlw,  which  hn  found  to  he  tivn 
Slid  f<<et  hi|-b,  luid  vintnl  thorountr^of  the 
Aiigoni.  Buulh-wc!it  t>f  l.nkc  Nvrmb.  He  states 
that  tbo  distrioi  around  Zooil:ia  provee  to  be  wrj 
rartiie.  The  Eni^iih  plantations  in  liial  district 
imvt  flne  crop*  of  cttfTee.  The  i-uiturp  of  t<!«, 
rt,  tind  arrowroot  la  being  tried,  aiid  the.v  pmto- 
>  to  do  well.    Onluawuy  iiortb  he  (.-ruRMHJ  the* 

FSItlre,  Uie  eneterxi  Innk  of  which  in  quite  unio- 
bablled,  while  tbi!  wcaivm  oni:  in  wtJl-peopJed  and 
very  ferlile.  An  tlio  kings  of  the  Aneoui  and 
Tao  —  which  latter  live  on  the  8h!re  —  harv  lunde 
■ORie  teirms  of  friendship,  tiie  petty  wmm  betwrn-D 
the  tribes  have  oeastNl,  and  Lost  travelled  iritbi>&t 
an;  trouhle  arising  from  this  sonrcn.  At  tbe  out- 
let of  the  NyoBMi  lie  rjioountered  a  low  and  sandy 
country  with  nunierous  patchee  that  are  covered 
with  water  dnritiR  tbe  wet  season,  sail  b^ing  d»- 
pOMled  when  tlie  water  evaporates.  Tiie  AnKoni 
district,  tniith-weet  of  the  ttyutaa,  forms  a  Inrgn 
pJateati  about  live  thousand  feet  high,  which  ox- 
leuda  fat  west,  In  all  thin  district  there  is  scarcely 
a  tree  to  ho  Hnen.  and  the  fud  commonly  used  by 
the  people  in  curostatks  and  ox-dung.  The  land 
■war  tbe  Mwt  b  very  poor,  but  as  one  proce«da  to- 
wards thi!  WMi  it  Kr«atly  improvee  In  ap{)eHraDc«. 
and  in  its  wentern  portloDs  It  Is  exl(u»i(-cly  oulti- 
vated.  Tlie  expedition  rutumoJ  t*>  BUntyro  on 
the  Isl  of  July.  Un  tlic^  12th  they  kft  agiun,  and 
arrived  nl  the  Namuli  Uills  in  Auttust. 

Tbe  Spanish  traveller  Sorcin  Fajordo  arrived  on 
the  Senegal  on  Fob.  -SI.  Ho  proposes  to  cross  the 
roDtinent  from  wpst  to  east>  starting  fiom  St. 
Louis  in  SeneKtunliia. 

America. 

V.  8,  Shaler  discusses  in  his  paper  on  *  Fluvia- 

tUe  swamps  of  Xew  England'  {An*er.  jotim.  s*.. 

Maiob,  1887)  the  formation  of  river-valleys  in  New 

AiglaBd,  iBon  particularly  In  ea«t«ni  Mawachu- 


setts.  A  oo<Dparison  between  tlie  riven  Sowing 
north  and  thoae  rtuuting  Bouth  shows  a  icreat  dif- 
ference in  tbe  character  of  their  valleys.  Tlie 
fonnef  have  excavalrd  the  Klnclal  depuniti  which 
mied  their  raltoy*,  and  dvpocltrd  alluvial  plains 
lliHl  have  dlatlnci  tertacea  Tlwemdonorihcold 
depoalla  la  Mill  ixiotlnulng.  The  ri von  ninning 
south  have  excavated  |>ar(  of  their  glacial  dc- 
poBitB,  but  ibe  pcoccM  oeoMd  a  lone  time  since. 
Nooe  »f  tbi-ni  have  anfflotottly  airouK  current  to 
clear  thitirbntifroin  tbe  detritus  canied  into  tliein 
by  Aoodi  from  tlieir  tribulnriM.  unJ  coaru?  Bedi- 
mralsnrr  oontinually  being  deposiird  in  their  >al- 
teys.  Shaler  suppoeeatliatU>eiieptnin]iw<^- farmed 
while  the  rieer  was  at  a  lower  level  than  it  i*  at 
present,  and  liecatne  swampy  hj  the  saine  tihangea 
on  tbe  drainage  coitditlons  which  ha*4  ao  ob- 
suucied  Ibe  flow  of  the  stream.  These  hcia 
teoil  to  show  that  tl>e  northern  slope  of  tli«  valleys 
ban  b(^-n  diminiahrd.  Thus  the  MOdiog  force  of 
the  rivpts  which  nin  wnilb  has  iacreaaed,  while 
that  of  those  running  north  hiw  so  much  deciMui«d 
as  to  «top  their  eroding  atrtion.  Slialpr  oiiiiuules 
(he  Ullinx  ol  Ihe  Imid  necessaiy  to  have  ibis 
elTecl  to  be  two  ftet  to  the  mile,  nud  conchidets 
fruia  tbe  well-known  i<1wervallous  on  sulitueigeil 
foTVBUi  on  tliL-Nrw  Eoi^laiid  cuzibI.  tbut  it  conpisled 
in  a  lowering  nt  the  Mmllieni  puil,  TIk-  rmult  of 
lib  researches  as  to  the  re<«nt  geological  biHlory  of 
thls.dlatrkt  are  that  Ihe  uneven  glacial  bank*  were 
deposited  white  the  laud  was  submerged.  Wlwn 
tfa»  toe  rL-tr«aled,  u  re-«leiraiJon  look  place,  after 
which  Um!  glacial  dirposita  were  rapidly  excavated. 
With  tbe  dimppenmncc  of  the  ice  (ram  Uic  con- 
Unanl,  the  southern  portion  bocame  iowej-  ngain. 
and  Ihe  latter  itioveoiOBt  produced  the  swampy 
character  of  tlie  valleys  of  rivers  running  north 
by  ])Utling  an  end  to  tbe  eroding  actloti  of  ibeir 

WatL-fB. 

The  Mlni^ppi  River oomroimoin  has  just  iwued 
a  mxp  of  tbe  allttviel  valloy  »f  the  Uiariaaippi  River 
from  Um  head  of  81.  Franet*  DaKin(latttadeST°aO' 
north)  to  Ihe  Oulf  at  Mexico,  showing  land*  sub- 
ject to  overBow,  the  location  of  leven.  and  trana- 
ollutial  profiles,  on  a  scale  of  flt«  naileslo  an  Inch 
(I:8ie,60U).  Tlie  topography  Is  reduced  from  de- 
tail maps  and  surveyv  made  by  the  various  gov- 
emment  offlora  and  nutruad*.  The  objvcl  of  Iho 
map  lieiiig  to  illustrate  the  flood*  of  the  Ui^als- 
sippi,  tbe  district  which  l»  nibjeicl  to  overBow  la 
marked  by  brown  hschure  lines,  the  hydrography 
null  Ii^tteriug  being  printed  iu  black.  A  great 
nu[iilK-r  uf  section  lines  and  the  prolllee  betooging 
to  them  are  eiubodiod  in  Ihe  map.  Tlie  |>n>lilni 
sliow  (lie  high-walnr  line  of  IIJ)<3.  Though  thcw; 
profiler  are  of  a  darker  brown  than  that  of  the  dis- 
tdcl  subject  to  tnnodatlon,  they  tomowbot  dis- 


SCrENCE. 


[VOL.  DC.  kol  aie 


tract  the  stumtion  from  llx!  Mitllim  of  tlioM 
diatrkls.  Bowe*«r,  tbo  oddltMNial  infm-mfttlon 
oontaiiiecl  in  Uie  proflltw  twWy  malcm  up  for  UtU 
diudvaotogi ,  partk-ululy  m  ih?  map  i*  on  a  Urice 
Boale,  and  inloii<]«d  Tor  a  special  eludj  of  the  hy- 
dngnipliy  of  the  Hlwlsalppl. 

An  advance  copy  of  a  geologinl  ump  of  the 
norlhpm  part  of  ihe  Dominion  of  Canailn,  tijr 
OeoffReU.  DawBOU,  lias  tiiwiir«.i-iml.  It  cintirnrrv 
arctic  Aiuerioa  fruui  liililucli>  U0°  nori.li.  and  ili« 
adJoiniiiK  pnrtHof  Britikli  Coiiimbin  and  Ijibrniior. 
The  gmlof-jo*)  <x>lciriDg  to  btuied  on  llie  explom- 
tioDs  of  tlip  KrolnRival  mirv«;  of  Oaukds  and  on 
nrbnr  authnriiit*.  Th«  emloeUal  strocturt-  i.f  tliu 
diiitrlct  vvtXot  lh«  MaetiFuxiv  ia  otill  unkiicuvn. 
The  mml  inl«n«tiiig  paTta  of  tlic  map  nrc  tlic  CAr- 
boniferous  arva  of  tbi'  Vxarj  ArchipelnKo,  wliirh 
KtrMoheo  from  tlm  outlet  of  Rol>eH>n  Channe)  into 
tlip  AicliL-  Ocran  to  BnnkM  f  And ;  and  the  ad- 
juininK  Dfvoniiui  and  Silurian  belt,  wfaktb  sIrMchM 
In  A  conlinaou*  line  from  the  cast  coaat  of  Kaiw 
Basin  to  llayfH  Bound.  North  Devon,  aud  tlic 
Mackenzie  Rirer.  The  otose  tuorii-oUon  tH-tw<vn 
the  Keolo^ical  structure  of  Urinm-U  tjind  iind 
Parry  Aiehlpelago  ia  way  int«ra>ting.  Its  rxtst- 
enct?  TDUke«  the  «xp>antion  of  thu  unkaow-n  area 
Iwtwifo  thaaelatatnda  vi>ry  draitmblA.  Eiory  tliiiiK 
t«adii  to  nhow  that  it  m  prQlnUy  occupii-d  by  a 
(Craup  of  inlands,  and  therefore  it  iti  prdhabli-  tlmt 
an  exjilomlion  lul^ht  be  accoiuplishinl  without 
gnat  diDk-ulty  or  danger.  Tb>!  field  for  arctic 
ezploreni  la  not  to  be  looked  for  only  in  Ihe  ox- 
tr«iD(!  north ;  ih*  unknown  diittiicta  which  are 
coiuiMiTiUiTitly  nuity  rrairhml  doi«rve  aa  mnch  at- 
tmtion.  Aoi>thcr  inlj-mctinK  point  of  the  map  U 
the  Devonian  or  Srhirian  lawiin  of  Pox  Chaiiiiel  and 
Baffin  Ljind,  and  ibat  of  HikUou  Bay.  It  would 
hare  lie^ii  <terirable  ti>  have  nhai  littli'  there  is 
known  of  the  oro;;ra|)hy  of  arctic  Americn  in  this 
map,  aa  it  would  bulp  to  gixc  a  clearer  idea  of  the 
geological  eharoctrr  of  thoaci  didridn. 

Thv  boundary  hcriwnwi  Ven<«uela  and  Brazil 
wan  mnpycl  In  Uw  y«Uf«  IS80  to  1888.  The  re- 
port of  the  work  o(  the  Joint  commiMions  ha.i 
beco  prvpared  by  tlie  chief  of  (he  Bmxiliiui  <'»ui- 
miaalon,  Lieut. -Col.  Francinco  Saviirr  Lupct  Av 
.^ntuji),  and  la  priatod  in  Ihe  Btaxiliun  parlta- 
iueiit«r]  imperil  (Rio  de  Junrint.  18M).  The  niap 
wbiob  acooiapanin  tliin  m)Hirt  ciHitainB  oiuch 
new  intoroiaiion.  The  explnmtion  of  ilie  Ha- 
tufiMa  revoaled  the  fact  tint  the  Orinoco  and  Ilio 
NcKn>  are  not  connecte<l  by  tlie  Ca*i>iqularv  aloue, 
but  that  a  i^at  number  of  bifurcations  exist 
which  form  a  larite  inbud  Ihal  has  biwn  nomed 
'  Ilha  Pedro  U."  On  the  iiuhHS]ueii(  jiiumeya  the 
liver  Padnuiry  and  the  Serni  Cunipieii  werv  ex- 
pJond.    Th«  expedition  did  not  vi*it  the  district 


inhabited  hy  the  HomcAflAx  and  Kiriahanaa,  wbo 
do  not  allow  the  whitn  to  enter  th»ir  territory. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS. 


Wk  lenro  from  Madrm  tanguagf  note*  that 
the  English  folk-lore  noricty  ho*  invited  Prof. 
T.  F.  Crane  of  Cornell  university  to  edtl  for  lli« 
aociety  the  txtwjAn,  or  Illustrative  etorle«  of 
Jaci]ueB  d«  Vitry,  bishop  of  Acre,  and  lilstorian  ot 
the  Crusudei.  This  compliment  U>  AoierioaB 
Kcbolarfthip  ia  specially  niaikiil.  liecAUte  PwJWDOr 
Crane  wo*  intruntrd  with  tlwvrurk  with  no  limita- 
tions whatsoever.  The  Athenarum  addi.  that 
thetie  stories  are  about  Ihree  hundred  in  number, 
and  are  contained  In  the  hitherto  Inedlted  manu- 
iKTiplB  No.  17S00,  Bil>llo(h»que  natlonale.  Pans. 
They  uro  of  gmt  value  for  the  queetlon  aa  to  tlie 
diffuaioii  of  pojiuUr  tiUm.  They  contain  every 
variety  of  »tory,  from  thi-  jmt  to  llie  eonte  divot, 
and  are  e8|  ecinlly  rich  in  fnblco.  nmon^  them  th* 
ohiest  European  version  of  -The  milkmaid  and 
the  pol  of  milk.'  Profeesor  Crane's  edition  will 
consist  of  an  iniroduction  on  the  life  of  Jac<(uee 
de  Vitry  and  tlic  u»e  of  esetmpla  in  mediaeval  ser- 
luonrt,  the  Lntjn  t4-xt,  and  a  brii-f  translation  or 
analysis  in  Rnglii-h.  with  i-ompnralivi-  notm.  It 
will  probably  be  ready  hy  the  end  of  the  year. 

^Tbe  dome  for  Ibe  Lick  oL«ervatory  Is  well 
under  way  lit  the  Union  iron-wi<rks  in  San  t>an- 
ci«co.  It  in  TO  foci  in  ilinmeter,  will  weigh  IW 
tout,  and  is  to  bo  revolved  with  a  |>rc»ure  of 
IDS  iiounds.    The  c««l  of  the  dome  M  95«,Nu(l. 

— The  daily  |>apen  recently  anuounced  the 
startling  diAcovtry  llial  the  earlti  huJ  been  re- 
tarded in  its  daily  revululion  ten  minule«  and 
eleven  acronilii  lietw<<en  Feb.  SS  and  Uarcb  8, 
IBHO.  and  anxious  intiuirica  were  made  m  to  Ibe 
cauws  and  effects  of  thi*  slnwinK-down.  We  are 
a  little  surprised  that  thi»  alMunl  story  conK*.  not 
from  B  wild  theorist  with  unbounded  faith  In 
the  maxim  that  H^ures  will  not  He,  but  froui  a 
practical  man.  "  taking  olMervatlons  of  the  nin 
in  his  bus{ne»  of  regulating  and  adjuM.ing  rliro- 
nomclers  tor  maeti-nt  of  ru*N>lii  arriving  at  WU> 
mington  "  I 

—  Dr.  Pel«T»  of  the  Hamilton  college  obserTm- 
tory  has  given  the  ntnnll  planet.  No.  264,  which  lie 
discovered  on  the  17th  of  Drci'mber.  the  nam* 
Libusra.  No.  'iH^.  discovered  by  Dr.  Pntisa,  has 
been  named  Walpuri^n.  A  new  afleroid,  96S, 
wa»  diacovered  by  Pallsa  at  Vienna  on  Feb.  87. 

—  The  lectures  under  the  auspices  of  the  pltllo- 
sophieal.  ant)iii>|iulaglcal,  and  biolottlcal  socieltea 
of  Waabington  are  announced  aa  foUowa :  March 
12,  Oea.  A.  W,  Oively,  V.S.A.,  Animals  of  the 


Uahvm  m,  1897.] 


SCIENCE, 


29S 


HTvtic  rvitiMM:  Hkrch  !•,  Capt.  0.  B.  Datlon, 
U.R.A.,  KorthqiMiltw;  Ma«h  25,  W.  J.  Ml-Gw. 
Th«  Chnrleaton  earthqunke  :  Hsrch  M,  Prar.  Otin 
T.  Mason,  The  natural  hiritorj  ot  liunian  tutu; 
April  3,  Dr  B.  B.  t'einuw.  Our  Tormlry  ]>roble[ii : 
April  8.  Tlioiutu  Wilson,  I'reliiBloric  cuAn  ia  w««- 
en  Buroiie. 

—  lYof,  J.  R.  DocIk*-,  itntiKtiouu)  of  the  iigri- 
cultilral  i)i!puniniiit.  hiw  Iwcin  nppoinled  an  uiliclal 
tlelfgnlr  li>  tlw  jnternnlionnl  «tntirtical  inirtitute 
which  in  to  meet  In  Rome,  April  II. 

—  An  accoiiDt  of  Itie  foundation  awl  work  of 
the  Blue  UIU  nieteoroloicica]  otieervalory.  near 
fioMoa.  liaB  liitdj  liM'ti  pn.'^Hin.-i]  by  iu  proprie- 

^tor,  Ur.  A.  Lttvrrrnoc.  lioti'h.  IW  rvcunla  »'M« 
begun  Uia  lairt  of  Januar,v,  l^isn ;  nnd  cippciAlly 
in  the  woood  ypnr  of  their  seqiwnce.  whpn  thn 

■  difflcullJoi'  and  l[ilerru|ilioiiBclu(rsc1vrlsli<r«f  their 
boiiinniuK  hud  rfei'miBei].  ihev  are  leniarhaU.V 
einli'>rale  aittl  t'ouii-leif,  Vi-ry  few  Htaltons  Iu  the 
coilntr)'  putfwn  au  i-xlcjisi<c  u  vvl  of  self-recordilig 
apparaiiis.  Loi-iiJ  n pnthiT pn-'li<-iir<ii  lias  been 
sucressfull.v  nltrmptrd,  thf  dntn  lirinR  in  part 
lointl  nlwerrntinn,  in  jinrt  icenernl  oltwrvntions  of 
the  xignal  nervice.  For  the  piist  month  or  two, 
tlw  pTiHllctliHM  issued  troui  the  htill  have  been 
n>K>>Tarly  published  in  nume  of  tlit  Il'Mtun  [ufiers, 
Suot>  an  r  I  peri  men  t,  giving  niijiortimii;  of  i^om- 
pariti^'  pivdic-tiona  mnd«  «t  a  loc«l  and  ntttoentml 
(Wa.->hinpton)  nfflw,  are  of  valne,  and  should  be 
nndrrtaken  and  piitjlislied  liy  c>l>servaDt  meteorol- 
OKWI"   i"   other   parts   of  tlie  <-ounlrj.     The   ob- 

■nrvenat  Dlue  Hill  — Mr.  \V.  V.  firrritib  for  the 
fltrt  year,  and  Mr.  H.  II.  Ctnyton  for  the  iMvind  — 
have  had  »nnip  mlhcr  M-vtrr  exprrinniN-.  Prr- 
bapa  Ihu  iuo»t  H'Tcre  tppll  of  weather  wa«  in  the 
latter  linyit  of  February.  1880,  durlDjc  a  peraletent 
nortJi-wcec  sale.     The  wind  malntalued  a  lelodty 

\  of  Mvcnty-tltree  miles  for  an  hour  on  the  SStli ; 
the  pressure  n^corded  during  mtiott  kubIii  of  wind 
indicdtifd  a  lenipuniry  velocity  nt  \\\c  mto  of 
niurty-ihrtf  oiil™  nn  hour.  The  total  wind- 
movement  on  ilu>  ::!^ih  van  1,467  miles;  for  the 
laM  three  Ak\%  of  February  it  vras  t.lV^  mllw, 
Th*  Ice-siorin  of  the  end  of  January,  18M.  incased 
llie  hill,  trees,  building,  uud  rxtcinni  iiiaUumcnta 
in  a  heavy  Hlmtlhin^  of  ice  :  the  teleplicme-wire 
had  a  f^Tlh  of  eight  imbus.  At  ihn  lime,  frost- 
work, audi  B>  i'hBmrt4-rizie»  Mount  Wnshiogton 
and  \}iv  BiDchen,  attainvid  n  length  of  on*  or  two 
inchea. 

—  Prof.  Ermt  Haeckel  of  Jena  haa  been  eludy- 
IflfC  th«  lower  forms  of  anloal  life  in  the  Lurnnt 
this  winter. 

—  Prof.  Alexaodor  Agateis,  diroolor  of  thp  mu- 
aeiua  of  loOIogy  at  Hairaid,  has  bwn  made  a 


D.So.  by  the  Unlireniity  of  Cambridge.  In  intro- 
ducing hiiu,  the  public  orator  referrvd  to  him  a* 
one  of  whune  work  it  mijKht  b«  taid,  '  Mertai  pro- 
ftimlo.  pukliriof  evenU.'  The  allinioai  was  to  Pro- 
f««or  Agaaiic'  invivtlgntians  of  the  roj-Et^-riMi  of 
theoc«aB. 

—  Tlie  dm  eomptroller  <>(  the  treaaorr  baa 
di^'led  that  the  act  eatablMiinK  ngiirnltaial  ex- 
pcrimcnt-atatiooa  {a  ootmecUon  with  the  agrimil- 
tnial  col1<«M>  of  the  aevcral  Mal««  and  lerritorlRi 
makM  oo  appropnation  for  the  purpose  of  Ibe  act, 
but  tliat  such  appropriation,  uccordiug  to  the 
terms  of  tho  act.  mnirt  bo  "  Fpeciolly  j>rovlded  for 
by  ooagrem  In  the  npproprlati'MM  from  year  to 
yoar."  The  operation  of  ttie  act  ia  tbenfore  pcac- 
ttL-ulIr  Bunpended  until  ooograatakea  tatm  furtbrr 
action. 

—  Oo  Feb.  Sa.  1888,  the  birthday  of  Arthur 
Scho|>euhauer  will  be  celebrated  in  Germany  with 
much  i-en'mony  by  the  followers  of  the  pcanmia- 
tif  pbitoMiphy. 

~  The  Alh*7taetim  rvporte  that  PiofnaN-r  Dn- 
Bois-Reymond  will  celebrate  thlH  lear  t]>e  tw«n- 
lielh  nnnivrrsiuy  of  his  uppoinirtx'ul  as  secpelary 
of  the  Acsdoniy  of  mrldnnH  of  UiTtUi.  He  haa 
betd  the  post  Kince  1991,  and  it  lion  fallen  to  bia 
lot  to  introduce  into  Uie  academy  a  nicvMcion  of 
the  famous  rcpre«ralativeti  of 'he modem  irlenoea; 
among  othcn,  Udmbolts,  Vircliow,  and  Sletoena. 
On  Huch  nocasion*  bo  bA9>  given  proof  of  bin  great 
talent  as  an  orator,  and  Du  Boii'Kcymond's  ■  Be- 
grOaaimicfTede' has  beooma  the  fpnlurc  of  the  in* 
troductloDs.  Ue  Is  Ae  oldest  member  of  tlw 
phjafco-oiatliematical  dase  of  ihe  acsOemr.  Ilia 
patent  ia  dati^d  Man-h  S,  ISGl.  The  venerable 
French  chomist,  Clievreul,  is  the  only  member  oC 
fddar  standing.    Cberreul  niu  enrolled  iu  18S4. 

—  Mr.  I«nca6t«r,  meteorological  impMtor  at 
the  Royal  obseivalory  at  Brunels,  hn*  prepivred  a 
tvell-pbtnned  and  cum  pact  summary  of  ttir  i-linuito 
of  Btrlgium  in  1886,  including  annual  and  monthly 
tuhli»,  hiiromi-tric  and  thermoiuetnc  cun'e*,  and 
a  fomewbnt  detailed  nccoimt  of  tUe  oionllis  sefia- 
rately.  Tlte  winl^r  lietcioning  in  Di-cemlM-r.  ISSS, 
is  sliowu  to  hare  beeti  persistently  cold,  nllhough 
witliout  extnMoely  low  itmix-raliires.  Febniary, 
1880.  wiiB  very  dry,  and.  as  Laiioaster  lias  found 
usual  in  sucli  cam.  wan  (oUowi-O  hy  a  drought  of 
BeTOToI  month*,  lie  quotes  seven  examples  aiaoo 
188»,  to  which  the  prK«i)iitaiion  for  Fehtuary  was 
lees  than  half  the  normal  mean,  all  of  which  w<iro 
suct^eeded  by  di;  period*  of  from  two  lo  ox 
luuQ ills'  duration. 

—  A  i-urttiUH  example  of  minute  otMrrvutiun. 
carefully  carried  out,  appears  in  a  note  in  Citt  tt 


394 


SCIE2rCE. 


ITOL.  IX..  No.  «a 


ttrrt  for  Jnn.  I .  It  i*  on  th«  rvUiion  of  ih^  state 
of  Iho  wmthpr  lo  the  <lHtapi:«  st  which  chucch- 
bolla  mny  1>e  h<'ftrd,  lir  P.  J,  D«RliIi)er  uf  Lobliek? 
in  Selgtum.  who  k^pt  a  reooni  of  (be  chun'li-liella 
anil  the  w««tlier  trom  IDTO  U>  1883.  He  Hnds  thnt 
the  suuadH  nrv  hourd  farthmt  when  thr  moTi-mcnt 
of  tti«  air  in  CTt'lonir'.  or,  if  calm,  whpn  the  uir  U 
T«ry  muMl:  Kimetlmmcontrni'/ winds  nink«  nooh- 
Btarle  to  BquniJ-tmntiniiwIon.  Sounds  ar«  heard  at 
the  gTM test  d tela tict  twiween  aae  and  iwu  o'cliwk 
in  llic  tuorofng.  Uertain  clocks,  ^i1uutr<l  nix  itnd 
eight  kiloiuotriMi  •outh'Wi'nt  aS  I^bbokc,  arc  oallrd 
waterklokkfn  lij-  the  rountry-folk,  liecaiiBB  n  rdiny 
period  alivajs  eels  in  soon  after  the.v  are  heard. 

—  Dr.  BowillKh  rei>ort«  a  case  of  leod-pcuiion- 
itig  in  which  till-  only  discoverable  sourer  of  the 
Icitd  wan  till'  Kulder  u»ed  in  the  keltic  in  which 
watiT  wiu  hoil<Hl. 

—  Memrs.  Nirholls  and  Bail«>>  receDllv  contrib- 
Qled  lo  lY'ifiirf  the  rvnutts  of  u  seriea  of  ubHerva- 
UoiiM  iD^de  by  lliem  lo  lest  llie  acutenesa  of  smell 
in  llie  diffvreut  wxv*  anil  in  different  inditidiinl&. 
The  xWK  of  nDcll  in  the  nitilo  irna  found  lo  be 
mon?  Bciit^,  on  \\tp  average,  than  in  the  feranle 
aex.  In  »onie  individuals  it  was  so  keen  as  to  de- 
lect one  part  of  jirussic  acid  in  two  uillioa  parts 
of  watn-.  Several  subotanccs  w^iv  eiptrriintrnled 
with,  and  lli«  follnwiiii;  is  n  summnry  of  thr  r^ 
•ults.  the  figures  Indicating  tho  nveraice  Htnli  of 
-delicacy  (i(  |>eioe|itioD  : — Cloves  :  males,  1  in  SB,- 
188  :  femalfx.  1  iii  50.067.  Nitrite  of  amrl : 
uiales.  1  In  T«1,»70:  feoiales,  1  in  311.880.  Bz- 
Iract  of  tmrtic  :  inul«.  I  in  5T.03T ;  f«uial^.  I  in 
-tU.MH).  Br'imiiit.' :  mnlcn.  X  in  -18.264  ;  fciaal™, 
1  in  I6,S44.  I'msoic  n<;id:  mnlcK.  1  in  113,000; 
(emalea,  I  in  19.000. 

—  Al  a  n-ciMii  mftrting  of  the  Paris  biological 
aocietf,  M.  Orehnut  rivml  a  pa]i«r  on  '  The  preven- 
tlon  of  nccidrntu  from  Kutfoculion  while  desoend- 
ing  Into  wellg.'  After  rrfprriRK  to  the  cause  of 
the  SMiTocation.  iiamply,  carbonlr-add  gas,  and 
tlir  wc^ll-kiiowii  expedient  of  first  lowering  an 
animiit  into  Hit  w til.  h«  gives  the  following;  direc- 
tioiia  for  vmiilntioii  :  a  atore-pipe  ten  or  twelve 
font  longer  than  the  well  b  deei>  is  to  be  s(>cured 
by  wires  in  the  axia  of  Ihe  welt  ;  a  grate  on  whitrh 
ft  Are  can  Iw  built  Is  lb«n  to  be  placed  around  tliia 
pipe  at  the  level  o'  theftround  ;  andasecond  pipp, 
laig«r  than  the  lii«t.  ia  then  to  be  placed  upon  the 
gnte,  with  thv  Hral  pipe  ioaide ;  and  on  the  graie. 
ftnd  botwoen  the  two  pities,  a  fire  is  lo  be  btillt. 
The  Inner  pipe  belnR  heat^-d.  a  uuraent  in  crtvted, 
tVHUIUnti;  in  the  ascent  of  the  impure  air  of  the 
wi.>U,  and  its  replacenienl  by  fresh  air  from  with, 
out. 


—  The  followiaff  oourw  of  lecture*  is  now  Id 
pmKTeesat  De  Fauw  uiiivmity :  March  8,  'The 
«artb,'  Frea.  T.  C  Mendi-ntiall,  Roae  polyiccbaio  in- 
■tilulv;  March  14.  -The  germ-thcorr  of  iliiwaae,' 
Prof.  J.  M.  Coulkr,  Wnbaihrotlpgn;  April 4,  -Gla- 
clere.  pastand prwieni,"  Prof.  O.P. Jenkins,  DePanw 
university  1  April  II,  'Charles  Darwin.' Pres.  D. 
B.  Jordan.  Indiaiut  university  :  April  18,  '  A  beam 
of  light,"  I'rof,  J,  B.  UeMotle.  DePauw  unlver- 
•ily;  .\pril  S3,  'Spectrum  unaljsi",'  Prof.  P,  S. 
Bakor.  Dc-Pbhw  univcrtitT  ;  May  2,  'The  MiB,' 
Prof.  J.  P.  D.  John,  DePniiw  unirernity. 

—  Summer  courses  are  offered  by  Harvard  col- 
lege in  ehemiatry,  [  hysics,  botany,  and  geology. 

—  A  very  inlrresting  philoKipliirul  work,  by 
Prof.  GcorRc  T.  I.add  of  Yah-,  will  •Imrtly  bn 
published.  It  Is  entitled  '  Pliy Biological  |)«y- 
chology.'  and  will  be  especially  important  jii»t  at 
Ibid  time,  liecaufe,  if  our  underetandlng  of  Ita 
■cope  and  method  ia  correct,  it  will  uiaJnlain  a 
philosophicnt  and  psychological  atanil- point,  while 
adinitling  (o  their  proper  place  Ihe  conclusiona 
reached  hy  phyMology  respecting  the  nature  and 
f uncti<in8  of  the  nervous  system.  President  Mc- 
Cueh'i<  book  on  the  '  Motive  powers'  Is  also  nearly 
ready. 

—  TheTitrkisb  government  ban  undtrrpublicex* 
autiuatiun  and  supertision  a  large  school  for  liv- 
ing looguugea.  The  Urilinh  government  Is  con- 
aidoring  the  expedii-ncy  of  imitating  the  example 
of  the  Turk,  and  a  pbio  for  the  istBhlishment  of 
such  an  institution  i*  ahortly  to  be  brought  beforo 
liarliament. 

—  Tlie  councilof  iheOeolonical  society  awaried 
the  niednl-iat  llie  anniverMiry  meeting  of  the  so- 
doty  on  the  18tb  of  February  as  follows  :  tbe 
Woltodton  goldmediU  to  Mr.  J.  W.  Hulke,  F.R.8.  ; 
the  Murchison  oipdul  lo  the  Rev.  P.  B,  Brodie  ; 
the  LyctI  medal  to  Mr.  S.  ATlporl :  and  the  Bigsby 
gold  mmlal  to  Prof.  C.  Lnptvortb.  Tlie  balances 
of  the  funds  nt  the  rti«poH«l  of  the  Hoeiety  ore 
awarded  aq  follows  :  the  Wollaston  fund  to  Kir.  B. 
N.  Poach  ;  the  Miiruhi^on  lund  loMr.  R.  Kidslon  ; 
and  th«  Lyi'll  fund  lo  the  liev.  Osuond  FUlier, 

—  In  noticing  the  tenth  report  of  the  Hiatorlcal 
manuscripts  commiaoion,  the  Atheiuttum  reviewer 
tuiys,  "The  latest  publication  of  the  ninnuiwripts 
commiffiiou  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  method 
of  modern  bisloncal  research.  The  national 
achool  or  history  which  flourishes  under  the 
direction  of  the  master  of  tbe  roll*  \a  notoriously 
engaged  in  the  collertion  o(  every  well-authen- 
ticated scrap  of  manuscript  material  that  Is 
capable  of  illustrating  eome  <)>och  or  incident  of 
Eogllsb  history.     In  thU  nepect  it  has,  perbailB, 


mahck  as,  un.) 


SCIENCE. 


295 


wt  Ml  ranmplo  which  in  bttiog  nicorl;  followed 
by  ihe  hwioricitl  hodim  oS  muot  European  coun- 
trim.  Owniany,  Inde^,  i«.  lu  well  u  Aiiinii», 
tlnailr  almd  of  us  lit  ecientinc  methoih  of  col- 
lectins  and  editloi;  the  inor«>  mcxl^m  iui4  political 
niaU-riula  wliicli  may  be  Kleaned  Troin  th«  archm-* 
of  erery  MaIc  iwpvr  otBci.'  in  Europe:  while 
FrniKt',  Auibin.  Elflgiuru,  and  Ktvoiliii  (read 
okMaly  on  our  l>eels.  The  ulijprts  of  tucxJrm  bis- 
tory,  Ihen-forc.  tlinugh  pmfesEvdl}'  nnlional.  ore 
in  fact  cxHinopohtan.  cn(?h  roiinlry  oixmi&g  up  at 
tiiciN  tineijMvW'l  manuscript  tieiMurp*  fiw  the 
mon*  particular  advuhtage  uf  the  other.  Hltli- 
«to  we  Iia^e  Iveeii  coiilent  l»  r«ly  i-liiHly  U|Kiti  Ihe 
raouTveo  of  our  uiirivullol  mitioiml  lecorda:  but 
•wry  year  ulTords  (n'sli  evidence  <if  the  i-xteiit 
uul  ralao  oT  the  outlyitiK  ni<iniiS(;ri|)t  ainltrinl 
which  it  in  the  special  miaiilon  of  the  Hisiorlcal 
manuHcripis  comn)i#ion  to  incorporate  with  the 
nMiD  flock." 

—  Our  fetioal  insenaibitily  to  the  utuu-violet 
uiil  i[irra-r<tl  ruis  hnn  Imm  fii-Milly  diwiiiHed  by 
Drs.  Vox  iind  (louJd  in  l\\v  Amfricnn  journal  of 
Ophthaltiutlogy.  Th«  sufficie«il  rvoeon  for  the  per- 
ecplion  of  the  KHcalled  *lliihi'  rujii  in  becjtune  th« 
«ye  hni  learned  to  reaft  to  the  stronRert  anil  mart 
constant  Dtiuiutus.  and  to  vxiini^itth  or  cxclud* 
tfaoH  vibrMions  that  would  only  confuae  by  (heir 
WMtlranii  or  inconsi«ncy,  or  that  would  with 
difBoulty  lie  focuaed  with  the  rept.  An  to  the 
tanRe  uf  »isioii  along  the  spcctrutu.  Ihf  tvroork- 
kble  facL  lit,  nut  JIH  narrow limil*.  hui  it>  <^xtonnon. 
The  niarvvl  {■  Ihut  wc  bavr  Icanm)  to  nee  the 
vloUrt  riijs  tit  iill.  when  they  are  eo  weak.  The 
limit  at  the  n>d  end  of  llw>  xeilea  is  IhouKhl  f  ■  be 
detfrminrd  by  the  great  abeorplion  gap  In  the 
■ppctrain  tlint  separates  the  visible  frino  thl^  infm- 
nd  r%i».  It  18  then  asked,  how  are  the  inTiiiibI* 
,  njs  eicluileil  from  stimulatiOR  the  OiTieH?  niid 
'^ftlUtOURb  no  aal  iRrocloiy  or  rinal  nnvwrr  can  Ije 
giren,  bawd  on  experiment,  it  ii  made  at  leitftt 
probnlilo  that  tliey  are  ab»orl)ed  by  tlie  media  of 
Uio  eye  before  they  reach  the  retina. 


LUTTEKH  TO  THB  JSDITOF. 

*.'C\im«ieiHf*ii(i  art  rvtiiKKit  lo  bt  oi  ftr></  <u  pamnu.    nt 
ItHrcv'a  nam*  li  in  ait  nttr9  rHl^tttt  iij  pr\-of  trf  ttoo^ /9t$K. 

A  scniitive  wlnd-vane 
Am  inl«raitinf[  dinciiuian  of  iliiii  ijnMiilAn  biM  re- 
cently li«*n  inltialoil,  anil  it  iiiny  Iw  ni!)]  to  j^iro  a 
portion  of  Ibis  aiitl  a  few  <^ouiii<)pralioiin  bearing  on 
the  prabUm.  I  bnvo  men  it  ntatcd  that  n  flnt  vaae 
la  alvftyo  in  n  nvutr*)  liu«.an<t  amuhitivo  one  I*  made 
by  fiutli'iiiiiii  twii  (•Inliu)  (iijjHihiir  at  mci  angle  uf  nbuat 
ten  dcBrvo.  Thin  nlAlctuput  has  aln-flyii  npprarol 
\  BhioMrioal  to  we.  tot  tbo  rcoaon  that  ttieU  «  raue  m 
dMerlbed  woald  har<i  twio*  tha  «*iKbt  itn<1  friciiini  of 
a  Bat  TODH,  iukI  bunce  <xiiild  not  bv  ■«  w*uiatiTe  m  tbo 
latter     Wo  ahould  gain,  at  the  outaet.  a«lear  d<dni< 


tlonnf  what  ia  meant  by  a  atiiailiT«  Taae.  A  T«r7 
ll||ht  tAjoctOTc.  like  a  fnatlii-r  atlBebcd  to  a  cord  or 
balauoed  near  on*  uid.  white  toMicil  hither  aiul  yon 
by  DTer*  breutb.  and  eioe«<dluRly  •maitif'*,  coald 
hardly  ba  vbal  ia  lucout.  1  wosM  my,  a*  a  firal 
Idaa,  IhM  a  Miniiiivo  tana  ia  imm  that  moat  rrailily 
aaailaiM  t)l«  w1nd-dlr««tloti. 

Proffwior  Ferrel  baadlaouaa^d  this  qnaatlon.  from 
a  iDBtbriuBtieal  Blauil-]>cunl.  in  Ibu  rebniniy  nuuiber 
of  (hn  .tmi-n'iMn  i«*t«>roloyif a(  joMmal.  He  aaiamta 
that  the  eyratory  forca  ifff}  of  tha  wind  upon  a 
double-laued  vane  variea  aa  Ihe  wiuare  of  the  aln*  ot 
one-half  Ibe  angle  bclweeu  the  laila,  and  gina  the  fol- 
lowing expreBiaoi  for  the  gyratory  fure«.  Let  i  = 
wiiH-hKlr  111*  nogi*  of  lailn.  «  ^  angle  of  daviation  of 
wind,  and  /*=  wlndroreeupnu  unit  *nr(ace  of  tana: 
then  we  tihiill  faaTf.  with  i  >  r,  gy  —  F  *iv  Sialn  tf; 
with  i<*,  m  —  ^'un*  (t-ff)  iu  the  caae  of  a 
iIontilA-lailod  lane.  and  yv  =  ^'ain'  f  with  a  flat 
■an*.  Prore«»or  Fern^l  Knd*.  thai,  with  !!•  =  W, 
tber«  ia  a  maiimuin  iK<u>itiii-iit>Mof  tli*  tone.  With- 
ont  DDtering  njion  a  diHciiwiou  of  the  theory  deiel- 
op^il  by  PtotoHuir  Feirel.  it  may  bo  miggcuted  that 
we  cannot  neglect  tbo  n'ltii  jimMur*  that  thn  taila  at 
an  angle  ot  90"  would  hata  lo  bear  Ln  a  high  wiiul. 
and  vlijtfb  woald  come  npon  tha  aiia.  TUixaiii'iuiita 
■o  ten  poanda  pa*  aqnare  foot  in  a  wbd,  forty  mile* 
per  hour,  Impuiglng  nurnially  npon  a  ■iirtano.  Tha 
angle  of  the  ndea  being  *&".  tb*  lutal  |>re*8ur*  woalA 
ba  aoniawhat  lata,  but  wonld  atiU  be  anfloiuit  to 
|iT«Tamt  all  frao  action  of  tha  tana. 

Mr.  O.  E.  Cnrtl*  ban  nlno  vary  ruantly  given  a 
th«oreti<«l  diRcniuiiou  of  the  qneatlon  before  tha 
Waahinglon  pbiloaophical  aooioty.  and  in  Ihia  b« 
dlSen  Tery  materially  from  the  one  Jnat  giroo.  tie 
aaaumea  Uiat  the  aotiou  ot  the  wind  variea  oa  tha 
aino  ot  ita  doviation  angle  H«  pv«a  (or  vone  wHb 
donbUi  lalhi.  iry  =  Faln(l  ■+■  c)  when  f  >  e.  and  gy 
i=  :!r«iu  *  eoa  »  wbm  (  <»;  for  a  flat  ran*,  ay  ■_: 
Fna  I.  In  the  origitial  forninU  F  U  omitted  ;  lint  I 
bave  aupplicd  it.  an  it  weme  iieeeaary.  The  nota- 
tion la  the  wune  oi  in  the  previona  (■««.  Tliere 
ia  a  reiuarkabl*  variance  in  thoac  theorMical  re- 
anlta.  and  it  ia  a  little  illffleult  to  *lale  wbleh  ia  tba 
more  aatiafactory.  I  hardly  think  that  either  can  be 
accepted  by  the  working  metoorologint :  bat  prob- 
ably ProfeMor  Ferrel'ii  la  th*  mora  MUafactory,  cer- 
tainly for  light  windw. 

No  sttontiou  in  paid  in  either  of  Uieae  illacnaaliMia 
to  tbn  weight  »r  friction  of  the  vonea.  yri  it  wonld 
eeeni  aa  tb»iiKh  irlihnr  one  of  thoae  ia  a  far  more 
iuiportant  element  than  n  idQgla  or  double  tail.  In 
the  (1ii..'n>iiion  by  Ur.  Curtie  we  may  T««y  r«a<lily 
take  ibi-ai'  faotora  into  account  by  placing  the  two 
laila  nt  hie  doiibIe>lalIed  ran«  one  abate  the  other, 
edfte  lo  edge.  We  now  bate  a  flat  loae  whoae 
weight,  friction,  and  all  other  eauntiaU  ara  Ih* 
aamn  practically  aa  tboao  of  tlie  donMe-lalled  i-aoe : 
In  fact,  nimply  a  trannfonnatlon  of  the  latter,  withoat 
■iteration  except  in  Ihe  tnatlcf  of  Kiirfncn.  In  fool, 
both  taoe*  are  directly  comparable,  nliile  they  waM 
not  bafor*.  W»  bote,  boweicr.  jual  doubled  the 
Burface  ot  the  Hal  vane,  an  that  (ly  =  3A'  aio  (.  Kow, 
it  Ih  very  eaxy  to  ee«  tliat  tbla  eiproMilon  ban  a 
greater  valne  than  F  ain  (i  ■•■  e)  when  i  >  e.  and  alao 
grMitu  than  'iF  ain  f  «o<  *  when  i  <  t.  Thie  llieo- 
relical  diaeuanon,  thn.  by  Hr.  CartiB.  abowa  comcln. 
aitely  thai  Ihe  flat  vane  ia  tlie  mora  uraiaitlie.  Wbea 
we  cunaider  that  Profeanor  Ftrrel  regi^'^'''  ''">  'lot 
vane  aa  much  the  ateadier  of  tba  two.  alao  tlial  the 


296 


SCIEJf^CE. 


\\ou  IX.,  No.  Sift 


ciproHt'  of  luaniifDClnrD  and  tnaU-ribl  in  nnob  !«■.  it 
would  uom  M  thrnittb  it  i>)ioul<1  bo  ailopttul.  and  kt- 
trnlluii  turiml  to  the  weiglit,  rriction,  »\m%H!  of  vat- 
fftp*.  eti;. 

CutuplBiul  ti  mode  of  ihort.  liaht  innca.  ihat  tliojr 
oftOD  ukko  B  caiDpl«tn  ravolution  In  IiIkIi  wind*. 
Tbln  oould  be  obviAlMl  hy  InorMsiug  tlii<  wriKlit.  I>iit 
Uii*  would  not  be  u  BatiHfnctury  u  irnin-iuritig  tlie 
leDglb.  It  in  Tory  ctidpnt  lliut  tho  kuih-  iojio  will 
not  BDKWffT  tor  tiiilli  llittit  iiiiil  hruix  wiuil*.  It 
would  Hvtat  M  (Loiigh  «  Iihik  Itil  viine  would  do  for 
tbe  Iilgber  wiuda  ;  uid  thv  lighter  wiudi  niity  lin  do. 

tomiiBM  hy  tbo  motion  of  nmiikc  i>r  n  light  biuiDcr, 
almjmbelag  or^fnl  t»  kixip  tlti>  Unn  of  aiRlit  at  fIkIk 
■njtlo*  |i>  tli«  wSnil.  TliiM  i|ii<»iU(>ii  Ih  au  Miiineiitly 
prnrtiml  udc.  Eip«riiiii'ii1»  are  initiili  needed  to  de- 
Icnuiao  tbe  moat  MutiiirnFti>tT  nice  of  ■nrbkco,  IcDglh 
uud  nciubl  of  vBQo.  (or  wtudii  of  dilTomil  vnloritliHi, 
Ui  <uilUr,v  tlie  i-oiiditloB*  StKt  laid  dowii, 

^itin-  writing  tLe  nhotr.  it  biw  b<><Mi  aiiegfilod  to 
i&«  tbnt  th«  (Inablf  vEuic  cikix  be  no  r^ndtly  omccd,  it 
UBD  be  nuutn  out  fif  vnr;r  liR^'t  iiiatcrln],  uiil  lirncn  luky 
be  mnc-h  lljtlit'T  llimi  111*  flat  vwiu,  Tlif  fHllJucy  here 
cou'iklK  iu  Uip  implication  tbat  n  aiDg)i-  vhdv  iic>edH 
lui.v  binding  nt  nil.  Since  Ihorc  la  no  itnuD  npoa  n 
Uttt  Tiuie,  HI  it  alwaTK  tiima  iiuRuidiaUily  lalo  lli<>  air- 
curruil,  It  ne^Hl  uot  be  very  attff;  biil  it  la  far  otlii'r- 
wiM  wltb  th<>  double  vane.  Ker»  tbe  ftprriuULg  of 
the  toil"  at  anen  btinga  n  IcDilcnoy  to  ooIIadm.  to 
each  tail,  nbii^b  inccr'aUH  with  the  wlnd-Tdocity, 
Mid  la  n«iver  alrtnnt,  IwiiiK  greatoitt  when  t]i«  Tnn*  la 
In  tbe  air-eiirraut.  Each  tnil,  tlii-ti.  iiiuBt  )>i?  fur 
Mtiffer  tliiui  tbu  HiDglo  t&il.  wbit^h  hiu  on  ntnun  ut  nay 
time.  But  Ibi*  I*  not  nil:  tlia  nintcrinl  iwnd  in  tlifl 
bmctng  \Ttll  add  umrb  lo  tb<<  weight,  eeiierially  with 

the  greater  aQglcH  of  tlic  Inils.  For  example  :  takv 
th«nio*t  BeoiiitiTC  TBDC.  where  2i=  ^U''«id  f  -  *5*. 
If  thfl  tniU  are  I  feci  long,  tbn  Rpmul  al  tli*  lijm  will 
tw  li.fl  feel.  A  wl'lth  uf  half  a  ftml  vmlM  give  n 
Mnin  of  30  jjoundii.  with  a  witid.telodly  of  40  iiiilaa 
per  hour,  nnil  the  tniU  nmirt  be  itij  ttitl.  In  addi- 
tion, if  tbe  witli  bineiiig  in  n*  utitt  w  tlin  lallii,  lbs 
total  welubl  woiilil  )h>  umre  tlinii  four  tliriex  il>Ht  of  ii 
■Ingle  viuw  wttb  double  tbe  Burfaoe  aud  betltr  tilted 
for  am  ice.  H,  Auj». 

Pliliadalplila.  Marvh  la. 


On  certain  electric*!  phenomena. 

Thare  are  a  f»w  m|»tin  in  •cience  (I  em  not  one 
of  them),  hut  I  fail,  erea  upun  ■  teond  reading,  to 
di>CD*er  that  throud  of  mjiiorj'  onrelopiog  my  letlnr 
'On  ewlniii  eleetrienl  |ihi'iii-nien9  '  lUfimrf.  Nf  "21 1), 
wKIcb  aernit  to  Imve  iinj.rewrj  my  critic,  '  T  C  M..' 
in  *  <iul>tH<t|<ient  inue  (No.  'Jl!t) 

My  letter  ira»  onpled  inlo  N  number  of  tbo  daily 
papers  in  ibe  rantrrn  ani)  nenUirn  eitien,  and  I  have 
Ictierk  tmni  p<M-til»  wh"  ire  niranKer*  to  ine.  in  re- 
gard lo  it:  Init  tbu«  F«r.  uieeptintc  ' T,  C.  11  ,'  no 
one  ■venio  to  think  it  *  mirvtetious.'  I  Dm  luic  t  diil 
not  when  1  wrote  the  neecu'it. 

Tunr  correnpond'-nt  fiir>h«r  ndvUet  mn  Ibai  I 
•lionld  'poaiifbly  eliminate  n  few  of  the  facts'  in 
making  trueb  inveitijtation*.  to  which  I  can  ouly  ro. 
plT  that  I  am  not  in  Ibe  haltit  of  eliniinoting  aoy  of 
the  (aFt*  in  the  preniiacta  of  nnt  b r li' n title  in vestiHa- 
tlon  1  Diny  he  onitagwl  in.  ivlint-io'ver  may  be  ita 
character.  Uvunlly  I  ([■ther  and  uao  all  auch  /aett 
a*  1  can  lay  my  handt  on. 

A*  the  point  ia  an  important  one,  I  would  alio  like 


to  lay  to  Profeuor  MeDdenbal)  that  be  «<rid«ntly 
miaqnntoa  ma  In  the  n«xt  pBragraph  of  bii  tatter, 
whtftein  beMytlbat  ''  Dr.  ijhufeldl  dtatvii  that  fa*  had 
never  obeorved  auch  exbihition*  in  WnHbinK'oo."  I 
made  no  meb  daleinent.  but  did  remark  tbat  "  I  had 
never  obiorved  (thore)  aueh  exhibitiona  ao  far  a«  my 
own  |wr»on  «••  ooncerned,  and  they  only  gradually 
developed  at  this  plaoe  '*  (Fart  Wincale,  N.  Mez.>. 
The  PBMi  cited  for  that  city  by  him  are  rery  inter- 

rating 

I  Tvjieat,  that  in  my  cam  the  "eleclriral  dlncharga 
waa  e(inaiderably  greater  fr'iin  ibe  tip  i>f  the  indax- 
BuBer  than  f  rvm  any  o(  the  ntheri  of  the  hand,  and 
gra'lualijr  diminithad  in  regular  order  oa  we  pro- 
cnadvd  Ut  ih*  little  flngor  ;  "  and  thla  alter  careful 
pxpe(iin>ii*«tiNn.  I  nowhere  even  imtdy  that  tbla 
wiU  bo  found  to  be  uiiivrrtally  the  caae 

Purtbar,  your  correrpondent  leem*  to  hold  tb» 
opinion  that  erery  onw  nxhiblla  mcb  eleetrical  pha- 
noiaena  in  the  aaine  degree,  wlieii  xiilxnltled  to  almi- 
lar  condition*  to  excite  it.  In  thli>  I  thoroughly  dis- 
agree with  him  ;  for  farther  experimentation  hero, 
goa*  to  ahow  that  phenomena  aimilnr  to  Ihoao  I  d^- 
*artl>Ml  in  niy  Irttrr  to  ^'^l^■ll-rare  exhiliilwl  in  varT- 
ing  degree  by  my  three  children,  whereaion  the  Other 
haod.  In  the  caao  of  the  mulatto  child  I  referred  (o, 
it  baa  ItiUH  far.  alter  numeroua  trial*,  been  impoi*iblo 
to  >xcilH  [lii'ni  in  ber. 

.Aud  I  uiuat  believe,  that,  when  Priifewr  Uenden- 
ball  cornea  to  make  more  extended  inc|uiry  amun^  a 
greater  ^atIlb^^  of  people,  he  will  diicover  that  ther* 
are  many  ol  them  who  have  ahcotuli'ly  never  beard 
of  aach  lliinge,  tu  *a.v  uething  of  bavinu  ubcarveit 
them  in  Ibe  cojte  of  their  own  pvnuui.  Comuion  it 
ill.  no  donbt ;  and.  ah,  me  I  how  wiie  vm  would  nil 
l>a  if  we  were  tint  only  thoroughly  infornn-d  upun  all 
commuu  phenomenal  R.  W.  SavFSUiir, 

ran  Wlngate,  N.  »ex.,  Marct.  10. 


4 
n 


Comparattve  taxation. 

It  ia  tTue.  wf  Mr.  Atkin*i>n  myii.  that  It  I*  eaaier  to 
eritirlse  than  toeitnxtrni^t.  anilMi.  AtkiuiiutidtaerTM 
crrilil  for  bis  undertaking,  Vi-t  crlticiim  of  what 
buA  alri-iuly  boeu  done  luay  bo  of  value  iti  clearing 
tbe  way  tor  more  perl«pt  wurk  in  Um  ttilnre,  and  I 
tlKirefore  wiituro  to  oOer  a  further  eriticimu  of  sonw 
of  the  vlt«e  «iprM*ed  in  Mr.  Atkinaun'a  letter  of 
Morvb  i. 

Mr.  Atkiniou  gives,  u  a  renion  for  Donaiderlsg 
national  taxation  ncparately,  the  fat^l  that  in  Enropv 
an  large  a  jHiniou  of  Iheuationni  revpuue ia expended 
f>ir  '  dfstriitHer  purpowB.'  by  which  I  •itppoiw  ia 
uit-aut  wnr  purponee.  Tbo  dilleienee  betwceu  KutPM 
and  thin  ooiintry  ia  not  ao  crMt  a*  luoxl  people  prob* 
ably  believe.  It  we  eonalder  the  anuy  and  navrud 
|)Oii*ioiiH.  wliich  are  a  war  expenditure,  we  And  tfaat 
in  IHBQ  86  the  Qeruiali  empire  expended  for  th* 
above  parpoiie*  SllO.&OU.TM.  and  tbe  I'uileil  Htatea 
41tl.63e.wl9.  A  eoii<)>ati>>oii  of  tbe  relation  of  thra* 
eipmiditnraa  to  total  expeudlturrv  in  the  two  coun- 
triM  la  rendered  difficult  by  the  dlOerent  obataolar 
of  the  govenimeuta:  but  eomridnriug  only  tbe  oTdU 
nary  governmental  nxpendllure*,  Itiat  ia.  omiltinc 
tlie  oouaiderntlnn  of  railways,  inince.  cto.,  we  find 
that  iu  tlie  Uiitted  Htnte*  u-ar  expenditurai  amount  to 
3!>  per  Di<nt  of  the  whole;  in  tbo  t.orranu  empira,  ex- 
eluoive  of  the  indiiidnal  itutua.  In  TT  |it'r  cent :  aud 
In  Pruuia  and  the  einpiio  taken  together,  to  M  par 
cent. 


4 


Umucu  35.  1887.1 


scfE-ycji:. 


297 


ProMk  Mtd  tba  MDplrv  tO|{«Ui«T  woiilil  (ona  a 
t  Mmf  bads  for  comimjiHoii  with  Uw  UhiImI  HtatM 
tliHi  would  tii«  «iiipin'  bIood.  bomiUH  the  iMter 
l«aveii  the  civil  wlmiiiiotnlloii  nlraost  nntiroly  to  lb* 
iodiTiilukl  Matfit.  Tli*  ci>iii|inri>>iii<  witli  PrxiiMla  luii) 
tb*  Miiiitr*  logelbvr.  hotvo^r.  wunlil  nut  lia  irliW't. 
M  in  Pmnia  tlie  nntion  ukuiiicb  nutnc  fonptiona 
whicb  «rc  hnrvlntt  tuthnHUlm;  bnl  It  in  mta  to  my , 
thnt,  ilnf.  could  codU]>nrv  wlMi  ncnunuiy  tli«<>x|iuiull- 
liiroa  ti<r  llkii  piiqxMm  in  Pruoma  aud  the  HiDpiTB 
tAg«th«r  no'l  ill  the  Itnitrd  Stiitei.  it  wodIiI  bo  (antid 
that  lh«  )>rD|iorttoni  in  <<ach  of  rariMpmulitiir**  vrn 
Dearly  th''  aama  -  nnd  of  conn*.  It  w*  coimIHm'  tlM 
jHfilvlirr  <'t)H'iiilitutiM  «f  tfa«  Qennan  MatM.  th« 

tiN(it-i>l»Rv  of  wnreipeuditnrM  will  be  tnucbBnuJIar 
bail  in  ^ii  <;oiiiiUy. 

I  do  not  iu*an  ti>  A*ay  Mr.  Atkiiuuiii**  icvii^ral 
Matnuuiul  that  a  lar^vr  proportion  i>[  «ij)eudilurpH 
AOw  tnr  wnr  ]>tiqi>.>t««  in  Buropr  thaci  in  the  Uiiilod 
6l«f««.  nor  lo  undrmtinialo  the  other  bnrdaoH  which 
B  gr«At  ■laadlng  anny  lm[inii«i.  )iiit  mwiwly  to  jiolut 
ctrt,  that,  ao  far  a*  iilate  (ixpomlitilre  for  war  par- 
poaas  la  oonoBtii^il,  th«  ilillennov  bctveon  thin  uul 
kOtbar  ooontrie*  in  not  (ogicnt  m  <ra  nr«  apt  tf>lhSuli. 
I«ad  Uut  in  tlie  run  o(  Oormany  It  i»  ilotihtful  If 
'  vlutoVM  rlltfamnm  tliam  may  \i*  U  Ui  oar  fator. 

Hr.  AtJiilMMi  aim)  hold«  "  iliat  the  revruueof  •tuts 
toTMta.  luiasa,  aud  other  tiutruinontaliliuu  of  nub. 
•icteuce  .  .  .  eoiulitilt4>  na  triinatai  U|iuulh«  }>»01>la 
aa  if  IboT  hail  bEtn  aMnuiml  ilirvotlr  ua  their  prop- 
erty." 

'i'hat  1h  a  qoMtloii  tlint  onght  ti:i  bo  ilFtermliwd  ba- 
fore  w«  bcgui  lo  make  comparinani.  If  w«  lnM«id 
to  ouuDt  proQlM  from  landii.  ihIikiii,  aiul  ntilrond*  aa 
taxnn  iu  Biirujiv.  we  niiiHt  do  hu  iu  tbia  coniilry. 

If  thu  roDdimer  !■  servDil  ccjoally  wall  and  cheaply 
by  a  private  and  pnhlir  proitiiLvr,  praBt*ar«iioniure 
•  tai  in  one  can*  IItmii  in  thi*  othcsr.  11  would  bo 
difflcnlt  to  nouviiiot'  uny  one  tbnt  it  makM  no  dtf> 
t<mai€^  to  thf  G^riuikii  tax.payor  whothnr  ftoT^rm. 
mnnl*  derire  from  tho  proflia  of  railroaiU  a  rnTCDao 
biifScioDt  to  pay  thn  iiilKrf<kt  im  the  public  dobtn.  oa 
is  tlw  caan  In  lli«  Uermau  •tutea.  or  whether  that 
lanona  ooum  tr»tii  taxation,  pioviddd  tha  rallrniulH 
*re  M  well  iuflDni;o(l  na  they  wonlil  hr  if  Kovaminfut 
tliil  not  control  Iliem.  Hkhhx  B.   tii.iii)Stni. 

Jtitui*  Iluiiktiw  uiilt^  UMIImare,  Huvb  tl. 


Th«  cbarKteriMic  cnrrei  of  compocltioa. 

With  rfigoril  to  Profeinor  Mend  vtihfti  1*8  nurd  papnr 
.  Mt  *  The  chataot«rlatlo  ciirm*  u(  oompoidtion,'  tn 
[TOW  iMM  of  Uaroh  II  (No.  9U),  wUch  pmpoMs  to 
iMpTMant  aud  eoinpani  (he  ortliofrrapbienl  pn>du«. 
r  Hona  of  writrn  by  antuliatirol  ouili^nipUinil  mvtbod. 
lltMNua  lo  mo,  that,  lntt>n<*tiuK  and  inatniciiTn  aa 
l«r«  tbo  rcnlta  h»  bas  reached,  thor  are  oonOned  to  ■ 
t  ua\%a  <tt  inqniry  too  narrow  to  brinjc  into  nAoiBnt 
littllfif  the  permioul  idioayndrwiliM  of  individual 
J  writ»ra,  aud  to  a  kiod  ut  •nnniKratiim  in  which  por- 
L«MiaI  peenliaritloa  am  ti^o  much  marked  by  tbe  pu- 
I  tjonlar  LaDKUaiie  iu  which  tbey  wnto. 

That  thn  rhanHitoriirtia  earrn  la  principally  con- 
tTollml  hy  tho  InDgnnt^o  in  which  llio  oompoBitiou  ta 
written,  ia  cridnul  from  tlie  oonijwratiTely  aniall  dit. 
fervnco  to  b«  fonnd  between  tba  Tariona  BngUab 
wtitflra  lintw#*n  wbom  coropkriwNi  U  mada,  •«  wetl 
«a  fnuu  the  marked  depnrtura  from  tliia  general 
«liaj>e  of  the  Eogliih  oarva  lo  be  aeen  in  that  of 
datMr'a  '  CommantarlM.'    The  oorve  fonnd  fot  any 


olh«r  lAtin  aotbor  woolil  preaDBtably  not  itlffar  (Tom 
Itilii  one  nore  Ibaa  lb*'  currfa  of  raHona  EugUali 
wriUii*  diiler  fniin  («cih  oHmt. 

What  tbo  geucml  •hape  of  the  chanKterialic  cnria 
may  bo  tor  any  wiilrr  la  di-Iormiiwd.  th*n,  princi- 
pally hy  the  lruit{naite  In  which  b«  wrltaa. 

It  would  be  >»tere«liug  to  oatnpare  aeTeml  Un- 
gnagfB  wiih  eacbolbor.  «o  aa  to  obtain  approiiuiDtiily 
the  nomMl  ear**  fot  oaoh.  \u  iiiHrctftd  la]i|{ua|[r', 
like  <Jr«e]c.  I^tin,  or  Uvruian,  will,  i>f  iiHCMxity, 
have  lt«  normal  curve  lUK^y  affected  by  the  nuineit- 
ooa  Ml«n  fonuina  tbe  lenoiBalioiM.  Moreovor.  any 
teodenoy  toward  lYie  formation  of  oonipantid  wordi, 
aooh  an  tyrnl'ti'tJintaitfen,  or  toward  amlntlnaUoih 
wontd  aUn  Iihmi  iU  effect  u|>oa  th*  ehape  ot  tbe 
enrve.  iiiicb  a  coui|)aTiaon  would  donbtlaaa  fnrBiNh 
tairia  on  which  to  bnild  now  argnmenta  and  «oinpafl> 
■ooa  mncctinfl  the  vex«d  q«rMlon  of  Teuloiiidty, 
and  tl>«  Ilka. 

But  lo  retiiRi  to  the  point  with  whirh  I  bc^nn ; 
vii.,  that  there  are  otbur  ch»r«Pleri»tic»  of  wntAre 
ci]iULlly  niacoptihlD  of  Iroalaient  by  the  aUlletioal 
aud  RDtpliic^al  aintbod.  In  which  ll>«lr  iieraooal  peonl- 
iHrttiitii  iliiliT  more  widely,  and  wfaioh  are  11i«««r«n 
mure  <tbaracterii(tic  than  the  habitnal  loleetjaiii  and 
nie  of  long  or  abort  wonla.  Fot  atampio :  it  aaenw 
to  too  that  the  lcii|{th  ot  the  aanlowMi  oiuployeil  hj 
a  writor  la  anob  a  pecolkrlly,  anil  ona  whiob,  tl- 
though  influ«ne«Kl  auiuewhat  by  the  parUenlar  hui- 
gnage  in  wbioh  he  writea,  ia  nevortholraa  an  eipraa. 
•ion  of  hia  habita.  tcelina.  tMte,  and  Individuality  to 
ani^h  an  culiiiit  a«  lo  nililbil  neretnarily  aome  chatM- 
t«ri*UcH  wbii'h  would  dialinguiah  hita  in  a  Marked 
BuuiuM'  froiD  other  vrrileca. 

Tbo  length  of  the  adjective  modifiera  of  eabatan- 
llvea  aueuia  alnn  to  W  a  pnrticular  well  united  to 
bring  oot  individual  <^h^ra€ieri■til>a  by  a  aiiallar 
cnnineraliav.  In  thia  category  may  bo  mentioned 
alao  tha  length  of  tbe  adveriUl  eipreaaionai  tbe 
oomplexlly  of  the  veLrha  i  aa  well  aa  the  ohuaotet  at 
Ihe  Tooaliulary  hb  regards  derivation  from  Anglo- 
Saxon,  Prpnch.  Latin,  Greek,  etc-  TImi  liat  irf  U 
■nbiDCta  of  oonmoratioo  oan  bn  eileniled  at  will. 

It  wnulit  untn  pn>l)alili>  Ihnt  a  diepuaaliMi  of  the 
reeulla  oblai&wl  by  thr  atniQllnneoua  appUcotiooi  ot 
aevenkl  of  theae  euuniemtionn  wxinld,  in  any  oaao  of 
djapnted  anthoavhip.  aOord  dooiaivo  taala  ancb  aa 
could  not  be  obtalnad  from  any  ono  of  them  atiigly ; 
and  by  ila  help  tbe  peroon  making  tbe  InvaMigatioo 
oonld  eiliibit  lo  thu  piibltp  how  vraigbtj  the  evidcuea 
may  b«  on  which  Ua  jndgmcoil  b  bMed. 

H.  T.  Emn. 

Ciadanalt,  Mwch  14. 


Eftrth<|uake  weather  at  tea. 

Tovr  European  eichangea  have  no  doubt  given  yo« 
aofnll  tepUTiaof  tha  raoent  earthquake  in  thia  r^ 
giun.  that  it  would  bo  Lmposidble  for  tuo  (o  aild  any 
thing  thnt  would  inlcrcat  you  or  your  roadnra.  Von 
may  bv  lntK«aud.  hownvar,  to  have  aounwhal  in  aa 
iMoll  a  report  of  earlbqnake  weaMiar  at  aea,  auch 
WOK  eneounUMd  by  the  ■tearaship  Oottaido  on  Ita 
laM  trip  from  New  Tork. 

Wo  aailcd  from  New  York  on  tho  IStb  of  Fehtuary, 
and  bad  dlnagreeahle  weather  almoxl  from  Ibo  honr 
we  lett  Saudy  Hook.  On  Tuwilay.  the  33d.  began  a 
aerieeof  atomi*  which  k«fil  by  aa  almost  conatantly 
nntil  wo  aightoil  ilio  African  eoaat  onldile  the  Stntita 
of  Oibroltar.    Th«  (liRtnrhaD«e  bagm  about  i  r.u. 


SCTB^^CE. 


[vou  IX,,  So.  ne 


oil  tliHt  lUy,  w)i«ii  mi  wi'rc  id  Itttitnik  97*'  33  uortti. 
lODfiiludf?  51"  3G  u't-Bl  uf  Grprtiwich.  At  thut  boar 
tha  bWoID<^t(^T  tell  to  a0,33  ;  nnd  tbn  wind,  nhlcli  biul 
bWD  In  Ibn  tkK.,  Hoddauly  t«*im1  nxiiiil  lo  IbH  S.W. 
■ad  W,  It  liicroMod  lu  folmiiitj  rtij  taut,  uiil  in 
Ml  hour  mui  blowing  a  vliolc  Kiil«.  (ully  TO  knota  «ii 
bonr.  Tbo  dircctioB  of  tbc  wmd  during  tliU  clianitn 
KM  nieeculTflly  S-F...  ti.B.W..  S-W.,  W..  N.W..  mhI 
N.N.W.,  Bud  .iiiMna  ili*^  udtt  Iwmty.f.Hir  Loun  il 
WW  )JiirimK  l>iu-k  uid  forth  frunt  S.W.  (o  N.N.W.. 
whli  rreqaoDt  >qiwll«  ol  bnil  and  rasa  nml  n  Tcry 
hMMj  mtL.  The  Mia  mbiiidai]  th«  attnnKKin  nt  tli« 
Mtb.  Mill  Ibe  wbd  HubtMUMit  tu  lhi<  iliKtnrliiuicc 
*M  quit*  MMdily  from  lh«  K.K.W. 

Tk*  WMttber  eoii1itiii«d  lo  be  i-ltiiid<r  nnd  nuiiBll)-, 
'riUi  frcqiMiit  bkil  and  rain  nud  bivvj'  ii>^n :  tho  Im- 
romatar  Goiitinii*d  vary  low,  miH  tiii>  wiuil  olri'ug 
rroni  tbn  K.N.W,  niiil  W.N  Vi',.  iintil  the  3Ttb,  wbcii 
Ibe  wind  vrtnid  to  the  W,  and  S.W..  and  remaiucd  in 
that  qiiiMor  until  tbo  Aiorcn  werti  poj-m^l. 

Pjuly  on  tlic  lat  ioit,  lli«  wind  ibirtM  to  Ihp  S.E. 
knd  S.,  with  idroiiK  and  hHary  ten.  nuil  rvmaiucit  a 
MmhIj  bMMl-wiud,  vitb  <'ioiidy  and  iH|untIy  wenlbcr. 
nntit  we  were  witliin  a  kimdrcd  inilei  of  Oibrallnr. 
tha  nigbt  of  tbc  Hh  ital.  At  Gibraltar  wi<  liuittii'd 
<■(  tb*  tmnhqnaktii  homaboiila  and  in  lh«  wuith  of 
Fntne*,  aiul  vet*  Mtlkftnl.  tliitc,  if  we  had  ricaficd 
Um  •book  of  the  earlbqnnkc.  we  bod  bad  our  ■hare 
«f  eaithqnalio  wratber.  Bow  fni  oipeiienrad  i>b. 
HartMa  may  ha  dMa  ta  oonoact  our  miiaikalile  at. 
ma«ph»ric  dliiturbuioeaatsiNt  wilb  (be  almoM  aiiuui. 
lanMiiiM  quakiugs  oa  la«d.  I  will  not  vontuw  to 
•nggeat,  bnt  leara  wilb  yon  tlie  teeordaiiltwaMQWda 
Up  at  ■•>  betora  we  kiiaw  Nn;  thing  <if  wb»t  was 
taMnc  piBM  on  land. 

At  Gibrnllar  we  learned  that  tha  waatom  Ueilltor. 
Tnuran  )iiiil  been  oieoodingly  iitorinydnringtiK-  week 
tiilhiwiii([  lb«  •'nrtbi|ankii.  and  It  nill  probably  be 
found  tbat  1bi< fttr]UA|ilierUMlisiurlfiuice oorraapoiDdad 
cluxuly  nilb  tbat  whivh  o-e  Mperirnced  St  Ma. 

HlXBt    D.    UAHaoWEB. 

Qoaaa.  Italr,  MareliV 


Note*  on  the  diet  of  arobljratocaB*. 

AH  thin  put  winl«r  t  Law  ki'|>t.  in  h  little  watrvr  in 
a  uninlt  i;<>VKrAd  ttn  ran.  a  lnr|{e  ndult  upecinien  of 
Amblyntoina  muvortiuui.  Tptin  ncTcnl  oeottaioni  ha 
haa  bild  the  wa(«i  abont  bim  freHo  parfnRtly  wilid  : 
and  by  neeident  ho  ouen  remained  lu  Ibi*  <i»i»Iition. 
flrndy  lixnd  In  t)i«  clMir  caliv  <if  icu.  for  a  period  of 
ffirty-eiitbt  hour*.  WLeii  spring  camo  nbont.  I  ro- 
moved  hiuk  to  n  turgr  aiid  c(iiDfortnbl<i  K^aAii  Jar.  wUb 
a  beaji  of  rocko  in  it  tor  biiu  to  c-'nun  out  of  the 
watvi  and  reat  tijiuu. 

A«  be  hiHl  nut  ealvo  any  thing  whutoToc  far  noarly 
fire  montba,  It  itiuitk  lue  tliot  hn  niijtbt  hava  a  good 
appetite  tor  aooie  raw  lucnt.  My  i4iiis|iloiona  were 
fnlly   eonllnnnit,   foi   \i<e   raT»no<i«l.v   di-voiired  Dto 

eKunn  »t  Ivan  beef  in  rapid  tiii'^eaiion.  eai'h  piceo 
iug  about  an  laioe  an  on  oidioarf  lima  boau. 
NmA  day  1  aonld  not  net  bim  lo  tnuch  any  thing, 
Bor  eonld  on  bo  l«itipl«d  by  tku  muM  daUoate  murnel 
ol  raw  baaf  on  tlie  weond  dav  after  bia  feaat.  The 
third  day  ba  aaemed  to  mo  to  lie  rather  iiucnay ;  and, 
beUeTinv  bin  to  b«  bnugry  ai^Aiii.  I  oOarad  liliu  a 
niea  Ihtt*  ptaoa  of  loan  and  raw  niiiltoii,  aa  I  hail  iiu 
baaf.  H*  at  ouoa  Baaj}pLid  at  it  en^rly,  taking  the 
•ntlta  pleoa  in  bJa  moutb.  It  waa  not  Ifaora  mora 
Ihm  a  motton  of  a  teeoaid,  boworar,  wbaa  hla  #yai 


bi^ljHu  to  roll  in  hi*  bend  with  a  peculiarly  bnrrlBod 
eipreauiin  :  and  with  a  ditigtiiited  effort  be  ImiDO- 
dialiily  rjivti'd  tbi>  morul  of  mutton  again,  and  lh(U 
tiHik  til  (jiiiiinif  anil  [{n|>lug  in  a  way  that  I  navar 
Haw  bim  K'lilty  of  before.  There  waa  no  doubt  la 
tbc  vrorld  but  that  he  waa  hungry  ;  my  aevuml  r«- 
Dcwrd  eftorii,  hownvcr,  to  get  bim  to  oat  the  mutton. 
itll  fnilnd. 

Ho  fur  an  Ihii  indlridual  ap*olm«D  ia«onoamad.h* 
nndoubtedly  ban  a  great  BfMaiun  to  that  kind  of 
nwat.  and  It  vould  be  InterMtieg  to  Icdow  whetber 
thla  la  nmvly  '  a  t"^""'^  Idioayiicraay.'  or  whether 
il  i«  iiuitennlly  the  cate.  K.  VT.  HacTEuyt. 

Kuri  Wlucai*.  \\  Moi ,  Marrn  It. 

Old  mapa  of  th«  Great  Lakes. 

In  lortking  (ivpTifoi-  irtliw  piirpoiiiia)  aoma  of  tta 
old  niajw  in  the  rougrewional  librar?.  I  ha*a  bMB 
■truele  with  the  eonfuaion  of  ideas  which  MaBa  lo 
barn  pT4>iail<id  ainoiijf  tbn  early  geogianbeni  on  tba 
Kubjec.t  of  the  dralii«ict>  of  tha  Uriiat  ijikta.  l^a- 
ciiiga  of  Mi>erBl  an)  before  ma.  Ouv  marked  conjae- 
tnraUy  on  the  original  '  ab  1690 '  abuwH  -  Lake  Erin* 
or  Falia '  connnclcd  by  a  good  broad  nutiiral  ennal 
wltb  1h<i  Potomac,  whJRh  la  raproaaDtad  ai  rioiag,  at 
fartbe«t.  not  mu<ib  above  the  aiUi  of  Vr'aahliigtau. 
This  is  the  harder  to  apcoitut  fur.  inaamuch  na  tba 
river-hauk  InsIow,  and  Ibe  adjacent  ihorc  of  Obcaa- 
pMtkn  Kay.  uera  avidantly  w*ll  antllpd.  Port  Tobaooo, 
Briatt'l.  Calvurton.  St.  Mary 'a,  Arundallmi.  and 
WhiTeball  make  a  goodsiiriukliug  of  TillagM,  moatof 
which  have  cbangcd  Ibcir  niunea  or  paaaed  awaj 
altoKotbor :  bnt  a  llltln  bayond  tbam  au  b  twilight, 
with  ilM  illiinioiui.  So  far  aa  one  ean  inaha  out,  the 
Anncnutia  or  ooatcrD  broncb  ia  gi<reu  the  work  of 
lalEO-dralnaKD. 

On  ■  iiini-  of  the  world  ptibliabod  In  IdTO  by 
Thomion  of  London,  the  Miwiwiigipi  lalwM  ita  rlaa 
in-(>rand  Lake,'  evidently  Lake  Stiiwrior.  A  map 
of  Aiiiarlea  'ab  168G*  maken  l^ke  Ontariua  tbe 
anurce  instead ;  and  thara  la  ynl  another,  of  which  1 
mule  DO  note,  that  repTManta  Laka  KrluH  a*  di*. 
charging  in  the  name  nianoer  and  direc<tioii.  All  or 
nrairly  all  ot  tbeiif  gecigmphcrB  were  aware  of  th«  84. 
IinwruniNi  and  iU  r'>biti»ii>i  lo  ibo  lake  ayatam,  buk 
Ibey  belieied  iu  a  double  dralunu*  '■■  ^""V  diffanat 
direotiona. 

A  map  Cab  IGW')  of  "New  Engbuul,  Kew  Tork. 
New  laruy.  Pauailvonia  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
auid  by  [olui  Tbomli'ii  at  y"  plaa*  in  y*  nunoiiaa" 
and  others,  la  generally  ounect  iw  l<i  the  outllna  of 
Cboaojiaako  Bay  and  the  tide^o-ulvr  part  •>!  Iba  Poto. 
niao.  but  abova  tha  JUtllc  PaUa  it  takea  the  name  of 
Turkey  Biiuard  Blrar.  At  no  very  KT4«t  diatanea 
north  uf  this  point,  thin  RtTeani  Hiha  amid  QKufa"  ot 
troea  and  hi  111,  with  wild  imimals  in  Ibe  diManoat 
bnt  '  Ijkkn  Kriiia*  la  noi  eallod  iu  to  awuit  conjeotnre. 

Wm.  H.  BaaOOOK. 
WaabliiilOD,  D.a,  Mareb  10. 


A  meteorological  inquiry. 

Why  di>  the  wlnda  at  Danvcr  l>low  eitbnr  north  or 
aonth  nearly  fifty  per  rent  of  tba  lini".  roniiuK  from 
tlie  north  during  the  day.  and  from  tbe  Roulh  by 
ultjht:'  The  record  for  ISfW  abows  twice  aa  many 
•oulh  wind*  oa  north,  but  iwn  obaarratioiu  are  laaAt 
at  night  to  one  dnriuj|[  the  day.  H.  A.  Hows. 

Sannr  uuli.,  Macub  1, 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FRJOAY.  MARCH  33,  1987.- 


SCIKKTIFIC  PURKSOLOOY. 

UxbiCH  the  nhaxv  titlr  tJui  Lonilon  Timet  n>iM>rM 
na  iiilpr<<sljns  *pwnii  of  Itif  Antliropolngficat  in* 
•tilut^,  Mr,  Fmncis  OslUni  in  tlin  rhnir,  nt  which 
Pror«Mor  Ferher  rvo^  a  pa|«T  on  the  ■  Pnactlaniil 
lopogra|>hy  or  tbi-  braiu.'  He  i)buui«ed  th^  qii«*- 
lion  iiow  far  r(>cent  ii]vt«ti);ationa  Into  tli«  tunc- 
tioniil  toiHigniphT  ot  lh<-  brain  could  bo  liroujtlil 
idUi  rrliilion  with  oriiniol(i);;ic«)  and  ftntlirupo- 
li>({ii.-nl  ivamrrhp*  with  n  view  ta  mtahlieh  the 
fniindntJoiiH  nf  a  »oipntiSc  phronoloitf .  Then  he 
skoicheil  tlie  lunrlloiinl  topograpliy  of  tlic  brain 
§0  far  aa  il  had  lieon  i>«tllo<l.  but  poinioil  ont  that 
Ihe  |«vcholo|^cal  uapecUiof  braln'tuneliono  wprp 
■till  far  front  beiDK  mnih^  out.  altbouuti  Dial  oor- 
rflntinn  must  he  estublishrU  »Md  provi'd  iK-furc  u 
practicnl  p8y<'lio!og,v,  in  any  dcKn-c  iHirvicvnlik-  to 
the  tthysiclsD  or  the  anthropologist,  ooiild  In-  ri-- 
jpinled  an  powlble.  He  olTerpi)  some  siMViilaiiDnn 
i>n  tho  NubjecL,  and  illuiitnitei]  ihi-ni  b;  refer^nee 
to  certain  facis  nnd  phcnninftnii  of  diniMst^  in  luiui. 
On  the  question  lU)  to  how  fnr  it  WAHponnblr,  fruin 
an  analoinii-'al  exaailnatioo  of  the  bmin,  to  form 
an  (vtiiiiau-  of  the  foroea  and  capaoilles  of  llw>  in- 
dividual, ho  ]Kilnleil  out  many  itnrat  dltUcMlties 
which  had  tii  Vk  piiL-uuntiTed.  Nol  m«4viy  the  nice 
nf  ports  lind  lu  be  taki-n  into  account,  bui  tiK-  re- 
lation ol  dlffpTpot  rf  gi(>ns  Id  uacIi  ulhiT,  tbi-  action 
of  metanlati*.  «lnirliirnl  ilifTi  renoiii,  nn  well  iw 
other  tnllu^nceti.  Cafirrui  parihun,  RrraUr  ana- 
toinicul  di^velopnient  tniKht  Iw  conxidend  m  on 
iniUix  of  );rpa[«T  functional  capacity,  aSl  which 
points  the  lit-tunrr  illuBtRiU-d  in  various  ways.  He 
tboUKlit  lb"  nttciniil  li>  (iHormine  diffiTfnwH  in 
functional  capacity  from  the  i-saminiilion  nf  the 
head  Involved  all  ihr  difBoiiltiM  cunnpcti^  with 
Uw  exaniiiiation  nf  the  brain,  and  a  gnuit  many 
more.  U«  indU-aled  the  cr&nial  relations  ot  the 
l>rlti<ripnl  oonvolutiona,  but  expireMed  his  belief 
that  in  the  pmwnt  ■tBtc  of  out  knowledge  the  data 
ot  a  scientific  phrenology  wmc  aiill  rery  di-lk'ioiit. 
There  was  reasun  to  helicvi-,  however,  that  it  tbe 
■nibjrct  were  taken  up  fr.im  different  points  of 
Ti«w  by  analoinials.  physiMlnicista,  ps}-chologlate, 
and  anttaropologieU,  Krent  |>Tot{T«M  might  be 
miwlo. 

Tb»  dliicnwion  of  the  paper  ws!  opened  by  Sir 
JunM  Criiihhm  Bruwne.  who  delailed  mime  vtry 
lattnnlng  electrical  «xperimcntii  be  bod  mode  on 


the  brain  of  a  monkty,  whtcii  cl«uly  demon- 
strated locallxallOD  of  the  cerebral  runcliona. 
Tliere  wefe  t«u  ofl«n,  howev«>r,  Inauiiernhle  dUB- 
culti<i  TO  he  ni«t  with  in  punuing  a  pomllcl  acrien 
of  rxpi^rinieotiion  the  living  human  hmin.  Thorn 
were  on  rvrord  hihic  curioiis  nccourtts  of  invMtl- 
Rations  relnliie  to  the  lirain  of  a  towt  by  a  t-labop 
of  Ratlsboo  In  itie  Ihlrieentb  century,  and  in 
■  Burton's  anutoiny  of  meUucholy  *  ■  k<icn!  nninber 
of  inatnncea  morn  or  Inw  like  it  were  collected,  tl 
B€vmec]  to  have  liern  iiKTcvd  tlwt  thr  numbnr  of 
the  cerebral  functions  was  thjrti -flvv.  To  the 
early  phrenologisis  ot  certain  tribute  of  pr«l*e  wm 
due  for  their  bavinii;,  at  least,  called  att«utlon  lo 
the  Aibject  of  cranlologlcjil  phenomena.  attlu'ti||;h 
the  ((uackeriFa  of  Profe^or  Cagliostro  and  hU 
ritali  wt-rc  siinjilt  beneath  contrmpl.  B<)ys  wi-ro 
Bttfitltj  lrninr<l  lu  nulevrve  the  cunning  esbibi- 
lioDs  of  such  impinton.  Still  it  must  lie  allowed 
that  the  p«i'ii<ln- phrenology  in  a  certain  arriM 
paved  the  wxy  for  the  ctiiiljous  nNiearchm  of  lh» 
true  science  of  a  possibly  distant  future. 


psrcaoLoaiCAi.  yorss. 

TiiK  January  imnus  of  Affnit  oontnins  an  acoonot 
nt  an  interesting  trrie*  of  rxperlmvnts  on  tlte 
limit  ol  the  ca[UK-i(y  to  repeat  a  series  of  sounds 
after  hearing  ilieoi  read  once.  A  Uermaii  ex- 
piTinienlef,  Bbblughaus.  Iwd  Bluiittil  tbf  puwrm 
<if  the  meinur;  by  counting  the  numtfcr  ot  timaa 
n  given  sericB  ot  iion»en»e-«yllablea  bad  to  be  re- 
peated in  onh-r  to  enable  the  Imrvr  to  re|>rntliice 
them  by  rote.  Mr.  Jtwph  Jacobs  (with  (be  co- 
uperallon  of  Mr.  Kiilly,  Mr,  Read,  and  Mrs.  Bry- 
ant) ha?  carried  a  similar  nienns  of  testing  (be 
memory  (or,  as  they  more  accunilely  call  it, 
the  '  prehension ')  into  the  sebiHil-itxini.  The 
matbod  won  Boinewhal  simpler.  ]ii«lead  of  nun- 
smw-syllnhTeH  (for  instance,  dul'-niiV-fo^fH'R-rui), 
which  stre  very  ditturblng,  (be  names  of  the 
lettera(omlltinK  ' double  u  *)  and  of  the  ntiDKtals 
(omitting  7)  were  ehof^n  ;  nn<l  the  maximum 
nuwt>er  of  lettera  and  numbers  that  a  child  could 
repeat  after  oiis  reading  was  called  its  'H|ain.' 
Care  was  taken  tu  pronounce  the  words  a»  m»- 
notononaly  and  as  reguliirly  iti  possihle  in  order 
to  avoid  any  axsiiitunoe  t<i  tlie  memory  from  a 
more  or  less  det.'ided  rhythm.  The  mimlMiv  or 
letters  were  dictated  to  tlio  clans,  each  member 
of  which  then  (usually)  wrote  down  asacenralety 
an  jHHiible  the  series  ot  letters  or  numbers.  Tlw 
rcsulla  thus  neoched  wero  qiilt«  intavatiog. 


300 


SCTENCE. 


(Vol.  DC..  No.  »« 


The  niAnlal  upon  lncTra4>^  quite coDstADtl;  with 
\\ir.  n^p.  Boyaof  11  yesm  could  i;raapB.5  tiuumnlii 
lUid  S.li  \t-ltm  :  of  13  ;«ara.  0,9  □iiini^rulB  «iO  6.7 
It41«r8:  of  13  ytara,  8,8  nuruerals  iind  6.B  loltpw, 
Tlie  rolluLviiif;  tablv  iiboirs  the  result  uf  a  inore 
ext«ii(l«l  MA  of  (ibtgfrratione  on  the  girls  or  Ilie 
North  Lrnidon  ccillttKJale  echnol : — 


lum  alinwed  a  «om««irbat  hlt;1i<-r  mental  vpon.  oc- 
cottipuniul  by  a  biglwrr  capacity  ^oerally. 

In  tlie  snnn"  journal.  Dr.  J,  M.  UHtti-ll  reoonJa 
some  '  Cxperinienls  on  the  lusoi-iittion  of  id«a8. 
His  object  is  lo  measure  the  time  n«Kii>d  for  the 
charsctetiiilic  processes  of  ordinafr  tliinkiitK.  The 
ex]ierini«Dle  were  mode  on  himself  and  a  Oerman 


« 

7 

10 
11 

11 

W 
T.K 
S.4 

1« 
It 

7.4 

11 

U 

T.a 

T.S 

IS 

M 

1* 

18 

10 
8.8 
19 

n 

71      M    :  Ml 

H 

1.7 
7.* 

■ 

&• 

ATWkKe  uumbvraC  l«(l«n» 

T4 

M 

•i 

Wliile  tlie  limit  for  numrmlB  wim.  ss  a  rule, 
hiirlier  Ihuii  tbiit  (or  Ictlt-r*.  cm™  when  Iht-  re- 
verse wan  Iruf  wpm  not  infrrijurnt.  In  one  set 
of  88  KchoollKiys,  14  could  rept^I  more  lellera 
llisn  outiiernli',  while  38  of  the  remainder  had  the 
aame  limit  for  lioth.  No  definite  eoticluslona  cun 
b^  drawn  au  to  t\w  mlativt?  HpanaoF  Ilie  Iwu  wxts, 
«s  (lie  hoVB  and  girN  came  frimi  diir«rent  i-liissi'a 
of  society.  It  may  bo  worth  nolinj;.  that,  ni  llip 
a^  of  13,  the  hoyn  could  repii.it  8.S  niinieralB  to 
the  KirlK' as,  but  only  6.fl  letters tothe  Islter's  T.S. 

A  ivry  rliMkr  result  waa,  that  the  *pan  bore  a 
definite  ri>]atioii  Ui  the  rank  in  thecliiea.  Tliiia, 
(be  10  boys  ubci  Ktind  hlgli«iil  umiing  30  twi'lvi> 
year-olds  imd  nii  HTomg*  span  for  nnm<^rHli>  of 
fl.l;  »-hile  thrniiddlel0liadonly8.3,Bnd  the  low- 
etil  10.  7.0;  and  I  he  same  holds  for  the  girls.  The 
Hriit  half  of  a  clou  almoit  invariably  bIiows  a 
higlier  span,  both  for  leltMit  and  fur  nuiueruls, 
than  the  second  half. 

Mr.  FroDrin  Gnlton  imd  Prof psecir  Bain  applied 
a  similar  method  of  ohwrvntion  lo  the  mcniory- 
powi-rs  of  idiot".  While  most  idiot«  can  hardly 
add  two  figure*  to^tetlier,  snmi  \\&ve  a  deeideil 
kn&ok  for  rememlirrin^  (igares.  data's,  and  to  on. 
Nine  of  tin-  liest  Kirl-ldiota  nl  an  aflTlnm  (none  of 
u'lium  i-ould  add  3  to  .1}  lind  nn  areraRr  opan  for 
nuineralii  of  only  4.  Two  jtli'lfi  n-ho  conb)  not  re- 
peat more  than  two  fignre*  witlioul  nil«lahe  were 
tpstnl  wllh  three  IlKurea.  In  38  trials  tlie  last 
BK'ire  was  rightly  repeated  17  times,  the  seeond 
10  tltne«.  and  Ibe  tirst  7  tiiuts.  showius  thai  the 
Ia»t-uitered  sound  is  moit  readily  re|>euteiJ. 

IdioU  with  [leculiar  nietiiorie<  were  oUn  tested. 
One  oould  repeat  pages  of  Mnynall'a  '  Ui^tory' 
with  conaidorahle  cxnctness :  another  hai)  n  re- 
niarknhle  intimacy  with  the  calendar.  But  I  hey 
all  falleil  un  the  numeral  mt,  being  hardly  able 
to  repeat  three  HgureH.  Their  iup«iorie»  mi-mcd 
deeply  ruttdd  in  one  Kroove  :  not  strong,  but  very 
limited. 

The  ezperimcints  on  the  Idiots  of  another  aay- 


friend,  Dr.  Berger.  A  few  of  hia  results  are 
thesi!.  To  give  the  name  of  the  pioture  of  an  ob- 
ject in  n  foreign  Inngun^e  (English  for  a  Oerman, 
and  German  for  an  American)  re<)uir«d  .049  and 
.604  of  a  second  respectively,  which  i*  .173  aod 
.149  uf  a  second  longer  than  lo  name  objects  in 
one's  own  tangua^. 

Experiments  on  the  lime  neeeniiary  for  trvnelat- 
ing  words  allowed  that  it  look  longer  to  tmn^Jate 
fmni  the  foreign  t">  Ihe  vemrtcnlBT  than  the  re. 
verse,  and  ntso  thnt  the  time  it»«I(  might  indicate 
one's  fainiJiiirity  with  the  two  laii(pia£«vi. 

Gti'wn  &  clly  to  name  the  country  In  which  It  fa 
wtualed  n-quirt-d  about  .41X1  of  a  second.  Given 
u  month  to  name  tho  following  month  nnjuiM-d 
,SOi  of  a  second,  while  lo  name  thp  preceding 
nionlh  took  as  long  as  .798  of  a  second,  allowing 
bow  much  more  readily  the  mind  oioved  forwnrds 
than  hiickworda.  Similarly,  it  ia  easier  to  proceed 
from  the  part  to  the  whole  than  from  the  whole 
to  the  part.  GiTcn  n  month  to  n.-ini<'  the  appro- 
priate season  reiinlres  .nttl)  of  a  second  ;  given  a 
season  to  utme  a  month  in  it,  .408  of  a  second. 

When  the  aMoclalion  la  less  restricted,  _  as,  for 
inBUincu.  to  name  a  subject  for  an  Intransitive 
verb  (•wfm-Tiaft),  or  an  object  for  a  traoBitive  one 
{wriU  -  Mler).—  the  time  is  longer.  Tbe  former 
oiMTDtion  took  .040  uf  a  second,  and  the  Inltrr  .S17, 
the  mind  moving  logimlly  towanls  the  object. 

The  time  necessary  to  judge  the  lenjrth  of  a  line 
suddenly  revealed  was  very  long  (nearly  one  sec- 
onid).  ahowlDg  that  the  Judging  proceea  forma 
slowly. 

It  is,  however,  to  be  remembered  tliat  in  all  ih« 
above  processes  individiuil  varlaiionR  are  ex- 
tremely large.  WbileMicbexpciimentsar«ratLer 
suggestive  and  personally  inter«atinji:.  they  can 
hardly  be  said  to  have  the  t^cientiSc  cluirader  or 
importance  In-longing  (othe  meaKuremenI  of  mof« 
elementary  proce^«e?.  Thi^re  is  tittle  Kuaranty 
that  the  pTOoew  in  different  minda  iji  auSiclently 
alike  to  iaalt»  an  av«tage  aigniHcanl. 


llAica  9S.  188;.  I 


8CIE2iVJS. 


301 


CURRENTS  IN  THE  BOSPHORVS. 

Captain  Makakop  of  the  RiiMJan  nnrf  has 
Kivon  an  accoiint.  In  the  S»|iieaki  of  the  »Mclum7 
at  (H.  Fet«rel>urg,  of  his  ob^erTnitoiu  Mi  thn  ciir- 
renta  of  the  Bosphoras.  mad«  between  NoTpmbrr. 
1681,  and  Augtiat,  1B8S.  which  reochea  us  thmuith 
the  highly  v«lu*J  Antuilm  der  Updroffraphit  of 
the  G«rmnii  oclmtralt.v.  Thr  surface  current,  from 
Ibn  Blnck  Sen  to  the  Ben  of  MDrtiiorn.  foUowH  the 
windlnite  of  the  strait,  with  occnuioniil  booloet 
eddi«8  near  the  6hor« :  ita  velocity  avomKei  two 
knota  an  hour,  and  readies  a  masiraam  of  four 
knota^  Tba  Telocity  has  a  tnaximam  Inaawmpr 
OomapondiiiK  to  th«  higher  li^vcl  of  t)ie  Blacii  Sea 
la  that  atMoD  and  a  faint  mnximum  about  noon, 
mppoaed  to  be  due  to  the  dtunul  incraaae  of  ih« 
Borth-eaat  wind.  The  iindercurrmt  carrica  the 
denser  oruter  of  the  Meililerranean  into  thn  Bhiolc 
Sen  :  im  watn  hai  a  opeciUc  gravity  of  I.028St, 
while  that  of  thi-  irorfncir  in  l.OISM.  The  plane  of 
contact  of  the  two  has  a  greater  inutinatlon  to- 
nards  the  Black  fiaa :  at  (Constantinople  it  Is 
twenty  metres  under  the  surface:  ut  the  norlh- 
eaaterii  end  of  the  Boaphonia  it  is  llfty  iDetre« 
difvp.  ThU  is  shown  nior«  in  d«lail  in  the  follow- 
ing table :  ^ 


onMa4M4loo9  of  the  two  curmita,  it  ie  nilmat*^ 
that  the  BoiiphoniB  annually  carriea  13£  cubic 
bilomeirr*  of  wato-  from  the  Black  Sea. 


DiManM  rr<jia 
Blaok  8e& 

KlloanlrM. 

Ctmuot 
plsiw. 

Malrea, 

Reptliot 

i.aaa  . 

n^fUi  ot  water 

a 

DO 

a 

« 

9 

U 

»                 tf 

«r 

at 

ss                 n 

n 

4* 

a>                 ff 

M 

1» 

m 

M 

Thov  appears  U>  be  n  variation  in  the  dnplh 
of  the  contact  phin^  with  rhe  seasons,  hut  il  is  to 
be  remeintered  that  thl«  depends  on  only  one 
year's  olMervut I ous.  At  nine  kllometrn  from  tbe 
Black  Sua.  wnU-r  of  a  H|M^iflo  t^vi^  of  1.0225 
wa«  found  in  the  iniildlir  of  June  at  4!l  uiPtrea ;  at 
tlie  beginning  i>f  Juljr,  il.^i:  end  uf  July,  40.0: 
end  of  August.  S4.T  niutr«e.  It  is  suggested  that 
this  rariaiion  depends  on  the  height  «f  (be  water 
in  the  Blai-k  Sea.  Tlie  greater  ila  height  above 
that  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  the  le«s  the  difference 
of  prpiBure  at  the  bottom  of  the  strait,  and  thus 
the  Ipm  cause  for  tbe  deep  eountM'-Ourrcnt.  The 
velocity  of  the  upper  eiirrent  is  greatent  at  tbe  sur- 
face 1  at  the  liinll  between  the  twocurrontM,  Uie 
two  velocities  Just  counteract  each  other ;  the 
maximum  Telocity  of  tt>o  lower  stream  la  found 
at  five  and  a  half  mftn'ii  bpluw  this  neutral  sur- 
face.     By  ooiuidcrlng  the  mean  relocitieo  and 


3lkNTAL  HYGIENE. 

UxK  Important  clctnrnt  that  contributed  to  l)i« 
bigb  pMilloo  that  Oevmaiiy  occ-npien  in  the  world 
of  science  in  the  exiM«Bce  ot  a  larg*  oIkm  of  -»• 
entist*  devoted  to  a  specialty,  but  with  an  intelli- 
gent and  cultured  int«r«M  in  many  topics  lying 
more  or  lew  remotrly  outride  tlieir  own  branch. 
In  IbtB  waj  an  apprrciative  public  is  guaranteed 
tor  au  ■  atM-hnical'  treatment  (to  u>r  Uamcrtou'a 
word)  of  one's  own  Specialty.  This  is  synony- 
moui  with  tbe  good  wiise  of  the  word  ■  po]>ulBr,* 
bnt  il  is  the  rery  opjMalte  of  much  that  goea  by 
that  name  bete.  It  is  a  oonder  and  eB«y  treat- 
inenl  of  a  nibjni-'l.  witJioul  negloi-tiug  the  dtffU  ■ 
cult  points,  or  *ifting  out  tbe  interesiiug  thinga  to  < 
be  served  in  a  highly  diluted  form.  Another  en- 
riable  peculiarity  ol  German  mence  oloaely  con- 
nectt^  with  the  former  in  the  ability  to  treat  a 
BubjMt  from  Ithere  la  no  better  word  for  it)  a 
pliiloaopliic  point  of  view;  to  bring  it  into  rela- 
tion with  the  (juestiona  that  always  have  intec- 
eeted  and  always  will  inteieoi  mankind.  As  th« 
phyalciam  ever>«hcrp  form  the  largeat  bo^y  ol 
profeSMooal  scientists,  it  is  an  (W]'<^^<^l)>'  enviabls  I 
«tal«  of  things  when  all  this  <a«  it  ii  in  Germany) 
ia  true  of  them.  An  exoetlent  lllu*triition  of  this 
fact  is  shown  iti  this  book  by  Dr.  Scliiilx.  I)«  ia 
writing  tipoD  his  specialty  in  a  perfectly  clear  and 
yet  entirely  soeotiHc  manner,  feeb  conlldent  ol 
finding  an  appreciaiiTe  public,  and  ha6  shown 
an  important  connection  between  the  teacher  and 
tbo  doctor. 

Tho  problem  of  cii  illxation  Is  to  the  alienist  Ibe 
problem  ot  keeping  sane.  At  no  time  wa»  op- 
llmism  HO  juatiHable  a  faitb  aa  It  is  now.  Com- 
fort, liberty,  philanthropy,  education,  and  all  the 
aidstohappineas,  are  more  wide-spread  now  than 
ever  before.  And  yet  we  «lo  not  enjoy  our  hajy 
pinean.  Diseootent  i«  found  everywhere.  Why 
B>  this?  Primitive  man  used  muwie  mid  nerve  as 
hia  chief  tools,  just  as  we  do ;  but  formerly  it  was 
the  m"»clp,  now  it  is  the  nene.  that  has  tlie  moat 
to  do.  The  work  that  modem  culture  deainnda 
is,  above  all,  hrain-work.  The  higher  ilie  civlliKa- 
tion.  tbe  more  the  brain  has  to  do.  This  delicat* 
organ  has  twcome  overtaxed.  The  onward  march 
has  hopo  loo  rapid  to  give  us  time  to  get  fully 
adapted  to  our  surroundings,  and  an  intvntM  strug- 
gle for  existence  la  the  rwult.  In  thia  struggle 
many  fail,  and  hence  our  age  is  called  an  "age 
of  nerves'  (ncroiiisfa  Zritaltrrf.  bcnoe  the  alarm- 
ist iM-ittiOi  Of  tf(4«r«*.   VflB  Pr.  Fwawmtea  Sonou. 

Lvlpilffi 


302 


SCrEJ!fCE. 


rroL.  nc.,  Ko  ms 


ln([  liicrieaK>  of  nrrvouN  nnd  in«ntnl  iliwiuim. 
Thus  ll  Is  tliat  the  problem  of  keegiinK  Bf)n<>  br- 
oofoee  the  problem  of  civilJEatioti :  ciilltzatlon  is 
lb«  uuae  of  mental  weakoees  hb  well  ua  the  result 
of  nenul  Ktiengtli. 

The  two  fnolorn  that  have  of  late  come  into 
frreaimt  promlncD4;c  in  this  t'onncrt  ion  nre  the  use 
of  Htimiilnnts  aiiil  the  univiiTsnl  n|iplic«hility  of 
the  laws  nt  heredity,  Tlie  fact  that  these  come 
lirst  >e  a  BiifBt-ienil,v  suKjiiestlve  text  to  which  the 
m-riniia  aia  reiuljly  be  aildt^l.  Dr.  Schuiz  louks 
forward  to  tliu  tinii-  wlien  tlivee  IruLliii  will  tM? 
incorporaicl  iiilu  loi-iul  inorulit.v,  aiid  imprudent 
niarria£««  be  plncri)  in  tlie  snme  category  with 
criminnlity. 

It  is  more  true  of  nerfous  thnn  of  any  other 
difeAses,  that  the  iileni  to  lie  alnieil  at  Is  not  so 
much  to  cure  them  as  to  prevent  them.  In  the 
work  of  preveuiion  it  Is  the  parimt  and  the  tfacbirr 
who  can  do  the  moot  Tlic  ancient  phnur  that 
calls  the  teacher  the  iloctor  of  the  mind  is  moro 
than  a  mrtnphor.  The  docmr  and  Uie  educator 
are  ai  work  uj>on  tticfiame  problem.  What  the 
laiter  does  is  tahinji;  so  much  of  a  toad  Imtii  the 
shoutdera  of  the  former,  and  in  tin.-  npil  g«'ni.-ra- 
tlon  the  debt  is  repaid.  And  stitt  mon-  ■>  this 
true  of  llie  jiarent.  Our  incn-am-il  knowhilKc  of 
nervous  and  iiirntnldin'OwK  t'nubU-su»  torcoogniso 
Ihi-ir  iticipipnt  "•l-aKCs  wlieii  they  cjin  lie  checked 
from  fiirlher  development.  That  no  one  is  per- 
fectly sane  is  a  oouintonplace.  Wbai  ii  mc-UDM  in, 
that  each  otie  detects  iti  him'iolf  hiir-iit  t4ind<-ndoH 
la  oue  direction  or  another,  which,  if  they  rviiiain 
unchi'okHl  and  are  left  ti>  dcvdop  trebly,  n-oiild 
become  morbid.  A  normal,  ratiannl  life  cures 
IbeiH'  l«ndencieBof  itself.  They  arc  al«orl>ed  in  iliv 
groHth  of  rharnc't«r.  Vet  it  is  very  neoeaiury  lo 
rpincml«>r  that  our  inline  fellow-man  Id  uoLuiadr 
of  dllfirrent  mat«rnal  from  uur^a^lvev  :  In-  han  Him- 
ply  elaborated  one  of  the  facioni  of  lifi.-  at  thr  ex- 
peme  of  »I1  tbe  others,  and  Iiuh  thun  Imt  liiH  raen- 
IaI  equilibrium  :  and  it  in  aho  well  fur  teachers  to 
know  lu  much  of  tlic  natures  of  Kuoh  tendencies  as 
ran  hi'  aci|uimil  fnitn  IhcrejidtnKof  sucha  hookas 
tbifl. 

The  m«ntal  life  of  children  pmeoU  problems 
prculinr  to  Itself.  We  are  lieifiuning  to  lake  Uu; 
sici>  from  the  empirical  to  the  acieiitifii^  Ktatemcnt 
of  Iheee  prublein-i.  We  nri-  Icarti  ng  to  sec  thinifs 
from  the  child's  point  of  view  ;  to  nppr«cin(c  how 
Tery  intiniaie  ia  ila  mental  oonncfiinn  with  its 
phyniciil  vrell-beinK  :  to  know  ilmt  ciliicalliiii  doM 
not  mean  instruction:  and,  alKjve  nil.  the  awful 
aignUlcance  of  ttwit  perioil  ol  life  w  ben  the  I103-  or 
Kill  hooomee  a  man  or  woman  is  recognised  as  the 
key  to  all  higher  charwiter-buUding.  Wlulevor 
may  be  flaid  a^osl  the  raaterwliatic  tendencies 


of  our  day  in  other  dinictions,  in  the  field  of  odii- 
cv«tion  it  has  introduced  wonderful  r<>f(irms.  In 
the  school-room  it  hns  hanishcd  the  middle  Byes 
and  rallonallKed  methods. 

Bnoufch  has  probably  been  said  U>  show  llie  point 
of  rlew  from  which  mental  imecpiuidneaa  is  tn^ted 
in  the  works  of  which  tliis  Is  a  good  type.  It  is 
im  sulbropclogical  study  of  brain-cult  uris  It  de> 
w-riben  Iht-  morbid  twideuci«ii  in  mental  develop- 
ment, nnd  Ihiui  gives  addilioiukl  knowledKC  of 
the  nornmt  mind  ;  and.  finally.  It  brin^  Uie  prob- 
tenis  of  modern  civilixation  to  a  fooDs  where  they 
can  tie  sCiidled  and  practically  Uiougbl  out  for  the 
benellt  of  the  races  to  come. 


BCX>.\'OMICS.  SClkATlFlC  AiVD  POPULAR. 

The  reonnmlet  of  indmlrn.    U7  A.  sud  M.  P.  llABsniLL. 
M  od.    »•«  York.  Mscuilllsii.    If. 

Thb  wide-spread  interest  in  the  prominent  eco- 
notnical  questions  of  the  d^y  has  brought  forth 
new  editions  of  two  English  works  whiirh  an:  in 
different  ways  most  timely  nnd  useful.  The  '  Boo- 
nomi<s  of  industry  '  well  deserves  th«  honor  of  a 
third  edition.  As  profeecing  to  solve  the  probletn 
of  distiibution  in  a  scienlilic  manner,  it  is  of 
course  es|>eclally  inleiotlng  in  its  bearing  on  Ibo 
controremy  now  flagrani  between  the  old  nnd  tlie 
new  school  of  economic  thought.  The  authors  do 
nol  foniinlly  amy  themselves  witl)  either  of  Ibft 
anltiKoiii^tH.  By  casting  some  of  the  tninl  dia- 
tincllve  doctrines  of  the  new  school  into  n  pur«ly 
scieutiMc  form,  ibey  refute  tlie  charge  that  the 
motlern  ibeuriea  remove  i-ciinoniic*  from  the 
category  of  Hcieneen,  On  the  other  hand,  (hey 
are  far  from  rejonting  the  sysUini  and  ntetliods 
adopted  by  the  great  expounders  of  the  old  school. 
Tlie  pllrpo«e  of  the  volume  Is  expressly  declared 
lo  be  a  complel«r  development  of  the  theory  of 
value,  wages,  and  proliU  as  ]>io|wuDdeU  tiy  John 
Htimrl  Mill.  It  is  well  known  that  Mill  was.  of 
all  the  older  school  of  economists,  the  lenst  in- 
clined lo  consider  its  ironcliisionsalisohiieand  final 
verily.  Nothing  could  he  more  natural,  thera- 
fore,  than  to  use  his  work  as  the  foundation  for  a 
nam  modem  superstructure.  Our  auLboni  oon- 
tribals  miicli.  Indeed,  lo  tlie  vlucidiition  of  the 
tmtb  tluil  the  new  economies,  which  its  yoimgor 
and  more  enthuHisetii:  devotees  are  apt  to  hail  as 
an  inspired  creation,  is  in  reiihty  only  a  growth. 
It  i"  the  dowering  nnd  ihefnilCingof  tlie  symmet- 
rical but  in  many  as|>ccts  repulsive  stalk  which 
has  hitberto  lieeii  all  that  the  world  could  smi  of 
political  economy. 

The  iulluencv  of  the  modem  t<%dency  naiilfealB 
itself  at  the  i.-vry  outlet  by  «  broadening  In  tli» 
definition  of  the  fundamental  concepts  of  t be  sci- 
ence.    Wealth,  for  exau)|ile,  is  made  lo  includs 


Hakib  U.  1891.] 


SCIENCF. 


308 


WMMnnUrial  possesions  m  writ  as  the  Onefble 
utilities.  A  Inrt^rr  sc«pt  in  th<!  oontT|jliciD  i>f  <-'H|>- 
il«l  IS,  of  couTw,  ihe  n«»»uiTi'  torollnry.  The 
ordinary  ftnalyeU  of  capital  is.  furthprnmrr,  im- 
proT«<Ibvtlie<hvi»ioniDto  'BpeclallKed' and 'nnn- 
specialieed,'  <lt-|>fU(liii|f  upon  the  il«gn«  of  dUB- 
ciilty  iu  (livrrtiiig  it  frum  one  Irade  to  aoolher : 
and  c«nvMiii-ii<*  in  phnwoolo^  is  enham**)  I'j' 
tliBtinguiidiJng  hptwn-n  ■  (Muunonitinj ,'  or  ■  wage- 
«ipital,'and  'niixilioij  cn|>itnl.' or  llmt  t-mplojred 
to  nid  the  litbor  nhicli  Clip  H rat  support*.  In  Miinh 
B  spirit  of  l>ruad  dellnillaii  and  IokIcsI  dlslioctton, 
hook  1.  ot  the  ■Economics of  industry'  prMenis 
the  ordinary  dociriuta  of  land,  labor,  and  capital 
with  clMrnMH  and  coucistwu. 

Book  ii.  trenis  of  normnl  vulu«.  Ilerv.  with 
moat  jiainHtnking  rate,  is  elaborntnl  Iho  llirorj'  of 
Talucaod  tlipsohilion  of  the  problem  of  distribu- 
tion wbich  mpeciiilly  dlsliiigulshes  the  modeni 
MOBOoaf.  In  lhl^  theory  of  value,  the  old  tinee 
on  generally  folloned,  savi-  iu  the  more  or  leia 
important  Bub^iituiiim  of  '  normal  vnlue  '  for  Ibe 
comwpl  wliii-li  liaa  tiecom<!  familiar  4U  '  nnturnl 
'  talue.'  The  cliiciiasion  of  distribution,  bowerrr, 
reveals  n  drjiHrtiire  from  old  standards  at  the  very 
outset.  loKteail  of  the  nndeiil  a8«i|i;nnient  of  the 
product  of  indiiolrj  lo  the  varioua  claaaea  of  rent, 
pvoHts,  and  wa^^,  we  llnd  u  division  iniA  reiil, 
earning,  and  inlcrrail.  In  aooonlaiUT  with  a 
priucipli)  Uint  14  i-hamct(TisCic  of  the  new  school, 
the  attreprmrvr  class  is  difTerentiaUd  from  Ui« 
capital  I II  ts,  and  li»  shatu  of  thc-pioduct'  i^  Rruuprd 
witli  the  wug«9  of  labor  rather  tliun  wiih  thp 
waites  of  alwIiiieDee.  Tlic  Inw  lixiufi  thr  late  of 
interesl  in  acrurditislv  worked  out  mi  the  sole  de- 
lermiuiint  of  the  cnpilnliKt's  sliare  ot  a  product, 
wliiU-  th<'  pro6tM  of  the  eropluyer  of  labor  ai«  as- 
Mmilatiil  in  Ireatment  lo  the  Income  of  skilled 
vMiKp-earoers.  The  justice  and  logit  ot  tliis  ar- 
ranmmenl  cannot  be  tjutsliunwl.  The  mdoktrlHl 
revolution  wltidi  liegun  tusl  CMitUty,  and  ma} 
not  j«t  buvp  oulmioiiti'd,  bus  certainly  evolved  a 
new  eooDoiuical  factor.  Aa  Walker  ruj»  in  hia 
work  on  vraKes,  "  It  is  no  longer  true  ihut  a  miin 
bvcoaiflsanemiJoyer  becauBe  he  ia  a  capitnlial. 
&len  command  capital  becaut>L'  they  have  the 
quallticntiona  to prutltahlj  employ  labor.  Tolliene 
eapiainti  of  induniry  (or  oTKnntxers  of  industry), 
capiliil  and  InUir  alike  rexort  for  the  opportunity 
to  prjform  their  several  functions."  The  tcuilency 
of  thiM  class  to  increased  im|xirtiuic«  i*  well  illus- 
tmted  by  the  deiuoii  at  ration  of  the  principle  that 
those  who,  wEib  little  ur  no  capilol,  dc[>otiiI  upon 
their  businetvi  prcBbi  for  a  livdiliood.  undtrvell 
and  drive  out  of  imile  those  who,  havm^  capital, 
undi.ft4ikc  the  iuanag«ment  of  Industry  mnroly  to 
incrtuM  their  income  (pp.  lUA,  13T).     Undern  pro- 


duction has.  In  sbon,  attained  that  stajce  wlwt* 
ability  without  capital  ban  a  much  fairer  itope  of 
great  rewardu  than  capital  n-ithout  abiliiy.  It 
would  bo  nsertil  to  hove  Ibia  fart  iimtJllei]  into  the 
minds  of  tlie  masMw  who  are  ooosmtitly  oom- 
plnlnioK  about  the  *  capitalists.'  The  chnpler  en- 
titled '  EurnlnKSot  msnaftvment.'  In  the  book  un- 
der review, oonlaiDRamoai  admirable  Invesllitatlon 
of  the  nature  and  functKnu  of  the  enfirpreimir 
clam. 

It  WAS  to  be  expected  (hat  an  author  of  modem 
economic  propen«lties  would  touch  up  that  bU€ 
noirot  the  new  sdiool.  the  w»|[e*-fuDd  tbror}*. 
We  Und  Ibis  subject  buried  In  the  depths  of  the 
cboptM'  on  ttndec-uniona.  The  authors  an  raifaer 
inclined  to  adopt  Ihc  (HMition  ot  Mill  in  bb  later 
days  as  opposed  to  the  liald  doctrine  ol  the  ea- 
trcme  oli)  ^bool.  Jeions  and  All  the  other  lights 
of  the  new  school  throw  themselves  unri'scncdly 
U|>oii  the  doctrine  that  wuf^es  and  profits  can  in- 
crease Biiiiultunn)u>ly  :  in  slKirl,  that  the  law  of 
Mupply  and  demnnd  o))praliiif;  iu  the  r*«pective 
cloMcs  delFTtnmea  wafx"  of  lattoroiid  waicesof 
mnnnK<ement.  The  Marahalls  apprar  unwUliuic  to 
Ko  thus  far  :  but  ibey  emplMsise  the  mU«  that  the 
eWclency  of  labor  aa  well  oa  the  aiuount  of  »nte- 
oedent  capital  cxerciocs  a  potent  inlluence  upon 
wagiw.  TRid(vuiiii>na,  they  Ibink.  may  enoblo 
lalioreiv  to  obtain  a  genervl  incrensr  of  wa«t«. 
which,  however,  will  only  lie  jieimanent  it  at- 
l«Ined  by  mvans  that  do  not  M-ri«utly  hinder  pro- 
ductiiOD,  and  if  u«-d  tu  xucli  a  way  as  lari;«dy  to 
increoM.'  at  liimt  the  penonul  capital  of  the  labor- 
iTs  iiiid  H>  lo  odd  iQUcli  to  tlwir  effit^iency  (p.  SiOS). 

Ttir  UTOIM  of  kiHuthaldi.     UuiwHi.    Uzfanl,  Okrnudoa 
l-r.    W*. 

In  otrlkinx  ooiilram  with  the  scit-nti&c  epirit 
lliut  pervades  the  volume  JuM  discoiocd,  is  ilie  air 
of  brei-xy  piipulatity  that  cbaiactCffiM*  'The 
wealth  ot  housi-liolda.'  Why  the  author  ctiMM  lo 
disKiiiiNi  n  trmtUc  on  p<illtical  ecuuouiy  with  such 
a  title  is  an  unsolved  myotery.  We  liamrd  tho 
conjecture  ibat  the  reason  miitht  be  found  In  the 
same  trail  of  Mr.  IMnson'*  min*!  whicli  has  led 
biui  to  turn  the  cimtoinarj  order  of  economic  di»- 
rvasion  nil  top*y-turvy,  while  not  aiininK  at  tmy 
novel  residt.  Ilia  book  was  orieinally  coococlvil 
(or  the  benetlt  of  hiscbiUlrpn.  Thin  probably  ex- 
pluinfl  the  dirislon  of  llie  text  into  numbered  par- 
agnipIiB  of  on  uvera):e  leoKth.  that  kukkckIa  a 
srcimd  nt  piKsibly  ii  Ihiril  reader,  and  on  n  princi- 
ple of  logical  cunni  ction  thnl  has  no  paratlcl  oal- 
uide  of  the  aulhiiiixiil  vcrwon  of  ihe  lltble. 

The  intinmtiun  iu  Ihe  prelace  ■■  not  neoniMry  lo 
nsaure  the  ruider  that  Ur.  Danson  ha*  heeji  a 
■  man  of  biuintoB.'  Nor  is  it  dilllcull  to  guus  Urn 
S)>erlul  hnc  he  wns  in.     Tlie  able,   vlgoroiia,  and 


S04 


SCIENCE. 


fVot.  II.,  No   *!• 


4 


reitontod  dt^enceof  th«  us^fulncKof  the  '  tk-aler ' 
or  middleman  in  Cbe  ecouomiual  atruclurc  of  «oci- 
•4;  mlKbi,  but  |irob«bl}-  wtjuld  not.  hnvt  born 
penned  hy  any  one  but  a  oammimnn-morcliant. 
As  might  be  oxp«>ctrd,  the  author's  pra<^lcal 
training  prodiicec  the  hmt  rc«ul[s  in  thoae  parts  of 
Uic  eal>j(«t  nlifiv  e  ihitmiiihI  cuDnvri  in  affuin  ia 
ewenlial  to  a  tliorouftli  iini)fn>iundui(;.  Uiaclmp- 
t^raoD  iMnhinjc.  i-ooinicicr.  mid  omiit  ntr  clonr 
and  iuoibivi!.  TbiTc  in  n«  iilriking  onvcUy  in 
th«ni.  but  the  frrahnnd  rigornus  MtIp  clothes  iIm 
old  idMM  with  ■  hvinK  interwt.  In  hi%  treaiweul 
of  tba  fundamental  dettniliotm  and  i-ebFrally  uc- 
ovpted  principle  or  ecleulilic  i^-ouonilm,  Mr.  Onn- 
aon  is  In  many  rwpMWmlitroriinDal  than  oonrin- 
cing.  While  deiwtwatinK  thocontusion  (bat  arises 
from  the  (we  ot  the  imine  t«nn  in  dJlTpreot  mean- 
ing*, be  drftnfn  'profit '  In  an  ontlrel;  novel  man- 
ner, and,  on  the  Btreof^i  of  Itiis,  |j;rieii  un  to  rani- 
bal  tlw  theories  of  prullt  that  Imve  Ixwii  pt<iiowd 
by  enuomlattt  who  rvtuin  tht-  old  definitions.  Ur 
maintalna  that  proUt  u  <!uni«d  oiilj-  tij  ri*k  :  it  in 
■  hervfore  inai-parabli-  ftom  capital.  Thi-  manHKer 
wlio  coiiduciH  huMiniiu)  on  borniwed  capital  re- 
ccii'en  only  whrps  :  (or  the  lomler  risks  the  low  of 
hi«  ropilnl,  and  lli«i  addltioual  tmv  uf  (fto-(-ulli-d) 
JntoreAt  he  recielvm  lo  cover  the  rink  in  rT'nIly  thi' 
'profit.'  On  this  theory,  it  in  eridnil  that  Mr. 
Danaon  would  limit  lh<>  t«rin  'Intermi'  to  the 
prmnnmation  for  loans  oo  which  Uie  aec-urity  ia 
BbMlut«ly  perfect,  or,  in  geoi-ral,  to  a  purely  hypo- 
thetical <|uaEitl[y,  and  would  uie  *  profit'  prtod- 
pally  \a  deooK-  thi-  income  of  insiuanoo  oomiia- 
nkf.  Wi-  liouhi  that  economists  ^nerally  will 
follow  him. 

'  Rrnt '  Is  another  lertii  In  reepect  to  wh1ol>  <iur 
author  ooiitts  i>ri|;iiinllly.  He  regitrts  the  rariply 
of  ineuniii^  luuiieoed  to  the  word,  nnd  pmreeds 
to  tni-iid  luulleni  \ty  M'tlini;  forth  an  entirely  new 
one.  We  ihall  not  fullon'  him  In  his  career. 
Riardo  Till  donbtleM  survive  the  latest  si-eiitiL-'s 
aieanlt.  The  result  of  <iiir  autlior'n  doctrine  la 
wrought  Into  a  raitii-ally  (■oiiai-r votive  view  of  the 
modem  land-queaiJon.  Henry  Gpursa  i«  nenlly 
annibilatcd  by  a  deiii'inKtraliOin  of  the  fact  that 
th«rv  is  no  such  a  thinn  as  an  '  unearned  Inci^- 
nienl'  in  the  value  uf  laud.  The  general  Irvat- 
nirnt  of  ibe  land-questiuu  indiL-ntni  a  probability 
that  MHoe  of  tlic  pn>litB.  or  ralhiT  '  wiipf*,'  of  the 
coiiiiiiiwion.int'rchiifit  have  found  iaveatment  in 
an  EnKUth  estnti*. 

On  the  labor  and  wages  question,  Mr.  Dnnson 
cleaves  to  the  old  «cbu(it.  The  int«reetH  of  labor 
iinil  i-iipital  are  identical,  and  nil  lliut  the  laliurcn 
have  lo  do  in  to  e!«]hi'W  tnch-n-xinitm'  and  berome 
millionnnirrs  a*  noon  an  pos^ihlit.  InE|>p<:tion-lawii 
for  factoiiae,  like  poor-lawa,  are  Inherently  vidousi 


and.  in  general,  tainex  fairr;  snow  ot  wblob 
aeniinieuta  indicate  tliat  a  Liverpool  commitaioa- 
niercbsnt  feels  under  no  necMMllyot  advaocing 
merely  because  the  n«t  of  the  world  doe*. 

Wh.  a.  DuKMNO. 


SOMK  RECBST  HtXEHAtjyOtCAL  TEXT- 
BOOKS. 

I/onuai  of  mlntnUoaV  ""t   prtrBgraphii.     Bj  JiaU  D. 

utsi.  4uiii<i.  >iii>  Tom,  wiior  iir. 
TiiK  well-known  manual  of  Professor  Dsna  a|>- 
peers  in  much  lis  former  Ruise,  but  with  such 
alterations  as  are  needful  to  keep  it  nbreaat  of  tbe 
proj^rCM  made  in  (nlneraloitlcal  and  petroRTaphieal 
KTlcnce  during  the  Dine  jears  which  hftTO  etnpavd 
irinee  thr  publication  of  the  third  edition,  The  old 
arrnngrment  in  preaerred  thruuchout,  which  will 
prove  acpeplat>!o  to  thow;  who  are  already  familiar 
wilt)  the  book.  It  is  only  inimded  for  an  ele- 
tneaiary  treatise,  for  [he  uie  of  scbooU  or  of  the 
practical  miner  and  geolottid  :  heneo  Uie  aminge- 
metit  of  the  species  scoordlng  to  llif  ir  priucipal 
ni<-tullie  bane  is  adrantageoiis.  The  f»Ul  lint  of 
American  localities  and  the  lablee  for  delermininB 
minerals  are  atno  rnlunble  addenda,  Tlie  cho|>ter 
on  rocks  hnr  undergone  exlensire  changes.  Tlw 
terms  'petrography'  and  'petrology'  are  pne- 
fcrred  to  ■  Ulbology.'  which  waa  formerly  ii8«l. 
Tbe  Tsriouti  grounds  of  classlHcation  are  atated, 
and  the  rocks  divided  into.  1°,  calearroiia ;  »*, 
fraRuientnl.notcakatcoua;  8*.  urystalUne,  notc«I- 
careous.  The  armnseaicnit  of  the  tuemhera  of  the 
last  clnw  is  much  like  that  of  RoaenbtiBcb.  The 
banded  aiid  «c^ii<<tu*e  varieties  are clasdlM  with  the 
masii\e  oiint.  but  they  are  for  the  meet  jiart  con- 
nidereil  '  inetnmori'hic,"  by  which  term  the  writer 
aermi  lo  imply  that  tbi-y  are  altered  asdlnuDla. 
The  metnmnrphi:ini  of  eruptive  rocks  Into  schltto 
seenii^  hardly  to  have  jtmired  recognition.  Atto- 
gether  the  t*ook  Is  increased  by  only  fortythiee 
pages,  but  ile  many  Improveuienis  will  secure  it  a 
welcome  among  all  teachers. 

niWaa  for  Iht   d/lrrminalloK  o/ nxunnii  inincml*.     Br 
W.  II.  Ck«iT.    BijkUu.J  a  Crabf.    S-. 

Prof«*»ior  Crosby's  tables  are  intended  to  aid  b^ 
ginnera  in  tbe  ideiitiUcallon  of  the  commoner  min- 
eraK  chiefly  by  means  of  their  more  apparent 
pbtsicnl  properties,  and  then  t»  aliOW  them  bow 
the  deteiiiiinniion  may  ■><■  eonllnned  bj  rfmplB 
chemical  testa.  The  cliuiificntion  ia.  I',  aoeotd- 
iiig  to  lustre  (metallic  and  non-metnlllc) :  3",  Ba 
cording  to  the  color  of  the  metallie.  and  the  streak 
u[  t]ie  non-iiieljllie  minerals  :  and.  3",  according 
to  tbe  hardnew.  In  Ihla  way  forty-one  claExea  are 
fornied,  which  are  further  milidiviiltyl  in  Ibe  ana- 
lytical key  by  apeciRc  RTai>-ity,  lenture,  crjatal 
form,  cleavage,  etc.     The  method  la  the  rccolt  ot 


I 


Vakch  is.  vsgj.\ 


SCIENCE. 


305 


Avfl  yrara*  practical  fjcpericnce,  and  must  pooeeaa 
i^reat  advantniim  for  the  cIbm  of  sliidputa  for 
wbMD  it  t>  int«Q<l«d. 

A   ralalogur  nf  mtntralt   aJiAalttteallt   amtitgnL      Hr 
A.  U.  Cnnmn.    5*i>  York.  WIIcT' 

ProfMwr  CliMU-r's  catalogue  ia  beat  (lA^ciibeil 
by  AD  eilravt  from  its  prrfBcn;  '■Tliiii  IihI  is  iji- 
t^ndeil  to  i.*in)>ruce  nil  BnglJab  nani^  note  in  uv 
in  tlie  DomonHatun^  of  mtneralogy.  It  incluilea 
iprcira,  Tiuiotiw.  and  STnoiiy  mm.  W^ll-atitlieDtl- 
calM  fpeojns  tire  put  io  fuM'TacMl  Ij'pe.  Dead 
and  uceleatr  iianH-s  Iiavt-  bt-eii  omitted,  so  (hat  tlie 
catalogue  am  be  cootfoieniljr  used  as  a  rlieck-lirt 
and  ill  cataloguiux  col  Ird ions."  The  liat  pvrmo 
»  ery  complrtp,  and  admirably  Hdapt«<d  for  purpo»«« 
aUted  by  it*  author.  O.  H.  WtLLUUS. 


TUB  CHESHsrRY  OF  THK  SV.W 

Ml.  LocXTBB'^  nen*  book  Is  unquestionably  tlic 
lUiHl  iai(>ortant  wurk  in  the  dirpartm<riit  of  aatro- 
Iiomioal  pliyBi(-«  which  has  np{ienr^  for  xnrcnil 
yean  :  it  ia  cHprcinlly  inliretting  and  valuable  aa 
coming,  not  from  a  compiler  and  dp.tlor  in^econd- 
1>and  raatfrials.  but  from  an  •irij^inal  irorher.  wbo 
hta  hlmtelf  made  m<iiil  of  the  obeervaiioiu  and 
inv««ligHtiouH  on  which  hi*  caneluslona  dtprnd. 
We  do  not  mean.  howAvrr,  to  imply  Ihat  he  either 
ignores  or  ia  tKHomnt  of  the  work  of  olheis.  or 
fails  to  make  proper  use  of  it :  in  fa<^t,  he  brioga 
logelher  a  very  comideie  aceount  of  all  that  beam 
upon  his  9ubji-i't.  with  due  cr«'dit  to  hi*  ft^lloir. 
workers  and  ii  (i^iktouh  apprerintinn  of  tlielr  ta- 
bora  and  opininnn,  oven  when  their  ooncluiiiona 
differ  from  his  own. 

While  I  he  book  ean  peihape  hardly  be  calkil  a 
'popular' expmitioii  of  its  subject,  it  is  cprlninly 
not  Hn-populur.  —  not  unnts.'eaHirily  technical  or 
abalruw ;  and  the  virid,  enthusiastic,  peibnpe  here 
and  there  just  slightly  apnaatloaal,  alyle  of  tbe 
aulhor  helps  to  uiakc  It  altraclive:  ao  Ibal  it 
seenw  likely  to  be  far  mure  exteuiriiely  raid  than 
most  voIuiDM  ot  iia  cIsm. 

Th*-  main  purpose  of  the  writer  is  to  pre»ont  tbe 
spectroscopic  evidence  in  fnvor  of  the'  hypoilie^ 
that  our  so-called  elemvnta  are  not  truly  elemen- 
tary, bat  M>  coR<<lituted  that  they  can  be  broken 
up.  or  'disiuirlated,'  Inio  still  oiure  eleoienturj 
eomponetitB  hy  ihe  action  of  heat ;  and  tlint  on 
the  aun  and  stnn  ihoy  are  aetuilly  aa  diasociatcd 
by  the  high  tempcraturm  thi-re  prevailing. 

In  the  preface,  after  pointtoR  out  the  d«com- 
ponine;  |Kiwerof  hi^hef  and  higher  leiniieraiuree 
aa  actually  observed  Id  our  laborntorlM.  theauibor 
add*  aa  a  sort  of  summary  ot  lila  aricumcnt.  ■■  The 
question  llvn.  it  will  he  seen,  is  an  appi^nl  to  the 

nic  themittru  of  M<  run.  Hf  J.  NOHHiiN  LMiras. 
How  York.  Mik-'inlllnn.    1'. 


kw  of  cootlnnity.  nothinR  more  and  nothtng  leaa. 
Is  a  temperature  hixber  than  any  vM  applied  to 
act  in  Ihe  same  way  as  each  higher  temperature 
which  has  hitherto  \nrvn  applied  h«B  done  ?  Or  U 
there  to  lie  some  unexplained  break  In  the  uoi' 
formilyof  nature^  prooMtcs  ?  " 

The  Brat  seviHi  cbapten  of  tbe  twvnty-eiKtit 
which  make  tip  the  Ixiok  are  niatnlr  historical. 
occupied  with  an  account  of  spedroaooplc  work 
previous  to  IMS,  and  tri^InK  perhapa  the  biat 
r^uiii«  of  til*  work  of  Wollaetoii.  Ftaunhofer. 
KirrhoS.  Angstrom,  and  othera.  that  can  be  found 
in  Ilie  name  Kpnon.  The  next  lhn>e  chapters  dis- 
cufti  what  Uie  writer  call*  ■  A  new  method  in  speo- 
Irwcopj,'  and  Its  rcaulls.  Tlie  'new  metbod ' 
conslited  merely  in  attadilni;  the  spectrcwcop*  to 
a  telcicoiie,  and  studying  the  speotniui  of  an 
object  in  deiuU,  iDitfad  of  in  groMS,  so  to  apMki 
HuKKini*  mvuii  to  have  been  the  flist  to  emploj 
thU  'new  methnd'  in  bin  examination  of  the 
nebulae  In  fM  ;  but  Mr.  Lockyer  was  the  Unt  to 
employ  it  upnn  the  solar  auiface  In  IS00, 

The  lesulta  were  the  recognition  of  many  p^ 
culinriiii-n  in  Ihe  Bi>ecLiaor  AUnipoli  and  taeniae, 
the  development  of  the  method  of  oh>f>rv)ng  the 
chromoephere  and  pfi^mtncnccs  without  an  eclipne, 
and  the  del^etion  of  remarkable  modillcations  of 
many  liun  in  the  spectrum,  such  aa  widenings, 
nrvenala,  oontortioo*.  etc.,  all  Eignilicent  and  evi- 
dent^ depending  upon  Ihe  pliy*ical  conditions  of 
tenipevalure  and  preaaureprpTailing  at  that  special 
point  of  the  solar  surface  which  hnpitena  to  be 
imaged  on  Ihe  slit  ot  the  spectrosoopc  at  the  mo- 
mtmt  o(  obacrvation. 

This  i>  tollnwi-d  by  an  ac<vnint  of  the  anlbor'a 
esrly  laboratory- work,  especially  his  inveetigfttion 
of  the  so-called  '  long  and  idiort  lines '  In  elenien- 
taiy  spectra,  and  the  coincident  lines  In  diffrrcnt 
■pFciia.    This  hrlnga  us  down  Io  1673. 

Till?  next  thive  chapters  diaeuM  the  ■difflcul* 
tira'thai  had  pitwrntcd  Iheinselvei^,  and  Reemed 
to  rvqitiro  a  remodelling  of  the  received  theories. 
Oar  spaco  dor*  not  permit  a  prewntatloii  ot 
these  dlfflcultiee  bare  ;  but  it  must  suffice  to  aay 
that  they  are  aucli  a«  absolutely  to  compel  ua  to 
nippoie  tliat  a  given  element,  such  as  iron  for  in- 
■tance,  either  gives  widely  dilTereni  upcctm  under 
dilTciDOt  circumnCance*.  the  spectrum  tending  to- 
wnnls  ■itnplieity  tmder  the  very  highest  tempera- 
lutcn,  or  cIm-  that  it  is  dooompoaahle. 

Thin  idcn.  that  our  elgaimta  are  only  relatively 
elementary,  while  really  composed  of  siill  simpler 
subatanoe*.  Is  no  new  one,  as  Mr.  Lockyer  himneU 
points  out,  but  bad  prviiously  been  brought  fur- 
ward,  and  mor«  or  Iuk*  sirunxly  ndvocalrd.  fay 
Duouui,  Brodic.  Sterry  Bunt,  and  othera,  though 
not  on  apcctroscopic  graunds. 


306 


SClEyCE. 


I  Vol.  XS...  Ko.  U« 


Tho  in>cc««dinf{  cJi«pt#n  |tiv«  dh  an  oMTcount  pt 
lli«  BUllior'ii  olnbomU'  phalasriiphii;  tVaAj  of  Ibe 
Botsr  and  iDKlallJc  spoctrn,  n  Tuller  utatemeni  and 
dfeciwilon  of  Ibo  diMOClation  IiyiMllieaia,  and  a 
OOmpafbcm  of  It  wJth  oertaio  leeU^xpfrriinenla 
and  with  the  oNen'oiiooH  iliat  buv<r  U-vn  niuJp 
upon  Ibi!  Bp«irUa  oT  8UB>potii  and  of  tbo  cbruino- 

The  IwMitj'-liftb  i-linplor  donla  witli  ihr  mnilu 
deiidcvd  from  Ihe  olwwrTationa  of  iwenl  i-clipn-fi ; 
tlie  twCTitiT'Slxth  isdevuU^i)  to  \\w  'biuic  liiue.'  to 
wbk-ii  the uutlioT «tJll  i-IitiK!J  mitb  HOWWthiag  like 
a  paronl'ii  It-ndcrness  for  ii  fot-I'le  child  :  tbu 
In-piit^-M-Trnili  deiili  H'iUi  Itir  npi-ctroicopic  pbt^ 
nooipns  of  (lif  electric  nrc :  and  lhp|iFeni;>«lKbtb 
sod  Unal  clinptitr  KivcN  a  »ort  of  Bumniiiig-up  and 
general  appllration  of  ihe  bjpotlieais  to  the  plie- 
Doioeua  of  solar  physlca. 

As  to  the  ■  batsii'  line^,'  wltidi  if  resUj-  uxistvnt 
ironld  aroouDl  to  oometluDh'  linrdl.v  eUort  ul  a 
drtnonatration  of  llir  diiBocjUtJiMi  hvpiithiwis,  the 
HUtbor  Ininbl]'  roniTdiw  that  thp  np|>nrrn[  coinci- 
dences bi^lv<'«ii  ilic  linpB  of  ditToivni  motnls  aro 
not  exari  wtien  fxainlned  with  Auillcleiil  di«pi-r- 
■iOD,  bul  ill!  niulntalns  that  tiie  iipbt  ap|)r(Xii.4i  la 
Ooincidvnoi-  in  Iwrxll)'  Inji  niKnibtuiil.  luid  ai*- 
peals  to  Ihc  ulHHirvutiuu.i  of  liin's  ufft'cli-d  in  tim 
qwctn  of  aiin«(iot»  and  pmmiimicni  tii  nhnn-  that 
the  'baaio  llnea*  are  efirieiillallj- dilfereiil  from 
at)i«r  lined.  It  la  certainly  true.  ihal.  as  oolU[ul^>^d 
wilb  iitbi-r  linca,  Ibeae  ■  baaiu  iinea '  are  obsu vcd 
wjtii  very  divpruporiionatc  frequeuoj-  and  iiiti-n- 
aliy ;  but  to  most  Kptflnm-opiatu  it  npiirara  tlint 
a  aittliripnt  vxplunation  iixintiiiD  Ihpforc  tiinC'Vi'h 
of  them  la  double  or  multiple,  having  «ach  of  tiie 
cotnponenta  Htiarntol^  niTfoifd.  In  moat  caaea 
tbe  Ibickeninnc  or  reversal  of  a  Uoe  Is  a  lery  deli- 
cU«  phenonienou,  difficult  to  lualie  out  al  btvi ; 
and,  when  Iwo  or  mure  mcb  lineti  bH]>ptii  to  utond 
cluM  tO£rtbi*r.  Iht-y  catch  tli«  e>o  tnurc  rmdily  : 
probai-ly  tlint  i*  all. 

TakiiiK  Ihi'  n-holc  wiirk  IbrouKli,  it  may  be  said, 
ihnl,  while  here  and  there  paoMgea  are  oj>i-ti  to 
obvious  ctitiL-Lun  and  obJeclioD,  Ur.  Loclcyer  tia- 
doubl«dly  iDukM  out  »  stiuiig  oaM  in  favor  of  bin 
'  di>M>cinli»n  byputlimiB'  by  nhiHving  iia  ii<^-ord- 
ance  with  tlie  pbt-ouitiuiiu  »(  the  oulur  and  nlrlbu 
Bpeclra.  At  the  Mini;  timir  the  altvnutive  hypoth- 
L>«l9  that  an  eletu^nlary  niolecuk,  ifiUouf  brtak- 
inij  up,  uutf.  otter  the  atialogUa  of  allottopiiiiii, 
be  <;npBble  of  verjr  diSereDl  mode*  of  tilfialiou 
tinder  diSeirot  ciicuuiBtauced  of  ptveaure,  iha- 
Bhyt  and  teuprnitun?.  and  wi  givi'  eutiivly 
different  apectm,  —  thi>t  hy|>othraia  noruia  iijualJy 
roconcilnble  witi)  oh»«rv«d  factn.  And  it  dotw  tiot 
•neountcT  the  diMlciiltio«,  whioh  Mr.  Lockyer 
bwalyaUudm  to,  that  uur  present  ch«aiii:«l  el«- 


roetits  aeetn  to  l>e  set  apart  from  all  rampoODd 
bodies  by  Dulong  and  Peiii's  law  of  atomk  b««ta, 
and  MetiddjefTH  periodic  series.  Until  thia  dtffl- 
etdty  i«  overcome, — we  do  not  mean  to  Jniplj 
thai  it  bi  ni-ccawirily  inBumioiinlablc,  —  we  doabt 
n'hi'tlipr  moat  phreicist*  and  t'br miita  will  l«  dia- 
poord  to  abandon  entiiply  the  hypotbiwia  of 
'  Riultlple  spectru*  tor  that  of  '  disgoclatiiin.' 


PuormsoK  LKiDT.fntheJoiimalo/eomjwruffw 
medicine  anil  aurgera.  oouimunlcatM  hfs  otmerva- 
tiooH  on  the  Bulijeft  of  lajsMvorniB  In  hirdu  Hv 
finds  that  bird*  arc  an  much  infested  with  InlM- 
final  wiiruia  at  olhiT  dnwH'.i  of  aniinuls,  and  Uiat 
none  apprur  t<>  t<e  cxrmiit.  no  niallec  what  nuif 
bn  the  natun'  ot  tbi>ir  fond,  tluniuli  nijuatic  Mrtla 
appear  to  harl>or  a  greater  nunilwr  of  upeciw,  aa 
exeiiiplllied  by  ducira  am)  mvoe.  Anioiie  the 
pamBitc".  tiipc-wurmB  —  nicwlly  uf  tlie  itenitii  Tao- 
nia  —  arc  conimnn.  though  baa  »■>  thuu  [tiethreod- 
woeuM.  Thi'  donwutic  fowl  in  Eiuo|)p  Iinsbeen 
reported  to  hiinmr  half  a  dozen  dilTt'rmt  siwciea 
of  Taenia.  thouKb  I.eidy  liiw  oluurvr'd  hut  one  in 
our  tloiuestic  fowl,  and  thi«  but  rnri-ly.  In  tb« 
turkey,  guinea-tuH-l,  and  pea-fowl,  no  ^pi'dea  has 
heeu  obaerved.  In  Ibe  M4i:i'-fonl  (Ci'ntrocercus 
urophaaianua),  tapc-wornit  are  often  found  in 
laric*  nuiutierB,  •nraeiime*  mi  iu>  In  diHletiil  Ihe  in- 
testines :  Uie  species  aeenni  to  be  Taenia  mlmtpa 
Dietdng.  Tlie  n^ed-binl  or  rice  l>ird  (Lhdicbonyx 
oryxivorinw)  in  alito  in  feu  WO  with  laJ)l^■wo^na 
(Tiirnin  iN'itifeia).  I^-idy  huM  found  that  in  a 
biinrh  of  a  doiH-n  olilnined  In  the  !1iilndi>lphla 
market  Ihrr^  or  four  indivtdua]«  will  ciniain  Ibtii 
pnraiiit<>.  Tlie  thin  blidn  are  the  oi>e«  eapecbUj 
ulfei-ie-l,  the  fat  ones  lieinx  commonly  exempt. 
raiK--w-">rmB  bavp  also  l«-«i  fnund  in  tlie  yellow- 
linsiislcd  chal  (leleriu  >  irena),  the  cow.hird  (Molo* 
Ihriw  ntitr],  the  i|uail  <Orljx  cirginianu*),  tlie 
(■biick-ivil]>.<nidow(Anlrn<i(oma*cnri>ltnen6ls).  tbe 
blue  hemn  (tlnridn  raeniien),  the  roiiln  (Turdi» 
inlKmtnriuH),  llie  woinleock  (Philoliela  inini-r), 
anil  In  Ibe  hiinw^l  Kivlie  (Podlceiw  cwruiilus). 

—  Dr.  Wil<\>x  of  Wukhington,  D.('..  wrltee  to 
the  Mediral  reeitnl  ttint  the  uow-lioy*  of  Idiiho 
tfvat  aniiiinis  niTe(-t«d  with  'loco'  polaoniuiTi  lo 
which  lie  ban  already  referred  in  fkieint,  by  am- 
puiatiug  the  tallaof  the  atfected  iiuimnls.  The 
jmralysia  is  di.e  to  congestion  ol  the  spinal  conl. 
tbe  posterior  parts  uf  tlie  liody  being  flivt  lUTected. 
Thr.  (ilnnta  whii-li  nn-  cburgiHl  with  producing  Uiia 
imisoninK  arrOxytropii  Lfiiiibertii,  Astragalua  mol- 
llriuius,  and  pntsibly  ol  bora  of  Ibe  lecuniiuagne. 
The  cuw-boyHiTill  these  plants  *  larkspur.'  although 
iruc  larkspur  iu  not  found  in  their  linn  of  lunrch. 
nor  at  the  seaduu  wlieti  lovo-puivonini;  oocuia. 


4 

4 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY.  APRIL  1.  IWT. 


COMMEIVT  AND  CRITWISM. 

Tbe  riaamiot  tbeeridcnocomoiniiiif;  (iKniglil- 
transTiTrpnct'  which  Dr.  Morton  Prince  of  Um* 
ButtUm  1:1(7  htHpituI  Arm  up  (or  pnnmtetion  (o 
a  iDedicBl  (tucit^ty,  and  which  in  now  reprinted  in 
pauiphlei  form,  ncemti  U>  ui  eminently  judicioun. 
It  emtKxllefi  iiuch  a  judginent  on  thb  intcn-nttDK 
but  exceedingljr  difficult  Biil)JL>ct  na  on  iatplligcnt 
nuiu  who  has  oaretnltj-  sludifrd  Ui«  eviilcaL-i-.  luiit 
l§  oompeteilt  to  wej|;h  it.  mtiy  now  (uirtj  hold. 
Dr.  Prince  beKirm  by  haatilj  iiamtiii;^  lbl^  BoliL'ul 
points  In  the  lilslory  of  the  Society  Tor  |Myohi«al 
rgocnrcb,  and  Iheii  suuniarleM  tht^  Creery  eiperi- 
BKUts,  those  with  MeMm.  Smith  and  Btucbburo. 
and  Iho*^  caiTi«d  on  by  Mr.  Malcolm  Guthrie,  all 
of  which  are  by  this  lime  familiar  to  Americaji 
rMdpni,  an  article  recouutinj;  tlieiii  tiariu^  a,p- 
peared  in  tbe  J\)pvUir  acietux  monthlg  tor  August 
last.  Tbe  evidenoc  adduced  hy  iht?  ■txivi'^ mimed 
and  Rimilar  vxpuimunla  i>i,  according  to  Dr. 
^nm,  as  folluwn :  VxrM,  wr  have  lu  fxpni- 
nienti-ra  a  number  of  gciithtmrn  not<^  for  their 
iute)^ily,  and  wh<uM.>  Blanding  would  i-xcludi.'  nil 
InleutloD  at  deoi-tt  oo  their  owii  port.  Second, 
the  experiiueut*rs,  after  (.•oiuiidtrable  prwlouH  rx- 
pcrii^Rct-,  armngi-  the  conditions  of  ihv  ox|>«(ri- 
menta  lO  na  to  exclude  by  etery  poBeiblo  derloc 
all  pOHubdlity  of  communir'ation  by  tile  ordinary 
channels,  including  colluaion.  Tliey  are  ullowml 
to  arrange  the  conditions  according  to  their  own 
<^tion  in  aucb  a  way  a»  to  l««t  in  tha  moat  ttrin- 
geot  mnnnur  the  pbcucmiena  undor  inveatigation. 
In  tbiv  way  the  i-xivrinK^u  diflur  raramtially 
from  thoae  made  with  onliiiitry  iirofraaional 
Hpiritualiiitii  and  mind-rcaditr*.  Undi-r  thtsc  ntrin- 
K<iUt  ounditiouB,  n-aulls  are  obtained  nbowing  that 
tbe  thuughta  of  tmv  mind  harv  been  communi- 
oat«d  in  »oine  way  to  another.  Third,  the  exprri- 
iiienl(.-rB  cvnoludc  thai  the  communication  has 
beou  made  bj'  diiect  thought- ItanBfcrrt-ufe. 


Dr.  Prince,  in  commenting  on  this  Aummnry  of 
tbe  evidnioe,  says  that  the  opinion*  of  the  eipcri- 
mentera  themoelTcs  are  of  undoubted  volu^,  but 
Ko.  S17-  ur. 


that  oTvrlookH  •ourcon  of  fallwlcs  may  yet  a|h 
pmr.  The  pbMiotnonn  in  question  cannot  b»«^ 
tabliabed  beyond, the  pcmibility  of  a  doubt  until 
both  obarTTora  and  aubj«<cta  baTo  been  ^vtj  much 
multiplied.  The  opiniona  hcJd  by  Dr.  Prince  htm- 
Mir  aa  to  tlu>  eridimcv  term  to  ua  nniply  jn*tifl«<d 
by  th<-  facte.  The  ojuakMu  nir  tlM«v :  1".  All  tha 
erideoct)  thai  uv  pone**,  nidi  a»  it  i*,  goM  to 
prore  that  certain  penona,  under  certain  favoiabla 
oonditiona.  can  become  cognizant  of  the  tboughts 
of  another  without  any  communication  by  tho 
Beiises  :  i".  That  tha  beat  uvrking  hypotbitiji  that 
w«  pocMew  is  in  favor  of  direct  Ihoaght-lranafcr- 
retioe  aa  an  enjilauaiiun  i  i".  A  priori,  then  ix 
nothlnj;  inherently  impoaalble  orlmproltnble  intlu- 
hypotheeis;  4'^.  The  dubj«ctn)nst  bvcouaidercd  an 
atlll  subjtflUx.  and  needs  further  inrcallsatioa  to 
settle  the  queelion  beyond  poaaibility  ot  doubt. 
Dr.  Prince  disposes  very  neatly  of  those  critica 
wlici  tVDuld  set  aside  the  evidence  i.-atbtrnl  in 
(^K'sid  because  from  time  Immeuiorinl  aiuiiUr 
claim*  hav<>  been  made  by  spirit  ualiet&,  clairToy- 
ants.  aiiil  the  like.  Ue  calls  such  ubjeciion*  it* 
logical  and  unscientlUc.  fur  tliere  i*  not  tbe  nlight- 
eet  perallel  between  ibe  two  cHBen.  "Nopbyadcnl 
experiments  In  Ibe  lalwnitury  have  bn-n  more  un- 
der the  control  of  the  cbeinltil  and  the  |ibyHioloi;iHt 
than  hare  these.  The  subjecia  have  ttiven  tliem- 
aelvfa  up  to  thn  «xperimonten,  not  ovaw'oauilly 
and  ntfully.  but  day  after  day.  Any  and  evn? 
norl  of  <x>nditian  hn*  been  cheerfully  B(^quieered 
in  and  imiMBc-d."  Dr.  Prinne  conclude*  bis  later- 
eslin^  paper  by  uaiitiomnR  nit  perHMIsaKalnsteon- 
fuuudiii^  thi-  eiidence  (or  tboii)(hl-tranifpne»C« 
witb  ibi^muacle-rvadingof  the  prof  ewioniO  ■mind- 
readers  '  The  more  ttte  intdliKMil  public  beats 
about  thou^Eht-lranafertmiM),  the  man*  it  is  ran- 
vinced  that  a  cunolualoB  U  goiUK  to  be  reached  by 
asindyot  the  evidence  solely,  and  not  by  abuse 
and  Mrmsm  aimed  at  the  genthrmrn  who  are 
Kirl&g  their  lime,  their  labor,  and  Ihdr  monMr  to 
thofe  inTeetlgatioQB, 


I 


Ik  1889  X  iXMDfissiOKwaaappoiRied  in  Germany 
to  consider  and  report  on  the  a<l<'nntsfte«  and  dia* 
adiantagea  of  vaccinnlton.  In  the  commlgstoii 
were  three  nnti-vaocinntioubta.  The  (ollowtDg  are 
among  the  (■ouclimioua  rea^'bed  by  tbo  commla- 


308 


SCIBirCE. 


pToi-  IX..  Va.  MT 


iion,  wboM  report  ha«  r^crntly  been  made.  The 
longtb  of  (inir  far  which  rnccinklion  prat«cts 
agaUtnt  MDnll'tiox  varU'S  Rreatif  in  dlfTerent  per- 
eOQB,  hut  ID  Ibu  mean  it  is  nbnut  ten  renrB.  1". 
R«-vacdnBtion  Ln  ntVLfsary  ten  tears  nfler  the 
priinsr;  opnmtiou  ;  V.  Two  well-miuked  resiclea 
tiTv  uecnrary  to  inmire  a  successful  protective 
vaccinnlioii ;  3^.  There  is  no  evideiice  as  lo  any 
incieusing  q)«cial  discnui:  or  of  KriiMnl  mortnlitjr 
which  oaD  be  ootuddtrcd  ni  dup  to  the  iDtrod  notion 
o(  Tacclnation ;  4°.  Tbo  use  of  tuiimul  vucc-inu  ia 
preferable ;  8".  Vaccin&tioii  should  not  bo  per- 
formed while  scarlel'feveT,  iiipasleii,  diphclieria, 
whooping-cough,  tjpliud.  or  MysijieliiB  are  epi- 
demic or  utiutnially  prevalent  iii  tlie  neighbur- 
h»od  :  ft".  Infant!'  hIiouM  nut  t>e  vaccinated  before 
they  are  tliiee  monrh»  olii  uuleiM  Biiialt-|)ox  is 
prvTatent  in  the  viclolty  :  T'.  The  gremeet  care  m 
to  the  clesDlineeH  and  dig  In  feet  Ion  of  tbe  Inslru- 
rnsntu  Ufied  for  vaccination  should  be  tnsifted  on. 


We  heartilj  indorse  Dioet  uf  these  viewH  and 
recommendations.  The  objection  to  vHC.<einulion 
during  the  pteriilence  of  ootuaiunicable  diaearis, 
with  poseibljr  the  exception  of  erysipelus.  'u>.  u-e 
think,  not  u  valid  ooe.  If  aiiy  uf  lhet>e  disuaam 
vx\»t»  in  the  family  where  there  uri'  cbildrm  un 
prottrc-ted  from  iinukll-pox.  viu^olnation  should 
niidoubledly  be  deferred  until  (he  danger  of  con- 
taxioti  Ib  iiamed.  But  incur  large  eities  the sn  di»- 
eawa  «r«  «o  continuounly  iireaent,  Ihni,  if  rncvina- 
tlon  were  lo  be  jxxitponed  until  tliey  difappi^ared, 
we  fear  the  operation  would  never  lie  jierfnrnied, 
Wid  ue  Hhoiild  Boon  have  a  va^^t  amount  of  sus- 
ceptihl  ■  iiiHtf  rial  which  w  oiild  [umi«h  a  rich  Held 
fw  Ih?  prniingatioDof  small-pox.  The  admonition 
in  n-feremr  to  the  c*re  of  the  lancet  is  wett-limed 
and  iiii|>i>rljinl.  nod  ia  a  pmixutioD  wbtch  in  loo 
apt  to  bf  uvfrloiiked.  both  in  jirit-ate  and  pubUc 
viu'diiiitioD,  I'aising  the  bin'  et  through  nn  alco- 
hol tbinie  will  a(H.i>mpliAli  the  object  iiiB  [vrfeetly 
But  i  if  acton'  manner,  or.  if  tbe  vtu^eine-poiuL  is  it- 
self Used  to  BuurU},  tbe  danger  is  eijually  avoided. 


Cbcdru.  ad  TtiE  RESCLT  of  a  long  obaervatiuii 
of  malaria  In  Ilnlj,  llnde  tliai  while  «  pnlaiu 
amount  of  moisture  is  Denwory  for  ll»  detelop- 
tnent,  yet  it  is  by  no  tueanK  confined  to  awaa>py 
and  low  reiiiimd,  but  is  often  met  with  in  elevated 
rcKionH.  In  a  recent  di^cumicqi  of  this  stibject  be- 
fore the  Ikxton  society  for  medical  ohMTValion, 
Dr.  Qowditch  reported  n  CMn  of  malaria  which  b« 


believad  to  have  ilevelopcd  in  the  Adirondavka. 
Dr.  Folsom  had  obnMrved  that  ronny  caaeii  ocnur  fn 
comparatively  elevikled  locnlitifB.  referring  esjie- 
cinlly  lo  an  outbreak  in  a  amall  town  in  ihe  w«ei- 
ern  part  of  Moaant-hmirtt*.  to  which  aJI  the  cases 
occurred  on  the  to)>  of  a  hill.  11  waa  liis  experi- 
ence that  ))eraoDB  might  live  for  a  time  in  n  well- 
derelo)>ed  malariul  region  and  remain  free  from 
the  disease  while  Ihrre.  and  Bubaeqtienilj  liava 
the  disease  manifest  itwlf  afh-r  a  year's  reeideoc* 
in  another  place. 

THK  8CBJRCT  op  HTPSOTIflM.  which  lUU  bCOOIB* 

DO  famcnu  thnnigh  the  recent  expoHmento  of 
Charcot,  engaged  tbe  attention  of  Dr,  W.  A. 
Hammond  of  Nfw  York  some  six  year*  ago,  At 
that  titiic  liL-  hypnotized  a  young  man  in  the  pres- 
ence of  tbe  niemV-er*  of  the  New  York  mcdico- 
lemil  aociL-ty.  caubinK  him  while  In  this  condition 
to  conunit  iuiaginary  theftn  and  nwanltn.  Dr- 
Hanunond  prefen  the  name  '  syggignoscism '  lo 
that  of  '  hypnotism  ;'  meaning  t lie  agreement  of 
one  mind  with  another  mind.  — n  condtlion  n( 
automatism  in  which  nets  are  performetl  without 
the  conscioiM  willing  of  the  subject.  Dr.  Ham- 
mond flndB  that  prntoiis  who  are  educated  and  are 
■cniHloined  tn  dimct  others  ore  not  >o  ntalty  ren- 
dered hi  pnolic  an  those  who  have  alwaj  ■  o<Tupied 
subordinate  positions.  Mesmerism.  m>  on1le<l.  is 
closely  allied  to  hypnotism.  The  theory  of  U«^ 
mer  wo*.  that  there  »as  an  inherent  quality  or 
power  in  tbe  jwrnon  operating,  which  accounted 
for  the  effocts  produced  ;  whervoa  the  peculiarity 
is  in  the  HUbject,  and  any  one  can  put  *u«b  a  aub- 
ject  into  ibe  liypnotiKed  i^mdition. 

Tint  i-Ki>BiJUt  i>F  I'RuTKtTiNo  from  adaheralion 
the  food  oupply  of  lar^e  cities  is  one  of  incrvaaiitg 
difdmlty  and  complexity.  For  ita  aucccMful  aolu- 
tion  it  depend*  not  only  on  energrtio  and  intelK- 
gmt  inapcctoia  but  on  the  active  Bup|>on  of  publio 
opinion.  TIte  recent  report  of  Dr,  Saunders,  pub- 
lic analyat  for  the  city  of  Loudon,  ttliuws  that  In 
one  ca«.  at  least,  where  the  tir«lof  tbe  above  con- 
ditions is  cuniTHcuouitly  prenenl  tbe  second  ia  oon- 
Kpicuoiisly  litcking.  Tbe  nrport  states  that  tli« 
public  at  Urge  continues  to  show  marked  apathy 
toward  the  working  of  the  food  inspection  lawa, 
and  that  if  tbe  in^itectors  were  not  ordered  to 
Htwure  BainpleH  independently  of  complaioti  tiring 
made,  no  check  would  exist  u)M>n  theadnlLcnitton 
of  tbe  foods  and  druics  sold  in  the  city  of  London. 
During  the  year  tSM  tlie  dejiortment  maile  one 


AnuL  1,  ISCT  ] 


8CrE2rCE. 


309 


hundrpii  nnd  eiglity-«iglit  annl.Vftes.  of  ivhirli 
iiixly-ijno  were  of  luilb,  tweniy-lvro  at  whisky, 
nine  of  gin.  Mxt«en  of  musUrd.  iwraly'isevcn  oi 
dnigs.  ten  of  diaiiifiactantf,  six  of  water,  four  of 
bntlpr  ond  Imtleiine,  nnd  thv  renialoder  of  tula- 
nilaneous  ■rticles.  Th^  dtHrepancftx  of  opinion 
between  annlfsls  rraiilling  from  tbe  empToynient 
of  a(paritt«  nielhoilB,  aiid  ihe  iinwiUnfBrtory  rliar- 
actVT  of  Nome  of  Ihe  Inws  relating  to  food  supplj, 
an;  given  iw  niaeon^  whir-h  hnce  preVKitod  the 
work  of  ihi!  depnrlnient  from  impressing  itself 
man  firmly  upon  the  community.  The  water 
HUpply  of  tho  city  hiu  lunintnined  its  high  chamc- 
ter  during  the  year,  the  same  freedom  from  or- 
ganic ioipitrity  noUrA  in  prrrious  ivporU  having 
Btill  (>xiBl(>d. 


In  4    PBEStl>BNTtAL    A»I>BBSB  —  DOW   JitlbliBhl-d 

M  a  magaiine  article  —  before  \hv  Society  fur  ibe 
8W<ly  of  ooraporatlre  pftychology.  Dr.  T.  Wenley 
Mtlls  of  Mc'OIll  uuiver«ily  Mid  a  great  many  in - 
ter««tiiiK  tliiii^A  about  tbe  objects  atiil  proM«mii 
of  that  dejtartiuent  of  science  nblch  the  itocieir 
was  founded  to  adrance.  Anlroals,  lie  eaid.  are 
the  '  (>oor  relatione'  of  man  :  tho  latter  la  one  of 
them  not  only  in  liody  but  in  mind.  But  poor 
relations  though  Itaey  are,  yet  "in  not  a  few  re- 
epects  they  arn  not  only  equal,  but  superior  to 
man.**  Dr.  Mitla  grants  that  It  la  not  Incuncelv- 
«ble  that  apeclal  fa<Tuklee,  not  existent  in  the 
lower  animals  (we  prestime  he  uus  the  adjectire 
'  lower '  merely  in  deference  to  a  cnstoni  of  tonie 
antiquity)  bare  been  implanted  in  man,  but  the 
trend  of  inveetlgatton.  beasaertt.  is  loeatabti8hthe 
fact  that  at  least  the  germ  of  every  human  faculty 
does  exist  in  some  speciex  of  animal.  Bnilea 
reason,  (■ays  the  writer.  Tliey  cnii  and  do  form 
abstra<:t  con^ieptions.  Tliey  have,  turihermora,  a 
moral  nature,  and  are  capable  of  forming  a  oon- 
caption  of  right  and  wrong.  &liui  I.aa  only  de- 
veloped a  snperioriry  to  the  brute  l>ecBUsp  of  "  bis 
MCial  tendencies.  reEiiltiug  in  the  diri^inn  of 
labor,  nilh  its  consequent  dereloptnenl  »r  epvcial 
aplitud<iK,  luid  itsoulctime  in  tbL'traormoiuiatniiunl 
of  fiinv  n-hich  h«  rnn,  on  occmiion,  bring  tii  bear 
against  ilic  rurious  tcndrnciea  making  for  his 
d«»lruction." 

Now,  before  Dr.  Mills  puta  forwaid  an;  MCb 
concUisious  as  these,  or  goes  (o  worit  with  the 
tueihod  nnd  premises  he  has  aBsumed,  lio  must 
fim  estabU«h  the  legitimnry  of  that  method  and 
tbote  premises.     And  to  do  this  he  mnat,  we 


fancy,  m«et  the  argnmrnt  of  Prof.  C.  Uoyd 
Btorgan  on  tbr  Hubjrct  of  tbe  Ktudy  of  nniuiul  in- 
t«lligencp.  Tbiii  he  biu  di>I  fnccd  thin  srgiiiui-nt  w 
evidenced  by  h>«  iialvi'  and  appuvntly  canclu*ive 
qneatjon,  *'  Sin<w  from  i-xperimenta  uu  the  braim 
of  the  lowvr  tuiimuls  we  nigue  as  to  tJie  nature  of 
the  brain  of  man,  why  may  we  not  pumie  Ihe 
comparative  method  for  tbe  soul?"  I'erhaps  w« 
may  :  but  it  must  be  done  uuder  such  llmltatlooa, 
and  in  ihL'  light  of  such  (Tonaideratioiis.  aa  Pra- 
fvsBor  Morgan  baa  indicated.  Tbe  Brat  and  moat 
fundaiiiMilal  of  these  Is,  that,  while  we  are  Josil- 
Red  in  believing  in  tl<e  existnnc*  of  IntelliKeooo  or 
Miiud  in  animals,  it  niui-t  be  steadily  borne  in 
luiu'l  thai  ihle  lias  lo  be  mtrrpretrd  not  only  by 
human  conseiouanem.  but  iii  lrrm»  of  it.  Again, 
In  all  the  atorita  relatedof  the  intvlligmce,  avral> 
Ity,  and  so  fofth,  of  animals,  there  aj«  two  dis- 
tinct olementa,  —  Drst,  certain  sotionK  pnformed 
under  certain  external  elf  c»nu>tHnc<v,  which  nuy 
be  calleil  facts  ;  and,  secondly,  crtain  infun-m:** 
wbk'h  are  drawn  from  the  fact*.  The** infiTx-iKWB 
muat  be  rigidly  excluded  from  the  clam  of  facta: 
and.  when  so  excluded,  tltai  portion  of  them 
which  la  ejective  innet  be  trMled  h  nich,  and  not 
as  objective.  These  limitation*  and  connidrrattoM 
carry  with  tln-ni  many  consequences,  but  we  can 
find  in  Dr.  .MiH'B  uddieea  uo  evidence  that  he  has 
ever  given  theoi  an;  coiulderatioo. 


TttE  «ESZ  iiBTtu>D«  for  the  dlspwal  of  garbage 
mutit  neoeeaiirily  dilTer  according  to  circun- 
atancea.  For  some  communlttea  Its  ntiliaatlon  In 
tbe  feeding  of  nwiue  ia  u  practical  solution  of  the 
probUnu  :  wliile  fcr  others  no  bet1«r  way  mh-rui  lo 
have  been  devised  than  lo  depwit  it  at  nco.  m  for 
ft««u  land  as  to  preelnde  tbe  potwibTtity  of  it>  i«- 
tiun  by  wind  or  tide.  Still  another  phut  in  (hat 
of  ita  deetruction  by  flrf  or  cremation,  —  a  plan 
which  tlieoretically  ia  pctrfaapa  tfae  oio»t  Mitiffao- 
tory  from  a  mnitary  Htand-jioinl,  hut  one  in  rvgnrd 
to  which  pmctjmlly  there  vea\  to  Ik  «>  many 
diftlcultiee  an  thua  fur  to  have  preventnl  ita  ndo]*- 
lion  in  the  lorgrst  citira  of  Ibtt  Unittvl  Stat«a. 
This  problem  is  now  being  diacuined  at  Uilwiiukiie, 
Wis.  One  proposition  ia  to  take  tbv  garbage  to 
the  country  nnd  then  feed  it  to  aniinala,  another 
la  to  deposit  it  in  tbe  watera  of  tbe  lake,  and  a 
third  to  crinMimo  it  by  fire.  A  company  propoaes 
to  nrmrt  two  crcmatota,  al  an  expense  of  leu  thou- 
sand dollara,  fur  this  purpcae.  claiming  that  tbe 
nmning  expenwe  will  not  exceed  tl0.50  per  diem 


310 


SCSSNCE. 


IVot.  UL.  Nc.  817 


DOKLiiu  THK  rAST  vmoitK,  urbich  wa>  un  tiii- 
UNallr  wvere  ontii  at  n>n,  ihr  Huh  cmniniaiiioii 
Bunecl^il  in  batching  lhirtr-flipniill«>iictd-r)ia«i. 
brlnKliiK  the  younB;  "p  I'j"  liimd.  no  (o  >iH.-uk,  lu 
tbe  agv  of  «el(-feedinR  Btlolirtcracr,  and  turuitig 
tbem  loow  liilo  tlte  OMftn.  Thia  crop  vrill  be 
'  ripe '  fiMir  or  flvv  y^ar*  hnnc.  TIip  Bsli  cuuimlti- 
Mon  will  alon  Btt<-inpt  to  rcpcoplc  our  ooaatal 
wnl^'ra  wilb  hnlihiit,  the  aoppl^  of  Uiih  viduablv 
food-fliih  having  bcvn  <lcpl«ted  in  walim  wheTe  It 
n-iw  once  coinnion.  Tlio  atttrnipl  will  {irobatiljr  bti 
firvt  madfi  In  plnnt  Ihr  hnlibut  in  Cbitupeatte  Bay, 
Adric^s  junt  riH^in^d  trota  New  Zi'tilauilaUt<s[bat 
n  ntillimi  and  a  hiilC  whiti-fisb  ova.  nent  l<y  Pto- 
rcwMir  Riiird  fniru  Nortliville.  Uich..  last  Decern- 
bet,  Ui  Sir  JuliuH  Vogi-l  of  Ni-w  Zifalaiid,  arri««ri 
iivn  in  Jiuiunr?-  in  excellent  condiliun,  onlj'  lire 
biuidrcd  lutvinj;  died. 


VRVBLTY  Oh-  OLD  CUSTOMti. 

Wf.  liavf  sevnnl  tiium  rvfetn'd  lo  the  case  of 
Rnkniil>htii,  the  nutivp  l»dy  whose  n-ronga  aroused 
no  Ki-ncml  ii  feeling  of  syoiiiotbr  in  En^taiid  und 
India  :  Inil.  ns  the  cnw  tinw  npimm  to  be  on  tbe 
potnl  of  rent^liing  n  crlidii,  it  may  bn  vroU  to  ro- 
oapilulaU^  the  facts  hrieDy,  m  Ki^en  by  ih^  Cal- 
cutta corr«t>pond«nt  of  tbe  London  Time».  Ruk- 
inibhtii  niiHinHrried.  according  to  Biiidou  imagt-. 
nl  tbi-  agi-  ot  elrvcn.  to  a  youtli  Bouie  yvan  h*r 
Mrnior.  She  remained  nl  ht-r  pan^nto'  bounc,  wan 
cjimfiiily  iHliimtrd.  and  grew  ii|),  iicctiriliQg  to  nil 
accouniH,  into  a  Teflnc<d  and  hixhiy  cnliivttit^d 
lady.  r<i>ija«  elghteoD  nionthtt  ago  she  i>iihllNli«'d 
lu  Ihi.-  Timf*  of  India,  under  tlie  no4n  <k  j)tuine  of 
*  A  Hindoo  lady,'  a  f«rii>8  of  forcible  and  iilriliiiig 
iHU-ra  <ia  thi!  DiiiHTic)  f-nlailod  un  her  nei  in 
India  by  tbe  burNirirtia  inuitonia  of  ijifuii(-Diur- 
ringi-  ajiil  cnforri-d  iridowbood.  Ijut  yt'ar  her 
hUKl«iid  l/ieil  to  gi't  hrr  to  live  irilli  him,  and,  on 
her  lefUMng,  inntiluipd  r  milt  for  th*  restitution 
nt  conjugal  rights,  in  thf  Bomhay  high  court. 
The  catie  was  iri«d  in  tlie  firel  instance  by  Mr.  Jiia- 
lice  Pinhey,  nlieu.  it  having  lieeu  (iroved  tliut  tlie 
hudmnd  was  too  poor  lo  support  hi-r,  was  itltetly 
Ignorant  and  nm-Jm-iiled,  —  ill  fiid,  a  mere  coolie, 
—  and  was,  mo[i>,"n  tr.  coniiumpli  vc,  thi-  judge  ex- 
jirrHird  tlie  opinion  that  it  irould  l>e  a  hurharouK. 
ernd,  aiid  revolting  thing  to  t^ompel  ber  to  live 
with  such  a  mail.  Hi-  further  held  that  viich  6uit 
could  nol  lie  uuiler  Hindoo  law.  and  diBiul''Hed  il. 

The  hoshiiud  nppealwl,  and  the  cane  wai  argued 
before  1  he  chief  jiinlice  and  Mr.  JuBlice  Bojiey. 
Thiwe  tfamixl  Judgtv,  while  expressing  tbeir  en- 
tire Hyuipatliy  with  Itulnnibhai,  Telt  comjiclled  to 
rule  that  Hr.  Jusllce  Pinhey  was  wrong  in  law, 


and  remanded  tbe  case  to  thplowrr  court  for  trial 
on  ita  merits.  It  ban  now  br«n  reheard  l-efoi* 
Mr.  Justice  F'arraD.  Riilimtbhai'a  counMrl  could 
only  re|ic«t  That  ha  clieut  bail  never  contented  lo 
the  marriage,  and  never  regarded  tbe  man  a*  her 
huaband  ;  Ibal  the  busband  was  poor.  Ignorant, 
and  unhealthy  :  and  thai  if  iwileiied  to  relum  to 
hliii  die  would  be  forced  lo  ilisobey.  and  was  pre- 
pared (o  lahe  the  conwquences.  The  court  had 
no  opllirii  save  to  pass  an  ■>rdrr  that  nhe  should 
jfnn  her  hutiband  within  a  nonlh.  Should  ahe 
fail  to  ilo  »o,  »he  would  be  liable  to  nix  montba' 
imprisonnient.  The  case  haa  excited  much  aym- 
pathy  among  tbe  Anglo-Indian  (.'ominunity.  Th* 
English  newspapers  atr  publitihtng  artlclM  and 
lettcrH  on  the  mhjrct.  and  stirpn  are  being  taken  In 
Bointuiy  to  raise  a  fund  on  her  behalf,  Among 
the  native  community,  however,  hardly  a  single 
voice,  except  that  of  Mr.  Mnlabari,  a  rarsee  gen- 
tleman, haa  been  raised  In  lier  favor,  and  tbe  ao- 
called  reformen  who  agllAte  loudly  for  rr|>rc*en- 
tativein*titution<9,etc..say  no  word  for  tlw  aHera- 
tion  [)f  tbe  cruel  law  which  the  Bombay  court  baa 
bfipii  reluctantly  oompellrd  to  enforce. 

U|>on  this  case  the  Timen  commeuls  am  fol- 
lows: "There  can  lie  no  doubt  to  which  aade 
opinion  in  this  country  will  incline.  Our  con»- 
apondent  tells  us  a  tale  of  nionsirout  wrong  and 
of  injunlice  in  Uie  disguise  of  law.  But  the  dia- 
giii»'.  unfortunnt^cly.  in  imiienelrable.  The  law 
is  the  law.  and  in  ttic  view  of  Rukmibhui'n  fel- 
low-countrymen Iheie  is  nothing  Rhocking  or  ra* 
vollfng  in  Ibe  end  which  it  han  been  employod  to 
aerve.  The  Hindoo  maniage-taw  can  claim,  wlili 
juntiee.  lo  have  the  mnction  of  immemorial  usage. 
Wliether  it  ifi  based  or  not  on  a  correct  lnterpr«- 
tatiim  of  tbi.'*acr«d  books. —and  there  is  room 
for  grave  doubt  on  Ihiu  l>oini, — it  baa  prevailed 
for  aonii-  Ibirty  centuries,  and  it  is  closely  inter- 
wo^vn  with  tbe  moral  and  religioiie  sentiments 
of  tlw  [ipoiile.  Keligion  pronounee-t  that  every 
Hindoo  girl  must  he  married,  Tlie  parent  who 
haa  an  unmarried  daughter  of  full  age  in  tiia 
howe  ia  not  only  an  offender  aKS^nsl  social 
usage,  but  ia  guilty  of  a  religioim  crime,  tlirest- 
ened  with  puisbroent  in  n  future  niatc,  and  one 
which  bis  outraged  neighliors  will  not  be  eat- 
isHed  to  leave  to  its  deferred  theological  sanc- 
tion. The  father  would  be  a  degraded  man. 
HIb  daughter,  therefore,  must  be  married  to 
Home  one,  and  if  no  lit  pet«on  Is  forlbcoining, 
she  miMt  l>e  Jiiined  to  some  untit  perBon.  and  this 
at  tiie  I'nrlii'nt  iigc  iKsslhle.  bo  as  lo  nellle  [lu^  nut- 
ter anil  make  thinga  safe  for  the  fiilher.  Ituk- 
uiibhai  ban  hern  treated  with  somewhat 
tional  favor  in  liaving  bad  burmiirriage< 
pnt  off  until  die  was  eleven  yearv  of  age. 


ler.     lluk-  ^j 

hat  exce]>-  ^M 

•  ceremony  ^M 

ge,    Manjr  H 


April  1.  1887.1 


SCTENCE. 


311 


Hindoo  Kirl*  mp  marrM  mtirh  oftriicr.  In  UkIt 
ivvpnlh  IV  eljcbti)  7«Mr,  anil  once  luariled.  ifanv  b 
nn  eftcnpe  pOMibl»  for  ihem.  \Vif<<(loui  may  be  ■ 
r«vo]lit)ic  wrvllutlfr,  hul  widuwhooJ  is  a  li*lnf 
dfalh.  TliF  wiiluw  in  nn  iitiU'iist.  vrlth  no  Hvjl 
riKlils  Biiil  iu>  torint  ■Inntllng.  XIm  projier  pUre 
Viuulil  liai'i-  liiM«  OD  lipr  hil&lisnire  (unctiil  pilt^. 
but  tincr  tuttvc  ho»  btvn  f(irl>i<1dpn.  a  fntf  nKirr 
eni^l,  «n  ii«oay  inor«  prolongei),  !)«■  h('rii  iln>  np- 
pointnl  lot  ot  Ihe  woman  wlio  survivOT  her  kin). 
Now.  whatever  «rv  luaf  Ibink  or  tb<8  sreteoi.  It 
la  quit?  cerlain  tbat  it  oommi-ndH  itneir  to  Himloo 
f««lfnx.  So  strong  Ih  ihp  M-nttmcnt  in  f«ror  of  it 
tliat  Lord  DiUf«rin  hn>  not  vpnlnrrd  lo  ntt^'mpt  n 
cbniiRt-  in  the  law.  He  hni;  >oi)ni]M  natifi- opinion 
on  Ibr  HubJ4'''t ;  be  hfln  (vtiimiK^l  tli<^  loont  admin- 
iatrationa,  an<l  ib«<  repli^o  lie  hiw  rtv«iT<>d  ha** 
hoMi  nnanimoiii'  SKainxE  an.v  I^K'^latfte  interfn^ 
mre.  Kukiiiit'bai  in.  Ili^rrfi.>ri.-.  a  wfte  in  tb««je 
of  the  Ihw.  mill  a  nifr  abc  ratiKt  rcinuin. 

"  Thp  pretMit  fH-linft  of  the  Hindoo  community 
in  fni-or  oS  llu-  rxiilinE  mnrrlntci'-lHw  hiu  been 
ailtniHifl  in  n  vnni>iv  ol  wavf.  When  then- wan 
talk  of  the  iKiHibilltj  thai  tlie  gorrmmr'nl  Dilgbt 
inti-rfpiplo  cbsnite  tb^i  law.  a  largr  meotinK  wa« 
hell)  at  Bombai  loprolest  against  aiich  aoonrae. 
It  wag  not  unanimous,  liut  tbi-  vofcp  of  (be  ma- 
^lly  muA  given,  not  only  a^aitiBt  n  coiupuliiory 

'«liaage  tn  the  law.  but  in  nipport  of  tite  Uw, 
u'hiob  tbpy  rbprish^  nn  Iwing  of  uM-fal  and  n- 
lifpotin  iniportnn<^.  The  dailr  condnct  of  the 
people  la  In  aKieeineiil  wlth(bi4(lecIanilion.  Thi^y 

'Inflict  the  pricial  peuallint  wbicb  are  tlir  main 
sanclioti  of  the  law.  and  uritbout  wbit^b  Ihi^  Uo- 
Kuultl  speedily  fall  into  dianKc.     Btit   aa  long  nn 

'  there  i«  n  minority  of  diiwfnlipfiC.  nocinl  pi^nnlli«» 
arc  not  rrry  ilrradful  to  lhoM>  who  can  dare  to 
face  ilit-io.  Tbc  mei^tinK  at  Bombay  ahom  as 
only  wlinttlie  men  Ihink,  and  It  shows  ua  that 

'  even  Ibey  «i«  not  entirely  of  one  mind.  It  tetb 
nt  nothliii^  about  Ibe  womeo.  We  kuon-  from 
Ru)(iuibba>'!(  eam"  tlmt  tbei*  in  one  woman,  at 
tmiit.  who  bnn  cut  bcnrlf  fmt  from  Ihe  Kuprnti- 
tiutw  and  prrjudimn  of  hor  connlry.  A*  (-diH^a- 
tion  iiprvn<t«.  and  lu  llii'  mrdiml  ni<«i<ion»  to  women 
hrjiin  to  Ix^nr  (Ih-  (ult  Iruil  wMHi  we  may  exjieot 
from  Ihoin.  ilu^  number  of  the  emancipated  will 
Krow.  Iltndoo  women  will  learn  the  rluhtti  of 
their  i>ex  nlsew'beiv,  and  will  ttetmiud  a  atiare  in 

fttwun  fur  tbeanaelres.      It  ii  tbe  women  wlicimifTcr 

riuder  tbe  |>n«eut  Hindon  iDiirritige~luw.  and  it  a 
tmm  one  of  tbi-ir  number  tbal  thi-  Brat  ant  of 
op«4i  relx-llion  ban  com«.  Wi>  irDKt  ihnt  tbe  ex- 
ampli'  will  be  of  Hprrioe  iowar<laaicenerAlenfnin< 
ehtupment  of  ihc  wx.  When  the  dny  nome*  at 
which  the  woraf-n  rvfii'i,'  to  b*  Ixiund  by  tbe  ly- 
nnnicnl  rule  imixxed  upon  them,  the  men  may 


FMolve  iM  they  will.  Imt  they  wid  be  forced  to 
yield  nvvcatlielaaa :  and  we  ore  qnitv  hutv  tliat  the 
Mkcrcd  boolia  wOl  be  found  (|uiti;  elaxtic  enuuKb  to 
justify  bulb  parties,  the  rehnla  and  tho  romwnterw 
to  the  rebellion.  Tlie  pmcpsa  of  i-hange  may  I* 
(Jow.  The  customs  of  thirty  oentiirleit  are  m.l  to 
be  uprooted  at  a  stroke.  It  will  be  enonjih  if 
thttre  in  lumr  inogrtTH  iniide.  I  f  Itukuiiblini  flnd> 
evm  a  few  who  will  mippoit  lier  in  hrr  stand,  site 
will  have  dpnii  no  light  Mow  at  the  law  wbkh  has 
driven  her  to  re  volt." 


PAttm  tJCTTER. 


The  suiiarbeei  industry  in  northern  Gerawny 
in  in  great  apprehension,  owtnn  to  Ihe  dmrtrurtive 
^rc\»  of  u  newly  ileKrlhed  pat«mte,  a  nemaiold 
worm,  which.  BcrordinK  to  M.  A.  niratd'H  recent 
paper  rwtd  trfore  the  Aea<leaiy  of  twlenc«a.  i» 
doInK  itreat  lUmnp-  in  tlie  beet-lleMs.  Thiawona 
is  foun<l  at  tli«  ■'nd  of  the  r<ii>t*,  in  the  iM>.ci*lled 
■auckers'  of  tbe  sinaller  mdiciiliii.  nod  urcii  for  ila 
own  IxineRt  all  the  aliuienUirT  matter*  ab»orb«(l 
by  the  roolA.  Tlit.-  consetpM'nce  Is,  that  tlte  plant 
soon  wllben  and  dies.  But  not  so  iXte  animal. 
It  la  ploUKbed  out  of  grotuid  t*  be  swallowed  by 
any  cliam^e  nnimal.  It  i«  finally  expelled,  in  good 
order,  perhaps  in  n  beet-Hi'Id.  whive  it  immnlinte- 
ly  he^LH  a^'ain  llo  deprcdaliona.  No  tnelliod  in 
yet  known  for  Ihe  dentrudlon  of  tbh  parasite.  It 
U,  however.  i>f  some  value  to  know  how  It  \^vv6. 

An  inipte«ting  pajB-r  on  iberapeulicH  lias  been 
published  by  M.  .)n«i>lH'lli,  who  is  trtiug  to  cure 
pulmonary  lubemilocin  by  mran*  of  inhululion  of 
caustic  vapors,  lielieving  tlier  will  cnuae  tbe  nlcen 
[in  the  binga  to  heal.  No  good  rmiliE  lutve  yot 
been  detected,  and  it  doee  not  seem  likely  that  any 
will  be  obtained.  Unlem  the  rapora  kill  tbe  baoU- 
Ins.  there  doni  not  nwm  to  be  any  poaslblbty  of  a 
useful  infloeore.  Tubert^ulomii  is  the  result  of  the 
presence  of  tbe  hncillns  :  and  to  long  oa  thi>  mi- 
r^robe  remains  in  the  body,  tuben-ulnr  aimp- 
loins  muiit  Iw  ptwcnt-  -\"  the  old  saying  go««, 
-  Sutilittu  onnjin.  Mlitur  eJftHua,'  and  in  Ibia  cu* 
it  ia  not  the  cauw,  but  a  ay  tnptom  only,  that,  vnwy 
nwleaily  it  seeow.  la  being  combated. 

Tbe  French  gnTernnieot  ba^  recently  oMalned 
from  Oreiwe  iiemiiiBion  to  prost'ciite  arebeologl- 
ml  inve«iij«iion«  in  wbnt  remHliis  of  Delphi. 
This  city  was.  except  Olympiu.  tbe  most  impor- 
tant sanctuary  of  anrieni  Gntece.  and  it  contained 
an  abundance  of  «rt-»pei-inieoii.  whieh  made  it 
quite  a  magnlflcvni  Kall^ry.  It  ia  genemlly  lie- 
lieved  tliat  the  remainn  of  the  lem^de  of  Delphi, 
nl  present  covered  by  a  small  fort,  contain  many 
specimens  of  great  Interest  for  archeolORy  and 
art.      The  American  government  petllloned  foe 


312 


8CIMNCE. 


|VOL.  LX.,  Ho.  m 


ttie  »am«  privilc)^,  but  vros  toresUitted  br  tlir 
French  (Idejinloii,  oicinK  to  tlio  penewniDcp  of 
tUf.  (la  Mouf  nnd  do  Moniliolon.  Whether 
Fimoli  Of  Anwricsn  workers  do  the  work,  lual- 
ten  little :  the  eMenliat  tliluj^  Is,  that  It  be  well 
donr  nnit  proflUihk  to  arrhiwiuK>-. 

A  reoetit  («|>er  reail  ut  a  mpirting  of  lh«?  Bio- 
toidcal  dodety  spoke  nl  Irnsth  of  the  (lowiliility 
nf  ohtainiiifEgliiaflorcryMnl  iMwm  thick  rnough  lu 
reeirt  a  iircMun- »(  h  thouHiiiKl  ]itmiNi>faMM.  In 
arit  to  Htuijy  d<  viru  the  Influence  exerted  on 
aniiDBla  l>,v  lit|;h  premures.  It  wa^  dMired  to  Ax 
Id  lui  iron  or  Me*\  apparuiuH  a  lens  allowing  a 
CXimtMIt  snperyisfou  of  w>iut  niu  liuiiig  un  imide. 
QuarU  was  Bnt  vavA,  but  it  could  nut  wilbsUuid 
more  lliaii  fvur  or  Hvc  hundred  atOKKphoTpn. 
Ttien  glam  wiui  uurd,  and  alno  a  different  mannci- 
of  securing  it.  The  mu1l«  were  very  good.  By 
ineauH  of  the  leaMier  luilf-c>llnder  u§ed  In  l>y- 
dnullc  prenw.  the  e.\a<r»  \voa  wan  very  n-ell  held 
And  mnde  faM.  and  tlir  leus  itwif  (llfteen  milli- 
metre* thick  and  forty  ill  diampU-rl  HUpp">rti«l  a 
prt^Duri.-  of  u  iltouKanil  nlmoophcrr*  wiUioul  thr 
slif(hte>it  iui-uavrnicni-p. 

Thelir9itwt>  niinibern  of  the  Annnle*  de  tin- 
Mtitiil  IhtBtrtir  have  lieen  |>tibh6licd.  under  Pro- 
fnKur  UuL-lntix'*  direction.  Tliey  contain  much 
good  mulerlal.  la  the  fIrHt  uutuber  ihi-re  ia  an 
latvmtiiig  Iptler  from  I^*U'ur.  ouiic.-eri>inB  anti- 
rabies  inoculations  in  geoirra).  Tbu  srcond  num- 
ber ooBtaknft  a  \.a\ivx  by  U.  Roux  on  cullure- 
metboda  for  antirubia  microbcH,  whi<Th  will  be  of 
vue  li>  many.  Ur.  GomBlcTn  hn*  (■nniribule<l  a 
loDRand  i-ery  interesting  pHpcronp«r«l>lic rabies, 
ahowing  that  thin  form  of  the  dieeoM-,  considered 
Dotuion.  and  believed  by  M.  Peter  lo  result 
'  froDt  rx|irtiiiicnial  rabiea,  lain  fact  common, 
ad  haa  bern  freaiuontly  met  with  by  hUaseir  and 
othem. 

Tlw  vinc-growerB  of  Algiiin  arr  now  wfionnly 
troubled  by  tliv  dnlruc-iion  cauniHl  in  their  vine- 
yardH  by  an  iniH:«t.  Allien  oaipelophngn,  which 
threaCriiB  to  lifcomp  a,  currie,  very  tToiible«ome, 
but  lest  dHnK'emUG  Ihnn  pb^Iloxom  hnn  l>«<en  to 
conlinrntnl  vineyaid».  Tills  liiBecl  la  liecoming 
very  numerous,  and  its  efTi-cti  are  conudernble 
already.  In  *ome  ptai.'«<  aiorv  ihan  a  third  port 
Of  the  wholp  prudiit'tiiMi  is  deriroyed  by  it.  It 
feedH  on  gr8|H--vinv  Intres  only,  eatuiK  thent  as 
faat  n*  they  appntr,  and  ulrjmnl«'ly  killing  Ibe 
vine.  A*  it  In  a  >'ery  ]ii-ollfic  insect,  giving  over 
five  generatlonti  In  a  tingle  summer,  much  is  to  liv 
feared  fiom  it.  During  the  winter  il  hides  in  re- 
aemtt  under  tbe  tnrk  of  tn-(«,  under  dead  lumes. 
in  tbe  earth,  etc.  Many  mi-lhodnba<elM«n  tested 
to  darntroy  il.  but  thoee  Ihnt  arc  roihI  ctat  too 
imwb.    This  plngae  has  be«n  Ions    known    in 


Spain.  In  mediaeval  timcx  puWic  prayere  were 
ocdered  in  Andaluma  whun  the  insecU  became 
loo  numerous.  It  iu  unnccoamry  to  say  Ihat  no 
results  nrbatever  were  noticed,  and  cvua  Oatholio 
Spain  now  deems  it  better  policy  to  try  and  light 
Ui«  plague  witiiout  aiding  for  supertiatural  aid. 

At  a  r««unt  meeting  of  the  Biological  nocicly, 
M.  Ch.  Ouinnm  prrtH-nted  a  paper  on  the  om  of 
carbonic  add  so.  nn  ooiusihctic.  The  carbonic 
acid,  mixed  with  aii,  in  inhaled.  The  ananitbe«la 
BO  induced  ia  a  very  complete  ime,  without  ilunger. 
and  may  loat  a  long  time.  M.  Onuinm  baa  nsed 
this  inetbod  in  operations  on  man,  and  !■  ijutt« 
satisHed  with  the  result.  Theee  facts  have  been 
coolirmi'd  by  M-  Uriliout.  It  must  be  notkied 
that  tbe  anaesthetic  properties  of  carbonic  add 
have  long  been  known.  Carbonic  acid  was  tiMel 
likely  the  tir^t  anaesthetic  used,  as  il  lias  been 
nirmised  tbat  the  anaesthesia  indu4^vd  >>y  tbe  pby- 
Mciana  of  andent  Egypt  and  Greece  wa»  dne  to 
tlie  csilmnic  acid  evolved  by  the  contact  of  vine- 
gar and  marble. 

H.  K,  Bfrrillon  bus  recently  published  an  excel- 
lent little  book  giving  an  accumle  account  of 
Pniil  Bert's  work  in  pbyoidlogy.  It  is  equally 
resdaljle  for  *cieotisls  and  the  gencrn)  public. 
The  principal  results  of  M.  Bert's  work  in  the  van- 
oua  branchei' of  physiology  are  annl>zrd  and  ex* 
plained  in  a  very  clear  and  correct  mnnuT.  and  n 
list  of  hia  ptincipul  contributions  1h  ap|ieudcd. 

A  new  mcdirni  paper  has  ju^t  been  ntarted  by 
ProfeMior  (Iraocherot  the  Paris  medical  school.  It 
is  the  BuUftin  nuilieal.  and  is  expected  to  prove  a 
«uoce6«.  Medical  papers  are  generally  of  little 
value  in  t'rance.  aave.  of  courw.thiMe  which  con- 
tain only  original  matter.  The  papers  inteuded  to 
keep  pmctitioiicr?  well  iKiatcd  ujion  the  progrMa 
of  me<licnl  icience  are  very  incomplete.  No:ip 
nan  com|Mire  with  the  iMncrt  or  Driliah  mrdteal 
journnl.  or  with  the  bent  American  pnpern.  Many 
of  them  are  worth  nothing,  and  it  i*  a  wonder 
they  contrive  lo  live.  The  BttlMin  nirrfira/  has 
corrmpoiidenta  abroad  iii  great  nunil«r.  and  oiMi- 
tuins  II  (zreal  deal  o(  matter  in  the  shape  of  iirigi* 
nnl  contributiiina.  chemical  lectures,  reviews  of 
books  and  scicntifie  paiM-m.  Kiciety  tranaactions, 
etc.     It  is  published  twice  a  week.  V. 

Par)*,  MaCRli  tt. 


atSOORAPlIlCAL  NOTES. 
A»(a. 
The  RuwImw  and  the  Engllidi  are  eqnally  e«r- 
neBtl>  engaged  In  exploring  central  Asia.  Hr.  A. 
D.  Carey  of  the  Bombay  civil  aerviov  la  now  niak- 
ing  n  journey  of  consi<lerable  intervnt.  Abfant 
says,  "Hr.  Otrcy   left  India  in   May.  1889,  and 


1.  1667.) 


SCIENCK. 


murlxHl  (hmnfiti  Ijidak  inio  nortliprn  Tilwi 
<Chin|[Uin)  as  Tar  nt  the  Manittsa  Lake,  rimI  tlien 
nUnrk  northward,  dmoendiui;  oii  tlie  plain  of 
Turiiealan.  n«r  Kiria.  He  thus  iravrtaed  over 
three  humlppd  mih*  of  Miuntr.v  which  bad  never 
bvfow  been  risitn)  hy  a  Eur(ipi-un.  Thr  BlIituilM 
cm  tin*  iHM^Iion  of  thci  joumpy  wprr  aln-nn  lexy 
gn«t,  til*  tntck  riinnlne  iiminlly  at  about  sIxtcvD 
thouMnd  fM>tftbov«iheften.  while  one. at  I^Mt.ot 
tlwpAMM  Croe-e'l.  waHcak'ulal^iI  ti>  reach  nine- 
t««n  IboUBUkd  feel,  j^fter  &  Ma.y  nl  Kiria  aiid 
Khotnri.  ilie  Kliulun  River  was  followed  1^  itn 
Junrtiun  wtlh  thpTnrim  :  the  route  Ilirn  lay  uluiifc 
the  lattiT  riier  to  Snrlk.  und  tlirn  uctoim  n  iitn-t«h 
of  ilewrt  to  8h&h-YittBnil  Ku<?hi!r.  Pioin  tlio 
latter  place  the  Tariin  wbk  folloirttd  down  to  a 
point  where  it  lorna  unitliwanl  towards  I^ke 
Lob.  FVoTn  this  jMiot  tlie  tonns  of  Kuria  and 
Kirfetaber  were  rlaitnl,  and  about  tli«  end  of  the 
jar  ibi-  Tarim  <**as  strtK'k  again  iiud  tracki-d 
down  to  L*ib-Nor.  Thus  thct  whiilr  lonf^th  of  the 
Tiirtm  hns  been  ^iplorr<l,  Tlir  rounlry  alonjc  lt» 
banks  b  dc*crtbeil  as  flat  8n<l  leedy.  and  the 
people  estreniely  poor  and  miserahle.  ftlr.  Carey 
pitched  Ms  CHinp  at  (lie  village  of  ChAklllc.  some 
dIMance  soaib  uf  the  lake,  ami  dose  to  the  foot  of 
lb«  f[r«t  runj^e  of  inouiilaiiiii  which  fomiB  ttir 
Dorthem  scarp  of  tin;  TiU-Un  bighUndn.  On 
April  BO.  IBB6,  Hr.  CBr«-y  MnrltHi  ftnm  )bi>  *il> 
Ingip  on  a  journey  wiithward  Into  Tibet,  over  a 
pefp  in  the  Alhn  TstEh  ranjte.  and  onwari]  by  a 
tntrk  occasionally  ue*d  b}  ihe  Kalmucks.  Hince 
tbla  atari,  uotbinic  hHs  been  hc«nl  of  Mr.  Cwny, 
but  it  is  pT(!!<uni«tI.  ibnt,  nFler  npi'nding  th^  aiiRi- 
iner  and  nulunio  in  Irsvelling  orcr  the  rlrvated 
[ion,  he  hna  relurned  to  Tiirkeatan  lo  winter," 

Afrira. 

llry'R  rxpeditu>n  arrived  nt  the  mouth  of 
tlir  KonKo  on  March  1^.  Aocardin^  lo  .Yufnrr, 
fjtanlcy.  (in  hiH  arrii-nl  nl  Stanley  Falln  wiih  the 
firat  rontinKent  of  hin  exjieditiou.  about  it^  men. 
will  iiroroed  atont^  to  Emin  Pasha,  wilboul  wait- 
ing for  the  redt  of  bis  party.  Nu  doubt  he  will  be 
re-enforced  by  some  of  Tippu'a  men.  Tlie  luaiit 
body  will  fo1l»w  an  tui'oi  an  the  iiteainrrs  art  abl« 
10  land  tbem  all  at  Slanlvy  Falla.  but  Hmt  a  ramp 
will  he  wtBhlinhi-d.  at  ntnui-  dintuni'e  from  the 
Falla.  aa  a  Iuim.-  o[  i)pfmiion». 

The  rc|iiiiti>  piil'tiKluvl  by  thi^  Kongij  nwiociallan 
on  the  ntntc  of  nfTnir*  on  tlie  upper  Kongo  are  a 
■tronit  conlrant  with  lettem  publjuheil  l>y  the  Paris 
geosntpbical  aoeiely.  Some  details  on  the  luaa  of 
the  Stanley  Fblls  atntlon  are  glv^u,  and  Uie  f«ar  i* 
«xprea»ed  that  the  Arab*  inigbl  attack  the  Ban- 
galte  station.  UtfAAe*,  tli«  intftmiurw  on  both 
idiom  of  tJtanley  Pool  ia  said  to  be  interrupted  by 


(be  native  aUaekiniK  the  caravans.  It  la  probable 
Ihsl  Stanley**  neeotallons  with  T1p|iO-Ttp  may 
lead  to  iIh>  eataNifbinent  of  friendly  relations  be- 
tween iIh-  Arafaa  and  the  Koopi  Free  Slate.  The 
hitivt  news  Miya  that  Tipp»-Tip  in  to  lie  sppoioled 
chief  of  the  Stanley  Palla  Ktalion. 

LienlenanI  Bnerl,  who  expbHrd  the  MunKalla. 
»tatf«  lliat  at  ihe  farthest  point  reached  by  him  it 
I*  only  thirty  f<rt  wide  aiul  (our  or  live  feet  dijftp. 
Thl«  plaee  b  very  near  Junker's  All-Kobo,  on  Ihe 
Welle.  Baert's  slalemetit  sliows  plainly  thai  tlw 
Uongulla  ■«  not  the  low«rr  cour«-  of  any  one  of  tli« 
rivers  tlie  aourcc*  of  which  werv  explurud  by 
Jnnker,  hat  that  It*    drainage  arm  la  a  101011 

Qtif. 

Dr.  ZintRrafT.  who  riaited  Wwt  Africa  a  fi'w 
y««rfi  aico.  lias  been  commiMioned  by  Ihe  On-man 
ICOverriinenl  to  explore  llie  river  system  of  the 
Cameroon  dtitricta  in  tite  little  sieanier  NachtigSl. 
He  intends  lo  visit  the  t'-uiueroon  Muuntniiis.  As 
la:ge  ijuantilien  of  eaoulcbouc  are  oaid  to  be  ob- 
tained ttu^re.  he  will  be  a<-L'ampiinied  by  an  ex- 
pert in  that  material. 

It  must  l>e  rex'Vtted  that  conicress  failed  to  ap- 
proi>riaI<'  the  money  decoanded  for  a  survey  of 
tbu  bouDdariea  between  Alaska  ami  the  Britith 
poseeMion",  and  betw«ru  tbe  aouUi-wcatem  lerri- 
loiiea  and  Mexico.  Bender  it*  brinic  dcMrahle 
from  a  scientific  point  of  <iew.  it  l«  practically  of 
ftreat  Importance.  The  diseuvery  vl  rich  icold- 
depmitd  near  ibe  boundary  lie! ween  Brlti&li  Colum- 
bia and  Alaska  may  furnish  Kroui''"  for  another 
citiarrrl  lietwven  Ihe  United  Stale*  and  Canada, 
The  boundary,  an  defined  hy  the  Inyity  with  nun- 
sla,  followH  the  summit  of  the  moantaino  nitualed 
parallel  to  the  coniil  an  far  iw  Innijitiide  H\^  we»t, 
and  Is  in  no  place  more  than  thirty  nautical  lu{l<« 
from  the  coant-line.  Of  coitrt^,  this  deflnlUon  Is 
very  vague,  and  disputes  between  American  aod 
Canadian  miners  may  \yf  expected  if  the  aiirvey 
ti  nut  aoon  undertaken. 

Mr.  A.  McArtliur's  prospects  of  beln^  sut'ce**- 
ful  in  hia  enterprise  of  rracliln^  the  north  jHje  are 
not  very  pr»miaiaK>  He  left  Winnipeg  only  a 
few  weeki  ago  on  tbe  way  to  llutbon  Bay.  A 
few  dajsano  Ilia  oomiumion  rHiimod  to  Wjaal- 
pei:.  hs>  inic  left  him  lo  go  on  alone.  Neverthe- 
\vm.  HcArtliur  may  do  ipiod  srienliDc  n-urk  in 
Hudson  Bar.  I'  he  re»olv««  to  cotiftne  hiinitelf  to 
reMvrcbes  in  tliat  region. 

A('i:ordiug  lo  the  Dagbtatt  of  Co|ieiiliii(,-pti,  the 
]>opulBtion  of  northern  Orecnlund.  about  thcr  end 
of  leen,  wa>  4,4U  Oi.lIO  ntal<-*  and  !,293  females); 


SCIEJUCE. 


IVai^  IX„  Bo.  JIT 


tliat  of  sonUtem  UreenlAnd.  MOO  ii,W  raaleR 
and  2,043  femalM).  Tbo  inonMe  ot  population 
in  1685  wtu  86  in  the  nortbvrn  and  81  in  Ibe 
M>uthi-rn  plot.  Tht'Hiow  but  Hli'ady  incnruM.- forms 
■  fiirornbtn  c<ontniiit  to  tbp  mpiil  drrrpour  in  tbi- 
Bnglioh  iui<l  Ani«ri(Miii  juirta  of  nn^tic  AnKuni^n. 
Th»0&nis>i  govemmeDt  t4tk«N  cHt«  of  Uip  naiirrR. 
who  fully  Kpay  tli«  oui  Iny  of  Ihe  govemnifnt  by 
tbe  produce  of  (h(^ir  hunting  and  ns1i«rle«.  Th^ 
EngUah  und  Anit-rican*.  ihougli  ilwy  claim  the 
ooniolry.  Ii-urr  thpia  to  tJic  inrrcy  of  whalun  and 
tmdris,  whasn  diiui>iiD»ii  tnflumt^'  will  dcxtroy 
tbi'm  within  n  ihort  liinr. 

The  nhat«m  who  nnniially  visit  BniHn  Ray 
Htatc  that  the  enorniouH  iii&a*  of  land-ke  which,  in 
1884,  extended  from  the  sliore  of  BaJHn  Land  to 
a  distuDce  of  about  eiity  miles,  did  DUl  gir«  way 
UHtil  the  summer  of  1838,  Tlie  shipB  went  unable 
lu  n|i|irt)ai.'h  the  coast  froin  Cape  Bowiin  Ui  C»pr 
tkiarlf  for  three  yean.  After  the  ice  had  broken 
up.  nhiilea  were  fntinil  in  grtuit  nmnberii  in  Cuiii- 
borlnnd  Soiind  and  near  Cape  Mercy,  whilo  In  the 
previoUH  yfiar*  hardly  any  were  met  wiih  on  these 
gn)\iBt\ii. 

yOTES  AND  NEWS. 

The  V.  S.  coast  survey  lost  one  of  ite  roost 
capable  aasJstants  recently  by  the  death  of  Mr. 
Carliale  Terry,  jun,.  who  died  at  big  home  in  Co- 
Inmbua,  On.  Mr.  Terry  was  a  young  ninii  [>f  Kreat 
promite.  and  IiiH  woric  cm  tlie  Pnoi&c  i-oiuit  during 
the  part  winter  had  Ix-du  niogt  sucoesafu),  being 
highly  oommended  by  tlie  aiitboritfea  at  Waab- 
ington. 

—  A  halibut  weighini^  thirty-four  pounds  and 
measiiriiig  forty-one  iDchm  in  luogth  was  cap- 
tured reci-nlly  in  tho  lower  Potomac,  near 
Colonial  Bench.  This  is  the  flrnt  authentic  case  of 
a  ballliut  In  fresh  water,  Ililherto  it  waa  sup- 
posed tliat  the  (Iclnity  of  Long  Idlaml  was  Ibc 
extreme  southern  limit  of  (be  habitat  of  thi«  iieh. 
The  specimen  caugbt  in  the  Polomac  hiui  been  jjre- 
•erved  in  ulcubol  by  (be  HmithHuoiuu  institution, 
and  a  rnrt  bin  l>een  niude  nod  iilmt^d  on  exhibi- 
tion in  the  national  muwnni. 

—  Tlire*  fine  »|>eclmena  of  carp  have  been 
caugbl  in  a  net  In  the  lower  Polouiac,  one  weigh- 
ing uvcraevni  pouuda.  The  tieb  CKitimimion  have 
preserved  llieae  finh  iu  their  targi^  iiqturia  at 
Wsjihingtoo.  Several  whiti'-tish  and  bnps  were 
also  taken  in  the  same  locality.  Theae  are  evi- 
dences of  the  sood  reanlls  attained  by  the  U.  8. 
fisb  commlMlon  in  the  propagation  of  food.ft«he«. 

—  Tlie  f^m-oollenli<in  in  thn  nattonid  museum 
haaJBst  been  enriched  by  tlieaddition  of  the|>c«rl8 


and  diamonds  given  to  President  Van  Buren  by 
the  Imaum  of  Muscat.  These  vdnable  jewett 
have  been  Ijing  In  the  vaults  of  tho  trwuniry  for 
nearly  forty  years,  and  were  previously  on  ex- 
hibition tn  the  patent  ufBce ;  but  some  of  Ibeia 
were  abstracted,  and  ibey  were  placed  to  the 
treasury  vault*.  There  are  one  hundred  and  fifty 
piarls  and  one  huniln^I  and  nix  diatuouds  Uie 
latter  aggregating  Iwcniy-one  carats  in  weight, 

—  Prof.  C.  V.  Blley.  the  entomoloRlsl  of  thn 
agricultUTal  department,  has  gone  to  California 
to  investi^te  Tarious  ninttera  which  have  been 
dnmnnding  the  attention  of  his  bureau  for  sodi« 
time.  His  special  min»ioii  is  lo  invpitignte  the 
Coltony  CLiBblon  scale,  an  innect  importeii  froo* 
Auatralia.  which  is  doluK  irnmenke  dnrnajte  to 
tlie  ci[nia~orcbanU  of  Californiu. 

—  Tho  new  naval  «b»er»atory.  for  which  con- 
grew  appropriated  (;400.000  svverul  yenra  ago,  ■■ 
lo  be  built  in  the  near  future.  Mr.  Richard  M. 
Hunt  of  New  York  has  been  appointed  archlt«ct 
uf  the  building.  Contracts  for  the  work  on  th? 
olBervalory  will  be  mode,  and  the  building  opera- 
tions will  Uiurtly  begin. 

—  The  second  spring  meeting  of  the  Indiana 
acndemy  of  sciences  will  be  held  on  Mny  19  and 
SO.  laUT,  *t  the  •  Sliadw  of  ncalb,'  ne*'r  Wave- 
land,  Montgomery  connty,  InJ.  This  place  is 
situated  on  the  bMnka  of  Sugar  Creek,  which 
here  passes  liirough  a  deep  gorge  cut  in  the  sab- 
carbon  if  eroiu  sandstone. 

—  The  Marine  laboratory  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
nniversily  has  been  opennd  at  Nassau,  New  Prorl- 
denee.  West  Indies,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  W. 
K.  Bi«oks. 

—  The  Uari'aid  nalurul  history  »ociely,  having 
for  n  number  of  years  been  iu  a  particularly  doi^- 
niant  stnti-,  has  reii-ntty.  by  the  energelic  work  of 
its  president.  Mr.  Notati.  iiprung  into  life  again. 
Under  its  »us[iice8  there  will  be  n  series  of  weekly 
lectures,  or  rallier  Inlks,  at  the  society's  rooms, 
upon  the  local  fauna  and  Horn.  Tlie  Hrst  of  th« 
cuur^  ill  announced  for  March  80,  to  lie  delivered 
by  Mr.  Samuel  (larman,  upi-n  the  reptiles  of 
Ma«sncbusetl8.  Othei'  talkii  will  follow,  on  the 
Wednesday  t-vi-ning  of  each  week,  by  Mr.  8,  H. 
Scndder  on  liuttj-rHieB.  Dr.  J.  R,  Kingsley  on 
crustaeea,  Mr.  James  Enierlon  en  Spiders,  Mr. 
William  Brevrster  oil  bird*,  and  othen  not  yet 
announced. 

—  Hr.  William  U.  Uiill  of  the  SniithsOBian  lD> 
stitution  has  just  n-lurned  (rum  a  trip  to  florfda, 
embmcing  a  trip  up  the  Ca loose biu'hee  River, 
whei«  he  went  in  search  of  fossils.  Ilia  trip  waa 
most  successful.    This  deposit  was  Ant  discovered 


AnxL  1.  imt.y 


scmnrcm 


315 


two  7Mn  mo.  and  the  tint  vinit  to  tho  tomtt  n>- 
gion  WM  iiiiid«  lant  yenr  bv  pToTniMrnHlpriniinil 
Mr.  Wlloax  of  I-liilii<l<'l|>hin.  Alxiut  lialf  <>I  thin 
imnwnae  depu^t  it  of  nn  niniost  exilnct  class,  and 
tbe  r««Ba)iulrr  m  <>t  riniilar  iiisterial  to  rhatfouDd 
farther  noutli.  iintabl;  In  Ihe  We«t  IndU«.  Mr. 
Dal)  cuiiridtm  this  to-vi\  lietiosil  tlir  fiiievt  ?«l 
touiKl  in  tbp  Unl(«<I  Buttn.  On  Liltle  Santoga 
Bay  n  rock  was  round  in  wliicli  thvi*  were  frag- 
ni^nU  (if  Indian  potlity  of  rod^  woricoiatiship, 
HfaovinK  tliat  the  occupntion  of  Florida  dAipshnDk 
iato  the  «arliM  agn. 

—  Tlie  V.  S.  ooiut  mirvc'ir  is  about  to  htgia 
opffalions  in  tbe  flcW,  aft*r  a  iius|x>i>slon  of  ax 
months.  Tlx-  folloniitt;  work  )u»i  tlimfsr  timti 
mapiieU  out  bt  the  iiuperinton<l»nt.  Tlie  (Kodetlc 
l^etlinK  part;,  cnnslsling  of  AwisUiita  J.  B. 
Weir.  J.  E.  McOralh.  and  W,  B.  t^alrlivld.  Iiave 
Htutpirodrd  work  In  MiHoimippi  and  Alab«mn,  the 
npiiruprintlon  for  its  (x>nliuiiuncr  1icin)tnxhnu«M. 
luid  have  rrtumi-d  lo  Wiulitn^ton.  Thin  party 
will  take  lli«<  lirld  ugain  in  Nrw  York,  and  will 
f un  a  tiae  of  jiiri^iitn  iipirit  tovris  ■ronml  i  ho  main 
harbor  of  New  York,  ii^nnecting  all  the  bench- 
tuarkH  and  tidal  xtAlions  with  thie  line  of  levels, 
and  witli  tli«  New  York  end  of  the  tranncouii- 
Dcnlal  line.  Thiu  line  will  also  U-  i-ooneoli-d  with 
the  Une  of  levelx  which  rstendii  ap  the  UudKun 
Birer  froin  New  York  t«  Albany.  A  detailed 
hydio^mpliir  survey  of  a  portion  of  BallUnore 
harbor  will  l>e  <x>uinieneed  on  the  Ist  uf  April  b; 
Asnalnnta  W.  J.  Vinul  and  G  L.  Tane.v,  ouder 
the  iainipilUte  ituperviBiou  of  tht?  t-ngintw,  N.  U. 
HiKtoti,  ot  tbe  Bttltiroon  harbor  buanl.  All  tfa« 
parties  un  the  Fni'ific  coaal  havi>  rrvt-ierd  tnitmo- 
tionn  to  tnke  the  8eld,  thr  npiirojiriniionn  beiiiK  ■" 
Ruoh  rijndition  thnt  the  work  will  probably  be 
carried  on  continuously  froin  May  1  lo  Dec.  I .  The 
Ulegraphic  lonxitude  jiartles  in  charge  of  AraEst- 
anls  Rilwin  Smith  and  O.  H.  Sinclair  are  Instruct- 
ed to  lake  ibe  Held  between  April  I  and  30, 
Their  lir^  work  will  be  tbe  (.-onneetion  of  Dnrid- 
•on'H  obvervaiory,  Una  Frnnciaca.  with  Salt  Lake 
City.  This  jiromim's  an  imporlnnt  link  in  the 
longitude  detrrminationi  of  the  Traniit  nf  Vrniis 
Station  n«Nr  Fort  Snldvn  in  Ki>w  Mexico.  The 
Mpograpblcal  and  trinn>riilallon  (laTtles  will  take 
the  field  on  the  coaat  of  Maine  about  the  tint  of 
Hay.  or  eiirli«r  if  the  neaaoii  perniita.  Three  or 
four  t»pi>griiphi<'al  pcirtien  on  the  north  sidn  irf 
T,onK  Ulnnd  Sijnm)  arc  rxjiec-lcd  to  fill  in  the  few 
gape  in  tlin  topo^rnplty  Hint  now  ekiet  between 
tbsBhore-line  and  the  New  York.  New  Haven, 
and  Hartford  iailro*d.  Assistant  J.  F.  Fruit  and 
Sub-nautftaiit  Freiiiunl  Morse  have  been  inttrlK-'ted 
to  luaki;  a  prrliniiuary  IO])0grapbti;al  rrconDai*- 
mnce   of  WaahinKlon   Territory   on   the    Puciflv 


coiut.  A  Mrvey  of  iht*  uninhabited,  uaappronob* 
alile,  and  alntmit  unknown  portion  of  the  Pacific 
coaM  {»  eieall;  iteeded, 

—  Th«-n;  are  ritty  oandidalet>  for  Iho  fellowalitp 
lit  Ihe  Royal  aooietT  this  year,  about  Ibc  average 
numhrr  for  ihe  hurt  fimr  or  five  yeats.  The  rouB- 
pil  will  in  April  •plwt  flftn^  of  tlvwe  for  recotn- 
meudati'in  to  the  society,  and  llie  election  will 
take  place  on  Ihe  0th  of  June. 

—  The  not  trmAoa  of  the  National  araulemy  of 
s^iiMiees  will  be  hdd  in  Washingtou,  D.C..  be- 
j^nninR  TucJday.  April  10. 1867.  at  1 1  lm. 

—  Dr.  B.  N.  Curt,  well  known  for  hii  vahiahl* 
llnjciliMlc  and  etlinolottical  IrpaliKpii.  and  jiatlicu' 
larlj  for  Ids  works  on  tlie  ■  Modem  Innguagea  of 
the  £a4t  Indies'  and  the  ■Modem  Innguagn  of 
Africa,'  is  preparing  a  aimltar  wcA  on  the  '  Mod- 
cm  lnnftnag««  of  Oceania.' 

—  A  reproduction  of  port  of  tin-  map  in  tlie  Ont 
bullelin  iiwiied  by  the  New  Ensland  coeteurological 
mteiety  was  girva  In  Seienee  tor  Jan.  8,  1880. 
Tbiny-six  obtfenen  iben  oontritMt«d  to  the  aoH- 
cty'n  n^cord*.  The  number  ia  BOW  a  hundred  and 
Hfiy. 

—  For  live  years  Ihe  Brookrllle.  Ind..  Mctety  of 
natural  histonry  have  given  a  courw  'rf  frt«  papu- 
lar Icctunw.  The  counte  thl«  year  ban  thua  far 
beitn  the  moBt  popular  of  the  seriee.  The  follow- 
Ins  lecture*  have  boon  Rireu  thu  winter :  Ocl,  15, 
'Tlie  Bttidy  of  man."  itj  D.  G.  Brinton ;  Nov.  9«, 
'The  intelhcence  of  Instinct.'  by  J.  P.  D.  John : 
Dec,  n.  ■  W.irld-buiUliii({,'  byOeootP  M.  Maxwell  ; 
Jan.  14.  -Tlie  study  of  m.vtholoKy.'  by  L,  H. 
Thomn«;  Feh.  4.  •  Tliree  weeks  williout  walir,' 
by  H.  W.  Wiley.  The  following  lectures  are  yet 
(o  be  gii-en :  March  II.  ■  IJfe  among  the  Ja))an- 
eee,'  by  T.  C.  Mendenhnll :  April  I. '  Our  national 
park,'  by  J.  M.  Coulter:  April  il*.  ■  Agawii.'  by 
D.  S.  Jordan. 

—  Dr.  Feale  hw  brought  togHber  In  his  paper 
on  the  mineral  springs  of  Ibe  United  States, 
(Bull.  V.  H.  gnii.  Mirv.,  No.  Si.  Washington)  an 
immen'e  amount  of  information  about  the  min- 
eral springs  of  lhi«  country.  The  list  wan  foiiiHMl 
primarily  to  aid  in  tlie  statement  of  the  cummer- 
ciiil  value  of  niinerai  waten  as  pari  of  the  iiiini>r- 
al  mourtM.-s of  tlie  United  Ntaleii:  but  itwill  have 
a  much  wider  nv^ulncB  than  tbal  would  impJy, 
It  in  Dmall  pmLie  to  nay  thnt  thri  lixl  is  the  moet 
comprehcQMvp  thnt  has  yel  been  iiiiutKl.  The 
mofit  conipMc  before  llij*,  tliat  of  tlrc  American 
medical  araodation.  mention*  about  five  hundred 
l*x-alities  r  while  Ur.  Peale  has  Killected  data  aa  to 
S.t^S  locuMtie«.  includlug  more  than  8,000  rprinpi. 
Even  Ibtf  is  uecmMrily  an  imperfect  ennmeratkiD. 
and  must  be  regarded  as  ■  (uHiminnry  to  wore  dr- 


t«il«d  work.'  fn  ndditioa.  the  lUt  contAiDs  analy- 
M»  of  aiiotv  thftn  800  dprinK*.  nml,  wlivreTer  poo- 
Kiblr,  tlir  tonip«niluii>.  voliimp.  ^nd  clmnu'liv  of 
mch  stirinx  niv  ititvn.  Only  lho»e  who  hAvt>  done 
eimtlar  work  can  appivcial^  the  amoLint  of  tlianlc- 
lesfi  dradgin?-  intotTiHl  in  iliin  iw^rul  pnper. 

LUTTEHS  TO  TtIK  KDtTUB. 

*,*»(  .uunHon  iff  uiiaiifit  mrt  ii  tailed  Co  ISt  attamttftt 

on  rff^rd  brirj  y>rr{i^i3iawy   fwUtrt  vf  thii/  iAirstiffattanM^ 

Tirrul^  fijii^t  Of  Ihe  nNvn-rtr  pi>ntaininif  hit  ^a^tmuniJ^ii}** 
%riU  bt /uinirhfd /frt  rvanV':«rTM)>unifrrt/(m  rr>jiif«f^ 

Tkt  titilor  v^U  ^  {ilad  to  fmbtOh  anfr  *J9ffit*  fvntottami  tttUt 
Ik*  ekttntUr  ^  (V  jnviviL 

rBTfttpmiaaili  att  rrfuftfad  lohtai  brii/nt  /vtrti-U.  Tlit 
vtittr't  nnmrU  InnttrAttt  rrtjuirfd ns prinif  n/ it/inii /atrft. 

Barometer  exposuie. 

Amovi-  (iiMiii  of  I'v\',  IS  tb<-  Imri'iiiprpr  ul  Blu«  ICill 
tAmervMorj  tipftau  to  fall  ra|iii.lly,  rmd  oimluinei]  to 
ilu  DO  until  aboiil  9  I'.u.  Durind  this  fntl  Iho  wind 
■tondily  inrreaacil  in  iilooily.  Kud  bi-lwiwn  k  iiiiil  'J 
P.M.  WM>  l)l(iwiD({  tliiiMt  n  iiurrii-ime.  Iiuuiedlutvly 
afl«r  9  iMi.  [br  liiirrirtiiir-likc  rcinr  of  tlic  wind  nid- 
dcnlv  I'oibtud.  t'llfeU^iiig  Tip  at  thp  obvrrvnlory  buro- 
fgrapb.  I  utn  tbitt  il  uiu  in|>lr)Iy  riMii);,  uiiil  witbJIi 
two  or  ttiFKi^  mln'iti'i  hiu\  ri-u'ii  ti]«r-.'  tbiLU  H  Icutb  <it 
an  iudi.  Th«  Imiujitmiili  ia  ul  Ihc  r)rii[>cT  paltcrn. 
uid  iniilltplioii  tlitoc  time*.  Tbo  iu-i.-aui|itiiiyLiiH  din- 
uimii  i>  n  copy  of  tbff  part  t>l  tbc  hari>Mia|>b  Irftrii  ii» 
K*li,  IK,  nhowing  Ui«  r»|>icl  rine  lu  prewmrn  nfrrrod 


r 

■   -zf_ 

i —    --^- 

^ 

~~ 

m .»'- \ 

— 

l^>* 

^*^.— =. 

, 

N 

N 

^:=^^ef 

mn- — -.^ 

— — 

^ 

10  r.H. 


bulldiDgH  while  tba  u-ind-veluclty  vaa  high,  and 
alluwiag  It  tu  flow  in  imnin  •■  tlie  wln<l-\«Uicit7 
derr««ar>d  i 

From  wbtti  wo  know  of  lh»  eonnootiom  irf  wini!- 
v«looiti«  with  barotiiftrio  graclii-ntii,  it  would  be 
autlnlpaloa  thai  »uph  a  differpuce  of  pr*«*ur«  in  th« 
atmoRpber*  an  would  caDM  a  too  at  the  baiometiir  al 
anj^  poiut  to  the  «alMit  d  a  tenth  of  an  invb  in  a 
minntc  or  two.  vould  gi>«  riii«  to  an  nnarmouii  in- 
eroBM  lu  11  ind- velocity.  Bnt.  iunUwl  <>f  Ilmliaii  the 
Increaaeil  wiu.l. velocity  with  Ihu  rise  "f  pN««uia, 
lh«iu  nail  junt  tbi^  n|iriiiulo :  bonce  the  iDterme*  la. 
thai  the  rim.'  of  Iht-  I"iiok™i'1'  ^'"'  'I""  *"  ^*  ^ 
onuMt'l  wiTid-T<>lnuity  lelipviug  the  HlrMw  on  the  air 
in  th<>  I'uUilluK- 

Qti  » mini  III  UK  ■!>"  1iMri>)(rDpb  Unco  obtainvd  by 
Protenor  Diivii  nl  llic  Karnar.l  laboratory.  Iru  mik* 
noTtb  of  Kluo  Ulll.  it  ifl  fuiiii<l  tliat  an  alinort  identi- 
i-al  and  nqual  Jump  of  tbo  Lmrugniph  ciirvo  nccnrred 
within  n  few  lulnnt^ia  of  the  riBo  at  Blue  Hill ;  to 
that,  whatrver  lb*-  origin  of  Uio  riac.  il  w»«  DTidentlr 
iliio  to  loiHc  goucrnl  cauM!  atrtbft  ■linilarly  ov«r  » 
comparalivcly  1ar|{o  axea. 

The  oliMimatlona  of  the  irignul  eervic*  tak*n  all 
over  tb*  rnit*d  Htaua  at  10  p.m.  sliow  that  lhe»u 
oxiMed  at  tbiittimoa  larKv  cyclonic  utorio  ocnlral- 
Dortb  of  lAkcSii^-cHui.  Tbe  niroulallou  of  tbo  wind, 
an  wnll  aa  tb*  bunding  of  tbo  isobnrN.  alwi  (tl*n  nn- 
iloiibtedrTicl«iivit  of  iheeiliiliince,  at  the  hidii-  iiui«,  of 
n  Hiiall  ni-coinlary  (ner  N<!w  Enaland. 

An  ei|iliuiiitiuu  of  thi-  hiiiMi'u  decrcano  of  wind- 
uiiloclty  hnncc  nuggeBls  itself.  Previoiiit  to  9  r.ii. 
tb*'  Ticiiiity  of  llnntou  was  on  the  oatur  cAtgr  id  tbe 
Bccuudnry.  wbvrc  the  imiliara  were  greatly  oTowAed 
and  the  wiud-Tclocily  hi^li ;  l>Ht  at  Vv.i*.  il  ■iiddoaljr 
('iit'irMlihppindmuiin)]  ('cuiral aii'U of  Ibe  MffraiAKj, 

where  Ihc  prpHHciip  wns  mcitn  nnitorm.  and  tb*  wind- 
velocity  imnifiliatcly  tl.iercani'd.  Tlim  ciplanation 
uiiciiuarily  iuvolvcK  the  nwitiiiiplioii  tlmt  tlif  prcanua 
ill  th"  vicinity  of  ]to«t<.m  wun  lnwer  nflvr  '.)  i-.M.  than 

fireceitinit  il.  aii.l  Ihii  ap[iar«ul  [i»c  wru  merely  a  aub- 
ective  effect  due  to  tb*  wluil.  No  otbof  aacamption 
■cenii  to  mo  renMinahle.  cB|>*i^ially  whan  w*  Und  at 
10  v.v.  tlin  «ind  over  ■  Bmidl  ar*a  cirotilatififc  around 
■ml  ceutriu^  l»  toward  aoiithrrn  Kew  England. 

H.  Ilai.u  Olattos. 
Blue  Bill  n»(M>r,  obavrr.,  Marrh  A. 


to.    Th«T«  w'n«  IhuuiUr  nuil  lightning  fur  about  an 
hour  preceding  uuri  (oll'.'wiug  Iliio  hu'IiIku  Hue. 

Tbo  following  are  the  wind-veloeitiea  in  milaa  jjor 
hour  for  each  flvo  niinntoa  aa  obiained  from  a  Habl 
•iwnMgTapb:  — 

TlmalP.M.t RID    U&   a.«l    lUS    RSJ    R.U 

VolwiUm  (mllaa)        ....       U      00       IM       flU      n       OR 

After  U,50  the  volocitT  vaiiod  bat  Httlc  for  aoinral 
honn.  II  ta  a<Min  tliat  Wtwocu  9  auil  '.iMi  r.K.  there 
waa  a  kiidden  il«ereaae  In  tiu-  wind -velocity  of  about 
3-1  mileit.  coinciding  withtbeHndilenriiiBin  iirrunirc  ; 
and.  turtherniorc.  each  of  tlie  Icu-iuarkcil  Huolua- 
liona  of  tbo  baruKrapb  curtv  following  tbin  U  con- 
nected luv*r%»ly  with  curreHpomlitig  variatioun  in 
Ul*  wfnd'arelocKy. 

Tlia  nhanga  in  wiud-VKlority  waa  evld*ntly  con- 
Baatad  witli  tba  rine  of  tbo  baro([ra|>li  al  n  p.v.:  and 
tbe  inwatlun  prearnt"  ib>»lf.  Wan  tbe  ritie  of  tbe  baro. 
gnpa  evjdvnee  of  an  ncliial  exlitiug  difference  of 
pnaMora  in  the  atrooaphnre.  or  wna  it  a  luorvly  nio- 
«taaalo*l   eCact  ot  tbe  wind  xiickiiig  tb«  air  out  of 


On  certain  electrical  phenomena. 

I  haalen  Ui  acknowledge  that  I  unintentionally 
ujlmi  iiT^Hnntiil  Dr.  Hbiiteldt  in  one  urntcDec  of  my 

■lOD    VM    V.IO    9.1S    9.XI   4.»    9M    ti31    •>.¥>    «.U    «.» 

lattar  in  Settnct,  No.  313.  1  «u  aituug  in  afltrmiiig 
lluti  II*  t>laU"l  that  bn  bad  novor  observed  mch  ax- 
bibiti<in«  iu  WaMbiiigtou:  for  wliat  bo  indly  aald 
waa,  that  lie  bad  never  obHerreil  tlwan  aa  f ar  aa  hia 
own  ]>ariion  wa«  coiic'cmed. 

I  ho))*  Dr.  SbiitcMi  will  bo  equally  ready  to  admit 
that  he  box  iniHri-[>riti>i'  iit>>d  nn'  In  bin  r>-ply  to  my  ra- 
niaik*  ^Spirnet.  No.  311) ).  wln-rv  \w  liiu  oniittiHl  tbe 
auentlnl  part  of  one  of  my  iteutenceii.  und  altered  ttio 
rvniainliiK  part,  own  going  ito  lor  bb  to  include  tbe 
'  mangleil  remaitiJi '  lu  iinolatiou.niark*.  Any  MM 
who  will  take  the  trouble  to  aiaiulue  my  Krai  latUv 
will  Hne  that  nluit  1  really  iwlviBird  biiu  to  do  wan  to 
eriltfitUy  t^iminr  hi«  faeU.  "  poiaiMy  eliminBling  a 


APBU.  I.  1887.] 


S17 


f*«  ot  them,"  e(«.    Brarybody  will  nnderataiul  th« 

luosiUDfi  ot  tho  HotCDM,   whi<>h  WW,   tbkt  •  clomt 

<-iaiuinBlkm  at  vbM   b«   had   mriiiiii'iI   Id  ho  facta 

■      lulKbt  l*Ail  to  the  Tojwetion  ot  n  pari  itivi-cof. 

Bui  it  Ih  alw<>  |iorri>otl7  pMa  tbat  all  of  thin  liaa  irnl. 

I7  nft  boancB  on  ibo  point  at  iamo.    II  )■  alvays 

«aaj  to  qnihbla  abont  word*  and  (Araaoa,  wblla  i1  ia 

not  alwai|H  Muty  to  aToid   error  fa  obewnUiMi  or 

<miiienu«  tlvd actions  fioiu  votTret  obiwrvalioBt. 

If  Dr.  Shufoldt'i  olwcrtatiorM  aiul  conolnnona  are 

ccirred,  tli»yarn  of  tho  hlitliol  ImportoBoa,  and  tliB7 

luiint  ho  snhjooti'il   tii  llic   uiimt  ■vnrdiliig  ^itamjna 

tlou   l>cfi>r«   aci.'r>|i<iuici-.     t   raniLt  uttll  oonfcaa  tliat 

1b«T»  IK  mnoh  tbut  is  iiiysl«ric>iiii  to  ni«  in  hi*  account 

of  hia  MDiatioiu  iui<l  ohiuirvatioDt      I  do  not  Viidar' 

■tond  vhat  h*  nuniia  liy  m.vIiik.  "  M7  ifutir«  ajralem 

■nflRUi  to  liMOtii«  thuroiiKbly  pbrtrsal  with  thii  ant- 

lual  eleclririly."    Tlifl  "miuc  of  Ui*  moat  profonnd 

relief."  rtc.  in  tliv   «uHt  of  thn  tniilatlo  iftrl,  la  a 

iDjrtery  to  mn.     HU  liiAbillij'  Id  iiite  ail}'  olbM*  lliau 

n  robbrr  pf'iili'il'lvr.  anil  lli«  Mlalciurut  tliat   -'  ctca 

th4«i  tliH  OonMaul  punage uf  tlie HcPlrkilT  i>  eioMiil- 

inglj-  rihuinliiig  during  imwl  of  tho  tlmn."  nr*  baril 

unta  for  mn  to  crack.     In  Mborl.  tb«  whole  inalMr 

bingo*  rtpon  t)i*  •lUiiMloii  vitb  wtiirh  n>y  flrat  letUr 

eloaml.  —  "  Ih  iiinu  mir  uf  Uie  oitrenMly  amall  ntun- 

har  (if  Huiuinl*  hating  ■pecialiMid  vlnctrlcnl  ordain  ?  " 

for  ouly  in  that  cone Im  tha  niprfaaloii  '  miiiiml  v]vc- 

trioily '   iiro(>i.rlj  nppllcabte.     In  tbnt  letii-r  I  gave 

icMoDJ  t»i  (Ui>  l)«U6f  IhnI  nil   nrich  phrnomeua.  the 

eilBl<'iiiH>  of  urbicb  u-ob  cortainly  miaMinbod.   w*n 

notbinK  luoiT  than  canea  of  acitManlal  «ilartriItoatiaB 

by  Wfll.kuowii  niMlioda  and  imder  long.raoogiiited 

oonditionai  IJiat  under  ainillar  oondilioua  no  diffor- 

•noaa  araong  iudividiwla  could  oilat;    tbat  aacb 

•l««1rilloatiana  had   bam  knotru   for  a  lona  tinie. 

and  tbat  no  fixti'UHJim  of  WHll-ualablislied  piiDciplta 

mw  nfti<-1i>d  for  their  uiplanntiou. 

To  (liiH  Htalomiitit   nolhiuff   D«rd  W  uldeil  unlil 

|)T.  KhurcMi.  or  aoma  on«  *)a(i.  hIiowm  Uiat  it  ia  in- 

•iifHcicot  to  aceoiwl  for  obaervud  fof  ta. 

■v.  C.  M. 
Ten*  RituM,  Maivlit;. 


A  aciultlve  fHnd-vuic 

In  (bn  la«t  oumbpr  of  A^fiicc.  undar  '  A  *Mialti*e 
wtnd-vanv,'  the  Blat«n''nt  'The  nnulloii  i*  the  fame 
aa.'  w%v,,  ibonld  b«  '  Tlie  iiiitall-m  in  oppoiitv  Ibat,' 
«1C.  H.  Au.». 

WaaUnsloD,  D.t'.,  Mamb  «l 

Ai  tngvlad  by  Ur.  Allen  in  bit  iiiterealinDr  Uttar 
In  SriMM,  Vo.  'Hi.  it  ii  important  flrit  ti  di'larniiiir 
what  ■*  mpant  by  a  (MidtiTo  TBnc-,  and  itill  iir>ir  ioi- 
pnrtnnt.  io  my  judttnient,  to  daCarniini'  obnl  kind 
of  a  raon  ia  waiitad  In  ro(>l#nri>1  nicies  I  <ibtrrvat|r<iii. 
I  haT«  •xperlmant^'l  a  goott  deal  with  both  ihv  loiiir. 
heav;  vanni,  and  thrue  whtrh  are  abort  and  bKlil. 
Neither  rariecy,  a>  ordinarily  riin*trude.l.  ig  mIii- 
faetory.  t  bara  morn  tban  -'iicff  «»pn  two  Inriro 
'atanilanl'  ioiim.  on  tb"  m.if  "f  th»  <ifficp  of  ihn 
chief  ■■itddl  iiffiiT  in  Waihiokilon.  >u1lrnly  >.lHrlni( 
caob  other  in  tbv  fncu.  nhilc  a  rery  liitht  ►■r*i?u'  hfld 
•  *bott  and  vrrv  liRlit  vnii*  n»aity  nl  nclit  nnclci  to 
bolb  of  ihnni.  Siicli  i)«rforcniinc.-»  ere  cotifuMnff.  to 
•ay  tba  leant  But  it  seemn  10  mi-  iii4  imprsniHn  I'l 
bave  one  vane  wbieb  ihall  latiiff  all  tha  reouire- 
tnenta.  Tho  dcNrcd  cDndltloni  am  Io  lie  mirt  with  in 
what  in  known  m  th*  r/ra<l 'j^nf  RalvatiomBlcr.     In 


Uiia,  the  n««dle  nader  the  action  of  a  iteady  current, 
wbvtbcr  rtrong  or  feeble.  moT-n  to  iti  proper  poM* 
tlon,  doaa  ivot  ko  I'ayand  il,  and  doaa  no4  ribrat* 
about  It.  Thin  >*  bomirht  alHiiit  tiv  tnahias  nn  of  a 
forr«  opiKMini*  tbu  movrniont  of  Ibe  Tieodle.  wbi<-h 
iaCTfOao*  with  tbs  angular  velocity  ot  ibe  needle, 
and  b  aam  whan  tha  m-eillo  in  at  mt.  Somelbinr 
of  the  aa«»a  kind  ouvbt  bi  lia  acooiuplithad,  and  1 
think  may  he.  for  the  windvan'.  The  foroe  ofipca- 
inff  lbs  motion  of  tho  vane  ihanJil  inorenie  with  ila 
reliiioity,  and  tkovid  br  trro  tnAcn  the  ran'  (■  at  rrmt. 
It  the  Ullar  conilitton  l«  rKili-tlv  ^atialled.  it  will  h* 
'  infitiilely  arnaitire  :  the  nliitbt'si  breen*  will  niive  II, 
but  tbe  oppoaing  force  will  prevent  riolent  (vcilla- 
tiona.  Such  a  vans  will  be  lomtuhat  alov  io  ila 
tnoTemeota,  and  may  not  reati<'nd  to  extremely 
rapid  fliiotiiationa  in  Ibv  dir«otJon  of  tbe  wind, 
throUKh  only  a  few  dejireaa ;  but  I  do  not  believe 
tnotenroloifiata  "iJt  considi-r  thia  a  aerioua  objection. 
What  ia  wanted  it  a  vanu  which  will  Iw  ttaady  in  a 
hiith  and  Minewhat  varyiiitf  wind,  and  whii^h  pan  ba 
controlled  hy  the  f<ti)eblr(t  mo  cement  of  the  almea- 
phere.  About  two  ycara  oeo  1  niKReeted  n hat  ap- 
peared to  mo  to  hn  •  (olcition  of  Ilio  problecn  It  waa 
to  u>H  ■  kiiinlt  and  exlmnelr  b«1it  vane.  lO  an  to  r«. 
due-  nrrlinary  friclmo  to  tlie  ]<iw™l  limit,  and  then 
to  '  deadrn  '  Iti  m'ltion  by  moana  of  a  liquid  damper. 
Thia  might  be  applleil  at  tbe  eicrornity  of  tbe  alia  of 
the  vana  pru'Jnc'd  IxUw  th«  roof,  or  at  any  potala 
in  that  aii>i  A  fan  attached  \f\  the  ali*.  awl  OM*- 
ioR  in  a  closely  fitting  vmel  d{  oil  or  other  nuitabla 
liquid,  would  afford  almoit  anv  dciircd  degree  of 
ttalilllly. 

^Rie  atiipi  were  tak-<M  tiiwnriU  tlin  <-ou>truclion  of 
■ucli  a  le^iator.  but  1  do  not  tbink  it  hari  »ver  been 
Oomplalecl.  P.iulbly  the  aanie  metbed  mav  have 
been  eiperimented  upon  by  iitfaen.  T.  C   H. 

Torre  Uaule,  Mar^b  *T. 


A  ^uaatiofl  (or  ccononiiBta  In  regard  to  Talne. 

Will  not  eeonomiita  undertake  to  makeiome  a^ree- 
ment  aa  to  what  th»  meaiiintc  i>f  tbo  word  '  value '  is 
to  be  in  ■civnlill''  di-cut'lonn  I  That  a  uniform 
meaninic  be  u'vt'n  to  KMt  wunl  it  mo*t  »<»>etillHl  to  an 
intelligent  difCuiBioD  of  an  er^onomio  iiibjecc. 

A*  an  initanoeof  the  Deceeirty  of  i\ich  an  undar- 
■taadinit.  uo  tha  la*t  Duinhar  of  S^tme--  ('  Profeaaor 
Uanibell  on  ih*  unit  'i(  value  ')  In  tbat  tbe  profa*- 
anr  evidenllv  awuniex  tbat  the  olarket-priiw  of  com- 
moditie*  ia  tbeir  '  value.'  Yet  wo  all  koow  that  tbe 
price  ol  a  tbing  may  be  greater  or  )•■■  than  ita 
'  value'  or  worth.  In  order  to  eatabluh  a  'naic  of 
Talue,'  the  profemor  prcfoata  a  plan  wharaby  tba 
variatioDt  i>f  pni^eii  of  coiumodiliM  ihalt  be  aversired. 
anil  tbat  i>laTi  iiuplie*  tbat  a  dollar  (money  uniti  nbnll 
l>H  e>Libliibo<l  wbnae  weight  ahftll  be  incrcaard  or  do- 
crea«e<l  trrini  lime  to  time  aa  the  avaragn  commodity 
priee  increase"  or  decreoite*.  All  Ihia  i*  a  matter  of 
inoney  and  pn'rr.  and  not  eulur.  The  real  thine  to 
ho  determiood  ia  what  !•  eatur,  and  then  a  measure 
may  he  deall^ed  for  it. 

At  prevent  there  in  e'liciDzeocinniDie  wrilaraa  jtreat 
eonfuaion  in  the  uie  of  tbe  worvl  'value.'  Some,  at 
Profeeaor  Marabal),  nae  it  a>  meonini;  price  tmarkel- 
price) ;  aome,  comparative  utility  :  aome.  exchange 
value  :  eoine,  cotl  of  produ<-lii>n  in  term*  of  human 
labor:  and  some,  "the  arvraKe  amount  of  toclatly 
requiiite  labor  measured  hv  thne'*  involved  in  the 
producilOD  of  tho  article.    I  bold  that  tbia  lait  i<  the 


316 


scmycE. 


[TOL IX.,  No.  «r 


b«tl  deHnilion  nt  vain*  or  worth,  and  tlial  it  •bould 
b«  adoptad  ■*  th«  •rl#niiltr  m««niDt;o(  tha  i«mi, 

Al  any  ml*,  a  i.\w\ini<ia  on  (hii  topic  |a  moat 
timely.  The  bmic  idoo  o(  thi»  nioclBrn  labor  move 
nxiit  ii  ths  iden  that  «r<irkiUK>>ivn  dt>  cot  <;•■(  BD 
ivpiinilirnr  (njual  tii|ii«)  fop  wfaat  they  proiJucc.  If 
■ciofliiflp  ninii  arv  lo  tak«  nny  bditd  in  pmrtlfal  poll- 
tio4  'ir  appltrd  nociiilocy.  tbin  la  tlio  pojnt  wbvr«  tlivir 
work  i(  Nioat  rrqairad  at  prMenl. 

»•*  Yoit.  Man*  M. 


^Thc  d««fuctiv«  cAterpilIvs  of  the  •quAfM  ot 
New  York 

Rlcw^i'  UiH  i  111  purl  alioD  Into  .Vmerlpa  <>t  tli«  <)uBnv1- 
■i-nic.  native,  aiul  iioiny  Kll^liuli  H|p|irrowii,  whiuli 
hn»o  (Irivciii  Uio  quiyt  nnrl  brillittat  Siril*  of  Ihn 
Boulb  from  Uk>  city  gardcsn  nod  |>nrkii,  n  ii^w  (ir-i- 
llflp  lior<l«.  ■itli  flcrco  nppctltM,  oviry  ymr  more 
extvmlcd.  thtvatDiw  Ui  ileatroy  otit  frvdi  ami  grc«D 
■hailctfoea. 

A*  ««rlf  a«  l(M3  tb*  A'w  l-oi*  f  n-n>*n(r  trUffram 
aotrndnd  a  not*  of  aUrtu  ou  llii*  inihjf  (>t.  t<i  wliirli  wi- 
•ddad  Miolbur,  but  viUioiiI  cIIki'I.  Vibi-a  Datura 
Ihnir  off  ita  aiiiuiu'T  iiiaiilli-,  ami  thin  raTaf^ng  nnuj 
qoietljr  took  11)1  lilt  wiiiUT  quurtsra.  eiory  tiling 
•MmM  U>  b*  forKottvu.  imrl  out  mndtat  cniniiiiiiiioB- 
tion  nodoubl  went  into  tho  plKnon-hulv  'if  ubliiion  ; 
(i«T*rth<<)eiiii,  «F  try  attain. 

After  tLren  yonro' iitiiily  of  the  deraatatiug  bablta 
of  rftlrrpillars.  WM  tri«<l  to  vnsBfie  the  nttontlou  <if 
th<^  pi>iiiTiillti>>ui  baring  ebarBc  of  ILo  Hty  park*;  bat 
to  no  pnriHHie,  for  in  Ibo  oninniar  of  1S83  Uie  anoisy 
lia>l  icrrally  mtiltipllml.  AftM  MUi*  yean  of  noBlnct. 
it  oru  Ion  l»l«  to  sare  from  daatraetlon  the  pl&nla 
vliicli  hail  Iwcomc  inaaffloloiit  ta  fvvfl  tli«  nKicraaito 
VriMiln  iif  myriodn  o(  catMrplllat*.  The  ncw.coiu^ra 
Mmm  got  boyoiid  the  city  liniita;  and  oDe<i  Kitting  ■ 
ftootbold  Id  Um  ■obnrbK,  sciencQ.  tho  fnilt  of  uWr. 
TatJon,  oi>nM  no  longer  hup  within  Imiuida  the  to- 
firdtj  of  therto  uiiattackabli)  liairy  prM*. 

The  damnft«'  o(  .■!»■  year  may  be  unlikn  tJiat  o4  tha 
preeediutt  or  folloniiig:  utinoapbTir  phansim  tuny 
(teatroy  niiiltitiideH :  hnt  the  cii#ni,v  1»  iirnlmi?.  and 
will  111  a  year  inerounc  Uin.  a  iTimilred  fold,  aiid  even 
more. 

A*  the  jirRM  of  New  Vork  aud  i-vpn  Intel ll|[«iit  clU. 
EenB  niny  ifalnh  that  Ibia  wunay  ban  <llHa|>]>Mred.  w« 
raiae  a  new  crj-  of  nkrm,  ad<lr*waiii|{  uuMelTeii  lu  the 
iMrned  nociotMa  ot  our  adojiUd  cooutry,  at  the  Mune 
tine  comwnnliiatln]^  the  ranilla  of  unr  Ktadien  to  In- 
MUigant  rMdera  intervHlrd  in  the  natural  arintinea. 
Ow  ■tctamenta  will  bo  bmxid  im  fapta  «b*eTied  by 
ua  In  New  York,  supported  by  tha  leBtiiuuuy  of 
Inarup-i  enllatttnaa  wfth  wbooi  WO  (nyaelf  au<)  noii) 
have  i^cirruapoDiIed  for  mora  Unui  two  ynan.  ilnrlni; 
wfaieh  w*  baie  aludiod  the  inrri-uitiK  MTajj^a  r.f 
thill  eo<|n«tte  with  brtlliaul.  tiilky.aiul  narie^nlrd 
inn  whiob  Bciimon  naioM  the  Oigyia  ruicn^illai. 

Wh«n  the  KaropeAB  lOBrrow  waa  flnrt  lntro.lii<MMl 
intoUiw  jiarkH  <if  N'sw  York,  a  ealKr^ilMar  waa  Ihare 
■MHUtnlttliig  f^eat  do|>rcdati«nt.  Lii»in>'ii«  oalled  It 
ttia  iieomHcr :  wn  call  il  luupeT.  Ktianner.  and  oan. 
ker-wom.  Tbn  laixa  hiw  bU  feet  on  tha  Aral  three 
aegmonta,  ami  four  on  the  laat  two.  and  a«  It  pro. 
K*******  weMB  to  meomira  ili«  groiuid.  'I'h<>  aiiarrowa 
warn  Tery  rood  of  ihla  caterpillar,  to  a  deitre*  that 
Uialr  IncmainK  nnntb«t*  aueedily  extenninated  it : 
forlbk  tliey  ileaerTe  oar  fratittndo.     It  n-iu  different 


witb  the htrrae ot  theO^gyia.  CoDiMjoently  webs** 
thongbt  It  uittht  be  ot  £lemt  to  the  nabli«  to  mj  a 
little  of  nhat  la  hsowD  of  the  habltH  of  Ibo  Ural 
nd  uoiiijwred  with  the  aecond  equally  detlrucrtivo 
BpMTiea,  The  ftn4  atill  exiala  id  many  piiiYate  g«r- 
doDB  in  New  York 

nrilarnCHa*.  —  The  biitt<n4Ua  which  eoiaa  from 
the  Inn-oe  of  the  geuiiietera  almcMt  all  have  the  bod^ 
■lender,  the  thorax  narrow,  and  winga  proportiODSl^ 
wide :  llieir  flight  bdng  eonaminentlf  mora  niuTCB 
and  Jerky,  more  imateaity.  Uiaa  tbat  of  the  iio«4«mal 
apeoiea:  the  flight,  in  fact,  la  more  like  that  of  tbe 
dinmal  Oitea.  hnt  ia  neither  ao  atrong  nor  of  loag 
dnratiOiD.  on  aeootint  of  tbn  eomparatira  wMdrnev  a? 
tbe  framework  of  tha  vIqk*-  Tliey  ta]M«dBll;  tike 
Herene  an<l  Mill  eienlaga  and  niKht*-  not  tbare  are 
to  thin  I'haraelerimtion  Duny  excejitiouK.  Some  of 
the  PhaUonian  laTToa  have  la  lega.  and  aoiue  ctod 
1 4 ;  among  Ihn  noclnmal  ijiteieB.  again,  aoiue  hai* 
I'i  and  otiier*  H  letp*:  the  general  rnle  bvlng  IA 
loga among  theuoctumal.aud  10  nnion^  Plinlaeniaua. 
It  ia  also  a  eimcma  fact  that  the  larvae  of  lho«e  with 
111  legR  luap  In  prut|T<iMilng.  (or  aomo  rcoBOii  making 
iii>  iiap  of  the  liiteraipillate  lega. 

Another  land  ot  eivepliou  ia  that  aonie  Ilialaenlana 
wfaiob  are  nootmnal.  a  ainall  nnnilier  it  in  iriie.  hai» 
a  ditimal  Algbt :  thM  !■  to  say.  tbat  eertuiu  npeoiea 
Ay  in  full  Buulighl.  galhnrlng  food  on  Aowora  in 
oompHDy  with  diurnal  butterlUeH :  ao  that  tb*  dlvlk. 
ion  into  •liiimal  iiud  noetarnnl  tpet'lee  ia,  in  Ihia  n- 
■pcet.  eonTentionnl.  It  ii,  howeter.  true  Ibal  day 
biilterltiea  have  aliiioat  alwaya  tbe  antonnae  elnb- 
ahaped.  and  xviiie  from  larva*  with  10  lef|B;  while 
tho  Pbalaeuian*.  wbtuie  larvae  bare  10,  13,  or  H 
leg*,  have  Ulifonu  or  pcetirinled  antennae. 

Tlieri'  are  In  Ciirime  some  OOO  Phalasniana,  70ft 
uoctumnl.  anil  400  diurnal  biitternteii :  tliongb  It  la 
probable  that  ill  bot  cUmatei  the  diurnal  are  iiiar« 
nnmcroua  than  In  tbe  tampnnite.  The  )*bB)aeiuBaB. 
•apeolallj  in  mhl  ie|t''"^B.  havn  uanolly  aoinbre 
colon,  gray  or  Mack,  though  thvre  arr  many  etcnp. 
Uona.  In  France  Ibete  iit  a  larfce  and  bandaowe 
green  apeolea.  which  Ibi  B  common  nytiihol  nu  Ih^ 
liimlia  of  oblldrvn,  probably  on  ncconnt  of  ita  deli- 
cnlo  fuTiu  and  color.  They  liatcli  at  all  «naBnua  of 
the  venr :  there  i«  evtrn  H  RTixip  (HybervlkiUa) 
whieb  appeara  in  Deeembcr.  January,  and  Feluwary. 
The  Phaliuinlana  inny  emeroe  from  tbe  pupa  even 
below  BO"  F,.  while  Ute  otbom,  and  eapceially  tb* 
diumnl  nprclM.  reigiilre  at  leant  Ibl*  lemperatorr. 

In  Htbemio  ire  flud  n  ningular  tact.  The  feiual«« 
have  either  no  wlnga,  or  aenii'Wiiigii  uufll  fi>r  lligbt. 
An  tha  pupa  i*  uenerally  In  the  rarlh.  the  feniale,  on 
emerging.  crawU  iip  the  nrnteel  trr«.,  where  pairing 
lakea  plaoo :  tbe  male  hearing  ber  to  the  ('>]>  of  tb* 
tr«e,  md  aomolimee  carrying  bet  "IT  in  hi>  flight. 
Tha  femaliu  ore  ■loall ;  and  tne  malta.  nincb  larger, 
deiioalt  (hem  In  plaoaa  praper  for  the  support  of  lb* 
larvae.—  biiilHof  lloirera, ornwaen nt leaden. accord- 
ing  Ui  tbe  Hperien,  Ther«  are  iu  tbla  group  aoin» 
varitabin  pentB  for  mnn.  Tlie  It.  de  fuliaerhi  trame- 
Iluica  ao  dealroya  the  learca  of  fOreat.treeB.  that.  lUi- 
able  to  TTHplre,  they  •ltb«r  die  or  partially  wither. 
The  H.  brumala  eonaamea  every  thing  lu  lb* 
orcbariU,  attneking  the  dowera  of  all  kinda  of  fr«it- 
treea. 

II  wiinlil  be  liiterentiuK.  but  impouihie  here,  to 
■peak  r>r  the  lutbilt  of  many  i<f  Iheen  InittaiHIea,  aad 
to  note  their  exeeplional  obaracierai  but  a  alngl* 
example  nmol  anncr.    Hiere  ia  anoB^  the  Pbalan. 


I 

I 

I 


SCXEirCE, 


319 


uluu  %  Rtoup  it  kbout  nuo  hnDilrcd  ik]ife4iw.  k11  with 
illff»rvnl  tiAbiU,  —  Ibe  BiipillM'dH.  itttiili«d  for  VBMay 
j'rntu  ^.\^  M.  Oootnvna  of  rnriH,  fruiu  vlioiu  Ui«b«  d*. 
Milnntc  tiikeb.  Tbe  E.  rocUngtiiurM,  lUiuUDed  (ram 
tho  iIohkh  nt  thr  npnor  wingi),  snwrgM  from  tiio 
tmpa  At  Hkrla  in  A]>t1I-  After  p«Irl&|{,  tit*  rnmol* 
JHpoHlU  aa  <^  ia  jth»  infdM  of  t1i«  flowrr  of  an 
apple.  p«r.  ur  (itiiucw  tree.  Tbe  ««,  wbkli  »  yel- 
low, U  wall  faiildra  in  the  hoMt  o(  uie  flower,  »ad  in 
Lalchnd  In  a  f*w  dtiK.  Th*  larra,  b«Hl]r  vlalbU  to 
tb«  tuih^id  ryt,  la  nf  A  rKaT-irlift*  polor.  Mill  begins 
iU  work  by  ull*rliiiit;  vtm  •Mid  of  a  thread  tO  tho  top 
«I  a  petal.  iui<l  tba  othot  to  thn  honrt  of  tbe  Sower ; 
bf  its  iractioD  tha  pntal  baing  btmt  •lowu.  'llie  ■ami' 
iailone  willi  tba  At*  pctkls^  mul  th>-  Urvn  U  thn* 
Moloaedi  iitOteQtMl  from  wiint.  rain,  luiil  ixuwtileH. 
It  aau  «itB  inpnnitj  demur  thr  boiio  of  tho  flower 
Mid  of  the  pMaliL  Tbn  [jollcn  ot  Ibi^  main  Howiir 
cMBBOt  (ncuuilulii  ltii>  fvumlo  llou<>r,  wliivti  In  tliV'  oii^i 
•elecl^l  I'.v  lh«  tiu'vn.  niiil  couwinuiitlT  tlivm  ih  no 
lopnxliirtion  nod  no  fruit.  A<  ttte  egB*  bavo  been 
niilely  uottcrod  by  tbe  foinalc'i  imitiiMt,  a  few  of 
tboM  iiMOOta  may  roiidxr  nbortivn  tbe  flower*  o(  an 
oiohard,  or  eT«D  -if  a  rv^foe,  without  any  MMOmbla 
ex))lanMti(iD  for  Ibe  buriioultiiriol.  So  manj  aimilar 
iuBeota  attack  iu  tliia  or  other  waya  our  fmit-troca. 
that  ID  lome  placon  it  i*  an  Mtonliihiiig  eTont  to  tee 
nu  uiplo  OD  a  trtm. 

Walle  romeiDburiiim  tli&t  tlia  Buropran  aparrowa 
bave  <I'in«  grput  arTvivu  lu  Npw  York  by  dentrayiiiK 
tbe  larvae  nf  tho  gcumctciv.  or  PBakrr.wonna.  aluioat 
all  of  nbicb  arv  bar*  and  nnootb.  It  nitiat  t>a  aaid 
that  th«y  sua  luteUuia,  and  •^v«ii  liijurloua,  in  pnaaoce 
of  th«  larvae  of  Orgria.  Sparrown,  likr  moat  bird* 
of  the  geauB.  do  cut  like  tho  boiry  larvae,  froni  the 
irritation  they  caiian  lu  the  tlitont  ami  «loiiiai(ih.  One 
may  frvimeutly  aee  poultry  treiie  nu<>h  iai(ar,  kill 
thnu  b;r  iwating  Ihconon  tbe  ground,  imd  tbeu  l«avn 
thcou  without  eating  them. 

Bombyctdat.  —  ln  thia  family  belong  Ibe  iariu 
whioh  Of  late  yeara  baa  )i««n  to  deatmotive  in  the 
park*  ami  )ivdena  of  New  York.  For  n  long  time 
we  aooaht  to  diacovec  it*  place  of  origin,  how  it  ar- 
rived hcrr,  bccamo  aookmaliul.  an>l  niiiltl piled  l« 
atieh  an  aaliiulablug  Atfotm   without    nivvUng   thif 

Cull^  uliirh  iti-xtroyn  it.  At  llrxl  we  thought  it 
bem  itiipxttcd  frotu  f'nuio?,  where  a  Rpecica  of 
Ibe  gronp,  Orgyia  antiqun.  bod  been  known  la  tliu 
Paria  W|aaraa  for  aavotal  yeara,  davonriog  trcM  aiul 
ahrab*.  aod  Muettiuei  a  pest  among  the  roee-bu*b«B. 
After  baiiugc&ivrnll.v  compared  it,  with  the  aid  of 
U.  QoomvDB  of  Parin.  It  leemed  to  oomo  very  iidar 
to,  it  not  to  be,  tho  O.  Tetuitn,  —  a  apeclea  pommuu 
in  CallfonUa,  which  plaoea  lia  eocouue  iu  the  inter- 
irtJeMi  t>t  the  bark  of  treea,  th«  sroorea  uf  Luup-poiitii, 
cmckii  iti  wooden  fences,  aud  Uao  between  lh«  hoop* 
ou  trine.i'aaki  on  the  wborvoa.  In  the  loaf  way,  tb* 
inaeet,  which  ilora  not  bear  tnuuiportBtlnii  well,  might 
be  carried  even  mrtoiw  the  oontiueut  or  the  ocean. 
VTithout  llie  QootoBity  ot  thle  derivalioD,  it  baa  now 
beeo  BMwrtninod  that  the  ipedca  ii  O.  lencoatlgma 
Smith,  whiah  ocenn  in  the  nelgbbothood  of  llaveu- 
port,  lo.  (too  ProcMidlnga  of  tha  Academy  of  iiutnral 
•oUne«a,  lBe7-7i}.  Davanport.  lo..  rol.  !.  p.  ill}. 
Tbie  may  tie  found  much  nearvr. 

It  in  preciii>ly  at  ita  youngeat  ago  that  the  life  of 
the  ioaact  la  twat  protected.  An  adg,  acnonllng  to 
BMunnr  and  others,  will  endure  a  ootd  of  60"  bo- 
low  freeiiuf;.  and  the  hoillna.puinl  of  water  in  beat. 
without  lOBiug  ita  vilulity.     in   thin  age  there  lining 


ao  maaaa  of  dafeuc*  or  moapo,  a  apaelaa  would  aood 
be  ileatroyfl  wHhonl  thwe  natarw  ibmos  of  ttalal 
ance.  After  halohlBfi.  the  larrae  are  dupeiaed,  and 
oouocal  tfacnueliea  in  pbKea  reaembling  Ibetn  in 
color,  natil  tho  anrriTa)  of  lb*  apadaa  la  aMurad- 
Natnro  alwaya  fiiralaba*  oOeitat  pra4«etlon  wben 
moat  needed. 

Before  taking  tip  the  Oigyia  larva,  wa  wlab  to 
Bjieak  of  a  panuitD  which  we  diaeovored,  —  an  inof. 
toDairn  Uipliirniii  iaw^^t,  all  of  wbo«*  niatanorphuoe* 
we  liAvu  studied,  wliioh  wonUI  soon  destroy  tJie 
larvae,  if  the  aparrawa,iu  (heir  turn,  did  not  become 
the  per«iBt«nt  and  greedy  deToorera  of  aaid  pBniril«. 

At  tho  two  aMWona  of  tho  year  when  tho  larva 
niaheo  its  *i>]>e*raiice  in  New  York,  tliladlptarooaln- 
iieut  i»  ou  (bv  watch,  aud  as  it  crawla  along  tho 
ground  dopoHitB  an  egg  in  the  midst  of  ita  hairr  eov< 
eiing.  Towanl  the  end  of  wintot  or  beginnlDg  of 
apring  tha  itiptfrouB  larraladavelopeilatthnexpsiMa 
of  the  Orgyia  pii|ia.  Then,  inuead  of  a  moth  being 
batahad,  appuam  au  active  Ay  uith  extended  winga, 
large  enongh  to  be  obsoricd  by  the  naked  eye.  Pra> 
eiaely  at  tliia  moment  the  aparrowa  hunt  thera,  de- 
vouring great  number*,  which,  if  allowed  to  moltiply 
liy  this  atranse  moDner  of  hatching,  would  aooa 
much  rednee  tbe  Bwnhor  of  tlie  Orgyia.  if  ibof  did 
not  eoupUlolf  deatroy  the  apoeiM.  Kern  eomaaln 
the  raflactlon  that  the  aparrvw-a  are  now  BOt  only 
naelea*.  but  actually  aid  in  llie  nia1ti]>Uoation  of  the 
doalructive  Orgyia. 

Qut  not  to  completely  ootnriae  theae  noiay  and 
rivacloaa  atrangora  from  the  land  wbor*,  with  ao 
many  of  ny  countrTinen,  they  bare  baea  so  hoapit- 
ably  receiveil,  let  them  remain  a*  lone  aa  the  people 
oare  lo  protect  them ;  inumuch  an.  withont  dutnib. 
liig  thetn  ill  their  pictur*«qun  dwnltliiKa.  there  U  a 
wa.v  of  dMtroylng  the  OtgyiBj  by  an  auoit,vu«  and 
(<■■>-  proocaa,  doing  no  harm  either  lu  plautB  or  aai- 
luala.  nor  to  tbe  viHtova  ot  the  boauUf  ul  parki  of  the 
city.  Notlilng  la  mora  dlangrMabl*  t'>  the  fair  prom, 
euadera  tlian  lo  feet  upon  tho  neck,  aen  >uhpcud*d 
from  their  head-drau  or  hair,  or  crawling  oier  their 
dreBHB.  thcae  little  cn«tnrea,  iulerenting  to  the  seien- 
tiOc  obaorvor,  bnl  eonidDg  a  ahnddor  to  them. 

Tbe  lanae  of  Orgyia  know  well  tlia  law*  of  aero- 
Htation.  and  the  useot  tlieparach<ite.  U.  Capronnier 
of  Belginui.  a  few  yeata  ago,  in  the  montii  of  Ooto- 
bar,  made  thifl  ■ingular  obaarvatiOB  ou  the  method  of 
their  dlajinrniim.  Ii  mnat  ba  tenmnhored  that  tbe 
teinalca  of  (■i)[7'*  ■"*  wtogleaa,  —  a  character  wbieJi 
iliMliugniahee  them  from  thejienue  Liparia,  in  which 
tbe  females  have  wings,  'vhr  qneatioa  was  asked 
liow  the  Orgyia  eould  gain  aeeoas  to  an  enoloamo 
uawly  onltlvated.  U.  Capronninr  replied  that  be 
ha<l  seen  the  small  Larvae  emergu  from  'kkb  laid  Ln 
the  oocoon  of  Orayia.  They  made  a  tlirtml  from 
which  tliey  euspendod  thenwelvmfree  in  tbe  air.  when 
the  wind  earrled  oS  the  larvae  with  tlto  thread,  no 
doubt  to  gr«at  dialanoi<*.  aud  they  very  aoon  diaap- 
(Mared.  Thismoileot  diHpvtviou  is  Mmilar  to  tlial 
ubserved  to  some  apiileis. 

The  genna  Orgyia  wa»  eatabUahed  by  OeJiMm- 
belmedr,  and  betoDga  to  tha  BombycMae.  or  those 
whose  larvae  make  coeoons  from  tbotr  own  haira,  or 
particlew  of  rarth  hardened  by  a  aallvary  aecrellon, 
et«.  Tbe  adnlls  are  cf  amall  aize.  Tbe  mal<«,  of 
rich  ooLom  lumall*,  fly  rapidly  in  tall  annligfat;  the 
Bstannaa  wide,  blpeolinaiod,  doubtleaa  with  anaonla 
«e&M  of  smell,  which  guides  ttieeu  to  the  female*. 
Tbe  lail  are  five  or  aii  timen  an  large  as  the  males. 


330 


SCTEJirOS. 


[Vau  II..  No. 


1m«T7,  tiUl  of  sgit".  nioUiMitMn,  hmviiiR  not  avan  mi 
—Mywite  tr»oe  of  wbig«.  Tlio  InrvniA  wblcli  >n  lo 
beooDA  malea,  bwode  womt  iliHFrt>nt'pti  in  vuluis.  tire 
WMh  amaller  m  papM  tbou  tfaou  which  «t«  to  b«- 
MOM  fWiklM.  A*  Mon  M  Ibn  pnrfccl  utaR*  arrlTM, 
(lie  nMlM  oommHiefl  Lfa«lr  fllgbl,  wLiln  U<»  reraalM 
Biiii)>)y  vuiprgT*  frnui  ttieir  covoou,  ou  wliiph  Ihcjr  re- 
niaiii,  ntUacliug  llic  niolis  bjr  ui  odor  which  thny 
•mit,  luftjipriviabln  to  our  mumii.  but  nhowQ  to  nliBt 
by  tli«  fact  Ihal  thii  iiialo*  will  piilvr  hd  ftiiutiuont  tu 
tmioh  a  fminki  ih  iiiiiiriHauiiI  iu  n  tiu  orwuixJeii  bux. 
"Hic  uialpd  mote  tbt-ir  autrtuiiu!  tigaruii»1y  ilniinK 
flight,  ottfiD  bciuting  tbnm  loiward.  auO  approoish 
lb*  window*.  It  Ihaw  b«  eloMxl,  tbov  ga  aroaad 
tb«  houM  in  seareb  of  an  entnuic* :  th«y  )iavi>  4>vpn 
boon  known  to  AttMOA  the  i?liimDi<x. 

Pairing  ia  aooompUabed  in  n  very  rongh  niBonci. 
Ainonit  maQ)'  RpblngithM  thn  lual**  B]>proaoh  itaDtl}', 
ftitnx^i  ittt»iiiioii,  ilapartiaK  <u)d  rMimilsg  In  clrclaa, 
Dnuluiilly  (limiiiitihiiift.  until  unioD  lake*  plaoe:  bat 
ui  tiuao  the  contact  m  nide.  altnont  iM-ntM,  and  tba 
(omalo.  attor  thn  doputuro  of  tli«  mala,  mmaiiM 
motlonlaM,  auil  bftnliiH  to  lav  hw  «8g*  on  th«  cooooo. 
O.  antfooa,  vf  ¥nmc«.  laja  its  egga  n<*r  Uie  ooooon, 
wlieM  ucy  baounio  atteclieil  by  a  seFrAtion  wliioli 
oonn  tbam  m  tbey  an  Inid,  O.  gouoatigma  Ian 
bar  MU*  >Mar  tba  eooocm,  inkiiiK  halm  trnm  It*  body 
to  maiM  a  beit  far  theta,  to  alt«mat«  lAyera  of  lialr* 
•nd  egBK,  till  all  am  dejraiiiteil,  to  tb«  number  of 
abont  threp  liumtrcil.  Tho  Now  Vorh  i>i)cci(«  irovora 
thft  <igg*  witli  n  wbitn  ritcid  Micrntinn.  iiollrlifyliix  in 
tbe  air.  ivMinblluK  Ui«  luncna  of  tb«  miitil  mu\  '\n^. 
TbaMpaK  generally  prMty,  at  flrat  ru>iti<l.  tlit^u 
tndeiiUM  at  th«  top  like  a  ^l>l«t  or  cup.  nonietiuipa 
with  ■  HMM.«olor«d  ring  (in  O,  aiiliqua).  wunotinuia 
of  a  poreclain-whiti!  tint  (iu  0.  Tt-tuMa), 

The  Inrrao  earopo  frum  the  egg  bj-  eating  through 
tbc  bottom,  where  the  Iiolca  tor  tR>!i]tiilulir>ii  ar« 
plaood.  Thsy  do  not  dlapaiw*  tlMwmiT«a  wi<l«l,v. 
Aa  tbey  Ut«  on  tren  and  alirab*,  an  not  Urge,  aud 
•M  little  individnrtUy,  they  may  b«  nnnjeron*  opcm 
k  alngle  pliml.  Moreover,  uloioiit  nil  nm  jiolypha- 
COna,  or  will  t-aX  many  dlfforant  kluitu  t>t  |>laiitA.  In 
Pmno<<,  h<iwi><*r,  tba  O.  ericaea  livaa  uuly  npuu 
hrathH,  and  th«  O.  trigotephraB  on  a  apeciea  of  oak. 

Home  upcuii^H  bare  MTorkl  brooda  a  year.  Th*  O. 
antiijiiit.  tu  Pnriii.  like  the  Hev  YoA  apaciaa,  appean 
Iti  .liiuii,  ami  Baiuatlmiut  in  (>Mob*T;  ulbeni  hitT4> 
only  a  Hitittl"  brood  ;  bnl  thix  (sunot  be  uaite  uk  «t 
in  *^llvuil)Futiun  or  pb.vaioluffy.  A  gircn  ipfM^ipB  inny 
bavi)  but  ona  brood  in  t£e  north  of  Euro|]a  and 
Ain(>rlca,  and  two  la  tha  nanth  ;  ami  eviin  In  Parla 
and  N>w  York,  wltMi  September  U  rery  warm,  a  Ht-n. 
oud  brood  may  appear,  whlob  would  not  oeour  in 
many  otliar  L»pl(lapl«ra.  In  oaptivhy.  also,  tho 
^■noe  of  «old  nigbia  etuoigaa  the  apo^  of  tlwlr 
appeatanee.  baaldaa  faToring  the  denJopmeut  of  a 
Hccood  brood. 

Linnneui  uyn  that  the  male  of  th«  Oi^yia.  know. 
tug  by  iaililict  that  the  winglem  femal'i  la  jiownrtcHa 
to  iiiuvu  far.  wliBti  lif  flmla  ln-r  <-a  a  wall  or  plan), 
Blee  away  witb  ber  darlug  piiiriuK.  ouil  rarriee  her 
to  a  plarn  where  the  young  uiuy  ubtoin  food.  Tbia 
we  u**  nevor  aoen.  and  norer  ozpoct  to.  oa  tha  maloa 
•ra  entlroly  too  antall  and  faabla  to  tart;  off  tlie 
muDh  ^reat«r  bulk  of  the  femal*.  We  n«ed  not  eay 
any  thing  h««  of  the  O.  detrita,  which  reariubleti 
mnob  tha  O.  veluata  or  leucoatigma,  and  may  bo  tho 
Mm  I  iri~i"  [•*  MsTiTKBD*  UDica&iHTn.i«. 

HawToTk.  M»r.hw, 


Fouils  from  Kicking;  Horae  Pai*. 
I  baT«  to-day  Noelred  tbe  toUowtng  rary  tnt«t«st- 
lug  oonumialcatloD  from  PrcfcMor  LapwoHh.on  tb* 
reanlt  of  an  eiatnlnalion  h«  baa  kindly  made  for  the 
anrrey,  of  a  eollectioo  of  graptoliti-x  f ruiu  the  Itoflky 
MounlalDO,  intborieinity  of  tbeKirkliiuHnrui  Pan. 
Ai^axo  R.  0  BU.WTII. 

Oaot.  aurv.  Cua..  Man-li  U. 

I  have  reoeutly  rtninined  lliv  fiMlU  eollactad  by 
K.  G.  McOoiinoll',  gcolagicnl  nurveyof  Oanada(18Hj, 
from  the  dark,  alnty  ^hnloa  of  the  Kicking  Son* 
Paaa,  Booky  Mouutain''.  'I'hiiro  are  fowapcdM  in  ttM 
fairly  larg*  euUectiou.  but  t1i«  forum  are  gmimitf 
well  preaorTcd,  and  th«  fuunn  reprcai-ntcd  laadM- 
tlnctly  typical  one.  The  folluwiag  am  th«  ii|i('ci««  I 
have  identirted  :  — 

(A)  famllr  IlU^bosraplldaa. 

(1)  UldjBiOBrapiua.    ap.    nor.,     allied    lo    DUrnO- 
graiitaa  euodna  LapworOi    tron   Ut*  UaadaUo 
badaol  AtmrsliMr  Bay,  Aouib  WbIh  laea  V>'0''t. 
iovm  itmI.  rar  ,  IIITI^  pjau  K.  lie*   I^S  1A1- 
{BI  FamUy  Uleaaoarafi  Jdao. 

(tj  waaaoBrapliu  vUlalua  Smmooa. 
01  OliiaHcraiilua  •pluuloiua  ilalL 
{O  Pamlhr  PlEdoirapUdH. 

'*)  OTptoerapEuB  trlnral*  Carr  or  C.  mardduo  HalL  ; 
~l  Dlplocraptua  ancuntfouaa  ItaU. 


< 


{Vj  Dlpla(r«i>lu*  rucMua  Kmiuoua. 
(n  OI(nia«nRriapiuas(»latua  Laiiwarlh. 

Hmto  are  aluo  a  few  other  fonuii.  iloubtfiil. 

Sptetet  of  Ph]^bnjraptvs  or  Lattogntptm,  tte. 

Tho  toict  that  tlirao  fgraptollln  baTe  Iwon  obtaiiiod 
from  tlie  distant  rvgiou  of  Ihx  Korky  Monntatna  siroa 
tbom  lUi  eapDcial  iutciml.  lUi  hvi  graptollleH  liavo 
hitherto  boflu  uoiicvd  froau  thai  regiou.  The  onlj 
uoline  of  gmplolitoii  froni  tlia  woatern  atataa  known 
to  me  la  Uial  gl««n  by  Dr.  OharUa  WbJto  in  toI.  it. 
('  Palarnutology ')  of  tha  '  Report  of  the  g«ologi<*l 
•uiray  Of  tba  bimdradtb  marldliui.'  Pout  fornm  are 
deacribed  by  biu  (foe,  eft.,  pp.  0,  10.  «(  tf/.)  a* 
haring  bpfu  obtained  fruui  Mine  bp<I*  of  partially 
motaiuorpboBod  ahnle  five  mil»  north  of  BeluMWt, 
Knv.  No  fnuiila  wnrii  found  a*ao«iatcd  with  tbem 
tliAl  might  luviiot  III  til"  di'iitrmtnation  of  thc^rotaot 
ugui  aud  tbvy  uvn-  jirut  iHionally  T«tn>rod  to  tba 
gsological  date  of  the  I'tiiMi  niate  v(  Kew  Yotk  atata. 

Thou  gr*pti>liln«  from  th«  KickiuK  Hone  Pat*, 
under  noUca,  may  alan  bn  r»trrrcd  to  the  ago  of  the 
Dtica  alate,  or  M  nuy  ralv  to  ibfi  'l'r*ntou.  In  tbo 
UtiM  fatma  of  the  United  Statea  and  CaiwIatlieiMO- 
oiation  of  forma  b  iiurt  aaob  aa  uccnra  in  the  Uan. 
itello  (lower  and  middle)  of  Britain,  and  aome  of  Ibo 
toriua  are  ooiuiuon  lo  both  aide*  of  tho  Atlantic. 

It  In  cnriooa  that  nunc  of  th«  family  of  tha  Dic4«- 
nograptidaa^DicnuiogTBptua  and  Uivvlk>BTapt>u)  ar« 
raproMotod  in  Ibla  Uttlo  oolleotlDn.  It  la  Jut  poMf- 
bl«  that  It  may  tbertfor*  be  Moiewbftt  oldw  tban  tfa» 
tirpicBl  Norman**  Kiln  bedH.  where  the  Meranograp- 
tiilae  are  excoedingly  abiinduit.  Neitlier  have  we 
any  uf  thn  paenll^  geuern  of  tho  Iioplograptidae 
(Ciwiiograpliu  and  Leptogmptua,  otc.)  aoprevalnnt 
iu  the  N'irinan'a  Kiln  burizon  everywliaro.  Tbna  It 
ia  by  no  moona  unlikely,  judging  from  the  evidenMC 
at  praaant  at  our  diapoaal.thattnefiKiDairf  tbeahakes 
of  tho  KIclKug  lli'iiw  Pnaa  come  from  ilrata  answer- 
iii|{  br'HUlly  til  tb"  ItrillHli  lowvr  I.latidcllii  -  tbny  am 
dialinvUy  ut>wcr  than  thr  Point  Levi*  bvilH.  ami  bit- 
long  to  the  accond  Ordovieion  f  aiinu,  but  iu  all  juvba. 
bilitj  to  tha  oldoat  xonoa  of  that  faaoa. 

Ciu*.  LATWOKnt. 

MoaoD  ODilacn.  RlnnlaBbani,  MOKb  T, 


4 
4 

< 

n 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FWDAY.  APRIL  1.  ISOT. 


THS  AUBRtCAN  WBALE^  FlsaERY. 

1877 -tsse. 

The  AtiierioAii  whale-fislierj  rmohed  lla  dood- 
liile  i>r  prtnpt^rity  abouc  the  middle  of  th«  prewDt 
eCDtury.  In  1846  Hie  lleet  nuiTibi>re()  T?3  vi-tni^lti, 
valued,  with  out«U.  at  u««rly  »20,000,l)00.  The 
must  valuable  utU'bing«  wvrv  in  18S1.  whi-n  ihe 
oil  nnd  IxineBecured  wer«<irortb$IO,TOO,6SI.  The 
lATKent  nnnunl  yield  of  spa-Tm-oil  vmn  in  l8-t7. 
6.3:2(1.188  kbIIo"^  Rveraging  |1.-3t|  per  gallon  ;  of 
wbale-oll.  in  IBSl,  10.847,214  mlloiu,  averaxlnK 
45/,  omts  per  Ksllon  :  and  of  wlialebonei,  in  18Q8. 
0.(153,800  poimi'lB.  at  Mi  cento (Kold)  per  pound. 

In  18TT  t)ie  wliutioR-fleet  numb^-Kxl  188  viwrln, 
hallinK  from  the  foUuwing  poits:  New  BiHlrord, 
Ham..  119  T««wla :  Provinociown,  Uaaa  .  31  ;  Bos- 
ton,*: BdfcartowD,  Dnrtmouth,  Fairbavm.  Mnnnn, 
and  Weslpon,  Uan.,  IS  ;  New  tioodon,  Conn.,  it ; 
San  FraDcbco,  S. 

In  1808  ilie  fleet  crutsinK  in  the  North  Paciric 
and  Arctic  hiul  very  lurgely  tnumfiTred  tta  head- 
quarlen)  and  on-ncraiii)i  from  Now  Bedford  to  San 
Ktanclfco.  Ttie  hniliag-pnrta  ot  the  fleet  during 
thU  year,  nutnlierlng  IH  vrtweln  in  all,  weiv  aa 
lollown  :  New  Bedfonl,  77  Teasels ;  Provlncelown, 
13  :  Boatuii,  8  :  Edj^artown  and  Uarioii,  4  ;  New 
London  and  Stoniui^tou,  S  ;  San  Fnnditco,  S9. 

Th«  diiitribuiicio  of  the  fleet  In  IHHO  woa  as  fol- 
Iowa :  48  v^wieU.  mtMlly  schoooen,  cruiaing  in 
Ihir  North  and  Roulb  .\ttiintic  ;  SO  vnwela,  thp 
lar)0"t  and  bt^tt  in  the  fleet,  cniising  tn  the  North 
Pacitic,  BtfTiag  Sea,  the  Arctic  north  ot  Bering 
Strait,  and  iu  tlie  Jap-an  and  Okhotsk  seaa,  pur- 
■uing  the  bowheail  and  the  Paoiflc  right  whale  :  S 
;'Ttwels  in  tiudsun  Bay  in  searcli  uf  the  bowhead  : 
90  T««aeli<  criiiniug,  ohietly  for  nperm  whalw.  in 
the  South  Fnc-illc  and  lu<liiin  oceans.  Thirteen 
vemela  were  detainc<l  ul  home  porta  throughout 
the  year,  leaving  the  active  flwt  only  11 1  nail. 

ThaboaloeBs  is  caTTied  on  bjr  forty-nine  Anna 
and  gmcnd  agents,  with  headqnartors  ehletlj  at 
New  Bedford  and  San  Fraiiciaco. 

The  following  tables  show  the  condition  of  the 
I  Indiulry  during  the  last  decade.  There  hus  bpr^n 
•  ataady  decrease  in  the  nuoiUrr  and  tonnage  of 
the  vnueltt.  The  annual  yield  of  tporm-oil  haa 
givatlj  decroMed.  The  yield  of  whale-oil,  wblcb 
incluilM  oil  of  walnis  and  of  all  oelaceans  other 


than  sp^mi  wluUea.  varied  greatly  from  year  to 
year.  The  talue  of  q>enn-uil  (niiu  1877  to  1886 
aeeragvd  93  centa  per  gallon  ;  whale-oil,  474  oonta 
per  gallon  ;  and  whalebone.  #S.44  tier  pound. 

Mtmber  aud  tonnagt  of  w*»ei4,  and  valtie  of 
ott  and  bone. 


Tmt. 

Knaber 

of  VMMlK, 

T»naiV« 

Vft]ll*0t 

oBWtilaa^ 

IWT 

IM 

to.wa 

n^HUMB 

isn 

m 

3a,»o 

aMtm 

IK« 

m 

lOjm 

tmum 

ISBO 

m 

«,«<» 

>,IIM.7K 

l»] 

m 

mm 

i,t«vta> 

iva 

IS) 

M0» 

l,a<U.TTV 

itra 

m 

UfitO 

1J«1,TH 

1»4 

144 

n,i» 

tfiOfiU 

I«M 

im 

ai.w 

*,Wi,tM 

IM 

IM 

tB,\a 

i.7n,aa 

Nnmbtr  of  barr^s  of  oH,  and  poundu  of  loliale- 
bont  laktn. 


TMt. 

WbBlMllL 

8parm-olL 

WIulaboDv. 

IflT 

Kjn 

4l.llt 

ieM» 

IV» 

N,m 

turn 

vijmt 

IBT* 

AtM 

41,306 

■MKI 

ma 

St.?™ 

».«I4 

4a«jaa 

)at 

n,«o 

x,aa 

zmjxo 

urn 

ajn 

tMH 

in.«M 

im 

M.m 

Mjm 

Mgwr 

uw 

u.m 

a,an 

4M.»m 

IDR 

ujm 

MMS 

4aMD 

USD 

safin 

«,tu 

BMW 

The  two  principal  bmnchea  of  th«  indoatry  are 
the  gperm-whole  and  the  right-ft-hale  flshertcs, 
Veasels  engageil  tn  aiwrin-ivhnling  are  BOmetlmea 
employed  'between  neiaaona'  in  the  captuiv  of 
liuin]>back  whales.  The  right-whalers  take  the 
buwhead  or  polar  whale  and  the  ordinary  right 
wbale  of  t^mpetaie  waieta.  They  also  capture 
walrus  for  the  oil  and  ivory. 


322 


RcmycE. 


About  one  lialf  the  lonnagie  of  tlie  flmc,  lnclu<i- 
big  DUMt  of  lh»  smaller  Te«eel8,  is  employed  In 
•panB-whAliug.  and  tlie  other  kalf  in  right-wlial- 
log.  Mun?  tbuii  fifty  ptT  (%ot  uf  Ibc  H|>pnii-oil  is 
l«k«ii  in  till?  Atluntic  Oci-cm.  lunl  «ln>ut  thr™- 
fuurtlis  o(  Ihi?  wlinlr-oil  com*'*  (roni  tbi-  Ar<'tio. 

B{H.Tm  whiil™  nrc  very  widclj'  dti>tri Initial  in 
litnpitfiiti' nnd  trrplcnl  Water".  Ths'y  iinve  bnrn 
tnki-n  iw>  fnT  «autli  no  tJie  40th  parallel  <tf  latituiln 
in  the  Atlnnlic  and  Pacltic,  nnd  u  (ai  ntnth  ail 
latitude  M"  19'  In  tlie  Korlli  Parlflc.  They  are 
ftnerally  tak^n  lu  deep  watec.  tiioii);)i  soDiettmes 
captured  in  die  mora  nliftllou-  watere  at  the  edjce 
of  the  grvuX  ocean- banlcH.  Thvy  niv  tinuitlcrr 
wftliin  (hiit,v  dFt{T<««  north  and  «outli  of  th« 
«iluti(or  Ihnn  in  IiiKlirr  lalitiidr».  Tliri  fluhing- 
groundi  for  Npi'rm  whnlea  an:  ui-ide-lj  iseparat^d. 
In  the  North  Atlantic  good  sperni-whalinic  has 
bMO  found  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  the  CiuH  of 
Mexico,  and  in  varioua  p1ac««  about  llie  West 
Indie",  tlie  BalmTiia^.  mid  llie  Azore  Islands, 
Among  the  moat  iiii|iurt4ut  ret-iuDn  uri!  tbu 
■  Oiarleaion  Kruund.'  iii  liititudi-  SU'^  |»  SS"  north, 
and  ioii(!ilude  ',V  W  TT'"  wi-si :  ami  the-  ■  ItIltll^rIUl 
ground.'  along  tin-  fi^v  ot  thrOulf  Strenin,  in  thp 
latitude  of  Cape  llnttrm)!.  Other  reeorts  are  the 
•Two  forties'  and  ■  Two  thlrtyeixefi,' situated  at 
th«  croninflis  of  the  86th  and  40th  parallels  and 
ineridlaiu.  Ther«  bav«  l>een  importAnt  grounds 
from  latitudo  tg"  to  H"  north,  and  langitadc  23° 
lo  82"  wwt. 

In  thp  South  Atlantic,  spertn  ivhales  arc  now 
taken  chiefly  alonit  the  African  ixmisI  and  between 
thocooatand  t^t.  Helena.  Very  prolllnble  whal- 
ing WM  formerly  found  along  the  Hoiith  Auii^rioan 

OOMt 

"Dw  (5outli  Pai-ific  grounds  for  sperm  whnlrHani 
off  the  CbfUim  ooiuil.  (.■xt«n<ling  from  latitude  Vi" 
to  W  ■OUtli.  uud  frum  the<-oast  300  mil«4  oflt.hor*'. 
North  uf  here  are  Iho  '  Archer  ground,'  the  *  Cal- 
bo  fcround,'  and  otlicr  renorts.  Tliroughout  the 
Siiut)]  Pacific  there  w«re  formerly  luaiiy  other  ex- 
Ivnaiv?  and  proDlahle  crubtng-gTOUnds  ;  hut  thoy 
art  now  nearly  all  abanduuiHl.  nut  entin-ly  bi>- 
caiiH  of  the  scarcity  ot  uIiiUck.  but  bernuMt  of 
the  low  price  of  spwm-oil  and  the  gri-al  eipPTmc 
attendant  upon  the  long  vuTiigrH  lo  distant  seafi. 
A  few  voaHt'la  still  cruiw  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Zealand  and  Australia,  and  in  some  seasons  make 
guud  voyages. 

lu  the  North  Pacific,  also.  q)enn  whaln  were 
formerly  tnkon  on  Tarioiis  groundsalong  Ibi'coiisi 
of  l»wer  California,  and  ou  the  once  raoKHis 
*  Japan  ground,'  extending  acnws  the  oii-nn  along 
Ibe  HOth  paratld.  and  tapecially  between  latitude 
Sfi"  and  40"  north,  and  longitude  14(1"  to  1 W  east. 
For  several  yean  no  veesels  have  been  fitted  for 


nperm-wbaltng  in  thust?  wanffs ;  though  Aric*ic  vofr 
sels  on  their  way  north,  nftt-r  their  afirlng  crute* 
iiig,  have  reported  ihc«i  wbaluH  in  ahundnnce. 

The  Indian  Ooean  was  on<'c  the  scene  of  an  ex- 
tensive fisherj-  for  sperm  as  well  ni  right  whalcH. 
but  very  few  veiBels  have  gone  then-  during  th«i 
Inrt  Um  yeare.  In  1880  there  was  no  American 
wbnling-ve^el  in  that  cx'wui  ;  In  18«6  two  vessels 
went  there,  with  fair  «icie«s.  Hperm  whales 
were  found  principally  off  Port  Uaupbin,  amund 
Madagascar,  about  MauTiliiia,  Bourbon,  and  Rod- 
erique  islands,  tlie  Amirante  group,  off  Zanzibitr. 
and  elMtwbere  along  the  African  coMt  to  the  Bod 
Sea. 

Right  nlialM  (Eubalaeoa)  are  found  a»  far  uortb 
as  latitude  Gl"  30'  at  the  mouth  of  Hudson  Strait, 
and  south  to  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  though  they  are 
not  common  in  iropicaiwalenn.  Theseare  also  called 
■black  wholes,'  to  distinRui'h  thcni  from  the  bow- 
htnad  or  polar  whale  (Bnlnpna  mrnticrtUd).  which 
tjy  Bnglisli  whalem,  and  often  by  others,  la  con- 
founded  with  the  right  whale.  The  bowhead  Is 
an  ice  whole,  found  uidy  in  Arctic  regiotis.  whtl« 
the  other  specie*  lubaliit  It-nifierate  **«tere. 

The  principnl  rewirtu  of  tin-  right  whale  vaM  ot 
America  are  in  the  South  Atlantic,  wliiJe  in  the 
PaciHc  they  are  about  equally  abundant  lioth 
north  aud  south  of  the  irviplcs.  These  wlialea 
wwb  formerly  ttken  along  the  Nrw  England 
roiiat,  l«it  they  luv  now  only  occaMoually  captured 
In  the  North  Atlantic.  During  the  winter  montli* 
whalers  find  them  on  the  Hattenui  ground  and  In 
Ibi-  Uulf  of  Mexico  and  (^ribbean  8ea,  and  a  few 
voBKrls  have  met  with  indilTerent  succfM  in  scarab- 
ing  for  them  iiluugthe  west  coaatof  Africa  bstwMIi 
latitude  15'  and  33»  north. 

In  the  South  Atlantic  they  are  sought  for  around 
the  Trixtan  Islands  and  atung  the  South  American 
coBBt.  where  they  were  once  verj-  abundant. 

The  Indian  Ocean  was  once  an  iniporiant  right- 
whalingground,  but  is  now  practically  abandoned. 

In  the  Smilb  Padfic,  right  whale*  are  taken 
from  September  to  Janiiar) .  oH  the  coast  of  Chili, 
on  the  grounds  fnim  lulilude  43"  lo4T«  south,  and 
longitude's"  to  SO'' west,  and  in  the  Spring  fartlier 
north  and  nearer  the  coant. 

The  North  Pacific  right-whale  groundn  were 
once  fauiouB,  and  were  cruised  over  liy  upwarda 
of  two  hundred  American  vessels.  The  principal 
rewtrU  were  the  '  Nurth-wei-t  coat't '  or  '  Kadiak 
ground.'  cfT  the  iVIoska  Peninsula,  and  in  the 
Japan  and  Okhotsk  seas.  After  the  discovery  of 
the  whaling -grounds  in  the  Aiftic.  the  lower  lati- 
tudes were  giailually  almndoned.  A  few  vetwis, 
however,  have  within  a  few  yrare  |Htsi  again  re- 
sorted to  the  Kadiak,  the  Okhotsk,  and  the  Japan 
giounda. 


SCnCNCB. 


823 


Humpback  wlialMtira round  wtUiln  the paralUa 
oiaO^DorthMclTO-wulh.  They  arc t«k*Dcbl*H7 
in  nhallow  wat«T  within  (vrlmin  bnja  and  it\aa^ 
tha  oOMt.  Tlir  inlnnd  of  TriDidad  uDd  Uulf  oT 
Para,  alao  tli<.-  i'ape  ^>nI^  Ulaii.Is.  uod  (Iiv  Afrioan 
ooaat  ftoni  S"  to  7-  suulli  laliiudc  nnd  about  tbi- 
W«l  Inditw,  are  the  pritir-iiKil  KTi^iiiubi  in  th? 
Atlaoiic.  Some  jvani  tbisp  whalm  are  <|tii(« 
abundant  along  tlw  Nvw  Enfclaiid  cooet  aiul  on 
Ihu  off-ahoK  flahfng-bKiika. 

In  lli«  Padfio  lht«i>  K-halea  an  fouud  rIobj;  th« 
Soalli  Amvricnn  coart,  partic-ularir  Ui  tbo  Bay  o* 
PanauiM  and  in  tbe  Oulf  of  UuajraqutI,  luid  aimw 
the  Culirnrnian  coast.  Thpjr  am  al«o  found  as  far 
nortli  iw  i\w  Aleutian  lalandti,  w)i«irp  the  nativea 
oaptuni  tlieiD. 

The Callfurnia  grajr  whstp,  or  devil-llsli  (Kiinchi- 
anecleM  gUut-uo.  n  found  only  in  the  North 
Pacific,  and  in  au  object  of  punuit  by  lh*>  nhow 
atations  tatabliahed  alon^  that  ccanl. 

Finback  and  HUlpliur-lioiioni  wiiHle«  are  quite 
Unlvmally  dlstributni :  hut,  Ihi>ir tiliibl«r  yit-lding 
o(MUpantiv)!4y  little  oil,  thrj  are  not  ufleii  cap- 
turod  except  by  nhon-  |iiu1le»  alout;  tlie  Calitoniian 
coaM.  at  L'api'  Q)d  ja  Sen-  EDmliitid.  on  the  nortb- 
eni  cuust  of  Norway,  and  at  lc«lund. 

Bowti«wJ  whalm,  aa  atatt^d  nborc,  an  on- 
lined  1*>  toy  waters.  The  Atlantio-Amtic  ftshlntt- 
groundM  ar«  in  Davla  titmit.  Ciiniberland  Inlet, 
and  Hudson  Bay.  .Ym^rican  v«m«Ih  farDU-r4y 
erulaed  aa  fur  norlh  oh  PoihI's  Bay.  in  almtt  lati- 
tude 78".  but  tiwrj  BOW  seldom  go  lieyond  Intitudo 
VSf.  ficotcii  wbaliB^-ateuaen,  bowvvrr,  cniliw 
aa  far  ntirth  as  TS**,  ilieir  northetn  rango  bdag 
limited  only  by  daIlI|^■^l  fnwn  ico. 

The  PaciHp-Arttie  rctM>rtn  of  ihe  howhead  arc 
in  Bering  Sea  and  north  of  IHorinic  Ktraii.  About 
three-fourtliH  of  tbo  whale-oil  uud  niiirly  all 
the  whalebone  landed  by  American  wbitlinK-v<^ 
aela  ia  taken  by  Uie  North  Pucitit-  tU-vi.  wt  called. 
cTuininji  north  o(  Bering  Strait  and  in  the 
Okbotak  Sm.  The  vcmwIr  in  Ifaia  fishery  an  the 
larxest  and  but  «quippc<l  In  the  wlialinK-serrice. 
In  1(479  or  1680,  aUvnters  were  liixt  used  in  tbia 
flaiiery.  and  now  alxMl  ou^-fmirth  of  tlie  IWI  am 
of  thia  chuu.  They  can  puali  thdr  way  with  liwi 
danger  iluiti  aalUng-rotweb  amid  the  icr-flocs,  and, 
as  a  rule,  tli«raby  awuro  a  grmter  catch.  The 
Arctic  TMwIa  hnvc  their  hcodqaartet^  at  Sau  Fran- 
cieco.  Tbpy  l(«ve  for  the  north  al)uut  Man-h  1, 
in  (eaaon  to  lueet  the  ic«  in  Bering  Sea.  and  to 
puah  gnulually  nortfawar<l  with  it.  tr»iially  about 
Hay  I  lo  10  a  few  whalea  iu«  ornrtaknn  on  their 
nofUiward  migrationn,  and  na  fast  aa  the  ioe  per- 
mlto,  the  vcMela  crowd  tlu>ir  way  In  pursuit.  Un- 
til about  June  1  the  fleet  oruieea  along  the  Sibe- 
rian CQoat,  capturing  aa  many  whalea  aa  poaei- 


Me.  ITioee  whicli  are  aecored  form  only  die 
'fag-end'of  die  'hNd.'  moat  of  Ihe  wholes  bar- 
iiiff  moved  nortliward  befuiu  the  vcuatls  could 
overtiikr  then).  A*  nocio  an  the  ice  olluwa,  the 
TCKH'U  puah  tlii'ir  way  ihroufjh  the  Strait,  eror 
alert  to  ratc4i  the  whales  which  are  hurrying  to 
the  (nr  north.  Prom  the  middle  of  June  till  Ihp 
latter  port  of  July  few  wlialta  are  taken.  During 
this  time,  wldle  w  aitlug  for  the  return  of  the  bow- 
bsMls,  the  whaleni  devote  tlieir  lime  to  capturing 
walms,  which  an?  valuable  for  both  ivory  and  oil. 
Al'uut  the  beginning  at  August  tbi?  Beet  mov«a 
eautwnrd  and  northward  to  Point  Elarrow  and  be- 
yond, capturing  whalea  whetvver  they  con  bo 
found,  though  hill  rery  few  sav  seen  nntil  the 
Hqiithward  migration  iieginf.  In  the  Intler  (Ktrt  of 
the  month.  FYom  ihU  time  till  the  latter  part  of 
September  or  early  in  Octolwr,  when  the  aeaooni 
cUwO,  there  ii  great  (-(eiti-mtMnt  and  eogeiuMD  to 
Statm  ■•  many  whale*  as  imnsibln. 

Theaorly  departure  of  the  animals  to  inarresaible 
ragitmaomonKtheice,  and  ibeaniioKi  weeks  spont 
In  awaiting  their  return,  make  tliis  ground  one  of 
llie  moat  exciting  regions  that  wlialemen  can  Bnd. 
and  the  Mirruundlnga  are  of  more  than  usual  in- 
lereau  Nothing  can  exceed  the  daring  and  pluok 
of  the  whalemen  in  their  i-nd«t<-otB  to  arorch  out 
anil  cnptuK  their  prey.  Forgetful  of  sumiunding 
daniEvrs,  they  punue  the  spouting  antmil  far  up 
among  the  ice-floes  :  aii<l  many  a  vessel  has  been 
cruafaed  to  pieoca  by  the  ioe  aa  she  was  tracldn^ 
out  a  whale.  Anxinti*  to  wH-nre  full  fan-s.tltey 
rcmaiD  ninid  the  freezing  wativs  until  early  win- 
ter atana  them  in  the  far*,  when  tlicy  plough  their 
way  bomeward.  Several <llf<ai<ien<  liare  overtaken 
the  fleet  in  their  xeal  to  catch  the  whale,  as  in 
1871,  when  thirty-live  noble  craft  were  le*t  at 
anchor  in  Kight  of  certain  dostructiuu :  the  crews, 
after  arduous  laboff,  saring  themselvca  with  their 
boats. 

Not  always  are  the  whalemen  thus  fortunate  in 
escaping  with  their  lives.  In  l>t7tt  two  ywwls  b*- ' 
came  separated  from  the  fleet,  and  were  nerar 
after  heard  from.  Nearly  every  year  one  or  mora 
veswU  nrf  raught  in  the  ice  and  ground  to  splln* 
ters.  In  llndwn  Bay  antl  Cumberland  Inlet,  also, 
the  veaseis  are  exposed  to  dongcn  from  tee.  From 
1SI9  to  l<980,  eighteen  Teawto  were  wr<«knl  in  those 
waters.  The  Meet  is  not  as  large  a»  that  cruia- 
ing  north  of  Bering  Strait,  nor  are  the  vsasels 
gmotally  so  laige  and  su  well  equipped.  SeYcnJ 
vessoU  hare  passed  the  winter  '  looked  fn  the  iet,' 
in  Hudson  Hay  or  in  C^mberUnd  Inlet,  and  have 
thereby  taken  advants«e  of  the  cnrly  and  late 
weeks  of  tlie  whatlng-WRson.  Ixvideei  necuflllg 
bear,  musk-ox,  and  seal-skini  during  the  wtnUr 
months. 


SCTEyCE. 


rvou  IX.,  No.  tl7' 


Ymt. 

Nnubaraf 
nesvU 

oU. 

IVmn^of 
irbalttMitia. 

Pennda  or 

IRT 

IP 

VtJM 

iBvno 

Tl/m 

ure 

IT 

Ujon 

IHjn 

aoMo 

WV 

■1 

ujm 

SXXMO 

«i,no 

un 

U 

■•.no 

mm 

IMW 

UB 

a 

•l,T«) 

tetfo) 

1S,U0 

in> 

a 

EI,(rrs 

Jinn.sfB 

iT,no 

un 

N 

10,1  u 

lu.toa 

Alto 

Uh 

M 

K^UO 

RtN.nn 

S.4SI 

ia» 

40 

M,8M 

U1,CW8 

6,tM 

im 

** 

■MOT 

sauo 

fcBB 

Tho  forc^ing  table  bIiowm  Ihp  extent  of  the 
PnciflR. Arctic  flsliery  from  1871  to  IPSO.  Thp 
ntimtNT  of  wlinlce  seciirM)  oneh  jpnr  rnri«« greatly. 
In  1880.  a«C  weremught  ;  in  188.^  SaS  ;  and  tn  ISBO. 
only  lOS.  The  'whale'  oil  includes  alao  oil  of 
mlnu. 

A.  HOWABD  Ct-ASK. 


ICE  AND  WEBBROS. 

Ik  &  paper  rrad  before  Ibe  Hoyal  tiociirt)'  of  Ckii- 
kdn  (May  27. 1886),  -On  some  point*  in  tftttvnoe  to 
ice  pIienotne<im,'  Dr.  Rolwrt  BpII  iii»cniwe«  various 
obwrvstlona  oa  tli«  forinntion  of  iro  and  its  action 
OU  the  land.    TTk-  rnpid  dliuippeianuc^  of  ic<-bt-ri:;a 
aft*r  lh«y  havv  posted  the  Imnbi  of  Nt^n-found- 
land,  lie  iutc:ril)PH  to  tbe  difrvreni-f  in  tCRipnmtiire 
of  ttin  Gulf  StrMtu  »iid  the  inicrior  of  the  ber^. 
wliinh  i%  proliably  much  voider  tlmn  0*  C.     He 
NUppo«eH  that  tLip  rapid  incnuiso  of  the  tempera, 
hire  of  the  water  cniinr*  the  ice  to  cmck  ;  and  this 
process,  once  ntjirtnd.  iroidd  rapldlr  continue  an 
the  coldur  part"  of  the  ioierior  come  in  oontiu^t 
with  tbe  water.     An  experiiDMit  msde  nt  Ottaw« 
proT«d  that  Ice,  on  coming  in  contact  with  warm 
water,  rmlly  cracks.     Though  the  difforFnce  In 
temperature  mar  take  an  activo  pnrt  in  frnctiirlnji; 
icebor|[B,some  other  fai-lii  onjfht  in  be  InveatiKSted 
before  It  Is  pimible  to  decide  on  tills  questlou.  Tbe 
loebencs  of  the  LttbMdoroarrent  show,  even  while 
in  Baffin  Boy,  many  stgns  of  deoay.    The  most  re- 
mukublo  onm  are  the  deep  grooTM  hollowed  out 
liy  thn  waves  breaking  at  Ibe  foot  of  tbe  icy  clilfB. 
Thfl  <l<>pth  of  thecM.'  exuviations  and  the  amount  of 
d&rU  scatttMvd  around  the  berg  prove  the  efficacy 
of  the  wavoH  in  breakinK  "P  the  berg.     However, 
tlie  greater  part  of  the  year  the  berg«  are  embed- 
ded in  pack-ice,  and  protected  from  the  action  of 
tbe  awoIL    This  oontiuuee  aa  far  as  ilio  Labrador 


oowc    As  poon  M  the  beric  reaches  tlie  southern 
end  of  the  pack-Ice.  the  breakers  formed  by  tbe 
Atlantic  swell  will  undermine  its  cliffs,  the  tlibria 
furtheriug  their  action.     The  liistory  of  icebergs 
may  well  bo  obiPTved  in  BaSLn  Bay.     The  gT«ater 
number  artr  llat,  and  aliapiil  like  a  table,  having  a 
Hat  top  and  vrrtical  eclRi>H.     Thr>y  attain  a  "iKe  of 
fnico   twenty-five  to  thirty  Hciiiare  milwi,  and  ar« 
about  four  hnndmd  f<<et  tlikk,  their  helKliI  ahov4> 
the  wat^T  belnic    fllty  feet.       These  masses  of 
ice,  on  strlkinit  a  rock  or  a  shoal,  are  broken  tip 
into  small    pieces,  all   of    whii-h    have   vertical 
edites.    A  very  few  of  tlie»e  are  tilled,  the  hori- 
MHital  lop  becoming  inclined  and  partially  Hub- 
merged.    Tliua  (ome  ports  of  the  U-rg  attain  a  far 
grenti-r  beigbt  than  they  had  hefon^  the  lilHng, 
and  it  i*  probably  thus  that  the  high  and  pointed 
iceberg!  originate.      Flat  b<frgB  arc  very  stable, 
whiln  pointod  ouM  show  signs  of  frequent  tUtJn^ 
and  raptiKing.    Oroores  which  w«i«  excavated  br 
Ihe  Rwell  may  be  seen  in  all  part*  of  the  berg. 
Bouie  of  llieni  even  running   vertically,     (iome- 
tiines  many  parallel  grooves  prove  that  targe  pieces 
of  the  unsubmerged  pari  of  tbe  berg  broke  n(T, 
and  thai  it  gradually  einereeil  from  the  ocean., 
Uroovos  diverging  from  on©  edge  aro  of  frequent 
nocurienoe.  and  were  caused  by  the  lifting  of  one 
■ride  of  tho  brag.     It  would  be  of  great  Importance 
to  know  whether  the  tilting  has  any  Influence  irpon 
the   direction  of  tlie  crocks  and  liuuren.     ThMe 
are  always  vertical  while  tbe  berga  am  in  their 
oriitinal  posilion.  There  are  no  obgeTrationiinbich 
would  cnuble  us  to  deoide  whether  thowime  direc- 
tion ia  niaintainixi  afler  the  tilting,  whli:h  would 
lie  of   eminent    influence   on  the  breaking-up  of 
the  iceberg.     If,  afler  the  tillinp  has  occurtvd,  in- 
cUned  faces  would  originate,  this  would  materiallj 
conCribiilA  l'>a  rapid  destruction.     As  even  nnaU 
pieces  of  tlie  large  bergs  liave  vertical  edgen,  their 
direction  i-i  probably  due  to  Hie  structure  of  the 
ice,  and  will  be  maintained  in  any  position  the  loe 
may  have. 

Bell  remarks  that  the  amount  of  rocky  and 
rnrthy  material  cnrricd  from  north  to  south  by 
bergs  is  not  vctv  large.  Field -ire,  on  the  other 
hand,  particularly  such  as  is  formed  In  shallow 
bays  with  biich  tides,  and  near  tlie  land,  always 
carries  great  (quantities  of  mud  and  stones,  which 
are  carried  upon  it  by  the  wind  or  avnlnnchee, 
Wb  do  not  tliink  that  any  amount  of  mat«rial  Is 
carried  upon  tbe  ice  by  torrents  formed  1^  Ibe 
melting  of  snow,  asBellsupp<~«es.  The  icealw^yi 
contains  sonie  salt,  anil,  as  the  oieltlng-poEnt  of 
the  fresh  w»\f^  coming  from  the  laud  is  higher 
than  that  of  tlie  ice,  the  latter  is  rapidly  wasting 
at  the  mouths  of  the  rivers. 

In  regard  to  tbe  formation  of  FtaEil  (anchor)  icei 


Ann.  1,  teST.] 


SCIENCE. 


325 


Bdl  fa  in  faror  of  the  hypotliesis  of  Dr.  Siatrjr 
Hnst,  who  regards  It  as  due  to  lem^trial  radla- 
tioR,  an<l  analoKOUH  to  thr  Forniulion  uf  Imar-fixut 
on  the  Kutoce  of  the  ground  in  dvnr  wnothvr. 
A  sfrDflsT  opjnicn  wiui  liold  by  Ango.  but  rhii 
theorj  does  not  ■■xpfoin  kU  tlM>  phMtotn^nn  :  uid 
the  vinwa  i>f  &chohke,  th»t  th«i  aarlior-iep  is 
fomnii  nil  ilm  nirfRce  And  carried  to  the  boUooi 
b,v  the  uurronl,  »eem  (oagreo  belter  with  the  factiu 
C.  W.  Wober  and  J.  Rae  agTe«  with  thin  theory. 
It  is  doubtful  wliether  water  ia  bo  diatbecinal  fo» 
dark  ra^s  tliat  tlut  radiation  ahould  have  ax%j 
effect  on  tlie  fonnalion  of  anchoc^ioe. 

Of  grest  inli-nvt  utr  IMVf,  re-mnrka  and  n1«erv«> 
tiona  aa  Ihi-  XcaK  Smures  which  tenuitn  open 
throughautthn  wint^.  Heprovmthat  therhanj(ee 
of  tAmpcitnturrbavono  Influence  upon  their  widili. 
They  fnnn  every  winter  iu  the  buuif  -fituationo, 
and  genenli;  between  tlie  extreaiitiea  of  point* 
oa  o^oelte  Mm  of  the  w«tirr.  11?  lyinsiJcn  it 
prohabte  that  the  proj^rneiie  lowering  nf  the 
water  godng  on  during  thn  winter  produc^^  a  ten- 
'  8lon  on  such  places  eufBoienl  to  krap  th*  flMum 
open. 

(Iiully.  Bnll  explnins  the  mnarksble  rin|psnd 
dikes  of  IxjwldtTa  ceiiaed  by  the  action  of  the  Ice. 
In  pond«  whirh  freeT«  U)  the  bottom,  bowtdersare 
louurpomtnd  in  the  ice.  Asthe  ice  is  evaporation 
nt  ilB  surfnee.  while  accetolonaof  wat«r  lift  the  ice, 
the  bowldeni  are  miiKHl  and  gradually  carried  to- 
ward llm  periphery.  On  liu*|te  lakes  the  drifting 
k«  ia  premed  nKiiiniit  tho  shores,  and  tliua  forms 
dikea  of  bowlder*. 

MULLERS  SCIKNCS  OF  LANOUAOE. 

The  appearance  of  the  condudint;  part  of  Dr. 
MQltfTT'H  fCTMt  work  on  linguiilic  nciwioc,  which 
has  occupied  ten  yean  in  its  publication  and  iif 
course  a  tniicii  longer  time  in  it*  prcpnratioo,  sf- 
I  fords  a  good  opportunity  for  considerioK  this  im- 
portant contribution  to  ncience  as  a  whole.  In 
apraking  of  it  ns  concluded,  however,  the  term 
must  b(i  underglood  as  applylojc  lo  the  original 
plan,  which  colli et£ plated  only  time  voIudich.  In 
this  senee,  the  author  reganh  bin  ivork  as  com- 
pleted. But.  as  wt!  learn  from  tlie  preface  to  tlie 
lalAt  portion,  hv  purpoan  nddint;two  suppletnen- 
larf  tolunwD,  one  of  which  will  be  occupied  with 
dw  annljtic  nn<I  thr  ■o.i'jillpil  '  mixed  lantfuagen.' 
as  wall  a*  with  new  idioms,  extinct  and  living,  of 
ludeUnDined  position,  while  the  other  will  com- 
prbe  the  material*  wbic-h  hare  nccumulat«d  dnr- 
Inf  tlie  past  ten  year^ 

Like  the  other  inductive  sciences,  —  and  per- 
haps «v«i  more  than  the  majority  of  them. — 

&rmdriM  dtr  tpraAiolMtnucha/t.  Von  Bn.  l^SDalHH 
)ftiu.n.    VldDiui,  Alfnd  flflldnr:  l.«Ddon,  Trubacr.    8*. 


companitive  phlMoRy  hao  been  araptdly  KTOwlaf 
Bclence.     No  better  evidence  of  this  fad  can  be 
found  than  in  thefMBpariaoo,  to  which  the  author 
hiniirlf  invitee  oa,  of  bis  work  wfih  tliat  of  his 
outod  piedvc«aeor*,  Profeasora  Advlung  anil  Vatrr. 
whoae    well-known  *  Hithridatw '    pir^entrd  Ibe 
flrat  KBtkeral  aurvwy  of  Ungnaxos  ever  nttcmptM 
on  a  eclenlitl*'  plan.      Tluit  grrBt  work,  of  wbfcit 
ttie    laM    volume    appeared    In    1917,    l»   justly 
deemed  a  monuoieDt  of  erudition  and  laborious 
rt«earcb.    The  authors  undertook  to  give  an  ac- 
count (»l  all  known  lunguagn,   with  (wherever 
pninticnhUt)  the  Lord's  Pnyer  as  a  specimen  of 
each,  tnuMlRtcd    and    ciu«rully    nnatyned.    The 
work  was  as  well  accomplinhod  ns  wm  pomible  at 
the  time.     But  tlte  necpftary  mnierials  were  to  a 
large  extent  lackiiifc.  and  the  principles  of  the 
science  were  imperfectly  understood.     During  the 
sisty  yearm  which  hare  since  elapsed,  the  progreaa 
of  n-iKiiieh  h;u  nut  only  uddMl  largely  totheifala, 
but  ha*  di;vi.-li)[n:d  many  laws  cif  the  scienw,  ond 
in  n  KTrnt  me«*urr  revoluiioniKvl  its  chnmctcr. 
Biploring  exprdili4>TiK.  missionary  labor*,  and  the 
study  of  ancient  monuments  have    more    than 
doubled   the  numbnr  of   known  idioms.     At  the 
same  time,  the  profonnd  investigations  of  many 
emineut  scholars,  in  Euro|>e  and  America,  have 
eluHdaled  the  principles  which  lie,  or  seem  to  He, 
at  the  fonntlalion  of  tb«  science.    Somequaliflca- 
tion  Is  necesurj-  in  this  Rlal«ment,  for  in  the  rc\- 
ence  of  language,  as  In  other  •clences,  nenr  dis- 
coveries are  constantly  ap|>farlnK.    which  alter 
malerially  the  aspect  of  what  was  deemed  to  be 
eatahlisbeit  trtiih.     Not  tlie  Ims,  however,  is  it 
certain  that  a  vast  progrea^  lias  been  made  since 
tho  time  of  Adi-lung  and  Vnter.     Home  able  and 
practised  band  wan  needed  to  galher  up  the  im- 
mense mass  of  Katured  material,  and  to  frame  a 
vtnicture  which  should  repre«ent  the  present  con- 
dition of  the  Dcieiice,  and  make  a  oolld  platform  on 
wliich  other  Inquirers  mighi  «afely  build.   No  one. 
certainly,  could  be  better  Ktted  for  this  ofHc*.  by 
exp<-rienre  and  talent,    than    the   distingnished 
schnUr  to  whom  we  owe  the  linguialic  portion  of 
the  history  of  the  Xovara  pxpediiion,  and  the 
well-known  '  Algemeine  EthuoKraphle.'  which  lias 
loog  been  a  standard  work. 

In  the  brief  jiretace  to  bia  Unt  vnhitne.  Dr. 
MOUer  remarks  that  his  work  hideaigned  specially 
for  the  use  of  acndemic  lecturers  and  for  student* 
wlio  deviire  the  mennn  of  nclf -Instruction,  tie  has 
therefore  purposely  avoided  the  more  popular  and 
discursive  metliod  of  boohs  intended  m^ely  tor 
geneial  reading,  and  has  a<loi>ted  in  preferetioe 
the  cimcise  and  systematic  form  of  treatlvee  de- 
voted lo  the  exact  sciences.  Throughout  the 
greater  portion  of  his  work  be  has  ad  hered  sUJctljr 


326 


SCrEKCE. 


|T(K-  !X,.  Na  «7 


to  tUs •ckotifio  mMliod,  whirh.  m  he  justly  oon- 
slden,  cttD  alotHi  givp  to  mirh  ■  work  a  permanent 
relu^.  In  Uir  introduction,  liow*T*r.  w It Ich  occu- 
pies about  n  third  part  of  the  first  volume,  he  lias 
allowed  htniixilf  more  freedoiu,  and  liaii  entered 
itilu  iDiuij  ditiqulsiliano  which  will  tnti-rcM  the 
geoL-rkl  reader,  aiid  will  duubtltwi  ctdIcp  mucli 
(liiKTUiwion  atid  Homt-diBncnl.  UrtrMtKoJ  Ihcniiii 
and  tliiiils  ol  HiiKuiiitii:  M'imof ;  of  the  rrlationnf 
•|>OTCh  to  thought ;  of  the  ntigin  oi  InnfCUnKe,  in- 
cludlnic  tile  great  (lumtion  of  the  un!t>-  or  (jlunilitj 
of  beginping)' ;  of  the  development  ot  aptnech  ;  of 
Its  tnatcfial  and  fomiative  parts  ;  of  the  proof*  of 
kixwhip  anioDg  Unguagea  :  ot  lh<-tr  i-IiiHiitlrnliim, 
according  to  the  vsr^oiu  sjsteins  which  have  heen 
proposed  by  pbilaLogiats :  of  the  elements  of 
•peech.^tlic  root,  the  word,  thi-  neotencv;  of 
artlculau-  Huund*  (phonnlofty) ;  of  the  expresal'ia 
of  Ifauught  by  writinR,  and  of  the  influenw  of 
writing  on  the  de«<elopRi«nt  of  Un^niage.  Tliia 
list  of  to|>io«  IB  much  abridjied,  and  girea  ooty  an 
iaipnr/ect  Idea  of  tlie  many  suhjef^tn  on  «  biob  tho 
autlior  touches  In  lbk«  iiuportant  in( rod  notion,  in 
which  lie  hoa  cuoiIpdimhI  tlie  coiicliwionii  ot  lonK- 
continned  atudy  antl  profound  nnnlyufL 

111  bifl  ohiMiSonlion  he  baa  Kniight  lo  conihlne 
the  elbaolofpral  and  phjiolnglcal  tiiettxHlii,  and 
thua  to  link  hiH  earlier  'Ueitcrui  tlhiiuju-ruphy ' 
with  thn  present  <ivi>rk.  The  atteuipl  wni  a  nat- 
ural one.  Iiut  cannot  In-  taiil  to  be  aliotceitber  auc- 
ceasful :  and  it  i>  ea«y  to  *<^  that  the  author  him- 
self. wbin<!  candor  throuKhout  la  Iraosittrent,  was 
Kaally  not  altotcether  tatlalled  with  it.  la  Ibci 
claMificntion  of  races  he  selecta  (aa  in  hia  ■  Eth- 
nofiraphy  ' )  the  hair  an  tli«  beat  criterion,  lie 
divides  all  manlciad  (iririiarily  into  twocla*eea,  — 
the  '  woolty-huimr  <u/o(ricAii  and  the  '  smooth - 
haired'  ((uuntrichi).  Each  of  tlie«e  cla»aea  Ia 
a^n  iiiilidivUod  Into  two  divtsiona.  The  woolly- 
haiml  clan  rnni|)ri»e8  ihe  ■  tufl-liaited  '  (lopAo- 
romi)  and  the  -  lleecy-haiTt>d '  {erioeomii ;  whila 
tlir  i>iD0Olb-balredrace«ci>mprebi.-ndlhe  'stntight- 
halred  '  itHthscomi)  and  tin-  ■  wavy-hnin^l'  (eu* 
plomini).  ntlirr  high  aulburiliiw,  including  at. 
IIllHire,  Bory  do  Ht.  Vincent,  ond  Ilnxley,  have 
adopted  the  hair  as  the  Ixst  primary  character- 
iatir  for  dl^tinjiiulshiDg  the  races.  But  while  (he 
opilheis  drawn  from  It  are  esoeUenl  dwcriptive 
terms,  they  are  found  iu  ptactic*.  like  thooc  de- 
rived from  the  ^hadea  of  color  and  the  ahape  of 
the  bead,  to  he  far  too  wavering  and  uncertain  to 
KTTCthe  purpnwn  of  a  true  sclentlOc  clawilflca- 
tion.  Such  is  Ihe  conclualuni^  Prlchtird,  P*«chel. 
Quatrefagee,  Wilson,  and  other  able  eihriologista 
W'bo  have  tevted  thtse  wcIIkkI*. 

To  tbia  opinion  Dr.  MQIkr'K  own  matunxl  view* 
plainly    imnA.     Though    h*    formally  pfmerves 


Ihrougfaout  hla  work— evidently  for  the  roaaun 
that  has  be«n  micgested  —  tite  four  clasani  diriin- 
gulshed  by  the  lialr,  be  practically  deserts  tbia 
dadsi flea t ion  for  that  wbicb  hia  6lu<lies  and  phil- 
Doophical  iDaight  have  cvmvinocd  him  to  ba  Ihe 
only  witisfnclory  and  pri)|M'r  ome, — at  least  for  a 
phJJoloKlcjil  troatine.  —  iiamrly,  tbc  K'^ealoghnl 
cla*si<lcal  ion,  based  on  ihcdIslinctiDn  of  linguialfo 
Btocks,  Tbe«e  stoclra  are,  in  tact,  is  catnpnrnlire 
philology,  what  the  elementary  subetancm  ari-  in 
chemlMry, — tlie  sole  and  sufflcieni  uronnd  of  a 
true  acieiilillc  claasillualion.  Tlie  ijuMtloB  ol  tba 
origin  of  lhi«e  atoclo:  or  tini:uii>iic  faniUlet.  Is  too 
fxtcnuivi-  and  loo  much  cont4-irt«l  lo  Ijp  liere  oon- 
■idrrcil :  but  that  their  dislinction  and  deter- 
miiiatlnn  conslllnte  the  primary  dement  and 
foundation  of  llngulrtic  science  i*  a  definite  oun- 
elusion,  for  which  the  hiich  authority  of  Dr. 
MAller  may  now  he  claimed. 

The  main  body  of  the  work  consists  of  canful 
analvBiii  of  tbv  phonetic  and  gramuiatlcal  systeOM 
tit  nil  the  hingtiat^'H  whow  anundii  and  gratnniar 
are  known.  In  uinst  InHaoces  —  and,  in  fact, 
wherever  composition'^  in  the  langun^  are  found 
—  specimens  of  the  teit  are  given,  with  tnter- 
liuMr  traaalations,  awl  with  annotations  explain- 
ing cv«Ty  gminiuatiml  pi^i'iiharity.  8nrh  tmnslo- 
liona  luv.  of  ciiunM?,  the  brdt  It-Bl  of  the  authoo's 
knowlnlKn  of  tlie  language.  The  labor  required 
In  master  ao  completely  the  intricacies  and  pMul- 
iaritie4  of  iblt  large  namtter  of  idioms — from 
the  monoayllubiu  Chinese  and  Anameae,  with 
their  variety  of  tunes  and  paaitioDS,  lo  the  mttlU- 
tudinoiw  inflection*  of  American  tungiua  — 
niurt  have  been  enormous ;  nor  would  mere  in- 
dustry have  l)e<>n  snfHcienl,  without  largi!  experi- 
ence, and  what  may  fairly  he  termed  linguistic 
genius.  The  Hrst  volume  comprises  the  langgagea 
of  the  wootly-baired  racea.  and  is  devolwl  alinoal 
entirely  to  the  African  tuiiguiM.  The  tJugle  ex- 
ception is  the  MafAr  lanip.iaKc.  npoken  uri  the  nortli- 
west  coast  of  New  Uuineu.  The  ALifAr  |icople  are 
not  more  woully-linimd  tlian  uuuy  other  triben 
of  Melanesia,  But  as  the  lalti-r  ipi-nk  ■  mixed 
languageH.'  mainly  of  Ihe  Mslaisian  type,  tltey 
ore  relegated  to  the  '  Malayan  race.'  which  Is  In- 
cluded among  the  smooth-haired  rajea.  Thua  the 
dniwilicaiion  by  the  hair  breaks  down  on  ila  lint 
applicntion  :  and  we  cannot  be  anrpriwd  iliat  tha 
author,  hampered  at  the  outact  by  liis  MrUar 
ethnological  Iheorira,  is  glad,  an  his  work  procaaJa. 
to  escape  fn>m  them,  and  restrict  himself  entlrelj 
to  the  genealogical  cIsaslQcalion. 

The  saoond  ToJume  tqwns  with  an  intcnatiDg 
dncripliim  and  cooipariaon  of  the  very  paouUar 
and  in  mime  mpeots  highly  organiaed  AnaUalian 
languages,  which  an  shown  conclusively  to  bo- 


n 


Apul  1,  U07.1 


SCIEJ^CK 


327 


loni;  to  a  eingl«  *tock,  and  not  to  be  allied  rither 
to  tlie  MaUyaa  iw  lh«  Dntvidian  loogues,  to  wliich 
some  nulhorltin  hnvo  ooufcht  to  r«hir  tbrin.  Tbe 
)nngiiiii;ps  of  the  ■  hyprrt>orann  rac^B.'  rxtmding 
•long  tlie  Arctic  oonsts.  from  tW  Ycniitrt-nti  tnbni 
to  theChuhchi  and  the  Eskimo,  Inn]  natiirollf  to 
tbe  proper  Amertcau  Idioms.  The  discnwlon  of 
thete  idioaia  muni  be  deemed  the  least  mtisfacta; 
portioD  or  th<^  woik.  nut  Irom  aov  failure  In  th« 
author'a  rearnrch  or  at'furacy.  but  fioin  the  lin- 
poHJhilJtT  of  rc^ndrnsing  bh  mnteriiiln  into  the 
liniited  space  allnwed  for  them.  Thf  ItnguiHtic 
Blocks  ot  tlila  continent  are  at  \iwt  twii^  sa 
nuinerom  a«  thow  of  all  the  retit  of  the  world. 
Their  grumiuuticul  ciiaracterlslic*  varj'  widely, 
and  an.'  of  ilic  highrai  interexl.  An  I'rof.  Mux 
UQIIrr  hni<  well  pojntwl  out.  tlitve  language* 
"  can  ti'll  UK  ()uitr  m  miich  at  thi-  growth  of  the 
human  mind  a«  Chincn*.  or  Hebmw,  or  Sanscrit.'- 
Some  of  tbe  stocks  or  faniiliea  —  an,  for  eniiuple, 
the  Al){Ouk1n,  the  Dakota,  aud  the  Maya  —  cooi- 
priae  many  distinct  laiii;u>gcii.  which  liavi>  bptn 
carefully  stodii-d  and  cumiuirtil  by  some  <if  tlir 
ablest  phllologiotii  of  Euro|]c  and  America.  In 
pilrel;  adenllflc  ral'ic,  npnrt  from  merely  exfraiie- 
oux  gronnd*  of  Inlereot,  the  Aljionklii  family  far 
surpaR^ea  the  Hanilio-Seniilic  slock.  Yrl  while 
the  latter  occupies  two  hundred  paj^eii.  the  fornicr 
is  restricted  to  tbirti-cn.  It  is  iis  though,  in  a 
trcntiw  on  loAlosy.  eighteen  pn^ee  were  given  to 
tbe  horse,  aa  heinn  a  bititical  animal,  and  only  one 
page  to  the  elephant.  It  must  be  admitted  Ihnt  in 
ihe  prevent  condition  of  linguistic  acieuce  this  dis- 
orepMtcy  could  not  well  buie  be«ii  uroided  n-ith- 
out  making  tlie  work  unwieldy  and  unsalable ; 
and  It  Ih  fair  to  add  tbut  the  drscrlptioiis  of  the 
American  Innguagc*.  no  far  us  they  extend,  aru 
for  Ibe  mtxt  pnrt  rcmiitknble  exlubitious  uf  una- 
lytic  akilt. 

A  moat  adniinibie  account  is  given  of  the  great 
Malaisian  family,  which  occupies,  with  tha  ax- 
ceptlnn  of  the  Australian  and  some  Papuan 
toopies.  the  vast  ialand  world  frum  Uadagaacar 
to  Hawaii.  This  is  foiloutid  by  the  laoKaateea  of 
the  ■  North  Anattc '  or  Muiigohun  race,  extemliug 
from  Lapland  and  Hungary  to  Japan  and  the 
Indo-Chinese  pFiiiii^'Ulii.  The  Nubian  or  amoolh- 
haiml  African  rare  HUccn'<l«,  followcil  by  tlie 
primitive  tangiiages  of  Hindoataa,  compoaing  thr 
Dmindian  family.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
third  volume  is  occupied  with  the  Uinguaicn  of 
the  so-called  'Mediterranean  race.'  This  is  a 
pnrely  geographical  dwignatton,  including  popu- 
lations so  widely  disilnct  in  phyaiciU  trails  and  in 
language  as  the  Indo-Europeana.  the  Hamito- 
tiemiUo  natlmu.  tb«  Ciiucnxian  trllxM.  and  the 
Boaqnaa.  To  these  languogn,  which  were  iho  lint 


(o  attract  ttie  attention  ot  pbllologisis,  the  author 
Itas  derMed  special  care.  Tlie  perplexing  variety 
of  Caununnn  touguea  In  reducod  by  him  lo  two. 
or  at  the  m<Ml  thr<^-.  familiiii.  The  curious  and 
daho«nt«  inflectionn  of  the  Ba*i|ue  nrr  analyied 
and  set  forth  with  icmsrkable  cteamese.  TlMte 
■tud«ots  of  lanKUage  who  are  Bccu«l«<ned — ui 
too  many  are  —  to  regard  Uie  wtiole  of  pbllolcviol 
woience  as  summed  up  in  the  two  familtea  of  the 
Indo-Euro[ieiin  and  the  Uamito-Srmitic  stocks, 
will  here  find  an  eiuniple  of  an  indefatigable  and 
large. mi ndi>d  ncholiu-,  wlio  ran  C(|ual  if  not  Hiir- 
pass  them  in  tbeir  s|iecial  atsdica,  while  hla 
wider  view  embractw,  na  that  of  every  tlioruugh 
pbilulu;fint  nhuiild  do.  a  knowledge  ot  Uie  clijef 
charucteiietieH  of  all  Ihe  other  famlllea. 

Tlie  work  lacks  an  index,  which  will  douUtas , 
be  furnialicd  with  Ihe  aupplemriitary  volumes, 
Tl^ere  i*  anotlx-r  and  a  much  mon-  important  deU- 
ciencT,  which  we  may  bopp  will  be  supplied  in 
this  forthcoming  portion.  In  his  nirvey  of  Ian- 
gua^a,  the  author  has  restricted  himself  atmoat 
entirely  lo  Idioms  of  whose  grammar  somelhiDg 
is  known.  Those  tongues  of  whicli  we  poantw 
■neiely  vocabulariea  are  to  liiw  an  though  tbe7 
did  not  cxiKt.  Uo  doe*  not  even  condeaccnd  b>,. 
nnine  them.  In  his  vi4>w,  the  life  of  n  language 
is  in  ita  grammatical  fofma;  and  only  by  thecom. 
[«riiH>uof  such  foimscan  we  be  made  critainthat 
two  laognageii  are,  or  are  not,  akin.  The  first  of 
Iheac  propoeitionR  is  unt|UC6tiuii(Lbly  true  ;  Ihe  other 
is  opiK«cd  to  niucli  eviilence  luid  to  the  anihor'a 
own  example,  (inllatin's  great  work,  tlie  '  Synop- 
sis of  Indian  languages,'  owes  mo*!  of  it«  value 
to  ila  comparative  vocabulorie*  ;  and  hi» claariflcif 
t!oo,  baaed  mainly  on  these  vocabulariea,  has 
proved  BUb^tiuilially  correct.  It  Lh  purely  by  lexi- 
cal com[)uriBun  lliut  lh.  M&ller  luu  lieen  able  to 
estnbli>h  the  unity  of  origin  of  all  the  Austialiun 
longiiea.  No  doubt  lbi>  inethud  has  been  greatly 
abuiied  by  incompetent  wnier*.  It  needs  to  be 
applied,  like  all  other  ImtH.  with  scientific  kno«i> 
edge  and  caution  ;  but,  when  so  applied,  it  will  he 
found  entirely  conclusive.  Employing  thia  method, 
the  author  will  be  able  to  give  us,  for  the  first 
time  in  the  history  of  phUolc^icul science,  anearly 
complete  lint  of  linguiatio  alocka,  which,  instead 
of  the  'one hundred'  memtioncd  in  his  Introduc- 
tion (p.  7T).  will  probably  he  found  lo  number 
nearly  three  hundnyl  :  and  he  will  thus  at  length 
place  lhi«  Rclence  on  a  truly  pblknopbico]  baaia. 
If  lo  this  he  would  add  a  series  of  long uug(^  maps, 
similar  lo  tlioee  of  which  Mr.  Cuet,  in  his  volume 
on  the  '  Moilem  languages  of  tbe  Eiist  Indieif .'  has 
given  UH  admiruhle  ezainplts,  bti  work  would  be 
completed  in  a  munntr  which  would  leave  little 
to  be  desired.     Even  without  tbeae  additions,  the 


328 


SCIENCE. 


[Tot.  IX..  Vo.  81T 


lhrt«  volumtn,  an  tho^  irt«tid,  form  a  compeiidiuui 
of  Uit  KTt'uh^t  vdIup,  iiidlflpeDMble  to  oil  whoaiv 
«iigaKi-<]  in  ouy  deportuieut  of  liiiguinCic  Hiud.v, 

n.  niui. 


PUVntOB  Oaok  of  Cornell  university  has  i^ 
c«ntl7  iMucd  A  pampblot  conBieling  of  noW«  on 
microscopicvl  mctliwls  for  tliv  twe  of  labontory 
xludenU  In  Ihe  nnatoEuk'wl 'leptirtiDont  of  thiit  in- 
■lilutiou.  They  »rt?  Jvtiigticil  to  ac-compnnT  tin- 
iint4-i  on  liislological  metliorfu  which  wpie  pub- 
lUhn]  liiBt  ypor.  and  to  givr  only  the  amiD  facts 
and  prinripliii  rdntioft  to  the  oilcnxcope  and  to 
ita  unnipuliktinn,  whtt'h  H«in  indlspi'nrabk  for 
l\i<i  Huovewful  utiidy  of  «l«iiimtary  hinologj'.  In 
lhe«e  note*  the  niiproecope  and  itn  pBrts  ore  ile- 
Bcrilwd,  iind  advice  iciven  as  to  ilv  enn.  nnd  also 
tho  wire  of  the  *■?«*,  whieli  arp  apt  lo  suffer  unless 
Bperial  iiKcaulioDS  are  taki^ii  In  pmletTi  lliem. 
Profemor  finige  adTJaoH  that  both  eye*  be  hept 
open,  and  the  labor  divided  twlwiMm  tbc  two  eye*, 
ludng  aae^jv  for  ohiprrlnK  the  iniSK«a  wlille.and 
then  the  oilier.  He  recunnnrndii  the  u»e  of  an 
eye-acreAD  xnaAe  by  pnstlrtic  black  ^'eIvetPvn  un 
briatol •board.  The  body  of  the  nitrfuACopc  in  re- 
oeivad  in  ■  hoto  cut  in  Ibe  niiddk<  of  the  Irngtb  of 
tlie  Knvo  and  ncurcr  to  one  sidv.  The  t-yc  which 
la  not  in  use  looks  at  the  black  iiurfim-,  withmit 
any  ulrain  or  inJurloiiH  effect.  The  ntlcronteter 
&nd  ita  uae  are  made  clear,  and  a  description  ^tati 
of  tho  camera  luci<la  and  ibe  roetboda  uf  drawing 
the  objects  Men  in  th«  tietd  of  ih?  niicrcHcupv. 
lliedllTefenmhetwemttdjuatablf  and  non-ndjuiit- 
able  objeclir«r.  and  their  ndvnntaicm  ftnd  disad- 
vautage«.  are  conciicly  trcntrd,  b»  are  aUo  Ini- 
metaion  objective,  and  Zeiss'  new  apochrotnatic 
objecilvMi.  Thin  name  \ta»  been  giv^^n  to  his 
objectivea  made  of  new  kinds  of  glaM.  Tliey  nrv 
maAv  adjUHiable  and  non-adjuslabte.  dr>*.  and  for 
water  and  bomogeneou*  luiTnersiun  HijnidH.  Alto- 
gether, ProllBnor  Oag«'  is  to  hi!  c:ungrntii1uti-<l  on 
bavtng  pnt  a  lar^  aiuoiiut  of  raluaMc  intorma- 
tloa  Into  a  <i«Ty  anall  apaoe,  oiul  ihnt.  t'>o.  without 
having  DBcriflord  ol(«meM  of  ilcscriptiou.  1'he 
flgun*.  eirven  in  Rumlwr.  old  very  materially  tn 
ducldating  tlie  text. 

^Prof.  John  A.  Ryder  of  the  Bloloi^cal  de- 
jiarlnieut  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvaaiu  haa 
rocrntly  had  a  new  microtome  construoU-d.  It 
cntii  crria]  dectioiiB  in  Til>bona,  aud  is  vury  com- 
pact, orcnpyin^  a  iipuor  of  ixdy  pikI'I.  inclim  by 
four.  The  section*  productMl  urr  cut  flat,  and  nr»> 
not  parts  of  a  hollow  cylinder.  The  tbicknes«  to 
be  cut  am  be  adjusted  by  a  simple  device,  and 

rangM  from  ntns  <>'  ""  '"<^^  '^  -^^^  '"'">■  *>?  ^ 
^  o(  an  iscb  or  ,00$>  mui.    Tlie  knife,  an  ordi- 


nary r«iHH-,  admiu  of  being  placed  at  any  angle, 
as  In  a  sledge  micralonie.  Thir  Ruwowve  ace- 
tioiiH  are  cut  na  rapidly  as  the  operator  ran  nu>ve 
bia  right  liand  up  and  down  throoKb  a  distance  of 
thrvL'  inchca.  This  new  inHtrumenl  was  devised 
in  order  to  provides  simple, compact  tool. adapted 
to  clajw-work,  where  many  aeetlona  are  rrquired, 
and  f<'r  euibryoloij;lcal,  hiMo]i>(ri<^<d.  patiiological, 
and  botaalcal  renearuh,  ut  far  Inn  cni  than  that 
of  the  beet  sledge  niicrolomMt,  and,  though  con- 
structed very  d iff PTvntly  from  the  lattnr,  ia  equally 
accuinlv.  !{(!ccntly  great  ImprofiMneDls  hace  been 
added,  so  that  it  ctka  be  Mwi  as  a  rapidly  cnltiog, 
frcciinit  microtome,  or  In  cutting  cellotdin  sec- 
tions, With  this  new  device,  an  object  several 
inelics  In  length  tuay  be  embedded  entire,  aa  a  atn- 
icle  block,  and  cut  up  into  a  i-ontinuous  setiee  of 
Kpctioua  by  the  ribbon  method.  Cutting  a  laige 
block  inli)  a  »fric9  of  ■cetionn  In  thin  way  ia  not 
[lOSiiblr  wit hany  other microlvme  yet dcviscid.  Tho 
ranKe  of  capabitiiy  of  this  new  aid  to  renratch  is 
llieivfore  rery  great,  and  will  doubtless  be  appre- 
ctaled  by  teachers  who  wish  to  supply  their  pupils 
with  au  abundance  of  Illustrative  material,  with  a 
ilcrice  fully  three  time*  as  rai^d  in  action  as  the 
Thomn  made  by  Yung,  and  with  all  ita  capnbilj- 
licH  for  adjusting  the  knife  and  block.  It  ia  ad* 
mittcd  by  Kveral  competent  hittoIOKists.  who  hare 
examined  It,  to  be  the  most  practical  iDstrume&t 
yet  d«vi»^ . 

—  Prof.  i.  Vilunova  y  Flera.  of  the  Untveraitr 
of  Madrid,  urbo  Ims  undertaken  to  edit  a  polyglot 
dictionary  of  geulogical  and  geographical  terms, 
bss  invited  Dr.  John  C.  Brnnner,  professor  of  ge- 
ology In  the  University  of  Indiana,  to  take  charge 
of  the  Portuguese  part  of  that  work.  Besides  the 
usual  studies  of  the  language,  Dr.  Branner  has  ac- 
quired a  practical  a(u|uaintance  with  the  IVntil- 
gii«w  diirtnK  two  visits  to  Portugal  and  a  reai- 
dnicc  of  nearly  eight  years  in  Brnitil.  where  be 
was  wniktant  Renlogint  upon  the  Imperial  gcotogi- 
cal  surrey.  In  the  jirefacc  to  the  S|iani^)i  port  of 
the  |x>lyRl()t  dictionary,  Profcmur  Vilanova  j 
Pieni  Buy«  that  such  a  work  was  dr^i  stiggmied 
lo  him  by  Amt^ican  geologteta  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Intornationnl  cougmai  of  geologists. 

—  The  U.S.  bydrograpbic  olHce  has  published  a 
complete  list  of  the  charts,  plans,  and  eailing- 
diroctiona  tbul  hod  been  published  up  to  tlie  end 
of  1880.  Tho  catalogue  will  be  a  valuable  book  of 
reference  to  Rttidenta  of  Auit^ricau  geography. 
The  supplcnienls  to  the  sailing-dirptlionH,  which 
were  Isstied  in  DrccmbcT,  l8S(i.  conloio  a  coIIm- 
tton  o(  all  the  additional  information  which  has 
from  time  totlmeappearedinU.S.  -  Hydrographic 
uotloee'  and  '  Notion  to  mariners.' 


i 


4 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY.  APBIL  8,  1687. 


COMMEXT  AND  CRITICISE. 

The  dibccsbioks  as  to  cocaine  aod  its  effecto 
prooeud  with  vigor,  aii<l.  while  no  conwnsDs  of 
opinion  eeema  to  have  been  im-iv«d  at  by  niediml 
sathorltlea.  yet  tliL'  cumber  of  caws  of  the  a»e  of 
the  drug  that  luivi>  been  observed  and  studied  is 
rapidly  inmuining.  iind  will  nfTord  th«  ulUinate 
inrcAtigaior  a  largt-  aiuotint  of  niaieriul  to  go 
over.  TIki  Brooklyn  phyniL-ianii  huve  lately  taheu 
a  ptiblif  stand  in  the-  matter,  Iwwd  on  u  jukper  by 
Dr.  J.  B.  MattUon,  wliich  umphiilically  oppuoes 
the  rievrs  exprenurd  by  Dr.  Hammond  Hiid  otlivnt. 
wbiobhnvebBrn  heretofore  i-om  mewled  on  in  these 
ooltuuoe.  The  aiMion  of  the  Brooklyn  phyiiicUna 
takes  the  form  of  thi-  draught  of  u  bill  to  be  pre- 
Mnted  to  the  li-giBlalure,  which  plficeti  <'Ocaiue  on 
the  list  uf  poi.'<utiijuN  drui^  to  be  ooUl  only  on  a 
phyAlciaii>  prexcrtpUon.  lu  hia  paper.  Dr.  Matti- 
sonaays  tliat  "no  advent  in  the  therapeutic  arena 
dtiring  the  Inal  decade  ban  been  attended  with 
auch  varied  and  eaieosiTe  olaimB  fur  favor  aa  co- 
caine. Its murrelluus effect  iii  optithalmiCHUrgery 
roused  a  spirit  i>t  e X pet i (Dental  reaearch  iu  other 
directions  whioh  hae  added  largely  to  Its  well- 
proven  (Ktwer  for  good  :  hut  a  potency  for  good 
implies  a  potency  for  karin,  and  the  risk  impends 
of  Its  ardent  advocates  l>eing  curled  by  over- 
enthnslasm  beyond  the  limit  of  a  Mfe  rcgird  for 
the  welfare  of  their  patients  or  Ibeotselves  iliat 
may  imperil  an  othenrlse  well-founded  succes*.'* 
He  believes  thai  the  lime  lias  come  when  the  evi- 
denee  jnstiflra  a  strong  Etaienient  of  the  hannfnl 
ellert*  of  the  drug  :  and,  in  combatinic  Dr.  Haro- 
tDood^Tiewii,  Dr.  MattUon  adduced  ft(^-one  cases 
of  th*  tMe  of  cocaine  which  attested  a  power  In 
the  drug,  on  nomf  patienM,  tliat  warranto  caution 
with  all. 


Of  the  coaes  brought  forward  by  the  spesber, 
oil*  wa*  that  of  a  young  woman,  twenty-three 
yean  of  age.  who  died  from  an  appliealion  of 
GOcninn  made  daring  an  operation  forthe  removal 
of  ft  tumor  in  the  intealinps.  Another  ivoa  Ilie 
coasof  a  man,  aged  Uiirty-three,  to  whose  larynx  a 
four-per-ccnt  solution  of  oocwne  was  applied,  and 
jcaas-iafr. 


who  died  trotn  cocaine-poiioning  after  the  second 
applimtion.  A  third  wa*  the  oow  of  a  woman  la 
middle  life,  whose  death  rrsulted  from  the  use  Of 
A  four-per-ccnt  solution  for  t'wth-aclip.  Numco^ 
ous  cases  were  given  of  the  puiauoing  resulting 
from  the  use  of  eoeiiine  as  an  onaeBlhetio  in  surcl- 
oal  operations.  Among  the  effect*  noted  were  de- 
pression of  the  brain,  profuse  sweating.  Impeod-'j 
ing  syncope,  difficult  rmpintlioo.  tn-lichlngs 
the  muscle*,  mania,  puralyciHof  tlie  heart,  nausea,] 
rigors,  and  no  forth.  Dr.  Mattison  further 
cd  that  Dr.  Hammond's  uiMerKon  that  there  to  no^ 
danger  of  cocaine  addiction  because  be  himself 
toolc  half  a  doam  dosta  at  intervals  of  from  one 
to  four  da;  M  without '  »ct|uEriu);  a  liabll,'  Is  va1u»- 
leM  as  evidence,  beeause  "  cocsinian  is  not  the 
outcome  of  uoing  the  drujj  at  long  Intervals.  Its 
trannient  effect  and  the  demand  of  an  impaired 
nerve  slatua  compel  frei^ueot  taking.  ^  more  than 
ulooliol  or  opium, — so  thai  habitnCa  have  been 
known  to  take  It  ten,  twenty,  or  mote  timeedaily; 
and  ie  Is  Ihis  — growing  by  what  it  feeds  on  — 
that  tends  to  create  and  continne  the  dUcaxe.** 
Dr.  MalliaonV  own  professional  ex|>erii'nee  has 
proven  for  bini  two  things,  —  first,  that  oocainv 
quid  cocaine  poMefises  a  peroioious  power  ;  and, 
second,  it  fiuda  in  the  o|>lijm-taker  n  peculiar  con- 
dition that  specially  favors  its  ill  eilecU.  making 
it  tor  such  jiatlenU  peculiarly  dangeruua.  lu  con- 
cluding his  paper,  llie  writer  Bummurizod  thus: 
"  Cocaine  may  be  toxic,  sometimc-a  deadly,  in 
large  doses.  It  may  give  rise  to  dangerous  or 
even  fatal  sytaptoms  in  ilu9«e  usually  deemed 
safe.  The  danger,  near  and  n-mole,  is  greateat 
when  given  under  the  skin.  It  may  produce  a 
diseased  OLindition.  in  which  the  will  Is  proatrate 
and  thepnliral  powerlea.  ^«  tmeloxlc  nearosls, 
more  marked  and  less  hopeful  tlian  tluit  from 
alcohol  or  opinm. 

Dr.  Crothere,  in  the  Jiedieal  arui  mirgiral  rt- 
porliT,  gives  tile  following  statement  of  his  »'iewB 
on  cocaine  :  ■■  Among  alcohol  inebriates  and  dmg 
maniacs,  cocaine  inebriety  la  no  doubt  incmasing. 
Its  peculiar  diuigerous  effeuls  on  the  body  will 
prevent  its  general  use  as  an  Intoxicnnt  to  any 
great  extent.  It  act*  more  rapidly  than  opium, 
hut  its  efft-cts  pass  oB  more  quickly.     It«  finrt  ef- 


330 


tiC'IENCE. 


(Vol.  IX.,  No.  SIS 


f(«t  in  mora  exhilannt  than  ihsl  of  alouhol,  but 
it  is  nnorrtiiiii  and  varinhl?.  Tlii*  ylimulnnt  lu;- 
tiim  drvrlopN  tnnni*,  (ollnwrtNl  Ity  nnrcotiinn  and 
oinlanchnlia.  Aa  nn  intoxicant,  it  in  more  (l«n- 
gcroua  than  iUnibol  ax  opium.  Afl  a  form  uf 
■Debrictj,  it  in  mum  dilHinill  to  tivut,  n-siuiring  u 
liiU)^T  lime  Vo  brmk  up.  bm-uuitF  of  ihi-  ph7«ic«l 
and  p*}'c])icnl  cumjilicatiuns.  ]|  t-uTiTiut  be  UMd 
t*  11  tiutxtiitute  for  any  other  nnrooiie,  or  aa  an 
antidote  or  rfnitsly."  Dr.  UjuudiodiI  of  f«w 
York  Bnds,  an  th«  rcpuSt  of  gwmonal  exiierieuce 
wllli  <!o«iine,  tlmt  two  ^raiiiti  in  u  pint  of  wine 
productHl  nil  tin-  lirnt^ticiHl  uu'l  iic>ne  of  tli«  del^ 
Urioua  effects  of  the  druj;.  One  iirain  liijecled 
hypod^nnlcallj'  hasan  elTect  similar  to  tliat  of  two 
or  U)re«  glasses  of  cbaiupa^ue.  He  thinks  that 
cocaine  bas  a  refining  and  sofl^nlug  elTert,  while 
tlw  twdencf  of  alcohol  is  to  lower  the  ni^nlalaod 
moral  tone,  and  to  hn>lall«)  a  man.  Tliree  grains 
prodaoad  a  great  illspositlon  to  talk,  wltli  vivid 
imaginniion.  Writing  was  accomplished  with 
grr«t  ■;iu>\  and  wondcirful  progrfaa  was  DiRde  with 
u  nuKlicai  notk  which  be  woa  prepniing.  On  the 
following  morning  ho  found  Ihe  work  to  bn  oom- 
poaod  of  incolicront  H-nteoces  and  itisonnnpctfd 
(idaas,  bcin>;  uttirrly  nnnsensical.  nesnlwiiiiinntl)- 
took  eight  grains  of  the  drug,  nhidt  produced 
painfuJ  MinantioBS. 


Dr.  YvxaV  H,  Boaworth  of  New  York  ha»  had 
considerable  eiperienoe  with  coMune.  lie  enys 
that  In  no  single  eaw  of  bay-fever  wbieb  be  has 
treated  wilb  it  has  he  been  ubU-  to  d^-lect  nn;  dis- 
treMing  reaction  from  its  i:se.  In  a  few  cnsee  tlio 
remedial  elTect  hui  not  U«d  iitch  ns  dtmired,  but 
tbe  proportion  of  such  oast*  has  been  snuill.  H« 
tus  used  coealne  In  a  hundred  and  fifly  i-a^es.  and 
in  bnt  two  wa*  ihere  any  n^ctiou.  and  in  neither 
wasUiii:  of  n  distressing  cbaraeU-r.  Many  patirntK 
havr  imnl  tiio  dnig  dally  for  eighteen  motiilu  with- 
out any  moctioo.and  without  I  here  being  any  toler- 
ation created,  the  nsnio  olTect  following  Its  use-  at 
the  end  as  at  the  Ixigioning  of  the  period,  —  com- 
pleto  relief.  Being  n  tcaSvxer  from  hay-fever,  the 
doctor  uaed  the  drug  himself,  applying  It.  Inasolu- 
lioa  of  four  per  vent,  to  the  nusr.  Th<>  relief  wss 
immediate  and  great,  but  lasted  only  from  two  to 
three  hours.  He  used  it  fn^iumlly  <liiring  the 
day  in  tltis  way,  at  the  beginning  uxing  rtt>m  two 
to  lime  grains  dallj.  After  using  fmm  linlf  a 
.gnlii  (o  a  giain,  he  experieoecd  the  full  ccinsiitu- 
llOBftl  eOuela  uf  tile  diug,  which  were  a  feeling  of 


alwobite  penccfulnem  and  lepoMt.  entire  immnnity 
from  worry  or  ear*,  tliorongli  wakefulnnw,  oe, 
rather,  alertness  of  inteJleotiial  facullies,  with 
Romething  of  an  indixpoMtion  to  exertion.  To- 
gether with  this  was  an  enjoyment  of  bis  eiitar 
sueb  as  ho  had  not  experienced  sum!  he  was  a 
yining  mnn.  In  this  way  be  would  Hit  and  eniolte 
and  rvsd  hours  at  a  tiiue.  lie  soon  found  (lutt  Ik 
was  taking  from  fire  to  eight  grains  of  eocainc 
daily.  At  night  be  would  fall  into  a  refreshing 
■leep.  nnd  awake  in  the  momiog  without  an  n»- 
pleoaanl HVinplom.  After  brvukfaat.  hlo  hsy-fever 
symptomn  eouiing  on,  he  would  resume  bis  co- 
caine. This  he  eontinued  for  more  than  two  and 
one-half  months :  at  one  time,  in  order  to  test  the 
drug,  canyiiig  the  qnaulity  a«  hiiih  as  twenty-fl»» 
grains  lietween  dinner  and  bed-time.  In  all,  Iw 
used  about  an  ounce  of  the  alkaloid.  His  eon- 
elusions  are  as  follows  :  1".  The  use  of  the 
drug  produced  no  tolerance  :  two  grains  pro- 
ducied  as  marked  a  oonstltutloDal  effect  w  iwenty- 
llve.  If.  No  cocaine  hshit  was  contrn<Tlrd.  At 
no  time  from  tbe  commencement  of  tbe  experi- 
ments to  the  end  of  them  was  there  eter  tbe 
ftllglite)>t  crating  for  It.  8".  The  loral  effect  at 
the  end  of  three  months.  In  contracting  the  blood- 
vetBels  of  tbe  nose,  was  as  ijulck  and  as  cfHcimt 
M  at  the  time  of  the  Orst  application.  4".  There 
was  not  at  any  time  the  slightest  local  rcAction 
following  its  use.  S".  In  not  a  single  inatatici^ 
was  he  able  to  detect  any  const  1  tut  ion  a1  reaction 
nftef  its  eSeci  passed  away. 


We  were  V  Kiticoii  l-isl  week  in  n-porting  that 
the  sum  of  |4W,(H)0  liad  beio  upproimaled  by 
congress  for  tbe  erection  of  n  new  nnval  observa- 
tory near  Washington.  The  amount  aelually 
available  is  but  (IO(>,00(I.  with  the  undet«t«ndins 
that  the  entire  cost  of  tlie  w<irk  sball  not  exceed 
M«<>.<)0().  Mr.  Hunt  of  Nt'w  York,  the  arrhltect 
appointeil  by  the  MHTPtary  of  tbe  navy,  has  been 
In  Wsshmgton  examining  the  site,  nnd  nxusultlng 
with  the  superintendent  of  tbe  ohservatwy  aad 
Professor  ilal',  nnd  it  i<  nndrntood  that  he  In  now 
at  work  upon  the  drljiiled  drawings.  I'lans  were 
peaparvd  tuinir  seven  ycttrs  ago  under  the  direction 
of  Admiral  John  Rodgcra,  then  nipeimtendent  of 
tbe  olHserviitory,  but  lliey  will  be  »ery  birgely 
uiodifloi]  in  onlcr  to  iMtlate  tmire  effecltvely  Ihe 
obsraring  moms  from  tbe  main  building,  Bnaign 
Winterhalter  of  tbe  U.  H.  naval  observatory  has 
sailed  for  i'jub  to  rvpiuscnt  tlie  obKTvalory  at  tlic 


i 


I 


Aran,  a  1887.1 


BCIEJUCZ. 


SSI 


couteretloe  calleil  by  Admintl  Houvkei,  director 
of  ttip  Paris  ubaerTatoT7.  for  tUe  piir|>cae  ot  fonu- 
ing  a  plan  of  co-operation  in  pholoikTapbliif;  the 
whole  flhy.  The  proposiliuii  U  lo  enlist  ten  or 
twelve  olieerva lories  In  ihe  iinderiAking,  nnil  to 
obtain  Instmrnents  of  anjforin  power,  so  that  their 
work  may  tw  homoRenpnus.  If  the  aURgeslion 
that  meh  phtin  ohnll  be  four  det^reei  hjuor'  Is 
adopted,  atKiut  11.000  plalrawlll  be- rrquiriHl  :iinii, 
witli  an  nTrtnKc  of  100  plut™  per  y«»r  from  (tlevvn 
obMrmtortPii,  it  will  Uiktr  irn  yenra  to  ootDplute 
tlie  map.  It  In  uikIcthI'hk]  tliut  Ilr.  Ppivm  of 
Clinton,  and  Mr.  Iiutlii.-rriiril  of  New  York,  will 
also  attend  the  confcrenco. 


I 
I 


A  VKRV  VAI.UABI.B  CONTRIBUnOK  hj  T.  Ullchpll 

Prud<leD,  M.D.,  on  lini^iena  in  toe,  and  their  rrla- 
lions  lo  dinease,  with  s|ieinal  rrfrrvncn  to  lhi>  io^ 
Mipplj'  of  New  York  City,  uppenn  in  Ihc  ilrdiad 
nxordnl  March  S6.  Ins  serioi  of  thirty-two bioloK- 
i<Tal  analiai'ii  uf  tliv  Croton  water,  ita  it  in  delivered 
in  the  Hty.  Dr.  TrU'ldt-n  found  tbi-  li)wi-!it  niimbe* 
of  living  biieti.-ri4i  to  be  57  lo  Ibe  tutnf  wnlimrtrn  : 
the  hiKhi'KC.  1.950  :  while  the  aieraKi!  was  2^. 
While  it  was  at  one  time  thuughl  that  thif  prt's- 
ene«  of  a  ronNiderable  number  of  llifng  lurleiuk 
in  a  M'aler  was  evidence  of  lt«  belnR  unfit  tor 
drink inR-|:iuq)oera,  we  hiire  now  lenrned  tlint  tliU 
Tiew  inii8t  be  Kmitly  nKxlilled.  liacleria  are  al- 
luoat  everywhere  present,  in  ioil,  air,  etc..  and 
by  far  t)>e  larger  proportion  are,  so  for  as  we  know, 
perfeclTy  harmless.  Their  t6U  in  nature  Is  to  ti;ar 
downorxanixed  iHxlleii  into  their  simpler  oimiititn- 
tints,  a  small  part  of  these  Ixrinjj  uord  for  their 
own  nutrition  and  growth.  whil<f  Ihe  Ur^^T  part 
is  given  up  to  oilmr  organisms  for  their  life.pur- 
poaes.  It  still  remains  true,  howerer,  that  a  cer- 
tain number  of  tpc<'iee,  wliicli  ean  lire  in  wkirr 
■a  well  as  elsewhere,  can  and  ilo  produce  deadly 
Jinciwcs.  and  are  reejioiiMblc  for  some  oi  the 
most  frightful  epidemicB. 


Dr.  Prudden  made  a  series  of  cxperimrab  to 
test  the  effect  of  freezing  on  the  bacteria.  His 
ntethod  wasasfollows:  atarKi-numberof  tent-tubee 
were  pliiKxed  at  tfaa  mouth  with  eoltun,  and  Bleril- 
iud.  Into  ihoae  tnties  was  put  .iterilised  water 
mixed  with  a  aonll  quantity  of  a  pure  cul* 
lure  of  some  well-deHned  ipeoied  of  bacteria,  the 
numtierofUacleriainoni'cubieoentimetreor  water 
haTiii>; been pre«ioiisly dfii-rmined.  The lulies were 
tlienexjNMedloatempenitureuf  from  14*' to30''  F,, 


thewattTbecomtngsolidlnashorttJnw.  8Ixdtff«r- 
entBpeciesofbact«riaw«r«tliiH«x|ieriinen ted  with: 
l".  Bacillus  prodlKiosus  :  S°.  A  shonimcilluarn- 
qtMUtly  found  in  tlie  Hudson  River  water,  and 
occasionally  in  the  ice,  spparenUy  identical  with 
the  Prot»»>  vnlRarlH  of  TlaDser :  8".  A  blender 
bocillo*  very  common  in  Cmton  water :  4".  Bla- 
phylo(x>ecus  pyonenes  aureus,  derived  from  a  rma 
of  [tyaemla  :  S".  A  short  bacillus  very  common  in 
(ee  all  about  New  York,  which  may  be  devlgnaled 
the  'Ituonacent  bacillus,'  from  itsipfiearani.-ii  ia 
Kelatine;  it",  fhe  bidllua  ol  typhold-feter.  In 
tbecaseot  the  Bacillus ptodlgiosiu),  lliore  werett.800 
hocteria  In  a  cable  centimetre  of  water  before 
f rvextnK :  after  beinf  frozen  4  days,  3.070 :  after 
in  days,  iZ;  and  none  after  81  ilays.  Of  the 
Slnphyloriirrns  pyoKciiei  anreus,  there  were  a 
countlntx  numlicT  before  freexinic :  after  18  day* 
i>r  fTivj^itis.  i^i^m :  after  54  days,  UfiSa  \  and 
after  (Ml  days.  40.280:  ot  Ihe  lypboid-fever  bactt- 
Ins,  innumerable  before  trecxing.  1,V10,4OS  aft«c 
beini;  frozen  1 1  days,  386,427  nfu-r  37  days,  89,1W 
after  43  days,  and  t.UH  after  10»  days.  Tb«ee 
ex|>vriTnenl9  were  repeated  with  ptof-tirally  Ihe 
BUne  n-Hull!:.  a»  tliat  il  may  be  a«.'epliHj  an  ahun- 
dantty  proven,  that,  aftrr  prolonged  fneijnj,  a 
c<nsid»ub1e  numtjcr  of  the  typhoid  liacilla  remain 
alive. 

WILLIAM  BABCOCK  HAZES. 

Tbb  sodden  death  of  Brig.-Uen.  William  B. 
Hazen,  ehii-f  iiignid  officer  of  the  U.  S.  army, 
which  occurred  on  Sunday,  Jan.  16,  1P87.  da- 
priv«i  the  country  of  one  of  its  most  dirttngnWied 
ofllceni.  and  the  HiRnnl  corps  of  a  ehu^f  who  look 
a  broad  view  of  its  diitira  and  relations  to  the 
world  of  hnsines*  and  iK-ience. 

(ten.  William  B.  Hoseo  waa  the  great-gT«ndson 
of  Thomas  Haxen.  who  was  bom  In  1719.  and  who 
was  liimsrlf  a  |cTeat-ii;raod«on  of  Edward  HaMD, 
who  emigrated  from  England  befom  1(M0.  and 
■ettled  at  Rowley,  BIwsi.,  where  be  died  in  1088. 

The  dnM^imditnlH  of  Edward  Baxea  include 
many  namiw  rmincnt  in  buidnras.  tbeolopy.  and 
war.  Energy,  industry,  and  »^trong  isinvictions 
eharacterin)  tb«  members  of  the  family  on  all 
sides, 

General  Hosen  was  born  at  Weec  Hartford,  Vt., 
Sept.  37.  1890.  While  be  was  yet  a  child,  his  par- 
ents removed  co  Hiram.  Portage  county.  O.  In 
IHSt  he  was  appointed  from  Ohio  as  a  cadet  to 
the  U.  S.  military  aco'lemy  at  \Ve>)t  Point,  from 
whicfahe  graduated  July  1, 1855,  He  waa  asslicned 
to  the  Sth  U.  S.  iufautry,  and  spent  the  next  live 


832 


BCIEirCE. 


ITOL.  IX.,  No.  Slfl 


jMra  in  frontier  (tervke.  more  espedally  ajrainst 
Ibe  IndiitDH  ill  Colituritia.  Oregon,  snd  Texas,  in 
wbi<;b  iprvico  li«  displarii)  an  tOMtgy  and  Itfavery 
tbat  biirebeMicliiiriu'tvriaticof  liislifo.  Uisrecord 
durin);  these  yean  emtiracv-N  conatMit  ligbbi  and 
pumuiU.  lie  irns  twice "TTPTi-ljr  wmindAd,  and  bjr 
virtue  of  bU  woiinda,  he  vw,  in  Jnnoorjr,  1660. 
hy  the  sut^ieon's  onier.  K'nol^  a  leavv  of  obMnos 
M  being  unfit  for  duty.  In  conseqwnoe  of  thia, 
h»  waa  at  Ui«  uortb,  wtill«  hi*  nigtment  was  in 
Tvia^i.  ul  tbe  breaking  out  of  the  nbeJIion.  Tlie 
rvginiwDt  having  bern  oaptund.  and  ila  ufficera 
ralea«ril  on  jNimli'.  hv  nloni-  was  nnembamMed  ttj 
Iho  pnnile,  and  wwi  nbit;  t>:i  oSto'  hia  oerv-icM  to 
the  Union  nrmj-.  He  vtm  at  onoc  ■Baigne<l  iis 
temporary  inotruct^r  at  Went  Point.  In  May, 
1801.  h9  become  <«ptiiin  in  the  8tli  Infantry  of 
the  regulai'  army,  and  in  October  wds  mode  colo- 
nel of  tbe  4l8t  regiment  of  Oblo  Infantry,  In  th» 
Toitint«er  arniy.  Durlug  Ibe  war,  lie  dlstlngaiabed 
himself  on  many  oocaaiona,  tmd  bU  commiMloo  aa 
■najor-gyiierat  waa  granted  him  Dec.  lit.  1W4,  for 
'  speciISc  ilialiuguinhed  nerricui:'  i.e.,  "for  long 
and  coutinuod  Mrvieoi  of  the  higbeBt  L-haraQt«r, 
an<l  for  npecial  gallantry  and  nervicn  at  Fort 
MRAIIistitr."  Tbin  pinoed  him  fiftb  in  a  liat  of 
twcnt;-fouro(Bticmi  vrhobikdrocdvcdcummiarioiui 
for  diatiaguishod  ^rTJcv*. 

Be  continued  ^rviuK  on  tbe  frontier  lerrilo- 
rieBt  nortli  and  weel.  and  waa  especially  activo  in 
Indian  atTairB,  until  IS7D,  in  nbicb  yi-ar  be  was 
&llow«d  leave  of  absence  t»  rialt  tbo  mat  of  war 
in  liuroiie.  Tbe  resultn  of  hU  obatirvutionn  and 
atudipa  during  hia  HX-mootba'  ah»rnre  nrn  em- 
braced in  a  volumB  vntitlpd  -Tbe  acbool  and  th« 
army  in  QtrraaDjr  and  FVanoe,  wltfa  n  diary  of 
Ki«KV  life  at  Veraainr«'(New  York,  19T3).  This 
volume  contains  an  intereet  ing  sketch  of  Bianiurck . 
SDd  Bteniarck'e  own  aoraunl  of  tbe  slAtv  of  aftain 
la  Borope.  It  coutoina  e»|>rctally  a  fair  oriticiun  of 
the  telativec-KwUcnceHof  tbelii-rmunaud  FWneb 
■yvtt^mii.  both  civil  and  milJtAry.  In  a  tprrial 
cliaplin'  un  that  tiubjpct,  hi:  in(ridt<ntn]ly  lironicht 
otrt  muri^  proniinently  unuio  wi^nk  points  In  our 
own  mililury  mganixation.  It  wonM  mem  that 
ibo  CQurnRe  di«pby«d  to  brilliantly  on  tbe  buttle- 
Add  (roquvntly  nerved  him  lo  ntter  not  only  tliem 
but  Oth«r  feorleM  critielsma  of  things  that  urvre 
fMlpaUy  wnmg,  and  some  of  which  have  dnoe 
been  con«cte<l. 

Ue  wan  married  Feb.  IS,  18T1,  to  Millie, 
daughter  of  tbe  Uon.  Wn«hington  McLonn  »f 
CSnrinnalJ.  wlio,  witb  onnton,  mirrire*  him. 

On  bia  tvtnm  fmm  Kumpr  in  1871.  he  rvUtnied 
to  duty  in  the  Indian  Territory,  anil  wb»  with  hIa 
ngloMBt  in  Knnww  and  Dakota,  eneepl  for  a 
ahoft  kbwnc«,  until  Dec.  13.  1880,  wben  be  waa 


by  President  Hjbvm  nppointMl  brigadier- genrasl 
and  cbief  sltma)  offlcer.  and  hiw  ninvc  then  be«u 
stationed  at  Wariilnftton.  Tlie  abMinco  juat  ra- 
femd  to  was  oorasloned  by  liiH  niiain  viiriting 
Europe  aa  military  attache  to  the  U.  S.  luxation 
at  Vienna,  fur  Ibo  purpoae  ul  studyiiifc  the  opera- 
tiona  of  Europtam  nrniiea  during:  the  Turoo-Rua- 
sian  war.  Ue  wnn  ahuc-nt  on  thin  rerviee  from 
Decvmber,  19T6,  to  June,  187",  ond  llie  multa  of 
his  obeervatloos  «rm«  puhliithrd  nulHiMiiicnlly  in  a 
highly  InlerestlnK  popular  volume. 

The  general  account  of  his  activity  durinR  lh« 
war  of  tbe  rebellion  was  published  by  him  In  hIa 
'  Namitive  of  military  sertice '  (Boaton.  1886). 

nis  letters  and  iKim]>lilrl«  on  the  *  Ela'l  L^nda' 
■bow  tbot  for  many  yearn  Uenenil  Flaien  had 
Iteen  atudyiog  the  rplalions  of  aielearulogy  and 
agriculture.  Upon  bis  appointment  as  chief  sig- 
nal officer,  he  liecame  indelati^ble  in  his  efTorla 
to  improve  the  nilUlary  and  ilepnrtinental  rela* 
tJoiiM  ot  tbe  siiKlial  service,  its  eclenllltc  eliaracler, 
ita  pruciical  uwtubient  to  farmers  and  berden,  and 
its  popular  in II ueni.'V.  Bin  hilMrvi  in  Washington 
stirred  up  most  virulent  i)|>pooents.  —  finrt,  when 
It  became  noc^easary  for  him  to  expi«e  and  pniae- 
cute  the  corruption  of  Captain  Huwgate :  again, 
when  It  became  neceiouirj.  in  N>lf-defcnce.  to  tm> 
poee  the  true  r«««on8  of  tlie  failure  of  the  war  de> 
partment  to  properly  support  and  succor  tlie  alg- 
iiol-nervice  t^xpedltioo  to  Fori  Conger:  and  again, 
when  lie  had  occasion  to  defend  the  advanti^ea  of 
the  military  character  of  tbe  coinbinnl  signal- 
service  and  weather-bureau  orgnnicntion  againat 
those  who  would  take  it  from  the  army  witbont 
making  a  jiroper  provivion  tor  Its  work  to  any 
otlit^r  dpiMirtment.  Tbe  records  of  hw  successful 
defence  aKaintit  attacks  prompted  by  implacable 
biittr,  uQiciul  HtuljlKimneas,  and  peMonal  ignurau<.'v, 
arc  to  be  fimiul  in  tbe  Proceediugn  of  oourta-niar- 
tial,  r»iirtit  of  iui|ulry,  commttt*^'  of  c-ongrea*  on 
eipooditiire,  and  eepecially  in  the  'Tcnttmony  b<^■ 
fore  the  Joint  commission  to  consider  the  present 
organlealionof  the  rigool  service,' etc,,  which  laat 
roJumlnous  report,  with  testimony,  was  printed 
In  June.  m^Q. 

Ueneral  llaKen's  interest  in  meteorology,  as  b^ 
fore  ^Id.  properly  UaU^  back  earlier  than  1873, 
at  nliioh  tiuie  he  prepaiei)  a  letteron  ' Our  barrt-n 
liuids.  or  the  inlcriur  of  tlic  Unitud  Stalta  wiat  of 
tile  lUOth  meridian  and  vtiM  of  tlir  Sierra  Nevadaa.* 
Thia  wiu  pubtinhed  in  the  New  York  Trxlnuif,  F»b,-] 
37,  I'it'i.  niid  led  to  b  di^niiwion  In  that  paper, 
and  in  tbf  MinnenpoIiM  Tritntnt,  lietvreen  himself 
and  Gen.  A.  A.  Custer,  which  is  saminariced  lu  a 
pamphlet  of  the  alx>ve  title  publlsbed  by  Robert 
Clarke  A  Co.  of  Cinciunati,  in  1875,  The  motive 
of  Oeiwral  Uaxeu  «ridently  wub  tbe  protection  of 


4 


Apkl  B.  10BT.I 


SCIEyCE, 


»33 


invmton  and  iiettlcni  oKuiniit  tbu  too  glowing 
MoouniH,  which  maHnint<<d  to  virtuni  miMcprc- 
seuUtiop.  on  Ihc  iiort  o(  Ihn  (rmpln.vrif^  of  (li« 
Kortlirm  Pncilic  raitroiKl.  Ills  conipllation  of 
cliiituiolnii^iuil  rfatn,  Biiii  lili*  xtaiemenl  o(  [lenHinnl 
«!X|H>ricnro  bawd  on  Iodic  r^piidt^iiL-e  in  thai  iVKion. 
UrKitij  ooiittibut«d  to  |>rareiil  blind  emij-rstJou 
into  sn  lnbo«pilabl«  country,  whilt?  tbey  doulillun 
also  conlrlbu  led  to  direct  atlvation  to  tbi?  nuUI}- 
vaJnable  porlions  of  our  norlh-wi-st  territory,  mi 
that  Uif  pennuncDt  derFlopuwnl  of  that  jKinion 
of  tXttr  Uuitrd  tjtali'ii  liaM  bM-n  furtbi-rrd  by  bU 
action.  It  wiut,  howovnr.  ot  iIh'  timr,  on  liiii  part 
a  wry  cbniacWriatic,  out"poken  rijioiiilion  of 
wltat  nrrtm^  lo  him  a  fraud  nnd  imiXHitlon, 
petpetntf^d  by  uniKTupulous  ttiiaiiciers  upon  for- 
«ij;n  immigrant*  and  ov^T'ConlldlnK  MtltJen  and 
invr«ton>. 

Durinj;  his  coiiiieccion  with  thv  t-iifnal  olUce, 
Oontral  llaiteu  fiL-iiumtiy  look  ucciuioti  lu  hIiuw 
his  apprM-lutitiu  of  tiic  fuel  that  ihir  wn>tbcr-pr<- 
diotfODS  wt-rc  MH^iiliully  not  a  matter  ot  ni<-rc 
militafj:  routine,  but  Uint  in  all  dciiiirtiiirntu  tb<i 
ofHca  hiMl  twrd  of  tbp  work  of  (i|M>ci/illy  trained 
nx(H>rO ;  that  it  naa  a  mistake  lo  shot  on«'a  eyet 
to  tli«  fnct  that  in  u  mailer  of  applied  sdenoe,  like 
this,  Rome  of  tbo»e  wbum  the  acientltic  w<irld 
recoKntwa  as  nteteorolo^iHU  and  physiciBta  must 
be  employed,  and  be  rtT(|uirod  lo  k«vp  Ihv  chief 
fully  inri>rm)<d  nf  the  proxr^'M  of  Rcienriv  Pcr- 
hnp«  thin  Ik  lx«>t  exempliiled  by  a  i)Uotatinn  from 
hiii  letter  rif  Maruti  IM,  I8ti0,  addreaeed  to  a  com- 
mitter ot  Uie  house,  un  tipeiidltureii  of  tliv  war 
deparUuenl  :  '■  At  Ibe  U-^iuuing  of  the  work  of 
the  siitual  MrFTice,  the  duty  of  giving  notice  dT  the 
ajfpiuach  and  force  of  Btunnn  uiid  floiidii.  for  the 
benclit  of  comnierci'  and  nf;Tii:ullure  throughout 
the  UniUs]  StalvH,  iQiplird  tlint  Iho  notl^^s  ihould 
be  corn^L.  rrtiahle,  anil  timely,  as  none  others 
could  pntuiMy  I>e  ol  benefit :  it  was  Itieivtore  ab- 
■oluiely  neomsary  lo  provide  for  the  cat«rf  Jl  study 
of  the  atinoephere.  On  my  a«cv«Biou,  I  found 
e*ery  evldenc«  from  poi>ular  criticbm  that  Htill 
further  progrwa  in  went  heir- pre)  it-lionn  wan  ex- 
I  therefore  PinphnKixrd  oapecially  the 
•ity  of  the  »t«dy  of  the  instruments  and 
"^ineihodH  <)f  obtorring,  and  the  inveetiicatioD  of  the 
hiWK  of  tho  ohnngn  going  nn  in  tbe  atmosphere. 
...  It  iirridntt  by  thme  sucoMalve  stepa,  that, 
in  addition  to  know  ledge  i^ained  for  current  work, 
lofllceia  powerfully  eoiilribut inn  luwurdilheea- 
Rbliahment  ot  a  di;<luclive  m^ii^ncc  of  aieteuiology, 
nblcb  will  eventually  give  us  a  sulid.  rnlionnl 
basia  for  prtdiclionB,  Iheicby  irnptnving  on  tlie 
(mpiricJil  rule*  by  which  predirliona  have  gcii- 
erally  tx-i-n  made  hitlicrio."  And  he  adds  that  he 
wan  led  more  eiipeuially  lo  o^st  in  tlie  researrhes 


on  tbe  Bun'a  hnt  by  reanon  of  llie  encoutKKCtDCnt 
Kiven  him  by  the  late  Preoideot  Uaifleld,  wboae 
■■l«n  words  to  iiM!  were,  '(liire  bolli  hands  ot 
rellowshlp  and  aid  (o  n'ienlilk'  men,' " 

As  a  fnnher  illusiratino  of  UeoerHl  Haactt'a 
appreriation  ol  iXw  udeniiflc  m-sdN  of  tlie  office, 
luuxl  be  noi«d  his  aiipointmeni  «f  Prof.  William 
t-^irrel  aa  meWOrolotrlst.  and  of  Prof.  T.  C  iit-a- 
deuhall  M  electrician  :  (o  the  latter,  all  matlcn!  n- 
lating  lo  standanb,  iiiatniinent»,and  instrumrntal 
rcarorufa  wore  alao  oommiltpd.  Nor  did  tie  slop 
her^  hut,  by  appointing  ■uveriU  youn^^er  tiien  to 
pofltloRs  as  Junior  profmMn,  he  largely  incr«aaed 
tbe  amount  of  study  and  rr«cnn;h  that  tlie  ofSoe 
waa  able  to  perform  :  and  by  publishing  a  aeries 
of  proTnBional  |iapen«  and  smaller  notif,  he  took 
the  Una)  stepa  necessary  to  stimulate  every  man 
to  do  bia  liest 

i^nhorini;  in  this  ame  dui^ction,  he  nouKht  to 
elevate  the  Intel  ligeoc«  luid  Bcleiiliflc  training  o( 
tlie  signal  corps  |«rupcr,  by  eulltftini;  colle^  iT>d- 
uate«  a*  far  as  posHble,  by  i>xtrndliig  the  oourae  of 
Instruction  (or  ob«erven>.  and  by  fStabliKhing  a 
cuurae  ot  biicher  inittructioo  for  commistiioned 
oBloetH. 

In  still  another  direction  Q«neial  Haxen  sliownl 
hill  afBliatiou  wilb  scleniiflc  intcresta :  namely,  by 
his  deaire  to  cuufuTm  as  thoroughly  as  poadble  to 
the  rccommrndaiionn  of  tlie  inteTDatioual  meteor- 
ological conferentiem  Tbnv  recommeiidationj).  as 
soon  aa  recehed  in  the  printed  minutes  of  thecon* 
ferenceti.  were,  by  0«nenil  lIacen*8ordei«,  ckrefuUy 
vxamined.  and  iuatructiona  at  onca  preparrd  cal- 
culated tu  introduce  methods  of  obaervattnn  and 
publicatiim  in  uonformily  with  tlie  reoonimcvda- 
tions  of  the  leading  meteorolcKiata  of  the  worid. 

Among  the  itvins  specially  no! v worthy,  wbetvin 
General  Ilnxcn  devi-lopcd  new  jialbB  of  activity 
for  Ihls  (cirvice,  may  be  in<-ntioneil  tlie  «tudy  ot 
local  thunder' Btorms  and  Unondon,  which  were 
aaaiitned  respectively  to  Prof.  H.  A.  IIaz<-nand 
Lieut.  J.  P.  Finley  so  far  as  a  collection  of  gen- 
enU  HtatiMica  Is  ooncerueii.  a)i<I  lo  ProfeMor 
Mirndenliull  so  far  aa  coDce«tie  the  electrical 
phenimiena  projier.  The  Htiidy  of  atmoepheric 
electricity  was  especially  authoring  in  1«M, 
liy  an  order  of  tlie  secretary  of  war,  Irans- 
■ulttinjctliervrtolutionsof  Uia  iotemntinnal  electri- 
cal conference  hdd  in  Paris  ihe  preceding  year. 
After  lull  consultations  with  numerous  electri- 
cian* throuKlioul  tbi-  country.  General  Hazen  de- 
cided Ihal  n  daily  map  of  eli-ctrli-  iioleotial,  ahow- 
iilg  liucH  of  e(|tiipoteoliul.  similar  to  the  isobaxo- 
mctric  linen,  offered  hopeful  pruipeit  of  leading 
eventually  to  a  method  of  pmdicling  the  fonnatton 
Bjwl  motion  of  thundcr-atorms  and  lumadocii.  But 
tlie  methods  of  obMn-ution  nnd  the  upparatun 


334 


SCIElfrCE. 


IVou  IX.,  No.  «I8 


net^Ml  firrt  to  b«?  delpnnlot'il  upon,  aftpr  ™r*rul 
exiictitaftitiil  woik.  Tlila  tBhol«  mailer  wa«lbeT«- 
iotv.  in  \9^^,  committed  fo  tli«<  handi  of  ProfcoMr 
H«ndenlis)l. 

Perhops  Ihei  inrat  fmporUuit  iWiu  in  inU-muI  nd- 
ministrallon,  m  Tar  aa  it  ftirei.-U  thv  pormaiivnt 
sdentinc  vHltw  of  tlio  offior-work.  was  tbi-  «ffort, 
)i«iarlily  furtliervil  t>y  (Vncrjil  tliutrn.  to  improvi- 
tlif  aocurai?v  iinci  intcrnntiniinl  compnrnhililjr  of 
our  tnslru»irntBlr4]uipmi<iit.  Tliriitniulardvof  lb« 
Intornnlionni  bnrenti  Of  welgbu  bikI  inMsUH^ 
WW9  rf^-onrnlwil  by  htm  m  bebifc  ttie  proper  le|^ 
Maadarde  for  tlits  ofBoe,  and  evDry  eSort  waa 
Bud^  lo  delt-riiiint?  tliu  (■urrvoiiuuB  ikmhImI  lo  nr- 
dnea  (he  past  hb  wtll  a*  the  <?um-ol  tne^t^orologi- 
cal  ol«i>rralioDa  of  tite  aittnal  aerviw  to  sktoo 
there  with. 

PerliajM  Iho  ei^npTtnui  bivndlh  at  ricnpral  Hn- 
aeo'a  rifw»,  lb«  nh«^nn>  of  injurious  jeaioaelra. 
Hiul  liifl  rnnBdence  In  tlie  pHndple  ttiat  the  weath- 
«r4ninmii  wonlit  lie  sir«nKtherKid  by  the  u-ldmt 
dlfftujon  of  an  inte)ll;-«nt  appreciation  of  nieloor- 
ologjr.  are  Id  nolbiu);  morv  clearly  nhown  tbaii  in 
tlwearne^lneaa  with  wiiioii  \w  BiiMiulutnl  th^  r<>r- 
inaliou  of  ulati-  wi-albi-T-seivif™.  und  riK-oiimgrH 
til*  study  of  rnirtpon'tngy  in  itvrry  tciiool  and  coi- 
\tey.  1I<-  «-■»  tiDintiilly  impfofved  l>y  Ihe  di^ 
aatmus  influMMNt  ii{>i>n  tndividiinli:  and  biiMnena  nf 
Ihti  » idi--iiptTud  and  utttrrly  nbniird  prcrfiptloim  of 
the  (tXoTwti  and  weather  of  Mie  VI)i  of  March,  It^, 
whic^ietuaaaled  from  Mr.Vfrnnor.  and  wer^  iliMrib- 
ui«(l hroadi^aal through  t1i««Miulry.  Ueaawdi'flrly 
thai  nil  tliin  harm  i»ul<l  W  prrrcaln]  only  liy  in- 
cn^QcinK  tbi'  intidliKim4<<r  ol  ll)p  propti-  in  adptitiflc 
aMitti.-n.  and  limirtily  indorvod  pvMy  ffTon  to  dlf- 
fuM-  a  more  cortvct  idf«  ns  to  what  <x>nBlUiile>l 
\<H(<\imttU-  meteorology. 

AlthoiiKh  his  dutlea  dnnanded  the  niaintMiauce 
of  a  Rt^Qt  ertitral  oHIm  at  VVaahlnghui.  yet  Oen- 
erat  llan^n  n-aliied  that  ceiitndizatjon could  cuaily 
lie  mrriod  luu  fiir  in  nrii-ntilii-  matteni,  and  would 
thus  riwrt  in  jurioualy  upon  tho  work  of  hli  oRloe. 
Hi'  wiu  ih«imiis  of  mpld  proKnw"  in  all  directions, 
and,  to  aocure  this,  welcomed  ei-ery  proepect  of 
co-optTnUon  with  ulhv-r  inidltutionaaH  w«llBiiwith 
individuals.  Oue  of  his  tinil  acta  wbh  thi>  n-tiuiBl 
for  oo-opamtion  on  thi^  jmrt  of  llin  NiitionnI  oond- 
eniy  of  aoienon.  lit!  improrrH  thr  opportunity  to 
help  Profnwor  LannUiy  m  tlw  iMormlnntion  of 
the  idmorliinjc- power  of  the  aln)<i«>phcn> ;  he  ac- 
CAptad  Profesaor  King's  offer  lo  carry  observers  oii 
hia  balloon  voyageti :  he  heiirtity  f<irthered  Lieu- 
tenant Clry«ly'H  t^fforls  to  niatnluin  an  lut^'nialioual 
pohv  Hiatloti.  Hiul  joiiivd  with  tlii!  iniaiit  Hurvpy  in 
e«tabHicliin):  a  nimilnt  sration.  under  lieutenant 
Kny,  Bt  the  ni>[tlir<ni  jiointot  Aliuikn:  he  oo-oprr- 
Bl«d  with  the  burwnii  of  nneignlion  in  nMriirtng 


wrath<>r'rcportH  from  Ih4<  o»wn ;  Iw  powerfully 
a«el*ted  ilte  metmloKlc^l  society  In  ita  Inbntw  fnr 
the  reformation  of  our  rompllcnled  tyiilem  of 
local  tlme»,  the  result  of  which  was  the  adoption 
by  ilie  country  of  the  preeent  simple  system  of 
standard  m«rldiaiu  one  hour  apart. 

Bqually  auccenrful  waa  he  in  bin  efforts  to  oo- 
opi-rate  in  vnrious  niPlhoiU  of  <Hpnpminnting  and 
utilizing  the  knowlcilgi-  olitaincd  by  the  wnnthrr- 
burraii  for  tho  bonrflt  of  tlio  buainces  int«re)it»  of 
thp  i;oiintry.  With  the  t^legrnph  conipaniea  ha 
published  ibn  daily  telegraph  bulletin.  Through 
the  railroad  coniitanles  lie  displnyeil  tliL'  rallnMd 
train  slg^nals,  vigible  tn  vwty  farmer  along  the 
railroads.  WitJi  local  buurdn  or  trade  and  other 
busin<«i  int^mta  lie  t^lal<oratv<l  our  system  dt 
Hood- warnings  in  tborivprrailpjs. 

OiincTnl  lla(i>ii  was  especially  rlfor  in  htH  vienra 
Its  to  thp  importanco  of  iciving  jipnionnl  credit  to 
«iHi  ninn  for  liio  own  personal  work.  Routine 
work  wna  rredited  to  the  omiKiants  In  charge,  and 
not  to  the  IinpersoDBl  office,  UaviOE  avifn^  B 
sjieciul  work  to  the  be4t  niaii  avatluble,  he  toolc 
paina  toi-ivr  him  ibi'  iTLi'it.  and  nuke  liim  p^-r- 
Konnlly  rcHpimBibti'  lor  its  luci^cw.  thus  r«)uring 
morf  onthu'i.inn  tn  the  work. 

This  notice  of  n  few  proininmt  featuiM  in  th« 
Intense  noliviiy  of  (lenernl  Haxen's  life  seems 
eulogli>tlc  rather  than  blftorlcal ;  Init,  to  the  con- 
trary, Ihe  foft  ia,  thai  miUtnry  life  ratt-ly  ofTen 
a  poaition  that  n^pitrvH  the  promotinn  of  any 
Hppcial  Keienre,  and  irtill  mora  rarely  do  offlciat  or 
mlKtnry  circleo  present  nn  ofBrer  who  so  thor- 
oughly desired,  as  fnr  as  nllowalJe.  to  relax  atrln- 
j^ent  military  law.  uud  liberally  itiierpivt  cumbur- 
Home  olDiHiil  ii-||:ii la  lions,  so  that  Hcii-ntilio  men 
might  suc-cessiully  promote  their  sfieoliU  work. 

Ci.EVELAKD  Anun. 


ETftNOLOaiCAL  NOTES. 
Till:  Prorepdinga  of  the  U.  S.  national  iiiuM-um, 
tor  188(1,  ronlnin  a  |inper  by  (Jnorge  11.  Itrx-hiner 
on  Norsk  nsi'sl  »rclnt<vtiire.  Hp  eonnmrr*  the 
modern  NorililHiid  ImsI.  which  is  In  use  aluUK  the 
iviuHt  of  Norway,  ruuml  the  North  V.a\»  tu  the 
fruntii-r  of  Kuwiii.  nith  tlie  auck'ut  Nursk  lioat. 
In  thin  Ixint  be  tecugniEes  theoldt^  forma  known, 
Thpne  axv  known  from  the  rock  Kctilpturm  diiiPOf  • 
ered  In  Sweden  and  Norway,  which  are  impiioaed 
toh^relieen  mode  from  livotoeight  hiindreil  yeara 
before  the  Christian  era  ;  from  l>oat-4ha|>ed  8ton« 
burlal-);r')ii)is. !ii|>po»ed  to liave lieeTienH;ted during 
the  Imiuiliun  time  from  the  t>ruuse  |>eriu'l  to  tho 
iron  nge.  in  Scondiuuvia  :  and  fiooi  lioiit-remainH. 
The  boat  ia  Inax.  iiiiirow.  nod  low.  with  Kiem  and 
sl^rn  poit*  alike,  both  being  curved  and  high. 
Tlie  rowlorks  of  the*e  hoai*  liear  an  obliijtie  pro- 


Aran,  e,  ItHr.l 


SCIESrCK. 


33S 


]o«i4-»tiuii  OD  ono  «nd,  nnd  are  tumi«h«<c1  with  n 
Ioo|i  tlinoiifib  whirit  tb«  oar  U  passed.  Th«jhaT« 
a  H)iif;lA  mant  smid^liipfl,  hdiI  a  i^liigle  satl.  In 
th(>  r(M-k  oarvijtga  Himilar  ba«X>>  are  repi««enie<l 
nil  flloriK  Ibe  tMtaOMOt  lll«  Bailie,  uh  far  rani  as 
tlw  south-east  bunk  of  Onega  lakp.  uiid  on  \hv 
cMBt  of  Narwa.v,  In  thf  biuit-diaiN'iI  HtODi- 
Kroii|H  tlitr  hinli  klfni  and  utirn  poatn  am  imlj- 
mtinJ  )>}'  intav  hnvlijors:  thrroivlnchii,  liv  (■xca>n- 
liunaiD  lliealnnci  T\\v  boaHvlic*  ivwiiiblo tb» 
modem  lioat  even  hi  delailn,  and  show  how  little 
dung«  ti&s  bcMi  utwte  in  noribero  oaTal  arctiiwo- 
lure  sLooe  olden  tim«K. 

Donald  A.  Coowrcin,  EngUrii conaul  tor  pu(«ra 
Soudaii,  ia  sludyinR  thv  iilhaology  of  llic  dittrict 
of  Hiukin.  The  iirrliiiiianry  tivult  of  hi*  c«» 
Mnirliint  i*  lliat  tlw  R<>jn  (DUIinrin).  which  l«  ^i^r. 
general  namr  applied  to  alt  tr)l>m  of  that  <s>iinlrT 
■prakinic  Tnbeilawict.  am  tlie  abortginee.  who 
fcrndiMilly  ailuiiteil  E^laoi  through  cont*ot  wKfa  th« 
ooA*t  or  uriih  E}j!V)it  nfli^r  tliej-  bad  absortied  a 
DUaili^r  of  Arala  Intia  Vcinrti  who  hail  iavadnl 
Xhvir  amaUy  (Jouni.  tmllirop.  iiunt.,  tvh.  1HD7). 

The  BiilMin  of  llio  Itnlinn  gcogmpluc-jil  sHMTJctjr, 
fnr  FirhninrT,  <^>iilainH  the  catalogue  of  an  f  ihno- 
toKicnl  coltecllon  made  by  Geiii^rat  flen^  In  the 
Italian  poMMsions  on  the  R«ii  8ea.  ll  cori^isls  of 
fmptpmenta.  clothtofl;.  oriianiFnts.  an<l  weapuas 
t)«Iou):ii>K  I"  the  Bejn,  and  norm:  Soniuli  iinil 
Ahyiwinian  tibjrcta.  Tb«  «xplDnntJnn  of  Ihi-  vrll- 
known  inipkraAnt"  in  vrr>'  full,  aiid  cnntaliin  Tiiurh 
ral liable  ii> formation. 

Pli.  Paulilnchke  has  iniblished  Die  results  of  hlo 
studie*)  OH  lilt-  Somali,  Ualla,  ami  Harrari  (' Bel- 
IrftKe  rvn  Ethtiographle  und  Atiihn>|iologip  ilpr 
SofiiGl.  Ualla,  und  Harari  '  U-ipziK.  IH<«}>  U" 
giviwafull  dpK'riptlon  of  thi.-  I'tlmolnKical  chiir- 
■Ct«r  of  thew)  jtcKiplm,  and  ■cvctnl  nntliropulogit^nl 
nH-ajturvmoDbt.  It  Im  ifupimnlilc  to  |K>int  out  the 
niimi-muN  n«ir  olHWrvRtioni  contained  inthiabook, 
and  «-rconfln«oniwk««toetatlm(lh<>(N>iicliiHlmis 
at  which  the  auilior  arrivM  rettavding  the  liialorj 
of  them  (leoples.  Oriiclnally  the  country  waa  in- 
habited by  nejrroea  who  had  bven  driven  from 
Ihetr  old  s^ta  by  llaniitic  invoderti.  who  caine 
from  tlie  nurtli.  Lati-r  »n.  nn  .Arabic  invmiion 
fiok  plaoe.  wbii-h  )M.>t(un  in  the  nxlh  CMitury  and 
lasted  until  the  MxtiH-nth.  Tlir  iut-ndrrn  and 
Hamiti.'n  int(>rinnrri<Hl.  and  thiii  furmedlheSoingti 
aiid  Uiinlinli.  whi<Tli  Intlrr  conljiin  n  larjnr  propor- 
tion ut  Si-miiro.  ThcM'  nationu  attnokcd  thcOiillaB, 
who  wrri"  driven  from  th<t  shor*  In  th*- country 
llu^y  now  occupy.  A  map  whk'li  a(?t'i)ni|janiM 
the  book  shows  the  di«lrlbullou  of  the  tribes. 

R.  N>  Cust  lias  presented  to  the  Anthropoloiiical 
iBBtitnt«  of  Eugbnd  a  <.i>llcction  of  xymboilic 
tettera  sudt  a»  an  uacd  bj  lbs  Jvbu  in  Waat 


.\rripa.  Thpy  are  flinred  In  the  Journal  of  tha 
nnthropoJo^cal  institute  (Fehriiary,  ISOTf,  and 
(till  explanations  are  ifiven.  There  are  many 
tfpei'imena  of  »uch  ineeuKes  in  the  ethnoloKtcal 
oullectiuiu ;  but  ffw  of  theiu  liaie  tbe  explana- 
lionn.  which  alonr  mukf  llieui  valuable.  It 
w-nald  bo  very  ilwraliln  (o  hnve  cxaroplea  of 
iiyRiboIlc  metHOse*  oo1I<vI4hI  amimR  all  pt-opleti, 
and  Iheir  study  pursued  in  ronnivtion  with  that 
of  pidure-wrllioiic  and  slgn-lann unite. 

Tlie  Journal  of  tlie  aotbropoloitical  institute 
(Febiuary,  lt<<fTi  ciniiuinn  an  interestinK  papev  by 
A.  W.  Uowiu,  on  Hw^  and  BODg-niakvrN  of  aume 
Awrtnlian  tribe*,  and.aeirnnl  Bpeciinena  of  MOgs 
notvd  ilown  hy  (i.  W.  Torrancr.  The  poeia  of 
the  Irilios  are  held  in  Rreat  evleetu.  Their  name* 
are  known  to  the  nel|{b1>orinK  (teople*,  and  their 
songs  are  oarrleil  from  trilx"  to  tn\>c,  even  Iwyond 
the  limilHof  tbe  lan^-usiiie  In  which  ibey  arocont- 
pOM^.  Tlie  imliveH  beliere  that  Ihe  sonft*  are 
obtaintrd  l>y  llic  banU  from  Ihe  spirits  of  the 
dPCraiH-d.  uanally  ibelr  rrlativee.  during  slee^  Id 
diitimi  ;  bill  iluwiil  gi%«i  some  instances  ot 
■onga  which  are  di«rripti>e  of  evwiin.  and.  as  Ibe 
poets  declare,  pompuMd  nndor  thv  Inlluence  of 
Bome  natural  cause.  Torrance  gire*  thtee  tiinee, 
which  be  has  <ll*ided  Into  l>er«,  accori^ing  to  Ibe 
idyle  of  our  tnusic.  Tliia.  however,  b  nol  (wnvct, 
a«  the  irn-giilar  nc-cent  <Ioea  not  allow  their  Mag 
arranged  in  thin  way,  Forlonatelr  tlie  sHudy  of 
aboriginal  poetry  and  niuniir  i*  l>cinp  taken  up 
now  by  several  Hiudents.  We  citl  to  mind  Brin- 
tonV  StuiiipfB.  and  Baker'n  res«nTchee.  But  an 
eneivretle  puninit  is  very  decirabte.  as  Ibe  native 
literature,  whith  is  handed  down  hy  tradition 
alone,  i«  licinp  nipidly  lost  everywhere. 

Dr.  11.  Rink  nnnouncw  the  death  of  Kaniuel 
Kleliisoliuiliit,  nhich  ot^-iirred  alGoilliaab, Ore*in- 
land.  Fell.  9,  IftWO.  Klmiwrhinidt,  who  was  bom 
in  ()n:Y-n1und,  Ih  di^tingiiiithad  by  bis  eminenl 
knowli-tlKeof  the  (>tkinio  language-  The  multH 
of  hii  oUidies.  which  form  tlie  foitndntion  of  our 
knowledge  of  Hull  language,  arv  contained  in  hi* 
dictionary  aud  graniiuar  of  tlie  Eskimo  In ngua^o. 
Of  late  he  look  an  actit«  ])url  in  studying  the 
inelcMirology  ot  (irecnlund. 

W.  Sievora  given  n  briel  tiketcb  of  the  Arliiisoo 
Indians,  who  lire  in  the  Kieira  Nevada  de  Saiita 
Jdarta,  in  the  ZeiUehrift  der  Ot*eU»cha/t  fat  Ent- 
kundt  (vol.  xxl.  p.  8»7|.  The  author  travelled  in 
(Juhimbiu  in  IWM!,  and  visitod  the  four  villageeof 
thoa-  lotiiuim.  Tlip  niiti>es  hring  on  thenorlliorn 
declirity  of  the  Sierra  hnve  preiwrved  their  <M 
ciHtoms  to  a  higher  di^gree  than  the  rest.  Sievera 
describee  their  round,  low  huls  and  their  scanty 
household  goodK.  which  tuniuHt  of  a  pot,  a  bed.  a 
few   wooden  utool*,  and  a  nutnber  of  poudiea 


33S 


mttdft  of  tbo  BbrM  of  thn  ng»vi>.  Thfl  mva  and 
tbo  womrn  Uv«  in  Mipar«t«  hnuio,  nnil  aiv  nrvxr 
allowvd  to  b<-  in  nn«  nx»ii.  Tho  mnn  tflbm  bin 
meaU  on  m  Mone,  betnvf  n  tilH  liouee  and  tbnt  of 
his  wife.  Ther  eat  liltte  uteal.  Uiil  live  princl- 
paltf  on  veicetablM,  wliicli  are  grown  in  uaall 
gardeitiii,  Tliuu^U  rnunv  of  theoi  have  become 
Chrifltiuu,  tfaey  ntill  tulln're  to  Iheir  old  religimu 
fMMa  and  diinc<-<.  «'bi<'h  Ibi-v  ]ji.>>rfOTn)  at  lh« 
cnlvbniliun  of  tlir  tnintii  nt  thirir  villagiv.  Eiicb 
tribo  hiu  it*  prciilinr  lUncpR,  whicli  iiri'  ur<xnn- 
pnnjrd  by  two  MndK  of  fliitofi,  tnarimluu',  niut 
ratllra.  Blci'«ni  0tnt««  tltnt  they  belieTeawoinan, 
bjr  the  name  uf  Inhimpilu,  to  have  been  ilie 
mother  of  thi^  uiii-iwlnni  of  thcfi  KmM.  TbiMie 
ancvalura  crcbtt-d  Ihi-  earth,  the  homes,  the  Min, 
—  which  forinprljr  naa  liurivd  in  the  ground. — 
the  moon,  arid  ilie  star*.  'Htkinii  is  llieir  priuct. 
pal  plat*  of  wornhip.  Hrrc  lowii  iif  ^tonra  are 
found,  with  intprplaood  (tntiito  boKldpre,  A 
witnrd  nairlitv  IhU  plno^.  wlitch  no  Speitisrd  la 
allownd  to  viiit.  In  a  Hiuall  temple,  and  iwnhuta 
which  atnnd  near  by.  larloua  ulemlls  used  In  the 
wrorahlpare  kepi,  — dnimfl.  flut«B,  mask*,  raltlea, 
aiid  iripoda  luaile  of  wood.  I'luk-r  one  of  tlii- 
larice  IxurMi-m  ii  the  crave  of  u  wHeard,  to  «-hom 
they  givi!  iitfc-riagii.  Tin-  RlmMacnti*rdiiu>n«C'  1>y 
Ihrowinx  i>{>id<-n>.  (CutpinnK.  or  liiar«l«  into  Ibe 
bodies  of  ihcirrnttRiioi,  and  cure  thp  sick  bj  ex- 
trlcatinii;  the  caute  of  the  diseaae.  They  arc  not 
allowed  to  eat  any  Mil,  During  the  sreat  f««ti- 
valB,  which  ate  CFlebratiit  in  January,  the  Indinm 
muBt  abstain  Tiotii  Ihemeal  of  dmunilientn)  nni- 
ronlo.  At  MapiiiK*,  im  Ihp  U|>|ii'r  MaozaiiartK. 
thctv  are  large  tuins  <>(  n  lenifilr,  and  loiij;.  re- 
markably Mtraight  rorwis  leHdinR  In  it.  Jliicient 
roads  are  found  in  many  |>arU>  uf  the  Sienu.  and 
are  rrer(ueotly  UMrdfot  ihecoijiitrucluin  of  nioiterii 
road'.  A  Krammar  of  tlie  liiiif^ uuge  nr  the 
Arhuaeu,  tlie  Kdjlgaba,  has  l<i-ri  publinlird  by 
It.  (?al«Hl&n  ('Giamatien  i\e  In  Jrtigiin  KAggaba.' 
Paris,  1880). 

R.  T.  Ilamv  brlirvmi  tint  Ih*  sinuous  line  wbteh 
Is  fouad  on  one  or  the  nionamfnts  of  Copain,  in 
HondUfaa.  is  Identical  with  Ilie  Cbineae  Tnt-Ki 
[Joitni.  anthrop.  itMt.,  February.  IS6T).  Tliongh 
these  fiKurea  closely  reaemlile  one  another,  hoih 
floiuislinii;  of  two  Hemicirck-ti  lylug  in  nppoeile 
direeiiona  and  touching  rach  otfarr,  thin  U  no 
pmiif  uf  a  eomnion  uTigin  and  identical  nieanJujc. 
The  Chiniiic  ■ymlml  n-pmvnls  two  appOHlte  prin- 
ciples, —  the  active  and  paui^e iplrits,  the  maacu- 
llneand  feniinine,  Utihtand  darbne>«.  The  con- 
elusion  drawn  from  the  »tniilariiy  of  oniamcnts 
occtitrini;  io  nldelr  f*|>uraM  region*,  upon  the 
identity  of  rheir  Bymbidie  metialng or  thidr  com- 
mon origin,  ia  fallueiuu*. 


Chalfanjon,  whoi*oxploriiigtbeu]iperOriaooo, 
found  at  Alan;,  in  n  care  uf  the  Ci'rm  d«  la« 
muertiis.  the  hurinl-pla(i'  of  the  Pinrcuui.  Tbt? 
corpne*  and  tboM  ot(j«cta  «hich  luid  been  moM 
valuable  lo  the  decosMd  aiv  put  into  a  kind 
of  basket,  or  Into  a  cylinder  made  of  twifcs 
ananged  in  parallel  lines  round  the  body  am)  tied 
togetlier.  MriBt  of  Ihem  are  rurrred  with  rtooeia 
tokeepthem  from  liviiig  disturbed.  In  the  C*ve 
of  .\rvinii,  in  t'erro  Suloajitii.  tTbnffnnjon  found 
vftsrn  dilTcring  in  style  fnim  thoK-  which  Dr. 
Or^-niis  found  at  Maipiirv-.  On  the  rock*  uf 
CirTTo  Purtodo  he  tound  large  seatplurea.  From 
his  olwrrvalions  on  these  Inwriptiooa  lui<-oinHudpa 
tbst  extraordinary  means  and  .i  longtime  ware 
reijuired  for  making  Ibem,  Theae  jietrogljnpha 
»eem  to  be  of  frequent  occurrrnce  In  those  dia- 
tricla,  Iteceullr  A.  Jaha  found  several  in  tha 
Ijoroa  di!  Maya,  went  uf  Carai-'iisL  One  of  them  ia 
KgumI  in  thi-  Zrilnchrift  far  Hthnologie  [1886,  p, 
8TI).  Tlio  cxmmiMiinn  for  drtemiinlng  [he  bound, 
aty  lietween  Hnizil  and  Vcnexurln  found  otben 
on  the  left  bank  o(  the  l.iualida,  l>elween  Solano 
and  tiuena  Vtnta.  Similai  rock  iiiectiptiouH  ar« 
found  Ivluw  Murun.  near  8ui  Oahriel.  ]lu|iini- 
Ria.  and  at  othi^r  pbii-«t.  and.  according  to  W. 
Sievcrn.  on  Ihi-  up|KT  Man u nun.-*.  Chaifunjoji 
atudied  thd  diali-L'ta  o(  the  country  he  Iravc-ned, 
and  collected  extininve  vucnbulario*  i>r  the  Bani- 
lia,  Piaroa,  Ouahiro,  Palnabe.  Plapoco,  and  some 
of  their  graiiimatlca]  eleniemt.  All  of  these  b«- 
long  to  Ibe  aame  atock. 


GEOaRAPUICAL  S'OTES. 

Kuropf. 

Tlie  govcrimientof  Houtueniii  plana  a  triungula- 
lion  of  that  coiuitry.  As  tlie  hnsi*  of  the  prcnenl 
inap»  14  (oundeil  on  ilx-  n'connaiiuqince  ninde  by 
the  Austrian  nroi.v  duriuR  the oi«u])Btiu(i  <>t  Rou- 
Dienia  In  ISOn,  a  tlKirough  survey  is  very  deslrablo 
for  conipletiug  our  knowledge  of  the  lojiugtaphj 
of  Europe. 

Atia. 

Tht!  following  not««  on  ilie  work  of  the  Indian 
survey  are  taken  from  Ittfrmann't  Mi'tlhaluttgcn, 
Befidrx  tbe  regiilnr  re|HiK)i,  the  nnnuni  report  for 
I8H4  and  IHM  conlnins  the  rcEU Its  of  expeditions 
made  in  the  countries  art.joining  India.  Col.  R, 
O.  Woodthorpe  virited  thf  western  head  walofn  of 
the  Irawadi,  —  the  Nam  Kiu.  He  followed  lh« 
IMhing,  a  tributary  of  the  BrabmHpiitra.  to  Its 
iHMirt.'e*.  crupsed  the  Phuugau  Mountains  at  Iho 
(Thaukan  Past,  and  reached,  south  of  the  furtlieat 
point  rrnched  by  Wilcox  in  183B,  the  Nam  Lung, 
which  ho  descended   to  ft*  conflwnee  witb   the 


Am.  8,  UB7.1 


SCIEirCK. 


337 


Nam  Kill.  Afln  «  rjalt  tn  Pndan,  tkn  ra|>ilid  of 
the  Bor  Knmti,  Iw  rplrnrwd  hi*  Joionioj-,  follovlnit 
Ihti  TuniiiK-  which  U  tlie  princlpti  noarre  of  Ihe 
Kyendwirn.  The  ina|i  HhoKlue  llie  reMiIbi  of  this 
joumi^  18  contatu^il  in  thp  January  number  of 
thn  Pror««<liiiKB  of  tlie  liujml  i;iH>cru|>hiciil  society. 
The  ainouDt  uf  rain  /ulling  in  tbr  mounUiini 
croned  Iqr  Woodlborpe  rxpluinn  tho  rnnraioua 
qnanlltjr  nf  walM'  ntirricd  hj  Ihi-  Irnwndi.  Col. 
H.  C.  B.  Tiuuinr  tried  w  cnier  Tthei,  bnl  wb>  pre- 
*#ii(ed  from  cnrrjinK  out  his  Intention  t>y  the 
Tiboran  boiindniT  po«t  al  Ptirunc  Jutiii;.  He  ex- 
plored some  puU  uf  UhiilAii.  and  bad  tlic  foot  of 
the  Klnchinjinga  aunejpd.  The  loUinn  nurvey 
plan*  tlie  publlcaiioa  of  niapN  mIiowIiib  thv  coun- 
triee  aitjolnini;  India.  Thnw  ■  Ttnnir- frontier  of 
India  sheeiii,'  whii-li  will  br  «d  a  walo  of  an  inch 
lo  eight  mil™  ( 1  :  StHi.SSO),  will  ronHlM  of  four  parts : 
'  North -wpulpTn  tmne- frontier,"  Ineluillni;  Behi- 
cb(*t*n.  ArKhinlHiaii.  Tiiraniaii  H(ale«;  'Norlht-rn 
nana- fmn tier.'  IncludlnK  £^bI  Turku-tan  and 
wwtMH  Tibet:  'Nonh-^tilein  trajw-frontit-r,'  in- 
oludiiixeMWm  TItwt  as  far  «HYun-Nnn;aDtl -South- 
«a«1flm  tram-fronihr,'  including  Dtirinn  and  nrct- 
era  6faua.  Thutc  map*  will  cinl>rari'  the  Indian 
aurrejs,  Uir  mniltn  of  which  have  nnl  l)epii  made 
puUkr.  on  account  "(  political  mwtns,  and  a  rrlti- 
rtil  o-ti«tw  of  the  wh.il<>  available  material.  It  Is 
I>ropo«pd  lo  exieod  (lie  work  to  wutfni  Fi-n.i». 
A»ia  Minor,  and  Araitia. 

Afrlcit. 

O.  A.  Krauite.  wboH>  urlvnl  at  Hoai  wb?  an- 
noanteJ  u  few  wcc-ki  niiicr,  hB«  pr<K«etled  hy  th« 
way  of  Duen«i  to  ^fRrnin  on  the  upper  NiK^r. 
Ho  intonda  lo  follow  the  river  lo  Kal-uia.  tlie  [nirt 
of  Timbuktii.  .Vx  Kmu»e  travela  undingtibxril,  as 
a  Chriatijui.  he  espei;is  lo  Hod  aanie  (lilflcullits  at 
MaHiiiia  on  account  of  the  tttnaiidMn  of  the  Fullie. 

Dpon  his  returu  to  Berlin,  a  rccrplioD  was  ten- 
dered to  Dt.  Junker  h>-  the  gpogmphicnJ  and  un- 
til ror>olu(ncal  luTcirtirK.  Junker  KRVe  a  brief  tkelch 
of  bla  MX  yiitn'  trnrrln  in  Africa.  In  January, 
IflBI,  he  went  (ron>  Kuakin  to  Khartum,  vrlienpo 
hr  aanendod  the  Nile  hy  i.teanier  to  Mmthrta.  From 
th«-re  ))«  tmvflled  to  Niloruiuo,  wli«r«  be  nlnli- 
llabed  «  station  in  Uay,  \^\.  Uc  described  hie 
e^onttona  aoutb  and  wot  of  Ndoriimo,  In  the 
unknown  diBtri<-t  dminoci  by  the  Welle  and  its 
tribuliirieii.  He  made  tnrve  elhnoloj;ieal  collee- 
tion*  among  the  Mane-Hattu  tSchweiufurtiri 
■  MomUittu '),  whicli  he  sent  by  bis  t-vtmiuinioo 
Bdmdorf  to  the  B.thr-el-Uhucal.  l'nfortuiut«lf 
tlwse  were  loM.  Tbe  ppognsan  of  (lie  Mahdi  pre- 
vented Jonker'a  return,  lo  bu  w«nt  ut  LodA  to 
Baiin  Bey,  exptvting  lo  mnrt  a  steamer  ROiuf; 
nortb.    The  Emir  Karani  bad  wnt  them  notion  of 


(hvcBpturaof  LaptaBPnaha,  f^«-emi)rof  ihepror- 
Idm  of  Babr-«l-Qbial.  and  in  January.  IWS. 
the;  learned  of  tbe  Ion  of  Khartum.  Udn-on. 
the  Mahdi  attacked  Eroin  B*?.  ar>d  look  AmMlt, 
which  is  only  live  da>'M  ilMatit  from  Ladfi.  For 
aome  unku<inn  reason*,  however,  he  rMmlid. 
Dr.  Junker  thtsi  n^turued  lo  Eunpe,«artJD|ctniii 
Wwlelai. 

Am*rka. 

TIte  proposed  flcld-work  of  the  Canadian  kko- 
loftloal  survej'  for  the  <xMnlng:  snaon  indudra  an 
exienaive  lupuicrafihicit]  and  theological  survey 
(if  the  upper  Yukon,  of  wbivh  Ur.  0«arK«  U,  Daw- 
nun  will  te  in  char)^.  It  ii  propnaed  that  oiw 
linuich  of  Ihe  rxpedtiion  ahnll  prooerd  llirouub 
the  faltey  at  the  Stakeen  River,  vtq»  thr  summit 
of  the  Rocky  Uounlains,  and  afoend  tltc  lianl 
River.  Here  iliey  will  pas*  Ihe  watershed  tie- 
tweeii  the  Yukon  and  Uai-krnrie.  amt  d«M-CRd 
Felly  Biver.  At  Fori  Selkirk,  where  the  Pelly 
Kiver  Joiiia  the  Yukon.  lliC'v  will  nir«t  Ihe  other 
branch  of  the  ex|iedltiun.  which  will  proce«l  from 
Chitlkut  lulrt  (Lynn  Ftord)  lo  ihc  head  waters  of 
the  Yukon.  Fniin  Fort  Selkirk,  aliorl  expeditions 
will  hv  mnd«  up  thti  branchca  ot  the  Y'ukoo,  oo 
bolb  Mde*.  and  down  Ui«  main  slrMun.  W. 
0({ilvy.  who  will  be  in  cbatue  of  this  branch  of 
the  exgiedltion.  will  remain  in  the  diKtrii.i  during 
Ihf  winter  of  l(*7.  hut  Dr.  DawMin  will  r«'turn 
next  fall  t>y  ilw  route  of  Lynn  Fiord.  We  arc  in- 
dchinl  to  DawKoii  for  IiIe  exploratiiws  In  Van- 
couver IfJaiid,  (jiteen  Charlotte  Islands,  and  tb» 
Rocky  Mountains  of  British  Oilunibla :  and  we 
may  expect  that  Ihe  proposed  exploration.  <«rried 
ou  under  bin  akilful  ui:iiuige(nenL.  will  bv  <tucci«»- 
ful,  and  K'l^an  valuable  runilta  in  XhK  vart  un- 
known norlb-wenlern  lerritorir*.  It  muKt  b«  re- 
gretted that  a  survey  of  tbe  boundary  between 
Canada  and  thf  po*<nwion*  of  the  United  Stat«« 
cannot  be  uiuleriakcn  at  the  mme  tln>e,  as  both 
expeditions  would  help  and  furthtrr  one  aiuJtber. 

The  French  liydrognpbicul  ollhir  has  publislied 
a  map  of  the  Chiw  Horn  Archipi'lngo  an<l  tbi^ 
Bi-ug|p  Clianurl,  tram  tbo  aurvoys  made  by  (bi> 
stcnriicr  l.n  Ri^mani-hr  dariiiK  the  years  18H2  and 
lR»i.  when  o  polar  ilaiion,  according  to  tbe  inter- 
national plan,  wna  estaMlsbed  In  Ora&se  Bay. 
Tfad  map  contains  many  Impoilanl  corrections  of 
the  oonst-line. 

The  Inatitiilo  i.'^OKrafico  Arii^entino  hua  iniovd 
the  first  nheets  of  the  ■  At1a.H  dc  la  Rcpublioa 
Argentina,'  edited  by  Ur,  A.  Srelalrans.  Thehaais 
of  tbc  atlas  arc  Ow  mirvoys  of  the  tand-offlee,  rall- 
roada,  and  boundary  commia«lons.  It  will  oonaiM 
of  thirty  sbeeta,  each  province  belni:  re^eaentcd 
on  a  acal*  of  I  :I,000,000. 


w 


SCTEirCE. 


yroL.  Tx.,  va.  9U 


The  erupUoo  of  HMin«  Ix>a  bw  almoat  «rniin-lT 
omsmI.  altlwagh utmm  lo  f<llll  i«Ri]nfr  from  ll«iir<<ii 
along  llu-  moiinialn^idt-.  Thv  activity  in  itie 
oratvr  of  Kibura.  mot*  potrticulorlf  in  Halenm'u- 
ma'u  (rf*  nap  ia  Stifnce,  Ix.  181),  in  constantly 
inoKMinn. 

The  «r«|]-kiio<irD  Scotch  whikUr  Dand  Gray  of 
Bet<T)i<wl.  wlio  irieil  lo  liml  n  m-w  vlmling-Ktound 
ID  th»  sea  Aurroundiiiit  Pmnx-Jwel  Ijiiid.  ha* 
fBJIod  to  reach  tbiM!  (•'landf'.  as  the  puchior  ox- 
tendeit  far  mnith.  ani)  vras  no  ckaelj-  packed  that 
ha  wax  unable  tn  rnlpr  it. 

Mr.  Ak-xon>lpr  McArthiir  hnx  irHimH  fritiii  hi« 
'tr>pl<>ilu>iiorlti  foil-.'  nfti'rhnvinKivavhMlYurk 
Fui'torc,  011(1  Uw  ([irrn  up  hi*  ptotw  of  ptocMtltoR 
,  bj  the  Iludwii  Bo/  route. 


TBE  Journal  nt  tlif  wiono  co>leg|e  of  the  Iro- 
pniol  nniventt>-  ur  Jupiin.  the  Srat  part  of  which 
hiH  just  matte  lis  apprnr*ii(f ,  may  bp  rrgordod  as 
«  coDtlntmtiun  of  thp  iwientilk'  mpmnlni  which 
have  been  from  lim*  to  lime  puhliihod  by  the 
Tokya  univui»ity.  Tills  Juumal  i*  int^-niled  to  be 
Ibf  joumni  ihrtiUKh  which  ihn  worldst  laif  emar 
WWiTT  Jspan'ft  ovf  n  contrihiiticns  lo  I  be  pWKMw 
of  »cl«oc^.  Oil*  tinj<)iif  fvuiunt  which  will  be  ap- 
parent al  TOKx-  him  i«i:ard  tu  Hit-  l^nRunKo  or  Ian* 
guagCH  ill  which  t)if  various  pupm  nrp  lo  be  pre- 
aentnl.  Each  conlrlbutiun  iniirt  be  wrili^n  in  on* 
of  the  Dirtv  UMcii-igtv,  EnKliAh.  tVenrh,  or  a«r- 
man,  Iho  dioici-  Mng  left  I'niWI.v  to  llic  autlidr. 
Tha  oeoawlcy  for  Ifaii  trt-liiijtunl  vhnmi-tprnpritigti, 
of  coone.  from  the  rery  peculiar  but  nell-knvu-n 
oondilion  umh-r  which  rcienc»  hnn  l>r>eiicullivnI(Ml 
in  Japan  and  by  ilie  Japanctf-.  Th*  niiiM-nmno- 
of  Ihii  joumni  la  a  strong  iTominpntory  on  Ihp  ad- 
vanco  in  culture  in  Japan,  which,  from  bc-iitg  a 
onuntry  deiwiidlng  on  thccullurcof  fomjin  p«rt8, 
la  now  beglunin);  to  return  the  de>>t. 

—  Oiir  r<mden  who  un-  int»-i«il«d  in  attronoiny 
will  Bud  an  excrlh-nt  nuide  f.ir  firat  .•xpJoritioini 
of  the  conflHIutiona  in  no  lliuntmlrd  srttclr  by 
Mr.  O.  P.  SrrnM  (■  AsttoDoniy  with  an  opern- 
iclam  -  tbn  ulnr*  of  eprin^-'i.  contrlhuted  to  the 
I\)pHlar  mcifncr  moHiMp  for  AjwII. 

—  A  eWI«  Umrd  ..f  l>««lth  has  jnM  been  ortcan- 

i»d  to  Vermont.  m.iliinKl«coly.ninealHI««  which 
now  baTeatatv  IxMrds. 

—  The  lUfHieril  rreortt  quolcn  Dr.  Ma'-'hpn>dp  aa 
bninKof  tlieo|iiiii"n  that  Am^ili^n  calnrrhs  aro 
larjpily  due  lo  the  ilu*t.  and  Mys  thai  it  !■  not  un- 
WMOoaWe  lo  belier,!  that  the  tmnendoua  cloud* 


of  imaterlliwd  earth  which  ar«i  driven  Into  the 
faceu  »r  inir  city'*  tx>pu)ntion  durlnK  IhU  aeaM» 
bare  Mimclhinf;  lo  i)o  with  the  exoeM  of  oouich* 
iiml  cold*  and  thn  hizU  mortality -ntv  durinfc  tliis 
periocl.  wliich  In  Ninie  yi-arii  in  ■.•xccL'di'd  imly  in 
the  liot  months  of  aainmur. 

—  An  esperimrntal  pa^ienKer- train,  IlKhled 
thrDUffhotit  by  electricity.  And  heaU-d  by  ateam 
frcim  tlin  PTiKine.  now  nuia  between  New  York 
City  nnd  Bo*ton.  Each  cnr  is  illuminniod  l)y 
eighteen  Ifl-candle  glow-larop*.  ihcrumnil  being 
derived  from  atontgvbattarica  hiins  henenih  the 
flcnr-timberv,  rliarged  for  ten  hnur»  by  dynRmne. 
Doth  light  ami  bent  are  »ald  to  be  ample;  and  dan- 
ger (mm  Are,  In  case  of  accident  U>  the  trais.  la 
uiucb  leaaened.  If  not  almost  wholly  done  Awaf 
witli. 

—  Miicre.  E«4«s  A  Laiittat,  Bratnn,  mirioDnce 
for  early  tHihIiratioii,  'Key  lo  North  AmeHnui 
birds."  iliird  revix^l  edition,  by  Rlltnlt  Coaee  :  alao 
■  Kev  to  North  American  bird*.'  «[iort8uian'e  and 
toitri«t*>t  edition, 

—  Among  recent  niiiiibcn  of  the  Van  Niadrand 
science  wrii«.  wenotr  thefullowEng  :  'IMriileum, 
it*  production  and  use.'  by  Boverlou  Redwood, 
a  re]>rinl  from  the  Jounul  of  Ibr^  Kcictnly  of  aria, 
Ljmdon,  ivitli  Ih-  omixiuon  of  MKh  poTttniiB  as 
would  nccm  to  he  nf  little  or  no  interest  to  Ameriraa 
reader- :  •  l.etcliiiK,  barometric,  trigunometrio 
and  spirit,'  by  Im  O.  Baker,  prepared  oriRiDiilly 
ua  a  part  of  the  author's  tectum  nn  geodrn}-, 
given  in  the  Untvcnity  of  Illinoi*  ;  '  Analyni*  of 
rotary  motinii,  «■  applied  to  the  gyroacope,'  by  J. 
O.  Dainard,  a  rrprinl  of  the  nnalylic«l  extwiai- 
tiunof  the  motions  of  the  gvruscope,  wnttcn  by 
Generat  Barnard  in  IH5>«  for  (be  Journal  of  nlu- 
cat  ion  ;  ■  Dcnma  and  ginleni.  pmciical  formiilaa 
for  Ihcir  rmirtance,'  by  P,  U.  I'Jiilbrick,  whiob 
alniN  to  deduce  general  fiirniuUi*  for  tht>  reaM- 
ance  of  |iean>«  and  girdem.  applirable  to  all  caaw, 
and  to  set  forth  truly  prarlicjil  fnnnidas  ao  fkr 
as  seemingly  required  in  the  use  of  existing 
forms  and  iieciions:  'Comprened  gun-ci>lt>4i  for 
military  ute.'  by  Jolin  P.  Wlwer.  a  iraniUtioa 
til  the  work  of  Lieutenant  von  K6ntter.  with  ad- 
dition* giving  an  outhne  of  the  prearnt  prcK^ivi  of 
manufacture  und  a  wummury  at  the  |iro|kCTtleB 
of  the  beet   form  nnir  (itodueed. 

—  The  MnIi  comml>»*lon  will  eend  the  »teamcr 
Albatross  to  (lie  PaciHo  conat  n^Ki  fall,  to  remain 
aovemi  years,  anil  will  make  a  thorough  invewli- 
gntion  I'f  lilt  motteni  relntini;  to  fooil-ltilivE.  The 
cod,  halibul.  and  ulher  fiMKl-Hsbca  nrr  miigbt  In 
thet^ictHc:  hutliltle  i*  known  of  tbeirdtHlribnlion, 
and  Ibe  fl»hpriw  have  not  been  developed.  Th« 
AlbatroM  will  bUo  make  investigations  in  the  OnU 


4 


Ana.  8, 1S8T  ] 


iiClEXCE. 


339 


of  California-  Tlir  (S)mini«ion  fane  dcftotiUd 
durtPK  It"?  lul  rt-w  yi-«n>  a  InrK?  supply  of  jroonit 
abtid  in  Ihv  Coluraito  Rivr.  and  the  Albatron 
will  vtdt  the  Onir  of  (.Vilifoniia  i>artly  wiili  tht! 
vlow  of  n«crTtalnln(!  Hit-  reMuIis  nf  tlii*  work.  The 
TltMi<>.  vrblcli  will  cTinW  In  AInHkan  wntctn.  will 
also  tiiaki^  iuveeti^iiuns.  mid  Iho  rmnltii  i>r  llii' 
work  in  arctic  u-nterit  will  bp  imiiarlanl  In  ron- 
oeotioD  with  the  invretiKBtimiM  of  t\»  Albalro^ 

—  Capt.  C.  E.  Dntinn,  chief  of  the  bureau  uf 
Toleanic  geoloKj*  of  itie  K»olo^ii-ul  nurvey,  will 
read  s  pupiT  ar  tli«  ii4-xt  liicetinK  of  thn  Nationnl 
acxdemr  of  arfem-m,  urhirh  occam  tht  thini  (rwk 
ID  A]>rll.  e'litxNlyinjt  thn  tvnuVl"  of  the  study  of 
mi  iiiiiii<-t):ie  niiuw  of  data  upon  (he  Charleston 
■nftliqiinkp.  Tlip  rocoTiJei)  ial«  of  niotiuii  of 
earthquake  of  liiatory  varies  from  tlmv  thouuuid 
to  niiw  liiindned  inetrM  per  aeooud.  The  dnln 
upon  thn  Cliarlenloii  disturtianrp  provp  condii- 
siTely  that  ii«  eanli-u-mtv  (niTclIrd  between  f«ur 
tlinaaMid  and  (Irr  IhoiiMnd  metree  a  ei^ond. 
white  Pn-nrh  jotimnlH  mntalniiiiR  obsoTtationii 
upou  Ibi-  HiTJpin  fhock  iijve  rate*  alinoal  bk  hiBli. 

—  It  h  bellvved  that  ihe  (l<.-|)artin«)l  of  aRrlnil- 
tar*>  new  deparEur«  in  w-tliug  ii|>  mncbinery  in 
Waeliinj-ton  f"r  wmilitif;  the  «tlk  from  cot-ooiw 
will  M'Bull  ill  rnnnidcmbJi!  pxl4>nxian  of  the  ailk- 
l{rowIi>K  imlUNtrj-  iij  this  •■ounlry.  Great  interest 
is  luanifetite'J  id  ihe  e(|)eriiiii>nts,andlbedenmndi 
foreniiiefof  chf  bullHiii  ■>«  lilkworni  ciiUiite  ba« 
made  It  nepe^sury  to  issut?  sevm  or  elj(lii  Hitions. 
OfficialH  (if  till-  depart uifiit  nay  diat  the  rniuesU 
for  ailkwiirm  egg*  grtuitly  exceed  thow  m^irei) 
in  any  prpvii>us  yiinr  Bin<'e  Ihe  (kparlini'Dl  bc^n 
their  diittrihiiiion.  Ah  a  connequt'nre.  it  i*  ex- 
pectnl  that  larxe  <|iui[ititi(^  of  Amnricnn-irrown 
flUk  will  l»e  phuM."]  Oh  the  aiarkrl  IhU  year. 

—  ConimWionor  of  AKricniltun-CoIman  hn»  re- 
turn^vl  to  WaHhiiiictMi  from  n  rrornt  trip  lo  I,ou- 
imana  to  iavesll^ate  llie  Held  for  ex|uTtnient4  In 
caoe-6UKar  tn'ikirn-  by  Ihi-  cliiTiminn  proreas.  He 
apeabs  highly  of  thi'  mammoth  pliintalioii  of 
Oovenior  Wninioulh.  wliirh  has  been  Belec-ted  for 
tbo  work,  and  w>fi,  that,  if  thp  exiHiiinrnlH  in 
tjQititinna  are  diin-easful.  the  plnnlen  will  bo 
roahM  to  compete  aucrcinfiilly  with  the  lieet- 
■iiJ5«r  iiilere6t8  liejond  a  doubt.  Cane  which 
would  onlinarily  yielil  eiKhty  poiindo  to  tlir  ton 
will  yield  n  hundred  iind  forty  pounds  under  the 
new  |»<ic<>9B. 

—  A  roriirn*  in«tanr«  of  lend -iNtison  ins  h  re- 
porteil  in  thf  Mnlim!  at-wn  by  Dr.  Bidwidl  of  Vine- 
land.  N  J.  The  pnlieiil  had  br-cn  diKtillinj;  do- 
mertio  wine,  ii^lnj;  a  eoil  of  l««d  pipe  for  the 
worm  of  the  still.  Some  uf  the  nine  iMd  under- 
gone scetiu  fermentation ;   and  the  acetic  acid. 


beinit  1m>  volatile  Iban  the  akubot,  had  dii-tilled 
only  at  Ihi-  U>l  of  the  pfocew,  when,  IricklioK 
Ihrniiifb  (lie  lead  pipe,  it  had  taken  up  and  carried 
with  it  the  potMn  m  puipir-of-tewd.  Tlie  jtttieDt 
hnd  observed  a  «ll|(hlly  •weefah  laiite  in  llw 
brandy  which  catne  over  lael  Some  HimiUr 
vtuteti  of  lead- poison  I  nK  have  lecently  occiirred  in 
Euelund.  due  lo  the  sainu  tnuae:  tlie  acidfl  of 
hoini'-mnd<<  vr'mr*  harini:  actiM)  upon  tlie  glaie 
of  the  e«rthen«~iire  wiwelii  in  wbirh  fermcnialloa 
hni)  taken  place. 

—  The  H48un)i_>tt  fact  that  plitmlierB  earape  dis- 
eaM-  and  infection  from  the  inlMlatUiB  of  eew*r- 
air  IK  often  rt'ferri-d  to  iin  indicating  the  luirmleM- 
ncn  nt  thin  nir  or  una.  Wrto  all  llie  fiwts  known, 
thi*  view  would  undoubtedly  1k>  miicb  miHiiHed. 
A  recent  occurrence  in  Bnicland  would  reein  to 
prove  ttuit  men  who  follow  this  trade  are  not  no 
eieiDpt  ua  ia  generally  Mipposed.  An  in<iiieiit  wax 
held  during  the  iiasi  montli  in  Li<er|iool  or.  the 
body  of  a  plunilier'it  npprentici-  who  had  been  en- 
KUficd  during  Iho  previous  wmk  in  rrjoiiring  pipe* 
which  ciinncrt(<d  witn  n  sewer.  QnnntltiRi  of  gaa 
vame  IhiwuKb  tlieae  pl]>ea,  and  al  the  time  tbe 
youne  mao  coDt|ilalned  of  pain  and  skkntie* :  in 
forty  hour«  he  died.  The  me<lii.'al  evidence  wm 
to  the  i-fTect  Ihut  death  wna  due  to  the  inhalation 
of  sewer-air.  and  the  jury  rendervd  n  rerdict  to 
that  elTed. 

—  Dr.  O-Ho.  of  Ihe  Kakauko  leper  boepital  In 
Jnpan.  in  miid  to  lie  able  lo  I'ure  leproiy,  PulienlB 
are  bathed  dnilr  in  warm  WBier  <M;nt(uninK  nn  in- 
fu>ion  of  IlichiyoD  hnrk,  Aesoolns  (u^binntn.  and 
Htilphur.  They  are  fed  on  a  (cenerou*  diot,  and 
take  Iniemally  the  bark  of  tlie  Hnamc-nan  treo, 
bealdee  Iron,  <)utnlne,  and  other  well-kuou  n  renw- 
diea.  He  re|H>rl9  that  Ave  of  bis  patienie  are  ■  al- 
nio-t  cured.'  nineteen  are  improving,  and  seven- 
teen arc  relieved. 

—  Pmm  the  Bri'tUli  innii<^t  Jotimat  we  exlnnet 
tlie  fotlowinK  in  refer<^iee  to  the  duration  of  in> 
foclloumese  in  the  <ll-<e.>nei;  named  :  inea«le«i,  from 
the  aecoiid  day,  for  exactly  three  weeks;  miall- 
pox,  frMn  the  llr^t  day,  under  one  uionlh.  prob- 
ably tlirw  weeks:  w;ar!et-feirer,  at  about  the 
fourth  day,  for  six  or  seien  wwk' :  mu»it«>  wn- 
di-r  thn^-  wpeks :  diphtheria,  under  threo  weeks. 
While  tbct--  may  lie  rrliiilile  nvernRpn,  we  doubt 
very  miieh  nhr^lher  nny  one  enii  Hx  (be  exarl  pe- 
riod during  which  any  of  these  dlseaies  may  be 
cominiiTilcnted,  as  is  here  ilone  with  mea^Iefi.  Some 
excellent  authorities  believe.  Ibat,  even  tiefore 
some  of  ihe^edUeasMi  wake  their  prenence  known, 
persons  exposed  may  vontiact  them. 

—  Professor  Ueonisof  New  York  n-emtly  made 
a  numliM'  of  intertsting  obaorvntionx  lo  lent  the 


340 


SCIEirCE. 


ITou  nC.,  So.  MB 


pnril}-  of  thn  orpkn-nir  while  cronlriK  the  Atlan- 
tic. He  hiid  inwiimsiy  prepared  capoulm  of  sLer- 
llUed  g^latinp.  Une.  which  usa  ^xpoHMl  id  a 
state-room  cai  llie  main  il(<ck  of  ihi-  hImhuit.  ile- 
Telopcd  Ave  huiKlrul  poinU  of  infi-ctiim  in  «igh- 
Iwn  hoiire ;  obo  eiptHn-d  in  tin-  rnbin  on  llip  main 
deck  derelopoj  ontv  five  or  iils  ptiint*  in  Wn  ■]»;■  : 
•  third.  Iiutifj  oTor  tlw  bow  of  the  fhl])  for  tpn 
days,  ivinnincct  unconUniiiial«d. 

^  A  parrot  1b  reimrt^d  to  bate  died  of  diphthe- 
ria (■flntrart^il  from  i-liilJivn  tick  with  that  diwAse 
in  tho  «arue  hoUBi>. 

— A  Dew  and  complots  mtition  of  thp  wrltinttii 
of  OalilM),  in  tvtvntv  vDlumc^x.  is  (n  hp  piihtiElird 
at  Flon-ncp  nmier  the  aiitborlxniiun  of  the  Italian 
loiniBlPr  of  puhhc  JndlnicUon,  who  has  noinluated 
a  c'umrniltee  of  echoliuM  to  edit  the  work. 

—  Wo  haxe  leceived  a  coiDTnuniciilioa  from 
Profewoi'  MncUre^uc  in  roply  to  Dr.  llnH's  last 
letter  oil  luertia-fort-)-.  bnt  wp  conoidt^r  thr  subjvct 
U>  have  bern  uufBcientl y  djscuaand  for  the  jiiwwnt. 


LETTKHS  TV  THU  EDimR. 

\Tha  attmttim  <tf  $titntl/>r  hub  U  talltd  lo  iA>  arfniFiliiirM 
4/M«MrrM||>MMl(n(*  mfUniill  •iTSVIENCK/vr  piMinji  prmnptiy 
OB  rmrd  brttf  iirtltmltntrg  tuittett  nf  IhHr  ItitmUgallan*, 
Tvtntit  mftiff  4|f  fAl  HUmlwr  ee^^laininfl  hit  tmnMiunleaXitm 

tit  t^anuliriififirjMiriuiU 

OmmpmitnlM  ar*  r^^HtiUt  Ib  i*a»br(t/a4pottibli.  Tht 
wrUn't  namt  <•  In  all  emu  tr^Jiirtd  00  prrH^  nf  gimifliUh. 

Elemental;  initruction  In  loOlocy. 

I  wx«  mni^h  iut«r«M«d  iu  the  letlera  of  '  L.  U.'  and 
Hr.  Shiifi'lilt  ill  regard  tu  the  tfnehiu((  at  molagy. 
and  I  niu  iticliiu-il  (11  ngreo,  almiint  wilhunt  (jlial  l&fn' 
tion.  vitli  IliK  lallxr 

II  in  iiijiii>('i--jjir_v  \'<  iiiiik(i  oii_v  <tii!Ltiu(ilivn  bulwcuu 
a  high  "'lii^L-l  nti<l  11  <'->1I-.-ki.-  euiir>e:  (»(  altbe  pmunt 
lime  lliit;  ore  pnivticully  idruiii'ul,  inwiuiich  as  fnw 
eolloKO  ■tndcQtn  liarn  hod  nnv  luQloitlcal  traluitij;  In 
Uwlr  preparat'irv  ■■oumii.  la,  ili.ni,  Ihi'  course  iiuli- 
oatod  by  'L.  H.'  ■  ■ni'K  coiine  fur  the  gmt-nil 
■todent  i  Hy  eipcricFnoF  loada  idc  (o  bolievc  lliul 
he  it  almcwl  m  far  from  the  brut  eoiirwi  on  the  ohl 
■tyle  of  leacihun  whiHw  wnih  wax  nndciiinbly  xiiiirr- 
fldal. 

The  Ihoorjr  of  HtuilTiug  one  animal  tjiornuglilj, 
tbea  tokiDg  up  nparly  related  fumu,  mid  grad- 
naUjr  astAiidlng  the  uludy  to  Ihi-  wholn  aulniaJ 
kincdoni.  la  very  planalble:  but  lian  '  L.  H.'  tried  it 
with  an  ordinary  collan  olaM,  and  iu  the  time 
allotted  to  KoAlogyin  tEe  ordinary  ooIU^b  cotine? 
Bn  iadieatea  a  coime  that  would  rcqiure  Mtyoiat 
y««ni  Of  eoBtlniuiiiA  work,  whdn  tiiott  ei>l]i>K<'H  kIvo 
nrom  one  to  three  terin«.  and  alluw  tor  only  a  limited 
amount  of  laboratory  wurk. 

Now,  while  xoClogy  ii  a  ncience  worthy  of  being 
tanftbt/»r  fl«eValid  for  Uie  diadplliie  It  afforil*.  It 


boa  a  boariny  uu  otliei  iiuieuoee,  atid  Ihia  aeooad  ele- 
racut  niuat  not  bo  lent  oigbt  o(.  fur  etanipU  1  to 
understand  Roology,  the  xtadcBt  unwt  know  tfa« 
priuolple*  of  elaMlllcatlon  of  aniuala:  bin  ih« 
method  of  '  L.  H.'  would  never  bring  the  armse 
rtadonl  to  knowledge  of  olaaaifiaatioa.  He  would 
know  abonl  uniatarnanft  pabapi.  but  might  in  reality 
kiiuu'  v<<r}'  Iitll(<  of  r.ofllogy. 

I  find  I'itct  the  beat  reanlte  by  follnwing  a  method 
which  ii>  puBi'utiuIly  like  thai  outlined  by  Mr.  Sbn- 
foldL  Pint  my  atndenla  diaeecl.  in  a  Miinewhat 
■uperflelal  niaanor  of  courao.  a  mMicn  of  tyfwe.  For 
tbi«  work  1  And  tbat  even  a  manual  like  flolton*a 
trll*  too  mueh  :  for  I  wiab  to  have  Bludeuta.  Brat  of 
all.  loarn  to  uih  tboir  own  eyea,  aad  not  alsiply  to 
verify  •ome  one  elao'a  doaeriptiun.  For  tbiH  trIafEe  of 
Die  Mludy  the  law  of  laxt-book  and  Iho  fcvpt  woika 
of  referenoe,  ijiu  better.  Iu  order  Hint  material  may 
not  be  waated.  I  fumivli  tuy  RtudeulR  a  little  pam- 
pblrt  of  elementary  iiirtrnotion.  wliieh  Ulla  them 
what  to  do.  biTt  not  what  they  will  Bnd. 

Tlii«  work  furiim  a  baaia  for  l«a«hiut{  i^la»iIloali(in, 
nliicb  I  du  kigvly  by  lecturea,  or  ratlier  talkxL 

Tliin  D)criii<-ulaTy  work  given  Uie  iitiidunt  a  ta\t  gan- 
eral  idea  of  the  animal  kingdom.  That  hia  knowl- 
edge leanperficlal.  I  ncknowledga.  but  I  couniderit 
none  the  lew  valuable.  Now  the  alndent  i*  prepared 
to  make  a  lhorou)(li  ntudy  of  wniie  higher  animal. 
Wo  niKi  tho  cat.  and  from  tbe  eal  t«K'h  the  Fi>nipar»> 
tlvo  itiin(i>m<r  •>(  vitnrbratfM.  Motcadvanondetudenla 
lake  up  biiilohyy  and  rmbtvoli-gy. 

I  do  not  lliiuk  Ibiit  in  thiHcoiine  «e  have  Machnd 
the  ideal :  uo  uiny  make  grenl  i^huu|ji-n  ill  it :  bat  It 
■neiua  In  iia  the  best  accoidiug  lo  uur  preHiut  knowl- 
edge. 

I  am  inclined  l«  think  that  the  ennipound  tBi«ro- 
■cope  ia  n»eil  too  freely  with  elunKintary  elaeaee; 
that  it  would  bn  better  it  all  of  their  work  fnr  llie  llrvt 
term  ur  ti<o  were  on  mni'ioBeopie  aualomy,  and  IhM 
the  niioiuBcope  akould  lie  linoiithl  In  only  vheii  tba 
■Indent  actually  fcela  tlir  net'd  of  it  to  pursue  bla  liu 
veitlgatlona  further.  Thin  i*  the  uiethod  of  naturo, 
and  It  aoema  to  me  morn  prolllublu.  O.  D.  M. 

mpon,  Vn»..  Mftrc'ti  91). 


Lepidoptera  at  sea. 

Ou  til"  rvfiiiiiK  of  Miircli  >i.  INTfJ.  it  «A»  my  tor. 
luae  to  be  ou  board  ship,  tioiiml  fr<.>iii  Cidlao  for 
I.oiidou.  und  at  that  time  u  little  muru  lliau  a  thou- 
Hand  iiulnt  fniui  V'apo  Ftio,  the  neanuit  portion  of 
tbu  roiwl  of  JtniAil.  We  w»lv  Iu  Inlitiide  'ih''  aiinlh, 
lon((itndc 'W  «e"l.  jMM  -i.iilb  of  (Ui  Wrder  of  tlvo 
nonth -coKt  tmili^-H-indo.  Ln(«  in  the  aftrmoon  w« 
enconutered  aeverul  light  naualln  of  wind  nnd  nun, 
ilnrlng  one  of  wliteh  two  butlcillica  were  driven 
piutt.  The  weatliiir  CL>nIii»iod  i-qiially  all  night  attil 
for  part  'A  the  livxt  duj.  the  wind  coining  from  the 
wffltwaid.  The  following  uioming  it  wan  found  that 
<|nito  a  number  of  Lepidoptera  bod  been  blown  011 
boaril.  anil  euNeonced  Iheniaalvaa  in  laiiout  plaova 
ahellored  fr^nu  tli*  wind.  Tliey  werii  uimttly,  if  M>t 
wbollv.  nuetumal  *]jeci«  of  euiall  late,  although  < 
large  nawk-molh  wait  among  them.  About  twelrti  or 
Btlocn  ■pocimeua.  tiipieienting  nearly  an  many 
kpeci'*,  were  eaptuiml.  anil  otJier*<  w»a  ;  ho  tliat 
not  leM  tlian  twenty  i>r  tliiity  iudlriduaU  uiuat  tiaTe 
reaebed  onr  tldp. 

It  wonld  appear  from  tbia  abiiudanee  that  tba 
total  number  awept  out  tn  ace  iniiat  hav«  been  ei> 


ApKU.  S,   1867.  j 


SCIENCE. 


341 


troiDDly  iMgo.     TniTvllbiK  ptni  W  tho  nW  of  (brt<r 

milm  an  himr,  tliM*  luulha  mnHt  liave  be«4i  on  tb« 

niug  M  IfoM  Iwi-utj'.foiu'  bouiB.  in  tniuiy  eaaca  «x. 

Doted  b)  Ihd  ruin.     Tbo  •pedmoiui  nkptnrod  Maonod 

I  iigr  no  mcuDii  rxboiuitnil.  and  could  probably  liAve 

^-proUmgcd  Ibcif  ihiflit  tn  n  uiaob  tpviAvT  clisiiuioo.  It 

I*  SM  tMBMd  bml  (o  pluoi-  thia  oconm-ncv  uu  r(!(<ord 

•T«a  U  Uii*  isto  du/,  ki  kbowing  how  readily  ialmndii 

nibj-  Tcecive  itnpottuil  Bilditionn  to  thnlr  (kiiiw  from 

very  tllM<«iit  qnitrt«T<t.  Fajiiiutic  A.  Lucut. 

WuUdood,  Taam/D  m 


On  tiptoe. 


Tb»  iBttM-  of  Prof.  F.  C.  Van  D^k  {Seiener,  iz. 
p.  33>1)  Id  relation  lo  tbr  mpchnninil  prab1«ni  in- 
«olv*d  in  Rlandlnii  on  (Iptoo  wctua  to  b*  •omowbat 
minUailiiiK.  in  »o  fsr  a«  bn  intnitx  [but  it  it  >u>(  • 
loTcr  of  tbc  treond  ordpr.  An  tli«  lever  of  the  Mcood 
ordar  ia  doHncd  Vo  bo  Ihnt  in  wbioh  th«  vcigbl,  or 
nabUiKa  to  b»  ovarcomv,  i»  batwvan  tbo  (ulcmm 
and  lfa«  powfr.  and  aa  In  thii  can*  th*  ifroDSil  l>  th« 
fnlcmtn,  aod  thv  pow»r  is  aiiplird  at  the  beel,  it  ■• 
avidaiitlf  a  Uim  of  Ibe  wcoinl  order.  MoreoTer.  if 
thv  pow«r  ankliad  at  tbo  bool  roaftcd  on  naniethitig 
Ml«rior  to  tba  bony  inaRhaDiiim,  tli«>  nnM<  would  b* 
■Impl*  mod  obviout.  But  ii]B>>iiiu('h  ai  tlie  piiwvr,  or 
IMHnetiaK  iMUK^Ie  of  tbr  rnlf  of  the  Ics.  in  Bttachfd 
both  to  tho  bool  and  to  tbo  hoad  at  cIib  Libia,  the 
tfllcMy  of  (hv  powar  i(  Ihoreby  Ri<ulili<-d,  Rut  it 
doM  not  alter  the  d>Bn«d  ordtr  of  lerrr  :  it  mirvily 
•■Minanta,  to  tha  extent  of  the  r««ctioa.  the  ifsittauM 
to  M  ovtreoma  in  raidng  th*  velitht  rctCiDg  on  the 
Mkl*. 


Tbiu.   in  the  annexed   8t;ure,  aisuminR  that  the 

torcM  pruduriiiic  oi^uil lignum  aet  in  parallel  dir«c- 

lioD*.  and  regardiiiic  it  as  a  \*v*t  at  the  xui^und  or- 

•tfer.  In  vbleb  C  ii  the  folcram  or  ceotre  of  niomentB, 

'  for  oondltlMM  of  oqiullbriain  we  have.  V  y.  CA  ■= 

wxva+PacB.-.rxcA-fxOB^wxCBr. 

P  X  AB  =  W  X  CB.:  P:  Wv.CB  :  AB.  Henee, 
whit*  by  til*  poMUon  of  the  (olcimtn  C  it  i«  actually 
n  lovitr  of  tbo  treonit  order,  yet.  by  virtue  of  the  re- 
action of  f,  It  1*  Tnachanicolly  r^uivatrnt  to  a  leror 
^«ttbejlr*(  order. 

In  an  aDalo^^nii  manovr.  it  iteeiiii  to  mo  tlint  tb« 

eonfiniMi  and  pcrpleiityiu  relation totbo  'boat-oar' 

problem  might  be  cleared  Op  (Tide  Phil.  >'iig..  xxiii. 

vPp>  88.S34,  1887).      It  li  ararcely  nneeisary  (o  add 

ttBikt  tM  forvf^nc  solntion  of  tlii*  probluni  i*  very 

old  :  if  I  am  not  luiHlnk^n.  it  may  l».>  f^iiiid  in  one  of 

the  oditinni  of  l>r.  'iolcliui;  Bitd't  '  ElemKiila  of  nnt- 

unti  philiMu^hy.'  puliiij^od  more  tban  twooty  yean 

-»^  JoHM  LeCoh 

IMtteler,  cal.,  Marab  It. 


The  loss  of  tbc  TMtqnin, 

It  luu  KBoetftlly  been  atatod  lb«l  tbo  ToB<|nlii, 
wluob  Ogniai  ao  proDiln«ntly  in  tbo  blslofy  of  Ibe 
north-wMt  coant,  *aa  lUatioyMl  at  N'nolka.  Bouorofl 
aMepM  Ibla  venion  in  hi*  'Hirton  of  tbe  north. 
««BtooBrt'(18^):  «bil«  othera,  followiiifF  OraMon 
<1M0),  place  tbe  oeourrvinceat  Olayoqnot,  botbtfaMe 
nlacoa  balnii  on  tb«  vaal  eowt  of  VaiioouTar  lalaad. 
The  fMcIe  so  far  aa  known,  boweietr,  appoar  lo  ma  to 

Eoinl  to  Ka-ni-ti.  m  tbe  iiortb  ooant  of  Vancouvsr 
tloiid,  u  tbn  true  looility. 
Tbo  Tonqniu,  it  may  be  reraamborad,  wm  a  Teaael 
of  290  toiut  Isiitilnii,  biiloutting  to  Aalor'*  American 
for  eoinpau.v.  After  rraicliing  Aatoria.  in  Ib«  monlli 
of  llie  Culiiinbiii.  ill  Ittll.  iba  was  doapoloLed  on  a 
trnilinR-myoDe  to  Ibn  nortb,  teaiinit  Aatcrla  on  June 
G.  It  i>  niineeoHiary  lo  detail  the  eiroiunataaeea 
l««HlinK  <ip  I"  ibu  allivck  on  Uie  Temel  while  at  an- 
FboT,  Uie  DUBnacrc  uf  tbe  orev.  and  tbe  onbaoquoil 
oxploaion  of  tbe  maffasine,  by  which  tbo  Ttmef  waa 
dtatroyod  and  a  lar^  u«nib«r  of  nnttvM  who  had 
crowded  OB  hoard  were  killeiL  Tlie  fnutti  were  anb- 
»eqn«nt1y  obtained  from  a  Cbobalin    ludjao  lDl4>r- 

Ereter,  who  alone  tecsped.  and  are  locordixt  by  BoM 
ox  mill  by  Fnuicbcre  In  '  Tlie  Columbia  ItiTar ' 
(lti33)  and  '  KarratlTa  of  a  voyase  to  tbe  noctb-WMt 
ooaM  of  Atnerioa'  (18M)  T««peotiT«ly.  The  namo  of 
the  loiiality.  a*  given  by  the  Ob<-halM  iolorprelM.  ia 
aloQD  aatHeieutl.v  dietlnctiie,  and  1  uan  avcoiiut  for 
llin  1^1  reiituMoiicA  that  JtA  (■■jrn'ajHiiidi^nne  witb  Ka- 
wi-li  bw.  »i>  far  a*  I  am  nvsru,  been  overlooked, 
only  by  tbe  fact  that  thin  name  baa  not  nioatly  ap. 
peaied  on  the  mapa,  Ihougb  to  bo  found  an  •  Nab- 
irittt '  on  tbo  datuled  cjiarta  of  tlu  coant.  lianurutt, 
indeed,  denieii  the  eii«l«Doe  of  nay  luvb  name  aa 
tbatRITenliy  the  iuler]irctcr  and  adopted  by  Fran- 
oliaM,  and  atliirnardii  by  IrTiuj{  In  '  Aaloria '  (in. 
d(..  p.  IGS). 

The  Indiana  known  aa  tbe  NawitU  by  the  wkitea. 
corniprieiug  the  Tlk-tU-al-Kwilu  and  No'lnim'-ko-llM- 
la  acpta  or  trtbca  of  the  Kwakiool  nsopU.  now  to- 
iprthor  Inliabtt  a  TUlB)[a  nameil  by  tbntu  Mel'-oupa. 
ou  (lie  111  Ml  lb.  •'Mil  aide  of  Hop<<  l>innd.  Tbrir  ongi- 
nal  lunii  vnw.  liow«ver,  altuatcd  on  a  muall  roeky 
peniunala  on  Uic  eoat  ude  of  Gape  CommotDll,  whl^ 
form*  Ibc  nortb  point  of  Taneonvcr  Iilond.  Here 
niiiialii*  of  olcl  hoiiiwa  ore  yet  lo  be  aoen,  and  tbe 
pla<<c  waa  anil  Hlitl  l«  by  tbe  Indiana  known  aa  Ka< 
wi.li. 

KoBs  Cox.  wbo  enmo  into  poraonol  coralact  with  the 
nacaped  <'fa«balla  iut<iriirel<ir.  writaa  of  tba  Joaa  of 
tbe  Toniiniu.  "  A  few  Jiijn  attrr  (beirdepartun  fMin 
the  Culuiubia.  tbey  auvhoreil  oppoaite  alargelndiaa 
rilbwe,  nametl  Ncw.Wbitty,  in  the  violnity  of 
Nootka,  vbcro  Mr.  McKay  tntmodlAt«ly  opened  a 
nonrt  tradn  vith  tbe  oativaa."  Aftar  glivinf  Uie  re. 
latioDof  tbe  iuterprelec  aa  (o  the  naaaaore  and  ei- 
plotdun.  be  deocflbea  the  eamqw  of  throo  (four 
according  to  Fraiicbera)  of  tba  eraw  in  a  boat: 
' '  They  cowed  bard  (or  tbe  month  of  tha  barboT, 
with  til*  intention,  a«  la  aiippoasd,  of  ooaatinaalOTiig 
the  itliore  to  tbe  Colnmbia:  but  after  pnaafiin  Uia 
bar,  a  bead  wind  and  fluving  tide  drove  tbom  hack, 
and  compelled  tbcm  to  land  lat«  at  nlgfal  lu  a  ainall 
coT«,"  «b»TD  tbey  w«ra  aftorwaribi  (ounil  and  kll)«d 
by  the  natlraa.  Pran^ara^  veniuu  vf  Ibe  etury  ia 
muoh  tbe  aaine  with  that  of  Cox.  eieept  that  bo 
givcB  tbe  name  aa  '  Hewity.'  and  in  luiotber  placo  aa 
■NewltU'{<)p,  fit,  p.  180). 


342 


SCIE2rCB. 


[Vok  IX..  No. 


niongli  modentel^  well  abcllArcd.  Ilie  little  bnj 
kt  Kk'VI-II  in  BtAlcd  in  tlio  Voiuouwr  pitol  to  bo  Da- 
■nltnil  tnr  an  anchoiagn  b^  rsMon  nl  Ita  rockv  bol- 
totu.  II  la  nuv«rUi«l««i  t)i«  Drat  pli»c«  nu  lli«  iinnli 
ttaore  in  wtiioh  a  tinuiiiui  wimi]i1  n&tnrkllj^  Hi>>'k  Mr  nu 
uidiongi)  «ii«r  ronndtDB  C*pe  Scott  in  tlic  alMuicL' 
<■(  a  chart,  and  waa,  bcaldm,  adaptod  Ut  tb«  pnipOM 
of  til*  md*ni  aa  huiim  Iha  aila  at  a  laiftB  Tllfaf{*. 
TIm  nieulion  by  Cox  al  a  bar  otm  wlildi  a  *tmug 
tide  runa,  agua  acrem  witli  the  f>cl  of  tLn  rxintenrii 
ol  tba  DotAblc  'Nabwittj  Bar'  of  thn  pliarlH.  of 
which  tlia  writer  bod  aaomAwliat  peri  loin  oipcrinucu 
tm  yaani  ano,  whlU  bara  ar«  nut  tuiiiul  nt  tbo  «u- 
tnmoaa  of  Kootka  ur  Olajuquol  mmwiIb. 

Wlwn  at  Ka-«i-li  in  ISSS,  I  learned  fruin  tlip  tn. 
dlanii  that  Home  iliuulron*  evual  had  linppencd  at 
thiaplacn.  lint  cnnhl  not  Imm  !(■  jnocian  imtilic. 
D>.  Fmiir.  Kona  tafornia  11141  Ihni  hi'  hInii  vhh  iiumIiIk 
to  ^Lpr  iLuy  IhioK  definite  on  the  xnbjet'l  fruiii  t1i(< 
naUtta.     It  u  probable,  faintevcr,  that  tbo   •hL-lliii|{ 


of  Ibie  Tillage  by  a  Kuuboal,  which  oecnrred  abmit 
fortjr  TCMW  aflor  the  Ion  ot  the  ToD<|iiiii.  maj  have 
HBM  Mconu  coufonndad  with  that  rytat,  it  it  rpallj' 
bspp«iw<d  at  thin  plae«. 

TM  point  Ht  vihi<ili  llie  Touquin  ia  anppuMHl  to 
haTB  b««ll  dontrwyed  is  indif  ntcd  by  the  aaterink  on 
Um  Moampa&jinii  phut.  wUvli  ia  baasd  on  Admiralty 
dian  Ko.  M3.  Oboxob  M.  Uavwhc. 

Oaol.  aarr.  Cao..  Harsh  n. 


A  BCBRitlTc  wiad-vaoe. 

"Hie  liqnid  dNnper  anggMlad  by  *  T.  C.  M.'  in 
9elrnef,  No.  317,  ecriainlytiiTiitahM  a  oonpbto  and 
uMiafactory  aotatlonof  thn  whnd-Tana  proluMn.  Tliia 
daric*  la  a  nuatoniary  uietliod  of  cliMiklug  oarilla- 
Uons.  and  iU  applioatioo  to  the  wind-Tanu  wan  miulo 
•bout  (on  yoan  am  by  Hr.  J.  U'.  Oihnme,  who  con- 
■Iriicled  and  nMd  aaeh  an  apparain*  (Am*r.  attoc. 
rquorf,  11178).  Hla  dnflnlllou  ot  wi  iilml  iraii»  aKi««R 
•Btlnly  with  the  V'ludilioua  laid  dowii  by  I'rufMsor 
H^ndenfaali,  audi*  worlhquoting :  "A  perfect  wind- 
taao  ihonld  inttoDtly  rcapood  to  Uioalinitoat  ebnngn 
In  llio  direction  ot  the  wind,  and  ahouUI  mrnaln 
•utlaoarr  «h«ti  it  ha*  ni*tl«  tli«  u«M«Mry  au^pilar 

UOTMIWIlt." 


A  Kingtv.  )iiit  perbapH  not  iinlnipiiriaiit,  i>xc«ptio«i' 
luny  be  Uilieu  to  I'ruieiniar  Uendeubair*  hoIiiIIihi, — 
-  to  luc  a  imaH  and  estr«nicly  1)^  vaue."  LiKbU 
n«M  ia,  of  counw.  a  doaidoratuin  id  oriler  to  to«{iMio 
frlotinn,  hut  l«ii|{tl>  ia  alao  nKinlalto  in  onl«r  to  stv* 
■nfflcient  gyratory  fOToe  for  vary  li^bl  wind*.  Tbo 
ranc  may  lie  eitmnuly  light,  and  yet  mit  nua!!.  Ur. 
OilioniD'n  rnnn,  doUKUed  t»  realiiohiii  defiuitiuu,  »»a 
trrrn  frtt  lotig.  atiil  ui'iKhcil  nnly  three  omxwa. 
UeUhttiieucM  i"  iiiiT<'ii>.".l,  I"",  by  tu<Tn>auitK  *bo 
iiioiuEiit  ot  rotation  :  'J'',  by  diuiiiiikhiiig  (he  (rirtion. 
All  luldltiim  to  the  Icui^b  of  a  tnue.  if  It  in  of  light 
nialcrial  and  uioantcd  uu  (rietJoti<tulloni,  way  add 
mora  to  the  aanHitiif-nxw  hy  lai:r*aainc[  tha  notncnt 
of  rotaUon  thai)  It  nill  Hubtnwt  by  IncrMaliig  (ho 
frirtiou.  O.  &.  Cp«t»». 

WbmIiIukUid.  I).L-..  Apttl  4. 

'Hie  diftlculttca  which  Iuitc  heva  diMciiued  in  tb« 
lii«t  tait  uiitiibcni  of  Srimer  lu  rvfard  ti>  a  aniialliv* 
»iu<l-viuiHiir«  avoided  at  Blue  Hill  olMwrt'aliiry  by 
linviug  the  wind,  vane  nelf-rveordiug. 

The  rem  riling  i«  hy  tin-  Draper  molhod:  x'tr...  O 
rylindiT  Ih  attached  ti<  Ihr  apinillr  ot  the  iiiui',  and  a 
aintii-nury  pi>ii>'il  :>-tir"pt  ilmt  il  id  slowly  iln>|>]>ed 
hy  t'ltii'k-uorkj  reeordi  the  o»ciliBli"iii  of  tli-'  niud 
on  the  cTliuiler,  The  iiitie  i>  Ihlu  metal,  faux  a  di' 
vided  iBll,  ntld  i*  BeDWIivr  to  the  lighteiit  wind.  In 
ordvr  to  deteniiinu  the  .llroclion  of  I  ho  ligltloal  or 
iiioHt  viiiteut  wind,  a  line  in  drawn  tliroaab  tho  een* 
ire  of  tho  oaoillatious  recorded  uu  the  cylinder.  Ilia 
not  unconiiaoD  tor  nciid.clmida  to  drive  by  olmoat 
toitchlng  tha  lop  of  Illxn  nill ;  and,  bv  nuana  of  a 
mliTOT  dnilnail  tnr  iiiea><>iriii|t  cloiid-movRiMiUa, 
their  mutiiiii  can  hv  ilelenuiued  withiu  oiMortwo 
dognva  of  are.  I  have  mails  a  niiinlwr  of  audi 
D)aa>>Tirniiienl«.  nnd  (tud  Ihnl  lliey  eorrvapond  alUMMt 
nxactly  wllh  the  ceiitn'  of  th^'iftiiul-uiicilUtlaM  00 
ib'<  i^yliuder.  delenuiiied  in  degrees  of  are 

Thin  iiieth'irl  ot  reeording  the  via  d. direct  ion  i« 
dimple,  aceiiralr,  and  coally  luanogod,  and  I  do  not 
thiiik  it  would  I'Oiit  >*Ty  much  mora  thnn  the 
iiicihoil  Prof'Mor  Utnduuball  augg^oata  of  fitttuic  up 
the  vane,  Mence  I  hope,  if  iuiprureiiimta  in  wind- 
Tonea  nru  uKeuptod  by  Uie  iiignal  Berrice.  they  will 
turn  their  atleittiou  to  thv  rery  dodtablc  method  of 
continiioiia  rvif'i'tralloii.  H.  Hicui  d-irroN. 

Blue  ItlU  ni«ienr,  olwerv,,  April  >L 


4 
4 


Ph^iology  of  plants. 

I  uolire  thai  tu  a  review  in  Kalwrr  of  tho  36llt  Of 
Angnii.  IHHU  (p.  3NI>.  »f  Dr.  Viti««'ii  ■  [.«ctDr«a  on 
th«  phiwioloK;'  ••(  pluutK,'  it  in  aUled  that  the  view 
that  "  Ihe  oell-wnll  in  produced  bv  the  ai'ttial  cod- 
venion  of  ■  layer  of  iirotoplaom.''  aud  that  "th« 
■laieh  which  i*  fomied  in  nlilorophyll  corpnaclea 
nndnr  the  infliii'uci>  of  hf{ht  i"  alao  the  priHturt  of 
■Ui:h  a  diit»ui,'intii>ii  of  pioUiplnuu."  in  "(hi'  luoat 
Rtrikiug  nuvfilty  uhii-h  will  be  tonud  by  Englinh  rrad. 
era"  in  I>r.  Viiieii'i book.  "  uiul,  though  propciondod 
■ome  yoon,  ago  iu  (lenuaiiy,  hiw  now,  wo  bcll«*e, 
B]>ii»are(l  tor  tlitf  llrHl  iiiii4  iu  an  Eiiglinh  t^xt-lfook." 

in  rvfvreucr  to  this,  will  yuii  kindly  allow  mo  to 
point  out  that  tbo  aliovc  view  Waa  propounded  by 
myiiolt.  aod  will  be  fouuil  fully  ant  forth,  ol'.iutf  wilh 
nn  ciphinaiionot  Ihe  clwuiiii-al  rea^tloun  iuiolitil,  un 
pp,  UlH-siy  uf  my  book.  '  Light  the  duuiiiuint  toroo 
of  Ihe  uuivane'  (Londou.  Saiupiton  Low  ft  Co., 
1883).  W.  SisowtOE. 

Calouna,  F«b,  IB. 


SCIENCE  -S  UPPLEM  ENT. 


FRfDAY.  APRIL  8,  1667. 


EFFECTS  OF  BXPVOSIOSS  UN  THE  BAR.> 

That  ihe  par  mnj  be  fnjuivl  by  Ihr  violpncv  of 
nrrial  jiii|iBct.  or  concuMiTe  force,  propafcnlccl  by 
tlie  «Kploitloii  or  KUDi^urder.  Iiae  liern  known 
ever  olDce  ihe  inlrodui-tion  of  ^xi'lo&iveo  m  mili- 
tary warfare.  OninK,  however,  lollirobwiiritTof 
Uraninatic  Imionii  of  ihn  ilrum  at  llie  par,  or  n[  lis 
dtwpnr  ))nri»,  nn<l  thp  limited  iDHias of  olMerx-ailon 
Ht  the  coiiiinnnd  uf  Ihe  nillitor;  Mirteou  tn  the 
Held,  it  has  been  inure  di(Bi--ill  li>  ttuily  Ibeve  in> 
jiirie*  than  tnoal  other  wrnind*.  Such  wui  my 
own  experience,  at  leant ;  aud  refwtniw  to  the 
literature  of  ihi.-  >ul>j<-(-l  nhowatlint  the  op|iorttml- 
tien  of  writi-nion  militurir  nurKery  were  probably 
no  gn-iitir  in  ihw  reii(ipct.  It  u  a  fact,  nioreo^«-r, 
Ibal  tniin  the  lUfTi^nK  occftfloiieil  by  othtr  and 
mora  pAhifnl  wonndg  )ilini)llnii«<ouHly  reeeiviul,  lo- 
(ether  wllh  the  liewilderait-nt  cauaed  by  iiervuua 
•bock,  aural  injuri(«  are  liable  to  be  entirely  orer* 
looked.  Indeed,  lii  some  of  Ihe  ciisrit  about  to  be 
dncrilieil,  Iherv  were  nrnniin  w<iun<)ii  of  thff  ear, 
of  which  Ihe  wounded  men  IbeniFcke*  haii  been 
uiKoiMcioua  tip  to  tli«  time  of  my  ejiami nation, 
*everalw«eka  after  Ihe  a<x-ideiil.  It  may  beMaleU 
here,  oa  the eootiao'.  tliut  aft^r  artillery  etign^ 
Btcnta  It  ia  not  unuaiial  for  pnrtii^ipaula  to  fancy 
that  deahuw,  due  to  other  <nutrH  wholly,  has 
been  [<rodti<^il  by  the  loud  untindt  of  ^n^nl  gum : 
and,  iiiioe  ihe  war  of  (he  rebellion,  applinuil*  for 
peoBioiia  uol  ioTrequently  pvewnt  tbi>ir  cnm-t  with 
the  atatenient  that  aural  diiabiltly  bun  origliinled 
in  Ibis  luiuiuer. 

Whilo  U«>  writer  n-iw  rtwntly  sepkintt  informa- 
tiOD  from  petwMM  hnvuiR  bad  ■■s]H>ri(-nfe  in  the 
flald  nr  on  chiplionrd,  eaptN-ially  nmong  army  imd 
aaTyofBcem.  an  opporinnity  ([iiite  uiK-xppctcdly 
pnaentcd  Itaelr  to  invwtlKale  IhoToiiitbly  the 
tOeets  of  concuardve  forc«  on  tlie  earaof  a  number 
of  oifQ  in  the  luiilst  of  whom  a  twelve-inch  mur- 
tar.akdl,  wi-i|;hing  live  hundred  and  ei^htj-tive 
poundK,  and  containiof;  a  bunlin!;  chiirKe  of 
tirenly-aet en  ]>oiinilH  of  tifli'-piiwdfr.  wan  aoci- 
d«tlally  exploded.  This  took  plnoe  nt  ibo  U.  S. 
ordnauoe  provin^-Kruund,  Stndy  Hook,  Oct.  31. 
ISW,  at  3.SU  P.M. 

The  tPvw:  ill  tilt.-  eataatroplie,  as  ^luwn  In  fig.  3. 

'  CuDi1aiiw>l  traai  Urn  J/idtniJ  rt<vrd  o(  frb.  IS.  lISTi 
«ia  aiajmituu  r«|.nKliicM  br  parmhalOB  at  Wm.  Wood 


M  Ibe  iMMOf  Ifta  alioU. 
M  lti«  «ld«  ot  lb*  ahBlL 
t  t**l  from  UM  BbalL 
I<   •■        -      "      " 


was  reiwoduced  from  a  photographic  rlevr  taken 
on  tlie  Bpot  by  my  trieiiid  Mr,  Wiilt*^  C.  Tuckcr- 
man.  The  men  wer«  taken  In  about  the  nme 
positions  they  occupied  at  the  timeot  the  accJclpnt. 
The  places  of  Ihiee  of  them  — namely,  lieutenant 
Medcalfe  and  Private  King,  killed,  and  Corpurol 
Uoodiio.  absent  in  hoapital  —  weae  oceii|:ie<l  by 
other  persons. 

The  itiaRram  of  lh«  tiri-lre-in«h  mortar,  gun- 
eoirinKC,  and  ])1ntrorm  {fig.  !>,  wIutpt  tbp  Hring 
WM  taJdnit  phm,  waa  kliully  de«iisnnl  by  Captain 
Whipple.  Th«  faelnite  of  tli«  in«n  are  dealifnalod  by 
arrow*,  and  ibe  illrection  and  force  of  tli*  wind  at 
the  tlm«  are  nleo  Mhown.  TbQdManc«of  tlie  men 
from  Ihe  nbell  which  exploded  waa  aa  given  be- 
low :  — 

/L  SeracBDt  AliMIl,  poiltlOD  9  l*M  Ckod  Uio  NmU. 

»    ITlTMe  Klas, 

a  LlBuieuuit  »fi4oitJlv," 

IK  Uarponl  Clark. 

K.  forjun-Bl  (looduo.      " 

F^  IVIvfiUiC'uuiilitgtbun,** 

a.  tTlmio  l*ruiL*r.         " 

It.  Mr.  MiirUIr,  •' 

L  t*rlval(  llurua,  " 

J.  <^OTpDr«l  laffTftni,        " 

BergeaDt  Abbott  wiik  blown  Im  f«rt  from  bia 
poaitioD ;  Private  King  (who  wsa  cloainR  tbo 
screw  pliijc  in  tlie  base  of  thv  rii«lt  with  a  drift 
and  hammer,  and  Ihua  exploded  It)  waa  iDstaoUy 
killed,  and  his  body  wan  blown  lUty-tlTe  feet 
awny  :  Lieutenant  MMlcalfe.  who  waaatandlng  by 
the  Kiile  of  tlie  abell.  waa  blown  twenty-two  feet, 
and  cli«d  in  thirty  minut«a ;  Private  Clark  waa 
blown  fifteen  fmU  The  ollitrr  aix  men  kept  their 
fec't  during  tlio  exploaioD.  Ki^bt  men  thua  •»• 
cajwd  with  tbetr  litni.  but  all  of  them  were  more 
or  lem  injured  tir  the  ooncuinion.  nod  romo  of 
tliem  received  eoDlUaed  wound*  or  vntv  Iniracd 
by  Ihe  bloat. 

Ak  iiii^'ht  have  been  ex|)ected,  the  immediate 
eiTecl  <>r  the  severe  conona^lou  caused  by  the  blMt 
of  the  exptoaion  juat  deaoibed  waa  dumfouodiog 
III  the  oxireme,  m  tu  aa  most  of  the  persona  in 
the  immediate  Ticdnily  were  runeerried.  Tlic 
inetilAl  contusion  wbicb  enaun]  in  winic  of  Uio 
caaes  tasted  a  lon^  time,  and  In  one  initanra.  that 
of  Corporal  Clark,  it  Is  doubtful  if  oomplrto  re- 
ooverj'  ever  lakea  place. 

In  some  of  the  cases  the  aheence  of  promfiMnt 
aymptomn  of  injury  uf  the  rar.  such  as  pain  in  lb* 
orKan.tinnitUN.  deurue«i.or  diecliarge.  was  nolIc«- 
abta.  Soldiers  an.  however,  At  u  rule,  aocustconed 
to  endure  hardship  without  oompbint,  and,  in 


nil.  I. 


^ 


wftn>  niiid«  thHl  »onie  of  th«M  petsooH  n'ould  nd-      iiuditnrj  taiial.     lu  hodiv  inatancM,  as,  for  "XHBi- 

lait  that  tlw;  had  sufr4>r«il  ati.r  injury  of  thr  far.        pies  in  UiecuMuf  Abbott, CInrk.Goodno.  lognun, 

The  orient  of  ihe  injury  of  ihi-  ilruin  of  iho  «ir      And  Sin<;latr,  Ilia  drum-htails  were  dr^Tan  in  writh 


iit>on  Ihe  IninsmllliH^r  iiiM'baiiism  of  IIk-  rar,  may 
1«  ospeji('iir«il  widtuul  twriuiu  injurj  lo  the 
ntajieii  or  lab.viiD'h. 

[  huT<>«-Dclfavurvd  to  obtain  lomp  rpllnhlvsta- 
IJatiLit  in  ifRnnl  tn  ihc:  ltti\\ti^vcy  of  injurln  lo 
Ihp  ur^nn  of  hen hoK  during  the  lat«i  war  of  (lie 
rolicJIi'tn,  bill  wltlioDt  xatl&faclor.v  rpaiilu :  thus, 
the  niinil-rr  rvprMfwl  by  tbi'  itnuUH-lttkiTE  in  IB80, 
n»  fiirnishoJ  me  liy  Mt.  Fnil.  A.  Winn  of  Ib^ 
c^iMus  bnreau,  ira«  on\j  (iftom  from  nil  nuwK. 
Tbeae  are  gi»Mi  bt^Iow.  The  men^rraees  of  foctn 
obtained  in  tlii;  uiimner  iliii^lntns  the  ineffldrnc^ 
of  Bach  s  inetlKHl  (or  i-ollecling  vnlunhl^i  infor* 
matkm-  A  single  shell-ex  pi  no  jon  hus,  in  niony 
inataDcni.  ilonbtleeslf  injared  m  great  a  ouiuber. 


The  iienaiaO' office,  iloubtlew,  niltibt  fiimiiib 
man  rrlinble  ttntiativa  were  Ibe  iJleiMlltief  for 
which  pcnnionn  iwrc  gnmli-U  lubuliiteil  ;  Imt  («n- 
tcmiu  hsi",  nc  1  iini  infornied  bj-  Jlrrilii-al  Eimuiiier 
Wooil,  oinitti'il  to  m.ike  nny  iipprii|irialiini  fur  such 
work.  It  Istolx'  TTRi-fll^  that  more  atteolion 
haa  not  been  givfn  lo  thin  matter,  siocr  there 
muttt  Iw  a  larice  wumlier  of  personii  who  hnv*  tvl- 
fered  injury  lo  tlie  eare  from  the  concuwdon  of 
ext'liMivrs,  whri  an>  us  much  entitled  lo  b«  pen* 
Rioneil  hj  the  gcivrmment  from  thia  cause  M  from 
Other*  vbich  hnjiprn  to  hit  more  eusilv  iJisKnowd. 

I  have  nblninorl  come  fai:lH.  m  conventlng  with 
ofltcera  who  iterml  <l<iring  Ibe  war  of  the  rebel- 
lion,  which  may    be  of    int«<rest.     Commnmler 


346 


8CTE2TCE. 


[Vol.  DC.,  No.  SIB 


RobmoR,  nt  Uie  nnvnl  nttni-k  no  Fort  FUhw.  (oiinii 
tbKt  the  continUMl  eiploeion  of  flri«en-inch  elietl 
«t  close  quarters  ^ce  rise  to  v«ry  tlisaffTeeable 
ringiniE  in  the  ears,  wlik-li  fiually  l>(:itumtHril  ibe 
bPaiJnic  wiuw  (K>  mui-'li  tlint  \iv  l'ouU  not  hi^r  an 
order  (ifven  on  det-k  for  M»vfr«t  ilayn  :  tlip  ilituibil- 
tty.  Iion-enT.  wua  bill  triDtoMiiry. 

I  HID  in  rwK^ipt  of  ci  cotnmuutcntiaD  from  Hn]- 
ical  DiriM-tor  Ilmrv  O.  Mbj'o  (rirlirrd).  U.S.N., 
givinj!  liJH  «wn  (•xpcricncc  iw  to  tlic  pBecl  om  titp 
cnr  of  ihe  cuDciisdon  of  fmaX  guns,  whtcb  Is  ot 
tntich  inlerMt,  since  it  sliows  tbe  effect  at  n.')>euiej 
injuries.  lie  buih,  *■  I  (Inl  fi-lt  tlie  i^lTrcin  uf  ciin- 
cushion  from  big  i;unH  (lie  numnK-r  i>(  1S6I,  od 
bottrd  the  frigntr  Savnnnnh.  whiln  «n£iig«l  in  n 
MriiniDiiK<!  with  Rouo  rebel Kunbontsnt tbe tnniilh 
of  tbe  Jnnim  River.  As  thrnffaJr  proiiilseil  lo  lie 
of  n  l>loo>llcs8  character,  from  tlie  reApectful  diB- 
toaoe  kept  by  the  enemy,  I  tealed  mytieir  in  Ibi! 
bfidle-porl,  on  the  jpin  dei'k.  to  wu'ob  tin-  pixfor- 
mances.  My  licttriiig  «r«H  (|uit«  imtuiirccl  for  n 
da7  or  ivro.  but  in  n  kIiotI  time  Che  effccta  of  con' 
euaaiun  putuH>d  oR  rntirc^ly. 

"Just  ut  tbe  clow  of  1804,  I  was  altschetl  lo 
Uie  U.  S.  utmrnsliip  Powhallan,  of  Admiral  Pot- 
trr'ii  t,vft,  nnd  wns  engaged  Hvv  dByH(l)iri.-e  ut  one 
titii<-  nnd  two  at  another}  In  tbe  boinbtirdnii-nt  of 
Fort  Fisher  and  Ibe  other  butttrirn  at  thi-T-ntrnnoe 
to  WIlniliiKtun.  Iluvinfi  occaiiou  to  ko  ou  deck 
at  tiiti«<  during  the  action,  I  could  only  do  an  by 
the  cabin  companinn-nray,  which  was  but  a  few 
feet  from  the  ripvcn-inch  pivot  %»n.  This  chanced 
to  bp  dUrlinrited  two  or  three  times,  juM  namy 
bend  wnn  about  on  a  level  with  It,  going  up  cr 
down  the  hatoh,  and  the  coocuasion  wii»  liymen- 
doBs.  Once  I  thought  the  gun  bad  Inirsl.  and 
talcMi  my  lirnd  along  with  it.  Upon  reacbing 
bonw,  n  mcintli  or  two  afterward,  1  fouud  ibv 
hearing  of  Ui«  Ml  cnr  ranch  ini|mlred,  but  tin- 
riubl  Ktill  nrrv^  me  »o  well  thai  1  whs  enabled  lo 
continue  my  ordinnry  duties  on  the  nctive  list, 

"In  Itietiarly  part  of  IK70  I  wral  lo  China  as 
B«r«""Tnof  Che  Asiatic  (Icel.  During  this  ctuimi 
1  was  expoied  f,>r  one  vnltrc  day  to  the  concusston 
of  big  KOiia  enpiged  at  targct-flrinfc  on  board  the 
tUgobiii  Colorado.  This  giivc  the  roup  rfejrroterlo 
Ibe  broring  of  the  left  ear.  and  still  furlbcr  im- 
paired thnt  of  the  right,  lu  18T5  I  waa  rvtired  on 
account  at  deafneM^" 

Dr.  Mayu  is  of  Ibe  belief  that  the  cause  of  the 
defeciiveww  tin  in  the  Uan<mitlinK  mechauinoi 
of  the  middle  ear,  and  not  In  tbe  inner  ear.  or 
auditory  nene-tract.  The  Busiachitui  tulic  of  the 
left  {wont)  ear  lias  always  nevmol  iiKnnrmnlly 
pervlotis,  while  Hie  right  wan  couHiderAlily  ob- 
structed. He  cannot  hear  the  loiidest-ltckiog 
wateh  ptoatod  against  the  left  ear,  and  only  faintly 


iti  the  right.  He  (uin  converse  pretty  well  with 
miT  iKtTfon,  nt  clone  mnge,  whospeoks  slowly  imwI 
di'tinclly, 

In  leeneral,  it  niny  be  Mid  Hint  tb<?  •iNicuselOD 
of  KTeat  KiiiiB  is  iiiucb  lew  In  tlif  rcrir  of  the  piece 
tlinii  juBt  over  it  or  at  one  side,  and  ihnt  tbe  n»o« 
inailvnnr<>,  llie  t;ninlrr  the  ex|>0'ure  In  the  blast. 
On  iihi|)lioanl  a  gun's  crew  is  Uftuallj  Mationfd 
from  four  to  eiglil  foft  to  the  nur  of  tbe  ninzalo, 
and.  when  protected  liy  bulwarks  luid  deck*.  BJt- 
lierience  no  special  Inconvenience  :  but.  if  tbe  ear 
Impfiens  to  hv  on  the  same  jilnnc  ns  ilu^  face  of  the 
muxele.  the  HIeft  at  a  diclarice  if  n  few  Ti-ot  i»  Jis- 
agr(<cablo,  or  even  jmiuful.  and  cnn»r«  lempontry 
denrnew. 

The  force  of  iinpoct  upon  the  diitm-bead  will 
deiieiid  sornewhnt  on  the  site  and  curvature  of  Ux 
exiernni  audllory  eanol  nnd  the  rieidity  of  (ta 
carlilagiuous  walls :  of  couroe.  the  more  ntraiglit 
nnil  Inrgt!  tbe  i>a?SHKe,  the  Kreater  Ihe  injury. 

The  xizc  and  tenaile  titreniitli  of  tbe  dnim-head 
must  tw  tnhpn  into  account :  if  large  and  brittle, 
from  trophic  chnngi-,  it  is  luoch  more  easily 
ruptured. 

Tbe  fusing  of  tbe  person  exposed  must  altio  ht 
conndervd  ;  usually  tbe  enr  directed  toward  lb* 
object  from  wbicb  the  ci.incuMlve  fon«  I*  projw* 
gated  ■niTcrs  ai«eit ;  but  iu  the  case  of  IngrBDi  It 
was  otherwise,  the  sound-wa<es  baviog  been  fv- 
l)ect«(l. 

Tb«  Immedlsto  effect  of  Ihe  binxt-iropaot  in  tbe 
oaiM^  injured  l>y  tbe  shell-esploiiion  at  Snrtdy 
Hook  was  undoulitedly  upon  ihe  exterior  mrfnce 
of  tlio  druin-bcatl  mainly.  While  It  is  true  that 
ntnionpherio  teuiiion  Is  almost  e<|ua)  on  both  stdea 
of  the  drum  hend,  yet  u  current  of  air  {uiasea 
much  faster  nlone  the  cum  imni lively  litrge  tuba 
eomprhlnx  the  extcnml  uudilory  canul  tbun  along 
up  the  smHll  Eustachian  tulm  :  nnd  liennr,  in  moat 
of  these  cuBCH.  the  driim-liend  wnn  driven  in  with 
great  force,  and  eoiitused  agslnsi  tb<'  inner  wall 
of  the  tympnuuni  und  tliv  relainerl  air.  The  effect 
of  such  viob-nt  concuBsiun  is  to  cause  the  deatli  of 
tbe  ni enthrone. 

The  momentum  nf  sound-wuve*  may  ordiniirtly 
lie  tatimuted  by  the  application  of  the  law  of  cen- 
tral forces,  the  force  being  inverBcly  lo  tite  iqgare 
of  the  distance.  The  effecta,  praclicatly,  of  sock 
inteii»e  concumive  force,  however,  osnnol  be 
measured  by  nitre  governing  sound  ordinarily, 
since  it  baa  lieen  found  by  experience,  that,  in- 
stead of  rtndlug  blm^C'lf  surr[iuu<W  neor  tbe 
breech  of  the  gun  by  liichly  rariHeil  air,  the  es- 
pertnicnter  uiay  be  subjecTed  to  quite  an  oppn«li« 
condition  :  namely.  r>ue  of  condensation.  In  tbe 
fornipr,  in  tni-tym panic  uir  would  rush  outwardtj, 
carrying  the  drum-bead  before  it.    In'oon8ra»> 


Ann,  8,  1887-1 


SCIENCE. 


347 


tion  of  tills  atlugalioD,  the  paxxling  «spcrienoe  ro- 
Inled  W  me  bvC.ipiain  Shiiler  rmj-  bixijtrd  ;  "TIw! 
witidon'-gbun  i)f  ihr  olJioiT*'  qiinrtrn".  at  the  tert- 
lii«>gTOuniU  nt  Snndv  Rook,  oltiiHlMl  vmne  tliree 
to  fi»<!  hundrod  fwl  lo  the  wcwtward  of  tlie  gun 
park  nlioern  in  lfai<  picture,  are  liatil«  to  be  ahat* 
U'lW  bj  ili«  roncuiititon  of  lurve  pieces  in  pravliee. 
uid  it  haa  Ijeeu  founil  that  tlie  glum  in  forced  oul- 
wnrd  at  one  time,  and  inward  nt  iinotlwr."  R(*- 
Kording  llip  driitii-hc9>]a  a*  irindnw-Kl.iiiu  under 
like  ctwditioni.  wo  miuht  finil  tlieni  rtipiiiied  tiy 
campmMon  from  u'ithoul  In  oiil-  iiiHUiiice.  andliy 
distention  »f  intrii-ty  inpanic  air  in  auotlitrr. 

Ail  (if  u«  iire  awun?  of  tbi- diflic-ull.v  of  lucvr- 
mining  the  auuroe  vf  wiund  in  n  nea-fog.  whrre 
VA|>r>r-IiruHii(>D  vuriis  in  a  mufh  grrnler  degree 
Umn  inland.  I'mfev^or  ilFnrj- dtvcriljed  tliL-  re- 
flectiunn  of  sound  which  here  take  pbice  hb 
'aoouMtic  riiailon*,' — a  picturesque  eoiDixiriBon, 
racngnixnble  by  *rerj'  one  familiar  wiih  thiwe 
■Jmilnr  pbenomena,  namely,  the  ntt-crliernlor}'  de- 
tonaUoiie  t4  thunder  during  a  storm,  where  clouda 
or  inouDlain-|)F«kH  intenrne.  It  ie  lo  ihe  uu- 
rvcogaiEublu  -raiioriienkii'lhut  nuiTi.v  uuexpluined 
and  (luzzJing  aroualic  manirotlatiurui  are  due.  In 
the  case  of  Corpotnl  Ingram,  cited,  thp  maw  from 
tbe  biMt  did  nul  nearly  mi  mui-li  iilTcct  the  riuht 
rttt.  which  «aa  turned  (owiird  tlip  sbHl,  hi  the 
left  one.  the  sound  having  lieeu  appun-ntljr  de- 
llecCed  from  its  course  by  the  heavy  gun-oarringn 
idlort-minK. 

Expprinienls  are  wnnling  to  dotirniine  Ihe 
wimloge  '  of  halla.  This  roust  dc|>rnd  on  Uwir 
r\xe  and  velocity,  neamcBS  of  |>iiiHage,  and  tlie 
force  and  direction  of  Ihv  wind.  There  teems  to 
be  no  doubt  but  that  the  windage  of  a  i.'aauon- 
ball  might  niplure  thr  dnini-bead  of  iht-  ear.  Tho 
cORipremion  of  tlie  sir  before  and  aruitad  tlicl'all, 
I  am  inforniiHl  by  my  frlvnd  Pn>f.  A.  M.  May^. 
iKcoiKtderable:  and  tlieiWuri'fjrof  (hccompretoion 
Is  equal  to  chut  of  the  ball,  which  velocity  may 
even  exceed  that  of  wind  iim-lf,  ^o  an  atrial 
Nov  of  utich  n  mn»i"  of  air.  at  eoch  higli  vehicity, 
in  ptntKihty  ijuile  Millicieiit  lo  rupluru  tlie  drum- 
brad. 

The  size  and  force  of  mudpni  military  explosives 
baring  been  grenlly  inc^ea«^l  of  tale  ycnm.  much 
more  injury  lo  tlie  Mir  Ik  likely  to  occur  in  future 
Iban  ban  ber-n  ri^onlcd  of  the  jiaai,  though  the 
nunibci  nt  nccitWnts  from  premature  diarhargp,  or 
from  ex)KMtiie  to  the  blaat  in  flrlng  brvecfa -loading 

•  ■  Wlo^ai*'.  It  iliould  ^ll  aald.  I>  a  tKhiil,;*)  t«Tm  luM 
In  nSttatjr  purlwir*  to  luiltntA  Dip  ailTcrsace  In  dtMnoMr 
bvtmeu  Ui«  \on  Ol  a  run  and  IM  i>rDj«rUlct.  1'ba  »o  d  bM 
Moil.  IH<rhH[Mlmpn>p«r]r,  wloptnil  >irwrIlon>  ou  mllltarr 
■  iirsrry.  In  wUL-n  neniiD  II  rofan  u,  Utn  lni|<iirt  of  (bv  COd- 
OtbiiAd  kir  varrouDdlus  k  mlitBilo  (iMitlQir  uov  wif  |kan 
ul  Ibo  bodi. 


piccM.  matt  be  leet  titan  when  ninn1»-loaden 
were  in  vogue. 

It  i»  ill"  cxprricncr  iif  many  ofHcer*  ibat  llic 
vibration*  of  gn^at  intensity  which  art  given  oH 
from  some  field-pieoea  and  bursting  iibL-llH,  charged 
wllh  high  explosives,  are  oiotw  dlRagn-eablelhan 
the  heavier  aounda  of  great  guns.  Tlie  metal 
itM'lf  vilimteaunder  these  clicumstanceA  similarly 
10  a  timing-fiirk. 

A  verj-  dioagrceabU-  jar  is  im|HUlcd  to  the  tem- 
poro- maxillary  arllculatlnn  when  (he  individuHl 
is  ne»r  a  great  guu  being  ftred  alT.  Thin  i*  loi- 
lened,  it  in  believed,  by  Htaiuling  on  the  tor*  aod 
leaning  forward.  Saatc  simple  pre^uUoD.  to  lie 
4-mploye<I  by  olBcetn  and  n»un  during  artillery 
prnclice.  would  Htna  very  much  needed,  since 
aural  shwk  ia  not  only  pnlitfuland  di>lr(wiug,  but 
orders  cannot  be  well  heard  while  tho  confuBiun 
lasts. 

Them  in  probably  no  better  protection  than  a 
Qrm  wad  of  cotton-wool  wetl  advanced  into  tb4 
exiemnl  auditory  canal.  In  NUggeKling  thin  pro- 
tection. It  l»  lielieved  that  bam  can  lelduin  take 
|iluce  from  |in«Bure  of  air  from  within,  Nince  it  U 
known  that  the  violent  Introduction  of  air  into  Ihe 
It nipanuiii  fmm  the  throat,  by  means  of  Politajr'a 
mclbud  i)[  intlalion.  nrldoin  rupturee  the  drum* 
l>end  ;  though,  if  Mich  a  volume  uf  air  were  sud- 
dtruly  driieti  into  tbe  external  audiioiy  <:anal,  tlie 
druui-hcud  would  to  nearly  all  caM«  lje  ruptured. 

The  writer,  in  &oi*liinK  tliisaecountof  the  aural 
injuri(«  done  by  thn  expluoiin,  would  n-quesl  Ihal 
other  ohaervora  having  expmence in  this  direction 
kindly  conimDnicale  with  liim.  Any  knowledge 
that  may  thus  be  contributed  would  hoof  avriioe 
to  military  suigeona,  otologists,  and  otbrn. 

Sakdbl  Skxtox,  M.D. 


myjiVG  iyousTHjes  aso  miserm.  rk- 

SOUHCfS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TVnIll  ivnnu  of  IKe  Vnllol  61ntm  Vid.  it.:  Ro|wr(  un  Uia 
luluiuc  iudUBlTlM  ur  the  t'ullod  Suiea  soxduiln  of  W« 
pro-liiiiK in?uilB>.  Iiy  lurntii.  l*variiu.y.  Wwalaciou, 
Oovuruioeiit.    J*. 

Thi»  ri'port  tnipplcmnntN  tbcBc  previously  iaaued 
on  ihc  prrcu'iiH  mcialti,  and  on  |>etToleura,  roke, 
and  hui1diiiK-iMalerinl» :  and  i\it*e  volume*  to> 
gelher  conatitute  a  very  com|)1rle  account  of  thn 
mining  and  quarrying  iiidustriea  of  the  country 
for  the  crnKua-year. 

The  appenrnnce  of  thifi  volume,  nearly  two- 
tltlrda  of  a  decade  after  tho  clo«o  of  tbe  cetuua- 
year,  is  ueiilier  timely,  nor  creditable  to  thoae  re- 
epiinsible  for  Ihe  delaj  ;  for  the  practical  Iniereat 
and  usefulness  of  warki  of  this  cIbbb,  eicepi,  peT- 
bape,  for  atiidents  of  econotnics,  diminitJi  lapldly 


348 


fiCTENCE. 


{VOL.  IX.,  No,  «8 


with  the  I«p8^  of  time.  Fortunalelj'.  hnwcver. 
tbia  Tnliitne  also  (KmitBcfi  fi-atunw  of  atciiv  \ier- 
roftnmit  valnv  thiu  ini-re  stnlislirs,  lo  the  ntuHrnts 
of  Am^rkun  mining  nnd  gpniogy.  This  it  nupp- 
cfaiUy  true  of  thi-  rx|pn<!e<t  itt^clioa  on  t)i«  iron 
ores,  which  aprtniiily  is  a  boon  Co  erpry  M«<lpiit 
anil  Inichor  of  pconontic  gpologv.  The  Irmitinwil, 
iMrth  wInMsticolly  and  KeologicHllT,  n  wHl-nipli 
4-xhni»tlve.  The  groloRi^t  will  RnA  hero  n  pro- 
fuiton  of  vanytt,  nrt-iiotii>,  nnil  dSnKrani",  nhowtnj; 
In  oJI  il^mMp 'Ic^il  thoeoo;.'rTiphiQaliindKF«Io£i- 
cal  distrlLuijon  of  all  the  prindpa)  tarietira  of 
Iran  on  minrd  in  tkifl  ciiuntrT;  with  no  accouDt 
of  the  extent,  gtruL-tiiml  chnnwitetidiw.  and 
obeniioal  i-nnipr«kt[on  of  civry  ini|Kirtiint  dcpo»it. 
Md,  in  tncwt  cmp»,  of  rvflry  loiportant  mini-.  TIki 
geological  o)at«rinl,  where  not  original,  ia  eolleetcd 
from  wMely  iH%tlerod  and  comparatively  luaceei«- 
pible  eoun-M ;  ■»  thai,  even  if  rcgnrdird  mwely  na 
a  cooipilation,  Ihls  tivniiit-  on  thf  notircm  of  our 
nioet  vnliinhie  tnebil  raiiln.  as  a  contrihiiiion  t<) 
the  popular  knou-k^ge,  with  tJie  most  Itnporinnt 
monoKraphH  of  the  nntlonul  Hurv«y.  Of  the  stn- 
tiatin  of  the  prodiictlou  of  iron  on?  in  the  wnBiia- 
year.  ft  in  nuffldent  [o  tny.  ihnt,  libn  the  >lati?liL-s 
of  the  Imth  coDsua  ft^nerallj ,  Ihey  are  very  full, 
and  nro  pre«ent<il  In  eiery  inieticHitini;  and  in- 
Rtructf  ve  anpcvi. 

The  Hction  on  the  iron  ore*,  is  followed  by  that 
Oil  (he  oonlii  :  and  IM»  part  of  the  repiirl  is,  for 
Ow  m»t«7i  Uiilled  Slates,  very  eumninry.  and 
chiefly  etattatleal  1  the  etatiHiits  beinK  Itlnstraled. 
however,  by  a  norif*  of  map),  shoninjc  tin-  iteneial 
duitrihulion  of  tlin  (xml- measures,  and  the  proiluo. 
tion  by  (Niuntim.  In  hin  uieugre  description  of 
thi»  ronl-Helds  of  the  eat^tirm  Unitwl  Stni™,  Pro- 
fewor  PuDipclly  ban  cvidpiitly  Idi-n  inttiirnred  by 
the  fart  that  very  untiBtnplory  an'ounte  of  mmtof 
Ibetn  are  now  accenihli  to  the  public  lii  rarloiis 
gODtTKl  wnrka  and  urate  re|iort8,  and  i«|>eciaUy  In 
th«  rvfiort  of  ih^  second  Keolu^ical  ourvey  of 
PeniuylTanta. 

But  any  deficii-ncy  ht-re  u  fully  cnmpeniiatpd  in 
the  irery  full  reixirt  on  the  crotanuiUB  cnalu  and 
lignitsiaf  tlio  north-wcol.  (Specially  on  (he  line 
of  tho  Norihem  PaclHc  railroail,  iu  Montana  and 
WashlnKlon  Territory. 

In  Hhoit,  ProfiMior  Prnnju-lly  hns  made  this  rol- 
ume  a  mrdiiim  for  the  publication  of  roino  of  th« 
Twulta  «t  the  noitli^TD  transcontinental  survey. 
Parried  on  for  two  yeurti  (1881-^  under  hts 
chafi^e.  It  iaa  sub^'iuiliHl  mid  timely  contribution 
to  our  koowkdf-e  of  tin-  gt^olocy  iind  r«iuurL-e» 
of  tbr  aioct  iniptrrfiftly  known  ncclion  of  the 
country.  The  report  !■  protuvelj  illiiiitnitpd  by 
1>eau(ifully  drawn  maps  and  seollone. 

T}ie  lenialuder  of  th«  volume  ia  devoted  mainly 


to  the  usual  elatifltics  of  the  pmdurtion  of  tbe 
base  melaln.  —  eop|«-r,  tea<l,  :(!nc.  ^  ind  i>f  tbe 
minor  econoroir  minrmlti.  snob  as  mica,  anhmtua, 
aiqihaltuni.luirytc*,  chromic in>n,  emery,  KrapbitP, 
kaolin,  etc.;  but  It  conclndeii  with  an  extended 
and  well-arranged  dlreelory  of  tbe  mines  and 
nx-tallurj^'ical  nlnblishiU'-uls  east  'if  the  lOMb 
meridiiin,  nnd  nf  the  niin(-!i  of  Mtuiritnoui  coiit 
and  lignite  in  the  enslem  sinter  and  t<-rrUork». 

Jfinrral  nwun-'m  »/  thr  Untfril  Slain,  !»$.    Ht  Dtrni  T. 

Tills  is  the  third  of  the  series  of  annual  oclftfo 
TuIUDiea  on  the  derelopmpnt  and  production  of 
the  rainm  of  the  eoiinlry,  puhli'hed  by  tbe  U.  8. 
iceoloiiiral  wirvey  :  and  aioce  tl  rt-pre^enln  the 
condition  of  the  mining  indiirtrkB  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  decade.  It  HUpplrmcnta  in  an  important 
way  the  censuft  volumm  alrciwly  n?f«Twl  to, 
bringing  the  ntalistiral  portions  of  thrw,  cape- 
dally,  nearly  np  to  dote.  Thi?^  annunl  roluniea 
cover  the  entire  range  of  eronouiic  jjeolngy,  jn- 
cluditi);  builJIuE-maleriBlc  and  fertiliwre,  ai»d, 
beHideN  the  niatlalic*  of  production,  are  replete 
with  drscripliona  of  new  developnienln.  and  notes 
on  the  condition  of  ollied  indu»tne>i,  and  on  pro 
cewte*  for  utilining  miiterinb  which  ha*c  no  valu« 
at  present. 

SOUS  AGRICVLTUItAt.  RBPORTS. 

Krporl  Iff  IIU  vititmirurvl  tmrk  dnrlnff  Iht  ■hhok*  Vf* 
and  IBFn.  irnli.  ('«1.  •x<lt.  luErti.-.  n\n..  ISM.  Appnadla 
Nn.  n.)  B)r  gitalin  W.  Iliiii,tii|i,    MNiTiunniito,  Msto.    B*. 

Titts  reiwirt  recorvls  the  continuation  and  ex- 
Icnmoii  of  Prof™*or  Hilg:ird'9  well-known  viU- 
eultural  work  of  former  yeara,  which  ha*  done  to 
much  towards  developing  the  wine  industry  i>f 
Calllnmio.  and  plncitig  it  upon  a  rational  hnaia. 
Tlie  Rcnernl  iico|>e  and  purpofe  of  thi«  work,  •• 
dellnot  by  Profe^aor  HUgard.  ia  In  aid  tn  "the 
cHlahli-liment  of  more  definite  (|Ualilles  and 
hrnnds,  resulting  from  a  definite  knowledge  of  tbe 
qunlilieii  of  each  of  the  (iroiriineut  grains  varietlM, 
and  of  their  influence  upon  the  kind  aad  quality 
of  the  wine  in  blendina;." 

With  this  end  in  view,  work  ban  born  ilone 
obieHy  In  three  directions,  —first,  as  a  means  of 
nctifylng  nomenclature  and  aiding  In  Identify- 
ing vurieti«a,  a  standard  vine  collection  b  being 
formed  ;  Becond,  a  ennnidejabU-  muutierof  aampilee 
of  grapfS  have  been  made  Into  wini.-  on  a  srnall 
aeale  at  tbe  viiitultural  lalicr.itory,  and  the  courae 
of  tbe  fennentnliouB  uiid  aging  of  the  wine  and 
the  <|ualitj  of  the  pixHluct  have  been  followed; 
third,  reprteentnti**- sample*  of  wine  from  differ- 
ent liM-alitle^.  and  different  Tarleties  of  ffra]»«. 
hn%ti  been  aonlyzwl.  Some  (luiupuraiiie  eapefi- 
menta  upon  different  methods  of  ferraontAlioo 


I 


AFBn.8,  U»T.] 


8CI1CKVE. 


349 


hftv«  also  b«en  made,  and  a  consldctmbli-  amount 
of  work  upon  vin^ilSceaaea  ia  report^i. 

AtHHiot  npott  of  tKr  ConnrHiiT'ii  aQncfltMml  mptrime^l- 
itallon.  far  \aen.    Now  naiou.  Siawp.    S'. 

Like  most  o(  Ihi-  wcperioient  -  (.tatlons  of  Uio 
enst^rn  stat«9,  thi-  Ccinncclicut  nlatiou  is  laiuply 
occupied  n-ilti  th«<  nnRljnrin  of  ctimiiicrciol  fcrli- 
liEere ;  ahoat  cme-hnll  of  tlip  i>pooe  in  the  report 
for  1886  tteiiiK  occupied  with  the  nsult^  of  tliU 
work,  wliile  a  couaiderable  portion  or  ttut  rfniain- 
der  is  tak«-n  up  witli  the  aoalysm  ut  fociiintt-stuHa 
aent  to  the  staliiio  (or  eutiiiliinllon,  and  ollur 
tuallor  cDiiiicicted  LhrrvwiUi. 

Numerous  anql.vM^H  nt  luilk  and  of  butter  ond 
butlvr  Huhelitut««  haie  brcn  laiul*.  ilio  laller  for 
tbi'  ataU!  dalrjr  commtMioDor,  nnrl  a1«u  a  Tew  aab 
analjUH  of  feodSni(;-stuffa. 

Th«  moHt  Doti-nortliy  portions  or  Uio  rvport  are 
the  [«per«  "poo  '  Tlit*  ai;rii-utniial  vnliic  o(  lioni- 
duHt  and  ot  )io»r  nnd  horn,'  aiul  upon  ■  Mntliod* 
of  niectianioal  "ull  minlj'KUi.' 

In  the  lornicr  the  method  at  pot  vxperlments 
with  r»ftiliMn>.  worked  ool  with  ereat  oare  and 
labor  b}-  Wnftnrr.  waa  appliHl,  for  tlic  (inil  time 
ill  this  counirj,  ao  far  at  ihe  irtitnr  ia  awnr«,  to 
tlie  KilulioB  ol  an  iniportuut  pr^tjrnl  <)Uc*linn.  It 
le  tobu  hoped  tliHtfurtlii'^  i'X|H.-Tmienl4i  of  this  Hcrt 
by  tliin  mill  irtlirr  Matinn*  niiiy  supplement  tlicir 
work  on  the  nniilyxis  &a<\  (-uinnii-rctial  valuation  of 
fcrliliwiB. 

Tin'  pu|ier  upon  ■  Mulhudd  of  mechaniml  «»l 
aiuiU*i*'  (.■iitoliiere'iulUof  tenlsof  anew  method, 
atyled  ■  b«i«ker  trlnlrfatii-n,"  by  which  a  »o(l  may 
rcndilf  he  tw^parnted  Itilo  mlimirntB  of  ua.v  desired 
aneoMB  in  a  vt^  idniple  and  cxjiulitiuiiH  uiuunrr, 
and  triUiout  thi*  use  of  expcraiiv<»  apimiutua. 
Should  llie  method  pruvi-.  ui>un  furtlirr  trini,  to 
Jie  aa  accurat«  as  l1i?*e  trUilH  iiidicato,  it  wiU  b<>  n 
rer J  BUbHlniiliat  a<l<Iilion  U>  our  ineatia  of  stiidj  liiR 
the  phyMiTil  pro|)erll«*  of  »oil«  and  tlieir  relations 

I  to  fertility. 
UtTiiiion  should  perhaiw  be  abo  made  of  the 
•mnte*  upon  Biinljtical  metluHl*.  wliii.-h  toutafo 
Bach  of  interest  to  the  thrniinl.  The  n-pcrt,  an 
in  pMvioUB  yearn.  sbowB  Ihit  tlir  work  undi-r- 
uhen  baa  be*n  ini«t  thoroiiKhly  and  coiim-ii-o- 
ti.>iwly  .Idoe.  One  can  but  rearei  thai  so  gn»[  a 
proiiortion  of  Ihe  time  and  ent-rKy  o(  the  slation's 
oflifiM  is  tJiki-ii  up  by  rouliiw  work,  and  so  link 
in  available  (or  rcaUy  «clentili<-  imeslii^allon. 

yuth  onamiJ  ttparl  of  thr  hoard  if  ronlrol  of  th"  .Vrw 
r*rl(Otf'*™'r«™J*J(Jier*iii*n(-«(u(n™,/ur  lAe  ftar  MW, 
Blailr>,AaTiirt1sor*Mi>apr.    a*. 

As  in  pretioua  years,  the  rwport  ot  the  New- 
York  experioimbMalion  is  largely  devoted  to  the 
elaboration  of  thi-  direclor*'  idea  of  un  agricul- 
tural bouuij  ;  whent,  cabbaj(e,  and  Iclluce  being 


I 


tliv  plant*  chleHy  auidled  durlnx  the  jnMkr,  —  Ibo 
lirst  by  the  llrsl  aMletant.  and  Ihe  other  two  by  the 
borticulturiHl,  The  attempt  b  made  lo  daaaify 
the  large  numln-r  of  varie4i«>  given  ami  destribrd 
into  *  agticullurol  ii|H«irii'  with  dintincl  and  rea- 
sonably permanent  dMrarter;!.  It  would  apprar 
that  the  sucnm  of  the  Rentlemen  intrri«ted  wiih 
these  tasks  Itas  not  always  been  rominenwraie 
vrilh  their  deBlres;  but  thia  waa  to  l>eex|)ecied 
in  aucb  a  comparaliveljr  new  field,  and  any  veiy 
vlgoroan  oriticbin  of  the  reaulla  would  be  prenta- 
lurc. 

In  connactioD  with  ihi-att  etudica,  ■  large  num* 
ber  of  collateral  pointi  have  rocotred  more  or  less 
altenilon,  many  of  ihem  important  Jn  tbemselvea, 
Imt  80  fluperRdally  treated  as  to  render  tlie  reaulta 
of  the  trials  of  little  or  no  value.  It  weniH  to  be 
very  diflJi'ult  for  Ihoue  In  oliBrge  of  thnu-  vxperi- 
iiH>nt>  to  r^^tmin  thetuselveii  from  follnwlnfi  up 
for  a  liitle  dinlnncc  any  collateral  ini|iiiry  whtofa 
suKfC^^tA  ilself,  and  hi>ncv  their  nork  HilTera  from 
a  certain  tack  of  con  eventration. 

In  this  latter  reapeot  Ihe  reports  of  (he  butaniM, 
rhemlvt,  and  aaslslant  cbemiu  cotitnutt  favorably 
with  thnoiTJUBt  spoken  of  ;  in  pnrf,  doubllrss,  on 
account  ot  the  nature  ot  llio  work  undi-rtaken. 
Tlie  paper  on  '  ViHcowetiy,'  by  tbv  chemist,  de- 
serves more  Ihan  a  [Mioing  notice.  By  means  of 
a  simple  un<l  inex|>en«ive  apparatus  he  i^  able  to 
determine  with  nrvM  Hccumcy  Ihe  relative  vin' 
conity  «f  liijuids,  and  to  ehow  thitt  H  variiagrenlly 
aa  betwveii  diffen-tit  liquids,  nad  (ouy  bi-  iiiaile  n 
very  delicftte  mentis  for  dirlodlug  ml  u Iterations  in 
certain  oases.  Tlu>  methoi)  hn*  Ihus  far  been 
applied  chiefly  to  dniry  produeW,  and  with  very 
MitlHfactury  resulis.  altlioufih  the  inTeallgationN 
ar«  not  yet  «)mplei*d. 

Tbe  NcTW  York  report,  un  u  v>  hole,  containi  the 
records  ot  n  vnat  amount  of  labor  ;  but  in  many 
cuaes  it  is  only  n  record,  and  nothing  more.  White 
this  id  nei-osarlly  tlie  o-nae  witli  lareo  |K>rtiona  ot 
tlie  work,  lliere  are  other  jioiiioud  whoso  value  ia 
practically  lost  for  lack  of  a  careful  dlscuakui  of 
tbe  rcmlta,  aud  tbe  value  of  the  whole  to  tbe 
ordinary  reader  would  be  greiitly  enhanced  by  a 
more  fr«e  euployniMit  of  tbe  rmourceH  of  typog- 
raphy to  indloats  tlie  diritilons  and  BufadiriMonB 
of  Uie  aubjocta  cooaidtrcd. 


VUALLENQER  HBPORTS. 

TnR  pnioent  volume  la  devoted  lo  U>e  CruataoM 
(Isopodn,  part  ii..  and  Braobyura)  and  PolyxM 
(part  II.). 

In  his  flrnt  report  on  the  isopoda,  Mr.  Reddnrd 
dealt  excluNlvely   with  the  Berolidae;  and    the 

Ch^tlUngfr.    ZoCllo(7,  n>L  ivtL    LoudoD.  OeTerDmeDt.    4*, 


350 


SCTEHrCK 


[Vol.  IX ,  Na  S18 


prMent  part  tnk(«  up  the  other  fnmilica,  and  com' 
plbtee  the  d«w;ription  of  (hif  group.  He  has 
oinitud  (lelalled  descriptions  of  ei«cl«fl  obt&iiiMl 
by  (he  ChftUenger  but  alKadj'  known  to  sdeoicc. 
axorpt  where  needed  for  comparison  w-Ub  n*iT 
forma ;  but  when  from  a  new  lovaJity  or  bubilnt, 
the  ra<:t  hiw  iMinn  r«can)ed. 

The  ChalltniKOT  collection  is  verj  rich  in  new 
species,  eepecinl I y  nmooK  <h^  <leep-vster  rorms. 
of  which  no  les*  than  thirty-oiKbt  arft  new  to  sd- 
eioe.  Atuniij;  the  sballow-waler  forms  the  greater 
nuraber  of  iioveliii-s  were  from  the  oeighbor- 
Iiood  of  K<-T|;aeltn  utuI  Au»lnlia.  Thi*  iMMithnI 
region  in  \My  itrei^lnr  ia  ils  isoiiod  faiinn.  if  tlic 
lirodgitiKH  of  the  C'hnlleiiKrr  aCTiinl  n  I'ritnfion. 
Over  the  ronlml  niid  unittlicrn  Alliintio  niid  reii- 
trul  »Dd  uresiem  Pnriflc  no  apedm  nt  all  were 
foiinil:  hilt  wliere  snv  occiinvd,  they  seemed  to 
eoiupriie  a conridemble  tarfety  of  foruin,  Thirt.v- 
tour  of  the  abyssal  IbdixkIu  are  totally  blind,  thrm 
appenr  to  have  deRenerate  t-jcii.  whil«  eiKhtet^n 
have  wcIl'd<:T«lopetl  eyes.  But  of  the  eUivcn  K^nern 
«xchnivel5  rMident  in  the  deep  nnler,  only  two 
have  #y« :  of  tho«e  rvionining,  scfen  belonf;  to 
genera  which  (n  dmilow  iriiler  alwajs  >iave  eyes  ; 
while  the  teiiiaiolnic  eighteen  ejieries  telong  to 
f^iiifm  wliioh  axe  blind  whether  in  deep  water 
or  not.  The  iliirrceiii-en  aw  not  ea«ilj  uiplaini-d. 
That  Nonit*  i;i>('i'ii'ii  nhotild  retain  and  oltiiT*  lone 
their  ejee  under  apparently  nmilar  eondilions, 
it  it  diilicull  to  account  for.  Mr.  Beddard  dug- 
ge«t*  that  thOM?  rel.-i<nlti)c  eye4  are  iirot>ably  the 
tatCT  MuiKruula  lo  ttip  ulijsi*B  from  the  Dhalluwm. 

Hw  dceiMWU  JHipodH  are  renmrlmble  for  the  (1<'- 
Telopnient  ot  ninnc*  i«  tlx!  bcHty,  opiTinlly  in  llic 
Ardurl.  aud  often  nltaiti  cxlrniirdinnry  size ;  oite, 
BathynotiiUD  glitanleus,  renehing  a  length  of  nine 
inehfs.  In  tbese  tendencies  the  abjKsl  specfw 
rewtnhlc  those  ut  the  polar  seus.  where  the  l«m- 
pemture  conditionn  are  not  dbiiiTuiliir, 

Till)  rvport  om  Ibe  Bmcliyuni,  by  li^Iward  J. 
Mieru,  in  ditvoted  to  a  xytitPinHtie  account  »f  the 
numerous  iipecirit  collnrtrd.  with  n'tinion  of  the 
dMrilicalion.  and  lixt*.  na  eoinplcti'  jii  poaitbic,  of 
Uke  recent  specie*  of  i'n<'h  Kmiin  not  inrliided  in 
recent  and  acc««8iblc  uionouinphs.  The  (.'rnera 
havr  Uh-u  rcdiagnoeed  on  a  uniform  plan.  tliu» 
fuinUhioK  a  noxt  uaefiil  «ii|<pletiient  to  ibeH.- 
nioncgmpliK.  anil  preparing  tlie  way  fur  a  cata- 
logue of  the  nrnchyura,  —  a  work  uiuch  needed 
by  atudents  of  the  higher  ('ru«laccn.  The  author 
R^rela  that  111  health  hiw  pri'ventcd  htm  froni  add- 
ing a  bibliography  and  other  iiw-riil  detnilii.  and 
en-j]  ftoia  personally  reviidng  tlie  pmo/»,  and  tn 
g«fni!nU  attaining  (he  lilgh  standard  ot  perfection 
which  he  aimed  at,  though  doubtless  Mich  faults 
or  dafldeacies  arc  muob  nor*  apparent  to  Ulm 


than  lo  tho«e  who  will  gratefully  appreciate  and 
IMT  the  rc^ullH  of  Ills  arduous  studies. 

The  abyssal  region  of  the  ocean  nfTorda  no  Bra- 
chjiiraat  all,  bat  few  occur  in  depthii  of  over 
Ave  huiidn-d  fathoms.  The  gr^«t  inaw  of  tlie  cn>I- 
lection  i.i  from  slmllow  n-alcni,  and  ll«  novelties 
chiefly  from  (lie  Ic^-eiplnred  coasta  and  lalands 
of  tbe  Indo-Pncific  region.  There  were  hut  two 
specicB.  both  belonning  to  the  genua  Etiiuaa, 
tnken  in  over  one  thousand  ralhoma :  oneol  tbeae. 
E.  Challengerl  Mie«  from  19TS,  U  from  the  great-, 
est  depth  recorded  for  any  true  crab. 

The  report  ou  Ibi-  Poly/oa  Cyrhxilomnta.  Cteno*- 
loinula   and  Pediivtiinen,    by   GeoTK"  Busk,  ]>oe- 
BfssDS  a  nielanchuly  intcreflt  as  the  laxt  produclkia  • 
of  tbnt  rcternn  and  indefallnable  naturalist.     The  { 
rpvidion  of  the  proofs  was  performed  by  him  only  j 
a  few  veeks  before  his  death. 

If'orty-fllK  specie-*  were  collcotixl  by  theCliallen- 
ger.  of  whicli  thirteen  art  ri^irdnl  an  new.  (X 
the  Itiirty-ttirvi-cycluctoTniite  fiirmu,  thliteea  Iiad 
prcvjouiily  bveii  known  in  n  fossil  state.  This  group 
alone  renchen  d(-op  water :  and  of  the  Bpecies,  only 
tn  o  were  nbtained  from  more  than  one  tlioiMMKl 
fathoms,  and  none  from  over  fifli-en  huiMlred 
fallioms.  Oue  of  the  above  dredged  in  s(xte*n 
hundred  fattiouia  is  also  known  from  various 
drptiu  up  to  lifty  fathoms.  None  of  tlie  fcnns 
dewriUil  appear  In  Iw  particularly  remarfaibl«. 


t 

a 

i 


Dr.  CuAt^AN.  in  the  Medical  and  mrgie-al  < 
itpvrter,  *ay*  tbat  iiine-ivntlia  of  wild  aninudu  in 
conGnemeut  are  nubji-cl  tn  heart- diseane.  allhougli 
all  iniuiiilB  have  their  jiecuiifiriiics.  Theelcpbants 
an*  hfifs  to  many  dii>riiH«.  hut  the  lui-wt  cumnKm 
and  fatal  in  rhpuinntihni.  M'.iiilteys  and  buboona 
generally  die  from  hrunchial  alTections  and  IwHIt- 
dt»ea«e :  fellites,  sncli  as  liuns,  tigen,  loopwrda, 
etc,  from  dysentery  and  h<«rt-di*eM» ;  <lt«r, 
antelopes,  etc.,  atiffer  tnont  from  djarntery  and 
heartdisease:  while  the  ciinine  tribe,  i-ucb  u 
wolves,  dingoes,  and  foxm  don't  teem  to  he  tab- 
ji-ct  to  any  disenM*  except  '  pure  ciusednees.'  Tba 
only  thing  to  lie  fcnred  In  the  wolf  tribe  ia  hioj 
much  tociabilily.  It  is  unsafe  (o  keep  more  thni 
n  pair  together;  otiierwioe  they  would  cat  Mcb 
other. 

—  Under  a  law  which  ho*  just  passed  the  Min- 
nesota IcgisUlure,  the  rent  rli-t ions  placed  upon  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  tliat  stale  will  be  more  ae- 
vere  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  United  Stolet. 
All  persons  who  wish  to  practise  medicine  aflv 
July  1  must  pass  an  eiaminalion  l)pf<itii  a  board 
of  nine  persons,  irrespective  of  whether  they  boM 
regular  diplomas  \^  not.  and  only  tbow  who  bate 
taken  three  cuuraeaof  mcdicnl  IratureewUl  be  pet-] 
mitied  to  the  examination. 


SCIENCE. 


F1UUAT.  APRIL  LB.  1687. 

COSIMEKT  AND  CJttTlCISil. 

Wb  dbsirb  to  orrRa  to  our  readers  fmta  time 

lo  time  (liHCUBUons  on  qiieslion?  at  present  educa- 

ktional  iiiU-r<«t  by  men  at  proniini'noe  in  the  teach- 

■  tng  prufuBiiiD.     The  Ural  at  these  disciisBiom  is 

printvil  in  tiiis  isMie,  and  deals  witli  the  iinvatlon 

ttn  to  nhnl  industry  con   proBtablv  l>e  introduced 

iDto  fimnlry  solioiils.     The  conlribiilors  are  Pres. 

^TV»nda  A.  Wallier  of  B<islon.  Churle^  H.  Ham  of 

^Cniago,   mid  Huperitilendeiit  Samuel  O.  law  of 

Jameaiown,   N.Y.      The  question   wna  put  oh  to 

country  schools  becAtkie  there  nre  certain  ntndi- 

tiona  pfrculinr  to  them.    As  n  rule,  they  niv  not 

SCI   carefully   ortpttiin-fl    nor  so  well   mannged  ni; 

city  schools.     Their  miuurnesnre  usiinlly  less,  and 

their  opportunities  f«wer.  than  those  pusse^eed  by 

the  »ohuulH  (il  iht!  towu  or  the  city.    And  iu  this 

[one  particular  of  tli«  introduction  of  an  element 

'  Induiilrial  inuuing,  the  eountry  3choi>l  is  nl  a 

Ivaotuge.     II  is  cut  olT  from  using  manr 

I  of  iiiduitrinl  ItatniuK  tliat  arent  hnndinthe 

'catjr;  and  on  tlm  and  other  accounts  it  merita 

iiep«rat«  nonnideratiuD-     It  is  to  he  liomit  in  mind 

that  induBtrial  work  can  only  tind  acc«6S  tt>  Ibn 

avhools  in  *o  far  «.i  il  ia  cduentional.     Ar  manual 

or  toohoical  insiruciion,  then!  is  no  room  for  it 

SBre  in  in^liliitioiin  cieatcd  ea|Ki'inJly  fur  it,     Tiie 

itdioola  can,  niusi,  and  will  welcome  it  aa  an  edu- 

rcatiooial  faclur.     Its  theorelieul  value  in  conceded  : 

It  reawlDB  to  Bulve  the  practioa]  ijurutioDs  as  to 

Juaf  how  it  can  he  iulrodurad.      Wlutchangea 

muatbemadbtouceommodateit?  What  re-ad  just- 

mentaand  re.arranj^^mrnisare  nec«tt«ry  ?    These 

Bie  ptesriug  iiuwtioiiH  Juat  uow. 


Okk.  Jakks  B.  Fkt,  Id  a  paper  on  compulaory 
education  in  the  army,  takes  oocadion  to  go  at 
length  into  the  subject  of  publle-sohool  edueation. 
Iu  fact,  this  forma  by  far  the  larg«r  |KirtioD  of  his 
patuphlel,  the  considerations  relatini<  to  the  arm; 
being  relegate  to  »  few  pages  at  the  «Dd.  Oea- 
eral  Fry^  language  la  stroog  and  direct,  and  he  ia 
verj  much  opposed  to  comimlaory  education  In 
particular  and  to  tite  public-school  systecn  in  gen- 
eraL  Bia  argument  is.  in  brief,  that  compulsory 
Mg^tia-iHiT. 


education  by  the  8tat«  InvolvM  a  pvmtciotia  ■»- 
eiumpiion  of  power,  and  that  the  sMIe's  rxpedii'ut* 
and  proceasea  neccsearily  call  for  official  Kurvril- 
tance  and  ioUnneddling,  which,  lo  be  fApclive, 
luust  tie  arbitrary  and  veixfttjoup,  and  which  are 
buetlle  loour  insHtnt  ions  Mid  lo  tlic  fccHngn  of  self- 
reliauce  and  personal  indcpcodenr^  Ixim  and  bred 
in  our  people.  It  lioprivt*  [laiml*  of  nsponni- 
bllily  for  tiieir  children,  the  writer  ccntrnds,  and 
does  this  nt  the  eijwnMi  of  a  |iart  of  Ibe  oommu- 
nity  ;  and,  however  high  it*  prvtrnaliitM.  it  cun- 
not  b«  free  from  the  dnmorsliintion  thai  nwilta 
from  givlnfc  alms  by  law. 


Wc  must  coufees  that  thl*  seeni*  lo  na  very 
nitly.  General  Fry  appears  to  hare  fallen  n  ricliin 
in  platiludee  and  that  most  tntrioua  cry  of  '  |iau- 
perieiug  the  intellecttial  classes*  which  is  now  so 
oft«n  lieard.  To  which  of  our  'initituttona'  ia  Uie 
public -Bctiool  system  hostile?  We  hare  an  idea 
that  it  is  tbe  chlefesi  of  them  an  well  na  their 
centre.  Thissuhject  has  been  gone  over  so  often 
tlinl  it  is  hardly  worth  while  treating  It  again. 
But  <ve  i<ould  not  reaist  the  temptation  of  merely 
indicating  Itow  even  ao  aerioua  and  well-meaning 
a  wriu-r  ax  U«Qeral  Fry  may  be  totally  mMed  by 
words,  when  he  does  not  pause  to  weigh  carefully 
the  idrns  for  which  they  stand. 


Wmr  THE  WALLS  of  the  stomach  and  inluitine 
are  not  tliemselrm  dlgwiled  )iy  thejr  own  Quids 
baa  fur  more  lliaii  a  hundred  years  been  a  mooted 
quHliod  id  physiology-  John  Hunter,  in  a  paper 
r«ad  before  the  Royal  society  in  1TT2,  maiutained 
that  it  was  because  tlieoe  tissues  weie  living,  or, 
aa  he  expnased  it,  "  animals,  or  parts  of  animals, 
poeeeased  of  the  living  principle,  when  taken  into 
the  Btoniach,  are  not  in  the  least  affected  by  the 
powers  of  that  viaoua  bo  long  as  the  animal  prin- 
ciple remains  ;  hence  it  ia  tliat  we  tind  animals  Of 
variuuH  kinds  living  in  the  stomach,  or  even 
hatched  and  bred  there :  yet,  the  moment  that 
any  of  those  lose  the  living  principle.  Ihey  be- 
oomo  aubjecl  to  the  digestive  poweta  of  the 
•toiuacli."  Other  thooriea  hare  been  advanced  Id 
explain  the  facU  in  the  case,  but  all  are  tiasMb- 
factory.  Dr.  J.  W.  Warren  contributes  ao  aftide 
to  tbe  AMton  mtdieal  and  rurgioat  journal,  in 


352 


[Vol.  IX..  No.  St 


whicb  be  nyiewa  the  ertdenco  pmtrntwi  by  those 
wlw  haie  malnt&lned  them  Hovrntl  thforiM.  and 
glT«  the  r«§utts  of  «>ni»  twpnty  cxprritniTita  of 
bb  own  nude  on  fifty  frogn.  He  siin[HTD>lt.il  llie 
lǤ;flof  tlie  frags  while  livini;  in  nn  iiittticiul  |j;ilh- 
trie  juice  (that  K  pepsin  nnd  hTiirop1iIori<?  «<:iil), 
■nd  fomid  that  Ihe  muscular  tissue  wiw  digmlnl, 
aa  was  shown  by  the  pr«9Mi<.-e  at  pciilont!.  the 
fmtc  rentslninx  nlifo  thrniighotil  the  rxpcrtinviii, 
Wliea  acid  alone  waa  need  without  Ihi'  |X-|wm. 
the  mimi'ln  was  Hoflenod  and  (lUsolvwl.  but  not 
peplonbwid.  and  Ibcrefore  not  digtetcil.  It  thus 
appears  that  HvinK  tissues  niny  tc  dignitetJ,  aiid 
that  tht^  prohlem  i>  ns  far  f rum  Bolntion  as  ever. 
Dr.  Wnrrpn  ntimea  to  the  Mime  conduaiuii.  Imt 
proniiEce  to  inTVBtigiitP  ihi'  vubjcet  m*ire  futly  in 
thi-  fuluri-. 

In  a  receht  ktubgr  of  Science  vro  reforrrd  lo 
the  eKperimentit  of  Dr.  T.  M.  Pniddpn  on  bnetvria 
In  water,  with  special  reference  (o  the  ice«Jppiy 
of  New  York  City.  These  eiperimwit*  were  not 
CODAned  lo  the  water,  but  included  also  the  ice 
ItAelf.  Tlie>«e  obeervations  show  that  ice  formed 
in  the  Hudson  River  near  Albany  conlainn  vnstly 
Kreater  numbers  of  bacteria  than  tlist  (mind  at 
some  lilstance  below,  but  that,  ootwlthxlnnding 
tlie  fact  that  tlie  water  of  tlie  river  is  freed  to  a 
certain  rfeRree  from  bacteria  after  tunnlni;  some 
distance,  the  averanie  miinher  of  bncterla  Mt  in 
the  ice  is  considerably  above  that  which  can  be 
ngAded  as  wholly  safe.  Samples  of  ice  from  the 
nrioOB  lakes  and  ponds  from  which  the  su|^1f 
of  New  York  is  taken  hare  also  been  aoalyKed. 
11)6  Reneral  conclnsionH  to  which  Dr,  I^iidden 
hoa  arrived  may  be  thus  sunimarired  :  1".  A 
biological  analysis  of  w«l«r  BBd  Ice  will  detect 
tbe  pmeiioo  of  bacteria,  some  apedes  of  which 
can  Kive  rise  to  snioua  diiwase,  but  a  great  deal  of 
careful  study  of  other  conditions  is  etIU  neressary 
in  order  to  determine  whetlier  Ihe  water  or  ice  is 
auilahic  for  use  or  not ;  3".  In  freoKinK,  water 
poriflen  itaelf  only  partially,  the  Rn^ss  particles 
and  aoDie  of  the  material*  in  aolnrion  l>elng  re- 
moTod.  but  the  bacleria  remain  to  a  considerable 
extent  unaffected  ;  S°.  Oifforentiqiociesof  bacleria 
poaacm  diifering  deffreee  of  rulnerabtllty  lo  the 
action  of  low  t«mp»mturee:  4'.  The  baclllua  of 
typboid-frvrrr  luid  the  common  bacteria  of  iiip- 
purntion  an-  cnpuhip  of  msisting  a  proloniied  ex- 
poaun-  to  a  luw  binpprnturc  with  Che  deatmction 
of  a  pari  only  of  the  individuals  thoa  expoaed  : 
B*.  BxperimcDtnl  data  justify  th«  htiM  that  In 


rat«>_ 

ci«»S 
■pro-V 


natiinl  waters  then.'  may  be  a  piiriflcalloa  of 
about  ninety  per  cent ;  8".  In  filtration  of  wat«>i 
tlip  rnrioUB  specif*  of  bact«ria,  danserou* 
barmleea;,  aii'  eliminatiMl  with  about eqtulafBcic 
cy,  while  in  fn-wini;  the  dangerous  dtM«BO-pn>-^ 
diicing  Pporiw  may  be  retained  if  titey  reMut  low 
temperatures,  wliilv  more  or  Itrtu  of  tlie  luirmleai^— 
forms  may  i>e  dntroyHl ;  T<'.  The  ice  auppliad  ta^| 
New  York  eomen  froni  a  seriMof  natnrnl)}'  excel- 
lent lakes  and  ponds,  and  from  a  great  tidal  river 
lai^ly  cunlaiuiniiteil  in  it^  upper  regions,  and  by 
for  the  Inrger  prD|>uitioti  of  the  ioe  comes  from 
the  tatter  aoun.'e  ;  S".  A  very  much  greater  num 
ber  (it  boctei  ia  are  founM  In  *now-ioe  and  in  tha 
very  bubbly  Btreaks  than  in  the  transparent  mc, 
particularly  in  the  !>nuw-ice  on  the  top  of  the 
cukes  ;  9".  Tlie  average  number  of  bacteria  in  ic» 
from  all  Buiirces  taken  toKcthcr  is  farboyond  ths 
general  standard  which  even  n  moderate  degree 
of  purity  would  allow  ;  10°.  Ttie  trrtnaimrent  U-e 
from  some  of  the  lake  and  pond  sources  preaciDta 
ill  gpueral  a  moet  admiriihle  degree  of  fr(«doi 
from  bacteria. 


In  inlerpreting  the  reeullswhloh  he  has  readied. 
Dr.  Truddon  utatea  that  typhoid- fever,  am)  dis- 
eases uHsocJat«d  with  acute  Mippurvtion  and  the 
ao-callc^blorHl-puisoninj^frora  wounds,  or  pyaemia, 
an-  almost  coimtantly  present  in  large  towntf  like 
Troy  and  Albuny,  and  frequently  so  In  villagea 
like  ni-iny  »f  those  which  lie  along  ilie  upper 
IludBon  ;  and  lliat  his  experiments  have  shown 
that  the  bueteriu  cauHlng  tliese  two  forms  of  dl»- 
eaiie  are  markedly  re«lstant  to  the  temperature  at 
which  ice  forms.  He  eeltmntes  that  In  Allxutj^ 
alone,  there  aie,  on  an  arerage,  fifty  casea  of 
typlioid-feier  whoso  excreta  pass  Into  the  Hudson 
lUvcT  each  year  durinK  the  ice-forming  season. 
Ue  also  finds  that  in  that  city  there  Is  no  B^aie-j 
□la'ic  disinfection  of  the  typhoid  discltaiigea, 
which  therefore  enter  the  kewera,  and  •uhvequeittlx 
the  river,  with  tbcir  niyilnd*  of  liiu:t>-rla  in  a  ll^ 
ing  condition.  Or.  Pniddmi  recomnicnils  tlial  lbs 
state  iKMrd  of  heatlli,  or  other  authority,  aliall 
have  full  control  of  Ihe  ico-har vesting  Aelde,  and 
determine  which. if  any,  of  the  aourcetof  loe«up- 
ply  are  so  iiitnaled  n*  to  imperil  the  hanlib  of  the 
coniiinierx  of  the  toe.  In  addition  lo  Ihia,  a  ootn- 
piilwiry  sy>tcra  of  disMifi'ction  ••(  oMTeia  in  infec- 
tinusdiAensTfl  should  lie  inslitut'-d.  He  nlao  Ihlnka 
tlu>t  artificial  ice  might,  perhaps,  he  nuhEtltuied  for 
the  natural  ii^o.  In  cimcluding  bin  very  valuable 
paiier.  the  writcfexprceaeshiSBincrro  hope  titathia 


I 
1 


I 


» 


Aran,  ta.  ISST  I 


SCIENCE, 


353 


I 


I 


fltwlj  and  ronclitsione  taaj  not  bo  lookrd  tipon  in 
a  aensMicnal  light,  nor  ref;nrt)rd  (u  a  potcniic 
against  ice  Fonipunii-H  iim)  iJrnlmi,  orncainat  ttiP 
fre^  UDil  wonted  uk  of  icf,  the  incalculable  uik- 
fnloees  of  wiiioli  1«  bej-uod  qnnrtion.  Hia  re- 
MSreliM  havo  been  earned  out  at  Krmt  rxprodi- 
lure  of  lime  and  niooey,  in  tlic  Iioik-.  Ihnt,  ill  the 
lijtht  of  ilH  rvsultn,  tliv  mpidly  dtrrloping  di»ci- 
{lUne  of  pcvventivp  mtdidoe  niigbt  find  n  plan  of 
curtailing,  in  Mnne  di-give,  tlie  nuoiU-r  at  luiDuiU 
vlcalpu  to  pretentible  dipcnw. 

WuBM  TBI  tnVDBKT  is  tnin«lulin|;  from  a  for- 
eign tHnpiafce,  cvpeciullj  from  the  ('lowce.  t^e 
teacher  la  *ery  apt  to  measure  Ibe  quulily  of  the 
perfonnaiice  b.v  tbe  litemlneiuitf  the  translation. 
Every  prepoeitiou,  ever;  ioterjrcliou.  pvtry  cuw 
or  leoae  signlltcatioii,  must  find  verbal  rxpresion 
btBD^Ui.  no  niallcr  hi  what  McriDcc  of  wnuw 
and  spirit.  Bui  iran&lulioii  in  duI  the  Him« 
ttitnic  salrau?>lileralton.  TbesludeDt'iiHiniiihould 
Da4  lie  to  cet  Ibe  Greek  or  I^tiii  wunia  into  Rng- 
llsb.  but  to  convey  tlie  Beuse  and  t.|iiril  nt  tbe 
wrher.  We  are  eoovlnced  tbat  Ibis  in  om-  of  tbe 
most  prominent  faults  in  the  claeuiciil  inntructiun 
of  (lie  |>re«ent.  And  Itdoes  uoltud  in  lheiiier«uM 
uf  language.  II  bos  a  narrowing,  cramping  InRu- 
eoce  oil  th<-  mind,  ini<lvii'l  of  developing  tbat 
breadtb  of  x'lvif  and  compn-hension  whicli  ought 
to  oumi-  from  oluoBical  uludy.  Il  is  siirprioing,  too. 
how  K>eal  an  influen<^>  for  evU  Ibis  allm>literal 
Iranalation  baa  on  Ibe Htudrnt'H EnKlJsh  style.  We 
have  known  numerous  inalancca  where  the  prenl- 
iarly  Greek  and  Latin  idiumK  have  tiren  quite  ax 
numerous  in  a  cumpmitionuri-Kiny  as  the  English. 
Tlie  reituli  u.  naturally  cnuugb.  a  torcpd.  anillciaJ. 
and  awki^ard  siylcr.  Our  elaiEical  tearbef*.  •#• 
pecially  those  who  hate  the  Hujicn'tajon  of  tlw 
younger  pupils,  cannot  be  lou  cnrrful  in  demnnd- 
ing  a  irauslatiMi  which  shall  not  m-glnTt  the  npirit 
white  II  inierprvla  tbe  Ivtter  of  the  author. 

TIlB  HKTOKT  or  Tlitt  SPXCIAL  COUUtTTEE  Of  the 

American  public  health  association  on  tbe  disin- 
(ectlon  of  rags  contains  a  complete  summary  of  all 
Ibe  evldeoce  If  hicb  bos  thus  far  lieeii  accumulated, 
In  Ibia  cnuntry  and  Euro{>e.  in  reference  to  ihia 
article  of  commerce,  and  llie  dangers  connecUd 
with  it.  Tbe  greater  part  of  Itie  report  waa  ^ub- 
miued  at  the  Toronto  nwetinit  of  the  aMooiation. 
A  lottar  from  Dr.  Simibeag  to  one  of  tlie  me«aben 
of  ib«  oonunlttw.  giving  iba  reanlts  of  bla  vartm- 


(igatiooa abroad,  has  been  appended  to  tl>e  report. 
In  it  Dr.  Sternberg  sayn  he  made  inspection*  at 
UhcDl,  Brui^ebi.  Beiliu,  and  Steldu,  and  obtaiiNsI 
reliable  information  as  to  ibe  methods  ponued 
in  Hamburg  and  other  German  ports  from 
whicb  mg«  are  sliipiied  to  Ibis  countrj.  He 
hail  prrviuuslr  siippoeed  llial  rags  from  ports  in 
wMiihern  t:urupe,  where  cholera  was  prevalent, 
were  liable  to  be  iibi)>ped  f  ru^n  any  of  Ihcne  povta ; 
but  hi.'  wan  asnored  that  this  could  never  occur, 
uD  account  of  the  low  price  of  rags  as  compared  ■ 
wiib  the  cost  ot  land  transportation.  As  a  Dtttter 
of  fact,  raga  sent  ti>  each  sbipplag-port  can  only 
be  collected  wirbin  a  limited  area,  the  l>oiin()arirB 
uf  which  depend  u|>on  cheap  transjwrlatlon  facili- 
ties by  canals,  rivers,  eto.  Ue  reicards  it  as  In- 
ciimbeni  upon  all  sanitarians  to  insist  upon  the 
pro[ieT  protection  uf  all  tboae  who  are  brought  by 
llieir  uccuj-alioa  in  contact  with  old  rogD.  It  this  b 
done,  tlie  danger  will  l>e  reduced  In  a  minimum  ; 
and  If  tbecommuulty  ii^fullyprofK-tedintheMune 
way  aa  b  ike  case  in  Germanv,  there  will  be  no 
good  reason  for  disinfecting  rags  in  tbo  bale.  Ue 
considen  II  as  derintble  that  all  old  rugs  iliunld 
be  diitlnfecied  by  st«am,  and  dried,  before  being 
baled.  During  Ibe  pmvnlence  of  cholera,  all  old 
rags  frwm  ports  known  to  lie  infectt'd,  or  in  dtrrct 
communication  with  infected  pJh<ip*.  sbnuld  be  nx- 
cluded.  He  would  require  all  nigssbipped  from  a 
healthy  port  during  the  prevalence  of  cholera  in 
Europe  to  be  diflnfecled  by  il«*m  lieiore  being 
baled  for  ishipinent.  In  the  absence  of  any  pr«- 
vaiUng  epidemic,  baled  rsga  nhould  be  in-oted  an 
other  merchandise,  tf  any  meicbandiiic  is  dan- 
gerous, it  should  be  dii>infect«d,  and  Ibis  con  be 
done  mw(  effectiully  by  steam. 

TUK    KIIIMXIC   or  ItOAHI-KT-FEVRn  nltribllled  tO 

tba  initk  of  a  <lok  oow,  to  which  wc  referred  in  a 
recent  number  of  Science,  liiiii  been  nlill  further 
invnitigntrd  by  Dr.  Klein,  tor  Ibe  British  govern- 
ment. A  microco(H.-uB  waa  ol^ained  from  the 
ulcen  of  tlie  sick  cow,  which,  when  inoculated 
into  calves,  produced  the  same  lesions  as  existed 
in  the  cow  from  which  they  were  taken.  Ot. 
Klein  ha«  found  in  the  blooil  of  acarlet-fever 
patienta  a  micrococcus  wliicli  appears  to  I*  Identi- 
cal vnlh  that  obtained  from  the  oow.  He  has 
ioooulaicd  and  fed  mice  with  the  niicrocoocl  frooi 
(beae  two  sources,  and  tbe  same  resiiltahave  been 
prudticed.  Ha  haa  also  obtained  tlie  same  mirro- 
cocci  from  tlie  Mood  of  theiw  mici>,  and  cultivated 
tbeui.      The  same  inoculations  have  been  made 


364 


SCTEXCE. 


[Tou  IX.,  No.  Sit 


upon  calven.  with  th«  same  nuiilt*.  If  thinw  ob- 
Wfvaiions  are  confirmeil  lij-  further  pspcrinn-nu 
aad  other  expert  ropnters,  tlie  micnxirKiiniiim 
which  has  be«>n  M  Ionic  "ndiBcoTiTMl,  •nd  which 
cailWB  Wne  of  tbauiuiriiis  nt  dcnthn  niinunll;.  tiin>' 
«00n  1«  Rddeil  to  the  IJit  whirh  now  cnnlnin^  that 
of  tnbenmlocto,  typhoid -(over,  nnd  n  (i-w  othi-r 

diK«M«. 


THE  AUBRIUAN  SCHOOL  OP  CLASSICAL 

STUDIES  AT  ATREXS. 

TaE  oppiirlunitj  which  in  Juat  now  preAC'iilcil  to 
thp  mnnngifrs  of  th«  Ainwicaii  school  at  Athr-i'o 
lo  wcuw  an  effli-nent.  permnnent  liireclor.  briufpi 
tlic  clniins  (>t  this  UH-rul  mUrpriic^  with  fn-sb 
■traiRth  before  the  ^rliobri)  nnil  promotmt  of 
learnjng  in  Amehcn.  Dr.  Cliarl(«  Waldstein, 
the  Bocompliataed  archeoloKlet,  who  is  a  cildten  of 
N«w  York  and  a  former  etudeiit  of  Colnmbia  col- 
lege. t>Dl  who  now  lioldA  two  important  poolllotu 
«t  tlie  Uuiveraity  of  C4UilitidK«.  England,  as  lec- 
turer on  archtHilogy  atKliiiiH.-lorof  theFltxivilliiim 
muifuni,  luis  nfceptcd  the  iiivitrtlion  al  the  man- 
np.T«  lo  nHMinu-  thL-  clirLvturahip.  o|K)n  the  condi- 
tion tliot  n  pcrmnnpntendowmrotuhFillht'Derured 
for  ihr  Rciini)!.  Hudlcient  for  its  le)cilliaat«>  needs, 
before  tlie  1st  of  Octolwr,  liil88,  when  the  appoint- 
ed year  of  Pnirescor  Merrlaiu  of  Colitmlila  college 
will  Mul.  A  wriipr  in  thf  Lunduii  Satiirilajf  n- 
view  for  Si!pl.  38.  tbSS.  gixu  an  liiti'lliRent  and 
highly  apprccialifc  arcounl  of  the  work  dooa  tqr 
the  Anieri(»n  scliool,  but  aiBltvi  thit  fotofble 
orilldsm:  "Undoubtedly  the  weok  point  of  llie 
whole  Amsrican  acheoie  is  the  fact  that  ibe  direc- 
tor goo  out  for  a  year  onlj.  AmeiSoa  ran  send  a 
aoeoenion  oS  eood  schoUra,  but  fi>t  mnuot  send  a 
•noceaaion  of  m«n  vaimble  of  teaching  archeology ; 
indetd,  a  iitudcnt  who  rrmaini  at  Athene  longer 
than  tile  n^milatioa  y«ar  niif;ht«Asity  l«comc  more 
toarned  In  tJutt  purault  than  hia  director.  Tlius 
tho  head  of  the  achool  cannot  instruct  his  ecu- 
denia,  but  only  work  with  theoi,  and  they  must 
pick  up  tlieir  knowledge  from  (■uoks  aa  well  a* 
lliey  can." 

The  American  achool  of  clansicnl  ntndini  was 
proji-ctvl  iiy  the  .irclieoliigieal  inothute  of  Ameri- 
ca (of  whi(-h  Prof.  Chnrlfs  Eliot  Norton  is  the 
p[euid<>nt>,aiid  wnji  orgnniied  under  the  auspices 
of  some  of  the  leading  American  colleges.  Tht> 
director  of  the  school  wa«  to  be  choeeu  fnxn  the 
pnrfMlorsof  Ureck  In  tbeee  collrgea.  by  u  l-oiu- 
mittee  appointed  by  tlie  Arcbeulogioal  inolitutc. 
The  tcbool  wtta  opened  on  the  3d  of  OctotuT,  tB83, 
nndcf  Prof.  W.  W.  fioodwin  of  Harvard  unirer- 
aiir.  Ita  object  waa  lo  fiirai«)i  to  gradiuite*  of 
Anieric-an  rollegm  an  opportunity  to  nttwly  claMi- 


cal  lilemlnre,  art,  and  antiqutllw  In  Athene  under  ' 
suitable  ilircction  :  to  proaecut^and  toald  origtna] 
reaeareh  in  these  nubject*;  and  to  co^jpeiate  with 
the  home  inatitut^,  tiofar  aa  poNiible,  in  conduct-] 
ing  the  explcration  and  excaralioin  of  clamic  utM. 
Tile  salary  of  the  director  wan  to  bo  paid  by  hia  ' 
own  college,  and  no  fee*  ivere  to  Iw  charged  to 
the  ntudunta.  The  IkiIJtiwa  of  this  enterprif«  was 
pecnliarly  American,  for.  while  the  older  erench 
and  GpiniBn  xcbcHils  bud  licpu  loaiiilalneil  for 
n)any  yearn  by  the  hberaliiy  i>r  the  two  govenif 
wents  that  founded  them,  tile  projiicton  of  tlie 
AiiK-ricaii  school  relied  with  confldenee  upon  the 
willingueas.  and  even  eagerness,  of  our  int'-lligenl 
men  of  weaUh  lo  take  the  platv  whlcJi  ancient 
govemniiiila  till  in  Euro[>e,  as  patrons  of  learuing. 

The  American  uoileTluking  instantly  pn-Mrnted 
a  t'timuliu  in  tlie  name  ilirtclivn  to  Eiiglinb  sL-bol- 
ars ;  and  within  thm?  yrnn  we  Hnd  Dr.  Light- 
foot,  (he  bitihop  of  Durham,  urging  hia  i-oiinlry- 
meu  to  emulati<  our  example  in  catabliiibing  a 
Nclioi)!  at  Alliens-  He  said  at  a  public  meelinK  In 
London,  in  IHM,  "It  now  touches  our  honor  aa 
Engliahiiien  very  nearly  that  this  scheme  nliould 
lie  curried  out  without  delay.  F>aiioe  and  Ger- 
many have  long  been  in  the  field.  France  baa 
her  school,  anil  (iermnny  her  institute ;  and  even 
Amerim  has  forestalled  her  in  tliia  race.  That 
new  couutr}',  notwithstanding  the  vast  and  ab- 
sorbing inlcreata  of  the  preeeni,  notw  itbetuuding 
tiw  Uiundleaa  hope*  of  the  future,  bun  been  ensn* 
to  rlaim  her  part  in  the  heritage.  While  all  tbo 
ciTilized  natinnii  of  the  world,  ooo  after  nnulbcr, 
are  eHtablisbingthnir  literary ooanilateiiiii  Atlx-ns, 
■ball  P^ngland  alone  1m>  aunpretcnled  at  thla 
centre  of  Hellenic  culture?  " 

Tiumv  words,  HUpporled  l>y  the  earneat  appeal*  [ 
of  Dr.  Humby,  provost  of  Eton,  i'rof.  R.  C.  Jehb, 
and  o'hcr  diklinguir-lKil  scholars,  produceil  the  de- 
rired  elTrct.  and  a  BritUh  school  in  iiowctablished 
in  Athene. 

The  American  school  his  now  Dearly  oa(n>j 
pleted  its  dfth  year  of  wrorb,  with  Increased  num- 
bers of  t-tiidenta  and  every  prosjiect  of  incivaMng 
uMtfulnrK*.  It  baa  up  lo  this  linie  ovcupifd  a  , 
hired  houae.  and  has  Iwc-n  untin^ly  mippotted  by 
thaannualcaotrlbiiiionsof  fourteen  roll«|[ni, from 
which  the  liousc-rent,  the  approiiriationa  for  tbe 
library,  and  inddenlal  expenses,  have  lieen  paid  : 
each  college.  In  Its  turn,  sending  a  profemor  lo 
Athena  as  director  tor  one  year  without  expense 
to  the  JcbooL  With  tliMe  temporary  and  imper- 
fect armogi-mcota,  much  valuable  work  has  been 
accompliabed  by  tbe  wihool,  which  has  r<«eiFed 
oordlal  lecoanition  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
"  Now,"  as  the  managers  say,  "  a  new  era  Is  to 
begin.    We  are  henceforth  to  have  a  home  of  oar 


Arm.  10,  1W7.J 


SCIENCE. 


355 


own.  Th«i  Kovrrnm^nt  of  Giwce  ha«  nbown  each 
warm  inlori-tit  In  our  «nterprti«'>  tliat  a  Tatnable 
pii'C^  of  land  on  th«  klop*  ot  Mouai  Lymbi-ttiu, 
rontalnltiK  on  sew  and  n  half,  hasbren  grnnied  to 
the  M-boul  by  a,  r«yiU  cilict,  iiuiunl  Jnlr  20,  I8SB, 
anil  sigiicil  hy  wvi-n  Riinutrm  of  slnl^." 

Thin  grniTiNiil;'  of  tlie  Oieek  Ko^^Diiienl  lias 
alrnulj-  i<ifii  Ml  wpll  «ecandeil  bv  friends  of  ilie 
iK-hfKi]  in  Auinricn,  thai  Hunicitiit  fundii  aip  al- 
n-iuly  in  liniid  lix.  vtvet  aud  furnixli  ii  Kuitabl*! 
Iicimi'  for  til*  K-liucil,  u-liic)i  will  l«  rvnil)^  (or  nc- 
iTiipatlon  in  (.fctobpr.  To  plai-v  thi!  i^ntPTpri>i>  in  n 
piMilion  to  altain  tin-  giontr).!  poinil>li>  uwfiiln««». 
an  eoilowment  of  nt  Itsiutt  a  hundred  thoaeand  dol- 
lara  ought  to  he  Nronrpd.  PInity  ot  work  lie*  be- 
fore Ih«-  tH'hoo).  ■  Prof.  Martin  L.  D'Ongv  of  Iba 
Univrnity  of  ailclilKon.  tine  director  for  1880-67, 
wrilM  IhnI  the  French  guvemoHrnt  ia  not  Hkply  to 
nwcpt  H*  offer,  made  by  the  Ormk  ntiilioritiM, 
of  the  privilege  of  Dialling  C'XrAvation*'  at  Delphi, 
and  ill  that  «vnnt  ilwrhnntx'  wilt  be  offered  to  the 
AiuerlCHiiB. 

We  may  Btly  end  thin  brief  account  of  the 
American  iwiioot  at  Ath««4  with  tlip  glowing 
worda  of  Profvxor  Goodwin  liinigi-lf  ujion  this 
wry  Mibject :  "  Tlie  Arc'tieulogiL-ul  *orirty  of 
Atlwns  h«  disclosed  a  wmlth  of  nncicnc  letuplt^ 
UMur  EpiJatiniH.  — amonr;  i>ilier«.  iho  henuilfiil 
roODd  building  Memed  by  Polyclelup.  and  ihp 
lh««trv,  alflo  his  n-ork  :  and  th^  eauie  anciety  han 
opcn<^t  to  the  day  the  foundatiofia  and  the  pare- 
nwnt  «r  Uie  Kreat  itanciiiary  of  ^eiitjis.  the  home 
o#  the  Eleusiiiian  niyBterics.  which  offer*  more 
pfolilMns  lo  arcliitvctG  and  an-h<'<>lnKict>  tUaii  will 
goon  he  answered.  Every  port  of  Oneeee  ia  full  of 
|>liuia  for  ni«-  I'Xcavn lions,  which  mrrely  need 
money  (o  h«  carried  out  with  sub'tanlial  nmltA. 
Tlir  raina  ot  Delphi,  with  their  couuiinu  bnried 
t«n>pkK,  whh'h  i<ct:i  imploringly  fnmi  llic  Hfnnty 
nirth,»8if  be«eechiDg  till!  irav.-llttr  lon-slorv' them 
to  the  light  of  (he  sun.  lie-  iii  thia  mnment  walltiig 
only  for  Home  power  lo  det'ide  who  Rhnll  excavate 
tbeiu  :  and  happy  will  tie  tbn  scholars  who  nm 
fnrluniiU' rnoiigh  to  lie  In  (irrece  when  thevolenui 
hIIciici-  of  thm  wonderfnl  valley  of  Delphi  is  fir»t 
broken  by  the  pkkaxe  and  the  upode." 

John  s.  WBmc. 


lOyOOS  LBJTEH. 
That  tl>e  people  oi  Englnnd  are  at  last  begin- 
ning to  r*ailine  the  immense  ini|iorlani.-e  of  tech- 
nical tiducaliori  is  (evident  from  two  facts.  —  first, 
that  iKarorly  a  w-rek  i«s*e«  without  prominence 
bring  given  by  the  pre«»  lo  utterancen  on  (ho  nub- 
ject  by  public  men  ;  and,  im-und.  (hut  pr<Msiir<>  in 
b«ing  put  on  the  governmeu'.  to  extend  auch  In- 


struction. A  few  days  ago  Lord  Uarlington  dia- 
iribuiedlhepriieaatlbePolytM^hnie  young  n>i--n'a 
ChiiKlian  inMitute.  an  (irgnnimlioii  in  the  wei>t  of 
Liondon  which  uunibeni  arven  thousand  aludenta 
in  l«chnlcal  auhjects :  aiid  his  speech,  in  which 
he  quoted  ProteMMU-  Huxley,  wan  widely  circu- 
lated and  favorably  cummvntnl  ujii>n.  Uuiing 
the  preieut  week  a  %ery  inllui-nlial  depuiation 
was  recvive'l  at  Ihc  education  rtejuirtmt^l.  which 
Mrongly  ursttl  the  proTiaion  of  maoual  training 
in  all  eleowntar;  achoola,  m  a  iineparatlon  for 
technimt  iDetniclkin  later.  It  was  pointed  oat 
that  a  very  slight  modlllcatiun  ot  eii-ting  orcani- 
eations  would  enable  Ibis  to  be  done  at  a  small 
espeiiAC.  The  reply  of  tlio  govemnu-ot.  though 
ityinputbulic.  wan  lo  the  effrct  tbal  porlinmi'nt 
had  not  <ret  pronounced  an  opinion  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

On  theeveningof  March  lUa  very  well  arranged 
and  largely  attended  coatvrMi^one  was  held  at  Ibe 
Central  institution  of  the  city  and  guittla  of  Lon- 
don, for  the  advancement  of  lechuicut  education. 
Uemunsl rations  were  given  during  the  eviining 
by  member)  of  the  staff,  notably  by  Proteiwor 
Unwin.  F.tt.S..  with  thf  UKP-ion  ( ruling- machine. 
The  flpparntus  and  methods  of  instruction  (01- 
jiliiycd  were  on  view  in  the  different  laboratorlee, 
and  iutcre»<inR  exhibiCi>,  lent  for  Ibe  occasion, 
were  also  displayed.  Two  concerta  added  to  tlK 
enjoyment  of  the  6fti-cn  hundred  gu<«tit :  but  It 
was  ratlii'r  unkind  to  allot,  as  a  ladic«'  cloak- 
room, a  room  on  the  door  ot  which  was  Inscribed, 
'  Chemical  pfeparatlou  room.' 

Lecturing  a  few  nighta  ago  to  a  crowded  audi- 
ence al  the  Royal  lustliutioD.  on  '  Mental  differ- 
enoes  in  men  and  women,'  Dr.  Ronninw  remarkeil 
that  the  average  wonuin'K  brain  weighed  five 
ounces  less  than  the  aiernge  man's,  ami  that  the 
inferiority  of  women  dinplaycd  imelf  lu  the  ab- 
senre  of  originality  in  the  higher  levels  of  intel- 
lectual wiirk.  In  power*  of  actjuisition,  woimen 
stood  nearer  to  men,  and  iudrfd  often  auipnaard 
them  at  an  early  age. 

On  Tueoduy.  March  IS.  a  moot  nntinual  melenr- 
okigicsl  state  •'■  thinKH  pre^iilcd  in  [>»idon. 
which  wan  at  the  time  under  tlie  influence  of  the 
calm  ««alher  Iwtwoen  two  s^biems  of  deprvwdon. 
Bnow  fell  to  (he  depth  of  a  foot  or  more,  —and  it 
did  not  disappear  for  niore  than  awcek,  —  oad 
aimultaneouBly  a  high  fog  oceurTrd.litorallyraiia- 
ing  midnight  at  ncxin  and  for  some  hours  after, 
although  the  lower  utrntn  of  air  wmv  fairly  clear, 
and  devoid  of  mint.  In  consequence  of  the  un- 
expected giidden  consuHiptton  of  gaa.  tlie  aiipplj 
thereof  ran  sliort.  and  in  many  phtcea  grave 
iucuDveuience  and  danger  reaulted. 

M.  Uermit«'s  proceas  of  the  oloclrolytic  blnch- 


356 


SCIENCE. 


IvoL.  IX..  Ka  au 


Lng  of  oottvn  clolh.  otc..  In  iitlntcting  ii  griHit 
deil  (if  nltcnlinn  riom  bolh  Lho  M-ii-ntiflc  nnd 
Ihc  iirocLJcnl  Bidp.  A  vpry  favorable  opinion 
WM  Intnly  ox)>iv«wii  ii|ion  it  at  ill*  Soci('ty  of 
chemical  industry.  The  proceHii  L-un«i»t«  emen- 
tinlly  in  rleclralyKiug  a  nolutlou  of  inajKneflutii 
chloride,  ttiua  )il>enUinK  t)ie  uditi-  age'til  of 
chlorlnalnl  lime :  and,  m  it  is  cany  to  luaiutdin  the 
«oliiliou  at  constant  ntn-ngth,  it  in  Umt\A  that  the 
consuiuplion  of  chlnrinf  is  oaXj  on^'linK  that 
OD  th«  ordiiutry  i^t<'in.  The  fnndtidiiininl  iiidniy- 
iriaJ  ^nation  of  KrninaiyAliowgihnt  the  nK-chan- 
KtX  work  reprraeoteil  by  TiWliorst  |H.'wer  sjiviit 
upon  a  d>naiii»-inachiDi'  will  pitiduci*  CIil-  t(|tiivu- 
lent  of  ten  liundn-dwt'ipht  of  lik-acliing-jiowdM' 
(■  chlorid*  of  limn ')  pi-r  hour,  nr  n  .10.honi(!.))ciwpT 
engbu;  would  f^vt-  onp  ion  pn-  day  of  fn^nt^-foar 
houtw. 

SintMi  Mr.  Castner's  {WpM  u|>on  his  pronm  for 
tuannfactuilnit  kmUuiu  and  potaiiBiuni  vrtm  rmd  at 
th«  Franklin  iuHtitute  of  I'hiladi-lphia  (Oct.  12. 
1S80),  aeveral  clmngve  have  been  made  in  tJic 
method  of  manuroctuTe  Thcen  werp  rermtlr 
brouf^lit  iM^forr  the  l^ndon  spctinn  of  the  8nctHy 
of  cbemicnl  industry  by  Mr.  Jain<«  Madwir. 
With  r-BUBtlc  Kida  at  eleven  pounde  per  tun,  llie 
•odium  prmlucied  co«l«  lett«  than  (w«ttt)-tlve  etat» 
piT  iHiimd.  the  cmt  of  inaleriolB  nnd  fiivl  \ieing 
only  Bei-eotci-n  crnta.  Thf  slpcl  c^nicibl™  pm- 
ploypd  hnv<t  U^n  iim<I  tifly,  »nd  probably  can 
be  iti»A  a  hundred  and  fifty  or  tno  hundred 
limn:  hence  the' 'tear  and  wcar'on  tlieuiBmoiintK 
ti>  not  more  than  two  cents  [kt  pmind  of  noili- 
um.  Cheap  sodium,  it  ncul  mciirwly  W  Ricn< 
tloned,  lucsps  cheap  aluminium  (by  DevUle's  pro- 
CMb).  wbif^h,  with  aodiuni  at  th*'  aliove  price,  can 
prottthly  bo  produced  at  four  dollara  per  pound, 
or  ono-fourth  its  prewnt  t  alue. 

The  conditions  afTeotiuj;  the  dit^ibution  of 
micro-organ i«Dis  in  Uie  atmoHphcn-  urcrc  the  sub- 
jeot  of  a  paper  at  tlie  Hocioty  of  arts  three  nlKhtu 
»lff>,  by  Dr.  Percy  V.  Crnnkland.  son  of  the  dl»- 
tlnguinhed  clittmi'I.  The  method  of  otwMvatlon 
«aH  lltTi^'B.  in  which  a  Riven  volume^uwially 
iMi  lilren  —  of  air  i»  elowly  drawn  Ihrougli  nhort 
wide  tiil>c8  coaled  interiiiilly  with  a  xilid  layer  of 
•tovfle  ic^latine-peptoue.  The  uiaximum  number 
In  Ui«  aame  plaoe  obeerved  through  Ibi-  year,  oc- 
curred early  in  AusuKt.  Elevation  above  Kround, 
and  diatnncv  from  human  hahilation*,  decr^ated 
the  number.  In  sea-air,  for  example,  at  one  bun- 
drod  and  twenty  mile*  from  laoit,  there  wiuonly 
one  orjcanbrn  lo  ninety-lhree  litres.  In  oomtidcr- 
iug  lii«  paper,  tile  author  exprew^il  a  decKled 
opinion  that  it  was  the  chemical  >ide  of  hncteri- 
"logy  •hich  imperntivcly  demanded  atlentlon  at 
prcMKit.    Tfao  duiimian.  Prof.  Burdon  Sandenon, 


adjourned  the  diaciiwion  for  a  week,  when  It  will 
be  openpd  hy  Dr.  Alfred  Carpenter. 

The  itovemmenl.  which  was  recently  nppniacbed 
on  tlie  subject,  has  Ju«t  agreed  loinakean  annual 
HlJowance  ot  eight  thouaand  dollars  per  yenr  lo 
the  youngest  of  EnKliah  univer«iiie?,  the  Victoria, 
whose  headi|uurters  are  at  Oweua  cotlege,  Uan- 
chrster.  The  success  nf  Ihia  application  wUI 
encoiirnge  tbp  proinolers  of  fjovcTOrocnt  aU  lo 
llie  university  col1rge«  throUKboiit  the  country, 
now  InnKuisbinii:  for  want  of  funds. 

The  luHtilulion  of  naval  arohltecta,  and  Ifaa 
scientific  abip-lniildiug  iuduslry  generally,  have 
jU3t  «u»ained  a  severe  lo«s  by  the  death  uf  Mr. 
WiKiiim  Donny  of  Dumiiatton.  Throughout  his 
too  brief  carei'r.  the  inHucncc  u|Kin  liim  of  Hr. 
Wllljnin  Fntudi?,  F.R.8..  wii*  very  mnrk<-d.  Th« 
srleiitiltc  department  which  be  establishud  in  hia 
own  yard  at  Uumbanon,  on  the  Clyde,  was  the 
Unt  of  ita  kfud  In  a  priiate  shlp-buildiog  yard, 
and  the  ra(;udi-  ut  Hi  great  experitneutal  tank  (800 
feet  by  22  feet,  with  8  feet  of  water)  was  wected 
to  Hr.  Froude*s  mrinory.  Mr.  Denny  waa  the 
Hist  to  use  mild  i>t4M-l  for  the  conalruclion  of 
Iraniatlantic  atfvtmere,  in  18TB.  Hia  moM  famous 
paper  proliably  wa«  that  on  the  lUfHcuIticii  of 
Hpeeil  ealculalion,  in  1874~TA,  and  hiti  la«t  was  In 
t»»).  on  'CroM-ourvm  of  stability.'  In  1889  h« 
dclivrrrd  the  '  Watt  anniversary  lecture '  at 
Oreenock,  on  'The  speed  and  carrying  ol  acfcw 
Bteam«ni.'  W, 

Londoa,  Miircta  M. 


QtSOaRAPUtCAL  NOTKa. 
AMia, 

The  latest  lettera  ot  the  enterprMnK  Prenchmen 
MM.  l^pus  and  Bonvalot,  who  are  trying  tureach 
India  ftoin  Siimurkand.  are  of  conaidersble  in* 
U-PMl.  The  luti-st  aru  dutiM)  Jan.  13  and  FM). 
%i,  1687,  They  ■tnrti'd  from  Samnrkaiid  for 
Bokhara  on  Befit.  lit.  Near  Saninrkand  they  Irav- 
eiKcd  the  extensive  plR)ita(loii»  of  Ueiienil  Kofol- 
kof,  who  has,  by  irritnitiou,  brought  under  culti- 
vation an  extensile  urea  of  bum-n  country  on  both 
sides  of  the  Kara  Te|K'.  Over  the  difficult  jiiwww  of 
Takbta-Karacliu  and  Ijihore  Murda  the  travelleta 
reached  the  valley  of  theSangardak.  All  this  dis- 
trict u  inbalnted  by  the  Uslteg^  and  Tajiks.  Aftar 
a  tewdavHthey  reached  the  plain  of  UiMnr.  This 
dtelHct  producni  tii'c  iu  great  qiinnlilTMi  and  of 
cxcvptiooally  good  quality.  The  town  Is  vt-ry 
unhealthy,  and  in  summer  the  whole  population 
movcf  toKaralamh.  The traiellerv  then dmcoixhMl 
Ibe  unexplored  valK'y  of  the  Kalimuhan  to  i(« 
oonflaaaca  with  the  Arau-Dnrya.     In  ihiii  valley. 


4 
4 


4 


Antn.  IB,  imO 


SCIJSIfCE. 


357 


which  ia  evNTwhpTeco7«T«id  with  an  effioreteence 
ct  Mlt.lb»re  are  mauy  »»tileni«nlti  of  the  Usbt^it. 
which  tuv  ntuaU^I  on  the  rich  nlluvinl  grtiutid  at 
the  btmtW  of  Ihff  rivn*  or  on  it*  i«liindii.  Thtj 
fotlowed  the  Amu-Darva,  soil,  aft^r  lisvinic  mad* 
BOOM  AZcamtlonB  at  Tsrmeit.  cron^  it  at  Cbuilika 
Omar  Into  Afghanistan.  IIer«  thf*)  w«re  luatie 
)uiMMI«n,  and,  after  brioi;  dttuiiinl  for  Iwriit^r- 
lire  JayH.  uMil  back  aerat*  the  frunlier.  Tboy  re- 
hoItixI  Iu  ri-tutn  t»  Fmncc,  but,  on  learning  tbiit 
cararnns  slnrting  from  Ka«hgar  go  aometimm  in 
wiiilpr  to  IjKlak  or  IjIt,  they  <tecide<l  to  lake  ttiiv 
route.  They  intend  lo  crura  the  Panlr.  alarling 
troiu  Uulclia.  A[t4-r  ImviDg  rrai-lutd  the  Kan- 
Kul,  thi-j-  will  follow  the  river  Akbalial,  atiil  eo- 
ijpavur  to  reach  Kunjnt.  Tliougb  the  [lasfngt!  of 
tbcai'  di-Mtrls  —  wJilt^h  are  at  an  eIei«Uon  of  from 
thirtrm  to  Hixtepn  thousaml  feet — in  winter  la 
*eTf  ditlicull,  they  will  at  this  apaaou  avoid  beioit; 
hindered  Id  tbeir  pragma  bj  tbe  inhnblianls. 

Africa. 

Itev.  GeoTKe  Grenfell.  the  aucceaiful  «-spUirer  of 
the  Koug;o  ba^iii.  hati  UH'tuidcd  the  Ku'ango  in  tlii! 
Baptiat  uiisHiunary  Btranier  Peace,  and  ritichLH) 
Eikimji  FalU.  the  place  where  von  Mnfbovr,  who 
rame  from  the  xouth,  was  ubligi^l  to  turn  bark. 
About  nix  niitM  from  the  junction  of  the  Kaf«i 
withthoKwangobefouDii  another  large  tributary, 
tl>e  Jiioiu,  entering  the  river  from  the  east,  which 
lnrekeoted  so  large  a  voliiintr  of  water  lliai  il  mu 
a  uiAtler  of  uurettaiuly  which  wan  tbe  larger 
■tream.  Frotiably  this  ri*«T  in  ideotii-'ul  with  lh« 
Kuilu  of  the  ampn.  He  ascended  the  greHt  bend 
of  the  Kwangu,  wliiii'h  comes  back  to  its  northerly 
cour*o  at  latitude  4°  St/  iwiiitb.  Th<>  Kikiinji  Falls 
are  about  three  feet  higb,  and,  though  uisumiounl- 
able  for  (lie  Peace,  are  said  by  Mr.  (Irenfell  to  lie 
no  olMlacle  to  com  mum  cation  by  catioes  aud  scnall 
Ctafl  (Proc.  Hog.  gtogr.  tor.,  ,\prit,   IMST). 

The  Inat  numlicr  »[  thr  Antananarivo  attKuai 
and  Madagatear  magaxinf  (Christina*,  1880}  ci>n- 
aUtit,  bttain  »  reprint  of  Mr.  A.  K.  Wullaoe'H 
«bapler  on  the  faunu  of  MadaKascar.  miiitUy  of 
ptpen  oi>  linguistic  topico  and  oo  Mala«;iuiy  fotk- 
lonk  H.  Oruulidier^  paper  cm  the  tjbuunia  and 
hgooaa  of  (be  cut  ooaat  <>!  thi-  iehuid  la  trana- 
Isteii.  witli  Mime  inicniiiing  rentarkn  hj  Ur. 
Sibnw  njipflDdrd.  Hr.  SIbree  points  out  that  It 
would  only  rei|Ulre  about  thirty  milea  of  oanala  to 
otmaect  all  tbe*e  logoonv,  and  eo  create  u  safe  and 
•xlMMiTe  internal  water-way  of  the  gii>at«>t  com. 
merclal  value.  The  Rev.  W.  Montijomery  con- 
iribuieti  a  jutpitr  on  tbe  Mqlnga^iy  game  of  '  fane- 
nnn,'  in  maay  r««pectA  r«t^ii<bling  cbcaa  (iVafuiv, 
March  -H). 


Amfriea. 

Tlie  tletd-wofk  of  tbe  Rrologicvl  »«n-cy  of  Npw. 
foundland  In  tlie  year  l(*tHI  included  a  mirvry  of 
tlie  Bay  of  Kiploila,  which  waa  made  by  Jamee 
P,  Uowley.  or  late  yeam  the  aervlcM  of  tlie  aur- 
vey  bar*  bc«n  derolod  chietly  Iu  blocking  olT  land 
for  agricultural  purposm.  Mmt  of  its  geographl* 
cal  wofk  la  *t'll  in  nuinu«cri)it.  and  Iiaa  never 
boon  pubUabed  at  all.  It  tmrluilPH  nurvey*  c4 
Nulre  Dame.  8t.  Oeorge'o,  and  Port  a  Port  tMya, 
I  ur  vers  of  all  tbe  piinctpal  rivers  of  tbe  ialanda, 
and  trio  ngu  lot  ions  of  the  lai^er  lakes. 

Fimlann  baN  publiiOiixl  a  rejiort  on  his  expedi- 
tioD  in  eaatetn  Patn^ootn.  Soim  after  bid  appoint- 
ment aa  governor  of  the  territory  of  Chubut.  the 
Welsh  colony  In  the  lower  vnllcr  o!  tlii.'  Cbubut 
River,  iuvited  by  reporta  o(  the  fertility  and  gold- 
mines of  tlie  Andes,  or^niwd  an  rxpodition  for 
uKploriUK  Ih^  valleya  of  tbe  Andes,  and  oSerod 
the  Icudersliip  to  Funluou.  Tlie  party  ascended 
th«  rive*  Cbubut.  whicti  flowd  through  the  deso- 
lalo  i>lnins  of  easteim  Patagonia.  Ah  ita  upper 
caarw  runa  almnet  purallol  with  the  Andes,  (b«y 
a«cended  tbe  Chnrmat'',  one  of  it),  tributariea, 
aud  tlien  ettuck  weat.  After  n  ride  of  a  f«w  dqa 
they  reached  the  fertile  valleys  of  tho  Andaa,  and 
came  tu  the  Rio  Coroovailo,  nhich  run*  went  to 
the  I'ncitic  Ocean.  A«  tbe  confluence  of  the  Cho- 
hut  and  Charmnlx'  ;■  only  1,MH)  feel  above  »ea- 
level,  and  the  iioint  where  they  reached  the  valley 
of  tlie  Corcovailo  i.HOO  feet,  it  ia  evident  tkit  the 
Andes  do  not  lonu  a  r«nlinuoiis  chain  of  nioun- 
tains.  but  tl>at  tliey  are  intersected  by  dorp  valloya. 
Fortlier  south  the  HtraK  of  Magellan,  the  Rio 
Sunla  Cruz.  Rio  de  lus  Huemules,  and  Rio  Ayseo 
indicate  valleys  Ibat  cut  ocroea  the  whole  wldUi 
of  the  mountains.  As  the  land  was  ao  heavily 
limbered  as  to  hinder  the  progress  of  the  portf, 
tliej  retiimeil  to  tbe  Charmoie.  From  here  they 
neut  font h.  anil  poxr^l  the  watanbod between  llie 
Benguel  aud  the  Cliubut.  After  having  miclied 
the  Souguel.  they  ascended  It,  and  it  i«  here  that 
Foiitnno  mode  his  most  important  diarovery.  In 
UUtude  IS*  nimlh.  close  to  tlie  ooorw  of  the  Rio 
Aiaen,  hr  found  a  large  lake,  through  which  the 
Seiiguel  flows.  lie  was  ptrventcd  from  following 
its  Upper  course,  nn  the  woods  were  too  dense. 
U«  therefore  rvtumed,  folUiwing  the  Sengui;l, 
which  flows  throiigb  a  awampy  valley,  bordnrvd 
on  iti>  aoulheri)  side  by  desolate  hilla.  on  it«  north- 
em  side  by  vulcanic  mountains,  tlie  colore  of 
whicli  are  as  manifold  and  glaring  as  thoae  of  the 
Paint*^  Deiert.  Tliia  espeditloD  will  probubly 
lead  to  the  estublishmeiit  of  a  colony  on  the  Cor- 
cuvado,  or  Lake  Fontana.  ua  ilic  newly  dircovuri'd 
lake  has   been  called,  by  the  cnlvrpti.-'ing   Weloli 


3S8 


SCIENCE. 


[Yen.  IX.,  No.  >1B 


oolony  of  the  loim  Chubut  {DeutMhegtogr.  BUU., 
1687,  No.  I). 

AtittnlaMia. 

Admiral  von  SclildnJtx,  Kovemor  o(  tbe  0«r- 
nvin  possnviione  In  N«it  Guinea,  is  couUnuing  his 
oxplorations  on  lli«  coanU  ur  New  Uuinen  nntl  the 
NcJKliboring  i»laD<lA.  In  Ootobrr.  I8S8,  hu  wt- 
plarvd  llie  etmaU  »t  Uuon  Gulf.  wh«iv  he  found 
sewnl  navi|;ablc'  rireni.  Tlin  ooiut  ooriHiiiU  of 
arobaiu  anil  melaruorpliic  ri>cbi.  In  Norember 
tbo  ccaxt  from  Inn  Point  to  Capv  della  'I'orre  waa 
nrrojMl.  The  results  of  thc«e  otMervaiionii  liavi' 
been  pnbllsbed  in  llie  \ttehriehten  uiu  Kaiser- 
WUhflm-Lti'l  uml  d&m  Bitmarek  Arctiipfi,  1^7, 
Noa.  1  auil  S. 

MrVugiuQ.  t)i«i.'uroioirorihp.\uol[lAn<lBiii8eaTn. 
tntcnOa  to  iitdni  nuuth-rniitfTni  Nfv  Ouioea  from 
Fnahwatcr  Bay  to  nuan  Oulf  b«  mxk)  as  the  rainy 
I  to  over  (fVoc.  Rrtj.  i/wirr.  ««.,  April.  18H7). 

OMvns. 

The  BU.-thD(U  and  muItM  of  Liput.  J.  G.  Pilla- 
bar)  >  roMnnihM  on  dcvivMin  ciirmntfl  in  the  Straito 
of  F1ari<)B  (Appendix  U,  Coart  and  geod,  sum. 
rq^ort  /or  1885)  are  i^ry  tnt«'re«tEnK.  Thi-y  wm 
carried  out  on  the  steavief  Blake,  at  Hrn  ntutlons 
beiwtvn  Uiiii  Key  aiid  Cipe  (luridu.  By  an  fii- 
g«inious  arrangement,  PilUhury  <H>ntrlvi<d  to  an- 
chor nl  u  depth  of  ultnoMt  Hvo  hundred  fathoms, 
and  was  time  enabled  to  mcacure  the  currevta  by 
a  revolving  meter.  For  a  deiwripUoii  of  the 
apparatus  we  refer  to  the  original  paper.  As  tlie 
time  allutled  to  the  work  waa  not  lung  enough  to 
make  exhaii^lire  researches,  and  the  atatA  of  the 
weatliw  was  ffequtnilly  loo  bad  for  anchoring  lii 
d<x.-p  wiLtrr.  tlie  utnyi-alionii  nm  mtJter  Irref^lar. 
The  rrnutiA  nrr  very  valunhti-,  and  we  are  glad 
to  Icara  tluit  thn  nxoarcbn  will  be  ooutiiiuMl. 
The  atrenjclh  of  the  current  Is  influenoed  in-  the 
tide*  :  and  the  prindpal  aiaxliiium.  wbioh  oc<nini 
about  four  hours  before  the  miTtdian  poinnge 
of  thr  moon,  b  very  disliiM.-!.  Tliu  11  iictua lions 
of  thi;  ciirvu  aru  w>  irri'^iilnr.  however,  that  it  i« 
liardly  |m«>iblo  to  plot  tim  observations  lor  deler- 
inlnlnK  the  axis  of  th«  currrni  and  its  Mr«i])(th  in 
various  depths.  It  appears  that  the  Kmtent  in- 
tegrity of  the  surface  current  is  tietu  the  went 
■hon,  wbil«  the  current  at  a  depth  of  a  hundred 
and  thirty  fotlionn  ia  atnngeal  in  th<-  middle  of 
th«  stnii. 

LtoitU  A.  fie  Oueydon  has  canstnicte<l  an  aji- 
poratus  similar  to  that  ttsed  by  Lleutrnaut  Pillii- 
burv.  but  far  more  CompJicat«d.  wbii.'fa  he  has 
te^dl  by  iiitaauring  the  ourtentu  ot  the  Bnnporus. 
It  ia  dtwcribiil  in  the  Hevue  marilimf  rl  eohniatf, 
NoTvnbvr,  1886.    Tbu  reaulla  of  bl*  obserTatlons 


conUim  thoae  obtained  by  Mnkarof  (I'nfe  Seituet. 
ix-  sot),  tie  found  during  r«lm>  and  pravniling 
north-easterly  winds  a  snrfaro  carrmt  of  ntnoty 
feet  depth  setting  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  8m 
of  Marmora.  At  Constantinople  a  smaller  am 
brandies  off.  which  sweeps  alung  the  autilb  side 
of  tlie  Golden  Horn. and  foruuan  eddy,  reluroing 
lUi  the  north  side,  and  again  rc«ching  tfae  BiMpomii 
at  Top  Hnae.  Thin  curmnt  reatrhcH  to  thp  Imttom- 
Sudden  clianges  in  iiii  rdiwlty  arc  very  fm]iienl. 
Under  the  main  Hurfaco  t^iirrenl,  Oneydon  found 
the  well-known  tindereurreni  ruiuilu)c  trota  ll»e 
Sea  of  Marmora  to  the  Blii^k  Sea. 

In  llie  AjiniihTi  der  Uiidrographie.  ISBT.  No.  S, 
G.  Kareiten  duiciisiini  the  uL»ervatJuiiB  mi  the  ice 
of  the  butbor  of  Kiel,  the  most  Imponant  utation 
of  the  German  marine  in  the  Baltic.  During  the 
tbtrty-eight  ycnt«  over  which  the  obmrTatioD*  «x- 
tvnd.  tlie  harbor  was  froiHm  up  seventeen  time*, 
the  mean  duration  of  tite  Ice-sheet  being  thlriy- 
four  days  :  the  maximum,  seventy-one  days,  Tbe 
Ice  forms  moat  frequently  in  January.  In  il>e  be- 
ginning i>f  winler  the  warm  conoentrati-d  water 
of  the  (ji-rniiin  0<M-iin.  whit^b  enim  tile  Daltso, 
delay*  thn  formalinn  of  ice.  thongh  the  tinup4ira> 
tarn  of  the  air  may  Ixi  low.  As  soon  as  »a  e«M- 
«rly  wind  net*  in  and  carriM  Imi  ron<^ntraIed 
oold  water  of  the  Elallic  into  tlie  b«y,  on  ice-sbe<( 
is  formed. 

Gtntral. 

TFie  publiaadOD  of  the  Zeitatliri/1  /Sr  lOHen- 
gchaftliclie  OtOgrt^hlt.  which  wnii  dinconiiROcd 
some  lime  ai;i>.  hiui  lieen  re>.umcd  liy  Dr.  J.  I, 
Keteter.  The  lirst  number  for  188T  contains, 
among  other  |MiperG,an  article  by  O.  Krikminel  on 
surrBG«  lemperatares  of  Uie  ocean,  and  one  by  H. 
Reiteron  tlie  Antoiftic  queatioii. 


yOTBS  A.\D  XBWS. 

Tint  cbemiei  of  the  Massachusetts  state  board 
ofhealth  has  recently  aiialyi^e*!  a  targenuin  her  ufao- 
called  lemperanctvdrliiks.  and  1ms  luiiiiJ  thiil  all  ot 
lliem  contain  alccbol,  one  of  tliem  (.'untuining  as 
mucli  as  t4.3  per  cent.  Sei-eral  of  Ihem  eontskiii 
RKint  than  40  (wr  «^nt,  and  a  very  large  propofUon 
more  tliiui  30  per  cent.  One  ot  ttie»e  ia  said  by 
its  monulaetun-r  to  be  "a  purely  vegetable Cx- 
tract,  stimulus  to  the  IkkIv  without  intaxleatiiiK." 
"  Inebriates  struggling  to  reform  will  find  iU  Ionic 
and  sueitaming  inlluence  on  the  nerrouo  nyslem  a 
great  help  to  their  rfrorlB."  This  prejHmitioti  was 
found  to  contain  41.6  )>eT  cent  of  atcdiol. 

—  The  Boatiin  Meiiieal  and  fttrgtcai  jonrtmleon' 
tnili*  tbe  hinttiry  of  six  cases  of  poisoning  from 
the  arsenical  wall-paper  of  a  single  room,  extend- 


4 


I 


Antn.  15.  1887.) 


SSCIEKCB, 


35» 


tni!  ov«r  H  p<-rlo(t  of  wvnal  jean.  Th«i  remoral 
of  lh«  palter  vAs  iDllowed  by  petfpot  immuuiljr 
to  Ihiow  who  itulwf(iu«iitl]'  ticrupicd  i\»  rouon. 

—  A.  H.  Hmrtbe.  Ck>1utiibua,  O.  unnouDras  an 
•dItloD  of  the  '  PivltDiinsry  rtriiort  <in  pctroli-'uni 
and  iRflanimuhle  ex»  in  Ohio,  by  Prnf.  Edwnrd 
OrUm.  Hlut«  iieoloffiiil.  The-  Hnt  nlitinii  vrmi  i»- 
BU(d  anij  di(tribat*d  by  tho  lcfn'<Utiir<>  of  Ohio, 
and  nil  cxifii™  vrprp  filgoed  on  sale. 

—  ProfdHor  Ithf  »-Dnvlitg  i«  at  work  upon  a  Be- 
Irotion  of  Hi<rrod  Pttii  texts  wbUb  he  expecto  to 
publish  nhortly. 

—  Tlie  Eni;li»b  Oooili*  society  now  nutnlicni  two 
hiinilri-d  aiid  nrtv  nipml>rn>,  nnd  luw  undpTtnlicn 
thi.'  publicuiion  iif  its  rrnniinctionn. 

—  Til*  Athei\at»m  liniU.  tli»t,  arcording  to  the 
inoet  ivcvnl  rviiortf ,  iiliti-ation  in  tint  nortfa-woatem 
iwovinon  of  India  nnuinKHt  tnR)i«  haii  ircdved  • 
■liKhl  fhtx'k.  thr  nnmliir  of  pnplU  a',  the  schools 
having  dncr^wwi)  from  ^U.aU  toS44.U6,  Ontbe 
othor  hand,  female  popiU  lucreiaseil  from  I0,i4lt 
to  II, IM.  AltoiKMber.  94  bop>  and  4  cirls  pvr 
tliou<«iid  of  llie  (vpuialion  of  Brhuitl-gaijig  age 
aiv  nii(lt-r  initrui-tion.  It  ia  n  iiign  o(  the  v^y 
aatisfaciury  pnign-a  now  l)Hn8  made  b/  MoliatD- 
medani  In  (vluc-ntionnt  mntlcra,  that,  in  proiKtr- 
lion  to  l)ii»ir  niiinlH^n;,  thpy  contribute  four  liuiM 
as  manv  pupth  to  the  [iriuinry  vrhuuU,  and  nmrlj' 
iwk*    as    man  v    to   t  he   wcimdim    nchnols,    as 

BilKlUS. 

—  NoHcboul  and  colK-w  tvit-booksnrvashand- 
aunelr  gultrn  up  ns  tltoM-  imuc^  bv  Macmlllaa  & 
Co.,  nnd  wc  are  k'"-'  t'lat  they  olTer  the  product 
of  tbrir  pre**  to  HltldcnU  of  uistbeiiiatlca  as  vifM 
as  to  students  of  Ill«r8ture.  We  hav«  rrt'CDtly 
notir^l  ttaelr  •  Text-book  of  Euclid's  elcini>ntB. 
books  I  and  ii.,'  by  MeM».  UallaudSi^M-ns.  Tlie 
little  book  in  I  mud  TO  me  ly  printi-d.  the  nrittinnl 
riders  and  tledui-tloiu  clear  nii<l  useful,  and  tite 
use  of  ty|H.-  in  thi-  various  doraonitrnlions  very 
judk-ioDM.  Wp  Ilkr  especially  the  wsy  in  which 
tlut  fclri'ii  linra  nnd  lino*  of  ronstruction  are  dls- 
ttn)cui*Ji«rl  In  ili«  dia^crams.  It  Isajinvt  iuiprovi-- 
roent  upon  tlie  old■fa^)lloiled  use  of  ibe  dottvd 
line. 

—  A  pprformanev  of  tbft  Oedipua  Tyranntu  ia 
to  be  ttivt^ii  at  OambridRe.  lt.ng\u\A,  In  November 
next. 

—  Th«  R«^l«  If'Olurer  at  the  Unlwrftit.v  of  Otm- 
brldffe  for  the  conilnj;  year  is  J.  R.  Seeley.  legiu* 
professor  uf  modern  bUtory. 

—  Tliere  were  no  Cen-i^  thsn  3.033  mntdf'ulntnd 
students  at  Kdinburf-ii  uDivcrHity  hut  year,  which 
i(  the  lartcaat  numlx-r  on  rctxirJ.  Of  thmie,  I.St.'i 
ware  stiKhatU  of  nwHlicinv;  1.122,  of  arts  i  400, 


of  law :  and  108,  of  divinity.    Of  the  medical 
stodenls,  only  forty  per  cent  nru  Bcotchmen. 

~  St.  Andrews  university  bas  (N>nrerr^  a  \*Tgfr 
number  of  honorary  degrten  leoiiilly  Dr.  Pliilip 
SchalT  of  the  Union  tlxHilugicul  seuitnary,  New 
York  City,  wa»  amonic  tbov  who  received  tbe 
degree  of  D.D. 

—  Wc  have  received  the  bieiini»l  report  of  the 
State  school  of  mines  at  Oidden.  Co).  It  is  well 
gotten  np,  and  contains  a«  an  appendix  valusble 
papers  by  members  of  the  faculty,  as  follows: 
■  Notea  ou  Iran  prospects  la  DnsHurm  Colorado,* 
Regis  Chaurene*  i  ■  Mineral  twourcw  of  Boul<ier 
Bounty."  P.  H.  ran  Dlest :  •  Oeolo^  of  the  Aspt-n 
mining  dintrict,"  Arthur  Lakes;  'The  prment 
mining-law  i^>ao>,'  Magnus  C.  Ihlseng  ;  '  Mining 
notes  from  Eagle  county,"  (Ji^wge  (.'.  Tilden. 

—  Tlie  ■  Elamemta  of  English,'  by  G.  B.  Bektr 
(Chicatto,  Inteivtaie  publishing  ou.),  is  an  Intro- 
duction toEnglUhgrsmmar  for  thenwut  schools. 
It  la  T«rx  dementary  in  character,  and  cnauists  of 
a  series  of  lessons  Irentjug  of  (lie  pari*  of  Hpi-ech 
and  their  nse*.  of  the  sinijilu  nentrnce  in  ilR  various 
formi.  fully  iltustratod  by  practical exercUcscom- 
IMieeii  of  common  wiwd«  in  daily  ii-e,  so  that 
pupils  are  gradually,  and  almost  nncoiiscloni'ly, 
led  on  to  a  knowledge  of  the  correct  use  of  their 
(»wn  langimge. 

—  Mr.  A.  M.  Ogilvie  recently  pr*»ent«l  before 
the  Aristotelian  sociely  an  intereeliiig  paper  on 
Loue's  niotaphyfics.  of  whii-h  ilin  fullowlug  Is  an 
ab«ir»-t.  The  niosl  signlHi-ant  n»[>ei-i  of  Lotse's 
teuchiug  <B  it«  many -sided  neM.  .  An  rmlnentuian 
of  science  as  well  as  a  ptiilosopher,  he  also  bud  a 
most  d«licnte  appn^'iutlon  of  (be  aesllietic  and 
moral  ntnndards  of  rslue  which  govern  human 
life.  He  sought  in  pbilmophy  an  im-wer  to  Ibe 
oomplex  of  questions  arising  out  of  life  as  a 
whole,  sod  not  merely  an  liyi^othesis  satisfying  Ibe 
requirFnienla  of  physical  science.  No  one  felt 
muro  strongly  that  only  in  acinal  experience  hate 
men  a  liiing  evidence  of  reuljly,  but  he  showed 
that  in  cxjieriencc  the  sl^lHcnnco  liea  in  those 
Ideal  forms  m  which  ti  manlfesle  itself  to  reason. 
In  Ills  ultimate  aiMly^is  of  mir  experientM;  of  na- 
ture, Lutxe  arrived  at  a  conception  oF  a  universal 
absolute  working  by  Hxed  hin-4.  revealed  to  us  lit 
expi-rience.  towards  an  ideal  eud.  Menial  phe- 
nomena in  the  same  Hnal  nna1y>is  give  evidetioe 
of  Ihs  eii*t«nc«  of  Hnit4!  spirila.  not  indc]iondi:nt 
of  the  InHnlte  S|nrit.  w  bicli  in  the  last  rriort  tbe 
aesthetic  and  moral  espeneitoe  of  man  realiiee 
not  uieivly  an  a  bare  alisolute,  but  as  a  living  ))er- 
■onal  Ui-ity. 

—  Sit  William  Vernon  Harcourl  has  resigned 


360 


the   proftvaondiip  ot    JntmiatioMt  law  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

—  Dr.  Itnir*  lecture*  on  education  at  the-  Joliiut 
UojtkiiiM  iinlvenlt]'  ai*  ^ivra  oncp  wd'hl}'  l)cri>ri-* 
a  clam  of  twcntf-niiif  iitwlenla. 

—  In  ihf  currvDt  number  of  SerHmer't  maga- 
xtne  ntr  two  articlM  tliat  iua<  (uirljr  \»  rlaaaix]  na 
cduwKonal.  The  Bnrt  ia  by  I'mf,  W,  B.  Scoit  of 
PrincMon,  on  'Amrrkxn  Hi^>linnt  inyttis.'  Jn 
whlcli  bcr  (liwuuv*  In  an  cxtreai«ly  intfrtt^tiiiK 
maiinrr  ttw^Tliience,  In  tradition  nnd  innriiption, 
at  tli«  rxixletioi'  of  el«i>lianl8  In  Auierica  in  mi- 
ci«nt  timcf,  and  r«couDt»  UMoy  of  tl>e  pojiular 
fallncJm  tn  reeanl  u>  them.  Prof.  A.  8,  HiU  of 
Harvard  cUiwa  ilir  number  witli  MBliort  but  vigor- 
oua  sntcl«  on  '  EnKliiih  in  our  coIIi-km,'  in  which 
ba  dlacuuwiii  iho  (lumtion  »f  what  bmni-litw  of 
Sngliab  iniriructioii  nrc  of  8r<>ntf«>t  imporunm  to 
collesu  Rtudpnti.  and  pnjn  piirtlciUnr  attention  lo 
the  methodH  of  teaching  Enff"i'>  conipoiillon. 

—  ArclKlMcon  Farrar  wrll«8  from  Eau  Africa 
that  th«  whole  district  of  Ma);ila,  wiib  its  hun- 
drada  of  viUagw  and  tbou<Huul»  of  pwple,  boa  rtv 
cmtlf  been  MivL-d  an  ini-aaiioD  of  lonall-pox,  which 
haaprciuiW  in  m iron nd inn  dint ricta,  by  g«-neral 
VHCGinHiion.  ilr  miiln  that  tliix  lia§  commended 
medical  ccli'ncv  to  the  people,  jud  Iher  come  in 
numbern  (o  be  vaocitialed. 

—  Dr.  UuBtav  Dcmdl  lioji  ini-paml  n  mono- 
graph on  tlio  Hwiiw  foehn,  i-nlitlcd  •■  Der  Foehn, 
Ein  Beitriig  ziir  onvrnpliiiwhen  MetKin>lo|cle  und 
ootnpamllveu  KhniaIoloKl«"  (Odttingen.  186B). 
TliiH  i«  the  inoft  conaidenible  work  of  the  kind  i 
and.  Although  devot«d  eapecially  to  the  phenome- 
na noted  ill  i^wilEerland.  it  hiw  nIho  lui  inlro- 
dufiorj-  chapter  giving  tho  hirtorj-  of  the  theories 
proiKNMl  to  luxMiiint  for  thl»  «ind,  and  a  final 
chapter  deitcrlbinfc  analo)tou8  windo  elwwbere. 
Tho  latter  dom  nol  iocliKle  au;  ou  tliia  cionttnent, 
if  Oreenlaud  be  rxcepled. 

—  Dr.  Dnvenport.  alttl*  analjrat  of  HaoeachuMtlo. 
has  exumiii«il  twenty  advi-rtiiK^  cures  f<>r  the 
Opium-ltabit,  and  found  that  all  but  ono  contained 
Ofiiuni.  TbiR  one  wa*  cnllml  ■  double  chloride  of 
l^d,'  Uit  cniilnlncd  no  tnice  of  Kold. 

—  Huperinti'ndont  Bartinger'a  last  report  aliowe 
that  the  number  ot  children  in  Newark  (HJ.) 
of  aohool  age  —  belw««u  lire  and  eightMnt  —  U 
49,MS,  an  increojte  over  tht?  previoun  year  of  iM. 
41  aobool-buildiDtc  ant  in  unc  :  itnd  880  teacbrra, 
of  whom  only  39  an  mnlrw.  nm  employed.  The 
total  •nrolment  wa»  iH.SM,  and  the  arem^e  por 
cent  of  fltt^Ddancci,  69,'i, 

-~  Load  OlOord,  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Edin- 
burgh court  ot  aeasloi).  who  died  recently,  baa  lie- 


qitt!Blhe>l  £80.000  to  found  leitureshitM  on  namral 
tbfn|iif;\  at  ihi-  tour  Si«ltwh  uiiii-iTiitim.  Kclln- 
burgh  Ki'tB  £211 000 :  tllniiKow  and  Aberdeen,  fiSO,- 
000  mch;  and  &t.  Andrew*,  £111,000. 

—  Tlu-  Athenaeum  sliitm  that  the  rtpMt  uB 
education  in  the  Boiuhay  pn-udency  for  the  year 
meS-Sit.  nvently  iMnicrt.  vs  o(  unuaunl  inti**e«t  an 
dealing  with  the  important  mibjocla  of  Ibe  tmnv- 
fer  of  Hchoola  lo  local  bodjea,  and  tl)i>  dnckkpoient 
of  technical  education.  With  regard  to  Ih?  ([«»• 
oral  invKntatof  education,  the  year's  etatiatie*  mxv 
tli«  mot  favorable  ever  iimiented  %a  the  KOTera- 
roent  of  IlomlMiy.  At  the  end  of  the  year  lltere 
wen?  ■IiW.DK;  nhlMrpn  in  the  nolioola  connected 
with  the  ediirnlion  dep.nttment.  the  In rgnt  num- 
ber previously  rpcorded  having  I)«'n438,4l(l.  Ona 
spM'ially  favorable  f««t)ire  of  the  report  ta  Ibe 
evidence  it  auppliea  of  the  proicrtvs  of  female  edu- 
cnliDo,  the  numbrr  of  girl  pupils  at  tbe  irhoob 
having  ininiun-d  from  -13.230  to  1S037.  The 
governmpni  connidcr  that  iherepdHnfforda  ample 
proof  of  the  capacity  of  private  f-ntrrrpriM  in  m- 
spect  ol  tlie  manaxemcitl  of  hi>;hcr  aided  achoola. 

^  Tlie  lUiilieol  and  (urfficof  rrportrr  recorda 
Ibe  olMerisiiou*  of  G«llt  in  the  relation  betwe«B 
semibility  of  the  tymponum  and  ilie  dlrectfaiB 
from  which  ttound  coiuev.  When  a  sound  sirikea 
the  enr,  il  in  rt^ferred  lii  Hint  imrt  of  the  buriuin 
towards  which  the  or^nn  in  dirriTted  at  tho  mo- 
ment of  tlie  nioHt  Intennc  n>niiation.  The  knowt- 
edii^e  of  the  fact  that  the  son  n<)- producing  body  ia 
outside  us.  and  the  uotioti  of  the  direction  in  whlcb 
it  lien,  ate  tliiu  a(.i(uired  ut  one  and  the  same  tim& 
How  b  ttie  result  obtained  r  .^i  a  result  of  wt- 
jieriioenta  on  two  pntlenta  in  Chorcol'i  ward*, 
Oelie  concludes  that  the  wniibility  of  the  tym- 
panum playt  nn  imporiant  part  in  the  effort  to 
fiercei^e  Ibe  direction  of  sound  :  tluit  the  tym- 
panum is  eensitive  to  tlie  vibrating  sound-wavea, 
and  this  sensibility  g'lvee  ua  the  noltoti  of  eslertor^ 
rty  and  o(  the  direction  ot  the  aound.  The  pa- 
tients vmr^  Hulfering  with  Keneml  aoaeMbeafa, 
and  it  wus  found  that  the  druni-niembrane  might 
iMt  touiUied  and  pricked  witliout  tbu  patienl'a  hav- 
ing tlie  lo«t  sensation  of  pnin  or  ot  contact-  Al- 
though the  tick  of  a  watch  could  be  heard  with 
either  ear,  the  patients  were  unable  to  aay  on  which 
aide  il  waa  placed. 

—  Mr.  George  J.  llomanea  has  cummunieatad  lo 
Iho  IJniM'on  aociely  the  roulU  of  some  experi- 
meiits  mode  by  him  lo  lent  the  ■«■•<■  of  unell  in 
d<vs.  He  fliuta  thnt  not  only  Ibe  feet,  but  the 
whole  body,  of  a  man  eilinlc*  a  peculiar  odor 
which  a  dog  can  reeoKnl^ce  ns  that  of  hit  maalcr 
amidKi  ■  crowd  of  other  jwrsona :  ()iat  the  IndivM- 
uikl  qujilUj  of  lht«  odor  cim  be  tecogiUaed  at  grcM 


I 


Amu  u.  ^m^^  \ 


SCIE^VS. 


361 


diaituiovn  to  wtndwairi.  or  in  calm  westber  at 
£mtt  diKtnncm  in  atty  dm^-lion  ;  and  ilint  evC'U 
powMful  ii«rruRi«  insf  not  uveitiODie  lliis  odor. 
Y^l  a  ritiKle  sbei-t  of  liruwn  paper,  wliro  stepped 

[^upon  in«t«nd  of  tlie  fnvunil,  nnd  nlliTiciud  rr- 
DOT^,  wassufficiL-nl  to  prctent  hie  dag  rnxii  foU 

^lowioK  hi^  truiI. 

—  Sotui!  o(  tlic  fpsttiiefl  of  shnitliand-wriliDg, 
FDriirnnoiiK-miiltipIeix  leieitraptiy.  aud  tipp-writ- 

InK.  an-  rouiliiiied  Id  a  aysiem  of  Mt-Du-trU-gtapU.v 
invmliwl  by  M.  O.  A.  Ca«agii<K  "f  Puri*.  In 
rw^ni  FxperimeDiaoTtra  winj  rnnntnK  tmm  Putia 
to  OrlMiii)>  anil  luiclt,  mmtiiKrii  wciv  unit  nt  the 
rutv  of  two  buniln'd  word*  a  ininuti",  that  l«lng 
tliv  biflKTit  iponl  ottainaMe  bj  a  itimble-rinxeivd 
oiMrmtor.  B;  mpHne  of  no  aatouiailciraDMnllilng 
apjiRntttia,  uirinj;  ■  strip  of  iiaper  pr»vioiibly  ptfr- 
ttoMfd.  as  In  »iii«  of  the  Byat*iii»  <it  tt-lography 
already  In  Togue,  8«*raK«D  thuiLiand  words  per 
hour  wFr«  At^iil  ovora  lijwIWO  htlomrtni'inlr'nglh, 
lli«  mewHKtn  bt-iiig  aiiloiiiniirallj'  printed  l>y  tlie 
r*ei;iving  instrument. 

—  Tbe  gt-ncml  nsaenibly  of  Ov-rRian  teacher* 
will  be  lidd  tbis  jaa  ntOothaon  May  81  and  June 
t  uidS. 

— The  Uernian  teacbera  of  nxtdpm  lannuages, 
liAvins  iIuuMlnBi  »vti  hour  snccnBrDlly  a  similar 
•ohcuic  IK  Korkins  in  France,  aslied  tlie  I'hancel- 

rtOMlabllnli  travelling  8cbolarsbi|>fi for odtanceft 
'■tud^tit*  of  modern  laoicuiigrs.  Bismnn^k  rejilied 
thnt  the  miillcr  waa  not  one  for  the  imjierinl  gov. 
eriimii'nl  lo  attend  to,  but  Mhinild  be  brouKbt  be- 
fore the  educ«liunnl  ■ulborilliv  of  the  varJoutt 
O^rmun  stat«i. 

—  The  gyiniia^ial  eurriculutu  iii  Hungary,  bur- 
tag  proved  fdutly,  la  to  tie  alUrvil.  A  L-oDimlR- 
aion  appoiui«i)  to  d«kjae  mDan*  oi  iniproTenient 
neounienit  that  Iluugnrinn  literature,  iil  present 
Oonfioed  to  llir  hinlKiK  Hum,  l>e  taught  in  the 
two  biglicst  (-IniHri. ;  tlie  teacliiiig  of  geography, 
hitherto  reatrirted  to  the  K>«'e»t  dames,  to  bt  ear- 
ned higher  tip  and  |>receited  by  a  course  of  politi- 
cal geography  ;  t.tennan  lo  be  laughl  lens  ih<wreti- 
cally.  aiid  more  witb  a  view  to  ac(|uiring  the 
language  pradically.  The  tern-liwn  in  lb<i  gym- 
naaiftare  reconimcndiy]  to  miw  th«  atajidant  of 
their  l(«cbing.  and  not  to  allow  the  pupils  to  go 
into  ■  bigbrr  claM  so  easily  ait  at  present.  Tbia 
«*ll  pn^voils  chi(4ly  in  the  confeinionul  rc-hoole, 
wliere  Ibe  teai:beni  draw  part  of  their  nalHry  from 
Die  school  fee*.  The  government  ia  ipcofn- 
ineuded.  in  tlie  report,  to  oiler  Ibia  K^nlpni  of  pay. 
nenl. 

—  A  dinner  in  bolialf  of  ilte  American  school 
of  clnarical  sludlen  at  Alliens  was  given  April  14 
al  the  Hole]  Brunswick.  The  object  of  this  dinner 


waa  to  afford  to  the  tounden  of  th«  xrhool  an  o|i- 
portunilj  of  bringing  Its  purposes  tind  method* 
conspicuously  before  the  public,  and  to  ijuicken 
til*-  interest  ot  many  who  now  know  of  it  oi»ly  by 
repute. 

—  Tbn  rictmrioo  commillee  of  the  Appalaobian 
toooutain  club  prraent  the  following  pteliminary 
annouuoement,  suhjerl  lo  pot«llile  rhniigi-B :  April 
iM).  Moulc's  Hill.  King-tun:  May  H.  Muy  wslk, 
WiKHibiaaick  I'oud :  Uay  •i»-lM.  Mount  timce 
(Warwick),  and  (ireenfield.  Ma.Hs.;  June  IT  and 
is,  Unnndnnck  and  Ihibbn.  N.H.:  July  t-», 
Cniwford  Hound;  Aog.  90-30,  Ktnadn. 

—  Tile  following  schedule  gives  the  location  of 
Ibe  v«ael«  In  the  (■onBl-Buney  servii-e  and  a  brief 
summary  of  iheir  work  ;  the  sU-iimer  Oedney  (F. 
II.  Cronby  (-o)iimnndinsi  and  the  schooner  Gagre 
(C.  P.  P«(kin«  coin  ma  lid  ing  I  (ibvc  begun  work  in 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  will  mnhean  extended  and 
aysleoiatlc  series  of  mirreni  ol^servatlons  in  the 
waters  of  the  sound  ;  the  ateuiuw  Baclie,  In  coni- 
mand  of  Ueut.  J.  F.  Miwcr.  in  at  work  on  the 
ooiuiot  Florida  :  tbeKndcavor.  in  eburgeof  LieUl. 
D.  I>.  V.  Stuatt.  is  nr>w  engaged  on  cunvnl  otn 
servationR  off  the  coast  of  Louisiuna  :  the  Blake. 
In  command  of  Lieut.  J.  E.  Ptllsbury.  U.S.N..  ia 
taking  deep. sea  soundingii  In  Ibe  Quit  Stream  :  the 
Patlcrwin  is  now  at  Mare  Island  iiar)-Tard.  Call- 
fornin.  and  will  prol>ahly  start  f(>r  the  workivg- 
groiiiid*  in  imutb-onsl  Atnskn,  nlnut  the  flr»l  of 
May,  in  conimnnd  of  Lieui.-Com.  Charles  U. 
Thomas,  who  relieves  LieuL.CVim.  A.  S.  Soow; 
the  steamer  McArihur  is  at  l^sklaml,  Cul.,  in  com- 
tnnud  of  Lieut.  J.  (.'.  Burnett,  preparing  for  work 
on  the  cim»t  of  Ore^n  and  Wmbiuttlou Territory ; 
the  schooner  Earnest,  in  cniiiiniuid  of  l.ieuk 
Charlcc  T.  Forse,  is  fltting  out  for  work  in  Ptigel 
Sound,  Washington  Territory. 

—  U.S.  Consul  Goodwin  ol  Annabenc.  Germany, 
in  a  recent  report  on  oysler-culture  in  (lerniany, 
states' thnt  the  experiiueuts  of  Iruusporling  and 
breedin«.\m*-rican  oyHtw»huve proved  quite  unano- 
cessful  in  all  cflsrii.nndc^tirr)yMini  mo>t  initancvik 
Profesmr  Mi'iblus  of  the  CnlTer^iy  of  Kiel,  who 
l>as  maile  many  experiments,  expreswstbeo(>inion 
that  Auiericaii  oysters  would  never  spawn  in  Ger- 
man malersL  Mr.  Fedenser.  a  eiliKen  of  8chl««- 
wig.  who  lakes  grc«t  inti>n'id  in  thi;  subjrM  of 
oyater-culturi',  howover,  boa  not  abDndoned  the 
atlempi.  He  la  of  the  opinion  that  Amortcnu 
oysierv  can  he  succ^'sf ully  raised  ln(lern>anr,and 
be  has  planleii  two  hundreil  aii'i  lifly  liartels  of 
seleoted  breed  oysleni  in  the  rtcuilty  of  Sclllei- 
tnflnde. 

-~  Nebraska  has  Just  i^xne  into  tl)e  line  of  slates 
distinguishetl  by  luving  state  boards  of  health. 


362 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol.  IK.,  Ho.  Si» 


— It  h  ioiemled  to  huld  an  internMlonnl  con- 
(TMB  oil  rrematloii  iD  September  ot  the  prMent 
yeartn  AIiIhu. 

—  Mr.  Tlioinnv  Wa»on  of  WasliiuKlon  lias  just 
piMeitleil  t(i  the  iijiliunii)  mnmMim  it  fuitr  colltviion 
of  old  coiiiK,  chii-Sy  Ronutti,  nhicli  wilt  slinrily  lie 
ptaceJ  on  exhibition.  In  the  rolii't-linn  in  n 
Swcdinh  dnJpr  rofnc^  in  ITiW.  It  \%  nn  oblong 
plat*  of  copper,  sboat  four  liicbes  Ionic  and  tJiree 
inohM  wldp,  with  fourclrtLitar  ilie-niarkdatamp^l 
upun  It.  Tlte  coin  •reifshn  ulmiit  u  |i»imd  niul  a 
Ikair.  The  collection  of  Roiimn  coins  HUirta  witli 
a  tiraple  Iuki]!  of  lironsc.  thr  ae»  mde,  whici) 
MTved  aa  A  int'dium  of  oxcbiinite  nmonx  t\if 
Roiunnt  hcvon  bunil[e<1  >«are  l>oforc  Itie  Chrlsliaii 
nra.  Tills  waa  obtaEued  al  PnliiBtriiia.  Tli«re  ar4^ 
nunierouH  ruijely  atumiMHl  ooioa  of  a  lat«T  day, 
cunHular  ooinii  of  tbi.'  n-publio,  and  later  apeoi- 
menti  of  oi>iii«  of  imprrinl  Romp-  These  are 
aiumprd  with  the  hnids  or  busts  of  the  reigDinn 
cruprror.  The  coina  are  of  gold,  sllTer.  and 
bronxo.  A  curious  a{>erinien  of  the  collection  Ih  a 
counterfeit  coin  made  bj  some  Roiaaii  rogue.  '  It 
to  a  oopi*r  iwin  washed  wiih  vilver- 

—  It  is  said  Ibnt  thcip  wrr<t  in  Norway,  in  187B, 
1,680  ciuex  of  leproay,  8onii<  tiv>-  hundtnd  Iom  than 
in  1856 ;  so  that  th«  dit«a<>p  app^r*  to  be  oo  th« 
decline.  By  a  rec«vl  Uw  (li«  govemnient  ia  em- 
powered to  Bend  all  lept-rw  to  the  li<i«piiiUii.  but 
lliis  powrr  ba«  not  yet  bten  exercim-il, 

—  Thp  nililmai  of  Prof.  Andrew  F.  Went  of 
Princr^m  oollctte.  on  '  Hon  to  improve  our  olomi- 
cal  tTnlninn:,'  d>-li>er<-d  Inst  fnll  in  Plilladelplila, 
has  lieeit  pnoied  in  paiiiphlet  form  in  lesponiteto 
the  r«(|ueM  of  a  Dumt)er  of  classical  teacbeta, 

—  Belgium's  ircent  cdueationiil  cliungee  show 
at  Ivniit  onp 'leiideil  d'pnrturi'  from  (liTninn  prao- 
ticv.  The  Dual  exaoiinaljonii  of  t1>e  ejmnnsia 
have  been  abolltiliml,  and  a  niHtriciilation  ciain- 
ioalion  al  the  uiiiveifity  aubolliuted  for  ihe^. 

—  PmfonKir  KirchholTg  nliriilged  grammar  of 
VolapQk.  the  nvvi  iiniierwil  language,  boa  bnm 
adapted  to  tli«  uae  of  English-speaking  |H-oplo  by 
Karl  Donibnscli.  This  bnjt^iiage  haw  been  fio-med 
an«r  twenty  yearn'  iHburiouti  research  by  M. 
Schleycr  of  Coiutiinee,  lie  bun  ouiutd  ll  Vola- 
puk  from  jjut  ('laaguBKe')  u»d  rol  ('uuit'eme'). 
It  has  DO  nrtjficial  gendor*.  n  Mngle  conjugutiim, 
and  no  IrreinUar  v«trb«.  The  root«  of  ita  wordu 
liave  been  borrowed  from  all  Ibe  langiuiKnt  of 
Europe.  Tbe  adjective,  verb,  and  adverb  ate 
teciilarly  formed  from  the  substaative,  and  have 
invariably  tlie  same  titriaJQutiou, 

—  One  uf  th<!  tniMt  ioiportunt  oolleotiona  of 
oriental  maniWiCTipt*  eier  brougbt  to  Europe  ia  the 


collection  which  belonged  until  recently  lo  King 
Tlieebaw  uf  Burma,  nbicli  huit  been  liaadeddown 
to  him  an  un  heirimm  by  his  nnc-ntoni  or  predo- 
ceaniir*,  and  nhich  ha*  now  born  placed,  ]tfubnbly 
for  many  ccoiinrin  toomnp,  on  iheshelnw  of  tbo 
library  of  the  India  offloe  in  London. 

—  Ijeetnreii  on  K^oRriiphy  are  now  being  de- 
Ilrered  at  Cambridtce  unitereity  by  Kentleown  ap- 
pointed by  Ibe  Koyul  JiiivOKrapblcal  »oeiely.  Tho 
uoit«n<ilT  lecturer  on  tliat  subject  awumea  his 
otBei.'  ill  tSHB,  and  the  conirilnition  of  ibe  unf- 
VMnity  toward  his  ralnry  is  only  fifty  pound*. 

—  Hr.  Oladstone  hns  coDirilmted  to  the  April 
numltr  of  the  Engtidi  hittorieal  rtvieie  an  article 
on  the  liiKt  jKirt  ot  ihe  '  Greiritle  iiiemoirs.'  which 
will  bi'  of  iloeiimrnlnry  Intereal  for  thn  bintory  of 
Iheyeani  iHtii  lo  I^W). 

—  Prof.  William  O.  Peck  of  tbo  chair  of  niath- 
t^iiiaticii  und  aslronoiuy  iu  Columbia  collexe,  whoao 
excellent  Kirie*  of  inutJicinnlical  lext-liooks  are  In 
Mich  general  uac,  has  recently  added  lo  liti*  list  ft 
little  work  no  '  Delenninnnis '  (A.  S.  Bamea  ft 
Co..  New  York).  The  book  givrs  in  forty-«rvon 
well-printed  [>3Ke«  just  sdcIi  an  ee«y  iniro>)nctioa 
(o  lilt-  subject  as  the  hegioner  wishes  to  have. 
The  examples  are  abundant,  and  the  text  clear 
and  nctTiiraiP. 

-~  The  Ontnif-Or^n  fur  die  Intcrtuat  dta 
Htttltftitiliffiien*  print*  on  ili  tlll«i'a|:e,  "  Die 
KeiUscbule  inl  die  Schute  der  Zukiinfl,  well  sie  die 
deutsclic  ft-liule  iel."  The  sume  journal  lias  for 
i(K  mnttii. 

"  D(ir  (fc'hiilp  «ii  Klirnii 

Die  PnuudD  TanaebrM). 

Dia  /.wvIOm-  balcHreo. 

Dla  <li<cuar  boketiMa 

111  UDwir  ll«veliraa' 

—  Prof.  Ftiedrich  Koldewey  is  edittnx  a  work 
of  i.'reiit  educutioiiHl  Inierveit.  entltleil  ■  Honu- 
mentnOrrnianiiie  (x-da^Kica.'  Tlw  first  rot urmr 
ha«  nlrrady  np[>entrd  :  ii  <<(>]itain>i  tlte  '  Bniun- 
schwei^schen  w;hulu«dnungi-n'  from  Iheearlical 
ttniM  UBlil  ISSB, 

—  Piof.  S.  8.  Ijiurie,  who  occupies  the  chair 
of  pedagogics  at  the  Uniieriiiy  of  &linburiEh,  ia 
about  lo  receive  the  dc^cree  of  LL.D.  from  Ht. 
.Vndtews  uoivrmity. 

—  Dr.  <iolial.  Ihe  bead  of  the  education  depart- 
ment of  Swiinrland.  ia  about  to  introduce  aoma 
radical  n^fl>rms.  He  crltioisea  (be  present  eoda  am 
liavtnff  no  sound  payrhcilopicnl  bniia.  He  aaia 
that  it  mnkoH  tho  deretopniont  of  the  mind  COD- 
forui  to  it.  in«lead  of  itielf  confurmiog  to  tha  d»- 
velopmeulof  the  mind.  lie  tlnd*  tliat  Ibe  rwaoa 
the  ohuaica  are  losing  interest  ia  that  they  are 
poorirtaugbu 


Arm.  la,  1807.) 


8CIEKCE. 


3ti:t 


—  Mticb  proKTOM  l«  betofc  roait«  in  Scutlnnd 
towanj  tlie  <lereIopmfrDt  of  a  uiiiv«(Hity  pxt«nsion 
sclteoiesliniLirlAtlialdeacribri)  iaar«pentiiuiiil>er 
of  SeietKt  by  Mc.  Osiar  Brovrning. 

—  On  arcount  of  failing  h^Rttli,  Proltmot 
Tjndall  hae  Tesjgiu-d  his  ponltion  at  the  Roval 
Inatltullnn. 

—  Tlie  arlicl*  on  ihe  Frwich  lj-c*o,  nbich  np- 
pMn-d  in  lliitt  juurnoJ  for  Feb,  18,  wan.  hy  an 
uvvrsiglil.  not  cii'dili'd  Ui  Ihc  Canada  tduvalwiutl 
montkly,  «»  it  vhould  havo  l)«en. 


LKTTKIt.t  TO  THE  EDIlXfU. 

••  naartf  f^Uf  prtltmlitary    noUca  itf  Uitir  iHtttliynilBnt. 

iBiU  bt /urmijh^ /eM  la  guy  eirrrvfHmdtnt  im  rrqutttm 

Th*tiUw  i0ill  bt  glaa  captibnth  aHv  tutrut  mmwmwi  wtm 

Th«  rudimentary  metacarpals  of  biioo. 

Ix  5tft<-iiri>  for  Fob.  IH  Dr.  D.  D.  Slada  doIM  tbe 
(aol  tbiil  tbo  •koletou  of  auruclui  ta  the  Hiiteiim  of 
oompaialire  loOlogy  baa  rodimenta  of  thu  Keponil 
roetaoarpala,  while  the  ritdinioiitary  flftb  mctapBriiaU 
nrr  wanting.  Dr.  Alodo  will.  I  triut,  pardon  mo  for 
layiiijj  Uiai  lli«  ilDilDRiion  lie  would  make  (rcim  tbia 
fart  in  nut  i|iiiu>  ckar  to  me.  If  li«  ooaaiders  it  an 
iwHeiduat  pnculiority,  I  fa««rUl)r  Agree  vritli  bim ; 
btil,  it  hn  rcmoliiile*  rrom  tli*  orldeoM  presented  by 
lliis  one  ekeli>lvu  IbHl  tli«  KrranMmMit  of  Uie  rudi- 
meatary  molamrpala  in  Binon  momo*  djlfon  from 
tbat  of  Biion  americanns,  1  doniro  to  proUwt  mont 
empluitlcally  aKalnat  nny  mioh  lnt«ninoe. 

JuHt  now,  \'y  till"  iilltjrl*  n(  Mr.  KMniadny.  Ibo  V.  8. 
□Atiouol  lutiiH'tiiii  )iuA  pruvidpil  itocK  vitli  ■  goodly 
uninbiir  of  nlielptoai  of  Biion  amoricaiinn.  Eianii- 
natlom  of  tour  or  Ota  of  tbrae  diown  lli»t  In  vttTy 
caae  rtidiiiif'titit  of  tlie  Mooml  and  fitlh  lutihtoarpiiU 
arc  preamit.  tbe  eeoond  being  alwayi  the  inualler  of 
tbc  two  Dium.  A>  theao  are  nil  in  »ilu.  tix-m  cau  be 
DO  ailxtMio  in  th«  matter.  Onr  uioiintiiil  Kki>let<iu  of 
Bieon  anierieanne  bax  only  tbe  fifth  iii«tHrnrpal 
preaait,  bat  tbia  !>  becmue  tbe  otbori  have  (or  at 
leaatonDof  tbom  hoa)  been  loat.  Tlwrro  (■  avalt- 
dediud  artiealar  facet  praaont  for  tlie  seoond  rigbt 
leetaoaipal.  but  tioiiH  for  tbe  left,  allbuagh  tbia  may 
none  lb«  JetH  odoi>  bave  been  prciont. 

Tbe  Dkclcton  of  aaroohn  in  tbe  natioiiBl  maooom 
ba>,  aa  Dr.  Sla<la  uotiiHia.  Ibe  eaoond  and  DtlU  lueta- 
■■Nrpiilo  )iT(u>Mit.  Tbat,  u  aotr  uoonted,  tli'  iuuvr 
nx-taraqwl  on  otic  legia  lafger  than  tbe  outM.  ptovoa 
nutbing,  aa  a  lraiia|m«ition  may  T«adlly  bnie  boon 
made  1^  Ibo  prepantor;  and  no  one  known  Uelliir 
than  tbe  vrit«r  bow  eaally  rdcIi  a  mletake  may  ti; 
made. 

Until  a  far  gieater  number  of  akelolonaof  eurooha 
hare  been  ^taminod.  it  would  imtm  tbe  aatnr  conrae 
to  MMUno  tliat  Biaoii  houamia,  in  tlie  matter  of  ita 
■letararpal*,  iiinke«  d'>  <lHpar(ttre  trom  tbe  luual 
mder  ifl  IliinK^  found  in  lbs  BuTiDoc.  ilhiI  that  tbe 
Cambridge  Rpeoimcs  ia  morely  a  eiuia  of  Indlvldaal 
variatioa.  FacDsaio  A.  LnoiA. 

WaeUliicUMi,  D.U.,  April  M. 


Tb*  B«llTill*  meteor. 
HeMr*.  A.  S.  BaniM  \  Co..  nuUisber*  of  eobool 
lexl-lHiob,  liat«  jual  re«ei««d  tlio  following  letter, 
vliiob  in  fvtiied  terbaUm  tt  UUnilim,  and  pobliuhed 
tor  tlie  public  good  :  — 

'■  April  1  1887 
"  BelWille  Ohio 
"  Ocota  (Ir  to  yoa 
We  read  A  bear  a  groat  deal  of  Hebvim  wbat  tbay  ara 
i  wdnl  To  wn  ouo  tbM  fell  lent  fall  In  uovember  i 
eaw  it  (.be  paper*  Thai  it  ii  found  huudmlB  ot  Teo- 
pio  went  to  nee  it  Ih  a  cimoKly  Tboir  it  no  print  yet 
diaoribcd  Ita  tacin  ;el  oa  when   1011  lutit  It  Witb  Uie 
aakft  *ja  tbal  nonin  .iirtmnouiy  aiiKbl  to  liHTe  H  Fov 
tbe  beuiilt  for  tii«  tHmkH  It  ie  a  euriuua  alone  it  la  tbe 
oddes  SbapMl  stou*  tbat  ever  woa  by  man  Or  all  tbat 
i  talked  witb  that  aacn  it  i  *«k<id  Mr  Pbiel  liow  Fht 
him  A  bin  mmi  waa  rrom  It  VTben  il  fell  be  told  me 
■bout  4  r<Hl«  be  say*  It  made  Tbe  oartb  ab^ie  and  a 
TrunienloiiH  Hc^mel  of  aalpher  It  abookod  bim  b« 
went  to  Wurko  nod  dog  II  out  and  Took  it  town  it 
rained  the  Aecitenumt  a  gnutlA  many  jieojile  ToUl  lue 
tbat  tbay  B'onlil  palil  bim  50  ot*  f or  to  eee  but  be 
left  it  IhiliUr  tor  all  lo  nee  St  eume  Hud  be  angbt  to 
traril  witb  It  and  put  on  oxbilion  but  He  inya  tbat 
doDt  auit  for   be    baiut   got  Jtnli  onougb  for  Tliat 
bnainraH  tbnt  will  do  nom*  Oue  ellv  be  itayii  if  be  can 
And  ont  .f.  T.  BaruiimaaildretiiihelagainK  to  rite  to 
him  and  Try  to  eell  it  to  bim  and  Take  it  witb  hie 
abow  for  he  nan  make  money  with  >i  i  oakMl  liiia 
what  he  would  lUie  for  it  b«  wiiil  I111  uiicbt  lake  t>»- 
twen  2  or  3  biuidred  ilollan  Mr  Bwuh  Tbat  would 
eolt  joa   in  your  Ontat  Htoro  if  rou   Genta  wonld 
Have  that  metiKini  iu    ruur  atoro  Tluur  wnald  tbon- 
aaadi  of  pnopli'  Would  atop  and  iuH>  It  and  Fay  'J6  or 
&U  cla  t»  »<<  it  i  MuAt  ctoit  for  it  is  aUuoat  Tmn  time 
for  i  going  to  Kanaea  if  you  want  to  iil«  abont  the 
meteor  or  got  aome  one  cUa  Adilmea 
A.  B.  Fliiol. 
Bellville        Richland 
County        Ohio 
"  For  be  will  giro  the  full  Particulare  of  It 
"  Voure  Truly  from 
•Viu.  H.  B%xH." 


A  ■«ntitirc  wind- vane 

Tlw  importance  uf  the  icnailive  wiad-Tanaiinee- 
tion  may  jiutify  *ttll  furiber  treepaaa  opon  tbe  epeoe 
wbloh  you  allot  Iu  riirr*BiJ'nidi-nce.  I  am  obliired  to 
Mr.  Curti)  for  eallintc  my  atlention  to  Mr.  OaOorno'i 
aenaitire  vane,  ai  1  did  not  know  of  it  bi'toro. 

On  raading  Mr.  Oi.liornn'*  paper,  liowever,  I  Uod 
that  hi*  plan  wai  i»Kuiiiially  different  from  mine,  in 
tbat  be  applieil  a  liquid  damper  to  tbe  reKintariDg- 
apparatut.  and  not  lo  the  vane  itielf.  In  my  opinion, 
there  ia  a  decided  odranta^e  in  CiintriillliiX  the  uio- 
tloQ  of  (ha  vatia.  If  11  Ih>  allowed  an  uiirealricted 
mcitinii,  SK  in  K'nerally  the  niie  at  prcnent,  the  in- 
ffueno^  of  ita  faUe  moremtnta  and  po»itiona  must  be 
fait  in  aome  degree  by  the  inf;iiilsrlti](-appatata*, 
avan  when  chat  u  dampad  a*  iniirK**ite(l  by  Mr. 
OHbomu.  Thu  dir»ct  dsmpinic  of  the  rane  will  be 
«bwa|>er  and  I«h<  complicated,  Aa  to  the  lenitlh  ol 
the  rane.  I  believe  that  a  rane  eonlrollnd  in  tbia 
way  need  not  be  ont  flee  leet  in  lengnh.  A  raiii>  ia 
often  eubjacted  to  laeere  vertical  •train*,  amt  it 
ebottid  be  proportioned  ao  a*  to  rn-iurp  these  wittaout 
danKor.  Ur.  H.  Helm  Clayton  teems  to  ha*e  en- 
tin^  miauuderatood  (he  queetton  nnder  caoaidcra- 


36J 


scnsycE. 


ITOL.  IX  ,  No.  «ll 


tioil.   nllkh    OOMMn*   lb«    TAIIH    itHrlf,    >l(ll    HOC    lb* 

reinatration  of  iN  iDOT«ni«ata :  and  in  jasti^p  t<>  Chi> 
■i^al  offliw  il  ou^t  t«  be  laid  that  n  iiiGlhiKl  of 
r«i:i*tn>tlon  pn-claflf  almUar  to  Dr.  Drapor'i  baa 
b«va  in  ui>i>  for  niauy  yeart.  lixti-wl.  it  it  tlirooKb 
Iba  ilodjr  of  thv  ri-ourdi  made  hy  tbis  nii-thrul  that 
the  iinpFrfeetloa*  of  the  vsno  «re  niado  to  appear. 

T.  C.  M. 
T»no  IlauM.  April  tl. 

Tile  power  of  «  voter. 
Id  tb»  |[*nenl  election  »f  ISM  Ui«  total  uambnr  of 
ToUw  cait  iu  tba  couiitiy  van  Ifl.MS.Ofll.  Tho  iinui- 
ber  of  ictiatorii  in  TO.  nnd  lh«  unuibcr  of  teprcHriita- 
tiviMiia  'Aiti.  With  lhn»c  cumbtr*,  ami  the  total  vot« 
of  t<(u-b  HtAt«  111  tlilk  iilootlon.  Ibo  fdUowLuK  tnl'li^  liOK 
b«Mi  c>i)uiptiti>d ,  ill  wbiob  th«  fij^rM  ■>!  lb"  oiIiiiiiiia 
give  tb«  relativv  powor  of  votea  in  tlie  differvot 

iitMc*:  — 


AlaBaauL. 

ATllauwia 

CMIfonila.. 

Colnnida. 

CmiMoUiiut 

IMlavara 

FIOtU*..... 

Uaorfla. 

lUIiuV 

IbdlBua 

towB 

Kuuu    

Keiitu<ikj< 

LoulBlaBa  

Malrio 

Harrlaiul. 

Mniaai-bacolM. 

Mli.'tilKau. 

MlllIIHUt* 

Mlwluliipl. 

Mtiwurl 

KvbradW 

N«<wla 

rfpw  llaffiptlilra .. 

Kfir  Jpfwy 

New  York.   ....... 

KonhCkTOlliui.... 

WWo.  ....-  

oracon 

PmiuriTaala 

Hiiodelalaiia.,.  . 
aoatli  Canllna... 

TaaiMMM 

Twtaa 

VanziaiL 

rirdnta. 

Waat  Virginia 

Wlwgiulii. 


Seuatorlal 
pover. 


W 

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RgprMfDta- 
IHnrer. 


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poiror. 


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In  many  ot  tlia  atat««  tbe  uiindittona  are  aaob  thai 
a  full  iota  la  raraljr  polled.  The  aiuulleat  pnTr<'iit«(^e 
of  Tot«t8  to  maloa  ovot  twenty-one  yean  waa  m 
BbMte  iHlaixl.  when  It  voa  loaa  tluu  43  pot  ecnt.  In 
UiMMrliiiiiellii  and  UiMiaaippl  tba  paroouti^tu  van 
abodl  8U.  Id  Florida  il  waa  nii>rt<  tbnii  90  pvr  onnl. 
HotlrltlijitaDdliif  tbia  dateut.  the  lable  nhows  .very 
well  liow  (lolStlral  t>»>ver  ia  diitriliuted  aiuQDg  tlwi 
rotiTii  with  rrtpnut  t-  the  l^nl^'allvii  aiul  TXneutiT* 
brauvliea  of  tlie  geODinl  RovurutiUMit.  It  nill  Iw  *i»Ni 
tlint  IL«  dii^ribtitian  of  tibiB  power  in  luuf  li  mote  tta't- 
furiii  In  Ihci  ))oa«0ut  loproAoulativea,  oawnaiaiondcd: 
and  IliiH  (act  will  uTiil«iitly  Ije  a  aonroa  of  power  lo 
tliia  boiiae  la  ita  DouAjutii  with  the  otlier  btMivb  of 


tbo  icnialaiurc.  ()ii  th*  otlieiband.  tbo  differenoeof 
the  ■riiatiirlai  |W<ii<>r  ■>(  vnl«n>  In  the  atatot  has  he- 
cciiiie  wry  markvil,  lliuii  a  aiDula  voter  In  Ilia  atato 
of  Neriula  boa  oh  uiiich  aiMiBtoria]  power  aa  91  vo(M* 
in  New  York:  and  a  inter  in  Delaware.  39  tiuie*  ■• 
mii<ib  aa  finii  iii  Ndw  York,  and  9  timoa  aa  inucb  aft 
one  in  Knutncky.  Th«  Tiew  Eii|{IhiiiI  atolaa  bavo 
more  tban  !>  tiiaos  the  power  of  New  Y'ulk.  In  ad- 
dition to  tbia.  in  aome  ot  tba  aliiica  the  aonMora  ate 
f  l#i>tMl  by  a  nilaoTlty  of  the  Totam.  Whaoe  poUUoal 
uow#r  <«  mi  nneqiudly  diviileil,  the  raapaot  (or  Uio 
legialative  body  will  dep«ud  laTKely  OU  lla  wlJidoDi, 
ftDil  tbo  faimcaa  of  il«  wmdurl  towards  the  wbola 
coiintiy.  But  it  la  doubtful  wbotber  aeob  a  condi. 
tint)  i*  pemiHUctit.  Aaarn  Kaix. 

Waalitnclon,  Aprtl  (.  _ 

On  tiptoe. 

Allow  we  to  aay  a  f e  V  rtntvl  worda.  Tlie/ufci-HM 
of  a  Idvnr  la  tbat  nxn  of  n-lnlioii  witli  rnfcrenee  to 
whi<'b  lui  <ic|iitttiuu  iif  luoiiivnta.  fmsulml  if lUi  thr 
principle  of  ipork,  tan  be  irtalcd.  It  ia  luy  belief  tliat 
tbe  anKle  ia  the  fulcrmn  of  tbo  foot  nn^er  the  cir- 
ciiiiiitlnne«a  of  the  probtam  b^fom  nit. 

How  <uu>  ProfMMor  L«Gout«'a  oqiiAtioii  be  oorrecl 
as  it  Hlaudit.  P  X  VA  -  Wx  CB  +  PX  CB,  niilMa 
tbe  tnvetao  of  P  bo  tin  diatanoe  '  rirtaally '  moved 


over  by  the  point  A  of  hi«  fi^ie^  t  clniin  to  have 
proved  that  tbe  trnvrrwe  of  /'in  myi  that  dihIiUiMi,  bol 
that  the  ami  of  Pit  BA.  if  Ibe  ari>i  of  (TbaCA.  If 
the  toe  niudt  br  th*  fiilrmiii.  ii  ynijtvt  ei|uallua  of 
inomenta  may  Iw  «tHl«iI  by  rvgarilioic  the  caaa  aa  of 
the  third  order,  with  jiowor  ■  virtauly '  applied  *t  n 
dlalaneo  from  too  equal  to  the  dialauoa  between  he*) 
and  Hiiklf-.  On  thin  view,  k  foot  nislit  be  eoB> 
Htrurtvd  whicb  i^nld  lie  regarded  ae  of  tbe  eeeond 
order,  by  putting  ankle  nearer  lo  toe  llian  to  heel, 
or  an  indetonniuato  eaae  oould  ocour  if  ankle  ware 
midway  batwaon  loo  and  heel.  Wbjr  not  prooeed  ■■ 
in  the  rate  of  tbe  Uolierval  halanoe,  for  inetanMi,  bf 
trweiog  the  preMnrea,  iirodnoed  by  bodiee  at^lied  to 
the  anrtam,  to  the  asee  of  lotMiaa  wfaate  aooh  praee- 
nrea  beoomo  effective  aa  '  power'  and  *  reiriatanoa '? 

Finally,  I  resard  thi)  nutn  under  di*eiiiuiii.iii  mi  of 
the  Enit  order,  oeoniuo.  Smt,  no  firoiier  eipiaUon  of 
tuoiuODtn  Hpouis  pooaihle  with  pvcr  at  heel  and 
f uleruiii  at  toe ;  aeeondly,  a  '  lirtiud '  axia  moat  be 
ajuntiiod  with  pnwnr  nt  ankle  ami  (nicmm  at  toe; 
thirdly,  with  |iuwer  nt  heel  and  fiilcj'uinel  auUe.the 
couditiona  are  aa  uaoal,  except  Hint  the  nintoal  ten- 
deooy  of  the  earth  and  the  '  vreight '  to  o)q)i«*elt 
■>acfa  other  —  which  tendency  producea  the  'ra^et- 
aure'  —  ia  exerted  )>y  tlie  eoith  at  the  eiul  of  tlM 
lever  and  by  the  weight  nt  the  tnloram,  inate*d  ol 
vux  vtrm.  P.  C.  Vati  Dick. 

Mew  Druiuwlok,  SJ„  April ». 


4 


FRIIMT.  ApRn,  15.  IS*:. 


WHAT  IXDUSTJiY.  IF  ANY,  VAN  PROFITA- 
BLY BE  l.STHOOVCED  INTO  COt/ATAK 
SCHOOLS  t 

\r  tho  quealion  propoaetl  for  tlits  Bymiraeluiii  Is 
to  t>e  taken  Itlerollj.  I  should  aniwcr,  none. 

Iwliutry,  as  bucIi,  lias,  in  my  judgmfnl,  uo 
plaw  in  tbe  public  achools,  tboagh  iiiiluMninumew 
Ir  Hinajra  in  nnter  tli«rw.  Tbti  prime  object  of 
our  Hchool  nyHiein  is  odiK'utirm  :  iind  it  cnnnot  be 
Jin  any  nMinidcmblc  pxirnt  liiTcrtrd  frciui  that  VrA 
withnutinjiirr  tnthpurboolitbomiiplT^  nnd  U>  tlw 
onnimunil}'  at  lnri[p.  ImU-eii,  it  would  gcarcely  be 
powibie  to  do  a  KTeeter  wron([  to  the  major  part  of 
nar  pnblic-tchool  t-hlldren  than  ly  takiofi;  any  ap- 
liTMiable  shnrt  of  tlip  littU>  time  they  hiivir  for  the 
development  niid  truinlug  of  their  iiiii-lk-rtuul 
powen,  for  thr  ]mrp"iM'  of  applying  ii  to  thi? 
mtir*  DUMim  of  bread -win  ni&K  <>r  nmtiey- tanking. 

But  while  I  thill  hold  RtronRly  to  the  Mricllf 
«<)uc3ti(nial  charnt-trr  of  fichool-vrork,  I  believe 
that  (he  counn  of  study  In  the  schoola  of  N«w 
England  har«  boen,  and,  thougli  in  n  diroiDi«bing 
di^fp^'«>.  ilill  aru.  incumplete,  nnd  inadHjuatv  to  thv 
demiiniU  of  a  full  and  «ymtiieirt<-ji)  ediicjitinn.  I 
hrlirve  Ihnt  Ihcw  delielei;eic«  haf«  induced  a  one- 
Btded  devcloptiMfBt  of  mind  and  character ;  liare 
le<l  to  the  settinft-np  of  fabe  MuidardM  of  what  U 
admirable  and  <lesltsble  In  life ;  have  caused  to  be 
mafcniHeiJ  f^lllmeM  of  *i>eech,  fofce  ol  declama- 
tion, resdinew  in  rrdlation,  and  reientlveness  of 
Ri<riDi<ry.  at  the  ex|>tn4e  of  far  more  uaetul  taoitl- 
li«i.'jiiulitJe8.urhai>iu,  nninely.  soundtjeMtuf  Judg- 
mfnl,clcani(?Ni  of  prrci^iiCiuii.  the  huMl  of  otuwra- 
tion,  the  crenttTe  iimtincl.  the  executive  fai-ulty. 

Briefly  apenking.  my  project  uf  rvforin.  in 
scboob  for  hoy*,  wixild  be  us  foUowi ;  carry  the 
beat  approved  nu'thods  of  the  kinderinirton  up- 
ward thronjch  the  primary  gradea.  a*  far  as  the 
means  nnd  reaonrcva  of  each  school,  for  itarif,  will 
allow :  Introduce  uiore  and  more  the  •tody  of 
fotiDt  color,  texture,  structure,  and  or^raniatlon, 
bj  OMtis  of  uatunl  objeota  in  the  bands  of 
puptlsand  teacliera,  tttimuiuilu);  and  eiicoum^'iiig 
the  jiupiU,  mom  and  mure  us  tlieir  facullim  are 
deFfioprd.  to  make  olMervatiooa  fur  themH-lvea 
at  their  piny  <ir  at  thetr  work,  and  to  bring  the 
r«iiilt»  back  to  th«  Mihool-cciom,  for  compariaMt, 
for  criticism,  for  diaooaslan ;  at  the  a|:e  of 
twelve,  ur  thereabouts,  introduce  semi  -  weekly 


•xaiclae*  wtib  tool*,  preferably  wood  •  worklns^j 
tool*,  and  In  day-model  ling,  for  the  culilvailon  of 
the  sense  of  form,  tor  the  Iralninic  of  ihe  eje  and 
hand,  and  lor  gaining  the  (Mwer  to  Kive  malerlal 
shape  10  cwDceptiona  of  tlie  mind :  at  foU(t««in 
years  of  age.  or  thvreaboula,  introilDce  i-xercbva 
in  mi-tui- working,  and  tnpiire  itvcty  boy  who 
pnMea  through  i>ne  of  ihe  higti  Kchoolx  of  tha 
state  to  becnnie  a  ROod  mechanic,  not  at  all  tor 
the  aake  of  his  prarilaiDK  a  meclianlcal  avocation, 
but  to  make  hlui  a  belter-equipped,  more  cujxklilc, 
and  more  uaetul  man. 

All  this  could  not  be  dene  at  once.  The  •jntcfn 
would  lutve  to  be  introduced  gradually  and  ten- 
tatively. Probably  the  more  natural  aadffr  would 
bi'  that  the  aiiitcm  shoiiild  extend  from  the  tUffbar 
iieboiiU  downward,  and  from  (lie  oily  tcbools  onl- 
wnrd.  Bluch  would  be  learned  itj  the  course  of 
the  gradual  developnieBi  of  such  a  sysieiu  :  aiid 
the  iieet  cuoeelved  progFamme  would  doubtkaa 
require  couaiderable  Qiodific«tii>»«.  ua  the  reauituf 
experience. 

In  tlie  cniiP  of  giria,  aomewbal  different  excir- 
ciaea  tOioulil  bo  prvacribvd.  They  should,  of 
course,  nhare  In  the  extension  of  kindergarten 
methods  and  objective  science- teacldnf;.  Of  all 
other  ekerciaes,  sewing  and  cooking  should  have 
preference.  Clay- mini  filing  and  pniw-r  nnd  paat»- 
board  cutting  nitght  advantageously  repUvc  mudi 
of  ibe  wudd.M'Drkiiig  r(H|uired  of  lioyi':  but  It  la 
not  at  all  iH-rtiun  (hat  girli  may  not  ndvantsgn>aa- 
ly  be  Inii^ht  iliuple  cmrpentry  nnd  c-abi net- work. 
Tlie  Inat'named  exervltM  have  been  Introduced 
with  great  tiucc«e»  Into  the  normal  schools  at 
Salem  and  Bridgewater,  Mots.,  where  Uie  young 
women  readily  acquire  the  power  of  maliliig  much 
of  the  Himpt«  apparatus  required  for  teaicbing  ele- 
nieutur.i  phyaicn  and  meciumlce. 


It '»  doubtful  If  any  Industrial  feature  con  be 
prorfltably  introduced  into  country  schools  al  the 
present  time. 

t.  luduHirial  education  ia  very  costly.  Under 
the  ap|>reiilic«ihip  -lysteui,  seven  of  the  lietit  yeom 
uf  Ihe  life  of  the  youth  were  given  in  exchange  (or 
the  nkill  (hut  mifiht  lie  imparted,  by  Ibe  mnoter- 
workninn,  in  n  single  trade.  Still  ttie  training  of 
the  apiircntleo  wnw  very  "nscleiiliHc  I'nnipetent 
and  cxi>erienced  teachers  declare  that  two  weeks 
of  systematic  instruction  lu  a  lliorougbly  equlpi>ed. 


366 


scmycB. 


ITou  PC,,  No.  9\9 


well-oondtijclcd  luiuiual-trvininic  Kbool  producM 
angivatM  (l^^grpe  of  ilMiterUjr  aa  two  tetira'ap- 
pn-nli(T«)iip  iiixl^r  die  ailrerae  coudlllous  which 
pn-rail  in  the  i>'t>ic«)  tiHilt-nbup.  Tho  instltu- 
tiun  that  alluflH  aucb  Hcuratitlr  instruction  in 
BMMHurllr  expeDHire.  Tbi-  (:hit.-ikK<>  lounuul-tntiii- 
tog  •cbool  rtcerrtd  nn  «n<)owinpnt  tund  of  onar 
buadred  thouanni)  dollnn ;  but  tli<>  ttiition-fro 
Uwnili  U  two  huDiircd  mid  forty  doltsrn.  for  the 
couTM!  of  tbr««  jrnm,  and  yet  the  instltullon  itnot 

2.  The  nec«Mlty  for  iiiduatriul  f«atiirn  is  far 
l«m  liuperatli'e  fn  ctmntry  than  in  city  nvboole. 
The  couuUy  boy  )L>arii«,  vi-ry  i-orly  in  life,  to  do  • 
hott  of  IhiiiK>  b}^  (loinK  thi-ni.  I!''  nlmfat  invnri- 
abl}'  finds  his  wuy  to  n  nhop  pontntnint;  the  t;pi- 
cnl  Iiand-lnols.  and  leairui  to  uw  tliem ;  and 
through  niii-h  iiHo  lii^  eyee,  bib  lisnd«,  and  hiH 
mind  ate  Irnim-d.  Ru»ldn  expreetieg  this  Idea  In 
n  terse  wnteiice  ;  "  I#l  the  yuulb  oiice  leani  to 
Ishe  a  etraii-hl  ^tulvin|•  oil  a  pluiiii.  or  diuw  a  liiie 
curve  without  fuiii-rina.  or  liiy  n  brittle  leifl  in  ita 
niortar,  and  Iii^  baf  l<^mcil  ii  multitude  of  olher 
inalten  which  no  lijisnf  oinu  r»it]d  ever  Eeurh 
tUm."  Every  exerpise  of  fnrDi-norlf  in  M'hidi  the 
youth  cnguges.  dovt-lnps  the  nbocrvalion  nnd  reii- 
d«m  the  judgmetit  more  apcurolc  A  rainy  day 
in  the  shop,  with  the  saw,  tite  hammer,  tlie  plane, 
tbv  ohiKrl.  and  the  aquarei,  la  belter  than  a  week 
of  the  city  boy**  Kchool.  The  exprripnw  ol  tlie 
country  boy  in  Meld,  forurt,  and  shop,  is  thtr  must 
Important  faclor  in  bit  educution.  It  i^  t(i  these 
induBtriul  fraturcK  of  his  tmining  that  he  owes 
bin  undoublod  Hii]ii>ri<irlty  to  the  city  youth.  Too 
much  pmniinrncc  onnnot  be  jfiron  Ihi-  fnct  that 
it  is  in  thi'  i;oiintry  that  the  ra^e  in  ipgvnvrvtpd. 
Kourm.iiu'k  ri-iiinrk,  "Ciiloe  axe  the  RTiiveH  that 
awallow  up  the  human  8|)ecie*,"  Is  wnrlliy  tlie 
CMWful  oonslderatiuii  of  educatluDisu.  The 
founding  of  manual- tniuin^  bcIiooIb  in  citii-s  is 
M  effort  lo  give  to  city  childrMi  that  knowlwlgc 
of  tbingti  wbii'h  U  obtained  bj  country  chililren 
out  of  school. 

It  is.  hencv,  impnu-licnbli>,  for  the  time  being, 
because  of  iti>  gmt  cost,  to  add  indiielrlal  (rain- 
ing t'>  tbi;  curriciiliiin  of  tlie  country  sclioatu ; 
and  it  is  unnec««aaTy  to  do  bo.  since  a  thousand 
thing*  ani  lennied  for  iiotliinii;  by  the  country 
boy,  tliroutcb  the  daily  exeicistu  of  Ulioi  mid 
play,  whldi  can  be  maatered  by  ihr  city  youth 
only  ill  special  sclioolii  ntablislied  and  conducted 
at  lar|{e  co*t. 

Cbarleh  H.  Ham. 


Tlie  iiieanini!  aud  application  of  (he  terra  'school 
education '  is  brvadeiiin);  year  by  year ;  not  in  the 
venae  of  incrtttHng  the  number  of  tlie  •ubjectv  of 


kDOorl^diie  for  th*  yoaofi  peoplif  to  vtudy.  but  In 
dlfcrlmlnatintc  with  a  view  to  lewoninR  tlirm, 
thereby  jirovidlng  th«  means  for  a  better,  more 
natural  xrowib  of  the  menial  and  physical  powers. 
The  limit  of  thte  abuee  of  the  privil^;^  of  school, 
by  oompelling  an  escesaive  am  of  the  brain,  we 
lielieve  is  reucheil ;  and  the  bmt  teachera  all  over 
the  Ktnte  and  country  ant  iNvking  f-umi-slly  for  a 
rcinrdy.  Juot  now  nlt<niliiin  iti  limine  lan;ely 
tiirnM  inward  induKlnnl  or  manual  training  :  nnd 
notwithntandintc  one  of  tlie  Jendinjf  piiptmi  in  tbv 
coiiiilrj  says  editorially,  "  InduMrlal  ediicailon 
should  be  kept  out  of  the  ordinary  oomniou  school, 
iheae  cannot  bai  e  any  further  tJranclim."  there  is 
wisdom  in  the  movement. 

Let  ua  sec.  One  Kreat  object  in  introducing 
mnnuol  tmining  into  the  schools  is  to  reduce  the 
nunilior  of  thi-  subjcptu  of  daily  itudy,  of  a  purrljr 
Intel  Icclunl  charnct^T.  Bonir  tit  tbiw  are  kDi>«rn* 
to  tie  of  dontitfiil  utility.  Drop  them  out  and 
^ivetht'Ui  occupation,  just  what  they  need,  and 
this  is  abtiudantly  supplied  by  a  systematic  courae 
in  niHiiunl  training. 

Befon.-  the  child  has  entered  school  at  all.  it  haa 
learned  to  use  to  the  Ixiit  udvanlar^  the  eym  in 
seeing,  the  iiirs  in  hi-aring.  nnd  the  hnndii  in  ma- 
nipulating.  Vast  utorcii  of  knowlodice  hnv<>  lienn 
acquired.  But  onoc  in  the  school-room,  and  Iheae 
sources  of  educntUin  are  cut  off.  What  is  to  be 
gained  tbereaflet  In  knuwiedgeand  wisdom  mu«t 
be  obtuined  from  a  book.  Kiffht  hen  manual 
trnining  ntciw  in  :  and  by  ineHDS  <it  it.  if  projicdy 
CO nd  110 ted,  the  little  onr  again  aee*  thingn.  hi-ara 
thinK«,  and  hnndlee  things.  Tlie  child  is  again 
restored  to  tbc  outnido  worM,  nnd  to  happiness. 

Labor  [h  apt  bo  be  comsjdereil  dlereputalde :  to 
work  with  thehaDdaisloohedupouashumilLUting. 
People  eulerlainiiig  tbese  ideas  will  somtlimea 
rvsorl  to  follii-s  uud  crimes,  iwther  thau  be  clusml 
wnth  those  who  thrive  by  uimiuul  toil,  lli-re, 
ngnin,  a  judicious  ooune  in  ninniinl  trnining  t|e|w 
Id  and  clothes  the  young  person  with  the  honor  a 
of  uaefulnesD  nnd  recognition.  EleKant  leisure, 
idleness,  and  all  the  rcHultimi  follies  are  not  found 
in  hia  vocabulary. 

As  a  rule,  young  children  do  not  easily  become 
interestMl  in  the  study  of  books.  They  have 
»ma\\  jiowcr*  In  undenland.  und  weak  memories 
toretitiin  what  they  with  dilSculty  cH>m prebend, 
and  for  which  they  have  but  little  or  no  uae. 
Hence,  If  tliey  get  on  with  tlielr  studies,  it  must 
be  done  by  cramming  and  learning  l>y  rot«.  In- 
dustrial or  manual  training  opens  a  way  to  inter- 
est them,  to  develop  and  employ  their  [leroepiJte 
facutticK,  and  to  make  the  otherwisi'  unattractive 
exiMiriencea  of  scbool-life  cheerful  and  pleasant. 

A  great  natiou  i^gaged  in  developiae  it>  rv 


Ana.  IS,  1887.J 


SCIENCE. 


367 


sources,  commercial,  mining,  mannfaolurlng,  and 
agricultural,  for  tbe  piirpoaM  of  pros|)erity  and 
progre«e.  tor  the  coniCort  and  liappincM  of  ita 
people,  rauHl  hnre  a  loiRt!  incnMuinK  torcv  ot 
BiroDg.  ■ctlvr.  int«lliRmt  workinit  in^n  iind  wo- 
men. Thin  fore*  of  mpD  and  wuqien  niant  Ik> 
<Klucnl<N]  and  iramed  In  the  rl^bt  tvaj  from  enrlj 
chikllioQil.  Tholr  number  has  tieen  dlnilntoliiDK 
of  late.  Manual  tralninic  in  the  »ctiool8  all  OTer 
tbe  land  iriti  turn  tlie  tiile.  and  liuvf  h  triidMic}' 
to  restore  the  country  more  rux^j  lo  n  normal 
condltii.in. 

Now,  is  mduBtrinl  or  mnouni  traininKsnod  for 
anjr  oliiM  or  ^milb  ?  Wr  think  an.  iind  for  all  the 
chtldr^u  and  youth  in  thn  land,  —  for  t)io«e  in  the 
country  a»  wi-ll  ns  for  Chofin  in  tlic  city,  for  the 
poor  iL->  well  ns  the  h<^tler-condllIon«d :  In  diort. 
for  ail  clnsse^  and  nil  nges  who  Are  engaged  In  tho 
M^n  of  school.  So  I  think  we  majr  be  MBured 
tbit  aome  industry  or  manual  art  can  be  and 
•hould  be  introduced  iulo  every  counirj-  xcboo), 
whether  the  cottiiKt^  by  the  rond-aide,  or  tliR  morv 
preteiiliouti  nntcturv  fur  the  liamloC,  or  ereo  tite 
fioety  cunntruotnl  inMtiitilion  tor  the  villoice. 

What  induvtry  can  be  proHtably  introdiicedt 
Why,  any  and  every  indiutry  wtthln  (he  means  of 
Ibe  nchonl,  and  etiited  to  the  capacity,  atlainnienU, 
nod  age  cf  ttie  pupile  in  alieodance.  Tliete  are 
•Ban;  things  tliat  cun  tie  dom:  with  prolit  in  any 
and  all  wchool* :  and.  a*  nocin  an  the  pupil  cntcni 
upon  acbool-life,  one  of  Ihnm  nhould  In;  taken  up, 
and  iiach  curried  fgrivnrd  one  after  itie  other,  just 
iw  th(!  mibjoot«  of  study  are  taken  up  an<l  com- 
pleted. SAnvn.  (J.  Love. 


TBK  nSSPECTlVE  FUNCTIONS  IN  EDUCA- 
TION OF  I'HIMARV.  SECONDARY.  AND 
VNIVEIiSITV  SCHOOLS.'  —  I. 

It  ia  Kenerally  understood  that  at  coufereuoea 
■nich  M  thi«  the  papers  read  Hhould  be  of  a  directly 
pmctle»l  kind.  I  have  not  alway-H  fullillc'd  thia 
expectation,  nor  do  I  mean  to  do  ho  now.  And 
tbis  partly  becauHc  it  aeemn  to  mo  that  a  confer- 
eoce  of  leacberu  &1iould  lie  hdd  to  be  abo  a  oon< 
feraoee  of  educaliunaliida.  and  that  queetions  may 
Ibervfore  b«  quite  littingly  Irenl^l  in  thooe  larger 
reltttionn  which,  though  not  exactly  philosophical, 
■le  at  linut  nuggtvted  by  philosophy.  Another 
rc«Kon  fur  not  beiOK  direcUy  practical  ia  tliat  1  am 
tuvd  of  tlie  prncticnl,  and  have  nothing  mure  to 
say.  In  books,  leciureo,  and  printed  addreiMes  I 
have  ezhaUBted  uyeelf,  bo  to  sjieak,  ami  1  am  not 
aore  that  debate  on  practical  <iimtion«  is  now 
much  needed.     We  have  reached  that  point  at 

■  F«perr*ail  UUm  KdacatloDftI  CKUirnw,Kdtabursti.  od 
UastmotDKaiabi'r.  I8M. 


which  we  wait  for  actloo  to  be  taken  ;  and  thede- 
partDtental  oomnilttee  recently  appointed,  and  the 
uaiveraltlea  bill  now  believed  to  be  In  proof,  give 
promise  of  immediate  and  ealutaiy  aotit-ity  lu 
many  dlrectiona. 

In  primary  edueaiion  the  department  is  now 
DiavinK  on  right  linen  :  nftcr  niuny  wiuMleringv  in 
the  wlldemew  cauwd  by  its  ««n  innate  peM-cnd- 
ty,  it  haa  now  reach«d  the  oonllnee,  at  tea*!,  of 
the  promised  land.  Reaftectfnl  advice,  for  the 
further  u-lse  development  of  the  Code,  will  now 
be  listened  to  at  Dover  Uou!«.  if  tendered  by  com- 
petent penuiDK.  It  hail  not  yet  been  reeulved  tliat 
'duingnaled'  innpectom  wlui  hare  not  U-rn  trach- 
tTK  shall  t!ci  through  a  ootine  of  educational  Hludy 
and  aclinla»tic  training  before  nnteiing  od  <luty  ; 
but  this  reform  miuf  come.  A*  to  the  training  of 
teachers,  the  key  of  l>he  position,  as  I  have  aRain 
and  a^ain  pointed  out.  Is  the  preparatory  qoalifl- 
cation  of  the  truDing-college  entrant,  and  this  re- 
solves liaelf  Into  the  reform  of  the  ]>upil-ieacher'a 
schedule.  Thia  reform  the  autboritieH  are  now 
conaid^-ring. 

Ax  to  neconilary  education,  the  flmt  (lueation  ia 
the  pro/anional  training  of  the  secondary  nchool- 
mailer  at  our  oniverslliee :  and  llie  necond  in  tbe 
lietler  orjianinition  of  inir  high  school*.  1  etitiiely 
diuent  from  those  who  would  speak  of  tlie  tieoon- 
dary  system  we  have  as  oootemptibte.  On  the 
conttar3'>I  >^i-  wiihuut  fear  of  contradiction  front 
any  one  e^en  nligbtly  ac(|uninted  with  tlie  his- 
tory of  education,  that  secondary  inEtruetion  and 
•eoondary  nchoola  were  never  in  ho  vi)torous  a 
condition  in  Scotland  aa  they  are  at  this  moment, 
I  alno  continltc  to  diriwnt  from  llicee  who  truuid 
draw  a  hard  and  fast  line  for  tlie  education  to 
be  given  In  primary  schools,  in  tbe  supposed  in- 
t«reete  of  Becondary  schools.  An  exception,  how- 
ever, is  to  be  made  in  those  small  towns  where 
tlie  secondary  lohool  is  made  cattily  acccaaible  to 
the  poor  innn'ii  child,  and  where  tha  cheap  and 
neoncHtrily  IncBlcient  comjiclition  of  the  primary 
■cbooU  tnniU  to  iitarve  out  the  secondary.  For 
secondary  education,  what  we  want  in  Scotland  is 
a  permanent  comniimion.  elected  by  tbe  uiiivet?ii- 
tles  and  lar^'er  school  l)oards.  acting  as  a  cunaului> 
tire  body  under  the  Scotch  defwrttuent.  and  ein- 
poweivd  lo  administer  a  treasury  grant  of.  say, 
twenty  tbouaand  pounds  a  year  in  iuhsidy  of  local>i 
eSortii,  and  on  cnrtAin  cumlitioiiS  iis  to  school  staff ' 
and  organization.  Wilh  thia  and  a  nnirergity 
entronci'  exuniinaiion,  the  secondary  schools  of 
Scotland  would  lie  in  a  highly  eAicient  dtate  in 
lt«s  than  ten  years.  The  same  commission,  as 
regulating  the  examinations,  would  institute  lear- 
iug-exauiinutionB  <iualifying  for  the  university, 
and  coDicul  iUelf,  I  am  convinced,  with  a  trien- 


« 


4 


3U8 


sci^ycE. 


I 


nial  viritBtinn  intitoad  of  nn  nnnunl  insptotion  of 
Um  KhooU :  this  viidlntion  brion  tcr  tbi-  lolc  pur- 
pOM  of  n>pnrtlni{  on  the  §tAff  uid  earricuhini.  In- 
■pectloa  of  such  tclioolfl.  In  the  ordinary'  wniv  of 
that  terra,  i^  wholly  unnecvMai?,  It  nut  indeed 
hurtful  (o  ihv  i.-auae  of  eJtiatlua.  The  gortrniui; 
body  of  wooiidarj-  kIiooIh  *houI<l  be  an  elected 
comniitliM,'  i>f  ih«  exinting  biirgh  boordi,  with  llie 
Addition  nf  county  ropiVM'ntMtirra ;  tli«  county 
bphiff  tAxrd  for  the  Mpport  of  the  school  up  to  n 
maximani  of,  say,  a  farthlni;  p«r  pound.  A»  to 
the  Mcondary  or  hlgh-^ctiool  ouiriculum.  It  Is  loiiR 
rini-e  I  reluctantly  cume  to  the  conrliiaian  that  . 
tills  luust,  for  lb(*  future,  be  inninly  on  the  linen 
of  Ibc  O^mnn  ra«l-gyQina*iuBi ;  rin'<-lc,  however, 
bning  taught,  bat  only  om  a  apeclHc  subject  to  the 
f«vr.  tn  this  wny,  ue  get  rid  of  the  anomnlr  of 
■  modern  sidc».'  These  '  practical'  oplnionft  I  here 
Bummariw  hitnitly,  having  on  many  previous  oc- 
CAslonfl  reasoned  them,  and  1  now  paes  on  lo  the 
special  Bubjecl  of  my  uddrrss.  ■  Education '  ia  a 
big  word  as  n-etl  as  n  great  word.  It  comprphends 
every  influence  that  go*a  to  the  formation  of  a 
mind.  Xo  man  can  pv^  an  account  of  It.  A 
KCnuine  nutohiography  Is  an  att«4npt  to  do  so. 
But  in  this  even  a  Goethe  or  a  Kusliln  will  fail. 
Tl)e«e  men.  like  all  othent.  probably  owed  tut  much 
to  tlione  subtle  influeocea  which  piuui  unnoliccd  a* 
to  tlu'  mnr«  •^If-crauciou^  exiierienees  wliicfa  it  id 
•My  to  r«ad,  record,  and  eslimate.  We  who  liavu 
to  do  with  educatlou  profeatdonally  arr  a]>l  to  for. 
gM  this,  and  to  exaggerate  tlu-  influence  of  the 
echool.  We  (org«t  thnt  the  ancient  P»^an  pre- 
sented lu  ili*>  world  a  Hnc  type  of  msnliood,  with 
no  t»cho()liiig  at  nil,  in  our  »Mi»e  of  llie  word  ;  that 
the  Gret-lc  i«ipt  by  one  liound  into  ihe  van  o<  hu- 
manity, and  knew  little  but  bis  Homer,  n  fen 
moml  apothegms,  and  bis  ^impl«  lyrr ;  that  the 
Boman  had  unfolded  all  bin  gr««tnat  (piAliliet.  and 
had  proclaimed  bimM-If  thit  cominK  nioster  of  the 
world  in  nnoa  ami  Inn-H,  with  little  or  no  literary 
a(.f)uirvuientf.  It  in  not  by  ihe  Latin  or  arith- 
metic wc  tench  the  Ihiv  timt  we  make  blm  a  true 
or  capable  mau  :  it  U  by  the  life  we  prencnt  for 
bla  admlratiou  and  acceptance,  und.  alxtro  all.  by 
the  life  uliioh  ifv  live  before  bis  eye«.  Our  live*. 
and  the  very  niovi-mi-nt»  and  gestures  and  ei- 
vfatmationa  which  reveal  our  live?,  are  the  moai 
potent  of  all  infln<mc««  In  the  education  of  the 
young, 

I  may  seem  to  you  to  liave  fallen  suddenly  in 
love  with  the  trite  and  the  obvious,  and  to  hnvo 
oome  to  this,  that  I  would  aubetitule  for  the  phi, 
loaophy  of  education  u  fvw  well-worn  iruiums  nnd 
fdatltudea.  And,  indevd,  you  arc  rit(ht;  for  as 
ooa  growa  older,  ami  hn*  wandered  far  and  wide 
OTOr  tho  meadow -lands  and  deserts  of  the  educa- 


tional country,  ilwelt  on  the  history  of  tlie  ediKa- 
tion  of  the  race,  nnd  poiirh'rcd  tlx-  pliitcoophy  of 
the  school,  one  HndH  one'?  self  Imck  again  nt  the 
Biarttnit-poiDl,  in  happy  company  wiih  the  eryntat- 
lized  wltidom  of  the  aifies.  The  last  function  of 
Bcieuce  can  only  be  to  enable  tu  to  ^ve  truly  wltnt 
ia  already  there  before  us  to  be  been,  tliou^i 
covered  with  a  veil ;  the  last  function  of  the  phi' 
loHophy  of  (idiicntion  is  lo  sei-  the  ancient  facts  of 
our  morol  relntiom  to  finch  other,  ami  the  truth  of 
the  ancient  truisms,  —to  nee  truly  what  is  covered 
by  the  veil  of  wor«ls. 

So,  then.  1  am  not  ashamed  lo  utier  intisms, 
and  to  any  tliat  the  formative  power  of  the 
Ittacher  if  not  in  what  ho  teach««,  but  in  what  he 
is —  what  he  is.  first,  conscioufily  or  uncoiieclou*- 
ly,  In  himself,  ns  n  living  nnd  ajtmncing  mind, 
known  of  all  men.  and  especislly  of  all  lioyn  :  nnd 
what  be  is  consciously  lo  his  pupils  In  respect  of 
aim.  method,  and  manner. 

These  certainly  an-  very  general  reflectiODS,  and 
yet  of  very  close  nnd  particular  application.  For 
if  the  end  of  all  our  ^ehnoldtriving  be  not  what 
our  pupils  ultitualely  ^tv,  but  wliat  they  Anally 
art  —  ar«-  aa  receptive  bein^  in  liarmonious  rela- 
tion  with  the  &iniplicily,  »trenicth,  and  Inith  of 
nature,  and  an  nctit-e  helpful  beings  endowed  with 
iiym|inthy,  given  to  sucriQce,  subject  to  duty, 
courteous  in  bearing  —  I  say,  if  this  be  ao,  what  a 
multitude  of  practical  leesons  for  the  tencber  are 
implicit  in  such  a  conception  I 

Let  me,  in  tills  coiuieolion.  be  Btriflly  practical 
for  a  moni'-.nt,  mid  a»k  the  head  raaKterofan  Eng* 
I isb  school ,  ■' Do  you  brilera  thin  that  I  have  in- 
dicated to  be  the  true  outcome  of  ncbool-work  ? 
Do  you  rentli/  believe?  You  are  a  Hellenic  and 
Roman  scholar,  and  you  are  probably  a  theologlaa, 
and  know  your  Bible.  Weli,  then,  if  you  believe 
it,  IK  iht-re  any  reujuin  in  the  riature  of  thinp)  why, 
for  example,  your  bi>yii  »licmUl  lie  kept  away  from 
a  knowledge  <if  other  iintic)n.->  and  their  commer- 
cial and  induBirinI  relntionn  with  oiirselvce,  and 
tliow  fsr-reaclnng  lessons  of  humanity  which  auch 
knowledge  auggeMs?  Is  there  any  reniion  why 
the  insular  pride.  Insolence,  attd  )«lf-<«ntiing  of 
our  Britisb  boys  —  Muroea  these  of  much  evil  — 
should  not  he  mo.]ified  by  a  knowledge  of  other 
natlous  of  men  an<l  their  claiins  to  our  ri^gard  ? 
Can  yon  Inily  proninte  what  you  acciept  aa  the 
true  end.  the  life  you  admit  to  be  the  true  life,  if 
you  do  not  by  means  of  the  faetn  of  human  reUf 
tions  lend  the  boys  of  wealthy  parents  to  nnder- 
stand  their  dependence  on  the  poor,  and  the  true 
sigatHcnncc  of  the  co-oprratlon  of  capital  and 
labor!  Om  any  good  rnaaon.  again,  be  iciven  why 
you  alionid  not  proteiit  the  lioy's  future  life  by 
giving  him  some  knowlclgo  of  hit  own  frame?  Do 


< 


APKIL  15.  isn.] 


SCIENCE. 


369 


fOU  not  all  it  on  Sandv<^  wInn  5011  |>i«acb,  tbc 
temple  of  thmpirtlf"  IniiiBp«tfchit(.  jceDtlemen. 
Of  geogni]>)ij,  and  economics,  and  fay^ene,  as 
•chool-cubjects.  and  on  whfdi  a  fitlh  or  elxtta 
form  hoy  wouM  be  held  io  wastfr  hia  time.  Aiid  so 
on  I  inljj-hl  i;o  (or  [ni;c^-  criticiBtni;  trsiatiog  prao- 
tloe.  in  the  liglit  of  i^neml  priDoipIc*,  ■mi  vug- 
gMtlag  tbi?  niuU-riiils  to  Iw  omhI  for  tiic  nisking  of 
«  trae  intin.  Bo  jiottMil  \n  smvnX  tnith*.  w  hFro- 
ly  prKctiml  i*  philwophf ,  w)  ponrtratinjc  «re  tru- 
WD».  It  in  Iif«i  that  truly  fducatee  us  :  it  Is  Hie 
rtifirJatlan  to  the  youog  mind  of  mora)  aa<t  spUit- 
itnl  i<Ui)wt  la  their  pr<.i8aic  but  fruitful  t^latknsto 
the  liard  facta  aail  atcm  duiird  of  cominoii  day, 
that  la  the  main  iiurpiMw  of  the  ktviiI  Enittiali  puh- 
llo  (chool,  te  of  ull  school*.  Can  nny  oni'  who  h^i 
looki-d  lit  thi-  rvconls  of  our  law  <xiiirtii  for  thr  p«<it 
aevL'ti  or  wRht  years  heljvvv  that  thi«in»tnitiion  ia 
not  nniliil  ^  Can  any  one  hellvve  that  It  ia  con- 
tinuounlj  gjT^n) 

Rot  )i>t  nie  paw  oti  to  coiuiiler  tbe  bearing  of 
this  by  n<i  meaDa,  1  liupe,  laupt  i>t  inept  iiitrTKluc- 
tlon,  to  the  npin'ial  (|ii«alion  which  iM^uda  thia  ad* 
dieaa. 

By  tlui  cumtnon  vtitiMrnt  of  nil  nnliona,  aa  wvll 
M  of  phyaioloniot',  the  life  of  thi-  body  and  thr 
mind  of  man  f  alli  into  tliree  periods.  —  ihe  pwiod 
uji  to  T.  Iliat  of  tlie  Infant  school :  the  period  lo 
14,  that  of  the  primary  at-'liuol :  and  the  period 
from  U  to  'i\.  tluU  of  the  w-condar^-  acbool  and 
tlic  uniwrwity.  TliMn.  I  tliink.  may  ngahi  be  aub- 
divided  thua  :  to  lhi>  aKe  of  0,  the  ago  of  S  to  T, 
from  •  to  II,  fmm  li  to  14,  from  14  to  18,  from 
10  to  St.  But  1  do  not  propose  to  deal  here  with 
tlwee  Taxlooa  eubdivWons,  but  to  confine  myself 
to  tte  larger  dlvlcJona  wblcli  we  have  agreed  to 
«a]|  primary,  secondary,  and  univeraity. 

Now,  let  ua  get  bold  of  Bome  leading  idea  which 
ehall  give  u-i  at  once  guidance  and  n  i;riierlon  of 
judgineut  at  all  tlufie  atagee.  That  idea  I  believe 
to  he  contained  cliiclly  in  tlie  word  '  nutrition,'  — 
in  tbe  primary  stn^  nutrition  u(  fntling.  inner 
and  out«r.  that  is  to  any,  of  tht*  emotions  within 
and  tlir  realities  of  aeCHr  witbnut,  and  through 
tbeee,  training.  un'Ci  it  minimum  0/  ilinripUnt :  in 
the  aeeondary  aiai^  atcnin,  nutrition  tiirongb  tho 
hard  facta  of  life  and  the  preaetilation  of  i.-oncretc 
ideala,  and  tlirough  these  u  maximum  0/  di*ri- 
pliw :  in  tbe  uiiiveniity  stage  still  nutrlliou.  hut 
now  through  idru).  «-itli  telf-flixeipline  as  the 
oeceaaary  pathway  to  tbe  npprebiiidiim  of  id<«a. 

Anil  here  I  must  try  to  distinguish  hrtwceD 
trainiiig  and  diat^ipline,  terms  often  confounded. 
If  I  cairy  a  child  throuKb  the  explanation  of  any 
object  of  knowMite,  atep  bj  atep.  In  the  tme 
togtcal  order  of  thai  explanation,  and.  repeating 
this  again  uud  af^in.  llually  cause  bim  to  repro- 


duce the  procew,  I  am  caUlag  Into  nctivlty  hi*  int*!* 
lectunl  powers  In  lb«  order  in  which  they  alone  < 
truly  comprehend.  I  am  thus  tialntna  blm.  If,  m^ 
tbeotherband,  I  call  upon  him  toapply  past  knowl- 
edge lo  the  esplaoiUkin  ot  aome  new  thing.  1  di»- 
dpline  him.  For  eiaiiiide :  the  geolo^st  may 
explain  lo  rau  a  iHH:tiun  i>(  the  eonh'ci  surfaoe  I7 
cxhibittDg  in  lofpcnl  (ninicnce  the  cauaes  wt 
operationa  hare  tnade  it  what  it  ia.  Aa  often 
an  1  follow  him  through  Ihia  cxplamttiCRi  my 
facultlea  are  at  work  In  their  natural  order,  and 
I  am  thereby  trained.  But  If  the  snmv  grologlat, 
knowing  that  be  baa  conieyed  to  me  ilirongb  hb 
paal  imttrudiona,  principles  and  causal  forcea, 
taki-a  me  lo  a  new  ni-tiou  of  country  and  calls  on 
Tn>^  to  map  it  and  expliiln  it.  be  diacipJinea  nie. 
Agnln  i  in  the  monil  apbrre  which  cnncema  doing 
under  the  p,re*aure  of  molivw,  when  I  lead  n 
child  by  the  hand  and  guide  bim  (o  the  feeling  of 
Uie  right  motive,  and  to  action  in  accordance  with 
it,  I  train  him.  When  I  throw  him  on  hia  own 
jeaonrciii,  and.  wilbdrawiog  my  fostering  hand, 
cation  bim  lo  do  bis  duty,  which  meunatoaacrifice 
Inclinntion  10  the  momi  'onght,'  —  to  offer  up  self 
to  virtue,  —  I  <Ii«cipline  bim.  Training  ia  the 
peculiar  rirttie  of  (he  primary  school.  In  intel- 
lectual and  moral  tiRJning  there  b  the  following 
of  a  stronger  on  whom  the  weaker  lenna :  in  dla- 
cipline  there  it  the  aelf-exertlon  of  will  In  tlie 
face  of  difficuliiea,  tbii  will  being  the  root  uf  our 
diatinolive  hamnnity.  Truitiing  nuy  juuk<-  a  wrll- 
diipoaed  youth,  but  it  ii  discipline  alone  that 
midtea  him  strong.  rltUr.  —  a  will,  n  man.  Di»- 
ciplliie  is  tbe  |>ecullar  virtue  of  the  secondary 
•chool. 

When  the  primary  and  seoondary  ecboola  have 
nttaineil  their  end.  we  have  a  great  result  truly : 
Init,  after  nil.  otir  pui>il  ia  us  yet  only  a  man 
among  men.  u  oainbii;.  upright  citizen,  it  may  be. 
Tliat  ia  all.  though  much,  lie  U  lit  for  more  than 
Iblii.  however.  He  can  riM-  above  mere  world* 
citi»en*hlp,  and  became  a  <-ilizen  of  a  city  not 
made  with  hands.  The  divine  in  him  —  hisainrit- 
hood  aa  ilistlngiiiBlwd  from  his  m«rt  man-hood  — 
claims  fellowship  and  kindred  with  Gn<l.  He  <«n 
tisi*  Ui  the  coiilentpUtion  of  idea*,  and  rettard 
them  fiKM.-  to  face.  The  true  Is  an  iilea  :  it  te  the 
motive  Itispiratioii  ot  acientilic  inquiry.  Tlio  l-eau- 
liful  ia  an  idea  :  it  la  the  aubtlv  pi-rccpliun  of  tbe 
music  of  creation.  Tbc  good  ia  an  idea  :  it  is  tbe 
oomprehenaion  of  Ihe  bitrmany  of  the  iiuirersal 
movement.  When  man  aitiiina  hia  full  statuiv 
and  to  communion  with  idea*,  he  raises  Ida  bead 
above  the  vaporoua  clouds  of  earth  and  lu'eathea 
an  'ampler  ether,  a  diviner  air.'  He  now  be- 
giuH  to  dee  the  cosmic  order  aa  truly  a  apirit- 
ual   iirJer,   and,    returning   to   the  ordinary    life 


4 


370 


SCIENCE. 


ivot.  IX..  No  «• 


of  tb«  cH^D.  be  dncenda  Uma  bta  SEnai. 
lo  il('«pii«t  thv  iiimu  Ibin)^  of  Ih«  ilnilr  lifv. 
It  now  mthiT  to  •«■  tlip  Oii'l  of  the  (noiinlttin- 
top  in  tliPin.  iind  to  Hluniiiu-  all  with  tile  light 
that  (foini-i  [rom  wirhin.  lip  no  Innxn'  »pk  nith 
the  rye  of  rmw.  For  him  nature  is  now  bailie'l 
in  tiip  liKbt  that  never  was  on  aea  or  »hore.  Tlit- 
iclory  of  setting  smdh.  with  al)  its  ftfilnidor.  iit  nine 
to  liiin  only  a  iiu'e]llui;-|)[n<.v  for  (In-  univvrsnl 
spirit ;  the  infinite  vnrirty  of  nntitr^.  onW  the  gnr- 
meiit  wo  SOB  Iliiu  by.  Tlio  )>nlpitiilinii  Ihoiiitht 
which  it  ull.  and  in  nil.  now  finds  In  the  '|>irlt  of 
nittD  s  rmpimiiivo  |ni!w.  DleiiBetJ  l»  the  coining 
of  tbatdnT,  ll  la  to  sow  ihe  xeTuntof  thin  lUe 
of  the  spirit,  to  fouler  this  iulo  ntlolrstM^ice.  if  not 
maturitj,  that  the  untvenitircxbtH  :  to  i^itf  fiyid, 
nutrition  of  thiii  kind, —  lu  snpj)))-  Ihir  xpirittinl 
manua  which  will  never  fnil  us  in  thf  wildcmrw- 
waudi-iinf;  of  eurtbly  rxir-imrp,  in  riich  mornintc 
we  rii.?  lu  n  ni'w  clay.  The  diiicipline  of  this 
pwiwl  in  i(rf/-di»ripline  Such  I  cnnceiv*  to  he 
thr  ibrei-  stuKW  of  ediii-aiion.  These  be  bnivv 
wordK,  some  of  you.  (lerluips.  will  say.  Init  wluit 
Kuldnnoe  do  Ihe.v  alTonl  ?  By  what  oiinninic  np- 
pHrslloD  can  they  be  made  to  btmr  on  Ihr  hunneiw 
of  tlie  teaober'a  lifoT  Th«  npplicntion  will  be  ap- 
parent enougli  to  other*.  Depend  on  it,  princi- 
ple* mo  the  ntoit  pmetical.  the  iiioM  potent,  of  all 
thinics.  They  are  Inexhaudtible  fountains  of 
every-day  detail.  S.  S,  Lai'iub. 


rnt:  prussias  ^inistkh  of  ixstsvc- 

T/OX  ON  FEMALE  EOUCATIOX. 

HiKiisTBn  von  OossLEB  prcsjdcil  iiwr  the  tenth 
annual  oonKroM  of  teuchcrs  in  high  school*  for 
girls  at  Berlin,  at  wliicli  nboat  nve  hundred  tench* 
em  wrre  pnsont.  In  hi*  opening  addretoi,  llerr  von 
UomIit  iliiMruncd  female  educntlou  lu  ireDpnil.  and 
nlnled  thai  tlie  chiel  dllVculties  conneiiled  with 
the  itmiruclinn  In  xirU' mIiuuId  are  two:  •■  ftret. 
there  nre  ftill  a  Rreot  many  men  and  women  wlio 
hold  tliat  a  sirl'*  duiTaci.-r.  and  Ihe  emotional 
part  of  her  nature,  are  tbi-only  thinp*  thai  rciitiirL- 
(levelopuig.  but  that  the  tntrllectual  side  nmj-  be 
left  to  clionee ;  aecy>nd.  mKirity  is  at  pKwnt  in  nieh 
a  atalc,  that  thr  qnriition.  'What  will  bi«om<>  of 
«iur  diiughlrrs?"  in  iippemiosi  In  tlie  minds  of  the 
parents  and  of  all  Ime  friends  of  the  people.  The 
Hrriou*  iialiirv  of  llirae  [irobleniH  has  often  led  to 
atti-uipiH  ni  introducing  thbiKa  int<"  girls'  sebooU 
wbiib  <io not  belong  to Ibein,  and  at  putting  glrla 
in  i-voiy  resped  upon  an  tK|ui»litT  with  Iwra,  A« 
Teutons  and  as  Christiana,  u-ri  must  ever  bold  ihnt 
wconan  baa  equal  right*  with  man.  hut  on  phjaio- 
lo^cal  ground*  she  i*  not  Ihe  same  la  nntiire  as 
onui.     Ilrnoi'  the  nim  of  education  hIiouM  he  lo 


recognise  I hi«  divetslty  of  characteristics,  and  to 
build  BccordiBgiy.  It  niUBt  also  Iw  rvineinliered 
that  the  nvbool  baa  no  elaiui  on  girin  for  nn  long  A 
[leriod  an  on  bo>».  —a  diffenrnrp  which  i»  Imju-d  in 
part  on  the  natural  ilifTrrenre  of  spx.  and  in  [>art 
on  time- honored  cuktoni.  Tlie  principles  on  wlilch 
noDinn  in  fJcritianj-  ha*  been  devci|o|ied,  sBd 
which  an-  roc>led  in  our  nature,  must  be  prOMrved 
and  banileil  to  our  descendnnts  as  Intact  aa  w« 
found  them.  Woman  here,  the  i-entreof  all  Cbiia- 
tiaii,  humane,  and  ideal  thoiiRhtd.  i*  riKhtly  ooo- 
HidervJ  with  la  as  ttu-  i^-ntpc  of  the  home  and  the 
family.  Tli'-  Ih-M  men  and  women  of  all  times 
hare  Dlwny*  hi-1d  Ibal  thn  well-belnK  of  a  nation 
i*  baited  on  fn  telly -lite,  on  the  home,  and  on 
woman.  1  say  woman,  for  1  do  Dot  mean  «peciall]r 
the  wife.  Therefore  our  endeavors  iiinnl  be  to 
liand  down  Ihe  nature  of  woman,  with  all  the 
perfectiona  inherent  in  il,  uiiBllur<-<t  to  futiiro  gen- 
erations. Woman  twlongn  to  Ihe  hom<(,  and  must 
lire  lor  il  :  her  share  in  art  and  rdenee  inu»t  al- 
ways lie  looked  Uiioii  aa  a  m-ecndnry  cunRidprnlion. 
At  a  later  period  of  the  st-stiion.  Hcrr  WOhchen- 
Oldenburg,  direetor  of  ii  high  school  for  girl»,  of- 
f.!^vd  a  resolution  slating  that  the  object  of  edocn- 
tiiin  for  girls  !<hnu1d  lio  lo  irntn  woman  lobe  tlie 
helpmeet  of  man.  intclleetiinlly  as  well  as  olhei- 
wi>e.  He  claimed  Iliat  "  Ilii8  aim  in  not  attained 
—  oft^n  ll  is  made  iuipuntibl(;_tbr:>ugh  the  i»- 
emise  in  the  number  of  subjects  taught,  whirli 
Imda  to  »up<'rfii-iiil  knowledge,  Uenee  tlie  siil)- 
ji-ct-ronlti-rof  the  rtndi(«  is  to  he  leslricled  rather 
than  i-xtrndiMl.  li  migiil  well  to«e  in  breadth  in 
onler  to  gain  in  deptii.  The  schuol-eoutae  ougbt 
to  remain  as  it  was  ftxe<l  at  the  meeting  of  I8T8, 
from  the  end  uf  the  sixlh  to  the  md  of  the  six- 
teenth year.  The  new  jiUiu  of  sludic*  ought  i«i  be 
tried  provlbionilty  in  Berlin,  liefoie  applying  il  to 
the  niuntry  ut  largir  Tlic  results  of  the  dlscua- 
•Uoiia  nei-fn  lo  be  that  the  number  of  reboot-hotiis, 
at  least  lor  the  four  lowest  clateea,  nhoidd  lie  dl- 
miniahed,  the  irubjects  now  tnnglit  shonld  Iw  re- 
arranged, and  more  time  should  be  allowed  for 
Imdilv  exercise. 


POUTtCAL  KDUCATIOS. 

Mk.  FitKi>K]uc II AitmsuN,  the well'known  English 
essayist  and  folloner  of  Augiiat  Comte,  is  preal- 
dent  of  the  Social  and  pulitical  edueation  league 
of  England.  He  took  for  the  subject  of  his  recent 
presidential  addrew  '  Political  education.'  and 
■|ioke  al  some  length,  lie  referred  to  the  grral 
politicnl  excitement  of  the  time,  and  pointed  out 
tiint  public  opinion  needs  lo  be  Hintiniially  re- 
minded, that,  if  politico  la  to  lie  fruitful,  it  must 
be  based  on  history,  law,  and  philc«ophy.     Ue 


Ann.  19.  1881 ) 


aciEJ^vjs. 


371 


D«xt  qM)k»  of  the  ptoA  work  to! nx  done  Ivy  tli« 
league  thruugh  their  pourven  of  leciurm.  auil  taci- 
dentall]^  refemil  to  Krntuiloiu  tivdiiiii;  in  ■  way 
thtit  retoiodi'  anvot  tlii;  Atlii-oinii  u|>)KiiicatA  of  tlie 
sophists.  This  princiiilo.  Mr.  Rnrriunn  iQtiii.tfd,  ia 
«spnCial  to  Hnj  IiIrIi  stiinilanl  of  ediKwtlonnl 
gootl. 

It  is  practically  impowlble  Ui  KJve  AWf  ndMguste 
reniiineralioD  fur  really  kuo<I  leactiln^.  True 
kuovrleJgpiapriceleM  :  the  teacher  must  liavpbeen 
taught  l)j  a  ih»iuau(l  influmc-e^  and  kinj;  getiem- 
tioni  of  lenehvni:  ami  who  would  Huy  wlien«! 
cnniF  ihnt  iili-ii.ur  what  ihnt  jmnicular  thought 
wan  wi^lli,  or  how  much  per  hour  ought  to  he  |Miid 
for  Rond  ndTJon?  Thr  forming  of  n  miiicl,  Ihn 
foriifylntc  of  a  liiimnn  bouI,  ha*  no  mnrket-prire, 
and  ia  l*«t  when  freely  hpsiowcd.  Thoi«  who 
liavr  lieeD  taught.  OUgbU  by  tlie  laws  of  the 
cliivaiiy  of  i-iiltune,  to  t«aoh.  It  i*  said  tlmt  1*0- 
plf  nr<-  apt  not  tj  value  that  for  which  they  do 
not  |mr ;  thai  thf  work  which  i*  not  paid  for  la 
not  well  liotie.  There  aw  no  doubt  rawH  wlieric 
thi»  statement  hnltla  good ;  but  00  moni^  will  buy 
a  co<ii|>cient  prluM>  minister  or  an  Arrlibishop  of 
Cflnierbury,  or  ran  really  compensate  a  Rood 
teacher.  Mr.  Uarriaun  had  no  objection  to  jiaid 
leclurem  iu  their  proper  place ;  but  all  knew  how 
•tiouf{  was  Ihi-  inducemrnt  for  n  (aid  lecturer  lo 
amu*e  rather  than  lo  inatruct.  Theleachn^ought 
lo  be  ID  the  pofltlon  ot* the  liiRher  and  wImt  help- 
Ins  tlie  weaker  aud  Ims  Inslnicled  ;  and  no  dopb- 
iairy  or  ouavciition  could  obncutv  that  truth.  It  i» 
tin-  vffj'  flnil  duly  of  the  teachei'  to  make  the 
IcaniiT  ferl  titeshurtcuiuiDgs.and  pn-M  hini  louse 
bin  mind  more  sireimuusly  than  b«(orc.  ili-  li»|ied 
that  the  league  would  bold  on  to  the  grnluitoiia 
principle  as  its  rery  life-t>lood.  The  central  ld«a 
of  the  kague  was  that  politics  could  be  made  a 
aulijeet  of  syaleiiuillc  olucatlou.  This  idea  was 
tlie  moat  im|>orlant  dlaeoven-  of  the  age  :  it  was 
llM  moat  potent  advance  made  in  the  hi*iory  nf 
human  thought.  Down  to  the  cinae  of  llii>  laMt 
iWBttiry  it  iMd  been  thonxtit  that  the  Immutable 
laws  of  science  worn  ponalble  only  In  the  physical 
world ;  and  It  waaooly  in  our  preaent  oeuinry  that 
s  general  but  vague  intpreehlon  had  ftlled  the  pub- 
lic mind  that  there  wuHHoiuesuch  thing  aa  a  social 
•c{eDC«t  no  letM  than  a  pbyaical  scieuco.  By  com- 
mon content  the  «ci«nce  had  two  grnnt  aid^ii.  —  in 
Mr.  florbert  Hpfnci-r'!!  langimgo.  ihc  niaiicnl  and 
the  dynamical.  Thi<  rtudy  of  in4litullom>  and  tt>« 
study  of  history,  the  knowledge  of  the  perma 
nent  elemenls  in  any  society  and  of  the  course 
which  that  fodety  liad  takeu  hi  its  evolution, — 
ttieae  were  the  two  itreat  inalruoteDtB.  going  side 
by  side,  of  their  educational  work,  —  the  analysis 
of  instltutlona  ou  the  one  hamf.  and  the  philosophy 


of  history  on  th»  othw.  The  hiitory  of  England 
bad  been  studied  tcientlHcnlly  only  within  the 
pmeot  generation,  and  the  effect  on  the  politica 
»r  our  time  was  now  very  visible  and  profoundly 
BCtivp.  Looking  at  Ihe'leguslsllonof  tlie  la«t  fifty 
years.  wc»lu>uld  Knd  that  it  had  tieeu  ina marked 
and  incTcnMngdegrvotttiird  upon  something  which 
might  l«  cnlk-d  i>tiphcmiiiti[-nl1y  hiilury,  social 
acienoe.  and  political  philouophy.  Turn  n*hiclirrer 
way  we  woukl.  in  legixlalion  wc  found  that  stntea- 
oien  mode  an  etfort  to  g«  guidance  and  in«pits- 
tion  from  thuae  principlea.  The  Idea  that  they 
ought  lo  do  Ki,  distinguished  the  nineteenth  oeo- 
tiiry  from  the  i-ightccnth.  aud  the  sisteeu  preced- 
ing centuries ;  and  onr  cliildren  in  the  twentieth 
M-ntury  might  we  the  tdra  fully  di'ri.doiH'd.  It 
was  still  in  an  Infant,  even  nn  embryo,  otate,  and 
was  not  a  M^ence  constituted  and  systematiied.  It 
would  bo.  however,  a  complete  nilsconoeptlon  lo 
assnmc  that  we  could  not  bring  science  to  bear 
upon  society  until  it  wb*  (ully  couiilttuted.  To 
bring  habtteof  acicntific  training  to  tiearon  thinga 
aocial  Is  a  tnodeat  aim  enough,  but  is  one  which 
might  be  of  exceeding  awfuliKsa  in  thi-  din  of 
party  and  (hedaUyhatlU>of  tiills.  clauoec.  and  per- 
sonal cumbata.  bucb  lectures  as  (he  !>yllabus  of 
the  leacue  comprlHcd.  carefully  handtol  by  num 
able  lo  discriminate  between  kni>wledgcond  prej- 
iiditv.  must  clear  the  air  anil  sober  the  excitement 
of  )Hilitical  debate.  We  hnve  now  arrived  at  such 
astagoUiat  we  have  oou  ml  lied  the  detiUnini  of 
ract«  In  the  aggregate  more  numerous  thiui  tbdoe 
which  obeyed  Xerxes,  or  Alesundtr,  or  Comir,  to 
the  millions  of  dn-torH  of  thew-  islands,  and  the 
placeoF  Bugland  in  mankind  mil  c)  on  theeirntvt 
that  great  problem.  Thcl-oardMchooU.  hnlfpenny 
newspaper*,  aud  cheap  lileralure  are  not  enough 
for  the  cdiKTUtion  of  our  masters.  Mr.  Harrison 
said  Ihnt  be  kni-w  aomethliig  of  worktng^en,  and 
he  frit  pretty  luiw  that  they  would  neier  take 
their  otilnions  from  any  one.  but  fonii  Iht-ui  for 
thcmaeli'es ;  and  the  league,  at  any  ntie,  did  not 
seek  lo  give  them  opinions.  It  was  to  help  in 
forming  and  training  their  minds  that  the  )e«giie 
olTered  to  put  them  In  the  path  of  thinking 
broadly.  cnuiioii»ly,  and  with  •ysiem,  and  to  feel 
how  §uhiti'  and  orderly  a  iblog  waf<  the  organEto- 
tion  of  any  human  Miciety  :  and  all  this  might  l;e 
done  without  Injng  suppoi^  to  have  mnrtcted 
soeint  science,  or  without  wishing  to  impose  upon 
men  ind  input  a  hie  dogmas  of  any  kind.  The  best 
education  of  the  prtvcnl  ilay  was  very  far  from 
reaching  a  high  standard  in  methud,  complctenew, 
or  coher<>nce  ;  but,  aucIi  &v  it  was.  It  must  tie  ac- 
reiiled  and  used.  U  would  be  the  ua wisest  coutae 
of  all  lo  lie  iaxiywt  dinputlng  what  a  good  e<luc»> 
tion  ought  to  be,  instead  of  using  the  imperfect 


4 
4 
4 


I 


tDctranicot  at  oomniaDd,  and  trustiuji:  (o  the 
younger  generatioo  to  wrork  out  for  tlwiuselves  a 
move  tiuly  ntional  w;iil<^m.  He  would  cDouuntg^ 
the  fritouU  of  thr  IraRat-  lo  onnlinuc  Ui  cxtond 
tlMir  wovk,  if  not  fi>r  otbriv,  for  their  own  nakp. 
Hia  BXpcrlencv  wsih  that  to  Rive  a  cnune  of 
loctnrM  van  lo  ifti  ihrDiij|;h  a  course  of  self- 
educattou.  To  lecture  waa  lo  undertake  a  rery 
Boletnu  aod  Irjiiig  liuic.  It  ura-t  lo  Inj  ooo'tt  srlf 
ban-  to  Tiew,  nnd  to  oak  cate'a  fvUiKK-cUixcaii  to 
judge  wbcth^  oac*ii  fdacation  luvl  broo  of  an<r 
good  worth  uprnkitiK  of.  He  tniiitnl  that  witi) 
Uicm  it  would  he  found  that  llir  attempt  lo 
teach  other*  prored  tiiolr  own  besi  educalioiL 


MA.VUAL  THAIMNU  AND  PUBLIC  EDU- 
CATION.- 

"  Thr  public  woliool,"  mid  Jolin  Quiucv  Adams, 
"ill  one  of  the  four  pillnra  of  the  Ftale."  It  la 
firmly  intTenclieil  in  the  heart  of  every  loyal  fiti- 
len.  It  is  always  on  the  aide  of  icood  uriler  and 
of  good  iuotiiIh.  The  mau  who  has  vi-nciirtd  In 
anggeal  auy  iinporiani  cbange  inl)iepiibtie.«c-hool 
aysloDi  ha*  bii-ii  nuii|>ecled  of  weaknem  in  bis 
hmd,  or  dlHhonivty  in  liia  heart.  Itiit  here  i<*  a 
radical  i^nase  from  tin-  puMie  NChnol  of  Horace 
Mann,  of  Daniel  WriMter.  nnd  of  the  hoHuf  "Iher 
worlhlen  who  fiftv*  either  aided  in  its  eatnliliiih- 
menl.  or  haii'  beeu  gratetiil  partaken  nt  iin  hene- 
flta.  It  iKooty  reuBunable  tuask.  Why  thifchnnKe 
Id  the  sy*tem  lo  which  a  lari;i'  pari  of  the  prm- 
perity  of  the  country  t*  undouhtedly  owinj;? 
Wliy  add  to  the  Keomolry  and  pliiloaophy  which 
have dmcriidetl  to  ttiu^e  i|uiel  halls  from  Itic  aea- 
deniic  (!""<«  ot  AlheUBJ  Why  add  to  the  popiiie 
of  Virgil  and  the  orttiouv  of  D»Dtc>aiheiii«,  the 
tool  of  the  mcchabtc  and  the  whir  of  uioderu 
Dutchlnery  ? 

At  an  iuitiutncDt  of  culture,  —  for  It  waa 
Einenion  whoiuiid  "a  man  tihoiild  liB>e  a  farm, 
or  a  tiitdianiiKil  rra/l  for  hl«  ciilhirt,"—  the  luiut- 
aal-trviniiig  department  of  l)ie  public  ccliuol  wn* 
nnnecewMiry  a  liuodrod  yeai«  &i^.  Aa  a  mcsnt>  of 
leaehitiK  the  intwhuiical  arta.  it  would  even  then 
have  Is-en  an  iiaproveioent  uo  the  ikiiprentiee  ays- 
(em.  attliougli  the  apprentice  then  oi'cupied  a  very 
different  poeilion  in  the  iltup  of  tlie  master.  But 
tlie  New  England  Iwiy  of  the  olilen  time,  like 
many  a  country  boy  o(  the  prexent  day.  liad  a 
manual  (ruluing  out»ide  o(  bin  «cliool.  Tlie  Van- 
k(x^  knack  at  lurnlnK  one'e  liaad  to  aluioHt  aiiy 
tbiiki!  laui  become  proverbial.  The  □in.-bmiical  iu- 
fenuity  of  the  New-Englander  is  Ii>  he  attributed 
only  In  part  lo  bin  lilerary  Uainlng.  In  the  i-arly 
Kew  Englaod  life,  and  in  the  New  England  vll- 
li^M  in  which  the  prtelltie  hahibt  ar«  preterved. 

>  Pram  lh«  Aututrtat  vorM  onrf  Iron-workar. 


John  Flake  remark*.  ••  The  tiniveiaaliiy  of  literary 
culture  ia  as  remarkable  as  the  frvedoin  wiib 
which  all  gwTsims  eiiRage  in  manual  talior."  — 
"Tlie  atony  luid  eomewbnt  sterile  land*  of  New 
England,"  enya  ihc  Englishmait  Mather  in  hi*  lat« 
report  to  the  British  |iarlianitnt,  "  reipilre  intenae 
activity,  industry  and  sktlt  on  the  part  of  th« 
farnier,  Iu  make  a  li*iug.  Ah  hired  lalvr  i<i  very 
dear,  lie  lii'iJeiids  ou  his  own  houeehold  for  b«li>. 
Every  kiii<l  iif  work  bus  to  be  done  ol  home, 
niait-kiiniilb'n.  whcHwright'e,  machiniat'*,  car]H«- 
ter'f.  and  hydmulie  work  bacomca  a«  familiar  to 
the  farmer,  in  a  roiigli  and  ready  way,  a>-  plough- 
ing, tilling,  sowing,  and  reaping.  All  haodi- 
rrafia,  in  a  greater  <ir  less  degree,  are  acquired. 
The  furmer'a  boy  in  clius  provided  with  an  Lndua- 
Irial  tminiiiK  of  the  best  kind  in  nnd  around  hi* 
home.  IliH  wiu  are  shnqiened,  bi«  percc]itiona 
ilev'i<lo[ied,  Tlicrc  i*  a  IsiKe  lleld  for  lhi>  tmniedt- 
aie  application  of  knowledK^i  Bc^^ui^ed  at  K'h'xd. 
on  ihe  one  band  :  on  the  oilier,  the  iwhool  cxer- 
cinni  and  IcQHOuH  are  more  readily  uudei^ood  by  a 
l)oy  or  jiirl  hiiving  in  daily  life  to  deal  directly 
with  niiturnl  forces  and  laws.  Tiieae  ilii-tricl 
BcbdoU,  holding  only  twi-nly  we<'kii  in  ilw  yi-ar, 
ummcialed  as  llicy  are  with  agricultural  and  uie> 
chaiiical  occupoltonK,  produce  betl^  resulia,  aa  • 
whole,  among  the  artinan  plaeae*.  than  llie  city 
ftchoola,  the  atU-ndance  al  which  id  for  Ibe  eutirv 
eclionl-year  of  forty  wei'ks-  My  nttt-ntivn  baa 
tieen  drawn  to  thia  fact  bj  manv  eniplnyet^  and 
educationist;,  and  it  hn«  been  conMroicd  by  my 
own  obfervalionB.  II  xuggettt  (Ae  imimrl'iiifr  of 
inlrtMiui'init  into  Ihe  ettmenlnru  pubtir  teho<iU  of 
citiet  tojiit  iiiiltixirini  Iniinini/.  ■  Uiir  briichte«t 
boy*  come  from  the  couulry.'  is  a  phraae  which 
lint  iH-conie  very  faiuiliar  to  me  in  Anieriea." 

Such  are  th«  cil.H-r<aii(ini>  unci  cdtirUuion!!  of 
Mr  Mnth«T.  That  they  are  inie  i-niinot  bi-  de- 
uieil  L  and  elnce  rhcy  nre  inie,  the  rennon  and  tlie 
wisdom  i>f  IbiH  new  de|>arture  beeT>me  ap)iareni. 

Tbi-  inllut-nce  of  physical  viuor  and  uibhuhI 
skill  in  dcM-lopliig  tderling  chataeter  ia  nothing 
new.  Id  the  virile  days  of  Rome,  when  "  to  bea 
Itoman  wns  greater  than  to  be  a  king."  there  wna 
a  remarkable  nsemblance  to  Ihe  early  New  Eng- 
land life. 

"The  oldest  laya  of  Rome,"  aaya  Momowpn, 
"  cpli'bmled  nui  only  the  mighty  war-god  Mamers, 
hut  nU'i  the  nkilled  armorer  Mamurlus."  "Tlw 
Komsn  hoy.  like  every  larmrr'n  sun,  leiunied  to 
ruatiai^e  horses  and  wagon,  and  to  handle  tll« 
huuilni:  siwar."  "  In  the  iiirlieat  Rome  the  arta 
of  forging  and  wieldiug  tlu^  ploughshare  nod  the- 
Hwotd  went  hand  ia  tuuid.  nnd  there  was  nothing 
of  that  arrogant  eaat*mpt  for  handicraft  which 
wa«  afterward  met  with  tlicrr." 


AnuL  15,  ISST.] 


SCIENCE, 


373 


Nor  don  our  own  repuhLIc  foil  to  furnioh  uo  il- 
Itutriou*  oxMtiplM  or  nobte  uieii  vrorlh.v  to  Iw 
ranked  with  Oaio  mod  BriKus.  whom  an  admiring 
nnlion  lifted  (rom  villaKt-  or  furiD  U>  tlie  hlcli««I 
places  of  bonor  tuA  |iowrr.  1  iimid  not  call  tlie 
roll  from  WasliiiigliMi  to  Lincoln ;  I  nccil  iwit 
name  Garfield  und  (inint.  nwl  n  hxst  of  othrn. 

NoluritbstAnding  a  {Hipular  ■tipontltion,  Uirn 
U  no  bi-cOMor/  antasoiiiNin  Iwiwcpn  tirain  power 
and  mtwcular  powrr.  A  man  may  be  a  wholar 
and  arlimn,  be  Vi-rll  an  a  4c)ioIar  and  aa  HTtist> 
PhjrsioI(i|{j  [raclie«  that  tli«  brain  la  bent  devel- 
oped by  tlin  \»M  d^velupiuMil  u(  tlw  bui}'.  Or. 
Henrj  Maudblay  tiaya,  "it  i«  a  r->uliNli  and  fruil- 
len  labor  tt>  atlt^mpt  to  put  amundcr  mind  and 
bodjr,  which  nature  h«ii  joined  tuRptlirr  in  eM«D- 
Ualimitj.  Tbt^rigbl  (.-ultiiiT  of  die  Iwdy  in  not 
Imb  a  iluty  tliuti  —  U  indeed,  ^wseniinl  too  — tlie 
right  cullurv  »f  tilt;  mind.  'I'h^  niiiiwles  aie  not 
alunc  Ibc  ninchiiim?  hy  n-Iiich  the  inlod  actii  ui>i>u 
Ihn  uorld  :  ibeir  actions  ar«  e^aenlfal  elMutnti  in 
our  mrntRl  operaiions." 

Dr.  RdnacdH.  ClarkunyH.  "  The  dorHopment 
0(  [li*^  noul  and  mind  of  thp  fgo  —  r««olv«s  it- 
wlf  into  tbcr  devdopnipnt  of  the  Ivaln.  N'o  p«r- 
r««)t  brain  cvpt  rrmnif  nn  imperfectly  d^idoped 
body."  Dr.  Clnrke.  wrItkiiK  no'  in  ttie  iut«-mit  of 
maiinnl  l.niininK,  maintaiiMi  lliat  pitria  of  'lirbmin 
presliff  ovtT  ppwiul  uiunt-ular  niiivcnirntii,  aodaro 
more  or  le-a  devdt>|ifd  liy  Mifh  niovprni-nti".  And 
It  Ib  a  well-knuwii  fm-t  thnt  tlint  Mdr  of  the  brain 
which  fuiilrvlB  and  animnlrt  the  rij;ht  hand  in,  in 
righl-huiid<\l  pcnumn.  larfter  than  the  other  aide : 
andnn  eminent  livinn  ph.M>ioloi;liit  hiu  btcly  rcc- 
oinuiPiidi-d  the  irnininK  of  the  left  bund  of  chil- 
dren, in  order  to  inrreaite  the  bmin-puwer  of  Iho 
nicx!.  Of  eotirke.  it  H  |»ii^il>I«.  |o  develop  onn  part 
of  the  hliRinn  orjtHniHni  at  the  expense  of  another. 
Wo  have  lUn^traiionH  of  thig  in  the  souroiandr 
fre(|tieDlly  In  ifae  acbolar,  ti>ovft«n  in  the  laboring 
man.  driien  by  stem  nvceiuity. 

Tyndall  remarku,  "  Wo  ofvA  miiJirle  aa  vrell  an 
bniinB.  character  and  niolutir'ii  af  well  a«  expert- 
iwwi  of  inlelln-L  l.jickinK  the  former,  though 
powewing  th«  latter,  we  have  ttie  hrlKht  foam  nf 
the  wave  wilhoilt  it«  roclt-ahnhinK  luonienlum.*' 

BeforecnnsideHnKsumecharKe^brauKht  nKninit. 
public  MChoole.  I  wish  lu  speak  of  the  opinion 
which  haH  gained  currency  in  (wrlain  qtinrien;, 
thai  tlw  advocates  of  manual  ImininR  are  the 
enemies  of  the  pnblic-achoot  Hyatrro.  Whalerer 
may  bo  the  si-ntiment<  of  others,  this  nocuaalion 
i«  gruundleea  in  regard  to  myaelf.  To  the  auperi* 
ority  of  tbe  pnliljc  sudiooU  of  America  I  am 
always  ready  to  bear  cJiecrful  testimony.  But,  in 
my  judgment,  the  position  taken  by  the  friends  of 
mannal  (raining  In  regard  to  public  achooU  ii  of 


Car  Itaa  tmponaDl.■<^  than  the  poaltlon  of  the  frkod* 
of  Ibp  pnUic  Bchoohi  in  regard  to  manual  train' 
inK.  Id  many  citie*  it  i*  eli^rly  perceived  thai 
manual  tralninjc  Is  neither  the  enemy  nor  iherlval 
of  the  public  school,  but  !■  an  cwx-nttal  part  of  it. 

tioili  European  and  American  idtoola  must 
plead  Kuiliy  to  the  charge  of  orer-proMun-.  Hed-< 
ical  men  testify  to  ll)e  injurious  effect"  of  long-  ■ 
continued  taxing  of  the  brain  combined  with  in- 
actirity  of  tha  l>ody.  The  public  baa  iuNsled 
u|>OD  lonK  Iwnr*  and  clonx  confinement  of  chil* 
df*n  in  flchool,  often  atcain^t  the  prot«ta«f  their 
t*achera.  Thelaller.  in  their  lindable  ambilioD 
for  tbe  progreea  of  tlveir  piiplU,  haru  fallta  into 
the  Mime  error.  After  makiuK  allowance  for  Ibe 
ill  health  <lue  to  late  hotint.  Improper  food,  and 
other  oauan  (or  which  iiuteiits  are  reHwmaible 
(and  UiiHRmoiini  ia  ttrrater'  than  parents  will  ad- 
mit), ibe  ill  rffecl»  of  Hchool-lifeori  many  Hiildrvn 
tmuat  be  adoiowlediced.  It  i*  not  lurpriBinK  thnt 
he  proposition  to  make  an  addition  to  our  already 
overloaded  curriculum  seeraetl  to  many  n  move  in 
the  wrong  <lirectiun.  The  assertion  ihiit  »  pupil 
i-niild  accomplish  Ilia  regular  HChool  laaks,  ptu*  tiM  | 
mnnunl  »urk,  n-iih  li-w  tax  U|)on  his  strenfcth 
than  Ihnt  clemnndoil  hy  hi*  aea^lemic  work  alone, 
reruiinly  Ii»h  the  np|x-nrBn<'e  of  a  jianulox.  But 
Huch  <s  the  tiulh.  Improred  heallh.  more  rapid 
ndrancemrni,  t;r<-aler  enjutmeut  of  school,  ia  tbe 
freqnent  vohiiitari*  letitimony  of  pupils  in  mantul- 
training  *eh<K)lB,  and  of  tbeir  pareota.  On  tbe 
other  hand,  no  pupil enteringtbeCblcagomaDunl- 
training  school  in  good  health  baa,  aa  far  aa  my 
knowledge  cxtrnda.  eier  been  wiibdrawn  on  ao- 
connl  of  ln«  of  health  (rom  school -work.  Tho 
manual-uainioR  nchool  tecoKni»«  tlie  fuct  that 
alternation  of  work  Is  rest.  It  brings intoaetiviiy 
a  rested  jiortion  of  the  brain,  ami  permitn  tbe 
naloinition  of  ibe  wearied  parte.  A  eourw  in 
l4ittn  and  tlreeh,  enmbined  with  violin  and  bil- 
liards, wna  lately  pn'«cribed  for  »  railway  prcm- 
dent  threatened  witli  notlvning  of  the  brain  (rom 
overnork.  A  cure  wni  effected.  Aasuming, 
however,  what  seeiDH  ito(  to  be  true,  that  the 
book-work  of  tbe  h(8h-aelinol  boy  exceeda  Id 
amount  that  of  the  manual -training  «-hool  pu])i1, 
it  in  still  true  that  the  beat  knuwkdge  of  tlic  world 
and  of  the  age  in  which  he  lites,  awl  tbe  greBt<!rt 
power  to  Bubjugate  thai  world  to  his  own  will,  la 
in  the  pcisMasion  of  the  gruduateof  tbe  manual* 
training  school. 

Theie  is  a  mental  diic.ipline  obtained  from  the 
course  in  wood  and  iron  working.  The  knowledge 
of  Ibe  propertlea  and  lawa  of  matter  necuml  in 
tbe  laboraloriee  of  tlte  roanosl-t raining  iichool 
exceeds  tbe  knowledge  thai  can  be  ohtAincd  in 
the  ordinary  acbool.    Three  years'  aolual  work 


374 


SCTEirCE. 


[vou  IX.,  So.  aw 


with  wood,  iron,  titw!,  bran,  xinr,  l^d.  with 
|>liuie,  Mw.  Utiie.  hnmmpr,  toriK,  cannot  Tall  to 
arouse  and  ^liinulalv  a  bof'e  menial  facuULeB. 
The  hJKbyu^bouI  Iiov'h  knowledge  of  the  Uws, 
pnin-r>,  and  capatiilitim  nt  modem  nxwhinrry  JH 
nMhing.  To  him  ihjoiti  n  ttrra  ineogiiita.  Men- 
U)  pow«-  h  nvedpd  to  uadentand  n  ■tMun-rnKtni', 
iM  It  is  tteeiled  to  analjM  n  Mntmce.  If  th«  box 
has  r«ad  thTf«  boohs  of  C«emr  Insrvad  of  four, 
but  io  place  of  tb«  fotirth  bo»k,  ■  De  bello  GnlUoi,' 
is  able  to  U^^tribe  the  uorkjnt!  of  ev*r,v  part  of  a 
CotIIm  vngioc,  he  bab  not  lost  nitMital  power  \>y 
mi  lot  i  lilting  IIip  ituily  of  ilie  iti.Mlcrn  iclitnt  (or 
tlwi  »tndv  of  CarMir'K  bridge,  ThrMi  yi^an  in  a 
tmiiiinK-echool  iiml'iubic^ly  fit  n  bay  logrupiik 
with  ibo  prahlpms  of  life  lirttr-r  thiiii  lhn<i-  yi-nm 
in  lb0  high  ochool.  In  Dnlli'iiiirr,  Pliiladclpbii, 
ami  Toledo  U  will  Ix'  shown  thnt  three  jpsn  in 
a  hij^b  school  vritb  manual  UniniiiK  give  a  Ikij  a 
better  »tart  iu  life  tliiiu  three  years  bi  a  taigh 
school  without  manual  traliiiug. 

It  i?  lb(!  Ivlief  of  many  that  eletiieniary  eduea- 
lion  nboiild  include  nothing  <-sce[)t  u  puMy  intel- 
leotunl  training  (with.  perha|»<.  some  altriition  to 
moral*  and  prnotical  hrRiene):  and  thai  th« 
Mchool.  certain)]!  Ui«  piiblii-  school  below  th<'  uni- 
wr»ily,  hM  no  oooci-m  with  the  ttade,  huiiitieswi. 
or  professIoD  wbicli  tlie  child  ma.v  follow  in 
after  life;  and  ttiut  llie  jniblic  selioot  would  be 
guilty  of  It'll  ving  il«  true  nplmv  vbouM  ii  givi>  the 
ehiUl  any  bias  whatsoever  tii  any  caklling.  The 
poBitiun  ia  alwi  lalieii.  that,  nliatevi-r  inay  be  his 
future  vocation,  tliis  Iniining  of  ilip  iutcllcil  is 
the  lient  iwssllile  prcpuration  which  the  child  can 
hav<f. 

No  word  of  ours  sbnil  crcr  1*  ijuoled  derogatory 
10  the  highest  iMtellectiial  i^iiltiire  for  all  men  and 
for  all  women.  This  age  has  JiHtly  lieen  called  the 
age  of  iron,  of  steel,  of  eteaoi.  of  electricity.  But 
it  is  the  ageof  steel,  steam,  and  electricity  becaiup 
It  is  pTe-emio(!nt1y  (be  age  »f  bratits.  Any  educa- 
tion tliat  neglects  inlelli-ctual  culture',  or  mnhcK 
It  (fcondary  to  any  physical  training,  in  an  edu- 
cation to  lx>  condemned  and  avoided.  A  republic 
sitoiild  have  no  proletariat.  Th«>  education  mIto- 
cai«(l  by  this  paper  recofnixes  tbe  culture  of  the 
uiraCa)  and  moral  facatties  as  essential  to,  uuy,  aa 
tbe  foundation  of.  lUe  highest  development  of  the 
■ndirhluul,  wbetlurr  artisan  or  artist,  pluuglilHiy  »r 
pnaiident.  It  would  not  aliandoii.  but  would,  if 
pmKible,  okrrntn  tbe  hi^b  Am<<ricnn  ideal  which 
would  iMd  every  child  into  th«  pleasant  and 
fruUTul  fields  of  literature  and  science.  But  It 
lecogDlm  the  fact  tliai  in  his  prmeat  stal«  of  ex- 
iKl^noe  lb#  boy  baa  a  body  as  well  as  a  mind  : 
and  it  protests  againut  th«  mrdiM-val  doctrine 
that  the  high™t  cuttare  of  (he  intellect  is  obtained 


by  the  mortlflcallon  or  neglect  of  the  phyriod 
nature.  On  tlie  contrary.  It  ssserlsthet  thccoo' 
nectloD  of  ruind  and  body,  however  that  tnyntcrf- 
ous  union  is  eiTecte<l.  is  such  that  the  proper  train- 
ing of  t-nch  is  etuMitiot  to  the  highest  development 
of  the  other. 

Tbe  (ttut  great  object  of  editoatjon  i«  prepara- 
tion (or  the  bailie  ol  life.  To  the  grwit  mow  of 
nutnktad  this  mnet  always  be  Ihe  primary,  if  not 
the  sole,  object  of  education.  The  irreat  majority 
of  children  leave  school  at  a  very  early  age,  av^tf 
aging  probably  thirteen  years.  Many  of  tlieee 
cfaililren  leave  school  to  aMisI  at  once  in  tlie  ni|>- 
port  of  ihi!  family  :  many  others  to  obtain  some 
edncalion,  not  found  in  ihc  public  school,  which 
shall  tit  them  to  earn  an  honest  living. 

Every  year  there  !■  nccil  nl  a  targe  aldition  to 
the  iiuinbeir  of  shilted  mechnnicB.  When-  i*  tlie 
boy  to  learn  the  elements  of  ari  ixsnthip.  iinlnw  in 
■cbuul  ?  Some  one  lia^  said  with.  It  is  (o  he  hoped, 
large  esaKeeraiioii.  that  in  America  a  trade  cmn 
lie  Icanied  iifi»-beiv  except  hi  jail.  Why  not  teach 
in  whool  th<- eb-menta  of  carpeutrv  as  well  aa  the 
elenicnta  of  book-krrpiiig ?  Why  bios  (he  boy  In 
the  direction  of  an  accountant's  life,  and  not  in 
tbe  direclion  of  honnc-buitding  or  caliinet-makingf 
Is  the  one  art  more  estential  than  tbe  other? 

A  lioy  cAO  be  taught  in  »rhoul  the  u»c  of  n 
plane  fts  well  as  the  use  of  a  pen,  the  use  of  the 
lathe  as  well  as  the  uae  of  the  leiit-on.  He  can  be 
laught  the  use  of  tool*  neientijlcnlly  Letter  than 
the  'rvie  of  thumb.'  IIf<  can  tie  taught  by  a 
skilled  mechanic  who  is  also  a  skilled  tcadieT,  in 
less  time  tlian  by  a  skilled  mechanic  who  in  not  a 
teacher.  Teaching  Is  an  art,  and  the  higheat 
luccess  In  it  demands  more  than  Ihe  simple 
knowledge  of  the  matter  to  be  taught. 

There  are  in  the  public  scliools  of  the  Doited 
tiiatea  more  tlian  ten  million*  of  cblldrtn.  We 
develop  their  brain  power,  we  h^t  their  hand 
power  lie  inactive.  It  ia  no  exaggeration  to  say 
that  of  these  ten  millions,  soon  to  become  ni<-n  and 
women,  two  anil  a  half  nalllioni  muat  vupinrt 
thein.'elve^  by  the  labor  of  their  haivlt.  What 
are  the  public  schools  doing  to  train  the«e  hands  f 

Say  what  we  will,  the  ol'l  Ureek  wa«  right  I 
••  Teach  the  hoy  wbnl  the  man  will  need."  For  » 
nation  of  homcmen  and  warriors  Ihe  ancient 
Persian  education  wan  admirable:  to  ride,  to 
nhoot,  and  to  apeak  the  triitli. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  —  no.  It  Li  ftof  a  remark- 
able but  a  ^'erJ  eo)!ge*tive  fact  —  that  the  Ameri- 
can liKli.in  is  taught,  in  tbe  schools  of  tbe  Ameri- 
can miiwionury  »ocii-ty,  exactly  what  he  nee<la  (o 
make  him  a  !>elf-cup|iorling.  Betf-reliant,  upright 
niaa.  The  foundation  of  bin  w^bnlastic  training 
Includes  four  R's,  tlie  fourth  being  rrlif/ion.   ■nime 


I 


Aran.  13.  ltH?.| 


8CIEKCF, 


375 


occupy  lialf  hi«  tiin*> :  fn  the  oth«r  lialf  tie  leamc 
to  till  the  «(uP.  tu  biiilil  tiu  >iauiM>,  <(■  rpfiair  liia 
plough  and  his  wtgim.  But  it  in  K-markiible  that 
th<'  whirr  iDiin  vlmuht  Ki^r  to  Uii-  Indinn  cliild  a 
nMiTf  coroprvhf tioiTp  education  tlian  ho  jcivrs  ht* 
own.  The  KnivMt  prolileiti  thnt  canfraotn  ihf 
American  peopl«  i«  the  education  nf  the  momra. 
Oar  wealth  lia«  incrva^ed,  but  »o  haa  our 
porvriy:  our  learning.  Irtit  our  iienonmee  also; 
nflneiurnt  and  j»r.  but  aho  (kf^dation  and 
infacrj-.  Thf  morch  of  Hviliiaijon  haa  alra  be<-n 
the  Qiarrh  of  vice  and  crime.  "Knowledge  (iKhi* 
on  liiilh  Rides  in  tlic  haltlr'  li<>t>veen  right  and 
wronjt."  "Thp  aiBorinlicin  I'f  porerly  with  prnff- 
ri')M."«arB  Hpniy  (IcufK*.  "I*  llie  great  <^lema 
of  oiir  tiin«H.  It  \»  ttif  riddle  which  the  Kphiiis 
of  Fat^-  |>uia  to  our  elvdlnilioti,  and  which  not  to 
aiiiwer  is  f  >  be  destroyed. "  Call  the  riddle  of  the 
modern  aphinx  lie  aoh-ed?  Can  tlie  diseoiuii  of 
Boclety  lie  remedied?  While  I  am  Itnnly  con- 
viiicei]  of  manv  iidvniirni(4«  nri^ng  troxa  hiuid 
anil  brain  tminini;.  1  An  not  rrf;nr<l  il  nil  n  imnnrcn. 
Ni>  Htngli'  aRrncy  can  hrioR  iiiitnmtinic  and  ppr- 
manenl  n-licf  to  the  hivly  polilio.  The  mob  that 
cri™  for  "blood  or  hr«id*  haa  (laaaed  beyond  the 
influence  of  itie  §chnol,  and  demands  a  sterner 
djuripllne.  The  hope  of  tli«  Mate  lie-i  In  ita  youth 
Toi>  loiijt  have  our  »clioolii  inculcated  u  timte  and 
HD  ndmiratian  for  purely  inlHUvtufll  nccomplish* 
nirntn ;  at  least,  iinve  rnsl  a  slur  on  the  d^velop- 
nirnt  of  ninnunl  •kill.  By  far  too  many  liaa  edu- 
oaticn  Yittn  regariM  ajmplj  as  alTordlag  an 
avpnu*  of  Mcape  from  all  labor,  as  the  ability  to 
•  live  liy  one's  wile,"  We  rejoice,  th^n.  in  the 
rxteaoUin  In  several  fitiea  of  the  pnhlie-achool 
<!Our8e.  We  believe  it  to  lie  a  hriiader  nod  a 
wiser  edueation  :  that  it  ia  bo.ted  on  a  true  pid- 
loaopliy  :  that  it  calls  into  aotivlty  pon-erv  that 
have  lain  d'Tniant.  power*  ol  the  mind  an  well  as 
<>f  the  ImmIv  ;  that  II  d^v^lopsa  manlier,  mot*' self- 
^^Hnllt  i>F-irit ;  thot  it  elevatea  iiidiiMry.  imd 
teaehcs  rwjiect  for  true  tuanbood  and  wamnn- 
bood  under  whatever  );ui«r.  We  hellevo  that  it 
will  materially  SMiKt  in  solving  ih*  problem  of 
modern  civtiiiuition.  «oep,  to  un-  th«  words  of 
Wiiliarji  HumWIdl,  ■■  whatrTer  we  wiah  to  see  in 
the  life  Elf  a  nation,  wn  iuu«t  fltnt  p'lt  Into  its 
arhoolfl."  H.  H,  Biti.FtKU>. 


THE  REAl^GYlUNASWiS.' 
Whii.k  In  Pru-sia  nnd  North  OerniaBy  tlie  con* 
teat  over  tlie  relative  advnntaKf*  of  the  tmiaing 
j[iv«^  In  Ilie  ri,-'al.)iymiinsiaiii  and  Itiat  conR'Riiiig 
itarlirlils  and  piivlleKee  basbevn^ntduallj'aMaiD* 
litga  very  tioleot  chanioti-r.  there  haa  bera  d9- 

>  A  t«TM«  ot  V.  IHllmaa**  'Da*  Itoal-nmiDBaliini,'  traan- 
laiad  (or  lUi  joutubI  fnuu  PiUavealtd***  AnXu. 


velnped  tn  Wiirtemlierg  a  rral-t^mnnaium  —  the 
one  at  Stuttgart  —  »o  ipiMly  and  iwacefiilly.  and 
so  well  en>Hir8|n^  by  ilKine  wlw  In  Prnmia  nte 
the  real-gym  nasi  urn's  MtTereat  opponents,  thnt  the 
Swahiann  may  riRhtly  be  envied  for  the  projifwaa 
they  hare  made  in  tim  dinwtion.  Tills  deielop- 
m4-nt  t«  dpwTlbeit  In  the  work  mentioned  aluT^, 
and  with  Ihe  avowed  intMitbin,  auccmnfulty  car- 
ried Into  effect,  of  en«M^tllaHni{  tlw  oppommttK  of 
tbla  new  form  of  arhool,  Tlie  author  oon«id»ni 
hImM-lf  called  U|ion  for  these  wonhnf  conciliation 
and  explanation,  from  the  fact  that  for  twenty 
yearn  lie  hn.i  been  the  redor  of  this  institution. 
Inatmiieli  at  lliv  reiil.^'yiiiua*iuni  in  Stuttgart  lias 
met  with  hut  rIIk-Ih  opprHlIion,  Ihe  nuthor.  in 
hl«  pofltion  an  rector,  han  l»wn  alile  to  olxwrve 
quietly  Die  effecia  which  thia  ■yateni  of  education 
niuit  have  ujion  his  ]niplli>.  It  {4  wldoin  that  we 
aee  the  two  educational  forcos.  laafniaxe  and 
raatheinalica,  with  their  inlltieucea  on  chlldivn. 
youtli.i.  and  mtru.  ao  impartially  wetj;hed  as  In  this 
oaiie. 

The  hiitnry  of  the  Stuttgart  real-itymnaBium  ia 
very  inlereMlnR  f<"T  a  Pni«ian,  bwjiuw  Ihew  the 
teacher*  in  the  icyinnwla  are  Its  friends,  while 
tliiPV  in  thereal-echtilen  wliere  Lai  In  i*»olt«nKht 
ate  ita  optioneiils.  It  Is  not  posaible  to  enter  into 
thin  »ubj'-<l  more  fully,  and  I  wilt  content  myadf 
with  a  feir  remark*  thai  may  indti<<e  the  rmdn*  to 
r^fer  to  the  hook  itaelf. 

Id  Teicard  torlKhtsnnd  ilile,  Ihe  author  demands 
with  eriipliasis  thai  lhi>e  of  the  rtsl'^iiina- 
aium  aliuuld  be  etiulvalent  to  IboM?  of  the  gymna- 
niuni.  The  delay  in  this  luatter  ai»iiettrs  tohiniau 
injiulice,  but  lie  doi-*  not  wish  ti>  interfere  with 
the  aulhoritr  Tenti-d  in  the  grmnafiiim.  Up  to 
thill  date  the  miniiiten  of  the  interior  and  of 
finance  In  Wurlemberg  driiiand  from  Ihe  gradti. 
atee  of  the  real-Kymnaxium  a  supplemeniaty  ex* 
aniiimtlon.  In  which  ilie  neceeaary  answers  are 
tmndaleil  into  f'rench  instead  of  into  Oreek,  for 
entrance  10  the  lii^her  course*  of  study  in  thrlr 
dPiMirlineiit*,  and  Ihiw  wl.o  Mieeeed  are  i-ntitled 
to  follow  the  «tudi<'*  offered  by  I'le  factilli<«  of 
philosophy,  natural  •clence,  and  political  econotiiy. 
To  qualify  for  studying  In  the  other  Factiilies, 
there  ia  only  nn  examination  in  Greek,  and  a 
tmnilation  of  Clennan  into  l^lin.  reqnired,  and 
not  a  Ijitin  r^my.  This  is  an  {mportant  conwa- 
slon  In  oomiiarlaon  with  Ihe  PruaMan  denianda. 
The  real-gyisnasiuiM  in  Stuttfcarl  Is  founded  for, 
and  expressly  appi>inte>)  to  prvpate.  students  who 
do  not  study  Oivek  in  the  gynma.iia  for  entering 
the  courses  offered  by  the  Bbove-nicntiimed  facul- 
tin,  aa  well  xa  in  the  leohnlcnt  high  tchonls.  It 
should  hea  model  fornllOeminny.  For  once,  irtu- 
dmts  have  in  a  very  antUfaclory  manner  n-ctived 


376 


SCIENCE. 


rVou  IX..  Na 


IhthiKhml  marks  in  (.■ziiiuiQutiunB.iui(lhiiT«iibuwn 
thfoMelves  equal,  if  net  miiK-rior,  to  th<'  Ktiidcnti 
of  the  g.vunaHu.  ThU  fnrt  lina  Xxvn  Hulwtatitintod 
by  ths  uinisiiT  of  Mnip,  Dr.  von  Sicli,  in  »Iip  |>iiI>- 
lic  T«cor<lii.  lut  w.'h  SH  In  printte  l«tl«K.  Six  for- 
mer pupil*  )iave  gtlned  proremioiuil  cbnin  In  ibe 
high  Nchools,  and  amonK  tlieni  Ibree  are  in  Pnwtla. 
Thiwp,  nn  well  as  [lie  jtupils  fmni  Frincipal  KrOc-k 
in  W»rUl>oi-p.  for  Buviiriii.  niiJ  from  Prindiml 
Steinbarl  Ui  Duiibiirit  for  Kortli  Omnnnr,  linvp 
givem  ootiviocinK  proof*  Hint  l)i«  t-ducnlinnnl  hjb- 
l«m  of  tbp  rcnl-Kymnasium  \%  equivalent  I"  tlial 
of  IliK  K.V'nnn''iu)».  Siiioe  tlif  xtudy  of  Lutlo  in 
the  n-nl-Kjmnaaiii  viaa  iiKreaaeil  in  lHt'2.  Ib^ 
families  ol  law  will  ecurcwlx  b«  iiblo  Ui  oppose 
Any  loniter  \\\v  mliiilanunof  tlicir  i;t»cluatro.  Tti« 
an»  in  Sctiitgart  lina  fumiBlml  proof  IhnI  Ihry  nm 
able  to  utul^nitiind  llii-  inatittites  and  )ian(l<ft*.  no 
their  liavi>  pninrd  viny  good  <txnintnniion«  in  tlirw 
Ivani^lm 

Twenty  yonre  djco  Ibp author  laid  donn  tbiit  praiv 
otiilion  :  iliot,  in  order  to  prcferve  the  proper  col  le- 
mon in  our  f  diiraiion.  tlw  re«)Iat  shonld  l*  educaipil 
in  n  more  huinaiiilarlaii  manner,  and  tbal  Lhriiiigti 
tlio  OQe-sid«<l  buiusuiL'irian  t^lti(."ition  tiiwn  in  the 
gyDinaaia  tlio  connwiimi  luiwit-n  life  and  Hit- 
•cliool  wan  u-vi-ti-d.  nliili-  it  ijuvv  juBt  rauiw  for 
the  objections  (aii«'d  DgsinM  ilur  i-jrninaiiiul  syH- 
tein.  Tlic  Piumiiin  no'''-'rnun'nl  bu»  Irii^d  tn 
reioi-dy  tliie  defect,  and  mediate  l^twei'n  ilie  tiro 
Myntem*  of  education.  It  lia«  made  the  earlier 
rail-iichuleo  more  like  llie  iiyinnasia  by  IncreaaliiK 
th»  amount  of  Ldlln.  and  ban  made  a  real-icy tu- 
nnofuD)  uut  of  the  former  redl^icliule.  Tbat  thin 
miiM  lirini-  on  ineri-HM-  of  privik-^e  f«  clear. 

Du  Bois-IU-yiuund,  tonnerly  u  violpnt  up|>uDi'nt 
of  tbe  iiy«li.-ai.  now  dimin-s  to  ojjcn  tlii-  profi-mion 
of  aiedicini- to  ibfstudvntauf  tbL-rual-iijainuiiiuni. 
ani)  tbi-  faculty  at  that  w-icni-i-  in  Tubiii^pu  ou 
longrr  uiiimafs  Ihii^  cciDcfannn.  Aci'or<Jing  to  cmr 
author.  Hie  free  i-ntranc  !•>  nil  tbi*  fariiltir*  will 
eradicate  this  h.'i(ffirrtoiui/>/wli{cbnow  tbrvatenH  !•• 
waste  tbe  l)«at  luwer  of  [be  Uf  riuai)  i>eo|ile.  Tbe 
author  conHtdcn  Ibe  quntion  foni^rniTi^  tb« 
privilege*  of  the  g,v  lunusiuio  in  a  vtrry  dirett  way. 
The  totchiuK  iif  (ini'k  in  a  high  «-~bool  ia  a  dio- 
tiaguiflbiuii  mark  an  to  irbethi-r  it  in  a  ^yainaaiuni 
or  not.  tn  Ibv  lieKioniOR  of  thi*  renCury,  Greek 
WMaaeMentialpanoflbpKtudyinrKtHyinnaKium. 
Bnder.  Lessintt.  Schiller,  and  Ooetbe  tlr«tdrtiw 
tbe  nation  upon  <:la»>tc  trround.  and  tlie  Oenuaii 
atndeni  wan  obliged  to  fulloiv  ir  be  wished  to  be 
in  atvord  with  theapiritof  Ibe  at;e.  Latin  formed 
tbe  baaia  :  and  beoauMi  it  wan  aci  lAroni;.  tbe  BU|)er- 
Hiructurw  Orwk  attainiHl  such  line  pmportiona. 
From  this  theauthor draws  the  eouclnsion,  tlwt  ho- 
rauee  the  gymnasluni't  teaching  was  mMtnincd  by 


the  api>nn-al  of  tbe  gmteat  auiunft  tbe  people,  and 
aupIKirted  by  the  wbiile  opirit  of  the  tinw«.  it  has 
recvivcd  it*  midden  impulm.-  durin);  tJie  last  llfty 
ytvim :  sod  Ibnt  the  xyalem  of  cdueation  can  uoly 
Ttnch  lt«  ld|;lie*>t  point  of  development,  and  at 
the  Mine  time  attain  tbe  ability  to  inHucnoe  the 
ajte  we  iiieln.  a«  well  a«  iDslnicttbe  young- "bra 
il  la  In  accord  with  tbe  l<lea«  Ibnt  are  aKiia<>nK 
the  world,  gaining  its  iiicvnli^e  from  tliem.  and 
iu  ilA  turn  placing  tbeni  before  tbe  younK.  Latin 
U  the  language  of  tlie  gyiuucuiuni.  Ah  l^^ng  aa 
the  rpn  I -gymnasium  tnakc-u  a  ]>oinl  of  Ijiliu  iD- 
«tnifnion,  and  witli  nil  ennLcntiicu  and  powtr  in* 
leTt«t»  itsolf  in  tbe  teaching  of  that  bnguagc,  it 
ha«  a  riifht  —  an  hiRtoncal  rigbt  —  to  be  a  gym* 
oaAium.  to  be  called  by  that  name,  and  to  b0 
recogtilied  aa  such. 

Max  Mflller,  prufeowr  in  Oxford,  and  Iheinvat- 
cut  living  pbilologint,  replied  to  a  oonimitiee  of 
lIunRnriiinH  wliii  askeii  him  whtlber  tbey  should 
jntroduoe  the  xyaiem  of  gymnasia  lu  it  extdt-d  id 
Geruinny.  that  l^tin  wax  indinjirniinble.  a*  our 
whole  culture  rested  upon  that  Inngiinge.  an<l  that 
Greek  rhould,  if  neceasary.give  way  lo  ii. 

Upon  many  bides  tbe  old  question  concerning 
Greek  iii  renewed,  wbetlierone  must  study  Greek 
titemturi'  and  ctisloms.  through  tbe  reading, 
neccuiarily  in  a  bungling  way,  uf  the  originaL 
The  author  thinkn.  tbal  (or  tlic  teacher,  wllb  bia 
attainments  and  enlhnitniim  forGrecinnantlituity, 
tlila  la  e««entlal,  but  not  for  the  pu|ii|l. 

Von  Bamelin.  always  a  con)>er>ative  friend  of 
the  gymiiasium,  aays  Ibat  tbe  Imporiaut  works  Of 
tla-  Giw'ion  authort  are  too  ditllculc  for  any  ex- 
cept tbe  nirmt  i:iftcd  as  well  as  tlie  muat  studioua 
pupiiM  of  tht--  gymuaMuin. 

Tbe  philoiopbera  themselves  u»  almnsliition  of 
PlatoV  ■  Republic  '  hy  Scbleieruincber,  and  why 
vboiild  not  a  atudeiit  of  tbe  hiKber  claisn)  read  a 
Lraniilation  of  one  iif  the  tmgeiliiii  with  more 
aMibeiic  appivciation  than  be  could  feel  in  litum- 
Ming  through  a  few  strophes  from  one  of  the 
eboruBeti? 

Neter  wiiH  Iheitr  a  greutrr  uumbi-r  of  claaMCally 
eduuited  mi-n  than  in  the  a»enibly  lieidat  Flmnk- 
turl-a.-M.  in  1S4H.  Never  did  nHH^mbly  bav«  a 
meeting  Ipw  productive  of  reaulti.  nor  oiw  witb  a 
mote  lamentable  ending.  Yet  it  Iicid  tbe  noblest 
enlhuainnin,  and  ita  mcnibera  had  the  beft  inten- 
tionf.  The  ability  to  create  something  gr««t  and 
lasting  was  totally  la«: king ;  and  an  eniineni  writer 
in  the  Altgemeim  Zeitung  prououneed  the  liard 
jiidguient  that  tb« old gymuaaialKynem  weakened 
the  spirit  of  energy  and  enlerpriae. 

The  majority  of  men  wlioae  iiaoica  an<l  ilerda 
have  Iiccume  historical  have  not  bven  Irnim^  ia 
the  gj-mnasium.    Among  tbeni  are  Thonvaldwn, 


I 


Xrwa.  15,  1887.] 


8CIEXCE. 


377 


Bdilu-iunnn.  Ilrrmann,  and  tbt-  ol&ctn  of  (tat 
ttrroj,  wlijlc  tho  monl  ardrnt  frimtl«  of  tlic 
Kfn)na*iutn  hnvp  ncTrr  brrn  ebia  to  cnniiiirr  Din- 
inart^k'i  inrlinnll^mB  fiivonibl*  to  tbis  sjntrm  of 
nliir-nlion. 

Devld  Friedrlcb  Sirauw,  a  phllnlogtet  uf  a  very 
bi^h  order,  tlif  embodiinetit  of  the  critlco-plillo- 
»optiii-ul  iueU»Mj.  a  ratUtUr  of  both  po<.-tTy  und 
luuBi.-.  wbo.  liki!  Luthrr,  look  n  Hrm  liold  upuooiir 
ntitioi),  wnn  n  <[*■)<*'*'  «'itbo»t  nn  arm*.  Tbv 
mighty  thinkpr  livw  foTKolt^'^  "lul  iinknnn-n. 
In  tbfi  i>venln)c  of  bta  life  llic  nioioorie  splendor  of 
bin  Dnine  briiiht^os  tbe  world  once  nitain.  In  his 
■  Old  faitb  und  nvw '  \w  fall*  witliout  Judgmeotor 
iiietliod  upon  the  newly  nam  star  of  UarwiaisiD 
to  exiiii^uiiili  it.  His  classical  pdiKaiiim  rvoiaiaed 
iiarruw  und  parliid.  so  tliiit  b<-  IftEkrd  thit  orson 
for  coinprrheiiiling  luirl  justlj-  judging  a  thforjr  (rf 
nniural  Kci<:nce. 

This  will  he  sufltdent  to  cr«al«  a  dpeire  lo  md 
tbe  (Munphlet.  Tbe  lequln'uit'nt^  in  suppIemeD- 
tai;  examination  in  Ot«ek  and  Uiiiii  demanded 
fWwD  Ibe  gradiute  of  the  real  ■gym  uaaiuui  in  Prus- 
aia  since  1862  nri!  wwre,  nnd  perhaps  U>a  diflioult 
tor  a  man  of  ordinaij  talents ;  sidl  it  in  lo  b<' 
hupi-d  that  (hi^  will  h»  pnrtiallT  or  i-ntirrl.r  si^ 
niridc  wb(in  nnionR  ii«  aloo  tlie  baid  and  liittcv  flRbt 
concOTning  aulliorit?Kl<'eiip)areto  a  more  judicial 
Btaie  of  mind,  and  tbe  ^vemment  uf  tbe  acboola 
shall  nbow  greater  aignH  of  shlftiofc  their  ^roond. 


itODERX  METHODS  FOR  BEOINXSttS  IN 
LATIS. 

Till  boy  of  tbe  present  da;  has  no  Idea  of  the 
advaulutK  be  enjoj^  over  the  l)ov  of  Ibe  la«t  cen- 
enlion  in  rv«i:)n.-v-t  to  way«  and  nieana  of  attaining 
a  knowledge  of  the  auripiit  languages.  No  JrM- 
rior  uirRuiry  bauntH  tlic  mind  of  tbe  writer  than 
that  of  tbe  t«mty  monlbn  or  more  in  Ilia  ymiib 
deToted  lo  the  ncqiilsUiiin  of  l«lin  m-cidenrp. 
Tlie  theory  of  his  Instrucfora  was  that  the  prom- 
iMHl  land  (if  actual  Latin  literature  was  only  lo  iw 
enlf-rrd  after  the  full  tiile  of  diatipllnary  wander- 
itigv  through  Ibe  woriil  deserts  ■>!  dcoleuKiona  and 
ConjiiKntions  nnd  rules  hikI  rxceptiona.  and,  aliove 
all,  Ibe  ditmal  wastes  nt  Ihr  mnoulaciured  Lutin 
In  wtaieli  Dr.  Arnold  bn>  omlailmed  the  rirtiies 
and  Tleea  and  mlscellaneouatrntimentaof  Bnlbuo. 
It  la  puinful  to  titbik  how  amawd  tin-  wnil- 
meaning  initructoFH  of  thai  day  voutd  hnrebren 
at  the  vorj  name  of  tlie  little  book  niilch  is  now 
■o  do>ervedly  popular.  '  Six  weeks'  preparnllon 
for  reading  Camur.'  Yei  this  name  very  aocn- 
ralely  llluatratca  tbe  prevailing  teudenoy  In  pre- 

txtUn  uvrd-tntUdina.  B;  CUAKkW  Oi  (lanH,  A.K.  tt«w 
Toric,  Afplflion-    M'. 


pnmlor^  work.  It  ia  beooming  an  eataUMisd 
l>rindple  with  lltoiigbtfnl  Icarhem  that  no  more 
ill  Latin  than  in  PjigltfJi  i*  parrot-like  ability  lo 
repeat  a  va«t  numiier  <if  Krammatical  forms  and 
ru1e«  an  liidiopenaahle  prerequisite  lo  Ibe  reading 
of  an  inlereMing  iianatire  written  In  a  »imple 
atyle.  Tbe  aiedineval  idea  tjctt  pamfoar  as  an 
atntnit't  acience  is  well  adapted  to  llie  derelop- 
iiient  (if  imnialure  inioilH  ban  at  lout  sucirumlvd 
to  the  Dtuliborn  miHtaniv  with  which  anob  minda 
have  inhlinclively  met  ail  attempta  at  auch  ileiel- 
opment.  How  many  Irac-lKT*  who  hafe  e>'er 
undertaken  to  pnnaie  the  old  |ilan  in  ree)<ecl  to 
grammar,  whether  of  the  vernacular  or  of  foreign 
litnguages.  can  recall  a  Hiiijile  pupil  who  did  not 
pronounce  tbe  subject  'awfolly  dry"?  Sufb  a 
auto  ia  iiB  rare  an  the  juvenile  prodigy  tliat  pro- 
feoMs  rvally  lo  tike  tlie  old-fu«liioDed  aritbmolioal 
cnibe  root,  liut  in  the  .  ikilful  evolution  of  a 
inainmalloill  principle  out  of  some  strikiBjt  paa- 
eage  of  In-Inx  or  Caei«r.  what  boy  will  not  Und 
int^rmt? 

For  the  lyro.  as  for  the  scholar,  the  true  and 
natunti  method  of  mael«riuK  Ihe  logic  of  a  lan- 
gnagv  ia  loneekiiinlhelilcrruture  of  Ibelanguafce. 
The  coniirionannv'  i>t  Ibb  truth  b  tho  biuis  of  the 
modern  tendency  to  grt  Ibe  licginner  in  Lattu 
Into  liHo^edlate  coatoct  with  Caeaor  as  toon  aa 
])n«il<le.  There  is  some  lagglOK  7*1  among  th« 
oId<>r  generation  of  inirtrucliita  as  well  ax  nmoiiK 
the  lees  etiergelie.  It  r<><|uim  roorv  labor  on  the 
leacher'a  part  to  so  empIo>-  tite  new  method  than 
to  cltng  to  ihe  okl.  Equipping  a  boy  wltli  gram- 
mar and  render,  and  ocring  that  ho  aieuKwlEM  a 
certain  amount  each  day.  ronntltnten  ilie  bulk  of 
the  teacher'*  work  under  llie  anliquated  ijatem, 
But  lu  secure  lo  tbe  pupil  In  three  montlia  much 
familiarity  with  tbe  fornii  and  meaninga  of  words 
and  the  leniling  principleti  ul  syntax  as  aball 
prove  an  rttlcient  armory  in  tbe  attack  on  ccn- 
nected  proae.  lU-manda  a  degree  «(  discrimliialjnic 
and  intelliiient  care  that  ia  to  bn  found  only  In  Ibe 
really  capable  inatrueior.  For  tbe  preaentaiiou  of 
tbe  forms  aiul  AVntaeticnl  principles  neceiwary 
under  the  new  plan,  a  large  number  of  excellent 
lext-ti(x.iks  tiave  already  liepn  offervil  to  Ibe  public. 
It  liua  been  left  to  tbe  lliorousbly  competent  in 
•truc^tor  of  tbe  Adelpbl  academy  of  Brooklyn  lo 
furnish  n  bnu<llicH>k  of  great  value  in  the  acqolsl- 
ti<io  nt  a  vocabulary  of  Canarian  and  Ciceronian 
wotiIh.  Tb<-  liaiia  of  tbe  plan  priiieiiti'd  in  *  Latin 
«ord-bulldlnK'  >"  Ibe  belief  that  the  apliluile  of 
the  iu>en1ie  mind  for  iho  det«-llons  of  resem* 
blancei-  in  tbe  orthogcapby  and  Kound  tA  wurda 
ia  Ihe  luoet  useful  'pialily  to  etnt-'loi'  in  Ibe  forma- 
tion of  a  vocabuUry.  Accurdin^ily,  Mr.  Uatca 
baa  collected  In  al| diabetica)  order  the  root-worda 


378 


SCIENCE, 


|VoL.  IX  .  No.  919 


that  occur  in  tlin  fint  four  iNxihii  of  C«ninr.  and 
hiw  api]H?n<1ci(l  to  Mcli  i(H  iiiindiml  dcrivstivm.  as 
eruploveil  b;  CoMar  «ni)  Cicero.  In  «  oecrmd 
part  are  Brrad|t«d  wnleiK-es  coiilAiiiiiiK  the  words 
given  in  thn  vocabolar}',  ami  illustratinic  tlieir  use. 
Tlie  8efll#nce«  are  bona  fid*  exoerpu  from  Ibe 
auibuni  muutiunLil.  6^  way  uf  appendix,  a 
chapter  in  addnd  on  tht!  iiinin  principlt^v  in  the 
formution  of  ditirntii'i^.  nnil  ex><ri:iM-ii  on  Ihv  <lc- 
cU>nBinn>  nlul  <;i.lij<lt:i)tioiiK. 

Tli<-  aiitborV  iIipoit  U.  (hnt  tlie  m^morizins  of 
Uie  priini(iv(^  and  t]>e  penvption  of  t)ie  gttoaral 
princtple<<  in  the  conipofiilinn  of  vrnrds  that  wilt 
•oon  ariso  from  prnctice.  will  prove  the  ehorteet 
and  at  the  tuiiiie  time  ilie  iii>.«t  elfective  inea&s  to 
Ihi-  attain mi-ut  of  a  vuL-abulary.  There  can  be 
an  (iiiubt  that  Ihi-  tln'ory  in  a  souniJ  imo.  Tlu? 
Iltitc  book  l>cfnTi'  uk  cimtaini  nn  nutlinc  »f  ih« 
prnctical  applioation  of  the  thpory-  That  tlie  plan 
may  be  carrii.-<l  oiil  Inilollnili'lf  Is  obviuus,  and 
Uu)  author  htia  woordiuxl}'  l<^'t  i^pace  after  each 
root-word  for  the  losertfou  of  new  derivatives  as 
they  occur  in  tlie  pupil's  later  reading  TJie  liau 
giir«ii  in  tlir  biKik  an.-  in  g^-nenil  exactly  riiiteil  to 
tha  clrnwiiUirT  cliaractcr  of  the  work.  Ni>  pro- 
t«noe  la  made  lo  flue-spun  et.vinAlogtcal  accuracy. 
Words  cofcnate  to  the  ronrworda,  as  welt  as  those 
derived  fruia  theu,  arvfirouped  tog«l1ier.  It  ia 
Ukdy  that  in  aoin«  casw  the  eonnection  uf  u-urdii 
given  as  dninliviM  with  the  niui-wiiidH  will  Iw 
found  loo  remote  for  tbe  l>eginner.  CautrM,  for 
example,  from  neuo,  iiivolvce  a  rather  profound 
etymolot^ical  principle.  Btllum  froiu  rfMo,  valt* 
from  for.  and  primus  from  prae,  would  not  bv 
eanlj  gmaped  by  a  twelre-yvar-otd  boy.  So,  too, 
It  would  probably  be  ai  useful  for  a  beginner  to 
putWipuiand  im/itrium  amoni;  the  primitivusas 
to  clan  Ihew  a*  derlvatttvf>  of  opt  and  puro. 
Some  etymolo^es  ap|>«ar  which  are  not  ooJy  (|iiite 
duuhlful.  but  arv'  apt  lo  be  very  minltrading.  Hui^h 
are  iiierrtn  frotu  itdo  liiiatead  of  iiipreo)  and  rlein- 
au  from  mnu.  J^illac  Iroiu  vtileo,  aud  <m-ij: 
from  vetto,  are  probnbl.v  doubtful,  and  eertainly 
noL  nxcful  in  thin  book.  iiut.  in  npile  of  nich 
lillJe  tiiaocumcief  in  dnlnil.  then"  cnn  be  no  ques- 
tion aa  to  the  valuaof  the  l>(H>h  in  ttencml.  Many 
a  •truKgUnittMulMa'  will  arise  and  call  blessed  tbe 
man  who  concelvwl  and  broui;hi  fortli  tlie  little 
manual.  W.  A.  D. 


SOilK  RAVEyT CLASSICAL  PUBLICATIONS. 

ILA.    H««  VtTk,  MacnUlluk    «•. 

The  literary  Interest  tluit«ne  feels  in  the  •Seven 
at'aiiiit  Tbfbeti'  ia  of  a  ptiivty  negaliw  kind.  The 
pUy  luui  always  scned  aa  a  Rtriking  fllustration  of 


thi>  diverRonce  botwie«n  ancient  and  nodcm  crlll- 
ripiii.  br-th  In  theory  and  In  practice  i  for  while 
antiquity  fcave  hiich  rank  lo  what  ia  very  littUi 
more  than  a  draoistlc  monologue,  or  tatlier  eerk« 
of  mouologue».  inuJeni  titenry  judgment  haa 
been  uucli  leas  farorable.  )lr.  Verrall,  in  tha 
very  admirable  introdii<:tion  now  before  ua.  has 
alteiu|>t(Kl  to  shoM'  that  tho  modern  view  i«  baaed 
u])oii  a  nuinlNT  of  "  mUconceptions.  amall  In 
thcmflrlvcii.  hut  not  tonall  in  ilieir  etfecU  :"*  yet  he 
i*  nevfTtliHos;  constrained  to  admit  tluit  then; 
does  exist  a  oerlaiii  iiicuiigrijily  in  tbe  combina- 
tion of  extremely  rapid,  e^eu  hualy  dramatic  a^ 
lion,  and  Ibe  measured  porup  luit)  etaleliiiess  at 
the  Aeicbylean  dinlot^U'.  In  fni-t.  as  he  well 
[HiiuiH  out.  tlic  NiTuc.iural  Klowness  of  iambic  verse 
Ik  alwaj-K  open  to  the  charge  of  inappixiprialeneea, 
and  when  u»ed  by  AeMliyliw.  who  lutew  not  the 
metrical  arts  of  his  succeasont.  tlie  dl«ot<F]iaac7 
between  tlie  exigenolea  of  the  aoiJou  and  the 
measured  riiythm  of  tbe  verae  becomM  a  terioua 
bar  to  tbe  succew  of  a  play  like  this. 

Mr.  Vemdl  luia  in  j^eiicrnl  performed  Itia  taak 
well.  Scluilnrit  who  hnve  only  known  him  by  hia 
'Mcdca'  will  be  ojirpMitily  diMippodn(«d  in  tbe 
prrM>nt  volume  ;  for  In  it  heexhitdtsa  much  riper 
acholarship,  a  mucit  more  orlgmol  style  of  ireat- 
m«<nt.  and  a  wider  raug«  of  viaion.  In  fact,  he 
aeems  to  liive  profited  i^'ieally  by  a  I'ery  thou^til- 
ful  eriticisiii  of  liin  funnor  work,  which  appejiivd 
Some  yi-iirs  utfo  in  tin-  I'hilultigwJirr  Anxtigtr,  by 
Ur.  L.  Schmidt.  —  a  eriticisni  lo  which,  in  fact, 
he  ho.i  made  a  direct  reference  in  the  smaller  edi- 
tion of  the  ■  Moile^.'  In  the  present  commentary 
hn  is  even  more  to  be  commended  for  what  be  liaa 
rt^ect«d  than  for  what  he  lias  advanced  new. 
While  folio  viug  tbe  text  of  Weoklein.  he  has  had 
tbe  c^urs^e  lo  re^lore  souu*  af  the  older  mdinga, 
and,  further  mure,  lias  been  able  to  defend  llieia 
with  much  sagaciiy  and  tank-.  Tbua  in  v.  WS, 
where  modem  edit  nn  have  almixd  iuiivi-r»ally  read 
(iiU'U  from  tbe  luie  manuscriptH.  BIr.  Venall 
pro]>erly  resluriTi  umin,  making  it  a  imbetaaljre 
with  x"'"'"-  'IrjH-nding  npcm  it,  —a  reading  that 
is  not  new.  for  it  was  defended  by  tlie  eclioliast. 
yi-t  which  hiu  seliloni  iieea  properly  underetood. 
Mr.  Verrall  rightly  Justlllee  it  by  referring  to  the 

rriti- X'lwar  .   .   ,  aattttrDtot  W.SilS  -UQG.  and  also  tO 

the  ironie-al  aentence  in  v.  11112,  which  loses  much 
of  its  point  if  we  read  limia.  In  many  other 
pnmaged  Mr.  Verrall  nhow*  a  Mmibir  gon<l  judg- 
ment and  sober  di^-'riminatioo.  We  might,  |icr- 
liaps.  rca^onalJy  join  iwue  with  his  assertion,  on 
p.  33.  that  ^loii'ui'  lieiittiav  nrmtaritu  requiien  a 
peraunilicAli'm of  'l'<'^{rl'I  to mahe  tolerable Uredt  : 
for  such  {i».s$ageB  a*  Pindar.  N.  III.  25,  Bojili. 
Aniiq.    lOU.  and    Euri|h  Hipp,   l-UT.  make  tlta 


Afiui.  is.  la«T.| 


SCIEJSrCE, 


379 


ordinary  amgv  bo  POcnDioo  u  to  ivqnire  as  to 
rcKord  the  n on- person iticaCJon  to  the  pr«»ent  (wa- 
satc^  Miiiply  Bii  Aeschrlekn  turn  of  eiprewioii,  by 
no  means  far  removeij  from  tlie  language  of  ordl- 
nary  vorse- 

Tvftourtiphloally  the  bouk  ia  superb.  A  i»or« 
bcnutiful  edition  of  a  cinieii-  one  can  tiantly  re- 
mrmhcr  to  hav  Minn  ;  and  tite  exct'Ilent  srholar- 
«bip  of  tlw  <^itor  (luccrvpii  tho  siiniptiioiis  (icitiiix. 

SriKtUont  from  TVAuUui  and  propriliuA.    Bf  O,  O.  RiM- 
MT,  1,1.0.    UXfnnl,  OIuviKlaD  pr.    lA*. 

Profesior  Baoiaay  liaa  lung  ttveu  ravorably 
known  by  his  edition  of  liis  fathn*!)  cotnmenltiry 
on  OvW.  —  a  book  thai  hHn  become  »ery  pojmlar 
in  tht?  claaHTDOin  ana  pntotlcal  nnr]  judicious  work. 
Tlie  present  colleolion  of  si-Wtionii  from  TiUitliu 
and  PropertiuB  is  therefore  mm  of  a  faTnmhIc 
reception,  tlion^li  Ibe  nKvwiity  of  a  SPcond  odt- 
tion  of  Propprtius  bi>  sixin  after  the  publication  of 
Professor  IVwt^te's  admirable  little  Iiook  inlgbt 
beincstloneit.  Howvrer.  Mr.  Ramsay  hasadopted 
a  difr«>rviit  |>rinoipl«  of  selection,  and  lias  iii  view  u 
mi>r«  mixed  public  than  lliat  for  which  P(ufi.>9Hor 
P<Mtgat«  wrot«  bis  (.■oiamvntury. 

Cottar;  book  fv.  of  Ihi  OalUe  var.    Bj  C.  BMT4mi,H.A. 

Tho  fotirtb  book  of  CMaar's  ■  Oalllc  war'ap- 
ppat*  in  a  neat  little  volume  by  Mr.  Clement 
BrysDS  of  King's  cullegu,  Cauibridi;e.  II  roDtaliw 
a  seticB  of  Ciwaur  primon,  books  i..  ii.,  and  iii. 
having  prorioualy  uppiMred.  It  i-ontnins  n  vocab- 
ulary, ami  a  art  of  notm  that  arc  fprnl  in  their 
way,  (bough  noartvly  (idl  eimugli  Utr  the  lower 
(ormii  of  till!  schools,  wlirresueliabook.  nodotibt, 
tnunt  tlnd  i[«  taoei  numerous  purdianrn. 

t^vg:  Mr  latt  taolcliigt^  llaatton,    !tiit<>iU»1  uiil  edlled 
bj  V.  a.  IU«LU».  <a  A,    Xew  Yorii.  MacmWwi.    !♦*, 

A  thoroughly  worthltsu  and  itoventy  piece  of 
wort  in  ihp  edition  of  that  portion  ol  Livy'ii  lijs- 
toiy  rvlating  to  tlie  kings  of  Mauedon.  and  i-ulled 
rroin  books  xzxf.-xzxiv.  by  ilr.  P.  H.  Kawlinu. 
The  editor  represents  a  cerUin  wt  of  Enstisli 
scIioIbn  who  have  yet  to  learn  tliat  clniwii^al 
BCbolanbip  hiiti  ndvani'i-d  in  many  ways  during 
the  puM  liliy  yrani ;  and  that  philology  is  a 
science,  and  not  a  gnini^  of  gues-work.  Tl>e  bolM 
to  this  rolumt:  «how  an  amount  of  imagination, 
credulity,  and  complacent  assumption  of  kiiuwl- 
edgt'.  that  would  be  amusing  tnit  for  the  fart  that 
somp  uf  the  purcba«eni  of  Die  book  uwy  take  it 
seriously,  as  putitled  to  reeiifct,  A  »ingk  speci- 
men nuggrt  fruui  the  cditur'n  alt4.-mptit  at  phil- 
ological diaouanon  may  aerre  to  vnt^rtaia  the 
ruuler. 

'-  LuxuTia,"  nys  Mr.  Rawlm*  (p.  ISA),  ■'  by 
its  doriration,  implies  a  dirergmce  from  the  line 


of   right.      SlmOarly  Mriiut  is  akin  to  ouJu^ 
(■crooked ")." 

Now,  (bis  Is  all  very  pr«-lly  ami  Ingenious,  but 
tuirorfuimtrly  Mr.  Ra w lion  lias  liv^u  misled  by  his 
denire  fur  miking  ctymulo^y  euforoe  a  moral 
loaaco,  into  a  oonf  ubIuii  of  /lu-tufrow  Vhix-  with 
luru*  from  Vixv  or  ultimately  t'siii.  On  p.  123 
ho  ban  m>t  evro  a  grr«t  ethical  pui^Me  to  pleud. 
in  bis  att^ODpt  to  explain  iluliin»  as  ciiKnatv  with 
^toiiv,  flUmc.  and  hence  reodpmd  ■  going  two  ways.' 
A  few  references  toC^orssen  would  have  prevented 
such  unnecessary  errors  as  lliese,  aiid  many  more 
besfdw.  H.  T.  FECK. 


TWO  XP0RK3  OX  PEDAOOQY, 

Thrue  two  books  on  the  same  subject,  by  ex- 
perienced t«acliers,  have,  as  might  be  expected, 
many  points  in  common. 

Both  autliora  are  vrt-l  I  known  in  the  educatlona] 
world.  Or,  Ucwetl  lieing  the  invsideiil  of  Ulintds 
sl4U«  normal  uuiveiBily,  and  Hi.  Wbit«  being  Ifaa 
superintendent  wliu  baa  undertaken  ther»«TKnni- 
ution  and  dvt-eiopinent  of  the  C'im'innati  public 
bcIiooIb. 

Qoth  books  arc  wriileo  afirr  considerabls  ex- 
pcrirnc-e  in  teaching,  and  lM>th  Insist  on  boding 
podngogy  nil  psjch'ilogy.  This  Is  the  chief  merit 
of  eachuf  these  works.  They  Ivll  u»  in  unmis- 
takable luiiguuge  tlint  the  day  uf  cmpirif-iil  leach- 
ing is  uv«T,  anil  that  lirrvafttT  tli<^  tc-nrher  must 
know  not  only  Ihe  subject  to  lie  tautthl.  but  oleo 
thvpupil  to  whom  it  is  to  tie  mipaned.  WliiJe 
tvpeHting  that  this  inilstenceon  psycliology  as  tlie 
foundation  of  pedagogy  Is  lht>  peculiar  merit  of 
these  hook^  ,vet  we  must  udd  that  iu  both.  t)i<- 
peychclogii^  cltapt^m  arc  fur  lew  valuable  than 
the  strictly  pedogogioal.  The  authors  would  H-cm 
to  have  seen  a  fandHni(>ntal  truth  in  outline  (inly  : 
tIte  [Hiwer  to  develop  it  and  fXi\*^  it  in  detail  tliey 
•bow  little  evidmoe  of  pumeiwing.  Then,  too, 
tlieir  )H>yfliolot;ical  m>menctatiirenoil  temuinology 
arc  not  alwavs  the  best  and  most  exact. 

The  pedagogical  ipaiMaat  of  theae  books,  par- 
ticularly Hr.  White's,  are  very  good.  Mr.  White 
deduces  from  psychology  seven  f  undameuUil  prin- 
ciples of  leaching.  «-bichar<etlM-se  :  1".  T(*tJiing. 
both  in  mutter  and  uteiliud.  must  be  adapted  to 
Ihecapability  of  thi' luui,-Iil ;  3".  There  in  a  natural 
order  in  wliieh  the  powprs  of  the  mind  sliould  be 
exercised,  and  the  rorresponding  kinds  of  knowl- 
edge tauRhl  :  'A".  A  true  course  of  instruction  for 
etemeninrv  >eliools  cuts  off  a  section  of  preeeiita- 

A  lr*ntur  im  prda^yt.  Br  BnwlK  <".  IIXWRT,  LL-D, 
dnclDniul.  Vui  A»mrp,  llnu.  A  Co.    It*. 

Thu  fl-nnrnli  uf  pudogivr-  "/  KaiKMiH  K  WbitS,  LLO, 
CiDulnuaU.  Vui  AdIii«t|>.  Biaes,  *  ^0-    I*''- 


380 


SCIEXCK. 


IVoc  DC.,  No.  U6 


Uve.  r«prewnliillT«,  aiid  ttiouitlit  hnowl«d|ce  each 
y««r  :  4".  Knowledge  can  be  UukIiI  only  by  oc- 
ouiooing  the  apprapriate  activity  of  tbe  k-ttroi-r'a 
mind:  S".  The  iirlmacT'  euoceiibi  niid  idm*  in 
every  bmnch  of  kiunvledgo  mmit  lie  tniifiht  ob- 
jectively to  nil  ktihIp*  of  icliool :  «=.  The  "everal 
powcn  of  the  mind  are  develi>|>e(1  and  trained  liy 
ocoiRioDiDg  tlieirnHluralaod  lis rmcmioua activity  : 
?*>.  In  the  teai-lilDK  of  any  tmbuol  un.  clear  and 
<>onei-t  idi-als  iihuuld  iiiHpire  unit  Kuidi-  prnclice. 

Tlierc  wi'niM  to  ua  t»  bi-  more  praftmdity  in  Mr. 
\Vhlie>  ireotweut  of  pcilnKOey  than  in  Mr. 
Ucweti's  and  tor  that  muion  we  reconimerid  It 
rnlhrr  Iban  the  latter.  Mr.  WNle'sooaeeptionof 
the  plan  of  Rietbixh  ia  teachliiK  Is  food,  and  he 
show*  no  diapiwition  to  pii»h  It  beyond  ita  Ic^ili- 
mate  liintia.  His  chapter  ou  leacbmi;  KeoRniphy 
aliowii  nn  uL-qualntaiKv  with  ibe  lutnt  adrnncce 
in  that  hitherto  stettlly  aegk-cteil  HubjecM  ;  and  llie 
■yllabua  of  oral  katon*  on  honm  Kcojtrtfphy  br^iiga 
out,  in  a  vny  that  iinr  tenclier  ouelil  to  tw  able  itt 
nppruulaie.  the  point*-  to  be  toiirlied  on  in  suoli  a 
coime.  and  tlieir  eonnection  with  tacb  otliii.  3lr. 
Hewott'H  book  contains no[hiDKiK>t!0<xl  aa  thia,  but 
It  doe*  contain  a  short  paatngi-  on  an  cntir'*ly 
dlllerent  vubjccl  wlifch  dncrvea  qnotntion  :  for  It 
ptMK-ntfi  a  (iiii-Hliun  now  In  Ibo  fore-tront  of  all 
educational  diactiaMon.  Itliaa  foUovta:  "Teach- 
ing can  never  Iwoome  a  profeealon  In  the  Mmi- 
strict  wiuo  as  law  or  medldoe,  ao  Iodk  nn  the 
majority  of  oumchoaUare  insvHiionbut  for  a  few 
tuontlis  In  the  year,  and  pay  mch  timati  «-af(ee  to 
the  teaclier  ;  nor  *o  long  an  the  ovenlffht  ot  the 
trork  i»  oommltted  to  pcmona  ontalde  of  ibe  pro- 
fflMlon  :  Dur  so  lonx  as  the  majority  of  teachers 
folhm  lb*  etnploj'inenl  for  a  low  yearaonly.  But 
tha  time  may  come  when  the  peraun  who  make* 
tencblnit  a  lifi>~work.  and  wlio  brinfC"  to  il  thn 
talniU,  enertEV.  an<l  Mpecial  i>ri>|ianilj(in  which 
other  profpniona  denutnd.  nill  receive  all  the 
respect  and  drfwvncr  that  are  iMinsidered  doe  to 
tlie  member*  ot  otbvr  itfotemlons.  Huw  soon  Ihiu 
time  shall  arrii'e  depend*  chiefly  on  teach  era  tb<?ru- 
sclvea :  thet«  la  DO  conspiracy  on  the  lavrt  of  th« 
people  to  keep  («ac)>ers  below  tbe  posit icD  to  which 
Iboir  worth  enlitleti  them,  and  It  U  Ibe  M>lcmn 
duty  At  every  tisncher  to  maki-  hli  full  cnntrtbu- 
tlon  to  the  »uin  of  tnllueocca  tliat  HhatI  raise  leach- 
in;  to  tb»  liditht  it  oiiirht  to  occnpy  by  virtue  of 
Ita  trUHCCndent  Importance." 


That  Prof.  CliiTord  LloyJ  Hor^au  of  Univer. 
sKy  ciilli-gi:,  Bristol,  ii  abuut  to  publitli  a  ■  Text- 
book of  iminial  phyi^iotogy,'  ia  an  anuoonoement 
that  will  Ki^'v  gn-ol  pbaaurw  to  tltoae  who  have 
followed  hi*  prvviotu  work,  specially  the  lucid 


antcles  which  oocaatonalk  appear  In  .Vi'tuf  over 
Professor  Morgan^  elpiadite.  Tlie  volume  nima 
to  salinfy  the  requiremtmia  of  thoae  who  expect  to 
puna  the  local  examtnallims  'if  Oxford.  ItanihiidN^, 
unci  London  universitie*.  Its  first  luirt  d(«U  with 
tlic  anatomy  and  iibv>io](i|;y  of  vertebratM.  as  ex- 
omjitiflr'd  by  tli«  frog,  the  pigeon  and  fowl,  and 
Ibe  inbUtl.  In  cbix  |>arl  llien>  are  special  cl)a|>ti-r» 
on  histoiojiy,  embryoloKy.  the  fi:eiieNR  of  timiiMi 
anil  organs,  and  aiiiiual  mecatKiliM]),  TIie  aecond 
pan  t«  occnpled  with  tbe  Hlruclure  and  llte-lilntorv 
i)f  tiume  invcrlebmte  ItgH-s:  vir.,  tlie  crayfish, 
cockriHich.  earthworm,  liver-fliikf  and  tape-worm, 
anal),  freali-wnter  nnwel,  hjrdra,  vortitrll:).  and 
amoehn.  Numcront  outline  woodcuta  buvc  beep 
drawn  aiiecinUr  for  Ibia  work. 

—  Tlic  folIowinR  ia  Ihi-  report  Riven  l)y  tl!« 
Atlirnarian  of  the  piijier  nn  ■  Rc.cent  paycho-phyri- 
cal  rewarchea,'  tead  bcf»rp  ihc  Aristotelian  Mcirty 
on  Feb,  «l  hy  Dr.  J.  M.  C^llell  of  Plilladel|ibiiu 
The  lectnier  raid  that  "  tlie  pre«ent  bmfncM  of 
p»ycholo|[y  secnw  to  he  to  InvcHtlKale  the  facia  rf 
conscioufuesT  by  ioean«  of  obteivallon  and  ex- 
periineiit.  As  an  example  of  ibe  application  o( 
•cientiflc  metbo<)s  to  the  study  of  mind,  lie  gav* 
nn  account  of  esperimcnta  he  bad  made  ou  ibe 
limlla  ot  oonaciouaneea  and  Ibe  time  taken  up  by 
mental  pmciiwai.  It  in  poaolbte  to  iiiMtsure  with 
KT^aX  accuracy  the  lime  we  need  to  peec^i^o, 
to  will,  to  remember,  and  lo  think.  Tbeee  limea 
are  quite  conHtaiit :  we  ran  Knd  to  the  hnr,di«dlh 
of  a  »«COtid  bow  lung  il  takes  to  ser  tbe  oolot  blue, 
or  lo  call  to  inind  that  Parin  Ik  ui  ^'^^lCe.  We 
thiiH  find  thai  a  wiirnl  can  br  upcn  iu  about  tbe 
ntmv  lintc  na  a  !dnE;l<-  letter.  Ihnt  acime  Ictlen  am 
m«n>  dilllci)lt  to  >ce  than  otbrrv,  nud  gut  otbcr 
fni'ta  which  have  prnrlical  and  educatiooat  bear- 
inga.  Tbi'y  are  bIko  of  tlicuretlc  intrreat.  Life  l» 
not  menMiivd  by  the  yean  wo  live,  but  by  llw 
breadth  and  rapidity  ot  our  iliouKhtH.  Bwtdea 
dclermining  tbe  inle  at  which  we  think,  tticli  ex- 
periments in  oibcr  ways  thiv>w  light  on  the  nattuv 
of  thouglii.and  liclp  ua  (■.  put  l)ie  facts  of  mind 
into  Ibe  great  order  which  la  the  world." 

—  ProfcMMin  Horsley  and  SchBfcr  teoeutly  pre- 
acnt^d  fl  paper  to  the  Rriynl  society,  »n  vooia  vx* 
]H.'riinimla  made  by  them  upon  the  functioiw  of  ihb 
oevebtal  cortex.  Piotcfanr  Iloraley  ha»  within  a 
year  operated  upon  thirteen  patients,  in  ten 
mooving  portiona  of  the  bnin  and  In  thrM  • 
poftiooa  ot  the  akull.  In  these  experimeota  bo 
used  precisely  tbe  iiunie  anaeslhelic)>  and  Hnibo]*- 
tIcH  as  he  had  employed  in  hb  ex)>i>ritucntH  apon 
the  bnina  of  monkeya,  and  in  na  caw  bad  the  pa- 
tient oQuphtined  of  any  pain  being  cauwd  by  i 
operation. 


SCIENCE. 


FRIUAY.  APRIL  SS.  I8ST. 


COMMENT  AND  CStTlClSM. 

Tbe  Aiukicax  AesocunoN  for  the  advaoce- 
mfnt  of  science  liasd^oided  toliold  ttiilitrtv-Hixth 
meeting  In  New  York  City  during  tli«  ^'wk  be- 
ginning Aug.  10,  18BT.  It  tlieKfore  be«^ometi  the 
diitrand  piivjIeKeof  the  tcieuUHc  and  educational 
ingtitiititiaa  of  the  cll*  and  vtcinHy  to  praride  for 
the  meeting  in  a  nutnner  which  shali  be  creditable 
alike  to  thfrnttolvM  and  lo  the  metropolis.  The 
Academy  ot  nciencesi  harlag  been  aA«d  to  tak« 
the  inilintlre  in  tho  matter,  bsa  appointed  a  oon. 
mittire  of  (mnfrtvore  lo  iwcure  concert  of  action 
among  the  seretal  Jnetitutioiia.  A  meeting  will 
be  held  at  tlie  Hotel  Bruovwlck.  at  B  o'clock,  on 
the  etening  of  Friday,  April  SO.  Thespedal  work 
before  thi»  conference  will  be  tlie  consideration  of 
wate  and  means,  niid  thc<  formation  of  permanent 
commiilee^,  whirh,  united,  »liall  constitute  a  local 
committee  tor  the  m«<ling  of  the  association. 
Thia  gre«t  national  gatberbig  of  ftoientiitH  will  be 
an  Important  ereut  in  the  liiviory  of  our  city,  and 
should  mark  an  epoch  In  the  derelopment  of 
scientific  Interest  In  the  oommnoity.  It  i»  highly 
deelnible.  therefore,  that  the  aaMK-iation  should 
Itnd  a  cordial  welcome,  and  should  nK'Hvn  u  kind 
and  degree  of  Interest  and  hosj>itaUty  worthy  of 
the  great  metropolis. 


The  ceimHxiAL  AXinveiuuBT  wbloh  Otrfumbia 
celebrated  last  week,  following  so  dosdy  Htt- 
Tord's  two  hundred  and  fiftieth  birthday,  is  algniH- 
cant  of  the  fact  that  our  larger  iustltuttone  of 
learning  ute  growing  old.  Tliey  ale  erldenoea  of 
till!  ntiKiom  of  their  foutiderti,  who,  amid  all  the 
turmoil  iind  care  uf  opening  up  a  new  uuuntry  to 
civitixatiou  and  of  developing  Dtliug  fofms  of 
goremmrnt,  found  time  to  lay  the  fouDdatiouH 
tor  irbnt  harv  ainoe  become  the  leading  coUegea 
and  uni*eniitiea  of  the  country.  Columbia's  cen- 
tennial niu  more  or  le<s  fictitious,  sluoe  the  origi- 
nal charier  (o  King's  college  l>ore  the  date  I'M; 
and  the  unuual  ooui'iienceinent  In  June  next  is 
the  oni'  hundred  and  thirty-third.  The  cele- 
bration Rua  really,  as  the  official  bulletin  an- 
nounced, of  the  hnndredth  annivtnary  of  th« 


"  revival  and  conflrmnlton  ot  the  original  cliar- 
tcT  by  the  leRialatnre  of  the  atate  of  New  York." 
There  in  much  in  Cohimbia'a  history  and  in  tia 
peraonal  aaaodatiana  to  make  it  peculiarly  tlw 
cMllege  of  th*  city  of  New  York.  Aa  Mr.  C.uudert 
poinlediiutinhin  admirable  oralion,  ColuniMa  haa 
l^own  with  Ihv  city's  growtli.  and  llounshed  with 
the  city's  prospfrrity.  The  proniinimt  men  of  Now 
York,  from  Alexander  Hamilton  and  John  Jay  and 
DeWitt  Clinton  to  Uewitl  and  Dix  and  Agnew 
and  Woodford,  are  nnml<ered  among  its  alumni. 
Its  jnflufrnce.  though  ullra-von)>ert alive,  bait  heieo, 
on  tbi'  whole,  for  Kood.  Under  the  enllgbtmad 
presidency  ot  Ur.  Barnard,  the  policy  of  the  col- 
lege has  become  more  liberal  and  agicreraive,  and 
t4>day  it  ia  doing  far  more  for  ilie  community 
than  it  baa  ever  done  before. 


Having  come  ao  far  and  done  ao  much,  the 
que«lion  k  naturally  raiaed  as  to  its  future  devel- 
opment. The  public  preas  is  urging  that  the  col- 
lege, with  ile  Bwocinlnl  echouls  of  apjJted  M-ience, 
of  medicine,  of  law,  an<l  of  political  ncience, 
sbnuld  orgauiee  (taelf  into  a  geauine  anireralty, 
und  offer  those  opixirt  unit  ire  for  admuced  In- 
Btruetion  and  resean.'))  which  its  focullioi  and  Ita 
situation  are  so  well  fittrd  to  provide.  The  very 
obvious  answer  to  this  ia  that  such  u  scheme 
tvquires  large  amount*  of  money  i  and  Colum- 
bia has  iu  the  pHst  beim  the  nwipieul  of  almoBt 
nothing,  while  Harvard,  Qirnell.  aiid  Prince- 
ton have  had  gift*  in  abundance  showered  upoo 
them.  Columbia  in  rtroggling  under  a  heavr 
debt,  and.  until  that  is  remuved,  tutrance  upon  a 
nnfverdlly  cartwr  is  impossible,  Furthermore,  it* 
equipment  is  fur  from  complete.  It  nccda  a 
physical  and  a  biological  1al>oratory.  a  depart- 
inent  of  corapanitive  philology,  ndditionnl  pro- 
vlsioD  for  hiaiorical  science,  an  enlnritrmi-nt  of 
the  iRdicTously  amati  phllo«o[ihical  di-]>iinmenl, 
and,  mor«  thjin  all.  a  library  fimd  which  will 
provide  for  thi-  hook  purchase*  that  ought  to  b« 
made.  All  these  are  things  not  known,  perlutps, 
to  thcw  who  are  clamoring  for  a  unintrsily,  that 
wrre  na  an  effectual  harrier  to  university  develop- 
ment. Tlsoy  are  details  well  known  m  Culumbia'a 
managcnient  and  atnmni,  tntt  only  made  public 
by  the  disouaslona  consequent  upon  the  reoent 


382 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol-  IX.,  So. 


ocotoonlal  odelwstloii.  The  friends  ol  tbe  col> 
loittt  lire  in  hope*,  that,  now  that  these  obtteolv* 
to  rapid  development  are  made  known,  tbe^  tuny 
ba  ipaedilr  remored. 


A  MOVRireXT  HAS  BKKK  liTAIITSD  (O  foUDll  ■ 
Isburulory  on  tlic  Nrw  England  cfmsl.  wbrrcotu- 
dentH.  Uiu^hi-ra.  and  invcMtigatora  inn]^  lind  faciti- 
Unror  thopimuit  of  biolag}r.  It  fs  nowsuni«j'uani 
«inc«  (he  brief  opitodeof  tbePrniluve  Ltboratoiy, 
wbidi  was  founded  by  Ur.  Andi-nKm  iind  Jnlnit>Ced 
to  Profdiaor  Agasaiz.  During  tin-  iuti^rvul.  suui- 
IIl(^T iichuulB  i>r  Btii^ncc  buvc  multipliul.  und  uf^w 
of  tbcin  lid r<?  sui'OHB full V  nuiiiituiuMl  tii<*ir  iiioiIvbI 
naefullWW.  Of  tiii-e«.  one  of  l)i«  most  |iro«peTOU8 
M  well  aa  niottt  needed  wan  Die  oeaaide  latioratory 
Mtablisbed  at  Annisquatn.  near  Cape  Add,  tAx 
fMra  ago,  hy  the  Woinao'H  eduoatioii  aMociatlon, 
wllb  the  c«.iK)i>erBtion  of  tlie  Boston  society  of 
Batumi  hiatorj'.  It  hasgiven  iii8trucllon  to  no  lem 
thui  lOS  «tud«nt8,  men  and  women  from  many 
st«t«ip,  who  were  for  the  most  part  leacher».  Tbe 
instruction  Itnji  bwn  almost  wholly  graluilout),  and 
the  cquipuiMit  of  the  lubomtory  meaAie  ;  but  the 
oppfirliinilicw  offerrd  linve  l)een  eoiigbl  nnd  piiied. 
An  th<>  uKtocintioa  does  not  give  permnnont  sup- 
port to  uny  of  its  enteTprisee,  nnd  ob  its  committee 
in  charice  of  tiie  laboratory  was  (xmvinoed  ol  its 
utility,  they  BOiit  a  circular  letter  to  teacher*  of 
•cien<«  in  different  partB  of  tbe  country,  giving  an 
account  of  the  trnrk  done,  and  asking  for  opinion* 
an  to  the  need  of  such  nn  instittilion.  The  letteni 
r«ueived  wrrv  full  nnd  explicit,  showing  n  deep 
fatceettl  in  tbe  i>roji-ct  of  founding  n  seaside  lab- 
OTSIogy  of  brooder  wope.  The  cummtltee  Chen 
called  a  ineetiuK,  at  which  there  was  n  large 
attendaaM  of  nntutnlisla,  the  majority  being 
ofllcetaof  Ke«r  England  colleges.  At  this  meet- 
ing tbe  dificuiMion  Bbowi<d  a  uiiaDiuiouB  apprai'al 
of  Ute  work  Lcguu  at  Aiuiinquiiin  andun  emphatic 
reeolution  to  extend  and  perfect  it.  To  execute 
Uila  tMolution.  a  eotuniittee  wati  appointed  with 
full  powers  to  eetAblkb  a  laboratory  on  an  im- 
proved and  pernianeut  fouudatiou.  Thin  c<ira- 
mlttee.  which  conaitta  of  Ptof.  Alpbeua  Hyutl. 
(cbalrnaao).  Prof.  H.  >'.  aarke.  Mr.  John  Cucu- 
mlnga.  Dr.  W.  G.  Farlow,  Prof.  E.  L.  Hurk.  Uiw 
S.  Ulnna.  Dr.  C.  S.  Hinot.  Prof.  W.  T.  Bedgwick. 
Mm.  C.  C.  Smith.  Mr.  B.  U.  Van  VIeck.  Hr.  8um- 
oed  Wells,  and  Mica  A.  D.  PhLllir*  (aecroiary).  iit 
«ndeavorini;  to  ralae  fifteen  tbouaand  <lollikrv.  bnlf 
the  Hum  to  b«  lued  for  the  land,  building,  and 
«q|illpiBent,  the  other  half  (o  be  applied  aa  a  guar- 


anty fund  fur  tbe  exjienaw  duriMg  Sv*  venra.     It  | 
i*  to  l>v  hoped  that  all  thoae  •rill  i«fpand  liU-rully  | 
to  this  appeal,  who  are  Interested  in  improving] 
the  meihodti  of  education  and  la  contributing  to 
the  adviuicenienl  ot  ecience.     Snbecriplion*  niay 
bv  si'iit  lo  any  member  of  the  committee,  or  to  tbe 
treaaurer,  Mr.  i^iuuel  We)l8.Sl  PetnbeitoD Sqmue, 
lioaioti,  Maaa. 


Tbeadvantageaof  theproepectiviehihoratory  are 
manifold.  The  demand  for  natuml-hiatory  teach- 
ing bfu>  rapidly  Increased  in  America.  Collegeaand 
tfchoole  are  seehing  tcactie rs  coiopetent  lo  gire  iu- 
Htnictlon  inbotatt]  and  lo'^lngy  ;  but  ti-ncbeni  buv« 
difficulty  InflttiRg  themFelvFninlbcKoacienees,  be- 
cauae  Ihey  lack  op]Mirtunity  loobtain  Mii  table  tiain- 
lag.  An  additional  obctuclo  to  tbe  thoruushand 
practical  study  ■«,  tlint  many  of  tlie  mont  impor- 
tant tji'CK  ol  plnnlii  nnd  uniuialii  ureexcluBi^ely 
marine,  baring  no  inland  FFpreirututives.  It  is 
impoxrible  logiiegoodbiulogicttl  indlrucllou  with- 
out imn.ediote  familiarity  with  the  principal  lyfws 
ofliting  orgauwmii.  Tbv  new  laboratory  ia  In- 
tended to  oBer  jiraciical  training  in  biology  witli 
special  rvfertmce  lo  marine  forma.  It  is  liopod 
that  itn  wurk  iu  IbiB  tivid  u  ill  render  it  a  valuable 
(actor  iu  education.  The  laboratory  niU  aho 
supply  coUcctiuuB and  materials  for  clam-Mork  to 
schools  and  collogea.  Advanced  wevkera  and 
specialist*  will  have  faeilltiex  such  as  liaie  not 
exi*ted  in  this  country  bilberto,  althoui^b  Ihey 
bnvi-  bn-n  amiluble  in  tbe  dllTereul  biological 
Iuborut<)rir»  suxtaiiied  by  (Jenuauy,  France, 
Austria,  Italy.  England.  Scotland,  Bolland, 
Sweden,  and  Kupsia.  Tlie  incrtiinable  beneOta 
which  have  ensued  from  I  lie  discovvrtea  of 
biologUt*,  and  the  profound  inHiience  of  tb«tr 
science  upon  modern  thought,  fully  justify  the 
attempt  to  found  a  laboratory  for  hiologicnl  in- 
vertigatlon.  Tbeexperleiiceof  Ihemarinestnlions 
in  Kurope,  of  the  summer  ncbool  at  Anninquam, 
Maati.,  referred  to  above,  nnd  of  tlie  more  muthim 
lalioratory  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  onivcrtit}*.  bnw 
Mlablisbed  beyond  dispute  the  great  value  to  edit* 
cation  and  to  H-ience  of  such  inBtilutiona.  The 
propoeed  plan  of  the  laboratory,  which  will  lie 
opened  this  summer  if  the  neciMuiry  meuns  arc 
obtained, may  be  briefly  dmcri bed  no  far  as  settled. 
The  management  will  be  intrwited  to  tbe  follow- 
iug  board  of  trusters  :  Prof.  W.  O.  Forlow,  UisH 
Florence  >I.  CuKhing.  Prof.  Atpbeus  Uyail.  Dr. 
Charle«  8.  Minot.  Miia  Suaanoa  Minns.  Prof. 
WUliani  T.  Sedgwick,  Samuel  Wells,  Em).     It  U 


I 


AnuL  93.  itttrr.J 


SCnSNGE. 


383 


I 


Intended  to  secure  a  tocallon  at  a  point  on  Ibv 
N«w  England  coast  where  tlio  fauna  nnd  flnra 
are  abundant  and  varied,  and  tlte  cMt  of  lirinj; 
nioderate  -,  to  buUd  a  laboratory  trith  two  rtorias. 
the  lower  storj  having  sccommodntiunit  for  tnaoh- 
ing  twenty-five  peraonf,  th«  upp^r  111017  haviiig 
vork-placee  for  ioveetigatora ;  lo  futninh  nquaria, 
(nlcroM>op«fl.  R>lcrotom««,  gintvivrarr,  «ie.,  nnd  a 
constant  sapplj  of  water  tnr  nquaria ;  iil«o  Ui  havn 
a  oonvenieoit  landiog,  bonta,  rnlkcling-uppDratuii, 
etc  Of  rourw,  to  inmire  tlie  pormnnency  and 
full  iiipfulnpst  of  the  UbornlorT.  n  i-otisiderabUt 
I'ndownient  fund  must  be  utlitnatel,v  oblaitied.  l>ut 
NO  much  <«n  perhaps  not  be  bojKKl  nt  the  ttart. 


PisncCB,  who  U  now  sixty-four  jpars  old.  was 
lut  winter  sent  by  his  physician  to  Italy  for  his 
health,  and  Is  only  just  retiimingto  Pniis.  Under 
(late  of  April  I,  in  a  letter  to  his  friend  Mr.  Jules 
Miuvou  of  Oan>br(dge,  which  the  latter  kindty 
pennlla  us  10  use.  he  writes  from  Arbois  in  the 
JtTO  that  he  hopes  to  llxe  to  welcome  the  earliest 
publications  of  (he  Institiit  Pasteur,  and  add*, 
"  We  liav«  Jufll  purcbated  eleven  thouund  sqnww 


nteura  of  land,  and  tbe  mbacriptMNi  hurtadud 
the  iinin  of  ncarty  two  million  franc* ;  It  i",  how- 
over,  very  insufficient,  for,  it  we  sprnd  twvlve 
hundred  tbouoand  on  land  and  bulMluK*,  tbo  in- 
oonte  tram  tlie  remainder  will  b«  much  too  imall. 
Oh  I  if  only  »ou)e  American  milliimnairv  were  in- 
■pirod  with  an  entbuslasm  for  Ihin  work  !  I  hope 
tbttt  when  we  are  Incorporated,  nnd  thi>  will  be 
•OOD,  we  bhall  be  l>ell«r  endowed.  We  Hhall  then 
be  able  to  iec«ive  lega<:irn.  To  pruce^'d  suitably 
and  with  full  indepemtlence,  we  should  have,  ao- 
eonliiig  to  my  esllnmt'*.  %hnr  and  a  half  million 
frunL-B.  1  am  conHdont.  The  future  i*  o«r».  Tlie 
prophylacllc  treatniMrnt  of  mhii'a  cootinne*  to  do 
well.  Very,  very  rarely  am  lhr«e  faJInrea,  and 
all  In  cases  where  exrepiional  cirnumiitanciHi  ap< 
pear.  Tlierc  han  been  but  one  failure'  mdm 
the  flnit  of  January  and  more  than  live  or 
six  hundred  cases  treated,  n  multitude  havinc 
been  most  neverety  bitten.  If  we  could  Oblj 
attack  diphthnria,  pbtliiiiiB.  etc..  with  aucceas,  We 
are  going  to  aili-mpi  it.  It  is  at  leouit  a  step 
lowaid  dticovery  to  have  confidence,  and  to  hope 
in  the  nflult  of  obBtinale  labor.'' 


POSTBY  AND   MUSIC    OF  SOME   NORTH 
AMEHICAN  TRIBHS. 

BTBNotXKJtsTs  are  well  acquainted  witli  the  fact 
that  there  is  no  people  and  uo  tribe  that  h««  not 
lOme  kind  of  (loelry  and  mudc.  but  Die  atudr  of 
Ihii  branch  of  nlioriginitl  litenitutc  h.is  hnnlly 
been  begun.  We  will  give  here  n  few  examplea 
of  aboriglDal  poetry  which  will  show  that  the 
miod  of  the  native  enjoys  as  well  the  beautie«  of 


Datnie  m  we  do ;  that  he  expieiees  bis  grief  in 
mournful  songii,  and  appreciates  humorous  con- 
(.'eiilions.  No  people  is  more  fond  of  niusio  than 
the  Eskimufi.  tlieiiibabilanlHof  the  ejttreme  north. 
Tliouith  miMtcxploriTH  iiHirin  llmt  their  mtisic  is 
nothiiiK  \>\i\  n  monotonous  humming,  the  follow- 
ing tunes  nnd  ioxt»,  which  were  collected  by  me 
iu  Baffin  Loud,  will  show  that  this  is  not  true. 
Here  isaeongdescribing  the  beauties  of  summer: — 


J- 


^ 


rtir 


S3^3^ 


^ 


^ 


rfc 


■i   -  ya     -      ys       a  -  dla  -  nai  -  pa, 


a- die-  nai-ta  -   li-Ta 


i 


m 


i 


lek  -jn-a       n-na      nn-ya-ra-ta-  ragmen,    A  -  ya     -     ya. 


-*- 


A-y*. 


ya- 


y«. 


Only  the  lir«t  line  ia   giren    in    the    Eakiroo 
bnguage.    Tlie  translation  is,  — 

"Ayat 
Arar*,  It  1*  baanutui,  Manillu]  It  ta  out-doon  wtien  tbo 

•tiRimnmnnMal  tail. 
AjraXB,  araja.  ara ; 

Arara.  It  I*  tmaUf  ul.  twautttnl,)!  I*  oul^loorB  wbaa  Ota 

rvladnr  Iwcln  to  i-omo, 
Arar*iaTaj>.*)a; 


Arkr*-  wbvn  Uiv  ronrliia  rtrn-  raxIirM  from  Ui«  bllla  In 

•iiuxiiisr. 

Arsj*,  arorm  w*  1 

ATBja,UMTa  la  aoraatoulor  matolw  moaniful  eBaaUia 

f  ulla  ccaaa  crgrlac. 
Axaya,a]a)a,ayat 

A7a]ra.pl«u(TOliuoat  I*BalllUTaaadpl«ntr«oi]|1A. 
AT*r*.  ai'ain>*)'*l 

Ajraya.  It  !■  iMauiKiil,  baauUful  tt  It  out-daeia  Mwn  Iba 

aommer  eomea  atlasL 
Aya7a,a]rara,aTa:" 


384 


SCIEJS^CE. 


IToL.  IX.  No. 


[t  vrati  in  the  ruiiliit  of  wjrIpt  that  I  heard  Ihb 
•ung  for  the  ffnl  timn.  Aflrr along  nml  lone- 
HOmn  jnum«7  orrr  tbr  nLfCfp^  hijihbindH  which 
(orni  the  wnt  cnaM  ct  DhvIh  8(rniC.  slmost  cx- 
hauslod  by  want  of  food  and  the  exerlioue  nf 
driving  aod  liaulinii;  the  heavy  sledi^  or^ r  rocks 
and  ateep  snow'banks,  we  liad  arrived  on  the 
OOWt  of  Oavia  HIralt.  and  iitruck  a  truck  thnt  led 
to  the  GHkinio  village.  No  whtlu  miui  had  ever 
Tutited  tbU  (Mrt  of  the  cowit,  nnd,  the  men  being 
out  hunting,  the  nomnn  unit  children,  who  bad 
fnxiuentlj- hrtinl  of  Hi*  A'arf/«wn<(  <"  the  whiles'), 
nuh^d  out  of  th*  Imto  when  they  aaw  the  sledge 
cominK  witti  an  unknown  dog-U«in  and  an  un- 
known driver.  When  they  diticuv«ed  him  to  be 
a  while  man,  their  exdtement  reached  the  highest 
piteh,  and  (hey  burst  out  in  a  wild  dance  and 


cboni!*,  singing  the  joyfnl  aong  of  miDimer.  Tlila 
song  wwn  the  tnofit  popular  one  at  the  time.  It 
was  romposed  by  an  Eskimo  IkinK  fnrthw  north, 
'Soowwlnd'  (AVjiii^iiinQi)  by  nam^,  and  hkd 
spread  rapidly  over  all  the  seltlenieulA. 

This  wan  belonged  to  n  family  of  poets.  Ris 
nephew,  Ulitynk,  had  oomponed  n  wpll-kiiowo 
■ntirical  wmg.  One  fall,  when  hunting  im  llie  ioe, 
n  rtrong  Rnloxet  in,  and  the  ke  broke  up.  Mparatinir 
th«unfi>riiinnt« youth  fiom  the  land  and  from  his 
companions.  Several  days  he  drifted  on  the  Aoe 
at  the  inen'y  of  the  winds.  Heavy  ntow-folls 
eovered  tlie  itritUng  iee.  the  swell  broke  up  the 
doe,  and  di-ath  Ktnred  at  him  rontinually.  Vet  he 
(lid  not  dmpair.  nor  even  lose  liis  tempiT,  Imt,  in 
mockery  of  his  own  niiafortune,  he  <^oiupu6ed  th« 
following  song :  — 


£: 


-»- 


i 


-¥= 


:4ta 


A    ■      ya. 


Well       iLia        is       nice       In  -   deed.      this 


U 


^M 


nice  I 


VtU 


1$ 


ift 


■*- 


this       is        nice        in  -  deed.  yiw,       thU      i^      nice     in -deed,     this     is      nioet 


"Ajral 
m  fltMloiM  «a  tM  le*  T 
B«t«  ir>  visa  1 
SAhoU  mj  looBMUne  p>tt, 
An  anov  ana  iluib  ami  Im  I 
TblaUiilc*; 

■•Aja! 
ll**  clorlotu  oD  ttia  loa : 
Ileto  li't  iili-»  I 
Betiolii  aiy  UAlLvf*  IauiI  ! 
■I'd  *uow  Mi'l  altMli  slid  loa! 
ThUtinlcol 

-Ayal 
Avokiiic  fnxn  bit  Bluiiitj«n  la  Uio  dkWii. 
Mouolonuua  ftvlili  ol  Ion 
Anil  Klooni]' Uora  at  vaMi 
I  liebolil. 


"  ATI ) 

Oil.  irlinD  I  raoch  Urn  luid 
It  Bill  bp  iil.'n. 

Wli^kd  win  UjI>  n-utdiliifl  anil  T 
Wbau  will  1  bo  ki  buniet 
TTivn  It'a  ul'-n! " 


Besidet  these  modem  songs,  thv  Eskimoa  lut** 
many  ancient  onto,  soma  of  whirh  ant  inoanta- 
tioos,  while  otbeis  form  part  of  tlw  old  tradllioDs. 
Moet  of  tliese  nr«  mere  recitatives,  as  the  song  of 
the  hoy  who  was  stolen  by  the  sea-tnonstev  Kal- 
opallDg.  He  w»a  playing  on  the  iee  near  a  cracJc, 
and  when  be  saw  a  niau  and  a  woman  who  in- 
tended to  recover  him,  he  Bang, — 


mm^m^m^m^j^mmm^^ 


In  -  niig.       mn  ■  qoDg,       li-ki-tcoig,      ni  -  pa.         Ka-pi  -  td-ioK    ni  -  |id  niirqiHoiUiiK- 


Le.,  'Two  uii^n  uie  coming,  one  u-ilh  a  jacket,  Ihc 
uthrr  with  a  litrtl-ikin  drew  : '  upon  wl>i<!h  Kalopa- 
ling  CMtia  bikI  look  him  to  the  bottom  of  the  wa. 
80010  other  song*  are  hillnbied.orsuni;  while  play- 
ing bail. 

Dtiritig  ttie  festivals,  singing  Is  une  of  the  prin- 
cipal am  uwm'tntii.  Duebi  in  singing  nrc:  fought, 
oub  man  trying  to  outdo  the  other.  Then  tlw 
nngrr  stripn  off  his  Jacket,  takes  the  hand-drum, 


the  edge  of  which  he  beats  witli  hi*  wrist  or  a 
umall  drum-fltick,  and,  swinging  hin  body  accord- 
ing to  the  rhythni,  aingsthe»ong  hohnscompoMd 
for  tlie  piitpwe,  or  mocks  bis  opponents  by  prais- 
ing his  own  exploits  and  akill.  and  making 
fun  of  their  awkwardness  and  laEineHH.  Then  tha 
womt-n,  who  ait  oeurMt  the  wall  of  the  BOiow-bnt, 
join  the  L'boruti,  '  .\ya.  ayn,'  while  the  men  alt 
silent,  nnd,  u«  their  turn  conv*,  toko  the  Wind. 


Arm.  93,  ISST. 


sciE2ircn 


386 


Tlie  Fxkimos  liave  two  dilTt^Knt  i^iwh  of  tunea, 
the  one  corteepoiiJiiig  lu  our  mnjur,  thi'  other  to 
our  tninur  key.  In  the  lirat  gr<>u(i  tin?  fourth  >■ 
watitint',  ibi!  •h'dIi.-  bcinff  in  tvulity  identical  vilh 
tlie  widi'^spffmi  one  :  c,  d,  c,  g.  "■  The  minor  kej 
hm  the  followinn  aiAf*  :  B,  c,  <l,  p  flat,  f,  «. 

We  will  give  n  f<?w  tiine«fioiii  nDOlhorcountr}', 
belonging  til  n  people  of  wklel.v  dltlvreiil  etlino- 
logical  cliarac'ter.  The  author  rollMteJ  them 
among  diffeient  trlhe->  of  ludiHua  of  Britiali  Cu- 
lumbla.  Wblle  the  Bokiitioprefrrsthesoluchaiit. 
these  ln<Uaiis  dther  Aug  the  wholv  svng  in 
«faorus,  or  \i»\r  touiv  kind  uf  reqioiiBariuin,  the 
first  siiigpr  xinging  the  wliole  text,  while  thi<  reit 
join  ID  II  ri'fniiii  <ir  in  Iho  *(«ond  hnlf  of  tlw  verse. 
As  the  rh;llim  i^  rery  <:oiitplicuted,  and  keeping 
tiuae  is  one  of  the  prindpal  d«innn<J8of  the  Inditm 
chorus,  a  singing- tnaaler,  who  Instruct'*  the  nieo, 
is  fouu'l  in  ever}-  vljlajfe.  In  the  full,  before  tlie 
time  of  feslikuls  begiua.  be  gatherti  the  men 
about  him  everv  ilay,  and  walks  up  and  down  the 
street  of  the  village,  teaching  thcui  to  ning  the 
tunee  which  am  used  at  the  winter  doiiciw  and  at 
other  fcRsls. 

The  scone  of  it  Craat  is  extremely  picturesque. 
Along  the  elevated  liencb.  irhich  is  built  along 
the  walls  of  the  large  wooden  bouiie,  inats  ure 
spiread.  tipou  which  tln^  goeBts  who  are  iiiviteil  to 
partake  in  thi-  feast  sit  down,  wrapped  up  in  their 
cedar-hark  or  woolk-n  blankets,  which  they  wear 


aa  tlie  Ronutn*  worv  thn  toga.  The  long  raven 
huir  ij  kept  linck  bj  a  gny  kcrrhief  or  a  pi«ne  of 
r.kin  tied  round  lh«  hnid.  One  man  hu  l4ra  laTBf 
drum,  whi^-h  U  »  Kood-ciwd  box  of  bent-wood 
uith  the  host's  cre«t  |iaint«i  on  the  fldn ;  wveral 
Others  havo  carved  sticks  for  heating  the  time.  Id 
the  ailit<lle  of  (he  house  a  hluiiliig  lite  is  burning. 
In  which  stones  are  heatvil,  lo  )>e  throwa  into  the 
large  wooden  kettlen,  thus  making  Ihe  water  boil 
for  cooking  the  nimt.  When  oil  thir  gupiit«  nne 
in.  four  songs  are  Ming  befnredinuer  can  be  served. 
The  time  is  beaten  wiih  the  dniiii  and  the  carved 
attoka,  the  rest  of  the  men  claiipinK  llielr  hands. 
At  Ihe  Isrge  winler  fexlivnis  llie  rhythm  of  tli««e 
four  songs  in  pieecrihed  by  long  unage,  The  tmrs 
of  the  Urst  are  in  Kve-eighths  tluie  ;  two  have  a 
fa»t  inoveuteut ;  ttielaDtoneiHsuleuinand  nIuw  : — 


a 

8 

2 
8 

2 

4 


J  I  ; 


;  ; 


1 


The  rhythm  of  the  sougs  IbemHeltee  is  very  irreg- 
ular.   Bere  ia  au  example  :  — 


i^mm^i^m^sm^^^^ 


Ya  -  liBi    -ya-ha.    hai-yn-ba 

Dtlim*.  rtirllJ  Mid  cl»li|'lii>t.  


S    'aJJ*  MM 


^^—,—^^—y — . 

hai-ya,  bvya,  be  -  ya,    be-ya-he,     hoi-ya,  ho-y«.  he  ■ 


?». 


I  eU. 


-0-m- 


■$^ 


*.— n- 


#-- ♦- 


:^=i^ 


-*- 


-J.-.N-  N..|»- 


*— #- 


lie  ■  ya-bo,      bai-yo.  ho-yn,  he  •   ya.   be-   ya-fap,     hai-ya.  hayn.  he  -  yo.    he-   ya.  he  -  yn. 


The  text  of  some  xongs  of  these  Indian*  is  highly 
poetical,  as  that  of  the  following  re^ponsoriuni,  — 
a  mourniug  soug  that  movee  in  a  slow  and  solemn 
rhythm.  A  chief  who  ha«l  lost  his  child  sings, 
and  thir  mourning  tril>«  respond. 

Chir/.  —  IMn'l  iiiuuru  nuf  iiinro.  ilDii't  iiiuuru. 

ChOrn4.  -  We  ,lo  uot  mourn  itny  moro. 

Citf^.  — Il»  wnul  ii|i  III  \>in!/  wlUi  IiU  bnilinn  Um  slaliL 

Don'l  mouni  rtUf  lnttr«. 
Cht/rui^  —  Wo  tlu  ii,}i  mourn  tmy  mor*. 
(Aitf.  —  Tbore  bo  li  buuUUB  wlUi  Ihe  liuDlvn  Uie  nliniilr 

daar.'    Don'l  nnHUB  our  OUH*. 
Otimii^  —  W«  do  not  noorn  tar  man. 

I  llunlan  nod  doer  *r«  connMllBtluiui. 


Chief.  ^Ve  will  toe  hU  >>elavnl  litof  la  UiaD«W  nuKA. 

t)i>til  nioLiru  Kuy  mora. 
Chora*.  —  U*a  ilo  vol  iiiiiiiru  niijr  niore. 

In  another  mourning  gong,  Ihe  people,  lamenting 
the  dealh  of  a  ereat  chief,  sing,  '■  He  fell,  lb« 
pillar  of  hpuven.  and,  falling,  crushed  all  our 
joya." 

These  few  examples  will  show  thai  the  inlud  of 
the  'anvage'  Lt  ii-iisible  to  the  lieaulieB  of  poetry 
and  mnsic,  and  that  it  ii  only  thi^  lupcrllciol  ob- 
server to  whom  he  appoara  atupid  and  unfeeling. 

Dn.  t'RANZ  UOjts. 


386 


SCmNCK 


IToL.  IX.,  No.  no 


LOKDON  LITTER. 

TUK  ca»e  i>r  H.  CbnulTal.  n  natfro  of  Ilnuto 
Savole,  wfau  but  hi-cn  avettakrn  by  m  traacv  in  n 
French  lioU'l  in  Londun.  hna  Iwn  i>xritins  ^(^y 
greut  int<?rrtit  nmonK  tli*  mvUod  of  medk-at  men 
devoif^  to  ]wycholo)cit»1  studies.  To-daj  b  lh« 
mrantemth  day  of  hb  cataleptic  ctiodillon,  (trim 
which  h«  shows  no  «ign  ot  awakenini;,  and  th« 
adminbtration  of  food  is  not  «  Uttle  diffleult. 
ClmulTat  has  be«n  »  |Hitiml  of  the  fanitnw  Dr. 
Charcot.  In  theSalpotri^rrhaxpitnlin  Pim»,  whnre 
S  \Mge  nunibiT  of  rxprninmu  r(x>  nnw  lieingcon- 
dudod  upon  bypnolizinf;.  Dr,  Chnrcol.  however, 
puiticulu-ly  ntnliolt  lobe  tiiulei»tood  tbat  Chauf- 
fat  i»  not  n  liypnotlwd  subject.  The  K^eral  nlut* 
o(  hiiil)odyM)(ood,theteinperatun'aiid  pulse  being 
normal,  tboUKh  the  rt^plralicn  ia  Mibjf-ot  to  grent 
TArlalion,  ohanjciDg  troia  M  to  38  in  llie  course  ot 
B  few  hours.  Tbi-  only  way  in  wliit-h  he  can  b« 
nrouwd  sufllcitrnlly  for  the  administmlion  of  food 
la  by  din>cting  u  »ln>iiK  my  of  liRbt  on  to  hjaeyee. 
An  examination  of  them  by  the  eminent  ocuIIbI, 
Hr.  BrodeiKrll  Carter,  shoirpil  that  all  the  *««eela. 
Ixith  veins  and  arccri««.  were  tnuoli  contravted  and 
very  amnll.  Ilotli  sidw  of  the  body  are  alike  in 
Iheir  oonditioTi.  though  the  c«talepiii-  condition 
i»  Hlrongcr  in  the  hciilw  Lbaii  in  I  be  Iruiik.  Tho 
moat  extrnoriltu;iry  feature  of  the  cote  in  the  re- 
markable rraiillri  oblainrd  by  f^^t'T  stroking 
CliaulTiit'iinrm.  The  limh,  If  raised  upright,  n- 
uminii  in  tluit  ponllion  IndeHoltely  :  ami,  when 
oertiiin  nert«s  are  stroked,  the  tingeni  I'lincb 
tightly,  the  blood  U  forcod  from  ilio  i-xtrr-miry, 
iho  hand  and  r'>ri-arui  lum  •lonly  roiiod  to  tlie 
nfiht  nil  the  siraiu  in  so  gmtt  thnt  the  nxiscle^ 
stand  out  rigidly,  the  limb  being  perfectly  rlxfd. 
On  the  other  hand,  the miietgenlle  touch  or  Mrok- 
ing  of  the  flexcnr  of  the  fore-Hrni  1^  "tifKcieut  to 
rvlax  the  wbolc.  Without  dotiU.  ObiulTut'H  cnsc 
it  one  of  the  most  reniarkable  of  tbe  kind  that  hon 
oocnnwd  In  Bnglaitd,  although  Ihi-y  ura  omrr  fre- 
i|ui>nlly  lobe  ni«l  with  in  FrBiict-.  Tlip following 
exIriK't  from  the  PrvKfLitiaei  of  tin-  Roynl  eoriety 
of  Edinburgh  for  KHi,  18.  1810,  has  recently  been 
publiahed.  and  hiw  an  interesting  bearing  on  Ibe 


"  Dr.  Brrw»ter  coinmiinicjiird  au  uecount  of 
Ibe  ileeinnK  woman  of  Diinnlnald.  near  Montroae, 
drawn  up  hy  tbe  Rev.  Jaineti  Brewnter.  tninuler 
of  ('rRig,  Margart-l  Ly«lt.  aged  31,  daughter  of 
John  Lyall,  lalwrer,  of  Dunninaitt,  wiui  ArsC 
8eice<l  with  u  sleeping  lit  un  Uui  3Tib  of  Jaiw, 
IBIS,  which  tuntinued  to  tlut  HOtb  of  June :  next 
morning  she  wmi  again  found  in  a  dwpaleep —  la 
ihb  i>l«l<-  Hbe  rr-nintned  for  Mren  days.  wUboui 
motion,  food,  etc.;  but  at  the  end  of  this  tiioe,  hy 
tbe  moving  of  her  left  hand  and  by  plurking  nt 


the  corerlet  of  the  bed  and  poinlingtoher  mouth, 
a  wiiih  for  fooil  being  underHtond,  it  wru  givm 
bi-r.  This  nhe  took,  hut  mill  rpiaained  in  hor 
loihnrgie  ■tat*'  iltl  THp«day.  the  8th  of  August, 
being  six  weeks  from  the  timeahe  wasM^ied  with 
Ibe  lethargy,  without  apiieunog  to  be  awake,  ex- 
cept on  the  uft«-ni<)oii  of  Krid«y.  the  iWth  of  June. 
For  tbe  limt  two  weeks  her  piibe  was  generally 
about  60,  and  previous  in  her  recovery  at  TO  to  T2, 
Thoiigh  extremely  feeble  for  oome  dayn  attor  faw 
recovery,  she  gained  strength  so  rapidly  that  b^ 
fore  tbe  end  of  August  slie  began  to  woric  at  Uw 
har>'e»ton  tlie  lands  of  Mr.  Arkley,  and  continued 
without  ineouveniencv  lo  perform  her  labour. 

"  The  account  is  drawn  tip  by  the  elnrgymao  of 
the  parish.  nn<l  is  accnn)|ianied  with  tho  niodicAl 
report  of  the  surg«>ni>  who  attended  ;  to  whose 
Attestations  are  adrfwl  those  of  Mr,  Aikley,  the 
proprietor  of  DunnliiAld.  and  Lyall,  Ibe  fatber. 
and  Is  In  every  respect  entitled  to  the  fulleet 
wedlt." 

The  term  'hypnotism'  wiia  lint  introduoed 
many  yeur*  ago.  by  Mr.  Braid,  ii  surgiiun  of  Han- 
cli«ter.  lo  whom  tbe  ilrRionsI ration  of  the  roo- 
dition  won  lirst  due.  An  account  of  hit  work  h 
givBO  in  Dr.  W.  B.  CsTpcnfer'a  '  Mental  physlol- 
ogj-,'  ppL  801  -  «I0.  Tlie  subject  ha»  very  recently 
been  revived,  and  lias  formed  tlie  aubjecl  of 
teveral  cmlous  experimenla  in  the  StipettUn 
hospital  and  olnewhere.  According  lo  tho  SSlU- 
■  aehri/l  fir  Elrktrnleehnik,  expc-rimenta  have 
shown  that  thrre  n-ni  no  difHculty  in  prodncdng 
all  tho  ordinary  hypnotic  effects  upon  a  dIalAnt 
Nubjoct  by  mmns  of  a  telephone.  The  prexent 
niiter.  however,  has  not  been  able  to  verify  the 
statement. 

Rumors  of  impurUnt  telegraphic  and  telepdonk 
di^v)veries  ooTue  to  U^  from  Bi'lgiurn.  iin  liaving 
been  made  by  von  Ityi»ellwr,4hi.-.  but  details  are 
at  prnK-nt  wanting.  It  in  evrtain.  however,  that 
umingemrntii  are  in  progreni  for  the  Mtablisb- 
ment  of  a  telephone-line  tNttweon  Paris  and  Ijod- 
don. 

At  the  t>}Ioninl  oonferenoo  now  HasemUed  In 
London,  some  striking  facta  were  put  forward  by 
Hr.  Pender,  chairmsn  of  tbe  '  Basiem  lelegrapli 
company,'  as  to  Ibe  debt  which  commerce  oww  to 
science.  Twenty  yean  ago  then-  were  acamily 
3.U00  miles  of  suhmarioc  c«hlt^ ;  now  there  are 
lOT.OOO  raiUn.  of  whiub  all  but  7.000  are  under 
Briliih  conttol  (the  lolal  cost  being  #1  Alt, 000,000): 
and  "  cnbl(<)  can  at  the  predent  lime  be  laid  with 
coniparativety  little  risk  of  bieakage,  and  with 
an  almost  certainty  of  effiofent  repair."  T)i«> 
total  land-lloes  are  estimated  nt  t.'SO.UOO  niih«, 
coating  tSOO.DOO.OOO.  W. 

LoDiIaD,  A|ir1l  ft. 


I 


APMi.  9a.  1887.] 


SOmNVE. 


ZBT 


EXPLORATION  Ai\D  TRAVEL. 
The  Stanifji  fxptdition  atut  Bmin  Pa»ha. 

Wh<l«  Stftnl«y  (s  jiroceedlnic  up  lb?  Kongo  U> 
r«ll«iv«<  Benin  P^ha.  uevr*i  hitt  be»ii  rocelved  that 
the  latter  h  safe  an<l  well,  tliou^h  UD»blo  to  leare 
his  proviaw.  A  Somali  tniJw  from  Uganda  lm« 
arrived  at  Zoiizibur.  ooallrmiat;  totmvx  nvws  that 
Emtn  pKHlut  vita  uslabltshrd  nt  Wnilebi.  Kl-  hail 
tiro  Rinall  stenmera  |>l]')nf;  on  tho  White  Ni[<>  nnil 
on  I^kc  Mviitan.  In  November,  four  maoths 
Inter  thnn  tho  alvices  brought  by  Dr.  Jimber. 
Rmui  PMha  visited  Um  capital  of  Cnyuro.  which 
v-  niluBted  on  the  nortli-weat  shofv  of  the  Albert 
Nyanaa.  Me  waii  Uf^eoiujuiiiieil  by  Dr.  Vita  llaa- 
Ban.  ten  E^*i)tiaii  (iflk-er*,  three  Greeks.  luiJ  four 
negrocv.  From  tbcrif  he  sent  ii  niesin^:  to 
Mwuii^.  the  yount;  king  of  Uganiln.  TeiiiKatinK 
an  and)i-nc-p.  Thr  kiiiR  (lonsenled  tn  re(x>i<r<>  hioo 
if  h«  came  without  bis  follonera.  ami  Eniln  Paaha 
th«(eu|>on  wpnt  10  him.  aocumpanieil  tiy  br.  Vita 
Hbmui  and  the  three  Oreelcs.  After  he  had 
■laid  mnaleeu  dayo  with  the  kini;.  he  naked  for 
pennli>iioD  to  paai  throuj^h  his  territorr  tuwiiril 
ZaiiEibir  :  <>ut  Mwnnga,  u|Ma  hcurinf;  thi*  Kqiirat, 
ordered  thein  to  return  the  way  thi-y  cnmo.  The 
Somali  who  made  thix  ktat^m^'nt  nay^  that  the 
aiiiH>ngi'r)i  (hapati'btKl  from  ZnDEllier  to  laro^ai 
Binin  I'a'iha  tliat  Stanley  liad  gone  with  an  dx- 
pedlllon  by  nuy  of  the  Kuii^  tu  rescue  liini.  irere 
detaEued  ill  t'nyanyetiibc.  The  frequeRt  ne^rs 
from  Emin  reaching  lu  by  way  of  Znndluir  en- 
oouru(;<T9  tin  to  bop<!  tbnt  ho  will  gucpeed  In  l«itvitig 
H)P  district  in  which  hp  In  now  imprisoned. 

Miunwhile  Rtanlry  »  proceedbitc  by  Uie  Kongo 
Touto,  and  Tlppo-Tip's  courlera  ar«  tax  the  way 
to  .Stanley  Falls  in  order  lo  make  prrpuralion*  for 
the  northwanl  Journey.  Stanl«]r'«  obwirvntions 
and  plans  ar«  »et  forth  al  nomi-  trngth  in  two  let- 
t«rs  from  Zanzibar publisbid  in  tlii>  lAindon  Timet. 
On  leaving;  Ziuixibur  im  board  the  Madura,  his  ex- 
pedition numlien-d  T09  men.  The  omlraet  he 
mad*;  with  Tippo-Tip  is  of  connidendile  inli-M>iit. 
IIb  found  this  cnUirprisliig  trader  Ui  lie  of  far 
greater  Importance  than  in  1877,  when  hn  mcorted 
Btanley's  caravan  lo  the  Kongo.  It  in  prACtlcally 
In  Ua  pnwcT  to  cloee  the  roada  loading  from  the 
eaiA  mast  to  the  upper  Kongo,  l^tanley  engaged 
him  and  his  foUowirrs  to  nixnmpany  liiin  fruoi 
Stanley  Falls  lo  the  n-gion  north  of  Lake  l^uigan- 
Tika,  and  to  hare  the  ivory  belunging  to  Emin 
Pnaba— which,  according  to  Dr.  Junker,  nmounbi 
to  aoventj-fli-e  tons  — wirried  hock  t<i  tho  Kongo. 
Bat.  bolides  IhK  ^^  lin'<  aptviinled  him  goTemor 
of  the  Hlanlej  FVtll^  nUtlion.  whi<!h  n-H  lo^t  to  the 
Araba  some  timr  ago.  It  will  he  reoietnliem] 
lliat  the  object  for  which  tbo  atstion  was  #a- 


taUUied  was  tn  prrv«nt  Ihf  Arabs  from  «x- 
teniiing  their  inHuence  fartliM^  down  the  Kongo. 
Sinoe  the  lom  of  the  station,  they  dmcend  the 
rirer.  and  are  aajd  lo  have  rpncbrd  itie  Ban* 
galla  alation.  Tippo-Tip'a  duties  will  bp  prind* 
pally  in  defmd  Stanley  Falls.  In  tW  nanMr  oC 
the  stale,  agntnat  all  Arabs  and  nailvm.  Th« 
Hag  of  the  station  will  hx  that  of  the  stale  At 
all  haxards,  be  is  to  defeat  and  cnpture  all  persona 
raiding  the  leniUMT  for  ainvra,  and  to  dispenie  all 
bodies  of  men  who  may  he  justly  auapvcted  of 
violfnt  desigiui.  He  is  to  ahalain  from  all  slnr* 
traftic  below  the  Falls  himnelf ,  and  to  ptovmt  all 
In  his  command  from  trading  in  slain.  In  ordor 
to  insure  a  faithful  pi-rformuntv  of  hia  engaffi- 
menrs  with  the  ulate.  a  Kuropean  oflicer  la  to  ba 
appointed  resident  at  the  Fall*.  By  this  eonlract, 
the  upper  Kongo  is  actually  Mirrcodered  to  the 
Arahn,  (or  those  Aialxi  who  wer«  to  t>e  prevented 
fmcn  diwcending  the  Kongo  beyond  Stanley  FteUi 
are  Tippo-Tip's  men.  who,  lo  be  surv,  will  not  ab- 
stain from  the  iJTofitnhle  slare  Inide  on  the  Kongo, 
asdem.indfd  by  thi«  eonlrart.  Stanley's  action, 
and  Baumann'*  description  of  Stanley  Falls  tq 
llie  Proceedings  of  the  Gcogniphi(-sl  society  of! 
Vinma.  »hOw  that  the  ArnbH  are  ucluidly  the 
mo.'rters  of  the  upper  Kongo,  and  that  the  Kuugo 
FVee  Stale  is  utterly  powerlim"  there. 

An  the  fnl«  of  Bmhi  Pa»lia  forms  the  rcnlral 
point  of  intereirt  in  Central  Africa,  some  biograph- 
ical notes  may  Ix"  weli'nnic.  According  to  Dr. 
Wolkenhawer  (f)ru/«-Ar  gn^.  BUtt..  ItWT,  No.  1). 
bia  name  is  BdiianI  Schnitzcr.  not  Scbnitaler.  as  he 
was  generally  called.  Re  wna  bom  at  Opiwln.  in 
FtniBian  Silesia,  in  1840,  hut  bia  family  removed 
soon  after  hia  birth  to  Netsee.  After  having  gone 
through  the  gyranonum  ol  that  lown,  he  studied 
medicine  nt  the  uniieraily  of  Breslau,  and  imanod 
his  examination R,  about  1SA4,  at  Berlin.  His 
favorite  studies  from  i-nrly  twyhood  were  natural 
■ciencea.  more  |uiiticu1nrly  xoulogy.  and  he  had 
always  lunged  In  visit  fiircign  countries.  Having 
pnjMrd  lux  examinatiuna.  he  went  to  Turkey,  and 
was  appointed  jihyaictan  of  Ihn  district  and  part 
of  Aulivtiri.  In  18T0  he  l)ecamp  nitnehed  to  the 
houFieliold  of  Inuucl  tlatki  I'asba,  whom  ho  fol- 
loweil  to  Trehiiaind.  Eraerum,  ConslanHnople,  and 
Yanlnn,  When  hii  pulrun  died,  toward  the  close 
of  18TS.  he  accompanied  his  family  lo  Constanti- 
nople. After  a  short  visit  to  (irrniany  in  IH7S.  lie 
relumed  to  the  Orient,  and  olnaiiuxl  an  appoint- 
ment m  nnrgeon  in  the  Egyptian  army.  Subae- 
cjnently  li"  serted  under  Oonlon  Pasha,  who  ap- 
pointed himiiirgron-general.and,  in  1878.  governor 
of  the  Rquatoriol  Proviooe.  His  principal  re- 
aearchm,  he>idea  hi*  explorations  and  the  adininls- 
Irationof  his  province,  were  oroilbological ;  and 


scrsyvB. 


fTot.  IX.,  So.  ttO 


among  hfs  ooItcctJoM  whldi  wer«  Mrnt  to  Qrx- 
mMiy  am  twcfltr-«ix  new  epeviM.  It  U  to  be 
hm^  Uiai  tlio  gnllant  exi>)iirer  will  num  In-  n»r«J 
from  hia  [Mirilous  pgeltion.  and  Hucrtvd  in  lakEng 
with  bim  his  rollectioiu  ai)(l  tlio  raJunble  rMiilu 
of  liix  many  ,veant'  rtiN-nrcbps  in  equalurial 
Africa. 

Mia. 

Tlie  olmTTntlnnfi  of  E.  Micltnrliiinn  ihtrigBSOf 
an  itH^fMTitMl  ill  l\w  Alt»i  Mouuliiintt,  mentlCDed 
inScirniV,  F*b.  II.  ISHT,  Bn-cnnArmed  by  A.  Bi«- 
lonwkj,  who  found  uliwicr  ilfpo«lbi.  Kmsina  of 
mnrninm,  Jind  gladnl  iitrlae  ici  thv  Miulhivn  jmrl 
of  the  Altai (iVufurw,  Moreli  ai,  18871, 

£4ii;anf((-</m(/TTt/>hi9iu'!.air9ihiil  Snint  Chniiiirn 
Dm.  an  Inilinn  i-xplorer,  wlio  wiu  Mrnt  out  liv  tJi« 
Engliah  Korrrnuiont  in  unler  loittidy  Hi^rcllKlona 
of  Indo-Chtna.  Iiaa  arrivi-d  at  DanRlcoli.  He  pfe- 
tcoda  to  hav»  eiplorcd  tin-  tipper  coiine  of  Ibe 
Branuipulra  anfl  Jannli.k-TVu  (Palte  Lak*).  wbicli 
is  eilunleil  nlioul  tifly  iniW  smith  of  Uuaa. 

Afriea. 

The  Dew  eximdilion  vf  Lieutmant  WiwDnann 
left  Lulunhur^  Nov.  14.  IH86,  Th<'  |iropo«pd  field 
oJ  ex)tlorntion  i;*  llie  diatricl  bclwtvn  Uie  Sankuiu 
and  Nynngwe.  He  went  lij  Nliuimpr  lo  the  [ilaw 
whMc  the  LuM  illiic^liaigiw  into  Ihe  Sankuru. 
From  there  he  will  try  to  ro  north  and  to  (-xiiloro 
the  UDkuown  ntKion  where  the  Luluuf^o,  Jiiaro, 
aoil  Lotuiinii  have  their  Mtuicn  (Mouv.  tjroffr..  So. 
7).  Diirinic  liisHta>'  in  Luhiuhurir,  Wis^Diniiu  wub 
notiiile.  He  Slid  ilt<  Mucur  the  new  coniuiandrr 
of  the  hUiUdii.  iiiudo  n  »«■,•» DniMti nee  in  iIk-  liuid 
of  the  Uulubu  and  the  biidin  uf  tlie  Luhilokb. 
They  villi ipH  Ihn  icidmc*  of  Moiia  Tetidii.  nrar 
tht^  livvT  Lukiili.  The  country  ie  iiihahiicd  by 
thi'  Bll^hilnns•'.  anil  densely  populBti-d,  th<-  vtl- 
Ijirt*  UinK  bdtlt  oil  the  suntniitaof  the  hills.  Tlie 
caclcni  Imnk  of  the  Luhula  U'longH  to  the  Italiiba. 
While  the  country  wmt  of  the  riv-nr  U  very  fertfl«r, 
(be  UuluhtL  eounlry  form*  on  undulnliiig  prairii*. 
Though  ill!  apjicarancf  ■■  bnrii-n  and  desulnli.-.  thi> 
population  in  very  nunierotia.  Unfortunalfty  the 
risitors  wofe  atlackei)  by  the  natives  and  forced 
to  rttum  to  Ijiluahurr  (.Vowv.  giogr..  No.  7). 

In  his  letter  to  the  l4iu'ltm  Timni,  Stanley 
crillclsee  the  netfaoda  of  coloniutioo  of  the  Uer- 
manH  in  MStem  Afiioa.  Hp  aitii-m  them  to  im- 
otmlR  tlto  Soonli  pminmila  Inatead  uf  i-ntabliKhinK 
■catterril  Htnlions  in  the  moat  uiibeiitthy  n-gii'iia  of 
eijuAtorial  Afrira.  He  propotMs  that  thny  should 
ealahlish  a  i)ermaiieDt  iNwt  or  fort  at  the  iiioiilh  of 
tlie  Juh  or  Kuliji,  and  advanoc  by  detriem  iul&nd. 
In  fact,  the  Uernian  Rnsi  Afritvin  axaooiation  ful- 
luWK  a  similar  couiw  to  the  Konito  aiMOi-iation  by 
OKtahlishinK  factories  on  the  cuuat  and   inland. 


Tlie  dktriet  they  selected  for  thdr  ojiMations  U 
one  of  the  rnoAl  iinpcrtaut  in  Africa,  and  inclwka 
ul)  the  cnravan  routts  from  the  iiptter  Kongo  nnd 
Nile  to  the  linrlKim  i>f  the  east  coaxl.  tilaolcijr'a 
obaprratioiui  in  Znnubnr  on  Ibi-  prvdoniinant  In- 
flurnrr'  of  the  firrmans  and  thp  di-cmnniug  power 
of  Uie  EnKhi'b  do  not  coRHrai  his  criticism. 
Amerlea. 
The  Bia^ih'an  .inil  Argrnlinian  rommiauonM  for 
dciIermininK  llied)«ipiiled  boundary  of  thi'leiritory 
of  the  Mliwloiia  wm  going  lo  meet  In  the  begin* 
nlngof  April.  Important  addilions  to  our  knowl- 
edKe  of  (he  gi<i>Eraphy  of  that  dislrlcl  may  be  «c- 
pected  from  ihi-ir  survej». 

AiifitmfM!  rtgionM. 

The  cnble  informR  us  (hat  Nordetwkjold  ia  plan- 
nintt  an  .'Vntarnir  expedition,  and  Ihfltlir  ftwnmea 
ciKhteen  months  tor  an-ompliMbInK  il.  TtiF  In- 
lereist.  in  Antarctic  exptotaliua  la  rapidly  Lncrees- 
Ing  everywhere.  The  I(i>ya1  etv);m|tliical  society 
of  London,  Ihebi'olch  geuKiaphieal  nociety.  tlie 
(lurnion  OeORraiihcntiigr.  Ihc  Aiislmlinn  royal 
(ociety,  haTtf  rxprr^sed  (hemrelvea  in  favor  of 
Aotarclic  cxplwations,  biitaince  Lieiiteiunt  BovoV 
unt>Licce*srul  joutney.  ilila  is  the  Wnf.  attempt  of 
orKsnlxinf;  an  ex|)ediliuii. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS. 


Tbr  Rlieabrlb  Thompwu  science  fund.  *hicb 
has  l>eon  pstahllnh^il  by  Mrs,  Eliuibt^h  Thom)Mun 
of  Blamfonl.  Conn.,  "for  the  iMlvRn<vmcnt  and 
pnMeculiou  of  (iclenlllic  research  in  lis  broadest 
senoc,"  now  amouttti  lu  f  ^0,000.  As  acciimnlal«d 
income  is  again  u«ailaNe.  the  iiiiMees  desire  to 
rreeive  oppUcalioiiB  for  appruprinliomi  in  aid  of 
srientific  work.  This  endowment  in  not  for  tbi' 
hen^flt  of  any  one  depnrtment  of  t^cinncr.  but  it  ia 
the  iiilenllonof  the  IniMpvn  In  gire  the  pr<'f«ien("o 
to  tfau^e  inceeli^aliotia  whidi  cannot  olher¥fi»e  bt 
propiiled  for.  which  bav«-  for  tlieir  object  Uw  mI- 
rancemeiit  of  bumsn  knowledge  or  the  bcDeflt  of 
mankind  in  sn-neral,  ralher  than  lu  rtNirarGbes  di* 
reeled  to  thi-  roltition  uf  quentiotui  of  mcrdy  Icicml 
importance.  Applii-ationa  for  anUtanca  from 
thii  fund  should  bo  ac<-om|>nni«d  by  a  full  stalc- 
uieut  of  the  nalnre  of  the  investijiation.  of  th» 
conditions  under  which  It  is  lo  Iw  pnwocuted. 
iind  of  the  manner  In  which  the  approprlatlou 
a»kod  for  is  to  lie  expended.  The  application* 
«h(iut(!  be  foi  wnriled  to  the  arcretary  of  the  board  of 
Irusteee.  Ur,  C  S.  Minot,  Iliirvaid  i»i-dical  school. 
Boston,  Maas.,  U.S.A.  Tlic  n<-w  Kmnls  will  prob- 
ably be  made  in  Hay,  1887.  The  (ollowini;  grants 
have  been  made  :  1.  1300  to  the  New  BoKland 
mvt<K>ru1ogical  society-  for  the  InveeUgatlon  of 


AFKIL  29.  1887.] 


SOIESrCE. 


m 


^dooio  iQotvriMqito  in  Now  EdkIiiik]  :  3.  9150  to 
Rnmupl  Ridettl.  Bei).,  of  Unlversily  odIIpko- Lon- 
don, Enxland,  for  iu(«itlgat<ons  on  tlie  nlmirp- 
(ion  ot  bpal  bjr  (xlunniH  )(;HM« :  8.  (TQ,  to  II.  M. 
Howe,  Em],,  of  Bintan.  Mbhii  ,  for  (lie  [uv«iitiKH- 
lloD  ot  fuaibli'  bIukh  "t  ciipptT  niitl  Icutl  HiutrUing  : 
4.  ♦600  to  Prof.  J.  RinH-nthn)  ol  Erliiiigru.  Ger- 
inaoT,  for  invnitii^ntiniiii  on  nnimni  liont  in  limllh 
■nil  ffJwWBe  ;  -I.  t-'M  W  Joseph  Jnitrow,  F^j., 
of  the  JoliRB  Hopkins  univertiit]',  ElHltiinor?, 
Md.,  for  iiiTuitigatiom  on  tlie  Imnt  of  jwycho- 
physlCK.  TbL>  hantd  at  triistcn*  ouoitistH  of  U.  P. 
Bowdiich.  pronidtmt :  Willinm  Mtnot.  jiia.,  ireae- 
utw;  Rnuicw  A.  Walker  ;  Eiiwnrd  C.  Pkheriiig  ; 
Chnrle*  Sedcwlch  Mlnol.  aecmlary. 

—  The  lislKoiniiiiBBioo  schooner  Orampns,  tv- 
cently  Muisheit.  hua  tvru  trD^aj^ed  during  the 
winter  In  I'titchtiig  cod-Gnh  mid  Katlitriu^  c«l- 
eggs.  and  uIho  ui  caicliinK  maL-kcrcl.  it  is  the 
purpoof  111  thc>  cummiwinn  to  hliidv  the  nitKm- 
tionti  of  the  inackeiel  from  lis  flmt  npiiranuicr 
until  it  QnU^  the  Oolt  of  Mnlne.  The  sea«oDii  and 
conditions  favorable  to  Hiiauniu):  n-iij  lie  dcwel; 
ohtprred.  Tlie  niijiiTatiiins  of  iDi-uliailen,  blue- 
n«b,  and  other  liHlim,  ^«-i[|  iiIsd  1v  studii'd. 

—  The  confrrenw  i)f  nnlttmoniers  rallnl  by  Ad- 
miral Mi>u(!hi.'£,  diiiftor  of  the  PnriB  ob&Tvntorj, 
for  the  pur|>ini'  of  forminK  a  plan  of  ro-oprnilion 
in  fAntoKraphniK  the  ivhole  Hky,  will  doubtless  re- 
>ult  in  the  nocoDi)ili«hDivr)t  of  IhiH  project.  Tbe 
proposition  in  to  i-ulisF  tt^u  or  twrlvi'  otiHt-rvaloririi 
In  the  uiidrrlakin);,  ko  locotrtl  Ihut  thrir  ('oinbin(>d 
raii|;e  will  tiiki'  in  ihe  uluilr  sky.  It  is  siiKiCettted 
Ihut  i'4rh  plnli-  lie  fniir  de^reea  square.  wbii.'h  if 
ttdopled,  would  rerpilre  ilevi-n  thousand  plut««. 
It  is  e^tinmted,  that,  h  itb  an  averagu  of  one  hiin< 
dred  plates  per  jear  froni  i-lercn  olieervHtorirs. 
euch  plate  coveriiiK  four  drgreeti  sqiinro.  It  would 
take  ten  veam  to  cooiplrt^  the  whole  work. 

—  We  lenrn  from  the  Athfnaeiim  that  the  Hih- 
bprt  Iwtnrer  this  year  will  bi-  I'rcif<'««ir  S*jre, 
ftnd  Ibe  siibjei'I  will  be  Awtyriun  niid  Bnliflonlan 
rcJigtOB.  The  Ji-citiriii  will  Itr  delivered attherad 
of  April  tind  during  Mnr,  btith  in  Li^ndiui  anil 
Osfiwd.  Tlii<  IlibNTt  trustees  have  ali>o  in  the 
pronsa  work  by  one  of  their  si'holarB.  Mr.  H.  W. 
WaltUof  t^ambrtdKe.  'Uti  Ihe  ctniTaulogy  of  the 
Rig  Veda  :  a  otudy  iu  Indiuu  lo^c' 

—  Rer,  W.  Lucas  C\>llinn,  (nlitur  o(  thr  popular 
Mriw  of  '  AncionI  ebuMics  for  RiiKlish  readers,'  Is 
d«wf. 

—  Profetoor  MAbiun  of  Kiel  Is  the  new  director 
of  the  ZoAloK>cal  museuot  at  Berlin. 

—  Messrs.  B.  Weslermaiin  A  Cu..  New  York, 
have  published  »  a(!>ooud  edition  of  Leuickc'i  '■  An 


illuslraiMl  grammar  of  sbal,  the  fanioua  U«rmaD 
gaiiM  of  cards  now  aimctinK  to  much  atten- 
tion." 

—  Entrjin«'«xiiinitiHtionHforlhc  MaiMAchuseUa 
institute  of  tiTlinoIogy  "ill  be  held  In  Doatoo, 
Mau..  nn  Thurulny  rend   Friduy.  June  i  and  S; 
also  In  New  York.   Philmlelphin.  Montreal.  Chi-j 
VBgo,  Hu  Loulfl,  Cincinnati,  Snn  Pran<'iaeo.  Wash 
lufton.  XasbMlle,   St.    PsnI.  AllanU.  and  Pitl*-^ 
burgb. 

—  The  LattctI  wjiorle  the  ease  of  n  woman 
dying  from  inyxedcnia  whone  feinperainnr  mngnl 
from  88"  F.  to  IB"  V.,  tlio  minual  teiiir*ralute  U- 
inR  flS.-l"  F.  Tho  pHiaiitions  of  ibiH  pntieml'* 
heart  were  3fl,  and  her  rexjii  rat  ions  12  Ut  the  min- 
nte.  The  tem|»eralure  U  said  to  be  the  lowest 
human  tem|>ernttire  on  record, 

—  TliP  AVtP  Vurk  me'licnl  journal  of  April  i 
(-•ontuian  a  lietiiilod  ncfouiit,  wilb  IHuntraLiona.  of 
the  itidiiclion  bnlmii-i-  and  the  teleptionlc  probe 
Empli>yed  for  the  dcl<'cli<)n  and  lijcnlion  of  metal- 
lic mawes  In  Ihe  h'linan  limly. 

—  Tho   Uantint    mcliciil   'iml   nurffiml  journal^ 
reports  thai  a  Uri^t-  number  of  caltes  from 
hour  to   thrre   dtty*  old    are    said    to  liaie  boMli 
sinushtrred  in    IIi-rkiniiT  and    Oneida  countii», 
and  sent  to  Sew  York,  when-  they  ate  put  up 
as  '  canned  chicken,' 

—  From  Ihe  rtporl  of  llie  hosptlal  for  Chine«,: 
in  Shungliui.  \vi-  learn  thiil  in  China  sinnll-pox  in<1 
ocuJntion  is  .till  in  vodue.  For  this  purpose  a  ragj 
in  moistened  with  the  Tjiriolom  miilter  and  placed' 
In  the  nostril.  Thai  the  liiscuw  is  iirevaleot  In 
Obloa  ie  easily  uudersiuod  ofl^  thio  pxplunation. 


LUTTEttS  TO  THE  BDJTOB. 

'.TAl  (UIMnmi  tf  uUntlflr  lain   U  'Mllrd  la  tAi  wtMUCOgM 
^fthte^rrttpotultiu^eolmH^M  if  f^i^mvcK/v*  playoff  prompttf 
aa  rrmrd  bri*/  prtliminaiy   notiera  nf  tfMr  Cnr«tffpiieiAA*.  ■ 
T^Hjify  ritj/ii*  t/  tkt  Hurnbn-  ponraintnjf  kit  riTmvtHil^'tfttfVil 

irlU  bt  furnith^  fr'*  fn  any  iirtiwjmndfnt  on  rfjuMaL 

ThttiSiioT  tpill  ht  ';ttiiit  to  piibUiK  nitfi  ijiitriitt  ciiwiiiaM  ^Ot 

f*vit*apond€nrtaf4 rrqittat*^  f«  Mot  Wif/OMptmAlt,  Tht 
wrtlfr^t  naiHf  U  fnalt  i-n^t  rt^wlnd  at  prii/\fi^ffv>4fMK 

Hol«-lore. 

Ukr*  am  thi'fe  iEviuh  of  mole  lo[«  iu  ib«  DiMriot  of 

Columbia  :  — 

1.  A  mole'*  f>*t  cut  off  and  huag  around  a  child'* 
n«ck  will  bolp  it  in  taathioK.  In  Kamn  in*tanoo<  In 
Viritiaia  ChMi<  odd  aaiali'l'i  hav«  liovu  !iii[>iIihI  iIoh  ri, 
I  BID  t-ild.  fur  icviivralioiix,  Tfary  arp  equally  brlivned 
in  by  colorpd  pcuplr  nS  Maryland.  '  Thnt'i  whnt  tho 
old-tliue  pcoplo  lay.'  i>  iha  only  nxiilanatioii.  Th* 
Kupenilitlmi  ciimet  inc-i  th*  Dinldct  from  luith  tli«ii* 
aeiichbijnuK  italeii. 

'i.  Once  tbr  mole  uai  an  oTcrproud  vouuk  Iftdy.  j 
She  in  r^oniltmncd  to  travel  under  crouud  a*  a  puB-< 
inbmeiit  for  her   prido.     IJnlik*  (li«  tonn«r,  Cm*  ia 
told  with  a  Hmilc,  and  jirubably  <|uit«  without  belirf. 


390 


SCIENCE. 


(Tou  a...  »o.  2» 


It  ivill  be  raadily  recoKiiiRccl  u  «  inytb  of  «Id*  dU- 
p«rnciii.  Porhapa  tbo  ii<-llc*t«  fur  •ml  Oi«  irnyrvllinK 
iwblU  ot  th«  little  itiiimd  aM-ount  for  it, 

3.  Odcv  the  Qiulp  had  Fy«  like  otbcr  aninmU.  but 
til)  tail.  He  idbI  ■  crrature  which  ridirulnl  him  (or 
hu  porrrtv  >D  thit  lattnr  tn<i|Hi''l.  1'lia  ilHriMon 
prevnt  I'll  uU  niinci,  and,  wln-ii  hx  int-l  n  Winit  who 
could  h«']]i  him.  b«  jn-titioni^  fur  aid,  Ud  wa.i  told 
that  h»  must  Eire  up  bis  oxniKbt  '  So  ho  (old  hi* 
vfM  for  bis  t«il.'  W.  H.  Bahcocx. 

WMttidcMrn,  D.C.,  April  10. 


SOBic  h«rd;  buds. 

While  in  the  eountfy  two  weeke  nsro,  ray  wife  cut 
loiiiw  bniDflirc  from  a  pear  ami  •  cherrs'  tr«o,  unit 
alto  (rnm  h  lilai^-liuah,  and  bioiiiiht  lltPBi  to  the  oity. 
At  that  lioia  Ihe  buili  liinked  a>  thfy  had  all  winter  ; 
in  fact,  we  ihouRbt  ibe  |>ear  euttin^  wu  dead.  In 
a  law  day!  the  builn  commenced  to  opri).  aiii|  tn-dit}' 
tha  eherry-blnaannt*  are  oul.  ai  Ihey  woiiM  be  on  the 
tree,  the  til""<>iii»t  of  llie  (irar  htU  Juki  oprDiaiT.  and 
tb<»e  ot  the  lilnc  nre  b-trinniHK  to  >buw.  The  water 
in  wbieh  thev  were  plai-r.l  hiin  been  ehsii^ed  daily, 
and  tb»  eultintr*  kept  in  thw  tun  a*  iTiur^h  ai  |>nt«tib]e. 
It   haH  ncTiirmd   l<i   iia  thnt  nuch  <>ultin|,-ti  miKht  he 

Ela^-ed  ill  room*  wliere  there  are  iDTalidi.  both  in 
omes  and  in  hcupitali,  and  «ivo  Ihe  nick  a  taico  of 
tbe  country  whirb  tlioy  could  otheroiM  not  eel.  It 
ia  no  lew  nn  object  or  inun-Bt  and  inttmctii'O  to  the 
well :  the  daily,  and  I  mijihc  lay  hourty^.  chanee«  in 
the  buds  at  they  unfold  are  (oncinaiinK  to  watoh,'and 
eTon  thoio  wboae  llrna  havii  Ij<-hii  apunt  in  Ibe  i-ouu' 
trj  ha*e  never  neen  the  KTsdnvl  development  oF  the 

hioMnm*  at  they  oan  thu>  see  them  on  tbo  ■nvvrrd 
brwicbaa.  J.  B.  B. 

BroaUyu.  Aprtt  & 


On  tiptM. 

While  feeling  LodotihI  thni  Ibe  nlUMIOn  Of  (O 
ominMitapbyiilclat  on  fmfewtnr  LeC(inI«ril(nddboat- 
Inctml  to  the  quuttiuu  which  hiw  been  rcotntlj*  dia- 
tfOMed  tu  Seiniet  nndei  Ihiii  headiD({,  it  iilUl  aeeiiM 
to  (a«,  an  i(  did  when  I  called  tlia  attMitfon  of  Pro. 
faaMT  Van  OyeJc  to  Ihe  niatlnr.  that  the  U-nt  ia  of 
the  ftntorrtn, 

ProfMOOr  lA>C«nt«  quietly  wianmcii  that  Ihe  jinlnt 
<7<ftdoptiiigbtB  fignro.  Urimrr,  ti.  |>.  341)  ia  llie  ful- 


«rtlBi,  bl>t  jiiat  IIi«Te  ta  the  i|il««ti<iil.  Riippoae  n  \if1. 
•on  aillinijc  down  to  ]>iit  hi«  toe  B^aiiiDt  aoiue  object, 
and.  b;  l^e  Bine  mmtcnlar  acliou  which  nilmB  the 
IkmI^  on  UMon,  to  piihh  the  ol>Jc<1  awat.  Ilere  the 
tttte  it  erldenlly  a  levvr  of  the  fint  eliiH.  Iha  ful- 


emiD  heinti  Ibn  ankla-jolat  (A),  and  the  wdgbt  the 
point  of  the  Ioa'd  preiiKnr*(C). 

Kuw  ini|iiio»e,  tliat.  in  preeiMly  tlia  aaate  waj.  be 
prcaiea  bin  toe  i^idnataoiii*  flriDOT object,  uhb  wall, 
and.  IturtMMl  of  muhinM  it,  piuhai  himtetT  nwny. 

t  tall  to  tioa  DOW  it  1*  other  than  an  nantctmmty 
eomplleatian,  at  l«ai<t  fnim  a  phyoluloKlcal  Mand> 
point,  to  aappoae  the  fnlcmui  aud  weif[bt  to  ohatigA 
place*.  BO  aa  to  make  the  loter  one  of  Ihe  aecood 
cbuu.  Purtlioi,  in  caaei  where  the  reanlt  in  pMtUlj 
a  niavMDKtit  of  the  obfecl,  aint  partially  of  tha  por- 
•onSibody.  — BH  in  riHin^  on  liploc  upon  a  yielding 
object.  —  llie  oompliaation  eS  ih«  aolntiou  npon  the 
liypothMin  that  tbo  lowr  U  ot  tba  Moond  olaM  ia 
further  Increaaad ;  wbai«aa  In  trtntj  caan,  alno*  tba 
fiK>t  (till  lumit  upon  Uh*  ankl*-joint  O,  by  rcoardlng 
II  aa  a  fnlemni  nnd  the  lerer  na  of  the  Ant  «IaM. 
the  eonclnaian  reached  by  Profeaeor  IjiOoute.  Ibat 
F  -.W  v.  CH :  AB,  beeomae  an  Bvidont  upplicatlon  of 
th«  ^iM«kl  law  of  tiieebaaies.  F.i>wi)i  J.  Povn. 

AuoUd.  Tni..  April  It. 


Winds  in  DenTcf . 

H.  A.  Howe,  in  Sftniirr.  Nv.  21(1,  iwb"  '■  why  winda 
blow  at  I)oD*ei  fnMii  the  north  during  Ihe  day.  and 
from  the  (DUtb  nt  ni([hl." 

It  i*  for  Iheae  reaaons :  DeuTar  ia  In  a  cafion  nm- 
uiu^  iioitli  (tlie  moiintaiti*  nn  llu>  weal,  a  oIlKht  ela- 
ralioD  on  the  eivil,  nnd  a  'diiide'  on  the  nonlh), 
tlirongh  wliicb  flovB  Cherry  Creek,  Ko*,  winiW 
iitrariiility  blow  ny  enfloni  duting  Ibe  day,  and  down 
tlieiii  at  iil>(ht.  Thin  briuga  the  ijiiMllon  to.  *'  Why 
do  wiudB  blow  tip  iMifli'iiH  iluHrii;  tlie  day.  and  down 
(it  niRht  '*  "  whii:b  I  lake  to  be  the  iuleuiled  inlumlg- 
atory,  llnrinit  the  clay.  tJiesnn  hont»  tlio  air.  which. 
becoiuiug  liKht,  nixliHinii  Ilie  canotia.  while  nt  niKht 
tbe  nir  bocoiDca  cool  and  (eekx  lower  nltitudeit.  Of 
ooium.tba  diMorbed  eqitilibrium  invreasci  the  wind'a 
velocity.  I  Uilnk  I  bare  cmdoly  answered  Ibn 
qneMion.  P.  f.  Wyiuit. 

eU*er  KMt,  riah,  April  7. 


Geographical  centra  of  the  United  Statet. 

If  an  area  or  districl  of  country  l"  mappod  on  a 

IiTojcclion  of  amnll  argnl  diitortion.  the  gooanph- 
(uil  centre  ot  the  area  may  be  dnflnod  to  be  tbe 
centre  of  gravity  of  th*  flgrnre. 

The  jirobluw  to  deteraiine  the  cenlr*.  would, 
nndor  tbia  definition,  reHolre  itaelt  into  tbe  qwertim 
of  dotonnlning  tbe  eontro  of  gravity  ot  a  plana  Iovn 
of  irrugnlar  outline.  Of  Ihe  varloiu  wnya  la  wSich 
the  centre  of  Bach  an  area  may  be  found .  the  ne- 
chanicol  onea  are  perhapa  of  easieM  application. 
and.  on  the   whole,  yield  tbo  oioet  Mitiitarlory  re- 

BIlltN. 

One  method  conolnta  In  tracing  the  oiitlino  of  the 
area  wboae  eentre  la  to  he  detemiineil.  on  HlilF 
cardboard,  tben  cutting  mit  the  figure  along  Ihe 
boundary  bo  tncod.  and  bnlBQcing  th«  rennlllnij 
cardhonid  on  n  jiolnt ;  which  point  oo  fotind  le  Ibu 
point  Boiigbl. 

Another  way  runsiirta  in  cutting  oul  the  map,  h 
U'toTc.  alonu  Ihe  lioaiuUry-liiio,  and  then  impend. 
iii(t  it  bidiinil  a  ptamb-llne,  an  that  map  aud  plumb* 
line  haug  from  the  aaine  Kupport  :  the  projeetion  ot 
the  plunib.Unv  on  the  map  ia  a  li&u  which  paHM 
thmn^h  Ihe  coulte  of  gravity  of  the  area.  Hy  aiin. 
peuiUiig  Ibe  map  ancenulvely  from   aereral  diSetw 


Apui.  SS.  1887.1 


SCIENCE. 


391 


out  point*,  n  HeTi«<4  «f  line*  will  h«  fuubil.  nil  of 
vhlrii  tliporrti cully  piUB  Ihrniigli  the  (<oDlTo  of  gnvily 
of  tb«  figure. 

Both  at  tlinn  nintlKxln  liavn  ba^n  Irlml  oa  tb« 
tup  of  Ibe  UiilWit  SinUw.  mill  nitb  llie  rollowing 
nwult ;  — 

A  baae  tnap  of  the  ViiiUd  StatcM  (Mole  aboat  113 
uilea  to  the  Inch)  woa  ont  ont  alODs  th*  boundary, 
uul  tlin  map  >o  (flit  fiiit  RUflpeixUil  by  a  pin  atucl: 
llir»ugti  it.  f'rum  tb«'  iaiu«  pin  a  ]>lumb-liat)  wan 
«iispi)Dd«(l.  Tbc  mop  HTUi  awtuig  npon  the  pin,  and 
alluir^d  to  came  (o  rent  Mxrvral  timnii.  hu<1  lla  wAan 
pcwitioQ  inforrnil.  A  Una  nan  i)i->u  ilrawii  im  the 
Bap,  r»]in<t<<iillii|i  tlio  proj«ctii>u  ot  (be  plunb-liDe 
upon  the  map  in  its  mean  pcuttioD. 

Tliin  pruFuiiH  u-iu  repeatoil  lo  a*T«iral  na«ltlou  of 
Ibe  map,  aoil  a  hoioh  oI  latamMllona  (WtHmlll*d, 

Xarthamm»<tlMltu'le<Mianewia]h Af  M' 

Soiiineninion        ■•        (PloiMa). WW 

Mbbii  latllud*. , .....JV'H' 

NgnberuDUMlUtltuilarAladiV 71°  U' 

SuuUxerunuun       "       (KlarMii),-<» - H*  W 

HMD  laUiudo  <r*  W 

well  iDlsniKctloii  r»|>r«teaUaK  Uie  oentn  of  gr«*lt]r, 
rMulUng  from  a  pair  of  obs»riatioiiB. 

The  Mntn  acnight  wrni  tltcn  luAiiiiiril  ttna\  »u  iu- 
■IMeUoii  (at  IhoM  points.  Cn-iu  tliix  Hitopt*<il  ocutiu 
■  drok  with  a  rMUiU  of  ntuint  iMie-Btiteeuth  of  an 
Inch  (aome  aevMi  or  eight  [iiilei  in  natuiv)  wonlii 
inclwle  all  puiula  oxnpt  two  rnullliiK  fiuui  very 
neato  tntarMeiion,  taiA  wbioh  ii''>K'  rejected. 

Agato,  *  aiiiiilnr  tiinp  wafi  mounted  on  stiff  nord- 
b<iMrd,andUi«iiciit(>nt  nloupj  tbo  Ijonnilnry,  hh  bxfntv. 
Tbu  w»l  tb«>i  bulauocil  im  Iho  point  "f  a'«]iiiidle.  II 
WMbatauoad  widi  i)ii>  fa<>>-  vt  the  mnp  down,  nod 
Ihim  with  the  tare  Tip:  and  butb  bnlimciDga  agriKid 
In  loratini;  a  ]ioint  nut  differing  Tinibl^  from  th* 
pvuit  detemiinnl  by  the  preeudiuK  in«thod. 

'■point.  wbi?ba<-oor(ltn(t(o<}ii9deBnllloiiiB  the 
a  tlx.  i:nlt*d  MatM  (Alaaka  exdndefl],  ir 
i  111  laUliule  M'-S  north,  and  loufiltudn  IW.S 
WMtof  Oraouirich.  Platting  tbJa[ioiiif)ou(>u(1i«l*iid- 
oSMHtap.  the  point  la  foand  In  b*  In  Curn  roimoftfu. 
Smith  ffmnh),  Kan.,  acrn*  t«&  niilex  wmth  Dftli* 
■onthoru  iMiimdary  nf  Nebraaka.  and  ii  Uttto  to  th<i 
wtiatwanl  of  (lie  middle  of  the  ntalo  of  Kauuw. 

TheHe  method*  are  direetl.T  appllcnbte  unlr  loraiHia 
when  the  dnalr«d  point  la  ltii^liid(<(l  in  th«  given  area. 
Snoh  la  the  caao  with  (lie  United  Stntea,  exetadiiiK 
AUaka. 

If,  now,  wp  ate  to  dirtcrmiiui  tha  crutr^,  Inelnding 
AlatJta,  it  will  b«  unnHwary  to  determine  the  geo- 
graphleal  routm  nt  Alatlia.  and  lb«'ii  detenuinc.  on 
tli»  Hn*  joiiiiuK  tbew  ta-o  centTcs  rrgardad  aa  n 
l»r«r  arm.  the  fnletnm  between  wvlubt*  prupor. 
tiooal  tu  the  area*  of  tlu>  t'altod  BiitUi  ali>n«,  and 
of  Aloak*  alone. 

TIm  e*nti«  of  Alaaka  wan  found  by  the  aiwpenitlon 
method  only.  The  intorHotioni  ireie  all  closely 
accordant,  and  lomto  the  eoottv  o«i  tlia  hend  watem 
uif  the  KuiJiolivini  K1t*t  in  latitude  OS'A  nurih.and 
Ion|(ltDde  Iftl^.E  we«l.  The  map  naed  fur  the  pnr. 
poae  waa  the  baae  map  of  .\lwikB  and  ad  jae«>n(  r«|{IaiM. 
preured  mhio  yeara  ago  by  the  coaet  anrvey. 

luM  two  MntHB  ttmni,  aa  above  described. 
WM«  aotnl  on  a  baae  map  of  North  Amerioa,  and 


iolnad  by  the  pn>>«<'tlon  o(  wx  arc  of  a  grMit  card*. 
Tbia  line  «a«  <hi<ii  diiidnd  into  part*  lOTwraaly  pro- 
pottional  to  the  teipeotite  MBaaol  Iha  U&U«d8(iktaa 
alon*.  aitdof  Alaakaalouo:  and  the  point  m  totwil 
le  ado|>l«d  ae  the  centre  aon^lit.  For  thte  pntpoM 
th*  area  of  the  UuitMl  8talee  wan  Uken  a*  3,096,000. 
and  of  Alaakn,  (UO.OOO  aqiiare  milea.  The  centra  ii 
loniKl  to  be  in  Intiluda  4G°.0  north,  and  longl' 
ttiae  lOSo.S  weM  froio  Oreeawlch ;  which  localM 
it  near  Slare  liiiiti-,  DakoU,  aotoe  tvieutf-flT<>  tnilM 
caat  ttom  the  btiunibiry  monunuoit  between  Dakota, 
Montana,  and  Wyoming. 

If  we  aaaaBin  that  the  geographkal  centre  is  il«. 
termined  by  the  iiitenMCtloB  of  «  p«ral)«'l  and  nioHd- 
iau.  whioh  Ate  thi-  means  of  the  citiviiie  bktlliidea 
and  iMigitadiit.  Ihm  we  nhall  have  tor  the  t'niljid 
fttalM,  r»i>luiliag  Alaska,  — 

Easlemmaat  iDnslRiile  (MalnaS H*  V 

«-aM«niiiuiit  (WaaliU>ctonTenlNfil......Uir^(r 

Mean  Iniiffllude ■■  ■* 

and.  Includiof  Alaako,  — 

KaBleniinaetlourltuit*  IWalita) .W  W 

WealanunoM  (Atoaiiatk -IP*  ^ 

Moan  1DDC1W<I«. .tO*  W 

In  the  flnit  caae  (eiclnding  Alaaka)  Iha  centre  Um 
iu  the  Indian  TotrUory,  »ome  sereB  ittUea  from  the 
Nonlhom  lioiiudaty  <i(  K»uiiai>.  and  ■fco«ttW(B^4l«« 
mileH  >  lilll"  wiMt  .'f  tixith  t>t  lD4e|>eBd«nae,  HobU 
goiuery  coiiiitv.  Kun. 

Id  the  iceoud  rune  (iuelnding  Aloafca)  the  c<mtt« 
Ih  found  to  l>o  (u  ihit  Padflc  Oeenn,  aboDt  one  hnn. 
dted  and  twMity  live  niileit  a  llltle  aoatfa  uf  wtM 
from  Cupe  Flattery.  Tbia  rather  alutUnit  nwolt 
brinn  into  riiitiipl>:iionii  notic*  the  oxtMiaion  of  tlu> 
AlHMhau  )iiiAitHuili>iiit  to  tb^watward. 

Tbo  only  refetcnyi'  t'j  the  gi-nKraphieal  centre  of 
the  United  SIntoi  that  bai  met  uiir  iiotlcAi  la  ron- 
talnnd  tn  Ibe  '  Fourtb  blrnnial  report  of  the  a(»le 
lioanl  of  aKrtt^iiliiirc  to  (lie  l>>|{lfltattir<-  of  Uie  elate  of 
Kaniiaa,'  wbero  it  is  stated,  un  p,  t^S,  that  *'  IfmjM 
(■  l/it  rrnlral  »tatf  o/  Ihr  F.'ni'on.  the  rmet  trro(rmp'l- 
(mtf  tYnlrr  af  l>"  Vnitrd  Slnlrt  bring  al  a  point  Ij/imf 
witliin  a/m  milm  of  tht  nmtrr  of  thr  ttalr." 

aUncra  BAXn. 
WaahlncioD.  D-C.  AprD  U. 


Death  of  Dr.  Albert  KetloEg. 

Amonic  tbc  r«F->iit  rU<ntlia  nf  ■ci4inttfle  men,  tbnt  uf 
Dr.  .\!berl  Kelliigij.  the  rptrrau  liolanUt  o(  tbo 
PaciQc  conat,  in  ina>1e  kuowu  in  (he  Sao  I'Taoriaeo 
]Nii<era. 

He  died  In  Alaineda.  Cal.,  on  the  Slat  of  bUrdi, 
al  the  age  of  iieventy-fmir  year*.  He  •aa  a  natiTfof 
Nnw  Ilarltord.  Oonn.  For  over  Ihirty  y»*rB  Itr. 
Knllogg  haa  been  ideulilUd  with  live  botany  of  tjall- 
fornia  and  the  ailjimcut  rt'Ki"'!.  I'inimDiwing  8*^1.  i, 
ISM.  wb«n  lie  oxhibited  a  drauliiK  and  apecbnen  ol 
a  plant  from  the  •■  unit  marahea  of  the  Bey  of  San 
KniirJupo.  tl»<  Fnuikonln  gmndtfolia,"  al  a  meeting 
of  the  Ctilifuriiia  Hcudi'iiiy  of  ■drnee*.  of  which  he 
wai  one  of  the  foiindeTK.  During  all  tlieac  yean  be 
waa  conatniitly  active,  either  in  lb<-  fl<*l<l  or  tbo  bet' 
buinm.  Hi-  won  eifcddlnitly  tkiltnl  with  bin  pencil 
and  brnnh  in  reiid^riiiK  Iroui  uataro,  and  op  to 
nearly  the  In^il  [iiimx'nl  waa  augaged  In  maktDK  draw- 
ing)* of  lb«  (lond  and  aylnui  apeeiM  of  Oi*  PaeiSo 


392 


SCIEKCE. 


tvoL.  ur.,  So  «8 


•tatM,  parlMilArly  lli«  Kvli-a.  ivitL  tlw  iuteution  of 
llliutntiDs  a  work  on  the  indigedunii  Ucoa  o(  CkU- 
fornia,  He  iniut  bnvD  left  B  larRe  and  TBlaabln 
Korio  of  flgumi,  if  uol  ■  ci»ni])1ated  ni(ino|tr»)>h,  of 
til*  boUmlcal  forniH  of  ihi-  n\f,iera  tVtetttfA  (i>. 

Tbo  pnbliiilicd  rtnulu  of  bin  variiniii  luitl  prolonged 
lnT«atig>tioDB  hBTfi  npiirMiroi]  (ttiiu  time  to  Uinc  id 
Um  ProoMdiuon  nod  imll^tlaii  nf  th«  Cklltoniln 
acAdantj  kud  «M«wbur« :  m><1  hl»  uainn  hidila  ft  eou- 
splntiouH  pIkcB  iu  all  uf  Ui«  principal  volka  relatiug 
to  the  botany  of  tbo  mvtcra  f  onat  (^  Nottb  America. 

In  ISDT  he  riaited  th«  Uinn  Bwudkn  Unitary  at 
Alnakn  in  th«  captolty  at  anrgeou  auil  boUniat  to 
tha  Rp«ciai  nxpeditiou  ot  tli&t  year,  baviau  rrroireil 
the  appoinUnent  from  Prof.  Qeofg*>  DntiSion,  who 
lind  <>liarf)o  of  tho  noiiiDlUlc  ilivlalou  on  that  onna- 
lion. 

Ot  his  LieniciUikI  iiualitica.  all  who  kD«w  Dr.  Kel- 
logg trill  Mar  laalinion^  tu  his  ruiuplioity,  genuine- 
aan,  and  purity,  and  hu  inTuJAblc  kindly  di>|iaM- 
llon.  Ilia  wni  oltogntlior  ■  ritr«  and  iiioal  lorabla 
cbnr«nt«r.  It  may  properly  be  wiid  tlint  I>Ia  iialor* 
waa  in  many  wnn  mattraetiveoMthebeaulifiil  (uriiui 
be  atndieil.  ComiiderioB  the  period  «C  hii  urinU 
in  Califoraia,  and  Iho  mlliig  pmidoiii  nnil  Uiflnnuom 
iriiicb  goveraad  tbo  aoiiiiimully  at  that  tlinv.  ■>«  cuin- 
IMUoit  wllh  hfa  MBnod  tnsleii  aud  ijuiet  ira.vH  of  life, 
a  QiURl  eitraordiuui)*  contrut  in  piwaeiited.  In  the 
light  of  ordinary  «'i|H<rieii(>(i.  It  ii  hardly  cauvnivabla 
ot  a  hnman  bcliiK,  aiiioiiK  liiitnan  Iwioga  of  the  «aiii» 
r»M.  >itar«  aboolntvly  <-<ii  of  plaoe  than  he.  How- 
ever in<y)ngnioua  (bo  itarning  tide  and  ruah  o( 
aSnini  nb»nt  him,  bo  bold  tb*  noiwlna  tenor  i>f  hia 
way.  Hit  KMitlB  Ufa  ]ia*  paaatHl.  Uv  will  bo  affec- 
tloiialely  reiii«iiub«r»il  liy  many.  B.  E.  J.  8. 

I',  e.  KM.  tniuL,  April  l«. 


Tbe  baroinctCT  diirinE  thunder-storm*. 

A  Knddon  incnwwd  haigbt  of  the  haromctric  eol- 
nma  laatind  n  «bort  lliua,  wlilrli  atnxnt  Invariably 
QOottrauilli  Umudef-atonna.  Lim  rci'eutly  ullraoteil 
canudcrabie  attention.  Ocrmim  writers  eUiiu  that 
noticaa  of  Iha  pb«uamaK>n  con  bo  tnecil  back  to 
YarioiM  obaanera  In  that  eonnlry  for  uiatr  than  on<- 
bttndrod  yean.  Or.  Hrlluiau  fiudn  h  uuticu  of  it  iu 
Um  work  ot  Borr  J.  J.  Planer  iu  Iht  loul  century, 
and  Di.  Forrarl  Bnda  a  nolle*  ■>(  it  in  thn  writiuga  ot 
Toaldo  of  Italy  iulTM. 

Hr.  M.  J.  Johuaou  apuke  ot  it  in  a  \m\wi  nv't  \tv- 
fora  the  Britiab  aaaocjation  for  the  ailiatiroiiieut  of 
•daneo  In  IS&S.  tUnce  tho  ■Diuovbal  i,-eueral  iutiu- 
dnetlon  of  bamj{ruplui,  it  liaa  boon  ao  frvquoutly  ami 
ao  widely  noted,  tlint  t  Ihluk  It  In  now  aneAptod  a*  a 
ebaraeteriatic  phaunaenan  of  tbuiirler-aliirnii'. 

Dr.  Cirm  Porrari,  howow.  olaitun  that  the  lillle 
ridga  of  Inoraaaed  proainro  attending  the  thnnder- 
•Unn  ia  only  a  part  of  tli«  phanoiaMioii.  In  front  of 
ibiM  fidgo  ho  olaiuiM  tbal  tben  la  a  aitiall  Iroiiith  or 
ama  of  dinuuiahod  preaauru.  nnd  the  nioal  lioleut 
part  ot  tho  tbuudor-atonu  (oltii  botwccn  lh«  two- 
There  ar«,  li«iiii>i«r,  a  uiiinbet  ot  wtxtl-autlwinlicat' 
ed  coom  in  wliii'h  (he  linroiiieter  Hbiiw«<l  uo  Imllca. 
tioDa  of  a  diniiuialied  pressure  prouediuf;  the  pasaage 
of  Uia  atonn,  hat  showed  on  iuotoaseJ  prenaare  dnr. 
lug  it*  paatagfi.  (>iK'  ot  tlio  luiuit  tuarkol  cosea  ia 
giien  in  the  Amrritnn  nirlrvroliiipvnl  Jallntal  (toI.  U 
p.  1.%C).  vhere  it  ia  sbowu  that  daring  tbe  pawy  of 
a  Uinndor-atomi  the  barugiaph  at  Aim  Arhor.  mch., 
mae  ,13  »f  »u  inch:  hnt  for  ton  bouri  preecding. 


and  for  twelve  Uuara  fulluwing,  the  atomi,  th«  M- 
oorded  prcasntc  did  not  vary  pereoptikly  from  38.H 
lachni. 

No  marked  Ibiiiidar.atorio  haa  |MU*ail  over  Mtie 
Hill  eince  the  Klarting  u(  (he  barograpb  at  Ui«  ob- 
aoTi»tory.  without  giiing  indieotiona  ot  au  iuct««Md 
prownre  daring  tho  storm  ;  but  only  a  few  have 
glvoD  Indication!)  ot  a  iliiiiiciHljed  jiinonre  preeeding 
(be  atorui,  exeepf  Uie  alow,  ateady  fall  of  prManro  in 
agonera)  atoriu.  or  broad  aecondory,  within  uiilt'h 
the  thnndor-atorni  occurred.  Tbcrs  have,  however, 
b«m  a  few  marked  roana  of  a  docldfd  diiiiinution  ot 
prcMiir«  al(endiiig  cvttaiii  Htornia.  Ho  far  as  (be 
records  nhow.  at!  of  tbeae  stortun  were  attended  by 
Tory  high  winds.  In  a  tow  of  the  caa#«  lh« 
idiarp  doprfaiom  ot  tha  horoiuotcr  lasted  fldeen  or 
twenty  ulnntoa,  aud  waa  followed  hy  a  rise  laating 
■lightly  lonoer.  One  of  the  most  uiarked  <aa<«  oc- 
currod  on  July  SI ,  IBtHt,  and  the  dc^tosaioin  laau-d  only 
a  tnw  uiinntos.  A  copy  of  Ih«  barogmjib  traoe  dur- 
ing this  storm  Ib  given  iu  the  following  dlagrMn. 


».l  ^= 


WA 


»  B  «  ?»."■ 

Tliia tbiiuiUr utorm.  nhicb  waa  cfaalwlMiaad 
very  vivid  lightning,  laalcd  from  ibont  E  10  .  ._  ^ 
P.M.  It  was  attended  by  a  nioBt  violent  anuallL 
laxting  f nnii  l>.l'i  toS.lTr.H..  during  which  alorga 
dag.konu«l  waa  lak«u  up  and  nuiaiihed  to  plocca, 
laingaiigea  wore  overtvrned.  and  other  daiiiogo 
diiiie.  UuringUiisaiiuall  lh«  barograph  pcooU  fell 
abou(  .  II)  of  lui  Inch,  giving  the  (rave  a«  amn  on  Iba 
diagmui.  OverluokiUK  t^>*  "iildeu  tall.  It  la  mmt 
that  there  wo«  a  genlle  upvord  swell  ot  the  t«ru> 
graph  cnrvn.  lasting  thirty  or  fi'r(y  niinntM.  during 
the  paMAg*  of  tba  tbuuder-ititnn. 

1  am  led  to  infer  that  tho  aaddeti  tall  ot  pr«««iiro 
waa  duo  to  tbo  dynauilv  elf4>c<t  of  the  wind  iu  ■tnekiug 
the  olr  out  ot  tho  building,  while  Iho  rise  in  preMiir* 
WB«  dUf  (u  idhiir  cauaco.  It  bos  lieen  fnnnd  that  a 
greatly  ini'ieaseil  wlml-vnlocity  OBuall)- preoodoa  iw 
oceoniijonies  tho  imuindiatv  boKluiiiug  of  a  tbuBd«r- 
Ktonii  i  and  it  ii  nggealed  that  tlx'  ilimlnislMd  prMa- 
lire  whieh  lioa  baau  fouitdby  Or.  FetiAri  Id  tiDBt  <^ 
thunderxtortna  is  dns  le  tho  dvuoniio  artion  o*  (ha 
wind  on  the  baruuieter orltaonvltoumoat-ooniethlog 
like  Iho  ac()on  of  a  Spremgel  idt-puup. 

There  yet  ramalna,  however,  (o  he  aiplainod,  the 
riao  in  praMnre  during  (handcr-atonua.  There  are 
a  nnmlior  ot  reaaona  tor  bvlieviug  this  not  dut  t<i  a 
lowar  t<inii>cra(ure  or  falling  iwln,  Profown  Wil- 
liam Kerrol,  in  eonvotaulion,  HuggesteU  that  this 
also  uuH  »  dyuu'iili:  etfeot  of  the  wind,  aud  «aa  duo 
to  a  roat-'Uouat;'  i Hecit  of  lb*  auddon  cxjuuuriou  of  th« 
air  aacaniling  )n  tb  under- storuiH,  Hi>iii(^(hlng  like  Ih* 
reeoil  which  takes  place  truiu  tho  audilen  eipansion 
of  ignited  jiowdcr.  Tli'-to  ar>'  undirableilly  very  rajrtd 
moving  uurreuta  of  air  iu  lliuiiderHlonns,  and  i1  niaj 
well  bo  that  their  sud>li-u  cipouBion  or  eolllilou  pro. 
duo<«  the  effei^t  In  <|ne*lioi]. 


APRn.  «,  IWt.J 


303 


Aevotding  to  Ibo  tirv  liwo  pr»iiDt«(l.  tli«  folk>w. 
iii£  am  •oiua  of  tbn  lu'lluni)  «uil  rrnctliMui  taking 
filann  lu  Ibniiiln-Htorin* :  — 

1".  Tlicco  exintji  nbnvo  Ihr  enrlh'*  •nrtMW  MrunK 
omrrntBoi  klTnmviug  iQicnrilloviirit  the  cwnttiil  line 
or  (tranor  III*  (hiiuiU'r-Blonn.  ThUii  nltcirtoil  bj-bal- 
a  "lite  mil  it'll*  kikI  liy  oliMrrallou*  of  cloadii. 
°.  Tlipre  luinM  froin  tb»  midilcii  «ip*u«{on  of  air 
:  tbc  totin  <if  thniiilcr-Momui  twom  brtuMk 
I  whifli  proiliicfK  u  cnmpNMdan  of  the  ait 
nMi  Um  «kTtb'«  iiiitr<i''i'.  nii<l  >  rlMi  of  th«  buomoter. 

3".  TbiM  uonipreHHiou  imi<ihi«  tbfi  «lr  nraj  tlio 
eBrtb'<  lUTtaiw  to  tend  oatwnril  iii  nil  direptiii&R 
from  the  ecotra  i>f  a  tiinnilor-itonii :  but  Ibc  untlluw 
In  moving  (Mrmn  in  only  Mi,  or  attaiTu  ita  gtcatoM 
•lr«ngUt.  cni  tba  fraut  of  Ibe  atorni,  vbiira  llin  dlrac- 
tlan  of  Um  onlfioir  ia  combined  with  tli«  pi^gnmir* 
motloti  of  tbe  atonn.  In  tomiuIiMB  the  rortei  luiiitl. 
ly  ri>ticLea  to  tli'  Portlk'B  nurface,  alui  tliMrc  )■  no 
plaoe  for  »  vertical  T<>actii>ii :  but  whom  the  rortox 

the  HUnc  cTidcDcc  of  n  Btraigbt  outbluwin|{  wind 
iiiovln|[  in  the  dirnctioDof  the  lomado.  na  there  in  in 
a  lliiiiiilvr.atoriii. 

4°.  Tliia  rapidly ontt1i>vlu([0iUT«ut,b;  itadynanile 
action  ou  the  biminieter  Ot  lU  ODvlronnM'Dt,  lt«- 
qneoil;  or  goQomliy  caniM  a  depraaaion  of  the 
bnromotor  in  tbe  front  of  thaDderslomia.  where  the 
uiilflnw  !a  moat  rioleiit-  H.  Hbi.ii  Ci.ittoh. 

niii>  irlll  meteor.  otlMT*.,  A [irtl  ID. 


Sn«lce  and  snake-tllce  mounds  in  Minnesota. 

From  time  iuinieuiurial  a  oertaiu  mythical  or  super- 
ntltiimi  interciit  boa  atlaebcd  ituK  to  the  neriiout  — 
the  wiai-et  •>(  tbn  WiMla  <)t  th«  fl>*ld  —  amount  moat 
natioaa.  whutlier  oitilimd  or  bnibarou*.  and  hia  pic- 
tarcl  or  teulptated  deliooulloiu  buTc  bc«D  tbc  ocea- 
aloD  (or  mncb  writing  on  tba  part  of  antiqaariana. 
Id  Kortb  Aiii»rl<-'a  tba  crmtnra  uan  bMS  dvplolml  l>y 
the  au<^ieiit  inhAbilAUls  in  rariona  wBya;  aa.  for  in- 
ntanee,  by  curiiiga  on  rooka.  by  outline  orrango- 
nitnla  of  atoDoa  or  bowlderi  placisl  on  the  KTonnd, 
and.  mora  aparlngly,  by  luouniln  of  iiartb.  Tbe  lat- 
tor  liuli>ti)c  In  tb*  cIm"  of  •<nrtb-itorhH  known  aa 
*  offlgiea.'  of  wblch  Ibr  'Uratt  Serpvnt'  uf  Adana 
«OiU)ty,  O.,  Manila  uu  uue<]tialloil  repioaolitative.  In- 
daeil,  with  tb«  cx<»ptioa  of  tbia  nno.  no  niouiiila  inp. 
TMMittng  anakia  bavn  hillifrlo  bMo  ilrUunatvil  and 
publiihad,  aacRjit  onu  -t  two  tomewhat  dubtoua 
■pooimena  in  Wiioonain. 

In  th*  conn*  of  m;  tauwyt  in  Miuncaota.  I  baTO 
mat  *tth  at  Icut  two  aiiob  afflity-iDOniKia,  wbieb, 
with  aoma  olliara  lookiii((  aiiatJeionsly  Uko  ladpoI«a, 
I  baT«  dnwn  In  plwi  for  the  engrarer.  They  are 
Mimbertd  and  deacrit-rd  an  follow*  .  — 

No.  I  i*  litualed  oa  the  w»*l  aide  of  t^t.  C'roU 
Lak«>,  on  th«  town-ait«  of  Aftnn.  Waahington  oonniy. 
Tb«  land  hcte  alopM  louurd  tli«  lake,  and  the  BatUe- 
aiinka  Uaa  jnat  abtrte  high-water  luark,  Tbe  head  ia 
m  fact  high,  m  foot  loiig.  and  66  fort  wid«  at  tlia 
bK»d«M  pollll  1  wblrh  i*  also  Ibc  bighent,  train  wbi«h 
It  gradually  daMenilu  to  llix  iHidy.  Where  Ihe  head 
JDWia  Uie  body  the  embuukmfut  in  '23  feet  wid«  oud 
tumrly  ij  fact  liigh.  The  body  ia  but  ■lightly 
cBrvod.  In  Ibo  next  100  fact  tbn  wiflth  lDcr«a«tR  lo 
S$  fMt.  bnt  the  btlobt  dn>]»  lo  i  f««rt.  Ftuni  thia 
point  it  gradoally  (limluiabM  to  16  fttet  in  width  and 
1  foot  in  height.  Connected  with  the  ettretaily  or 
tail,  thorp  ore  three  amall  mounda  whoic  baana  inter- 


lock.  IbuM  fomiiug  tbe  ralttea.    Tbe   Uat  of  thoaa 
DMMinda  ia  30  fcot  long  and  Itt  foot  wide,  oud  the  two 
botwDon  it  and  the  tnii  ar<>  ta^h  1H  f««t  In  iHaioatwr.  1 
and  all  thr*a  are  of  tha  aauie  beicht  a«  th«  end  orl 
Ihn  tail      Tbc  total  length  of  Ihiii  effigy  is  5S1  FmI. 
On  Jnue  35,  1883.  whon  tbia  antvoj  wo*  made,  in  ad- 
dition to  tbe  aiinko,  thorn  wora  four  round  nionndA 
and  OQO  ^^iibankiiii'iil  in  Ihe  group.     Fotnwrly  th«r«  | 
wvrv  other  iiiouuiIh.  but  tbey  bad  been  <leiuoliHb«d. 

Ko.  'J  in  on  the  oniit  aide  of  BpHug  Crcok,  aoiae 
three  niilea  woatwaid  from  Hoil  Wing.  It  baa  apor- 
coptlblo  hnad,  which  la  n  teat  wliU  and  1  fool  high : 
th*  »eoh  la  nearly  'feet  wid«andll)inchc8inbeigbt. 
Froin  tbn  latter  point  the  1>ody  gndttally  inorcaaea 
ita  width  until  tho  middle  la  rfacbed,  where  it  U  I't 
f<«t  wide  aud  '1  fMt  high  :  lbeB(«  It  iloctvaiiea  lo  the 


Alf/ 


r 


■m 


ht. 


-ft 


f^it  •-  .(MI'M 


end  of  th*  toil,  wbieh  ia  8  feet  wide  uul  I  foot  Ugb. 
Ita  total  loDgtb  following  the  cnrT»a  U 130  feel.  Tbe 
mouDd  which  dot«tii  tlM>  body  near  tho  head  ia  &S 
feel  in  length,  36  fuM  wide,  and  fi  fret  in  helghL 
Prom  general  appeanwoaa  it  would  aootn  that  It  waa 
bnitt  attar  tho  anake  ma  oonatmclwl :  (or  th*  alone 
of  th*  mound  where  It  strike*  Ihe  body  iMt  Uie  anaM 
Is  *oni«what  imgnJar,  and  indinrtn  that  ita  bnilden 
wore  at  u  Iobb  lo  kuow  how  to  Join  them  ^mmatri- 
callv.  Tboae  irregoloritieB  arn  not  oanaed  by  lb*  dirt 
waabtng  down  from  Hi*  to]iot  tbe  munnd.  for  other- 
wtae  it  in  perfectly  ajiniuvtrical  aud  Ibo  buc  well 
disflued. 

No.  3  ia  in  auolher  group  of  moiinda  at>out  'iliO 
yarda  down  tho  Muue  creok  from  tbe  prveedliig  one. 
The  hf*t\  la  circular  in  fonii.  b^ing  10  fevt  in  diame. 
t«r  and  3(  feel  high.     The  body  at  the  junetioa  with 


394 


SClE2fCK. 


(Vol.,  UC.,  No,  SSO 


t\\«  boa<l  U  aO  font  wldv  utd  1^  <Mt  Ugb.  but  gnid> 
lull]'  (l^cTOMW  Ui  k  point  '.>T  fMt  dtaluit,  vb«r«  it  fa 
but  H  tutA  mietaA  I  loot  high.  'Fhc&iMi  to  the  «iid 
ot  Iho  loil  it  KlMM  tbo  latter  wjdtli  lui^l  lirlslit.  lU 
toUl  k'lif^tli.  rolloiriiig  lh«  cvrvoH,  i*  %ya  tovt 

No.  i  i>>  ill  tlw'  «anw  gro^.  uid  lies  sonlti.'Heirt  of 
tbo  tail  ofSo.S.SiiMt.  Tliehciid  udrouUr,  bt^g 
3<1  fod  in  <liBmrt«r  nul  4  leot  hlgli.  The  bod;  at 
lh«  jnIl■^tlntl  ultli  Ibn  liMd  la  16  f«Ot  wlda  nud  I) 
foet  liiKb.  From  tlila  p^nt  it  Kra^'inllv  il»or«a«Mia 
wicltli  to  the  «bd  ot  tbeluil.  wiiich  iii')3  teet  wide 
aoJ  I  (not  litgb.  Tlin  cilrcmi-  ](Mi>{tb  ot  tbU  offlgj 
in  30(1  (Mit.  XliP  hiniU  »t  Nob,  :I  aiiil  4  Br<>  uwBf 
(tou  tb«  cr««k.  Ill  iKlditinu  tu  Nuh.  3  uiil  4,  thero 
AM  Dine  aiiatl  luiind  motiDdt  in  tbc  group. 

No.  5  ifl  ID  thomino  group  nitb  Ko.  3.  uid  ila 
Iwad  la  4(1  f«ot  aonlh-Runt  fiom  liui  1i<>h<!  of  tbn  Intttf, 
and  ToaiM  oil  tlio  eA^a  of  tliu  flalraii.    Tlit  Linul  U 


r 


?^ 


•i*r 


■t* 


oS 


AffJ 


CA. 


/»» 


ftj 


30  fevt  In  dUmelvr  uid  4  foot  bigli.  Tbo  bod>  at 
tha  {nnotion  with  lb«  tii<«<l  ifl  20  Uvt  wiile  imil  1  foot 
blgli,  and  ilii'ii  uol  vor;  uclil  wilbiu  3ti  rwt  o(  tbe 
•Ddof  tlic  Uiil.  I'lom  tbuwidtbitgrnttDoJly  dlmui- 
Uhaa  to  6  feel.  Ita  total  laofrtb,  following  tha 
euTTM,  la  lOG  feel. 

No.  ft  ia  bIom  to  No.  G,  ita  bead  bt^ng  only  10  foot 
fram  tha  Mid  of  tha  (ail  of  tbc  latter.  Tbe  hoad 
dWani  from  tlie  otbara  Lii  boiuK  oblong,  and  la  40 
fMl  louB,  90  feet  wid«,  au>l  3  fci  high.  About  an«- 
thiid  ot  the  way  from  th-r  bead  the  body  forfcl, 
fovnins  two  talla  of  nnoctnnl  tmgth.  Near  tha  head 
Ids  body  ■■  16  faet  wld*  and  1)  Irrl  bigb,  and  at  tha 
end  of  tach  of  tho  twit  1^  fewt  wkil*  and  I  foot  hlgli. 
ItaETMlMl  length,  from  tbe  pitrumlty  of  tbe  head 
to  iSe  Up  of  the  lonKMt  tail,  la  tOS  feet. 

no  heada  of  Noa.  2,  C,  and  0  am  toward*  tho 
orMk,  and.  ia  addition  lo  tb«jn,  there  are  atxteen 
inounda  and  tmlMuiknuaita.  Both  of  theee  Spting 
Crcuk  gToapa  are  on  a  plat(«u  aome  WfeotaboTotha 
watnr.  and  litre  <'i]*ar«il  witli  bmab  and  yanng  tim- 
ber wbfin  tbe  lariey  hah  miuin  i^Sopt.  G,  186SJ,  but 
Noa.  3  and  4  are  now  caltivalod. 


Ko.  T  la  iiPBT  tli4i  oniitb  rii<l  vl  Lake  EoniniH.  weat 
of  the  outli^t.  in  M«i.-lii!r  coaul}*,  Altbotigh  thia 
mimnd  in  nurpruliiii.'  iii  (onu.  and  apjiarcntly  baa  an 
open  iDciutli.  it  is  brtril  lo  iliiUiruiiun  cuLactl}'  wbat  it 
la  Intt^uilnil  to  rejirMAul.  Tbe  bead  at  itn  ¥rid««l 
{■oint  It  3(1  feet  bmail  mid  8}  feel  high,  "nia  body 
lariea  rroiu  30  feet  iu  width  at  ila  jnuotiim  with  tlio 
bcwl.  lo  31  (««t  near  tbo  middle  and  IS  fevt  ikat  the 
ftud  ot  tha   tall,   and   la  3   feet  high.     Ita  gmteal 

r 


-lb 


)»•■ 


Ttit   o-  :o  ■****■« 


Art- 


iHgDl,  fbllowiug  tbe  ourro,  ii  IGTfeet.    Ini 
to  Uils  Mumpr  Hiinkc.   tbore  arc   thlity-hro 
nwimda  and  embntikiuouta  iu  tbe  grotip. 
oppoalte,   on   till'   (■iihI   side   of  Uie  outlel,  tliere 
anotbar  email  gruiip  of  raounila,  the  largcetot  wUdb' 
ia  nearly  circnlur  in  torui.  and  i*  IU  font  bigb.  Tbaaa 
groDpa  wcr*i  oiirieyed  Not.  8.  1880. 

llie  r«Hikr  fund  of  campariaon  oiut.  if  be  pleaaCj 
ooutniMl  tbeec  Minnnoota  «0T|)enta  with  the  Qrtm 
Serpent  of  Ohio,  by  oinhing  nM  ot  the  foUowUig  dU ' 


t 


my 


-» 


((•- 


ftlf  «■  :0W 

luetwionH  of  the  latter,  aa  meaanred  Feb.  IS,  IBM) 
total  length  from  tipa  of  jawt  (it  etoaed),  (ollowfiiB^ 
the  win^oga  of  (be  body,  lo  the  end  of  tbo  c(iiito> 
Inted  tall,  la  \.tm  feot;  loDgtb  of  head,  about  190. 
twt;  uiiltli  ol  b(«-l,  W  feet.    The  body  and 
vary  in  width  froiu  about  30  feet  at  tbe  neoh,  lo  %\ 
foet  at  tbo  tip  of  the  tail ,  and  in  proacnt  heivht  fiom 
3}  feet  lo  I  toot.  T.  H.  Lma. 

8bl>aul,  Mlna..  Ai'dia, 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


KRIOAY.  APRIL  39.  1887. 


CO-OPERATION  ON  THE  CONTISENT  OF 

EUROPE. 
I.  —  Praxce. 

About  a  J«nr  ajto  the  Brltliih  minister  for  for- 
eign aflaim  a<l(lr4«e<H]  a  oirciilar  to  lier  Uajeittjr's 
npRMDtativw  ul  Vfisi.*,  Btrlfu.  Vieunu.  Buniv, 
Pn— rlit.  TbL>  Htiguc.  and  StiK-'hlioUn.  indji-iiiJng 
certain  infflrniatioi)  on  to  CD-itjimitiim  in  thtino 
fiountriGM  wbit-h  thi?  Ko^i'i'Dmnnt  dciiirrd  toohtnin. 
The  official  rcpliM  to  the  circular  contain  a  great 
man  of  Informntton  aa  to  oo-apeiatii>n.  much  uf 
It  dltBcDlt  to  be  obtained  by  uny  one  sai'O  u  gov- 
eninirat  otHda].  Much  of  tbc  vnlue  of  the  re[innii 
ia  ciiiK.'ealcil  beoiiiic  uf  tbi-ir  n<il  tiATinf;  bfw 
odilv<l  or  coin|>iled  in  any  way.  Each  iiiTcuti- 
liatnr  [ibtnincd  >iui;h  tada  iw  lie  cotild.  and  stated 
them  in  Uie  wny  most  convenient  to  himself.  We 
ahall  cnll  allention  to  such  faeta  in  tlie  ivporU  as 
aie  of  ratue  ia  eonoedivn  with  lh«  Rniural  alteD- 
tioii  DOW  being  k'*^  tu  <!o-i>iit>ruti'>n  in  this  roDR> 
try. 

The  princiiwl  qumtions  to  which  replim  were 
dc»ired  were  Iheae  :  — 

I.  Towliat  extent  have  Indubtriul  eo-aperativc 
frtores  been  mtablittiitNl  aniongthp  working-cliUB<«, 
and  upon  whut  bHsia? 

S.  (a)  Hovf  far  hare  («-o|«'mlive  u-nrkuhops 
bent  tstablUlicil  Hilicr  by  naaoctaiiuna  at 
workman  or  by  arr)ing«meni«  between 
employeninnd  employed? 

(b)  Have  they  been  eucceMful  ooiuujerolally, 
and  bow  tar  do  they  prevent  strike*  and 
other  dixputee? 

(c)  Upon  wbiil  tirroia  are  profit*  umially  di- 
vided in  BUfh  wurkKliDpv? 

3.  Are  th^re  any  succrmfiil  co-operative  or 
pcopUr'ii  bnnkii,  and  what  U  their  mode  of  oper- 
ation ^ 

^  Are  there  any  Instanceaof  eo-operalivc  noci- 
ddi  provide  sociat,  wlueuliunal,  and  nt-nv 
lltin  for  the  working-[ie«i)lt!  on  a  nclf- 
mipporting  basin? 

a.  An-  thwv  any  co-operative  sodetiea  for  pro- 
viding improved  dwellings  for  artlmn^  and  Iat«r- 
Init  people?  What  aynlem  do  tliey  adopt,  and 
with  what  sitcceea? 

B.  Is  agriculture  earried  on  b?  meana  of  oo- 
opetatiou  wilb  any  eueceae  't 


1.  Give  dclnilti  of  any  cooperative  anaiiK^ 
uMnls  for  carrying  on  ahippiug.  llahlng.  and  in* 
dtistriea  other  tlian  thoae  already  mentioned. 

From  FMDce  corner  the  answer  thut  nave  at 
Lyons,  the  ivHtem  of  «M)peration  for  diminiabtDg 
(he  oost  of  articU«  of  daily  use  is  rarely  met  with. 
Owing  to  the  nomad  habilaof  tlie  working  popula- 
tion of  Paris,  it  i*  pnrtieubirly  neitileeted  in  that 
eity.  At  Mulhnusen  in  I)*K  the  Snd  iuxtanoe  ol  a 
Frrnch  cITort  in  tiiiB  diroction  i»  found,  in  the 
e«lal)ti.'<hiui-nt  at  u  eo-o[)erative  bteiul-Bton-  which 
mnnnged  t*(  nmlixe  a  iiroHt.  while  rmpplying  ila 
momhem  wiih  lin-ad  at  a  rednction  from  the 
ordinnrj-  relail  prioi-.  In  IW»  this  amociatian 
numbered  fifteen  hundred  members.  The  early 
attempts  at  eoKiperation  were  made  at  the  In- 
■tance  of  the  employers,  and  not  at  tliat  of  the 
workmen.  Lyons  has  been  the  «o»t  of  numevoiia 
co-opemliTe  ent«Tprl»ea.  meet  of  whioh  were 
Htarir^l  hy  n-orkniin).  The  co-operative  store*  In 
France  are  Hilur  for  bread  or  meat  alone,  or  for 
jnocerlee.  combined  Bomeilmea  with  clothea, 
drapery,  and  object*  of  houaehokl  uae.  The  bread- 
atom  have  the  most  guecMH.  The  AngoulAme 
store snld  in  18T4— eight  years  nfler  iln  fuundn- 
tlnn  —  five  Iiimdml  tliouaand  kilo*  of  brcjid  at 
about  five  centimes  a  kilo  below  the  price  a»ked 
by  private  bakers. 

Hie  la«t  general  statistica  of  oo-operative  supply 
a^aocintfoiiB  are  thoae  of  1^60,  when  there  were  in 
Fran™  and  Algeria  lonetht-r  about  a  hundred  awl 
twi'iity  (-o-opiTalive  bakeries.  Since  then  many 
otlien  hnv«  been  fonned,  hut  though  {ncreasing, 
cu-Dpcmiivo  aupply  haa  lakeo  no  great  bold  in 
Frnnce. 

Co-operative  worlwhopa,  however,  have  been 
in  exlstenc-e  eince  J.  Bnchez  began  an  agitation  in 
tbeir  favor,  ua  long  ago  as  IKtO.  The  main  reMilt 
of  Buf^hi-z's  tMiching  waa  a  jeoellera'  asaociation. 
The  syntem  of  this  co-operattve  society  waa  to 
put  hy  n  seventh  of  tlie  profits  for  the  Inalienable 
oaintnl  or  foundutitm  fund,  and  to  divide  the  re- 
mainder amougKt  the  iiiembera  :  one  half  of  Ihia 
remainder  n-n*  paid  over  at  once;  llie  other  half, 
lelt  in  Ihi"  busiiicw  till  the  member's  deatti  or  re- 
tlrenient,  when  it  was  lu  be  returned.  The  work- 
Ing-tuemlH'rs  were  paid  ntfclily  iiu  amuunt  oorr«- 
spondiag  to  the  usual  wages  paid  (or  the  work 
they  may  have  done,  and  the  rules  of  the  aaaocio- 
tion  laid  down  that  there  should  be  six  wotklng- 
daya  a  week,  of  eleven  bourd  each,  and  that  who- 
ever »t»piH.il  work  for  tluee  days  tvithout  the  per- 


I 


J 


396 


SCTEJVCE. 


fToL  nc,  Ho. 


miwJon  of  one  of  tlie  two  luaiiaKets  (who  w«r« 
cboHen  bjr  election)  ftliould  be  Bned.  mid  IT  the 
oflvDce  urere  rv|]C9tiKl  during  th«  jvar.  the  Sue 
wait  doubl«J. 

lirforr  the  tvvotution  of  ISU  llin  Frrncli  fcorraii' 
nent  wb*  v«Ty  jralous  of  innoviitiiuis  not  eina- 
BatlnR  from  it*«lt  or  ml)ii)itt«d  f'lr  iu  &)ii>roval ; 
but  after  ISM  the  ritcht  of  workmen  to  aasociata 
>o  an  to  eujoy  Ibe  )>n>lltti  of  Ihi-ir  work  wuh  recog- 
Bined.  and  cooptmtiini  bM'anii^  piipuUiT.  ()n  Julj 
B,  ISt8,  the  cIiaidImt  paMed  a  docffw  vrbich  pro- 
vidpd,  that,  is  ord^tr  to  nuMurage  Ih?  spirit  of  ct>- 
operation,  a  fund  of  thrc«  mjllfon  francs  ilioiilil 
be  pliKH-d  nl  th?  dinpona)  of  the  niiniBler  of  ajirt- 
cnltoiv  and  commerce,  to  lie  divldol  among  co- 
<9emtiv'e  agBotlalions 8|>oiituiieuuBl>*  furmedeither 
between  workmea,  or  n)atiU.-ia  and  workmen. 
Shortly  afi«Tward«  a  w>mmit(t«  of  nixtren  met  to 
diiitribute  tiiia  stutv  aid.  tlvi-  hundml  n-quiiitA 
for  lounii  friim  llii*  fund  wrrr  iprcirrd  in  a  Hinglr 
jrnr,  and  ninny  aJiMicintion*  cnnie  into  psislencp 
toWy  for  tlip  j>uri«iiw  of  nhtainliiK  a  »liare  of  the 
flubsld}'.  Ak  n  mailer  of  fac-l,  the  major  part  of 
the  loan  was  fciveu  lo  einplo^era  in  want  of  tem- 
porary BBsiatance,  who  failed  lo  romiily  wiib  (h« 
prorisfona  of  the  atututee  as  to  their  rvlotlonii 
with  their  workmen.  Tlie  results  of  this  goTcm-' 
ment  uid  are  luid  to  have  berii  good,  and  Komc- 
BBVinK  WB»  effrrtefl  liy  eniplortnc  these  aMocla- 
tlona  in«toad  of  c^intraclors  on  t>ulilioi  wurkii. 

The  roup  d'itat  of  18G1  we  a  Hiiock  loco- 
operation  in  FmnLV,  and  the  aawMriutionH  dia- 
solved,  fearinjc  puuieliuient  aa  MK.-iulii'tB. 

Whilst  the  uioveiueiit  was  thus  gentratly  nr- 
reeled  l>y  ilie  workmen'M  dread  <if  tin-  guvemmcnl, 
a  few  new  L-o-operative  asWM-intion*  were  qtiictly 
(tnrliHi.  Thw  Brut  «f  which  there  is  any  notice 
wan  one  of  dyem,  at  VlllefTsnche.  in  IfUjfl ;  in 
I0M  theni  were  formed  co-op«iallao»  ut  utilore 
at  Toiilwwe,  of  mrpentere  in  Paiis,  and  of  dyera  at 
Tarare  ;  In  iSDtt.  of  liouae- painters  in  Paria  :  and 
in  IHfl*)  and  1808  eo-nperalire  worknhoiis  were 
started  al  ManeiUeii  and  MontpcOlirr. 

In  1^B4  tile  eoiprriir  shnwad  that  he  had  no  op- 
position to  ci)-op.nition  by  prot«ctIn«;  tbo  Hwt 
branch  of  the  rnminui  SociMA  iDlematlutiale.  In 
1665  he  went  a  step  further,  and  caused  V>  he 
drawn  a  prc^  de  loi  creating  a  new  fami  of  a»- 
•octetion  (or  workmen's  oo-operatlve  »«cicti«*. 
This  effort  wa«  not  wboUy  aaoceoful,  and  an  in- 
quiry into  tlie  whole  worlcing  of  (K)-operatlon  waa 
insliluted.  The  erldence  was  of  much  Inlereet, 
and  ti^nded  tu  FHiahlitli  ihr  fact  that  the  labor  of 
on  aBBUoiuted  wurkinan  is  Itctter  tlion  tbal  of  tho 
unaMKKialM].  In  1669.  when  oo-opcnUron  wn* 
graninti  in  favor,  the  fatiure  of  tho  CrAdit  an  tni- 
vail — a  society  eitabllabcd  to  girc  credit  to  co- 


operation by  dlticounting  Oie  imper  of  tlie  oAoda- 
lionf',  and  l>y  opening  a  credit  with  thrm  on 
suilnble  Deeurlty  —  put  a  sudden  stop  to  nil  co- 
operative progrew.  Tlie  CtiMit  «u  travail  failed, 
not  bocmtuH;  of  lowm,  but  Itecatue  tlit  capital  of 
the  linnk  won  locked  tip  and  iiimriulable.  Neilher 
[lie  fr'raneo-Gcrman  wnr  ncir  the  Comniiine  w-em 
lo  liare  affecled  the  co-opcralirc  MicirticK.  The 
period  between  1810  and  1880  wa»  largely  dovotMl 
l»  tAlk  >iid  the  elaboralian  of  impraoticaUo 
Nchcmn,  and  it  »as  not  until  the  strikes  of  Iffl* 
and  1>*W  that  geneml  nttentiuii  waa  again  turned 
to  co-operation.  A  crungrcn  of  workmen,  meet- 
ing at  Parisiit  ll4l4l,advocal«dco-(>|iRroli<in  iJiraugb 
(he  trades  indicates,  and  a  niimhcr  of  Mix'lellm 
wore  formed  in  this  way.  In  1883  M.  Waldwk- 
RoURSenu,  mtnidter  of  the  interior,  appoint«d  a 
Gommlimon  to  inventigwle  cu-opentiou.  and  the 
rosnits  of  tlic  inqniry  All  two  large  volumes.  The 
evidence  given  bc^forp  tlic  comroiiaiion  by  the 
uiunu^er^  of  tliirty-foiir  Parb  wmiM-ralive  wocli- 
^ll^>p^  was  very  detailed  and  in  many  n»pccl« 
voluahls.  The  three  prlncipsl  nnmen  in  connec- 
tion witli  ca-oi>erBlive  productlsn  In  France  ftt« 
tl>oiic  of  M,  Leclaire.  the  painter;  M.  Lorocbe 
Joiilxirt,  tlie  Angfiul^me  paper-tnoDufociufer  :  and 
M.  Oodin.  the  founder  of  the  F^milieiM^.  What 
the  ateocinttoiiH  nrganlzeil  by  Ibveu  men  have  mo- 
conipli»lied  in  well  known. 

The  di-laiin  regarding co-"peraiiiec*vdii  inntitu* 
tiona  in  I'rnnce  prmrnt  llllle  tlinl  is  new,  and 
building  aMHirlatiiiOB  are  very  rarvly  fduud.  In- 
deed, no  iiwtnncG  of  wurknieu  alone  combining 
for  this  object  is  known.  Onen.-(rrvncet«eduai- 
tlon  in  the  «uitiile)i  of  a  co-operative  BMOciation 
of  tin-worken  la  worih  noti'-ing.  It  rMda  thus  ! 
"  As  immtiralily  pnnceeds  from  want  o(  instnic- 
tion,  tvtry  memtier  who  liam  cliildran  Is  bound  lo 
give  them  instruction  according  lo  his  means,  un- 
der pain  of  cxcliisiiMi  from  the  tociety  after  two 
warnings  given  nt  inlervntu  of  three  niontlu^'* 

Co-operative  sgricultural  aiKocintionsdonol  ex- 
ist ill  France,  and  have  ppivod  a  faihiriB  in  Al- 
geria. On  tile  Mediterranean  ason  t lie  Newfound- 
land conais,  it  is  usual  for  the  tl^iiierLiien  lo  »hare 
the  pronts  with  the  owners  and  inHHters  uf  their 
crafts.  Tlie  nsual  plan  of  divinlon  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  MarsellteF  i«  Ibat  half  the  tnke  beloiiini  to 
Ilie  owner  of  the  boot  and  gear,  the  otlier  half  lo 
Uie  captain  and  crew  pro  rata.  The  i>yit«nn  of 
ginng  the  hunda  regular  wages  instead  of  a  iiharv 
in  the  profits  is  now  on  the  increase. 


4 


Dr.  Ghriit  of  Brooklyn  reports  the  prasoning 
of  thirly-two  Inys  ut  an  orphsn-aiylnin  In  that 
city  from  cht^wing  the  inner  bark  of  the  locust- 
Iree,  which  thc,v  stripped  from  fence-posts. 


AnuL  33,  18ST.J 


sciJsijaE, 


397 


SAyiTARV  BXAUISATIOm  OF  WATEH. 
AIR,  ASD  FOOD. 

Tbk  flnit  «dUlon  o(  tliia  book,  which  appontn) 
in  18T8,  mippllod  a  want,  wtiicb  btui  loii);  bei-o 
fftit  hj  health-otllnMn,  for  n  lioiik  which  would 
help  them  Ui  ■olvctltc  prolildnipi  which  prt-witt^ 
UifiniMlTTv  for  solution  almiMt  dailv  In  rhelref- 
forta  to  pmvMe.  for  tboae  (.■oinuiitlvd  to  tbvtr  <uuv, 
pun-  wntcr.  air,  anil  food.  Ur,  Fin'a  br<K-hurp  on 
wiit^^r-analfels  wa*  wi-HguiwHl  •■  a  work  «f  grrM 
vnlii^,  and  two  Hlilioiia  of  it  had  hcfu  pjihniwt^d. 
Wli«^  a  tliinl  (.'clilion  wn*  csll«d  for,  its  twoiie  wat 
exteudMj  hj  adding  wetlona  on  tli«  ^xainlnallon 
uf  air  und  fooil.  In  t)if>  eectton  d^votMl  to  th« 
aunitnr J  examination  of  drinking-water,  wv  llnd 
nil  the  wril-lciiowii  tmta  tor  the  di-icnni nation  of 
uTBaDk  nialler.  anil,  in  midilion,  tlm  bioloKkwl 
method  ot  Koch,  <v1iicli,  in  ntTmnii^'  nl  toast, 
U  rettarded  aa  being  a*  importiint  iw  i)ic>  chemical 
unaljttB.  Cbi'mislry  Kiv<4  no  indication  of  ili« 
pVMMKW  ot  tliv  number  of  mloro-arcanUms ;  and 
lhi?f*  in  no  doubt  that  water  has  been  declarcHl 
«vilabl<>  for  drinliinK-pur|XMe«.  as  u  mitit  of 
obnuicnl  aDalTsls.  when,  had  the  bioloKicul  meth- 
od bCM)  hnown  and  emi>Ioy«l,  a  fur  diScrrnt 
OI^Dlon  as  to  ilH  potability  wmild  linvi-  been  i;lvpn. 

The  detenninntion  of  llw  miturr  and  life-his- 
torjof  the  microbes  found  in  vrmttT  t*  toodlBQcult 
for  Iho  bpallh-ofilcer,  unleM  he  he  ut  th«  Mmn 
timp  n  havterfotogisl,  luid  ao  Hitiiat«>l  an  to  bo  aUo 
to  InreBtinnit*!  thi-m  in  a  propttrly  i'<]uipp«<()  labom- 
lory :  but  Ihi'  nhiliiy  tn  ancortnin  whetbra  their 
Dumber  in  a  Kirpn  wai^  is  beyiwd  the  normal 
amount  la  ocTtninl.v  wttbtn  hia  rrarh.  The  melhodH 
to  be  ftmplojrH  in  such  an  examlnatiou  are  fullf 
dnetibed,  nnd  th«  apparalue  abuuiluutly  illua- 
Iratinl,  in  the  work  Iwforv  tis.  Id  u  tubln  nivttn  hy 
tht;'  author,  showing  of  what  thtii  method  in  capa- 
ble. It  li  observed  thai  thp  number  of  mlcra- 
orgauiftuifl  in  thr  different  metropolitan  waters 
varirn  markddly  nt  dilTer^tit  seaaous.  and  in  the 
walvn  as  compared  witJi  each  atlier.  In  Ihu 
wnUr  of  the  Thames  at  CheltM-a,  in  Jantiary.  then- 
were  8  in  one  cubic  cuntim^^trc :  in  Fnhniary,  3S  ; 
in  June.  81 ;  fn  Septt-mliRr,  13  ;  and  in  Kov*mbcr, 
a.  In  the  water  nf  the  Rjvcr  I^oa  there  were  29 
in  January.  121  in  Maj-,  and  317  in  Deoember. 
Tlie  vfuer  of  the  Kent  company  leaves  the  well 
almost  wholly  ih«titule  of  organic  lite,  and  the 
fewoTKaniimii  wbiob  it  contains  are  Imported  Into 
It  tn  rotite  to  itii  supply. 

In  the  chapter  doKrlptire  of  the  mii-rUBCopic 
ezAmioiitXon  of  water  tliere  is  much  tlinl  i*  ralu- 
aUb.  Bytbealdof  the  mloroacofw.  un  upprnxi- 
mM«  aatlattie  may  be  matte  of  the  number  of 

&in(Mr|>  «ra>ii>Biirkn»  o/  tomttr,  ah,  and  /ovd.    Bf 


mtcro-oTganisma  and  the  diagnosla  Of  tl>«  hind,— 
whether  bacteria,  b»ci)li.  mictocoed,  rlbrloe,  apl- 
rilla,  etc.  The  kind  of  animal  and  TtetiaiAe  life 
iie«o  in  watvr  fpvai  a  cvrtaiii  clew  to  llie  doicrlp- 
linn  of  thr  water  under  rxaminntion.  Tbe  In- 
ruiM>riap.  Confcrvac,  and  VnriiMillaq  ur  the  infaab- 
itaniB  of  the  least  pure  of  sprinK  walara ;  then 
come  lbs  diatoms  and  de«inbla ;  BntomoMntcn,  or 
wateT-l!eajt,  are  seen  in  apring-ponda,  lochs,  and 
impuuuOed  waterM:  euplula  and  fongoid  growths 
abound  in  ditoh  and  |uiid  waleni,  and  in  well' 
wativ  polluted  with  flitb  :  whild  bactt'ria,  pars- 
mecia,  ami  >>plrilla  ar«  promlMnt  in  aawngv-pol* 
hited  water.  Dr.  Praokland  regajda  Iba  pr<Ma» 
of  any  thinv:  like  a  moving  organism  Inawaterac 
a  danger-signal,  fur  the  reaaon  that,  if  the  poiaons 
of  aucb  dlMueH  as  cholera  and  typbold-feter  «t- 
lach  thenHdrcN  to  particles  of  organic  matter, 
and  can  opcrnte  In  inconceivably  minnle  quanti- 
ties, as  Is  generally  bcliered,  there  is  a  pnmbility 
of  the  dbeaae-femteDt  or  germ  of  nich  ninJndiw 
noooinpanjing  elementary  forms  of  life.  Two 
pkuca  ue  given  of  mirroscoplo  objects  found  In 
drinking-wal«r. 

In  the  arctiim  which  inkm  up  the  aunitary  ex- 
nminntion  ot  air.  the  author  ilcJCTibcii  Ihe  variooe 
impurilie«  found  in  air  which  render  it  unlit  tor 
respiration.  lnHiiillng*eewage  enuuiationn,  poiann- 
oun  gnova  and  injurious  vapuis.  einanatiuua  from 
ground  having  damp  and  filthy  suImhiI.  and  from 
churrhjards,  and  the  deleterious  eiTccta  on  hmlth 
of  lni[mre  air  in  our  houses.  The  method*  for 
the  detection  and  estimation  of  the  amount  of  the 
moat  important  impuriUca  found  in  the  air  are 
fully  dealt  with,  including  both  the  micriMCOplual 
and  bioUiKi<-al  meliiodn.  Chaptem  are  ubio  de- 
voted tn  oiNHic.  lempcmturr,  totar  nulintion,  bar- 
ometric preMore  of  the  air,  dinwltcm  of  the  wind, 
etc.,  and  their  rehUons  to  healtli. 

One  uf  ibe  moat  Interesting  chapters  In  the  book  ' 
IN  that  which  treata  of  the  meteorological  condl- 
tioni  which  opp4'ar  to  favor  or  retard  the  develop- 
ment of  certain  diu-OKia.  Of  these,  twi^tity-one 
are  mentioned. —  aurgicnl  fever  and  ihork  aflor 
operations,  small'pos,  mrviini,  whooping-<xnigb, 
scarlet-fet'er,  typhus,  typhoid,  intermittent  fsrer, 
diurrhtwa,  dysentery,  cholera.  brcochUis,  pnett- 
monin,  aathmn,  phthisia,  diphtheria,  hydropho- 
bin,  «<ryiii|i«lna,  ]>uerpoTal  fever,  inaanily.  and 
rheiimatJnn.  Small'pox  baa  faM^o  found,  in  London 
and  In  Sweden,  to  prevail  more  from  November  to 
Hay  than  from  Blay  to  November.  Ueoslee is  moat 
prevalent  towards  the  en<l  of  March  :  it  gradually 
(It^cliiier.  «u<l  by  midsummer  disappmrs.  Dfar- 
rhiieu  ia  a  sutumer-aulumn  complaint,  and  typhoM 
a  latc-»tituRiu  fei  er.  The  latter  i«  mure  prevalent 
alter  dry  and  hut  vummtm  ibau  after  tbuee  which 


398 


&0m2TCE. 


IVOL.  IX..  No.  2» 


ue  cool  and  w«r.  Bronchitia.  pneumoaia,  aoil 
asthnu  ■□cr«tii'  as  tlic  lumpcmtun.'  (alU,  and 
dimlnbil)  09  it  lirni.  Tlir  dkiup.  tyAA  ii«y*  ot  No- 
vembCT,  ajtil  tbc  dnr,  ootil  iln;*  nf  tli«  cnrly 
inODtlM  of  tlw>  ywr,  bnvf  bceo  mo«l  proUHc  in 
cMwra  of  dtphthef  U.  As  to  liydrophoMa.  tbe  bot 
'dof^HJnjs'  of  Amniner  aregenwnlly  roiulderecl  Ui 
b*  tboae  durinic  wblcb  IbU  di«eaM  iii  mou  prev- 
alent: and  thi*ftDd«nt  bulk-f  U  jiutilM  lavotac 
txUial  tij  facta,  atlbougb  we  muat  rvoicmbor  tliat 
tt  shows  itarlf  to  hn  indi-ptiuknt.  in  its  HpRwl,  of 
a  liigb  Ifiiipnratiiro,  nf  tho  mortalil;  in  Ix>ndon 
duriog  tbirt;  yt%n  provm.  The  number  of  cnaes 
w  n»  DDinprniu  in  [l^emiier  a*  in  Au^at.  Uora 
ppntoHR,  doublleiw,  are  bitten  hy  da^a  in  hot 
wvaiher.  becauae  ilof^  arp  a\otv  irritable  during 
tlibKtUun.  Wvwiint  an  unnvi'r  ti>  tbc  ijiirry  an 
tA  tbc  pcrorntoj^!  of  <WHa  "f  hvdrophnl'in  in  tlioee 
who  ars  bitton  in  oach  montb  of  ibe  rear,  before 
waoaa  detrrrolae  witli  cOTXalnt.v  Ibe  Influvoce  of 
owuorolaglcal  oondltJona  ou  the  diMatw.  In  thia 
McUoD  are  alao  i^\va  directions  for  otwrvini;  the 
tueteorologioal  Mat«a  and  riuiaiioni  in  tbc  condi- 
ttons  of  the  air,  as  to  il*  prrwurr.  tFnip(>rBttiri>. 
and  moiniun:,  tb*  dinxition  and  ittn>nK(h  of  lh« 
wini),  and  ita  «l«<ctrlnal  8t«t«. 

Tliv  IflM  apclloa  of  Ibe  book  Is  taken  up  with  a 
vonaideratioD  od  ibe  food,  lu  tuipuriliea.  and 
nwlboda  of  inapeution  and  i-xaniinulioii.  inoludinfc 
the  inspeolion  of  tnnal..  poultry,  Kanui,  HkIi,  fruit, 
and  vagaWblM.  Se|«r»t«  €bapl<-r»  are  devoted 
totlnood  proTlaians,  corn,  flour.  Iiread.  and  mltk. 
Ob  tbe  aubject  of  tinned  prorUiona,  or  '  lauuinl 
good!,'  aa  we  should  call  tbi-ui.  I>r.  Fox  says  tliat 
preaerv«il  Austnilian  muatB,  ond  Anirrloivn  tinned 
fish,  fruit,  H<!..  am  apt  to  bcoonu:  linjirifgnated 
with  Kunll  ijnnntitiea  of  lead  fiom  tbe  colder  and 
liD,  whioh  freiiueDlly  ponUin,  aa  iinpnrltles, 
arsenic  an<l  antimony.  Tbe  veKetable  and  otlier 
acids  nwociaied  with  Ibetie  provl«lon»  have  a 
COrruBii-e  elftfcl,  wbif^hia  incTl•aa(^d  by  tbegaliranic 
action  set  up  lvtn<i'n  th«  outtals.  In  tbv  chap- 
ters on  miik  and  iu  rxiimination  llu'  aulbor  nirm 
nutnirrouH  inntAuri'^  of  diMcnM'  cauwtl  bj  impuro 
milk  or  by  that  from  sick  cows.  The  eviiieuos 
that  tnbercnioaia  may  be  Ibua  roiumuni(«ted  ia 
very  strikiDg  and  very  Convincing,  if,  iud«y|, 
there  be  any  at  th«  prviwnt  day  who,  baring 
gtvr-n  tbo  Kut>ject  any  conrideration.  doubt  it. 
Tteken  aa  a  w  bt>ie,  this  work  of  Dr.  Fox  ia  an  ex- 
cellent one,  and  should  bo  in  Uie  library  of  every 
tonilnrian  and  phyaicdaD. 


A  PHTSicUN  of  Cartkcaa  repCMli^  Ulkt,  during 
an  epldeinlf  of  yi>lIow-fnv4!r  trfaleh  Monrred  in 
thatplaoe,  oueof  IbeTlclioiixirBiiainonhi^.  Aftar 
an  lUnetaof  (our  daya,  tbe  fever  proved  fatal. 


scissTiFie  wRiTisas  or  josbph 

HENRY. 

.\T  laiil.  althongh  Mutewluit  tardily,  as  ii  baa 
M>rmi;d  to  many,  the  n>(;Mit«  of  tbc  Smitlisonian 
inslttution,  by  the  publication  of  thpM*  vohimes. 
have  enabled  tbe  general  public  to  form  a  <H>rrcct 
eatlinate  of  ibe  greal  M-rvlces  of  iu  flr^t  secretary, 
and  have  justUIed  Die  opinion,  long  held  by  many 
of  his  oiiuniryinMi.  thai  Juseph  Henry  was  un- 
quratiiinahly  the  first  Amimcan  ]ihysldal  of  bla 
time.  The  SmitbiMmian  institution,  with  the 
national  niuseum.  has  been  generally  rocognixed 
aa  a  monument  to  hi*  wiadom.  foifiaight,  and 
petriotlo  eel  r-«acrl lice.  Uow  great  this  Mwrifka 
wa».  deniHiiding.  aa  it  did,  almoHl  total  neglect 
of  original  mmirrb,  which  be  so  h>ved,  and 
for  which  be  waa  ■»  wfll  fitted,  —will  be  oleatly 
nndrrMood  on  a  iwriMnl  of  ibiiw  volnmca. 

Tlie  publlsbed  twpen  of  Henry.  ««|wcinKy  Ihe 
earlier,  and  in  many  respects  tlie  mmi  valuable, 
have  long  been  well-otKb  inaccnaible.  In  later 
yenni  be  wa»  loo  busy  lo  tolluw  the  exuniple  of 
other  Muincnl  ]ibiliBUphem  In  oolleding,  editing, 
and  Tepublinhing  the  nork  of  bis  early  years. 
Althoiigb  an  arenue  for  Much  reproduction  of  hia 
numerous  contribiillons  to  BdcOMM  was  alwaya 
open  lo  him  in  tbe  pulilleatlon  department  of  the 
KniitliHODiHti  Inntitulion.  he  never  consented  to 
utilin-  the  fiirililim  which  be  bud  no  thoughtfully 
perffoied  for  liin  fellow-workem.  and  vrhieb  hawi 
prmed  siicb  a  lioon  to  science  and  lo  scientific 
men. 

The  two  handsome  volunie*  now  Iwned,  nat- 
umlly  include  a  wide  variety  of  subjwls.  Tbe 
coUiwtion  of  pn{H>fB  is  divided  into  two  pnrtu :  % 
ebronologienl  nrmngeraeiit  is,  tn  geiu-ral.  followed. 
But  in  nrder  lo  pqnnTiie  the  nire  of  the  two  vol- 
umea,  the  elaborate  etiulicsof  and  rcf>i>rt8  upon 
various  pbenoiDeiia  connei'ted  with  tbe  Irausmia- 
ston  of  sound,  niaile  lietween  1BT8  and  IS",  while 
Uenry  wa*  a  itieinber  of  the  lighthouse  board,  are 
inKcrled  out  of  thdr  regnlor  ordor,  in  tbe  firM 
volume. 

fart  1.  includes  papers  published  while  a  pm- 
feaaor  at  Albany  and  afterward*  at  Prinoeion, 
This  recwrd  covers  a  period  of  tweuly-lhrnc  yean, 
front  X^m  to  1S40.  It  is  coniuined  in  tbe  first  iNtO 
|iagen  of  tbe  finit  volume.  Part  ii.  cnntnins  his 
Kcientiltc  work  during  the  remaining  thirty-two 
year*  of  fais  life,  whde  director  of  tbe  SmithsoniaD 
institution,  from  1MT  fo  ItfTf.  Pbysiclsta  wQl 
gMwrally  bu  muni  interesled  iu  [>urt  i..  which  am- 
talBS  nearly  all  of  lii*  original  reveurcbes  in  eloc- 
tridly. 

Born  only  Ave  yeara  later  than  Faraday,  much 

aeta^tlM^rtHugt  of  JatpK  llmrt.  I  ralik  WmUIds- 
mvtmlltatalaalasdlnbon.  e>. 


Aran.  23.  188?.] 


6CIE2rCE. 


39ft 


of  Hrnrj**  work  ran  pan1l»l  witb  tbat  of  tlve 
m<Mt  dintiiixiiislifd  ^X|)CTlmeDtal  iittyeiclet  of  Uiis 
or,  indeed,  noy  age.  In  several  liutanues  Ihejr 
attacked  the  MiueiiroblenialnKnltiiniulMtieoudr, 
and  orien  indept-niiently  of  pacli  olht-r.  Thi'  great 
dinvuvvry  hj  FimuUy.  on  Sopl.  24, 1S!(1,  of  clcctro- 
magmtlic-  indiiclinn.  inniif^iu-nl'^  nu  cm  of  srenlljr 
JnorrnKFidaclirityinelectrk-Hl  resetii'ch.  Ucnr.vliad 
tlioiiKhtinurhcoDOi-ruiiijuitlie  relation  ufmiigiiFtiNDi 
to  eleclrifily.  and  \uu\  dt-voteJ  tin-  t-nrly  imrt  of 
Iheiiaineyuar  Vo  bii  very  ioiporlunt  rmi-nrcii  kiok- 
IdK  >o  till-  iinproTcmi-ot  of  thu  rlrolro-tnnfoiet, 
withlliu  inirtitiun  of  tnakin^  uitnof  it  in  nn attack 
up<in  thc'th<-n  iiniwlvnd  problem.  Tlw  pressure 
of  oihrr  dii(ie«  preTented  lilm  from  taking  up 
llu-  n-ork  uiitit  afler  the  coiiinienoenienl  of  r'ani- 
day's  «iicfew,  but  hla  imptOT^nient  uf  the  mnKXttt 
was  of  liutUi-iput  importance  to  slAnd  iilooi'  n»  a 
incMtvaluablccootributiou.  since  throu^b  it  Mor«e> 
Hyaleai  of  Irli-Kmphy  wan  nind<-  iMimihlc. 

He  at  <iocc  TeptuttH  FnraiJay'*  ex|ieriuifinl»,  am) 
ritefidd)  them,  with  interestEni;  lenulls.  Tbu 
dlfflrulijes  under  wlik-li  he  labored,  nriiiDg  mil  of 
bin  occuiwtlun,  and  uImi  fniio  the  diffi-rrnw.  far 
Krealvr  tht'u  than  now,  briwrrn  {.niidon  and  Al- 
bany or  Prinect»nucentn)«oriiile1l<>':-lual  activity, 
were  piore  coniridcmblci  tlian  lliDW  which  his  dia- 
tinKiiishe<l  <^nt^mporary  W8»obli|;cd  In ofertwiuv. 
TboHL-  v!vTe  the  day*  In  which  quantitative  mea^ 
ureincut«  in  pleclridtj  wpr«-  niftd«'  lij  comperiMD 
of  sparks  pt[idu<vd  on  flip  and  ra6|i.  by  obaerving 
rapidity  of  decomiMsItlon,  hy  the  nuuEnetixalion 
of  sewlnK-needlea,  or  in  wliich  dim)  ftU  tbeir  way 
tn  results  ihruugb  sbocliH  in  the  arm*,  flnf(ciw.  or 
tongue.  In  ihesm  days  batc^^rii-n  were  iucoDBlant 
and  abort- lii-ed.  ciinnHtiona  wore  made  with 
inerL-ury  cups.  HMidtiuIorB  weor  carefully  luMilated 
by  a  Mlk  coTcnng  piU  on  by  the  eiporiuifoler 
hiumrlf,  and  'bell-nire'  was  aliuoat  tbi'  nnly 
AffliUble  niatn^aJ  for  circuita.  Ui-nrj-  indcpeod- 
eLtly  pKxluced  thi<  !<park  from  tlm  inniinel,  but 
ufCrruarda  IcarniHl  Ihiit  he  lind  Ixvn  nntlcipuled  in 
the  olKuTvalion  in  I^K'itnd.  In  1893  be  dincov- 
wpd  wlf' induction  in  a  long  wire,  and  correctly, 
tliouKh  soni^^what  hesitatingly,  iiiti-rpretcd  the 
pbenonienou.  Tbis  was  not  obnertvd  by  Faraday 
until  1»M,  and  at  6rat  hi;  did  not  ooraprobeod  the 
true  nntun;  of  the  o[>cnttion.  He  corrected  hia 
error  in  IKU.  and  the  credit  of  the  diacovery  ha* 
been  Kenerally  accorded  to  him.  At  annurlydat«>, 
Henry  produced  carrent'incluction  by  means  of 
'comtoon*  electricity,  which  Faraday  bad  not  at 
flmt  Ui«n  able  to  accompliRh. 

In  one  of  hia  nnmrrona  variations  of  t^ruday'a 
expeTimvui,  in  which  be  used  Aal  ootts  i>r  ipindi, 
be  tried  tbp  elTK-l  of  interpuning  a  (^nidnc tin-- 
plate between  the  primary  and  KCondaiy  coils. 


He  fcamd  that  tha  abock  from  tb«i  accomlaiT  coil 
w«s  almost  totally  deatroyed  l>y  the  inlmdnction 
of  a  plate  ol  oo]>pev  or  other  conductloft-inatrrinl 
butwet*n  it  auil  the  primary. 

Thi.i  WM  nn  important  cooclusfon.  and  led  to 
important  rcautta.    Sliorlly  afler  its  publication, 
be  received  from  Fiurnday  a  copy  of  hia  fourteenth ' 
series  of  expenintrntal  rmMrebea,  in  wbicb  bail 
uiakM  a  Btalenienl  d  la  metrically  appwtfd  to  that 
of  Henry  in  reference  to  tbiir  effetrt,  Iving.  in  mib- 
Ktanci-,  that  I  be  inter]ii»ition  of  a  conduct  tnic-plata  ^ 
made   not   the   i>bKlitR<t  difTerenre  m  the  rwttlt 
Tills  natiimlly  exeii^d  in  Ilrnry  a  lively  interest  In 
the  quMtlon,  and  he  mnde  an  vxlcnaive  investi- 
gation In  order  to  determine  wbicb  vic-w  was 

emineuns. 

rnriou«ly  enough,  both  were  correct.  Faraday 
uwd  a  K"lvamiiucl«r  in  bin  experiments:  Henry 
obMrved  the  ntnmstb  »f  ahock*.  or  the  pbysiolof:!- 
cal  effect.  Tliere  aro  andoobti-dly  induced  cni^ 
rMits  in  the  interposed  ooadactora  ;  tint  Ibey  wiU 
be  Uannient.  and  their  iDlegnil  elTed  on  the  num- 
ber of  Hii™  of  force  panfng  tliroiish  tbeaetMjtidary 
will  he  »T<),  Tiie  eRci-t.  then,  will  lie  ibal  tha 
time  of  tJie  riac  nnil  fall  of  the  indueed  current 
will  lie  altered.  Tlio  variation  taking  plare  with- 
in a  small  fraction  of  the  period  of  thi-  Kiilvooum- 
eter  needW,  the  throw  of  tlie  needli-  will  not  be 
chan-vd  ;  but  thi-  olft^t  0(  the  nhuck  mill  be  Kl^*t- 
ly  niodifled.  and  may  beeome  inaenatble.  Uenry 
di<l  not  leave  this  question  nniil  he  thortniKhly 
undenitood  the  eauae  of  the  discre[iancy. 

The  uioat  impwlant  reault  of  hia  orlKinnl  ox* 
p(!riment,  however,  won  that  it  led  Itlm  to  the 
discovery  of  induced  currwiUot  till*  »e«ind,tldrd, 
and  fourth  ordeni. 

It  is  not  poasible  to  refer,  In  tliia  place,  to  many 
otlier  inveBtigationa  of  K>^at  interest  which  ore  to 
be  found  neorded  fn  part  i.  A  few  of  them  »bU* 
to  other  departmenta  of  phyaicol  adence.  and  mma 
ol  them  are  not  well  known,  rren  to  hb  own  coun- 
trynieo.  On  the  very  first  pngv  will  he  found  aa 
account  of  a  most  admirable  lecture  experiment, 
which  might  well  (Ind  a  place  in  our  modern 
conrsM,  but  which  is  probably  not  generally 
known  to  prnfeneon  of  phyidra. 

Many  lovers  of  pure  science  will  find  it  hard, 
after  a  perusal  of  part  i.,  toavoidafeelinf[of  rvgret 
that  Henry  won  not  allowed  to  continue  bis  re- 
aearcbea,  inatcnd  of  bdng  called  to  the  directorsblp 
of  the  Smithsonian  institution.  Thai  he  waaexoep- 
tionally  well  quallHed  for  tht*  important  post,  no 
one  will  deny,  ultliough  it  must  have  been  accepted 
at  a  Kiorilli.'e  which  no  one  nnderslood  better  than 
Henry  himiielf.  Tliruugbout  hb  long  euuueellon 
with  llic  in»titution.  and  during  a  eaieer  which 
needs  ho  praiic  and  rrquirra  no  comment,  he  con- 


m 


SCISNCIB. 


(Vol.  IX,.  No. 


tintuid  liid  srInillBc  work  wbenevet  opportUBtty 
WBii  offered.  But  tliU  work  woa  targelx  of  a 
character  ililTcnrnt  tvatn  tlmt  of  bis  earlier  >earv. 
Mam*  of  lib  taiH-r*  in  llir  Hrst  pnit  slxiw  tlmt  hia 
Dature  wni  tun  larK<'  to  |)ciniit  of  Itis  auoiiiDing,  ni 
some  men  of  ■eiencf^  hnr^  ataniovd.  and  «T«n 
boiurtfullj.  »n  absoluie  JiidllTerrara  as  to  the  so- 
caIIihI  practical  applicHliona  of  tiis  InvMtiitatlona, 
aiMl  (h«lr  nortli  aa  it  int-ann  of  tieitvriug  llie  con- 
dition of  inaiilciitil.  Hit  work  while  dirvotor  of 
th«  SnntlinoDlnn  wan  vrry  t^lcwly  rxlHtrd  In  ap- 
plle*!  aciencr.  lie  was  i)i>w  railed  iipim  to  ron- 
oidoT  and  tivcide  iptmlioDs  of  Rnxtt  ])m(.-licii1  iiii- 
porUmce.  Much  of  hla  time,  which  tio  would 
donbtlan  liave  gladly  given  to  nararcbea  of  ■ 
higher  order,  was  occupied  in  dwiirine  metbodii  of 
teMillg  inaU-rinbi  for  public  lnii1cli»);a.  in  coniiiilrr- 
ing  thr  acoustic*  nf  pnlillc  Imllx,  in  inTp^tlfnitiiig 
the  rclutivc  lulu.'  of  llluminonlH  for  the  llRbt- 
house  board  ;  and  in  tlit^  capacity  of  chaiiiuau  of 
thla  board  ho  planned  hu<I  exM-at«d  the  rxleiuiive 
and  Important  aeritn  of  i-xiHrriuifiitHiind  inxoitl- 
fntioD*  on  the  urc  of  lo^'boms,  stvnra-whiittlcii, 
tie,  and  on  the  iransnii^sion  of  snunc),  whirh  nre 
j)rintoc1  Ri  length  in  tlin  1ntt<-r  part  of  tlie  Itrat 
volume.  A  Iniice  [nrt  of  the  second  volume  la  de- 
voted to  an  exteiiiteiJ  (k-iIm  of  esuaya  on  toetoorol- 
oKy.  This  was  a  tiubject  in  wtiich  Henry  hud  ol- 
wayn  bn-n  int<-r('i>tcd.  On  Ihc  '>r);iuiijuition  of  Ihc 
timithauDian  inttituts,  li«  had  named  inMeornloKJ 
B*  one  of  tht)  subjert«  the  Inventiicatlon  of  which 
could  properly  l»e  awnimed  by  the  new  eatabllBh- 
inpnU  As  early  aa  IHM  he  »u^eeted  the  iim>  of 
the  leleKrapli  In  the  study  of  American  Klotnu, 
and  explaiiieil  the  lienelil  wtiicli  wmild  tiwruc 
to  coiniuerce  and  nftriculiure  from  it*  uw  In  the 
diwrininatido  <if  weather- warn ingii.  He  oriiiin- 
ind  a  itiKanlic  Kyntrm  of  volimtary  met«orolotii- 
oal  obnrvem,  by  the  idd  of  which  much  lltrht  was 
thromi  upon  the  climatic  condltiona  of  ttie  coun- 
try. All  of  tli«  m^teordogfcal  work  of  the  iimti- 
tutf  wan  Snully  turned  ovvr  to  the  U.  H.  nftnial 
■prricr  upon  its  organimtion,  nnd  tli«  huco'iui  of 
this  ewiice  wn*  and  la  btrgrly  duo  to  Henry'ii 
Isbora  aa  a  pioneer. 

Hia  CKayH  ou  meteorology  were  in  plain  and 
unpretcntiouH  language  ;  ttie  medium  »{  their 
publication  wa*  vuck  as  to  itecurc  their  wide  din- 
tribulton  and  dilTuirion  araong  the  nuiMarx  of  the 
people;  and  the  general  int«rmt  in  tb*  Aubjeot  to- 
day, an  wttll  at  the  general  inteUlg«Dc«  of  the  pub- 
lic in  tvRnrd  to  it,  must  be  tivgety  attributed  to 
their  indiimoe.  Tlioiv  ewayn  cotmtitutcit  llic  Hrat 
(Mtly  aooewilbte  wirntiHi-  ircnimonl  o(  thr|>liysic« 
of  atasoqiberic  phenomrnn  wliich  upi>eared  in  thia 
country,  and  tb«y  contain  uiiieh  matter  of  Kre^t 
valm  lo  til*  noftaoioloKitt  uf  the  pnncnt  time. 


1'be  re«der  will  Ibaiik  tlie  editor*  for  includ- 
ing  in  lliis  collection  aeteral  eerays  and  addrewes 
to  iiciMilUic  sodetjea  (Hmcvmtnf  (heir  orgiuii* 
Mition  and  working'plann,  which,  attboURli  not 
strictly  iicienliSc,  have  had.  and  will  contina<> 
to  hav*,  an  important  licniing  upon  the  {irogreM 
of  science.  In  every  inspect  the  work  of  compila- 
tion Becma  to  bav«  l>fien  done  wjtii  exactrnm  and 
care:  moat  readeiB,  however,  would  hav»  wel- 
oompd  thr  a<lditiim  i>[  a  good  portrait  and  9.  htXvt 
Itioffrnphy. 

The  publication  and  circulation  of  tJieae  vol- 
umee  will  enable  acientiftc  imm,  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  to  make  a  Jiietrr  etlimate  of  llirnry'H 
grL-at  wrviiwi  to  ncienoe,  and  the  study  o(  lUa 
earlier  ri'M'jin-hcii  wustconvinoe  competent  judge* 
that  li*i  Wft»  line  of  the  rmilly  stroug  physiciala 
of  the  first  half  o(  the  pn-m-nt  century. 


4 
I 


STORJSRS  AQRICUtrVttE. 

Under  the  mudf  st  title  of  ■  Agriculture  in  aonie 
of  ita  rvlationK  with  <'beinii>tT7,'  Protewor  Stem 
baa  l^ven  ua  what,  in  our  judgtuent.  la  tli*  raoat 
noteworthy  coniribiition  to  agricultural  ISteratare 
of  recent  years,  either  in  ihi*  or  any  other 
countr:)'.  We  auy  tlila  advisedly,  and  after  a 
careful  exuniinatioii  of  the  book. 

It  may  lie  suld  to  treat  broadly  of  ronnurM  and 
fertillzeri.  or  better,  pwlinpii.  of  ■  plant- feeding.' 
gdnce  It  includes,  alonic  with  the  main  topic  of 
manurM  and  maourial  subetanoen  and  thrir  up- 
plicnlion.  mucb  with  regard  to  tlie  plant  itacif: 
(he  soil  and  ntmoqihrre.  which  are  tlie  media  of 
it*  (trowth.  nnd  from  which  itn  food  U  derived  ; 
the  iiilture  and  handllnR  <if  diffen-nt  crop  ;  and 
the  aduptutiun  of  crop^  and  iiyslem*  of  farming  to 
local  (HinilttJiMiB. 

The  subject  iH  a  dllHcult  on«  to  treat  aatiafaa- 
torily.  on  account  of  its  complexity  and  alao 
Iwcanne  of  tlip  vcrj-  ip)iJerfert  state  of  our  knowl- 
edge upon  it  in  many  directions,  and  accordingly 
there  haa  lieen  n  dearth  of  good  Ixtoks  \ipoa  it. 
Aa  regards  the  English  liiiiguuge,  the  dearth  tnay 
be  iiaid  to  have  been  absolute.  Tlieiv  hiw  hero 
hitherto  no  book  treating  of  tltefe  mailers  which 
could  be  r«vum mended  to  a  student  wlio  dnur«d 
any  thing  remotoly  upproadiiiig  a  thorough  and 
systematic  ncquninlance  with  the  present  stale  of 
our  knowledge  on  thin  xubjrct. 

Tile  students  of  other  rountrim  have  b«<i;n  wmo- 
what  bi-tir-r  oH ;  but  even  there,  so  far  n*  the 
tvTiier'K  wiiuaintAnce  with  the  llleratntv  of  iigri- 
cullureexiendH.  there  baa  been  nooue  wurk  which 
adetpiately  covered  the  whole  lield  of  plant-feed- 
ing in  Its  aclcntiHc  and  )tnurlica)  aniDv-i*.    Thia 

AffHcvlltuT  In  nine  u/ifi  rrlali'ciu  n-llh  t^rmhtrp.    By 


R  a.S)«4iKa.    No*  York.ttanbn*r. 


Apwl  ».  16»T.) 


SCISNCE, 


401 


w«  think  ProTmMr  Storer'e  book  lioM.  While, 
in  tho  wortlfi  of  the  piefsoe,  '  it  nuiltM  no  sppcinl 
appefll  to  uhemlsta  or  students  of  chemletiTr,'  it  Is 

I  neivrlbeleeB  a  tbormiglily  M-ienlitk-  boolt  la  the 
trueU  wiisu  of  ilio  term.  While  it  in  Dtrikingly 
fret  fraui  Ibe  tec bniciili tics  of  iHiMK^n.  itK  atat«> 
nu-'nU  nnd  discuseions  nre  boMd  on  to  tliorougb  ■ 
IcnowtpilKP  of  ari^ncr  in  its  rvlntion*  to  aKi-icul- 
tiww.  Bud  ei)  ]>en'a<l«d  by  tlie  scienllllc  spirit,  ns  to 
ri>ii<l«r  tlie  booh  taoat  i  nJuable  to  all  studcots  of 

tBgrlcuttural  M;ivnce. 

It  ife.  howi'VM,  in  it»  foliciloim  union  of  aeiunc* 
Willi  jinu'licf  thot  till-  book  is  pnvciiiiiii-nt.  Hnnj 
utbtru-ise  giMxl  ntnicalliiml  books  H>IIrr  (rum  n 
certain  iinprwlit-nbilitj-,  nriiaioK  ffoin  ■  diffld<-nt 
acquninlnnco,  on  the  pirt  of  thrlr  wrilen,  witli 
the  rcin>!i<  tons  of  jimctice ;  while  ot  oJIwrs  eiacll; 
the  ooiiverM  Is  true.  Neitber  of  tbi-tiH  luult«. 
howev«r,  cun  Iw  attribulMJ  to  the  jireswit  work. 
While  il«  M'ivntilk'  iniTits  (^omini'nd  it  to  tlut 
student  of  HcJraon.  Itn  practitwt  common  >mra  an 
w\\  at  tlin  liirtdit?  aoij  ■UKKefctivcnem  of  it?  ills- 
cuKMons  will  commend  it  no  le8»  lo  the  tliiriklng 
taxmtv,  linked,  ne  antici|)ate  thnt  one  of  Ihe 
IDMt  valuflhle  fealurva  of  the  book  will  prove  to 
tw  thai  it  will. on  theon»hiU]il,  hi-lploivinoT«tbe 
prejudice  ugniiiat  science  wbicb  is  ntltl  ttK>  prrrn- 
lent  aramg  formers,  nnd,  on  the  otltrc  hand,  tend 
lo  iiMpitv  in  the  mln<ls  ot  students  of  science  a 
grnnter  res|>ect  for.  and  a  more  eame«l  atxtAy  uf, 
the  practlucti  and  niaxiina  of  auvRWiful  pmctioil 

I  a^culture. 


QSOLOQY  OF  XIXSESOTA. 

Thi  annual  reporta  of  etat«  survevB  are,  for 
tbe  eaoA  port,  dull  reailin);.  ««pecinlly  for  tioo- 
',  reaidentai  ninco  thev  ure  nn-r^wirlly  of  n  derailed 
and  fraguientary  cbni»ct<^r.  nhowiiiK  th<<  pn>gre»< 
of  inrcatigalion  in  mnnv  different  directions,  with 
v«ry  littlo  completed  work.  Doth  the  reports  be- 
ton  (M>  bowever.  omtioily  material  of  more  than 
local  internet.  an>l  It  is  desired  lo  call  aitention 
here  to  ttiose  pfinionij,  without  atteuiptins  lo 
notloe  tbe  entire  euuti-'Qtn  of  tliu  rolumwi. 

The  notea  on  the  nectitin  from  Dututli  north  to 
tbe  triin-min<'»  uliont  Vorrnilion  tdke  Rive  Pro- 
frwrir  Winclmir*  Inlmt  itews  concerning  the 
stTsttKraphf  of  Ihe  c-r7stalllne  rocks  of  uorlh- 
Mslero  Hionesola.  between  Luke  Suptrrior  and 
Ihe  intrrnatlonal  boundai;.  The  height  of  land 
between  Lakea  Superior  and  Vermilion  is  marked 
by  two  distinct  tange*,  — the  high  and  broad 
Blembi  Range.  compoatMl  ot  <Tupti*«  gabbn>  and 
rpd  metunorphit!  granite ;  and,  ooilh  ot  IhU,  the 

Thirttmth  andfiturtr^nth  itnnuai  r^portt  0/ Ihf  gtotoffi- 
I  eat  iMul  aofiinil  kUfprv  «"'■'' f  "f  VlnHttota./er  (knimin 
lieMOMllWa.    BjK.  H.  WuiLTiii],;.    Utt.  l-aul,  HUM.    N*. 


lower  nnd  nornnvn'  Gianl^  Range,  romusting  of 
icrar  nnd  red  •yenitni,  whx^h  Iiavo  bwTi  referred 
to  the  lAiirentian.  and  mark  an  Important  anii- 
clinal  axis.  North  of  litis  axis,  and  dipping 
north  al  h!i:h  angles,  is  a  broad  bell  of  the 
grevn  and  red  juape ry  and  magnciUan  vchicUi  and 
congUiaicratpii  rrTi^rml  to  t}ir  lluronian.  South 
of  llu'  axin.  ilic  Huroiiian  sptii-s  appears  to  be 
concealed  hj-  a  fault  1  but  n-e  have  abore  it, 
dipping  lo  the  sooth  in  conformable  saccraiiion. 
Ihe  Animikle  slates  and  qtiartzilee.  the  gnbt>ro 
and  granite  of  the  Meaabi  Rangi-.  and  tlie  gn<en- 
isli  trail  ■>''  'bt.>  i.-ui>rifi-TouH  aericH.  vxU^il'ing  from 
llie  Miwilii  Kniigi'  lo  Lake  Huprrinr. 

Tbi'  giibbni.  Aniuiikie,  and  lluronian  seritn 
an;  ea<*  clmracti-tized  by  important  depuails  of 
Iron  ore:  and  thi>  di«trict  is,  with  almost  phi- 
nomenal  rapidity,  assuming  a  puaition  of  the  Ant 
Imporlance  m  regards  the  jrrtxlncu  of  its  minea. 
Tlie  iron  of  the  gubbra  b<'lt  i*.  la  tisunlly  with 
rocknof  Ihal  cla».  liumic.  It  f iimi«bi'« the  iron- 
sand  of  the  Ijikn  8uprrM>r  bead),  and.  so  far  na 
known,  has  00  pnnillel  in  DliohlKau  and  Wixcon- 
sjn,  Tlie  inin  on:^  of  the  Aniniikie  Hhit«'  is  hard 
hematite  and  niucnelile.  and  probably  parallel  to 
theCommunwi-allh  niinnuf  Wiscanidn.  hut  with- 
out any  known  (Hiitivult-nl  in  Michignn  ;  nlillc  the 
Huronian  deiHjMt«.  ocH-nrrlng  chiefty  about  the 
south  end  of  lake  Vermilion,  consist  almoat 
whdily  of  hematite,  and  seem  lo  agn-e  clonply 
in  cliaracler  and  pusillon  with  the  Uiu^|ii«tl(i  and 
Menominee  de|HKii[H  of  Michigutt  and  Wi»con*in. 

The  Vermilion  Lake  minm  axo  boing  laptdly 
exploilvd.  and  the*  discovery  of  these  ore-bodlee 
is  regnrd<il  an  marking  an  epoch  in  Ibe  economic 
hislory  of  Minnemitn  and  the  north-went. 

The  8al^w(Jl■  of  north-we«teni  Miuunota  and 
the  adjacent  portions  of  Dakota  and  Bliinitobn  nre 
believed  to  gtv«  promise  of  impurtnnt  ilrvelop- 
menlB ;  and  varlona  facia  art-  cited  tending  lo 
tthow,  tlmt.  although  the  oocurranoo  of  iTnrlxinif- 
erous  slnita  in  tliLi  n-gion  hoa  not  been  hereto- 
fore dc'linitirly  known,  thi-ve  brines,  like  thuse  i>( 
ilichignn,  really  have  their  source  in  that  forma- 
tion. 

Minnesota,  it  Is  well  known,  is,  for  the  moat 
port,  deeply  drift-covewd,  and  the  aolid  rook*  are 
rarely  esposeil,  except  along  the  jirincipnl  streams. 
For  this  reason,  great  i;culugicnl  intcrert  attaches 
to  tbe  nutuc-rouH  deep  wi^lli  which  ore  lielnjc 
drilled  in  (Ufferent  [Hirts  »[  the  sltile.  Tliey  not 
only  iihon-  what  would  be  the  surfaoe  TOCk  it  the 
drift  were  removed,  but  also  establish  th«  Ofder. 
thickness,  and  continuity  of  IhcdilTerent  huriEonn 
down  to  thecrystalltue  touudatiuns  uf  tbe  state, 
at  points  far  reuioied  from  thtrir  outcri>tM. 

In  the  deep  welle  uf  ountrnl  am)  ■outh-castara 


402 


scr/aycE. 


[vau  IX..  Ko.  «n 


UfniiMota,  thttne  luui  bran  found,  bomiilh  tho  SI. 
Croix  Minditoiis,  wtiich  biw  for  «  Iodk  time  Ix^pn 
nffudtd  M  the  eciniTolrat  of  thv  Potcdain  tand- 
alone  ot  New  York,  some  four  liumlred  feet  of 
red  and  green  8lial«e.  assoiriated  wilh  some  tad 
aauclAtooe,  and  succtwled  Mov  by  a  ban]  red 
qiMrtxiti?.  TliiH  biM  bi«n  uitifortul<r  suiipoMd  U» 
b»  tbn  tvd  <|ujirteit«  that  outctcijis  in  amilb-wea^ 
«m  Minnrnote  and  tiu>  ndjncenl  iiart*  of  lon-n  and 
Dakota,  nod,  hi  PipMtoae  cotintr,  conlninn  Ilic 
celebrated  red  clay,  otlierwiae  hnown  aa  plpeeUme 
ud  Osttlnlte. 

The  itolaUon  of  Ihe  ouIctojm  nad  the  nuppoHed 
■bMnce  of  fooailB  lui\-c  herntofnn-  Il-R  tbi-  »g«  of 
thin  intiriniling  formntinn  in  doubt ;  biic  it  biu 
uminlly.  in  irrrat  ycnni,  been  referred  to  the 
PntHdnni,  altlmuKli  tliat  refen^nco  has  appeiired 
very  iiDFiatLtfainory.  io  tiew  of  tlie  recorda  of  the 
deep  boriugs  alrraily  ii(itii.-ed.  Geolo)i;itiIa  uiunl 
therefore  regiixil  with  ff<al  iuti>fai-tii>u  tlio  Oi»- 
ooverj  in  Ihn  ('atlinilc  of  <!htuiu!trriitti(?  fomiils, 
which  ia  Hmt  annoiiiiced.  Two  forms  have  Ix^-n 
dinHTibvd  and  tleiirril  under  ttie  nntnee  Linfciiln 
Calumet  nnd  Pnndnxidee  Karbcrl,  which  are  be- 
Ilered  to  indlcaii-  the  luweni  primordial  wne.  i.e., 
the  Acadian,  wbicli  euibmcM  the  Paradoxidea 
bedsvf  St.  Johu.  N.B..  and  Bmintrn-,  Mnwi. 

The  dboorvrj  of  .ictidinn  ttMHJiH  in  tli*-  ]>i[*r- 
fltone  eetabliabe*  an  inipurtant  datum  fur  deler- 
nfnlng  Ihe  Inie  horiioiis  of  utber  rooks  of  the 
Ilortli-we»U  Tliti*  Ptxifmsuc  WiD*:hi.-lI  hiiB  rcfi-rrisi 
the  overlyinn  rwi  thai™.  oJMierrrd  in  thi«  nrtminn 
wellH.  w  ith  niuL-b  probuMlity  to  the  Geortcin  sinter 
of  Vermont :  and  Ihi-  red  muidntoneB  connected 
with  tbom,  which  apfieor  la  expand  toward  Ldke 
SopmoT  ea  iw  to  become  the  red  MndstuaeH  oalled 
Potsdam  by  the  WieroDftln  (feulogintH.  riiUly  U.-- 
conie,  in  that  caau.  the  ■.•i|iiii'ttli-nt  of  tho  true 
Potadatn  ot  New  York.  Thi>  makes  It  nec^fiearr 
to  rafet  tba  St.  Cmix  mndatonm  and  awociated 
magnivinn  llmrstonre  to  the  mlci/eroua  of  New 
York,  with  which  they  aht  more  cIuk-I}'  allied 
paloon  lologically . 

PaaeiDK  to  the  other  extreme  of  the  grulogicnl 
seale.  we  llud  two  uiiitributiona,  by  Dr.  (>.  H. 
DawBOii  and  Mights.  A.  Woodward  and  B.  W, 
ThoDiBB.  to  ihir  pat(K>iilo)i)gy  of  the  bowlder-clay, 
or  drift.  Tlio  microecoplc  examination  of  ihc 
bowld*r.«lays  of  Minoeeota  and  adjacent  region* 
•hows  that  various  spedca  of  Foramiiiifem  and 
other  mioMxioopic  forma  are  very  gcneruJIy  prriwnt, 
witi)  fragnicnta  of  larger  organisms. 

Th<-  more  importAnt  of  (lie  Foramlnlferu  are 
deecrilied  and  fl(piml.  Conoeniliig  Ihe  real  origin 
and  age  of  these  feetlls,  Dr.  Duwhou  sBys,  "that, 
of  aO  tlui  ori^nlc  bodies  met  with,  uone  (!an  be 
with  ceirtuinty  to  tku  glacial  period  or 


era  of  dojiointinn  of  the  bnwldea^ctay  tiaelf.  The 
oriicln  of  most  enn  l>e  tnuvd  iinifjui vocally  to  the 
older  rock-*,  from  which  Ihcy  hn»'e  lieen  drrireil, 
and  uicorporaled  wtth  Ihe  howlder-cUrs."  In 
Illinois  the  Poraminifera seem  tohavelieen derived 
chielly  from  Di-ionian  shales,  but  farther  we«» 
they  are  churAcli-riBtie  cietaceoua  form*.  Dr. 
Dnwvon  fnrthrr  points  rmt  that  whlb  the  exami- 
nation of  tliptn  drift-fowlls  will  ho-cc  to  throw 
adilitionn)  lisbton  tlie  direction  of  iilacinl  move- 
ment. — a  point  of  )iarticuUr  %ttlue  over  tlie  wide 
area  of  the  plains,  where  the  «ufl  chaiacler  of 
the  rock  precludeB  the  test  of  din-HioTi  of  wlrla- 
tion.  —  Ihcv  httn-  so  far  failed  to  afford  any  cer- 
tain iiiforiniition  at  to  the  actual  condition  pre- 
vnilinK  diirinj;  Ihnt  period.  Rut  the  negatire 
evidence,  re-enforced  by  the  fact  that  Ihe  derived 
foesits  have  been  so  perfectly  ))re8erved.  leads  to 
a  belief  in  the  ereiit  noarcity  of  life  during  the 
ice  nge. 

The  |>rlncl|>nl  (mtnre  of  th<-  report  for  161*5  is 
llic  bihIioKrnphy  of  njrent  niid  fossil  Pornminifora, 
prepared  by  Mr.  A.  Woodward  as  an  Intrmliicltoti 
to  a  contemplated  work  on  the  Foraminlfera  and 
other  mlcrosciopie  orjunnlBuin  of  the  cretaceous  of 
MioneHutu.  The  completenetn  u(  thin  work  may 
be  judged  by  tlte  fool  thai  one  hunilrvii  and  thirty- 
three  titlen  are  given  for  eoKoon  alone. 


BoKinoiAKK,  in  the  Vful»eh«  malic(nal-»ei- 
luiifi.  Btaln  that  the  victim  of  morphine  looks  to 
eocHiiie  fur  hel|i,  and,  mistaking  its  effects  for 
those  of  uorjihine  nbsiiDonce.  seeks  to  romove 
thi^m  liy  mote  cocaine,  until,  unletm  be  beoontes 
cnlit-hicned.  heUnally  beeometi  an  In  mute  of  an 
In8ane.a8y  hmi .  lu  tbn-eout  of  six  cauft  known 
to  him.  thU  wii£  the  ri^sult.  He  evidi>ntl>  ugtvcH 
with  lho»['  ineiulHTsof  ihr  me<li(:at  professioD  who 
arc  endeavoring  to  restrict  lis  u«e.  by  eayJniF. 
"  More  urgently  than  ever  in  the  case  of  any  other 
drag,  are  legal  regiiialiooB  and  limitations  needed 
for  Ihe  sale  of  cocaine,  which  now.  uiif uriuoately, 
Is  too  easily  aevesBible  to  (t\iiry  laymnn." 

—  There  luis  been  of  lateconsidenililudiscuMdon 
among  physicisas  in  the  wrsl  as  (o  the  nnttuv  oT 
mountatn-frvrr.  —  n  fever  nhich  occurs  In  Ihe 
Rocky  Mountnin  rcgioi],  and  nhich  has  by  some 
bora  supposed  to  Iw  peculiar  to  that  locality.  Dr. 
Curlln,  who  bss  recently  been  engaged  in  an  In- 
vestigation of  the  subject,  finds  that  almost  %oy 
diKase  whiub  occuni  in  the  mountaiiiB  ia  Unblo  to 
be  called  uiotm tain- fever.  He  regards  that  dis- 
ease whicti  i*  more  (^>miuonly  knon-n  by  tbisDaiiw 
as  true  typlioid.  modified  by  tlie  peculiar  oondl* 
tions  of  clcTntioD,  etc. 


n 


SCIENCE. 


raiDAT.  APRIL  80.  1887. 


COMMENT  AND  CRITICISM. 

Trb  (Xmiusr  Aut  woitKtNU  th^mwlv^R  jnco  no 
Bligbl  <!Xcit<riii<Mit  oYPT  iheir  iadunirin]  ponition. 
Tlivy  twlirvrtluit  Ibevarvlocinggrounilaaanalion, 
iMid  both  Htntpnura  and  scholars  nte  tookinK  for 
tbe  (-uunp  aiid  thr  ■Mirc  for  this  unfortimntr  KtnU- 
oT  ulTuirti.  L(ir<l  Ilnrtinglim  unci  Pri>re8Sor  Hux- 
'  lejr  bare  recently  uJdreiiteil  thrlr  Pimntrj'inen  on 
thin  Ui(iic  in  Ik  mu«t  inler«3(in)i;  and  jiuggrolire 
mtuinvr.  PmCeesor  Huxley  c»iupur«d  the  indus- 
irtal  fcin'es  at  Eumpi-  to  the  orgoDization  of  the 
grmt  Btiinding  nrniics,  and  he  owerted  that  the 
liidu&trial  f.'oia[H.-titic<n  •>(  the  ^m«ut  ia  n^Mj  a 
stat«  of  war.  ihuugb  cvirrKid  on  fur  different 
object*  uid  niih  (ar  diirrrrat  roulta  front 
thoae  of  ordinary  warfare.  "  It  dovH  not  break 
henda.  and  it  dow  not  ahed  blood,"  aaid 
Profeeeor  Huxley,  "  but  it  atarre*  Ibe  mnn  who 
fldCOeedH  m  the-  wur  of  comjietition,  and  the  lui- 
tion  which  succeeds  in  the  war  o(  (^uin|H>titi«o 
beats  tbi!  utber  by  t^larvotion."  L<ird  Hortingtun 
ac;ce])ted  this  inHnphor  ns  expmsing  the  truth, 
and  drew  a  nu«t  pitiful  picture  of  ulmi  England 
would  bc(.'i>uiL-  were  alip  defeated  in  Chia  iiidustriul 
warfare.  "  The  eousiMjuriicea  to  the  nation  wuiUd 
bca  diminutioQ  u(  w«atUi  and  of  (be  inlluence 
whidi  we  have  aotjulreil  ilirough  our  pre^uiinrut 
Industrial  poBltiou.  What  would  this  country 
Iw  wiiliont  ltd  tuanufacturek  and  iudusiriea  ?  No 
doubt  we  ehould  still  bate  our  material  rewnucee. 
our  Iron  and  steel,  and  the  muscular  energy  of 
what  would  then  lie  our  superabundant  popula- 
tloD  ;  but,  instead  of  beloK  where  weare  now,  we 
should  be  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water 
for  the  world.  If  ever  our  raw  materials  could 
be  manuractiired  for  the  uses  and  w»nts  of  the 
wnriil  bettor  in  other  oountrieM  than  in  our  own, 
we  should  become  the  slaves  and  servants  of  the 
lert  of  the  world,  instead  ot  itaiendvTs  and  tnaslera, 
U  we  have  bwn  bithvito." 


But,  l«rd  Hartington  eonlinued,  thu  ill  would 
oot  hs  (wnflned  to  the  country  na  a  whole.     It 
would  he  visitetl  upon  individuab.    This  impend- 
No.  m  —  is:. 


iug  induiirial  dt-fctit  wmild  mean  n  dtsiutirous 
change  in  the  cirouowtanrm  of  almoat  ovcry 
private  peraon.  Tbr  rmult  would  be  "  a  Iom  of 
afHuence  to  Ihuoc  now  rich,  povrKy  to  tliusr 
now  pronperouv,  and  to  the  mamniol  the  country 
tu  tPiine  whose  only  nieuiis  of  nuttisteoci-  is  tlii' 
demand  fortbeir  manual  and  intelligent  labor,  ii 
WDUld  rouin  tsniinv,  indigence,  and  starvation.' 
The  speaker  auMied  tbut  tli«  plain  truth  was. 
that,  just  aa  in  nctual  warfare,  victory  in  the  in- 
dubtt^  Mru^ln  can  only  be  secured  by  the  ptaneb- 
sion  of  scieotillc  knowledge  and  the  application  of 
tlie  m<Ml  »i:ieutitic  iiiatructiun  to  the  muaiea  ot  the 
people.  At  the  present  time,  Uermany  and  FMnoe 
are  making  enormous  efforts  lo  provide  adequate 
technical  lostructloo  for  the  people,  and  the  lesser 
oontinental  nations  ate  following  their  example. 
England  is  lagging  in  tlds  rwpect.  Much  has 
been  done  by  the  eooployera  of  labor,  hut  much 
remains  lo  be  done.  Lord  HarclngCoa  expreeeed 
the  ho|>e  that  iu  erery  considerable  centre  indus' 
trial  and  technical  schools  would  be  eelabliblied, 
Huilable  to  the  wania  of  the  partii.<ular  district. 
Profeeeor  Huxley  has  &lnce  returned  to  tbia  point, 
and  elo<tueiitly  urged  the  neceeeity  of  organising 
liidiietrjnl  education.  He  has  pointed  out  what 
general  direction  this  or;eiiniiatlon  ehould  follow, 
but  baa  not  entered  Into  any  details.  It  Is  cer- 
tainly niggmtice,  however,  to  flud  Uie  very  flret 
of  BuKland's  statesmen  and  scienllsts  uniting  In 
tbeir  ap|ireotatlon  of  the  danger  wlmb  threntens 
Great  Britain,  at  well  as  agnaing  Uiat  industrial 
and  technical  education  la  the  propm  means  of 
aToldtng  this  danger. 


As  IS  THE  CASB  with  most  other  similar  inatitu- 
tioua  iu  tbe  eastern  state*!  "  t^onHidernble  shnri!  of 
the  work  of  tbe  Uaasachusetts  ngricultural  itution 
is  purely  chemical.  The  report  for  ISse  con- 
tains the  results  of  some  hundred  and  nixly  or 
more  aiialyeee  of  fodders,  dairy  producto,  ferti- 
lizers, water,  etc.;  and  this  portion  of  the  ntjiort 
is  evidently  thoroughly  good  of  its  kind,  and  can- 
not fail  lo  be  of  service  to  tbe  furmer«  ot  tbe 
slate.  The  fleld  and  feeding  experiments  are 
made  morapromineut  in  1  be  report,  however,  ihao 
the  chemical  work,  as  beAts  their  greater  genenl 


« 


^ 


404 


MENCE. 


[VOL.  ui.,  No.  m 


IdtcnU :  but  tiin  impnvirion  Irft  bjr  ii  iMKfnl 
peroMl  of  thi'tn  b  not  nltogntlm'  Nttiiifiurtary.  In 
somecoaca  «  Urge  nmount  of  dntn  Itati  been  ob- 
tained, aa  ill  th(^  fwrtliiig  exiM^mmt :  but  the 
rMUlts  ■»  pmeotMl  irilliuut  luiy  hiIihjuuU'  (Ub- 
Doaiioii.  —  u  too  prevalcut  biibii  uaung  uur  Bla- 
(tone.  OlliCTit  of  tlip  tipiThaMitB  would  be  more 
properl)' calttHl  ulatrviiliuiifi,  and.  wbil^  of  value, 
enrc«lf  require  Ibe  apparntuB  of  an  exjierimeut- 
■Uiilon  for  their  tdahiti)^  :  wlille  ■till  others  «oem 
to  leA<l  (o  no  ileOnite  end.  While  much  has  been 
done,  and  in  vaiiousdlrectlone.  we  fail  to  find  Id 
the  report  nnv  eiliausllTe  InveetlKatlon  of  any 
mbjecl,  Biich  as  II  \t  l)ie  peculiar  pmvjnn'  of  the 
«xperiiiient- station  to  nnderiake.  The  tendency 
ftppears  to  havo  been  to  velect  thom)rinipter  fonna 
rxp^Timent  which  give  an  aniinrer  in  groaa  to 
itne^tioo  of  pr«»ent  int<-n«t  in  practice, 
'rather  than  to  attempt  to  r<'<tucp  the  question  to 
ita  olcini.'nls  and  eluoidaleihcnctionof  tlie  varloue 
facton  which  enter  into  the  umiwcr. 


PuuiAra  NO  OHK  is  better  fitted  hy  training  and 
npenence  to  diacaw  lni>-lllKeotly  tbe  prolilem  of 
mnsidpal  Kovemment  In  Die  United  Slatea  than 
Ur.  8oth  Low  of  Brookljn.and  lilaaddreaaon  this 
topic  before  the  Historical  and  political  aclvnoe 
association  of  Coniell  unlversitj'  \n  vvty  full  (A 
Informaiioii  and  mggeatkn.  It  hns  needed  neither 
do  Tocqueville^  warning  nor  the  data  glvra  In 
thr  current  iastie  of  the  Aadovrr  rri'MTo  to  lin- 
pTTM  u|Hin  us  the  fact  that  this  is  the  age  o(  loeat 
citic*.  and  that  it  ia  in  tbe  cities  that  republican 
inatitutions  will  be  put  to  the  severMt  test.  Mr. 
Low  points  out  that  the  tosh  of  admlnisterlnx  a 
large  cit  v's  afTairs  is  more  difHcult  in  thti  ooiintry 
than  in  Bumpe,  becatiae  of  its  hetf'TOgeneiiiis  pop- 
ulation and  mpid  growth.  He  addn  that  "  the 
Htruggie  iu  citjr  government  in  the  United  StAt«8 
is  not  HO  much  to  aocuro  the  doing  of  a  necessary 
thing,  as  it  is  to  prucurt.-  the  doing  of  it  economi- 
cally, i-fficientlj,  and  honeHlly," 


The  problem  is  therefore  one  in  administjaiivr 
BCieDCe.  The  Clr»t  consideration  Is  to  eliminate 
national  pollHca  from  municipal  elections.  In 
order  to  this,  Hr.  Low  recommends  tiiat  munici* 
pal  elections  he  held  nt  a  time  when  there  can 
arix'  no  complicnlion  between  fta  iMnies  and  ibcHe 
of  national  ndministrallon.  Tlien  the  city  charier 
ahould  carefully  sepantte  executive  and  legislative 
functions.     The  mayor  should  have  the  power  of 


appmntiocnt  and  remoral  nt  executive  oAlcera 
during  tJie  time  for  which  he  is  nwpouHiMe  for  tlie 
government  of  the  city.  The  extent  to  wlilch 
cilits  may  incur  debt  ahould  be  absolutely  fixed 
by  constitutional  limitation.  All  these  and  sev- 
eral other  eeaentials  are  strongly  urged  by  Mr. 
Low,  Hf  showB  very  clearly  by  pnictlcal  tUu»- 
tniticinB  juel  what  the  lu<ik  of  such  provisions  has 
n-KulIiHl  in.  Tlie  wbok-  uddren*  ia  thoroughly 
ncientinc  in  charaettrr.  and  leaves  the  Impneesion 
that  the  government  of  cities  ia  a  matter  reqnii^ 
ing  far  more  intelUgeoce  and  devotion  than  it 
utnially  has  bestowed  upon  it. 


Thk  Sanitary  new  reportu  that  the-  sanitary, 
committee  of  the  Plilladelphia  board  of  healili  luu 
decided  thill  Ibi-re  is  no  barm  iu  using  distillery 
slops  to  ftM?d  niilchniows  wlira  supplemented  by 
more  nouriBhiuK  food.  U  such  action  has  Iwen 
taken,  it  is  eertaiuly  a  step  backward  in  sanitary 
adminiiitration.  It  b  well  aetlled  that  distiUerr 
swill  iu  any  amount  is  an  unnatural  food  for 
miivb-cows,  and  that  the  milk  produced  from 
animals  so  fed  is  unnholesome  and  injurioua.  A 
case  is  regmrted  by  the  lirouklju  boord  of  bealtb 
in  which  II  is  believed  to  have  caused  the  dealb 
of  a  child.  Swill  aoU  ns  a  stimulant  to  the  milk- 
gluuds.  and  the  (|iuiniitr  of  milk  secTcted  is  in- 
erriued,  while  the  ((itality  is  depitviatrd.  It  ia 
tooliliiiD  a  greater  amount  of  the  priiduet  that  tlio 
dairym^i  deairv  to  use  awill :  nnd  n  long  exp«fi> 
rnn-  has  convinerd  the  writer,  thnl.  if  Ihi*  food 
is  permitted  to  hn  used  at  all,  it  will  toim  l<e  th« 
priooipnl,  if  not  the  sole.  food.  We  sincerely 
bojie  that  thi'  Pliilodelphia  Imard  of  health  will 
reuiiiflider  its  action,  and  uuike  a  more  extejided 
inrwtigation  into  the  subject :  for  we  feel  aura 
that  tht-ru  ia  ample  erldpuce  on  recoid  to  d<-nii>n- 
stmti-  to  the  satinfuctiou  of  any  board  of  health 
that  distillery  swill  ia  totally  unfit  food  for  milch- 
cows,  even  though  it  Is  given  in  restricted  amount 
and  in  connection  with  other  food. 


OAJSCUBTS  ETUNOLOOtCAL  MAI'S  OF 
THE  aULF  STATES. 

Mit.  A.  S.  Gatscbict's  rc8oar<'hM  on  the  history 
and  ethnology  of  the  Cn>«k  Indiana  have  led  Itlm  lo 
a  thorough  examination  of  the  available  literary 
material  referring  to  tbe  Indians  of  the  Oulfsiatca. 
11)0  results  of  his  studios  are  cuntnined  in  bia  hook. 
'  A  migration  legend  of  the  Creek  Indians.'  and 
may  be  seen  by  a  single  glance  at  tbi?  ma|Ki  pub- 


Aniii.20,  im\ 


SCIEjSCJS. 


405 


Ijflbed  Id  this  nnmber.  Tlie  relatloDa  of  the  tribn 
an  explained  Xry  t)i«  author  in  llie  nou^  act'Diu- 
ptuiying  Ihe  mapti  (p.  41S).  We  winli  to  draw  aiten- 
tJon  to  the  imiwrtniice  of  ethnological  rraearvlies 
of  thio  kind. 

indents  of  American  ethRcilo(t7  feel  hntnpered 
ererjwhpro  by  the  lack  of  reliable  observations  and 
the  want  of  llnjtulstic  material.  We  fullj'  agree 
with  the  author,  wbu  etopbH^izes,  in  the  preface 
of  hia  book,  the  fa«t  Hint  tlio  an-lhod  ot  furthi-rLoK 
ethnugmpliic  rtudj  by  ull  the  uk-uiib  width  the 
study  of  luDguofte  can  afford,  hn*  bcpii  too  little 
appreoinl<^  up  to  (he  prwaat  tin*.  The  cnrrful 
obacrrsr,  tnqiiirinit  iDto  the  [aydiotoRT  and  etb< 
nologicnl  charaoter  of  a  nation,  will  feel  compelled 
to  learn  lt«  laniWkge  na  the  only  meaii«  of  under- 
fltandlng  the  way  of  tldukin^  of  the  people  he 
etudlee.  But,  beeiden  thin,  the  coinpuriiKHi  of  lau- 
putgee  it  one  of  the  most  powerfui  lu-'lps  fur  Mudy- 
ing  the  preliintoric  hiMory  of  manldtiil.  Tho  ma- 
terial available  for  n  atudy  of  ihi'  Indiunii  ia  in 
part  very  scaaly,  and  much  of  it  \*  irrcdeemably 
loat,  (he  lan([uaf(<»  and  tiibee  beinfc  exitnrt.  Much, 
however,  mlKhl  Rtlll  l>e  aaved.  if  public  interest 
would  eneoumee  and  dupporl  researches  In  tlilit 
fleld.  The  pbilo«upber  cannot  but  regret  the  in- 
diffrrencp  of  the  public  Cownrda  Ihete  atudlM, 
which  ori-  the  principal  faundiitiim  of  h  pnri-holoKy 
of  mankind.  The  »cienliflc  iiiHtitutions  which  tnke 
an  acttre  interest  In  this  matter  arenot  many,  and 
do  not  comniaud  orer-large  funds.  The  bureau  of 
ethnology,  which  has  don*  and  now  doeii  iuom  of 
this  work  in  (he  Held,  ia  haropeved  by  luck  ot 
mtaine.  Acodemien  nnd  iKicictie«  am  gcmrndly 
more  intcrtatml  in  arclieology  than  tn  pthnology. 
W«  wish  it  miKlit  be  better  underelood  that  the 
only  way  to  undeTHtand  the  rellca  of  a  dead  cuh 
lure  Is  the  etudy  of  the  livinjc  one  ;  but  we  fear 
the  Interest  in  the  Indluna  will  not  be  aiou»ed  un- 
til they  all  are  buriwl.  Then  their  irreoovmibly 
loet  Ivgends  and  ciuloniii,  character  and  idean.  will 
terra  t(i  itrow  in  rnlui-.  and  inu<-b  wiirk  and  money 
will  bo  nnstcd  in  rescart'biv  (.bat  might  now  be 
Miooaarfully  done  at  n  *mall  expeuM-. 

It  ia  not  too  late,  however.  Much  may  Ntlll  t>e 
done  by  Inielllgent  and  careful  collectors  aud  ob- 
servers, and  we  hope  that  (he  ^towing  Inlereat  In 
eclenoe  will  alao  esteud  to  ethnological  reaearchM. 
Astranomera,  geologi«l«,  students  of  natural  his- 
tory, are  receiving  ainph-  support  from  tbeir  rich 
fdlow-citiaenii.  Btluiology  may  gain  friends  too. 
which  will  rnnbli'  ntudi-nls  (o  carry  on  their  re- 
•enrchm  and  to  collect  material  before  it  will  be 
too  late. 

Oatschet's  first  map  la  a»  attempt  (o  locate  the 
wtlleiueiil-i  jiertaloing  to  the  Indiana  of  each  of 
(he  linguistic  familks  of  Uie  Qulf  stata  as  f ar  aa 


traceable  In  tlie  edgbteenih  century.  For  tfaft 
period  of  Ihe  hMory  of  the  (liilf  atalMi  our  re- 
oiutks  are  partuiutarly  true,  ami  our  knowMKe  of 
many  tribes  is  merely  derived  froru  occasional  r«- 
markri  of  early  writers,  Enonnous  inaleflab  of 
this  kind  are  embodied  in  the  map  which  ghowfl 
wh<ire  the  tribn  w«re  located.  The  author  pre- 
fers to  mark  the  territory  inhabited  by  each  uibe 
by  dota,  M  answering  better  the  pur^xm  than  the 
ColorUiiK  of  large  anu,  which  oonreys  the  impres- 
sion that  IIm  (lopulalion  was  scattered  all  over  a 
certain  rountry.  He  say*  (p.  48),  "Thla  will  do 
very  well  for  denary  poijulated  countries  or  for 
Irnvta  inhabited  by  rocing,  erratic  Indiana,  whom 
vtv  moot  only  on  the  itrmt  nAv  at  tlie  HiMis8i])pi 
River.  The  Golf  "tete  Indiana  were  not  longer  in 
the  condition  of  ptire  hunting  tnbei :  tbry  had 
settled  In  stationary  Tillages,  and  derived  the 
main  part  of  their  austnuuioe  from  agriculture 
and  lUhins-''  An  far  aa  the  map  la  intended  (o 
»how  the  exact  atale  of  our  knowledge,  this  opin- 
ion i*  correct.  The  qucxtion.  howovrr.  b  not  to 
easily  aettled.  The  miKratiiUM  of  tribes,  the  shift- 
iotc  of  vlllaR«e^  hunting  excursions,  and  tnanyothar 
facts  and  habits,  lend  to  make  the  territory  of  a 
tribe  fndellnite  :  while,  on  the  other  band,  lands, 
though  not  inliabiliKl.  an.'  claimed  by  a  tribe  as 
their  ]icmsr>Hian.  Thnc  are  somn  important  points 
in  favor  of  coloriiiK  lariie  areas. 

It  will  he  iteen  on  Ihe  map  that  the  Masktiki  oc- 
cupied a  ceutral  potiliou.  The  larice  extent  of 
their  territory,  their  numbirra,  and  their  cliaracler, 
made  them  one  of  Ihe  most  important  groups  in 
Imlian  hiacory.  In  forincr  times  the  tribm  prab* 
ably  extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Hisiiatippj, 
and  beyond  that  river,  and  from  the  AppBlacfaian 
range  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Th^y  kept  op  a 
warfare  with  alt  their  neigbbora  and  amoiii!  tbesn- 
itclves:  tlieir  main  branchee,  the  Croek  and  the 
Cho'hta  Indians,  constantly  being  at  war.  The 
dinleclct  of  the  tinguintic  stock  greatly  diiTi-r  from 
each  other,  the  Clin'bta.  for  iiMtancei.  being  unin- 
telligible to  the  Creek.  Gat*ch«t  divides  ihcm  in 
four  eroup*. —  the  Creek,  Apninchjan  (nil-cbiti), 
Allbamu,  and  Cba'hta.  The  Creek  Indians  oc- 
cupied in  historical  limew  a  cetittal  positiou  among 
the  other  Uaak6ki  iril>es,and,  by  forming  a  titrong 
and  pennanent  national  union,  had  become  the 
most  powerful  ot  all  Iht-  southern  tribr». 

Thrir  traditionn  say  that  they  came  from  the 
west,  am)  immigrated  into  their  territwy  in  the 
eastom  Onlt  utate*  after  croiwing  tlie  lower  Hissts- 
■ippi.  AccordiuK  to  their  migration  legends,  Ihe 
l6i«i'hla  and  Kawiia  tribes  were  the  Hret  to  reach 
the  Chatahutehi  River,  where  they  found  the  Kusa 
and  the  Apalnichukla  settled.  The  situation  of 
these  places  will  be  fotand  on  the  map.    All  other 


i 


SCTEyCE. 


ITOL.  IX  .  No. 


BPtttements  on  the  Ohaubatcbi  RUor  i^m  mora 
noent  than  Kluri'hU  nnii  Kavitn.  and  tliere^ore  It 
■■  iMOlmblf  that  the  Creok  JnimiK'alion  inthow 
puti  came  from  the  Coosa  and  Tatla|)ooM  rlTen. 

Tb»  vUla««a  ol  tb«  Creeks  an?  built  ulini^  llie 
1)ank«  o(  riven  auil  bruokn.  frvtjui^itl.v  iu  placea 
Bubjecl  Ui  uiuntlutionB.  They  connisiiil  of  irnttu- 
Ur  uluBtrn  or  boiiiii'K.  Ench  »(  tbmr  iK'longnl  to 
a  K('0«,  or  olan,  of  which  llicro  w^ro  n  great  nuni- 
Iwr,  iwMitr  of  which  are  still  in  eslflleoce.  Only 
tho  largfr  %-lIliieu  bad  a  pnbllc  sqaare  occDp;ln|[ 
a  rvntnil  pmition.  This  wa»  res(-rve«t  for  the  cele- 
bration of  lesllvals,  e«p«clall>'  lor  that  of  the  an- 
uual  fuit.  urbicb  is  tlic  inuit  proinini-nt  out'  uiuong 
Ihi'ir  fruHta.  Ou  the  siiuarr  nhfod  thr  council- 
hoiuM.'.  TliL-  Creeks  distinguished  cwi>  kinds  at 
tou-na,  —  the  red  or  wnr  town,  and  the  wbiu>or 
pcnco  towns.  While  thn  torni^r  were  govorned 
by  wnrrinrs  only,  the  latter  bad  a  eicll  got'em- 
nwoit.  One  of  die  mwi  noteworthy  of  tli«  in-ace 
towns  waa  Apalatohukla.  li  wa*  coii8ld4>red  the 
mother  town  of  the  Creek  confederacy.  No  <«ii- 
tlTta  weie  put  to  death,  no  hunmn  blood  was 
apilled  (here.  Duputim  fruui  all  Cr^ipk  towns  »s- 
w-uible>l  tlii-re  wht-u  a  geneml  peace  was  prupom-d, 
On  tbi^  otliLT  liund,  Knwita-'nillahaMi.  ■  fi'w  uiilm 
north  of  Apuhilchukla,  wm  nn  ioiporlant  wnr 
town.  Ulti'  tbi!  chinfN  and  wnrriom  axu'inljli.-d 
when  a  K^oi-ml  war  wa*  propo<HHl,  and  bore  (Tn|i- 
tirm  and  «lale  malefactors  were  put  to  d«aib. 

Oatecbet's  researches  on  tlie  anoieut  pathways 
are  of  psrtlmlar  intetesl.  A  detailed  study  of  trails 
leadlnjj  tlirougb  the  ouuntry  foraw  au  important 
part  uf  ludiuu  history  aD<t  <-llm(if^ai>hy.  But  un- 
foituiutI>-ty  only  very  fow  arc  tracmble  iit  the  pr<«- 
i-ut  tiiiin.  He  d(m:ri)>o*  four  trnili*  li-aclliig  from 
Ihr  t-aiti^rn  utaiw  to  the  Crei-k  tt'wns,  ertiH«lug 
lbs  Cliatabuti^hi  Rker  hy  lueans  of  fords. 

We  cannot  enter  liere  upon  the  elbnugruphic 
and  lin^isUc details oontafued  in  Uululiprs  buuk, 
but  confine  oanelvm  tu  tlie  forrguinf;  reaiarks, 
which  will  Ih!  explajiutory  of  (mrt  u(  Ihr  vast 
amount  of  information  rootnini>d  in  the  map*. 
It  inual  bi>  rcgiottiil  time  tbn  publication  of  the 
•MOnd  volume  of  Qabtchrt's  work  ie  delayed  so 
loog.as  It  wilt  undoDbtvdly  further  our  knowledge 
of  North  American  etbnoloKy  as  oiucli  a&  the  first 
one  haa  done. 


PARIS  LETTER. 

H.  Bbown-Sbqitard  luw  Utin  rlrctml  pmidvnl  of 
tiwSoL'iCi^debioUigti-itiphux'or  thelnte  Paul  Hert. 

Tlie  priijciiml  convi-mitional  topic  of  acientlllc 
inli^mt  at  pn-arnt  it  the  particularly  sljtiiillcaut 
retntioMbip  rxiAiinK  between  typhoid -fcvi-r  ex- 
tension and  the  tjuality  of  tlie  water  distributed  in 
PKria.    It  la  known  that  Paris  receina  its  drink- 


ing-water  from  tbra«  principal  immuocs;  vnypure 
and  palatable  water  is  fomlslicd  by  two  rivers 
wboee  wateri!'  are  broufchi  into  Paris  by  rniMns  of 
aqu«diict«,  natuely,  the  Vanoe  and  the  Dbuy* : 
second-rate  water  comes  from  the  Ourci]  River : 
finally.  Seine  and  Marne  water  is.  on  account  of 
its  impurity,  (Specially  used  (or  puMic  piirpotM, 
—  sUfrt  cli-iiuin;;  and  wutennn;.  toiinlalns,  etc. 
But.  nliliiiui(h  ihfluat  wiiti-r  ifgmierally  not  mixci) 
with  jmrc  drinking-water,  it  oflen  ha|>piriis.  es- 
pecially in  Kiimmvr.  that  the  Dhuys  and  Valine 
do  not  fiimiah  wairr  rnoui;h.  so  that  it  iH^oioes 
necessary  lo  use  Sein*  or  Mamu  wat*T.  The  con- 
sequeiioe  Is.  that,  sometime  nftrr  this  mingling  of 
tlie  |)UT>!  with  the  impure  water,  typboid-fever  lie- 
comes  much  luonp  prevalent.  For  inctance  :  for 
set-en  weeks  during  which  pore  water  is  dis- 
tributed ill  tlie  whole  of  I'arin  (May  3-June  W, 
the  number  ol  Lyphoid-fi'vi-r  cases  applyintc  loth* 
hospitals  is  14D.  Froiu  June  il  to  June  M  tlie  Seli>e 
water  is  mingled  with  Iliat  of  the  Dhuys  and  tlie 
Vunne.  During  the  iipven  wcfkn  frtim  Jiim-  81  to 
Aug.  8.  the  cafe*  are  4TS.  The  niiinliiT  of  i-iuu-s 
tH-ginn  tu  increase  between  eighteen  aiul  thirty 
day>  allcr  the  aduiixtur^  of  ilie  Impurt  watar. 
The  sninr  ri'lntirinahip  eslnta  in  moM  epidemics  of 
typhoid-fever,  hctwei^n  the  nature  uf  the  water- 
supply  aud  the  (rei|OeDcy  of  thrdi«»uK-.  Aoothet 
Ter>-  sigitifioant  fact  Is.  Hint,  in  bnrmfka  wberu 
the  water  is  gooil  (Vaniie  waVerj.  the  death-rate 
from  typhoid-fever  is  only  0.7  per  cent,  white  in 
barracks  (although  quite  m-w  anil  very  healthy 
Otberwlre}  where  Marnc  water'  is  used,  the  deatb- 
iateri»ee(from  typhoid-feTcralonejto  ITper  cmt. 
If  Uiese  facta  are  coaHrmed,  —  and  it  in  uuUkety 
that  they  should  not  lie  so.  since  n  roc«nt  invivli- 
gator.  M.  Thoinot.  bat  found  the  tipboid  bacillus 
in  great  numbers  in  Seine  water  taken  at  the  very 
jdaoe  whore  it  is  puiiijivd  for  the  iiiuniciiial  reaw^ 
voir*.  —  the  Pans  Ixjord  of  iildernieu  will  hare  lo 
give  up  using  Seine  n-atcr,  iind  will  be  compdled 
lo  secure  pure  drinking-water  vlmiwhere.  if  il  doea 
not  wi^ll  to  be  called,  with  just  renaon.  a  cold- 
bliHHled  murderer,  wbtcli  it  seems  to  Im  nt  )in»t'Ut. 
Kuoh  a  state  of  things  Is  a  ehame  to  a  city  lUui 
Paris,  and  in  an  uge  uf  science  like  that  In  which 
we  live. 

The  senat«  commJttM  for  the  abatement  of 
alcoholism  iu  Franco  han  jurt  reported,  and  pro- 
pusn  tlial  all  Doo-etliylic  ntn^holn  nbuU  be  ex- 
cluded from  wines  and  lltiuors,  n*  tliey  are  poiMn- 
ouB.  This  is  very  well,  but  will  it  bo  v«iy  easy  to 
dovliw  an  inHtrument  or  a  chemical  mMbod  for  the 
diaeorrry  of  non-ethylic  alcohol  in  wine  or  spirit*? 

Tbv  Piiris  aoademy  of  medicine  Is  going  to  difi- 
ciMs,  aom«  time  henoe,  the  iiuestion  of  mental 
ovetwork :  and  the  minlta  of  those  dbcutlont. 


Atkil  99.  188T.] 


scinycE, 


407 


fr  oarefully  prrpftrcd  and  wvll  bftcked  by  f;o(xl 
docTimmto.  will  crrtninl^r  prove  mcari  inUtmiinf;. 
Thr  evil  rffwl*  ot  o^wwork  nnwt  cOTtninly  Ni 
fDornintM  in  Friwiw,  not  only  from  tin-  nipntal 
point  ot  rlew,  but  hIh>  tw  ooneems  the  inlluentv 
on  phjFBtcal  il«T«lopnnent ;  all  tlie  more  so  Ih&t 
gjm»at(tlcaarii]  BporU  iu«  iiot  enough  MiiiKtit  for 
aii<l  cullivat^il  to  umintrrHd  the  l«ul  rfTm'ls  ot 
tu^ntul  utraia- 
U.  Lcviise«ut.  ot  tile  Arnd^tnie  lies  vcionCM 
inli-*  el  politiipies.  hns  re<.'eDllr  publiHlifd  ■ 
■prr  (x>ntwmiiiR  the  nvcinKC  length  of  life  to 
Ftnnc  nt  the  ppwent  daj  and  n  century  bro.  in 
nnDnnd  1881.  The  folloviog  (able  siimmarliw* 
tbe  data  for  different  periods  of  life,  the  uumbers 
indk-Atinelheraliwot  vutvlvonperiboiiaHml:  — 


BefoTVinn. 

UR>8I. 

Ar>. 

BOie  MIM. 

3lal«. 

PMoalo. 

i 

M 

7I« 

744 

10 

Ml 

«n 

7H 

IS 

W 

mt 

■m 

« 

<T1 

m 

or 

s 

401 

U4 

tM 

« 

m 

nil 

tm 

n 

mt 

m 

(TO 

ft 

i« 

m 

va 

» 

tIM 

Ha 

en 

» 

n 

in 

in 

Tlie  folluwjnf;  iaM*  BnmmiinKPW  the  ratio  of 
average  life  Ifiiglh  in  Fnuice.  EnKlind.  Beigium, 
and  Nurwuy.  («lt.'aliited  for  n  thonannd  infiinls  of 
bcitli  sexe» :  — 


Age. 

Pfaiwa. 

Bnslkuil. 

Beldam. 

!!arw»r' 

)0 

an 

ns 

W 

no 

» 

»M 

>ra 

m 

TU 

n 

m 

IM 

an 

Wl 

M 

M 

MB 

»i 

on 

H 

m 

4U 

440 

STO 

«0 

am 

RD 

US 

«m 

n 

a48 

OS 

tlfl 

840 

■D 

m 

W 

IB 

WJ 

to 

" 

It 

B 

« 

I(  will  he  easily  perceireil  that  the  aremge  length 
of  lift!  biu  increnaed  jtrvntly  rincr  a  cmturj*  ii^o 
in  Frnnee,  and  that  it  atnniln  irmemlly  on  n  pur 
with  that  (rf  England,  bcinx  ■upxrior  to  that  of 


BclKium,  bat  inferior  to  thai  of  Kotkaj.  The 
pr«'^niin<!nce  ot  Norway  i«  duo  not  only  to  ll* 
low  death-rnl«  of  infantu,  iMt  to  that  ot  all  ages 
of  life.  Other  tahlm  ^how  that  lif«  in  Kcnwslly 
knuc^rin  feaistes  than  In  males. 

M.  Annauer  HauaeD.  wliow  works  oonecminK 
ti-prOfiy  are  well  ktiown,  ha«  recently  pi]bllfdi«d 
an  inlirrt'ntin^;  t^irr  (xmceniini.'  Hpttcaemia  In 
whnlrii.  Ncor  Berficn.  4«ch  ywr.  one  »t  two 
Balnenoptern  roirtraCa  an  it-gnlarly  caught.  Tlie 
way  In  which  it  i*  doDc  in  very  siniple.  The 
small  bay  Into  vhtrli  tlk«  whale  haa  rome  is  shut 
l>y  meann  of  a  n«t,  —  this  U  quite  eiinui;h  to  pre- 
vent the  egreas  of  tlie  aoiRial.  —  and  tlirn  the 
Bshcrtneu  try  lo  harpoon  It.  Tbe  animal  belong 
to  the  HHhi'rmmi  whose  arrow  or  spear  has  proved 
fatal.  Thp  fjlul  wound  in  reooiinixed  «iJ.ili  by  lli* 
fact  that  nil  nroiind  it  there  ii  a  tMi«  of  tUurtiH- 
catloB  Mnio  dnfo  afterward*.  The  antai«l  doM 
not  die  linoaedistnly.  Hnni«  tw«nty-four  or 
tbin>-<tix  hours  alter  the  wounds  haT«  bMn  in- 
flicted, the  animal,  which  oontlnu«8  nnming 
nhont  in  ihe  tmy,  seeoit  nick  :  it  comes  oftener  lo 
the  narface  to  hrvatlie,  Hud  is  lifr*  rapid  i[i  iln 
moveni^nt*.  It  In  then  liarpoomil  and  luiulud 
aahore.  Oneof  tho  wmind*.  ii« Ivfon-  inentiimrd. 
in  found  to  ho  surrounded  hy  ■  zrmn  <if  morliBod 
tiwueti.  All  ibe  fishmneo  then  dip  their  arrows 
and  tfH-nn  into  the  wound  to  poison  thetu.  In 
fact,  thr  whnki  are  Itilled  by  septicaemia,  for  both 
Uansen  and  Gadu  Iwve  found  in  the  wound  a 
[)UHntily  of  hncilli,  nlwayx  the  Munn.  Cultured  of 
these  badlll  »uoceed  T«ry  well,  and  now  inocnla- 
tiona  upon  ral>blls  oiv  ttolng  to  hp  tried.  The 
eutiou*  fi'Hluie  ot  this  fact  is  tbat  this  iiietliod  of 
whale  capluriug  has  been  in  rORue  for  many 
Ihoiiwind  jeani.  cinfe  the  epoch  of  the  vikiUKx. 

Many  int<-TrMtng  IhkAh  have  been  pul>li!i|ied 
since  n>y  Imn  letter.  Profp«or FrWiVioi|  of  Lteg« 
huH  piibli^lied  tlie  Hrat  \'«lutnr  of  tli<!  iuiiihIk  of 
liln  laltoralory.  It  coritnins  many  intefiuiilng 
impeni  hy  the  able  young  physHiIogist  and  many 
olber  Bcientista. 

Professor  Hnyem  haa  inoed  a  volaina  on  tbe 
great  therapeiilica)  mtrthods.  It  is  a  useful  book, 
in  which  tlie  pliiliMi>|)liy  of  tliempeutiai  in  w^t 
expouado).  it.  n.  <ie  Kerrille  lias  publiiOuvl  a 
tNMik  on  evolulion.  It  is  a  popular  hut  very  Hetis- 
factory  account  of  the  bnsla  of  evolution,  of  tbe 
facts  adduced  m  support  ibcreot,  and  of  the  dltt- 
OulliM  tbe  i^rent  Darwinian  theory  encounters. 

It  would  be  iineleM  to  -ay  a  word  in  pi«i»e  of 
tlM>  Inte  W(lt«'s  ■  Biologic*!  i-hemistry."  which  in 
now  complete.  Thi»  work  is  a  very  good  one, 
clear  and  precis,  as  that  ragrvtted  inaotrr  always 
wrote.  V. 

I>arta,  April  & 


408 


8CIEXCE. 


|Vou  IX..  No.  1M1 


ATITESS  LETTER. 
I  hM  brvD  an  iiuposlaiil  day  tor  Anicrican 
JL-nta  ID  Gmcc,  nnd  tar  tile  rrirnrli  nt  bomt. 
of  thp  Ainrricnn  orhool  o(  nrclimloRV.  The  cor- 
nef-ttono  of  the  pernianent  h'jin^  of  tlie  school 
has  ftoally  b«vii  laid,  and,  afler  live  ^^ara  orex- 
isli^noe  without  a  house  of  tin  own,  tli«  tcliool  will 
ia  a  r«w  inoutlut  Iw  <:atuniuilioUHlir  and  [wrmii- 
avnllf  BccommixlnlMj.  Tliw  liuildtRK,  in  coumr  of 
enwUmi  undvt  thi-  mipcrrUKin  of  Mr.  TVowlniilge, 
w»  plttnnnd  by  Pmfrwfor  Wiire  of  Columbia.  It 
ocoupira  n  t^hanniiijc  site  a  eliorl  dfataow  «ust  of 
the  palace,  ou  aii  emlneuce  rroullTig  Hynieitus. 
The  laud,  whioli  adjoins  that  uf  Ww  V.ng\isi\ 
school.  U  the  mif  I  of  the  King  of  tinx-co.  and  was 
obtained  chiHl}'  ibruu^-h  ilat'  exi-rtion*  of  minli'ler 
Fearn.  The  building  will  iilliinl  arcnainiodatloDs 
for  the  diitxitot  of  tlin  •rhorji  nnd  (or  the  Mud«nls, 
a«  woll  lui  for  the  lihmry  and  workiug-raotits. 

Tbiiq  afternoon  nio»lof  tlie  Autericauain  Atlicnc 
as^mhled  dlxiut  the  new  bulldlup;.  over  ivhicli 
floated  the  flags  of  lh«  Uuit«d  Slates  nnd  of 
Oreece.  Upon  tlie  platform  v:er<-  the  Cnlted 
Stat««  and  Britisli  miaiutiTS.  nnd  roprmwniativM 
of  till- (Ireuk  goremnji-nl.  us  well  as  of  tlit- t^ng- 
h'sh,  Fruicb.  mid  OiTmau  schools  In  Atheiu. 
U,  S.  MiniMi^r  Ft-nm,  in  Injing  ihe  oora«Mrtono, 
■poke  in  atrm'iit  words  of  the  iuiportanM>of  (he 
school  for  i-iasHical  aludies.  uiid  cungrnlulaied  hl« 
oouiitryiueii  that  th<.-ir  sobool  would  now  be  on  an 
v(|iial  fuotiDK,  sa  tax  ns  (icoomtnodatlan  it  con- 
cerned, with  ita  Bister  institutions  of  other  nations. 
Copies  of  the  Athf^ni  dally  pai^ers,  and  a  box  cf 
Oroek,  EnKlish.  and  American  coins.  wn»  put 
In  Hw  stoue,  which  was  then  formally  placed  in 
posh  Ion. 

MlmlalCT  Fcani  wan  rollowcd  by  Protei*N>r 
lyOoge,  the  present  dir<«lor  of  tlie  American 
school,  who  described  its  sphere,  aud  v\nVv  of  its 
ncfds  and  Its  resourc««.  M.  Uru^oumis.  Grv«k 
minister  of  (orelK'i  aCTairti.  spoke  i-ordially  of  the 
work  accomplished  in  (Jreecc  by  the  Anwrlcanu. 
saying  that  •■  Orri-ce  could  not  forxet  tliat  the 
llrst  wellKU);anizrd  schools  in  Greece  were  eiilalk- 
)i«hed  by  Amerieaus."  M.  Foucart.  dUvoior  of 
the  tYenrli  nclioiil.  wiw  unavoldahty  absent,  aa 
was  bI«o  (he  wct|.kn<in-n  architect,  Mr.  Pcnnae, 
head  of  tlie  Enxllsh  tichool.  who,  how«Ter, 
watched  the  proceedingH  with  hearty  interest  front 
the  window  of  the  neif;hboring  school,  while  his 
part  la  the  exercisw  was  talcao  by  Mr.  Waller 
Iicnf  of  London,  whose  Hotnsirtc  studies  hare 
made  his  reputation.  Dr.  Petersen  spoke  fur  tlte 
German  school,  and  the  proceedings  enmo  to  an 
enti  wiib  a  llbatiua  in  which  all  the  nssc-mbled 
fMsods  (wrticipnted-  Tlie  school  is  now  fairly 
wall  (MaUisbed.  but  too  little  U  known  uf  it  at 


bome.  Unlike  the  other  school*,  which  arii  well 
supjiorted  by  their  resfs-ctive  govomiurnts,  oin" 
school  depends  enlirely  on  vi>lunlnr?'  (-notrilnl- 
tiuiis  :  ond  the  mponscE  to  lis  appcnls  have  here- 
tofore hern  in  no  wise  M)e()i)ate  to  Its  needs. 
Little  has  been  done  by  way  of  picsentinx  its 
claims,  sure  by  circular*  issued  to  the  various 
aliininl  associations,  and  funds  are  urgently 
needed  fur  the  sucoeisiful  carrying-un  oi  this  most 
iniixirlunt  work. 

A  sufllcieiit  sum  has  been  raised  to  en>c(  this 
new  building,  iinil  nearly  enough  more  to  mak» 
provJMioii  for  the  pctnianeut  director.  1^1  a  fiinil 
i»  neednil  for  excavations.  The  school  ban  Ju»I 
decided  on  uncovering  some  important  ruins  north 
of  Corinth,  but  the  money  to  prosecute  the  work 
is  not  lit  band.  Friends  i)f  clnssicMl  study  should 
contribute  libetnlly  to  place  (his  AmpricAn  schixil 
on  n  HUitabln  hnsin,  and  cnnble  it  to  ko  on  unein- 
bsrrassed  with  it«  work.  Hitlierto  the  various 
colleicM  have  inken  turns  In  sending  out  a  Oteek 
professor  to  till  the  post  of  director  for  a  year. 
But  it  ia  found  that  oonsidemble  time  is  uecdwl 
for  each  new  director  to  become  acquainted  with 
Ids  work,  an<I  thus  much  of  liis  year  i*  spent  to 
no  advantage  to  the  school.  Cbiirb-s  Wnldstoio. 
agrnduateof  Ci>lumliia,nndmore  rrcrmtly  dlredor 
of  the  Fltzwilliam  inuseuiu  of  the  Uolversity  of 
CauibriJb'^.  Iiax  signified  bis  wlllingncas  to  accept 
tlie  pcnnanent  d  tree lor«l tip.  and  will  aMiuuecoii< 
trol  in  1HH8.  The  Btudenis.  uf  whuui  there  an  at 
present  nine,  aKiuuie  all  of  Ibeir  own  exp<!nsc«, 
and  all  that  ia  now  asked  for  is  an  amount  suffi. 
cient  to  defmy  the  oort  of  excavations  and  llie 
annual  runniCK  expenses.  K.  A. 

Atlwns,  MufU  \i. 


EKPWRATION  AND  TRAVEL. 

Tlie  Stanlrsf  FalU  StatiOH. 

During  (he  past  few  Qioulb«  tlie  Stanley  Falla 
Station  has  been  attracting  eonsiderahle  atlentioa- 
According  toO.  Bauiuann.  uieuits.-rorDr.O.  Lenz's 
African  expedition,  wbuntaid  mrrcral  months  there 
(Mitthril.  Vienna  niogr.  »ae .),  the  station  is  sltvaUd 
on  the  wei;t  point  of  n  lon^  island  which  Is  sefMh 
rated  fium  the  mainland  by  a  brancti  of  the  river, 
about  sixty  feel  in  width.  A  iiath  leads  from  the 
station  lo  ibe  numerous  huts  of  Singi  HingTs  vit- 
lagv.  The  island  rl»es gradually  from  the  river; 
but  the  lisht  bank  of  the  Kongo  is  (urnied  by  a 
steep  wall  like  cliff  of  red  sandstone,  the  simia  of 
which  lie  bortxon lolly.  Its  top  is  covered  with 
luxuriant  vegeLaiion,  which  surrounds  Nsakl's 
villagv.  Tippo-Tip'g  village  Is  established  on  two 
islanils  above  tlie  seventh  cataract,  the  houses  bt- 
lug  scattered  over  his  oxtenaira  plantatiuna.     Bo- 


Ana,  an.  1887.] 


SCIENCE, 


409 


low  the  cataract,  od  tli«  left  l«iik  of  the  riv«r, 
there  ai*  in'o  vilIa^«B  beluotpog  to  two  ot  Tippo- 
Tlp'*  follovrecs,  —  N«sr  «Dil  Mraaa  Nu)^.  Tbej  tuv 
buUt  in  the  midst  of  ttiirk  nnodii,  whkb  luv  mid  to 
fixlvnd  three  dnTB'  joumi-v  (mni  tbn  rivM',  nnd  to 
be  uoiDhabitcd.  Th^  Koiiko.  which  latm  aX  Tippo- 
TIp'K  tillage  \eiy  rapidly,  torm«  a  little  above  ih« 
atatloD  the  famous  seventh  cataract  which  loi- 
pnesed  itwif  (o  deeplf  u^ionSlaiili^yoii  his  journey 
acroae  the  continent.  Tliuugh  tlie  fall  la  onlj 
about  His  fevt  Itigh.  tht  impnimiun  U  icraud.  on 
ai'coiiiit  of  the  enormous  volumi'  of  wuler  and  thn 
upiunr  of  the  lumiiltuoiu  novcs  Ivliiw  tlii'  fallM. 

The  inhaliilants  of  tlii^  diMlrict  an  the  VVngcnia 
(Stttnlejr'ft  Wenys) ;  but  alw  Tippo-Tip.  with  hU 


*rkMi«T  rum. 


1.  8{iu>l*T  TMU  SmUod. 
&  Blagl  Slocl'B  irUliK*. 
1.  XmU'*  TWoce. 
«.  TIppo-ltp's  Tlllac*. 


a  KMT^TUlacc 

a  UTMik  Xalcfa  rUIM*> 

T.  gvrantb  ombmcl 


AralM  and  alavee,  and  the  rtation  fturlaon.  ai« 
•«stabliiihed  here.  Tlie  latter  wn«  commanded  by 
two  wliiu«,  and  hail  om*  huDdrod  and  6tly  aotdiers 
nnd  worlcing-iaeD.  TIkvp  were  coiupciotid  of  mt- 
cnlled  Ilnum  (mm  from  the  Ouinea  oonot  and  the 
KiK«ir)  and  BaoKalla,  nwn  from  the  upper  Kongo,  of 
tbeMme tribe  whoso  furloualy  utlocki'dKUialo;'  on 
bis  dMOent  of  the  rirer.  Beeidn  thrw,  th«4v  wen* 
a  number  of  women  and  childrpn.  —  ulavon  taken 
by  Tipi)0-Tlp  on  hla  pivdatory  nxninrions  t^i  the 
Dortli.  and  »oId  to  the  nUition.  Many  of  the  wiitiien 
hod  litcoiatT  w-ivoa  of  the  Hausa  :  utber«  were 
working  for  the  station.  Tlie  men  were  clearing 
the  dense  woods  which  KHrround  the  liouimt  of  the 
station,  fltltng  the  swampe  of  the  inland,  and  work- 
ing on  the  plantations.  Bananiu,  maniocr,  nnd 
maiie  were  grown  then.  Swoet- potatoes,  pnpaja. 
and  lemons  were  inlrodtioed  from  th«  lower  Kon- 
go. Tlppo-Tip,  who  has  large  rloe-plantatlons  on 
the  Lunlutm  and  at  Stanley  FUk,  furnished  the 
xUtion  with  rice.     Tbo  alock  ooosiated  of  thrvu 


oowB,aeveralBlie«p,goat«.  and  wMne  poultry.  Th* 
climate  ii  very  unhealthy  all  the  ye*r  round.  II 
appean  tliat  the  naiivca,  who  weic  employed  by 
the  station,  were  kept  aa  slarev  used  to  b*  in  Uhi 
ROUthirm  slAliw. 

'I'he  Wagenia  iitv  on  friendly  terms  with  Tfppo- 
Tip,  who  turn  them  for  boatmen  In  Irarelling  up 
and  down  an<l  In  crossing  the  rivera.  They  ar« 
fishernien.  By  far  the  gn-ater  part  of  tlieir  food 
iM  obtained  in  wetrs  built  in  the  rapMs  and  oatn- 
lucM  of  the  Kongo.  Baokala  arc  fastened  to  a 
line  of  hravr  point,  which  arc  strvnglhenvd  by 
cnMe-beamH.  and  tlie  Ash  are  c-orried  into  them  by 
the  niphl  current.  The  fish  are  smoked,  and 
traded  to  the  Inhabitanta  of  Ibe  UimII  and  Bivcn 
for  honauos  and  other  vegetables  or  for  iron  spear- 
heads and  daggtrrn.  The  WugiMiia  weu  teeth  tn 
pt-rforations  of  iheup[ier  lip,  beads  in  Ihenoaeand 
in  the  earn,  and  rings  of  copper,  iron,  or  braM 
round  the  neck,  arms,  and  legs. 

Titelr  trading  escunioma  lothn  trib««  below  tho 
calaracta  are  made  in  their  large  canoof,  which 
have  a  platform  tor  the  steersmen  on  each  end. 
On  ttxtenfire  joumejH,  tliey  i-over  (lie  boat  with  a 
roof,  under  which  they  build  a  lireplaoc  of  clay. 
It  ia  (vmarkahle  that  no  dfinoralizatinii  through 
the  influence  of  the  Aral>s  has  thus  for  liccn  notice, 
able.  The  latter  arv  ravaging  tlic  wholr  district, 
particularly  the  country  north  of  the  Kongo,  and 
it  tnay  he  exiiect^d  that  their  infltience  will  spread 
out  still  furtlier,  now  that  the  station  haa  been 
abandoned. 

According  to  JVofiire  of  April  H,  the  Swedish 
gOTemmnnt  is  preparing  an  expedition  under  the 
direction  of  Lieut.  A.  W«nw.  formerly  chief  of 
the  Kongo  Station,  Lrojioldvitlc.  Ac  tb<.-  lait 
meeting  of  the  Stockholm  sociL-ty  of  anthropology 
nnd  geography.  Lieutenant  Woatcrroponcd  on  th* 
•ubJRCt.  The  expedition  may  probably  start  next 
summer,  nnd  will  be  absent  about  a  year,  making 
Kamerun  ita  bone  of  operatiooa.  The  cost  will  be 
about  forty  thouwuid  doUan. 

Mr.  Camllle  Douls,  ray»  La  gazette  g/ographtqne 
nt  April  U.  who  was  sent  out  by  the  Fn-n^h  gov- 
rmm<mt  for  exploring  the  Wad-Dra,  hns  bc«o 
madeprisoner  by  thenativeeof  Cape  Itojiidor.  Hr. 
Tempest,  thief  ofBt^r  of  the  English  po*t  at  Capo 
Juby,  however,  succeeded  iu  releasing  him  from 
the  Arabs.  Mr.  Doul*  han  resumed  his  Journey  up 
tlie  Wad-Dra. 

Amerlea. 

Tbe  field-opcnUonit  of  the  geological  survey  of 
Canada  for  the  coming  veasuii  include  some  im- 
portant tp-oitrftpliical  work.  The  Yukon  expedi- 
tion, of  which  Dr.  (t.  M.  Dawson  ia  in  command 


410 


SCIENCE. 


[Toi^  a..  No.  MI 


(ac«  Beimn.  Ajwil  15X  art  out  lut  v«rk.  Dr.  Bi'U 
will  proarcut«  hi*  rcw!curli<-i>  in  nuiliii>n  Rny,  Ihi- 
«Outli-nviit  ■liorr  o(  which  will  b«  cxnminiHl  by 
Mewtni.  IjOiv  nnd  J.  M.  Macoun.  Pn>re»or  Ms- 
ooiin  wilt  viflt  the  littlo-kiiown  interior  of  Van- 
nxiTfT  Islani),  |>rincipalty  fur  botanic*!  purpoaee. 
The  aurt-eyo  of  Ur.  Bowman  in  the  Ouiboo  gold- 
Belds  and  the  Selkirk  mngc  will  add  con!ti4l<'tnbly 
to  our  Icnowlcil^-  of  tbr  s^otP'ipby  of  that  i)i»- 
tricl.  Mra^Ts.  Tjrrell  and  Dowling  will  praceed 
to  Diiok  and  Riding  moiiotains  to  examine  the 
ea«t«rD  outcrop  of  rretaceous  rook«.  and  Metan. 
UiwftuD.Htijitb.aiiilBarTuw  will  surrey  IhcUiuad- 
ary-tiiU!  *asi  uf  liainy  Lake.  The  rvst  of  thn 
parti<-«  will  pro»«(.-tite  mainly  g'eologicAl  work  in 
the  CAKtrm  pattH  of  tbi-  Doniinion. 

Dr.  B.  A.  Philippi  giv™  an  interealinf;  report, 
la  AHtiatut  ot  April  II,  of  an  ascent  of  the  vol- 
cano LIrancaur,  which  is  situated  on  Ibe  iturtpra 
botu)dary-Une  of  the  ChUenlan  province  Antofo 
gMia.  Former  attempts  to  reach  tho  nintmit  of 
the  mountain  bare  been  nnsuc«eBBrii).  Two  engl- 
nerra.  Huflox  and  Pixarro,  attempted  to  r«ach  the 
Aiinirnitof  the  mountain,  which  Is  between  eigh- 
teen and  twenty  thousand  feel  high,  in  otder  to 
make  Kome  triKonometrioal  obeervotioiis.  They 
experienced,  howei-er,  so  severe  attacks  of  the 
punor  (the  diffieiittieH  uf  leapirution  in  (he  rarifled 
atmoaphere),  thnl  Ihry  won-  prevented  carrying 
out  their  intention.  Thrlr  comriaiilon.  Don  Joh^ 
SanlelioM,  micceeded  in  reaching  thesunimil,  nnd 
glv««  thn  rollowlng  deeorlption  :  "  The  16th  of 
Mwh  we  mu^bed  a  tambo  on  the  north-went  >ida 
of  the  mountain.  Thnte  are  houHe*  tvhichforn) 
a  Mingle  room  with  a  low  stoon  bnnk  :  they  were 
buUt  by  (he  Inkm  nt  regular  interrals  on  their 
roaAK  While  part  of  the  company  oould  not 
ascend  much  farther  on  acoonnt  of  the  rartHed 
nir,  Uie  guide  and  myself  reached  the  suinmit 
after  nine  hours'  climbing.  We  deaL-vndcd  into 
the  crater,  the  bottom  of  which  14  fortnril  by  a 
plain  about  thirteen  hundred  feot  in  dinnmtnr,  in 
whicha  besLiilful  [hioiI.  four  hundred  feet  Iook  and 
three  hundn^l  and  Afly  feet  wiile,  is  rituated.  It 
may  b<-  about  Uve  hundred  feet  below  the  rim  of 
the  crater.  On  its  banks  there  are  lar^e  stone 
walla  ol  the  houaeti  in  which  the  Indiiins  unnl  to 
lire.  There  may  br  about  thirty  uf  theHo.  There 
waa  a  great  quantity  of  furl  which  had  tieen  car- 
ried there  by  the  ancient  Indiano.  An  old  road 
of  the  Inkab,  wlilch  led  to  the  numnill,  can  sttU 
1>e  recoEnin'U."  Philippi  remarks  that  thcac 
bouses  wrrr  probably  used  by  a  garrimn  for 
watchiDK  the  appriiuch  of  an  enemy,  and  for  gir- 
ing  alfinal*  by  lighting  the  wood.  Similar  pile*  otf 
wood  have  b^cn  found  on  nil  mountainn  of  that 
dittrict.     Pliillppi  RUppoM*  Uhsc  eDemic*  were 


the  Peruviana,  at  thp  time  when  Ihey  made  war 
upon  the  timTn  and  warlike  Calchaqliis.  who  lived 
in  the  district  of  Sails,  which  belongs  at  the 
prment  time  to  tbe  Argentine  Rppubllc.  J.  J. 
TscbudI  wad  probably  tlie  firtit  to  sugKest  tliat  the 
Calchaquis  retired  to  the  oases  of  thi-  Atucama 
deoert,  in  order  to  escape  the  oppreMdoo*  of  tJi« 
Inkas.  This  hypothesis  is  rnry  probable,  a*  the 
Ataoama  tanpiagc  is  fipoken  nowaday*  in  «ome 
pwta  of  the  province  of  Snita.  However,  it  is 
not  imposfihln  that  the  Peruvians  used  these  pllw 
of  wood  for  ^ving  notice  of  the  progieM  ot  VMr 
conquest  to  Cuxco.  Anyhow,  the  fUL-l  found  un 
the  mounlaiuB  waa  carried  there  about  four  hun- 
dred years  ago. 

S0TB8  AND  NEWS. 

The  papers  read  at  the  April  meeting  of  the 

National  academy   of  Bciencn   were  as  follows  : 

■  On  chcau<^U  integration,'  T.  Rlrrry  Hunt ;  '  Re- 
suit*  of  the  invcHtigntion  of  the  CharUt*ton  mrtb- 
<|uake,'  C.  B.  Dutton  and  Evervtt  llayden  ;  ■  On 
some  phenomena  of  binocular  vision,'  Joiwph 
LeConte;  ■  The  vegetationof  the  hot  spring  of  tJi« 
Yellowstone  park.'  W.  O.  Farlow  ;  '  On  the  foiv- 
limb  and  ehoutder-i^rdle  of  Eryops,  and  on  the 
TcrtebrateB  of  the  trlasaic,'  E.  D.  (Tope ;  '  On  tb» 
rainleaa  cluiracter  of  the  Hahan,'  Eliaa  Loomis  ; 

■  Thi-  color  uf  the  ^un.'  and  '  A  new  map  »t  the 
Kpectmni,'  S.  P.  Ljtoglcj  ;  '  Chomical  conatitu- 
tion  and  taats,'  'On  a  new  clam  of  cnai|Kiunde 
aoalogona  to  the  phthalelna.'  and  '  On  the  da- 
compoailion  of  dlaio  compounds  by  alcohol,'  Ira 
Remwn  ;  ■  On  the  ancealry  of  the  deaf,'  and  '  Od 
the  notation  of  kinship,'  A.  O.  Bell  ;  ■  On  the  de- 
terniinutiou  of  urliiis  of  planets  and  ci>uiets,*  J. 
Vi.  Gibbs :  '  On  the  serpentine  of  Syrnciwe, 
N.Y.,'  G.  H.  WilliauiG ;  -On  the  haromctrio 
oacillation,  dlumnl  and  anntiol,'  A.  W.  Grcoly  ; 

■  On  Floridian  geology,'  W.  H.  Dall  ;  *  On  the 
Taconic  system  of  Emmons,"  C.  D.  Walcott;  '  Is 
there  a  Huroniao  group?'  R.  D.  Irring  :  'On  the 
braiu  of  the  Ceralodtis,  with  remarks  uu  the  gen- 
eral nn>ri>hology  of  llie  vertebrate  brain.'  B.  O. 
Wilder :  -  Outline  of  the  iehthyological  vystem,^ 
Theodore  Gill:  ■  Tlie  eAcct  of  magnetimtica < 
the  eleMrinl  tvaisMncc  of  nietalm'  Artlmr  W;] 
Wright. 

—  The  eonat-survey  tnlegniphir  loiigrttidc  jmrtic 
of  Aasifltania  Smith  and  Rt.  Clnir  have  left  fo 
Ogden  and  8bd  Francisco.  Their  flnt  work  in  «x>j 
lending  the  tegular  line  of  standard  longitudM 
the  coast  survey  will  bv  to  connect  Salt  Ldke  Cltf ! 
with  the  Flwiklin  Square  observatory  In  Ban 
nnnciaco.  When  these  poiutsare  thutt  connected, 
the  chain  will  tx  contpleto  with  tJie  Sierra  Hob- 
blaro.  New  Mexico,  near.  Fort  Soidun.     Aadatant 


Aruu.  29.  iser.j 


SCIEirCE. 


411 


WUIium  fitmbeck  will  conltiiue  (lie  tnnan>nll' 
nental  triHU^ulatioo  trow  Mouut  Nebo,  nvar  Salt 
lAk«.  and  is  expected  to  rt-ach  Ibal  xtutjou  about 
Mar  20.  Assistant  Jamw  B.  Bajrlor  liaa  com- 
pleted his  ■nwiin'e  work  ot  tJiree  monthiL  hnr  jiiK 
occupied  twenty 'tlir«e  iniLt(:neti(;  st'itioHH  bvtwri^n 
Key  We«tnn(l  Washington.  FomUiolutemenKuriw 
or  declination,  dip,  and  inionHllj,  tliisinconsidprpd 
fP>od  work  for  slatioos  coveiing  wo  large  sbstm. 
Id  connectlun  with  t)ie  plijelcnl  and  liydrograph' 
loti  «urvey  of  New  Yock  toy  aad  harl)or.  a  much- 
needed  work  is  now  pTOgreeaiiif;,  which  ouniiiHtBiD 
ruuning  u  line  of  precise  »i4rit-leTeU  fioni  the 
|H-iuiiini'Dt  tide-gauge  of  tlie  eo«st  survuj,  at 
Ban4y  Ilouk,  hy  wnj^  of  Keyport.  SUiten  bland, 
Newark  Buy,  ncrtwii  New  York  hatlior  and  the 
Narrows,  up  l-i^ng  Inland.  throDKh  Brooklyn  to 
Long  Island  8ound,  a«roM  Ea«t  RlT«r  toGoTernor's 
IsUnd.  and  up  the  Hudmo  River  to  Dobb«  Ferry. 
A  dtlAileil  topographical  surtey  of  the  we^t  half 
of  the  Diatrict  of  Columhia  \a  now  ucoriiig  cuui- 
pleliuii.  the  rrnullH  of  wbioh  art;  to  bt  publtshnd 
in  alta*  form  on  n  acalo  of  tour  hundrrd  feet  to 
the  inch.  Tlif  Paiternon  will  leave  San  Francisco, 
atwiit  May  1,  for  survey-work  in  Alaska  waters, 
where  «h«  will  remain  all  sutntuer. 

~  Mr.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  i-falef  ot  the  U.  S. 
bunau  of  labor  atatlstira,  is  now  in  HoinncbuttritB, 
collecting  «tati«lio»  tm  to  ntarriagp  and  divmce  In 
the  United  Stait*.  It  will  probably  be  a  yfiar  be- 
fore tlie  <fata  can  tx*  prepared  In  the  form  of  a 
report.  The  bureau  but  conaidetable  work  iit 
prograa  at  preaeol.  The  report  on  couTictUbor 
win  be  Issued  tn  about  three  weeks.  TJin  n-jiorl 
on  labor-strikes  will  tie  lendy  thio  fall.  Another 
■ubjevt  of  inquiry  nuw  iii  progrcw)  iu  in  relation 
to  the  moral  and  economic  condition  of  working 
women  iindgirU  in  tho  KTcnicitienof  the  country. 
The  bureau  will  nlKo  make  Inqulrle*  Into  the  cost 
of  (lie  diotribiitionof  food-etaple«,  —  bow  tb« 
cost  ot  food  Is  increased  by  UuoiiponatioD-rat«i), 
and  other  facts  bearing  on  the  general  aabjeci. 


LUTTKHS  TO   TUE  EOfTOR. 

^Ihi  g»rTwjunJtfm*»jfiin*fwn/BflM]<ct/br  yfafrfin^  prvmptty 
«n  rtfivd  brlt^  praUmtnarjf  nnti^M  nf  thrir  ItH^tigiHiont, 
fSHntfy  npftt  ^  Ih0  intmbf^  oGnrainin-j  bit  rviuviunieallon 
tHU  i*fvirnit\tdfrtt  ta  aii|r  anntAj>',njdtal  an  rrquuu 

nU*4W«r  IHII  Ikr  iflud  Is  fiubUiA  nny  f  lu/^it  «iw»iiiill  U((A 
a»  aKtntHi  tiftkf)a«nuil. 

Out  wjj«nJ«»H  art  rrfiiwUd  (attu  ftrb/ u  jniHfa'f.  Tlit 
Hr<Mr'4  mnu  1«  in  oil  Mf  n^tMnt  ai  frill-/  v/  iuail /aillt. 

EUmoIog^ic  results  obtained  upon  an  expedition 

Id  tbc  south-weit  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  Hubtoqubul  nilniuiix  1  butti  ^athrted  the 

roanlta  whieti  lobtaincil  in  the  ftittlivnuioeof  nthDu. 

ic^c  atadiM  daring  a  thiee-nKutha'  trip  in  Looiai. 


ana,  T«xa«,  and  the  parts  of  Uoxico  adjoining  the 
Rio  Oraaile  dst  Norta. 

I  left  Waabington  City  on  Oec  G.  IBSS,  and 
■lapp«d  on  my  way  to  Ibe  Uiadsdppi  only  one  day, 
to  Tiaw  (be  Htoa  of  tbc  ancient  AlAMUna  and  Creek 
tott-iu  at  tbn  coQfliMme*  of  Coosa  and  Tattapoooa 
rivorw.  Alnbaiiia.  The  antboia  of  the  nigbt«eiitli 
eeutnry  report  three  towns  fa  the  virlnily  of  the 
Fr«Dcb  fort  TouIoum,  —  Odahi-apfifn  (or 'Hickory 
Oronncl '),  Taakigi.  and  OktohayAdi^i  (Little  Okleba- 

Acoompanied  by  a  atdde,  1  found  the  French 
fort,  or  whui  lemuns  of  it.  at  ebont  (oar  miles  dis> 
tanoa  from  Wotnmpka.  bat  aereia]  dnramstaaeea 
prerimted  me  from  dlaooverlng  tbe  aitea  of  any  of 
the  aMtlementa  aliote  named.  Tbt  autbon  nisn> 
tioned  gi^e  uo  accurate  dowrlption  of  their  site*. 
Itio  wbolo  peniiuniit  irn  ■onietiniaa  flooded  by  high 
water  from  tha  Comu  Klynr.  which  rliwa  ovnr  flity 
feel  atl«r  long  rains  in  the  uorib  of  Alabama  atate. 
and  neceiutarily  destroy*  the  vestige*  of  old  habita- 
tions; and  the  countrv  baa  boeoiue  oircrgrown  with 
plua.*ood*  and  slirabbary. 

At  thfl  coaflnance  of  Tenaaw  and  Little  rivem  with 
BWk  OT  WaHbila  Rivvr  there  are  four  eariova 
monndi  in  on  ndnuiccd  state  of  diuntcgralion.  One 
of  them  in  of  nnnrniona  height,  and,  m  the  tradition 
guvs,  Ii*>l  once  a  little  punil  on  ila  loj>.  According 
la  another  iradilfon,  Ihl*  wn*  tbe  spot  where  tb* 
retreating  Natebes  Indiana  defended  themaelvea 
agalnattAa  piinaiing  Franeh  troopa  in  1731.  Iliia 
looka  nora  Uke  tlte  theory  of  aomo  ambitious 
arobeologlst. 

Three  tiiiira  east  of  Piuevitle.  Rapide*  [leriNb.  La. . 
I  then  viailnd  the  site  of  n  Chn'hla  village  and  eem- 
etenr-  It  lay  on  the  grotind  whieb  (xriiiiTly  made 
np  Solabella's  plantation,  and.  altboagh  the  litlaee 
wna  sbandoDod  bat  ten  or  flftsen  jt»n  ago,  uubody 
oonld  tell  mo  the  Indian  name  of  it.  WhsMvcr  tbe 
eblaiDeya  ot  tbe  eablns  stood,  thetre  was  a  little 
mound  or  eminenoe  I  and  upon  every  sntve  iu  the 
biirinl -ground  stood  apltun-trec.  which  tbe  nionruem 
nandloplanl  tomarklhahoadof  thndeeMand.  Tbe 
main  earn  ping-pise*  Is  now  overgrown  wltli  honte- 
luint.  The  majority  of  theee  Initians  bad  gone  to  a 
mtnaioii  iu  tlie  Cba'blu  Nation  Mime  lime  Wfure  the 
■oennalon  war,  n  holi-blood  Cbn'bla  chief ,  Jim 
Flel'^bnr,  bniliig  prompted  them  to  gi>  tliere.  For- 
merly llitiiu.-  Clia'htas  had  annual  bnll  gainait  with  tbe 
Bitoiin.  two  hundred  'it  wbiiTii  inbatiiteil  a  rHIase  on 
tbe  [ir.[tb-eajit  bonk  of  Ked  Itiver,  tbirlr  miles  abOM 
Alexandria.  I'be  ground  i>  now  owneii  or  held  by  a 
Mr.  Smith,  ami  llii>m>  hiloxia  all  wi-ut  eitbar  ti>  the 
Cha'fata  Nation  or  among  the  (jaddos.  Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Tlie  BUoxi  Indiana,  whom  1  saw  and  studied,  lire 
on  Indian  Cr«»k.  Ilveoralx  inllea  woat  of  Locompte, 
Rapides  jiarisb.  The  anb««lthy  locslkin  of  their 
present  abode  iu  tbe  pine-wowls.  flooded  in  the 
rainy  seaaon,  baa  of  late  snbjoetcd  tbetn  to  tbe  rar- 
agea  of  fevtr.  There  they  stay,  on  thn  propnrty  ot 
Mrs.  Uarthi.  and  make  a  lirliig  by  wnrhlng  tor 
wage*.  Most  of  them  areaniall.  sturdy  people,  show 
no  tmeo  of  lattooirw.  and  generally  ajioak  Engliab 
wore  than  tJielr  native  tongnn.  I  atndied  their  lan- 
guage nt  1.ecoiupte.  and  toiiiul  at  once  thnl  It  be- 
loueed  I"  the  Dakotan  or  Blitian  family.  About 
twetve  BtloxiB  npeak  or  ondersland  it;  all  the  otben 
—  fifteen  or  twenty  —  know  Bnsliili  oaly.  TTiey 
know  nothing  about  earlier  mifiaUOOS  Ol  tlwir  tribe. 


413 


svmxcE. 


fTofc,  K..  So  ni 


•XMpt  tiwt  tbojr  okoi*  from  AToytJIw  pkriiili .  poi'iMI'B 
tbirtj-  VMn  a^a.  Tboy  roll  tboir  uwu  tribi^  *  T&neka.' 
*  TAankSi*  or  '  Tftukn.'  bat  ciuinut  inlerprrt  tliU  tuuiie. 
Tbo  Tiuiiiwi  oil  UiGin  ■  Vdraoi.'  Tho  prciumption 
b  tbkt  tbc  ether  triboa  living  in  tlivlr  ualoliborbooi) 
vbon  tbcj  vittK  Dill)  upoti  tli«  OuU  cotutt  (PMiMu-on- 

Ud.  Cbiiz^ttAH,  MoiTtoby)  niuke  Dakolau  dialet^ts 
alNii ;  ku<l  tlip  (lineaTdry  of  Iho  Diloii  limgiiago  ji  of 
a«*t  itDporUoco,  bocknso  It  ajiMila  Ibn  olil  thtiorj 
Ikat  Iko  •o-ealtad  Ctui'hto  trilwti  of  tli«  Uiilf  uo«M, 
or  Miatborn  CliA'tiU  trib»,  Bpok«  Cbu'btu  iluleota 
tliTougbuat.  The  BajnfjonlM  nnd  HagulMhai  prob- 
ably dill  Hti ;  but  of  tho  HAmaa,  TclutonncbM,  To- 
bMUM,  TouglpBhOk,  uii)  Of>eUiu«M,  tbk  Miiiiot  be 
•■Id  vlth  Mrtalnty.  Tbej'  all  ummI,  huworcr,  Uie 
Obft'bUi  or  HobilLui  trado  Ungaoge  na  a  metuu  of 
lBl«reoiiuuiuuMtioii. 

Before  ths  Biloxlo  on  tnillui  Cr#i>k  Utt  Avu.vi'lliw 
pMlah.  thnj  llvi»l  tlivropMOMbly  wilbiuiotbTi  Iril'ii. 
tlM  Tniilnt.  Bouc  twenty 'fi*«  iMF  tboac  still  rviiiaiii 
ill  tbuii  obi  bamM  on  tb«  MarksTilio  pruria.  ■  littlo 
lo  the  ■aillh-«Mt  ot  Mnrluvllle.  tha  paiiab  uat. 
Tbry  ar«  (b«  TMaenooogoolM  aud  Avoy«lltiit  of  liie 
olil  ilticiiuieiitM.  In  the  eifllitMiitb  o«aituTy  otbi*r 
Tmum  «ill«g«a  eiiiil«d  boddM  Uuae,  — the  TunicMU 
OB  lower  Yuoo  BItw,  and  tfacaa  on  HlaolMlppl 
Ttixia  a  faw  iiitloa  b«Ioit  Uw  Rvd  HlT«r  junollou.' 
Tboae  In  Avoyellfx  paiitb  called  tbcunti'lviM  Sbitkal. 
tint,  or  '  flint  people,' oftrra  former  cbict.Bnallagcd. 
Of  theae.  I  found  a  youutt  man  at  Ijacnnpte.  (rom 
wboin  I  ohtaiiitid  ibutUDKb  iuforiiiatltiii  on  hla  lan- 
guatia.  Till'  uuly  mode  o(  diiipoHtuii  of  tbu  dead 
unoug  tb«  Houtbero  lodiiuiB  Bcomi  to  bar«  be«ai  (hat 
of  inlnuDation. 

Compariamia  mail<i  with  tbn  vorabnlarira  of  all 
tha  lanBiiaf^eK  (onuerly  ipokeii  in  ib»  oonutriMt  uu 
butb  aidea  of  the  Inirtir  Hiaaiwippi  Ritcr  and  tU 
•flneuta.  ovad  with  tb«  P*ai  dfalecta,  na  Ckddo, 
TAIaaal,  Nadaeo.  Wiohita,  bave  aliowa  thai  aifiultj 
•xlalwl  with  iu)Q«  of  iben.  aud  tbat  tberafor*  Touioa 
r«pr«aenbaUtiffiUBtieIaaUjrIorltaelf.  It  baa  many 
pbonotio  paanliarlUBa.  Tba  aouud  /.  whiob  ia  ao 
freqiieut  In  the  Madi^  dJalacIa,  ia  wanting  bMo. 
mn  well  m  r.  Inirteadot  b,  da,  (liv  Uu^uhkvIum  (ch. 
dth.  Of  trilla,  we  And  t  bende  r  und  the  uvular  r, 
tbe  r  being  not  our  rolliiiB  r.  bat  the  noiind  beurd  in 
'  mai.'  '  bar.'  Dand  b  occur  v<iry  aKUIom.  and  int«r- 
change  wttli  (  and  p.  t*  g  dixo  with  k.  'I'bn  avrd 
gnttunl  k  alinoM  in  every  intitauce  inteiDbauK^  vlUt 
xk,  Tbia  ia  done,  for  inirtAneo,  in  the  uuumtsI 
Miiaa,  wbieb  ia  dticdioal.  and  in  the  name  of  tbn 
paopk  lta«lt,  which  may  be  |>n>uoutir«d  '  TAnlka ' 
or  '  Tttiilxka,'  —  a  compound  of  la.  (a  nort  of  an 
artiole,  'the  ').  ilnf.  or  6nS  <'  man.'  '  people'),  and  a 
anffll.  ■ha,  -xkn.  Tb<i  languoKe  is  nacalizing.  lbout(fa 
not  *o  atrontttv  a«  Uha'hta,  and  ia  morn  Toralle  Uian 
Ilia  lattvr. 

In  UKirpboloity  tbe  laugoaf{u  ia  diMint't  from  other 
aoiitbietn  touHuua.  I'',  by  having  a  fcmiuine  bcaidea 
tha  nioacnllnu  form  in  the  noun,  pronoun,  uid  vnrb; 
i°,  by  batiiiK  a  dual  of  tlirnn  prraonn  In  tlio  pro- 
noun and  the  verb ;  3".  by  the  abov»  article,  t«-. 
tl;  t-:  and.  i°.  by  a  aort  of  redupliiiaticni  odC  tba 
nulii  In  aoiufl  of  tbc  aboftor  adjccuvu  and  varba, 
wbii-h  dlffrrk  Kutlrelj  frow  tho  radu plication  found 
iu  the  Miiikdki  dlaleda.  Tha  exiatenoe  of  a  tnaa. 
onlina  and  a  feminine  gender,  ahonu  by  tlic  append- 
ing ot  -Ini  tor  tbcmoacnline.  and  -tehi.  -'ft{«Af.  -tfrAi, 

'  Th"!!"  Tnnl'iM  irrrn  Ui"  alaii.The*!  Initlan  Crlenilii  and 
■ttlaa  ot  tbe  rreuGb  ooIodIsM  ou  Ib»  lotnt  Mlaslioliipi. 


for  tbe  f«inunln«,  ia  «UrMnely  ottrioua,  and,  iiIdoo  It 
eitenda  to  tbe  anbatantivc  noun  alao,  finda  very  fav 
onalogioa  in  Anieric«n  langnagca  (northern  TUmi 
dlalocta,  Maya,  CarIb,  and  tba  diapoted  Taenaa). 
Til*  word*  for 'woman' (nitxMO  and  for'totnalo' 
(U'hUIti)  contain  this  suffix  alao,  aud,  trotn  wbat  I 
bave  obaerved.  tbe  torm  '  feminine'  aomua  better  ap- 
plied brie  thou  '  uiatarrlMnlc.'  wblob  a-aa  prtiiioaM 
tor  Klmllar  dlatlootioiM  by  Prancb  linipilata.  Ibave 
obtained  aevi>ml  higbly  intMrealing  talaa.  arldaatly 
very  aneieul.  in  IbeTouioa  Uugnage,  vrllb  lnl«riinaar 
ttaualMloin  in  Creola  French. 

Duinit  unaldn  to  And  any  ])anK>n  who  could  raliobl}' 
iufurm  uie  of  tlie  prMM'Ut  wb#i«abanla  of  the  Kar4a- 
kawB  tribe,  once  upon  tbe  Teiau  coaat  uitar  I^ivaca 
Bay.  I  repaired  (o  Sao  Airionio.  io  Bejar  oonnlj, 
Tei.  The  *o-calUd  Uasieana  living  in  and  arouM 
tbat  rihiiii;  city,  and  aelilng  th<>iT  prodnoe  upon  tba 
lurDe  iiiarket'(K|»iLr«,  bHve  un  liidlnu  countanaiiea 
nnd  eipreaiiioD.  nilb  tbe  xatiie  athy  cotuplaxloii 
which  I  bod  pmTloDi>ly  obnerved  nmoog  tbe  KA^OWC 
IndiaiiH.  They  nil  npi-ak  Hpauiab,  but  nevertbeleaa 
I  wao  ri'rcil'lyHlruek  with  tha  idea  that  ihaan  utnat 
be  the  deacendnnta  of  the  Indiana  oueegatharad  Into 
tha  Alamo  and  tba  four  miaaiona,  now  in  ruina  along 
tha  San  Antonio  R]*4«,  aontb-WMrt  of  tbe  cit^.  Ont 
information  npou  Ibeaa  trlbaa  la  ao  dafeoltTa  that 
wo  aoarcely  know  tbeir  name*.  II  la  aurmlaod,  bow> 
ever,  tbat  all  or  aoiue  of  tbcui  apoke  dialeota  of  oiM 
ramlly.  whlcb  baa  boon  callod  -  Coahuilteco '  or  '  Te- 
jano"  by  Onwooy  BaTra(lRM). 

From  lAredo,  Webb  connty,  Tai:..  1  wimt  amitfa  to 
Oanuugo,  and  found,  in  tbe  vieiuity  of  Han  MiKiial. 
tba  tarminua  ot  tbe  railroad  to  Matamoiiw,  tha  rein- 
nania  of  tbn  (^orascnido  {Taw-enting ':■  tribe,  who 
have  oatablishod  tbeir  cnn^-lodgiui  OU  both  aidva  of 
tba  track  unor  Lna  Frietaa.  They  are  oommoaljr 
oallad  '  Cairiz>» '  by  tha  wbitea.  bat  inMal  on  bajog 
called  *  Oomeorudo*,'  tbe  aitinet  Carrizo*  having 
lived  at  Oamargo  and  nortb-wcHt  of  tbat  toon.  Only 
tbn  oldeat  man  and  women  of  the  Cuiuucriidoa  ra- 
mnmber  tba  langnage  ot  couvenio  in  it  amon*  thanu 
tielven.  A  part  of  tboae  Indiana  formerly  uved  in 
the  woods  to  tbe  aoutb.  at  Cbarco  EaooQ^do.  The 
full-blood  Cmuecrudua  aeeu  by  me  wera  allm  ami 
tall,  Romn  ot  tbcm  of  a  whiter  ootoplexlon  than  Uia 
Meiioana  around  them.  Tboprononeiatioitat  ttaaae 
Indiana  ia  remarkably  cl«ar.  aud  only  a  few  words 
ooDl&ia  noHol  sounds-  The  laagUBK*  ia  lacking  tha 
aouniU/,  r,  (cA.  dift,  U.  ib.b.aud  d,  but  diphthoiws 
ore  frequent.  Only  two  timaoa  are  eitaol.  but  tiM 
nouu  Is  Infleeted  by  amnu  cnaea  of  a  Ineativ*  ehor- 
act«r.  A  demonMmlive  particle,  pa-  or  jh>.,  la  foond 
balore  almost  every  uuun.  aud  in  some  verba  also> 
Thi>re  la  nlao  a  tondeuoy  to  oiytomixe  many  words, 
onpecinll]  milihtontlvaR,  altboui;h  tbo  accent  ahifla, 
n«  in  other  ludlnn  lauguaeea. 

'The  aoioe  uinp1i<^it;  lUid  paucity  of  aoitnda  li  foniMl 
in  thu  ('olouoiue  InuDungp,  formerly  spoken  iu  the 
name  diatriot.  I  could  Bud  only  one  man  living  who 
remembHWd  vrord*  of  It,  and  I  had  to  viait  bin 
arveral  tinwa  before  bi<  could  gather  up  liln  raooUo*- 
tioua  so  aa  to  (vlv  ou  them  M  truthful.  As  lata  •• 
1850  the  naluraliat  Dorlauilicr,  who  lived  in  Halo- 
uoroa.  boil  no  'iilUcnUy  In  obtaining  a  full  rooab* 
alary  of  that  Uugnafr^,  but  I  ubtnlnod  only  aboBi 
one  hundred  terma.  It  dilFrnt  «i>  couaiilerably  from 
Oowocrudo,  tbat  1  Ibongbt  at  Qrat  I  had  eecured  a 
repretientsilve  of  a  unw  family,  but  anhooqaotMl/ 
diaoovBTcd  it  to  be  h  dialant  dialectic  form  ot  tM 


I 


4 


apvl  as.  \B»t.] 


BCIBKCE, 


413 


MUDu  Ntock-  1  omild  nol  obtain  the  DOiuHMb  In 
Cotonomo,  bnt  in  CoRuiomdo  tbe  aajorit;  of  tbeu 
BTV  boiTDwiiil  tttna  Nalmtill. 

'riin  C'Muticrndu  I»dtiui>  menlioDKil  ti>  iii<i  a  auiii- 
br  of  «\tuivt  tribca.  who  lived  iu  Iheii  viciuil)'.  aiiil 
*l><}ke  their  InngUBgo.ordiaUaU  clowlf  relMed  U>  it, 
but  loft  uo  rv'prravntabvM  al  tbo  lima  ■>(  nijr  vidt. 
TboBP  w«t»  ttio  0mm  CkiqnitM,  T*joaw  (or  '  r»c- 
cooiw'},  Fintot  ur  Fak&wi*,  Miikkan.  CutiijaunA. 
•Dil  tlie  OuTJma  abaT«  inuitjaii«d.  Tbe  Pinion  nod 
tbe  CotauuDM  originklljr  bolaeRml  (o  the  norlhcfii 
OT  T«utD  aid*  of  til*  Bio  Onnil*.  Tbe  HiAkUu  bt- 
loaged  to  tba  Ulnlon  d«  lew  BorrtgM,  at  tlie  tomi  of 
ICIar,  ud  «poke  b  language  that  ww  neiUi»r  Colo- 
nfuno  nor  Oomecrado. 

rpc>u  beiuK  iiiforoiDd  by  a  FtodcIi  iirtwt  »X  Uto 
Grand*  City  Hint  a  uolouy  of  Indlanit  «iiiited  at  Sal- 
tlllo,  t)i«  caj'iUd  of  OoaJmila  Ktati^.  1  rrxoltod  to  virit 
that  ulaoe.  Ona  day'n  rid«  tipua  tkcnilroad  brought 
me  tlicre  from  I^redo.  Thn  ponnlry  bntvtau  tb* 
Kiel  Gnwdc  and  Knitillo  cnn  ho  irrlK*l<'>l  only  in  a 
tnw  iiInrKB.  for  auiC  <if  rikuuiuu  nal«T :  but  if  tbat 
coiiiiiiiHhty  wiu  Dtoenred  thnnigh  drtoMan  wolla,  or 
{iiiiiipcil  by  windtailla  to  tha  «ir(itco,  tbsro  would  b* 
uu  loud  luoro  fortilo  on  eartli.  'I'hn  HTouud  liixu> 
riautly  prodncna  th*  nopal,  giiiKarbM.  ui«i<ial.  palnt- 
ti«a,  ubd  ufla  dt  galo  (or  '  c«t's-olair  *)  tree.  Tbo 
MMwry,  aa  toon  aa  th«  monntain-tiilfioa  us  raa«knd, 
at  Lunpana,  i>  of  extraordinnTy  irriuidaiir,  tbe  affMt 
baingliaiglitanedbythatrannpiuri'iir'y  of  tbeHouth«ta 
■tBUMpharo.  Boyoud  ttio  ulty  vf  Monterey  tbo  rail- 
mad-track  l)t'|{iii«  to  wind  nj)  along  tbr  lortiioua 
pMW  of  tbe  Riuconoda.  once  held  anil  ntrou^ly  tU- 
f«nded  by  tlic  wild  tribaa  of  th*  UuonlilcUle  Iiidinna : 
thMi  it  vmericM  Into  a  wide,  dry  plain,  in  tba  nidrt 
of  wbirh  Sallillu  (literally,  -ilic  nmnll  wator-aprluK') 
la  ailiialDd.  •nrtanndml  upon  nil  nldM  by  tho  tiigli 
nionulniut  ot  tliti  Hivrra  Madru.  In  tliia  oity  of  about 
U.OUO  liibabl1«nla,  the  TIaakaltco  Indiana,  wiiil  to 
eonui  abimt  a  Ibonaand  aonla.  Ut*  In  aouie  of  tii* 
•Mtern  tburuughfaioa.  and  in  fwly  ooloiiiul  times 
wsro  allutled  (bn  wbol«  eaatem  iiiiartar  of  Boltillo. 
wbicb  wiui  (<mnil*d  abont  A.D.  ISTS.  Oter  a  bun- 
drfiil  ftiid  fiftj  faiuilSea  of  tlieao  Indiaiia  were  lb«i 
bruu^bt  t>.>  tbiH  distant  plnoetroni  Anabuoutudefruil 
Ibe  new  colony  uaituit  boatlle  trIbM,  aneb  m  tb« 
Oiwohi<ilitl«  and  Ilarradna,  who  hctmu  to  lutve  diiop- 
Marad  ontlralj  aincu  Ibn  rdKbteMitb  oentiiry.  Th* 
InilUna,  who  now  apnik  the  TLulcallno  Ioukiihucu. 
which  iit  atiuoit  identical  with  Axtao,  d<i  ui>t  unrubvr 
uiet  loo  hnadrcd.  Tbe  laagiuge  ho*  oduptcd  u 
uaov  Uoucan-Jipaiiiab  l^misas  EogUah  boa  adopted 
wordit  tnaa  Nurmou-Fri.-ucb,  ur  ptrbapa  more.  Zxii 
flanta  it  miliAi  ia  '  wile  of  the  foot ;  *  htittito  dt 
NdtaAf,  ' ankle-bona : '  w  oAomfe  dr  all.  'a  ona- 
eada ; '  eerea  it»  mukoyiime.  '  around  tba  city.* 
Tlaalwllac  hi*  nl«o  lout  m&uy  derivaljoaal  endiuKe 
froia   lb*  olil  Nohtutl,   oa  in  nrifffd.    for  n-nfpllli 

<■  tongue'). 

It  ia  qnll«  ptabtble  that  tbe  UnKUielic  family  to 
wbldi  «)•  trlbM  on  the  lowor  Bio  Orande  bnlonit 
•itmded  ou<ie  to  SoltUlo  and  tbo  niat  of  Ooafaulla. 
or  nt  leoat  to  tbo  wutem  alops  of  lh«  noitutaiu. 
gbala  fmmtnB  tha  Blneonila  paMoa,  BuInoTOMtb- 
nlMiM  of  lhm«  tribaa  are  now  extant,  and  we  bare 
toexMOtthe  eosoluding  nnmbera  of  a  pablioatlott 
BOW  uroed  at  ealtilla  by  Mr.  Fjit«l>iui  I'orlllla,  which 
will  porbaaia  ahad  tnorn  llubt  ou  tbiH  Ntibjeot.  The 
title  of  thia  book  ia  '  ApunlM  ptua  la  hIMoria  an- 
Dcna  d«  OoahnUa  y  Texoa'  (SaltiUo.  1886,    »"). 


'rbte  tlUa  ia  dxplainod  by  Ibe  ciMriinMUnoe  that 
Texaa  oaoe  toTtawl  a  part  of  tha  local  govemaiant  ot 
Coahnila.  whieb.  frontbediieeotfatatlweighuvnth 
oentarlea,  oompriaed  a  ntiDh  larftea-  extent  of  terri- 
tot?  than  it  dooa  now.  ALsxar  8.  Gitbcut. 


Two  ethnographic  maps. 
LnfnniDTir  nwiLru  or  the  Gvu  mm. 

Tire  auaesod  map  teprcaoula  the  liu^latto  lamiUea 
of  Indian  dialocU  witfalu  the  •ontb^mitvru  i>Brta  of 
the  t'ni(«tt  Htatee  of  Amerl<a.  oa  far  oa  they  could  be 
tnced  through  aotual  reiuuantA  ot  iribci  itill  ling«r- 
Idk  in  tbair  oU  haunta,  or  in  thu  Tjuiulty  of  thaae. 
and  by  bittorlo  taaaareh.  Aafar  n>  tbe*>DiallrTatocki 
ars  foaeemed.  their  anoa.  or  the  probable  limlta  ot 
tbo  lenrtoTiea  cUnivd  by  Uiein.  are  ihown  by  Hum, 
ittoaUy  of  a  ronnded  ahajie.  eu<-liiHiiw  tbair  prinpqial 
MUlementa.  which  are  marked  by  ooTared  dota.  Foil 
eUmographlc  and  hlaloric  partlenlara  of  th«M  lin- 
pUatio  tamiUee  will  be  fonnil  In  my  pabliotion.  *  A 
mjgrallou  l(f(«iid  of  the  Cr^h  Indiana '  (18M,  to).  I. 
pp.  11  118).  latfaeprcHnt  nrlicle  I  reelriet  atywlt 
to  a  few  temaika  necataary  for  tha  uuderatandlag  ot 
the  mop,  and  bmlu  with  tba  family  of  the 

JVmiMma.  — Thla  Floridlan  stock,  oropcrly  called 
Atimnca.  extended  north  to  a  liui>  wliirii  can  be  in- 
dicated only  upproiimntcly.  nnd  nwiux  In  have  OX- 
tended  (ortbor  nArlh  on  ib«  Allnotic  udo  than  on  the 
waalent  aide  tooiirilh  thn  I'batnhutcbi  Kirer.  It  i* 
T«fy  probable  that  tbn  Kalann  aiid  Tckiuita  Tillagea 
al  tbo  Hnitbem  cape  of  Fluri<la  opoke  >)ialocia  ot 
Timnoao.  Triboi  apoakios  Creek  and  Mili'hill  dia> 
leda  had  intruded  npon  the  'I'iuui^iia  domain  ainoa 
ISM  (uMhapa  before !h  and  froui  I7i>i)  to  th*  jircMnt 
time  thay  have  inhabited  its  whole  area,  uudet  tbe 
name  of  sanilnalea. 

Katabn.  —  Tba  dialecta  ot  tbi*  family .  which  doM 
not  prooerly  belong  to  the  Oulf  Htnl^a.  iiinit  have 
(Meiipiod  a  unob  larger  area  than  i>  indicated  by  tbe 
two  nnK*  on  thn  map.  flat  aineo  wo  pooBMa  bat  two 
Tocabiilarioa,  KatalA  proper  and  Woccou.  thoae  alone 
rould  be  Indioalod  iu  ih«  mop,  fur  fear  of  intrtaging 
KgaiuM  biatoric  tmtb. 

i'ttehi.  ~  Vtcaa  historic  doonmcnta,  thr«e  artae 
<<ould  be  made  out  for  thia  people,  which  never  ap- 
pMt«  prouitueiKly  in  hiatory.  Of  tfaeae.  the  acttle- 
inenta  uu  Chatahutohi  and  iiji[<«t  Flint  rivnr*  were 
tbe  most  recwnl.  Other  Vuchu  exiiitetl  between  tbe 
Allainaha  Itiior  and  the  a«cth«TD  border  of  Florida. 
Iu  the  Oteek  Nniiou.  In<llau  Territory,  tboy  ocenpv 
a  tract  near  WialAku  aud  Deep  Creek,  on  the  aotltb 
abore  of  the  Arkonaaa  Birer. 

ChtnJtt.  —  The  Bottlementa  of  tbia  people  wen 
dlrided  into  Ouli  or  Otarl  ('upland'  ot  'OTarhUI') 
towna.  and  Elati  or  Enll  (or  ■  lowland ')  TU]i^t<M,  the 
latter  in  upper  Georgia  aud  Alabama.  The  limit  ba- 
tvMn  the  Cberoki  and  the  UoaJtAld  family  ia  narkied 
apnroxlniatiiely.  llialmml  ooaaloua  made  byCbotald 
Indiana  to  the  United  8Maa  gOTetmnaoi  are  given  in 
detail  in  C.  O.  Koyoe'a  ■  Hap  of  tbe  former  territorial 
liuiitn  uf  the  ClM^lioe  Iniliotia,'  el(r..  ixaued  in  the 
*  Fifth  report  of  the  bureau  of  (dhnoloKy,'  with  bia 
article  on  the  anine  aabject  (pp.  123-3TH),  now  in 
prM8. 

Arhanaat.  properly  oalled  Vgt\tipa  (or  '  duwu- 
otteam ')  tribe,  apnaka  a  dialect  of  tbo  great  Dnliotun 
or  Sioux  family.  The  anbdiviaianB  of  thin  tribe  now 
live  iu  the  norlb-«Mtero  auKle  of  the  Indian  Tnrrl- 
t«ry.    The  Uiloii.  formerly  on  the  (lulf  cuaat,  aiats 


iU 


scr^ycE. 


iroL.  IX .  No.  «n 


«r  lIla*lMip|ti.  uptAk  A  tllaloct  o(  llie  wine  DkkoUui 
Uook.  Soine  of  Uioir  renuMnw  I  met  in  KoTfinber. 
1S88.  oa  IntUai)  OT«ek,  timr  Lacoiopto.  La. 

Jtftufedfci.  —  TUh  ruaily  ia  the  kfgnt  of  *11  rtjinv 
MaUd  apon  Uio  nMp.  mdiI  Irom  ibe  riitMoili  to  ifae 
•IgbtetDtb  oonlnrx  MtfOKUd  ev«ii  toM  of  tLe  Saniii- 
tub  Rimr  (YtomMi  tribv).  Tlic'  Yiidii  v«rn  mr- 
ranudcd  on  »I1  «iriM  1>y  the  MMkf^ki  tril>«it.  nnd  oim 
of  th(M,  Ul(^  Rumiiuildii.  MTino.l  lii  Horiilii  iu  lb« 
fovmer  ^oninin  of  ibti  TimiifiiH.  mul  weMaf  ii,  wbeia 
fbnucrly  Iho  AwImIim  lived.  Th«  npjwr  Mid 
lower  rcrokfl  li«)d  tb«  c«ntnl  pnrU  dT  th*  aiwa  i  Mail 
tiie4'hK'liiii,  iu  thtwe  mbdiiriuuiiit.  I li*  v*iit«ni  |uirta. 
The  Biliiii,  on  tbn  comI.  WIimi^  to  (be  Diikotn  Moi^k. 
Tbr  majuritf  of  tho  Uiwk6ki  Iriben  uow  )i>«  in  tlu> 
MMent  puta  o(  tli«  tiuliau  TorHUiry,  wHblo  Ui« 
UM  nuu-ked  with  red  Udcb  in  Ihn  nortb-weMem 
eoni^r  of  Hie  mnp. 

Tb^run.  -  Tho  lil«lnli«  'I'muim  people  were  neldeil 
al  two  ploccK.  From  Ibeir  cBrJiar  m-ttlemaiilii  on  Ui<i 
WulMdmil  HItw.  vexl  nitle.  batwven  Vlehitbnrg  and 
KiUcb»i  Citr,  thsj  ronioTctl  to  UoMl«  ItMy,  lhre«i- 
•OKI  }<v  ui  nItAck  from  llio  (TbirnKii  Imlioiui.  earW  tai 
Ul«  righlecntb  coutury.  Iu  1762  Ihcy  waot  to  Cou, 
iaUuM  with  Ui«  Atibiuiiuii,  uid  src  incutlaiiMid  tberc, 
on  Bajoa  Bocuf.  u  iMe  w  1mi2,  by  tli*  Bar  Ur. 
SelMnMtlion)  droH.  Aitf  cnir.)- 

MoMAf.  —  TU*  fnnillv  were  tbe  lendUiK  pooplo  In 
tb*  oomfedtTWT  of  TbeMI.  on  St  CoUi«rtn«  CrMk. 
Mftr  Natebox  City.  Miiik.  Siuco  ths  wnror  IT90  they 
lutvo  liTcd  neiittemd  to  Torioita  imimtrlM. 

rtmiiM,  or,  w  tfa«y  call  tliefiMelvek.  T'tni\ka.  ■ 
Dapple  ouct!  reaUlngMdilfHreiitulaMeiieartbolownr 
IIiaaiBiM)il  RI\bh  1".  on  the  lower  Twtoa  RImr  ; 
f,  on  tho  <Ml  ebore  of  the  UiHUalppl  Klver,  nenr 
the  B*d  Itiver  faurtion  :  S".  iu  ATayetlea  pariidi. 
eoiilh  wf  the  lawi-i  Red  Rirer.  LuuiaiMiA.  I  anidied 
tbia  looalir  laiigua||e.  uow  to  aoUam.  Id  November, 
ItRHi.  ud  found  it  to  bo  lD(l*))«iideDt  of  tU  othor 
Nolth  AmerJMui  Aunlll**. 

AM-l.  —  A  mall  twople  oncu  livloa  bMvMU  8a- 
Wm  Bi*i«r  kiul  Kalpbitocbc*.  Ijl.  wbtob  la  atill  r«.. 
mambaMil  a*  belonging  to  tb«  Odilo  conrmlenw^. 

Cndda  of  nortfa-woatarn  Loulsiuia.  aud  tbe  ABanai 
n  Cenia  of  ntlddlo  IVim.  apolce  dialevu  oUwulj  r». 
llMd  to  oach  other,  imd.  with  lit  or  oaveu  other 
Mbaa.  rorineil  n  ponrcdcrsev.  the  miiiuuila  of  which 
DOW  Mtp  DMr  Waahtu  KItm,  oh  the  Kiowa.  Apacbc 
aail  Cunianche  rawrTaUoQ,  lu<baii  Terrilory. 

M'ffniiuiAo.  — Tbefew  Indiana  of  Ihia  family  Mill 
Uxc  at  one  of  their  old  aoata,  at  (Hiamilou.  St. 
Uary'a  parish.  La.,  while  othara  are  tsrlhor  northon 
Plaqaeminc  BayoD. 

AMki^Mi.  —  fbta  langnge  aceeoa  to  have  liad  a 
pMty  «l*nal*e  area  in  (wrliar  citntiiriea.  for  Dr. 
Bible;  ilatad  In  IMIA  that  ihe  Katbikawn  lu<liBDa  of  . 
tb«  middle  Teua  ooaal  upoke  AtAkapa,  beaidca  thoir 
own  iHDgnnKi..  At  prciNrut  only  two  dialect*  u« 
luuiwn,  hoth  la  *oilth-weHtera  Looiaiaiia. 

irardnAaim.  — A  people  of  tbe  Tnnu  fiinM.  and 
Mttled  Ibera  wntll  tho  midille  of  the  muetecnili  ten. 
tury.  Of  tbeir  Ituftnage.  only  Iwmty.iita  toRu*  are 
hnowB,  pnbUahad  in  Olotnu,  a  eooKnirtiio  wriai''Tit 
or  Rmiiiianhwelg.  IWI8  (pp.  128 -I»,  it)).  xHx.). 
Tba  olMBiii|t  of  ihia  taD(gua|{u  aa  a  aepamto  family  ia 
only  pravinoual. 

Town-nap  or  Tia  old  C>tn  oocntbt. 

Tlw  iHuiianMM  lowna  marked  on  thia  map  from 
MlboBtie    doosmeBta    anbdJTide    themMlTca   Into 


town*  of  the  rpper  Oreeki  ob  Doom  aud  Tallapooea 
rivora.  and  of  tho  Lower  Otecka  aa  Chatahntcbi 
and  Flint  rlvfr*.  Tlia  KoaiuAtl  and  Aliliauu 
town*  lay  on  Alabama  River,  Wlow  iha  Coow- 
TBllKpooea  iuuetioD.  Vltttmlca.  at  the  Ooumi  VkUa, 
wbicb  woa  an  Atibamn  town,  made  aa  «zoeptlon, 
being  on  Oocaa  ItlTer.  On  Chatohntvbi  River  tbe 
npper  towna  »])oke  ('reek:  the  lower  onea,  (rom 
Oblaba  downward,  apuku  Hitchili ;  Vnelil  and  ita 
OolooiiM  on  Flint  Ri*i'r  apoke  Vachi. 

Many  Creek  towna  inaDtiatied  in  hiitocy  could 
Dot  bo  InafMod  bMv,  iMcanae  th«lr  location  ta  not 
known  witb  aci^rtiey.  like  Talllp«eh«t[y,  CbanAnaci. 
ChatokMyfki.  Kuha-uiutki.kAtaka.  etc.  Otlien  had  10 
be  omitted  tor  want  of  rpnve  in  crowded  parte  of  the 

Ultp. 

The  towna  arc  daacrlbed  In  my  publlcalioii  aboffO 
menlioued  ipp.  I'.i4-13l).  Kamea  etill  naed  at  pres- 
ent arc  vritton  in  oaiiitala  on  the  map.  All  sanM* 
of  tliii  and  the  preceding  map  are  apelled  aocotdiag 
to  my  phonallc  ayatem  of  alpbabntlc  writing. 

ALBUT  8.  OaTKBR. 


n 


Specific  varlatlOBi  In  tb«  aktictons  of 
vertebrates. 

When  (  Kpmk  of  tlio  apedSo  varlalioua  aa  Ihcy 
oi'cur  in  the  akeloloiia  of  vertobratea,  I  tutor  to  lboa« 
appreciable  dilFereneea  in  form  wbieb  wa  Cnd  to 
«ifal  wbiiu  we  coiuc  U>  compare  any  two  akelMona  of 
tb«  tame  apoola*.  or,  aa  for  tliat  lualtar,  a  a«d««  Of 
akelatone  of  the  aame  apt'dM.  Aa  in  avary  tliina 
rlao.  aa  we  are  well  aware,  no  two  akeletouii.  *ven  of 
tbf  uiiiiR  upKc'lia.  BID  Kinctly  alike;  bat  I  have  raa- 
■ou  tu  bflievi'  that  it  ix  nut  griieTaliy  ap|>n)ctal«d 
how  (treat  tliia  degree  of  difference  ma;'  be  aonia> 
ttlliaa.  It  hai  alwn.va  biMiD  ouo  of  Ibo  ehief  draw. 
bnckfe  li>  the  atndy  of  bnman  crantoloity,  that  tlio 
nknlla  in  homo,  rep'reaeutiUK  tlia  tame  rave,  havo  fra- 
i]OD0tly  been  toiiud  to  be  M>  thoroughly  nnltke,  both 
In  mNtftireRimt  au'l  in  genrml  charaot«riatiaa.  Wo 
wonUI  pooiaacrou  uliiiitiiot  ('niicaalana,  with  wonder- 
fully  low  ciaoiiil  ciiiineitlait,  a  aniall  taninl  anwla, 
and,  indeed,  having  peihap*  many  of  the  racial 
chnrortora  u  they  migbt  occur  in  the  aknll  of  a 
Malay.  It  will  ba  ray  object  in  Ibo  prmont  letter  to 
Hhow  tb»t  theae  dilloranaeB  are  nnlte  aa  mnrluyl 
nmoiig  the  apecica  tliat  go  to  make  up  the  clikMVH 
liolow  man,  oa  they  are  anionQ  the  akefetwia  of  tlw 
nuua  Bpaeiea  of  tnaoi ;  and  I  will  alio  proaant  a  niuu. 
ber  of  eiauptee  elioaaa  from  the  lowar  vertebralaa 
to  illuMrale  tbia  jHiint. 

People  who  have  given  no  apeeial  tbonpht  to  Ihia 
maltar  aro  Inl  to  bollevo  that  whtm  thev  bave  coro- 
tnlly  daaoiibeil  the  akelaton  of  an.v  vurt>t>nlr,  ■iK'h 
a  deacripliiiu  will  anawer  for  the  akeleliio  it  llial 
apeeioa  fur  all  lime,  provided  apeetmeik*  of  the  isiue 
ego  and  bnbitnt  bo  cboaon  for  eomporliou.  aud  Iho 
original  deeeripttou  waa  acRiimlely  reoordail.  8uoh 
perwin*  hav«  otl«n  aniiiacd  uie  by  the  great  Mreaa 
tbey  lay  upon  tlie  nnmerona  moamramenta  tbay 
make,  and  the  citiBorduiarT  palna  thay  talte  to  hav« 
thaiu  ot  halr-*|>llttliig  arcuracy  tor  the  akiill  or 
other  parte  ot  any  akeletini  tbey  may  be  dn-'ril'iDg. 
Theae  iiteaaurementa.  of  coiirae.  ate  ut  very  great  im> 
porlantre.  but  ««  miurt  beat  tn  mlml  atwayw  that  tba; 
BM  really  bnt  fractloua  ot  eome  eUDiUid  wblob  wo 
■boiiM  aim  to  eventually  obtain  in  everjiaeot  by 
thia  1  mean  a  ttandard  oblainad.  aey,  by  taUng  tba 


4 


Aran.  9(1.  1867.] 


SCTEKCK. 


415 


average  of  the  miutBiiT«m«oU  Mcured  Uoxa  fifty  <xr 
mora  thnUs  or  other  put*  of  tbo  •koleton.  So. 
too,  with  our  dftetiptiotu  of  nob  luatnrial,  for  «« 
luiMt  remember,  that,  w  Importntit  im  tb«  iMftllwt 
nrffoiiut  at  the  nkolotoii  of  »ny  "perirH  of  vvrtrbnile 
laaj  bu,  it  will  lu  uo  cumii  cxaolly  apply  lu  the  akelc- 
t<m  of  Miotbei  Bptcimon  of  the  Htioa  apocio*.  avary 
IbliiK  viae  boins  oqaftl. 

ThiK  bcinti  tli<i  otw,  vra  alioDk]  mdeaTOt  to  luve 
bcfitrc  itn  m  InrK*'  rt  ncritn  aa  poaubla  of  Hkeletona  of 
tb?  )iAt1iciiliir  furui  or  ipedoa  wo  nui}'  be  daaeribiug 


of  tii«  aknlt  of  our  riole|.gre«n  awallov  (TMliycuiHa 
thftlMaina).  Tbia  •Iraving  iB)ieTf««t  lii  all  ita  <l<<k)la, 
and  tbeaiihjis^i  wm  ctinmiiifniinkacriMvfniiuiiilwr 
of  oUmvk.  NutvithttiaudlBK  tkla,  fault  na  liniuil 
vitli  it  in  cvrlaiii  ituarlera,  aiiil  It  n'aa  aaiil  Ibal  (bo 
uutuUo  pnlatiuM  of  the  ■pccinn'o  wt-r*  hmltnii  olt, 
whMMM  111  niBlHy  nothluK  of  tbc  kind  had  b»{il«ii«d, 
tha  aiiteimni  Mug  an  uuiwnnlly  jicrfcol  ams.  ■!• 
tliuugii  iu  U  tlieip  porta  ver«  ahortar  tlian  the;  com- 
monly oociir.  <  I  bara  aioo*  l««nMNl  wiib  TifM  that 
Ibo  pcmoti  wba  bad  Ihia  fault  to  find,  fot  it  did  aot 


aionr  umui.  riaw  or  eECT.ia  or  i.  u'n-nopKmi.Ltrs  (x  ii. 

yjh  pan  plana:  "a,  oual:  irxp,  Diaxlllo-pitlaUu* :  t.  njinnr:  mx.  mailllarir;  yt,  palMtua:  pt,  plarrfotllt 

au,  mao'lluular  •etamoii] ;  q,  ijua^raU. 


with  tbe  riev  of  givioij  •  piibllataad  acoount  of  lla 
octaoUigjr  to  the  «urld.  WWu  ibta  la  tba  caae,  it  is 
•nra  to  t«vmi1  lla  ndiautagp  iu  our  aocount  by  tbo 
(Jiaituiter  of  our  ileacriplion.  and  th«  wclgbt  wo 
Attach  to  tbe  leuglh  of  a  piocoaa  bor«.  Ihn  tncm  that 
a  eartain  part  may  awiioiu  tliare.  or  lli«  aixo,  jiriA- 
Mioa.  or  nhaoneo  of  itacnitiea  and  foratuiiiu,  and 
aimil&T  dMaila.  To  better  lUaatrate  my  lucauing,  I 
would  citv  tbe  followiDR  (ixampls :  iMt  winti^r  1  jinb- 
llahai]  in  tbo  Proceciliu^  of  tba  Zoological  Hucirly  of 
London  a  contribatjoii  to  tba  ««mpaTatiT«  morpbol- 
ogjr  of  tli«  awlfta,  bamming-birda.  and  goManckoni: 
aud  aoiuaig  th«  flgiiraa  in  ue  taxt  *raa  a  dnwing  of 
luilM,  tvico  tbe  iiL£e  of  \\t*^  kIi'I"K  ^'*  I'B'ol  aapert 


CODHtitute  orillciBui,  had  uol  a  ai]igle  Bpooinian  of  tba 
BpocioB  before  bim.  or  available,  at  the  liioa  ho  pab- 
iMind  hia  imuarka!)  Atiidrata  of  human  oranituogy 
who  liaTO  Htudlad  luit*;  «eri«ii  i>f  HkiitU  from  luitiiiil- 
nala  of  tha  (ame  ra<H>.  will  ai  ottvn  appreciate  the 
point  I  deaire  to  oonvev  bora  ;  (or  how  often  d>i  wo 
and,  any.  in  one  akatl.  a  *tylo4d  ]>roo««*,  tat  exam- 
pie,  uorbapB  an  iiiota  Or  mora  In  lengtli.  wiiurviut  In 
aiiolbar  spadinan  from  tbe  aama  aoriea  it  will  be 
rwpnaantait  by  tbe  mont  iaidgnifioMit  npopbyna  ini- 
oginabto ! 

Wen  a  nnmboT  of  yeara  paat  1  linvn  baen  oollnellDK 
luaMriiil  to  llliintiaU'  Ibu  very  point  abmit  whteh  I 
am   now   writiug :  and  among  (biw  mal<<rial  I   Hud 


'NCE. 


long  lerieB,  Mtioiiotlnfc  to  flft;  or  more  In  mui* 
«aaM.  of  aknlla  of  sach  fonoM  u  mir  wMI«m 
niMulow-lMk  (8.  M.  DcglrnlJi),  at  our  r#i).wiiigrd 
sail  )r«llo«-li«*Jed  blocIcblriU  (A.  pbopnic^iw  niid 
X.  xaiilboM]>liitlua).  U  will  l>*  lmp<>Aidt>l«-  to  •l^rfall 
Imtv  Uie  diffnvBOO*  whlvh  ««  lu  be  fuaml  in  t1i«u 
hiKbl;  initTDotiTe  Mrit*.  m  tb«7  ooonr  (or  the  «ot- 
^riil  imnacliTa  «pe«iB*  nMotiooiedi  but  I  bMc«riUi 
[irfAvnt  <tra«lnK«  whfdi  I  havn  mado  (X  *)  «*  *'0 
Mkullt  cho»eii  frOiiii  H  MiriM  of  •knlhi  of  niir  yvllnw. 
bmdi^d  bWkliSrd  (X.  zaullioPnplwlnH)  tt  illiuitrikto 
til*  point  nndof  catuidenUou.  Ooo  of  tlicoe  1  col- 
lenhxlat  Fort  Wiiii[»t«  hoiv.  lout  i\\\y  (indflj,  bpiI 
ttie  ottai^r  in  W}-«iiilu|i  io  IHT!).  Tb«  tornitr  l«  tbe 
upper  flgniu.  luiil  th«  l(>wt«r  tliu  lall«r ;  and  n  Dltnoe 
M  tliaui  will  be  rafflciout  to  couTlnoe  an  of  tbn  ex- 
tnordlnM?  dtfforMieM  Ibnt  <ibt*ln  botwonti  tli*in, 
both  ••  i«km<Ih  ratmntTemenla  ami  tlii'  ({MieraJ  fonn 
of  tboir  (cvvrnl  pnrtn.  Similnr  diffcr^imoi  ar»  (u  lie 
tonnd  in  the  oIUlt  iip«d<Tii  nlltidcd  to  alioto  -.  iudced. 
\ix«y  hold  good  for  tlie  >)ivlnloiui  tlironobout  lUo 
irvrt«l>r*t«  aerlea.  No  !««  lunrltml  varlaliona  nr«  to 
be  (onnd,  irlwu  w«  Miuio  to  CMriiiii^  uifflcirul  ma. 
tavin],  in  the  >lcniiuii  of  the  aam«  apedeH  of  bird*. 
I  haTfl  almtdy  pointed  tbi»  out  (or  tbe  Aniari«au 
viiltiimi  la  mj  '  Oontrlbutlcaia  to  tba  anatomy  of 
(jlrd«.'  pitMiMhed  iMTcral  y«kra  ago,  tad  •xlract«d 
from  Hay d»u'H  'Twelfth  •iiiiua] '  (p.  TTl).  wborein 
«o  find  iiumo  striliiiig  diSeretiM*  in  this  bono,  more 
eiq>«clally  in  ita  ilpboiilol  nitrainity.  Mj-  eollcotion 
kiso  kfford*  MampUa  of  alnillar  rartaUonit  tn  (he 
pelv«a  of  birds  of  Que  ««□«  apeuieit :  aud  I  faaTe  tuu 

Shea  bafm  me  of  X.  iiuithooephulaa,  whordti 
MM  tb»  ilta  niaot  on  oiUi«  nidr  for  a  c^onaidamblo 
diixauco  tho  nonral  rrlMa  at  tli«  dorao-laiDbar  Ter> 
Icbme,  wbiU'  iu  the  other  (ho  rvv«ne  Moditian  ob- 
taiiw,   and   tbo)r  aio   tepamted  from   that  luadian 

KW*  of  bone,  on  ettb«r  aid*,  by  a  Tery  deelded 
kternd.  Botspaoa  hen  will  not  admit  of  further 
oit&ig  tnlareatiiig  exampka  of  Itiwe  Taiiationa ;  nor  ia 
it  nMMMBry,  for,  in  tno  liglit  ol  thoao  alr«ndy  ])n- 
••at«d.  til*  ftDtlie  Kronod  may  b*  covvrtd  by  aaying 
that  In  all  foriiiN,  both  T«irt«brateaiul  inn^rtelrrate. 
paleantologioal  and  olherwisi-,  wbvu  *e  «ime  to 
oompar*  MLfficiontly  exteiudfe  aoriea  roprcaoDtod  by 
IndlTidnala  of  tUa  muu*  apeciaa,  t«  wlU  tail  lu 
•imilar  Htraotnre*  nutrked  variaitnna  both  a*  r«^*rd* 
rehrtire  iiM  and  furin  a»  wu  paM  from  oue  nMciniMi 
to  another,  and  if  extifui«  bi*  abtwcu  the  diDcrvacoa 
win  be  fmad  to  bn  In  many  oa*cii  of  a  Tiry  ulrlklnH 
aaliirv.  K.  W.  SsprzLDT. 

rort  WI&caM,  V.  Hei,.  April  IH. 


International  coa^rest  of  seologiats.  —  American 
committee  meeting  nt  Albany. 

At  a  m«etiD>;  "(  tli«  Aiiifrioao  coimiiittvti  (viveted 
by  ^e  itanding  rnmmittee  of  tb»  Amrripao  aMOfria- 
tian  far  lbs  adTaopooicat  of  ncinlim  la  leprtcent 
Am*rii'-«ii  K>olacy  ■■>  tlin  lotvrnatiaual  rontirpM  nf 
|{«oloK<<t")   held   in  Albniiy  uo   April  (I,  tli*r<>   mere 

BaMTit  Prof.  Jamta  ttatl  I  preudpDt).  Prufnaun 
Itc4ic«e>k.  SlereDMMi,  Williami.  WinchelJ,  Cook, 
Oop«.  and  FraMr  (*eorrtary},  Protouun  RmerKm, 
Satock,  and  Clark*,  Dr.  RomioKer,  and  Hr.  Beecbn 
were  invited  lo  be  pr««eDt  at  th«  eMiioiM  of  the 
Mfnaiitt>o.  By  UDanimOUa  (Ole.  Ur.  W.  J,  Ui^Ooe 
irae  iDvltod  to  take  tliu  place,  darinii  the  merting.  of 
Uajnr  Powelt,  who  irai  pr«f«i)t«d  by  alak«*«  from 
attvndioK. 


The  Mcrelary  annonncod  that  thoru  had  hem 
forty-flvo  •abicrihfra  for  Itfty  coplH  of  thn  Kooic^sal 
map  nf  Eampe. 

A  motion  «&■  ednpterl,  aboliibing  thn  rommltte* 
of  the  whole  and  ita  olBcera,  and  iDtruitiDK  (b«  doty 
of  preparing  reporta  on  the  neporBte  diTiiODDi  of  (he 
sanlnitiral  column  lo  elffht  'r^>rt«r«,'  who  wor» 
Ilieraupon  tioanimously  «lei-ted  (t«e  i-imilar  letter 
to  Keolocint*.  below). 

Tlie  tollowiofr  •■'ai  adopted  by  tlio  Fommicter  :  — 

RnxAvnt.  that  oe  rvcumnwad  In  Am*n oan  K«>1* 
OKlat*  tli«  aoci-iilBrici-  of  Ihe  conclusion*  of  the  lolor. 
natinnat  c'lottreu :  ^ai•l  chao^i  tn  Iw  foruiulaied  at 
a  subtcqueDt  meeting  of  the  committee:  and  il  beitic 
undi-itt'joil  thnt  Ihe  committee  will  prriient  inii;b  M* 
illti<iti*  B(  are  il*mi>d  nireMary  by  Ami'fii^an  geol- 
ognt*.  to  the  Oonptn-Mi  of  L»ndTiii  in  I^V!<. 

PeiULtrOB  Fkaiiu,  Sfvrttam, 
tlillivlelpbia,  AptU  ». 

rl'o  aLI  Amprlean  teoloelitB.) 
At  the  reoeni  meetiuic  of  the  American  committMi 
tn  Albany,  '  repurlitn  '  wpre  elected  ishiiie  duty  la  to 
prepare  report*  on  tbe  wveral  parla  Intn  which,  for 
coiiveulnoce,  the  |[*aliiH:Scal  colnmn  ba>  tiven  divided. 
Th*  B>»itrniii»nt  la  a*  foltowv  r  — 
Ijuaternary.  recent,  and  aroheoloffy.  Major  Powell, 
director  U.  S.  geological  mrTey,    Waihioffton, 
D.C. 
Cainoioic  (mariue),  Prof.  B,  A.  Smith,  *tate  (teol- 
oiiiBi,  UuiTtrrJty  of  Alabama.  Tuicalooea ouBtity, 
Ala. 
Calnoioic  (interior),   Prof.  E.  D.  Cope,  ilOS  Ffo* 

Htrt>et,  Pyjad*l|ilila,  Penn. 
Metoioic.  Fmt    O.  H.  C'o'>k,  ttate  Keoloitlet,  Rut- 

gers  coUeire,  JJew  Briiniwick,  N.J. 
Upper  paleoKoio  {'■■rbonic),  Prof.  J  J,  Stesoonon, 

Unirenily  of  the  city  ut  New  York. 
Upper  paleuRoic  (DeTonlc).  Prof.  H.  S.  Williasia, 

Cornell  uoivanity.  Ithara.  N.Y. 
Low*r    paleoaoic,    Pr>^f.    N.    H.   Winchetl,    eUt* 
ireolnitiet,  Univereity  of  Uianetoia.  MlnneapoUa, 
Uino. 
Archaean.   Dr.    Pemfor    Fracer,    SOI   Sontb  Mli 

Stroel.  Philadelphia,  Pcnn. 
It  i«  the  duty  of  thete  rvporlerH  V>  obtain  •«  cotn- 
plMe  informalion  oe  poniiblr.  ea<.-h  for  hit  own  mb- 
jeot.  from  American  Keol'>giatii  iaier«stod  in  il :  bat, 
on  accnuiit  of  the  difficulty  of  u<>nrt«iiiiii«  the  nomea 
of  all  who  haee  information  to  impart  on  h  parlloolar 
tupic,  it  will  unt  be  p<<»ible  to  addleH  lettvn  tu  mora 
than  >  few  tif  tboio  wbo  ore  known  to  have  studied 
a  eubject.  For  thin  reoion  each  of  tlin  nndonugwod 
appeut  lo  "'/  hii  pr-itnKii'onl  bretbrvn  tor  aid  In 
preptriuK  the  ri-["irt  "buh  in  intruitod  to  him.  It 
■1  not  puviible  tbnl  any  lin^lo  ncheuie  will  be 
approved  by  all  grologiits,  and  there(->ra  it  ii  tbo 
more  neceeMiry  that  ihnre  should  be  a  fair  ulabenient 
of  any  oppoitinjE  viewn  in  each  report.  Thesv  repurla 
will  be  lubmilted  to  <Tilici>m  and  diicuiiion  at  lbs 
next  meeting  of  iho  American  commilluo.  to  be  held 
probably  next  Auguat ;  and  an  effurt  i*  Iwiuin;  mode 
to  bare  them  divcuHinl  f»rinBlly  in  Section  E  al  Ibe 
meetinit  of  (be  American  asHuHatiun  for  tbe  advance- 
menlof aoicnoe.  cobebeldaftorwardn.  Withiochad- 
*antag<u  for  koowinR  the  viovt*  of  our  cniuitrymea, 
there  tvema  every  |)r«*pt>ct  tbal  tbe  Amerirno  repre- 
aenlation  at  the  next  ouagreu  will  exercise  an  ht-  ' 
Auenoe  proportional  to  the  importance  of  it*  conitit-  , 
uency. 


4 


i 


4 


Aran,  S9.  ItW.] 


scmycE. 


417 


Q«olOK<Mi  who  htm  oonvlctinn*  u  to  clwuillrB- 
Uoo,  tiom«nol>tiir«.  ciloratinn,  or  ■nj'  of  th*  nomar- 
out  mbjtcU  bmuifht  birftir'  th<:  \aM  conicren  (which 
«*  ■imilM'  lo  ilioie  to  be  briught  be/of*  the  op«()  : 
or  nbo  bolivve  (bat  the  coii||T*«a  bu  orrtd  in  ■n;'  of 
ItR  rKoniiii»u<lntioD> :  or  who  bkv*  ortniniil  obHr- 
TtXv'iw  or  HMluotioni  bMrinK  uiiOD  Any  part  of  Ih* 
teven  aubirpU  above  aniictipd  to  r«port*rt,  arv 
Bunaitly  rtoucalvil  to  camniunioata  tbrir  view*  m 
*oon  m*  potalbla  to  the  roportar  hav!uK  In  nbariie  tha 
«iubJ*oi  to  wbiob  (b«y  rshit*.  Tboi*  wlio  odkIscI  U> 
do  thia  caDDot  justly  oomplain  if  Ibrir  imtividuftl 
vion  ATB  Deglcctvd  in  tho  report*. 
Oko    H.  Cook. 


J.  J,  8tbv«s»oii, 
H.  S.  WiLi.rAM§, 
N.  H.  WiBCMU,, 
E.  D.  Cora, 
BlFOK>K  A.  SMira. 


RtporUrw  afthrA  tntri- 
nan  eommUln.  Intmut- 
(tonal  «on(riTH  «/  {wol- 


lostnictioa  in  nBturml  biatoty. 

The  recent  illacuefticin  lu  tbn  eoimnna  of  Seimtt 
on  th«  tpacblug  (if  iiutural  bialiir.v  baa  r*ve»lMl  to 
wiilv  H  ■liltermot'  of  opiniou.  ami  IraveaUiequMtioa 
in  ao  iinwi  iadiotorir  a  atat^.  that  an  addiliotMl  word 
mny  not  be  out  of  place.  It  •Dcnia  clear  (bat  no  ilia- 
caaaion  of  apeieial  iitrthoilit  can  ailviuici-  iiialli<ri'  notll 
naliiraliHtH  reach  tnitav  agrMniHUt  tui  Uf  tli»  gMipml 
tulticnlioTiitl  lUMsa  of  tbe  biological  acienora.  yet  Uit 
lack  (>r  nuch  ogmmi-at  ia  a  eoDapicnana  teatnrn  of 
Uic  10-1011  of  letters  vitli  wblcb  w*  baT«  b««n 
favuniiL 

II  will  probably  be  igrMil  tbnt  n  mllr^gL'  cuarac  in 
BoOlogy  or  botuiy  ahoitld  Mm,  firat,  to  nrouan  an 
tetorvat  In  animal*  or  planta,  and  to  intjwrt  ol«ar  au<l 
•coiiT«t«  kno«l«ilg«  of  Ibmi  i  and,  aMond,  to  cinlti. 
vatv  th«  power  ot  indepMidMit  obaorratioii.  Biit, 
uflrr  a^'f^XK  Uint  both  tboae  and*  nmat  b«  hHlcl 
conitantly  in  liew,  «e  niimt  atlll  clcclde  wblcli  i>( 
tbiiiti  abnll  tiu  ti-rciiioM.  Whirb  is  Ibe  bigbtir  id«ul 
iiY  He  I  "lit  1  fir  atnily,  —  to  bare  aluclcnla.  flrat  of  oil, 
Uaro  to  iiHu  their  own  eycn.  ami  not  aiiuply  to  T«iify 
aomc  one  elao'a  dpaCTlptiou.  or  to  whIk^  and  (llnriim 
tbc  natnre,  nuiaulnfE,  and  cnniwa  of  ibp  rvlatirti 
afllnltloa  ot  orituulMnl  lieiug*?  tt  it  plaiu  rcough 
(bat  iu<)«)i«t]iU'lil  obwrrvaliou  by  tile  altiilrnt  ia  Iba 
only  niFlhud  that  can  give  Uto  and  reality  to  tha 
Mndy.  It  ia  no  Uaa  certain  that  a  uiain  I'lsiin  of 
natUTsl  hialory  to  a  placa  lu  eilncatloti  rcata  on  the 
vain*  of  til*  training  aSortled  by  obBerratiunj  ruul 
we  hate  thv  pxplloit  ntatcmcDt  of  bigb  antborily 
that '  tlw  Still  Tiling  ia  lo  \eaio  to  aboMra.'  Bnt,  lu 
full  view  of  lliaao  fai^lu,  let  im  uippoiw  tbat  im  Intel. 
llgBnt  iuin-4ii«oMi*t  ban  ILf  faanlih<H»l  to  ask.  "  /■ 
aOMrTatlou  the  flnt  titiaa  i  or  ia  it  Dot,  after  oil,  a 
meatit  ratbvr  tban  ou  endin  ttaclf  i '  Uii1«im wa  ar« 
ready  lu  admit  tlutt  natural  liiMory  in  a  merw  drill, 
tho  anawer  mnal  Im  tbni  lt«  tmI  nini  iHto  taacb  lome- 
tliinK.  Ural,  of  tli«  C])e''iBl  iihetiumenD  of  life:  and, 
acouiKl.  of  the  genvmliiBtiuna  oJ  bdi^ogiisl  aclonco 
illmclrated  by  thcoi :  and  tha  probleni  to  b«  (olveil 
ia  bow  to  loalin  tbli  LuatructJaa  mottt  effeotiie  aa  an 
InatriiniMit  »f  edneatlOD. 

N(>«.  it  i»  auiloubt«dly  an  offeoUve  le««>n  to  tb« 
tutuiu  uataraliol  to  be  node  to  atata  at  on*  dead  S«b 
for  three  long  •laja,  and  to  cUaalfy  Haamiloii  eol^ly 
by  the  light  ot  nature ;  but  in  Mn-ta  a  Imbod  likely  to 
d*T#lop  tlie  Uti^t  aricntific  taatea  and  oapabilitlea  of 


the  BTaraga  collega  Kipbomomi  ?  I  tbink  Mit;  and, 
whlla  no  OB*  vodIcI  aerloiialy  adrocal*  miob  • 
melbod  for  college  olawea,  ft  may  T«aeoiuil>ly  be 
nnked  wholber  the  reaotion  againet  the  dall  and  bar- 
ren cramming  of  loxt-booka  may  cot  aometimea 
carry  ii«  from  on«  oitntine  to  tlia  other,  and  evon 
clou  o«r  aye*  to  tha  fact  that  the  atudent  of  natural 
hitilory  la  a  rational  being,  vbo  rtally  ^tcaaaaea  a 
degico  of  oocnniMi  atoiM  «ou|«ra)ilD  with  thai  of 
atadobta  at  other  adcficea. 

It  ia  >ny  >t««id*d  aptnloa  an  «  proctlcftl  fnatrvetor 
that  Ihtt  uietbode  eo  Bn«eM(fnlly  enploynl  in  ela- 
mcniory  imrtractioii  in  pbyaica  and  cfaeiniBtry  may 
Itiildn  na  to  tha  tma  rnatood  of  loaobliut  ualund  his- 
tory. No  leachoT  Of  diamlatry  would  oommit  the 
ahatirdit^  of  aotting  appantne  and  (hemicaU  before 
tbc  iHginaar  uid  dlreeting  him  rimply  to  •eipnti- 
moot '  It  la  feaAtally  iidmllUd  that  Ui«  iMglnuar 
ebonld  r«C4iv«  prvi-iiui  au<l  autnavbat  itetailnl  in- 
atrtieUon  before  or  during  the  Uhoratory  Mndy.  and 
that  he  ia  thn*  oitabled  to  wuvk  vitb  intemt  and  in- 
t^lllgance,  and  lo  ipi(n  limr,  vlthont  loiui  ot  liida- 
peudenoe.  It  would  W  hard  to  And  any  valid  rMaon 
why  (hi*  ia  not  equally  trae  of  the  beginner  in  bot- 
any, loOlogj,  or  phynology.  Uotoovor.  ortiy 
taacbcr  known  that  atulenta  powoaainK  a  gooi\d«> 
gnti  of  niantnl  pown  aud  |c«n*Tal  tntelltgeDne  are 
not  aeldoui  mure  «r  l«>w  dvllcient  InthoM  practical 
capabiUliea  collcctiTcly  known  an  'gnmplian.'  Why 
aliould  rnieh  atudamtj)  be  contpallod  at  ibn  oatant  to 
fritter  away  valuable  tlma  In  the  diaconraglng  *t- 
tumpl  lo  make  ind»|iendeDt  i>l)MirTBtioDi>,  which 
luually  rcenlt  in  rague  and  coDfiued  Idea*  and  a 
dlalaate  for  the  ntudv  t  I  bclioTo  that  hrqittiun  Id 
natunkl  blxlory  ahould  be  praparwl  for  the  laboratory 
by  a  clear  and  tolerably  (nil  account  of  vhat  Ihay 
are  lo  do  and  aec ;  und  the  more  buoka  and  flgnroa 
th<<y  bate,  tlia  bitllvr.  Aflerwnrda,  whnn  lli*i4range> 
nna  hae  worn  off  and  a  oertaju  facility  haa  been 
a«qmr«d.  atudeola  oan  be  led  naturally  and  caaily  to 
depand  mors  and  more  on  thotuaelvea.  and  to  fltid  a 
nleaaoT*  and  profit  la  tndeimiident  work  that  waa 
itupoadble  at  Uie  start,  Vbatever  be  tlie  ootapai*. 
live  mrrita  of  Bnoh  a  motliod.  tlirrc  in  no  doubl,  aa  n 
niatt<ir  ot  oxperionec,  that  it  omuaea  inUimt.  and 
(five*  fnlnmx  and  accuracy  of  knowltdgOj  that  II 
RCTes  liuiK  for  the  student,  aiul  cerebral  protopliuim 
for  tha  inatmotor,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  does  not 
mak*  atndenta  ■laviahly  dependent  on  booka  or 
domonatntoTs,  bnt,  on  the  eontrary.  lend*  to  de- 
velo])  ludeiiendaBCS  and  originality.  It  liaa  boea 
aaid,  truly  enoogb,  that  you  oannot  tMtch  a  boy 
moantoin.clinibing  by  Inking  him  up  Muunt  Waah- 
ioglon  on  a  railway.  Neither  can  toii  teocb  him  by 
Ii^AVlug  lh<<  youiiust^r  at  the  foot  ■>!  tlin  Alp*  wtlh 
the  parting  injiiuotion  to  olliob  linuiediately  to  the 
tap.  X. 

April  33. 

Barometer  cxpoaurt. 

The  qnnetlon  ot  liorometer  nipoaor*  baa  bMB 
prominently  broughl  to  tho  front  by  SMmw,  Ob 
tha  one  hand,  it  tuui  twi'u  I'likinind  tbat  the  wind,  in 
blowing  aoroos  the  month  ot  a  chimney,  would  at 
ttmsa  produce  a  v*ciinm  amoontiug  to  .1(1  ot  an 
Inch:  and,  on  the  othai,  it  haa  been  di'Died 
that  any  marked  affect  would  ooont,  as  tho  air  would 
flow  in  through  craoka,  e^coially  on  the  windward 
aide,  and   Oil  up  the  paitwl  vaonnm.  if  anoh  were 


418 


SCIENCE. 


(ToL.  IX.,  No.  3U 


fornKHl.     Moat  «f  tlie   oliwrvitUiniB  Tuli^d  ujiou  for 
jirovlug  Uiis  cSmtI   liavo  twiiii  tho  tmon  of  n  bftm- 

Kiph  icGoiding  upon  )>rBpci'>  prianliile,  aiiit  tlii)r« 
re  boon  vgr^-  frw  kvlukl  obRurTatiouii  uf  a  liorom^. 
tor.  Quito  roceotlT  tbetw  l)av«  b«m  obwrvBtioun  uf 
ft  h«raiii«l«r,  under  vutuik  oondltion*,  on  Muuut 
WaahingtoQ,  vtith  iriiid-T«loeitiM  of  eigbtr  uid 
ntootj'  milcN.  Tlw  roBiiltn  lutr*  be«ii  publluod  lu 
the  Utinlhty  teralher  retine  of  til*  Bigatl  Hrrieia. 
for  tVliriutry,  1H37.  uid  arv  so  iut«riwtlng  that  » 
l)rief  rmiuit  of  tbcm  i»  bore  gitva.  Tbo  cbiiiinoy  iu 
tli«  tigiud  office  ou  Monal  Waahington  i«  abaul  Iwn 
f««t  Mqtikra,  uid  biM  tbr«o  InlnU  Into  (lip  oflicv. 
loom.  Odd  at  lb«<M  ia  a  reutilntur  uuar  the  top  uf 
tb«  room,  aiicl  Iba  othct  two  havu  Mot(>.i)!po  mn. 
lUog  from  three  utorna.  It  is  quite  evident  that  tbo 
oklmuey  baa  n  fair  ooiiiiniiulcatlan  with  tli#  rouiu. 
Tha  •iporlini>uMi:oiuiiM«ilitiretKlluft  amemirial  Mill 
•naneraid  baruinoter.  1".  cbiiuney  oioaed:  3".  «luin- 
ney  optaui :  Z",  aamo  a*  1" :  i*".  looward  window 
open ;  5°,  aanio  aa  1*  ;  6",  windward  window  op«n  ; 
V.  aaiuo  ax  I*.  Tba  aaooewlTa  readings  war*  made 
qnlta  rapidly,  tbongh  geuarally  Ibr**  or  four  mio- 
uU-s  «lii|iwed  between  Mob  of  the  a^rnn  poudillona. 
FiTe  Mia  are  publithed  with  tbe  wind  from  aixty. 
fife  to  Dinetf  mllsa  poc  hour,  llndur  2"  (R)ilniii«iy 
Open),  tha  prfUMure  foil  Iwka  iiiaau  — .(KMI6  of  an 
inch,  and  It  roa*  three  tiniea  mean  -t-.OOST.  Under 
4°  [iMward  window  open),  tour  timea  the  preaanro 
f«U  ^.019,  and  onoa  it  iom  4--002.  Under  i" 
(windmud  window  opea},  tlie  preaanre  roa*  mean 
.043.  Mfthiog  dna  MJowancaa  tor  iiup«rfeot  ooo- 
Iteetiou  lietween  th«  chimnay  and  U>«  room,  it  mu^ 
be  admillrcl.  1  think.  Uut  (bore  ia  no  erldaoee  o(  a 
pattial  vncuciin  b»iQK  tonuod  by  tho  anotion  of 
trlnda.  Dp  to  aiKty-Qx'  and  aiaoty  miles  per  hour, 
blowing  acroan  the  chimuvy. 

The  moat  intcronting  icsulin,  bovotor,  am  Iboao 
with  tha  window  oi»ii  to  windward.  In  au  eighty- 
wUa  wind,  •xparluient  wonld  Indlcat*  an  inoreaae 
of  proMur*  of  about  AA  of  an  inch,  but  bare  ire  And 
tho  total  eSeat  ono.touth  of  that.  It  i»oini  to  mo 
that  tbe  effoi^t  of  wind  on  tbo  baromotor  boa  bnoo 
inucb  exafignratoil,  nud  v«  uiay  mut  aMur«d  that  oiir 
obaervaUona  durlu^  riiry  IiIk"  wiuds  have  not  been 
vitilded  ao  tery  iiiuch.  It  iiiity  be  of  intereel  to  note 
that  UUe  aniDo  nlighl  '  pumping  '  or  uticociaaiHot  the 
barotfnetel  niu  doIi^U  l>y  Mr.  iWll.  tha  nbirtvar  on 
Hoiitit  Waablnglon  lu  IMfii.  Ju  making  hia  oom- 
parBtiie  r«*dlm«  of  tbe  tlHtioti  aud  aitik  Dwometara 
M  the  end  of  «aeh  mouth,  he  (oiutd   It  neeeeaary  to 


eiircciM  tb«  atmoat  tare  and  epaad  In  otder  to  make 
oorroet  rnadiii^e  dnriii*  veryhinb  windt.    Tbo  tutNl. 
oaclllatiuu  tirldoiu  riMiiihPd  .01  en  an  inoh. 

H.  AluxJ 

W'MhlnBioa,  D.C.,  April  &. 


The  b«tometer  during  thuuder-ttorm*. 

Uy  alt«uti<j<u  bus  bccD  c?alled  to  ike  ta.o\  tlud  thi 
Umegireafor  the  iqaull  of  July  '21.  1hh5  (printed  ' 
'  1896 '  by  uilatnke  iii  yiiur  tiiKl  luiii-j,  iliil  not  agtoo 
exa«'t1y  lU  tiuie  witb  (be  nbnrp  dtiprvmion  of  tbo 
haromvler  Nbovii  on  tbe  diogruiu  accompanying  my 
letter  on  %*■  SI'S.  Thin  wb«  due  to  an  emir  in  th«i 
borogropb  ctoelc.  whirb  rm  tbrii  nnir.  and  not  w«ll 
ailjnated.  Mr.  AloiaixUr  MrA<li<<,  who  had  rhaigo 
uf  tb«  atatiou  uu  that  duy.  nod  Mr,  Frank  Ilrown, 
were  wntcbiug  tbp  bnrugrnpb  during  tbe  (quail,  and 
both  atnta  that  tbe  dopceasiou  of  tbo  baro){rapb  vaa 
ooJnnidt'Ut  villi  the  oornrrf'iie'-  of  the  miii&U.     Tho 

noall  woe  Hu  violiMit   that  Mr.  McAdii-  wrote  tbkt, 
Ife  for  a  wbile  did  not  seem  cortain.' 

H.  IlRLM  Oi^rroH. 
Blue  lliu  meieor.  obiwrv..  April  tt. 


The  source  of  tbe  Misaisaippj. 
I  am  in  receipt  of  a  pniopblot,  eutitlcd  '^M 
aouree  of  tbe  Miaaiuippi.'  from  iTinon,  Blakonuua. 
Tnytor  &  C'o.,  and  aiu  pl^naami  to  hm  tbi<r«in  that  tlie 
UnreU  tltaeTTinlly  wuu  by  Niuolett  and  othera  aro 
maintainad  to  theni.  My  fntbor.  Baiil  K.  Bcaulinn,^ 
who  had  eharga  of  a  triuling-poal  ou  lAke  Itnuca  lu 
IMS  for  Ibi'  Amurlcnu  fnr  eompany.  and  who  In  1M7 
aocomiiatiied,  m  nHRiataut  tceul'igiirt.  tli»  first  geolO([l. 
oal  party  (  Dr.  Norwood.  Wbitllcaey.  and  othom)  that 
wnQt  oTp.r  and  drafted  Ilaaon  uid  F.Ik  luko*  in  Koiug 
to  Itvd  Lakii,  nuil  «»iit  »(«r  the  lake*  e^aia  on 
tbcir  reliiru,  uud  uliio  dntftod  tb»  Ulmiuippi  from 
its  Bour<>o  to  Ihibuquc,  lu.,  —  ooucara  in  tbe  ophtiou, 
as  eBlabliibed  by  tlie  late  iiurToy,  that  Nicoletl  WMt 
tb<'  fintt  luno  tlutt  hhvo  to  tbo  worlil  of  ooiMioe  a 
fnitbdit  and  b'.'uost  report  ii|Htii,  and  maps  of,  tha 
aoiiice  uf  'Gil(<hu-tvbe'(ur*  mighty. water')  River.  — . 
tbo  Indian  term  for  tbe  Minniuippi.  It  oottainly 
aeema  abniuoful  tliat  tbo  vain  ambition  anil  Tontora- 
woiu«  spirit  uf  tbe  Captain  U!iu.ii>r  HUuip  should aeek 
at  thin  XaXv  day  to  aspire  to  and  appropriato  to 
ilnelf  laurels  nobly  MroD  by  dcaoririiig  men  In  tlM 
raiiuw  of  BuieoDo  half  a  oontary  ago. 

Tkso.  H.  Buvluv. 
WblM  KsrU),  Mttui.,  Manb  tl. 


I 


CROSBY'S  VITALIZED  PHOSPHITES 

Composed  of  the  Nerve-giving  Principles  of  the  Ox  Brain  and  the  Embrvo  of  tho  Wheat  and  Oat. 
Is  a  standard  remedy  with  physicians  who  treat  nervoti.s  or  mi;ntal  disorders. 
The  formula  is  on  every  label.    As  it  is  identical  in  its  composition  with 
brain  matter  it  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  relieves  the  depression  from  mental 
efforts,  loss  of  memory,  fatigue  or  mental  irritability. 

Sleeplessness,  irritation,  nervous  exhaustion,  inability  to  work  or  study 
is  but  Brain  Hunger,  in  urgent  cases  Bkain  Starvation.     It  aids  in  the 
bodily  and  wonderfully  in  the  mental  develupment  of  children.    It  is  a  vital 
phosph/'te,  not  a  laboratory  phosphate  or  soda  water  absurdity. 

56  W.  25th  St..  N.  Y.       For  sale  by  Druggists,  or  by  Mall.  S I . 


i 


nuDAT.  APRIL  ».  iwr. 


ilKAl.TII  MATTERS. 

A  thfory  of  r«n«H»tfrfnM. 

TM  orlKin  of  c^nsumpUon  t'Uiitinii«8  lo  li«  a 

nibjeot  of  ilUcuMiuTi  iumI  hIm>  o(  eKivrini^ntuUuu. 

Si-veral  ihimiiM  Jmvt-  Iwi-n  u<lvaDCvdwid  evidence 

uililui'c-d   fur  their  siip|K>rl.    The  older  iilcn  wm 

tlinl  till'  (liM<i<se  wns  hetvlilnry,   luul  that  nnv  in 

Mhomllii^  '  K4v<]fi  of  cnnHiiniplJon'  wrrv  |ilni>t4vl, 

an   \i  wns  fxprrwwl,   wbh  alrmil)'    conii*nin«l. 

tiuljM<<)u«ntl>'   die  <Unipne««  of  (he  ioll  wim  <l»- 

cliii«<l  lobe  the  principal  laeUir  in  prailucin^  tlie 

disease.    Still   luotv  lei-etitly  tlie  theory  of  cuii- 

tugion  IiUB  been  ilvreloprd.  und  tlie  bacillus  tulwr- 

(.■uliKiin  luiB  been  rvgurdtHi  hy  Kwh  and  his  fol- 

loven  an  its  gftn.     Whib>  theri>  nre  Mttw  who 

■■islitlaln  ilmt  horedtly  U  never  to  be  ronsldi-rpd 

&&  a  factor,  the  majority  of  physiclanit  Rre  not 

.prepared  toaccvpt  ttili'.  evi^n  ihooKb  thej-  may  be 

Clnrliaed  to  look  upon  tlie  bucilluH  uv  pbyinK  the 

principal  nVe. 

Diirinfc  tbc  )Mu>t  year  n  foiinli  tbeoty  hiu  heen 

odvaDeed   by  O.  W.  IIuii>l<)etoii,  tii-ecitiule  of  the 

King's  011(1  <JueeD'a  ii>I1*-k'^  "f  pliysieiann.  Ireland. 

iThe  theory  ttuit  i-nnBU[ii|iU(>n  in  i-nnaod  liy  <-Iiriiuti<- 

Efiondiliona,  chanK***  of  i<-iiiprrnture,  or  wi-taew  i>f 

EK^I,  he  rouibnin  moait  vtK>wwi»ly.      Instead  of 

betiiK  Umiird  to,  or  evon  more  preialent  In,  any 

tnnieular  dinuite.  Iw  fliida  il   co-exlenslve  with 

111*  civilized  world.    That  It  la  uiore  prevalent  bi- 

tlow  tlian  above  certain  altiludea  doea  iiut  help  tlio 

theory  niuch,  for  within  IbeM  aiimi.'  liuiiu  are 

fouud  livinic  the  lust  majority  of  tlir  hunititi  rape 

fioai    the   diseiUH-.     .\t   )liulri<]  and  eertain 

\  ill  South  Aiuericn  nhirh  aro  nt  liltfh  alU- 

adM.  phtbiaia  vxkta,  whil*  amoDK  noine  Asialio 

inhabttlnit  diatrlois  lyitiK  h«low  the  *cii- 

Bvel,  II  la  unknown.    In  cold  clIoiateH.  nuCiiiuKla 

ltd  Sweden,  there  Is  little  conauniptioo ;  and  iht- 

I  is  true  of  thuH.'  elcums  duiM  expoaed  lo  cold 

I  all  re^ioUB.    Id  Ifai;  aetero  viuter  of  1664  ~&5, 

fewrr  men  died  from  it  io  camp  at  iieiastupot 

llian  in  tbe  hnrrncka  at  bome.     Id  france,  coti- 

■umptlon  prevailn  least  in  that  department  which 

ban  llie  dampest  »oil :  and  in  Lincolniibtrv,  an 

drainage  m  iulruOuccd,  the  a^nic  diMppeon,  and 

eonsiimptiuo  taken  itn  placr.     In  reference  to  tbc 

bncitliir   orii;io   of    the  dineaw,   be   claims    titat 

LBNlhvr  physicians,  clinkol  clerka,  not  nuneti,  wbo 


an  conxtanlly  expraed  to  the  badlll,  have  evn- 
lieen  known  to  beoouie  phlliUical  Ihn.'UKb  attend- 
ance at  iMMpllab  wltere  oansuniplf ri?  patienia  are 
IivHied. 

When-veT  cirilia-d  nwn  peniiiiufptly  congre- 
gate, whelhif  »u  (lie  Icvrl  of  ttK-  *fti  or  at  any 
altilude,  ill  evvry  part  of  the  world,  imijipctive 
«f  what  »  c«Ued  elitnaie.  thvr*  consumption  i«  to 
be  found  or  speedily  makes  Its  appearance.  The 
natives  of  America,  Africa,  and  the  Soiitb  Sea 
stands  were  entirely  free  fruui  cuuBUmpUon  till 
they  cutue  in  intinutte  ivliitionnliip  with  eivitized 
Eun>pcanK.  Evvn  now  in  the  interior  i>f  Africa 
there  are  Iribra,  ivho  have  nut  come  in  oontoct 
with  civilixed  men.  (Iiat  are  abaolnlely  fr««  from 
this  aoourffe.  Pblhiitis  Is  a  diaeaae  of  civilliation, 
and  ill  the  cundllions  of  eiriltned  life  must  be 
nought  nn  explanation  of  it«  cuiue.  Tbuae  dwell- 
ing in  citim  iin.'  muri-  uffectiH)  than  thuae  living 
i]i  lh<'  oouiitry,  and  thov  engaged  in  ■rdrntory 
<N.vupatitinii  than  thoip  living  in  tho  opt^n  air,  con- 
aumptitn  lieiuK  rpinnrknbly  Ion'  in  OKricultarbta 
and  fisliernien,  and  rare  amon^  gypeles.  Tbe 
military  life  ranks  high  lu  the  liM  of  tboae  oocu- 
pations  that  are  farornbh!  to  consumption. 

The  expbnattiin  given  by  Ur.  Haint>Ietofl  of 
tluvr  facts  is,  that  n>an,  in  a  state  of  civlUutloa, 
does  not  hold  litinnelf  erect :  he  stoopa  won  or 
lem.  The  weijchl  of  his  shoulders  la  thrown  on 
the  tboiax,  and  cooaeijuently  the  latter  is  impeded 
in  its  nioveiuent,  aod  bii  cheM  la  narrow.  Unu, 
iu  the  uncivilixed  atJite,  hold*  faJmwJf  etttct ;  the 
weight  of  bia  oruin  la  bome  by  tlut  iiitnc:  his 
chest  is  brood,  w^^ll  devutoiiil,  and  frtvly  mov- 
nUe  ;  and  he  pnaicia  tlie  whole  of  hi*  rxistra^  in 
active  excrciw  in  the  open  air.  1  he  inwle*  and 
occupations  that  supply  the  HTMte*!  numliar  of 
cajes  are  tliow  In  which  small  partlcleeof  various 
substances  a t«  constantly  inhaled,  those  that  ne- 
c-etnilute  little  moremeul  or  eveti  a  c:ramped  posi- 
tion of  tbe  cbeBi.  and  llioee  where  a  ouoaiderable 
lime  ia  spent  in  aDMUl  and  bidly  T«ntilat«d  roonm. 
In  the  army  Ihoae  who  bcconw  pbthisioal  ora 
tlioae  wliobaTeuchn>tc«pacity  below  the  nverani!. 
In  shorl,  the  conditions  that  produce  eonsuinptton 
are  those  that  reduce  the  capacity  of  Ibe  tun)^ 
below  a  certain  point. 

Iu  support  of  this  tlieory,  Mr.  Hainhlrtoci  glies 
Uie  iMulls  of  Hioie  experimenlul  iuiwtigaliuna 
which  be  baa  made,  in  the  form  of  llie  following 
proponiliuoK  :  1".  That  ortiHcinlly  inducrd  reduc- 
tion of  the  breatliing  siLrfBOn  of  the  lung*  below  a 


420 


scrjcmrcE. 


offUln  point,  toRotluT  witli  the  pn'»eiillon  r>r 
compeiMstory  action  of  other  m^iw.  [■<  follow^ 
fay  a  lockt  and  i^apnl  slaU>Dot  tobrdintineuiBlinl 
from  dDWraption :  'i'^.  Tliat  ariwt  of  this  arli- 
lifiatl?  indiict'd  n^luctiou  or  llic  breathing  aurfat-L. 
of  thi-  luHK*.  toi^thcT  nitli  imIuoeJ  oomppHMitory 
notinn  of  oIIict  Dtgnnx.  »  followed  fay  relief  of  the 
pmniinont  Bymplomi',  iiml  improvi'iiienl  i>f  Ihi?' 
([f'nenti  sldte  :  M".  Thnt  »rlillcmlly  in>Iur«d  full 
derelopnient  of  ilie  lnvnthinR  mirfiu^-  of  the  lutiia 
is  foU-^wvd  by  itn  euiire  ab^enw  of  all  ■yitiplouut 
of  iliaenav,  and  by  Ktiieral  k'>oi1  hfnlth. 

In  coiTobonitiiHi  of  itinu.-  itrij|)Oiltions,  Mr.  Hum- 
bl«ton  ctttl*  ntlontion  to  t>it  inviiriulile  aavx-iation 
i>f  plithi«iil  with  confinrniwit.  In  a  convent  in 
Pari»  mil  th<>  nnnK  lN<caiiir  phtliisical.  u-liilo  the 
porir««,  who  wni^  not  iigUjocrlrd  t<i  tin-  snmv  ri-icu- 
lalioiui,  and  nrnl  out  daily  for  MUiipMi-n.  rrniaiui-d 
in  good  health.  PertecLly  healthy  nwn,  brought 
up  in  the  i.-<uuntry,  Imve  gone  into  lonnH.  nud  i-n- 
gsgpii  in  occ'UpalionH  that  either  neceasitatnl  long 
lioun.  in  clone  rooois,  in  craiiiiied  po«ilion8,  or  thr 
inhnlntions  of  paiii<d«s  of  dust,  and  after  a  tiinfi 
have  iN-comeill  nithoU  tbeiiymptuuiAaf  conaiintp- 
tlon.  This  diEease  has  thu*  brpn  iihovru  to  fae  pru- 
dnoed  hy  tvo  iliHtinct  *eti>  of  (^»iditic>iiB  :  in  the 
one  we  have  thine  that  rrduco  thr  hrvntliing 
capacity  by  habitual  disease  of  the  lunge;  and 
In  the  other,  those  that  reduce  the  breathing 
imiuK'ity  pitln-r  by  hubiiuul  t-omppeHBlon  of  the 
ohcMt  ot  by  injury  In  ihi-  lunKS. 

The  prernnlion  of  raniiuaiplion  in.  tu^'ordtng  to 
thi«  theory,  n  lery^lnipleone.  —  loplaci-nll  persons 
under  cuiidlllonH  of  habitation,  clothing,  rdncn- 
iion.  and  habil«  that  tend  individually  and  eolletv 
tJvcly  tu  develop  the  luniid.  anil  that  pn-tent  or  oli- 
vialr  (.iMnprfwiionuf  [liecliMt  or  injury  to  llie  lungs. 
Th<w  vtfWB  of  Mr.  HacublirUin  are  rt-ry  lully  »et 
forth  in  nbrochum-ntitlfd  ■  Wlmtiit'oiisuuiption?' 
and  in  a  pnpnr  rend  at  a  nm-ting  of  tlic  EtritliJi 
MMciaiion,  on  the  iwit-ntiHc  pravmtion  ot  con- 
sumption. 


tiOUE  okontliB  ago  a  number  of  peraonii  wirnt 
horn  Olasgow  to  Luch  Fyne  to  mv  a  larg«  btaiting 
operation  in  whieb  six  and  oni^biUf  tonx  of  ^in. 
p(iwd4.T  worn  riplodisl.  A  sh.irt  linw  after  ihe 
expUjiiion  many  of  tlie  olwrrvrni  iH'came  faint,  xlx 
of  tlw  number  died  ntmoiit  inimeiliittely,  one  died 
aluirtly  after,  and  live  others  were  i«rj  111  but  r^ 
covered.  The  i.'ause  of  deatli  is  believed  to  have 
bOfO  the  carbonic  uiide  generated  froai  tbe  gun 
powder.  It  is  catiDiat^'d  that  ibe  amount  niunt 
have  1h'«i  iftS  pound*,  — -  a  ipmntity  mfHcient  tr> 
OM'upy  H.itStS  nibic  fwl  of  air  hihkv,  or  to  vlliaie 
for  rwpiratory  pur|Kwes  a  space  one  liundtvil  tliuea 


as  gTt«t,  There  wcro  bIho  geiieiaied  S.ST.I  iiounda 
of  carbonic  aiihydtide  ;  so  that.  In  all.  tlu^n-  were 
1,266.000  cubic  feet  of  nir  nmdrred  irrespirabb!, 

—  Dr.  D.  K.  Uncoln,  in  a  letter  to  the  Bosfnn 
Hi«((*nf  (iiirf  turgicitl  /nuriuil,  iiarrsIeB  a  iktmmibI 
ex|)er1encp  in  Suvannah  with  a  ln-rwit;in--sloTe.  In 
a  room  contninitig  l.KKI  cubic  feet  ot  nir  apace,  he 
iulroduced  a  kerwK-ne-atove  for  healinK-|>uTp«»eB. 
Ix-ing  able  to  raise  the  tnuperature  by  ita  means 
4-lghleen  deKree«.  Although  Uu>r«  was  some  odor, 
nevertlidens  be  did  not  cxperienoe  any  per«i>nal 
itiiHomrorl.  One  evening  he  noticed  that  Ibff 
rvading-lamp  was  dim.  the  flume  Imvlng  shrunk  to 
half  its  nip.  When  lie  carried  it  into  the  entry,  It 
burned  hriglilly.  He  BU>*ecjiienlly  t.til«l  ibe  air 
with  \Vali>ett'a  air-tmting  apparatus,  nnd  foumi 
the  amount  of  carlionii;  add  bad  rvschcd  sixty- 
aeveu  parts  per  thousand,  Uie  normal  amount  be- 
ing  thr*e  or  four  part«.  Roch  of  the  tww  burnvn 
in  tbi'  ilove  waa  four  inrhea  in  Icngtli.  and  gen- 
erated ii»  much  carbonic  acid  a*  (light  or  ten  com- 
mon lnui|i>..  In  a  wull-bullt  hoiu»  with  tight 
doors  the  eRecl  might  be  doubled, 

—  Iti  the  Britinh  wnficaf  >oirnw(  are  r«port«d 
two  cases  of  chronif  CHcnine-poisonlng,  Tlie 
INilicnln  were  a  man  and  wife  who  had  formerly 
U-en  uildicteKl  to  opinm.  and  who  had  lalieii 
cocaine  as  an  antidote.  Tliry  commciict^!  with 
small  d(»e^  Iml  finally  tiwk  daily  2.5  grama 
bypodi-imically.  The  pnjmininl  sv-niptomc  wprw 
incoherence  of  Idea*  and  optical  delusions.  They 
■itw  un  their  hnndm,  on  thc^  beds  and  wallBi  snuU 
s|>ol»  and  wonns  of  all  fonim.  Complete  rocoeerjr 
followed  the  discontinuance  of  the  cocaine. 

—  The  figures  repri-snitiug  the  mortalily  of  n 
great  city  like  London  Ii>r  a  single  week  are  ap- 
palling. During  the  woek  rnding  Jan.  I.  I8S7. 
there  were  registered  in  that  city  1,8011  deaths,  of 
which  114  w«r«  from  measlei,  ii  from  scarlet- 
fever,  27  rro«n  whooping-cough .  and  IT  from  ly- 
phoid-fever:  'i  dimthn  were  caused  by  vinli-wc, 
UU  being  the  result  of  negligence  or  accident,  and 
T  being  suicides. 

—  A  physician  of  Cairo  lias  been  treating  an 
opium  hal>itu'  with  cocaine,  the  result  being  thnt 
a  cocaine  habit  WM  »oon  catablisbed,  the  inlieni 
■o  enjoying  the  aeasation  proiluced  by  the  drug  aa 
to  be  led  to  use  it  on  the  «lLghteat  provocvtioa. 
At  one  time  tlie  amount  injected  hypodermienlty 
was  ono  nnd  a  half  grams  dally.  Aa  a  rvmilt,  h« 
suffered  from  a  condition  similar  to  delirium  ln>< 
mens,  became  greatly  agitatl:^d.  and  bad  haliudna- 
tions.  He  Orvd  n  pistol  at  imaginary  objecta, 
attached  his  teriant,  and  was  at  last  put  Into  a 
boBpital.  He  recovereil  80ljar<|uently,  inJF^tiuns 
of  morphine  behig  the  treatment  adopted. 


AratL  S9    1899.1 


8CIENCK, 


421 


A  SYSTEM  OF  OHTUOGRAPHY  FOR 
NATIVE  SAMES  OF  PLACES. 
TitE  Itojrul  fceOKt^ptii''^  socii-tj'  of  London.  Mill 
tlw  SooiM  de  gtajnsphie  of  Parii^  haro  each 
adopted  a  sjiBteiii  or  g«iKra|>hical  orihoxrapb; 
wliich  i*  intviirled  lo  put  aii  eod  to  the  (xkting 
confiwion  In  tbe  mode  of  A|ietliug  in  tDapa  and 
boolcn.  We  fully  agrpe  wf  itii  the  first  nili-  stt  forth 
by  the  Royal  Hoowly,  —  "  No  ohntigc  will  be  modo 
In  the  ortlioKrsphy  of  fort-igii  nnmr*  in  countriM 
which  UM  Koiuno  IrttMs:  Thiin,  SpaiiUli.  Por- 
ttiRneMT,  Diilch.  etc..  nnmei  will  tie  fpell  h»  bj  the 
iwipretiip  nnlioEis."  The  second  nile  in,  "  Nri- 
thrr  will  nnj  chan)^  be  made  in  the  appUing  of 
■mrh  names  in  lAT)Kuai;e«  which  on  not  nrrittco  in 
Roman  cliararU-n  as  haye  become  bj  long  xtnffi 
familiar  lo  Gnglinh  madiTfl  :  ihiiH,  Oalcuttai  Cutcb, 
Oluboei,  Hvocn,  i^tc..  will  bo  retained  in  lbe<<r  pmi- 
Fcnl  fonn."  Though  Uiia  rule  may  give  rive  to 
•omo  doubt  all  bo  what  naine^  bare  bevome  by 
loDH  (i»e4ce  familiar,  it  may  be  aoi-L-pt«<d.  Wo 
ahoulil  |ir«rer  to  retain  aDgticized  forei^  a»m*ti, 
c.ff.,  Munich  fur  MiinclK^n,  Milan  for  Milano,  Nor- 
mandy for  Normandir,  inntmd  of  introdueinx  t)ie 
original  form,  ax  th<^  flrrt  rule  deroaodo.  The  new 
B.YHtem  does  not  provide  for  lh«  spelling  of  name* 
in  Innguag««  writl«n  in  foreign  cbaracien.  Of 
oourao,  German  and  Danish  tuuat  l>e  tliueu-il  aniniiK 
the  languagra  to  which  tho  ftnl  mlo  n'fcrn.  But 
It  ia  diniblful  how  Kumian  Bn<l  Polish  tiani^i 
eliall  he  Kp^llnl.  In  llie  Pnjieh  languuKO  tbc- 
ttiiniun.  in  tli«'  Russian  the  Cyrillic,  alphabet  is 
uird.  and  fet  tlie  mundM  of  the  lanj^uages  arv  very 
•imllar.  It  sotild  tie  iiicoiiAlslent  to  apply  to  the 
one  the  Urtt  rule,  while  the  otlirr  is  apcPeii  nwrri; 
accordlDg  to  the  aoutid.  It  would  have  bpon  de- 
sirable that  the  aixiivty  should  have  rxprei«ed  its 
opinion  on  thia  point  mori'  prvolioly.  The  pho- 
.Detic  rules  do  not  drHde  whether  it  J8<y>rre<^t  to 
■pell  Kaiiituov.  Kasiniof.  or  Kamimor.  nor  will  w« 
br  abli?  lo  decide  whether  It  be  convct  lo  write 
Trnova,  TrmaTa,  TerooTa,  or  TIrnora. 

Thr  third  nile  is,  "The  true  sound  of  the  word 

as  locally  pronounced  will  be  taken  as  tlie  bniiiti  of 

ilhe  apellingi"  and  the  fourth,  -■  An  nppmxlnia- 

jlloD.  hoveier.  to  the  mnind,  i*  alone  aimed  at.    A 

|Kyaleni  which  wuidd  attriupl  lo  ipprewni  the  uiore 

I  delicatr  inflfCtioDM  of  sound  and  accent  uiiuUI  be 

so  iMHDpllcntrd   nia  only  (o  defeat  Itaetf."     Both 

these  rules  are  K^od,  as  Tar  as  they  go.     Any  lln- 

guistic  alphabet  would  be  loo  complicalnd  for  the 

geni-nl  reader,  and  therefore  the  tdeji  of  npplylnn; 

It  must  be  at  once  n-Jecled.     The  alplmb^t  n|>on 

whtob  tfaesjx-ielyhiutdcc'illnl  followB  the  principle 

that  Tuwels  arr  prononnrriil  as  in  Italian,  and  cua- 

DoaDla  as  in  F.nKtl«h.     Thi«  does  uway  with  the 

!  for  ibe  sound  i  in  '  rat  ine,'  and  « iih  tho  oo  for 


tlie  R  in  'flute.'  Tfaentlelbat  vowelsare  sfaorteited 
in  Kiund  by  doubling  the  following  oonaonaol  I* 
not  good.  a«  rvpetltiona  of  cnnsonaut«  occur  in 
many  lAnxnagra,  and  tibort  vowela  are  of  more 
frequent  uccorreoce  than  Ions  onea.  Tlierefor«  it 
is  bMt«r  to  mark  the  long  ohm.  The  Ftvnch  al- 
phabet is  In  many  reepeels  better  than  the  Eng- 
lish. This  is  particularly  true  in  ret;anl  to  the 
introdw-tinn  of  the  circumflex  for  marking  the 
length  of  n  vowel,  and  of  the  aposlroptie  fof  in- 
dicaliRfc  exploded  nounds.  The  Uerman  #  and  A, 
which  are  not  in  the  EnRlish  nipbabi-t,  are  ex- 
premed  by  the  letters  of  and  O.  Thr  mte  of  rfA  for 
the  soft  (A  (BB  in  '  tliese'J  is  another  iniprot'ement. 
Both  syBliinn,  lliou^b  innterinlly  improvinic  the 
ity*tem  of  ortlniBrui>hy  of  geogm|>lilcal  names,  are 
open  to  critic-inni.  Whoeier  has  any  experience 
in  reducing  lanRtiagri  to  writing,  and  has  cum- 
pare<l  bis  notes  with  thotc  of  oibi-r  stiidentu,  or 
even  the  notes  wri«*n  before  any  knowlnlgeof 
the  sound  and  riruclure  of  the  Ungiiafce  wns  ob- 
taini-d.  with  later  iineti.  will  acknowledge  that  the 
wmtid  as  pi-roei^ed  by  a  traveller  Is  In  no  way 
hindin^.  The  individuality  aod  nationality  of  the 
author  (pvi"  the  sound  n  |wculiar  cliaracter  which 
not  at  all  correspondii  to  the  word  aa  pronounced 
by  tho  natives.  In  Central  Africa,  for  insiam-e. 
we  tinil  rand  (or  jand  cA  conslnnlly  tnterchan- 
KinB,  noc<:irdinf;  to  the  Datiooality  of  the  explorer. 
The  nilca  niiopM^  by  the  aodetiea  named  can  only 
help  the  esplnrer  who  w  not  at  all  aci|uainled 
niih  llngutollw—  which  evf^ry  rxplorvr  ought  to 
be  —  to  write  down  the  names  in  an  intelligible 
fonn.  They  are  in  no  way  nifflcienl  for  dciermin- 
ing  the  proper  spelliug.  Thisought  to  1)0  doDft  by 
lingnista,  and  tlie  reaulU  of  their  Mudl«a  Ud 
down  in  n  |fiu!ettiM-r.  It  is  impossible  to  decide 
by  a  rule  whether  il  is  correct  lo  write  Uganda 
or  Waicanda  ;  ITrna.  Wnrun,  or  Kerua,  though  tlie 
liiiguiKI  will  know  that  the  first  is  the  name  of  the 
country,  the  second  that  of  tht-  pwiple,  and  tbc 
taut  the  adjective  form.  On  the  Englinb  iidniiralty 
charln  we  lind  numerous  misrakiw.  Native  nnmes 
an  mistiiken  for  Kn^linli.  and  mis»pel1ed  on  as  to 
mnkr  tho  uirnmng  intellij^lble.  In  Dm  is  Slrail 
we  rtnd  the  name  •  New  CJumuii  Lnck.'  The  cor- 
rect name  is  '  NuKdmiut.'  and  meann  '  the  inliabil- 
anta  of  the  cape.'  On  the  north-wrst  cuust  at 
America  we  And  the  phioe  '  Bella  Briln.*  Though 
this  name  has  becunie  that  of  a  settlemeut,  its 
oriKtn  dates  back  to  a  mlsunderatAndiag.  Tb« 
channel  on  which  It  is  sjtualed  has  the  name  *  Mil- 
liank  Koiind,'  The  mitivnt  of  Ihat  district  cannot 
pronounce  this  word,  and  say  '  Bilbal,'  wliicb  is 
tmaiifumied  into  'Bella  Bella'  by  the  English 
Iradtrni  and  aeamen.  Similar  mistakes  imnir 
eTcrywhere,     For  theae  reasons  it  la  impossible  to 


422 


SCIE^rCE. 


(Vou  IX..  No  «t 


\nj  down  ■  few  ruin  that  would  voaMc  ur  to 
■iwll  vay  gMgrAphiciil  nnniP  rorrectly.  The  *,yti- 
t«ni  adopted  hy  the  Otographical  socletv,  hciw- 
«v«-.  Is  a  d«cid«l  improtenienl,  inaamuoh  asevery 
Iett«r  has  only  one  lueauing,  and  Ihere  ia  oi>  rooiu 
for  doubt  in  [he  ]>r<)n uncial  inn  »f  a  wrUtvn  name. 
Thiii>f(i(e  Srietire  will  adopt  this  sjelem.  with  the 
imiinwctnmli;  made  hy  the  PrpDch  gnotn-nphiral 
•ocirty. 

Tlie  pronunclslloD  of  kttcn  will  be  aa  fol- 
lows :  — 

a  =a  in  'fnUitr.' 
e  =  n  in  ■  lher«.' 
f^eein  'foci.' 
a  =  o  in  '  mole.' 
N  =  oo  in  'fool.' 
«  =  t  ia  •  her.' 
A  =  A  to  a«innan  :  MOncheo. 
ai  =  iiD  -foe.' 
ttti  =  OK  in  ■  how.' 
*.  fi.  /■  j.  k.  I.  m,  n.  p,  r,  «,  Ih.  t,  v,  w,  *,  eh,  m  in 

English. 
g  =  g  in  'KBrden,' 

A  !■  alwaj-8  pcoiiouuoed,  exovpt  ia  Ih,  kk.  and  gh. 
M  =  the  oriental  Kultuial. 
ffh  =  anolhi-T  uricntnl  gullural. 
1/=y  in  •yani.' 

VownU  lue  1eii)t(li»ied  l>y  a  cireunilli-i.  U-llvra 
arvonlj'  doul'k-d  when  there  ia  a  dii'linct  rqieti- 
tion  of  the  Kinglu  Mound. 


rSYCUIC  BLINDNESS. 

TNthixtioah  Dr.  Wilhrand  lies  put  tOd-Hlitr  u 
most  vslaabie  and  interestinx  Reries  of  fut'ln 
and  diacusslona  oiHK«miTiK  c«rU!n  ouriuuH  iind 
iiniNirtaot  morbid  phenouiena.  The  uppFuramv^ 
of  Hot-h  a  book  rarniklMu  an  excellent  illmitmtion  of 
thr  RTi-iit  vidiu'  iind  iniporbuirr-  of  the  new  vipw  o( 
hmtn-phyiiiol»eT.  Thia  view  really  Ukm  it*  orlffin 
In  Ihi-  di«ioo>-ery  of  the  rli'i'lrii-  irritahitity  of  tli« 
rorlex  b;  Pritsrh  and  lltlxiK  >»  1^**>-  Tlieir  re- 
snllH  at  once  led  to  more  exacl  and  adi.-<]uale  con- 
(Wptioiuor  the  natiiiv  of  bfain-L-eiitrvH  :  and.  when 
tbn  iwtholoKixl  and  alieniat  came  to  otuily  the 
foniM  of  t>rain-l<iiion  and  impntrrmrDt  of  func- 
tion with  the  concvptionti  ditrived  orii(inally 
from  pl)j«ioloKical  experimenla.  the  advance  «lep 
was  Ik  RTMt  one.  And  finally  jvychology  niunt 
already  acknowledge  a  debt  to  pathology  probably 
([reater  ibau  it  ow«m  to  any  other  of  the  many 
seicnrpn  with  which  it  IM  ao  intimalely  nworiated. 
Our  laentnl  nuuelure  in  *o  extremely  intricate  anil 
m  wcndarfnlly  formed,  that  we  must  uae  all  poH- 

XM>  SntrrMinilinl  alt  tirntmrhtinitng  iiiuf  (Am  dr- 
(Maaom  tar  HnW'ntVKn  l!'niian;,itr   lur  Al*lit  (Hlrf 

jlgi^titt.    VoaUr.  llnatui^MK  WiUHivp,    wiMbad*D. 


HtUe  devices  to  simplify  the  pmblen)*  it  offen  to 
the  peycholo|[i*t :  hence  the  «tiidy  of  the  leu  ooni* 
plex  minds  of  the  lower  animals,  the  obKervaUt-n 
of  the  developlnf  faculties  of  children,  and  tl>e 
reoordsof  the  primitiTe  culture  of  man.  derive  Ihelr 
importance.  Palbology  ixn-formH  an  even  more 
delicat«  nerrice.  It  bike*  away  or  incniKiciintoH 
mont  or  1<m  of  thU  complex  machinery,  and 
shows  In  what  way  the  working  of  the  a|>|ian>tn*  la 
thereby  affected,  Jual  aawe  never rentl<r  appreci- 
ate the  lalue  of  an  object  until  we  arc  wHbout  it. 
so  tite  importance  of  certain  hrain-orllN  to  menial 
aanily  in  not  ivalinid  until  diceoee  render*  them 
UMtleia- 

Some  yeara  ajio  Profeswir  Kunk  deferibed  the 
condition  of  dogs  from  wlioae  bniiia  a  oertatn 
conical  area  had  been  rvraoved.  and  gare  it  ttut 
name  of  ■  pMyohii-  blindnras'fSiWenNiivfAeif).  A 
dog  in  thin  condition  can  nee,  for  he  avoids  all 
ofaatacliM  (11  well  a*  ever,  but  irhnt  he  sees  ho*  lost 
all  meaning  for  him.  If.  for  example,  the  dog 
was  accuatotned  to  jump  over  a  rod  when  It  WM 
held  before  him,  he  no  longer  recognlud  tbia  sig- 
nal :  hia  whole  piychic  life  ia  duller,  and,  in  par- 
tirnlnr,  (lie  world  of  night  hni  lovt  all  iiigmficnnce, 
Tliiii  in  now  only  one  of  a  Inrge  H-ries  of  phenom- 
ena wbich  show  that  there  is  one  oenlre  In  which 
an  object  is  seen  and  an<^'tlier  oentre  in  which  itia 
jierceired,  or,  lielter,  upperceiveil.  Diaeaae  may  in- 
juro  one  and  leave  the  other  intart.  Dr.  Wil- 
broiwl  record"  two  v<try  rminrkable  caH«  of  this 
natnTe,  in  both  of  wbicb  the  patient  retained  nor- 
mal inl«lIigiHicv,  and  accurately  described  the 
symptomi".  The  lirrt  t*  reported  by  Cbarcol,  and 
relnteN  to  a  highly  intelligent  merchant  well 
ver^e-i  Id  seveml  langangt*,  and  reading  the 
ctaHsics  fluently,  Up  to  the  time  of  his  attack,  ho 
could  n>]ieat  the  wholr<  nl  the  Ilr»t  Imok  of  the 
Ilin<l.  beginning  at  auy  point.  He  bud  from  hia 
boyhood  a  m<at  remarkable  memory,  whieb  waA 
■Inioul  exolunively  ii  visual  one,  lie  oimld  rend 
piigeci  of  bin  fnviiritr  aiithota  fn>tn  the  vtinnlized 
picture  of  the  page  which  he  carried  in  liis  mind. 
If  nn  incident  of  his  ninny  trntels  was  >4>olien  of, 
the  whole  scene  appeared  before  him.  vivid  and 
complete  In  every  detail.  He  wan  an  exii«rt 
draughtsman,  and  often  sketched  interesting  por- 
tions of  the  landiica|iB  on  his  travels.  Aa  a  ron- 
■eqiimce  of  aerious  hiisincea  trouhlee.  his  health 
gave  way  ;  he  became  nervous  and  Irritable,  aJMl 
the  peculiar  visual  symptoms  appeared.  Ha 
found  that  the  tight  of  the  buildinga  and  the*c«ae« 
of  Ilia  daily  wiitkB  luemed  Birange.  If  askeil  to 
picturea  certain  place  lo  himnelf.  he  was  unable  to 
dowx  The  Attempt  lodrnwAchureh-«plrereaul(«>d 
in  a  rude  childish  scrawl.  He  could  mit  remembeo' 
the  faces  of  his  wife  and  children,  and  even  fallc^t 


4 


4 
4 


Ann.  80.  1<«7.1 


sctexcf:. 


m 


lorfcpgnlw  bis  own  ini«ge  in  k  jtlaw.  Eren  ibe 
familiar  sceim  or  his  childhood  had  faded  from 
his  m«morj.  In  onier  to  uodentand  wl»t  he 
n»d,  li«  bail  \o  ntiltlTHte  ao  miditor;  iniiDiiry,  nnd 
read  ^verj-  thing  aloud,  lit*  no  kingfr  iln-snit 
of  Bfeing.  but  only  of  lu-ariDK.  Drjuitod  of  the 
nimlal  imiutery  which  night  furoishMl.  and  «htc4i 
in  hi«  c-iwe  waa  a  motr  aerUnis  Iom  than  to  pctroo* 
with  leaa  brilh'ant  vimalislng  powen.  hU  mitntnl 
life  became  «lug:gi!ih  and  lilti  luood*  oK'lancholJc 
and  tod.  The  second  caiw  from  Dr.  Wilbrand'* 
practice  k  do  lew  remarkuMi',  and  pr«a>jit»  (*r- 
(abi  prcnlinr  chara<^risli<«.  Chi«r  amonn;  Iheiw 
b  u  rnlliiiK-dut  of  the  left  half  of  the  visual  IScIil ; 
that  is.  the  [latienl  could  not  we  with  tli«  outer 
portion  of  llie  k'ft  rvtina  nor  aith  the  innir  por- 
tion of  the  right  retina  ihotnoujmoux  lieniianop- 
•ial.  Thin  ifinptoni  indicalcB  a  nnilnteral  corti- 
cal kvion. 

Dr.  Wilhrand  anatj'xrit  thf<  proreM  ot  viuon  imt> 
atpp  farther.  He  given  rensons  tor  believing,  thnl, 
bMidee  the  centre  for  (lie  reception  of  tho  visual 
irapretefon  and  Dial  for  tt»  apperception,  there  la  a 
third  RTOup  of  wlla,  whove  funclion  it  ia  to  stem 
up  visual  mrmorint.  wbii-h  form  the  vlanal  inem- 
orr-nm  (KriniierungtfrM).  If  the  reliua  or  the 
o|rtic  nerve  la  dntro.ve'l.  the  result  in  blimlncnn  in 
Uw  uaual  aenf  at  Ihf  word.  But  the  optical 
Bwmoiy  remninH  intact:  the  visual  phantasy  ia 
•till  aclive  :  *lijlil  hallui-innliorm  nnd  ilrvania  uiiiy 
oeriir.  iiikI  ao  on.  U  the  np|x-n>^plive  reairr  of 
one  heniiaphem  in  involvi-il,  then  liomonvmniis 
beniianopHin  of  ihp  opjnwiu-  half  «(  the  risual 
field  occurs,  nn-i  there  i»  pajchio  tillndneM  In  on*" 
half  of  the  brain.     It  iKith  npperoeplive  centm 

I  are  Involved.  alj|;lit  liallurinjilionn  arw  lin|inKibln ; 
but  the  vbual  nKimoff  ii  not  dlrecilj  nlT<«l«d, 
aad  sixht  drrama  may  ixyur.  If  tlie  nicmory- 
amt  indiiieased,  objectKBiv  nolon)^cvcngni»()aa 
familiar : all  nremsstrnnjieaiidnew.  The  fantSBjr 
U  dullwl  :  thwo  are  uo  visual  imacnriea  or  dr^ina. 
Many  of  these  kupfioaitinni  receive  a  HtTiking 
oonflmailon  from  the  obaerntJon  of  tho<c  lK>rn 
blind  «t>4  rettond  to  night  by  auorewful  o)HTn- 
tJonii.  Such  penona  are  junt  like  infant*  ns  n> 
garils  night.  e»cppt  thnt  they  learn  to  wr  ininh 
mora  quickly.  Their  hinher  tiif.'hl-'Tnlres  ruuol 
be  developed,  and  in  tliia  prooesi  one  caii  di«' 
tingulah  the  three  Rta^pn  almre  marked  out.  Buch 
peraomi  rwrognia?  at  once  after  the  operation  (hat 
they  have  anew  nonsat  Ion,  —  they  aet.  Biii  the 
object  b«tor9  them  U  not  anKneived  :  it  is  not 
raoogslMd  ae  the  aame  object  the;  have  been 

Ltonchlnic  all  alon^.    They  noon  lenrn  the  iDeaning 
their   vinual   imiiresnion^.    though    thej-   c"n- 

'■tantljoall  ontbr  cmno  of  touch   (o  prcrent  de- 
ooptioD  ;  but  thoy  often  fall  tor  aom«  time  to  re- 


raerobiT  what  they  have  aceo.  aqd  rarely  dream  of 
•neing  things  fir  many  uiotitba:  in  other  worda, 
their  apfX'ivepiiTe  anil  visual  mrmory-ocntree  are 
devtJopInf;.  Tlie  chapter  devoted  to  this  topic 
records  other  interesting  pointa  in  Ihetie  cns^, 
and  con  Iw  recoinroended  aa  an  admirable  accoiiDt 
of  the  Huhject. 

Tlte  rest  of  the  hook  in  derotrd  to  the  csplana- 
Ikm  of  the  detailed  patholoKi''nl  nymptomn  and 
the  diKiuaiou  of  their  re'lallon  to  ttie  centre*  of 
1ani;UBg«,  liolh  wnltirn  anJotsl.  Thlsinnretech- 
nical  part  ot  the  stibjeyl  does  not  readily  admit  of 
a  Ijrief  exponitinn.  Suffice  it  to  na.v  that  Dr. 
Wllbrand  hns  rendcrnl  an  itnpnrfanl  wrvicie  to 
several  branches  of  scfenoe  by  thisconvrnienlnnd 
thorough  account  of  a  most  Important  to|>ic. 
SoDie  iif  Ilia  theurieH  are  doiil)tleiHi  to  tie  mndihrHl 
and  piTha[H  n-jectrd  by  future  reaeaicti,  but  the 
spirit  and  point  of  view  of  hia  expoeitton  ii  ht  tfae 
right  direction.  An  wan  nid  at  Ural,  it  ahowa  the 
vast  explanatory  power  of  Ibe  modem  tliM>ri«  of 
hrain-physiolni^.  J.  J. 


Hkiwicrt  BrictrKK.  who  has  done  mon*  tilan 
any  other  one  man  of  ihl*  iceneralion  Ut  (lopular- 
ize  tlie  study  of  Hocial  science,  points  out  very 
for<'ib!y.  in  his  Ixxik  on  the  '  SlUily  of  sociology." 
tbedilllciilties  which  beset  the  sliident  of  social 
phenomena  nnd  condition*.  He  diows  na  there 
that  tODietbini;  la  tru«  of  aocJology  that  hoMa 
goiKl  in  no  oUier  science  ;  namely,  the  facta  to  be 
()b«-rviMl  nnd  Ri-ni-nUiiU'd  by  the  aludent  an- 
exhibit^I  by  an  nggregato  of  which  Ilw  ntudi-nl 
hlmaeir  form4  a  part.  His  functions  and  life  m  a 
oitiEeii.  ther«fon>,  determine  in  a  large  measiirf 
Ins  stand-point  and  methods  as  au  inv<«tJ||:a(or, 
It  is  on  thin  account  (ratentiul.  in  eMimailng  the 
rnlne  of  socloloKical  renearchm,  that  we  know 
anniethinic  about  the  penwnalily  of  the  oliafirver. 
In  tbc  ca^e  ot  Prealrlent  Bascom  we  are  prruHnrly 
fortunate  in  ibia  respect.  His  long  and  hon^irable 
career  as  a  teacher  an<l  proteanur  l>oth  In  tlie  east 
and  in  Ihc  wmt,  na  n-ell  on  his  numeroua  writing 
in  the  fields  ot  philosophy,  literature,  and  reli- 
ction. iilTnrd  us  ampin  inronnntion  as  U>  the  metb- 
o<ls  and  postulates  ot  his  ihougtit. 

In  fad.  Ibis  newest  book  from  his  pen  Is  bast 
undcrslood  when  ivad  in  connection  with  his 
previouA  bnoka  on  piychology,  etbica.  and  Ibe 
philosophy  of  religion.  The  tone  and  tlte  atyle  of 
treatment  are  the  same  in  all. 

In  hia  preface  to  tbe  present  work,  Prealdent 
RiiFiCi>m  exprMsly  «ays  that  bb  aim  lias  beeo  to 
rover  a  Ur^je  Held  nugi^eMively,  rullier  than  a  oar- 

SoiMegif.    Br  Jeax  Bibcon.    >>«*  Vork,  I'uuiam.    It*. 


AU 


SCTEirCE. 


(Vol.  IX..  No.  311 


row  fleld  exhaustively.  He  Iwlleie*  that  in  toma 
(MM*  this  neUiOtl  b  of  moiv  practical  vmlue  th«n 
ita  Gontrnry.  8ocl<rioity  I'v  dvllniMi  aa  '>  a  diHriw- 
Mon  of  lhi<  i-onititions  and  Inwii  of  combination 
ami  KTOWtU  in  •oci«lf."  In  the  followinK  »™- 
t«nc«  he  add*  (hat  tiiia  defliiilion  iiirludi'S  <'hunge 
wbich  is  relrORnueiive  as  mell  as  iluit  whiL-h  in 
pre^n^lve.  II  i*  plnin  ttiat  u&.v  kooiI  dctlnition 
of  iMxiolONry  mart  inciiulu  retrogressive  rhnnge. 
iniumitcb  aa  a  mnnidprnlilF  sriiool  of  tl)inkrr« 
anwrt  thai  the  world  and  widrty  are  becoininK 
wone  all  the  time.  Perhaps  tltr  anhatitutlon  of 
the  word  ■  dcveloproeoi '  or  ■evolution'  for 
'  icruwtii '  in  the  itluvi-  JednltJon  would  have  ob^ 
viaieO  tlie  nivi^wty  for  Uilv  explanation,  bocaus; 
it  b  well  uuderntoiHl  nowadays  Iliat  pToliition  in- 
clude* pro^treM  from  kmhI  tn  ba/l  as  well  m  from 
bad  to  good. 

The  author'B  rariotiH  rhnptt-r*  on  eusl-xn.  kov- 

ernnienl.  cf-oiuiniics.   rellKion,  (•Ihic^,  ami  so  on. 

»re  of  niucli  iuUtrvat.  althoiiRh  vtry  okt-tthy  in 

cliaraeter.     Hin  style  i*  good,  and  rnlivtrned  with 

numerous  llluiitniiiona  of  the  argnmrtit.    Om-  of 

Ibu  first  iiuertioon  to  l>e asked  aUmt  a  l>o"I(  of  tliia 

■ort  id.  What  |)o«itton  doea  the  author  takf  in  tp- 

tfrtH  lotbe  preBHlnK  (|iieBtionauf  noclallsin  and  the 

limit  of  govemmmlal  funi-liona?    We  can  bc«t 

BMwar  thia  in  President  Basconi's  own  words. 

"The  olBofl  of  tbe  aUie,"  he  mvb  (p,  <5),  "  ia  not 

■imply  lo  reccjinl—  a  primitive  ■-(|uality  of  rtRht*, 

and  to  gratll  then  righU  tlie  inuti-elion  vre  term 

Juallcs.    Soeb  a  ooiirtA  will  "<inn  iiaiue  iu  extreme 

eqaalttin.     It  Ihih  the  far  moro  difficult  duty  of 

eiK^oiiradnx   and  aiding    unlmpoded   nrtivily   in 

«*ery  class,  anil  at  the  simv  time  renewins  it* 

oonditious  in  each  clnis.     Euich  citiiien  I*,  under 

pnenil  principlee,  io  be  put  back  aa  speedily  uji 

powiblc  on  hia  feel  when  he  bna  Imt  Ihi-in.     The 

race  la  (»  l>c  reiiewe<l,  morning,  nixni.  and  oigbt. 

on  eiiual  lennn.    The  slate  niunt  then  be  iHmeru- 

lent  as  well  M  juai.     While  it  lakes  from  no  man 

what  he  lias,  it  miiiA  not  allow  any  mnn  siioli  an 

oxercise  of  his  power*  an  will  oltiniately  swallow 

up  the  powers  of  olHer  men.  .  .  .     The   "late 

niuM    put    ptaitive   llmila   on   powi-ra,  when,  by 

tutlural  force  and  the  confortni  oncrBy  of  iiocii'Ly, 

they  are  rpaily  to  lireuk  the  bounds  of  prinperouH 

and  beuelicnt  rom pel i lion." 

Tht-re  h  miirh  in  Preaideiit  Brtscora's  chaplcis 
on  ethics  and  rellKionthnt  U  sunKealive,  wpeeially 
his  romiin-lieesive  uft^  of  Ihp  word  ■  moralily," 
and  hi*  illuslration-.  of  the  det^wrutini;  pnKxm 
an  to  particular  imrta  of  a  fwlijtion  whicJi  usu- 
ally accomjiany  ilt  develupincnt.  The  publishent 
would  have  greatly  iacn«aed  Ibe  value  of  the 
book  had  they  provided  it  wltb  an  Index.  Unin- 
dexed  l>ook«  arc  a  relic  of  barhamm. 


JUKBS-BROWNJCS  HISTORICAL  OB01.O0Y. 
Tkb  vohime  conipli-lfs  ihe  ■  Stndcmfa  landbook 
of  geology  i'  ihe  Ural  part,  on  pbywcal  geotoKy, 
having  ap|>cared  in  I8W.    The  author  atnU*  hta 
iiilenlion  aabeing  ■'lonivea*  full  an  acoountof 
tlie  rocks  of  Ormt  Britain  and  Ireland  as  apace 
would  permit,  aupplemeniing  ihia  with  only  ao 
much  of  continental  gi-olojiy  as  is  necMaaty  to  dll 
«1>  the  f-ap«  In  Ihe  Rritinb  recordsand  to  ooiuplele 
Ihc outline  of  geolonie-al  history."  Aflerabrieibut 
ei<H-llcnt  introduction  on  the  law*  and  applicattone 
of  pnleontiilogy.  the  book  prooeeds  lo  a  reviaw  ot 
the  formation*,  givlni:  a  chft|>tcr  to  each  Mjatem. 
An  account  of  every  separate  aiea  in  Ihe  Britirii 
islands  i"  (tivMi  under  ench  fortnalion.  vrith  no- 
meTO)uit>eclionsand  illustfatlons  nf  cbaraclerlrttc 
tmsiU.  and  each  rhnpti-r  closes  with  a  alalenvenl 
of  what  ia  known  or  ioferred  of  the  phj^ical 
geography  of  the  period.    Some  departurcH  from 
tlie  dlvUona  of  geological  time  usually  cmployiNl 
in  America  and  on  the  rontincnt  of  Kurojic  will 
be  noticed.    Thus  the  (^nil>rian  i«  regartledaaa 
distinct  'syrtem,'  wi  is  the  lower  Silurian,  for 
which  Lapworth'a  term  'Ordoflcinn'  is  taken,    Ii 
is  intemtingto  nollco  that  Mr.  Walcotf"  sludiea 
lately  publiaJied  lead  him  to  a  similar  reault  for 
this  poontrj'.     More   novel   ii   the  dli  Uion  of  tlie 
tertiary  rock»  into  two  "yirtenw,  for  which  Mr. 
JukM-Brownpproixnwlhelerinit  •  Hunlonlan "  (in- 
truding the  eocene  and  oligocone)  and  ■  Icenian  ' 
(including  the  miocene,  pliocene,  and  plei«locMie). 
The  quaternary  is  thua  gi»cn  an  entirely  aubordi- 
nate  position. 

The  science  of  geology  includca  such  a   gtMIt 
number  of  dinlinct  subjects  thai   no  one  man  can 
master  Ibeni  all,  and  for  Ibis  ren«>n  llie  lext-book 
of  the  tictence  that  «loill  be  equally  siUisfactory  Id 
all  departments  has  yet  to  be  wrilMi.     Probably 
it  mnonly  be  written  by  the  eorfiperation  of  many 
spccialiita.    The  Hrst  part  of  Mr.  Jukea-Brownc'a 
handlNuik.  that  on  physical  geology.  Is  excellent, 
awl  will  bn  found  most  useful  lo  Ainorlcam  atu- 
deotn  :  but  the  Tidume  before  us  cannot  be  of  nearly 
such  gi-oeral  value,  a*,  ftom  Its  plan,  il  ia  adapted 
only  K)  tireat  Britain.     But  even  there  we  think 
the  compnrati»ely  minute  study  ot  British  f<irnia- 
lions,  |o  Uic  excluBlon  of  the  reM  of  the  world, 
ia  a  mistake.     It  ia  true,  that,  in  whatever  dia- 
trirt  the  English  xtudi-nt  may  be,  he  will  find  a^ 
clew  to  ita  fieologicul    Mruelure    in   this   book  :| 
hut  thi*  advantage  is  more  than  counterbulonccd  < 
by  the  I""  of  n  general  view  of  the  codh'H  da- 
veloiioiental  hiatory.    Such  a  mclliod  must  givaj 
the   lit-Klnner   very   dlspropoxiioJiaie  views,  and 
mull  in  the  low  of  all  '  i»enipe(i live.'    American 

Tin    >Ovfii>r>   hinftent  <ir  hUterie*!  |H«I«|iv.    Uf  A.  J.  . 
JVKls-BliotniK.    Nb«  Vork.ScHbner*  W»Jfijnl.    S». 


Avtm.  39.  1B97.] 


acnsjsrcE, 


425 


pgeology,  wliic-h  Uiroirii  ta  much  new  liffht  upon 
till?  «ut)jfr-t,  U  nltiiOHt  complc-t*-!;  iKi>ff<i'- 

Mr.  Jukes- Rr<>wiu>  in  not  a  btoloRiiit.  MtiH  liin  n>- 
mitrka  od  thn  structure  and  nfllnHir«i>f  rxiinctor- 
gnnisms  are  not  alwAj's  h&ppy.  The  nnalnintHl  Kill 
hartUy  a^re«H-ic1i  8ui.-hstHleui«uuastlie  followlnx 
(p.  487):  "Of  Ihe  mauiTnulB,  Corjrpliodon  aud 
L()|))iiuilun  n-winlilfi  tlje  rew-iil  lui)ir ;  Paliirrilhe- 
tiuin  and PnlQplolln*riutn  were- iiniinaUrnimwbk'li 
both  iho  rhlnoccriM  and  Ihp  hi>rM-  M«in  Ui  liiive 
dpsc«nded  ;  H;raci>t)ierluin  wax  A  i>ninll  iinimid 

loombtnlnit  characters  now  roiiixl  in  tlm  ix^'rary 
and  the  liimi  or  Byrian  couej."  On  the  b.iiii« 
page  tlie  hiiouI  of  an  alligulor  is  iuvt-rtril  and 
called  IIk?  lowiT  jnw.  Our  author  iieeniv  iiol  lu 
bav*  henrd  of  the  great  ptdeontolo^Jcul  dinrur- 
criM  of  the  lobl  twenty  y<ta%  on  thi«  Kidc  of  thr 
Ailnnttc,  as  lie  nientionR  onlj  tlie  nuaHlodon,  of 
which  a  wretched  figure  le  n^ven,  and  the  msin- 
niotii. 

IL  vruuli],  huvrertT,  be  vn}'  unfair  to  leave  ttie 
frnjirewiion  Iluit  thin  in  n  caidciuil}'  ntitli.'n  liouk. 
It  i*  nathinK  of  the  tiorl,  but,  on  the  eontmr;. 
bu  bmn  ccim)>ile<l  with  painstaking  nctrat%ey, 
and  in  uanj  rmpects  baa  beon  adniiriiblt'  Aoav. 
While  it  cannot  be  recommended  as  a  ti>xt-t)Oal( 
in  tiiiaeounlrj'.  it  will  priive  of  ^real  service  to 
invcaligalor*  tm  n  boolt  of  rrfcreiife  au<i  coni- 
parison,  cotilainiog  much  valimble  informnlioo  in 
a  small  sfMic*. 


BKitOHAUS'S  ATLAS  OF  PHYSIC AL  OEOU- 
BAPHY. 

Tn  KeORmphlcsl  inxtituto  of  Juktun  Prrlbn  in 
Gotha  iH  publiehlnK  a  new  ediiion  of  Bcrghauii'ii 
'  Atlan  of  pliyaical  icenicrajthj  '  ('  Pl)}-»ilcnliiicbar 
Allan*).  Though  the  editor  retains  the  name  of 
Ihvold  odtti'Hi  of  l83tMH  and  of  ItlSS,  this  ia  a 
totally  neir  wurk.  nut  one  of  the  old  maps  beiag 
ust^  in  the  n(>«r  edition.  The  inoM  eminent  au- 
thorities in  tlie  ditTeivnt  branchea  of  phT^cal 
geography  contrJbnle  to  thi*  work,  each  de|)art> 
meat  beiiijc  intrueteil  to  a  epocHlixt  IkrtKlntii* 
hiiDKr-lf  iH  the  author  of  the  hydrograpldcnl  part, 
and  to  hini  in  due  llie  eiceileut  eieCHtlon  of  tlte 
work,  which  coTOtii  up  to  ihe  tstauilarrt  »e  are 
used  to  apply  lo  workH  publiflbeil  by  JubIub 
Perthee.  J.  Ilannediln  the  meleorolu^'  :  <j.  Neu- 
m»yfr,  the  part  on  tcireslrinl  uingnelism  ;  von 
iiitlel.  grology  ;  O,  Drude,  geography  of  plant*  ; 
(i.  Ilurtlaub  and  W.  Marahall.  the  diclritiutioii  of 
onimiil*;  uud  ti.  Oetlaud.  the  ethnological  part. 
The  name!  of  tliene  Bcirntiits  warrant  tJiat  Uie 
materifil  will  \k  reliiible,  and  in  etery  rvKpcoi  be 
ke])t  up  to  date.  The  nuiiM  arc  copperplutc  printK. 
and  bear  (he  date  of  publication.    Thin  wiiy  of  n- 


produFtion  will  enable  the  publitber  lo  have  onj 
dniimble  rorrcx-linnii  made,  tio  tbat  we  mnir  bp 
Kure  U>  nff  tlie  map*  alwajT*  corrMpondinx  to  Ibe 
latent  »tate  of  our  knowledge.  Tlie  econonilral 
uw^ of  xpace  on  tlie  single  sheets  Is  really  admir- 
able. Map  Ifl,  for  inoiHiK'e.  contains  Ihe  drainage- 
areas  aS  Ihe  oceans,  which  are  lepreseuted  lu 
Ijimbert'a  Mjuivulent  projwiian.  These  maps 
i*ho«-  tlie  limita  ('f  tcr-drifis,  currenla.  it«llai>. 
and  the  nat  Igahlc  eitmt  of  rivcjv.  On  the  iwne 
>hcel  we  find  eleven  delail-niapa  showing  the  dif- 
rcn*nt  hinds  of  bifurcalions,  and  two  diagrams 
nhowing  the  extent  of  land  in  dltfeieot  lailtndee. 
The  geiieml  print-iple  of  the  atlas  is,  tln>t,  to 
giie  maps  of  Ihe  earth  anil  of  oootiDenla,  ihowlDg 
the  dialribulion  of  phyiionl  phmioraenu :  and  tbea 
detuii-nmpii.  wliifh  ari'  parli<:ulnily  illualrative  of 
it.  Un  the  mop  showing  the  nnnuitl  Tnintall 
(Ko.  87)  wv  may  observe  the  influenee  of  elention 
and  wind  on  delall-mnps  of  Jamaica,  Maurltlns. 
and  New  Zealand,  On  the  map  of  the  Oemian 
Ooean  (No.  98)  we  ilnd  the  rations  types  of  eoasta. 
—  the  rias  of  tlie  north  coiiit  of  8{Hiin,  Ibe  dowus 
of  Fruu<-<i  and  titTatiuiy.  und  tiie  fjordm  of  Nor- 
way. Diitgnma  show  the  temperatum  of  Ihe 
acMW.  Tills  alios  U  an  indiejien^nbln  work  for 
the  Mtudmt  of  physical  geography.  It*  sjstrinati* 
nlly  selected  contents  and  eicellnnt  exttcutlon 
make  it  a  worthy  ooaipanlon  of  Stieler's  '  Hand- 
atlaii '  and  Spruncr-Meoeke's  ■  Uiiiloiicul  ntlaa.' 
As  the  editor  d"PH  not  givi-  niiy  ptefiTcnce  to  the 
physiiuil  geography  of  Bumpe,  It  »  as  valualde  for 
the  American  student  as  for  the  European. 


A  CBXTVRY  OF  ELEVTHJCIIT. 

Thimk  whone  curioaity  ia  excitisd  by  the  pm> 
euce  on  4>n-ry  street-comer  of  an  rieeiric  light, 
and  Inevery  doctor's olflceof  a  tolephcne.  in  every 
railway-station  of  a  clicking  telegraph  instni- 
ment,  and  yet  have  tieen  unable  to  Hod  time  or 
oppurtunilies  for  uiKlemtHiiiling  how  these  things 
liavr  been  brought  into  t-Ebtt-nce,  wdl  find  in  Pro- 
fe»sor  Mendcnhair*  little  book,  '  A  century  of 
electricity,'  a  trusty  guide  which  will  load  them 
by  easy  sto|«  from  the  l)«ginningsof  a  science 
of  electricity  towards  Ihe  eiid  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  through  the  discoveries  of  Uali'ani.Volta, 
OerHied.  Kiiruday,  and  others,  lo  the  prment  time. 
Profiiisor  Mrntlenhnirs  Hui-ctioi  a*  a  writer  is  too 
well  known  to  need  especial  praiw  in  this  |>lnoe. 
The  autiior  has  endeavored  to  sketch  the  growth 
of  the  science  of  electricity  and  Its  principal 
applicalir>n».  The  hook  is  not  a  history  of  the 
science,  dot  is  it  a  acienliflc  trestioe,  and  the  use 
of  iMbntoitl  language  b»  been  nvoidnl  as  far  as 

AtmlurifO/ileetritllt.    BjT.  C.  3Iksdb(b*lu  BhIoo, 
lloiinhiai,  ItW.    if. 


426 


SCIEy^CE. 


(Vol.  tX.,  No   m  , 


poMiMc.  Hip  viTorl  of  ilip  ntithor,  ami  It  hnt  Ijecn 
%  soooewful  niip.  wo«  to  pnabto  llie  ItitelEiK^ril 
rander,  unfmnlllnr  wlili  ibe  Domenclalure  o(  ihe 
■elcao6>  to  und«<»ilAii<l  ilie  nturti  inigiortaiit  phaneii 
ol  Ua  dev«lopint^ul,  and  tu  i;iv«  him  surli  *  knowl* 
cdgv  of  its  tuii(luai«Dtal  (iiiiK'iplctt  iw  will  enalik 
hlui  lo  com|>n-licn<l  Itii'  mcnninK  t>Z  whni  hv  *ve» 
in  «|prlrio«l  (lotion  tritb  whicli  \i»  alnioHl  <lntl.v 
voiiieit  ill  contact.  The  booli  open*  witli  an  ac- 
<.<oiiiil  of  some  ox(«riiiieiila  in  stibfuarlDe  elgnal- 
Ubic.  a»  lli^.v  luiglii  m-ell  be  called,  inado  fn  A{>rll, 
IT4II.  bf  Bt-njuuiin  rmaklin.  whlcli  piclurm liiin iw 
Bpiiiliiig  ii'illi  hii  iK>t  KiiarliH  at  n  pi<'Dii--pnny  on 
IbabUltu  of  ihp  SkuglkQ :  and  frrqiit'iill;  tbrough 
the  pBKM  on^  di»ci>v<T«  liulo  f-l>^(di«4  ot  the  |ier- 
■analltiee  of  tlM>  InvMttKatora.  which  a<ld  itiiKh  to 
the  f  uUrHBt  of  the  reader.  We  can  Ncommend  the 
IkkA  moHl  liiKlilr  lu  all  tlioie  fur  whvui  il  Ih  in- 
tfndrd,  iiuijL'ointDeiid  thi'iniblUlicTsrorthv  way  in 
wliich  it  ban  bLt'D  bruufcht  out,  and  for  the  cxim;)- 
IcDc*'  of  the  iUiiatnitJwns.  which  prv«pnt  hi  few 
of  the  harlinoj-iii  rut«  dlaflgiiring  thn  onlinaiy 
Buuiua). 


Thk  third  port  of  '  A  new  English  dicli<innr,v 
on  hiatorical  principle '  (Oxford,  Clnrendon  prnw; 
New  York,  Mncmillan.  \fir,)  hna  been  rncpivni. 
We  reviewed  at  lni)[t)i  the  first  two  parl«  In 
Beima  of  Juim  18,  IHtHI.  Part  III.  deals  wltb 
8.TW  word*,  from  '  buitor'  to  >  Immi.'  It  ii  a 
charatrtvriatic  of  lh<:  lollrr  B  that  it  <.'nnl«infl  n 
com  perotiTvlytnuilI  number  of  words  derirfd  from 
LsUn  or  (Ireek,  and  a  prepo«ide«BtinK  pmporliixi 
of  wonlsof  Teutonic  uri^in :  hi.-iu.-e  tliitt  MH-iiou  iii- 
dndoa  nwny  of  the  uJdoM  wonlH  of  i)ie  liuigUBRc. 
TImi  B-words  are  full  of  problvoia  which  hnvo 
btOed  Ifaa  •Sort*  of  all  Invostlgatont.  Ev«vi'  nne 
of  thme  haa  rwoeivod  a  freah  and  lnde|>Midrat  in- 
veatlgatlon,  io  which  aKbtance  lias  been  i«nd«red 
hy  fonie  ol  the  llr»i  livini;  philologists ;  and  Ibe 
revult  luta  Un-ri  the  tllnciiT^Tit  of  new  fnt^ta,  or  tliv 
etiiuinatioii  of  <>)d  crrun,  in  nwanl  lo  nianj 
wordii.  In  aiidition  to  the  words  of  Old  Bn^liah 
and  Old  FtvdfIi  orlRln,  this  |iart  contaUia  ao  «x- 
Iraotdlnary  numlier  of  words  of  unknowo  ot  un- 
certain derlvailun.  Many  of  llusr  liate  no  kin  in 
oilier  languago,  but  ntund  (|tiil(t  alnoi'  in  Kogliab, 
and,  it  cannot  bi^  doabted.  ant  mora  or  lew  recent 
nrationii  of  Ennliah  Itaelf.  D  contains  inttay 
iUiutratiom  of  the  fact  Ibal  has  of  late  yearn 
powerfully  Iniprvaaed  Itself  utioti  philu logical 
studenia,  that  tbe  OTMUie  period  of  Innguagc, 
tlie  (<po(;h  of  roots,  baa  nerer  come  lo  liii  end. 
The  (ifigiu  of  language  ia  not  to  tv  Knight  merely 
in  n  fnr-ofT  lodo-KuroiH-nn  iu]ti<(uity,  or  in  a  still 
ear lirr  pre- Aryan  yiwe-iime:  it  t»  Htill  in  |>efen- 
nial  prooMB  around  ua.    A  litffary  laiigua^,  with 


lis  n>ore  accMsible  store  of  wonla  alraady  in  \me 
anil  Huflloient  for  all  urxlioary  requirements,  its 
uuiv  iieriuaneni  meuiories  anil  tradition*,  Itfi  con- 
stant eppviUs  lo  nn  niitbiiritntive  jirecedent,  la 
hoatile  to  word  cristioii.  Suiili  U  not  the  <'aBe 
with  laiiifiuiKe  in  lla  natural  >>Uil4'.  when'  wordu 
are  calimiti'd  dimply  an  they  wrvo  llirir  parpo<w 
of  cominunioatinK  Ilie  thought  or  frr-lins  of  1 1)0 
mocnpot.  Tlie  iiiiwritteii  dialect*,  and  to  (un>p 
extent  et'eii  ptiint;  and  colloquial  apeech,  approach 
in  chsracit-r  to  language  in  lit  natural  stale,  alm- 
Inic  only  lo  be  expn-ssite.  and  tivuliOK  ni^morj- 
and  precedent  as  niiuiaters,  not  as  inaateni. 
Some  wtMiiit  *a  ctiine<l  pnan  nt  Iriigtli  fiuoi  col- 
loquiaJ  into  Ulrrnry  use.  and  are  nvgiilrred  in  Ihv 
dictionary  u  new  wordo,  the  oriRiii  of  whicli  ia 
iieRrched  for  as  vainly  In  tlie  word-lioe/d  of  Old 
EnxHsh  apeec-li,  or  even  tlie  fullest  vocabulary  of 
Indo-European  roots,  us  in  a  scihool'Uianual  of 
Lalin  and  Uieck  roots  and  aRUea. 

—  Uulleiin  No,  31  of  the  U,  8.  geological  sur- 
vey, by  8.  H.  Scinider.  ia  a  aystpinatic  rericw  of 
our  prrai>nt  knowlcdjteof  fcwil  inaecf,  inrluding 
niyriiipodaniid  KpMers.  It  ia  eiuM-ntiaUy  a  trnna- 
Intion,  for  lite  lieiieRt  of  Qigllata  readen.  of  tbe 
text  f  uriiishe'l  by  tlie  author  to  Dr.  Zftlel  for  his 
■  llandbiich  derpaleoatologie.'  TheUi-noaii  text. 
liowever,  kt  aoMiupanieil  by  ncMV  than  two  hoD- 
dreil  illusliulionn.  M.  Ilanuia  it  also  publisUng 
n  Frcncli  veniiD,  Each  section  of  the  work  Is 
accompanied  by  a  cuiuplete  blbliugtuphy.  whldt 
sliOH's  us  at  u  gkincc  how  rvct-ntly  Ibis  depart* 
uient  of  pvlcciiloliigy  lias  been  dcvi'lopwi,  very 
If'W  of  tilt?  title*  dating  Ixtck  of  1^0,  and  how 
extMiaife  and  Tari4-d  Ih*  aullior's  own  contriliu- 
lionH  have  lieen.  The  concise  descriptions  of  the 
clauses,  orders,  and  fauiilim,  are  accompanied  by 
brief  no[«t  on  the  fuiwll  genera  and  spocii*.  with 
the  locality  aud  K^utugical  h<iriion  in  many  caara ; 
wliilfe  the  ntratijftnpbic  <tiiilribut)nn  and  rangv  of 
each  onirr  Mir  shown  by  tables  y  It  big  the  number 
of  spectM  found  In  the  roeka  of  esicli  agw-  Vo 
fewer  than  twenty-six  hundred  species  of  true 
inaeota  have  been  found  foMil  up  to  the  prm-nt 
time.  The  sTcot  majurity  of  thcao,  aa  wall  as  of 
inyrlujjuds  and  iifHchnids,  am  from  lh»  mtddla 
trHiar>-,  TMs  great  irrcgiilftriiy  in  the  chrono- 
logical diNfribnlion  of  tbe  fowil  fornw,  whtch  Is, 
of  coutM),  dite  largely  to  tlie  cbaract^-r  of  tlie  de- 
posits. Is  a  plain  indlcalioo  that  iiii|M>rtant  inaact 
faunas  still  tvuiaiu  to  be  dincovervd.  Tlua,  of 
the  fotKiil  Hinders,  tblrtv-oni'  fixmc  ai«  known 
fiUiiu  the  palcoioic  itnita,  one  friMo  tlie  inMoaolo, 
Bud  two  hundred  nod  eighty-live  fioui  the  ter- 
tiary, the  great  majority  of  tbe  tertiary  forma 
having  been  found  In  the  amber  deposita  of 
Prussia. 


4 

i 
4 


FRIDAY,  HAT  «.  1807. 


COMMENT  AND  CttmCISJt. 
Dl'xiku  thb  osNTmnn&L  ykar  soiue  of  our 
l«sill'ig  KW)Io|ci«M  In  theL*Eii(«(lStal«8and  Canada 
oonc^lied  tlie  liapp;  thouglil  of  catling  an  inter- 
oaUonal  conicrNa  of  KeoloKlsle  for  Uie  purpow  of 
afmcjng  upon  auch  important  tliouj^li  auMdfarT 
matters  aa  tlie  colors  b?  rimdb  of  which  Ihe  dlf- 
feretil  KviiliiKical  forraaltona  shoutJ  li«  exprmaed. 
Ilie  tenna  ttint  should  be  app1i»l  rvepectlvelj  to 
Ihme  fonnations,  nod  nlso  upon  the  far  more  Im- 
portwit  problem  of  the  lirolto  and  valuM  of  tii«Me 
dilfen-nt  form«t<ona.*  Tlie  first  aeetlou  of  th(a 
congmn  wns  held  in  Pnria  In  1^8.  ihe  seooad 
MMion  in  Bolognn  in  IKHi,  and  the  tblrd  oeMlim 
in  Berlin  in  IflSI.  The  third  aercion  fonnd  the 
praliminarr  diCBcultiea  ■»  far  i-Ipnr«d  awa.v  that 
sotne  definite  and  inngihle  reeiiltji  nnuld  he  at- 
tained ;  and  it  was  dn-idrd  to  make  an  attempt 
to  embody  Iheee  promiouiil  mnlts  in  enme  work 
which  shMild  todade  u  nan^  aa  poeaible  of  the 
dllllculllM  to  be  enconntend  by  any  plan  of  uni- 
fication, and  at  tlie  BSme  time  he  one  with  which 
the  larxnt  po«8ible  number  of  geoloxlfla  were 
familiar.  This  additional  precaution  waa  adopted 
In  order  that  whateveritepa  mitcbtbetakenahoiild 
be  well  advised.  This  waa  the  reMon  (or  the 
selectioo  of  the  mntlnent  of  Europe  as  an  area 
upon  whicl)  to  lest  the  propont^  HamiAcaHan  and 
coIoralkKi  schomra.  Not  only  are  there  more 
geolo^tela  and  larger  geoloflrloU  colleciioD*  in 
Europe,  but  the  fact  that  e«ch  of  the  coiiotric*  of 
Europe  supports  its  own  genlonionl  survey,  nnd 
employs  lis  own  methods  indepondeutly  of  nil  ihe 
rest,  lus  for  its  oonaeqiMDces  tlint  tliero  are  more 
di(ferpn(«s  of  opinion  among  g^otoKisIs  on  the 
continent  of  Europe.  I>ath  in  importiuit  mntlcre 
and  in  mfttt«r«  of  detail.  Ihao  in  nil  the  mt  of 
the  world  put  t«geth«r.  If,  th«n,  a  (.-ompromiiK 
could  bo  elle4:ted  which  would  Mtlvfy  (h(^  oon- 
fliotixiC  notions  of  European  gvologiatji.  it  was 
tMUMNiably  sure  (bsl  n  system  ut  unificsilion  for 
the  whole  world  could  bn  arranged.  It  is  true 
that  thsec  ore  some  (|Ui«tion>  to  bo  settled  upon 
which  European  gvology  on  shml  but  litthi  light, 
but  they  are  not  numerous,  and  they  canoertaioly 
No.  wa  —  IWT. 


be  ada|)ted  U>  the  mrt  of  the  gennral  plan  when 
that  haa  beeo  deoid«d  upon. 


The  i-ongrMH  restricted  to  each  of  the  ■  large 
couiilriea'  of  Europe  — to  wit,  F^nco,  Spain, 
AUHtru- Hungary,  RUMiu,  Sc«ndinaviu,  Qermnny, 
and  OrtM  Britain  —  the  right  to  become  a  tub- 
tcrtber  to  the  proposed  geolc^ical  map  of  Europe. 
to  be  tseued  under  the  diteethm  of  u  H)HS.-iully  ap- 
pointed committee  of  the  congresa.  The  number 
of  ooylt^a  of  tlie  map  to  which  each  aubscriber  ia 
entitti^  ia  one  humlrvd.  nud  the  price  ooi'  bun- 
dr«I  francs  per  copy.  The  American  eomraitt<« 
of  the  cuu^rtas.  feellngtliat the  questions  Involved 
were  of  uoiieraal  and  not  of  mt-rely  Evropean  In- 
tereel.  »mi|  are<iu««t  totheoomtulttve  of  direcAhni 
ashing  t)iat  the  t'nitvd  States  be  included  in  the 
list  of  subscribers.  The  respoase  of  the  executive 
committee  to  Ihia  request  was  favorahte.  The  ob- 
ject of  the  American  ootumittee  ia  to  gel  the 
oBiues  of  one  hundred  institutluns  or  Indirldoato 
as  aub«criber«  to  the  luap.  «o  that  the  United 
9tatta  CUR  occupy  the  same  position  aniong  the 
grands  ilata.  through  tbtae  private  Kubncriptious. 
that  Oerraany,  Franoc.  etc..  occupy  hy  rvasou  of 
the  direct  subscription  of  their  govrmment«.  For 
the  pur^iOBe  above  indicated,  ii  circular  wan  moiled 
hr  tbr  AineT^con  committtv  to  one  bundred  and 
dfty  inslitutiuDB  uf  letLrning  and  original  mearc-h 
six  months  ago.  It  wsa  then  thought  lliat  ilie 
one  huudrvd  copies  would  be  entirely  eiliuusted 
by  such  institutiMis  at  once.  As  this  ha±  not 
proved  to  be  tlie  case  <tsrge|y  owing  to  the  time  at 
which  the  cireulary  were  sent  out),  the  Anuci- 
cnn  coiDoiitiee,  nt  its  Philadel|>liitt  meeting  iMt 
DecL-iuber.  decided  to  B^iid  out  another,  and, 
in  addition,  to  invite  a  few  scientific  men  to 
lake  advantage  of  the  same  privilege.  Up  10  the 
present  dale,  but  fifty  subacribeni  hare  sent  In 
their  namen.  In  casv  ot  failure  to  sei'Uiv  one 
hUDdrul  Bubncribent.  the  ooinmiltev  must  eiUMr 
pay  tbe  cost  uf  this  number  of  copies  <V9.O0O) 
itself,  or  ask  t1i«  coiniie  directeur  to  withdraw  the 
United  States  from  its  list  of  nibacribers. 


Two  BUHAJt  BKSLBTOCCB  have  been  dlaoavceed 
in  the  lower  quaternary  deposits.  In  a  cave  on  the 
banks  of  the  Oni«aa,  in  the  commune  of  Spy, 


438 


aciB:scE. 


IVou  IX ,  No. 


proTinci.'  or  Knmiir.  Tlir  rcmnuui  have  Wtm  vx- 
■mtncd  by  ProhiMor  frntpont,  who  dtocUBum  the 
Mil)jt!(;t  in  Ihr  liullc-lin  c>f  t)i<r  Roynl  IMgtan 
■cadentj.  Am  wk  hu<m  nut  mm  a  full  nccount  of 
the  finding  of  the  rtiia*in».  vec  (.■onHnti  onrMilve* 
to  giving  the  report  in  Maliirr  by  A.  II.  Kcnni;, 
wbo  aayn  Ibat  titcjr  wer«  found  in  undiatutlMxl 
strata.  tugelh«r  iritb  rrmaiiw  of  Bhinoceron  ticlio- 
rfalQiu,  Elvphan  primigenim,  Ur*ua  ■p^'liwuii,  tlr- 
Moa  Hpeloen,  Fdix  iipeln«n,  the  horco,  wolf,  iihtvp, 
and  olber  nour  extinct  and  mirvivins  |>lcj«toc«iio 
aDlDials.  ThU  fauna,  and  lb«  character  of  the 
ooaiw  lliiktu  occurring  in  tin-  snaw  utrtitn,  wnutd 
seetn  to  indiL-ati.'  that  ibuw;  nirn  niuat  havr  livfsl 
during  the  isirly  (itriod  of  the  inanimoth,  ami 
long  before  tito  be^nuln^'  of  the  reindeer  agv. 


nuniarous  sione  tni|)1etnuniN  have  biwn  found  in 
diiposild  of  that  period.  The  discovery  of  hutnan 
vkelc'long  bolonging  to  tiiia  age  would  be  a  verj 
iu)|K>rtaDt  addition  to  our  knuvrledge. 


"  M.  Ft»ii>QDt's  study  of  tht«e  reatains,*'  says 
Katurf,  "nuikcH  It  thm  nlnindantly  evident  that 
tlicy  bolwng  to  tbp  Neanderthal  type.  Tlie  two 
KkullNffwn  terrt>  an  a  «art  <if  en  I  wing:  link  l>etween 
the  Nvonderthal  and  the  othere  usually  referred  tu 
Um  Mmv  race.  Thin  raoe,  whoM  pnmnee  In  Bu- 
rope  durinx  tl>vc«rly  mammotb  ait»  has  tmw  been 
clearljr  Iracvd  froui  StacqiRvnBM  In  ScandtnavJa 
to  Olnio  In  Italy,  upcina  in  a  way  to  har«  been 
miucltat«d  by  the  fortiinjite  dlBcovery  in  the 
llnwalone  cave  on  the  banks  of  the  Orneau.  Their 
dt7  boned)  again  aasurne  fleab  and  blood,  and  tcU 
•Doe  ia  otiabled  conRdently  to  describe  the  men  of 
Spy  ai  a  ahort  but  far  from  ■  feeble  folk,'  thick- 
rM,  robiMt,  walking  knew  foteuiaBt,  and  with  a 
flgore  •amewhal  analogoua  to  ihHt  of  the  modern 
Ijqipa.  Tli«lr  broad  ahouldera  auppurteO  a  hing. 
narrow,  and  d«p«emei1  head  (dlllMeut,  therefon.', 
from  that  of  ibe  troe  Papuan,  whieh  la  long,  oar- 
row,  aod  high},  with  very  prontinent  laperciliary 
arclwji,  enormouii  orbJIii.  low  and  relrealiiig  brow, 
high  and  mniuJvi>cheek-liotie8,  iiad  reo-diu  g  chin." 


It  will  be  remembered  that  B.  Duwkins*s  crittcnl 
r«aeftrcbM  on  baman  reiuainn  u(  the  lower  qitater- 
narjr  nmilted  in  the  ilis(!ovi>ry  of  the  fact  that 
tbeir  exBC*  age  cannot  he  proved,  and  Ihnc  they 
an  proltobly  of  far  yonngur  origiu.  Elesidea  thi*. 
w«  call  to  mind  Vlrcbow'a  researcheH  ou  the  fauioua 
Nvanilerthal  man,  whom  be  fouml  to  hare  bet/a 
very  old  and  cri|)pled,  iirobaUy  unable  to  sapport 
UnMBlf,  and  tlwrefore  not  a  type  of  hia  nioe.  >*or 
the»e  naiona  wo  defer  a  fuller  rvport  until  the 
facta  ataall  bt  bettor  known.  The  existence  of  uuiu 
In  the  lower  quaternary  t-annot  be  doubled,  aa 


TiiK  KB-iKHUi.'fti  of  the  fnmoufl  *  Ventig««  of  Ibe 
natural  liittory  of  crenlinn '  in  Hi.  Slortey'a  uni- 
vcrenl  library,  mnkcii  one  rnilise  the  enoriiioua 
■tep  that  modrrn  biology  haa  taken.  Tbla  work. 
It  i*  hardly  noor«Muy  to  wiy,  waa  publUbed  aBoojp 
tnoiuly,  but  the  autbomhip  wan  afterwards  ao- 
knowIedRdd  by  Bohcrt  Chambers.  It  la  a  pofialar 
NtaleRK'nt  of  orolution  Ufteeu  yean  before  the 
■  Origin  of  KiNvirti,'  and  ii  sunietimeB  ttpokoo  of  aa 
A  very  remarkable  antidpaliOD  ut  Darwiniam. 
Bnt  it  faikid  tu  nhuw  any  proof  of  a  motive  power. 
an<l  dova  liltit-  to  Itnaea  Ibe  originahlT  of  Dar- 
win'* wfork.  Cliambera  ia  »ory  <leeply  coocenied 
in  lowing  that  hia  ftowa  ai«  not  Vffomi  In  f» 
ligion,  anil  devotee  muob  apaoe  hi  Ihta  cauae.  Yet 
this  book  was  received  with  a  storm  of  deniincia* 
tkun  which  it  is  difBcull  now  to  appreciate.  This 
the  author  boi«  very  philosophically  ;  for,  aa  ha 
explained,  his  deeign  In  not  putting  bl«  name  to 
the  book  wan  "not  luily  to  be  penoaally  removed 
from  all  prai'w  or  eeiisure  n'hii'li  It  might  evo 
but  to  writ»  no  mare  on  Uie  sulijoct." 


at^^ 


Tbb  laTRsr  OOinr  of  the  ■  Pilot  chart.*  a  mon' 
ly  publication  for  the  giiidanceof  mariner*.  sJiowa 
thot  there  are  to-day  eleven  dangnroua  wrtvtm 
right  iu  the  path  of  vemcli  in  the  coaating  trade 
along  the  en«t«m  onn*t  of  tlie  Unitnl  Htatot.  In 
any  other  country  on  the  civiliwd  globe  a  man-of- 
war  or  a  govRnimcnt  vcmel  of  mmio  d<«cription 
would  h«ve  iMH-n  deapatobed  to  deiiln>y  three 
wrepkn  ni:  hkiu  an  reported-  Thero  is  nothing, 
not  even  an  iei'bi?rg,  more  dangerous  to  nnvign- 
tjon  than  a  watrr-iiigned  -derehci,'  Vet  up  to 
the  prraent  timi-  there  i*  no  on«  in  the  United 
Starr<  with  the  tuvcHUtry  authority  to  order  a 
resM>l  out  lo  remove  Ihew  danger*  from  the  path* 
woy  of  our  mert^hant  marine.  Time  Bf(«r  time 
Ibe  attention  of  oancr«as  has  be«u  oallnlluthfa 
subject,  and  the  officers  iti  charge  of  tlie '  Filob 
chart '  have  n'pvaledly  urged  that  a  nniall  appro- 
priation be  made  to  enable  the  navy  to  maintain 
a  small  ship  for  the  purpose  of  remoi'ini,'  lloating 
(hm^ers  aa  noon  as  Ihey  are  reported.  But  there 
is  no  one  so  directly  inlcTMteil  as  to  spend  time 
and  money  in  liaa|t;ing  about  the  dotn^  of  oungtOM 
to  mx  that  this  retxHomendatlon  Is  considered. 


Hav  a,  1887. 


SCIENCE, 


429 


conwquencp,  year  IcJtowii  yrta,  itnd  ibo  w-ry  ewi- 
Diblo  rccflmmcnidation  in  unhpnird.  It  in  i-eii- 
mati'il  by  n  nnrnl  otncrx  who  baH  girrn  n  BTtnl 
Henl  of  titt«ii[ic>n  (o  tlii*  outgpet  thnt  the  nrlual 
annual  Iom  b>  tbo  nKTcUiint  marinr  of  tlic  Unitwl 
Stnlf*  from  strikinfi  upon  tbcw  iinmiirkf^l  ob- 
•trtictuina  in  4K|un]  lo  at  ]na«t  ton  per  mil  of  tbo 
lo^Hc«  from  nil  other  cjiiiiipk  combitwsl.  The  cost 
of  buildiiiK  nnd  maiDtnininK  the  nec(««r]t  vend 
to  removr  t\wf  obatmdionH  would  bo  more  t)i»n 
Mrod  in  the  Snt  ymr  by  the  piTvrntion  at  lutisrii 
li>  coaolinx-vriHt'lB  nnd  trnoAtlnntic  ttCAmnni 
which  an-  joopari)iKc<I  by  thi^  failarr  of  tlw  gov- 
«>mnirnl  lo  dn  Its  duty  in  thi»  ivdprcl. 


I 
I 

I 


KXPLOBIONS  IN  COAI^UJNES. 

'  A  BXPDKX  by  W.  N.  and  J.  a  Atkinson,  in- 
•p«ctora  of  coal-Bunn  for  the  norlb  <>f  BiixUnd,' 
Kceotly  published,  ton  very  vahmble oontribuiiun 
lo  our  I(uowled(^  of  un  inlviiHrly  praotioil  Mub- 
Jecl,  viz.,  the  cunni'i  of  «xpluiiuiia  io  ciuil-ininvK ; 
KO'I  it  ill  simply  wundrrful.  conwdrrinshownmirh 
IbiH  ijucition  has  Iicmi  inveatignliHl  iliiriiii;  tlm  lasl 
hundrrd  yrnre.  that  soon?  of  Iho  nioet  important 
factx  (hoold  not  liave  br«D  correctly  *pprehendeil 
or  fully  spprectated  until  this  bite  dsy. 

The  nuiurv  of  aim  ciuat  of  rsplosionE.  Hrr- 
ilamp  or  cual-gna.  vtm  demoiutriiln)  tonf-  ago, 
nnd  K<inrdpil  nK»>n>t  by  tb«  inv<'ntion  of  the 
Mfety-lnmp.  Ihit  that  Ih^rp  must  Im-  some  other 
cnnse  at  least  equally  potent  linfi  long  been  evi- 
dent to  Ihouehtrui  miiidB,  friini  the  fact,  that, 
where  th«  imfeiy'Iauip  Id  In  K<^u<!riU  UKe,  expl*i»tuiiii 
ore  still  iliaimsiiigly  fr<.s)uml  und  fuhil.  TbuH 
ofllcLal  atAtiaticH  for  tbv  ynira  IKQO  tn  1885  kJiow, 
la  tiip  Unitnl  Kinifdom  nlonc.  nn  nnniinl  nvprnftr 
of  Drty-«ix  falsi  «spIo*iniiR.  the  annual  Ion*  of 
life  for  the  shido  perioi)  niernxlng  two  liundreil 
uiul  ibirty-8et  eo. 

Till'  report  of  the  Mewrs.  Atklnaon  abows  thai 
tbo  dunt  in  (XNil-niincs  ia  now  the  vhief  eiplu«lve 
Nutwtjuu'c-.  thv  L-xpliniuDa  mually  n't«mbUui;  thone 
In  tbi)  Inrgi'  flouring- mills  of  Uinncaota.  Thi»  i« 
not  a  banty  or  forRKono  oonoliiMim  on  tliv  pnrt  of 
the  aulliorv,  but  it  hai  a  lirMiI  h»iiK  of  i>sperience 
gained  by  the  direct  and  careful  InvfatlKstlon  of 
many  imporUnl  explodoua.  The  discuMlon  le 
able  and  thoroughly  tclimlinc,  for  not  only  is 
every  Ktatement  abuDdantly  fortiUeO  with  faclB, 
but  it  in  mode  very  dear  In  ewry  cnae  tiiat  no 
other  virw  U  (vuablc. 

In  nil  the  ralUr>rirn  of  thr  north  of  England  tho 
Ooal-oeBmii  lie  nt  n  considnnble  dr^ith  bflow  the 
Burtaoe.  with  nhich  ihcy  ar«  cooiwcU^  by  at 
leaM  two  ttbafts,  —  R  douniaut  tot  iba  odmlaalon 


of  frMh  air.  and  an  Njpnuf  for  the  ewnpo  ot  tht 
fool  air  from  the  woriilnga.  The  circulation  is 
iiHually  mnintuini'd  by  a  furaan-  at  the  bottom  of 
thf  upcnat  rhnfl.  Tbo  fnMih  gur  puMM  frum  tiM 
downcast  by  otnilKlit  roaiU.  from  which  latonl 
eenpe  or  leakaK^  '*  provent^'d,  to  th«i  woikinR 
fat'eu,  and  Iheuoo  letiims  by  othtr  rondM  and 
through  the  abandoned  parU  ot  ihn  colliray. 
whoTG  the  eoal  haa  bL-en  ivinov«d  and  the  Tx>of  al- 
lowed to  fall  in.  to  the  upcast.  Tbe  intake  alr- 
w-nye  are  iixiuilly  the  oldeat  porta  of  Ibe  working*, 
nnd  nn>  nloo  the  main  avcnuM  for  huulliig  out  the 
ooni  and  for  the  ingmMi  nml  i^griwi  of  oifu  and 
liorsM:  while  tlio  reOim  airwnji>  nre  rarely  uaod 
lor  any  other  purpose  than  the  pwvaKvof  the  foul 
atr. 

Fire-damp  or  light  carbui0tted  hydrogen  «xiHl4 
in  nil  the  crral  of  thin  ilimrtct,  and  it^uM  con- 
Ntnntly  Irnni  thi-  fn-iiily  ex|KM<cd  HurfacCB  in  tli« 
working  pln^-en :  but  Uie  vtnlilatioa  i*  UMOlly  M 
eftldent,  tliat  the  gas  cannot  be  d«t«ct«d  even 
along  lli«  return  airways,  and  It  in  very  mrrly  ob- 
served on  tbe  main  intake  roads  Iravcrwd  by 
brg«  roluraes  of  (r«ali  olr,  their  uirfaoes  having 
long  exhattsted  (henudt'ea  of  ji^t.  Naked  lli^ta 
an-  ofti-ii  uH-iJ  in  ihi-  r>ut<.T  portionn  of  thv  intake 
roiidH,  nnit  liicknl  wifrtt -lumps,  as  u  rule,  tn  all 
other  |Kirts  of  tli<>  colliery.  Otuervaiions  are 
cll«l  which  show,  that,  wiiilo  ttav  volume  of  fire- 
damp tu  fifteen  volumes  of  air  I*  required  to  mnke 
an  iMplobive  mixture,  in  Ike  first  half-mile  of  tbe 
inlake  r<i«uta  the  proportion  cannot  esce«d  one 
volume  of  fire-damp  in  Bft<'en  hundred  volumes 
of  air.  sAnd  it^t  It  is  exactly  in  tliid  jKirtof  Uie 
eollipry  that  tbe  rxploaionH  arc  most  frequvnl  and 
violent. 

The  coal  is  largely  of  a  tender  or  dustr  nature ; 
and.  alt  bough  the»liatt4areui<ually  wet,  the  work- 
ing planer  are.  for  the  rnovt  part.  (|nit«  dry,  nnd 
the  air  especially,  altbouKh  iuol>itent<d  by  it*  pai>- 
nn^  down  the  wet  nhafl,  becodies  very  dry 
Ihniugti  the  rise  of  temi)erBiure  due  lo  the  fact 
that  the  lempemture  of  the  ground  iucreasn 
downwards. 

The  return  airways,  where  tbe  fire-<t.nmp  ia 
most  abundant,  are  usually  quite  free  from  dual, 
and  at  the  wocking  faon  the  dust  is  not  often  a 
serious  evil.  But  the  priiici|)nl  accumulations  of 
duat  are  found  along  tbe  roads  throujili  which  the 
coal  is  haulixl,  i.e..  tho  intake  lUrways.  It  ia  ea- 
pe<Tin1ly  ahinidant  wluire  the  ooal  is  hauled  by 
ongine-))ower,  or  nt  a  high  mti:  of  speed.  The  dual 
is  shaken  nnd  blown  out  of  tbe  cnm  by  their  rapid 
motion  against  strong  currents  of  air,  nnd  Dies 
&h  a  cloud  along  tbe  top  of  the  train.  The  heavier 
purticles  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  roadway,  and 
the  lighter  particles  form  a  daposit  on  tbu  uppei 


430 


scrsy^cE. 


|ToL.  IX  ,  NO.  SS9 


parts  as  well  ad  ou  Ibe  floor.  This  flan  <)ust  Is  not 
only  fuuiid  Ml  liorizoDUtl  surfaces,  but  It  exhibits 
Ibe  |iro|>Frly  of  Hiickiiig  (o  timber,  stone,  anil  coal, 
aoniirlluns  like  soot  lumgini;  iu  »  cliimney,  being 
•omeltmrH  from  one  to  two  lucbei  thick  on  ver- 
tical and  ovorhnnKins  »xTiuc*s.  In  dusl^r  ntiaes 
it  i*  oftcm  nccrMinrjr  to  irmiivi>  ihc  iluat  on  the 
floor  of  the  rooHwnj-  to  jwnvi-nt  thw  tnK^kii  from 
beromlnK  blocked  :  liut  tli?  upper  dt»t  i*  not  in- 
terterul  wiih.  Oiil;  one  |>ouod  of  diint  to  <in« 
liuadred  and  taxly  cubic  fttet  of  air  U  necMMtry  in 
onlCT  to  fonn  on  influuiuiublp  tuiiture,  and  tltls 
proportion  is  often  largely  oxceedt-d  on  duelf 
roods. 

Ooal-dnst  in  tnmM  is  ofi^n  refrtml  to  lu  coo- 
MtDtly  prevent  In  the  air.  TliiH  ia  nnt  so,  except 
to  a  litnileil  extent.  The  velocity  of  llie  air  is 
rarely  HuHicit'ui  to  carry  duat  any  oonsldenible 
diitnnci-.  When  dual  In  largely  prei'ent  In  tbe  air. 
It  is  duv  to  nouiv  diniurhing  ouuiv  other  tbun  the 
oordinnry  movement  of  thcair.  The  nipid  pursage 
oT  can  ngtiinat  iliit  nir-current  raiM-s  a  cloud  of 
dust  from  thrin :  tlio  ponuikc  of  men  and  bonw* 
slire  lip  tbe  bottom  dust :  the  hew«r  nt  (ho  work* 
ing  face  ralam  about  htm  n  thin  doud  of  duat : 
tike  coDoaaslon  of  a  Mast. or  waivof  air  caufed  by 
a  heavy  fall  of  stone,  nils  tlie  air  wiLh  dust:  hut 
jo  the  ulMonce  of  some  hucIi  catise  tlie  du»t  is  qui- 
Moeiit.  and  nflpr  its  disrorhAnos  bjanycAuse  it 
soon  settles  down  atciin.  The  ftiie.  snol-hke,  up- 
por  dust  i«,  huH-et^r,  extremely  iullaiouiable.  eren 
wlwn  nut  dixturlwd  \  and  aftvr  explosioos  the 
Kn«t4-it  amount  of  riolenoe  ia  oliaerved  on  ihoee 
roads  liknly.  before  tlm  expl<»ton.  to  (.irotAin  the 
most  of  this  kind  of  dust.  Aftenaplosious,  tho 
dust  UkJown  into  the  air  nod  ignited  ia  found  to  be 
very  generally  coked, 

Not  only  Uos  there  been  berelofor«  a  general 
mismmcieptioQ  lU  to  t\w  nature  of  tlio  explosive 
■niHUnrf.  hut  also  na  to  tli«  actual  cauM  of  death 
of  the  Tictims.  ThiJi  may  oocur  irom  flame,  force 
of  tht  txpioaiop,  fall*  of  ulonc  anil  Umber,  mifftjfa- 
(ion  hg  diut,  or  aflrr-Hamp .-  hut  the  evidence 
goes  to  )>hon-  tliat  the  immediate  onuse  of  dealb. 
In  alatost  all  c«ses.  Is  aft^r-damp,  i.e.,  ttw  gases 
Tcaulii»K  from  the  exptaaion.  After-damp  pro- 
duced by  thi--  eiplodioD  of  unliiiary  llr«-darDp 
eonsiiita  of  catt>unii--acid  gai,  oiLrugtu,  and  wsler 
vrnpor  :  and  dentil  renultn  from  slow  sulloi'iition. 
duo  mainly  to  tho  exhaustion  of  the  oxygen  in  tbe 
air. 

Bnt  the  afternjamp  from  explosions  of  coal-dust 
is  much  more  rapidly  fatal,  and  evi^lently  con- 
tains some  more  poisonous  constituent.  Analysis 
ehowa  that  thi*  la  carbonlo  oxide.  Mioem  fre- 
qanitly  work  without  serloui  inconvenienoe  in  air 
OOOtalniBg  ao  mneh  carbonic  noid  as  nlmoit  to  ex- 


tiDKUisIi  their  lights  ;  but  a  proportion  of  oorbonio 
oxide  so  small  as  to  have  no  appreciable  f'ffect  on 
his  light  win  cause  tlie  death  of  the  miner  in  n 
few  momenta,  tomeliniea  almost  instantly,  bin 
light  contiouing  to  hum  aftrr  )iis  death  until  tho 
ml  U  exhatwtcd.  It  has  repeatedly  bappeoed  that 
miners  who  were  outude  of  the  roudii  trai'ersed 
by  an  explosion,  and  uninjured  by  the  expluaion 
iloeir,  hare  been  cut  off  by  the  after  dnmp.  and 
have  peris  hnd  iu  try  log  to  force  their  way  tlirough 
it  to  (he  shaft.  In  fact,  the  most  serious  feat«itv« 
of  dart-«xpl<vioni>  nrv.  (hut.  unlike  gas  exploshwa. 
tlMiy  occur  nliwlutely  ivithout  any  wanilng,  and 
mainly  near  ihc  sliafts,  thus  pntrrnting  <ncap« 
from  any  part  of  tlie  mine. 

Of  (>lx  ty|itcal  explosions  occurring  in  tlw  north 
of  Engluiid  in  the  yeaia  188n  to  IStlS.  flv«  ocmnvd 
in  Uuibuui.  in  dry  dusty  mines,  and  were  un- 
doubtedly dust-exploKionn.  The  total  hMs  of  life 
was  three  hundred  and  thirty,  or  aii  avenuce  ot 
slxty-flx  for  each  explosion.  Tbe  sixth  exploaiun 
occi;rTed  in  the  Whitehaven  ooUiefv,  which  ex- 
tends three  milM  under  the  sea,  aod  is  wet,  and 
free  from  duHt.  Thi»  was  clearly  and  pnrNy  an 
explosion  of  Itre-dmnp,  and  tlie  moot  extensive  of 
its  kind  within  tlie  experionoe  of  the  Hecora. 
Atkinson,  and  yet  only  four  lives  were  loai.  Tbis 
mine  was  not  only  fn<o  from  dnst.  but  the  explo- 
sion ivas  llmiteil  to  the  mo^l  remote,  deepest,  and 
mmt  |)Oorly  ventilated  portion  of  it. 

The  folliiwlug  conelusiona  are  warranted  by  tbe 
dtudy  of  tliew  eipUniunB :  nil  tbe  explvniotM 
were  limited  to  one  plane  or  level  of  the  colliery, 
in  no  case  ascending  or  draeending  vortii'iilly  no 
as  to  continue  the  explosion  on  aoolher  |)IiU>e. 
Tbe  single  gas  explosion  was  remote  from  the 
shafts,  and  so  cut  off  from  communication  wtUi 
higher  or  lower  workbigs  :  wltile  all  the  <lust-ex- 
ploriona  extended  to  or  even  oroMed  tbe  dowo* 
COAt  shafts,  but  could  out  follow  the  sliafta  up  or 
down  because  tbey  are  wet  ami  free  from  dust ; 
and.  in  general,  the  flame  and  Ttolenco  of  the 
duvl-explnsionii  were  confined  to  those  roads  on 
which  there  was  much  coalilusi,  their  Intensity 
vim«I  with  the  amount  of  dust,  and  they  werr 
ofl«-n  arrvBleil  at  |ilacei  where  the  nnulii  iivni  wet 
or  damp.  In  no  ease  wern  th"  n<tnm  nirways. 
where  gas  !■  alwnys  most  aliundnnt.  serioosly 
afTeciml ;  and  (lie  intake  airways  nli<o  mcaped 
where  not  used  for  liandlliie  coal.  Since  the  duat 
is  nalnmlly  heavy  and  quiescent,  it  can  only  be 
ignited  when  some  disiurbaoce  throws  a  eloud  ot 
it  into  tlie  air  in  the  prcacoce  of  a  flame.  Ooo  of 
the  dust-exploslona  wan  probably  initiated  by  a 
■mull  exploaiou  of  fiiv-dump  :  bnt  all  the  others 
were  stmultanoou*  with  ibo  Hring  of  shoin  of  gun- 
powder in  stone :  and  it  is  concluded  tliat  tbe  con- 


4 
I 


I 


Hat  n.  1887.] 


SCIENGB. 


431 


ouwion  of  lfa»  nhoU  threw  Ui«  dunt  into  thr  air. 
and  the  flnmo  of  tho  ihola  ignited  it.  GtinpowikT 
i>  in  (Inil^r  tw  in  the  rolliprJ<i*,  biit  nnuall;'  on  Uw 
workiox  face,  where  there  b  insiiincl«nl  dmt  to 
BlAtt  ai)  explosion.  In  evny  ca*e  bul  one,  how- 
evt-r,  the  shots  nmiiDg  the*esplofaiouti  were  Hred 
whore  the  niinera  were  eolarning  ihi<  iniiiii  T>ind- 
way,  and  wIhto  tlie  durt  hail  In-i-n  iiuiel.l.v  nn-U' 
miilntinK  for  }eiini.  The  fresh  ait  passing  Ihcuc 
polnu  nt  the  tinio«  of  ilie  espUwioi»  varied  from 
tweDty-tltTNi  ttioUMind  to  sixt}''on«  thousand  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  so  that  any  aceumnlallon  ol  Hte- 
daiiip  was  iinpOHHible.  thist  iu  the  air  may  be 
igiiilcU  by  an  upen  light,  but  nut  b.v  a  infiHy- 
lamp.  Oitv  of  llu-  euriooH  fcntnr^i  of  the  diut- 
«xploHon»  if.  DiHi  the;  tixhiliil  but  little  foiYr  or 
violence  new  the  iKiint  of  orifdn.but  seem  to  re- 
4|Uire  a  distance  nf  from  flfly  tu  one  hundred 
yards  In  which  to  train  headway.  Ooce  initiated, 
tli«  explntloii  is  Mrlf-propagaiing,  «ud  rapidly  in- 
i-refli>e«  in  rioleiice :  the  ncrmal  condition,  after 
an  Pxplodion  i>  fairly  cnlnhtinhrd.  heing^hn  wnvi^ 
of  air  preceding  tlie  cxplotion  and  tHling  tbe  nir 
In  the  mads  willi  i-oal-dusi.  (2)  tiaate  followiog 
inMaiilly  into  cotnpre«8ed  air  i-har^ed  with  dust. 

Various  [lopular  ideas  abnut  exploajon*.  nucb  aa 
tliat  they  '  face  tlicr  wind '  or  travel  agninrt  tbc 
frr>h  air,  faror  t)ic  cool-dust  thMjry. 

Under  the  head  of  remedial  measures,  the 
autboia  of  the  report  note  that  wat^iIng  the  road- 
waya,  which  has  be»n  pmutinFd  for  many  yeora 
a*  a  men  matter  of  convenience,  ia  of  little  avail 
a  inran.1  of  pr«reottng  explrHLions,  ainoe  the 
[  vpp«r  du«t  in  fvery  in«t«nc«  in  left  nndiatdibed. 
Chinpowd«(  ahnuld  nnt  be  used  in  dusty  places 
without  Br»t  thoroughly  dampeointc  the  dnst. 
The  ac^'iimulatlon  of  dust  In  the  road»  nmy  be 
diminished  by  reducing  the  veloeity  of  the  air. 
which  can  he  done  by  enlarging  or  doubling  Utt: 
'  Toada ;  by  reducing  the  HpM^I  of  the  conl'cnm :  or 
by  w4-tling  or  oovering  thr-  loaded  car".  Exten- 
sive dint-f  xplo«ion»  coiild  be  prevented  by  Iceeping 
occasiona]  ciec-tioii^  of  the  road»  ttiuruuglity  wet. 

Since  the  drj  nea^  of  (he  minm  it  due  mainly  to 

their  high  temiwraturM,  a  large  volume  of  air  en- 

,  t«ring  at  40^,  and  raiwd  in  ila  i-oiimc  to  IV,  ex- 

I  rreiaing  an  enormoui  diyniK  pow^,  the  (ollowing 

nior*^  drnrtic  n-oiei)y  in  alao  RMincesied  :  to  rnise 

the  nir  entering  the  mine  to  the  temperature  of 

the  mine,  and  saturate  it  with  moisture.    It  could 

tbea  ei«r<ilae  no  drying  power,  oa-l  the  natural 

noiitiiuv  of  the  mine  would  come    into    play, 

cliaaging  dry  ininet  to  damp  mine*.    Thr  peinci- 

I  pal  olgections  to  tbU  plan  an-  the  expense,  and 

'tha  greatrr  di*comfnn  to  the  minen  of  working 

in  warm,  moirt  air. 

A  more  reoent  contribution  In  th*  Proceedinga 


of  the  Yorlnhire  geologic  and  polytevlinic  HQCirty, 
for  1886,  recognix«B  Ibe  greii  iuiportance  of  ooal- 
dnat  in  roUirry  expJuaiona.  and  shows,  tliat,  Gon- 
tiary  to  tlia  generally  aooepted  theory,  ImportaBl 
exploaiotw  nic  macli  moni  likely  to  occar  when 
the  liarometer  is  high  than  wlMtn  it  in  low.  Tie 
explanation  is,  that,  whilea  high  or  rising  barom- 
rter  t4-nd!i  to  pre^eDI  tin-  em-ape  of  gas  from  (lie 
coal,  it  ia  alio  uaually  accompanied  by  a  dry  nt- 
motpherr,  wbkfa  rcnden  ibe  ooal-dust  lighierand 
tnorv  InRammnMAi 


ELSX^TRW  RAU.HOADS  J.V  THlf^  COUNTRY. 

Am  interMting  article  on  elm-iri*-  railroads  In 
the  United  Htalea.  by  T.  C.  Martin,  appeared  in  a 
recent  iacoK  of  tb^  RatlfiMdgatelle.  Thepr«gr««t 
already  made  in  theappUcaiioit  of  electric  energy 
as  a  motive  power  for  stivet-railroads,  as  reviewed 
in  Sir.  Martin's  article,  canikot  fail  to  be  enoourag- 
ing  to  all  engaged  to  the  drveloproeni  and  ex|)ti>i- 
talioti  of  inrenttous  In  that  particuUr  8eld  of  in- 
duBlry.  Nor  is  it  without  interest  to  sclentiflc 
tni-n  uod  the  public  gt-iierally.  One  electric  road 
in  Baltimore,  iijuippetl  by  thi-  Daft  cnaipuuy,  lias 
been  In  micfx-tsfiil  and  profltablc  opi-rnlion  about 
two  years.  A  road  In  Loa  Angeles.  Cal.,  built  by 
the  naaie  company,  has  been  running  novvml 
months,  and  la  soon  to  be  extended  (o  nearly 
double  its  present  length.  This  company  Is  also 
<N>nstnjcting  and  e<)uipping  irln-tric  railroads  in 
Plttaburgh,  Penn.,  and  Orange,  N.J.,  and  will 
construe*  others  at  Uansfleld,  O.,  and  IthaMi, 
N.V, 

The  Vau  Depoete  company  of  Chicago  la  able 
to  Khuw  a  good  record  In  the  matter  of  electrle- 
railroad  coiulruoiiOD.  Koada  uaiog  its  system  of 
electric  propulsion  ari?  running  at  Port  Hurcfl  and 
Detroit,  Midi.;  Applelon,  Wis.;  Wiiidmr,  Ont,  ; 
ScrantoD,  Penn.:  and  Montgomery,  Ala.;  which 
laat-named  city  hmi  eleven  mile*  of  rond  in 
operation,  This  company  ia  now  couatruoting 
road*  nt  Lima,  O.,  and  Binghamlon,  N.V. 

In  Denver,  Col.,  there  is  an  electric  road,  con- 
structi'd  on  what  ia  known  an  the  Short-Nesmith 
syslem,  In  which  thr  current  rondtictur  runs  iu  an 
underground  lube,  contact  Wing  elTwted  through 
a  Hve-eigblhs  inch  slot  between  the  rail*.  Tbt« 
road  ortNBOH  eight  hoiae-car  tracks,  lire  steara-car 
tnu-kn,  and  a  two-bum  I  re<)-(oot  bridge. 

A  Ibre4)-mile  road  in  Detrail  usee  tlie  FIsber 
syitein  of  equipment,  and  a  short  line  In  Pitts- 
burgh is  being  eqaipptsd  <in  the  samv  system.  A 
nine-milo  section  of  road  in  Snn  Diego.  Cal..  in* 
tended  for  bigh  speed,  will  be  o<in»tnicted  iiy  a 
OOOipany  which  has  just  eompli-ted  a  doublt^track 
road  in  Kaneaa  City.  These  two  an-  o*(-rhe«d 
conductor  roads.    A  PhlladelpfalaGomiwny,  which 


43-J 


SCIENCE. 


tVoL.  IX.,  Ko.  393 


bualrewl}-  coiMtnicled  a  short  lio«  in  tliat  cttj, 
UolpnMeDi  busy  on  the  construction  oi  mininfc 
roodfl ;  one  of  tli(.«e,  now  under  way,  boinx  mx 
ttiaimnd  tt^ei  lung,  uud  wholly  in  iheniln^.  The 
Spn^u  compuny  nl  this  oily  has  coiuiiletcit  « 
aliori  rood  for  ii  Bnnloo  ■ugar-rcHncry,  and  Ls  niiw 
unking  rMJmnloH  tor  olrpPt-lmtHt  in  w^wntl  u(  our 
toTKcr  oiti?*.  This  compiiDV  hn*  iiindn  ft  tvr'u-%  of 
t(MM  witli  8loraKe-balt«ri«8  for  stirct-cnr  pur- 
pow*.  which  have  giT«D  vetj  lati^fftctory  r«oul(H. 

A  croaa-town  tiue  in  this  city  la  to  be  e<)nip|)ed 
with  tht  Bent  ley  Knig  111  iy)uduit  syiilem,  —  u  sy»- 
Mm  ipertally  ili-viwd  Ii>  tni?rt  Iht-  ceijuireuieuls  o( 
streM-cur  IinfBc  in  crowdi^I  city  utrecls.  A  ruad 
in  Allegheny  City,  P«nn.,  in  cminirtpd  for  by  thu 
B«allRy-Knif;li[  (N>niiiany.  On  the  Kiftbth  Aieiiur 
mod  in  this  city,  and  sIm>  ou  a  road  in  St.  Loui*, 
tho  Julian  i>IOTag(--ti(ittery  nyBtem  luu  been  tried, 
and,  It  in  L-laJoied,  vrilb  rtaultii  allowing  eooaomic 
features  as  otunparcd  with  lioma-iruition. 

After  rFf<>rrini;  to  the  nuiny  t>}»irmi  ulill  in  thn 
pur«ly  ex|)criment*l  fttOKC,  Mr.  Mwtin  conclude* 
a»  followH  :  "  At  Auonia.  Conn.,  aneleotric  rood, 
tlircc  and  a  lialT  lollea  long,  frum  I>erby  to  Bir- 
nunghaui  uid  AiiHOnia,  using  ovcrbi'ud  wlrv.  hmt 
been  oontracU-d  for.  It  will  lie  um-d  for  both 
freii^l  and  puwcngen.  and  t>«*'er  to  drive  the 
dyuiiiuu  will  be  taken  from  tlie  Houaatoolc  dam. 
At  Nt-wtoo.  Mass.,  a  rood  is  to  be  built  by  a  com- 
[NUiyKlrady  foruitrd  :  une  in  prupiKipd  for  WoriMs- 
Ur,  Maaa.  At  Bruolclinc.  Mnnn..  two  will  noon 
ba  to  opoMioo,  and  one  eaeli  in  in  view-  nt  Dttngnr 
and  Biddcford,  H«.  Two  londo  nio  contemplated 
In  Brooklyn,  one  at  Coney  kland.  and  one  at 
BAekaway.  Pelliani  Park.  N.V..  ia  toliavea  nMd 
tliis  iiirnnter.  and  Aabury  Park,  N.J.,  in  atlrer* 
lining  tor  blda  on  aiuither.  tVnuc^htMw  nn  luked 
for  A  road  In  JertM^y  City  and  Bayonne  :  and  Ptiiin- 
Bold,  N.J.,  iialao  wanting  a  road.  In  Pennayl- 
vanla,  Scnmton,  nitU  one  aueoeaaful  road,  Ih  to 
have  nnotlier,  and  probably  two.  A  road  is  to  be 
built  from  Oarbond«le  to  Jevniyu,  four  iniltiu.  lu 
Itoading,  the  Perkiunien  A'rnuc  company  pro- 
gjoant  to  adopt  eltrriricliy.  llnrriaburg  i»  to  have 
m  road,  and  it  look*  lu  though,  before-  the  end  of 
the  year,  Pittaburgh  will  luivo  half  n  doien. 
Down  south.  Kicpi  bare  tieen  taken  to  cnnfllruct 
BO*  i-lwtfie  mod*,  or  ndojit  ibe  system  on  old 
toadn.  in  Jacksonville,  Fla.  :  Pnisaoola.  Fla. :  Blr- 
uintclMim.  Ala.:  Selina,  Ala.;  Atlanta,  Uu.:  and 
Fori  Smith,  Ark.  Aniuug  rondu  iii>ukeu  of  in 
Ohio  are  OFTnnl  at  CiiM-innnti.  Clevelaml,  TUHn, 
Bad  other  plnow.  Wichita,  Kan.,  in  iiropoxing  to 
adopt  electricity  for  tbi  *(m4-car«.  Lincoln.  Neb., 
haa  formed  a  onmpany  to  ofwrale  an  electric  rail- 
way frotn  Ihr  bu^Jnetm  part  of  the  town  to  Ibe 
alook-yank.     In  San  l-'ranciaco  a  road  la  to  be 


built  on  Fillmore  Street  hill,  and  roads  are  abo 
wantnj  nt  Ran  Jow  and  Rirenide,  San  Bernardino 
county,  tl  1  were  sC  lil>crty  to  do  ho,  I  conld  aild 
to  the  above  li«t  almiit  lifty  nonieaof  plaoe«  where, 
from  prceent  indlcatloiui  and  inoveueiils.  It  ia 
safe  to  «y  ibat  eleoiric  roa<ts  will  be  running 
within  a  yvar." 


SXPLORATlOy  AND  THAVSL. 
Sirrra  Lmne. 
Wk  give  elwwhere  a  brief  aketoh  of  the  tribea 
oi  Sierra  Leone.  Our  knowledge  of  Ibia  country 
M  pHncijkally  due  to  the  commenfal  camiMini** 
whtcb  are  establbheil  on  tlif  connt.  and  to  thii  on- 
deavora  of  the  Engliali  and  Kri'nch  to  extend  tbtrir 
coluniis  (owiirdK  the  interior.  We  Dnd  tonie  ngy 
int4.-re*tiiig  notes  on  Sierra  Leone  in  letters  tq^ 
Lieutenant  UatbcKR,  nlileli  were  pnbliabed  in 
ITftI  i  and  hta  deecri))ilou»  of  the  people  are  atill 
tme,  though  a  long  time  lias  elapsed,  and  the 
sla^e  trade  wan  long  since  ulKiUnbiil.  The  lint  to 
enter  the  iiiteriur  waa  Uajor  Laing.  who,  in  18X1, 
BtucceeUed  ill  rvn<^bing  tlw^  auurcca  of  the  Scarciea 
and  Rookelle,  the  prinnipal  rivvvs  of  the  colony, 
R.  Calllif.  on  bin  journey  from  the  Senegal  to 
the  Jolilm  (the  up|ier  Niger!  and  Timbuktu,  and 
theiire  tlirnugli  the  Sahara  to  Morocco,  IBM-SS, 
cfiitMvd  the  tiiritory  of  the  MnndinKOK.anil  gaveMt 
intereKting  de<criplion  of  their  custocub  and  mode 
of  life.  In  lM-.>.  W,  C.  Tliom«on  explored  tlte 
district  north  of  the  Hcarclea  Uivetand>'ut«-Jalaa, 
where  the  Soan.'i«).  Gambia,  and  many  Iributa- 
riea  of  tbe  8ene|j;ul  and  Niger,  Iiuvf  th<-ir  loun-ea. 
In  1069.  Winwuod  Keade,  who  wiu  M-nt  out  by  tlio 
L'lndoii  geugruphicul  society.  «xplore<l  thrcountrx 
Wtwei-u  tlic  McarcieH  uud  Roekellc  river*,  aiH 
after  having  n-achccl  the  town  of  (^aba,  UaJot 
LaiiiK'a  farihest  pinni.  cTiw«i?d  tbe  walerahed  and 
de'Wvnded  the  Kiger,  which  he  followed  a  lone 
distance.  Tbe  latest  iui|K>rtaDt  mearchtw  ore 
those  of  R.  W.  BIyden,  who  tiavcrlled  in  tlic  Susu 
voutitry,  nortli  of  the  Scanriea,  in  1(473,  luid  of  J. 
Zwelfel  and  JL  Uoiuiier,  who  "•eiiMteDt  out  by  the 
('reiich  merchaut  Verininck  for  llie  )>iirpn«e  of 
dtMXirering  the  M>urce  of  the  Niger  1 1  >i'V).  They 
foUowcd  Itradi''*  touir  ac  far  as  Fataba,  and  Ihcii 
turned  aouth  to  the  hcid  ivniers  of  tlie  Niger.  Uuat 
of  tbM»  rautm  run  parallel  to  the  large  riven. 
Tbe  Iributarlea  which  are  [-rotaed  by  IhuH-  routea 
are  little  known,  and  much  wuck  n-matno  to  b« 
done  before  tbe  geograiJiical  features  of  the 
country  and  the  rihuological  rharncler  of  lla  in- 
haJnianiK  will  he  tolerably  well  known. 

Tliv  iMTopoaod  Prench  expeditions  to  tbe  upper 
Niger  will  n<ld  considerably  to  our  piment  kuuwl- 
edge  of  Ibe  Interior  purls  of  Ihi*  dirtrid.    Owing 


I 


Hat  e,  1B87.J 


SCTEXCE. 


433 


to  the  hostility  of  tWMaimboutUaliranduLatninr. 
two  rx|Mi]ilioiu'  wcrr  fonntd  kut  IXi.'cnihvr  to 
proceed  atti""*'  '''">  [Proe.  roy.  t/rogr.  me.,  Ajiril. 
IWTX  TTwoountryloIx' tnivoiwHiwIilUo  known, 
and  topoKrtiiililoal  surveys  wtllhe  cmrifil  ou  <li)r- 
tag  tlic  ezpiilitiou.  lkiii'l«»  tliia.  Dr.  Tuulaiii  and 
Lieuunant  Quiquandon  will  viplorv  the  couotxy 
■djoining  tbo  norlh-4MUlprn  boundary  of  Si>o«|iiini- 
hin,  irhirh  includm  thn  cptintry  cnllcl  Ilitkiinu, 
between  (be  doMTt  and  th«  upp<-r  [■oiirni-  nt  Ilie 
Nl^r.  It  was  iraveiwd  by  Munjtn  Park  In  !790. 
A  third  part)'  will  iiurve^  the  unkuowii  pari  of 
the  Niger,  ua  far  a*  it  fonnii  the  bmiiidarT  of 
,  £pnegam1na,  nod  anccnd  the  Tuikioo,  which  luu 
ita  »ouroe  in  Fiitn-Jalon,  and  htm  nrvcr  been 
vLriEed. 

Ag(a. 
H.  E.  M.  Jamce.  F.  B.  Voiingbueband,  and  U. 
Fulford  have  made  an  inlerciitiiig  journey  in  a 
k.jart  of  Manchtitin  which  had  hiHiprto  not  b<^n 
'viaited  hy   Eurujii-iinK.     Thi-y  left  Mukden,  (lie 
capital  of  Soulh  Man<-huris,  on  May  30,  1880.  In- 
(«ii<liii^  lo  iiiH-'rud  the  Yalii  River  and  In  reach  the 
point   whnrr  (he  Cl>in««e,  Kopmei.  and  RuwUn 
(rnniiera  mret.    They  were  pteventMl  from  earry- 
inx  out  their  loteultoD  fay  thv  inti^ntclicaliility  of 
the  upper  vall«x  of  the  Yalu.     Tbor^fore  they 
turned  dui;  north,  up  one  of  the  Ltlbutarlea  of  tbo 
Yalu,  crooKd  the  main  cbaiu  of  inouDUiinii  by  a 
■  low  pMB  2,700  feet  hiKb,  and  cumi!  down  (be 
TantE-lio,  aa  adlueotof  thi-  ranin  or  vntem  branch 
of  the  Sungari.     Tln-y  Ihm  viaiivd   Ibi?  Chang 
Pei-ahun  ('ervr  wbili>  mountain  '),     It  was  found 
lo   be  a  recently  oxlinct  volcano,  with  u  lori-ly 
blue  pellucid  lake  HlUiv  the  bottom  of  ilw:  cmtrr, 
and  surmounted  by  a  aerialed  circ  le  of  prakH  rio- 
ting about  000  feet  above  the  mirfnce  of  the  water. 
The  loflieet  of  Ihune  woh  found  to  be  T,S2')  feet 
hixh,  while  formerly  ita  height  waa  eetimaled  at 
10,000  lo  12,000  feet.    Tlie  sidm  of  the  mountain 
are  oompoaed  of  disint«Knt«d  pumloe,  t«  which 
ita  conaiMcnouidy  white  aspect  is  due.    There  am 
no  glacimi,  but  anow  li««  in  |he  i-leftd  all  the  year 
fxiund.    The  Pei-sban  forma  tlio  iNmtrr'  of  the 
rirer-ayatem    of     Manchuria :    the    Ynlu,    which 
I  tlie  southern   ^lart  of  tbn  Korvan  frontier, 
ItheT^inien,  which  forms  its  northern  [>ar[,  and 
the   wi-elero  Sungari,  having  their  aounx«  het^. 
From  liere  th«  party  went  to  Kirin.  dcacendiiig 
the  Sungari.     While  Ibe  net  of  Haochttria  ia  in- 
fested with  robbefs,  the  coloniita  and  bnnterv  of 
thi'  district  have  managed  tu  aupprws  them,  and 
travelliiij;  Is  coni|)aratively    wife.    Conaiderable 
JdlffictUiieti  were  experienced  owing  to  inotwant 
I  Tain?,  which  made  the  rivera  Impasaable.     Numer- 
ous gold-diggings  were  met  with,  the  moat  ext<^- 
aive  bring  but  a  fen-  warche*  from  Kirin.     Here 


Ibey  tUid  for  three  weeks,  and  Htarted  oa  Scft. 
S  for  IWIaihar,  tite  <«pilnl  of  northi-m  Miinchuriii 
on  (lie  Nonni,  a  tributary  of  tho  Sungari.  Pnm 
TMtaihar  they  turned  houtheaot,  and  craned  a 
hlKh,  undulating,  and  perfectly  uncultivated 
steppe,  with  nnmeroua  brackish  lakea.  At  the 
shores  of  tbtse  laktti.  tartli  ounlaiuiiig  vnla  and 
■alt  isigathered,  from  which  Kudu  and  salt  are  made. 
Tliui  they  reacln^  llulan,  cm  tlie  llulan  Kiver,  a 
few  mileH  from  the  SungnrL  The  countrj'  all 
■round  here  ia  very  fertile,  and  la  being  rapidly 
settled,  some  of  the  towns  having  upward  of 
SC,000  inbabltanta.  They  visited  t)ie  6onth-«aiit 
tyn-ner  of  Manchuria,  where  Ibe  Ruiwian,  Korean« 
and  CliincH'  fruntirrs  meet,  and  reltirned  to  KiifD 
and  Mukden.  A  great  part  of  the  country  they 
trararMd  waa  neror  rintted  by  Kuiopeuni',  and 
the  compaaa  tnmy  of  their  route  will  be  vorj 
valuable  (Ave.  ray.  ffwgr.  tor..  Doc.,  1890;  A|iril, 
1887), 

AnwrKa. 

La  gamlle  gtognphiqxte  (April  21)  saya  tluU 
Chaffanjon'a  esplorntiona  on  the  upper  Orinoco 
baT«  been  auceeiwful,  and  that  \w  ha*  rvtumed  to 
Cludad  Bolivar. 

Tbouar's  expedition,  which  was  sent  out  to  ex- 
plore  the  Piloomayo,  is  detained  at  Laguulltas,  Oft 
account  of  (he  outbreak  of  cfaolrra  in  I*Hragtiay. 


NOTES  AKI>  yUH'S. 


TiiK  teeond  annual  mi^tling  of  the  American 
economic  aoeoeiation  will  be  held  tn  Boetoo  and 
Cambridge.  May  lil-M.  1887.  The  meetioga  will, 
for  tbi-  modi  part,  be  held  in  the  building*  of  th6 
MamacbUHetta  institute  of  technology;  but  one 
e«wiion  will  be  lield  at  Harvard  univetfity  in  Cam- 
bridge. The  following  is  the  pixigramme,  fubjeot 
to  revision :  May  21  (evening,  joint  wwrion  of  the 
American  economic  aaaociatitm  and  the  Americna 
biaturical  association,  with  addrvRKw  by  the  proai- 
denU  of  the  two  aaeoclatJoos  (Gen.  Franda  A. 
VTmlker  and  Frof.  Justin  Winsor).  rer«plion  of 
both  HMKiciationiJ  in  the  Mu«eum  of  line  arte ; 
May  i3,  report  <*t  thi?  nlanding  comniillee  on  tranx- 
|)ortatii>n.  'Agitation  for  fnli-tal  ti-gulation  of  the 
railways'  (by  I'rof.  E.J.  Jamen),  'Long  and  abort 
haul  cbusHs  of  the  fe<leral  railway  law  '  <  by  Dr. 
Edwin  It.  A.  Seligman),  <8om«  cnrioue  phswo  of 
the  railway  question  in  Europe '  (by  Simon  Sterne, 
Esq.),  *  8ocioloi,'ictkl  chanoter  of  potitioal  econ- 
omy '  (by  F.  EI.  Giddinga,  Baq.),  and  '  Mine  labor 
in  the  Hocking  valloy  •  (by  Dr.  RdwanJ  W.  Brmis)  j 
May  81  (forenoon),  eroiu»uic  aawxialion.  report 
of  vommiltee  on  trade  on  '  Condition  and  organl- 
Kativn  of  retail  trade,'  tvport  of  standing  com- 


484 


SCIEJS^CE. 


(Vol.  IX..  Ko.  9Sal 


mttte*  on  publio  tUiancv  on  ■  Miinioipnl  )>nblk 
works,'  paper  bv  F^nlc  J.  Gocxlaovr  on  tho  ■  Ad- 
mfaiiatnlivc  ntiwrt  of  munidpnl  fruicliisM  Mid 
Bnance  in  Europe  and  Anierloi:'  {af(«mooD), 
joint  <wmlon  of  both  aaaoclalioufl  (Sauiid^r'a  the- 
atre, Cuinbrldfre),  papers  bj  Hon.  Carroll  D. 
Wright  on  ■  T\w  study  of  H(atialiCB  in  colU-ges,'  by 
Prof.  B.  J.  Jiuiim  OR  •  Our  Ipgnl  ti!nd<>r  deciaiomi.' 
and  liy  Dr.  A.  B.  Ilnrt  on  ■  Finnnccii  of  thp  Amav> 
ican  rt- volution  ; '  (wTpniOK),  inretiuK  in  Boxton, 
paper  by  Profwww  Folwell  on  '  Econooiio  theory." 
paper  by  Prof.  Rlcbmond  Hiulili  on  ■  Wage  sta- 
tIsUn,'  report  on  the  Connecticut  valley  branch 
of  the  American  t«oDomicu>BK>ciaticin  by  Dr.  E.  W. 
Bemia  (teoretury).  roport  of  the  anxteUay  on  thi> 
'Condition  and  jirospecte  of  the  jVincricnn  ooo- 
IMOiio  muHx^ialton  ; '  May  'i^.  both  aaeociations  will 
go  to  Plymouth,  and  dine  togetlter  at  the  Sanioset 
Hooae. 

—  A  It^tter  from  Hr.  Tebbutt  in  Ibe  April  num- 
ber of  the  Of>*rrt<iifory  states  that  the  'gn^atnuuth- 
ern  coinet,'  to  which  we  have  already  referriHl  in 
Svimce,  waa  liml  seMi  at  WioflHur.  Npw  Soinh 
Wall's,  ou  the  evi-ning  of  the  28lh  of  Janiinry. 
Tbn  (nil  nnn  many  dvgTL-es  in  length,  and  es- 
trndinl  UH  far  ns  Ihn  ntar  Acheniar  in  the  constel- 
lation KridanuH,  but  no  nucleus  could  lie  detected 
oil  tluit  i^rcninf;  or  on  the  evening  of  Jan.  80,  On 
F«b.  1,  altliouKb  the  sky  was  pretty  fre«  from 
oloud.  not  the  elj|tht«8t  trace  of  the  toil  could 
be  aeeu.  owing  to  the  brilliancy  of  the  moon.  No 
accunlt«  obaerraliouM  were  obtained,  nnil  Ibe 
conwl  wuv  nut  M-tn  again.  The  Krvinta  do 
dbtervalorio  for  Fubrunry.  public licil  bj  Dr. 
Grain  at  Kin  Jnnriro,  kIviw  a  sketch  of  ihi- 
comrt  miido  on  Jan.  Si.  1887.  The  nacli-ua 
was  thon  somewhere  lieyond  the  bright  star 
a  Uiiiis.  iiLviiiitilf  in  the  bate  of  the  liorixon  :  and 
the  tail  iitn-tched  up  berund  ,i  Hydrai.',  ■  narrow 
ribbon  fifty-two  di*Kri-i-'9  in  Ivn^'th  and  about  half 
■  dogTM  In  widtlu  At  Cordolm  no  arcumie  ob- 
aerratlona  Mmld  b<>  made  on  account  of  the  lack 
of  a  <lel]nite  nucleus.  Dr.  Tbom*  baa  upmsed 
Ibe  opinion  —  thougb.  as  he  says.  tJie  ffvidenw  j* 
notmioh  as  would  l«  accepted  by  aatrODOnim  as 
oondosive —  that  the  comet  ia  itUmtical  with  the 
grMioomstof  1880.  to  which  it  bears  a  strong 
ntHTDiblnnce  in  iU  physical  cluiracirTi*lics.  The 
gn-at  oonicts  of  IMa,  IH80.  and  I8N3,  and  the 
comet  discorenHl  duriiiK  Ihii  total  eclljise  of  tlii> 
•nn  of  May.  lSli'3,  all  seem  to  be  inoritig  in  similar 
Ofbils.  anddoublleea  belong  to  the  hbuk'  family, 
liaving  formed  at  some  earlier  stu^'c  paiu  of  n 
■lilgle  body.  Tbi'  Mdlioumv  comet  i«  now.  with- 
oat  doubt,  to  b«i  added  to  Ibi-  family,  and  there 
may  bo  many  other  inrgr.  ooni«ts  in  this  Stream, 
which  pass  by  the  «im  unobserved.    Dr.  Meyvr's 


recent  jnviuitisaEions  «how.  that,  if  any  one  of 
these  brilliant  coniels  had  passed  perihelion  In 
May,  Its  position  with  respect  to  the  sun  would 
have  Insured  Its  eaeape.  Dr.  Mcj'er  is  not  inclined 
l«  admit  the  Identity  of  Uie  oumeto  of  ItMS,  1660, 
and  imt. 

—  Uommonder  K.  E.  Chudwick,  of  the  Ravy. 
contributes  to  the  May  number  of  Serilmn'M  maga' 
tine  an  important  artictc,  cntitM  'The  develop- 
nwnt  of  tho  HtoiiinHhip.*  in  which  he  d«*cril>cH  th«> 
first  rxpcriments  in  Rt(>nni- navigation,  the  early 
lack  of  faItU  In  its  possibilities,  the  obstacles  that 
were  overcome,  the  rapid  improvements  in  steoiu- 
shlpe,  the  growth  of  ocean  trans|>urtation,  and 
the  eslablisbmeat  of  the  great  tramuuluntic  tinea. 
An  eBpi>oially  in t«re»lini;  fixture  of  the  article  in 
Ibe  draciiption  of  tbi'  niont  famous  of  mudeni 
stiiimships. 

—  The  publicatiou  of  77i«  ^Kmof  o/erfucoffon 
/OT  iWif  BruntuHdi:  bus  met  with  such  ifncourage- 
luent  that  it  has  Imh-u  determined  to  enlnr^-  it  to 
a  twenty-four  page  paper,  to  Iw  publinhed  month- 
ly, in  the  interefit  of  teachers  and  students  of  the 
maritime  provinces  of  Canada.  The  first  number 
ol  Ibis  periodical  will  be  published  about  the  drst 
of  June  next. 

—  Within  three  muntlis  of  llie  nppcaranue  of 
tlie  tlrst  part  of  the  new  series  of  his  ■  ButterQleit 
of  North  America '  (see  Seietiee,  ix.  1«3).  Mr.  W.  U. 
Edwards  Imum  auutber.  which  in  even  mote  lol«r> 
UtinK  tbun  that,  for  two  of  Ihe  tliivc  quarto  pUir* 
furoiih  abimilfuit  di'laiU  of  the  eurly  stages  of  bu^ 
tcrflies,  herKufore  imknown.  and  including  namy 
not  usually  given  by  natumlinln.  The  flnt  of 
the«e  Is  Coliaa  harfordl  of  southern  California, 
which  the  author  has  l>eeu  able  to  raise  In  the 
east  from  eg^-s  rwut  by  Mr,  Wright  of  San  DeriMr- 
ilino.  —  u  collector  who  hue  done  much  to  develop 
our  knowleil^'?  of  tli«  biitterlliu  of  tliat  region. 
The  other  is  Ncnnympbii  gemma,  a  louthvrn  in* 
Kocl.  not  uncommon  in  West  Virginia.  This  last 
plate  conlnins  also  N.  hensliawi  of  New  Mexico, 
of  which  the  egg  also  ia  given  ;  and  tbo  whole 
plate,  in  delicacy  of  drawing  and  (althfulnew  of 
coloring,  is  matvhleas,  and  reOects  the  grMleat 
credit  upon  oU  eoncemed.  Argynnis  cornea  ia 
«gaiu  fur  itH  share,  one  Hpecies,  A.  coroniB.  luring 
Bgureil,  and  another.  A.  calippe.  hoTlng  a  page  of 
its  history  reooMed  from  the  notes  of  Mr.  Wiigltl, 
front  which  it  appears,  thai,  in  contrast  to  our 
east«m  species,  it  Hies  In  spring,  and  in  ''priug 
only.  It  is  much  to  be  hoped  that  the  Boston 
publiaben  (tioughlou,  Mitllin.  &  Cii.)  will  be  able 
to  afeiire  the  author  in  a  sutiBtaolial  manner  of 
the  growing  aptireclation  of  the  public  for  auch 
excellent  work  and  costly  outhiy. 


I 

4 


I 


Mat  i,  18870 


SCIENCE. 


43& 


—  The  wrll-knrtwR  Wobum  roUtion  c»|«ri- 
IDMiU.  undintnkrn  by  VoclckMr  for  the  Rofii) 
agrk'ulcumi  norit-ty  at  Fnj{Iani],  have  \mtn  ft*- 
ItientI;  qgoii'd  w  cmcIdk  dlsrivdit  npon  (be  oon- 
'duaioua  of  tli«i  chemist  retarding  tlie  niaourial 
tbIoc  of  dlfTereot  articin  of  (wttl<>-roixl  (««  uiti- 
clp  in  Scfoitr.  ix.  No.  306,  for  Mn  uocoiuit  trf  Ibii* 
e s pet  1  menu).  Tl>e  tonnun-  trum  stijmabi  frd 
^vlUi  colUiuiKvil-menl.  in  fmrtirular,  showed  no 

nperiuril)'  over  thut  fiom  animal*  teA  with  oom- 
EDMiI.  ■Ithounh  tlip  former  must  hnve  lieeu  tnucli 
tbi-  richer  in  planl-rood.  Tliose,  howeter,  who 
inliTprel^d  the  expcrimeuU  U[i(a>uraLIir  ta  the 
cinciuiion  of  llie  chi'iiiist,  fur>:ot  Ihut  the  sail  ia 

I  iniportaiit  a  fui-tur  as  tliv  manun-  In  the  pti>- 
>  ducllon  of  a  crup,  and  thai  upon  an  alrnndy  fertile 
Boll  the  'lircot  fcrtiliKing  efTrctn  of  ninniirpR  rnay 
hare  Du  opfiortunitT  to  show  themselTes :  some 
other  factor  bi-ini^  present  In  relatlro  atlnlinnin, 
and  thuK  (controlling  production.  In  the  taut  num- 
ber of  the  Joiiroul  of  Hit-  Kojul  agricultural  *a- 
cwt7,  Voelelfer  ruporCa  briefly  upim  tlie  lipRin- 
Dingof  a  Biiullur  ej(|ieriin4-Dt  upon  poor  noil.  (Vw 
details  an?  (rivi-n  ;  but  th«  Kenenl  remit  wbb  that 
the  ritanure  fntni  <:oltonwwd'inMl  greatly  eitr- 
pwcred  that  fiom  corn -meal,  thus  tndkatint; 
strongly  thut  thp  noil  of  the  Woburn  exp^rimeatal 
Held  WM  loo  rti-h  for  Hie  proper  conduct  of  vx- 
perlmMita  witli  fMlilijti.Tiii,  nod  giving  a  tery  pinn- 
aible  ex(ilanatioo  of  tbe  nbnormnl  results  refl«bed. 

—  A  oyiitvm  of  indicating  the  time  at  nittlit 
throughout  a  district  llRhtiil  hy  electricity  from  a 
wnlral  iitntioii  hns  ticen  patented  by  Pstrii-lc  B. 
Dclnny.  un  electrician  of  Ibla  city.  The  sjslem 
oonHlnt"  in  causlni:  all  the  electric  I iglils  iu  the  dis- 
trict to  lliictuate  in  in(en«ity,  in  a  pri-delcrmined 
tDanner.  nt  pro|>er  intervalH.  and  in  nuch  a  way  as 
to  Indicate  the  hour. 

—  Mr.  B.  C  Sanford  of  the  Johns  TTopklns  uni- 
T«r8ity  boa  repuhlinhed.  with  an  introductory  not« 
by  Prof.  Stnolcy  IIbH.  his  study  of  the  uhdu- 
•criptn  i>f  lAurn  BriilKninn,  the  tamoua  blind  di-nf- 
mute  now  livinK.  ut  the  age  of  fifty-M^ven,  at 
South  Boston.  The  author  bns  had  acciwr  to  al- 
moat  all  of  tlie  diiirim  imd  otiu-r  vritingK  which 
Ijium  Bridgmaii  bat  from  time  to  time  written, 
»tid  hu.1  givoji  a  vnlnahle  as  well  as  Intereatiug 
■nnlyxic  of  their  ronteiilv.  Her  aiitohjugrupliy  ti 
given  almost  entire,  and  abounds  in  ijuitlnt  erron. 
Miofa  as  Doriimlly  cODHtitutcd  ppn»a*  would  sel- 
dom if  evcT  commit.  Tliew  are  siflwl  out  and 
preiM'Otcd  with  much  loci,  and  the  whole  study  Is 
an  imparlMit  contribution  to  the  history  of  one  of 
th«  moat  rsDiArkable  educations  tliruugh  which  a 
human  being  ever  pam«d. 

—  About  two  years  ago,  Ur.  de  Niofivilk  of  the 


Indian  muieum.  CnleuUa,  sent  for  exhibition  ta 
tlic  cmtornological  nociwy  of  l^odon  (everul  mHc* 
of  Indian  buttcrflic*,  which  were  iinir«raally  r»- 
gardml  n*  distinct  spreim,  Irut  which  ctoaely  re- 
wmbled  on«  nDOther,  fixocpling  that  tlie  oon- 
eplcuons  ooellated  spots  of  the  under  mirfaee  of 
tlw  wltigs  of  certain  kinds  (oiiiid  in  the  rainy  »««• 
oon  wciv  repla«>od  in  other  kinds  which  fly  only  in 
the  dry  auaaon  hy  man  uniloim.  paler,  and  leaf- 
like  markings,  in  which  thv  ocelli  are  olwolet«. 
He  regarded  thwe  m  prohaWi-  inaUuioM  of  aea- 
sona)  dimorpblsm.  —  a  view  which  wna  vigorooa- 
ly  cntitbated  by  some  ol  (he  member*  ptesenl  al 
the  exhtbillon.  He  has  now  proved  bin  right  to 
the  belief  in  llie  cuoe  of  four  paita,  having  raiwd 
onu  aerini  of  form*  from  ngga  of  tbu  other  (Joum. 
Arialui  HOC.  Bmgai,  1880).  T)i«*v  were  »pecle«  oT 
Yplitbima,  Hycalesls.  and  MelanitM,  and  It  is  (he 
Arst  time  this  phenomenon  of  eeasanal  dimorphiam 
has  been  Kliown  in  irojrical  builerflies ;  it  wra 
auppo»ed  to  be  altogether  related  to  the  wintrr  of 
temperate  rvgionv.  Ur.  de  Nlc^tille  believes  that 
the  oblitcnition  of  the  ooelli  in  "  an  advaulage  to 
the  Insects  during  the  cold  and  hot  inmuous.  as  at 
those  timee  tbe  veiiietation  is  much  n)on>  KTUity 
and  dried  up.  the  indecta  live  chiefly  among  the 
gnuKs.  and  would  oonsequently  be  easily  seen  were 
they  not  inoao»iHcnouaIy  colored  and  marked  : 
while  in  the  rains,  the  regelatlon  being  then  vtry 
denae,  they  can  hide  theinselveB,  and  their  oon- 
Bpfououa  livery  h  no  bar  to  their  safety."  De 
Nic^vllte  adds  nt  (be  end  of  liin  paper  (in  wbkb 
thn  early  utogiw  of  Yphthima  and  Mymletiis  ate 
ffltf  the  Hmt  lime  flgared)  that  he  could  indicnio 
■■  many  doeena  of  Indian  species"  In  which  he  tic- 
liev««  seasonal  dimorphlun  occurs,  "  Including 
Dearly  every  family  into  which  l>ntlerflleB  have 
been  divided,"  but  he  "  miglil  again  Iw  accused  of 
•  gneseiDg,'"  firm  In  n-riniuly  au  iuleresting  and 
open  Held  for  the  Indian  entomulogiatv.  which 
even  the  tyro  may  till. 

—  KxcavatioDB  tor  the  foundntiana  of  (be  lOOO- 
foot  iron  lower  to  trcrecU-d  in  tlio  Chiimpdc  Uarw, 
PariK.  are  lieitig  mn«lr.  Each  of  the  (our  rnvnibrr* 
of  the  tower  framework  wilt  rest  upon  a  pyramid 
of  masonry  'JO, £4  feet  high,  (o  which  it  will  lie 
aecureit  by  anchor-l>ults  six  iucbea  in  diameter. 
Pour  immense  mnnes  of  betou.  renting  uu  a  ntra- 
tum  of  ulay  nearly  fifty  fwt  In-low  tbe  »urlncr, 
will  nerve  aa  foundatiomi  for  each  of  tbe  masonry 
pyramids ;  and  Che  enormous  weight  of  the  wbol«> 
will  ad  as  a  counterpoiw  to  Insure  the  stabUJty  of 
(he  tower  agalitst  tbe  great  wlnd-jweesure  to  vrhlcb 
it  will  be  subjected, 

—  MMim.Titkaor  &  Qo..  Bunton,  have  recn-ntly 
published,  under  the  lill«  'American  literature 


436 


SCIENCE. 


{Vol.  IX.,  Vo, 


uid  Mhrr  iMiwre.'  &  voltiow  of  MMjn  by  Edwio 
P.  Whipple,  la  the  intrt>dac-lioa  to  which  Ji>lin 
Q.  WUui«r  uyii  of  Um?  nuthnr  that  he  wan  tlx- 
■bleat  oritlcnl  «Majii»(  at  lija  time,  and  the  |>lac« 
Im  faia  left  win  not  b«  rMdllv  lilled.  Scam-ly  in- 
ferior lo  MacauUv  in  hrilllance  of  dk-iiiHi  aiul 
RT^tlifc  porinhuiv,  lie  waa  (n«-  frotn  (irtguiilioe 
ud  pmnon,  and  moro  loy&l  U>  Uir  tnilb  of  fact 
■Dd  biOar;.  B«  was  a  tbgrotighlT  hoiMnt  mu). 
He  wrote  with  ooascieiK'o  nltrayii  nt  bla  elbow, 
■nd  never  ncrintwd  liia  raU  oonvictlont  for  the 
Nike  or  f-i^cBin  und  aotitbtals.  He  iwliiictlvely 
took  ihe  rtght  aido  of  tho  (iiwatlons  lliat  came  be- 
fore hint  finr  docitinn,  ei»en  wht^n  by  mj  doing  lie 
ranked  himanlf  with  tli«  unixiirular  piiii«ri(.v.  1I« 
bad  Hh  laaDlleat  Imtnd  of  li^pucriay  iiml  mrati- 
MM  :  but  if  Ills  lan];uag«  hwl  at  tunn  Ihit  apvoritjr 
of  junUce.  It  wa«  never  merdUw.  U>' '  m>I  down 
nnujtbt  In  cualicv.* 

—  The  wrll-kuowD  reaMrthen  of  Warmetoii 
hav»  iIoiM  tnudi  to  elui-idaKt  ihr  jirooisa  of  nitri- 
Acatton  as  It  labea  {ibce  in  ilut  wil.  Bb  lateat 
paper  (Jortm,  them,  toe.,  Feb.  IAmT,  p.  118)  de«ls 
with  the  dinlribulion  of  the  nitrityin);  orfanboi 
In  tlx^aoil.  Eviditncvoof  its  pr««e»c«  were  found 
lo  ilw  d«pth  of  six  feel,  bul  it  was  neither  abun- 
dant luir  vigorouH.  Ttie  author  oondndm  that 
nitrlflcwion  is  pmiUcallj  cunliiMil  to  ihr  aurftioe 
aoll. 

—  The  Inctocriie.  a  new  apparatus  for  tv«tiog 
milk,  pnrlirnlarly  wjUi  r^KanJ  tu  li«  valiiefor  but- 
ler, iji  the  Invention  of  de  Luvnl.  aUo  lhi>  tnntntor 
of  tiie  well-kuowri  i:eiilrifu);ii]  mtpnmtor,  which 
twan  hia  name,  and  in  diwigniti  to  Iw  uaed  with 
the  latter.  Tlu!  milk  in  lint  h«ited  with  it8  own 
bulk  of  itmns  iu-»tic  n«ul  to  which  fiw  \»r  cent 
of  Ktrong  i>ul|ihuHc  acid  haa  been  added.  Thin 
Irenlmfitt,  oonllnited  for  Hiveu  or  night  niinute*. 
MiiHoei  (o  »et  frw  Ihe  fat  of  the  milk  from  ite 
vmuUoiiixwJ  Htal<-.  A  KhiiM  tube  with  a  narrow 
neck,  properly  Kmdualod,  i«  then  Hlli^d  with  the 
niiJk,  pliK-i-d  in  a  HoitnMe  holder  in  a  di«k  nbkb 
la  atUiclioil  to  the  centrifugal  iiepamtor,  and  the 
laltM"  aet  in  opemtion.  A  <N)inpM<-  <K-p«rotion  of 
the  fat  b  then  effected  io  the  narrow  neck  i>i  tho 
tube,  where  Ibe  amount  la  rend  off-  The  iiwtni- 
menl  i«  dorigned  to  enable  crwuDertn  nalng  the 
i-eiitrifueaJ  lo  hit  Ihe  qiialicy  of  cacli  patron'a 
milk  ;  and  it  apin'iin  to  b«  well  adapted  to  tliia 
purpa«e.    8ev«?<r»l  t<'«ta  of  iia  accuracy  have  been 

ado  of  late.    8exlib>t.  in  the  Mdch  Zeilvitff  (irvi. 

I),  reporta  that  he  obtained  by  it  rmulta  agrmtint; 

rllhin  D.I  per  cent  with  them'  tif  hi*  oerometric 
method.  Sitbelicn  (Larulic.  PtTK.  Slat..  xxxiiL 
■MKtf  Soda,  tbal.  if  nil  the  directions  are  airictly 
utaerrcd,  the  multi  <lo  not  TaT?  at  moat  more 


than  Q.t  per  cent,  and  wuaUv  not  orer  V.OB  pn 
cent,  from  Iboae  of  KTavini«tiic  analjab,  but 
notee  Ibat  Iheee  directiuoa  n)u>4  be  carefully  fol- 
lowed. I'aber  [Antttjftt.  xii.  6)  oliialned  ntiout  the 
■auii!  nwiilln.  Blylhe  (Ibid.,  xli.  M)  found  lu 
eleven  irinlti  n  maiimuni  enor  of  O.H  per  cieat> 
and  nn  BTcrasr  error  of  0.(>5  per  cent. 

—  Oinn  A  Co.  bare  ready  this  week  -Utile 
flower  people.*  by  (Jerttode  EliutbKb  Uale,  an  in- 
trmtinf;  elcmratorj  work  on  floii-»ni,  tieaagnett  to 
awaken  an  Inlereet  in  plaot-life  among  the  .voun- 
iceal  readere;  abo  'Ouilineeof  logic,'  by  Ilennaa 
Lolxe.  tniiulnled  awl  edited  by  Prof,  dcorgo  T. 
Uuld  of  Vale  e^illege, 

—  Mr.Wiltitim  Cmdiing  haa  btta  obliged  to  ftivc 
up  the  publication  of  his  propoaed  ■  AnonytDB*  m 
a  companion  to  his  '  PHodontraM.*  Tliia  ia  to  be  n> 
irrette'l  aa  a  loas  to  American  UbHograiihy.  Tb«ra 
ought  to  be  enough  puUic-Hiiriled  inrtitutJoaa 
and  individiMl*  ^  tiixikaellera  and  llbnriana — to 
whom  Buch  a  work  ia  an  almiait  daily  BtaeuUf, 
to  offer  Mr.  Cuahin);  and  hia  puhliBbrra  a  guaranty 
against  loaa  In  completing  a  work  m>  aduiinilily 
bcigun. 

~  With  Ibe  publication  of  tlie  third  volume  of 
Ibo  hiaiory  of  (Vntral  Americu,  uow  ahoiit  ready 
to  place  in  Ihe  hands  of  sut«cTiberH,  but  tourleeo 
of  Ihe  thirty-oiDe  roluaics  of  Hubert  Howe  Gaa- 
crafl'*  wurka  remain  unjiubliahed.  Tlie  Hislorj 
compnny  nn-  Kratillcl  with  Ibe  ituocee»  that  has 
atlendnl  the  enterprise  iIiua  far  :  the  t-'rowing 
favor  tn  which  each  Kuccvwulve  volume  ia  held  bj 
the  puUic.  and  the  e«|)e<-ially  kind  nottmai  and  r«- 
viewn  of  Ihe  )irew,  generally  prove  a  very  fomt 
ent'uuragenient. 

—  0.  P.  Pulnam'K  Son*  announce  that  when 
they  have  completed  the  publlcntwn  of  tbcir  edi- 
tion of  PranklltiS  works,  of  which  the  third  vol- 
ume i*  about  to  he  delivered  to  •nbacribrni,  thvy 
will  follow  thia  with  an  edition  of  the  '  Wriiinsa 
of  Wa')iint;ton.'  printi-<l  in  ximilar  style.  The  aet, 
which  will  probnhly  be  ccimprisH  in  twelve  toI- 
umes,  will  ronlaln  the  dinrits,  the  nddreivea,  and 
Ibe  curre«|ionilence,  and  will  include  a  mirabur  of 
pnpcn  nut  Ivfore  printed.  ArrAngemcnta  for  the 
editing  have  tieeii  in  itain  tor  some  nioiiilui,  and 
the  nniue  of  llie  editi>r  will  be  announced  Hbortljr, 
The  limited  edition  printed  of  the  '  FVanldin'a 
work*  ■  Is  now  all  •ubw-rihnl  for,  and  the  prica  of 
aeta  has  already  appreciated,  aa  wn*  the  caae  with 
tlie  '  Hamilton.' 

—  HesetiL  Uacrailinn  are  going  to  iMuv  thia 
month  Ihe  second  volume  of  Ihe  ■  Couriie  of  prac- 
tical physic*.'  by  Prof.  Balfour  Stewart  and  Ur. 
W.  Hildaoe  Gee,  dealing  with  eledricily  and 
magaetiam. 


Mat  6.  1867.1 


8CIENCB. 


437 


—  Tiro  y«nrn  atta  ProfoMor  Baird  concHt'od  Uie 
Idea  of  iirvH'iirinK  one  of  the  pivliUluirir  Eiut<>r 
Inland  id»l9  lo  be  added  tr>  the  oolln-lton  aC  the 
iMlioiMl  musmRi.  Aller  luucli  libor  and  pnUencv, 
his  effprts.  nided  by  ibe  gattfrunieiil.  liav«  been 
succenful.  ami  Ihe  idol  arri>-iil  in  Wusliiagwn  on 
Hoodaj  latit.  loiti?Uw>r  with  n  niiml>«T  of  oiber 
valuable  autiquitira.  Tfa«  nirioHitira  hnri'  born 
broiiKlit  avet  without  injur;  and  wilhout  rxjiciiw, 
naral  i-eoeel^  rcnvpvtntc  Itirm  (or  the  eniin-  ocrnn- 
voyaxfi.  There  are  ))undr«da  of  llie^  icnn|te»  on 
ttir  island  conctTiiin);  which  there  is  no  ttiiowl- 
etige  wlintever.  One  of  Ihfin  wan  taken  iroui  the 
island  by  ilie  Uerman  govemnirnt  n^-i-tillv.  nnd 
i?  now  ill  tlie  national  muflcum  at  Dcrlin. 

—  The  forlliooming  reporl  of  the  department  of 
aj^ieutture  on  Ihe  d^^lioh  gpatroir  will  be  a  very 
iuiurmtinf;  document.  It  will  cont'ihi  alxMit  four 
hundn.'d  printed  |)age«,  in  nhich  wlJl  iitiju-uT  the 
esperiunn*  of  about  tbirtr-two  hundn^  jn^Hjple 
with  tliia  dmirueij'e  bijied.  Dr.  MTrriani.  Ihi- 
omitlioloRiet  of  tbe  di^nrtinrni.  who  had  ohnrttf 
of  the  (irejumtion  uf  tlic  re)iori,  tayt-  thni  the  In' 
dieliuent  lutiilntit  the  g[wrru>i  i>t  a  terrible  one: 
and  il  has  xmrci-lj  a  frreod  lU  the  whole  eountr:i'. 
Fiirincni  who  devote  their  tinic  to  ibi-  i-ullivolion 
of  grain,  report  that  tlic  aiMirrows,  wberrrpr  tlier 
Mrv  thick,  do  frliclitrul  danuiKe  t"  ccrt^iU.  Marhet- 
gardeneTH  and  Ihe  raisent  of  mnall-fruit,  in  the 
vicinity  of  cttipa.  say,  (hut.  since  epnmm-s  liegnn 
to  mulliply,  the  pruUta  ot  miu-ket-giirdening  hnv« 
nJmim  vnBtsbed.  Thf  only  known  use  for  the 
•pariow  U  iM  a  Huhatilnlc  r»r  renl-liirds.  One 
own  in  Alljauy.  N.Y.,  reporr>.  tbul  be  bcIIb  hun- 
dred* of  doa-ns  «l  H|>«rroA(i  every  month  to  the 
PKUuruiibi  in  ihnt  city  for  reed-birda.  They  nmke 
eXLvlluot  table-birds. 

—  Tbq  SnitthaooUu  iniilitulion  hnK  jiiM  le- 
cei»od  a  la»|i;i>  eollectiou  of  i.irdu  rolleeted  b/  Mr. 
Hobert  Uenderaou  iu  llui  Wnt  India  Island*.  Ur. 
Ueiidfmun.  who  ha*  jiwt  returned  from  hin  trij>, 
limi  b«M'n  enf;'>K«'d  in  tliU  work  aince  liui  Dtn^m- 
liTT,  nnd  han  cowred  all  of  the  ivlands  except 
RuaUn,  'J'limeff,  and  Coeomrl  in  (he  lower  part  of 
ibe  Cariblwuu  Sea.  lie  will  make  a  »cond  trip 
Ibi*  summer  to  the  above  Inlands. 

—  The  Wfii  Atwriean  icitnlitit,  a  monthly  1»- 
oued  at  8an  Dletco.  Cul.,  Iiud  i-nlnrtted  to  a  twcnty- 
four-pa)^  uia^Kinf-  with  iin  third  volume. 

—  The  Hen-  Vork  minaraJo^iical  club  lias  reontl- 
tj  been  organixcd  in  this  city.  The  ohjecla  of  tW 
club  are.  U>  create  and  eliwulaie  na  inter™!  in 
n)ineralog7,  and  to  collect,  deacrihp,  nn<l  pn-wrve 
alt  aultable  materia]  available  in  New  York  City 
and  vicinity  ;  mcb  collMliun  to  he  d«parited  In 
aoait!  public  inirtiiution,  »o  oa  to  praserve  a  mlDer- 


nlogioal  rvcord  of  ptac4«  mmr  to  be  coveted  with 
buildinK*.  It  him  Ijrpn  deHdvd  that  all  nieetinge 
of  the  club,  if  powihie.  slisll  be  b«Jd  at  tbe  mi- 
dencee  of  (lie  oiemlierB,  for  Ifae  inirpone  of  vxaniin- 
inc  ctdlecllons  a»  well  a^  iiromoiinK  tnciahility. 
Meeting*  wiU  be  held  on  tb«  tuHt  I'ueMlay  of  evtaj 
mouth,  the  chairiiuui  of  pucb  uieecintc  to  bo  tW 
hoHt  uf  Ihe  occasion.  Tln-ulHomiof  Ibevlubare, 
(!H>rRe  r.  Kunx,  t>ecn>tar>- :  B.  B.  Cbmuberlain, 
trcjiHurer:  Prof.  D.  S.  Unrtin.  Itrv.  J.  Seldon 
Speneer.  and  Edsiar  A.  Ilutrbiiw.  exei-ulive  com- 
mittee ;  L.  P.  Uratacap  and  A  Wuodwnnl,  cu- 
iator«.  There  are  already  over  lonj  member*  on 
tbe  loll. 

—  Ur.  Stephm  Salliibiiry  uf  Worcester,  Hase.. 
lias  juxt  given  to  the  Tf^hnic-nl  InMitiite  of  that 
citjT  one  hundred  thmisand  doltnni.  to  In  i»ed  in 
the  erection  and  e(iuiimicni  of  a  hiillding  for 
laboratories  for  mechaniuil.  pliyiiieal.  and  Rbemi- 
eal  tic'imoi'.  aa  a  memorial  tu  bia  failier.  Ihe  lat« 
Uicphcn  ^lUbtirj,  who  for  a  grrat  many  years 
wa>  pre«idont  and  chief  potton  of  ihc  iniitilute. 

--  A  r<>niarkable  llliMtratlon  of  tbe  puxxlinf 
nilgralory  babits  of  the  berrinji  has  juel  hrvB  ob- 
»er>ed.  mj's  yalurf.  on  the  south-we^t  roant  of 
Norway,  at  the  no-culled  Ju«ter«>ii.  between  the 
town*  of  Stavnngrr  nnil  Egnnund.  This  disttlct 
used  to  be  one  of  Ihe  richMt  hming-Mifag 
groundti  in  Norwaj  during  the  spring,  bnt  about 
twenty-five  yeum  aKi>  the  Hah  suddeotj  and  oom- 
pletely  il<niip|ie:iml  Iroiu  Ihe  eiMUl.  In  March 
eDormoud  HhoiiU  unci*  more  came  under  Hhore. 
Ilrst '  itrihing  land '  at  the  some  Hpot  na  in  former 
tiwe.^.  The  quality  of  tlve  herrlug  is  exactly  tlie 
some  as  il  was  twenty-Hve  yeant  n^,  nnd  thir 
shoala  wMt«  anximiMuiied  by  numerous  '  berruix  ' 
whatea. 

—  Acoonllns  to  Bnginetrtng  for  April  23.  Ruwia 
proiioses  lo  prms  forward  vigorously  with  Ihe  eon- 
iilrucliou  of  tlir  Hciaiurcand  radway  from  the 
CiiBpiiin  Sea  to  the  Amii  Daria.  It  is  staled  lliat 
when  the  line  in  liniihed  it  will  bo  po«db1e  lo  make 
n  J(>iim<;y  friim  Parii  to  Samaroand  innnteuduya. 
The  linr  will  comnicnci'  nl  Oiizoun-Ada.  a  Mniall 
|x>rt  on  the  Caspian,  thp  diotancv  from  thai  point 
to  the  Amu  Daria  being  in  round  ll|:um02Smilra. 
Of  thia  distance.  043(  miles  ol  line  are  now  en- 
tirely uompletcid,  and  open  fur  the  conveyance  ot 
|M»etngerH  nnd  gooda.  Tlxt  pr«wnt  t«imlnuti  of 
the  linp  \*  Tebarilgbnni.  to  which  plnci-  il  woa 
completed  Nov.  SO,  1(W0.  The  oon">iiiiction  ol  Ihe 
line  was  eommenred  by  (.lenera)  Anenhoff  io 
Kay.  18«G.  un<l  41H1  mileti  were  c<<inplel«d  in 
eighteen  niontli".  The  nuinlfor  of  |H-nona  eo- 
gageil  tn  Ihe  (.■iiiixtru cation  vcnn  aUtut  3.200.  Not 
only  was  llip  prrmniicnt  way  laid   ibrougb  to 


438 


SCIENCE. 


[VOL.  nt..  Nfl 


Tchnnlghoni  In  the  founM-'ofthe  etgbtMn  montbfi, 
but  housm  and  t.-uiuig»  for  t^npluTom,  h  |jn«  of 
t«l«|Erap)i,  and  undnhml*,  wer«  sleo  Mtal)Ilsl)«<l. 
The  objM-t  111  the  Mnd>«h«<le  i«.  of  conrae,  to  pro- 
t«ct  Ibc  lini-  lutainitt  >an<t'Bt(iriiiB,  whicli  ranvtitutt 
one  of  the  dlfflcttllim  with  wliich  it  him  (o  <tral. 
Aotire  prepBrotlotia  liavp  I)w3i  tuudir  for  the  oon- 
structinn  of  the  rrniainmi;  spctkin  to  tl>p  Ainu 
Dnrin  :  the  nectvaarj'  workmen  li&vi-  been  cot- 
leoied.  a  lorice  man  of  matrrlabi  hnn  he»n  brought 
uigeltipr.  and  Ocnrnl  Arrrnkntr  ex|>role  lo  com- 
plHv  th«  wbolo  lino  Uirou^h  to  Amu  Daria  bf 
Nov.  I& 


Ll^TEKS  TO  TUE  KDrWB. 

•.*T»«  dflHiNM  Iff  MitKtiJIr  lun  u  faJltd  la  rAi  adrntilaifM 

OB  ritoni  brli/  prtHmliiarTf  huIihj  «/  litir  utmlltrnMonit, 
nmlf  m/iUt  nf  (At  niiinAir  (Bni»tv.Uu)  hi»  nnmrnfiiialien 
iMK  tt /UmliSi^ /ft*  toann  nrrmpB^tnl  on  rtquui. 

n*  tillar  iull  »•  glad  ta  puAIUh  any  «iki^m  nuoiutif  uflk 
It*  «Mr«r<v  af  thi}<mnML 

^rntfHHdmtt  an  mjii/ttMl  lobtm  brt/fat  fmulblt.  Tin 
ifttter't  fiante  i$  tn  utt  etiMt  rr^\tif«A  a»  jTifif  nf  tjtjt^ /aUk^ 

Comparative  psychology. 

Pnisa  of  work  linn  prnv^iiti'il  iu«  tiuii]  rvplyln^  he. 
foro  to  a  cpriaiu  form  of  jimNontatioii,  in  Spirncr  (or 
April  1,  <if  tay  pap»  puhlinhcd  in  Ihc  Popular  leU 
enfe  monltilu  for  Unrch.  on  ociinpftmtiie p«)rchi>logy, 
aud  which  icalty  aroonnta  viir.v  Inr^ly  to  a  mu. 
ropr*«<'ulAliOD  not  onl;  of  whul  t  thiuk.  but  of 
what  1  aotualljr  «zpr««>M  in  the  ndiiresa  Teterroil  to 
above. 

II  in  wuuiiinil  UiTimghoiit  by  SeUntr  tlinl  I  have 
lsn(ir«(l  Proft<*Mir  Uurgau'ii  livw  ot  iLv  rup  as  [o 
tut  Mudy  uf  (kiiimnl  ialolligencp.  fcH  it  ia  stnleil  that 
"  bd  [tho  wriliir]  hna  iint  farnl  thik  arKiiiiit'iit,"  i>tu.. 
and  "TliviHi  liniiliilioiia  hikI  ii)iiHl<l<^ri(tii'iii<  ratty 
w'ltll  them  ihmuit  ('oTiiiciiiicurpH,  hut  we  omi  find  in 
Dr.  Milhi'*  addrcu  no  oTitlDtiPp  tbut  br  hna  over 
giuMi  IhoDi  any  r<iniili.lprnU<>n." 

A  f^' pilrauiN  tt<'M  luj  own  |in[wr.  f<>llii«*<l  }-y 
Otbera  from  Produaor  Murftan'a  (in  JUnd  fur  April. 
ItUW),  vtU  l«t  this  DiattRt.  1  am  qtiotod  in  Sfirac* 
aa  nyiug.  "Animalaarolho  'poorrolallonii'  of  man; 
the  laltar  li  onv  of  Iheni,  not  only  tu  Ixuly.  but  in 
iiilnd.  Ill  uut  a  f«w  T«t)woiBlbey  are  not  onlj' equal, 
bitt  Buperior,  lo  nion."  rTatouav  Morgan  aoya,  "  I 
an.  iiuir«o**T,  fnlly  pcrauaded  IbM  mj  fonr-foolad 
frit^ndii  havn  feeUnK*  ami  auotioiw  dlatlnctl j  nklu  to 
and  diiuly  (oreahadowing  myOnu: "  "  I  by  numeana 
d«uy  the  oiialtnce  of  anitnid  mind :  "  etc. 

Aniu  bo  lutya.  "  A  material  iJiSorenn  in  tbi>  ratio 
of  lli«  mnao*  inuat.  we  may  anppoae.  iiinknnmnli'rlal 
illfferanea  In  tb«  mental  pnnliiet."  Hv  Ihcn  a11ii<1«it. 
aa  I  do  myHFlt  after  the  very  pamgc  Scifite*  ijuotea 
fkon  my  papor.  to  the  iniporiority  of  tho  ncnaea  in 
tbo  animalii  tmlow  man ;  tin  iIiohkIi  Srimrr,  refer. 
rInK  1(1  my  uKe  ot  (h«  ex]ir«Mioii  '  loner '  snimalit, 
Myv  irunically.  "  Vie  prMvme  be  mwe  the  adjedittn 
■  lower "  lucrvly  in  dotoreoiee  to  ■  eniilom  of  tamo 
anti4|nilT."  1  liaie  »ij>llcltly  Hlaled  that  il  iiiiut  bo 
coiimnlod  that  man  a*  a  tnlalky  Mlauda  at  thr-  >i<4ul  of 
tLe  animal  world,  aa  the  follo«riii|i  eitraol  will  nlinw : 
"  The  aamtnptioD  that  man  ia  otujr  aeeidenially  the 


anpnrfor  of  the  bmte  wonld  but  lead  to  conf 
for  it  luiial  be  admitted  that  there  ia  a  aeale.  and  tha 
luau  ranJu  flrat.  We  arc  amply  dt^riroa*  of  doinfl 
the  lower  ereatiom  tliat  jimlic'e  which  wn  feel  oaanred 
haa  not  j-et  bean  allnwad  thvui,  niid  ot  BealOK  lb* 
hniiian  fainlly  liil«iu«ted  in  thoaethal  we  thinkaotoii- 
tifir  invrittiuntiun  in  proving  oonataully  are  manb 
iiiore  our  (elluwcrcaturca  than  has  Honerally  boon 
tngipoarrl  "  "  VTe  an)  not  ooiiteurliuo  for  llie  nqualhy 
nf  Tiuui  HUil  the  rest  uf  the  animal  kingdom,"  etc. 

A)pin,  Snimee  leureaents  me  lu  aByiuc  that  "  bmui 
baa  only  developed  a  anpenorily  to  the  bmte  be- 
caiiaa  of  lila  aodal  tetulendea,  reanltlng  In  the  tti. 
vWou  of  labour,"  etc. 

Kow,  what  I  did  aetnally  write  waa  aa  folluwtt  i 
"  Uan'a  preaent  ini|>Bnorily  oier  the  lower  aninutla 
ia  traeenblo  tn  larse  part  to  hla  einiumtljr  aoalol  ton- 
dauoUifl,*'  «to.,  which  la  a  very  dltTereut  Iblna;  mm) 
I  have  elaewhurv  in  (hu  paper  called  attenUoa  to 
many  otb«r  agencjcs  nhii^h  have  tended  lo  make  ihad 
the  anpreme  animal. 

Protoaaoi  Mor^nn  hnlda,  that,  atrietly.  the  oiily 
mind  one  oan  kn»w  i*  bix  own  mind  ;  that  at  boat 
hnman  payoholugy  is  u  "pHyoholugy  »t  aavua.  bat 
not  of  laiagoi;  that  uU  our  knowledge  of  hnmaa 
ininila  i>tli»r  than  our  own  ia  iwoc—nrjly  eiectlTe : 

that  onr  ayatemn  of  bnniati  payebology  hold  gond 
only  fur  the  philoaoplieie  who  fnine  Ihem  ;  Uint  onr 
pjeetiTe  iDfor«noea  Donceminaoor  nMghhoum'  iuuuIb. 
iRuUvoi.  and  oharact^n.  ara  liatilo  lo  error." 
Now  compare  with  tbia  tLe  following  from  my  own 

apart  "Andatthia  point  allow  me  %•>  indicate  a 
Dgcr  that  ahunld  miua  na  oantiona  and  inudeat  in 
nttamptinK  to  oxptntn  the  behavior  of  aDimalH.  We 
infer  from  our  fetlow-ninH'a  beharior  aimilarity  of 

mottle  and  mental  procuwiek  to  onr  own  under  liho 
circnmnliuiceii.  We  Hud.  tlie  more  eiperienoe  wo 
liHTe.  tlinl  WD  are  often  at  fault  an  to  both.  Anil 
ivlivii  wv  are  mi>it<  free  fTom  Uia  thraldom  of  ao. 
called  Kyiiti'mB  and  methods  lu  education.  w«  may 
loam  that  the  nctiviticB  of  the  human  miiul  nannol 
be  rolueod  in  all  jictikiuii  to  preeitcly  the  one  plan. 
Uke  ao  much  ckiok-*ork.  Thin  may  nuu  «oiu«what 
the  oompleteneea  and  beauty  uf  onr  plilt'iuiphy  uf 
edueation,  hot  it  may  alao  in  the  end  conduce  to 
buuios  progrees  by  providing  tho  greater  freodooi. 
and  end  In  Itiaoring  an  Indmdouity  of  cbanc4«r 
which  teeiuM  lo  be  now  rapidly  dUappearing.  Kow, 
it  uulividual  mun  hi  diSer  iu  paycluo  behavior,  bow 
maoh  more  is  it  likely  that  ntill  greater  differeuoua 
hold  for  tlie  lower  anlmnlo'  An  olijeeliun  muy  bo 
baaed,  bowuier,  on  tliU  to  the  whole  atiKly  of  eotu, 
purative  ]iayoliok>gy.  The  objection  liolda  lo  aMDO 
extent  uTen  (or  htmian  piycbolugv  i  but.  aa  we  Infor 
aimilarlty  a4  bohavtor  in  men  to  denote  umiUrtly  of 
inner  proeeaaea,  ao  aro  wo  JnattUed  iu  tbc  name  aa 
regarda  the  lower  animala.  thouiih  tt  innat  b«  oooa. 
coded  iKimDwhnt  Ima  go.     Wo  muBl  aluaya  be  pre- 

Cd  to  adntk  Ihnl  Uiern  may  be  piychic  |iatha  nn- 
m  and  )i'i>u-ll>ly  iiiiknnuali1i>  to  n>  in  the  rnalm 
of  tbeir  inni^r  life.  But  it  we  regard  man  a«  tb« 
ontooiue  of  dcTelopmeut  tlirough  Tower  forma,  ae- 
cordlng  Ui  variation  with  nntnral  aeleetiuu  —  in  a 
w<>ri|,  If  mail  i*  tli«  fiual  Uuk  in  a  loug  chain  blod- 
ing  the  wbiilu  animal  creation  together,  we  liaro  Ui* 
greater  reaion  tor  inferring  that  roinparulve  pay- 
obolc^  and  huiiinu  iMychology  bnTe  common  root*. 
We  tnnal.  In  taet,  bnlleve  in  a  mimtal  or  payobie 
evulntiun  ae  well  aa  in  a  jibyalral  (inorpliologloal) 
ono." 


BtAT  e,  1887  I 


sciEycjs. 


439 


How,  In  Ui«  llubt  «r  tlMM  «xtracU.  Self»M  can 
Mj,  "  Wu  rail  finil  in  Dr.  MilU'K  addMas  Be)  arldMiea 
lliat  Lc  luu  wet  ^iicn  tboni  [ProteMor  llorg>a'* 
Ti«w>]  uiT  ooB«dr ration."  it  )■  ditBralt  (or  nw  to 
iindaMtaad. 

Now,  FrafeMor  Hurgao  ImwHlitu  belief  In  UMmliid 
«(  Ihe  lower  aiiitualB  on,  1°,  "the  jvtl(Jleali<M  bji 
rrtulU.  Vfo  babitaally  *ot  toward*  oar  (our-(oatei) 
friMidii  M  If  thoj  vnr*  comwUnui  b«liig«,  «ltb  romltii 
wlilch  paint  to  tlie  conwoIaiM  o(  onr  hypoUiMlii." 
V.  "  Tir  Jiutf/haliim  bamtd  on  tvolution.  AnUnkla 
bavc  inhcritod  brMD->tru<'turGB  in  niBtiT  rtapeoU 
■iiiillnr  to  (lioM  pouMMcil  b;  nuiD,  and  tMn  ui  mo 
NMOU  far  mpixwbia;  tbu  io  th4>in  no  p*ycboMiB  rim 
p*nil)«l  or  are  iilentioal  with  tbnr  iieuroMV*."  Now, 
th«  wbole  tMior  of  mr  p«p«r  olunra  tbol  I  bnT* 
adoptod  a  alniilar  Una  of  roMoninK. 

It  will  b»  peroalTail  tbnt  iip  ta  tEla  point  Protouor 
Uorgan  and  myaelf  an>  vvry  mni>b  In  aooord.  Tbo 
difflouitjt  whii^b  ProfoHu.>r  Mortfiui  fvole  iu  ri^|[*>rd  to 
all  oar  knuwlwlge  of  mindi  oilier  Ihau  uur  owu  u 
Oo»  Uiot  ovourrad  to  me  aiaaj  jaar*  ago  with  gmat 
furcia.  Th«  *!•«•  oxiirranad  la  lb*  adihwM  nnir 
under  oonaidenitiiMi  wer»  ptiuwd  monllis  befom  I 
likd  read  Profeaaor  Morgan*!  p&per  In  tUnd ;  and  1( 
«-u  witb  much  Rratlflcatlon  Ibiit  I  (oiuad  aty  owe 
ojuulotui,  ri>riu«d  IndvnNidPiitly,  abarad  hj  ao  able  a 
thinker.  FrofeMOT  Morgan's  po«illon  may  be  iasl- 
«aUj  impregnabto ;  but  wbile  lime  iii  ntiA  for  Uie 
gnatoai  caation  in  rcRard  to  lh«  '  •Je«4 '  ««  form,  ft 
■eamR  to  nw  liupoMilbT*  for  on*,  at  iouit,  wbo  bolioTi* 
In  tbo  ttohttim  a(  mind,  to  tw'**  wllb  Profcwaor 
Morgan.  "  Ibat  onr  ejcetiro  ia?«a«noM  oono^ralng 
thMT  motiTca,  mtBda,  utd  elmraolaia,  are  ao  larselr 
liablo  to  nrror  m  to  rouder  tlie  drawing  of  tnem 
iiuproQtabl«  for  parpoaM  of  atlentUto  InftallffatkiB, 
«icopt  in  ao  far  u  Ihoj-  may  nid  the  objiwlive  atod; 
ot  babit  nud  actlTity." 

Fra(e««or  Horgan  il«An«a  inUttigrnt  acllona  aa 
"tboaa  wbicli  are  parformed  by  Ibe  IndJridoal,  in 
rirtoe  of  bi«  iiiiltn«tiBlit}r:  in  ■paoial  adnplaliou  to 
apaoial  ciroumttauccn,"  Kow.  ia  it  fiDuifjJf  to  undor- 
Mand  IbU  ft<l>iitnt|i>i)  nl  alt  iitmpt  liy  luoua  agrl  of 
'ei«et'?  ProfeMOi  Moryaii'n  liuwH,  if  prwaad. 
■tnke  at  the  runt  of  all  piijr^bologjr  an  a  aoienoe. 
Tbero  la  gr«at  need  of  aticb  raiitiou.  ■>  be  and  I  my- 
Mt(  baTo  nr|[«d ;  but  tlie  bolinf  ia  irr«aiatibln  that  tba 
inner  U(«  <rf  the  lower  luiluiala  la  not  (ot&lly  aiul 
radicall]r  different  ftotn  our  own. 

It  toema  to  me  lb«  wbole  differonoe  betwiMu  Pro- 
fOMtor  Murgan  and  IboM  who  vould.  like  mpolf,  be 
a  little  lout  oiiiuMn  ali  v«  oa  to  Iba  '  *]ecl,'  la  tbat  of 
mere  iputntum  :  aii>l.  ah  pi)rcliala([y  doee  not  admll 
of  euu^l  acigliingit  and  inioearlugB,  in  tbe  prt'entil 
■Ma  of  knoincdgo  it  oannot  be  «n>ooted  tluit  men 
will  aDTOo  OB  U>  how  fat  we  aball  bo  /(tatifled  in  nalng 
tli«  fjiMtlve  iDMbod.  Bnt  of  one  thing  I  am  folly 
•.'unrinood.  that  the  atudy  of  the  payobology  of  tlia 
lover  auimaU  oannot  bat  ioiproTe  the  higbaat, 
ft  wbntbet  be  conaldon  binwolf  of  tbom  or  a]i«rl  from 

■  llieui. 

H  In  ooaeloeion,  I   think  it  will  now  appear  that 

I  SetmtiM,  PrototooT  Morgan,  and   myacif  aro    iDucb 

I         nore  in  harmony  than  w«*  enppoaod. 

■  T.  WnuT  Mnu. 

■  UoDlreal,  April  as. 

I  [Wo  iirlnt  Di.  Mllla**  liiold  connanakatlon  with 

B         iBuoh  pE«Miir«,    Uu  brtuue  out  T*ry  olearly  the  fant 
H  which  we  did  nut  gather  from  lb«  reading  of  tbe  ad- 

H  drona  in  t^aoctioo,  nwucty,  that  bo  ho*  not  only  read 


bnl  earofuUy  wtoglied  Profeaaor  Mofgan'a  argnmeErt. 
We  atlll  think,  haw«T<ir.  thai  tbla  fact  la  not  readily 
Inferrible  from  (be  oriKtiml  addiwaa  wlthont  tbo  «iu- 
phaaia  at  the  present  lullvr.  —  En,  ] 

The  relation*  «f  the  International  gtoiopcml 
congress  to  geological  workers. 

A  Kvry  wy4ixiiri>ail  mlflappTubniiainn  vilaU  of  Ibe 
pnrpoace  of  Ihe  Int«tnailoBal  g*ologlcat  toogniM 
wbieb  ii  lokoUi  itn  fouilb  etwiion  in  London  nett 
year,  aa  woll  aa  ot  the  de&nile  atcpii  it  baa  taken  in 
the  way  ot  reconimNidBtioiii  to  j^nologiaU. 

In  order  to  throw  anme  llgbt  on  the  nialtur,  the 
following  liat  baa  been  prepared,  whivb  iii<'lail«  al) 
the  pointa  npon  wbiob  the  co«igrNB  haa  aipreaaeil  a 
■liii-l(l*d  opinion.  It  ongbt  to  be  remenibeml  (bat 
Ibia  cousrrM  ba*  not  auy  lut*TO«t  in  ni^ataiulug  thia 
or  tbat  tb«or7.  but  ha*  been  or|^ni>ed  by  geolugiala, 
of  gcologiala,  and  for  geologials  fto  Ni^tly  alter 
LIneoln'a  noble  iloAiution  of  oar  TDpabllaji. 

It  ban  no  antboiitr  bnt  Ibat  ot  tba  Inflnenoe  at  the 
largo  namber  of  eouini^t  fieologiaU  who  either  com. 
poao  it  or  enpport  ita  «>tioluiiioai :  yel  vbcn  ono 
conald«ra  tlie  adrautagoa  which  mait  mralt  from 
agrMiue  upon  a  eoinmoD  nclcntlAc  langnaffefwrlttMi 
and  ap^Mdi)  whereby  widely  •aparated  obwrraliona 
may  be  made  Mtmparable,  and  may  be  ntiilMd  k^ 
p«aiioiM  of  any  nation  vm  aoon  a*  thoy  appaar  lit 

firint,  !<>  Bibl  to  tboir  own  obaemtlana,  and  thna 
onu  )>nM<  line*  fnm  vtaleh  to  trfanonlata  to  new 
ConotaliitalionH.  it  doaa  nol  aeem  to  be  a  fatal  ob- 
jnctiou  to  Iheao  rMommcndetioD*  eitbar  tbat  tbar 
hate  not  attalii*d  pcrfrctiim,  or  Diot  llinay  ba  fotwd 
desirable  wKb  later  axjiMlMici-  to  iiiolify  them. 

It  ta  apparent  from  tba  modvat  iiuiuliL-r  of  decided 
prvterencm  which  tbo  oongnuw  lia>  yetexpreMed, 
that  it  will  not  Vm  dinoult  for  auf  gooloKlat  to  mdaM 
to  ita  large  f nuiiework  any  proTiaional  *wi— 1«  whieh 
b*  may  prefer.    It  i*  only  Iboao  IwTing  etrongly  de- 
fined preJndicM  in  aniagoniam  to  tb*  bioadeM  sen. 
nnllMliaiM  |t*>>erally  accepted  aiuan^  geologula, 
who   will   bare  any  diAoultv  in  joining  in  the  ao- 
<«ptan«e  of  the  recoiaiueadauona  ot  the  eongrana. 
1.  "Hie  eoagrtw  voted  (aololy  for  tlte  pariMM  of 
bringing  ont  the  map)  that  a  gray  color  klioiild 
be  provUiiiuall^  cboeen.    ot    wlucb     different 
tinta  ahotild  be  ajiplied  to  the  i«iboniforoD«  md 
Patmian  {ffporl  of  Amtr.  mm-,  p.  9(1,  ^  3), 
8.  Solely  for  the  purpoae  of  pilBtlng  Ihe  Enropean 
map.  the  couiniltt^s  ou  the  nap  waa  anthoriiod 
to  •oioel  a  ooIm  for  tbe  Silurian  (Oambrian  in- 
olnalTo).  but   thia  dioioo  wna  not  to  affect  Um 
eolontinc  qranation  connected  with  the  rleniHlfia 
tion  at  alM/birf.,  p.  31.  If  1). 
3,  "nieeruptiTe  rucks  weretoberepreaeiitedbyaevoD 
Itnta.  ranging  from  dark  to  light  rod  {Ibid.,  p. 

ai.ira). 

1.  Tba  ioluUan  of  other  quMtlona  whieb  miglit 
ariae  in  the  eooslraotion  of  tlie  map  were  left  to 
tbe  oonunitteeom  Ibe  map  (fUd.,  p- 91,  ^4). 

a.  The  oongroM  dedded  thai '  ArohaMn'  riionJd  be 
111*  tnnn  applied  to  the  gronn  nreoedlng  the 
paleosolo  (IMd..  p.  33.  IT  1). 

S.  The  ooDgreaa  agreed  to  abandon  Protogine  u  a 
dlvfaion  of  rooka  {Ibid.,  p-  SS.  <|[  I0>.  Tbo  dl- 
Tlalon  ot  the  Cambrian  and  SllitrUt)  w<w  poM- 

Ced  till  tbe  oongtew  at  Londoai, 
ippCT  limit  of  Ibe  Deronian  waa  placed  al 
Ihe  biMo  of  the  oarboniterona  Umaatone,  Uiat  I* 
to  aay,  that  the  ayatam  oomprltea  tb«  paauuiiiaa 


440 


SCIENCE. 


[vot.  n..  No. 


of  CoiMlriu  uil  lb*  apnor  aU  tod  f/Mnt.,  p.  96, 
Hi). 
8.  "Ilia  DDDgKM,  not   wiitbuiK  (o   praaounm  any 
Tiev  cm  tha  ■eiontMa  qaaitiao  o(  the  i>roptf 
■UvtRloD  of  111*  Pvnatati  bucI  ciitrlianlfacoiu,  pr*> 
MtTiM  ib*  oIiiMifl«aUou  M  it  now  Is"  (/McL,  p. 
31.  •?■!). 
An  t4i  (bo  trrtiar)-  nn^  Ibo  rruptJTO  trxMa,  no  actiorn 
VM  bik^ii ;  Iml,  tor  tli*  piinx^M  of  lirlnfclnR  ont  the 
map.  mfllicloiit  <iL*>^^ellvlutfVlXlHruT  wa*  luil)(eil  tritb 
the  committ«a  {IbU..  p.  33,  *I<I  Sand  14). 

ThU  In  »l),  and  it  doM  not  look  much  like  An  ai- 
l«lii|>t  n(  m^nrpatioii. 

Ak  lur  llii'  colon  anil  sj-iiiIiuIh  tmtA  on  t1i«  luap, 
th«y  are  irarrlj  tnutativr,  and  itcHigncil  to  funiiah 
a  tiuit  oD  a  Riffldoull J  turgo  acale  to  mahlD  all  ilerocto 
to  !)(•  Rocn  ami  aiibiuKiiwiitly  corrncltul. 

PuuroH  I'KkZJia. 
rUladf'Ipbla,  Mar  >■ 

Citj  feediag;  of  milch-cows. 

In  Sfimrf  for  April  89  i«  au  «ilrli>rial  iioUt  um  the 
nao  of  diiililteij  alopx  ia  feioliiig  luilcb^oown.  in 
«hi«h  jon  Bajr.  "  It  ia  well  nottl^il  thai  Oiillllnry 
»«1)1  111  anr  aTnouiii  in  an  iiutmliirnl  fooil  for  mlleb- 
oowa,  anil  tlint  tlio  milk  ]>r>ielii(-(Ml  from  nuimalH  ao 
fell  iiiiiu«lit)k-»uiiic  ami  iujarioiiK."  Will  j-oit  plcaae 
■ndlciM«  tbo  loiuce  (if  the  'aniple  oridpnoo'  wbich 
yon  claim  '  will  demooalnito '  '  tliat  dlallllnry  avlll  ia 
toUlly  iiiiHt  fnod  for  inilcJi.ei7««r '  I  Unv*  tried  to 
keep  iiiforuird  'ipou  (hiR  Hiibjrct.  biit  linfe  failed  to 
flod  any  tniirtwortLy  oiridoatwto  anpport  vonr  prop- 
■Mttloiin.  On  llio  eontrnrf.  milk  from  awlll-twl  cowa 
in  ott«u  of  1>nt(Ar  >|unlll<r  —  ho  tnr  M  ir«  ant  )thl«  to 
dWDoiiHlrale  lliia  rhvuiirnlly  —  timu  milk  from  cowa 
poorly  juiatiited.  The  ituportnut  iioint  to  miuanilwgr. 
It  MCrna  to  too,  la  tlutt  the  anitiuila  aliould  he  ir<>li 
Mablml.  II  la  na  iinjiortast  to  the  bealth  of  cova 
that  (heir  hahilatlnu*  Hhould  be  vlenn.  dry.  wann. 
and  well  VFDiitnlcd.  as  it  is  to  hnniao  bMiion.  If 
hoanla  of  haolth  vnnld  aoo  to  ttiia,  Ibo  awlllmllk 
problou  wimlit  1>oth«r  tliem  In  a  iiinrh  Int*  degree 
than  it  doM  at  prM«4i1.  Omwok  B.  Rou*. 

BalUmum.  Mar  >■ 

[lu  IIk-  rtiiortotB.  tl.  Bartloy,H.D.,«lii«(eliaiiiUt 
of  ttiL-  Broiiklyn  board  of  luallb.  niad«  In  188B,  oc- 
«^Ti>  the  [iillowloK  iMrai^raph :  "  Tli«  very  obj«Miou- 
able  praolico  of  feuding  distillery  vnate  a  pnwtiee 
tluU  three  yeara  ago  um.  diiKn^  the  cold  woatbor, 
almoat  iini>vtiial  —  haa  Imon  almoit  broken  nii.  ThU 
roMill  alooo  lo  of  IncalculabiM  beti4<lll  to  the  n>u- 
HUinoni  ot  milk,  a«  aiioh  milk  ia  wilhoot  doubt  a 
dUfferoiu  food  tor  infanta,  Q»pe<iially  in  warm 
vemer."  tn  other  ivporta  by  Dr.  Dartloy  tha  iiiwa. 
tlon  bm  bam  fully  dlaoamMl,  and  tbe  evld'noe 
Ibartju  contained  tMiua  lo  be  ooii«liMUa  on  the  on. 
«hol«w>nieue*H  of  tiiin  food.  Some  Wa  yean  ago 
the  aiuutarj-  •nperiutcndent  of  Brooklru  eouminni- 
catdd  with  the  bMdth  oiBccm  of  the  larit*  WMtum 
oMiM  wlMfedlattllery  awill  waa  exteuaiToty  nMnl  iu 
Um  feeding  of  oo«n,  and  rvoeived  from  them  >ImI«- 
nMntB  whidi  MtJaAed  him  that  tbiii  nuiterlal  waa  on- 
tlnly  nnftt  for  the  food  of  mlleh-oowa.  Aa  a  rvault 
Of  thla  lUTcatlgalion  iulo  tbe  niibieot,  lacuther  with 
the  eiparieoce  bad  in  Brooklyn  and  lU  vloiuit^, 
BwiU-fecding  haanatbeeuperaitted  witbiathejnna- 
diction  of  tho  Brooklyn  board  of  haalth.  Tha  Now 
York  aUle  p«nal  coile,  teotlon  669,  prorldea  that  a 
penca  who  keepn  a  «ow  for  tbe  produotiuD  of  milk. 


and  teedi  aneh  oow  vpou  nar  food  that  prodocva 
iiiipiire  or  tinwholMoroe  Rillk,  la  Kollty  of  a  niado- 
meaoor  iiuninhable  l>y  finu  and  iiiipriHOuni^nl.  8»e> 
tioo  <S(St>  itnlei  (hat  the  wnnla  '  impure  and  tinwbo1«> 
aomo  milk '  ibnll  iuoludn  nil  milk  obtatned  from 
anl&Mls  Id  a  iliiu^iuiml  nr  unhealthy  condition,  or 
wbiob  ara  fed  on  divtiltery  woHte.  uanally  callod 
'  awtil.'  or  Dpua  any  ■ubnUiDn'  in  a  atale  of  ptttro. 
faction  or  fcrnumtatioD.  Tbo  moat  recent  law  lAnaod 
by   the   New  York  atate   lenblalnra  loaekiog    thU 

SueHtiun  i*  cliaplor  IS3,  )aw»  of  1885.  I'liia  act 
eohtfca  tliat  milk  from  nDimalB  fed  Oo  distlllM^ 
waata  la  "  auclran.  unbcvUtby,  impure,  and  unwhctle- 
•oiDK.'*  We  think  tliot  Uia  g*«ior«l  opinion  ot  nuii- 
taiiana  ia  thai  the  feedlns  of  diaUllrfy  waat«  to 
milch-ouwa  abontd  bo  prohibited  ralbcr  thaa  «n. 
eoaraund,  which  willbntheclTeetof  thePbiladelpbi* 
refptlatiou  If  enforced.  —  Ki>.] 


Qneric*. 

1.  A>iCBaoi.ooic(i.4SCiinMHO]«atCAi.  L-i!i.ij[CTio:ra. 
—  1  ani  nwarv  that  considorable  ethiiol»|^eal  work  ta 
done  by  prirale  pereuna  ami  InMIItiti^iiH  iu  .Imorloa, 
but  tbe  rtanlta  of  their  reHoarohea  are  dtlBenIt  to 
obtain.  The  i|ncrica  of  Seirnri'  seaiD  to  to*  Ml  «>• 
celleiil  nieana  of  ifltioK  Infornuttion  whteb  it  wonid 
be  difficull  !>'  obtain  in  nuy  oUiM-  way.  Roadeiw  of 
Sctfner  Will  oblige  me  by  infurming  me  nf  nainoand 
plant  of  priTOt*  anil  public  arebcologtcal  and  etfa- 
nologicol  oollecUona,  particularly  in  tho  westecn 
portH  of  the  United  StalM  and  Canada. —Pxairs 
Dou,  41  LofayeHe  Pluoe.  New  Tork. 

3.  OlHBOtta  KNVMATA  DC  Titi  miiLTwnr    ur    oox- 

mnimait.  —  I  de^re  to  obtain  rioulta  of  the  n«w 
treatment  ot  pnUnonory  ootummptiou  rtu<l  phtbiata 
by  gaaeon««namata,forpnbl)cati(itiiu  ThepolyeHnie. 
Tlie  correct  tfaeraiwntlo  Ta1u«  ot  thii  roMhod  enn 
only  be  arrived  at  by  the  eolleotiim  nf  atatlatloa,  ftsd 
I  thMwfon)  requMt  any  one  who  luw  admiatateml 
tbn  caa  to  cconmnnicoto  the  romilt  to  me,  tbe  furniitft 
naed.  and  any  apeclal  Information  that  may  be  nao- 
ful.  —  Hcynr  LKt-ruANS,  «illtor  of  Thr  potyeHnl- 
P.O.  box  791.  Pliiloiletphia. 

a.  Oniniv  OP  ooHnirMPTios.  ~  I  hare  been  ntneb 
inttfrented  in  lbs  theory  of  cnnaum|>tlon  wfaiiUi  haa 
been  au^e*d«d  by  Mr.  Hamblptoo,  nud  vlikh  waa 
deaoribrf  in  .Vcirncf.  is.  No.  331,  bol  cannot  agnM 
with  all  hli  Intercncea.  lie  inyii  that  the  nativM  of 
America.  Alrim.  and  lb*  South  Hca  talanda  w«m  aa. 
tirely  free  from  ooiuniii|>IJon  till  they  came  Into 
timate  relationahfp  with  uirilized  BnropMua. 
that  tho  diaaaae  then  eamo  amnnii  thcon  beeaoae  the^ 
ailopled  the  hablta  of  tho  olvlllieod  nnlioiui.  ThM 
MeiuM  lo  m«  to  be  a  very  weak  argnmeut.  The  aama 
ii  true  of  xyphilifl.  nimll-pox,  meaxlna.  aivl  other 
disoosca.  and  ret  1  preaamo  no  one  wunld  eipUin 
their  Inlrodacuon  In  Ihiaway.  Ia  not  the  fact  alated 
by  Ur.  HaiiiMeton  one  of  the  atrouKoit  arftoiaeBla 
in  anpport  of  tlieconbwioaa  theory  of  (<otwniiiiiitioD  * 
No*  tintU  tho  germ.  thoTjaciltua  tuliorculoaii.  waa  in. 
trodnc*),  did  tho  diaonao  occur,  and  than  it  aptvad 
ainonfc  Uie  laativM  in  tlie  aaine  manner  aa  amaU.pox 
and  olheir  eommiinioahle  diaeaaea.  Thai  narrovr 
obeata  and  iiniMdcd  reapiratory  moveuicnts  are  oon- 
dltiotia  farotanU  to  the  production  of  conimmptton 
no  one  douhta,  but  that  tbey  can  actually  prodooa 
tli«  diaeaae  aeama  iuoredible.  —  Maniova. 


.IB 

aa 

M 
Of 

•a- 
'^ 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FRIDAY.  MAY  «,  1887. 


BTHNOLOaiCAL  ffOTBS. 

TSf  tribet  of  Sierra  f,ewu. 

TKb  Journal  of  Ibe  Arithiu|K>li)^'cul  intitilutp. 
for  FbtvuDTj-,  1887,  contaiiu  n  dncription  of  the 
tribM  of  Sirrra  U-oiMt.  by  T.  B.  nrimili.  Thp 
ootony  ia  not  Uic  plnev  lo  ncud;  iho  rhnmoteristlc 
f<>iiturH  o(  AfricAn  man,  iw  it«  popiilallon  Is  a 
ronictoineritte  of  an  enonunus  iiuuU^r  uf  Afrii-an 
lrilH>e.  tli«  «>Ionj'  having;  btvn  tat  inany  jfun  iUl- 
pla<.-w  lo  wlik'b  vrvtv  ourriwl  iill  Libefatixl  aliivm 
imcurd  by  Bfiluli  mtTi-of-wftr.  It  ii  of  tyiniiMlcr- 
able  iotiMval  to  uludy  tlin  dnvrlnpnionl  of  fucb  an 
o»;)n^Kulo  of  niUivM  of  vnr^oiiit  piru  of  Africa, 
particularly  an  Ui^y  an>  unileT  the  liillueoce  of 
imnerful  and  liomoj(ra«oua  tribes  nliloh  inliiiliit 
the  Interior.  Urlltitli  tit&u»  that  the  aiual^uis- 
tioti  of  these  i^Ii-weatN  is  j^ing  on  rcry  ■lowly, 
and  that  uxclusm;  U'ndL-iicii'ii  irtill  prevail.  A 
Iieculiar  dinJcct  of  ilto  EagtiNh  bini;aiig«  i«  now 
Bpoken  by  the  inhahitants.  Dosidra  the  popula- 
liim  of  liberated  elavea,  we  find  the  so-called 
Nova-S<!otiiu)a  aod  the  Marooua.  Tlic  forintr  are 
tliR  descendants  of  Anierioaa  negroes  wbu  had 
fought  under  the  English  flag  in  the  Atn<-rii-nn 
war.  and  were  ftrat  tnuisfertrd  lo  Nova  Si-ntia, 
tlion  in  n02  to  Siprm  I^xhii-.  Tlie  Maronns  bad 
lived  in  tlip  mountains  of  Jamaica,  and  had 
dalmed  tlkclr  fiviMloni  when  Eiij^laiid  took  that 
island  from  the  Hpariiard».  The  latter  an  tnixed 
with  Hpauish  and  probably  Carib  blood.  The; 
lure  a  iiuartev  of  tbeir  own  in  Freetown.  Both 
Novn-SeotianH  and  MaruMis  are  reaiorkable  tor 
tht^ir  dislilie  cif  agriculture.  Tlierc  are  »onii>  jier- 
mancoi  ivxidi.-nt<  from  oilier  pardt  of  .\(rica,  wlin 
form  a  di«iinct  part  of  the  popiilallon,  ^  the 
Akiia,  who  are  libnaled  slaves  from  Yoruba,  a 
state  west  of  Ibe  Nl«;er  and  netr  Lokos  ;  the  Ibos. 
from  the  nme  country:  and  the  Krumen.  The 
last-menliosed  people  ure  the  well-known  seaineu 
of  Afrioa.  wlio  serve  on  European  nteaaiiihips,  and 

Ear«  the  iiic»i  induKtriouM  of  the  l^oa9lt  Irihec  TheJr 
home  in  eant  of  Capo  Polmaa.  lo  FVoeiown  tlwy 
occupy  a  quarts  of  Iheir  own.  the  i>opiilation  of 
which  Is  almost  entirely  mascuhnei.  There  are 
several  larm  riven*  in  Ihlji  district,  of  which  the 
Baroles  and  Rockelle  are  the  moet  iniportaiit.  The 
oounlry  between  tticse  rirem  is  inlutbiled  by  th« 
Tiinene  (Tinimani),  who  formerly  pucHevoed  Uie 


tieniniiula  of  Freetown  aliui,  Thrir  northern  ncigb- 
born  ara  the  Ham,  ~  a  people  of  mixod  origin, 
being  oriKinally  •  branch  of  the  Maadlnico,  who 
coiK|tiered  their  present  country,  and  Intemiarrled 
with  ita  former  iuhaUtanl^,  Uie  Uogav.  Tbe 
Haiidiiigo  occupy  the  highlandii  va»t  and  south- 
east of  Sierra  Lcune.  It  iu.-etnfl  that  tbe  nlate  «S 
all  these  Iribei  baa  little  changed  Mnoe  the  licgin- 
ning  iif  tliiH  century  :  for  the  dracriptiim  of  Major 
Ijiing,  who  inivoll««l  In  llin  Timr^e  country  in 
1827,  a«rre«  well  with  Orlflllb's  remarks.  Tbe 
Uandingoe  are  Mohammedans,  while  among  (lie 
other  tribes  the  ancient  belief  still  pievaili^  The 
MeixW.  who  live  wKilh  of  iheTioivne.  an-,  accord- 
ing t»  (Jriflith.  "tburuugh  pagans,  and  |>rubaUy 
there  iH  no  tribe  ntiar  to  Sierra  Leone  that  indulgra 
ao  much  in  supemtitionn  of  every  dewription." 
Among  the  Siisu  and  Tlmene  there  are  many 
Mohammed  ana.  Braides  tlke«e,  Ibe  Slierbroe  and 
Vei  live  in  tbe  colony,  tbe  latter  being  well  hnoini 
(in  account  of  the-  invention  of  a  written  language. 

Among  tbe  peculiar  inBlitutJon*  of  thewr  tribea, 
tbotwvrrt  aocietirs,  wbicb  bavi!  agnat  influeiii<e  on 
public  life,  are  particolnrly  tvmarkable.  There  is 
a  society  of  women,  vailed  Bundu,  and  another 
one  of  men,  called  I\irO.  The  initiation,  wliich 
takea  plufe  when  the  children  come  of  age,  ia 
celelirntiid  with  great  cenrwony.  The  girla  arc  led 
into  the  wood)  and  kejtt  in  m-Iuirion  for  one  moon 
and  i>ne  "lay  before  they  am  allowed  to  return  hito 
tbe  villngvv  At  the  end  of  the  term  thejr  renelve 
Bundu  nameH  with  great  ceremciny  and  ^[esticula- 
llon  by  some  who  tiersonale  'Bundu  devils'  with 
hideous  masks.  The  girls  are  then  publicly  |)n>- 
oounced  marriageable.  The  following  illustrations 
are  three  of  theoe  maska  which  were  exiiihiled  in 
the  London  colonial  eabibitiuii.  Fig.  1  in  a  large 
whili'  mnitk  with  red  mouth  and  binck  iiiustaclie 
and  liair,  ornamented  with  wbiti-  Imrk.  Tlie 
dancer  wonre,  lieiidta  thlH  mHMk,  a  belt  and  arm 
and  leg  ornaments  of  white  bark.  Pi^.  3  io  n 
'  Bundu  devil '  of  the  Slierliro.  Tbe  whole  mask  Is 
bbick.  and  bo  are  llie  fringes  of  bark  that  axe  fas- 
teuied  tu  its  luwer  rtm.  Fig,  S  ia  another  *  Bundu 
devil"  wilb  a  lienutifiil  liair  drwti,  earriBg!!.  iind 
ibelU  ill  jtliioe  of  th<'  eyi-a.  Maakaof  Ibis  kind  ar« 
unci]  all  over  West  Africa.  In  Central  Africa 
masks  are  not  unknown,  aome  being  found  on  the 
left  trlhiitariee  of  the  Kongo,  otiiets  in  l.unda. 

Tbe  Initiation  of  the  men  iaoslled  PorA  or  Purd, 
and  so  is  their  secret  society.  Urilllth  diethw 
(piiahen  Iwu  kindauf  I'orfl,  ~  the  religious  and  tlie 


U2 


poUtkml.  Tlie  I\ir6  is  a  very  powMfii]  inetitit- 
tiiin.  wbiob  I'srrtii  a  gfv^t  intlopnc«  over  iUe 
iliwliny  al  IIkmi!  coiuilrirM.  aod  iii  rvality  Hijiei^ 
w<l«i  the  piiwrr  <if  till-  v.h'wtf.  Tbi"  I'onJ  iirraii|;i.ti 
lti«<  niTflJiv  <>f  the  trtlnt,  M^ltln'  diapulcH.  luiil  malcuH 
laws.  Even  intratrlM  war*  arp  HoiitrtiiiK-n 
slopped  by  ita  arUlratlon.  lu  r«preMiiU[lvt«  or 
ini-m-nu^-rs  aiv  iilways  belil  ftacred,  ami  noliody 
ilun-H  to  ilinulwy  lU  romiiuindti.  All  travell^ra 
wlu>  Invo  untcrod  Uie  i»i«riar  uf   ihU  part  of 


Bmfd(«  \hetiv  speciifieiis,  unworkfil  piroH  of  ne- 
phrite wet«  found  in  Alaxkii  hy  ('apU  A,  Jaoobaou, 
wlia  afBrniH  t4at  the  E-kimcH  IIdiI  it  fn  tiln.  Tliia 
prorca  that  tin*  ainttriiit  U  fimni)  in  Hrvtnil  ixirtii 
of  niirlb'Wi'Mfm  AiinricTii.  A<iHii\litit;  lo  linn'' 
will.  Ilif  iniiili>inpiitf  iicciir  nii  (nr  inlniKl  as  Uie 
V!^ri)>u  and  (}oi<i  iiioiinlains  n'ti)!!- fRrtlMT  InlnncI 
Iboyar?  rmrer.  Tlu-  late  Prof,  I(.  Plorher  ami 
oUier  «clenlt»t»  were  of  the  opinion  iliat  jailv  auil 
nephrite  cnme  exclua{r«lj  from  Abih,  andc-onHid- 


l\i\  ,^ 

1  llf  1 

I' ' 

m 

1   \ 

{ 


zf^rt. 


no.  1. 


Tv\.  *. 


£iC';l"{ 


I'm.  » 


I  tell  of  the  prodonihianl  inRumotr  this  lutl- 
tatkn  vxmit  in  tlw-  MaKs  of  tli^  ILudlngM  and 
their  iMitKhlmrt. 


Db.  CiKOiiMR  M.  DiiknvOH  ooDtniiuten  on  hnpor- 
Uuit  iHipra  oil  the  iniicb-dlSoussHi  jaii'  (pmtion 
(CVin.  rrvoH  qT  teirwx,  April.  1B«7).  He  dpMTJbca 
two  putlally  workiil  bowliliTs  of  ju.li'  wliich  were 
found  at  Yale  unJ  Lylttm  in  DriLlHh  Uolumlila. 
The  ocf  urroui-e  uf  tlu-w  pipi^m  ninhcH  II  evident 
that  the  niuti-ria]  whk  workei)  at  ibat  plai-r  by 
cutlinii;  tlip  hiird  hIiiiic  by  lueaiis  of  a  ihun^  iir  u 
thiD  picL-e  of  wixhI  iutxinjunction  williBliarpMod. 


eivd  i\»  occumnoe  fn  Eum|ie  and  America  m  a 
proof  of  early  mtgrnliuiia.  lii  a  pajier  published 
after  his  <k«t]i  (jlrrAii*  /lir  Attlh}-opotoffir,  18e«. 
p.  3G3i,  I''iM-l»!r  gim  a  rttry  cumplpUr  lint  of 
iwphrite,  jadr,  and  chlofcinirlauitt.-  oi>j<-ciH  found 
in  Enroiie.  whinh  ir  iUunlrat'-^l  by  a  map  cif  EurivjH.' 
showlag  Uielr  distriUnlJon.  Tlie  princiiml  fentun-n 
of  tb«  niap  are  tlw  at«en<v  of  i)eplirlt4>  in  Franirv 
and  Uenoaiiy,  while  jade  aiid  chlornuielanilw 
iuipleuienta  are  acallered  all  over  the  (^Hliitry. 
Speaking  in  a  ceiicrul  way.  the  Ellie  fornix  Uie 
I'UBlcrti  limit  at  the  iliaLrilniliuii  of  thcne  lmpl«- 
tiienlji.     Nvpbrili!  is  uliniwl  cxoliKivi-ly  fouitd  on 


Hat  «.  ien.1 


SCIENCE. 


443 


Ui»  lak«s  of  SuHUn-liuxl.  iuuiU-uIiitIt  on  Ibc  Lukn 
or  Con«lanc<>.  A  fi-w  sprrjmru*  hn<rc  br«n  found 
in  Sicilr,  HriTcv,  and  Aoin  Elinor.  Fltcb^r  cnn- 
Clnilcs  from  iImwo  fnr1«  Ihnt  th«*  inqilemeole  wpre 
,  bn^UKtit  to  Eiiro|>e  hj  a  nnllou  Iniiiil^nting  Into 
!  Tmnc?  froui  tbe  coast  of  Ihif  M^ili>rnineaD  Sou 
'  and  th'it  Ihe  iTiiU-rtHl  cuiuf  fixiin  Asiu.  Hn  mI]v 
posta  tile  Bauii'  to  lie  the (.-un- with  (li>-  nf-pbriU-!)  of 
tlu-  Swis5  Ink™.  Hi»  prindpiil  ichihmi  for  adopt- 
ine  Ihis  tlirnry  in  Ihr  faihirr-nf  all  nttcmpUtoflnd 
tlie  mntirisl  in  P^impp.  Re  is  convlaccd  that 
grnloglnle  Hnd  Tiiini-ralogt«te  would  be  Just  M  &t>Ie> 
to  llnd  it  aa  the  natives,  iii  all  pnrta  of  the  world 
who  di«rat'er«d  the  uaefulnraa  of  the  bant  and 
tdtacioiih  ininerni,  and  found  it  in  oonHid<itable 
quantiticn,  wbiirh  tirr  now  iH.'iilt«Ted  i>rfr  nountriw 
whrm  it  don  not  rxint  in  n'tu.  An  Pixchtr  doM 
not  prov»  that  the  Rnropron  n«plirit«  Is  identical 
with  any  Asiatic  rarietj,  and  bis  conclusions  de- 
rlred  from  the  dislribulion  of  the  objecla  are 
rather  forcied,  liis  vlens  on  the  subjed  fail  to 
convinoe  ua. 

— ACutbulicmiiotioniuy  wniismtb)-  nii>bnpB,  A. 
Thiel  of  CcHta  Biuii  tothcTuleorCunoa  Indians  of 
the  Tillages  of  Pnyn  and  Tapallta  in  Darien.  His 
ob«cTt-ntiooB  on  iIkwc  ulbea  have  bem  pnblUbed 
In  PrtrTmattn'tJaUtheilungeit,  1880.  Ko.  0.  Though 
a  great  nutuber  of  the  natlres  haw  ti<>oome  VMns- 
tianii,  some  of  Iht'ir  soirinnt  cnsloms  still  prorajl. 
The  mrn  Icftrc  tlu>  Rrrakr  part  of  the  work  to 
thf  woni^D.  TbfV  KO  Suhiiig  or  hunting,  and  cut 
wood;  the  woiu«n  cultivnle  Uie  lleldii.  All  of 
them  drink  great  quantities  of  dilrln,  an  alcoliolio 
drink  made  of  corn.  The}'  are  nionOf;nniiiitii,  and 
the  women  aie  very  thaatt-,  adultery  Ixting  of 
rare  oocurtence.  Tbi^  marring  in  conctudod  in 
prawnoB  of  the  L'hiuf.  Ill<^tinint4;  <:hildrfn  are 
drowned  in  the  titnr,  and  the  mother  is  sprorely 
punixbeil.  Thoir  mortuary  customs  are  remark- 
ableL  lliey  di^  a  pit  between  two  treea,  and  put 
llw  corpse  into  a  banimocli,  which  in  ftutc^iid  M 
Um  Irunka,  so  thul  il  hanKB  orer  the  pit.  Then  it 
la  covered  wiil)  branched,  t>oardii,  and  oaitli. 
Cbicha  and  oorn  am  dcporitrd  in  tho  Rmve.  They 
believe  that  thi-  mill  dons  not  come  to  re«t  until 
the  Toyica  tit  the  hammock  art-  rotten  and  thu 
corpse  in  fatlcQ  tnio  the  pit.  The  Indiamsof  Ta{>»- 
Ha  are  more  clvillKe>l,  and  du  not  prairtim?  tlwH- 
mortuary  custoius.  Illegitimate  udililnni.  how- 
ever, and  widowH  who  );ire  birib  l»  a  child  after 
tlio  <l<ath  of  their  buiibatid,  are  drownei).  The 
miRilonarv  made  a  reliable  crnius  of  the  villages, 
whirh  Kbou-a  that  Payn  has  318,  Tteiwliza  112,  in- 
habiianis. 

—  In  the  Arrhwfiir  Antlimpciogie,  18S0,  p.  B81, 
we  Snd  a  trerman  edition  of  B.  A.  Thlel's  voonbu- 


larimoftboCcsta  lUcnIan«iisfcoa,  which  were  pub- 
linhed  at  8sin  Joe«  de  Coeta  Rica  in  188S.  W. 
Benox  compares  theae  firlhri  dlalectti  with  other 
Americau  lauKUum'ee,  and  lhid«  tliai  a  great  nuin- 
bet  of  Tupi  mots  nocur  in  the  words  iil  tbne  dia- 
l«:ta,  and  that  tlif  langiiBKi-  prolmbly  belouKS  la 
tli«  aamc  Rlix'k. 

—  tiature  aaya  that  Tippo-Tip.  the  fauMxia  Afri- 
nui  trader,  canto  upon  a  remarlcaMi-  (ribe  on  the 
Kongo,  to  the  north  of  Nyangwe,  who  do  a  great 
deal  of  work  in  copiw-r,  and  whone  Inlaid  work  in 
tliat  metal  Is  of  a  highly  artistic  cbaracter. 
AmonK  the  tame  people,  enormona  spear-tieads  of 
very  thin  co]>))eTare  made,  tomeajx  feet  io  length, 
which  serve  aa  a  kind  of  cutreney.  Probably 
tlicse  are  the  Ikuongi',  who  mak<-  work  of  tbia 
dL-wTlption.     It  is.  well  known  that  the  trtb<«  of 


Fm.  f- — BHTLa-jtM  or  nia  Bisomia  t-ami  Lciui  Ritrb 
am  by  vv  luchw), 

citnCml  Africa  are  very  skilful  blacksmiths  and 
cnrvem.  Whnntrer  oxplorera  (!nleTe<l  thoMi  |nrta 
of  the  continent  whftm  the  native  indnittrivB  worn 
not  deteriorated  by  rontACt  with  the  wbiteo,  th» 
s]ie«rg.  arrows,  and  fetlxhcs  nrv  heniilifully  made. 
Tlie  acoompanyinic  shetcli  is  dran  n  from  an  onia- 
mcnlal  hattle-uze  of  llie  Beneki,  a  tribe  of  the 
Boaonge.  The  ornanienle  are  of  copper,  laid  into 
the  iron  blade.  Tlw  handle  is  corered  with  the 
iihin  of  a  iinakc.  Iron  sjieor-headci  of  enomiouN 
sixe,  which  are  uiu'd  in  feativaU  or  n«  a  kind  of 
carrency,  are  in  tH«  among  Mw  tribra  of  the  uppor 
Kongo. 


U4 


scmxcE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  So 


BEALTB  MATTERS, 
Saititarg  »elttife  in  Xew  Jerm-y. 

Tmt  teiilli  annual  report  of  tlio  >tUU<  boani  of 
ht^llh  in  Now  Jtnty.  Jiwt  ImihnI,  is  fully  up  ro 
Die  ■taodftrd  of  rioellenoe  wliicli  iliat  board  hnn 
for  a  nambor  of  years  inaintuiTieil  Ju  iu  rriiortit. 
For  *  couidpnilile  period  »DiUuiatiii  wvro  ai-ciiK- 
toiD«d  to  reitanl  the  aniiuiil  n-port  <rf  Uic  htMW' 
cblliH-U*  tioard  of  lipalth  lu  th<-  nindel  Inr  ticallh 
repuHB :  liut,  <vlitu)  (hill  lioaril  was  niericeii  into 
llut  of  diarilfm  and  luoMy.  this  dlnliD^iiltihiiiit; 
ctiaracti^riHlir  wim  lo«t,  and  to  ilip  n'tK>rtfl  of  New 
Jvnej  and  MiolilKnn  Ihv  iii«rd  of  lianor  wn* 
auntrrldl  which  wan  form«ri}-  awunlcd  to  thow  ot 
MoituirhuNctU. 

In  the  besinnlDK  o'  this  rpport.  wiiich  ja  ri>ad« 
tn  ihc  Kownior  of  llii-  iitnlf,  Dr.  Iluni.  Ihe  jible 
•wrelary  of  lln«  t>nur(l.  pnj-s  n  rie^eviwi  trihuU^  to 
■uiiltATj-  Hoifiiur.  and  to  the  |>rogr*<iM  which  it 
ha^  uiadv  iiot  onljr  as  a  scienm.  but  aa  au  ikrt. 
duri[ig  thv  pMt  d«<-4ide.  H»  Mffartta  Uiin  |>ro(ft<<9t> 
as  one  of  the  ini»t  important  anil  notaiih-  nrhii>ve- 
meiita  of  ihn  age,  and  iljrM^tH  att^ulimi  in  th«  fact 
that  pnuTii tinners  of  tlwi  Jtcalintt  art  hnvc  not  only 
rM.'OBuized  it  as  etMMitial  In  their  callinx,  but  bsTc 
intm^oiVD  man;  of  ita  principlea  not  lem  u-itb 
th«  trwitment  of  <lis<«si!  than  with  Km  prercnijon. 
Dr.  Hunt  rt-ti-rs  to  tbt-  groat  improf-ementa  which 
liat  e  h(<«D  nudn  in  the  sewerafv  of  th«  citim  and 
towDt  of  tho  iitatff,  notably  Atlantic-  City,  Omiif;«, 
Utafi  Branch,  and  Newark.  Si-mral  aubjects  of 
{□iportntice  are  di»cueeil  hj  Ihe  secretary  in  thia 
portion  of  the  Hfiwrt.  among  them  being  Um  n^^■ 
tion  of  water  U|K>n  hwd  pipes,  the  fittrollon  of 
wat^-r,  hathiiig  aoritltintM,  the  rej^lation  of  ci>nie- 
t«ries.  hydropbiiliin.  mnallpux  and  vardnation, 
•uuKiier  reeKirtx.  nonlaKiouti  iliwiweH,  mnitary 
Overfi];bt  of  nchonls.  the  liislory  of  tbe  casM  of 
sicknm  from  icv-cream  and  milk,  dlsMaea  of  aol- 
mals  an  rr-lnlod  to  human  luHiUh.  and  the  aaultury 
cdut^tiiMi  of  ht«)lh  itMiiFcton,  In  wriliag  on  ihia 
Utt*r  nubjpi-t.  Dr.  Hunt  ny*  that  aanltary  Utn«* 
for  ad vic'e  or  ad  ininiBtrntioo  requirea  special  train- 
ioK  and  the  acqairmirnt  o(  lini>wki]gi-  from  van- 
out  deftartmenla.  It  is  not  until  one  (v>m««  to 
ncOKnixe  it  an  <lruuindiriE  Kpecial  «tii4y  and  prac- 
ttoe  that  either  it  nr  1  lie  indiviilual  tinrl  llic-ir  jiniptfr 
place.  In  niovpn  of  thi-  leading  (-nll>>Kti«  of  (.inwt 
Britabi.  indiKlins;  the  uniTomiLie*  ft  Uifurd, 
Camlui.lfn'.  Rilinf-urt-li.  Qlatwow,  ami  Dublin, 
spa^-ial  dlpli^uuB  or  liegroea  are  gjin-n  for  public- 
h««lth  quallHcalionH.  In  Orwt  Britain  nod  Its 
province*  llwro  am  i>ow  about  two  hundretl  and 
H(ly  of  tfaeau  authorized  iinioti  I  loners.  In  addi- 
UoD  tolhia,  tbeSaullary  inatitul«glr««certilteaU.-<i 
10  Uiow  who  suoceaifully  pass  the  ex»niinatioti. 


It  haa  brdn  tho  praeiiee  of  Uie  New  Jersey 
tmrd.  in  it*  nnnuul  rnporta.  to  publhli  »)K>cial  jai.- 
pen  on  variooH  nubjci-lji  ronnmtivl  with  smitary 
a<lniliilHCmtlo4i,  and  in  this  repnrl  the  wiue  jtlfin 
haa  t>een  fitllowad.     The  disposal  of  li<>uiuT.MTWjf;c 
in  dislrid*  not  provided  with  sewers  is  treated  hy* 
C.  P.  UaaHelt,  C.B.K.U..  of  Kewrark,  in  mie  of  j 
theeut  papen.      IIl-  condenina   priiy-vaulls    andi 
coHixi'iln,  and  praimit  the  pail  system,  which  haa* 
rrat-hiH]  Huoh  perfection  in   Rochdale  and    Bir- 
mingliain.    In  tlm  lntt<M-  city  thia  tnulhod 
reached  enorninij«  |>roporliions ;  ntorv  than  40,400 
palls,  representing  SfiO.OOfl  people,  bei»K  ooll«ct«d 
weekly,  and  carried  In  specially  cnnstmcted  wng- 
on>  to  the  dumpiaK-atatioii.     At  lhi«  station  the 
conlmta  arv  placed  hi  m  tanlc.  treated  niih  suU 
phiiric  arid  to  fix  the  ammonia,  dried,  and  bagged 
for  sate.     At  Roi-hdalo,  a  city  of  70,000  ]MMplr,lhn 
pail  !>ysteni  cwls  annually  leas  than  ten  tvnta  a 
head.    J.  J.  Powers,  aanltary  plumlxr  of  Etrook- 
lyii,  contribute  «  paper    on  the  work  of    tho 
liTumbiT  and  tlie  dispoasl  ot  sewage.     Tdla  wtut 
rwid  at  the  m(«ltDg  of  the  New  Jersey  sanit*ry  ] 
annciation,  and   ha^i  alrvady  been   referred  to   id 
Seifw.    rrofniiKir  Braokett  of  Prinoeton  haa  pre- 
pared a  paper  on  the  pbyxicnt  lawn  of  pipcx  and 
flxlures,  and  their  rontenta.    Iltuiuinnting-i;n>!.  lla 
history  and  lis  dangers,  1"  dlsciKBcd  by  J,  11.  Kay- 
mond.  M.D..  o(   Brooklyn.     In  it  a  concise  di- 
•cription  in  gin-n  <>f  the  riiiitiua  meltimb  of  gio- 
Rianufactiirc  and  tlm  Hxlim-a  in  onlinnry  use  tu 
^s-llghting.  This  paiicr  h  illuntmtrd  with  Iwpnty- 
seven  llhietrations.    The  paper  on  drinking-wnter 
and  typhoid-fever,  by  D.  Benjamin,  M.D.,  haa 
already  been  mentioned  In  Seleru*.     V.  Phtlli|ai 
Baaaett,  C.E.B.M..  conlrltiules  a  giaper  on  ronda 
and  atrecla  as  auQitary  nieuaurea,  and  how  to  con> 
struct  thpm,  in  which  he  diMnuaHi  tlut  ndTaataeos 
and  diiadvnntn^^  of  Ihe  ditTerent  ntatcrials  naed 
tn  rmul-making,  their  <v»t,  mrrthodx  of  preptira- 
timi,  and  lue. 

One  of  the  most  Inlerestlng  snbjecia  diacnmed 
in  this  report  Is  the  hygiene  of  occupnllons.  In 
tbe  general  introi)\iction.  written  by  Dr.  Hunt,  the 
diseoacH  which  alTect  workeni  in  iniu  and  rUm 
arc  duacribed,  and  roggcationa  are  )n«'n  fur  Ibe 
remedying  nf  the  evtla  which  stirround  tliis  clasa 
ot  arlinanK.  Among  the  workern  in  Iron,  tlte 
'  bolters '  and  their  ■  helpers.*  stripped  to  the  walnt, 
are  exposed  to  the  intense  heal  of  tlie  puddling- 
furiiaMM.  and,  while  peropirlng  from  every  i>or», 
gulp  down  large  dratightd  ot  ice-water,  or  atnnd  In 
the  opon  air  or  in  a  stiff  riTer-breoxe.  Such  sud- 
den coolings  aro  liable  to  caiMe  congmitiono,  which 
may  be  followed  by  some  of  Ihelr  manifold  ooii> 
sequences.  The  nailers  eulTer  from  *  nailer's  win- 
Miuiplion,'  due  to  the  inhalatiou  of  minti(«  parti- 


4 


Hat'%,  1S87.1 


SCIEJ^CZ^ 


445 


olett  of  iron  luvl  slepl.  The  ptwuliar  dlseasM  of 
tbo  Klftpn-workrtrs  nre  hgrti*.  cnUmh  oaaiied  by 
the  irribttion  of  lh«<  mnd.  bxU,  l)nii<.  anmiio,  and 

I  tnatiKsnese  used  In  thi>  maniifncTtum  »f  glaw, 
Nnplivaenia  ol  Ihe  lung»,  and  hjpertrnphj'  of  lh« 
licari,  du«  to  orerKlittlvntion  of  Ibe  lunx*  from 
lu»4;  nnd  banl  bluwip^. 

Thf  d]!i«iu>>«  of  Iwtti-n  ure  dwcribed  by  J.  W. 
Stickler,  M  D.,  of  Ornntcv.  to  bo  caterrh,  rheiiino- 
tism,  'Bhnkm,'  inercurio)  soro  ninutb*.  nnd  pul- 
monary aIfM.-lionB.  Uiseaaea  of  the  tuHKii  wwm  (a 
be  the  mon  (aUii  form  of  illni«a  anionic  baiters ; 

,  68.6  per  c«it  of  nil  tlio  distDiH  beiiiic  due  lo  ibis 
ua,  5I.B  per  cent  being  c»tist-d  hx  toriiuiupllou 
nloDe.  It  in  doubtful  if  nnj  ollu'r  tradi-  will  bIkiw 
RUch  an  escif<^  of  denths  diir  to  piilnionnry 
fthtUlala.    Tlie  aversKv  lif^  of  bal  ten  doe*  not  ex- 

'  ceed  forty  years. 

Dt,  Newton  of  Paler«on  i-onlribiilca  an  article 
on  tta«  diwatM  of  worki-r^  in  Kilk,  flux,  nod  jute. 
ThoiM'  wbonro  imgn|;<sl  in  dycinjc  Ilin  wlk  sulltr 
trgm  brondiial,  pulmonary,  and  rheunintir  iUIpt- 
liona.  indooed  by  the  bol,  moist  aloioxphoro  of 
tlie  dye^iouM.  and  to  iiitUtnnwtion  of  ibe  skin  of 
Ibe  hands  and  arnui,  cainvd  by  ihu  irrlljinl  action 
of  tlie  dyw.  Taken  a*  n  whole,  bowuvor.  the 
Iradli  of    silk-oiM-mtivn   mnr    )»•    coniitdrrrd    n 

,  beallhriil  one,  nnd  devoid  of  thettangets  common 

I  to  many  of  the  textile  trades.  Thow  who  wrrk 
tn  flax  and  jute  nrv,  on  tho  contrary,  subject  h> 
grenl  dangiTH  to  thpir  brnlth.  The  ■hBoklers," 
thiKW  who  draw  the  flax  or  jute  thiouKb  uteel 
nimbu  in  order  to  srranKo  the  tlhrvn  in  a  t""^"*^' 

'  dltvctlon,  and  to  remove  atiorl  thn^ds  and  dirt. 
areasliort-llTedclaM.  Only  from  Hri<tuitoi.-ightii'n 
out  of  a  hutidred  8mrv|te.  or  •.'njxy  g>HMl  hriiltb  at 
Uw  ago  of  forty.  Thin  in  due  to  tho  irriiant  ac- 
tion of  the  duHt  on  tlic  lungn.  A  pcjson  entering 
otM»  of  tb-  room*  whrrv  IhiJi  irork  Is  beinc  done, 
from  thu  frwii  air,  Jo  Immediately  §eised  with 
paroxynm*  of  rouKhinR.  Tlie  8Bme  i»  trwc  of  tb» 
epiiiuers  a»  of  the  lmi'kli.-n>.  Hemp  and  flax 
dretaun  fahale  a  dunl  which  in  paTiilinrly  trrllat- 
ing:  and  ao  fatal  in  thir  iisult,  that,  if  a  girl  of 
eighteen  communrrN  nilh  this  work,  and  Is  regu- 
larly nmployod,  kIio  nrnrly  always  dies  of  oori- 
Buniption  before  ritH'hing  Ibe  ajce  of  thirty  yi'iini. 
The  dl«ea>es  which  ttcur  in  tbi-  niiiniifnvturror 
rubber  bouta  and  shoei  an^  drw-ri)>nd  by  J.  P, 
DnviH,  M.U..  of  Milllown.  Unc  of  these  is  Ivod- 
poimning  :  from  inx  lo  Inolve  pounds  of  litfaaige 
and  whilfi  lead  twInK  added  to  erery  tw«nty-four 
pounds  of  gam,  for  the  pur|ioBO  of  drying  the 
rubber  and  giving  it  weight.  Tlin  pci-mnre  of  the 
laiit  agaiuBt  t)ie  pit  of  the  ntomm-h  cnnsMsoreoeM 
of  thi-  DiUHi'Jot,  oungmtion  of  tlio  abdoniixsl  or- 
ganH,  and  dyiipu|»ia.     In  addition  to  lliia,  accti- 


dent*  from  machiMry  are  not  hifrequent,  the 
sticky  ruhba^r  drawing  a  hand  or  an  ano  between 
the  rollers,  Tliis  swws  of  pnpi'm  on  the  hygiene 
of  occupations  Is  a  most  inti-rmting  and  iiuanio- 
tive  one,  and  oaiinol  but  do  greet  good  by  dircd- 
iog  p«14i<-  attinticm  to  the  dangwrs.  many  of 
which  nre  remcHlinblr.  of  arllsaas  In  occupatiinm 
which  are  iitiinlly  mnsidi-red  hi-althful  and  fi«e 
from  danger  of  all  kinds. 

The  entire  report  is  ■  most  ralunble  one,  and 
sliould  be  in  the  library  of  every  one  ioKTmled  in 
the  public  heultli.  as  a  liook  of  reference. 


TBE  reiKirt  of  the  dairy  commiioioner  of  the 
Btati!  of  Kew  Jersey  for  1888  tresis  onlirrly  of 
matlnn  rrlaliog  to  imttation-bulter.  and  Is  worthy 
of  notiee  for  a  fnirnem  and  moderation  UMMlly 
conspicuous  for  its  abu-non  from  publications  re- 
lating lo  this  subject.  Asido  from  tbe  report  of 
the  oommlssioner.  It  contains  a  vomcwhat  ex- 
lendol  paper  apou  the  history  and  methods  oS 
miuiuracliirT'  of  i  in  ita  lion -butter,  anil  the  sanitary, 
comini<ri-inl.  nnd  li-gal  ciumtions  n-laliiiK  Iberelo. 
also  by  the  commissionor  :  a  {hhi-t  upon  llie 
chemistry  of  hotter  and  its  imitnlionn,  >>y  Prof.  H. 
B.  Cornwall ;  a  •le^crlptlon  of  a  rm-thcd  ot  idcmti- 
fyltig  and  <letermlnlng  (»loring-mstteni  in  biittcr, 
by  Prof.  Albert  R.  LeeOs  :  and  variouii  iDHtlers  re- 
lating to  the  MbI4^  law  and  its  c«>nstru<!tion  by  the 
courts. 

—  800,887  Immigranto  arrived  at  Oa«tle  narden. 
New  York,  durinK  l^tM.  an  IncreaMi  of  il0,748  as 
compared  with  IkM.  097  were  returned  to 
Europe:  of  these.  70  were  Intane,  20  idiotic,  1 
blind.  88  wrn-  enceinte,  S  were  convicts,  and  18 
cripplfK,  3^  xnfTered  from  diKrawii  which  len- 
dcTi^X  them  iinnble  to  earn  Ihrir  living,  and  437 
had  no  (UfMins  of  siippnrl, 

^-Tlie  niirubi-r  of  penions  of  unsound  niind  fa 
England  nnd  Widen,  Jan.  1,  1B6S,  as  reported  to 
tbn  commimioncni  in  luniicy.  waaSO, ISO,  exclusive 
of  'US  <'banoery  lunatics,  rending  with  IhMr  com- 
mittees, and  81  insane  cemvlei*,  —  a  gmm  in- 
creaw  during  the  year  of  only  412  patients.  The 
numlier  of  reKislered  lunatics  tu  tk^oilaud  on  the 
MIU1F  dale,  a[>art  from  63  persons  in  the  lunatic 
dvparlnieiit  of  the  geueml  priNon  at  PiTtb,  and 
230  iml>-ci1m  in  iriiininR.iiRhoiilA.  who  arc  rcfps- 
leri-d  (ejnntj'ly,  was  KP.SH.I,  —  an  Increai^  for  the 
jenr  of  2CS.  The  total  numlier  in  Ireland  waa 
14,413,  —  an  increase  of  ISO.  Tbla  gives  an  aggre- 
gate of  10S.4M  insane  (InchidinK  some  idiol&  with 
them)  in  public  and  [nivate  institutions  for  luua- 
ti«  or  eBlablishmcnts  for  pnupcn,  or  lioanlod  out. 
nnd  subject  to  goi-crnnientid  inspnrtion  ;  and  the 
total  increase  in  twelve  mouths  was  l^>^6. 


446 


SCTEl^aE. 


{Vol.  IX..  W6* 


TBS  VPRiaHT  POSITION  IN  ilAX. 

Dr.  Gtrv  Hna»l>ALB  of  Phils'lrlphia  liiia  rnr- 
rkxl  oiil  n  foggettiim  of  Dr.  Wpir  Mitcliplt's  to  n 
4i-r}'  iiidrmttinK  roocliiBion  (Atiter.  Joiirn.  mrd.  »c., 
A)iril,  ms7).  The  RnKzesUun  consistfil  In  the  r)e- 
■irv  to  ivcorH  tuxutateiy  tbo  awajiii^-  to  Hiid  rn> 
nnd  from  %U\«  to  stiio  u-Iiich  ovw;;i-  imh.-  fwU  liiin- 
BPlf  jnTotunrarlly  making  when  trying  to  ■rtnnd 
peifwU)^  Mill.  Pliu-iDR  tlir  lippU  nntl  lorn  to- 
getber,  witli  tlui  biindii  ImnKinK  from  the  allies,  the 
bead  wcct,  unit  tJi«i  »y«i  directed  to  a  Hxed  olijert, 
B  Hik  throftd  mifi  attached  to  tlio  forelMttJ,  piuuwil 
ornr  a  imllfy,  and  wa»  conoecteil  wltli  a  n)d  mov- 
iriK  vortieally  and  carrriag  an  iudi-x.  Tim  index 
recordKl  on  tlie  snaaki-d  trarlnce  of  n  n^volt-inR 
dmm.  A  fall  of  the  line  on  the  dnim  indicnlrd 
a  forward  iiioTfrncnt  nf  tlic  li«ni),  nnd  an  upward 
line  a  Inii-kvranl  movfinoiil.  Tlie  laloral  luove- 
inents  of  the  heiui  wore  Hiiiiilarly  rf'nolv^  into  the 
iluvrnn-iird  nni!  upn-ard  tiaoiugH  of  a  second  in- 
dex. A  thirl  curve  reoorded  the  renpiralion.  and 
a  fourth  ninrked  orconda. 

AnoUier  luelbud  of  ivcordins  Uie  away  coniiElii 
in  plnciflK  a  llat  pii>ce  of  unrdtNuml  with  a  Hniokcid 
■nrface  upon  th«t  Huhjprt>  head,  and  liove  him 
stand  uiuler  nn  index  fre^  to  move  up  and  down 
ill  a  lixMl  lino.  The  resulting  tnoing  Hhowa  thi.- 
cuntiniintii  inovenienta  vrhi<rh  occurred.  Thi» 
niclliod  is  coarser  than  the  i)th<-r.  Iiiil  hnw  practi- 
cal points  of  intiTpnt  for  irlinifjil  pnriK«e§  to 
which   it    hui   alrrndy  li(><?n   applleil. 

Without  pxcvption.  nil  pereoiis,  lucludinK  the 
most  bi-althy.  »wayed  lK.>lh  forward  uiid  bni'kivurd 
an'l  from  KJde  to  oide.  Tliv  tint  iiiovrniuDt  U 
gcniTiilly  ihe  more  exien«ii(.-,  ivnd  is.  im  Iht-  nv«r. 
•CC,  one  (nch,  while  the  liiti^ml  Hwny  nvcmftcit 
about  three  qtiarli-n  of  an  inch  in  nonnal  adults. 
Tlie  Itret  luuveinMit  in  almost  inrarialily  forwanl, 
then  M  cuuiit^TlnlnucitiK  movement  Iwckward  wJtli 
m  ti'odeocy  towards  the  right.  The  rate  of  the 
Biuvcaicnt  uliow^  a  rhtthmiciil  tendeni-'y  of  about 
fotirtorn  |ier  miiniie.  with  a  n-H|)iration  of  aloat 
twmty-tvro  i#r  minuttv  Thi-  stKntlii-iin<^:  of  thin 
rate  has  not  yet  been  iiin'crtiiincid,  and  it*  con- 
atiincy  eulTeni  many  dtrviationii. 

An  interusting  olM-rrntion  i*  thi>  common  ten- 
dency <>f  fiiltinf;  forwanU  iiml  towards  the  riglil. 
which  at  onrc  iiiij;K<'Kti>  nil  the  (imlilemii  of  hi- 
laicrvl  nnymmciry.  Tlic suj{Ki*iiii.m  is  lionieoul  by 
further  trial;  (or,  while  rJ){bl'huiid(.-d  [ieu|ilc  nl- 
mo«t  invariably  are  inclined  to  lilt  over  to  the 
light,  of  Iwetily-lwo  lefl-hundcd  pcopl.-,  twelve 
inclined  lowardd  ilie  li^t.  Tliis  afinws  well  witli 
the  olMerratioiwi  thnt  the  right  arm  Is  heavier  and 
laiKCr  tlum  tlie  left,  and  tbu*  tirEnjn  the  centre  of 
gnvky  Ml  tha  fight  side.  TliatlhiB  b  i-o.ordinated 
with  an  increased  development  of  the  Mt  hrain  is 


well  made  out,  and  reoeivea  Its  Una)  cotiflrinittlmi' 
in  the  fact  reeord«-tl  by  Flecbsl^,  that  mnre  fi 
crass  ovrr  it)  the  pymiTiiiial  dectimtion  fiotti   tlw 
lert  brain  to  the  right  side  than  fifv  verta 

That  the  eris  arc  used  Ut  f<)rr<ft  tlieue  sway 
ings  is  well  proved  hy  the  fnct  that,  with  tlie  cyea 
closed,  the  sway  is  increased  by  alxinl  fifty  pi-r 
cent.    So,  also,  absence  of  Hxalion  of  the  eye*. 
reading  uloud,  removal  of  the  shoes  and  stock 
ings.  niateriatly  incteaac  the  away. 

Children  sway  ahsolutoly  moio  than  adult*.' 
nnd  there  m  grtmitr  rtiuality  in  their  oaae  lietwiren 
the  antero-posl^or  and  the  Internl  nwaj.  Tweuty 
live  girls  showed  an  average  lateral  »way  of  t.M 
Inchm,  and  anAulero-povlcrlorsway  of  1 .0'<  inchi-o. 
which  was  inciv&ved  by  about  forty  percent  when 
the  eyes  were  cloned. 

Thirty-nine  blind  perwiiu  gave  an  average  lat- 
eral deviation  of  1.4  indim.  nnd  an  nnterO'tHMttttor 
devinlinn  of  1,7  incbi's,  which  is  nbiint  tbe  HUnB 
as  that  of  sreing  |>i?nions  with  cIopnhI  eyes,  th«a 
suggesting  that  Ihe  y««ni  of  experience  have  hemn 
of  no  avail  in  malting  the  blind  keep  a  trner 
cqiiUibrium  than  weiiig  penona  motnentatity-  de- 
prived of  wgbt.  In  d«if-mui«»  the  taleral  awaj 
wa*  M  of  an  inch,  and  the  antero-iNX-terior  .H9, 
wbicb  BTeniJtM  b<«amc  1.18  and  1. 81  with  vtowrd 
eyes.  All  except  two  of  thcw  (oil  weire  rigfat* 
handed)  swayed  towards  the  right.  (Inci'kDtRllj 
the  oliew-rvation  of  I'rofesdor  Junie-,  tliat  deaf- 
intites  are  li-m  linble  t<i  dixiiioi-!^  than  iiormul  jut- 
sons,  wa*  continned.) 

From  tlie  clinical  sid*-,  it  wn*  found  that  nthrr 
exaggerates  tbp  normal  swnyciinsidembly  without 
Intioductug  other  peculiarilien.  In  IcKxmiolur 
ataxia  (characterixed  by  nnslcadinem  and  uncer- 
tninty  of  the  gait)  tbe  away  with  the  eyes  open  ia 
wvernl  cu»e«  was  uhseTreil  to  vary  from  3.8S  U> 
^I.Tfi  inchcK  on  tlic  an lero- posterior  line,  and  from 
£,eO  to  S.90  laterally.  Bix  obaervations  with  iIm 
eyes  shut  show  a  lateral  sway  of  from  S  U>  9 
inchm.  and  an  anlerO'|KistMrior  sway  of  from  8  bo 
7  inchifs.  A  I'use  of  spiuilic  iiaialjisis  showed  ll»o 
deviations  nlmciat  entirely  in  the  nBtenviMtferior 
line,  while  in  ehorcn  the  <lilfeiTnce  bi'tweeo  the 
deviations  in  the  two  directions  i*  tnnrkod,  ami 
both  are  exaggerated  (lateral,  L'tS  inches  ;  iuil«n>> 
po>1«rior.  3.8S  IncliMt). 

I>T.  HiDdHilalc  justly  claims  (or  tlieoi?  ol»enra- 
tions  considenible  siiggrHtivi-nivi  for  physii 
njaenreh  and  dimd  clinical  utility. 


I 
I 

I 


FLOItWA   GEf)U)aiCAL  SUltPBV. 

Fon  the  llivt  time  in  tlie  histoiT  of  the  atat*. 
Florida  has  inRilttited  a  geological  survey  of  Hs 
territory.  Tlie  iiuivey  is  ixit  yet  fully  oiipuiised  ; 
but  a  ptelimiiinry  n-port  of  thiity-ooo  pagw,  ou 


Mat  8.  INW.J 


8CIENCJS, 


W 


tbe  gMloKicnl  fraturm  of  llie  state,  Iih  been  pr»- 
ptupil  \iy  l>r.  J.  Kost.  Florida  )im  aevm  bera  ■ 
vLTy  juromtsiui;  zoological  field.  Ibe  rocks  l«lnK 
l^f^^d^allJ  oonNgiled  almost  everywhere  oner  ila 
l«v*l  surface  by  t-i(eti«ivt'  rgualvmitry  mid  rw-eBt 
dpfto»ii» ;  whtit-  Ibi.-  fBi:i]itim  for  gtiotogicnl  olimcr- 
rati'iQ  nffonJi'il  liy  nrt1flci»l  fixcanUon  and  rivrr 
aiiil  <tmn  rnvinn  an  very mewgre.  Euoagh  fitcU, 
huwcifr,  hav«  alT««djr  beeii  detemfned  to  eliow 
tlutl  Florida  <raB  no  longer  be  re^rded  w  flinipjy 
n  inntc  elrt-icti  of  suuil  iltrpuHJtiMl  mi  a  leiiiM  ot 
coral  rei'fs,  Ex-ry  mi'mbcr  vl  Ihv  ti^rliary  M-rlts 
liaa  lievn  identified  in  thn  slnte,  and  thn  lawcat 
division  or  wxwne,  ««p«riitllj,  Ih  of  cunindvnbli- 
extent  and  tltlpknoM.  A  low  nnttclliial  axiH  niiM 
«lowii  th<<  jieninsula  ntlilvny  lietvviwn  the  t*tt 
and  wMt  L'OAsls.  This  ui>lilt  apiirun  to  have  oc- 
GUnvd  at  tJie  eloK  uf  the  eo<.-«iie,  ntDi-e  tliu  later 
rorbs  tWHnT  in  obanoter  on  tlie  two  siJes  of  tli« 
rid);e.  Ttime  of  the  raal  nidi?  uie  cbii-fly  the 
cwjuina  rir  xluill  liiDtiitoiK' ;  whilr  tha*i'  »f  the 
weat  side  mrv  cornllinc  and  oliclly  lunratono,  and 
HuiMUUino,  witb  much  nillceduo  nntettal.  In 
mwt  parts  of  the  ttaUt,  ntl  ilie  foriuatloDs,  aiul 
e^MCJally  ttiote  newer  Ibaii  the  eui'ene,  are  ofleai 
exeM-dingly  tsvernouB:  branching  channels.  uiUi 
running  atrcuiua  into  wliich  nuinemu*  sink-liolw 
deucend  from  the  mirfaae,  c^malitutinff  an  cxlen< 
siva  system  of  subterranean  drainage.  In  nu- 
merous Instaoceti  these  subivmiDeanstieanis  reach 
the  surface  nt  lower  U-vels.  forming  apriagit  of 
Kr<«t  Nize  and  forcv.  UailfS  the  bend  «j  Kcologl- 
cal  |>riiici|)leii.  ilin  pliynjcal  and  Krognphii-ol  fen- 
tun^  of  the  MtJite  in  the  socowslve  e|>oeh(i,  nod 
tJie  wnirx'tii  of  the  dilfi<Tent  kinds  of  seillRient,  are 
dtMTiMned  at  aonte  length.  The  sandy  and  teem- 
ingly  larreii  sol)  of  Florida  is  shown,  by  state- 
nieniH  cimccrainK  its  compwdiion  and  agricultural 
produi-ta,  to  pcBHcMi  virtin-a  not  nuapri-tcd  by  tln! 
<'aJ>unl  olwerTer.  Not  only  i>  the  soil  much  Irller 
tlisn  H  bas  been  rvprrtwnird.  but  it  h  nhown  that 
the  state  Is  nr*  laching  in  inaicrials  for  improving 
it  to  any  deitireil  extent.  Shell  marl  h  abundant 
in  all  parts  of  tlie  state,  and  tlie  discovery  of  lip- 
portiiitt  {ihoHphate  dcpuails  fiinilar  to  thoee  uf 
South  (Tamlinn  U  aiinouiiued.  d^de  from  the 
marlii  Bn<l  |)li<m|iha[(«,  iIm-  ininwnl  reiMuricni  of 
Florida  are  lerj  llniiled,  inrladitig,  howcviT, 
some  luiildinK  t>looee  and  clay-twds,  and  Uidica- 
Ikinoof  tiguito  and  imn  ore. 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  W.  Uoibk.  pIone«r  MMmtMns 
of  l\w  Sun  Diego  society  of  natural  iMory,  have 
ret^mtly  presenieil  that  anociatiuii  with  a  lot  near 
llie  |)0(t'Onioe,  Talucd  nt  over  twelve  tluiiisHntt 
doltaro.  By  tbo  condition*  of  the  gift,  the  socielj 
wilt  erect  a  building. 


RBLATIOS  OF  THE  STATU  TO  IKD08- 
THIAL  ACTIOS. 

PROntHtm  Al>AialkaSEive»iwapaRi|^iM  that 
is  not  only  cntlesl  but  c«inHlruitive,  and  it  is  the 
nblwrt  iiianO|^ra|>h  that  the  Keimimtc  nsMK-iatlon 
has  yet  insui-il.  Il  is  not  altogether  new,  fof  its 
HutiHiaiK-e  wa«  read  aome  time  ago  as  a  pa|)ef  be- 
ft>re  the  ronnii lotion  club  of  New  Yiffk  C^Iy.  and 
inililtoluKi  hy  tlic  club  with  Ibe  title  "  Priuci|ilei 
that  Hllould  control  Ibi-  inli<if(ircnco  of  tliestntc  in 
indiisntee."  In  ii«  prem-nt  fiwm,  Iiowevet,  ibe 
argument  is  both  revisnt  and  extended. 

Ttie  authorV  plan  of  ]iroc«dur«  is  simple  awl 
BuggeBtii'v.  Ue  Unit  takes  up  the  taia*et-faire 
theory,  anolyua  it,  and  tinds  It  iuadequattt  as  a 
guido  in  constructive  ocououiits,  and  Ibv-n  de- 
velops bis  own  principUv  f<ir  tlu-  regulation  and 
liniltnllon  of  slate  interference.  Profi-wnr  Adams 
l)n<la  himself  unable  to  follow  Mill's  dictum  thai 
eve<y  'tepartare  from  laitttct-fnirv,  unlecM  required 
b;  some  gteat  good,  is  a  certaiu  evil.  ll<?  linds 
tlie  pmumption  against  state  aclii-ity  an  insufli- 
ctont  principle  uixin  <■  likh  to  bau  constnictive 
ofTortB.  He,  niorvuver.  retjards  the  modiUcatluo  of 
the  Fni^Iishnyatem  of  rcunocnicH  for  which  Pro 
fewor  Cainws  is  largely  responsible  as  no  improve- 
ment. "  In  ilt  origlnnl  form,  it  [Englliih  oeononi- 
ios}  wu  ooncluiive  as  ta  argument  lliough  bused 
upon  an  rrmnoous  pvomiw ;  in  it«  uiodi-rnvxed 
form  the  error  of  its  pn-ojiiie  hiui  bwn  rorrecttxl, 
but  Its  coni'lusiveiiess  ns  an  srgiimonl  hiui  thereby 
been  destroyed"  {\*.  SGj.  As  nio<lined.  the  doc- 
trine uf  taUtet-fairt  cannot  lay  claim  to  sclenliliio 
jiretenHiott.  and  aiuuunta  to  nulhiog  wore  than  a 
dec'Iarutiiiu  in  favor  of  the  wisdom  of  counerva- 
lisni. 

In  seckliiR  U>  replace  tills  now  discarded  )Min> 
clple.  Prof e«nor  Ada m»  llnda  some  ohetnclr*.  owing 
to  the  general  failure  to  dlstinguifJi  clearly  be- 
tween f(ii«s^t-/airr  ss  a  dogma  and  fnv  competi- 
tion as  a  principle.  "  The  former  in  a  rule  or 
muxiui  intended  for  the  guidance  ot  public  ad- 
niiniitration :  the  latter  is  a  conrenlent  expivasioo 
for  bringing  to  mind  certain  coniUtiont  of  indus- 
trial itni'lety  "  (p.  il3).  Over  against  the  prevailing 
Engllsb  maxim  with  its  )Krniumption  in  favor  of 
the  EndlvlduAl,  on  the  one  hand,  and  against  the 
prevailing  Oermau  maxim  wlib  lc«  prmumption 
in  favor  of  Ibe  stale,  on  the  other,  the  author 
brings  forwaid  this  principle,  distinct  from  both, 
ai  the  atari ing- point  for  constructive  !>tudy  :  '■  It 
■hoiilil  be  the  purpoiH'  uf  nil  lawn  touching  matlers 
of  hiivinpMi.  to  maintain  tin?  benc&ceiit  results  ot 
comiwtitivo  action  whih?  giinriliiig  nuclRly  from 

Arbinan  o/  CD*  $lnU  la  indiulhal  vlitn.  Kj  IIEIIST 
C.  Amahs.   BslUmon,  .^idmIciui  eMUiooilc  oaMlatlaa.   8*. 


448 


SCmKCK 


IVoL.  Tx.,  No.  ass 


Ibe  <^fl  rooRniuvocui  of  unruttmiiuNl  ouiupcti- 
llon"(p.8a). 

UnresUaiiiwI  compctllioD.  Proftwior  ArfnmH  ar- 
gute, n«utte  ill  Important  «vile  of  throo  »nrtf. 
Pirrt,  it  teiiilH  to  )>riii^  llic  mutal  s^iititoenl  |>ot- 
vadiiiK  liny  limit?  down  lu  tli*  kvi-1  ni  lluit  nliich 
chnrorli'riztii  llm  w<»r^t  man  wbi>  ('iiii  RmintiiiD 
liiiiiwlf  In  it.  Rncuiully,  it  midcTH  it  iin|iOM)>lblf 
for  infii  to  [phIImi  tlio  bciicBfai  thnt  iirliw,  in  err- 
biiii  linM  of  liminMn,  from  orK<>i>i'ni>'>n  >■>  th'^ 
form  of  a  iiioiiin«>l_v,  Tliirdly,  the  jx)!!!-}' <(f  n^ 
■trictinic  public  ]iuwi-ni  witliiu  tlie  imrroweot  p<w- 
ftllil«  limit*  ti-ndfl  lu  n-ndrr  ^uvrrnuieut  wt<ak  nni) 
inefllcleDt ;  and  ii  wpak  i^ivcTDmi-ut.  pluctd  in  tliL- 
mldxl  ur  a  »c(rM}'  canirollRii  hy  thr  <-»iniu(*ri'iiil 
fpirit.  will  quickly  iwcoUM^acomiiit  pivrmiiwnt. 
Ill  ttiiiN'  ibree  luiportflat  iVf-iKciK  laU*rs-faire 
fails.  Th'Mx-fore  the  prlticlptes  for  »lali^  liit«rf(-r- 
«Dce  widcli  Proriiwor  Adatnt<  lajrs  dowu  are  thn-c. 
oii«  oorrMpondiiig  to  each  of  the  above  evlto  ;  I**. 
The  Hat9  may  drt^-nnine  the-  plunt.-  <>[  ouiupetltlve 
iiolios  :  8*.  Til*  rtnti'  may  n-olia-  fur  stotiely  the 
hcnulilB  of  monopoly  :  3''.  Scicinl  hnmumy  may 
bo  mlortid  by  exleodlng  llio  diitJc*  of  tlir  nliili-. 

To  unr  Ihi-'  Oullior'B  own  UnKunKi*.  "  Thin  nnnny 
may  be  rcRnnlcsl  iis  a  (>lcu  fi.'r  tlie  old  principle  of 
perwotial  responsibility  us  lulrquut*'  to  tliir  soKitlon 
of  all  Hodal,  politicAl,  noil  induntriul  (luntiuns  ; 
but  It  i*  ut  IIm  »aiut-  tiiae  urjied  tliul  this  princi|ilo 
must  boBcmpted  fMrleaely,  and  applied  without 
rewTTe.  .  •  ■  |Mciaopulic«],  It  is  claUned.  should 
be  rontralled  by  aute  aulhurlty.  and  It  ia  xug- 
CvbUmI  tbnt  tlix  Amoricaii  thnory  of  puUticai 
liberty  will  Icail  men  to  rrly  ns  fur  an  iNXMblc 
upon  Ihi'  effieleory  of  local  KovcrnmentA  in  tlie 
t^xcnriiH!  i>t  H'lcti  uutliorlty  "  (pp.  t^,  ^A). 

In  M>mr  pnrlk'ulani  we  llrid  uurHelvpn  obliged  to 
differ  with  tlir  autliur.  iMith  a.s  toprliidpU^atid  lis 
to  upplicationa  :  hut  hin  luguiui-ut  i»  oImlt  and 
ntruiKht forward,  and  w<^  bear  chiMrrful  luiliiuony 
lo  itH  ability  aiid  Ita  candor. 


OJUSSES  OP  NORTH  ASfeitlCA. 
It  has  suniftitTiM  befn  anted,  asan  iirKURicnt 
afcaiiist  the  (-BluhlliiliiiK-nt  of  agiiculliirnt  schook, 
that  there  went  no  ad(!i|uatv  t^st-books  lu  which 
the  stuilcnt  inifjht  liiid,  Byst«iiiatically  arrauged 
and  ctawlBod,  the  knowledge  of  agricultiiml  umt- 
len  aequlred  by  the  farmer  on  tlin  oni-  luind,  iind 
theHluileut  uu  the  other.  Thera  hnn  hren,  to\ 
a  RulBdvotly  lar^  grain  of  truth  In  tlie  accnsntlon 
to  uniuo  U.I  to  wvk'oini'  auch  additions  lo  agrlcul- 
Mrnl  ItlcratuTraiStoiTur'H  ■A^cuHur^.'  recently 
noticei)  In  IIiitm'  rolumno,  and  Bl-iiI'b  ■  tirniuni  of 
North    America.'      Both  ihmc    liookn.  in    ^uitt- 

OrOMTt  It/  VurU  Amtrttfai,  for  farmm  niut  •ttidrT\lt. 
BjW.J. Blu.    Toll    LuuIbs. Tiian> Jt Uodlray. pr-    »•■ 


ur* 


diffen'tit  ways  and  In  <|Ull«  distinct  Ael<b>,  k^ 
to  nil  what  w«re  aerlous  gaps,  and  ih*  ftitur* 
student  of  t^^culttuv  wlllowe  hotli  autlioraA 
•  >r  I  hank  a. 

Although  writli-n  by  n  botanUt,  and  infonai 
throui;hmit  by  iMHaniml  knowledge,  *ThL-  t{TiMUa 
of  ^(irth  America*  In  u  Imtik  for  the  farnxT  mthn 
[hiin  fiM  th''  l>olanlsl.  The  i-)i.'»ptem  upon  tlie 
■triK'ture,  fonn,  and  dftflnpiiit'iil  of  the  Kraiwfii, 
th^  jHiwer  of  motion  in  pliuitH.  plant  tcrowtli,  and 
on  diUBirlcatiun.  wIiiIl-  (xxilsinin!;  much  valuable 
matter,  arv  pruily  iirellminiwy  In  tbi*  succeeding 
chapterx  upon  iiinrF'  lintncdintcly  praotinU  lopit-a. 

In  thmn  the  author  liaa  collected  llio  twuIu  and 
opinions  of  the  leadlnn;  aulliorilies  of  this  and 
other  c-ouutriea,  and  added  much  valuable  otriglnal 
maliM'  upon  sucJi  lopiui  aa  tbe  adaptation  of  ibt 
various  cultivated  j^niasea  to  dilT«reiit  purpcpva 
and  dillcrent  cuuditions  of  cliinati?  and  (culture, 
the  prcjuimtion  of  llic  aiiil.  tlir  nanr  of  i^niHnlaiKls, 
mnkins  hay.  ete.  A  chnptcr  n|>on  tho  iiurct 
cDeniiea  of  gnwwes  and  clover,  by  Prnf.  H.  J.  Conk 
of  thi'  Michigan  agricultural  colle^.  and  one  an 
the  fungi  of  forage- plan  I  ti.  by  Prof.  Willtain 
Treleaae  of  tJie  Shuw  nclioul  of  tiotany,  SL  Louis, 
Cdnclude  the  book,  whicli  dewrvi'ii  a  wide  circu- 
liiIioD  among  the  farmm  and  KtiidpnlB  for  whom 
its  title  deiigns  it.  It  fihoidd  In*  added  that  tJw 
abundance  of  excellent  illufetialiooa  ^rrratly  adds 
to  tilt!  value  of  the  book.  A  oeoond  volume  is  Id 
preparation,  lo  eontjiin  tli<'  deacription  of  all 
known  gfaasee  of  Niirth  Aincrira,  with  full  notMi 
on  their  vnliie  for  cultivation. 


Tits  initial  publication  of  the  Henry'  Urnprr 
mcmcirial  Is  iraucd  by  Profi-ssor  Pickering  as  tbp 
■  Fint  nnnufll  ivpcot  of  the  photogrMpldo  atudy  of 
stellar  sprctra,  conducted  at  the  Harvard  collc>ge 
observatory,'  With  the  Drajier  1 1-inch  photo- 
graphic telescope,  Biteclra  have  boeo  obtainod 
which  we  believe  have  not  lieeo  «(|UMlled  «la^ 
when; :  and  Mrs.  Umtii-r  hiu  decided  to  aund  to 
Cambridge  a  3H-incli  relleutur  ai»l  ita  muuntiujc, 
mill  a  in-in<'li  minor,  with  which  l>r.  Dmper's 
pliotoKrnptii>  of  the  moon  wi-ru  liikeu.  But,  wlial 
ill  more  imporiiint.  Mrii.  Draper  liiui  not  only  pro- 
vided the  means  (or  keeping  tbean  inslraioenta 
actively  employed,  some  of  theim  daring  itie  whole 
of  every  clear  niKht,  but  alM  of  reducing-  Uh-  rr- 
mlt::  by  a  coDaideiablc  force  of  cowpulen.  and  of 
publimhing  lliPin  iu  a  suitable  form. 

—  Tlie  tenth  annual  lueetinc  of  tha  Annei 
BOcicLy  of  microacojiitiUi  will  lie  held  in  PJttaburKb. 
Pk-UD.,  Ciimmoncinx  Tue*day,  Auk.  IW.  Vrot.  W. 
A.  ttof^n,  WatPivilI<>.  Hie.,  is  the  pivsitteut  :  and 
D.  it.  Kellioott,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  aevrvtary. 


4 


HU  Ul 


SCIENCE. 


KRIUAY.  MAY  1«.  IBUT. 


I 


VOMMEST  AND  CHITICISM. 
PrOfbwok  ADxx^'a  roceat  monograph  on  'The 
oolkRO  of  William  nnd  Mary.'  publishi-d  hy  tbr 
biuvnu  of  cdticntioD,  In  o  vnliuiblp  contribution  to 
tbti  kintorj  of  the  higher  miucation  in  thi-  >oiitb. 
Fomnktl  in  1603  by  ro.tal  grant.  thU  i^i>tlcigp  !■  thr 
oldcHl  ill  the  tuuth,  and,  with  th«  exception  of 
Uun'iirri,  th>?  eldest  in  AniiTJiv.  This  vetif ralili! 
inntituliun  has  fallen  ujion  «til  days.  During  the 
civil  wFsr,  nrartj'  nil  of  its  property  was  destiojrrd, 
nnd  the  gr<'At«r  part  of  its  enttownient  waa  lotit. 
The  college  which  gave  Washlnglan  his  degn«  of 
civil  vnginttT,  ond  to  which,  an  (.■liancrllor.  he 
|[are  bts  IbhI  public  service:  the  collfge  wliero 
JtHiinoa,  Munr{)c.  Itundolpb,  Uarsliall.  and  otliex 
early  fatbera  of  our  n-public,  were  educated.  —  ia 
now  cloned.  Of  its  forinw  fovalt.v,  only  PrMideot 
EnOI  r«maiiu> :  unci  we  are  told  (hal  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  acaikmlc  yi-iir  be  rings  the  col- 
lege-hell, as  a  reminder  that  the  institution  elil! 
lives.  Repeated  etfortii  have  been  innde  bj  friends 
north  and  soath,  notably  by  Setintor  Boar,  to 
liove  conKiwu  reimbnrac  the  college  for  the  de- 
struction of  it«  prtqierty  during  the  urar.  but  willi- 
OUl  RUCOeM. 


While  we  can  join  in  the  wish  thai  the  good  old 
coll«''gr  may  again  nee  prasperous  days,  and  coin> 
mrnd  highly  ProfeBsor  Adams'*  diligent  searfh 
for  tlie  facta  In  the  hisiory  i>f  such  an  iiistltulioD, 
ire  cannot  too  atrongly  oonduun  hia  auggcation 
that  a  dvil  academy  for  itiatructlon.  at  public 
coot,  in  higher  {foKtieal  education,  in  one  of  t]i« 
ncedi  of  the  hour.  Tlwt  land  is  dotted  now  witli 
(allege*  of  higher  or  lower  degree,  in  which  any 
youtiR  man  may  obtain  all  the  inatrticlion  ncoea- 
•ary,  if  lui  bat  have  th«  necewary  grit.  The  for- 
nuiiion  of  ■  nnljonal  adiool  of  paid  atudmte  Is  by 
no  meant  neoewary,  that  we  should  have  a  supply 
of  callable  civil  mianta.  It  may  be  well  enough 
for  tlMt  gorerumeiit  tu  support  IhoBe  men  who  are 
willing  to  fit  tlK-maelvM  for  thu  army  and  navy, 
which  training  may  unfit  theto  fur  civil  pumiltB: 
we  cannot  hnvp  moilem  Kildivra  and  aoilorv  iu 
any  other  way.     Hut  in  civil  life  we  are  in  sore 

XclW-ISBT. 


need  of  men  who  can  undenrtand  the  liofuoly 
liroTcrba  of  Poor  Itlchard.  and  who  will  not  be 
misled  into  joining  any  anii-)ioverty  society. 
Such  wen  ran  get  a  scbivil.  train  log  which  tbry 
H'ill  make  teli,  from  any  village  nehool.  and  will 
nut  aak  the  government  for  alma  that  they  may 
Ihe  later  tire  from  the  public  purar.  While  a 
good  clerk  might  lie  turned  out  by  auch  a  civil 
ucudeniy.  may  we  olwaya  be  able  to  throw  tlie 
real  burdens  o(  government  on  tlic  afaoidden  of 
thuie  who  have  learned  to  carry  Ibeir  own 
weighU 

At  a  rkcknt  VEiCTiwi  of  thp  Engtneen'  club 
of  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Edwin  Ltidlow  apoke  of  a 
muoh-needwd  invention  to  faolUtatc  tlic  prepara- 
tion of  anthracite  cval  witliout  injury  to  health. 
While  engineering  atnltty  nnd  mechanical  skill 
liave  donn  wonders  during  the  laat  deodft  toward 
putting  tlie  mining  and  preparation  of  eoal  on  a 
Bcientific  Ihmis.  making  it  po»ible  to  nliip  (ls  titgfa 
as  twenty-six  hundred  tons  of  prepared  oosl  from 
one  breaker  in  n  single  day,  still  in  every  lireuker. 
DO  matter  how  modern  it  may  be.  one  will  find 
the  cbutm,  through  which  the  coal  powea  from 
the  screens  to  the  luuding- pockets,  linc<l  with 
boys  from  twelve  to  fourteen  yearn  of  age.  who 
sit  there  ten  boura  a  day.  fit-kiog  by  baud  ibe 
slate  from  the  coal  ua  It  pasiea  aluug.  The  at- 
mosphere of  this  Bcnen-rixim  Is,  In  many  caaee. 
so  laden  wHh  tine  coal-dust  that  objects  caitoot 
be  distinguished  twenty  twi  away;  and.  wlitie 
the  hrealhing  of  ihia  coal-dust  does  not  SMOI  to 
have  any  immediate  effect  on  tli«  boys'  health.  It 
uudoul)t«dly  lays  the  seeds  for  the  bane  of  the 
coal-region,  —  miners'  consumption.  It  strlliM 
every  tboaglitfal  man,  who  looks  down  on  from 
one  hundred  to  two  hundred  boys  working  In  a 
single  breaker,  that  tt  is  a  very  crude  and  expra- 
sire  way  of  preparing  coal. 


We  learn  from  Hr,  Lodlow  that  rarious  ap- 
pliancea  hav*  b««n  designed,  but  that  the  only 
really  aaooesetiJ  oii«,  m  proved  by  ootiinl  oxpori- 
encr,  hiia  been  the  wnter.jig.  Tlila  iindoiibiedly 
ivmovv*  the  slate  with  a  amall  pr-rcentngv  of 
waste  of  coul ;    and  whore  tlic  product  of  the 


450 


SCIKNCE. 


[Vol.  IX.,  No. 


mine-  ia  net.  and  walM  liati  to  be  iiain)  on  lh«- 
BCroene  to  elTwt  n  aepnration  of  the  dirt  from  the 
coaJ.  ll  is  Ihe  bent  and  Diont  reonuiuictti  afipUan^^L* 
that  can  be  employed.  But  the  grmtFT  part  of 
tli«ooal  iefAnti  Xtt  market  roiiies  from  dry  miuea, 
wh«r«  It  would  be  n  detrimi-nt  to  the  i|Uality  of 
Xiw  cnel,  and  a  irr^at  expenve,  to  uae  water. 
The  waste  val«r  from  tlie  jlic  l8  also  eipensive  to 
tik*  OR  of,  as  In  vaon  localities  It  is  no  lonj^er 
tkllownhlv  to  let  It  run,  with  the  Rne  dirt  It  holds 
in  aolutiim.  into  the  iicHrfhlcrfvk,  as  the  seilinienl 
nil)  can*)'  a  long  distance,  and  d^ixwits  itaelf 
where  It  will  do  hano.  siid  eiilail  a  duit  for  dain- 
■CM.  Enoiigh  tanks  liav«  Uier«fore  to  be  provided 
to  allow  all  tlie  waste  water  to  thoroaKlily  settle, 
so  that  the  wat*r  and  rnim  mn  be  removed 
Mipnmlel}-.  Wnter  itiu-lf.  or  rather  thi>  pure 
Article,  is  both  acnriie  and  t^xprniiivr  during  a  part 
of  iiArh  Tear  Ihioiigbniil  ncnrl,T  the  whole  region. 
Anil  if  mine  water  is  used,  as  is  gonomJly  the 
cuac,  Uie  acid  cantained  in  it  attacks  thn  iron 
work  of  the  jig.  and  tniikee  fre<]umt  repaint 
ni-iTusary. 


The  principle  the  jig  works  on  is  bajNid  on  Ih* 
diRcmice  to  s|)«:ifiL-  Erravity  tietwroo  cool  and 
slate.  The  two  ent<tr  the  bottom  of  ilie  jig  to 
fiether,  and,  by  iJic  piilwiti'jns  of  a  largo  (iltinger 
Id  an  adjoining  compiirtnient,  waCrr  is  forced  up 
through  the  coal,  lifting  it,  and  allowing  a  freeh 
sapply  to  Gonie  in.  Thr  coitl  is  forced  to  tlii>  top 
and  runs  oft  with  the  water,  while  the  sinte. 
owing  to  its  greater  spnciHi:  gmrily.  (uuues  out 
through  n  separate  ojicning  in  the  boLtotn.  Wlutt 
is  Deeded,  in  Mr.  Ludlow'a  opinion,  is  a  dry  jig. 
in  which  this  srpnrution  will  bo  uffccied  by  the 
uae  of  air  Instead  of  watatr.  One  of  (he  diffi- 
enltjca  cDoountered  in  getting  up  sui^fa  a  jig  ia 
eauocd  by  the  core  with  wliich  coal  hiu  to  bo 
handled  to  prvTcnt  its  ulupping  ur  brealiing.  It 
cannot  be  dropped  on  iron,  or  wire,  or  itself, 
without  producing  an  appncdable  pemnis^  of 
waste.  Wit))  the  mo»t  approved  rolla.  the  Itnti  in 
rebraking  any  wEe  to  a  aiualler  one  amuunis  to 
£rom  ten  to  Sft«eQ  per  oeal.  While  the  ditfer- 
(noe  in  speriHc  gravity  between  coal  and  slate  of 
the  ^i»Il4^«iEed  pieces  Is  very  great,  still  it'iiI  i< 
would  be  experienced  in  any  separation  hy  ^n  mi  - 
current  with  llat  i>leees  of  lioth  state  and  coal, 
OB  which  the  action  of  the  air  would  vary,  ac- 
eonling  aa  It  acted  on  the  edge  or  die  whole 
aide.  The  man  who  Invents  a  saccecsful  dry  jig. 
thai  will  atand  (be  teat  of  aclnal  trial,  will  tin- 


doubtedly  make  a  very  handaomc  thing  by  ttJ" 
Not  lo  br  loo  cotnbersome.  a  single  jig  ihould  not 
have  a  greater  capacity  than  flrehundriMt  ton*  per 
day  ;  am),  as  the  Kbipping  capacity  of  (l>o  antbra< 
cite  n-gion  i«  about  two  hundred  (botmaod  tana 
pta"  day,  it  would  lake  about  four  hnad 
supply  the  trade. 

pRiOn»SOR  VittOIIAK  OP  MirHKIA.f 

has  been  engaged  in  the  sti^aly  at  the  (.■ln?mistry' 
of  tyrotoiicron.  the  jirinciple  discovered  by  him  In 
poisoiiouB  cliecse.  and  which  be  believes  to  have 
been  nvjion^ible  for  a  number  i>f  caum  of  poiaon 
due  to  ice-cream.  Protesaor  Vaiighan  iXinclndM 
from  his  iiludie*  that  tyroloxiciin  and  diazobenxol 
are  identical.  Tu  a  large  cat  a  smalt  bit  of  diaxo- 
bcDxol  nitrate  waa  givi-n.  dissolved  in  water.  Il 
a  few  minutes  the  animal  lie^un  retching,  and 
Ibrt-e-quuilera  uf  an  hour  it  vouiited  freely,  and 
later  was  purged.  Tlie  stomach,  when  opened., 
was  found  (o  coDlatn  a  frothy  fluid,  and  ita  mil 
eous  meuibrane  was  blanched.  Tlius,  not  only' 
wi>ie  the  mjiniilouis  identical  with  Ibuseof  tyro- 
toxlcon,  but  the  pott-tnortem  appearance  was  tlie 
eame  aa  Ibat  observed  in  cats  polMiued  wiili  tyro- 
toxicon  oblaitied  fromchee^e.  milk,  and  ice-cmuiL 
FMm  sooie  oysters  wlilcli  pui»on(xt  nearly  Hovvotj^j 
[teople  in  Michigan  lately,  I*rotesi>or  Vaughan  ob 
tained  Ibe  tests  for  diazoljcnzoL  The  syin| 
pruduceil  by  the  oysters  were  tilentical  with  I 
oljserved  after  eatiiig  poisonous  cheese,  ice-crcoBB, 
and  Diilk,  It  is  altogether  likely  that  tbt'  ncttvv, 
agent  in  all  tlioae  foods  which  when  partly 
trid  produce  the  same  group  of  syuiptoma. 
diazobeniM)!,  probably  combined  with  diSerent 
acids.  Frofewor  Vaughan  is  now  experimenting 
wiUi  the  liO|ie  of  ascerLainiiig  the  nature  of  the 
micro-organ  i«m  which  produces  this  poison,  but 
is  not  yet  ready  to  woke  any  definite  report. 
seems  to  be  a  germ  which  develops  beet  fa 
absence  of  air,  or  with  only  a  limited  supply 
air.  

Wk  abb  how  APPBOAcnnra  tbe  tnaaon  wIhq 
the  attention  of  teachetsand  pupils  alike  is  turned 
toward  the  importaut  matter  of  examinatiom, 
Keview'work  is  bef-uu,  and  (here  is  a  general 
urranging  and  pollehing-up  of  knowledge  in  an- 
ticipation of  the  auiiual  lest.  Since eaaminatMma 
play  so  imp>.>rtant  a  pari  in  our  edttcalloaal  in- 
siitutiotiH  fioui  primary  sctiool  to  college,  it  is 
lilting  t)i»t  they  should  be  the  subjw-ts  of  siwcial 
(bought  and  alteuiion.     For  this  reasuu  we 


Hat  18,  IWIT.l 


SCIENCE. 


451 


this  week  the  iostruotive  papt-r  of  Mr.  Curr.  and 
Mball  follow  It  shortly  with  n  diK-umiun  on  tti« 
fanctlODaadcotiducl  oT  exuminutioDB.  to  be  par- 
tlcipat«d  Id  bj  well-known  Ltluouton  Tb«  foi^ 
mulation  of  wHue  t«til  of  knowl^lgi!  tbai  will 

I  avoid  in  as  lar^  a  nieaHure  un  pumible  the  evil 
pt«cltr«of  ■  cramming'  is  whut  id  wimt«d.  In 
this  malter  jveihaps  the  schoola  mi^ht  Uh»  a  leaf 
out  of  I)iei-X|wfirDcvof  the  uoiveniilif*,  luit]  make 
(he  pRMinc  or  uut  of  i>n  viauiination  dppcnd 
largely  upon  »oiDe  original  work  which  atiall  in- 
Tolvo  the  principles  MU|i;hI  lo  be  coiiv«}red  in  the 

tclsas-rooin  insti notion.  The  Aysteiu  of  marking 
we  beliere  to  b«  iiiiaound  in  theorj',  and  vii-ious  in 
prectioe:  and  to  its  operalloos  we  ascribe  maojrof 
the  ill  eJTectB  nun-  observed  lo  follow  from  com- 
petitive ennminiitions.  But  tlie  subject  is  a  laige 
one,  and  we  comra<>nd  It  to  tlie  careful  thouglilof 
OUT  readers. 

Pbofbbsor  Jowrtt  or  OxFOHb,  Hum  whom  no 
Englisbrottn  ia  better  known  for  bin  interest  and 
actirity  in  edncationni  maiten,  is  a  elrennoue  ad- 
Tocste  of  stMle  aid  to  education  ;  and  that,  too, 
not  in  Uie  direction  of  elementnrj  education  alone, 
aa  ia  prvpos<Hl  in  this  cniinirj-,  but  in  the  form  of 
direct  suhvontion-a  to  the  so-called  uulrereity  ool- 
legM.  Tea  sucb  colleges  now  ex!«t  in  England, 
•even  of  them  haTing  been  founded  during  the 
fast  decade.  If  tvo  or  three  more  are  addi-d. 
then  provision  will  have  been  made  for  alt  the 
rities  having  over  one  hundred  ihoiuaud  inhabit- 
ants. The  cont  of  the  education  In  these  col- 
leges isabtnit  twelve  ponnda  annually. —a  sum 
not  only  greai^o-  tlian  the  nudenta  can  afford  \o 
pay,  but  a  good  deal  len  Iban  will  suffice  to  ke«p 
the  institution!  in  their  praaent  slate  of  elllciency. 
"  Tbelinancinl  prospect  of  these  college*,"  aaya  Dr, 
Jowett,  "  i«  therefore  the  reverse  otf  faopefuL  It 
ia  practically  imposible  to  support  them  by  vol- 

Pnntary  nibacriptiom.  "Hiey  do  not  appeal  to  the 
hnnuuie or  rvligiona  feelingsof  inankiud.  like  hos- 
pitula  or  churches  :  and  there  ai«  many  who  think 
that  the  ambition  of  tlie  iworer  ctaases  to  have  a 
better  wlucnt ion  ought  not  to  lie  encouraged."  Dr. 
Jowptt  toucliips  on  the  many  and  railed  benelita 
confVTod  by  these  iiniver«lty  colleges  not  only  on 
the  placM  in  whkh  thev  are  8ituale>),  but  on  the 
country  at  large,  and  urges  that  the  sum  asked 
fur  from  the  stale  is  not  large,  and  that  It 
would  bn  given  to  those  who  have  done  all  tbey 
can  to  belp  theni^lvea.  th*t  It  mlglit  be  propor- 
tione'l  to  Hubsc-ripcions  raised  in  the  various  local- 


I 


itiea,  and  thai  no  now  principle  is  involved.  *'  No 
principle  of  political  rconoroy  forbad*  the  applica- 
tion of  public  money  to  thti  education  of  tbuse 
who  cannot  afford  to  educate  Ibemiielvea.  Suefa 
an  exiHMidttiirv  in  really  one  of  tfac  best  affairs  cf 
busiueBB  in  which  a  nation  can  eogngc."  There  ll 
some  pruBpeot,  we  undentand.  of  Dr.  Jowett'a 
plea  being  effective,  at  lean  bi  amue  degree. 


Xs  tMTKSEsTiNG  AKTKXS  OD  '  Realistic  and  dra- 
matic methods  la  tcnchlng  geography,'  by  William 
Jolly,  appears  in  the  March  and  April  nuuitiers  of 
tbeScoffls'i  geographical  magaxine.  The  anther 
urges  that  the  mechanical  method  of  teaching 
now  In  general  naebeabandoned,  and  thnt  ■things 
ehonld  be  taught,  not  word*.'  Ilr  thlnki  that  in 
th»  Initiatory  atages  the  use  of  the  text-book  should 
be  cntlralT  di^ipensed  with,  nn<l  that  all  leaching 
should  be  baaed  on  the  urn:  of  the  map  and  of 
models.  For  showing  the  Hempntary  fenturos  of 
the  earth's  surface,  he  would  use  modeU.  —  water 
poured  on  a  table,  to  show  the  rulatiuna  between 
Und  nod  water,  and  cUy  or  sand  lo  ahow  live 
pbernomena  of  n"lief.  He  would  then  ])roty*d  to 
explain  the  one  of  the  map.  We  are  of  the 
opinion,  that,  o^i  far  as  pnssible,  tlw-  natural  phe- 
nomena of  the  country  should  be  miuln  use  of 
for  illustrative  [lurptMes.  ns  models  frn|ue.nlly 
give  rUe  to  ideas  aa  incorrect  as  Ihiise  produced 
by  mere  description.  (IuckI  pictures,  even,  might 
\»  found  mora  w^rrioeable  than  clay  and  Mnd. 
Mr.  Jolly  r:mphn>in!!t  the  neoeseily  of  thoroughljr 
teaching  the  use  and  meaning  of  mapsasshowliig 
the  geographical  phsnomenn  of  a  country.aswsU 
as  the  usefulness  of  Itluvtrsting  these  phenomena 
by  meansof  pictures  and  colleetions  from  diffident 
countries.  This  melh-id  has  been  adopteil  in  many 
wchools  of  Oertnnnj  and  Switaerland.  W|>  nolico 
in  tlie  latest  issue  of  the  Journal  of  the  Aarau 
geograpbtcal.com merdal  society,  tliat  thin  syxtrm 
is  being  supported  by  the  Swiss  geographical  so- 
ciety. The  Aarau  society  has  arranged  a  oollec- 
ttou  of  photographs,  products,  etc.,  of  different 
countries,  and  sends  it  to  the  tcbools  of  Switxnr- 
laud  by  turns,  for  tiso  in  giwigraphical  instmction. 
The  8l.  Oatleo  society  has  recently  reaolved  to 
take  part  in  this  nnti^rpriK,  and  bos  arranged  a 
similar  collection  for  circulation  in  the  school*  of 
eastern  Bwiizerlond.  The  principal  dilAcully  in 
leaching  the  use  of  the  atliw,  and  of  making  it 
tlie  basis  of  geographical  inHtructioo,  ia  tlu.-  lack  of 
a  nntform  atlas.    This  qutaUon  was  discuaewl  by 


452 


SCIEUfCE. 


(Vou  nc..  No.  sss 


tfae  G«nDau  UeogntphiMiug  on  April  17.  After  a 
long  disctwejoni,  il  wiui  decjdMl  that  the  ii»«  of 
different  allasw  in  one  olaai  was  ilHriinuntal  to 
tiie  aacoeae  ot  tlie  teocbing  of  t^eograph^,  it  pi«- 
Tenttng  »  tlioroue:h  explanation  of  ttie  moaiiing 
ot  %\w  map,  the  material  contatneil  in  the  majM 
bedng  too  diBer«Bl  In  dIfTeient  alta«ce. 


Trk  RxroBTS  OP  THB  SoKORA  rarth<iunk(^  are 
•tOl  wtj  incomplete.  An  far  a>  can  tio  •ccn  from 
tho  meagnr  nolv*  publiahol  in  tlio  dull;  (njivni, 
the  Siwra  itiulrr,  which  forma  Ihit  boundary  be- 
twtm  tho  Htnli-R  of  Sonora  end  Cliihtwhua,  waa 
the  ofMn  of  aotfvlly.  Tho  towns  and  Tillages  od 
tho  Rio  do  Batopito  on  its  weetem  side,  and  tlioee 
on  th<!  fiio  Corralitm  on  its  mstem  side,  snlTered 
moat  •cvnvlf.  In  the  furmer  Talley,  report*  of 
loaa  of  property  and  life  i-ome  from  Opneiira 
(UoctoKUma)  oo  tbl^  Rio  de  Soyopa  and  Rnbiose, 
Then  are,  howevi-r.  tu-o  place*  of  that  nnnie,  — 
one  on  the  Rio  d«  Bat<^to,  one  in  tho  Sierra 
Madm.  On  the  oast  nidn  Cormliioa  and  Oaaes 
Orandeesuffereil  »evi-iely.  An  thr  district  li^a  mid- 
way Iwtween  the  Sonora  and  Mi'xicnn  railway*. 
DcwN  tnivpte  ftluwly,  uiid  the  rc^iortia  are  much 
nManlisl.  The  liwt  nhock  (n-uurred  on  Mny^l,  ami 
waa  followed  by  olhrr  viuti-nt  ircQiors,  tlie  latest 
reported  Mng  on  May  9.  The  nocoiint*  ol  vol- 
canic rTuptionii  arvi  very  doubtful,  a^  tt  seems  that 
tbi^rU'mn  from  hot-xpringi  and  thi^  smoke  of  foreat- 
Hm  ti.-it-v  bcvn  uiataken  for  ^impilone.  There 
arc  tlin.v  lines  of  volcanoes  in  this  district.  — tbe 
New  lk[(-xinu)  line  uf  extinct  volconoes  ;  the  line 
of  California,  wliich  meets  the  former  at  the  lM«d 
of  tbe  Gulf  ot  Callfoniia  ;  and  the  Mexican  line, 
wblcb  runs  from  Orlaaba  to  the  Ret-UIa  GIgcdo 
Islands.  It  contains  several  active  vulcanoii>. 
Tliere  are  no  signs  ot  dlstiirbanoe^  of  any  of  thete 
vo1c*no(<«  during  thn  earthquabe,  while  one  mport 
refora  to  an  eruption  near  the  boundary  of  Guat«- 
mala.  Tho  sliocks  were  felt  in  southern  Arixonn, 
Nrw  Jtexico,  and  ^xaa.  but  not  so  atrtrngly  lu  in 
SooQnL 

THE  BXPLOttATJOy  OF  THE  AXTABCTIC 
HEGIOS'S. 
DDBINa  n  period  wlwvn  explomtions  were  most 
Tt£or<niBly  <-arrie<l  on  in  all  othor  parts  of  tbe 
worid,  tbu  antnnctic  region  remained  as  unknown 
BX  It  had  bwn  for  a  lonK  tinw.  Since  Cook,  by 
his  royagt*,  had  prorcd  tlie  non-existence  uf  on  ex> 
te«Hi*e  Terra  Australis,  which  former  t^eogrnplien 
■uppoaed  to  occupy  a  great  part  of  ibv  soutliem 


henti^diere.  nothing  worth  mentioning  was  ilooa 
until  the  lieginning  of  the  priarat  cvntuiy.  After 
pejice  lind  returned  to  F.uroiic,  which  had  bnm 
shaken  hj  revolutions  and  wnm,  polar  ex  ptorationa 
were  resumed  :  Parry,  Ros*,  Lyon,  Scoresby,  and 
Frankliu  enlarged  our  knowledge  of  tbe  arctic  re- 
giouH ;  while  BelH&gtiliausen,  Bisco«,  Balleny, 
Wilken.  Uumuiit  D'Urville,  and  Janie*  Roaa  ex- 
plored the  anlarctio  Wias.  But  Ibis  period  of 
Itroly  activity  in  the  aonthern  he»ifph<-re  did  not 
extend  orer  more  than  twentyRre  yean,  from 
1816  to  IMS.  After  that  time  the  enthusia«n  for 
arctic  travel  reached  its  higlxet  pilch  In  tbe  nu- 
ueruua  attempts  to  rescue  Franklin  or  to  atcerCaln 
th('  fate  ut  Ilia  unfortunate  expedition  :  but  tbe 
antnn^tir  leas  have  never  bi>en  visited  again,  and 
our  knowlrdKc  has  not  been  incrcaacd  aincc  tha 
period  mentioned. 

It  was  not  until  quite  recently  that  new  efforts 
were  made  to  revive  the  interest  in  antarctic  ex- 
ploration. Maury  tried  to  o«gantw  an  expedition, 
but  it  was  in  vain  :  be  waa  unable  to  tind  any 
anpport,  either  in  Kngland  or  in  America.  Tbe 
roviralot  i^leresl  iachicBy  due  to  tbe  effuvta  ttf 
Q.  Neumayer  of  Hamburg,  wb(>*e  frequent  and 
energetic  appcnia  had  the  effect  of  arounng  many 
societies  from  their  Innclivity,  and  of  awakening 
a  new  interest  in  the  problems  of  antarctic  geog^ 
rapby.  U  was  In  1991,  when  Neumayer  waa  di- 
rector  of  the  ohserrntory  of  Mclbuurae.  that  be 
tried  to  work  for  renewed  expluratiun*  in  thtwe 
regions.  Since  that  time  he  bus  continued  to  do 
»o  with  uoaballng  perscvorauce,  and  bin  frequent 
addreeBce  and  writings  on  the  subject  have  priDci- 
pally  created  the  prtwent  interest  in  antArcllc  ex- 
ploratiiin.  In  18(^5  tlie  Uermau  Oeogtaptit-ntnK 
dlscnwed  Ihe  nuhjcct  very  fully,  and  exprnwcd 
itself  in  favor  of  ronewcd  exjiloralions  in  the 
anCurctic  retcions.  In  the  aamo  year  Adtuiral  B. 
Ommauney  brouglit  tho  matter  before  the  ge^ 
grnphicnl  sectiou  of  the  British  aaaocintion,  and  A 
eonimitl<«  was  iippoiiilt^d,  which  re|xirled  favor- 
ably on  the  mutter.  This  example  was  foUowod 
by  the  Soiitiah  gengraphical  society  and  the  Boynl 
society  of  Edinburgh.  Lnler  oo,  tbi)  Roial  aocii'ty 
of  Viotoria  discumed  the  subject,  and  isHUxl  a 
report,  in  which  they  express  the  willingneaa  of 
the  Auidralaaian  colonlee  to  nmler  BMUctanee  to 
an  imperial  cxpi^litioo  if  decided  on,  and  the  in- 
tention of  the  committer!,  meuutime.  to  arrange 
forthe  despatch  to  theantoroticn-giona  of  a  st«Ain- 
whaler,  with  a  small  ataft  of  obaervers,  fur  tbe 
purpose  of  diaooverlng  rume  safe  winter  bnrlior 
for  theprojeeted  expeilitlon.  The  latmt  news  Is 
that  Nordnnakjfild  propuoes  an  expedition  which 
is  to  last  dgblaen  ntoiitlui. 

At  this  momaiit,  when  we  tnaj'  hope  that  tbe 


4 


4 


4 

I 
4 


464 


SCTEyCE. 


IVoL,  IX.,  So.  «8 


■ad  binto.  For  ten  ftut  wedo  not  hear  ot  any 
furtbev  alMmpta,  Th«n  ant  Ur.  Bnderi>}'  of  Lon- 
don Rtt«d  out  wevvTOl  viH<M-la.  nnd  itnnl  them  to 
Ihe  Antarctiu  Ocean  (or  nenlinii  Aod  eiploriag 
inirpono*.  Ttip  Unit  exiwdillon,  In  18'<I0,  was  un- 
der coRiiDAiid  of  Captain  BLscoe,  who  <li»cuvered 
thocoMt  of  Oniliaffi  Land  and  Eud«!rl)y  Istuml. 
He  was  foltow^il  )>y  Kr-U)])  in  11^34.  who  diacoTtred 
Kpmp  bland.  Tbc  pn>bl«iu  of  Ihr  »(>iilh  pole 
tlieiiMidclf^nly  attriif-ti'd  thcnllcntJoRof  nil  nnl ions. 
Bttlleny,  who  torn  inn  n<)nl  nnolhpr  of  KnderViy'o 
ex|)editionii.  iliitnoTeriil  In  18>tDlhe  volcanoes  of 
BtillMiy  bJnnd  and  ('larle  ami  Sabriua  Land,  —  [wo 
|M>iii(ii  of  Choexiensive  Wtlhe«  Land,  the ezidteii<.<« 
of  which  was  la(«r  on  nu  much  coiitt'atffd. 

In  the  following  year,  Uuroont  d'Urrilln  came 
iu  Hight  of  Atlf  lie  Lund,  which  is  situated  brtw«on 
the  (TUBteni  aiid  wvBtom  di'curvrles  of  Balleny. 
Ho  eBtimatml  the  hvight  of  thr  land  to  be  about  3,500 
(mt.  It  ia  ooviiriKl  with  ice,  and  no  bare  patcUee 
wervHceo.  On  elfrvttnga  landing,  fiowever.  be 
foimd  aomo  TxwItH,  which  prnved  It  to  be  laud,  and 
not  drifi  Jng  ioe.  Later  on.  he  flljj:hte>d  Clarie  Land, 
which  he  deacrlbes  a^  an  ice  wall  four  hundred 
feet  in  height.  Iu  I83H,  d't'rvlllr  bad  riBJlol 
(Inliani  Land,  wiiliout  making  noleworthy  dbi- 
coveriei.  In  the  samp  yoar,  when  d'Urvillemacle 
bin  diseo verier  »iuth  of  Aiistralin,  Wllhea  vlaltcd 
that  ipKinn.  and  uniled  all  along  the  coast  of  tbu 
laiid  wliich  beara  hia  name  lo-dny.  A*  ho  did  not 
^proaob  ft  vetj  diMely,  some  of  hix  land  may 
hare  been  drifting  ice.  Itcax.  on  hia  expedition  of 
1840-45,  Milled  over  the  place  eatl  of  Balleny 
lalani))!,  where  Wilke«  hml  |iiil  land  on  bis  map. 
In  1M3  Rom  reached  lalilude  78"  10'  south,  the 
fartltMt  point  ever  rruehed.  Ue  iliwvfVpriH!  the 
higldaiidsof  Victnriu  Lund,  with  volciuioee  I:!.(IOO 
feet  in  height,  and  xaili'd  along  the  formidable  ite 
wall  which  b<'  found  nttncbix}  to  the  eaHtrrn  aide 
of  thi«  Und.  nin  voyaite  Is  by  far  Ibe  nioHt 
prominent  nmoujj  tlie  anlarctie  expi-ditinnx,  on 
account  of  the  enperlence  of  Che  commnndcr  in 
loo  Davigalion,  bia  penevvraiice  and  buldneie,  and 
the  raluubU-  obwriationii  nn  the  pl>}-*ioBl  geogra- 
phy aiul  topogmjiliy  of  the  antnrctic  regions. 

On  thv  accompanying  map  the  tnott  southern 
pointa  imched  by  Iheee  explorets  are  eonnected  by 
a  broken  tlii«  which  IneludeH  the  nuknuwn  area 
around  the  south  [lole. 

Ex<^ept  tli«  short  joumeyn  of  Moore  in  t@45,  and 
Nan«  ill  10T4,  no  further  attemiits  to  jieiielrale 
(iitoUie  Antarctic  Ocean  harel>eeu  made,  tt  tieeniH 
llMt  the  singiilarity  of  pluoiumetui  pn-Hnled  in 
dw  sniar«tjc  regioni  did  not  excite  ai  mu<-li  inter- 
eat  aH  did  tboH-  i>f  rrgioini  tin'  tiorden  of  which 
worn  known.  Here  the  fragmentary  state  of  our 
knowMIs*  tnu  brought  tn  mind  wheii«T«r  vague 


n«wii  of  the  unknown  parts  readied  tin,  while  no 
reports  from  the  icy  aouUi  pole  kept  up  the  faint 
inti-nst  it  mny  have  atUacted  at  one  time. 

The  geographical  proldnn*  of  this  part  ot  tiM 
world,  ner«rthe)<w,  aro  of  the  gmteat  Impof- 
lanc«.  It  Is  well  known  that  ibo  polar  RKfoUt 
particularl)'  the  south  polar  region,  regulalM 
the  circulation  of  the  ooeana.  and  Ihnt  its  Ciu^ 
rents  must  be  studied  before  it  will  be  poeetUe 
to  undcn>tnn<l  thoroughly  the  curieuCa  ot  the 
noulhero  beniUphcrc.  The  dlHlribuliau  of  land 
and  water,  tlie  il<-pth  of  tlir  ocean,  the  amount  of 
ice,  its  thicknen"  and  dintrihulion,  muot  lie  studied 
fur  this  pun>o4e.  Besides  lliis,  tlie  nieC«orotogieai 
phenomena  of  the  southern  heinispliere  depeod  on 
tlio«e  of  the?  antarr^lie  region,  and  our  kiiowlodgp 
of  the  metean>tog;  of  the  earth  will  be  iooomp1«te 
until  »iich  phenomena  of  the  south  pulur  region 
are  tborotighly  studied.  The  soutliem  bemitpbeTC 
is  to  a  great  esienl  covered  by  the  ooenn,  and  tho 
land  i-ooKlsttiof  narrow  strips  which  hav«  imgroM 
I'fTect  on  the  pliy"i(nl  phenomena  of  tlie  atttuw- 
pberc  :  tlivrelure  tbey  ai«  not  so  complicated  as 
(hose  of  (he  northern  beniinphere.  and  tli«lr  study 
will  further  the  throry  of  meteorology.  It  ia, 
hanlly  nocce<nry  to  mention  tlio  iniportanoe  of ' 
raicarehc*  on  terrealrlal  tnagastium  in  Ihi?  antaictki 
r«glODS.  Thelmportant  bcoringof  ttiew-probleBM 
on  practical  questions  cjiniiot  be  ovemUod.  The 
■oamon  cnnnot  dispemw  with  the  knowledge  ot  the 
onrrt^nU,  winda,  und  magnetic  elements,  and  thero 
js  hardly  a  clam  of  petipl«  who  will  not  ba  bonr- 
fited  by  the  progixwn  of  meteorologj-. 

But,  beside*  this,  the  acientiflc  prohleoi*  of  tbe 
aiitatclic  regions  are  of  grrnt  Impoftanoe.  It  la 
possible  tliat  in  former  tlmm  th«  arctic  I0n« 
was  a  centre  from  whkti  tlie  orgaDhns  ot  Ibe 
present  period  sprwul  over  the  northern  lieml- 
sphpre.  It  will  lie  im|iorlaut  to  know  wlietber  thv 
south  polar  zone  plnyeil  ti  similar  part  in  tlM> 
southern  liemiBphcri'.  The  formation  of  Iho  an- 
tarctic ice  is  probably  v«Ty  different  from  that  at 
the  arctic  ice,  because  the  summer  temperature 
seldom  ri»ea  to  the  freeslng-iioEnt.  The  glaciation 
of  this  region  in  extremely  exieniiive.  and  ita  In- 
(Itieqioe  on  the  fonnallun  of  the  mrface  of  tito 
land  can  h«et  be  studied  there.  Our  knowtedgo  of 
the  geograpliy  of  the  earth  will  remain  a  frag- 
ment so  long  as  an  area  of  this  extent  remalna 
unknown,  particulaily  as  tlie  phyHcal  Koography 
of  tbe  iKiutbcrii  hemisphere  depends  to  a  great  ex- 
lent  on  that  of  this  region.  Prom  this  Mand-t>oiui, 
the  resumption  of  antarctic  explotationa  ia  wpn 
more  irapcrtant  tlian  the  continuation  ot  arctic 
pxpeilitionA.  Fortunately  the  chnncoa  of  Huccrea 
nre  vrrv  good,  as  the  Antarctic  Ocean  awnw  to  be 
far  moTL-  narigable  than  the  arctic  anu,     Tbe  loe 


iut  18.  iim.\ 


SCIEyCK. 


466 


I 


P 


ifl  not  ohnlrucUxl  hy  land,  nnd  llwrefotv  fprcods 
more  rvodiljr,  iMnoK  open  water  for  the  slilgw  to 
poM  thnnixh.  Whalers  and  walen  are  carrying 
OQ  ■  *acceMfuJ  hunt  In  ihe  Antarctic  Oceau,  itnd 
undoubtedly  »n  expnliliou  would  opvo  new 
gnmods  to  them.  It  U  to  U-  hciiH-d  tlmt  Ihrin- 
terMt  in  antarctio  cxplnrntion  which  mnniriiilii 
ithrlf  in  all  port*  of  chi>  world  will  li-iul  lo  ■  new 
puriofl  of  dincoToripii  in  Ihn  ice-l><>tinil  waa  o(  the 
aoiith  pijle. 

HEALTH  MATTERS. 
Dtitatem  nl». 

Tub  raid  made  by  tbe  officers  of  tlie  New  York 
board  vt  h«iltk,  on  tbe  cow-owurrs  wbo  hrlng 
milk  to  Ibe  city  frijiu  aninuilEi  fed  uu  dititill«ry 
■vrill.  ban  awuki-nud  u  nvw  int«r««t  in  thin  aubjvi-t, 
which  SeUnet  haa  diacunud  for  Ihci  jwut  two 
w«tk». 

For  (ho  bmeflt  of  thoer  n-ho  are  not  Informed, 
it  OMj  be  well  to  explain  what  distillery  swill  Is, 
and  why  it  is  regarded  as  objectionable  food  for 
inikb'i-'ows.  In  the  aiunufax-'tun.- of  ubiskey  fiuui 
rye.  wb«t.  or  ludisu-ooru,  the  gruuiiJ  gniiu,  to- 
grthi-r  with  mall,  in  plai'i-d  in  a  lab  with  hot 
wnliT.  Tlui  dinBlaiii!  prtSFTit  in  the  malt,  ni-tlng 
•OB  fi^mrntoo  lite  irtarch  of  iho  Krain,  rbAntfi^ 
it  into  KliMMiac.  Aft»  cootinx,  yeaX  1*  added, 
and  ferruentation  takea  place,  reaulling  in  tile 
oorarvrvion  of  Ihi'  );luoo6e  into  alcohol  and  car- 
bonic acid.  The  contents  of  th(!  tub  arc  tlien 
plocvd  in  ■  still  and  the  nlcobnl  i*  distillrd  off. 
Thn  TVfaM  ts  distillery  waxtn  or  iiwill.  In  the 
abav<>  prornw,  moat  of  the  starch  hna  bepn  chanf:fd 
Into  kIuoow.  The  •will  oonlaln*  a  ainall  amount 
of  starcb,  toKether  with  (wlloloee,  kIuI^Ii  aod 
some  dextrine.  The  quantity  of  water  in  swill  is 
wry  large,  raryiiij^  frtjm  sereoty-lire  t»  nim-ty- 
flve  per  cent. 

It  will  b«  aeon  from  the  above  statomont,  that, 
in  order  to  gi-t  n  lufHcicnt  amoiitit  of  niitrimrnt, 
a  row  friHling  on  distillery  icwlll  miict  lake  Into 
ttie  stomntrh  a  very  Isr^  amount  o(  thla  waate, 
so  large  a  proportion  being  water,  and  tbai  in  no 
dofngdie amount  of  carbohydrates  taken  iarnlirrly 
iiuideqiuite  to  the  demands  of  thp  Kyatnin  ;  and 
tliii  want  louxl.  ol  necf<t*ity.  miult  in  n  deteriora- 
tion of  the  animal's  bnalth,  and  indirectly  of  the 
milk  which  (t  produoM.  I(  1*  an  unnatural  food 
for  cows,  aa  Is  shown  by  their  dislike  of  it  wLi-n 
fint  it  it  given  Diein.  In  fact,  in  otd«r  t«  make 
them  eat  it,  tbey  inuat  lint  be  starvrd.  tlaj«al 
q(iat«a  Barley  u*  saying  Ihitt  "  brcw-i-n'  and  dls- 
tnier^  grains  and  ilistillers'  wiuit4>  make  the  cattle 
'graiD^d^,' ai  it  is  termed,  and  prove  injuriouii 
to  tlie  stomach  of  an  animal.     It  has  been  aacur- 


tuinrd.  tliat.if  oowsare  fed  upon  theac  grains,  etc, 
Ihnir  conntilulKMM  become  qniclily  destroyed. " 

The  offect  of  tnklntt  ao  larfa  a  qtuintity  of  fluid 
by  the  asintnl  Is  to  increase  the  quanlily  of  Ihe 
mllk-aecrellMi  and  at  tlie  same  limr  (o  cause 
diarrhoea.  We  have  staled  tLat  Ibe  quality  ot 
the  milk  priHlucs-d  from  cows  fed  on  distillery 
swill  ill  very  infvrior.  In  support  of  Ibia  state- 
ment, we  quote  •oni«  analTim  niadi'  by  Dr.  K.  U. 
Bartley,  chief  chemtM  ol  tlw  Brooklyn  board  of 
liealth.  In  a  report  made  by  him  Iw  my*,  "  The 
eDrct  lii>on  the  competition  of  Ibe  milk,  of  feed- 
ing cowa  on  distillery  or  vinegar  swill,  Is  shown 
by  till!  following  analysis  of  three  samptes  of 
Kwill-mtlk  DH-vntly  roude  by  me,  aa  compared  with 
nomal  mflk  of  cowa  fnl  uo  ordinary  food  :  — 


Flnl, 

Svowd. 

Tblrd. 

a*ar*f*  ef 
aowialrsaa 

«(  aannal 
nlia. 

8|9Mrillii  irarlt)' 

1MC.W 

sats 

K1.M 

aw 

I/OO.IO 
SMS 

a.oa 

%7t 
MS 

tr.ta 

l«.U 

4.11 
(.08 

IJRtCO 
IKAi 

UJ* 

VM 

CnaitaD  aud  asli 

4M 

It  will  be  aecn  from  three  analyses  that  the  fat 
and  Migar  are  both  delicteni  in  tlie  milk  of  (he 
L-uw  Ced  on  dtstiilery  swill,  while  the  caaeine  is  in- 
creased. This  is  jnst  what  would  be  es|>ected 
from  tlie  character  of  the  food.  When  it  is  re- 
membered that  human  milk  oontains  more  sugar 
and  fnt  tluin  normal  cow's-mllk  and  much  loai 
cBseinii*.  we  can  readily  understand  whal  the  fffnct 
of  such  milk  muai  be  upon  small  cbililren  fed 
upon  ll.  Thn  amount  of  caaelne  being  grvat.  the 
ctud  of  Ibe  milk  is  incn'ased  and  the  dlgestioai 
aiade  more  diiHcnlt.  When  such  milk  i^  rendered 
slightly  acl<l.  or  is  hIIowimI  to  cougubite  sjioDtaue- 
ouidy,  a  marked  difference  is  noticed  in  Ihe  char- 
nct<ir  of  (be  curd  formed,  from  that  produced  in 
normal  milk.  In  the  forroet  iho  curd  is  tough 
and  bard,  and  shakes  to  pieces  with  greater  dilH- 
oulty  :  so  much  ao,  tliat  I  have  beiw  able  In  a  few 
caaea  to  identify  awiU-milk  by  Ibis  property  of  Ihe 
curd.  In  order  to  make  niirh  a  milk  ugtee  In 
comjioaition,  even  ronglily,  with  human  milk,  one 
and  one-bulf  quart*  ol  water  muit  be  added  to 
oue  qiiut  of  milk,  and  then  cream  and  sugar 
adde<l  to  supply  Ibeae  ingredients:  for,  a(t«r  (ha 
water  ha*  bcitn  added  to  dilute  tlie  casejnc,  thn 
mixture  would  contain  aliout  oue-fiflh  the  neceft- 
aary  quantity  of  sugar,  and  about  one.fotirth  the 


456 


SCIEJUrCE. 


[Vou  IX ,  No. 


aec<BMi7  fnt,  to  vtj  oothinK  of  tho  norma]  inor- 
ganic MJts.  It  mint  bi>  rpiiK'mbvfml  ihat  thoM' 
niilkriirn  who  teop  rows  have  a  \»t\tg  demand  for 
'  asiv  oovi't-  milk'  Xf*  4U)>{iIj  food  for  aninll  clill- 
drea.  and  runsequi-nity  tlih  milk  is  aiun.'  likely  lo 
be  Kiren  to  childrt'n  (him  Ut  adulta,  with  alt  tho 
evil  ooiu>H]UL-nc««  nbir-h  niut>l  follow.  TJii*  fnot 
nakm  it  imprrntivv  ifaiU  Huch  milk  Hhouid  be 
Btrictly  kept  from  Ihf  markfit." 

In  mippori  of  Ihp  staiement  whicli  we  bat-e 
mail^,  lliat  distillery  nillh  1«  InjurioiU',  tlie  follow- 
Injjt  tiislory  Is  iciven.  Iti  AuKU»t.  Vf92,  n  <.-bil<I 
four  luontho  old  died  In  Brooklyn.  Al  thu  nu- 
lopay  ilie  Hlonun-li  wan  found  to  cunlnin  roafcu- 
Inlvd  milk  am)  n  tlrm  lump  o*cr  (\\nv  \ar\tc*  in 
dianiptrr,  Tlir  ■tomach  wn*  t^^dened,  The  In- 
testine conlained  a  palo  Hlimy  mntf  rial  eliaracler- 
Istic  of  Inflanitnaiton.  It"  nieinliraiie  u-ub  ntudiled 
with  enlarged  Hlnndii,  In  the  opiiiiun  of  tlic 
pathottiglal  u'liu  made  tlie  autopsy,  Ur.  Lrut, 
df«l)>  uraa  due  lo  exiiauiiriuii,  —  a  nnult  at  gnNtru- 
«nt(-r()CuliiiB,  auK'Di^ntHl  by  tlie  pmcnco  in  the 
■tomaub  of  thr  firm  cicit  of  cuAi^Iatt'd  tuilk, 
whk-h  was  loo  flrm  for  the  child  to  voinil  up  or 
poM  down  into  the  ^ut.  nod  tbprefore  acted  as  n 
fotvticn  body  and  irritiinl.  Tlie  roolfaer  Mild  tliv 
ebUd  waa  f«d  on  'one  row's  milk,'  Dr.  Bartli-y 
aoalywd  the  milk.  an<l  found  it  to  bt-  nwiir 
inlUc  Ita  analjala  «-■«.  wutvr.  SO.M  ;  fnt.  2.08 ; 
■ugai',  9.88;  vaapioc  and  >nl(«.  S.T4 

Id  commpntinK  on  the  nl)o<e  fatal  r^ull.  Dr. 
Barttoy  xayH.  ">>w)l1-milk  does  not  ruajiiUate  att 
mdily  as  ordinary  milk,  but  tlie  curd  formed  in 
Diucb  firmer  and  Iom  ea-il>  dtHintcKnitpd  in  th« 
tottB«t  than  In  the  latter.  In  lamt  caiMiithp flavor 
of  the  >Hrill  ean  Iw  taxti-d  in  Ihe  milk  nfler  it  has 
atood  Homi'  hours  in  n  corked  boiiUt."  Dr.  Bart- 
toy,  a*  a  rvsult  »t  hi*  uliidy  of  ilie  subject,  sajs  in 
ngard  to  the  feedinu  of  xwlll  lo  oows.  -It  b  a 
practice  Hhicli  we  cannot  condemn  to)  Htrongly. 
a  [iraciice  which  undoubledly  adds  la>K«ly  to  the 
diga-stive  troubles  of  infancy  and  childhood,  and 
npccially  to  tlie  cases  of  cholera  infantum  so 
callnl.  in  the  nummcr  munlhii." 

In  the  Itmt  iiiinii.il  n-piirl  of  th<!  New  Yorii  stale 
dairy  rommiuioncr,  K.  W.  Mnrttn.  cheRiiM.  )iays, 
"Varioiin  kinds  of  unhealthy  foods  will  produce 
milk  not  only  abnormal  In  the  propurtionn  of  ita 
eoonltueoiA,  but  In  lis  react ionw  i  und  tiuch  milk 
ottut  be  oonHldrred  unhealthy,  although  produced 
by  ma  apparently  liMilthy  aniiuul :  an,  tor  instance, 
the  uae  of  diaiitlpiy  awilL" 

In  oonneclion  willi  Ibis  Kubjcct,  it  may  be  of  In- 
tereat  to  conNider  for  a  moment  the  mortality 
among  infanta,  and  ita  priadpol  factor.  lu  live 
iiionlbs  from  Jnnr  1.  ISM,  HS  children  uuder  five 
rears  of  ac«  di«d  la  N«w  Haven,  at  wbicb  num- 


ber, lit  wMr  from  dinrrfanm.  Thr  pnniculaw  of 
Ihirtpen  caata  wwe  not  aMvrtaiiM^I :  bttl  <if  lb«  96 
cnKeo  whoM  hiM^vlM  were  obtained.  14.8  prr  c«nl 
were  children  nareed  iiy  Ui^lr  motben :  TT.3  |ier 
c«nt  were  l>ottle-fed  wliolly  or  in  part  from  tba 
time  they  were  two  uioutliti  old  ;  8.3)ier  cent  w«re 
children  who  wer«  longer  nursed  than  tlie  ollwm, 
but  w<rre  l>otlli(-fed  at  the  time  tbcy  were  taken 
•ick.  Publinhud  itatixticy  sivm  to  (bow  ihat  a 
lorgr  majority  of  those  who  die  in  iafaacyare  f*yl 
by  hand.  Hint  in  to  say,  on  row's-rollk.  In  coun- 
tricK  where  the  dealh-rnte  under  one  rear  of  ag« 
i>^  lea*it  (under  10  per  cent  In  Norway.  Sweden, 
oud  Ireland),  the  practice  of  haii<l-teedin(C  is  al- 
moat unknown  ;  white,  oa  the  uihcr  hand,  where 
haud-tceding  i*  the  rule,  as  tn  Li>wcr  Barniia  and 
the  PiiJnIinale.  SO  per  rent  of  Ihc  (^liildnm  di«  be- 
fore n-arhing  tliciijtrof  oncyear.  Prooi  IIiIh  vjpw 
of  thi-  Kuliject.  the  importance  of  the  piirity  "f  lh« 
milk-*uppty  cannot  be  cxaicgerated,  afl<l  all  public- 
minilei)  dtlnena  can  do  Kood  service  by  foMcriac; 
a  public  opialou  which  will  euatain  boardi  ot 
h«alili  in  tlielr  efforts  to  Hupproa  traffle  in  swill- 
mitk. 


ANtLUCE  TBEITIIENT  OF  COKSCMPTKHt.  —  A  W-W 
trealDM-'Dt  of  uonsumpliun  has  lj«rn  piopnaed  bj 
Profcgaior  Krcnninnski  of  Russia.  It  hai  inx  beMi 
domoiMtintcd  that  the  moel  dilute  aoluiioDS  Ut 
aniline  weie  fatal  to  the  tubercle  liucillini, 
KtemiuTiBki  Huggi-HteJ  thiit  aotlinc  might  bp  in- 
haled so  that  it  would  enter  llieciiciitniiimandalso 
f;om«  in  cantact  with  thi-  diinued  puluionnry  ij^ 
iRi«.  and  dosiroy  the  hncilli  whererer  ibey  tnl^hl 
be.  As  a  result,  ilie  caviller  in  the  liinE«  would  hn 
converted  into  lieattliy  Kinnulatiag  ulcers  whkli 
might  lie  exiiecieil  to  clralrixe.  Tbe  Ituouan 
ouinniiiHion  which  waH  appuiiited  lo  laveaMBUft 
IheclaimH  of  thin  new  uti-thiid  of  trMUbeot  baa 
cxpi-rimciiti-<I  on  u  numlwr  »f  animalB.  wblrit 
went  fatally  BfTccteil  liy  imall  dnaea  of  anillnVk 
The  commlMion  has  cr^t^luded  that  snillne  Is  sat 
harmleMlo  nnlnial  life,  but,  on  the  contrary,  vary 
polaououfl  Indeed],  and  that  It  also  ezcvta  ■>»  lieD»> 
lictal  effect  on  pblbisis.  Dr.  Nesteroff  Ui«d  this 
Ircatineut  uiion  u  ounsumptivc!,  with  tlx-  rcfiill 
that  he  liccame  rapiilly  worse,  nnd  died  in  a 
fortniRbt.  It iamorelhnn  probable,  that,  after  tliia 
report,  the  aniline  irmtmcot  will  lie  nbindoitwd. 

8cAKi.ET-ricvnt-i5rECTtcD  milk.  —  Tlie  health 
officer  of  Bdinburgli  lias  recently  aubmttled  a  re- 
port of  the  facu  connected  with  an  epideioic  «»f 
scarlet-fever  in  that  city.  His  inquiry  won  wHh 
■pcciiU  reference  to  the  connection  tH-lweflii  Ibia 
otitbrcnk  and  the  milk-nupply,  and  ho*  rmulled  In 
Mliowing  that   the  affected  diittricl  waa  supplied 


4 


4 


457 


frout  a  MMiK«  wlikliwMiimUminatvd  hborit^  be- 
fore Uw  ctMnnti-ncrownl  of  (h«  cpjdrinic.  Thv 
funn  whm  thn  duanniw  ^xiirlrd  •rn*  <lai])*  npniling 
to  tlu)  ciry  onp  biimlnx]  nnil  C«-<-aty  Knll"<»  ■>'  iti- 
(M-tiHl  millc.  Tliio  •nbjrct  linn  been  roiwidenihly 
disTuaied  in  Rdlnlmi>;li  rfi.'^iitlj,  anda  letter  from 
a  idtyritian  whkli  n|ipoare(l  in  the  daily  |ir««8, 
m^niiiiiieiiiliiiK  lliat  all  milk  nhould  W  boiled  five 
iDlDitI«>.  hns  rfsulli'rt  in  (he  |f:t.-n(-Til I  adoption  of 
rthe  HUKgnrtinn  tbmiighiMt  tlio  rity.  StmrU-t-fcvrr 
I  Bppean  to  bo  rrry  prrTslrnt  In  EcliniiiirKh,  rliPir 
hnvitiK  i«^a  nt  one  time  one  hundre<l  and  ninety- 
ninr  potienio  In  the  nty  fe7er-ho«|>itai. 

Y8iJ«w-ri!VKK  ixoccijiTOK.  —  Dr.  UTTicoecheo. 
>urg«mi  of  a  battalion  iii  Colombia.  Inoculaled  Hve 
of  his  Roldiera  lor  tbi*  ])rei«tition  of  yellow- (e«t>r. 
Twenty  mimttCB  aflti  tbe  optrration  tlw  li-mj*ra- 
tur«'  t^Taduully  itwi-ndnl  lo  ■10"  C  iicoompnntni 
with  all  the  lymploRv  of  v^-lliiw-fe' er.  Tbi* 
liulcd  forty  hniiTi.  nt  Ibp  eipimtfon  of  which  Ihe 
fi'vi-r  and  nil  ntt«nilant<>yn>i)ioai8baddi<inp|>eared. 
At  Iho  )iret!«nt  ilme  Ilie  inoculated  eolJirra  are 
ipaw4  to  tire    infection.      Dr.    Biiaiarntftii^.  a 

'pHydcten  of  Cuculii.  Colanibnu,  n-potts  that  be 
liM  lnoealat«l  forty  |H.'rson<.  and  In  innny  of  then 
a  fevn,  with  owny  of  th«  chamcieriaticN  of  yel- 

i  low.fBver,  ha*  preftmtm)  it»elf  ;  thU  fcier.  d«iel- 
opiil  1^  inncutetion.  varying  wiera)  iMiths  of  a 
drffrw.  and  In  wme  case*  Mcpudlng  lo  ffC,,  but 

.  never  pri-aentini;  tiie  moit  grnvr  i>yniptom«  of 

<  yelluw-fcrrr.  Dr.  Burtamctitc  My*  that  the  re- 
sult of  liiM  obarrvAtion*  jimdnf*  him  in  staling 
puitivrly  that  the  (otcr  [irntlnoecl  liy  Inomlatlnn 
in  attrntied  with  no  lUnKet.  and  that  it  in  Mfe  lo 
lDOCUbt«.  as  he  ha»  already  doue.  pemom  from 
the  age  of  two  year*  upvrnrdH.  Many  of  tlw  per- 
sona laocu'a(«d  by  hint  hure  U«n  expdfrd  to 
fvllow-rerer,  and  in  nocaae  hatth»fev«raiUrhed 
thefD. 

tieLATINX  UgVETACnOM  BY  tuctiwu.  —  Dr, 
Stntiberg  haa  Iwen  fludylni;  the  IU|iiernction  of 
jjelalioe  by  bacteria,  and  lias  aacertalntol  ibut  ii 
la  4ae  lo  a  soluble  chemical  produi-t  which  in 
fOnn«>l  during  the  aclive  growth  of  tlw  liiiui-fyinc 
or^.'Aiiiiiuu,  mill  that  a  comparalivelyHCiiRlt  amount 
of  thinnniiBtiiuu-  tvill  liqiu-fy  gelatine  ({iiiti-  inde- 
pcndonttj  of  the  lifing  tinranlsm.  Dr.  Stembftg 
rxpntum  th«  hope  tbal  Kiate  cbenibt  will  tahe  up 
tho  qurklion  with  a  view  toaaoertalning  the  exact 
nnlurr  of  thle  auhetancie. 

WATxa-FiLTiUTio!!.  —  A  ve»y  bit«re«tfng  mritu 
of  axpertmeniH  in  tlw  nitration  of  wnli-r  hai  rr- 
ceallf  hwn  mad<T  by  Dr.  G.  T  Hwnriit,  and  re- 
ported by  bim  lo  ib<!  Rhoda  bhind  medical  ao- 
cirly.  tlf.  findi  that,  wh«n  BrM  laed,  aoina  Altera 
mccnafully  rentnve  wKite  of  tlw  0(gani*nw  which 


the  water  containx.  but  that  teata  mate  wmKcen 
day*  later  thovrd  in  overy  btalanee  a  marked  to- 
crr»tm  In  t\w  namber  in  lh«  (llleied  as  compond 
with  ihe  nntllK'red  wntrr.  In  otie  case  ti»  un- 
nitered  water  oontainrd  tbirtv-iiix  colonlM.  and 
after  poaaing  ilirough  the  filler  thvnr  won  S.OOti ; 
in  another  caae  Ibr  number  wa*  10,000.  An  ex- 
amination mndr  on  tb«  serenilelb  day  iihowrd  (be 
nnmber  at  colonint  ioc«w*d  »  117.000.  The  ex- 
pUnnilon  of  tliwo  re»ull!i  is.  that,  to  paMtog 
throuith  tlie  tUter,  *r>mv  of  Ihe  n>lcra-«ricanimn« 
pmeiii  ill  Ibe  water  are  retained  in  the  lllter.  Bi>d 
at  Ihe  Mime  time  some  of  the  albutniDmdn  which 
are  p«<-flrnt  are  also  n4alne<l.  "Ilw^  Utter  aetre 
la  pnhulum  for  the  niicnvorganitms,  and  (be  lat- 
ter Increwteenormoiiiilv  undpr  iIieaefaTorabh-'Con- 
ditinns.  and  water  •nilH'iineolly  paBOng  ihrough 
the  Hiirr  takea  them  up  in  lart-e  numl*'*-  With 
every  |H»>tikle  precaution  In  rtrriliuiig  and  ciean*- 
ing  the  flUcT.  thp  number  of  orimniiims  in  ftliermi 
water  exceeded  those  iu  iinfllten.'d  by  tu-veral 
thouMiad*  ;  e«pe<Tnlly  i«  tht-i  marked  if  tlw  Uller 
la  in  a  warm  room  or  in  proiiniliy  to  a  bot-waier 
pipe.  While  the  Iwwtrria  nrdiiiiirily  (•mwl  in 
water  an- hnrmlex^,  stltl  it  in  ixiiBihle  thai  t boat 
of  cl»>|pr«  or  lyphoi'l-fever  mijthl  br  j>reWTit  in 
drinking-wnier;  and  the  i.raclical  apidJcHli""  of 
thfw  olxfmitioiiii  of  Dr.  Swart*  i«,  that  «ich 
gentM  would  not  only  not  I*  filler^  out  in  the 
pmema  of  niirailuo.  Ir.il  that  th^-ir  nunil-er  would 
probably  incrwwe  many  tint- a  In  Ihe  Biter  itaelf. 
Tl>e  nitration  of  water  ia  therefore  of  no  uae  when 
the  presence  of  pntlioKVDii-  organlsmi  ia  ■uspected  : 
and  rrcouree  •lionld,  under  such  clmim«tatKv>,  he 
had  to  boilinK.  it  hntliR  been  adniidanlly  demon- 
Ktrated  that  all  «rf;aDl8n)B  In  water  ate  deetroyed 
at  the  boilinit- point .  if  that  iempem(ur*  i»  main- 
talnei)  for  one  hour. 


TUK  HUMAX  FAWUIES. 
Mittil  and  niuarlr. 
Thk  full  diguillcanoe  of  the  mi«lem  view  of  the 
Khition  of  boily  to  mind  I*  well  brought  liotne  by 
the  sncceM  of  a  r«>cent  experiment  upon  a  dunm 
dul).  khiKKidi,  uhldkrui.  illiterate  Inmain  of  (lie 
EIniira  refonontovy.  Tlie  tneu  were  not  exactly 
feeble-nil nde<l.  but  weredull  and  ntniiid,  had  ntade 
no  pro^tvas  in  •clionj.worlc.  and  wv-mn]  incapable 
of  a  pn^iged  mental  effort.  The  claaa  was 
formed  (W  June  5  of  ISSU.  when  the  men  were, on 
Ibeaverage.  33.Uy«aTioM  :  they  bad  b««4i  commit* 
ted  for  rather  low  orders  of  crime*,  for  which  the 
law  wonid  have  imjxned  an  average  tenlence  of 
about  seven  ye»r« ;  hnd  one  and  nil  nt-'ver  learned 
a  trade ;  and  exhibited  tbc  uMial  amount  of  in- 
U-niperaoce,  lierriltnry  taint,  and  lack  of  moral 


458 


SCIEirCE. 


\\oL.  IX..  Ho.  an 


dvvelopmntl,  wbkh  can  be  pUunl;-  rHtil  od  the 
tjpic»l  phfclognouT  of  H  L-rimtDn].  Their  nr (.Tilsit 
w«j)ch(  WB«  I»l  )N)uih1i:  tWir  hingbt.  S  rmt  4^ 
inclm;  niiil  chcHt-gircli,  ^i\  inclim.  They  were 
•ohject^i  loa  can-fully  ■olrctcd  Olid  weiglieil  dift, 
(«  val«r  aail  vnpor  ImtliA.  to  knrailtUK  utd  iiia«- 
Uffe :  undntwcnt  a  syuematlz^d  Iraiaing  iu  duinb- 
1x11  and  other  icrmuasllc  exetvises  ;  were  drilled 
In  kMiNDi;  ate])  and  inarckiuK :  and  altogether 
llTCd  (outddc  o(  the  um«1  Bliop-workl  r.»y  aiucb 
(he  me  of  BU  aUilete  under  trnintnf;.  A*  wm  Ui 
bo  exj>epled,  ihe  limt  elTert  wnn  n  dwTense  in 
welgbt  (uf  4.S7  pnundii  on  July  I) ;  but  on  Nov,  0. 
nrbeo  t)i«  cliun  diiic;nRtlnued.  Ibe  avemxe  incKaite 
of  weight  wa»  1.23  pounds.  Ttieir  muocleii.  pre- 
viouHly  »oft  and  llabby.  wrre  now  liordeoiH]  mid 
active  ;  their  shulUini;  giiit  wan  abandoned  for  nn 
VlaMlc  walk  ;  Ihi^  dull  and  otolid  look  gnve  way  to 
■  brlnhter  aiid  inonr  iDtptll([r7it  expremlon.  But  a 
apedal  ubJM-i  wm  to  oee  the  elTecl  ofnll  thlaon  ibeir 
mental  capabilities.  When  they  I>e^n,  oiie  t-uuld 
neither  rwid  nor  write ;  a  ■•cc.'oiid  could  biuely  do 
•o :  lour  andersUtod  long-diriaion.  but  not  well 
etmngli  to  jnel  a  oortwcl  answer;  while  tlie  teat 
were  wrecked  beforp  flnixhinK  simple  ditUloii. 
Theh-  a\-erngp  work  in  (he  »r)iool  reitlater  prior  to 
this  exprrimml  ica*  Vt.iRoMot  a  possible  100; 
durini;  Ibo  Ave  cnonths  of  Iruinini;  it  was  74.16. 
Add  to  tbia  the  stateioent  of  the  iiiHtructnm,  thnt 
tbo  numben  (ail  to  eipmn  the  real  iniprovenient 
whi«li  their  actiona  and  spirit  portrayed,  and  one 
appreciate*  the  real  succeMof  thin  luEuable  expisr- 
intent.  Of  eourae,  the  dullsnh  iverv  not  made 
•cholara,  and  to  mentally  awaki-n  taca  of  2a  in  a 
different  tank  front  arotuuoK  a  KrowiOK  boy  ;  hut 
It  shown  tliat  even  in  this  low  type  of  huninuity 
there  in  a  latent  mental  power  capable  of  U-ins 
acted  upon  for  the  Rood  of  its  owner, 

lliernlioRnleof  tbIa  proctw.  niodt-m  physioloKf 
nui  well  explain.  The  tnuBele*  an?  connected 
by  nerres  with  luulor  cmtrwi  in  the  hrnin  :  they 
■re  the  organ  of  the  will.  beeaii»e  their  cun- 
Iraction  in  under  the  control  of  the  bra  in -cent  res. 
Wlien  we  exercise  a  ii>u»cle.  we  nut  only  make  it 
grow  and  tlerelop,  but  we  also  nlrirngthini  the 
lirabi-oeBlte  Uwt  oontrola  it.  The  IniiRiuute  of  the 
muadM  appeal*  to  the  rcry  root  of  human  nuture: 
Ihe  HrM  drp  in  educatinji  Idiota  Is  to  get  them  to 
tnoTc  their  limbe  In  an  orderly  way  and  at  com- 
mand, to  edueatv  (heir  motor  n-nire*.  Just  «o 
the  duU  brainn  of  then:  eriminnlly  inclined  men 
CM  be  beat  arouani  by  oronsinic  their  motor  cen- 
irea.  This  cffi-et«  n  ouire  viKoroiu  vitality  of  the 
whole  brain,  and  Ih  iht-  Drst  elep  towards  a  biglier 
peyehie  life. 

Dr.  Wey,  to  wImmd  Uie  credit  oS  tlii*  painattdc- 
ing  work  belongs,  appends  to  his  story  aeiwrato 


pholognplm  and  a  comiRwite  (unfortunately  a 
|ioor  one)  of  tha  gronp  wluuh  will  bear  out  th« 
deacrijition  of  Ihe  in>en  abovo  outlined. 


Tkutb  op  CRiutKAif.  —  An  Italian  acientiat. 
Morro,  lin<la  tliat  criniiualg  are  mor«  apt  than 
normal  [HMiple  to  lie  the  descendants  of  very  younj{ 
and  at  very  old  |inrenl6  iu  upposition  to  |>arenta 
of  middle  a£r :  and  the  sami-  is  true  of  the  in- 
sane. In  a  table  founded  on  1,863  noruial  men, 
401!  crituinsls,  and  100  insane,  S.8  per  cent  of  nor- 
mal men  wer«>  bom  of  parents  In  the  growinK 
period  uf  life.  M.l  per  cent  of  pareoit*  in  tlie 
period  of  maturity,  uiid  3'l.i)  per  cent  of  parenla 
who  had  alreody  ivitcbeil  the  devliuing  period  of 
lite.  Similar  pi^rcentuKrH  for  criminal*  are  10,9, 
SO.T,  and  33.2  ;  and  for  the  insane,  IT.O,  47,0,  and 
88.0.  Tlie  same  writer  also  find*  that  the  bodily 
temperature  of  criminals  is  slightly  luKlwr  than 
that  of  normal  persona,  being  about  ST'.OT  C.  in 
thirty  cn««  which  be  examined. 

TlIK  WKITLXii  Attn  nUNTIMI  or  TBK  nKRAXOBD. 
—  Tlie  manuscripts  of  nenrnpatb*  —  a  word  wide 
enoutch  to  include  the  olifcht  and  Ihe  aevcre  dis- 
lurbaucee  of  mental  sanity  —  preaont  cottaja  ^p* 
ieal  chamclertaliu.  They  abound  In  HaUoised 
words  :  in  exclamation-poiats  and  pniictoaHone 
■ft«r  almost  every  word  ;  in  frequent  use  of  cap- 
itals; in  vnrioua  sixes  of  writinK.  jiarticiilat^y 
much  very  large  writing  ;  and  the  like.  It  is  not 
ofleo  tliat  such  people  have  the  opimrtnnity  of 
guln^  to  print  and  conrerlinK  the  compnatUM*  to 
thi-ir  lutuliur  system  of  ty|)a|i;rspby.  U.  Rtobet 
printn  n  fi-w  s|ieciinen  pages  uf  audi  an  autlior, 
and  oiiintH  twi-lre  different  kinds  of  lelten  in 
seventeen  line*,  besides  the  usual  capitals,  excla- 
mation-jxiintB,  and  so  on,  in  great  abondanoe. 
AU  this  Isi^iicnirlcnnc  oranexdted,  praadas atate 
ot  mind,  closely  allied  to  delirium  and  niaola. 

CuLoKED  soiTKiM — Mr.  Onlloin,  in  hia  'In- 
quiries into  human  faculty,'  hn*  collected  a  num- 
ber of  very  intToting  and  stmiifce  raan  of  per- 
sons to  whom  I'ertnin  soimds  always  call  iipeertain 
colors.  In  one  case  a  whole  languagi?  waa  derol- 
oppil  for  ttant-laliDK  oolcirs  into  sound  and  back 
again,  and  this  favored  individual  could  read 
word*  out  of  n  wnll-pajHT  pattern,  or  paint  a  pat- 
tern loonier  lo  represent  a  word.  Two  French 
writers,  Lauret  and  Dueliauswy,  iec<-iitly  de- 
scribe a  case  the  jiecullarity  of  which  Is  its  Ueredi- 
lary  character.  The  geutlemun  iu  qnevtiun  Itaa 
color*  for  artirulaled  sounils.  but  not  for  muaical 
ones.  Both  his  son  and  daughter  lutva  a  aimilar 
faculty.  The  father  and  dauj[bter  a«T<«  quit* 
cloeely  on  the  colors  going  with  Ihe  vowel  and 
ooueunant  sounds  ;  but  Ibe  oamea  of  the  uumanala 


4 
I 

1 
I 

I 

I 
4 


Hat  13.  1B87.) 


acm 


} 


■re  qnita  exocplional.  While  word*  wvmed  od- 
orod  to  them  only  wlipn  ■pnkrn  vpry  *1owlj  wiil 
MparatAly,  nn<l  then  timplj  Uke  on  Ibp  colon  of 
th«  coDiponent  eouiids.  particularly  (bp  Towela, 
the  DBuiea  of  the  numerala  have  distinct  colors 
which  afeeniiralydifTenMil  in  father  aud  daugh- 
ti;r.  Inti-niH.'  thought  ot  a  souniJ  ran  bring  op 
thn  color  juMt  na  rwilty  Iwaring  it  doM. 


JSXPLOHATloy  A.\D  TItAVEL. 
Stanlty't  niarch, 

Adviojr  from  Baiua-Maiilelta  (about  loldiray 
betwp«n  Banana  and  Stanley  Pool),  dated  Hanh 
39,  My.  "  Mr.  Henry  H.  Stanley,  with  hid  expi>dt- 
tion  for  lh«  ivllef  of  Kmin  Bey,  hai  arriTwl  hvcr. 
All  the  nirinWr*  of  the  piuty  am  wcJi.  Mr. 
Stanley  ha*  (l(>cidn(I  to  toke  n  rout«  by  wny  of 
Stnnlry  FbIIn  for  F.inln'H  <-nni|i  at  Wndelal.  He 
will  r«Mi«ie  t)i«  authority  of  the  Intrraaliooal 
aaaoctation  at  Siaiilpv  t'uDs.  iiiMtall  Ti|>i)u-Ti|f.  mid 
afterwanl  aacenJ  tlitr  JIhjru,  wrliich  is  now  known 
to  b*-  for  u  iSTt-iit  part  iiavigahtc.  At  the  point 
wht-tL*  luvij-iitiun  rrans.  the  caraTiin  will  i>tflTt 
BCrofK  thii  cnuniTT,  iirihinB  th«  Altit-rt  Syaoaa  at 
KlurawuT,  wlierv  Stanley  intend*  to  form  a  forti- 
Hd  ctimp.  and  then  teait  In  advance  boaiH  to 
inform  Emin  of  the  arrlinl  of  the  expedition,  and 
solicit  transporiution  to  Wadrlui  by  Emin'*  two 
Ntrnmrtn.  The  cararan,  which  preaunta  an  impoa- 
inK  spectacle,  is  ahoiil  to  teare  here  for  Leopold- 
ville.  Four  bodies  cunafetiiig  of  twenly-flve  men 
each,  comimuxled  by  Enropeoju.  will  go  in  ad- 
vance to  drive  cB  the  inantuden  infnttnK  the 
mule.  The  uHicK'iation'n  stenuier  tlio  Stanley, 
the  Livingxtoiu!  tnixnion  ■ti^rorr  Henry  Read,  and 
that  trading  ■tenuii-r  Florida,  wlil  wait  at  Le»pold- 
ville  to  carry  the  expedition  U>  th«  up|)rr  Kuogu. 
The  cnt«rpriw  has  caused  a  ■ensaliuii  umun);  thi- 
luitives.  Miiny  iiien  from  tbefa,(.-ii>rirfi  at  Bannna 
unit  Bourn  are  Huctcinj;  to  join  thi-  exjieditlnii, 
newn  liaring  t{irrHd  at  the  ri'tiim  of  the  '  white 
pro]ih«l'  who  will  n«tore  oider  auioog  tlie 
people." 

This  report  confirms  the  viewN  exprewwd  in 
■oroe  letlent  un  the  stale  of  aiTain  on  iliv  KonKo. 
pubtbthed  t>y  ibr  Paris  grog^nipliicftl  auciety,  lo 
which  vf«  rrfcirtd  in  .ViriVnce  of  Ajiril  1,  sayliii; 
thnt  the  intercourse  on  both  l>ank«  of  the  Kon);i> 
a»  far  as  Stanley  P<m>I  was  interrupted  by  the 
nallvea  attacking  Uieoanv&iM.  Stov  tbottgh  the 
progress  be,  we  may  liope.  howenr,  that  the 
Kongo  aawciatiim  will  racceed,  after  all,  in  opm- 
ing  centntl  Afric«  to  commerce.  Fven  th«  bltl«r- 
nrt  enemy  of  the  amoclMion  cannot  deny  tliat 
great  progress  haa  bMn  mad*  since  the  Srsl  Ble|« 
of  opening  tlie  Kongo  route  were  taken.    Though 


the  aapec*  is  dm  so  glowing  as  the  aiwaciation 
repivaeats.  we  are  conHdent  of  tlie  Ann)  suoceM  of 
the  numrmu*  efforts  for  gaining  a  fuotbohl  In  tlio 
Kongo  Iwuin. 

Stanley'^  route  le«d*  tlirougb  one  of  the  moat 
unknown  partaof  Africa, ll>r expUimtion of  which 
will  lead  to  the  discovery  of  the  wniembml  be- 
tween the  upper  Kongo  and  (he  MiuIah  Kugc. 


A'OrWI  AND  yisws. 
"^1  Congms  of  German  teachers,  to  be  held 
at  Oolha  during  the  latt«r|Mrtof  thi*ntiMith.  will 
disciiict  tite  following  questions:  1.  In  what  n- 
K\x<'A»  can  Uie  Kchool  contribute  (o  the  solnllori  of 
the wK-ial <juestion ?  3.  Is thedtandHrdof morality 
among  the  mamii  higher  tliau  lurineriy,  and,  if 
BO,  how  much  of  the  credit  of  thin  in  due  to 
schools  ?  S.  What  eit'^rnnl  iTimimstanci'S  hare  a 
beneficial,  and  nhal  hare  a  deirimenUil,  effect 
upon  the  work  of  the  teaelier?  4.  How  can  his- 
tory be  uiicd  OS  a  means  of  forming  character? 
5.  The  teacher aae'lucator.  H  Is  tliecontlDuanM 
of  (luhlic  eianiinatioRR  desirable  or  not  t  T.  Hi* 
educational  vahie  o(  Kinging,  A.  The  trgalar  by- 
gtenie  inspection  of  the»chool  by  a  phyoiriin,  9. 
Bduc«tiona)  walk*  with  the  pupils  as  object-ba- 
tons. 10.  Instruction  anil  reailing  loioks  on  the 
principle  of  thi'  Htalithtdt.  II.  Discipline  tl>e 
sine  qiui  lion  of  sohiMl-eHucAlion.  1^.  R4>fiigeit 
forboya  and  e:lrls.  19.  Reformatory  ediimtion. 
14.  Thn  ■■■luoatioii  of  girb.  13.  The  need  fur  a 
general  <lni  pi  ideation  in  thi-  pment  H{)elllnc.  lit. 
Tlie  exercise  of  llie  fmncliiiHt  by  llie  leucher,  both 
Bt  general  aikd  municipal  elections,  i*  of  (he  high- 
est iiu|MHtanoe. 

—  The  schooli  of  Vienna  are  bencefonli  to  gire 
liislrnction  in  civics  at  part  of  tlie  regular  ele- 
uieutary  teaching.  Thta  step  i*  taken  in  nooonl* 
aiioe  with  a  munldpal  decmi. 

—  Tlie  prlw  of  aS.OOB  tnmat,  offered  by  (lie 
King  ot  the  Belgtaiw  for  (he  beet  e»ay  on  tlte 
licit  means  of  Imjirovlng  the  study  and  tlte  teach- 
ing of  geography,  has  l>t<eii  awanied  lo  Anton 
Staulwra,  profcnor  a(  the  gytunaaiiiui  at  Au^ 
burg. 

—  Sir  Himry  Hinmner  Msini',  <rvell  known  as  the 
author  of  '  Ftrly  hisloryof  tnsti  tut  ions.'  'Ancient 
law,'  and  '  Popular  government,'  liss  been  cbnwn 
Whewell  profeMor  of  Internallonal  law  at  the 
Unii^niiy  of  Camliriilge.  in  sitcccMloa  to  Sir 
William  Vcnion  Uanwirt,  resigned. 

—  Lord  ItofplH^ry  is  lu  ^k  llie  lJl<eraI  candidate 
tor  the  lord-rnctoraliip  of  Glaigow  univcnily  at 
th«  nest  election. 

—  Vienna  nnivenity  has  now  (.139  sludsots  on 
its  books. 


SCIENCE. 


—  HuTntd'ii  tffo  hxvaAtvA  nnd  firii<-ih  uinitii- 
Mrr  "Od  ColuiutilA'fl  nne  liun<ire<lih  »c<-m  inptgniH- 
ctai  wheo  we  r»ad  thni  ihoUitlverhlijnr  BciloRnn 
wilt  D«xt  Bpriii^'  oelelirate  Ibv  elK)it  hundredth  an- 
nlverMry  of  itn  HU[>[iiM(.tl  ruiiutlutioii.  Ihe  exact 
dst«  cif  wliii^h  in  iidt  knon-o. 

—  M.  Bnriinni  Pi-rcy.  whow  books  oo  infnnt 
and  ohilc]  psj^hulnKy  havr  lieon  so  HUt'crwtuI,  is 
ftt  work  on  another  of  llie  aaine  characler.  eo- 
tlttod  'U  petite  flrie,' 

—  The  Uulverklty  of  Utrecht  han  now  3'  pro- 
feoeora,  —  theology,  4  ;  Ian-.  7 :  mnlidnc.  8  ;  »ci- 
eDC«.  10 ;  Ivttmi,  7,  —  7  Ircliircni,  and  II  privat- 
(loceiiU.  Ml  litiidpnts  art<  attondinx  lt>e  iiniwr- 
■itj. 

—  Aflfr  a  lieoij-  sliuwvr  in  Wunliini^ton  lunt 
we«k,  ihe  K"lien  aiwl  low  jilaorK  wvtv  oovcn-d 
with  a  (Icpotit  ol  tinr  yellow  powder.  Profeawir 
Ward  pronounced  it  v*itf  taMe  pull«n.  which  came 
froHi  the  pitK>-trpf«  of  the  dlatrict  ll  was  very 
light,  nnd  was  carried  Into  tlio  upper  tvgtimn  and 
waahcd  out  by  rain.  Prufctnur  Ward  said,  "  It  \a 
tbt  naal^  eleu)vnt  of  the  pine- 1  rem,  which  iiHually 
abed  tbeir  [wlloo  at  this  aeason.  It  conxiHin  at 
minute  gmini.  likr  Utile  spom,  and  to  Ihe  naked 
err  tooka  likp  yellow  du^l,  but,  stilijected  lo  the 
microscope,  itit-  Einino  have  diflcreni  HliapcH, 
which  difler  with  the  t  arii-tira  of  pine.  It  i»  com- 
mon whcrrvcr  pine-treeii  exist." 

—  TlieU,  8.  Krol(*K'<^l  survey  will  collect  all 
AttaiDaNe  information  reKHrdinc  the  rt^-ntrarth- 
quakra  fn  Arieonn.  Citmlar  lettfm  of  iDc|uirr 
will  lie  sent  to  n-«idi'nt9  on  the  area  nStvtnl,  a* 
usual.  Tbi.-  iliKtiirlxHl  area  M>(-nic  to  bw  a  circle  of 
BOOii:  four  hiiadnnl  miles  rjdiiis,  ftillj  one-quarter 
as  Targn  as  the  Churlestoii  eartliqnake.  and  nearly 
one-thlid  of  the  area  of  the  Bivieta  earthquake  of 
last  febriuiry. 

—  Dr.  Su-nibtrE  left.  Slay  a.  for  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
to  inveitiKatt'  yellow-feier.  He  expects  to  return 
in  Sept  em  tier. 

—  Uoughlon,  MifHIn  ft  Co,  have  just  |mbllslied. 
in  tha  ■  American  common  wealths '  aeri(«,  Prof. 
Alexander  Jolinaton'!>  hlalory  of  Uonneotlcut.  Lm- 
A  Shepard  have  in  pn-pai«tion  new  oditioon  of 
■  Milch  cowa  and  dairy  farming' '  and  '  Omssea  and 
for«g<!- plant*,'  by  C.  1.  Flint  of  Ihe  Mnasachii- 
•attji  atate  board  of  Bjcrlculture.  Both  are  lielnc 
cucfnlly  revised,  and  broutchl  down  to  <laie. 

—  Sir  Aoaton  Ilcnry  Ijiyard  \*  nov  preparing 
for  th«  prvm  hltMwly  adventures  In  Penia.SaBlana, 
•nd  Babylonia,  which  will  include  as  aeeonni  of 
hJA  re^ideni-c  among  the  Ilukbliyari  and  other 
wild  trilH-a  before  the  diKCovwy  of  Ninerch.  it 
wil)  be  publiatied  by  Hr.  John  Mum>y. 


LETTKKS  TO  THE  fPITOR. 

•,>n«  alln-Uon  n/  KitnlifiB  mM  i*  «alM  fa  t*r  ml^nMfm 
tf  Iht  ntntjunantu  «*tiFHM  «<»tfl»)»Ot  A'  y****^  pnm^ttf 
tn  rtmtii  ^ritf  yrllmtnarir  natkt*  t\f  Ihtir  (HmtliMMMa. 
IVmCy  M|>iM  i\f  l\*  ntimtfr  trttlatittnt  AM  tmrnmu^ltalltm 
trill  t*/iimuln<l/rn  la  nay  urmpendenl  on  rrjmtti, 

Thttdltiir  irlll  bt  flail  rsjiuUMt  mij  ^vtrln  tnttmaiit  urtlh 

Cormpciultntt  arr  ri'iainid  (o  ^  M  Wit/  at  yu—iV*.    TW 

Kf^r^T'd  lunw  U  InnU  t*i>n  rttpiirfil  lujtn^fttfpt^/tUA, 

Osteological  notea. 

Ix  Sciejic*  Itit  April  IG,  Mr.  I-'.  A.  Lncaa  lakea  very 
«ourl«oiiH  Dutim  of  my  ot-wiiatious  iipMi  (lii*  mdi- 
nientaiy  inclarar|ialB  of  Biion  lionaauii  (tbc  anioofa). 
A*  I  rfciiiarknil  tbtrrln.  tho  data  v*n  altogctlirr  loo 
fragmrutnry  upon  nlilch  lo  dtsw  rom^Iiiaioiia.  UtiU. 
it  would  Becui.  Ki  fat  at  my  tiliwriatiouii  ^o,  (bat  tlic 
Aiiioriotui  bison  oxhiHlii  only  oiic  rttilinieatary  ui«ta- 
rnrpal.  aad  that  oui  invaiiably  tbaflfltai  wbil«  Ui« 
Enrop"*)!  Iitson.  accurOlnu  to  Osod,  davvlopt  both 
ancond  and  Aflb.  Hm  a£elalon  io  Ihe  Mnsenm  of 
roiu^aratite  xodlogy  picBeota  only  oav.  tlia  aeeood, 
vlihoiit  a  trace  of  an  aitimlatiiig  luort  for  the  Bftb. 

I  have  aicaiti  cnrcfQlly  ruuulncil  tb*  Hgbt  iliitattic- 
nlaled  and  tL«  tvu  luomtwl  akeleilODs  of  Ibe  IJlaoD 
atacrinumn  m  tbii  ninaenm,  and  la  not  one  do  1  And 
a  trace  uf  an  articiUatiug  facet  tor  Out  atcood  inctk- 
cftipkl.  iDHoalaaniathaMuaoiktnM.witbtbi'TXceih 
tiuD  that  ueetviioually,  lu  placa  of  ths  sfcoud  mi'tacar- 
pnl,  tlieti-  in  iitcwdI  a  very  riiiliiiientary  atylet  eon- 
]>lFlcly  nuchylotcd  to  IIih  r^nuuou  bunt',  aad  ap- 
|)f>a[jiitt  iu  oil  I'lotiloiia.  It  ctmid  nut  be  termed  u> 
miy  •eiixra  iiiUlmoiitnty  inulni'iirpnl. 

Ki.  Luoaa  taya  thai  an  exauiknatlon  of  four  or  Bv* 
of  the  ■kelolonauf  Bison  ameTi«aniu,  Kiib  whi<'fa  tfa* 
U.K.  national  ninaoaia  baa  lately  proiitlcd  itAolf, 
abuHHtbHt  III  every  cahi*.  nulluienUi  of  the  mcowI 
and  fifth  iDidacarpals  nrv  presvut.  and  ibol.  as  Ui»y 
aroall  >n  *i'ii.  tbore  can  \>v  DomiBtake  in  1b«  matter. 

Powilbly  Mr.  I^ncaii  and  mnclf  differ  «b  lu  wliat 
con  itl  til  Irs  a  mdiuieutaiy  mnlacarpal ;  uud  I  niaia- 
luiu  that  n  dist!notui«ta«i>r|iii],  linweTfT  radiiixinlary, 
rctjuiroa  the  preaeucv  uf  nu  artbnidial  taMi  upon 
tha  iwrroaponding  aarface  of  the  oiuinon  lioue.  Nor 
do  I  bnllsTe.  that,  oaco  lucL  faci-t  ia  de*clop«d.  It 
ever  dlsappcntx. 

1  can  llntl  uu  authority,  except  Owen  on  Rlaou 
boDnnin,  that  tpcaliK  of  the  Buviiiae  fth  baling  mor« 
tliAii  »iir  niiltiiK'Utary  luctBCiiipul.  uni)  tbnt  tl)c  Aftb. 

If,  AS  Ml,  I.Ui'as  xayii,  "tlieie  cilau  od  lb« 
mounted  akvletou  of  tlitiou  uuerinuma  to  tb*  V^ 
national  mnaeuui  n  u-ell-defiued  arttcHl'ir /aetl  Cor 
Iba  *r«ond  right  nctucHriial."  1  yield. 

At  prcaanl  my  pvrsonal  obaEivatiuu  allow*  ma  to 
make  tbe  folluwIUKdediiclloiut:  — 

1.  That  Biiou  americanaa  eibibil*  oidy  aslaglo 
mdliuonfary  uctaoarpal,  and  tbat  lui-ariably  Uie 
lirili. 

1'.  Tbat  Mtiwai  bonaans  may  ctbibrt  ooic  or  both 
mdimcLlary  mftai-arpala ;  it  only  one.  tbat  Ibla  niay 
bo  either  tbc  Koond  or  fiftb.  D.  D.  Hi.u>m. 

('■niiirhl((^  April  Ift, 

Witb  Dr.  Slado'a  permiaaion.  I  will  add  a  fewUnaa 
to  his  polite  rajolndor  to  my  note  of  April  m,  ha 
having  kindly  pmniittad  lua  to  r«a>l  ll  before  pabll, 
oaliou, 

I  t(wr  I  tuuHt  indeed  diUrr  nitb  t>r.  Slada  tm  to 
what  conatitnloa  a  rndiiutntary  metacarpal.  boldiBff 
that  a  bone,  be  It  ncvur  so  aoiall,  If  tonMautly  (oBnd 


i 

4 


Uax  13.  ISKO 


scnsycE. 


461 


occapjing  tlie  pMition  of  B  m«Uto«ipftl,  mast  1)»eon- 
•idorod  M  iu  degoacrate  repT«B«nt«tiv«.  t-vati  it  not 
Uticulatioff  irilh  th*  cupiM  or  mataearpoa  by  iii««iia 
of  iiDMtbroiliAl  t»o«t.  Thl«  MinuDptlaD  wonM  iceni 
1(1  bn  boroe  onl  by  auch  ciMM  M  UiOM  of  Ibo  lelMii«ta- 
oarpal  deer,  in  wLicb  tba  dialal  portiom  aloii«  of  Ibe 
Mcoad  and  fifth  RMtacarpoIi  (tn  prouDl.  nnd  thetc  in 
IM  ArUouUtioa  wb*l«Ter  villi  the  ntnaoii  hniin. 

Wonld  it  not  alto  he  c-]ii*II,v  corrdcl  lo  druT  ttin 
right  of  the  'Npoiimuilioorii'  iu  bisuu  l<i  l>«  cHlIctl 
pbiUuiDPii  bpraiiMi  tli«v  havo  no  eoauaelton  whnt- 
tVAsr  mtli  the  lut-tHCBrplLls? 

Now.  iu  Bitou  lUDonoaDUS  then  is  In  tr^rj  •  Toxtffb 
tkrMon '  vuiitiopd  a  bone  about  teu  iiiillliu»tTM  m 
length,  ocoupj'iiig  tba  place  of  tlio  aeooud  motaiEar- 
pal.  Altliougb  this  bone  Ttry  rareljr  oxhililta  the 
aUghtMi  tnoe  of  an  aithrDdiai  foott,  It  Is  aerfirtfae- 
lOM,  from  luj  atwul-point,  lo  b«  conajdered  m  a 
mdiniontaty  metacarpal.  If  not  •  metacarpal,  what 
b  h?  In  two  skeleUma  out  of  nix,  tliM«  i>  n  amall 
flMMt  on  one  kg  only,  but  the  llttU  bone  above 
naaUoned  is  the  uonjr  core  of  a  ayiuiuetricallr  ahaped 


The  maxiUo-pilatincs  of  Tachycincta. 

Th«  pcrnon  who  '  tcnmd  tanll '  vitb  Dr.  Shnfcldfa 
flgnre  of  Tacby cinota  tbalaadaa  (see  Scirnrr,  li.  Ko, 
331)  would  lllift  to  my  a  few  woMs  by  na.v  of  »i. 
plnnaliou.  I  regret  that  lujr  muarks  tihuuld  haT« 
bocll  coiutrnrd  aa  mere  faiilt.flQdiiig.  Nothing  WH 
fnrtlKir  frota  my  intoDtiona.  andlshnnld  be  nxtttiDMly 
Biirry  t<i  lure  r«<qnlt«(l  th«  many  MitKtealM  received 
at  tho  hands  of  Dr.  Sbnfeldt  in  any  an«h  maimer. 
Tbo  ihapc  of  the  masillo-palMtiiieB  of  TKbjvinota 
ronntltntad  one  of  tho  lliilu  In  tha  chain  of  Dr. 
8>biifeMt*a argument;  and,  a«  my  own  conolniiloiM 
iu  tile  nubioot  under  dlw^eaiou  wer«  i^ult^  different 
from  bia.  it  wu  ucodfnl  for  mo  to  point  out  any 
daws,  ftitlivr  at  toil  or  Agnroi  which  bad  a  bearing 
on  thi<  «ubj«(it.  Vi'hiln,  at  the  linw  of  viltliiK  the 
'  Affinities  at  Ohsetata.'  Ilivre  ww  no  »p«cim«n  of 
T.  thnlaaaina  at  my  diapoaal,  I  did  haie  many  apod- 
moDs  representing  STery  othor  »pacioa  of  Nortli 
Am^ican  swallow.  All  of  these  sgreod  wltlt  one 
another  in  Ibe  ahap«  of  the  maiiUo-palatinss.  and 


mxp 


no.  1. 


P)0.1. 


Fio,  8. 


cartilagiuoua  inase  ittj  like  the  l>clt«r-deTelo))»d 
atlb  metaMrpsL 

Eumlnatlon  of  th«  nkelotou  of  anrocba  ia  the 
VA.  national  muutim  nhowa  that  tlio  facets  for  the 
nrlicakliou  of  the  fifth  nietacnrpal  ar»  muub  JArgvT 
nnd  more  aharply  di?llued  than  are  thoKi  for  the 
nitienlalioD  of  the  itrcond. 

Oir^u  notes  tliat  tho  genua  Bison  has  two  small 
mnlacurpalii,  and  it  would  seMD  safe  to  sssame  that 
this  i*  the  Durmal  uumhei.  the  Cambridge  a]cel«Ioa 
being  in  this  respect  abuoRnal. 

The  dedu«tlous  tliat  1  wonld  make  are  Iheoo :  — 

1.  Bison  bonasns  poMsnes  two  radlmentary  mnta- 
car]>al*.  both  of  whiob  >rtionIM«  with  the  ectuniou 
bone  by  anluodial  fseol*. 

S,  Biaon  anwrleanua  posMnMs  two  mdiiuentiuy 
metaearpala.bot  the  outer  one  alon#  regularly  ortlo- 
nUlsa  with  the  cauauu  bone. 

To  Dr.  Slade.hovevcr.heluuga  the  credit  of  Mat- 
ing ont  that  In  Ihlfl  r«i|>i<ot  the  Amorioan  and  Euro- 
pean bison  are  different,  and  that  tho  American  is  jaat 
a  shad*  morre  modifiecl.  Pnanio  A.  Ltjcus. 

WsalilBRUnL,  D.C.,  AitU  W. 


iliffen»l  in  Mo  nitli  th<i*iMif  the  BlnUl  Ilgnr«4  by  Dr. 
Htiufeldt.  <>u  tbe  atrMigtb  of  tbcao  facts.  I  Teuturfd 
to  atatc  that  the  Sgitre  nwi  liiip^tfvol  in  this  par- 
ticular :  snd  a  akullof  T.  tlialmtiiuB  aince  prooured 
has  the  uiailllo-palatinea  lilie  those  of  Its  mtativM. 
Of  tbe  B^oompauying  flTure*.  Ilg.  I  ii  s  Iraciug  of  J>r. 
Sbnfcidl**  figure  IQ  thn  Fincivdiiigsuf  tbe  mOlogioal 
sooloty.  An-  ■£  in  tlia  witiie  figure  with  tho  raa^dllo. 
palatines  ■Irauu  frmu  a  aptobaem  in  tha  national 
mnsenm,  o'liili'  &e.  3  repreaenta  tbe  palato  of  Uie 
pnr]>Iu  martin  i  rrogoe  snbls),  wU«It  showe  the 
cbnractcristic  form  of  the  Msiilla-palatinM  in  the 
awallowa.  Pig.  3  Is  uot  quite  ao  good  aa  I  wonld  like, 
but  there  ia  no  time  to  moke  a  bolter  figure.  In  the 
eiamination  of  kootm  oI  crania,  reprenenting  many 
apoMoa  of  birds,  I  bave  ueT«r  met  with  a  ainglo  cms 
of  Individual  vortatlon  of  tbe  nwxUlo-palstln*  pro- 
««•>,  to  Bay  ootbing  of  aa  ar«*t  a  dnpartnre  from  the 
ap««ifto  typo  aa  that  Indicated  Iu  Dr.  Sbufeldt'a 
figara.  In  fact,  the  abaiie  of  this  proocH  baa  boen 
found  very  oonslaut  iu  closely  allied  spocles,  all 
tbe  thriMbe*  examlued  bsvingona  i>atl«m,  tim  vrana 
lUiothM,  and  so  on.    This  being  Out  case,  tt  would 


462 


SCTEirCE. 


[Tot.  II.,  Hoi 


I  Qnforlunsle  thnt  tbe  skitll  in  the  Ptooeeilings 
«( tbe  mAlogiool  ■oi'ifTly  BlMiild  have  bean  figured  w 
ft  tflptoat  cnuilnm.  ftnd  that  bo  mMlloii  ahonUI  haia 
bMB  nwwl«  of  th«  fftvl  tb*t  H  wm8  •bvmnt  in  «o  im- 
porUut  H  purticalar.  nuDsnio  A.  LcVJUk 

WMbluclau,  D.C'..  3dar  & 

Som«  trees. 

1&  But«mb«r  of  Iv^T}.  1  wm  |ir«i>eul  at  rdiI  uuBtoi) 
fai  lb*  nUoiriu);  niPiuHunuivcl*  of  nn  iion  or  I<iiim- 
woodtftttlOstr?  vitviiiirn)oiiUiegriiiiiii(laof  l.irinkii 
OhlM.  EiK).,  Doar  iVlbnl  villu*  in  Vemiunt :  <-ir- 
oninferMieo  M  gxDiwil.  \th  iu«Ti«8:  oub  foot  aborc 
anrand.  83  iuohsK:  fuiir  f«c^l  filiuTe  groiiuil.  W 
uebu;  vilh  «>rr«iip<miliiig  lUamalan  «r  :l  tavt  7 
inctiM,  3  fwl  T  InoliM,  BDil  1  f not  1 1  iDe>i<«i  tieiglit 
of  UM,  3S  feel ;  bttoral  ctlnut  of  brftnolicH.  11  feet. 
It  ibuidii  ou  a  liEirrMi,  prpcipilaus  bJIIsido.  and  can 
lluit  uutnmoDt  ID  little  clae  thao  llio  illftlntM|intI«d 
granite  ro«k.  (n  iuukIi  linnil  ami  a  long  life  in  eiurt 
and  niyil.  1  Iiatv  Utfver  >u<«ii  vav  bnl  lliii,  uf  oven 
on»>luilf  tlii*  *\T*. 

At  KiiMiliiiar  Springi  m  Oln;  countj.  Ho.,  aoino 
thirty  miXt*  (ri-ui  Kauwut  Cilir,  ctaiiilni  n  itiapl«i  (Awr 
Saoh)  aud  whfu>-oak  (Qnevciu  alba)  jmbciI  in  duo 
■fiDinotrioal  bod*,  fnua  Uh)  HTOiind  op  about  oii 
fMt;  tbcoco  dividing  ioto  twi>  Mparat4i  tr«e«i>t  »niii« 
flltwiit  to  olglitonB  ineb«H  dlainoUrr  oatrb.  Tli«  liiie 
of  anion  of  Ui#  boi)I«s  <•  only  iniitcateil  by  a  ilight 
erawdiog  of  1]i«  bark. 

Koar  wo  Muna  ExocWor  Springa  an  oak  anO  inajilo 
of  smae  tirolv*  inolio  diamator  oach.  MaiiiI  at  tliv 
arfHiDd  tvo  fe«it  aiwrl.  At  about  fiftonu  fnt  above 
tli«  aroutid.  iu  tbirir  varUcr  gruirtli.  a  limb  from  the 
iDapli)  wiu>  projoptcd  boriionUlly  aicrom  the  bixij'  of 
tlu)  oak.  Tiiiii'  aikI  ({rowtb  Iiavi>  riu  bed  tied  thi;  limb 
fimn  (be  nuiplr  iii  tliu  liwly  of  llie  oak :  nnd  now  tha 
■ppausncp  i>.  on  tbr  du«  udc  of  tlia  oak,  an  auaa. 
toiuoola  vitb  Ibo  luaplo  by  a  ttimn-liitih  anu,  aud.  on 
thtt  otbitr  aide,  a  Inxi-inoh  iiuipltf-liiiib  jiroduf^cd  from 
an  oak-tre«. 

A  alippcry^lw  tt«o  I'tlmai  fniva)  atauda  iu  onr 
yard  b«rw  in  Kaniac  City,  ot  nomi-  thirty  lodiM  di- 
ameMr.  at  one  foot  frotn  Ihv  groiiml.  and  aTenging 
tvMitjr  incboa  for  t«pnty  fcrt  opWDrriB.  nod  tbcnco 
twelve  invbu  tor  forty  toot:  cntjro  licight.  about 
sIltbtyfMt.  I  And  uo  micli  [Tliiiii*  rulvn  In  Oray; 
but  Ita  awMtlab.  niurill4^noiH>liii)vr  bark  jirouoiuictiH 
it  n  nal  fulva.  Ita  lenninal  braiiobes.  oltco  in 
wlioirli  of  from  three  to  Kvcn.  arc  blnut  and  cliib- 
Uke,  nnliko  Iba  ligbt  pendant  t'<>iiiliiAlH  of  miui.v  of 
thn  Ami^rican  or  wbito  «1um.  Utb«r  niivi'iiuaua  of 
thin  rtiD  are  in  (he  vicinity,  but  not  often  no  aym- 
laotrical  in  form.  A.  L,  Omui,  U.l). 

KuM*  CllT.  Uo.,  Mar  t. 


The  Daniel  Scboil  obstrvatorj. 

It  oooarrod  to  ax  thut  it  luigbt  be  of  Intcmt  lo 
you  and  yonr  irxlot*  to  bear  that  in  tbi>  iilil  biii- 
torio  town  of  lAnoaator  City,  Fniiii,.  ao  obirr. 
valot7  named  tbv  l>auii>l  Scliollolinvrviitory  liuboen 
eieoteil  on  the  groandi  of  Pnuikliu  and  Manba]] 
eollego.  Tbe  NinipuioDt'  counist  of  mi'l<ioro logical 
apparalna,  ehTr>iioiuvt«r.  tSrith  Tbniiiiw  tbitty-duj 
regulator.  ohruiiuf^[tiuib,  traUHil  iiwlniiiirtil  -^f  three 
liiMiea  aperture,  and  a  OUrk-Itup>olct  ixjuntoriiiJ 
teleaeopo  of  olnvon  in«lie«  aperture.  Th«  iid'nooiic 
hM  a  aet  of  uei^atlve  and  poaitiT*  •ye.pUew,  with 
reveniaa  pttan*  f'>r  Uiroe  ol  the  nleroiiMler  «ye- 


pieocK.  ■  Hertz  lolar  eye-pteoe,  and  a  cowet  eye 

fiieee.  together  with  a  iiiIcmnieteT  with  complote  il- 
iinilnatiaB  apparatne  for  brif^it  Mid  dark  Oehl  aa 
wiMkfid  oil!  l>r  tlie  BepiiolcU.  Since  (his  ie  oooupaia- 
litely  now.  aiid.  u  far  ■■  we  know,  Ibe  only  uiic-ron- 
eter  aud  par«lv  «qnatorial  inonuitlii)[  by  Uepeold  in 
thia  oounlTTi',  we  Ihoiighl  It  mlgblbe  of  aonie  iate*«at 
to  Iboav  who  have  not  bad  tlie  opportunity  Iu  aee 
Ibia  fortD  of  luounliug  and  mierometer. 

IjuouiMr  C'ltjr,  I'piul.  May  7. 


Dctth  ftf  Prof.  William  AahburoeT. 

WllUatn  A^bbiinicr.  the  nelNkuon-u  minlug  engi- 
neer of  San  Fraaciaco.  died  iu  that  city.  Apitl  S(i. 
after  a  brief  iUnnu.  Thn  dncna4Ml  held  a  high  ]>lae« 
in  hie  proftaidon.  and  wa»  ^really  eeleeuied  by  all 
wko  knnn  hlin.  He  wmi  born  in  Stock bridffe.  Ummu, 
in  IS3I.  He  attended  the  public  achooU  ol  lila 
native  tomi  In  1S48  ba  entered  the  LAwrenae 
■cientiSc  (chool  at  Oambildge,  and  ttUrt  two  ftta* 
went  to  PktU,  where  he  pumied  nob  Mndiw  aa  are 
reqnleile  to  tbe  prufcaiion  of  mining  mgiueor.  at 
tbe  Eoole  dee  inintw.  In  IHM  he  rotnnied  lo  tbia 
country,  aud,  aeeompanled  by  Ibe  late  PiofeMor 
Jtiiot,  ne  deroted  Mveial  monthe  ho  the  eiamlBa> 
tlon  of  tbe  taineral  region  of  Lake  Snpcrior.  Ib 
18GQ  he  waa  ragaaed  in  tbe  GX]itor*tiaa  <rf  a  part  of 
tbe  ieland  of  Newfound  land,  and  la  1800  be  went  to 
California  aa  one  of  tile  chief  aedetaat*  in  tbe  Biato 
Iti40l<4cii-Hl  «iiriey  of  which  Prof.  J,  D.  Whitney  w»« 
tbe  director.  In  IRIH  ho  wa*  appointed  ooo  of  the 
coniiiii»ioui.''ra  of  the  Vouinite  Valley  aud  the  Mari- 
po«a  lliK-Trea  Grove,  a  poalUou  he  lield  until  IBM. 
From  l»iii  until  18S9  Profeuor  Aibbnmei  waa  ae> 
lively  engaged  in  bla  prDfraaiaoiRl  work,  aii<l  liav. 
ellnif  almoiit  lufeanantly  in  the  mining  diHtricIa  of 
the  I'uited  Stetto.  Brilitih  Columbia,  and  Uexioo, 
»]80  In  the  mure  diitliLut  regioni  of  8oath  Amiuiea 
and  Aiiia.  * 

In  InT-l  be  waa  made  juotteaor  of  mining  in  the 
ITnlvBrnlty  of  California,  and  anberanontly  honorary 
profeeaorof  miiiius  in  the  ume  collage.  laltUOba 
wan  appointed  by  the  goTomor,  regent  of  Mid  nnl- 
voraity,  and  wa*  a  membiir  of  tbe  board  of  regenU 
at  tbe  time  of  hja  death.  He  wdd  Beleoted  by  (be 
late  Jamea  Llek  an  one  of  (he  tniateo*  of  the  Call* 
fomia  aehool  at  iiiechinicul  art*.  IhlR  tatter  belBg 
ono  of  Mr.  Lick' I.  publiir  bvnefaotioni,  and  waa 
aluo  chotitui  by  Mt,  Stanford  one  of  the  tmateea  of 
tbe  Leland  Steuford.  juu..  nnivenity.  Proteaaor 
Ashburnvr  wuotbErwiao  prouiinDntlnTarlODaialca. 
tiQc  aud  aducatioual  eocletiM.  particularly  in  the 
Calif orula  academy  of  acionceii.  in  which  for  many 
years  he  wae  one  of  the  tniniocn,  Uti  wn«  alwi  a 
nwinber  of  the  mieroaooploal,  hletoriooJ,  and  ){eo- 
gmpbieal  nocietici  ot  Kan  FrvnoiHO. 

In  thn  I'omtuutiity  tu  nhlrb  be  lit«d  for  ao  many 
yearv,  be  was  uuivsrvally  rePognlMid  ai  a  pnlilie- 
Hpirited  aud  hoiiurablc  grill triiinu.  His  '[iifi't  aad 
nouelentalioiiR  mannoia,  ae  w«ll  ivt  other  af^eeablo 
pononal  qualltiae,  (Oideared  him  to  a  large  circle  of 
fr^utiila. 

Thu  eutbu^in9(il^  and  active  Intereal  he  took  in 
every  thiug  (^ciuduoiio  lo  tbn  ([rowtliuid  Intetleotnal 
advancement  of  the  Paciltc  eoaat  made  him  ■  vala. 
able  oitlutD,  anil  ble  death  may  well  bo  roonidiHl  aa 
a  pabllo  loM.  R.  K.  C.  B. 

SmltbBoolao  luailiuitou,  Waeiiiaf  (od.  Nay  *. 


4 


SCIENCE.~S  UPPLEMENT. 


nUUAV.  MAT  IS.  1887. 


THE  RESPEVTliE  FUXCriOXSiy SDUCA- 
TIOX.  OF  PRIHAHY,  SECONDARY,  AND 
VNtVERSlTY  SCHOOLS.'  —It. 

I.  I  BATEnid  Ibat  thecliU-f  aimof  the prlin&r.v 
Ncboot  ia  tlie  DUirltlon  of  f«<eliiiK.  iun«r  imil  utiler. 
Tile  child  U  K<cirptiie.  uihI  liia  will  U  wL-alt.  This 
rrcei.tjiity  is  II  wuM-  iimviaiori  o(  ualun'  lor  futun.' 
grciurtb.  To  nil  tiLr  |)rinwr]r  wnlJiDi'iitB  wliirfa 
dUtiiif[<ii"h  nun,  tli<-  t'hilil  in  mnrr  o^icii  than 
the  yomh.  Ymi  may  pUv  whBt  liin«joupl««M<>n 
his  BNi^ttlve  chords.  Lei  u«  take  cnre  that  it  is  al- 
wara  a  nwlcNljr,  atid  iiot  a  <llsconl  of  Jatrini;  Dot««. 
No  educational  eiilliUMiuai  lias  etcr  j-et  exagger- 
ated thv  lin]>ivaii(Jtiubi)iiir  of  the  child,  bia  oapa- 
cil.T  (oir  tliv  ciuolions  wliicli  lie  at  the  Iwais  of  all 
our  DMisI  life.  Lorn,  Ifndemeta,  lymiintbr,  the 
approbation  of  others,  vravrntion,  naj-.  even  tha 
Hpirit  of  aacTlfic«,  and  even  a  eertain  dim  imBRlBa- 
llon  of  the  liarmonious  pln.v  of  alt  Ibe  finer  feel- 
laga,  are  all  read^,  any,  auslouk.  to  be  etlriwl 
into  aeliriijr.  Hes|wiur  »  eager.  It  even  aoilci- 
patM  appoals.  Whul,  after  nil,  do  our  RrmtMt 
heroea  show  to  tb»  admiring  crowd  bnt  eiinpl.v 
tbeae  pittnarr  senlimenla  gatlwTMl  into  a  unity  of 
life  iu  thetu.  directed  to  sonw  gtval  purpoer. 
(urnbhing  tli«  motive  fMcea  of  tbeit  grciilot 
dmiiAy  Yoit  haw  in  tlMuu  primury  fectingi  the 
wcll-npring  of  idl  lif«.  Do  not  duitriMt  th«ai.  Bc- 
litve  ill  thr-iu.  Th*  child  befoiv  you  ia  not  an  in^ 
carnation  of  depravity.  That  is  an  old-world 
fable.  Ue  L8  nearer  Ciod  ihao  von  are.  Bearen 
lien  about  hlai.  Ct\;'i4t  did  not  say  *  Of  gucti  ia 
the  kiuiEdom  itt  heaven'  to  furuinh  a  t«Xt  for  the 
glowtv  mill  detturtionii  of  theologian*  in  lli<-ir 
biliuun  luoincntti.  I>;]>end  uixin  it,  be  mntal  il. 
U  ii  by  the  irat^-btul  gutdnnoi!  and  gentio  adintioi- 
tlon  of  the  child  (bat  you  Icwl  him  lo  the  right 
and  good.  Vou  do  not  N<JV/jr  inoUvee  for  his 
daily  acta,  you  entke  them  out  of  blawe4f .  They 
are  there  walling  lo  be  turned  to  u«e.  It  ia  jttar 
privilege  to  tuucb  liini  to  flue  iiHUv«.  Vuur  buKi- 
niwi  il  lo  lie  watcltful,  but  not  xUKJueioiiJi.  Tlie  lov- 
ing luind  pointing  tl>e  right  way,  the  warning  Bn- 
ger  (with  perebamie  a  umite  behind  it|  blocking  the 
wrong  path,  the  supporilug  of  llie  n-eak  will  wltli 
your  atrenglb,  —  these  are  your  methods.  To 
pveacb  b  futile.     Food  so  offered  will  be  rejected. 

'  Pri|i*r  tvut  at  lac  KdUMIlODal  coocrna,  KOliibursti, 

DM.«,iaN. 


It  i*  by  the  pre>entnlion  lo  the  open  mind  of  ia- 
divMual  instances,  the  diiectlon  and  cnooarage- 
nietit  or  iudiridual  acts.  Ihal  you  giv*  tbe  mxt^ 
nance  the  child  needs ;  aboreall,  by  making  your- 
•e//  a  particular  indlnnce.  always  present  to  him, 
of  kiiullinnw.  of  jmticr,  of  mercy,  though  not 
wiihmit  th<'  iH'nuional  nngrr  tbat  '  ain^  nut,'  la 
MiK'h  tenrhing,  twverity  and  lianhnna  ore  Mirdy 
out  of  place.  I  otMi  amtle  in  school*  at  Ihu  aoi* 
einn  exaggeration  of  children's  ofTencaa  whm  I 
coin[iaiv  iltrir  young  untried  aouls  with  tlie  tor^ 
nislked  coniden<vof  their  teacher,  t)ie  aggregation 
of  ini<iuitini  which  are  incarnatnl  In  the  domi- 
nating and  indignant  mnitcr.  He,  fonoolh.  fa 
Tirluo :  llm  child  In  vice.  Look  »«  (lii-H  picture 
and  on  that !  Does  It  not  ever  occur  to  him  how 
gladly  even  he  —  magl«ter,  domlnns,  xcholwiiicus 
—  would  change  places  with  Ihoae  young  souU  7 

"  Koi  t/<3uiir.  our  muiilracen^ 
ICoT  all  irip  <lniw«r  RlmpD  at  ib«  world, 
BbAll  erar  luAdirtuu  ut  to  tliat  ivvel  alo«p 
UTbliili  «•  ow*d  yMMrdajr.*' 

Bat  enmgh  ol  this :  the  aim  of  the  prttnary 
school,  I  npatt.  ia  nutrition  uf  inner  feeling,  of 
thn  emotions  niid  lenliment*  tlimugh  particular 
instances.  Tlicfoil  is  llu-rcby  enriched  and  ]>n'. 
pored  for  Ihe  linrvest  virtue. 

Bal  nutrition  of  inner  feeling  Is  uot  atl :  there 
luuitl  be  Dutittioii  of  uiiler  feellni;.  The  real  of 
nature,  as  well  tin  the  real  of  etiiotiou,  14  llie  ma* 
terial  of  primary  t-duoittiOD.  II  is  life  Iliat  mIu* 
cates.  Uulpidc  Ihe  ncluiul-room  Ibe  child  Uvea  in 
on  ever-changing  atrndBjihcni  of  etnotLon  chaotic 
and  jicrplrxing  :  inside  tbe  lohool-coom  tlie  sanw 
life  is  to  bn  found,  hut  regulated,  oontrolled,  cx> 
plained,  I'niicheil,  by  the  lenchra'.  So  with  tlm 
ren)  ol  outi-r  sense.  Outside  Ibe  school. room  th« 
child  live«  his  life  under  sense  conditions.  Ue  ia 
feeling  Ids  way  to  Ihe  understanding  of  tlie  ob- 
jects around  him.  Nature,  and  ll>e  producia  of 
the  hand  of  man  working  on  the  crude  »tuft  of 
nature,  iireu*  an  him.  He  \aa  tu  entabUsh  rela- 
tions with  idi  tliese,  that  he  mi\y  use  them  fov 
lite  and  work  and  enjuj  nicnt.  Tliey  are,  in  truth, 
the  raw  material  which  he  has  to  shape  to  moral 
anil  spiritnni  ends.  This  outside  life  is  also  to  be 
the  Inside  life  of  the  school.  The  (eoclier  Ims  to 
help  the  cliltd  U>  see.  and  understand,  and  to 
ofgauire  Ills  impreMions.  Tlius.  when  lie  goes  oat 
of  the  school,  he  goes  out,  not  to  a  novel  world, 
but  to  a  world  already  experi«uoed  and  now  par- 


464 


SCIENCE. 


■  Vol.  IX..  No. 


liallypijilsinpt]  hy  tbe  tmchev'e  bplln'  knowlsdeo. 
Mill  viUi  ai)  incmMofthe  povrrr  ot  u«iiig  and 
knowing  aiul  comrtaliuK- 

Such,  I  (liink.  is  tbe  tunolfon  of  Uie  primary 
Mhool  OH  Ihc  niiiM-  i>r  Se^i\^n^(  and  thi-  liuiiie  ut  irain- 
ing,  but  nol,  an  1  liavc  unid,  wholly  without  dts- 
dplino.  Tlic  Toicp  of  antluinlv  niiu't  alirnvB  b« 
lieiard.  The  clithl  innet  I««td  that  lie  Ui,-nnnd 
must  live  <ui(l«r  U<v.  The  merely  Jnt#II«otUB] 
diftcipltnv  ji^  ^uRicieiillf  iii8UT«d  hy  tfa«  aequisjtion 
of  the  aulMidiury  atlainnu.-Dia  of  midiDg.  writing, 
drawing,  arithmetic,  etc. 

II-  At  the  atto  ot  approaching  puberty  (aliout 
fonrlMo)  wc  pais  Inlo  ii  new  sphrrv.  At  thin  agv 
the  boy  t^ndu  to  liecomv  t>oi>lrr»tii>,  aiid  tliv  girl 
■kiltiah.  Our  work  now  is  mainly  governed  by 
the  purpow  of  discipline.  Iavt  Don-  moeta  and 
coutmls  the  turbulence  of  the  pha«e  ihrough 
whid)  the  huiDan  tipirtt  ia  paasin);.  Nutritlou.  It 
b  tru«,  i>  net'er  to  be  abAeat  —  nutrition  w  hich  Is 
posBihlc  alone  tbroii^  the  real  uf  iimer  feeling. 
uid  thr  iMil  of  outvr  nnture  :  but  if  tbc  fnunda- 
tioiM  ot  th*'  real  hnre  not  \M*n  laid  in  theprimao' 
period,  I  doubt  our  aucceas  now.  Opjiorinnity  ix 
oftcred  once  to  all.  It  may  never  be  offered  a 
■cL-und  tinM^.  The  t<.-!ich>.'r,  at  leaat,  must  uMume 
thb.  Thir  niilriticin  to  lie  givi-n  now  iit  tlie  nutri- 
tion of  law  niitl  duty. 

Nature  KomH  now  to  yearn  for  activity.  The 
boy  is  no  longer  so  r^idy  to  receive  Imprewions  as 
to  make  tlwm.  His  will,  or  what  he  nii^takt^  fur 
bis  wilt,  irOMca  to  tin-  froet.  and  in  Uidily  and 
nnntal  ninttrrn  alike  he  lovca  to  do.  He  cannot 
bear  brins  talked  to  or  talked  at.  He  has  opinions 
DOW.  He  Jud^ren  with  tmbedlo  wlf-cvim place noy 
tilings  and  men.  He  wants  to  show  wiial  he  Id, 
and  wliat  lie  can  do.  How  are  we  to  meet  tbiaF 
Keally  a  difficult  qucation.  For  we  have,  aliova 
ail  (bingi.  to  let  biiu  grow,  and  gruwili  in  not 
pOMible  with  •u|i]>re«i»n  :  nay.  suppression  at  thin 
•tagv  rnnlnfm  and  (x>iiv<>rt«  tbir  Inw  txild  into 
skiilkii  and  sneaks,  nnd  the  niirri'  liold  into  pva- 
aire  dodgers  jiallering  with  the  truth,  and  lioth 
into  contenineni  ot  the  pure  and  Rood,  Here  Hie 
boy  himself  points  the  way  to  the  tescher.  Work 
Ib  what  be  neeils,  and  waiitf.  Let  him  hare  11. 
Let  him  be  brouglit  to  face  difflcultieit  in  t<«min|;, 
and,  thotigh  some  of  tbe  nubjrcis  want  ihr  at- 
tradion  ol  the  real,  l<^t  him  leum  to  master  them 
by  shF«r  farc».  Formal  ittudie)^  —  lanicuaiiee  and 
mathfwattcs.  —  with  the  nidlmente  of  which  h« 
has  h««n  oooTenant  In  the  latter  portion  of 
his  primary  stage,  must  now  occupy  more  than 
one-half  of  his  time.  His  specific  moral  lite, 
again,  can  now  no  loager  In  atimulftled  or  fo»- 
tared  by  Mntiment,  w»  when  he  was  a  child,  hut 
only  indirrclly,  and    that    by   Jntercourae  with 


moral  ideal*  in  oondnct.  Thlaiatheage  which  onii 
appreciate  heroism,  and  nnderatand  tlie  sterner 
and  heroic  virtues.  So  withidealu  in  thelliinK^ 
intellect  ami  literary  imagination.  Art  iu  lit*-ratiu« 
will  uncuiucioudy  inipri'ss  him  and  mould  tiirn. 
We  muHl  not  alwaya  improve  npoa.tlu-  Uaaouan 
wo  must  Irl  bim  dmw  bin  own  infi-tcnMV.  I 
licre  much  in  literature  at  thi*  stBLge  as  t)M 
chief  real  or  nutritive  element,  in  Its  silent  irillu- 
enoe  ou  character,  much  more  than  I  believe  in 
the  real  of  uuturt-  as  pr^wruted  in  elenicntitry 
sciencie,  becauae  the  concrete  idea  is  not  in  it. 
This  Inst  too,  hownrer.  mniit  hnT«  Its  due  and 
daily  place.  The  order  olxwrrahle  in  the  external 
world  may  powibly  help  to  bring  o«ler  inii.i  the 
internal  chaos,  which  at  present  constitutes  tha 
boy.  spite  of  all  bis  preleotiouuiettt  and  conceit. 

But  not  only  ia  his  rampant  will  to  be  bnMi{*ht 
in  contact  with  Ibi-  hanlship*  of  tiilt-Ueotual  work 
tlint  it  may  face  and  overpower :  bin  body  aleo 
mu*l  be  allowpd  it*  full  acti^-ity.  In  gymnastic, 
and.  above  all.  In  organlaed  gamee,  he  should  (tad 
an  onllet,  and  also  a  discipline,  —  the  dlsoipJina 
of  dilHciiilies  overcome  and  ot  law  obeyed. 

Thus  between  fourteen  and  eighteen  wc  grnd- 
uully  subject  the  liuy  to  Inn-,  and  give  hiu  tli^ 
priceless  possession  of  concn-te  ideals  in  conduct 

—  great  per^rnnlilieK  —  and  ot  art  in  lilernlitre. 
He  Ih  thuf  lamed,  if  not  subjugated  ;and.  when  he 
appruaclii-B  tlie  gates  of  tlie  uniwtalty,  his  lirnr* 
show  i)f  itelf-iiiiporlanoe.  were  he  dtsswteil  ihor- 
ouKhly,  would  lie  found  to  be  hollow  ul  the  heart, 
and  to  mean  little  more  than  the  walktng-cnneit, 
neckties,  and  general  inaslieidoui  by  means  of 
which  he  liarmlesely  works  it  off  to  the  admira- 
tion ot  lliat  other  half  of  humanity,  wImmu.  for- 
merly deafuaed  with  all  a  buj's  contempt,  be  now- 
desiiea  above  all  to  attisct.  Dealre*  to  attract.  I 
say  :  for  It  Is  not  the  fairer  lialf  of  crBali«n  bo  ifl 
yet  thinking  of.  but  of  bim«elf  nUinr  as  an  irre- 
sistible object  of  admintlion   to  that  fairer  lialt, 

—  an  excellent  srraugement  oi  nntiirv,  for  thereby 
he  forms  an  Ideal  of  what  be  ought  to  be  by  see- 
ing him&eir  through  the  rapt  eyes  of  imaginarj 
admirers. 

Ul.  ile  is  within  the  ncndi-mic  gali's.  and  we 
hare  now  to  ask  what  is  (be  ftint-tion  of  the 
univermity  in  regard  ot  him.  I  may  b«i  hervlical, 
but  I  do  not  lielieve  t)ie  unlventiiy  forma  char- 
acter. Character,  in  all  <(•  eswnlial  teaturee.  ia 
already  formed  in  the  young  matriculant.  The 
home  and  the  school  have  done  this,  The  univer- 
nty  mny  supplement  their  work  :  it  cannot  do  it. 

The  function  of  the  unirendly  lias  more  eloaa 
relation  to  that  of  the  inimary  rchoul  ibnn  to 
tliat  of  the  secondary  school.  Ita  aim  is  like  that 
uf  the  primary  school,  chiefly  iiufrtfion,  but  a» 


*r^j 
n. 
tJ»" 


4 

I 

I 
4 


Hat  is.  im.] 


VNCE, 


4GS 


I 

I 


I 


\ongyT  Dt  feeling  as  in  tlie  prtmu^,  or  of  moral 
idpiilii  and  of  law  h4  iu  tti>-  srcun clary.  Inil  of  ideas. 
Training  aud  diaciplicc  Hri',  it  U  tru«.  invnlrvd  in 
the  true  grasp  of  ideiw,  but  they  axp  n<it  the  unt> 
veriit,T  nim.  The  nutrition  of  iilras.  —  this  U  thv 
grent  aondemio  function,  n*  1  thinh.  Nor  are 
discipline  and  traininfc  to  he  giiim  by  \he  uni- 
Teraiiy,  hill  hy  tlie  student  to  hinisrlf.  Tlie  youth 
has  no«'  e§oat>ed  froui  the  honilagv  of  law.  The 
uniTersity  does  iu  work  when  it  unfolds  tliedo- 
Dtain  ot  knowied^  to  tli«  opening  uduleacent 
mind,  uiul  inrilea  it  to  «Dter  in  and  tukt-  powo*- 
alou,  and  when  it  prDvid<v  the  material  appa- 
mtun  of  nrlf-i  ax  traction.  Tho  prnreofor  i>  only  a 
^ido  and  an  pxnuiplp.  The  est-pnw  of  university 
life  ia  fmcdom  for  ihc  student,  and  freedom  tor 
the  ptofeMor.  It  la  simply  because  the  univerafty 
has  become  a  certifying  an)  graduatinj^  body  that 
even  the  callliiK  of  clam-rolls  i§  Jtistiflal>Ie.  Ei'Cn 
as  a  ifruduiiting  body.  I  doubt,  after  all.  if  it  ia 
juHtilleil  in  caliiiig  them.  The  profenMir  offon  to 
tihow  Iht?  Htudfiil  Ibo  >vay  to  knuwIeUge,  and  to 
teach  liim  hovr  to  use  Ibe  instrument*  oT  knowl- 
edge, wliciher  tbi'y  be  books  or  mtcroiwope* ;  and 
tliere  bu  function  end*.  If  any  pnirnt  Is  iiDwtll- 
ing  to  send  hla  »ou  to  the  free  life  of  n  unlierslty, 
let  him  keep  him  at  home  and  call  In  a  traiaed 
nune  or  a  paternal  tutor. 

Sci/-diHui]ilkoe,  0eJ/-t[ainiug,  tlttougb  ihc  pur- 
•nit  of  idena  which  attract  by  ihdr  eternal  and 
inherent  rharni  nil  ingenuous  opinte,  —  ihi*  i*  the 
p(irpo*e  of  «  iiniverBity.  There  can  be  no  self- 
discipline  without  freedom.  This  la  of  the 
eeaeuce  of  mind :  God  has  ordered  it  sa  True, 
freedom  may  end  In  tasting  of  the  tree  that  la  for- 
bidden, aud  iu  expulsion  from  Paiadiae,  Beit 
BO.  8iKb  id  the  universal  conditioti  of  adolmcent 
and  ndull  life.  By  bringing  to  beJir  the  iichool- 
masler  —  the  law  — on  tlie  student,  we  miUce  the 
unworthy  less  worthy,  and  the  worthy  we  irri- 
tate and  reprcM  in  their  upward  and  onward 
striving. 

What  follows  from  this  (tetieral  view  i  Certain 
very  practical  reeulte.  Boys  in  jiean  and  liojia  in 
mind,  tbougb  they  be  physically  gruwu  u]),  have 
no  bnnncaa  within  acndemic  walls.  Their  place  ia 
the  Mconilnry  urbool,  where  they  may  n-ceivQ  the 
int«llectiuil  nnd  moral  discipline  which  fit*  them 
to  bmthe  the  pnre  air  of  fm-doni  and  the  rare 
ether  of  Ideas.  Freedom  ot  study  abo,  not  com- 
pnliKiry  currlctila,  is  aUtoe  In  place  now. 

And  ulml  are  ideaa?  Sliall  I  >-eotureon  a  deli- 
nilioQ  whi-'re  Ftulu  failed  aiid  Aristotle  ntumble'l  ? 
1  would  ratlier  not.  .\iid  yet  I  know  what  tmean. 
For  is  not  'the  true'  an  idea?  And  ia  not  the 
pursuit  of  acicnce  nnd  philosophy  the  pursuit  of 
the  true?    At  Ibeee  academic  gat4M  the  student  la 


to  cast  aslile  Ihe  Idols  of  the  den  and  of  the  mar- 
ke(-p)aoe,  and.  unencumhdred.  to  question  and  to 
invcttigate  in  loyal  obedionc«  to  tlie  divine  sum- 
mons to  ilrNoio.  Id  philotogT.  iu  plilloaophy.  in 
Ihe  nindy  of  naiore  hi  Ita  many  foruiH.  in  art,  he 
is  called  apon  to  look  fac*  to  face  with  the  Inie, 
Ihe  iiood.  and  the  beautiful.  Ewn  when  the 
student  hfuixelf  is  all  unoonsclons  ol  tikc  divine 
presence  in  hi*  ardent  pursuit  of  material  sci- 
ence, it  »  yet  there,  for  hi»  aini  U  the  inie. 
Step  by  step  he  is  puttinif  hinioelf  in  harmooy 
wilh  the  scheme  ot  the  univrrno,  and  prej^aring 
tor  the  final  illnmintng.  The  [ruth  of  thia  and  of 
that  he  seeks  for ;  hut  tlvese  separate  trutlu  are  but 
the  f  ragmenls  of  the  whole,  and  lend  him  Iu  the 
whole.  He  U  always  ou  liiit  way  iipwnnl.  The 
conception  of  the  unity  of  Ihe  whole,  an  seen  in  the 
wiadora  and  working  of  Ihe  elefnsl  FCeason,  teach- 
ing him  by  the  things  whicli  He  has  made,  nwaita 
him.  The  9tudent-«pirit  in  thus  brought  into  re- 
Inlion  with  the  univcnvl  Spirit,  which  ellecis  in 
him  llie  Inilt*  of  the  spirit ;  nboreall,  hariuuiiy  of 
soul  and  all  the  virtues. 

It  is  philosophy,  and  history  treated  in  u  philo- 
sophical sense,  that  hold  the  key  of  the  temple. 
And  It  philosopliy  should  fail  him,  literature  wlU 
be  found  to  be  a  universal  solvent :  for  In  Itself  it  is 
the  creative  thought  of  man  on  man  cast  in  beauti- 
ful forais.  It  is  n  striving;  after  the  tni<:9t  trutli  and 
a  direct  and  informal  penetration  into  the  heart  of 
IhingB :  it  livei  in  the  idea  and  hy  the  Ideal. 
Harmony  of  thought  and  life  —  a  tie  between  all 
i^iociai  knowledgua  —  may  be  found  here. 

It  ia  acoroely  neorwary  to  say,  thai,  when  I 
■peak  of  science  and  ptiiloeopliy,  I  speak  of  arts  in 
the  mediar^val  sense,  —  the  whole  circle  of  ration'- 
allsed  knowledge.  The  merely  proteaaional  studies 
wliieli  lit  to  be  phyaician,  theologian,  lawyer, 
t«iii-her.  are  mere  dependencea  on  the  uniTersily 
pru[irrly  conceived,  mere  accidents  ot  the  sub- 
tlnnce.  The  univereiiy  Itself  was  founded  In  aria, 
and  (till  truly  lives  only  by  aria.  An  aggrt^lfl 
of  profeMiooal  colleges  can  never  constitute  a  unl- 
venity.  The  idea  ia  not  there:  It  cannot  livo 
with  the  purely  technical.  Even  in  technical 
school',  at  leoal  if  they  are  ]urt  ot  a  univcniiy 
organization,  no  man  ia  a  Bt  professor  wlu>  is  not 
alive  to  the  imlrersity  idea  in  whni  he  tencliee, 
makes  bis  stodenla  feel  Che  intimnte  relation*  of 
all  knowledge,  the  philoeophy  which  pentieaUe 
and  givee  slgnlflcanoe  to  every  subject.  It  the 
student  does  not  attain  to  this,  he  lias  fallrn 
short  of  the  academic  aim. 

But  how  can  the  student  breathe  the  purely 
scientilic  iitmo9|>here  it  tie  do^  not  come  pre- 
pared I  If  he  spends  tlie  year«  of  his  arU  life  in 
accjulring  Ibe  mer»  instruments,  linguistic  anil 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  EC,  Nik 


mathentatical,  he  can  never  enter  tlie  lempl«  of 
•ctecice  at  ull.  At  b<«t  he  can  take  but  a  cureorr 
pe«p.  I  am  wHl  awnrt-  tltat  tlw  world  getn  along 
hj  com  prom  w.  and  I  Iiaro  do  obJM:tiun  to  a  year 
or  wi)  tming  di<v(it<^l  to  the  mttv  inttniments  nitli- 
in  tlie  walla  of  a  unltersily  ;  hut  let  It  bo  iindcr- 
alood.  that,  er«D  when  ne  accept  titis,  «-«  miint 
jH  demand  a  much  liig^her  qualification  In  the 
matriculant  than  n^  do  now.  After  a  year  spent 
among  the  intitruai«ittB,  tlie  studi-nt,  at  the  ai-e  of 
al>out  nineteieii.  should  be  in  u  posilioo  tu  throw 
blniitelf  iulo  rpnl  nludief,  —  philoltigy.  jihikwophy, 
hbitor;,  litrrntiiiy,  art.  plijeicsl  science.  To  tahr 
the  encyclopedic  round  would  be  lin|>omih1ii  now- 
adays ;  but  by  tlie  tborougli  itive«lljeatlon  of  a 
dtf>ftr(m«nt  lie  gailts  adailsiioii  to  the  Idea,  and 
beoomea  a  wcieotiRc  thinker.  Discipline  in  one 
de^ariotent.  properly  iitidernlood  and  pr»i>erly  pur- 
sutMl.  is  diirtpliar  In  all.  llr  thereby  nttaiaa  to 
that  revrnmrv  for  nil  knowleilne,  and  lliat  lariw 
philoiopbica)  oomiirehenslon,  wlilcli  i»  the  con- 
aummntion  of  all  true  aelf -discipline.  TIius  it  in 
that  the  mere  Iniellect  becomes  pfmiMiteil  by  the 
eotottons  which  Ileal  the  heart  of  all  idcnlx,  nnd 
become*  itsfir  idi?nl  and  iinii-iTunl  In  iln  ptntonaS 
aiina.     ThLi  i*  what  rnltunr  truly  inean^. 

Too  briefly  (or  the  great  fiuljjeet,  but  not  loo 
tirleAy,  1  tnii^t,  for  uuderatouding,  I  have  indicated 
the  rnnotion  of  the  univetsliy  In  eduenlioii.  Out 
of  it  the  i-iju)pp(tl  man  iwae*  to  encounter  the 
bufftiia  of  life,  nnd  do  the  work  which  lii§  hand 
findetb  to  do  i  hut  he  coo  never  forget  tlial  he  has 
enrolled  hhnnelf  a  citizen  of  Ihe  city  of  reason, 
and  that  lie  is  a  freeman  of  it  liy  divine  right- 
All  siai^  of  educational  proRre«»  you  wilt,  I 
trust.  *e«  gain  their  tnie  slj^iflcsuce,  from  their 
genuine  ethical  outcome,  —  their  contribution  to 
harmonious  inner  life,  and  harnioniouH  outer  liv. 
iag-  S.  S.  Lai'BIK. 


COUPETinVE  EXAMISATIOi\S.' 

The  subject  which  I  have  ehosen  for  thia  even- 
lug's  discu«Bton  you  will  jmibably  regard  ae  a  well- 
worn  one.  Ilut  the  working  of  cKaminatious  ha« 
non-  undet^ne  the  leM  of  a  lengthened  trial ;  and 
tnuoh  of  the  controversy  reepectiog  their  «duea- 
tionni  Talue.  »'h!oti  raged  aome  ten  yeara  ago,  haa 
in  a  Rreat  tneaaum  aulwlded. 

tt  therefore  "ccurred  to  me  that  a  r*lro«pective 
view  of  wlinl  lin»  luft-u  raid  iir  written  hv  ailvo- 
oaten  on  1>olh  »ldet<  of  the  iiunlton  pnlght  be  u»e- 
tul,  if  taken  in  the  lif^t  of  our  accurouUted  «x- 
porienoe. 

It  will  be  in  Ihe  memory  of  mort  of  ua,  that. 

■  Ttma  Uia  MumHoiml  Umtt.  April  1.  A  |»iiar  read 
ber«i«  Um  (»Unc»  ot  prMwiiMr*. 


Mwe^n  the  yean  IVN  and  IBMv  our  tna«Rziom 
teemed  with  artlelea  od  tlte  «AJect :  and  titers  la 
BO  much  that  Is  auggestlve  and  worth  recording, 
that  I  must  cnire  your  indnlgeoce  for  tnaking  fr«- 
queut  i-xtntrtn  from  dilTrn-ot  jmpctv.  According 
at  wriirn  wetv  intervotvd  in  mnintniniiig  tbo  old 
ptibljoschool  frysleni  of  edncalii>n,  or  iho  ayvtem 
supported  by  i)ie  modern  exaiulDation  coach  umI 
Bo-called  ■  crammer,'  tliey  ranged  tfaMUBelrea 
agaiuat  or  in  favor  of  eootpetltive  exam 
tionii. 

Sonic  of  thf  nrgiinii'Ots  linrled  at  the 
and  npholdenof  the  examinatimayateniwaM 
following:  — 

Examinalfona  led  to  orammiag  on  the  part  of 
oondldatei:  i.e..   pretmralioD  by  puro 
work,  lending  to  n  parrot-lilte  acquaintance  wl 
facta  nnd  phrasei,  nnd  even  this  know  ledgv  qniW 
trantcitory.  learned  for  Ibe  pur[ioiN!  of  the  exnm: 
nation,  and  forgotten  iu>  ■non  aa  it  waA  ov«>r. 

The  renwolng-powers  were  aaid  to  tx:  rtaltlBi 
by  di»UBe. 

Inmginution  and  originality  were  cniahed. 

Till-  strain  of  i-i<iu{H.'iilion  would  undevtuiuo 
hcntlh  of  the  yonni;. 

The  arliilHal  niiniilui  of  competition    wotil 
lake  Ibe  place  of  a  healthy  love  of  study  for  l^ 
own  Mike,  and,  when  withdrawn,  tlie  genuine 
lereit  in  work  would  nei'er  return. 

In  the  Indian  civil  ■rrvice  the  nanilt  would 
that  the  worst  candiitaten  would  b»  Mlcctod,  and 
the  best  rejected. 

On  the  other  baud,  the  advocates  of  exatnin. 
tinnx  rontcsled  tliew  points  one  by  one.  anri  uioin- 
tnined  tlio  op|>08ite  conclusions,  Tbev  uttirraixl 
that  the  <^nipetition  and  rivnlry  exciieid  waa  a 
pMltlve  good  in  the  training  of  Ihe  young  i  that, 
to  make  a  great  atruggle  fiin-  n  place  in  nn  pxaml- 
nntion.  even  but  once  In  a  lifetime.  w«»  iwelf  an 
cdncntlon  to  a  nutunilly  indolent  mind ;  Utat  tfaa 
eyM^'m  afforded  Ihe  only  method,  free  from  ohano* 
or  favoritism,  of  selociing  cnndidaii-s  tor  innumer- 
able appolntmenls  in  life.  They  also  maintained 
(and  not  without  ie8eon>tbac  prixM  for  leamlnR, 
and  orden  of  merit,  advanced  (he  character  of  Itie 
teaching  given  to  the  whole  of  a  acbool. 

Aniongat  the  oppumenta  of  the  system,  we  lind 
Dr.  Birdwood.  in  an  mlrtn-s*  )H>f<>re  Die  Society  of 
art*)  about  Ihe  year  isi;i,  —  an  addrew  indorsed 
nn<l  eutogleed  by  thi>  Slanttarrt  in  a  leading  article 
at  Ihiit  llmr,  —  denounced  Ihe  army  aiwl  civil  wtv 
iic«  liil<>)!<  MB  "a  Jiang  of  examiners,  nml  tliedi 
recloiTiof  (!«■  new  East  Iniltfl  coni)ie1liive  enani 
nation  Dodgo  company."    But  in  ibU  mutihouia 
il  is  clear  Ibnt  be  oilgbl  to  hate  incliid*H]  Ihe  clvtl- 
aerrice  commif*lonpt».  who  ore  ihe  reol  direoi 
of  those  examinations. 


4 

I 


Hat  t^ 


SCTEyCF. 


The  ForMt^lts  fat  June.  1^75.  cdhUIdb  a  lone 
nrticli^hv  Prarsngnr  Sntrr.  nhich,  from  hcKiniiitig 
to  end.  Is  a  lirode  sjtnlnst  the  vhok  nrnhtn. 

From  tnuch  tbat  lias  \»en  ivrlllen  l^niiinK  in  th« 
same  dlrvdion.  it  will  suffice  to  make  an  extract 
from  B  vwy  nlik-  iirticl*  by  Mark  Paltlson,  In  No 
I  or  Mind.  18>a.  braring  the  litie  '  PliiloAoph;  at 
Oxford : '  — 

"The  u-holc  nf  tbe  litetsnr  find  pliiUuiupbical 
tMc-hlDK  in  Qxrord  I?  in  the  hands  of  young  tniti, 
—  llie  tiitoTO  ot  the  collencs.  A*  a  clow,  theiir 
men  abound.  wli«n  tbey  be/cin  Ule,  in  energy  and 
ability.  Tlitj  overflow  wifb  teal,  and  ibe  ile«ire 
to  nvt  upon  ibLnr  piipiJs.  But  th«  seal  is  not  (bv 
scat  of  tb<>  enttiuaiiuttic  vobuy  of  Bcience,  who 
aeea  a  vlstn  of  inflnite  progrets  opening  b^fon;  him. 
and  desire*  lo  oswjciale  Tonng*r  mind*  in  follow- 
ing up  the  truck.  Tlie  young  leaclier.  ojb  turned 
out  by  u4,  ha'i  never  bneo  mi  any  »iicb  Imck.  He 
la  an  boiior-inan  and  a  piiieniaii :  n>t7it  (onf .'  and 
he  kuowH  the  surir  road  to  inakt^  uiheiswin  bonora 
and  prizes.  tlii>  ruAd  by  which  lu-  liiinw-lf  wuii 
tbeoi.  Hp  in  rintmrknl  on  Ihf  tarei-r  of  tiMching 
at  twnnty'flvc,  iinr,  and  bo  lindm  biiunrlf  lit  oner 
the  bIbvp  of  n  K^'ent  teaching -engine,  which  drives 
him  day  by  day  In  a  round  of  roeichnnical  work," 

On  ihe  mode  of  preparation  (or  exaininutloiis  in 
philoAopfay,  he  jfuet  on  to  My, — 

■'For  two  jean  tbt-  pupil  U  forwd  along  a  false 
road  of  Mudy,  in  which  neither  iicimce  nor  plii> 
looophy  eiiconnler<i  hlni.  Memory  !»  re«Uyaltno«t 
the  only  facutty  called  into  play.  Were  they  facts 
with  which  the  mi'mory  is  thus  chargnl,  the  in- 
adetjuacy  of  the  nyslcm  would  Iw  ap|iar«nl  at  oncv. 
But  in  the  ptcTHimtion  for  Ibis  examination,  in- 
stead of  facto,  the  memory  ia  charged  with  gen- 
eraliMid  formulas,  uitli  expreMlons  and  solutions, 
wliicb  are  derived  r«>dy-uiade  fiwm  the  tutor.  The 
flntl  priodple  of  philosophical,  nay,  of  iniellcctunl 
training,  tIi..  that  all  should  Ih;  educed  from  llie 
pupll'B  oito  mind,  b  hen:  inrerlnl  :  all  in  |mu(«d 
Into  him  by  Ilia  ti-ucher.  Th<i  teacher  does  as 
much,  and  tho  pupil  n>  little,  a*  jxiwible.  The 
ulinoat  tliat  the  sLudrrnt  can  aequtre  from  Ibe  sys- 
tem ia,  iliut  bu  bun  Icarneil  lo  write  In  the  newest 
>tyli-  of  thought,  and  lo  manipulate  the  pliraaea  o( 
Ibvlast  popular  treatise." 

l«t<Y  on.  however,  we  fioA  nioru  moikrAto 
views  preralling.  In  the  yineteenJh  century  for 
April.  lt<7B,  Canon  Barry  of  King'*  collpge,  Lon- 
ikni.  writing  o«i  -The  good  nod  cHl  of  «xainina- 
tioiu.'  says,  — 

'■  We  can  now  alTord  to  take  Ibe  wine  advice  of 

Oariyle,  'to  atop  r^linektntc,  and  iiKiuirr.'    Tlicrv 

seoma  to  b*  no  inconsiderable  diingcr  that  to  nn 

exaggerstMl  tmst  in  exatuinationn  there  may  sue- 

■      ceed  an  eicemlve  and  indiAcriminnle  condemna- 


tion of  ()i9in.  Wlienerer  one  party  vaunts  a 
lueilidne  a«  a  jwnacMi,  Ibeir  opponenla  ar«  seldom 
conWnl  witJiout  denouncing  it  as  a  u>vre  «bani.  or 
pcrhapK  a  <leadly  poison.  ...  I  hold  it  posaible, 
by  an  einminntion.  dclilierately  and  carefully  I'On- 
ditcted,  to  test  and  lo  estimate,  in  thos*>  who  an 
sabiuilteil  to  it.  not  only  formed  ktiowletigo  on 
Ibid  or  that  atibject,  but  Intelligence,  tliougblfnl- 
ut™i.  and  priMuiw  of  future  growtli." 

Ttw  wboli-  subjpcl  will  \k  found  ucltauatirely 
treated  in  Todbuntcr's  ■  Cron&icl  of  giludJn,'  1878, 
and,  fouryMUV  later,  in  Latham's  'AcUon  of  ex- 
aminations.* 

FJKt  and  foremost  amongi't  the  evil  things  which 
iMve  been  charged  to  (he  account  ofexauiioutioDS 
it)  rminmiiii;. 

Now.  if  the  nature  of  competitive  examinallons 
i*  nivh  aa  lo  involve,  fti  the  necetuary  and  mitB- 
ctrnt  preparation  for  panting,  the  •toring  the 
memory  with  a  niaiw  of  unclaxailltxl  fscti;.  and 
llie  accumulation  of  n  huge  heap  of  undigested 
knowledge,  then  the  uliin)al«  benefit  accruing  to 
tht!  cniididate  is  easy  to  foivaee  :  il  will  be  ol  the 
umatlot  iiDssible  amount,  or  the  mull  may  be 
even  ponitivcly  injurious  lo  him.  An  ■■xnniinalion 
which  neceasitat!.''!  u  menial  pniceM  of  tbii'  kind 
would  Ije  fnime<l  in  the  worst  [lofsihle  way,  yet  1 
liud  that  it  la  audi  a  process  as  ihl«  which  is  po]iu- 
tarly  denoted  by  'cramnilitg,'  The  term  inuat 
therefore  bn  equivaltuit  to  '  prvpurnlion  for  a  bad 
examination.'  But  arv  all  or  any  of  the  exiating 
public  examinations  of  this  description  ? 

That  many  candidates  attempt  to  paaa  these  by 
acquiring  a  uefe  nmentouic  acquaintance  with 
the  sevtmU  ntbjecta,  and  ttiai  a  very  few  ■ucoced 
in  tlie  attempt,  in  the  proiiable  truth  ;  but  to  infirr 
that  most  of  the  candidates  do  ki,  is  an  fiptde 
Herciilem  mode  of  rvosonlng,  the  fallaciousnenof 
wlilch  appears  at  onc«.  For.  let  any  on»  care- 
fully inspeot  the  papers  set  in  the  univerviiy,  the 
Indian  civil  service,  and  the  Woolwich  examlna- 
tionM,  and  then  ask  hiuwelf  it  il  be  powible  for  a 
•ucceiMful  pmparaiion  for  any  one  of  ihe*c  lo  be 
accoTDplisbedhy  Ibe  process  of  unintelligent 'cram- 
ming '  jast  dr»crib«l.  The  answer  ought  to  be  an 
UH(|Uallli«d  negalive,  and  muet  be  so  If  tl>«  ex- 
aminers do  their  duty.  In  fact,  mndi  ol  the 
charge  of  Inelllciency  brought  against  tlie«eex- 
aminaiiouB  miui  be  borne  by  ibose  who  origiualo 
and  cunduoi  iliem.  On  Ibis  poinl.  Cunun  Barry 
holds  ntmilar  views,  and  eays,  — 

"  1  miiintain  that  an  exnuiination  ought  always 
lo  be  able  lo  defeat  tliose  cramniers,  who  are 
properly  so  called.  If  it  does  not,  the  fault  is  to 
be  traced  to  the  Imperfect  discharge  of  duty  by 
examineni,  Thme  who  careleasly  set  trtock  ijuaf 
liotiH,  and  question*  which  can  be  aniiwcred  by 


468 


SCIENCE. 


tVofc.  VS...  No. 


memory  trilbout  thought,  or  mnlip  their  [wpFTs  » 
Held  for  lhi<  oxhtMclon  of  Ihetr  own  clerernesi 
and  Ihoir  own  |>eculiar  th«ori»  (without  coti- 
HidmoK  whai  may  lighil)-  be  exiwclM  Jrom  the 
youDK  nwii  or  Lots  «xuinmiyl.  anil  wlint  w  tbRn- 
fore  lihely  really  to  t<»l  ihi-ir  knowUidfp'  and 
capacity),  ttiinply  court  rnilore.  TheTe»eeinBto  l)« 
too  Illtle  apprec-iation  of  llii>  exceeding  difficulty 
<rf  Vav  tiuk  of  tlioroumli  exaniliialiou.  EiainiDm 
ore  burdoned  wiili  a  tiiaia  at  work  u-Iikh  lUny 
cannot  g«t  tlirougli  «xcepc  in  n  jicrf  unctory  mun- 
nor,  nnd  wliich  ey*n  then  so  utterly  wimriiw  thi-m 
out,  tliat  litis  faculty  of  judgment  niiil  o»ini>nrln>n 
bloat.  Tliey  ibemiwlves  som^timpii  w^ta  to  act 
as  if  aoy  thinft  n-ould  do  for  an  examlnatiou 
[MpiT,  nod,  unlcM  they  are  strangely  belied,  are 
far  from  pr^errtiig  a  unlforui  Nlaudanl  in  their 
Afbitniry  nnil  irrevocable  decisiona.  But  tli<> 
fault  lie«,  not  In  the  principle,  but  in  the  ndoiin-, 
islratlon.  It  Is  leiaedied,  not  by  givinic  up  eznmi 
BatioDS,  but  by  eiamining  belter." 

In  th«  ttdclr^  Ix-fore  referred  to.  Dr.  Bitdwood 
vxpredoed  tlic  *i(^W9  lirld.  tlira  and  now,  by  a 
cuniiiikrabb  cliuv.  wlipn.  nfter  drawing  an  ideal 
picture  of  tbn  Ininen table  elTecta  of  this  no-called 
tystcm  of  crainiiiinK  upon  the  Indian  civil  wr- 
»loe.  lie  boldly  pm(>08e#,  an  a  rtroicdy.  to  bnnd  over 
all  tlie  apiiointuieniH  |»  thn  unJTerHitie«  and  the 
puhlio  achuols.  Tliii  ndricn  In  doulitlew  i-oiiBLit- 
CBt.  H  the  ttnowledjire  wliich  it  is  at  prrvent 
iwoentiy  for  candldatea  to  ac<iuirc,  OTer  and 
above  that  which  they  can  ubtnin  at  the  public 
schools,  ia  only  ao  much  lueliw  rubliish,  tiiiritling 
instead  of  fining  thrni  for  tho  sphere  lu  which 
they  have  to  act,  then  the  aooner  It  la  dispensed 
with,  the  better.  But  It  Is  difllcult  to  discorer 
whcfv  the  gmivmrn  of  the  acctisation  ties.  The 
fact  that  a  sjiec-lal  education  of  a  Iiig:her  order 
than  that  which  the  public  nchoolii  will  give  is  re- 
<piired  by  the  ciYil-aervJc*  c^>nimi«8ionerB  is  ob- 
vious enough :  Imt  it  in  mA  nnay  to  fee  how  a 
better  cdu>oation  can  make  a  man  worae :  it  cer- 
tainty cannot  1>p  proved  to  do  »o  by  giving  it  an 
uncouth  name.  The  rapid  elriden  of  science,  and 
Ita  Intimate  relation  tuallctTilleationnudprogrMa 
at  the  present  day,  led  the  o-mmiwlonera  totvcog- 
nice  the  Iruth  that  a  wiiler  foundation  llian  hi-r^ 
tofotv  bad  to  1m>  laid  for  the  e<lucation  of  those 
who  ar«  dvolined  to  take  active  service  in  the 
field.  For  the  mere  onlookem.  a  tilicml  education. 
iK«0Rling  to  the  ideas  of  the  old  r^imr.  may  suf- 
<lc«.  The  puUic  (ehool*  may  rnnnln  faithful  to 
the  traditions  of  tlii»  past,  and  continue  to  ii»i*t 
thai  two  dead  lansnagca  constitute  for  all  time 
the  ou*T  necenar^-  and  sufflclent  basis  for  the  com- 
pIMe  education  of  the  Antclo-Sasou.  But  tlie 
world  will  not  stand  allll  forever  lo  wonhip  this 


ancient  '  Idol  of  Uh  d«D.'  Tfao  nioToinmit  which 
lias  resulted  tn  dralnlnft,  year  after  year,  aonie  of 
tlie  best  blood  from  our  public  tcliools,  la  hat  tlie 
beginniog  of  a  proems  which  will  ere  loitx  leave 
tliein  dry  and  lifelexi.  if  they  peniM  ia  dlsrexiud- 
int;  the  signs  of  the  times.  It  would  l>e  as  uevful 
to  make  Ivdmioal  botany,  geolflicy,  or  cbnnistry 
the  uniremnl  Kuhatialuiu  of  ■chool-educalton,  M 
tli<^  [^tin  nnd  Greek  ionifu«« '.  tor  the  avvraoe 
school-boy  never  Reis  beyond  the  dead  ermbot  ot 
the  lanitnaice.  which  bears  no  fruit  for  btni.  The 
pblloaophy  of  bbtory,  the  poetry,  wisdom,  and 
learniti^;  of  the  ancieats,  all  that  oonstituies  tbe 
bidden  life  uf  iuch  studies.  Is  lost  to  him  tbruu);li 
thi-  olBcurily  of  the  ini-dium.  Neitluit  csui  Im  ar- 
rive at  thin  knuwledgi-  in  nuch  a  way.  any  more 
than  the  enr  can  arrive  at  xn^-t  sounds  bj 
leaminK  ihp  nilrx  of  harmony  nnd  tlioroufth  Imms. 
And  jii«t  At  the  time  when  those  studie*  iiU|;bt 
beKin  to  educate.  In  the  true  sense  of  tl>e  wen), 
they  are  laid  aside  forever. 

The  chnrKe  of  s|iecialty  and  inutility  which  hiw 
lieen  brought  against  tbecivil-eorviceexBtuinatkna 
is  singularly  inappropriate.     Wo  find  the  follow- 
ing astounding  statement  :  ■■ThetraininKr-'qulred 
(tl)at  is.  for  the  civil-service  einroinattone)  was 
absolutely  Injurious,  and  was  good  only  for  tbe 
competltlre  ezainlDatioo  Itself,  and  wcMldeHs  fur 
all  else  beyond  as  well  aa  below  it.     To  fail  in  tbe 
examination  wax   bankniptcy  in  purae,  in   mind, 
and  in  bhiiI."     Now.   »incc  the  Bubjecta  in  wblcb 
the  specialty  consist*  arc  almost  wholly  comprised 
undpr  the  bends  of  modern  laniiuaKen,  llteracun;, 
and  some  of  tbe  uhEef  liranches  of  physical  •«• 
ence.  —  subjects  the  knowledge  of  wbk'h  forms 
the  very  tifivbloixl  of  our  social  and  cunuiMticial 
syotems,  —  it   >■  imposatbli<  to  ctmonlve  that  the 
circumstance  of  having  paid  more  than  ordinary 
attention  to  snch  biaiiches  of  study  could  unfit  n 
young  man  for  makiuK  his  own  unaJdeil  way  iu 
the  world,  after  having  failed  to  secure  u  civil- 
aer vice  appointment.     In  (act.  the  argninent,  aucb 
as  it  is  rccoiN  with  tenfold  force  upon  tlie  puMic 
schools  with  which  the  c<wipnri<ion  is  instituted. 
It  in  there  that  tbe  course  of  education  pursued  is 
special,  and  the  results  comparatively  wortliletH. 
it  is  tlu-re  thilt  «uhjects  which  atv  of  use  only  to 
the  man  of  letter*,   or  the  profensional  linguM, 
are  dragged  into  undue  prominence,  and  nkade  to 
form  the  staple  of  the  initnictinn  offered,  witbool 
di«criiutnallon,  tonll,     If  the  hypotlieticttl  youth 
who  has  hern  early  stranded  in  life  had  just  left 
n  public  school,  he  would  |ierha|w  have  aoqutred 
a  facility  in  writing  execrable  Latin  bexameten, 
or  in  making ciiuilly  badlniiislutioiiaof  BuriptilM; 
but  In  tlie  elemenlHTT  knowledge  useful  in  a  toon 
of  prafe«eions  he  would  l>c  utleriy  atui  hopeianiy 


4 

4 


I 


Mat  la.  1887. 1 


8CTENCE. 


469 


ii^Dorant.  In  truth,  if  the  h«TOtn  of  (lri>ek  and 
Buniau  mythology  bud  \»va  iviAtxA  divine,  w« 
oould  bnrdlj-  hiive  «ispresHed  our  bvlirf  nnd  devo- 
titm  more  prncticnll}-  tlian  by  adoptJiiK  lh«  Kntm- 
nuir  of  th^lr  laiwiut^e  as  the  common  liasis  of 
^duration  in  ilie  nineteenth  century.  Perhaps  tlie 
sfHnlue  still  cliiiKS  to  tbe disused  wordb.  and  luati'e 
priigrei«ii-e  iiu]>rov  erne  til  muy  souii^luiu-  Iw  iiidu- 
ttululily  i*oiiD«:l(?d  with  the  n^puaU^l  iticJUitatii>D. 

We  sre  told  thill  thi-  i>Hl>li<'  ^cb^x^ls  [iroducc 
'  fortniK]  mcD,'  and  thr  coinjH^tilivc  exniiUDntionH 
■  criuunied  men  ; '  but  lh(<  antit.he«ii»  ii^  not  clear, 
oud  deAnUlona  of  Ib^  (ernta  employed  would  hare 
been  acceptable.  It  is  doubtlew  true  that  iode- 
pcndcnOB  of  Hpuit  aud  avlf>r«liaDCc  an-'  c>(»itcd  at 
th<!  public  schools,  and  the  raralt,  a>  tarai  it  goes, 
may  \if  wty  valuable :  but  intoll^ctunl  Iniuing  U 
at  leii"!  of  equal  iiuportanc^  ■rith  sucinl  in  forma- 
tion of  character,  and  it  ii;  Ilie  former  lliat  we  «»• 
aert  to  be  Inefflcienc.  The  term  'cramming'  is 
either  a  perf«ct  myth,  as  Mr.  Tudhuiiter  liaa  af- 
firiuvd  it  to  be,  so  far  as  It  ha»  referetice  to  the 
exsmiiiuiioiia  in  thi?  CiiiverHitj  of  Cambridge ;  or. 
if  its  |iri-sent  application  lie  a  k-gitioute  one.  it 
means,  in  the  pupil,  oiorc  than  uxuallv  bard  and 
inlelluent  aindy,  and.  in  the  tutor,  thorouKh  and 
{talnataking  teaching.  Tlie  boy  who  h  taken  from 
the  public  schoolo  to  be  'crammed'  for  ibe  com- 
petitive examlnatioD,  ia  brought  into  InceBsani 
contact  with  his  tutors,  id  individtutlly  as^uited  in 
blsitndies,  bis  difBrultiea  are  explained,  and,  If 
Idle,  lie  Is  per|ietually  encouraged  to  work.  The 
apeciitltj  of  the  metliod  consiats  tti  gtrinf;  iiuli- 
Titliiul  attention  tu  eavb  pupil,  and  M>.  by  obvitit- 
iag  piaatB  of  tini«  and  witfiie  of  t.-fl'ort.  enabling 
mcli  10  take  the  Khortdl  mad  tu  the  end  dnirrd. 
Hi* obvious  that  xui-h  ■  nK'lbn<l  involves  uiotv 
actual  teaoliina ;  yet  with  rfferenre  lo  theexpenae 
itlt«ndin^  thli  tuitioi),  and  which  bait  been  repre- 
Bent«d  as  enormous.  I  am  cunddetit  that  a  fair 
average  n-ould  sbutv  tliat  It  doe«  nut  surpass,  evim 
if  it  Cf|uals.  tb«  ccMt  of  education  lit  the  public 
Mchool*.  It  ia  impoasiblL'  lo  resist  siiggestintc  an 
Muuindment  to  Dr.  BJnlwood's  proposal.  L)>t  Uie 
public  Rchoola  alt«r  their  curriculum  lo  suit  the 
requirement*  of  the  com|ieliiive  examinatious. 
and  treble  tlieii  MalT  of  ntaslers,  and  let  tliam  do 
tliia  without  raitfing  Ibe  wliool  feea,  and  tbcy  will 
at  uoor  lir>con)e  formidable  rivals  of  thu  no-called 
cxiinimvrs. 

timntcd,  bowvTVr.  that  Ibe  eviU  complained  of, 
and  >o  much  fxagxerated,  exlol  In  any  dtf^ree 
|whatever.  the  subject  ia  one  which  detuands  Im- 
.uediat«  and  aerioua  attention.  The  wbole  tone  of 
«ducatlon  In  thlo  country  ia  bring  inlluenovd,  and 
in  iH>ni«  directions  euliruty  drlemiincd,  l>y  the 
cliarnotor  of  com[ivlitive  examuwtion*.     And  it  u 


tlierefore  hardly  poMtble  to  or«rTat«  th9  itnpor- 
tMiec  wbit'h  attachni  lo  Ihcun  nxnminationH,  and 
to  tl*e  ipii^tion  ■  Flow  can  they  be  made  most 
•ervicealde ? '  la  tiielasteditfnn  of  Ihe  '  Encyckt- 
paedl.i  Britannica '  there  are  some  pertinent  re- 
marks on  ibis  liead.     The  writer  aay»i, — 

''  I(  ii  found  that  some  brauclies  of  Study  are 
bet Ut  suited  for  eiatuimilion  than  others.  C*r- 
tain  studifs  endow  ibe  pupil  with  tlx-  fa<^ulty  of 
doing  wimelhinK  he  couUl  not  di>  )>etore.  such  as 
traoslatinjf  foreiKD  lanjnugcti,  or  nolring  tnathe- 
matlcal  problenia  ;  and  there  are  other»,  like  his- 
tory, wbiob,  Ihou^  they  may  add  greatly  to  (Im 
wealtli  of  the  nan's  tuiud,  yield  tio  tucb  deflntw 
faculty  or  technical  dext«rily.  Wo  oan  teat  the 
l>o^esBion  of  the  fiivt  sortof  acq uirenMutt directly, 
by  oallinfji  on  the  student  to  put  in  praclic<>  the 
]>oweni  he  Is  expected  lo  liave  acquired  ;  but,  with 
res])ecl  lo  the  latter,  we  can  only  ascertain  thai  he 
recollects  oouie  portion  of  what  he  lias  prepared. 
Sy  ebii<»iug  tlienefwrtiona  judicjuusly,  wc  can  tell 
whether  the  sludi-nl  hss  carefully  studied  the  sub- 
ject and  linked  the  various  luirts  of  ittogetluir,  but 
we  cannot  make  sore  of  the  permanency  ol  this 
knowledge.  Young  men  uaed  to  exnminatiomi 
will  pick  up  Just  tlie  lotonuatlon  suited  in  a  very 
■hort  time,  from  an  aualyslaora  tutor's  uot«-boo1c. 
and  forget  much  iu  a  few  days.  TIUs  power  of 
'  getting  up'  and  carrying  ia  not  without  practical 
value.  It  is  the  power  which  raablea  n  lawyer  to 
masler  a  mass  of  details,  and  we  may  allow  credit 
for  tills,  for  ii  ^lows  a  good  analytical  memory; 
but  it  must  be  olieerved  that  what  is  thus  re- 
warded b  not  so  much  a  knowledge  of  the  special 
branch  of  etudy,  w  a  itower  af  acqttiring,  which, 
very  pro)>ably,  miKht  lie  applied  to  one  subj«;i  as 
well  as  aiiollier.  Il  requires  Kreal  eipericnci-  ami 
jiidgmtnit  in  an  examiner  lo  deal  with  subject* 
Like  history  anil  litetature.  He  must  hare  an  eye 
for  the  cardinal  points,  and  must  know  how  a 
student  ought  to  bold  things  together  in  his  mind. 
If  be  yield  to  the  icmptatiim  which  seems  tobwet 
cxaiuiiierH,  of  picking  out '  ihin^  not  generally 
known.'  aud  minute  detail*  which  a  wise  man  is 
content  lo  leave  to  be  looked  up  when  he  wunta 
them,  then  a  kind  of  arliRctal  knowledge,  solely 
for  UM!  in  exami  nut  ions,  will  Ije  engendered." 

Tho  opinion  tliat  there  is  Hiiiietiiing  In  tba 
natiU*  of  cxnuiinntioRS  whi<:h  rtlviers  Ibeni.  of 
necewhy>  not  nnly  inetUuient  as  a  test  of  luent&l 
culture,  but  ahsolulely  prejudicial  lo  the  luteresla 
of  education  In  gen*ral,  is,  I  am  convinced,  cno* 
Deou».  I  believe  that  the  cn))al>ililin  of  the  com- 
petilire  eiamluation,  regaT(]e<1  as  an  inatrumMit 
for  directing  education  and  for  proviiiK  It*  remilta, 
have  never  yet  b«di  fully  recogniwd.  I  do  Dot 
tltink  thai  attention  has  been  concentrated  upon 


^CIEXCE. 


the  Nubjnct  which  lt«  Importance  demands :  luul 
Uw  woBon  Tor  Ibis  nin^  be.  tliat  tlie  tv»\  niitRnl- 
tude  of  th6  «ffect  pToiJu<.-ib1e  Lhrough  tli«  axfncj 
ot  tbeae  examinuliuni  i-i  uveflouki-d  ;  ami  thi«  iit 
pur tl7  through  the-  simiJicitr  of  the  Mgiiit  iUrlf, 
and  jMirtly  <in  ncroimt  of  tho  difficult;  of  obsrrr- 
iliK  thi'  iiiilMrtjiioiil  rifectfi  npQii  ImlividnnlB.  It  in 
vuriouK  to  roinpnrp  the  seemlnK  jnadequacrof  th« 
niMin>  i-niplnycd  with  the  iictiial  Tasts«M  of  the 
mult.  Some  tlosen  or  twi-nty  ijuwtioDS  an  aet 
in  «ich  of  a  fevr  papers  oncu  or  twior  a  yrtir,  and 
the  wliole  machinery  of  education  in  inniimf  mble 
schools  aud  college*  Im  ^idnd  m  the  wilt  and 
pleasure  of  the  examiner.  The  insiniinent  placed 
In  bb  hand*  U  the  exainlnslion  paper,  and  hecao 
faahion  It  na  he  plensee.  Any  branch  of  attidy  mnj 
be  lulraitl^d  or  excluded,  and  I  uuintain  Hint  it  in 
in  the  power  of  the  examiner,  not  tioty  by  the 
aclnrlion  of  igneelionii  to  give  prommeiioi;  to  any 
imhicular  department  ottlie  snltiwi  of  a  paper, 
but  also  by  Judlviotu  apportiunmcnt  of  marks  to 
lilTe  weight  to  certain  mental  eieellenre«  of  the 
candidate  uver  nnd  ab<ivo  tlie  mere  exerclae  of 
memory  and  ru]<-  i>t  thumb.  No  duubl  a  diseriim- 
nation  of  ihiH  kind  in  already  exerciaed  In  aoine 
degre<!:but.ii]  order  thai  such  a  method  of  award- 
ing miirkii  Khniild  Ijecome  praciicnlly  rlleciive.  it 
would  be  neceeaary  that  a  complete  imderstanding 
should  exist  between  the  examiner  od  the  one 
bond,  and  tlie  pupil  on  the  other ;  for.  ^jnce  all 
elTorta  of  the  candidate,  both  before  and  during 
examination,  are  certain  to  tv  regulati^d  by  his 
Idea  of  what  will  be  likely  to  jmy.  it  is  evident, 
that,  if  his  notiuns  on  thii  [x>int  diffi-r  widely  from 
ihoee  of  the  exutniner.  llie  bent  tntentinnH  of  the 
latter  may  be  fruilraled.  \*  exnminntion^  are  at 
present  oondinleii.  very  littk-  or  no  hirurmntton 
is  giien  about  the  ini-lh<«l  of  mnrkintj  adopted. 
The  one  fuft  ever  jtrcM-nt  to  the  mind  of  the  con- 
didntc  if  tlint  he  hrm  lonntwier  correctly  (he  lar- 
Sc»tnuraberof  ijucstionsht  can  within  (iieallotted 
tima. 

For  the  uke  of  lllnetratlDg  what  h,  perha|«. 
the  meet  serious  defect  in  this  nyatem  of  exami- 
naticKi  against  lime,  let  astup|)ose  the  raw  of  two 
■tudcnia  in  mathenwtie^,  A  and  E.  A  in  brillianl, 
but  not  profound.  B  in  profound,  Inii  glow.  Six 
quMtioiia  being  prop(K.c>il  to  them  on  imper.  A  an- 
BwerB  them  nil  in  iinc  hour,  while  B  only  unawerii 
fonr  out  of  the  nix  in  tlie  mmv  time.  Again,  vix 
man  advanced  questions  being  set,  reaiuiring  more 
nlginal  tbounht,  A  Is  unable  to  muwer  any  one 
of  these,  but  B  answen  tbem  all  in  five  hours. 

Now.  suppose  A  and  B  to  compete  for  matho- 
oulical  honors  at  Uiimbridge,  in  the  oUI  tripMiex- 
MniDOtioD-  A  numb^Tctf  ijui^ions  of  ihelirvt  sort, 
all  within  the  acope  of  A'*  nhllity.  are  uisireted 


t>y  him  in  the  nllotlnl  time  ;  B  anaweis  two-thirda 
of  that  numtier.  and  U  accordingly  beatoa  b;  A. 
The  paper  probably  contains  no  ([untloas  of  tht 
second  Mirt.  and.  ei-en  if  it  did,  D  wouM  not  Ten- 
ture  to  xrapple  with  tbeuj,  being  deterted  by  llie 
fear  of  loiiing  niorlcs,  since  in  the  time  which  tha 
solution  of  one  of  these  qurelions  woulil  luke  h« 
would  be  able  to  deal  with  three  or  four  of  thi 
eiuier  onen.  That  such  a  tesiill  wouM  he  niii 
chlevoii«,  will  prob«hly  be  admitted.  In  the 
or<llnary  affalni  of  life  It  Is  rarely  of  any  cousfr* 
(ineiioe,  when  a  matter  is  submitted  to  tlie  judg'* 
menl  for  decision,  whether  lire  or  ten  or  flft*vcr 
ininutm  t<e  ucmpted  in  cominic  to  a  cont^lnaioa 
In  tile  higher  wnlka  of  science  it  i«  pontirely  ol 
no  consequence  whatever,  the  importance  of  ar~! 
riHng  nt  a  truth  nt  nil  outweighing  nil  oonaidera- 
lion  of  the  time  occupied  In  the  pmooai.  As  ui 
original  investigator.  A  would  be  altogether  *ar> 
pBoaed  by  B.  Why.  then,  should  a  premium  be 
offereil  to  mete  rapidity  of  thought,  in  invrrn^nc* 
to  iuiy  other  excelleno^n  winch  might  he  dinplared, 
in  an  exnoiinaiioii  thi-  iivowrd  object  of  whti.-h  i» 
to  gaugi-th>'m«themutic-nlnbilitieiior  lh«com]>eti* 
ton^  If  such  nbiltty  hh  that  of  A'a  were  IHuaUj 
allied  with  pciwer.  the  objection  would  lose  iia 
weight,  hut  the  role  is  probably  ilie  reverw 
this:  slowness  i^  found  allied  with  prof  undit;  Mtdj 
slrength,  quicknesi  of  conception  with  lack 
great  mental  jHiwer. 

Often  (he  real  difDcnlty  of  a  (|imlion  dnea  not 
appc^iT  on  the  Hurface.nndmuch  tliiwlsfrequentljr 
waited  in  exploring  the  paper,  and  in  att^ickinfc 
questions  wfalchluive  toberrlin>tuiHlie>I  when  their 
real  dilHculty  j«  perceired  :  and  inlbis  way  chniice 
liHii  niuch  to  do  with  thi?  results,  for  nothing  iliort 
of  a  dcltWruteiinalyeisof  thecontent.inf  (he  (taper 
(for  whicrh  there  is  not  time)  would  eiuiMe  th« 
cjindidnte  to  do  himself  justlee  by  nttnckhig  tboMi 
i|iie»tloii<  which  alone  he  would  be  able  to  answer 
in  the  time  allowei),  It  would  also  tend  to  dell* 
nitenns  of  aim  in  preparing  for  any  examiiuiiiao, 
if  it  were  dearly  utaietl  by  tlie  examinem  that 
marks  wmild  l«  accorded  for  certain  exccUencTte 
in  the  style  of  nnKwering  (luestion*.  and  marha 
<le'lHcted  for  certain  hlemlfhee;  and  the  >not« 
minutely  all  this  could  be  speclfled,  the  leas  rm- 
dom  would  the  results  become,  also  tl>e  raoi* 
would  llie  character  of  that  courae  of  ethicuUoo. 
which  it  "light  to  be  the  sole  object  of  the  exam- 
ina(lon»  to  render  perfi-ct,  he  brought  under  lh« 
Inlluenoe  nnd  direction  of  the  exnmincm. 

What  I  wUh  to  inniHt  upon  i>,  that  tlie  evila 
which  have  been  complained  of  as  belonging  to 
Ibe  ayntem  are  not  evils  inherent  in  coniiielitive 
ezaminnlionB  as  such,  hut  that  tbey  are  duo, 
wherever  tbey  oxiM,  to  accidental  imiierfectioiii 


J- 

I 


Uy 


Hat  is,  1897.] 


iscrji:xcE. 


471 


In  the  mode  of  earrfing  out  such  examinatlODs. 
It  la  ot>v!oiia  (Iml  any  ulaboraliun  of  th?  ttchemH 
of  examitmtiiiim.  of  the  kind  which  I  bav«  very 
Imijerfi^tly  ^ugecated.  would  increum'  the  labor 
and  »)«t  of  coDducting  Chimin.  To  inoun*  tatU- 
fucttiry  rvsulla,  il  might  pror^  D«y)ful  to  tnga^. 
n  whoJf  (.'ommJit<>e  nf  exBinliwn  whnv  hat  ono 
in  at  (irpspnt  oinployed.  Still,  in  view  of  theover- 
whelmliiK  imporlaiioe  of  tlie  effects  of  these  ex- 
BtninstJoiiB  upon  the  ediiuition  of  thv  youth  of 
this  country,  any  ohjectiona  to  (.'faungi-  fotindnl 
ttpon  coDsidi-riLCiuni>  of  teonomy  tnunt  be^  rt-gtirdtxl 
as  trivial. 

la  coni-luiiion.  I  mny  my  that  there  apfieara  to 
be  a  Gona«iimii<  of  oplnloo  tn  favor  of  the  pn'O  ex- 
■mJiMition,  with  tli«  sutwequent  arraDKetaent  of 
[mndldatee  alphabetically  iu  onv.  tn-o,  or  thrm 
dlvblonii,  thUH  reducing  com  petition  to  n  mini- 
mtiin-  Tlie  Collrgc  of  iirwN-ptorn  hn*.  I  believe, 
iiev«T  Hw^imd  from  Ihia  principle,  and  a  juslillca- 
tion  Bf  it  M  mire'ly  afforded  by  the  very  inarkrd 
RDCOM*  whirh  has  attended  tlieir  exainioations  for 
R  tone  period  of  years.  The  dnngeni,  suoh  u  they 
nre,  clualer  round  the  ooinpetltiTV  exnmiiution, 
with  ita  ord«r  of  merit  attaohrd  ;  and  It  Is  pretty 

rfleoeralty  ngrvcd  that  young  people  ehould  not 
Very  frequently  l>e  enlleii  lo  engaicc  in  tbi-ne  cim- 
teata.  O.  a.  Case. 

TBE  LONDON  COLLEGE  OF  tRKCEPTORS. 
Tm  erection  sad  dedication  of  a  handsome  new 
bnlldln^  for  the  use  of  the  London  College  of  pr^ 
ceplOTH  ha«  called  reoi^wed  attention  to  a  moat 
nervicnble  fmtitutiou,  and  one  which  American 
etluc^iUors  should  know  something  about.  A  writer 
in  Ihe  Athenarmti  givcG  n  summary  of  Its  hiatory. 
It )«  this  college,  tar  morv  than  the  ancient  uni> 
venritien,  that  regolalos  and  directs  ttit  t-ducntion 
of  the  Baglish  middle  claeMa. 

The  College  of  prwreplon  had  a  humble  begin- 
ning. In  18W  some  privntn  (tchool-nmnlerfl.  Im- 
presied  with  the  ignomnoo  and  inroiojietenceof 
nuin>H-rs  who  catint  thrm»elv(«  leachera.  met  (o- 
gelher.  and  ultimnlrly  ntolved  to  form  themnelve* 
into  a  society  with  the  object  of  aSovding  to  the 
public  a  test  of  the  quallficatloD  of  tinchimi,  and 
of  thus,  in  c<ourt«  of  time,  exchidint;  from  the 
raukH  of  the  proftieioo  all  charlntnnK  and  loi- 
poslora.  Th«  college  increawd  rapidly  In  nuoi- 
beis.  and  aecured  the  intofMt  of  dlstlni:uf»li<^l 
putrona,  among  them  the  late  Marquis  of  Nortli- 
ampton  and  Sir  John  Lubliock.  by  whoae  aid  it 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  royal  churtM-  br  which 
It  waa  incorporated  in  IfMft,  The  pn-uniblrt  of  thl^ 
charier  umboUies  very  clearly  the  vipwn  of  the 
urigiual  fouodvrK.     Th«  collegv  Is  Incorporated 


"for  the  purpose  of  promoting  oound  Imming, 
and  of  odranclng  the  intense  of  education.  Mpe- 
cl^lly  aiDong  the  middle  clashes,  hy  affording  Ut- 
ciliiiM  to  tlie  teacher  for  acquliing  s  knowledge 
of  his  pn>reatiMi.  and  by  providing  for  the  prriodi- 
cal  *n«rion  of  a  comprlmt  board  of  examiner*,  to 
aamrtain  and  give  certiflcaUs  of  the  Oicqulrementa 
and  fltnetH  for  th«<r  ofBc*  of  prtMn*  engaged,  at 
•leiurlng  to  be  engaged.  In  Ihe  education  of  yiwlb." 
These  primary  objecta  of  the  college,  it  may  al 
uncebe«Lid.  have  hitherto  been  carried  out  but 
to  a  limikn]  extent  and  with  email  sotcwM.  At 
Urol,  by  a  Rtrange  irony  of  fate.  Ihe  result  of  ila 
operation*  was  to  aggravalfi  the  i-ril  it  Bought  to 
care.  In  the  teporl  of  ihe  school*  imjuiry  com- 
mlesloo,  Mr.  Pitch  stated  that  in  hi*  dinlrlct  the 
objects  of  the  college  had  not  been  fullllled  to  any 
appreciable  extent,  and  that  several  9chool-Bia««r» 
of  good  standing  who  bad  once  napported  it  "  hiul 
withdrawn  theiOHEleeii  in  diiguit  at  the  tJiumcl^wi 
niie  whirti  wan  made  in  nidvrrti»riDentn  of  the  let- 
ters M.B.C.P.  by  men  who  were  wholly  umiuali- 
fled  : "  and  as  late  as  1808  Mr.  Jo^pb  Payne,  iu  a 
p(i]KT  rea<l  at  a  meeting  of  the  college,  put  the 
plain  !i|>olceri  <|uesliOTi.  "  Can  any  one  wonder  that 
■chool-maalen  by  humlrvd*.  linding  tliat  high  rank 
in  n  learned  ci-rporation  wa»  lo  tn-  obiaiued  at  the 
rate  of  nevvn  xbillingH  a  U^ter,  should  have  availed 
themnelve^  of  the  golden  opporliiiiityy"  Tbecuun- 
cil  havp  ever  since  sieadtly  diHCOoolennni-'ed  llie 
use  or  ftbu»e  of  these  mystit:  lellrra.  The  «'nly 
grades  the  collegr  rt'cognire*  for  which  diplomas 
are  granted  arq  nMocjat«,  ticrotiato,  and  tetlow. 
These  grades  ore  C0Df«iTTed  an«r  cxaminaiioD, 
partly  in  general  knowledge,  and  portly  in  the 
theory  and  practice  of  education.  The  ({iiatillca- 
tionii  for  Ihe  loivest  grade  are  aboqt  on  a  par  with 
ihoM  of  a  first -class  eertiAoaled  tencber.  Ihe  llcen* 
tiale*hip  fMrre^iionds  to  an  onliaary  degree,  and 
the  fellowship  may  fairly  rank  with  on  honor  de- 
gree at  ItieunlvArviiies.  The  College  of  ptvoeptore 
deserree  full  credit  for  having  Hr#l  rvcogniced  the 
neceaalty  of  a  professional  examination,  and  for 
setting  an  example  which  the  older  universities 
are  «lowly  following,  So  far,  it  has  auooeeiiwi  in 
attracting  few  tcach«n>.  and  those  mostly  of  on 
intcnor  ctaiu  ;  but  the  failure  I*  due,  not  so  much 
to  any  defectn  in  the  pcheme,  a«  to  tlie  s'*'*^*'  ^' 
dtfTerence  of  tho  iniblie. 

By  far  the  mo«t  Important  event  in  the  hiNtor; 
of  tlie  college  was  the  eslablifthiuetit  of  the  exami* 
nation  of  pupils.  This  was  begun  In  1800,  and 
wa«  in  full  ojierolion  in  ISM  :  that  is.  four  ye«ra 
iK-fnrc  the  univerrity  local  examinations,  awl  two 
yeam  before  thow  of  the  Society  of  artii.  In  spite 
of  the  Gonapetltlon  from  these  and  other  examin- 
in|!  boards,  the  college  examinations  have  stqadily 


473 


WlEirCE. 


BTowr,  till  ID  ihe  laot  year  llie  imniU-rH  wlw 
|)n:i>rnlvd  Ibem^elvea  for  llie  foll<'g«-'  ciwtJUoatr* 
«nimini«d  to  taaro  tbun  fift^TO  tliouMiid,  rrpnv 
^enlitif  over  Tour  tliousiutti  iicfaool*.  Thin  nuni- 
bca- conddvrably  <-xcmli' thp  »uoi  of  Ibe  Oxford 
and  OuDbrid««  locnl  candliJales  for  \mi  Not 
only  WM  the  CQllefc^  "nt  In  the  field  of  ezaiiiina- 
tionn.  but  it  aim  tooh  the  ImiI  in  tulmilling  girl* 
to  r<(unl  privfl^KM  with  boye.  Nor.  lu  fnr  u  we 
GUI  judg^.  Is  there  aojr  ground  for  the  prvvoilini; 
belief  that  the  st4mclArtl  of  the  rollese  it  lower  tliAn 
that  of  the  iuiiviTn.iti<v.  C»i'«kiiily  Uila  in  Dot  the 
opinion  of  ilit^  host  judKeii,  ina»tete  who  ptepurv 
pupilii  for  both  exam  Ina  I  Eons :  aud  tliere  rail  be 
no  doubt  that  Hie  examinaiioD  oyllubuB  of  tht*  col- 
lege \«  ntore  ecietitiUcull}'  coiMtiuctol,  and  tnsuriv 
a  better  curriculum  for  ■ludeot*.  thnn  that  of 
either  aniremitjr.  Th«>  explaiintlon  i«  ohvioiis  !  it 
wa«  originnll)'  dran-n  up.  and  ha;;  since  been  modi- 
Bed,  not  by  university  dou».  but  by  praclical 
•chool-mnsiers. 

A  few  words  may  be  added  iLs  to  tlicfutureot  the 
college.  Ill  the  paHt  t)i«  mnin  rncrf[ipii  of  ihe  col- 
lege have  been  (^xprndod  on  the  exaniinallou  of 
pupils:  and  probably-  few  of  it«  meuibera  are 
aware  that  Ihere  U  not  one  word  fn  their  charter 
r^ferrinK  to  nuch  exaniinalluuii.  and  that  It  in  only 
by  Itnplicatiou  tliat  ihey  an-  aulhori»'d  in  con- 
ducliiig  them  and  i^ranling  certlflcnlea.  Now  that 
the  prKH^pton  hnre  bnilt  iheniwkea  a  bouiie.  it  In 
hoptKl  that  they  will  set  to  work  In  eammt  to 
carry  out  thi-  main  intention  of  tbi*ir  foundi-ri. 
To  offer  ex«iultiation<)  in  the  art  of  ipnchinc  In 
Bometbiug :  to  pnivide  lectures  for  teacherv  by 
such  cunipetent  profpiuoii  ax  Mr.  James  Sully, 
Oanon  Danid.  and  Mr.  Fllcb.  In  more :  but  Ixitli 
th«)»  proTuiona  combined  fall  far  short  of  llio 
traiDing  of  teachers.  This  ho^,  we  aro  glad  to 
my.  Is  likely  to  Iw  fu1lllt<H],  At  Ilia  hut  gnw^nl 
meeliug  uf  the  college,  two  resolution*  wvtv  car- 
ried unaiiimuunly,  —  ■■  that  for  the  next  Uiree 
jMlrH  a  men  nol  cicei^inK  tlire*  hundred  luuuils 
a  ypnr  he  di'voled  to  »cholarship«  tor  inteudinj; 
MBchno,  niaJe  anil  female;"  and  "that  port  of 
the  surplus  funds  be  allowed  to  at'oumiilale  for 
the  purpose  of  eatablisliinK  a  traiiiing-iK>l)cee,  or 
for  promoting  sum*  oilier  scheine  for  the  training 
of  Ipoebers."  Thcw  pniiiiMiilit  appear  to  us  aiost 
n-awMiable  and  priident.  Tlio  expeiinienl  of  the 
FinAbory  train Ing-col lege  proiee  that  a  »u|>rriur 
Donua)  Bchool  for  nwD  muai  for  the  preiN-nt  do- 
peod  buiIdIt  od  external  aupjiurt.  and  to  launeh 
oat  on  such  an  iindertaliing  wtlbout  miitiiHent 
fonda  would  b«  aj^in  to  invite  (atture. 

Ttwi-  an>  rariotw  oth«ir  objecw  Included  in 
ll>e  charter  oi  tJw  colleif^e,  to  which  it  will  doubt- 
lew  hereafter  apply  iiaelf.    Such  are  a  benevulunt 


fund  for  fnchem,  a  pedagogic  library,  s  bill  for 
th^*  registration  of  teacherai  but,  lueful  an  all 
Ihene  objects  are,  iliey  are  subordinate  to  the  pri- 
(nary  aim  of  the  college,  the  promotion  ot  tbt 
training  ot  leacbeiv. 


IKFAyTSCUOOLS  AND  THE  KINDER^ 
OARTEN.* 

Now  lliitt  th€'  tinirrrml  ncrranity  of  e^liication 
in  nsisisnixi-d  thmuffhout  the  civilised  world,  the 
conti«t  ihnt  remains  Is  that  CODceming  nielboda  ; 
and  of  Ihis.  the  most  important  branch  in  that 
which  relates  to  the  very  earliest  period  of  vduna- 
tlon,  namely,  to  the  choice  between  Ibe  old  ays- 
tern  of  the  numery  or  the  infant  schoal*,  and  that 
of  Frotibet,  known  an  tbc  kindergarten. 

It  would  be  obvioiialy  inipnmible  to  attempt  bera 
to  giee  any  thing  like  au  exposition  of  Utia 
method,  which  was  elaborated  by  Its  author  a» 
simply  the  first  step  and  fouiidatiou  of  u  ayatO- 
uatlcally  progreteive  educutiou.  eiteudiog  from 
the  eurlicet  dun-n  to  the  ripening  of  the  human 
faculties.  The  iitmoet  that  can  lie  hopinl  for,  in 
Ihest^  lirief  remarks,  is  to  bring  into  dear  relief 
some  of  the  most  salient  points  of  diflfereiKe  be- 
tween the  old  and  the  new  methods  of  infaiit- 
training. 

Flrat,  then,  apart  from  the  ineeitable  eflTDCt  of 
aiiy  Kchool  dinciplinr  npon  tlM'  liahils  and  conduct 
of  cblidnm.  the  former  aims  mainly  at  instrao- 
tion  ;  the  kindergarten,  at  harmonious  d«v«lop- 
meiit  of  the  child's  whole  nature,  instruction  being 
a  portion  only  of  tlie  ttainiug  required  for  that 
purpuse. 

Next,  as  to  the  nature  of  thi>  initmction  givem. 
Tlie  infnnt-echool,  which  i*  liouiid  to  produce  at  B 
given  time  a  certain  proHcicncy  in  reading  and 
writing.  InliorioiiBlj  tcochee  Ihe  child  to  recogiiiEe 
and  reproduce  certain  eytubols,  tbe  teal  impor- 
tance of  which  he  naturally  cannot  rtaliie.  TIm 
kindergarten  tralus  the  child  timlio  oliserve  form, 
dimeniiion,  and  uumlxT,  in  a  greut  variety  of 
aniufting  waj».  with  the  help  of  oolor  and  of  ob- 
jecta  he  can  handle  and  examine-  It  teadw*  blm 
lo  roproducn  the  form*  ohserretl,  whether  of  aat- 
iiral  obj«ct*  or  geometrical  flgurea ;  lo  oo|^  or 
combine  out  of  hia  own  fancy  a  rariety  of  sym- 
metrical designs,  thereby  giving  a  facilil;  of  ap> 
jirelieuaiou  and  execuriuo  which  wakes  tho  mlm 
(junit  effort  to  recugnixo  and  traco  lattprs  and 
wordscdnipnrativrly  easy.  ThuithekitideTKarlea 
Krclem  enjiblcji  llui  children  (o  attain  llu;  aama 
proficiency  in  nwding  and  wriliiiK.  while  mucb 
else  has  been  learned  on  the  uay,  and  white  tlie 
touudatiun  lias  been  laid  for  that  accuracy  sud 
■  Froai  tba  lonaoa  /«unial  o/  oIvmIIm. 


I 


Kat  18.  1067.J 


8CTKKCE. 


473 


d^llcacr  of  sfabt  anil  touch  wbicb  will  be  of 
»qnal  iniportaiive  to  thu  future  ini>clianic,  to  tbe 
artist,  ur  the  mnn  of  science. 

Again,  thu  snnga  and  movpraents  of  th«  infnut- 
mhool  nfTonl  a  lUensam  break  in  the  graver  work  : 
but  Ili<-  NotiKS  and  gniDe:°  of  the  kindnTRntt^'n  arc 
tlMDiwlTee  an  inlegml  ^rlion  of  t]w  Ineiruction. 
ThrouKh  th«iu  the  eur,  ilw  metootj.  and  th^  in- 
telligence are  et^Ir  ma  tic-ally  rxt^rcbeil,  n  )iil«r  the 
ohltcbra  ftvl  ibi'  (.-Imrm  of  rlijlhmical  exinvmion 
and  luuveimiit. 

Oncri-  inoro.  Whll«.  in  an^  well- mnn NfC(<d  ■chool. 
Ihe  children  are  fnirly  ronfMiteri,  in  the  kinder- 
ltart«(n  (hey  arv  genulnelY  happy.  Parent*  of  all 
cl>if»e«  bear  wltneMA  to  Ihls  im|>ortaiit  fact,  and  it 
i«  true  throughout  (be  day's  exercises,  fitave  aa 
well  aa  gay.  For  nfaiJe  scbuols  iiii|K««  dry  tasks. 
ha«l  to  proportion  aa  they  are  tmiiiternting.  be- 
cauiM.'  bnring  no  refervnci^  lo  childiib  ta9(*>a  and 
Biitiltidcii,  tbe  kiiidetgnrlen,  procoetHn^  f rom  cIom' 
Ktudyof  ('bild-nnturn,  follow-sand  yet  suides  Ibe 
child's  own  wi*b  tn  lenm,  liy  preaentlng  to  hioi 
tbe  facta  or  objecls  tbel  naturally  excite  bis 
curiosity  ;  thus,  lusteail  of  tbe  paeaive  attitude  oS 
(lie  mete  enforwd  learner,  we  Hod  even  tbe 
yuuagMt  actlre,  and  happy  in  ihHr  activity.  Nor 
tnuM  we  forget,  that,  in  fonli-'rlnf;  natural  curicwi- 
ty.  w-c  are  fostering  the  root  of  the  love  of  knowt- 
«Agfi.  tbe  growth  of  which,  howeror  biiuible,  is  a 
trea«ure  to  any  life,  ami  wbicb  may  become  with 
many  the  perennial  source  uf  tbe  nubleet  unjoy- 
i'lnenta. 

To  sum  up,  tben.  The  new  method  is  moro  ao- 
cording  to  nnlnre,  and  therefore  more  Micceeeful, 
and  making  tbe  children  happier. 

It  in  more  coniprehennive.  and  therefore  not 
only  richer  in  pieeent  Kain.  but  more  durable  in 
Its  effects,  slnoe  education  inSuenoes  tbe  future 
just  in  proportion  to  Ilie  hold  It  has  taken  on  the 
whole  developmeut  of  meutal  and  ptaysical  fac- 
ility, tbe  genua  of  which  lie  undeveloped  iii  tbe 
child. 

It  in  more  religioua  in  ils  influence,  nol  through 
doKmatie  teaching  nor  direct  relinious  services, 
but  ihrouKh  the  ilnilj  rejoicing  In  God's  works  ; 
thniut:h  the  dawnlnji  #ei)ee  of  his  pcesence  aud  biK 
ruling  u-ill  in  that  wonderful  outer  world  oon- 
cerniiis  which  the  child  is  no  curious,  and  on 
which  kindergarten- ten ching  ia  Kocy>ntinuNlly  Hx- 
i^iog  hicaltention,     TUrnrr  (,'nulually  KpHnR  rev- 

enee  and  the  nenoe  ot  duty  to  that  all-ruling 
power,  and  the  vital  roots  of  all  relig^ion  am 
tbere, 

SdCh  being  tlie  superior  obinia  of  Fnwbel's 

•thocl.  it  i»  mmt  important  to  urge  thoae  clalraB 
ppon  all  educntiooal  department*  that  include  In- 
faut-Khools,  to  toduM  tlietn  to  adopt  that  method. 


The  only  eeriona  dlAknlty  is  ll>at  of  provkling 
duly  trabted  teacben,  alDce,  In  the  bnnd*  of  ill- 
trained  miatrMaea,  Ibe  8urfa<«,  ]>lBy-ae'pect  of  the 
kindergartm  becowtw  Ibe  wbi^  :  routine  replace* 
jirinciple  ;  and  a  sywlem,  every  step  of  wblcli  lias 
btfu  philiMopliically  Diought  out,  be«omea  a 
mechanism  or  a  toy. 

Wluit  is  required  is.  (hat  trninitiR-«ollcgr*  tliouhl 
know  that  their  infaiit-ecbool  teachers  will  Im  es- 
jwded  to  be  thoroiu;hly  convervint  with  the  kin- 
dergarten theury  and  practice,  and  that  employers 
should  require  a  certificate  from  a  i-ompeteot 
authority,  vouching  for  suoh  training.  With  these 
precautioiM.  >liiliculties  will  speedily  vnuivb. 

Emily  Swkbbpv. 


MR.  JIOMAXKS  0.V  THE  lllOHBR  SDVCA- 

TioN  or  woaiBX 

AirriiORrnuof  all  uirtd.  theological ,  inedkal. 
arj^  pedaKOgicnl,  have  lately  been  beard  from  o«i 
this  subject  at  to  tbe  hiicber  education  of  women, 
until  it  huH  been  tboughl  that  nothing  is  left  ud- 
said.  But  ao  eminent  a  sclenliM  and  )«ycbologiet 
a«  Hr.  RomancH  can  always  eomiuaniil  a  hearing ; 
and  in  thi!  coune  of  a  recent  lecture  at  the  Royal 
iniliciition.  on  ■  Mental  ditTen-oce*  between  men 
and  women.'  he  wiid  not  a  little  that  dirtclly  iu- 
teteeiH  educator*'.  Mr.  ttomane<i  did  not  critici»e 
the  oM-fusbioned  vit-v  as  to  the  general  mental 
inferiotit)  i)r  women,  thuugb  be  proeeede'l  to  up- 
hold tbe  more  mciilcm  conclusion  that  women 
cannot  be  too  biitbly  educated.  lBnoran<'e,  he  Aid, 
la  no  loD|^  one  of  lluwe  feminine  iiualilien  uni- 
versally ailmbtvd.  It  was  not  till  tbe  middle  of 
the  pnnent  century  tliat  any  attempt  was  any 
where  niailu  to  provide  for  the  higher  edacnlton 
of  women.  But  now.  whether  we  like  it  or  not. 
tlie  women's  movement  is  upon  u»,  and  we  must 
endeaviv  to  suide  the  Hood  into  the  moat  beneficial 
channeN.  What  ate  thmc  chnnneU^  A«uredly 
not  those  that  run  dlrvctly  athwart  nil  tbe  nienml 
dilTereucei  of  lueit  and  women.  No  education 
will  ever  eiiunUEe  this  natural  Inequality  of  sex, 
and  women  n«  a  elans  will  never  aspire  to  rival 
men.  Yet,  tbitugh  inferior  in  mere  strength, 
whether  of  body  or  of  minri,  In  the  truest  gran- 
deur of  bnniaa  aatare.  In  the  hiRber  monral  i]>uill- 
tiea,  women  ai«  tt  least  the  ei|ual8  of  men,  and 
for  tlie  full  devdopmeul  of  their  nature  they  need 
education  a*  much  as  men.  Mure  rBpeciully  do 
they  need  an  education  iu  science.  Tlianks  lo 
high  acbools  and  collegi**,  he  hoped  iliat  it  would 
no  loDtcer  l>e  powlble  for  a  presumably  educated 
woman  to  put  to  a  lecturer  such  quealloasas  these  : 
"  T&ll  me,  fs  the  cerebellum  inside  or  outaide  the 
brain?    Is  your  diagram  of  a  JeJly-fi»k  bitended 


474 

to  illuMralc  tlin  tolar  nyHtcm  i  How  har«  «iilr<m> 
omen  brm  no  elf  vrr  n>>  to  flnd  out  llio  tmmFii  of 
theRtimr'  On  thpquemionof  over-prpi«nin>,  Mr. 
RomaDM  quoted  the  i«slfmony  of  Mrs.  Henrj 
Bld^wlck  and  BIr  !i|>enciT  \Vv\U,  SDd  ntnied  that 
be  bad  diMroveted  but  few  oaA^s  of  liienk-iliiivu. 
Tlii»  provwl.  Iiowcvw.  not  tliat  the  syntfui  wuii 
perfect,  but  (tiat  Eiit;li>h  eJrU  hnvr  marvrlliiunly 
rjgorouR  ruriKlilution*.  tie  then  glnt«<t  soinr  grave 
nbiwr*  wliich  hnd  rome  to  hl>i  ktiowtedgf.  ngainst 
which  he  dmlreit  to  aee  [nitillc  oiilnion  directed. 
In  eoine  of  Ibe  Mif,b  schools,  no  clieck  la  placed  on 
the  ambitton  of  voung  Kirln  to  ilifttingtiish  tliem- 
Wlvtai :  thpre  is  no  jiroviiiion  for  hodtlj'  exerdse, 
no  plnv-KTOtind.  nod  the  Kyinnniiiiui.  whore  there 
U  onr.  if  not  iiapA  hy  the  linrder- worked  stii'lenls. 
A  oorrenponiloKt  informeil  lilin  tliftl  in  one  of  tlic 
iwMt  fnmoiiA  hii-li  ^h<>uh,  i^lrU  tisiistlly  liegan 
work  at  tix.  mid  worked  Ivu  or  elercn  liours  a 
day  :  hh  t-xnmiuaiionnpprooclicd,  thtfrliourswere 
im^n'iiM'd  to  fourleon,  flfli-en.  nixtti-n,  or  evim 
einhliTti  hour*.  The  tiroo  fixed  by  the  srbool 
timo-tnliln  n-iui.  it  ih  inic,  eight  lioun,  hut  it  niui 
absolntely  inipoesihle  for  naj  irirl  to  keep  to 
tMe. 


E.\'aUSH  IN  THE  PBt:fAItATOHV 
SVHOOLS. 

Tmc  chnnKC*  thJtt  hnvn  tnkon  plRce  In  ncfDt 
)-eni«)n  the  methods  of  lanKiinKe.«ti)iIj  faAvadoie 
much  to  advance  tiie  cause  of  icood  leaininji;. 
Erery  t«acber  owe«  a  In^ting  debt  to  thoete  who 
have  wrouiibt  uiit  and  to  M)in»  vstuDt  pt-rfrclnl 
the«o  new  ami  advam-ed  mvthods.  Tlnr  di-ht  of 
tbi-  teociicT  is.  Iiowever.  hut  a  tithe  of  tlmt  due 
from  thosp  who  linve  thus  hern  t^pared  Inlkorimis 
and  wv)l-ni];li  fruitless  groping*  thraueli  tlif  Inliy- 
rintli*  of  n  coniplox  grnmmar  and  the  bliad  lij. 
paihe  of  inei|>licnhle  idioms.  Where  the  new 
mMbnda  liave  been  wji«ly  held  in  dieck  by  a 
reeof^ltton  of  the  tegltiniate  funcllona  of  itrain- 
mattcal  study,  the  rtvults  hat-«  been  in  the  uiaio 
entirely  aatisfac-torT.  Langua^tn  urv  now  l«*med 
ranch  more  mpidiy  and  c«*i1y  than  was  tlte  catR- 
a  few  years  ago,  and  are  tlii»  tlin  cnrlior  l>r<ntght 
into  reqninillon  aa  the  mean"  to  some  other  and 
better  end.  Panvt-like  kuowledice  of  inflections 
ail  rules  has  ee«te(l  to  be  the  f;oal  of  lin^ildllc 
Oholamhip :  the  ability  to  \vuf  a  lanKuage  as  a 
TDodium  bctiriTn  the  pcie>«M»r  nud  eomelbing  to 
he  sought  in  lii^miure  or  lite,  is  now  mnre  gencf^ 
ally  rei^ignlTed  a.*  the  piir]>o»eof  such  studici and 
the  tnalo  reason  tor  them. 

It  i(  aomewtial  aaioalshlntc.  that,  in  riew  o(  all 
thia,  aome  more  pr«dical  and  lalioooJ  method  lias 
not  bc«a  adopted  in  the  study  of  our  own  lon- 


(Tou  IX.,  NO. 


guag«  oa  a  vehicle  of  thought.  In  many  of  tb« 
collpf^  and  univerntin)  tJieti-  it>.  to  l>e  ^nre,  ft 
well-deflited  mania  for  pliilologit.-nl  rtwareb  and 
nn  abnormal  ap|ietlie  for  Anglo-Saxon  lo  itd.  In 
uur  cooinion  schoolti  tbia  tendency  i>  to  mo«i«  ex- 
li'iit  imitated  by  an  unwearylni;  attention  to  tbv 
minutiae  of  Kmrnnwlicnl  structure  and  tbc  |>u«> 
xlex  of  Bynlnctioal  fonDH.  0(  practice  and  litim- 
dnioi  drill  in  the  une  of  ICngtisb,  tlirre  is  Hide,  Id 
eitJier  echool  or  colJege.  in  compariWMt  with  llie 
imporlanoe  of  the  subject  and  tba  n««<b  of  tba 
etudenia, 

Tlila  lack  of  proper  tnlalng  In  the  «••  of  Eoff- 
lisb  U  duu  laigelj  lo  two  caueee:  1">  tl>e  wftnt 
of  wiiDo  efficient  mctliiid  in  the  teaching  of  Eng- 
lish :  and,  -i",  ihc  reluctance  shuwD  by  our  beat 
tenchen  to  engaging  in  this  bmnch  of  work. 
Pmribly  the  second  reason  may  be  the  reralt 
of  the  llrst ;  poMibly  it  ia  the  result  of  lunno  id- 
brrent  prejudice,  or  eouie  unconfeMed  doabt«  na 
to  the  dignity  of  this  kind  of  work.  An  to  tbeise 
last  mtflons.  it  uiueI  be  ackuowlnlged,  tbai,  under 
the  cxioting  melhods,  the  work  i»  far  from  agree- 
able or  inspiring  to  either  tenrher  or  taught,  and 
no  teacher  can  jiirtlj  l>e  blnnicd  for  prt- fprrtng  to 
avoid  ft  whenever  possible.  TIte  qantttuoi  ma; 
welt  Iw  a*ked,  however,  whether  this  very  re- 
luctance ia  not  our  main  cause  why  Ibis  importttnt 
htnnch  of  wurk  lum  been  jm  long  neglected,  and 
whether,  if  our  be)l^c<]nip|:cd  and  moat  eanuM 
teacbera  were  to  apply  themwlvo*  lo  a  Mlutlon  of 
the  problem,  it  would  not  soon  be  wdt-cd  us  eftaily 
us  wiTreuumeroua other  knotty  problc4a»inedaca* 
tionnl  method*. 

The  writer  ban  bad  occosioii  to  test  at  college 
entrance  examinationii  the  familiarity  of  appli. 
canta  with  the  fornix  nnd  une  ul  titeir  motber- 
tougue.  The  remiltH  )iave  liccn  in  th<^  main  uo- 
BUiisfactoty,  and  at  tlmen  discouraging.  Tl»e 
cummtmeot  gniainmtical  forms  «eem  entirely  na- 
familiar :  a  coiuposttiou  of  a  doteo  sentenorx  ox- 
liibiti  th<'  looit  utter  disregard  of  the  slmptwi 
grammnticnl  nnd  rhetorical  constructions,  Stu- 
denls  who  coni^irue  Virgil  wiih  vase,  who  are  on 
familiar  term*  with  Ruclid.  ami  •ec  ao  M-rioua 
diriiciilties  in  Legendre.  «tnmblc  nnd  heaitute  and 
fail  in  Hie  use  of  their  own  language  To  illiw- 
tmle.  At  a  recent  examiuallon  Ihe  slddents  were 
naked  to  dwlinc  the  pronoun  ■  thou."  A  large  per 
cent  of  thono  examined  foiled  utterly.  Here  are 
a  few  example*  of  huw  tbi>  inoffensive  protwun 
was  trcAtcd  :  — 

1.  Ilioa,  Ibioe,  thou;  their,  theirs,  them. 
3.  Thou,  youn,  tJioa:  same. 

3.  Thou,  Ibioe,  thy ;  tbey,  tlieire,  tbey. 

4,  Thoo,  thine,  thee :  they,  their*,  them. 


4 
4 


I 

I 


i 


ifAT  18,  inr.i 


SCIEHrCE. 


475 


The^e  four  are  fair  exampl**  of  tbe  whole  li«t  of 
failUTM.  Nrir  miiat  it  )k>  RuppcMtd  thnt  (how- 
■  TOUDE  grtitlcmen  hnd  not  hwn  preiarad  in  »chix)U 
that  abuid  fairlf  well.  One  waa  ■  graduate  of 
a  MasMchut^tld  high  m.'Iioi>I  :  iki«  waa  a  (mdnato 
of  Uw  preparatuT}-  ilcpui'tinriit  of  oue  of  ihe  lar- 
geel  coUese*  in  Ohio  ;  two  wrrr  ptr-jKin^  in  Nt?w 
York  high  Khooln:  tlio  four  uki-n  toKrlhcr  rrpre- 
SPDt  the  educHlionalsyatpmof  thnwof  tbcwnUchi- 
Mt.  moat  populoua,  and  most  iirogrPMire  stales  in 
the  Union.  Id  other  6liiipl«  f^touallml  fonns  a 
like  l^orance  waa  displajed ;  as.  for  iiuiaDi-e, 
wbea  one  student  di>oline<l  iimea  lime  :  — 

Hoaea.  Kloaes.  Morale. 

Suob  MUmples  might  be  inultlpKed  indeHnitely, 
but  lb«M  will  sutDce  li>  prorn  bow  Utterly  inaiJe- 
qiute  i«  nnch  of  the  tirepnrAtorf  in>ilninion  in 
Ibu  limpk  forms  of  onr  almoat  icraiuuiarlecB 
tongu«. 

When  the  work  of  writitiK  Eii;u:lish  is  cuiisiikmj, 
tba  rMulla  arv  aliuost  ei{Uully  luirrcn.  tjcnrwly 
Ml  ftppUea&t  for  admiwion  <«ii  writn  the  ajnipie 
Msay  ivquind  at  the  nxiuninntinn  without  some 
blunder  in  otthngrapby,  punciuation,  oapilalisa- 
tion.  aiid.  wbnt  i«  worat  of  all,  grainmalical  au- 
cumoy.  1  .iny  nothinx  of  tlie  faults  \n  logical  ar- 
nnKemcnc  and  rhetorical  rflectiTrntw.  TJiene 
<|tuililie«  might,  and  indeed  (hunld,  l>e  taught  in 
the  preparatory  schools  ;  hut  I  am  sure  evfry 
teacher  of  English  in  Uie  colleges  will  be  fully 
aaiidlted  if  stodenta  are  »e»t  up  well  equipped  few 
writing  fiiglish  with  gramnuitlcal  com-ctneis  and 
■onw  d«gree  of  «afle.  Such  a  foundiitioit  as  this 
would  enable  tlie  teacher  to  begin  at  once  the 
work  of  aiding  the  student  to  acquire  a  clear  and 
forcible  style,  inntenil  <if  wanting  tUne,  as  Is  now 
necesMry.  in  doing  the  work  of  the  prepantttjry 
BCfaoola. 

Tba  trouble  iteen)'  to  be  (hot  the  prvparatoi? 
adioola  do  not.  aa  a  rule,  give  «nough  attention  to 
tbo  study  of  English.  1'herv  i*  in  the  grauiinar 
BChoob  a  oertain  amount  of  gnmnialical  drill  and 
of  analyzing  and  pnroing.  Much  of  this  is  good  : 
luuc'b  in  worthleiw.  So  far  aa  any  useful  end  Is 
conoetncd,  tlie  mer»  ability  to  aualy»-  and  parae 
an  intricate  BngliahaenteDOecountafofhtlle.  The 
ability  to  write  a  aimple  Engliiih  aentence  with 
MOumcy  and  effectiviiiem  would  lie  of  vastly 
greater  advantage  t<i  the  sCiidrai.  When  the  stu- 
dent alli-nipts  tn  paw  nn  examination  in  any  (ir«l- 
eloaa  college,  lhi«  (art  is  made  ot«arIy  eridiml. 
The  main  rrqulrementa  at  such  a  tiuti-  nrt^  three, 
—  It ri»l,  the  ability  to  reooguin.'  tlw  fewgrnminatt- 
cat  inllectioos  that  utilt  perwuit  in  Rngllsh.  and  to 
Ulualrate  tboae,  together  with  rert-tin  itpiklentiul 
construction*,  by  oxampte*  n-riiii-ti  at  the  cxumi- 


nation :  seoood.  the  ability  to  imint  out  in  aea- 
tirnci-s  given  at  the  exambatiou  the  e)isui|)le4  of 
fal«!  sTtitax  and  of  oReuoei  againM  idjouiatic 
Englisb  :  third,  the  ability  to  write,  ou  Kiaie  fa- 
miliar subject,  a  ahort  com|iiMili<m  which  Kltall 
prove  that  the  applicant  pcfltaMw  a  renooiuibly 
full  voc^ulary,  and  Is  able  to  ooaatrad  giam- 
uiatiCHl  and  Idiomatic  sentences  and  lo  mmblne 
them  with  urdinary  bkill.  Of  the  three  lesls.  the 
liwt  nan>cd  U  by  far  the  most  itujiurluut. 

This  tvings  ui  to  a  conaideriilion  of  the  work 
necemary  to  lie  done  in  the  iinepnnittTy  whooU  in 
or<)er  lo  lit  studenta  for  college  entrance  exanii- 
nutiuna  in  Englleli.  In  xkeichiui;  thi«  I  «il>al]  not 
attempt  lo  l>e  eshoustii'e.  but  simply  to  indicate 
th«  main  tines  on  which  iMri'pHnilury  wurk  ought 
toprocMd. 

1.  There  nughttoliea  thorough  groundinf;  of 
puplU  in  Ihe  Infleciionaof  English.  Thiadoes  not 
imply  that  pupils  8)iouid  lie  put  lhrou{|;h  a  severe 
coutae  of  training  in  all  the  nicetien  of  grammar, 
but  limply  thai  ihc  m-ctwoiry  iutleciitimi  should  ba 
made  iHTfeclly  faniilinr.  For  the  n worn |iliahnient 
of  thin  end,  any  one  of  thf  numcFnun  'methods' 
of  langun^ie-Hlady  mny  he  profitably  euiploj'ed ; 
but  it  is  luy  conviction  that  |)aiient  drill,  accom- 
panied by  constant  practice  In  the  use  of  the  vari- 
ous gi  am  mat  teal  forms.  Is  the  best  and  rimplnit 
mHliiid.  It  ciiuniit  he  too  euipliiilicaily  imiineraed 
upon  the  tvAcher  that  there  ought,  under  any 
method,  lo  be  constant  Illustration,  in  actual  work, 
of  all  difficult  |)oinls  In  gramuiall<7al  slruciuie.  It 
la  especially  iuipurtaiit  thai  the  studtnit  be  thor- 
oughly drilled  in  Ihe  use  of  idiomatic  Englioh.  and 
be  tiiughl  to  uhicrtR  tbv  didinction  bplwcen 
cbnu-ly  related  forms:  ns,  foir  initancc,  -Khali' 
anil  -will,'  -may'  and  'can,*  and  other  forma 
which  iHTwns  ignorant  of  the  idiom  of  the  lan- 
guage arc  likely  to  confound- 

3.  Tliere  should  he  a  reasonable  amount  of  in- 
struction in  the  simple  intellectual  qualities  of 
English  style.  Dr.  Abbutt  saj».  "AlnuM  any 
Kugliah  boy  can  be  taught  to  write  clearly,  ao  for 
at  least  an  cleamMw  depend*  upon  Um  arrange- 
ment of  word*.  .  .  .  [It]  U  a  mere  matter  of  ad- 
T«rlw,  conjunctions,  pr^iooiiloiis,  and  auxiliary 
verba,  placed  and  reftesled  according  ^l  deHuilt 
rolea."'  Cleanten  b  siroply  nn  inteltrctual 
quultty,  not  depending,  tike  strength  and  elettnnw, 
upuo  <.-mutionul  uc  lu^ihetic  gift*.  Cleamoiw, 
thvri-fotr.  may  enatly  lie  taught  in  the  preparatory 
schools,  and  thi-  principles  and  rul««  upon  which  It 
rmtii  may  l>c  nude  a  pari  of  the  intellectual  equip- 
ment of  the  sruiteni.  Btryood  this  it  ia  uoelew  to 
go.  The  study  of  rbeturic.  in  any  propiT  M.-niai  of 
that  term,  iu  a  wastp  of  time,  a  oouice  ■>f  oonfua- 

I  i/oir  la  vrilt  rliatlv.  I>l'.  A  uiJ  ft 


476 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol.  II..  So 


im  to  BtBduita,  ami  cf (pn  an  atmutuli-  liJiulruDCe 
to  tli«  Mqqiritioii  iit  »  Kooi)  Enclieh  pXj\*. 

V.  ThrouKhoat  Die  rnli»>  (ttinp  of  a  piipil'v 
MUiiiM,  from  the  lini^  he  can  coDslntct  a  simple 
WBtraoe  to  the  tijan  he  leaves  the  higltwt  grade, 
there  ehoukt  be  ootiHlant  nud  rieorona  drill  ia 
the  writini;  of  Engliah.  Tliiii  part  of  t]i«  in* 
Htruction  in  \tj  (ar  Ibr  tnott  iniportani.  and  in, 
at  tlte  mnie  limp,  ihe  pnit  maM  (rrqurotly 
ruflecleii.  The  writer  liae  nlreRtl;  pul>]l«heil  his 
I'tfiTH  teij;ardln^  the  proper  iiielhud*  lo  be  iiumii^J 
in  the  irai'hing  of  Biiglijli  cumposttiiui.  noil  will 
not,  tJMTi'rorv.  e.a  into  Ibut  aitbji-ct  ill  (his  ptkpct.' 
It  i*  miHiclrnt  tu  say.  id  ipwenil  tcriiu.  Ihat  nil  in- 
straclioo  in  Eoglixb  compoNtioii  utiould  h'lri'  c»n- 
■(■Otly  in  viL'w  Ibc  iDimi'iliatr  ra|iabilitti-ii  and 
iwedaot  the  ■tixlcnt)'.  U  i*  no  uarooimon  octitr- 
t«acv  to  hnvp  »tu<lnnt*  io  tlio  lovrarelatwa  of  a  col- 
lege complain  thai  tliey  are  a«ked  to  write  u|>on 
•ulijeorti  much  simpler  tbau  thoee  g1v>en  in  ilia 
bisb  ncbouU  Sludvntti  who  have  been  strinteiiig  i<k 
Kfihrraloiof  Rentrieaavn'binj,fun  -HiuiBliiacimil 
fhailow.*  ■  Tnw)  grcfttnca*,*  '  H<-roi»iii,'  'lloneaiy,' 
and  th<i  like.  Mnnot  are  why  tliry  Rhoultl  bcaxlced 
to  descend  to  the  trivlnl  niallers  of  every^day  life, 
and  to  a  iliscuwion  cit  frubjecta  about  which  Ihey 
knuwDuineihlng.  Yetoiwcouipoaition  vnitteoon 
•  (amiliui  mbject, compoaed  with rMHonaUe  rare, 
aad  then  carefully  and  ayinpalbeticaUy  crilii'iird 
by  the  te«clier,  ia  north  a  Aottta  perfunclory  af- 
luiD!.  hturiedlf  written,  upon  subjerts  entirely 
U-toiid  tbeexiierieiioe  or  knowledfce  ol  the  pupil. 
Careful  uud  ooasrleoiioiia  wutk  in  ICui;lii>li  coin- 
poMtiuu  would  afford  tlie  beat  luMtible  Ixwis  for 
ffltun-  uludiun  in  uU  fieldii.  Wiih  tliia  nbould  go, 
it  pa««ibi<^,  n  maonnblu  familiurily  with  koo<I 
writers,  in  order  that  ibe  vocnlmlary  of  Uie  pupil 
might  be  erdarited, and  modelaof  goodatxl  wlwle- 
wome  En^liiih  lie  conslantly  preaentnl. 

In  concliuiou.  It  io  only  Jau  ru  nay  that  the 
ehaigv  of  uegkvtinK  the  proper  ntudy  of  Engliah 
don  not  lie  at  the  door  of  tbc  pn^i^jiratorT  schools 
alone.  It  i«  omly  within  ver>-  r^■rt■nt  jriun  iliat 
English  Imu  bagun  lo  rec9ir«  a  fair  idinre  of  at- 
tention in  (lie  Golleget  and  nDlrenitien.  The 
teodency  of  motlern  education  ia  lowanl  the  ptac 
lictl.  It  is  beginning  to  be  aeen  that  tl>e  moat 
iMeful  weaptiQ  in  the  bands  of  any  KC'boIar  in  a 
Ifawroueh  and  prw^ticai  knowUilge  uf  hi*  own 
laaguagv.  This  ciiiTidion  in  aroimlng  our  ool- 
IcfM  to  beiti-r  mc4huda  of  work  Jn  thla  deput- 
OMOt,  and  is,  in  conM^oencct.  mnkluic  necmtary 
l)Mler  preparation  in  tlie  secondary  frbools.  Tliiii 
preparation  tite;  can  and  should  provide. 

EfLNEST  W.  \lvn\XJ. 

•  A*o  Uie.Vnu  fimlundJvunuiJd/niiioilJon  tur  UMem- 


SCASDtSAVtAy  STfMES  L\  THE  UMT^D 
UTATSS. 

CoitFtJktKT  haa  been  made  by  many  acholsra  that 
tbeatudrnf  the  SciuidinaTian  UnsuafceHinalmoct 
entirely  noKli'cli^l  in  out  cidleKt-tand  univi-nitiMH 
and  that  ilir  f^'nrral  public  ii  not  alive  to  tlia  im- 
portance of  tliin  study.  Of  tiin  jmtlca  of  tha 
complaint  thety  ran  l>e  no  doiiht:  b»l  Ibnt  the 
neglect  If  continually  becomint;  leas  aw)  leae,  it  ta 
my  otiject  to  prove  in  this  ebott  paper,  An  no 
complete  uccouut  of  the  Scandinavian  inovetnvnt 
in  our  eoUegM  has  vver  1-ei-ti  written,  ami  aa  It  ia 
ni-ceuary,  in  ocdcr  to  aTrii«  ut  a  Ic^cal  cundu- 
>ion.  that  tberi-  ahciuld  ■«  a  rlear  uiulen<tamling 
of  Ihti  movpiiient,  it  tnay  not  U-  ainin  if  I  prr<fnc« 
my  reninrks  wiih  a  luricf  "ketch  of  llw  ori^n  Knd 
development  of  Scandlnavlanstiidieii  in  Ibe  United 
diatf*.  Tliough  I  have  taken  gnat  jxtlna  tu  niake 
tlie  account  (uniplete.  it  la  poa!>lMe  ilmt  itome  c<ol< 
U'Kefi  inuy  uot  reevive  tlie  notice  due  tberu.  Only 
collrt;?  inHtruction  will  tvdiscuned.  theuunsid^n. 
tion  of  till-  purely  liuiiuy  vide  uf  the  queMtloa 
bring  npct-BMrily  ointtti'd. 

To  Ibe  UniVLTaity  of  the  city  of  New  Vork  ia 
due  tlie  credit  of  fuundiim  the  lint  chair  of  the 
Scandlnarlan  Unguagen  and  KlerAtHre,  In  1808, 
Be*.  Paul  C.  Sindlng  of  Copenhagen  wa?  a|>- 
pointed  the  Brrt  profernor  iu  thii dv|iarinM-ut.  and 
orcupi<HJ  the  posiliuu,  with  liuaior  lo  himself  and 
the  nniveniity.  till  hiK  reaignation  io  1!MI.  Pix^ 
feswr  Sindinit'N  work  had  lo  do  chielly  wjilt  Dan- 
lab  hi^Iury  nod  literature  :  and  of  tlie  Interest  hfa 
work  awukened  In  New  York,  we  may  Jwlge 
from  the  furl  Ihflt  his  *  Uislory  of  Scandinavia' 
ran  Ibrough  neren  ediliims  in  a  few  yt«n.  tSince 
ProfeHHW  Sindtng'n  rcnignation,  the  vfaair  hu  r^ 
mninrd  uiiorcupird. 

Id  tlic  laiiie  year  ibnt  the  itudy  of  the  Scan- 
dinnvinii  InnKuagex  n'a>t  nluindoncd  in  the  Uni- 
vertity  of  tlie  city  of  New  York,  tlie  Xorvreglaa 
Lutlier  collei^  wah  founded  at  Halfway  L'reelc, 
Wis.,  and  in  IMS  wai>  removed  to  Decorab,  Id., 
where  It  is  stitl  lojatecL  It  "ouea  Ita  urijjcm  to 
the  growing  di-mand  fur  eJucali^d  men  w1m>  iwuld 
preach  the  Wonl  of  life  to  tile  lapidly  incruuios 
Noiwi-gian  population  of  thin  country."  lAilbar 
college  is,  then,  the  flr»t  purnly  Scandinavian  col- 
lege in  America.  The  insiructioa  has  alwaya  hftd 
a  disliuctlvely  Norwegian  tentlency,  and  uianj  of 
the  tezt-buuk«  are  printed  In  that  language.  The 
faculty  Biid  the  atudeute  are  almost  eotiri-lj  of 
Norwegian  birib  or  |>iin.-uutge.  and  the  Norwegian 
langimgc  and  tileraluie  uiv  studied  tlirough  tlie 
whole  collrgr  course. 

On  the  o[)i>nlng  of  (;\jniiill  univeniiy  in  letS. 
Willartl  Fukc  wan  nppuintod  profe«Mr  of  the 
Nortli  European  language*,  and  instruction  was 


4 
< 

4 


Hat  tS.  laoT.l 


scnsycE. 


477 


offoratl  to  students  In  Indomlic  und  Nornvgian. 
In  ISTT.  H.  H.  Boj-ewn  wna  nppolnlfvl  ivfrinant 
profeasor  iii  the  Muie  department.  Pro(««Mr 
Bofeeen  tceigned  in  li^),  and  ProfMaor  FYftbe  {» 
1863.  and  siace  that  time  Itie  dtpartmeDt  has  bwn 
without  A  h<nd. 

In  ihp  RBinp  yMr  thnt  Comnll  wik  founded, 
1806.  ih*  cx^ropto  mt  hr  I.uthrr  cpIIpso  wiu  fnl- 
low«d  b;  a  Swedish  coton;^  In  Dlinots.  Tii«  emi- 
gration from  Sweden  to  this  oountry  had,  in  I^WH, 
awumetl  audi  lar^  projiortiona.  that  »  Swedish 

FUietdogicnl  seroioar.v  wn»  (Ht«tiliiib«l  in  Uulmbur^. 
ni.  lit  cbj(x:t  was  Ihe  )>r«pBntion  of  joung  men 
from  the  Meihixliat  Epifioopnl  church  for  tbi^ 
ministry.  The  seminarj-.  which  in  1W2  wan 
moved  to  Evaostou,    III.,  and   united   with  the 

|North-we«teni  univeraitj',  is  at  preaent  in  a  floiir- 
jshln^  conditii'ii :  "  Tbi>  ixiurae  extends orerthree 
years,  and  thi-  Sn-i-diBli  liiD|;uas«  and  literature 
nn-  itiidii'il  throughout."  In  1885  the  Norwegian 
nnd  Dnnich  tbraloipcal  vliool  wan  f(nin<U'd  nt  the 
inmc  liniTcrBilT,  and  nith  nimiUr  ninm.  These 
two  Mhool».  together  vith  Luther  <^leKe.  though 
quite  unimportant  from  a  philological  stand-polnl, 
alTorJ  U8  ample  proof  of  Uie  ptaclieal  side  of  Ihe 
qiuwlion  aa  to  the  status  of  Scandinarian  instmc- 

VUon  in  the  United  Stutea. 

In  1809.  R.  B.  Anderson  WAS  appointed  iniilniet- 
or  in  modem  languages  at  the  Unirer^li;  of  Wis- 
consin, offering  a  course  tn  Icielandio.  among 
othvrs.  —  the  fir*t  ever  given  in  the  United  StiiUii. 

tSix  jcars  later,  Hr.  Anderaon  was  promoted  to  the 

'posMon  of  profeasor  of  Scandinnvian  langungeH, 
which  h"  (-oniinued  to  bold  HII  bis  reaigroalion  in 
the  autumn  of  1^133.  During  the  mnainder  of 
that  sehool-irf«r,  J.  B.  Olmn  taught  a  class  of  ten. 

.In  loelandlc.    The  following  year,  Mr.  Olson  was 

(kppoiuted  ioetruclor  tn  the  Bcaudinaviau  lan- 
guages. At  present,  Hr.  Olson  has  a  clnwi  of 
thirlncn  members  in  Konw.  Of  the  demand  for 
inntrurlivn  in  this  department,  we  may  jadge 
from  thri  fnet  that  there  liasbemapplicAllon  from 
six  students  to  begin  a  class  In  loelandlc.  Tbe 
Scandinavian  Istignages  were  orlffinally  offered  aa 
opLloua)»  only  :  but  soon  after  the  cr«atloa  of  a 
si-puraie  department,   Norse  and  Ic«laiul!o  wea« 

■.oBfated  as  optionais  in  fmtbman  anit  itoplioinan> 
yesra,  and  aa  electivm  in  junior,  nnd.  inter  utill, 
aim  it)  iH.>:iiur  yran. 

Nextinordrr  ot  time  comes  Columbia  college, 
at  pnwnt  the  only  eastern  cmllette  in  which  the 
Scandinavian  languages  can  be  studied.  Instruc- 
lion  III  Danish  was  Urst  gireD  by  C  Hprague 
Smith,  protfsaor  of  modem  languagtn  during  the 
winter  of  18tl0-81,  and  in  Swediih  during  the 
winter  of  1888-88.  In  the  fall  of  1983.  W.  H. 
Carpenter,    Ph.D.,   wan  appolnt^Hl  imaructor  in 


German,  Icelandio.  Danish,  and  Swedish,  having 
rlantea  that  ynr,  of  thtn-  each,  in  IcelnDdH-  and 
Dsnish.  During  the  In^  winlPT,  Dr.  Carpentry 
had  clasps  in  Icelandic  and  DnniOi ;  Profeswr 
Bo,ve*«n.  one  in  Swedish:  and  Profewor  Smith 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  Danish  and 
Swedish  literature,  with  reading  of  texta.  For 
Iho  ptcaent  year,  in  addition  to  the  preceding 
coiirwes,  Profeaaior  ftoyoten  offerH  a  M-minar  in 
contemporary  Norwegian  and  Danlxh  litvraniK, 
with  lectures  and  cunverMlton  in  Norwegian. 

StIU  snotlier  weatera  losliiution.  the  Unlversl^ 
of  Ne)>rasha,  offers  this  year,  for  the  lirnt  time, 
facilitiw  for  ScaDdinavlaJ)  work  :  A.  U.  Edgrrn, 
Ph.D.,  a  nntive-biini  Swede,  profeeaor  of  Sanacrit 
and  mndcni  languages,  being  the  instru«lor. 

Such  is  ilu-  li'l.  tu  complete  a*  pot*ible,  of  the 
ooIlegM  in  the  United  Slates  which  have  at  any 
time  offered  Instruction  In  the  Scaodivavfan  lan> 
^uage«.  In  connection  with  the  subject,  it  may 
not  be  ami»  to  mention  iome  cour*«s  ot  lectures 
on  Scandinavian  lilcratiiTi-.  other  than  academic, 
that  have  been  deUvi-rccl  iu  thin  country.  Prof. 
R,  B.  Anderaon  hnit  Icctunxi  nt  Che  Peabody  In- 
stitute, Baltimore,  and  In  different  cities  in  In- 
diana :  Professor  Boyeoen,  tieture  tlie  Lowell 
instilutc,  BuatOin,  and  at  Columbia  college,  186S. 
In  1981-»i,  Y.  Then.  Dlppold,  Ph.D..  lectured  on 
the  Niebelungen  Lied  in  B<uiTon and  Cambridge: 
and  In  ts89.  Dr.  Carpenter  delivered  a  cuurM*  of 
twelve  lectures  on  Old  Norse  literature  at  Johns 
Hopkins  uiiiveTBily. 

Thn  (piestioo  as  to  the  profli  accruing  from  Ihe 
study  of  tlieScandinnvlaD  liui|(iiages  nalurall.v  pre- 
sents Itself.  Tlie  well-worn  arguments  that  have 
been  used  so  much  of  late  by  the  opponenta  and 
defenders  of  the  old-faahioned  system  of  Lalin, 
(jreek,  aud  mathematics,  may  many  of  Ihcm  be 
uxed  with  equal  force  in  arguing  this  ijuealUio.  If 
Ibc  menlnl  discipline  lumisdied  by  the  rtndy  of 
Icelandic  bn  aa  gront  an  that  famJahed  by  the 
study  of  Latin  and  (Iroek,  if  the  ciiltnre  ot  tJie 
old  Norsemen  give  as  prolliable  food  for  reflection 
aa  does  Ihe  culture  of  the  Greeks  and  Romana, 
then  Icelandic  win»  the  day,  and  gains  a  right  to 
n  place  in  every  college  couiae.  Tbta  paper  Is  In- 
tendnl  mainly  a*  an  account  of  what  has  been 
done  in  ihc  past,  rather  than  an  argument  for 
what  shall  be  done  in  the  future,  so  that  I  rhall 
not  attempt  a  suiiport  of  my  portion,  »hnn  I 
make  Ibe  claim  that  in  each  of  ibear  |>orlic-ulBr« 
Icelandic  e<]uals  both  Ureek  and  Ijitin.  I  say 
nothing  ot  the  national  aigniBcance  of  Icelandic 
studies  to  all  who  call  themselves  Anglo-Saxons, 
though,  in  the  optnlon  of  many,  this  alone  is 
enough  to  offset  any  poMtble  advantage  the  older 
tongum  aaaj  posseMt.    But  I  wiab  (o  »ay  a  few 


478 


SCIENCE. 


[Tot-  iX.,  No. 


wm4b  on  tbe  pnctiosl  advutta««  ot  tbe  atwlj  of 
tke  ScAndlDarian  laDgnagM. 

We  of  the  eut  can  woroe  rvalize  Ibe  {lUTt  tbo 
Somdinarian  plnyn  in  the  west :  books  mkI  new^ 
papers  nro  printrd  for  him  in  his  own  IcuiKUAge  ; 
Diinislcn  prrach  Ih*  gospol  to  him  in  hJa  own 
tongue  ;  hi"  prwcntr  is  fpit  evcrjwhOT?,  save  in 
the  uulventty  And  the  oollegv.  A  population  of 
107.768  SondloaTlans  Ures  in  Kdnnesota,  and  Ihere 
Is  not  a  college  Id  wblcli  the  parent  tonguea  of 
this  grest  laaM  of  i>eipi«  can  be  studied.  But  iu 
onter  to  gire  a  clearer  idea  of  tlie  extent  of  the 
Smindiiiai'inii  seCllemi-iita  in  tlic  west,  i  have  taken 
«  few  ijibUs  from  Ibe  U.  8.  ocotiu  for  1860  (voL  i. 
pp.  m  and  301) :  — 


MtnatMa. 
WIscouIu. 


UllDMi. IIT,m 


Mjm 


lem. 


i 

ft 


s 


W)tt 


9I,MS 


I 

5 


»s,aM 

tMU 
WNC 


That  ia.  in  Mioneaota  the  ScnndinariaoB  outnitm- 
bar  any  other  two  toreljtn  nntit>nslltie« ;  In  WU- 
coDvfn  they  ore  outniiniliered  liy  the  Oennans 
alone:  in  Iiiwa  lhe,v  ulio  stand  second,  aud  in 
IllinoJ*  third,  in  tlit-  i>riii{)urtioa  ot  fureign-buru 
Inhabitant*.  If  nr  eoui|>ttre  the  percentage  of 
Scaudinarians  with  Ihnt  ot  FreuL-b.  n-e  find  etill 
naoie  startling  figures :  — 


ScaadlDitvliui. 

Preucb. 

tw 

11.41 

IWi 

1  T5 

1  I1A 

laiu 

4.M 

iM 

uw 

«» 

i.na 

What  the  percrntog))  of  ^andinnviaiu  in  tliln 
GOuutrj  urill  lie  in  ItWO,  we  can  nurmiM-  from  ihew 
Bgurvx.  That  it  is  iiicmsbiii  with  lu  groat  rupid- 
lir  KN  evnr  iM-'fon-,  is  rtrj  probahle. 

Ami  it  is  Ihi*  gn-ut  people  whow  lan^nRi;  and 
llleraturc  ntv  <-on*ttl«t»d  of  sucU  slluhl  Importance 
tbat  in  only  three  of  our  great  eollei^aU  any  atien- 
tloa  paJd  to  Ihpir  ■ludy.  Tlicn-iuvmureSciindiiui- 
Tians  lu  the  United  'Statcx  tluia  Fronl^h.  and  thcrn 
b  Dot  a  polle^  in  tine  country  in  whii^h  Fn-nch  U 
not  Muilied.     It  la  true  that  the  Scandinarian  lan- 


gtutges  arc  but  lillti!  used  on  tlin  conliunnt 
no  one  I'ou  ittrprrciatc  a  langiia};!.'  that  cnuntV 
amoHb'  it"  fin^at  nnmra  IT.  C.  Andmu>n,  Adam 
OelilenschlAger.  H.  C.  Oer?t*<l.  Karl  von  Linn6. 
Bji'inislj^rue  Bj^'rusen.  tbcH-ti  and  Jouaa  U», 
Such  a  Iaii(;uaKe  detvriee  study  for  Itoou-u  ruerila. 

Yet  a  word  on  the  thrro  Suuidinaviau  tl» 
logical  »chool3.  Tbl^  only  motliuin  by  trbivi 
the  nun-Engli«h'r|iPuking  ScnndinnrUna  can 
icucbed,  and  taught  tn  become  Kood  cittMne,  lab; 
men  of  their  own  nee  and  ton^e,  wlio  must 
specially  trained  for  ttiie  work.  Tbe  three Scaodi- 
nai'ian  collegm  tliat  have  been  eetabliBhrtI  for  tliia 
purpose  hare  done  aiid  ar«  doing  good  mirk  in 
their  uwn  way  ;  but  uufortunalely  thdr  way  i« 
not  our  way ;  in  fact,  thn  views  of  the  Si'nnditin 
viun  leligiuuii  iMxIieM  atv  directly  oppiwd  t<>  every 
thing  (lioiJnDtively  Atoartcau.  Inairnd  of  trying 
to  Americanize  the  Scandlnavlai)  youth  of  the  we«-t, 
lhp»e  miBstonarlea  do  all  tbey  can  to  keep  their 
charge*  iu  their  present  condition.  They  do  not 
leaeli  lliem  even  to  use  the  Engllab  langnagc,  but 
rattier  eucourage,  intrjitionally  or  not,  titc  aur- 
vival  of  a  forvinn  language  on  American  Kill. 
The  Rcnndinnvinn  course*  in  our  western  collegM 
*liould  he  intended,  not  only  to  teach  Norwegfaa 
and  .Swedish  to  Auiericaus,  but  also  EugUalt 
Norwegians  and  SwcOes.  Those  working  aa  apiiit 
ual  DC  iiet'ular  (euobt-n  iimoug  tlic  Scandinaviana, 
(liould  am-  their  knowledge  r>l  tbe  two  tonguea  lo 
increane  and  encourage  the  adoption  or  Engll«b  aa 
the  natural  nieana  of  communication  of  thia  great 
populaiion  o[  outB.  it  may  seeiu  iuoouiu«Ient  to 
ftdvocaIi<  the  study  of  a  lauguage  asa  tueunsof  ita 
own  destruction,  hut  in  actual  working  t)ii«  plan 
will  ptuvc  to  tie  a  success. 

D.tKtEL  KlUIAll  DOUOK. 


int^^ 


■M 


A  >IAP  of  central  Africa.  ba«ed  on  ttie  latent  in- 
forumUou.  ia  now  nearly  ready,  and  will  he  pub- 
lished in  aa  rurly  number  of  Scimrt.  Thin  will 
be  the  most  ocvumtv  map  of  tlmt  region  yM  pain 
lisbed  in  America,  and  will  be  the  only  Amaricmn 
tunp  which  wilt  duatile  reader*  to  follow  th«>  jour- 
ney of  Stanley  lo  the  relief  of  the  Uki  Egyptian 
anny. 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY.  MAY  90.  IM7. 


COMMEyr  AND  C/ilTlClSM. 

WK  ItKET  ALHOOT  I>An.Y   with  l-rfilVDi^  ot  Ihe 

iDciviisiDg  intoRst  in  rc>1k-lc>i«.  Tht-re  is.  how- 
evet,  in  boidu  qiuirtt-rH  u  lutk  of  Bi>ocilic  koowl- 
«dgv  a«  to  the  eiiiul  uidib  luid  itirlbods  ot  folk-lore 
etuclies.  which  rount  be  removed  before  (luit  geu- 
rral  co-opentliDa  out  be  •ecured  on  wliiuh  ihe 
*wiiin  of  tbe«r  iiivMliK^tiuiu  h  so  lantely  c]«- 
I«iul4-Dt.  Mr.  Uoniiue.  director  of  itie  English 
folk-lore  «oclely,  it  aUml  to  publish  a  book  In 
(•rder  to  pment  in  oltuple  aoi)  acM«^il>le  form  the 
needed  Infonnaiiua.  Tliiti  book  will  both  supply 
collecEOK  wilb  fli|gg««tIona  aa  to  what  la  required 
of  iliem,  and  abo  fmna  a  §cleHlllIc  guide  to  the 
work  of  claasiflcaition  and  coiiiiiarlsuo.  Mr. 
OinniDV  iNiintH  out  lb>^  mnditlona  of  liuniau  life 
which  woulil  Datiirallj  tdve  riae  to  rel<i|;ious  he- 
^liefs,  cuMoins,  and  tradlUoiie.  and  then  shows 
bow  the  existence  of  micb  a  tlitnx  as  folk-lore  is 
leccii-iilxed  wlien  It  ia  observed  tliat  tliere  ellber 
exiMB  or  haa  exialed,  among  the  leawt  calturtd  ot 
Ibu  iubabitiinla  <>f  ull  the  countries  of  nioderu 
Eiuop<\  n  vast  tiody  of  ruriuuB  (>elii'fa,  ctisloina. 
and  narrativffl  wlucli  are  by  Itadilioo  bauded 
frooi  unirraliou  to  ceiierallon.  Three  are  eraen- 
tially  the  iirupcrty  of  the  least-advanced  [lortioit 
of  the  community.  Tbey  are  neither  aiipportnl 
nor  recogiiixed  by  the  prevailing  rellntion,  hj'  tlip 
eetabllehed  law,  nor  b]r  the  recorded  history  of 
tlie  various  countries.  To  thia  l>oily  of  curtmns 
and  beliefs  there  is  constant  additioo  made,  aria- 
tDK  from  Ibeexplanati'mof  newly  ohaerved  phe- 
Doinena  by  Ihe  unmltiired  jiortlon  of  the  com- 
muuity.  The  writer  dinerenti«ie«cnrefullysavajie 
.  ciislom  and  folk-lor»,  ami  *ays  that  the  study  nf 
^  tlie  fortner  h  neotsMry  Tor  Uie  explanation  of  the 
btter.  In  not  a  few  cbwh  fulk-lore  ia  almost  our 
only  means  of  appTunchinx  Ihe  prchislcrrlc  period 
In  the  life  of  iiMiMia.  Ur.  Oomme  olTeca  aa  a 
dcHnilion  of  ihe  ncieac*  of  folk-Ion  the  rollow- 
iitit :  it  i«  "  Ihe  conipariaon  and  idi-ntiftnatjon  of 
the  Eiirvivnla  of  archaic  beliefs,  rnntoms,  and 
traditions  in  nuxlcni  ■ki'!'."'  In  thii  oonnration, 
It  iiiny  \ki  wi'll  to  rnit  alimlion  to  thii  letter,  on 
■aotbrr  f»&>,  pU-niding  tor  an  American  dialect 
•odety. 


THE AMEiaCAS  OHIfCSTAL  A.iSOCIATIOS. 

Tbk  Amrricaii  uncnral  a^siK-lalion  ii>el  In  au- 
ntial  weatiun  iu  the  Atlu-nurum  buihlii't;.  Benton, 
on  Wedneoday  moniinx.  May  11.  In  tlie  utneuce 
ot  the  pnsidi'nt,  Prnt.  W.  D.  Whitney,  who, 
IhonRh  considerably  impfovecl,  has  not  yet,  we 
are  sorry  to  fay.  recot'ered  his  usual  henlth,  Vtcv- 
Presidenl  Dr.  A.  Peabody  |>ie«ided.  CoiiaiderinK 
th(?  Bpunuu  lixed  for  the  wevling.  wliich  id  a  par- 
ticularly unfortunutp  one  (or  Uio>e  heatily  en- 
Kagrd  in  univcntity-work.  theaitendanoe  nun  fair. 
Profevaor  Lnnmnn.  in  his  report  as  arcrfilary  of 
Ihe  aakodatlon.  referreil  lo  the  loss  the  aochty  had 
incurred  in  the  death  of  four  of  Its  inembera,  — 
Frute4»or!»leti£lerof  BrealaatOefrnany}:  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Wylif  «f  Umikm  ;  Mr.  H.  C.  Kingsley, 
treanurvT  of  Yale  oiiHckv  :  and  Prof.  Chiirlco  Sliort 
of  Columbia  collexe-  After ipcoking  briefly  ol  the 
services  tendered  by  these  gentlenieo  (o  the  cauiH.' 
cf  Iraminn,  further  remarks  euIoglr-tiiK  the  mem- 
ory of  the  laac  nameii  were  made  by  Profeasor* 
Thayer  of  Uarvatd,  and  Hall  ot  the  Metrojtolltan 
nm»«nim.  New  York. 

The  nuni)H-r  of  jMfa-r*  preM-tited  at  the  o>ec(inK 
wsK  imiisunlly  lurRe.  a  n>ost  welcome  Indication 
of  tlie  growth  ot  onental  scholarablp  in  tills  coun- 
try. The  reading  oT  tlieiu.  aome  merely  in  ex- 
tract, cuosuaied  the  greater  port  of  the  seealoo, 
which  luBted  til!  lute  in  the  nflcnxiun.  with  a 
■hott  intrriuteaion  nl  niKin.  IVrlinpa  the  mint  ii>- 
tercMting  of  all  wne  Hw  flr^t.  I>y  Dr.  W.  IIayi.i 
Ward,  editor  of  the  Imirprwlrnt,  who  offered  a 
new  and  most  happy  inlerfiretntinn  of  a  Kvite  dv 
picted  on  a  nnmlier  of  Dahtlonlan  seals  wbkb 
had  blllierlo  baffled  tlie  Latceiiutty  o(  acliolars.  On 
these  aeals  we  lind  a  mythical  ti|:ure  in  the  act  of 
UBceiidtiie  or  nwliug  his  hands  uo  whal  the  late 
titfOrgeSmitli.tlioemineul  Anytiologiiii.liail taken 
Iu  be  a  tower,  but  which  Dr.  Ward  sliowcd  was  a 
mountain,  ndiind  Ihe  Hgurt-  there  U  n  jH^iriol  (>ut 
ot  which  the  prniiHiBBe  luccndin);  the  inotiiilain. 
or  TentiDfC  lii*  hands  upon  Ihe  mniintain-penhf ,  bad 
evidently  come.  This  acene,  l>r.  Ward  pmied. 
by  a  chain  of  aiyuuienis  which  left  nodoubt  aato 
the  correctneaa  of  his  Uiterpretailon,  la  a  symboll- 
oal  reprmenlation  uf  the  rising  ot  the  aun.  who  at 
daybreak  proceedn  from  the  ■  gale'  behmd  which 
be  wiui  shut  iu  iluring  the  nisht,  and  now  climta 
til  Ihe  inmintain-hcight:)  in  onler  to  illumine  (be 
world. 

In  the  coutw  of  a  dJscaaston  on  tbi«  very  mg- 
gestive  paper,  participated  In  hy  Profeasors  l.yon 


TvolT 


of  Harratil  colk-Kf.  anil  JiuiUow  of  titf  Univtniljr 
of  BcnniiTlvnnin.  fitrtbi>r  prrNifn  wi-ti-  (iffi-n'il  t-on- 
finnint;.  Iram  i^rtain  tTrfrn-nrra  t»  thr  Hunrhi>  in 
tb«  dUnciCorm  lexU,  tiw  myllinloRicnl  noUoD*  »U 
UtbuUtt  hy  Dr.  Wanl  to  the  Asejriaiu  fmni  a 
alady  of  (he  t«ah  hi  <|u«^lion. 

Prof,  bano  Uall  followed  witli  an  ncvouiil  of  an 
iaportant  S>riao  auiiiuM.-ripl  in  ibi-  Uniun  tlieo- 
lofifcal  tfminary  of  New  Yurt:.  Dr.  Uall  K^ve 
eijecimt-nsof  tin-  iiiiiim»'ri))(.  wlu<rh  ivill  (iruUibly 
be  {luliliKbitl  in  the  joiitniil  uf  tltc  lOi'H-ty. 

Rvr.  Mr.  Windon-  hnil  an  iDIi-n-fttliit;  mmniuni- 
cation  ta  tnalie  on  Uio  <y»mploti(>ii  of  an  eililioD  nf 
Ute  ■  Book  of  the  dcml.'  Tlie  pubhcalton  of  Uita, 
ttia  man  famous  litcrar.v  prodnction  of  tlic  aoelent 
Eftypllana,  wi^s  undertakeu  at  t1i«  innitlicialioti  of 
Uie  Interaaiioiiul  coD);raH  uf  orietilaliata.  uDder 
the  biiperiatriKk-Di-'v  of  Prul,  E<luanJ  Nmille  of 
Oenevn.  An  idcii  of  tbu  tiibiir  iavi>tvi-d  in  ttai* 
lult  maj  hr  Kutltrrpd  from  (lio  fnct  tliit  the  diit- 
tinguialutd  Swiai  Mvanf  lias  beoo  mgaRcd  in  Ihc 
preporallon  of  it  <luriiig  ibe  past  twolva  ymra. 
Mora  than  tiilttj  papyri  w\^n  of  tbe  work  wpk 
antplojMl  liy  hlni,  boaldrs  tli*-  Inpcriptkins  on  tlie 
walb  at  ThelK«.  As  o  m>uU,  ih-o  targe  folio  vol- 
tunee  and  one  in  iiunrt«  lie  bcfuie  iw,  ooittaintaf; 
the  text,  an  clabaral«-  inlruductioii.  uiid  luitny 
thouaaod*  of  mriNnt  rra^inK'.  Tbi-  old  Kgyiiliann 
carried  th<t  notion  lliat  tbU  life  wo*  but  n  pmpa- 
nttioD  for  the  iiesi,  to  niucli  forlber  excew  even 
tlwn  l]ie  CbriBiianH  of  the  miildlt:  ngut.  Tbeir  en- 
tire pliUoaophy  uiid  rrlit;i«a  liinf^  iiraund  tlic 
me  poijit  of  a  future  life :  and  lieiit-e  it  lut|>- 
pen*  that  their  ri'liKlou*  liuok  /vir  njrjilfiiet,  ibcir 
Bible  BM  <va  iDi|[ht  »aj,  wiw  «  ■  ISook  nf  11)41  dciid.' 
or  ratb^  n  *  Book  fur  ihp  d«i<),'  coniaininjc  an 
dabnnUo  otreitioatal  ami  important  instructions, 
all  bcarinjt  directly  u(ioii  d««tli  niul  iii«  ruiiir« 
wofM.  Tlie  lionora  and  dl>ttiiii.iiutiF<  wlitcli  luive 
been  faiily  sbutrered  upon  Ptufrvcv  Navilie  uiotie 
ttie  cuiupletion  of  bii  enxmioun  tuak,  by  the 
crowned  Itoads  of  Europe  and  by  k-araed  iKtcir- 
titH.  Kii-e  proof  of  Ibn  xTMt  importnnvo  nttnc-hnl 
to  tlii>  piil>!i(»(ioii,  which  may  ind^pd  be  raid  to 
mark  an  ejioch  In  the  btsiory  of  E^c;  plolotey.  At 
Iha  aUKiceallon  of  Mr.  \Vin«loiir,  tlie  executive 
oomniillee  of  the  Aiiierloan  urieniid  Aatwicialion 
aduptod  rMulutions  teuderint*  ila  cunj^rutuliilioiit 
to  C]^ptulo(>iBta  and  to  ProfoMir  Naville,  upun 
the  itpp(«ranar  nf  Ibc  work. 

Prof.  D.  a.  Lyon  Dnuiiun''«l  n  ni-iv  puMioiUon 
in  llto  de|utitn)eiit  i-l  AosyrioioKy,  ivdjch  lie  he- 
liered  to  be  a»  Important  to  AMyrloloicl^la  and 
Benittc  aK'bolars  In  i^neral  aa  tlw  '  Book  of  t)ie 
(lead*  was  to  Eicvplot<-/Uid.  He  rtferred  to 
Prof,  t'rlnlrit-ti  Ueliiuch's  A>«B%Tlan  diclionary. 
Ilw  Bnt  foKcloule  of  Hliieli  lia«  juit  been  Iwued. 


Tbe  work  hud  been  annoiUMMd  nlrudy  tm  y 
ufio,  Nince  which  time  adiolan  ban*  bean 
aiisioUHly    waiting  for  it.      t>ror<.-abor  Lyon  dwi 
Upon  llx-  rnomioiM  labor  ioTolvrd  in  it  and  on  lt> 
KTMt  imi-ortnufv;    hut   to  judi;^  from  tti«    llnL 
part,  wliicit  cnly  einbracoe  a  ■mall  jiortion  of  I 
first  letter,  Ibe  dirliouary,  when  couip)ele<l.  wil 
lie  of  ATI  enortiMHis  sljse.  and  it  la  doubtful  wImIIii 
It  ran  be  tiiiinheil  in  letti  than  a  decwle.  to  any  t 
li-ast,  that  ia,  if  I'lxyfmvir  Ih:<litmcb  i-untinu<-«  it 
on  the  liirge  xcale   miipped  out  in  tbii  fnKrii-ule. 
Th<-r<-  it  o-rtainly  tu>  one  better  qunlilUHl  for  tliU 
prodixloufi  undcTtftkinic — whirh,  vr lien  coin jtlrtetl 
will  be  a  monoment  to  Qermno  acholarthl|i  —  tha 
DelitiEscfa.  wlio  is  acknowledged  to  be  wttbnui 
superior  aa  au  .Vsiyrian  acbolar :  and  his  ounnixe 
in  uoi  Hhrinkiiix  frorn  the  dilBcultii-n  it  inYnlt'r<t  la 
ill   itself  wiwtbyof  our  blRhiat  admiration.      A)i- 
vyrlulogy  it  [■■rbnjs  the  yoiingesl  of  tlw  ttoienc 
R<:nri:i>ly  (birr  iirnrr..tioni>  bnvo  (lowtci)  >>ini'<-  t 
flrxtalti  mpt  n'lw  nindn  lo  decipher  a  titir  of  4.'Unwi 
fomi  irritiriK  ;  but  M>  ra|>id  i«  the  |in>Rr(««  wblc 
Im«  been  ntnde.  more  eepeoially  durinic  the   t<aiii 
two  decadefi.  tliat  such  an  undeflahini;  as  that  nf 
Dellluch  had  be»>ine  at  least  a  potaibility. 

The  afternoon  »«e»lon  woe  opened  with  a  popri 
on  'Ikunomntie  wriliiif;  in  Amyriaii,'  froni  Pnifi 
Morris  Jaaliim',  jun.,  which  treated  un  t ho  tran- 
sition from  pictutv- writing  tu  phooelic  writing  in 
tbo  AsuyrJiMi  cuneirornityHti'rD  in  (connection  with 
n  theofy  advanced  recently  by  I>r.  D.  O.  Brioton 
of  the  [Tniveroity  uf  Pennsylrania.  Tlie  latier 
asauititd  un  iuteruiediute  slagit  between  tlw  uietti- 
od  of  exprtnaint;  ihuuglit  by  pictiuea,  aud  purel} 
pliOluAiaal  wriliii);,  t»  which  he  t^iirr  the  name  of 
'  ilranomatio  writinK-'  and  which  roomteil  In 
using  pictures  or  nyintiolii  for  tbo  parfiaae  of  ui'ti- 
oaiing  a  word  or  wotda  similar  or  Idetiticid  tii 
■mtnd  to  the  object  repreeenled  by  the  |>tciune. 
We  And  this  meiboi,  which  hi  the  |>rini-i]>k*  u|>in 
which  tlie  ordinary  rebus  reats.  very  niilely  i-m- 
|>loyed  HI  the  E|;yptiun.  Chiiu-ai*.  sod  in  Mexicvn 
picUigrapby.  Tliua,  in  tlu.-  iini  nained.  w/rr  is 
tlu;  nnine  or  a  lute,  luid  rejurvnunted  by  a  picture 
of  tliat  inatrumcnt.  Bill  nr/rr,  by  a  coincideaice 
of  anund  (but  not  of  >tein>,  alio  vRninen  dour, 
coniicript  foldi«T,  and  colt.  Accordingly,  by  ibe 
niloptioii  of  the  ibonoiiatic  device,  tlie  jiicluro  of 
llie  lutr  is  empl'jyeil  lo  re«Mil  any  of  ilitae  tJirve 
words.  ibouKh  Ki-ntrally  with  some  detennfaatlvo 
rign  an  an  aid  to  llw.>  reader  ru  enabtehirulo  know 
whi<'h  of  tbe  varioiw  nrfir*  is  loeimt.  In  the 
Mrxicnn  nivl  Unynn  nynli-ina.  ih  Ur.  Brinton  iihowa, 
this  methoil  is  carried  to  raiicb  lutllirr  rvreM,  ■ 
remote  slriiilailty  of  ■o-ind  bninx  anlflclent  tu 
warrant  tlw  use  of  a  picture  or  eymboJ  In  Una 
vruy. 


ntl 

I 

p. 
U 

'^ 

.  ia 
-■a      ' 

I 

4 


Hav  ao.  isn.] 


SCIENCE, 


481 


Profemor  JkUrviw  gn^c  (jiiitc  n  niiinber  of  in* 
*Ancea  to  pro««rli«»xiiiliHi(vi>l  ihU  ptH-nmnMuin. 

>He  alM  MigcMim,  ihAt,  with  tli'>  dill  of  tbp 
ikonuoMlio  mvlhnd,  rrrtAlii  pItiutM  of  Xlw  fNrf|^ 
plioitie  flbqmcl«r  o(  Ihe  oiiwiform  sicri"  — acconl- 
iDK  to  If  hKli  tlie  siyii  ('».  for  exxinpl*-,  wnJd  »Im> 
be  rcMl  pN:  ttit^  Hi|^  Off,  ulMi  iiJt  anil  nfc:  *nd 
muf  nun-  niiniUtly  —  cimM  tii-  moii'  Miisfac- 
torily  iti?cnunip>l  Tor  tJian  h}-  nmimitix,  a*  htu 
IlitluTto  burn  donp,  Ibflt  siKh  an  int^TrhaDgo  <>f 
anninnntii  ispiirvlvaibllrary.  rtwfewor  J«»irow, 
I  uoiu-lmion,  dwell  upon  the  l>eiuini|cs  wblcit  nil 

[ihb  bad  on  Ok  iiui^tian  m  to  Ibe  origia  ot  the 
niDeifurm  n-rituij;. 

After  a  ilisi-OMon  uii  thli  impcrby  Pttiltr»at9 
Lyon.  Ward,  anil  Tov,  tbr  iaxl  nnnufl  te»i\  on  in- 
ttTMtiiiK  impcr  on  Ihe  fnoinu*  Lohnum,  tli?  Ar*op 
of  tli»  Arahi.  After  pvveentlnK  tb«  vnnoiis  iheo- 
lie*  thnt  have  bran  taroughl  rorwntrd  about  tills 
wry  mrsterioiM  jM.-r«tina^,  Pnrfewior  Toy  ile- 
vdo|>eil  a  aa-v  owe.  which  mnjr  iwrbupH  lie  bwt 
il«M.-(ilir-l  an  tW  lvg(in<Ury  hjrpolhtwiii  iriih  ■ome 
hisinricnl  Imim*. 

Dr.  Ricbnid  Ootlbell  ot  Columbta  doling*  fol- 
hmnl  wiib  a  k-arnMl  <ll«iiiUltloii  on  Bahejra.  and 

I  pn'tM-nti-'l  a  carvtui  <^y  of  on«  of  tlie  Babetra 
leicMidn  ill  Sjrriuo,  irhich  lie  biul  inn<l<!  from  a 
Berlin  numiMcripl.  Bt-sidi'n  ihU,  Dr.  Goltheit 
Xat«  ilescripttoRs  of  tvro  B.vrlac  nisnti»cri|>ta  now 
In  New  Yorb.  I^pen  weie  alan  iiretr^utet)  hj 
ProlCMOr  Avpffj-,  Ktv.  J<w.  Chandler,  Dt.  Jnt-k- 
MU  of  Cotiiinl>ia  rollcKc,  nnil  Ibraw  by  Profea- 
•or  Hopldn*  of  Btjn  Mnwr  oollpp*,  which  wt-re 
only  rMHl  in  abetract  1^  ProTitcmr  Lanmiin,  Dr. 
Selab  Merrill,  lale  U.S.  ooomt  lo  J«runlpm,  raado 
tome  twuaikn  on  tlie  iliw:ortty  of  lb«  Mcond  wall 
«f  JeruMli'iD  iiml  tin-  Ix-aringa  this  diwovery  had 
upon  dpU't mining  thi-  Mtc  uf  tbe  hotr  MfKilchi*. 

Before  luljinimiiiK.  tbti  «ocictir  i>lMt«d  (be  (»!• 
kiwin^  olllocrft  for  llio  enwinif  y««r;  priiiidcnt. 
Prof.  W.  D.  Wliliney  :  vIce-ptcaideDta,  Profeawn 
Peabody  uu<l  Saulsliiiry  and  Or.  Ward  ;  recordiDK 
•eorMary,  Prof.  U.  O.  Lyon  ;  carrrspomlliiK  *ocrp- 
lary.  Prof.  V.  H-  tAnmiui ;  executive  cumn)itt«e, 
FrarMMr*  Tluyi-f  anil  Hoplcins.  Prnttitvut  Uilnian 
of  Johnii  no|>l:ina,  Dr.  Unll,  und  Ur.  CoUiiel.  A 
namber  of  nevr  ineinh<T>L  were-  rli-cli-d.  and  It  was 
dMided  to  luM  Hut  iwst  mrriing  in  October,  at 
eiih<.-r  New  Ua*en  or  Bnltlmore. 


BKALTH  JJATIERS. 


A  KAKX  DIttKAaB.  —  Tl»e  nhlp  AIImuui  rcL'tiilly 
aiTtTV«l  fn  New  York  fnnn  Manila.  Of  hi-r  i-rcw 
of  iilnetiHTi,  iwvcijtpcii  bvcante  HI  on  the  voyn^, 
four  ol   wliona  dird.     Plve  (>f  the  |)Atti'nt)i  were 


n<ino*«d  to  IIk  Long  iHlaml  college  butplial. 
wliere  tin- diagnuiria  of  beri'bcri  han  hecn  made. 
Thin  di»cnw!  haa  alrend,<-  b«<nn  rvrprrni  to  in 
Seieitct  a»  n  rare  onr.  not  orcurrinx  tn  tfaia  latl- 
tilde  cxcc|H  when  imporied  (>oan  JajNtn,  Indtn,  or 
olber  couDiripR.  It  bej^na  with  fever,  anil  jialn 
In  the  loins  and  extreotillea  :  these  ate  «uoii  fol- 
lowed by  inralytda  ot  Ibe  lower  theu  of  the  upper 
exlremitlt^.  and  »o<i>eiln>ee  extend  to  Ibe  inua- 
elm  of  Uk  trunk,  parlknlarly  llioae  o*  reapiralion. 
The  dim-iuw  in  in  rvality  u  multiple  iMiuritia,  in- 
vulvinic  iwia^c'tiillT  th*  K|iii>nl  ncrviii.  Thp  |>mg- 
nOsU  i5  iMually  eoniiideiird  grave,  thoU|;b  the 
atntbtica  of  tli«  JapMie«e  navy  would  Indicate 
that  tbo  mortality  in  not  ao  icrmit  as  i«  gencnlljr 
■appoaed.  The  pa«es  that  recover  require  oonaid- 
etsble  time,  however,  for  ll>e  leKenetatlon  of  ibe 
affected  nervee,  Tbe  ittedk-al  dlreclor- genual  of 
the  Japanwe  Imperial  nuvy  1m>  jtut  publiihinl  a 
report  on  Ibis  dianue  im  it  ooeun  in  that  (miacb 
of  ll>i>  iM'riiee.  [n  19iS  there  were  1,462  caM*, 
with  33  ilenlhK:  in  1619,  1,979  caaee.  with  ST 
deatti* ;  dnriiiK  lt*W  Uirre  w«e  but  9  caaw  :  and 
In  i860,  only  t  e«t)e<i.  none  of  Uiem  being  fuluL 
Tliis  retnarkjihte  reeiilt  la  aitrlbuied  by  the  dim:t- 
ortothe  improve  went  in  the  fiK<il  fiiriiliihcd  lo 
tlieeallorg.  Tlie  lew  who  contnicied  lhcdiM«ise 
in  Tetrent  yenra  bad  not  biul  (he  benefit  of  the  tm- 
peoved  food. 

SMAi-i^rox  Hii5riT*iJ*.  —  One  of  the  important 
finbjecta  vunnecied  with  sanitary  ftdniinimraliaii 
is  Ibe  location  of  smull-pox  buapitala  in  lowtmand 
cities.  For  tbe  Mke  of  Ihe  imliMtli  who  s re  re- 
inov«d  lo  Ihew  i  net  I  till  ion*,  it  ip  veiy  essential 
that  the  diirtanco  whtcii  they  aie  tnospurted 
■boidd  bo  0*  Itlllo  BS  txnfthle  :  while,  on  Ibe  oclier 
hand,  for  the  protection  of  the  public.  Mub  hotf 
pjtah  shonid  be  situated  so  far  fiom  tbe  Inbaidlcd 
portions  of  tli"  lowu  as  not  to  l>e  a  fui-tor  in  tbo 
spread  of  Ihe  diseaae.  Mr,  W,  H.  Puwtr.  a  med* 
leal  inspector  of  the  Eii(,'lUh  luc«l  government 
board,  has  giren  en|in-iat  aitmiion  lo  ihis  Mibjecli 
and  tbe  rridenoe  aeciimul.ilnl  by  hirii  seenis  to 
indii^iite  that  n  Hovall-pox  bmiiital  in  a  town  eauaca 
n  KTcntcT  inridencv  of  M>idl-pox  In  Ihe  vicinity. 
Wiihin  an  aroa  onntalned  by  a  cir«l«  dearribed 
tlir««-i)nar(er»  of  a  mile  from  tlie  West  Uam 
suiall-pox  hoepllal.  Ihe  death-mU.-  from  thin 
diaeaee  wa«  never  Ie*s  tliau  twice,  and  wHuctintes 
even  ten  Uiuee.  (n«ater  thiin  the  gcniTnl  rale  :  ihe 
nuin)>er  of  caaee  ehowinu  n  progreniiiTe  derreaw 
as  the  diatiince  from  tlie  hiMpitnl  increased.  Mr. 
Power  ha*  studied  Ihe  theorira  tlutt  Ilie  wiiid  was 
n  factor  in  tim  in<<ren«e  of  csara  near  Ihe  liO!>pital, 
and  Ihni  the  niitiipa  and  others  were  Ihe  cbutuiel 
of  oommunkiiijon,  but  hasfoundtbetninadeijualo 
to  flzplain  all  Ihe  facts. 


k 


482 


SCIENVK 


tVoL  IS.,  Vo.  «l 


NOTKS  AKt3  yBM'S. 
TBI  Kow  Kngluid  iiM>tcorakigieaI  §odpt?  hnj 
two  ejiednl  fnvMtlicationK  on  band  Tor  tbe  coraini; 
•amtiwr,  inaddlllon  ti>  it*  n-uuliir  wiwk  "f  ti>in- 
perature  and  raiuTall  obfiervation,  Thp  Hral  apv- 
i\M  subji-vt  U  thunder-elorms  io  Nfw  Eng- 
land,  now  in  ju  llilrd  jear;  the  •e(N)nd  U 
lh«  ma-bromit!  on  the  cnsteni  oooet  of  Blawa- 
clturetU,  DOW  undrrliikcn  (or  tlie  lint  tluie. 
Vpluni««r  obacrrpra  arc  wmntrd  in  both  fn- 
TMli^tions.  ComMiHindeDn'  conctrrniiig  tlmii- 
iler  Btorin  olwerratlons  should  bo  addresacd  to  (). 
N.  Osw*'ll,  Cambridge,  MaM. ;  ronrnraing  the  wn- 
bnrBH.  to  L.  U.  Schults,  slRual  offiep,  Ikiston. 
Uam.  Tlir  rvcmiiidiinble  labor  and  NCjienw  Hint 
Ihno  Ntiidioi  involve  U  tniul«  [MMolble  Io  IbC'  eo- 
ciAty  by  na»utanc«  rn>m  tlio  U.  S,  tjgnal  ferviw, 
the  Bache  fund  of  the  national  acadnnf ,  and  tbe 
Harvard  collei^e  obwrratot?. 

—  CatI  Werold's  Sohn,  Viwinn  (Spw  Ymk,  F. 
W.  Chrixtvrn).  announce  the  piiblicntion  i>(  thp 
■  Canon  dcr  Flni.l«niiiae.'  by  Th.  Rlil«r  von  Op- 
poliw, 

—  D.  O.  Baynw  dC  Co.,  Dvtroil,  annoiiocv  Ihc 
publlcatloD  of  'Tl>«  rreonatton  of  the  <l«>d,'  by 
HvufO  EricluHMi,  H.I).,  lionorary  meinlipr  of  the 
CreuiAtiun  Nuckty  of  Milan,  Ueily.  It  will  contain 
an  intriHluction  by  Hit  T.  SpcnM'r  ^V«IU,  and  vrill 
trval  of  the  quertion  from  an  hisloripal,  Mnitan-. 
medlco-le^,  religiuua,  aoetbotic.  and  ccononiicnl 
etaud-|ioitit. 

—  Tlwforncwtoni-  i»f  the  Inland  Stun  ford,  jun., 
univerwty,  [Htrliapa  tlu'  ioa*t  inngniHLi-ntly  en- 
di>w«l  insiitatJon  of  IntrniiiK  in  ih?  norUI,  wan 
laid  a(  Palo  Alto.  CaU.  May  18. 

—  In  view  of  tli<^  reuev^  lniirr«8t  wfaloh  t1i» 
Outral  AoM-rioan  MnUt  are  nour  attmcting.  the 
arik-l«  oa  GuatMaala  by  W.  T.  Brifiham,  entitled 
'  An  uncommCKia]  rrptilili::.'  which  w-Jtl  iippi^ir  in 
llu!  .Iniir  nucnher  o(  UtritmtT'K  magazint,  will  1m< 
n*)ircinll>  timely  and  valuable. 

—  Ur.  J.  W.  Uraydon,  late  lieutenant  U.  .S, 
navy,  has  recently  been  conducting  aoine  highly 
tiilermtlagezpeHni«nts  in  Russia  in  the  luanipuht- 
lion  ufexpUMivi-H.  Hr  haa  U'crn  ijuilo  iiiicc<>iwful 
in  wiling  dynamiU)  with  orJinnry  Ki»i|><'wde*',  ol>- 
laining  graatly  increoard  iniiinl  relocitiea  without 
a  oofTWpoiwHnu  Incrawe  lu  Ibe  prewure  in  tlie 
cbnmber  of  the  k'id,  A  valuable  ivporl  ufion  the 
Sabj«%-t  has  been  rrnHviiI  at  ibi"  mtvy  ilr^irlinent, 
which  will  soon  l»  inibliahed. 

—  Mr.  John  Muiray  has  in  prms  a  '  Dictionary 
of  bymnoIoKT,'  iiliti.il  by  the  Ri-v.  John  Julian. 
Tbn  aim  of  the  woori  m  to  lra<-r  the  hiitary  of  thn 
Chnrtion  hyuim  of  all  a^ea,  and  Mporially  <rf 


thoM  now  tuuid  in  Englidli-speakfog  (.-ountr 
Bioffmphical  DOtion  will  bo  girt-n  ot  lh«  anlboi 
of  the  hyrona,  besidM  hiatorioal  artiolu  on  titnrgi' 
cal  inuslc  j^eiierally. 

—  Chapman  &  Uall  will  publidt  the*  Gtisliah 
edition  of  M.  de  Ijitaurpe,'  rem tn (sciences,  ertcni 
ing  <ivw  a  jiwiod  of  forty  jeani,  ia  October  next, 
■imnlinncouHly  with  it*  appc«rance  in  Paria.     The 
work  will  al«o  appcdu  in  (rermaD,  in  Ibe  firat 
nlance  as  a  sevlal  In  one  of  tlie  Berlin  |M|ipr«. 

—  O.  P.  Pulunm's  Sons  make  tl*e  following  ad 
■litioiial   ann(iuni.-emeniii  for  the  fining  ■eii7>>n 
'  Till-  L'uruliility  of  insituity  and  tlie  Indiviilunliaed 
trcnlment  of  the  insani?,'  by  John  S.  Bitllvr.  M,D,, 
lat«  phjulcinn  and  tiupiTinl4-oilc.-at  of  Ibe  CoRnecti' 
cnt  r^-lreat  for  the  inwno ;  and.  in  the  ■  Que8Lk>ii»' 
of  [he  day '  series.  •  The  tlnbery  iinrsUon,'  a  aiiin 
mary  of  iU  history  and  an  analy«i»  of  Ibe  imuea 
invudved,  togeihar  with  a  ftiil  UblloKrapliy  of 
thoritioi  to  be  consulted,  and  a  map  of  Ihe  fUlti 
ground*,  l>y  CharW  Iidiam. 

—  The  LVifi'r  8iAte«  that  a  memorial  volnaM 
the  late  Prof.  E.  L.  Yuunutna  will  be  preparatl 
hi*  Ixother  and  Ki>.t4-r.  W,  J.  and  Eliza  A,  Yc 
luani!,  and  that  it  will  contain  a  number  of  ruanu- 
sorlpleand  iiuportaut  letter*.  Including  bis  oorre- 
Hpuadeiioc  wfith  Darwin,  SpeDcer.  Mill,  Huxlej. 
Tyndnll.  Liihliock,  j\ftatuiiE.  and  otiier  dimin- 
gLti6li«i1  persons. 

—  \n  oi-taio  volume  of  oeorly  fnut  huodroil 
pngSH,  with  tacsiniilea  of  (he  (.'barter  of  1630  uf 
Harvard  eollrgE<  and  i>r  the  firat  page  of  tlw  Col- 
let Records,  with  engraved  view*  of  the  colleie* 
iu  lU2t.  and  contalninic  a  ftill  re)iort  of  tlie  ctt^ 
bration  of  the  two  bundred  aad  Hflleth  aant- 
venwry  of  the  founding  of  Uie  college.  Is  tWArly 
ready  for  publicalioa  by  the  college. 

—  The  Lailiett'  health  protective  uaoeiatioo  of 
New  York  hoa  six  hundred  DicmlKn  on  ita  roll. 
It  priipoiee  to  devote  lla  enerK'"'  'luring  lite  pre«' 
ent  year  to  (eiienieiil-liouse  refoini.  and  to  lui- 
provtioent  iu  methods  of  street'Cleauiug. 

—  A  CHue  of  fatiJ  oocaine  poison  iiig  H  reportMl 
in  DfTmnny.  in  which  tlic  patient,  n  girl  aged 
eleven  yetim,  died  within  two  minurfu  after  r*- 
criviug  a  hyiXMlermtc  Injection  under  Ihe  skin  of 
the  ariu.  conHiBiIn;!  of  fioiu  four  to  twelve  drop* 
(the  oxnct  (|Uiintity  being  unknown)  of  a  fnur- 
pct-eenf  noliiDon  uf  the  dnt<. 

—  Krnint  Ingrnioll.  in  Ihe  June  nnmberol  Ttir 
Amertcaa  magazin*,  will  di-HrrilK^  the  •  I^.t  n-m- 
nont  of  frontier.'^  a  portl'Ki  uf  oitr  couiilry  noar 
Ihe  norlh-wi-iii-rn  boundary,  wbleb  wa*  aii  uiiarl- 
Unl  and  alinoat  unexplored  wildemeoa  ubMI  jwne- 
tnuad  l>y  tha  Northom  Padtlc  niilnietd. 


bor^H 
h« 

1 


4 


Mat  ».  1887.1 


SCEEXCR 


483 


—  Prof.  J.  P.  Hahatly  ha»  In  pma  »  book  on 
LMCirI  life  lit  (ireece.     Il  inoluilm  a  rrvirw  of  the 

Bff  «tir|  tlioii«!lii  iu  nil  till!  Hclk-otKlio  kiiisdoDM 
from  tbe  time  of  Akxitmlvr  to  iIm-  Boman  con- 

—  Thp  elud.v  of  utailieuiaiical  asUunoniy  wetua 
to  attract  ao  few  ootleii^  ntuileiit*  in  iJiis  country. 
Ihnt  w«  linv«  iMaiuinvd   wiib    nonut  intcn-M  m 

,J»nlp1l^et  ja«t  lecrivii).  n  ilicjiiii  on  -ComeiDO' 
p«rturbiitJoiu*  pmsitntrd  b.v  Prof.  W.  Bootot  for 
Ihi' deen-v  of  Ph.D.,  riilitrfiij-  of  WomWr.  O. 
Ahoui  hilf  of  tlw  pampMel  is  Jevottil  |o  h  jten- 
nrni  diacoume  on  releHiial  iDecli^iiiioi.  iiDd  the  rwt 
In  dr^Iudnit  rerlnin  wfll-known  rormuUi?  for 
comelary  |>inturbiilioni>.  Concidriiibji-  work  hoa 
DO  tluubt  been  don^  in  thc>  ^'iiiilr  of  Watson's 
' AtilroMnuj .'  hai  w  sliculil  hsr«  be«D  giaA  to 
wti  Ibe  uctual  ntiplicatloii  of  the  furi»u1a«  lo  some 
of  our  n<ct>tit  comeie,  follouriiii:  the  euun|ik'  of 
KturtrutH  (if  Mtronoiny  at  Ibe  U«naan  unircnilles. 


LBTTHlUf  TO  THE  SDlTOlt. 

','TMt  olMitHutt  \f  ■i-lrnfi'^r  Hwn  (*  NiJM  (a  iA>  adnmeajM) 

•It  nunl  hrti^t  ynHminstry  bj/Udh  tf  ihHf  tntml^Umu. 
Tutuly  Mi)ilt4  of  On  niiiHkiT  efmt-iMufi  hi$  nnnmviUciiHan 
wW  ^/9nUttttd/N*  toanjf  rfrrr9p*tnittat  on  rt^uitt, 

nt  tHlar  irt'l  b  ftai  In  jwMiiA  ang  gw/fr*  wuaiiaiif  iHM 
tll4ehar»Hire/rlu)eii/nat. 

Ctrmpanil/tiUararttjiMMio^atbTli/atpattW:  Tht 
wrtttrU  nnmr  U  t^ait  eiiM*  m^viml  in  fra^  ^ ffnodfinth. 

The  Sonont  earthquake. 

1)1  Ihls  poKlou  of  Ibn  world.  kJiicc  tli«  Kft^'ruoon 

Of  llioSd.  Baire  liecu  occumne   n  onriM  of  MiKtiuc 

JipkononiMUt,  anck  on.  »>  fnr  a*  racorda  or  tradition 

lalion,  naTorhaTo  ha])]>«ii«d  hwe.    The  tdagnphic 

^  ln«w«])a|iar)  r*i>on«  poMvM  the  naoal  characterla. 

tira,  ~  gn»a  exaggetatian  with  nttar  iDancuraey  of 

d«taU.     I  am  atetirioR  data  (■>  niil  lii  makiug  n  more 

eoiDplet*  Mcord  »t  tli*  i)Iicuoiueiiii.  and  uuikn  thU 

ni^r«ly  a  pn>lliiiliiMrj  nntp. 

Tbt<  ■.■arlhijniikc  nlruck  thia  tonii  at  3.D6  r.n,  lucnl 
tinie,  wbidi.  reduced  to  alandmil,  KitM  3.4S.  Proli- 
aUy  (lia  baat  daacrlptlon  will  bo  on  Dcenmit  of 
nijr  own  aanaatlona.  I  had  jiwl  iiotrd  the  time,  when 
I  bran)  a  mmblp  Hurh  oa  miuln  hj  li««Ty  ore-tvaiiiB 
in  puutng.  Tbia  noiie  IiickiikihI  ;  and  the  btti)dlu|[, 
a  tvo.aiorj  ndolx*,  iM^au  (o  kbakp  gently,  tbnn  niora 
vk>l«iitl,\'.  Hy  Ibis  (inir  it  kdoiciI  to  mo  to  bo  a 
^Miaaa  wbirlwiud,  mcb  aa  finignrntly  occurs  here  at 
jiMa  ■aaion  of  the  yrar.  'IV'  •.bskiiig  an<1  Ibc  aolac 
Ineiaaalng.  I  want  to  Ibv  trunt  of  the  bttildinft,  ooniv 
ftfty  fMt.  and  looked  out.  Tbon  it  began  tii  ilawu 
npoQ  las  that  aouMbing  at  a  H«Tion»  UBlar»  «» 
tailing  piaoo,  lodging  froni  tbe  looks  of  Ibe  otowd 
cm  (he  klmHa.  ]  tii«u  ran  buck  to  the  place  whrnr" 
I  liDil  «taii«<<l,  jiifkiid  up  a.  cbilil,  and  luadc  my  way 
to  Ibi-  »tr(*1.  When  the  open  air  was  rMUtbed,  Ibo 
noioe  wu  like  a  cDMlunmis  idI)  of  hi<svy  flriui;.  irtth 
hooeaatonal  abort  peals  like  a  sborp  clap  of  tlitimtrr. 
''TUa  oaaaJnff,  I  looked  at  my  vntch,  and  f>iiiu<l  that 
from  th«  time  I  bad  notievd  111*  first  rumble  until 
the  md,  bad  bean  abont  1.73  uilnutea.    Allowing 


f«ii  B««inda  for  otmr,  Inavoi  l.fiG.  Of  tbU  ttma.  tba 
duration  of  ilia  Mvcr*  sliiiki»ft  ecnild  not  batw  tiMn 
OTer  Uax  aeoonilt ;  lh«  niod«ralt'ly  Mierv.  almul 
twenty  :  and  the  tremliliog,  itau  b«lHUtfe  of  the  time. 
Jnilgtng  l>y  the  laorraiMit  of  aotue  glaaiaa  and 
atatootioa  on  my  d««k,  tha  yHieral  dlr*<4loii  of  Uia 
flbncik  was  from  sontb-wMl  lo  nortli-Basl. 

The  amonnt  of  damage  do4i»,  ao  fhr  a*  I  nui  U*m. 
it  trilUng.  No  luiilding  of  any  atability  baa  Leon 
dnmagnd  at  all  :  nollbor  has  any  on*  Ui^ii  liijiinxl 
or  killed.  Peraon*  ridiag  or  driTintt  went  iiiiawkie 
that  any  ihiiiftwaaliappeiung.  in  the Snlpfanr Spring 
valley,  nlioul  tvvoty-flTO  niilm  «■■!  nt  bnre.  tome 
fliwnr4<>  i>(>erirr«>il  in  lh«  l>oi)  of  an  '>)d  slr^aiii.  awl 
mler  simrted  out  to  a  uiiall  but  isrring  biighl  and 
in  cH)n*i<li>rabln  qaantity.  TIicko  ctiMma  continnnl 
flowing  fiiT  two  or  throodaya,  1>iil  at  pi<«cni  all  mvo 
two  are  dry.  These  taera  lo  W  peniuuient,  and  are 
Tunninti  a  nnall  amount  of  vain  at  ordinary  tein> 

Jeratnr*.  I  have  not  men  them,  and  my  neeouni  ia 
iiriT«d  from  I  he  owner.  I  may  m*nti»ii  na  an  aiuiia- 
ing  faet.  that,  in  l*a*  than  an  bonr  aficr  Ili4'y  broke 
out,  tbey  veiD  tnkeuiip  and  locntrd  Underlbe  water- 
lawa  of  til*  United  Stiktea. 

Kni-i-rsdiiig  llie  aboeka,  monnlaiD  Area  were  no- 
ticed on  mauy  of  lli*  raii«a.  Thin  Knyf  riw  lo 
the  roporta  of  Tulrauie  adinii.  vhii'h  iimy  safely 
Lni  aot  down  na  pure  itnngitialion.  No  ]>heD()iiii. 
enon  resMnbljuK  (irnptive  dialiirbuDre,  hi  far  a* 
I  can  now  atcfrrlalu,  liaa  tak«n  jdaca  in  any  part  of 
tiw  aeetion  dlaturbcd. 

Al  til*  liin*  of  the  And  and  Kv^re  thock.  owing  to 
the  vibration  and  tba  rolliQR  of  bowlders  down  Ihe 
luoimluu^ndeH.  large  clonda  of  iluat  aio«n :  Ibia, 
with  IheoMse,  eanaed  many  who  mv  (be  plienoiii. 
enou  lo  think  Ibal  the  eauac  wui  crtiptife.  The 
Itrca,  witli  uiilr  (wo  oTeepliouB  that  1  now  know  of, 
wftTo  burning  beiore  the  ■tiork-  Of  ibean  It  U  [loa- 
siitle  thai  Ihey  wore  not  noticed  prior  to  tb<>.  of, 
what  in  my'ooliiloii  ia  not  iniprubatitu.  falling 
bowlder*  ignited  tlie  limber.  Tbia  point  I  will  try 
lo  clear  np.  The  San  IVIto  Klvfir,  a  amall  «lrf*in 
nine  mil«s  want  of  here,  is  rejiorlcd  to  have  a  *.ti^ht 
increaae  of  water.    Tbia  is  duniniahing  rapidly 

lie  railroad-track  of  tha  Atebiaon,  T»peka.  and 
HantaP<  road,  nt  a  point  tihi-rn  It  ran  In  an  aaal  and 
west  direetlon.  wnn  l<Fut  t^iucbca  onl  of  line,  llie 
conrexily  hxiklug  snnth,  Tbelvnd  waaabual  IhrM 
hundred'  feet  ill  li-ngtb.  Snecccding  the  miictc 
ahock  during  the  fuUowinit  forty .«lsht  houra. 
niarkrd  and  noticeable  tremors  oooiured  about  every 
batt-honr.  Tbnao  were  of  greater  or  leMseverily, 
but  none  appmnolicd  Ibc  int.  Had  innlniments 
been  hero  to  lenord  tbe  motion,  no  doubt  they  wonlil 
have  ilcmonalmled  a  coutimial  vibration. 

The  Leatlnal  ahock.  ainee  the  lirst.  uociitr«i1  lost 
night  abont  0.!IO.  Onn  ludicrous  incident  waa  tiial 
ut  an  Bcqniiinlanoe,  who,  while  driiins  nkmg  n 
nioniitniii-rnad.  noticed  tar(co.«l«>d  tiowldata  bestn 
to  nl art  down  Ibo  moanlaiu  tuwiu>l>>  hliii.  He  W 
came  muoh  eaclled,  look  bia  rillc.  uud  iilighted  with 
tbe  Intention  of  aeekliie  Tongeance  on  tbc  jicrpe. 
tntors  of  the  outrage.  Tlie  fallluK  of  u-nie  imiu'>uso 
bowlders  welriilng  hniidroda  of  t'ltm  jiixl  th'U. 
changed  bia  mind :  ho  will  not  now  hunt  the  aiitliur. 
Ueo  working  al  a  depth  of  six  bundtcd  («t  ffll  the 
vitirali'^iia  acTerely.  Some  said  Ibey  t-<iFBuui  aick, 
and  ai\  *ai<l  that  the  bottom  of  Ihe  drifts  or  shaft 
aecmeil  to  Tisi-.  Men  working  at  one  hundred  and 
Atty  feet   did  not  notlc«  it  ao  nincb.     One  orew  of 


484 


SClENqK, 


[Vol.  IX..  No.  «»t  I 


mM  at  Uwt  <l«|>lli  •lid  not  Iniowef  ll  »t  ftU  nntil  tbey 
(wtM  uul  o[  ili«  miii<-.  No  duMM  WM  dona  to  luif 
of  tbe  luincK.  Tlie  iloepcrt  wurkingH  OM  wtm)  liuii- 
dioil  fvet. 

\t  nn  lutDiratiiiK  cnicidilrac*,  I  will  mcntiiiu,  tbal, 
¥(hll.'  ill  lli«  8«ll  Itivi-r  viiU^j  tTi<>  vixiliit  bkij,  I  wim 
infonuixl  by  U(.  Pmik  Cualiiu^  tiu*  tilbuulugiBl,  who 
ii  m«kiag  «xt«iuuT«  osoA*«tioiia  in  tbo  Md  ruinn 
•boiuuUnit  thsrv,  that'  ona  of  ttio  prinelpal  If  not 
tlw  niAiii  raiiM  at  lh»  klflMi'louiiuiit  of  mo  pupakinB 
ftud  f»Tlil«  a  Vkll«7  «u  raittiqiiAk«a.  Aa  Uiere  aK 
no  reoonU  of  any  oci-arriiig  aiuoD  thai  tjniv.  Mr. 
CwbitiK  mn;  tnkn  tLn  Ulaua  of  anggwitlu^  llii*.  I 
am  Dilbnut  (niMnorUi.v  iiifonuHtinu  «anGiiniiii|{  tlio 
•lUiiil  <<{  Ihfl  (UMiiTl.<iuf« .  bill,  UK  u«iir  aa  I  ciui 
Jildgr.  it  i>  abunt  tvclvc  buwircd  uiile*  lou|t  by  «ix 
ImiidMd  ID  vlilth.  TliATe  wen  no  itta^nelio  din. 
tvibaucim  wtiftlvvtr. 

SlDoe  wrillug  Ibf  alHivp.  aiKUtiuiud  iotarmBtiau 
baa  conw  Ui  band  tlint  modiflK  oxj  o])iul<in  toiue. 
wliM  aa  to  Mn  extent  aoil  r.liaiactur  or  Itii*  jiiilurlr- 
ane*.  Fr«inS«fl«r  Caicpl  aiitl  Mr.  I..  A.  Bk-liurdH  o( 
Sonon.  I  aiu  iufonued  llial  tbu  dialurtinoco  in  iLoir 
Hoolion  ot  Ui«  finiatry  woa  prafoand.  Tlnky  nn- 
liiiiig  in  Sanom,  Mexico,  about  two  Iniii.livd  milr* 
aoatb  of  bor*.  in  the  ProtiU<riM  lallcy.  The  flrat 
aliock  van  f«lt  tber*  about  llirci-  o'cluo);  on  May  :l. 
In  Kri>iit«nM  l«ii  bouM«  wcr«  thrown  down.  od« 
cliild  wo*  hilled,  and  one  snnian  fatally  liijur«il.  In 
CumpaB,  Ktill  (ortboi  *<>n(li,  fniir  buaaoa  wore  dn- 
■liY.ved,  no  oiM  bnrt.  KitriKliiig  tlu-  oniiro  len^h 
nl  Ibn  vall«y.  OT«r  <m«  bitii(lri.-d  tuil«a.  ar*  llMureH 
varying  iu  widtli  from  a  ton  incliMi  lu  (on  feet, 
lia*iDg  a  nortlierly  and  uiiitb^rly  •llrectiuu.  iSnni 
this  information  ll  1«  aatn  In  oimcludo  tliattbo  centre 
oi  nrva  of  wont  vibration  lies  to  th«  aonth  of  tfaia 
and  iu  Mexico.  It  will  take  at  Itaet  a  niontb  to 
Monre  roqnirita  infarinatlMi  to  make  a  iitporl.  Tbat 
oonnlry  la  apanwly  aMtUd.  with  do  lolcftra|>liii,-  coiu. 
iiiniilcBtlon  or  railroads:  uotblng  bnt  wAgouioudn, 
mid  tliOM  vary  poor.  Tbew  gantlami^u  cuuQnu  tli<i 
THpuTl  of  luoiintain  flni*  iiiuiMidlately  ouaoecdlog  tlie 
abaelc.  Tbny  think  tbet  tbe  entire  talloT  ban  aub. 
tided  n  little. 

AIhi>  Ht  tbe  Sau  Bernardino  much,  uinHy  niilon 
auutheiiat  of  licrr.  alt  Ibp  btiildiuK*  on  t]i«  plaoa 
wcio  tlirown  dutrii.  They  wre  buifi  of  adobe,  and 
wrre  knliaUiitlul.  Tliis  plaoe  li«  trithiii  a  abort  di*. 
tanov  of  *ouieeitiuat  crnlon,  and  ia  in  Ibe  ooutra 
of  an  au<'ieut  rolcimie  belt. 

LMer  reporU  luak*  the  dittiubanw  in  Mnilco. 
ftlNnil  tlic  unie  region  nieutioncd  altoT*.  vt  vury 
doMractlv«.  Aa  tome  lack  rfriHcation,  I  defiM  n- 
portlufi  (bem  until  further  word  Ih  ruorived. 

U.  E.  Goonnuow. 

TdoitaloDe,  A.  T..  Mar  '■ 


Defence  of  a  civil  academjr. 

'ITieedHoriHl  eolmuti*  of  Kfimr/  (Miiy  13,  1887J 
•ra  guilty  of  a  manifpat  iiioutiMiitriii'y  iipitn  the  anb- 
JMt  ot  BiMe  aid  to  tho  liiglii-t  I'llnoutiou.  (u  your 
flnl  eolnnin  yon  condenin,  iu  strong  lanKnAge'.  my 
Idea  of  a  «ivl1  aoadewy  at  WMhin^itoii,  proponed  in 
Uio  clreular  of  information,  No.  1,  IHe7,  bnmu  of 
education.  InyontAfth  column  you  quote.  Willi  evi- 
dent teajioi't.  Profmuor  Juwelt's  viewa  npon  govern, 
ment  alil  to  th<i  tialvvniily  college*  of  England.  Vuii 
even  give  publiflity  ti)  thia  ntntenieal,  wHliont  dia. 
Mnt:  "No  principle  of  polltitial  economy  forbtda 


the  applicutiun  of  public  maneT  to  Ibt-  nltiratioD  of 
Iboar  vrlio  cnonot  afford  to  help  tbeiuiMilvcB.  Snoli 
an  expandHiLie  la  mlly  one  of  tbe  bi-ht  affaire  of 
UufiineM  iu  whlvh  a  nation  eauetigage."  Yon  vrnture 
to  add  tlutt  there  la  tonne  proapect  of  Dr.  Jowett'i 

filea  being  ellectitc.  While  it  is  not  to  be  cxpectMl, 
u  the  preoent  Iranattiomal  etafcn  of  |H>lit1cal  eooDonij' 
niid  in  thv  preeMit  eondlllon  of  A^iii^riran  putttics, 
that  all  lueu  should  agree  upon  the  uecutnity  of  «da- 
eation  and  ariotiee  for  good  govemtDcnt.  it  ii  at  Leaal 
fair  to  ilnniiuid  Nome  degreir  of  conaleteuey  in'a  a^'leu- 
tiOc  jinimal. 

Furthermore.  1  heg  to  difler  from  yowr  opinioa 
that  Ihii  conntiy  ia  dotted  with  college*  erbcro  any 
young  man  may  obtain  all  nevdtnl  polltlcnl  edncA- 
tion.  If  there  is  one  tliiug  tu>edtul  at  tbe  preaeat 
lime  iu  onr  Anierican  ririo  life,  it  in  initrnirtian  iu 
the  art  of  adminiidmtton.  Oicr  agninst  yonf  alate- 
luent.  Uit  me  pbu^e  tlint  of  Ur.  Doriiian  I).  Katon,  re* 
oeutly  eipreMtU'l  liefoie  tlie  gintliiale  xtnileutH  of 
kii>t<tfy  and  pulilicn  in  tbi-  JobuH  Hopkins univoraitjr. 
Fromfeie  ptnctical  eoimrctinei  with  the  riviljmreUie 
enuimiiulon.  bn  may  Im  pri^nuiod  l»  know  what  be 
uft*  uij'iiiij.  He  Hiiil  Ihvre  wo*  not  a  alugle  inatiln- 
ttuu  iu  the  rtiited  Stiitea  where  a  man  conld  leant 
what  tcformoni  with  to  know  about  erienlilUi  inetli. 
(ida  of  odiiiinistraliou.  Mr.  t^ton  may  bavi-  ignonel 
one  or  two  oaeee  of  poliltoal  training  in  (bin  conu- 
try;  but  every  fair. minded  uinn  miM  odiiiii.  opoti 
n^cetioD.  thai  American  cnllcgce  do  not  ttiaub  tlila 
Rubjeot.  Von  aay  It  !■  ucll  ■'uouuh  li>  train  aneii  for 
tbe  aniiy  and  navy,  but  JuiimulellialourproepeotJTO 
ritil  Berrnnte  can  acquire  adeqiiutv  truiuing  "  from 
any  village  nebool,  and  will  nut  oik  the  gaTrrainout 
tor  aliuN  that  they  luar  llie  later  live  frviin  the)>ublie 
purw!."  No.  our  public  men  aonietimcB  try  to  carry 
the  entire  hug,  iuid  diatrilmln  public  bounty,  or 
'  apolU,'  to  all  their  frteude  and  Oi'n'tiiuvul*.  They 
even  vole  in  elate  legialatnraa  for  f  rve  le\t<hooka  in 
couiiiiou  BfbnuU,  and  allow  publiabeta  to  eatraiH 
■chool-conuuitteoB.  Who  tcacDoa  '  tbe  homely  jirov. 
erba  of  Poor  Richard  *  to  our  local  iiolltiolana  nown- 
daya,  and  who  evrr  heard  of  tbe  A  U  C  of  ftnane*  In 
'any  liUageeobu'd'f  Dotbeapoik  ^cteto  and  the 
hiidory  of  Aiuericau  legiahuiooi,  uvnictpol,  etate, 
and  national,  indicate  that  onr  public  aetvasta  tiav* 
been  well  grounded  in  couinion  houeaty  and  gooit 
political  eoonomy?  Before  pronouDcing  jadgni«Bt 
upon  my  eaggeiitiau  as  pour  economy,  yon  nigbt 
proBtably  compare  the  coM  of  ■clnDlUle  adnilnittiw 
tion  with  the  preaent  Amarlcaii  ayitteui.  Ualeriala 
for  the  compaiuoB  may  be  (ouml  in  Ibo  ciril  liaia  of 
varimia  European  cooutiieo. 

My  plea  waa  for  a  oivU.ecrTlce  aoadnuy,  racenitod 
by  oougrceiionid  appointment  from  men  prutionnBad 
lit  by  our  dlate  ntifveraltlee.  It  won  for  a  uivio  Waat 
Point.  II  ■vm  for  the  jwlitioal  training  of  able  and 
mature  young  mm  in  a  political  eUTiraumant,  in  Ibo 
?B]>ital  of  tbe  nation.  It  wan  a  jilea  fur  opening  the 
channel  of  conn iiunl ration  between  our  onlvondtlea 
and  public  life,  between  political  aoioDce  and  j>ollti. 
cat  Draiie.  I  prupoBod  that  the  hlghenl  ediuvtion 
in  the  conniry  and  the  moat  eipurl  lulcnl  now  In  lb* 
acrrlce  of  the  oovemmuut  should  both  be  mad* 
tributary  to  tbe  trtdning  of  picked  young  men  for  « 
term  of  two  yeara,  wutl*  \rj  leoturos,  and  iiior« 
cflpecially  by  practical  wotR  la  gOTernuieal  burauu, 
otter  tbe  iiinnnar  of  the  •aminan'  connected  with  thn 
Hiatistical  bureau  iu  Berlin,  wbioh  ia  lucrnlled  by 
university  greduatn  of  tho  hlgbent  aMUty. 


I 


4 
4 


Uay  so,  ltW7.| 


SCIKyVK. 


485 


Ttua  la  no  vWoiwry.  luipnelicAl  Rvh«iu«.  11  baa 
bwB  roittkMd,  tu  ou«  form  or  knutber.  hy  m»«l  Ea- 
ropMUi  Btatoii.  The  idea  u  nlowt;  ttTnlTiug  i»  roit< 
BM^oii  with  our  nwu  iitoormnpiit  >lH|uirttii^iiM. 
Tba  ■tat*  dajiarUu-int  luo  In  tniiiiiiitt  n  \w\y  "t  ton. 
mlar  «Wrkii.  Tli'^  Mnsy  iletiiiU  lucii  for  Hpovial 
Kliuly  iu  OiiH'iiwioli.  F&ru.  miiJ  KalUmoro.  Tho 
war  (l«]iiutmL-al  liui  aUo  atlonoil  mnu  Ia  atiiily  lu 
Biiltiiiiura  laboratorUii.  Ur.  Tr«uIialiD,  Ibu  romp- 
trt)ll»r  of  tlia  currenay.  Mya  h«  ia  soiDK  to  Bul«(tt  tb« 
brloliu^t  jtMiig  tnON  bo  ««n  And,  aad  train  tkvui 
for  IJBuk.eiaouiMim.  Tba  idea  i«  In  tha  air  at  Waali- 
iugloo.  041(1  It  will  Koonaf  or  latar  flnil  a  loiI)(«>iu«iit 
ia  oToly  ilniiartritiriit  iLiiil  hiirimii.  Yuu  will  ]>ruliHblir 
hoar  of  it  uHne  upck  (mm  UoU  OuroU  D.  Wrigbl, 
AOuiDiiwiouFr  uf  Ibo  bureau  uf  Ubor.  in  hia  addraaa 
on  tbe  iituiiy  ot  utatiatioa  iu  Auiorii^aii  ««ll*|{«a.  bs. 
loio  tli«  AtnniicaD  «Doni>itilc  aaaooi«tiou,  at  iu  muet. 
ing  Id  Caoibridii*',  Uay  fli,  1S87.  SUlimioitl  aoionoe, 
BaaniM.  (ortMrT.  agrarian  «ca«iom;r>  comiulat  ilulina, 
•11(1  di|>lontao]r  nata  BoTor  yat  bmiii  tauitUt,  to  any 
utnuridomblo  oKoat,  Iu  our  Atuarlcui  acliuula  aud 
oollegaa.  Vou  ul);l>c  at  tnW  «xppnl  »  rurpn  ut  nili- 
(arjr  onKiuaara  to  t-voUe  frum  tlic  stale  luilitin  on  to 
•ii|>pu«F  tlint  tlie  lii^tior  arti  of  ailmliiintrntion  can 
bt  wvjiiirol  li;  eiibnr  nohnol  or  ooHhk''  traiuiui^. 
Adnunutratioii  In  etui  at  Ibu  )>i)[l>«»t  brauahn  of 
■cioulllie  politii'H,  atiil  it  iteeinn  to  lue  tbal  Scirnet 
oii^bt  to  r6cugiiiu  tbc  fitcl.  .U  to  tbo  dtplomntlc 
Mrviof.  a  Bualon  gnullcmaii.  wLn  liaa  bail  aiucb 
«xprriiinc«  la  Ibla  ^uiiiuiclloii.  wrllPA.  "I  liaii^ 
bad  a  h<xm1  d<<nl  Ut  >lii  uitb  <vi\xw  uf  our  di|iloiuiilic 
acrvaafi  in  E'lrujic.  and  bate  uften  been  pat 
to  tba  liluali  for  tbeir  iDi^nuipulirDcy  to  nnrfonu  tboir 
dntiaa.  Wbyolionldve  ql.[  Iikvm  a  dl|il'>iuilio  «t<r- 
tI<«  lik«  otlier  aalitina.  ddiI  nby  aUould  we  nut  bare 
a  uatiUDBl  inatitnlioD  in  wbicli  Uia  utadcata  nboiilit  bo 
(aogUt,  among  otfanr  tbiiiga,  ilipbutiacy  t " 

nUBKHT  B,  ADiMa. 
Joban  llupkhi*  uoir,,  Majt  ig. 


The  occurrence  of  almilar  inventions  in  areas 
widely  apart. 

Tb«  leodisp  i>l<ia  ot  Oltii  T.  Maaoii'*  writiuga  on 
oibaoloxy  '*  blxatlDinpt  lurlawiirj-biiuiaiiiiiTfiutiona 
auil  otliM  albuologipal  plieuumeua  in  tbo  light  of 
biolosical  apedmnn*.  "They  may  tw  lUvidad  Into 
luuilTci,  gonora.  and  apadoa.  Tliay  may  b«  aludlad 
in  th«ti  aavara)  oatos«)il<><  (iliat  !e.  we  may  watoh 
111*  nafoldtaig  of  «*ui  iuiliiiiftiul  tbiuufrou  ita  raw 
material  to  ita  Aniahad  iirodm-tiou).  liiay  may  bn 
regarded  m  the  prodoeta  of  apnolAc  oroluuon  out  ot 
natDial  objocta  aerrlng  bnmau  wants  and  up  to  tli« 
moat  de)i«*l«  uiavhine  peTforminK  the  fiau«  taaa. 
tion.  Tbey  may  bu  modlflad  by  uieir  r>?lntiDnablp. 
one  lo  anutbar,  iu  aeU.  outflla,  apparatua.  JuKtaa  ILwi 
hiMot  and  dower  ar*  eo-arditkal«ly  tnmafonoed. 
Thoy  obaarro  the  law  of  obanoe  under  euTirunuifint 
*■><!  geographical  dlatribiiiion.''  Tliin  metbud  of  ro. 
eMTCn  ia  founded  oa  tba  liypoUmiit  Ibat  a  oonnoc- 
Uon  of  aomo  Idad  axials  belwenu  «tbuoloi{ionl  pbe- 
DoeuMU  of  |MopIe  wid*Iy  apart,  rrofoiwir  Uatou  Is 
of  tbia  opii^oB,  and  etpreiwea  it  aa  folium  "  Au- 
thropologiata  aangn  aiinilar  inveatiout  obnMTod  in 
(lifferant  juuta  of  thn  world  to  on*  ot  tlt>  following 
oauHs :  I.  Tb«  EDlitralion  of  a  cerlain  raoe  ot  peoplo 
who  iua>l«  tba  invenlion.  %.  Tbe  migration  of  idcaa 
—  that  la,  an  Invention  may  be  made  by  a  certain 
tace  or  people  aad  taught  or  Loaned  to  pooploa  far 


reiuared  in  lime  aud  plaoe.  3.  In  liiimati  onlture.  aa 
in  ualnro  olaowbore,  lika  caoata  produce  IUm  eCeoM. 
Uudir  Iha  wiua  tAttut  and  naontcea  the  «aine  inven- 
tbnu  wtll  arba."  Prom  Ibia  alaiid-uatet  Pnrfcaaor 
Hanon  ba*  artaagcd  tbe  ethnologUaJ  oollectlocia  of 
tbe  UKlJonnl  n«**«uu  aooordins  to  objeota.  not  ao- 
coriliuR  to  ibo  tribal  to  whom  tMy  beloag,  in  urikr 
tu  abow  Ibe  iiiffen>nl  apncl«a  of  Ibrowii^-atieka,  baa- 
katnr,  bowik  He. 

Wo  catmol  agree  wiU>  tba  Indiiig  ptinei]>lea  of 
Profaaaot  Maaau'a  ntluialogioat  reaeiirwtea.  In  b* 
euiiinerallou  of  enoMa  oi  alinllar  inventiona.  one  b 
omillfld.  which  otorlliroira  tbe  whole  ayataaa ;  niu 
tike  cwiMa  produfw  like  eHrcla.  It  i«  of  Tery  rare 
occurrence  that  tlia  ciiatcncc  of  lilie  oauan  for  am- 
liar  inveutiou*  can  be  proved,  aa  the  •louieula  alTeet- 
iUK  the  biiiuau  iiiknil  are  ao  complicated;  and  their 
iuDuence  i*  ao  utterly  niiliuowD,  that  an  Ml^iniit  to 
find  like  caiUHw  niaat  tail,  or  will  be  a  ranile  by. 
noUidiiR.  On  the  coulrory.  the  dcrclopmenl  of  Hm- 
liar  ethnologioal  piienoinnoa  front  nnliko  oauaoa  la 
[iu  mar*  probable^  and  due  to  tlie  Inlrieaey  of  tli« 
acting  coaiea.  An  far  on  iuvootionH  ate  coucMtieil, 
tiie  ilwpoailiou  of  innu  to  act  aiiitably  in  the  only 

Enuemt  <»um:  liul  Ibia  la  no  naucral.  that  it  cotmot 
e  made  Ibe  (oiuidBiiiin  of  a  Dj'Ateui  of  iiivetiliona. 
But  fmui  atill  anuUier  poiui  of  view  we'eaunot 
coneider  Prnfeonor  UMon'a  melbod  a  progreea  ot  «tlt> 
noloNrlcal  rMoarehea.  In  regarding  tbe  ethnologi- 
cal phmoiiiniona*  a  blologleal  apemman,  and  trying 
tu  cbunifyit.  he  introduoea  the  rigid  abitra<4loiui 
■[MH'ieH.  gcuiui.  and  foiuily  inUi  ethnology,  tiie  tian 
mtanLuii  of  nliicb  it  took  iu>  long  to  nndsntand.  It 
ia  »uly  Aiuce  thn  ilvvtf1i>]imaut  of  tbe  evolutional 
tbrorv  thai  it  bccauiv  clear  that  the  object  of  atodr 
in  lbi>'  iiidiriitual.  not  ubalrootiaDa  from  the  iudirid. 
ual  uuder<il>M«natioa.  Wo  have  to  atudy  each  ethno- 
logiual  Hpecioien  iudivtcliially  In  Ita  lilatory  and  In 
ita  raodium.  ami  tbii  ia  tbe  iiupurlaiil  (iieaaiiiii;  of  tbe 
'geograpbicol  province'  «rbicb  i»  so  frwiueully  em- 
phaNlxeil  by  A.  llimtiaii.  By  regarding  a  ainslB  im- 
pieuieut  ouUidv  uf  itj>  >urroiindlnga,  ontaido  of  other 
itivonlioDH  uf  tbr  )ico].>Ie  lo  wIk'Hi  it  belonga,  and 
oiltaidt  of  other  pbctiomenu  aOi'iIiti^  lliul  people  and 
It*  productloua.  «•  cauuot  UDdeiiriiuid  ill  Inoanillg. 
Th«  only  fact  Hal  a  eoltacllon  of  Implonicula  uard 
for  the  iiauie  purpuM,  or  mode  of  the  Mine  loatnrial, 
leackea.  ia,  that  man  iu  different  uarta  of  the  Mtrth 
haa  made  almilar  tnventiona,  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  collection  repreunting  tho  life  of  on*  tribe 
enablea  na  to  iiiKterstand  tha  alnsle  apooimefi  far 
better.  Oar  objection  to  Mmou'h  idea  la,  that  claaaU 
Acallou  ia  uot  explanatiuo- 

Hla  tuethod,  aa  for  aa  applied  to  objacU  which  have 
a  cloae  couuectiou  with  each  other.  i>  very  good. 
The  eolleelion  uf  muun-ebapcd  I>kiiiiu  kuliea  or 
labrela  hrom  Kortb.wmt  Amrriua  haa  uivan  na  great 
pleoaiire,  and  runbtca  oh  to  trace  the  diatribntiau  ol 
tlioae  inipleia«4it>(;  but  cvoutbey  do  not  fully  anawer 
Iko  piiTpune  of  etbiiuloKli'nl  coUectloos.  Beildea 
tUene,  wo  want  a  cullccttuii  artanoed  according  to 
tribe*.  In  onler  lo  teach  the  peouSmr  atyle  of  eaeb 

rap.  TheartRiidcharaoterlaticRtyleofapeopteeAn 
indcnrtood  only  by  atadylng  tta  prodnctioiM  aa  a 
whole.  In  tbe  eolleotiona  of  the  national  innaeiun 
tliii  marked  chamctor  of  tbe  Horlh.weat  Amerioan 
tribcH  in  Kliiii>el  loat,  bocaiiae  the  objccta  ere  ncalterBd 
in  diDetvut  parte  of  tbe  building,  and  ore  cikibilod 
among  tbosu  from  oilier  tribe*. 

Anotboi  iuatonco  n-IU  obow  that  the  arraiigeuicnl 


486 


scmnrcE. 


of  HUDiUr  hupIvcurtiU  •lun  not  anrvn  tlir  pnrpiHM  nt 
eUmulogUal  c[iU<<(-ll<'iu>.  Fioui  *  cvlleollou  o(  Urliift 
lustnimoita.  lluti-k.  or  ilrama  of  '  wvage '  tribM  aikI 
Uia  nXHloru  orvltFtdni.  wo  cuuioi  derive  *Br  «anp|n- 
*fou  lint  that  Biniilar  uimiiib  havo  \iftxt  Kp\>»»&  by  m\\ 
po»]il«  to  iimks  innitr.  Tl>*  <*liata<ili^r  of  lli«lr  iiiniilo. 
Urn  ODlj  objtcl  woitb  tittiili  iiiK,  wlijcli  rletenniue* 
tba  fono  of  tti6  SiMtrniiit-iitn.  t'liimot  be  uDilc^ittood 
bota  tbo  aiiwle  imrtntmriit.  but  reijiiinw  a  coinpl«4« 
(oUection  oftlia  tlnsln  trlbi>.  Hnr*.  tiovvvM',  It  can 
b«  «Mii  Ibat  *ao)i  <>Uiuol(i|(irAl  c<>ll«riioiiaffi>Tt!B  only 
vol;  fntt;ii>"nlKry  iiinlni-^iuii :  that  its  to>1  uce  ja 
ouly  lu  lllu»tTKl(i  {tcacnplioDi  of  tbo  trlbn.  For  a 
alncl;  of  natire  art  and  ita  (loTotoptnoal,  lb*';  ar«  In. 
diaponaaUlD.  For  Ihli)  iiiirpoav.  iliiplicaliw.  of  wbich 
Iha  anp«rficUI  ilaltor  of  ulbnulogicol  mnacnnui  fre. 
(IHvntl}'  coniplaiuB,  are  abiolntoly  uecvaMTT.  Tboy 
are  lb*  out;  ni«aaii  of  delerminiiiK  wfant  la  ehanbcl^r- 
iatic  of  ■  tribr.  and  what  la  ni«T<ily  incidental. 

Maann'k  iiii'lbml  l«k««  a  plac«  in  rtbiiology  ainiiiar 
\t>  tb«  former  'compariug  method'  in  ftfOKmpb;'. 
A  ii<«re  coiuparUou  of  tonat  eauiioi  Ipiul  t')  tiAt^fui 
rtanlta.  tbongb  It  ma;  bn  a  Mior^mfiil  mtlbiid  of 
JlHdhiff  probteina  that  will  fnrlliiri  Ihe  progrcaa  «f 
•cU«ir#,  The  Uiorough  Mudy  miut  trtot  to  the  hia- 
toryaud  dvi»Io]iinuiit  of  ibc  Individual  fonii,  aud 
liMlCe  proceed  to  lunre  g^uomi  |)b(>uoiiiMia. 

Dk.  Funs  BokS. 
Kev  York.  Mar  II. 


Explosions  in  coal-minci, 

Th  Scirner  fur  May  '1,  i>  n  review  of  Ihe  report  it 
tte  Alkin«iia«  i-ii  expioaiona  in  coal  minM.  One  nr 
two  atatfiDonTi  Iberttn  leem  lo  oonvoy  an  crroiicioiis 
imprtaiiion  ;  notably,  ■<  At  tlie  worliinir  facei  the 
dual  la  not  otl^n  a  ai^riuua  erit.''  and,  under  remedial 
■aauurva,  that  "  walerini;  tba  rnadway*  ...  in  of 
Kt(1«aTail  ■■  a  mean*  of  pr<iv*iitinir  »X|>l'>><iri[iK.  HinrM 
lh«  upper  dual  in  Avury  in»i»iicc  ii  k ft  iindiitiirbwl  '■ 
Tbv  fint  qaotatiori  in  maiiifcitly  an  error.  b<  diut- 
•xploakaa  ran  jcenenilly  be  traced  lo  the  (trine  "'  tl>* 
dvit  in  tba  worlciiii;  fspci  by  blnwnoiit  hIihi?.  etipti' 
dally  when  mcb  ihow  CMCt  aMiDat  a  tatnpinu  uf 
Goal-ilaeli.  In  IhHinain  body  of  Ihe  arlit^lo  the  ar^u 
nieni  aeema  l<i  be  in  fmvor  of  tbe  diut  In  III*  Kanr- 
w*y*  a*  tbe  proxiniato  eaoM  ot  aiploaion,  wfail«  it  i* 
but  Ilia  ultimata  cau*».  The  durt  fTtned  by  cuttinK 
or  breaUoK  dowa  coal  hai  very  little  to  do  with  ibe 
formation  of  an  esploiit- e  mixture,  li<icauae  it  la  iiot 
Impalpable  cnnuKh.  Xt  tha  articl*  n«t«*.  tbo  koi'K* 
waj  da*l  j<  ernund  to  an  impalpable  powder,  and 
carried  away  by  the  air  :  but  lOfh  do«t  would  do 
littlo  hflrm,  did  the  roinrn  curr'nU  tbrnuwh  tbo 
workine  pincn  nnt  loin  Ib'ir  velccity  and  'li'jio'il 
(bis  impat|wiLj|.i  iliivt  on  tlir  walln  upBrpit  tbe  far-. 
(rum  llio  fa>.'t  tbat  Ihe  veDtiletiQB  cnricuu  tnuit 
avtaap  ibe  faeea  tree  from  aoioka  and  foal  air.  In 
the  only  known  Amvrlran  ar<-iil«nt  due  In  dunt  (the 
Pocahonta*  eaploriuni.  tliere  was  lillle  eviilriK^e  of 
Initial  exploaiva  force  alaog  Ibo  ganKnayi.  but  in 
the  b*adinfr*  of  dutty  roomn  th»rr  oci^urrcil  a  »erin« 
of  expliKiona  tlint  mad*  Iba  fact  VTiilAni  tlmi  (In' 
dut  ill  hoadiii)r<  >*  the  («uae  of  >o  many  accideoU. 

Tbe  Frusiiau  commiaaion  ibowed  liiat  a  •certain 
pareeatafie  of  vnlalile  matter  wa«  neeteury  for  an 
•xploaivt  date,  aail  exprrimvot't  insila  at  tbia  plare 
ahow  that  the  tempcraiure  at  which  coala  ^ve  up 
tbair  volatile  inRredient*  vary ;  ■□  that  a  blown-out 
abol,  (roBi  a  li"lv  lainptd  with  roal  iilnrk,  proJ«ct*il 


intn  a  rhainbtr  wboH  walk  are  tbicklv  |K>wit«ml 
uiklli  line  dnkt,  will  liave  tU  llamo  |.ri>)'>aRid  by  lh» 
duBt  uf  tlie  taoipinir  and  the  kbim  froni  Ibat  dual, 
and  tbe  ra>e  will  be  asalocoui  to  titn^K  staled  b>' 
Profcjtaor  Abel,  where  a  aiuall  admixtvre  of  (•■ 
woulil  render  Iniirl  dnat*  axplnrivf. 

Finally,  it  has  b«n  founil  timt  ivalMinR  daaty 
roadt  with  brine  at  intervals  of  thirty  dayn  niada  the 
duita  leu  rvady  to  riio  in  clouda,  and  •IO|>t•<^l  iIhi 
formation  of  'upparduat.'  Btit  tba  baat  way  of  all 
ii  to  keep  Ihe  roatis  clean  by  ballMClnK  tbnm  at  the 
otilBet  u'ilh  rork  or  ibale  frrw  from  earbon,  and  bjr 

EiekinR  off  the  oonl  abaheo  from  earp.  In  tbe  P<wa- 
onlaa  accldont  th«  eiploaira  phenoiDena  o«*»Ptl  •■ 
*onn  an  lb*  current  left  lh«  r^icion  afb^re  Ibe  rvadi 
were  balla(t''it  with  ooat-fitack.  and  tbe  adl'^n  in  Ui* 
par)*  ballaited  witb  >lnte  kbi  n  trmple  tiiniinic  of 
th«<  duit  brouiilit  there  by  tbn  current-  Id  ipite  nf 
an  oxp1n»tv«  cnal.  the  |iarta  nf  that  mine  last  men- 
lioned  were  ■.■nm^rativrly  fr«>e  frum  illlal,  antl  t)i« 
prop*  nearly  nil  itaudine.  while  in  Ihe  former  )"ir- 
tion  there  wna  exploaico  aetinn  in  nearly  every  w->rk- 
iniC  |ilace,  ki>  llint  the  tracka  w*r*  (•<rn  to  pieoea  mid 
the  |irop»  down.  In  ininM  nf  ihi^  iipitiiri',  blai-k 
powder  ihould  be  nvoided.  aod  the  a*l  afaonlil  !>•• 
■rrdicnd.  or.  if  th»  eoni  muat  be  iheltered,  the  dyna- 
mite eartridce  wjlh  wati-r  raKlae  ran  be  naed  nitb 
iinptinity,  EnwaiiD   H.  WtLUAMS,  Jr- 

UblfliuiitT.,llarl3- 


4 


4 


Watcf-filtratioo. 

It  may  be  of  iulerMt  to  uotloa  In  «(iHiOOIioii  willi 
your  oute  oti  the  reaultH  ot  l>r.  Smtla'a  experiuieiilf* 
on  Ibo  telatiou  ol  water. filttaiiou  lo  bacterial  devel- 
opment, that  l)r.  J.  II.  M.  Miinio.  In  hi*  ciprriuirnUt 
on  the  uitridcatitni  ol  wrII-vklerH,  dHcovvied  ami 
called  altcntioii  lu  the  fuel  Ibal  n  iKell-walei  Iii1rifle<l 
more  ra[ildly  ader  lllTintinn  ifarougb  a  LJpecoDil'o'a 
uhnrerinl  llllvr  In  rotiiiiiiiii  ntie.  than  did  an  nnflllxreil 
■aniple  of  tile  vtuie  nater  iJtmrn.  rhrm.  tat..  ISN^, 
p.  606).  WuAUM  FnxaH. 

Kuila  oollDKa,  ?eun..  May  1A, 

Thn  faellbntan  InernuMof  tnlcTo-orftaiuama  noiild 
take  jila^'u  in  »  filler  ROtistantlj  (n  iian,  hod  alreodj 
been  detuomrtrnt^d  bf  Percy  Fnahland.  England, 
and  by  aeveml  G«nnaD  inveatigklon. 

Tha  aerlaa  of  nx]>crlmeiila  eniidTtet*d  by  myaetf 
diffored  from  tbeira  merely  in  iihiuu  the  Bltcra  foaud 
upon  the  local  lu&rket.  and  in  iniilalini^  ns  Dear  aa 
pnanilile  their  uac  in  ordiuary  family  wiWer-Mipply  ■ 
i^lraiifllng  in  tin;  Aral  nan  by  allowiug  tbo  Hupply  lo 
piUM  through  the  Alter  to  waali  nvny  delritaa,  aiut 
uut  l>f  alidolule  al«rlllxatluu.  a*  in  naitnl  laboratory 
DIpcnmenta,  Tbe  fllteni  naed  were  variolMly  porkMt 
with  boR<i  or  aninial  chureoal.  rjnortx,  ill*  two  cnm- 
blued  In  Inyera,  fell,  nu<l  nii|^la»id  porodidB. 

Sncli  a  reeiilt  M  thai  tjioktn  of  lu  Seffwr  I  ix.  p. 
1£T)  ia  to  bo  eipeoled.  wbeu  we  eonuder  the  iMe- 
chanical  work  yen  have  to  do  in  Hltralion .  (<>r  on 
amoDiil  of  rbfinilcal  change  la  ci|teeted  cxcvpl  in 
riarke'a  p^■l■eMl,  which  ia  prenlpitniloii,  not  aitr»- 
lion.  If  tbe  Stli'r  in  u  ■ucceMfiil  xtminrr,  the  ana. 
pcndcil  tiinltf-iv  within  the  water  are  held  biwk  nyaa 
the  aiirfnce  of  lb*  atralcer  nod  within  the  iuteri-licoa 
of  the  flllering  inedla,  whether  )l  1<*  uanie,  aalHwtoa, 
iron  abaviUBa.  felt,  ur  poreelaiu,  Tbe  p*td  niUtaka 
aeema  to  Iw  in  hclierlne.  that  by  uau  of  a  ctinMit  of 
water,  ur  by  removing  tl]i>  tnedia  and  Borabbing  tba 
nirtacc  with  a  t>ruHh,  all  Ibe  flllmte  la  renovwd,  t<ir- 


I 


4 


Mai  20,  IM?.] 


scrf-:xcK. 


487 


■tottuig  til*  Maonnt  halit  wIUiIb  tbe  tatUreUoM  of 

tli»  iiiiiiUa. 

In  UiMd*  Alton  ill  whipb  th«  Meebuiim  or  mcdift 
in  r»Ton>ed  (or  elcMudng,  Ui«  orguii^  nMUr  upon 
*  «hi(-b  Ibo  nucroboa  ■>«  f>«i)tD(t  onil  nalUplirliig,  and 
wUkli  faM  bpriiini>  iill»cb«d  to  tli»  v«)l«  of  tbo  Kpa«M 
rA  tliv  Oltrriu^  mLilin.  oio  nut  lomUTcd,  any  more 
tlittu  Ibu  ^rrriiiih  icniD  M  rDDioTrd  from  Ibr  hIoimii 
in  a  rnpidly  llowius  brook:  on  tli»  conlnuy.  ui 
tonBaJonH  U  tlilH  inAltrial.  tbMl  it  faniia  in  Mriu^ 
soil  RUsMuen  iiuiDliug  vitb  th«  ciirrmit. 

As  ia  well  liiiuirti.  GOnunoDviiig  at  Ibo  wt  tiovl  in 

a  (IwolltDg-bo'iuiii,  n  dtpoiilt  fomiH  njiou  tlip  iddat  of 

tlie  «riMt*-ptp«.  oontlunM  iluwiiwHril.  ailbtriitK  to 

Ui«  ili(lM  of  tbo  ttK|)  Bud  cuiitinuiii^  to  lht<  ilraici- 

~*~1  Mill  trvri.  till  It  rcnebcB  tbc  putut  uf  dcliTcry. 

I  drpoait  ii,  nf   conTM).   cciiajiouil  of  tlie   wmIi'S 

wblch  hnvo  b*»n  thrown  iiitu  tlia  buwl,  vaA  vihicli  iu 

tiilty  i*li*r^«d  tvilb  ufK"'''""")  wbOM  fnuolinu  i»  to 

dfHtro;  Hiid  aaoA  in  uatiuii'm  retrogTAde  uiciaiuor' 

Ipliosui.    Tbe  Btrongat  SimbiuK  of  thin  pipe  doeoaot 

rcmovo  tbo  *Umo  from  l(a  aldtii^  Imw.  Iliou,  con  a 

mtnrd'il  iir^Hiiira  of  wattT  v,t»\i  iiwair  tbv  orcfiiiio 

IiintttT  itilb«Tiug  to  tlw  ndpK  of  unr  uinbci  of  felt 

L aiul  our  gmniUM  of  i^uartx  oxtA  rbniooiil  ? 

I     Tbo  Danib*r  of  microbcji   m  n   k1i4<ii  luiupla  of 

Iwotor  wttIdh   to  n'lid^r  it  hiiniifiil.  liiw  not  bfM) 

iMliially  di^lrriiiiiKid.  nil)'  iHi'tv  tbitti  n  "ppriQi^ii  cau 

b«  eoudcDiunl  (or  Ibr  atuunnt  ut  nlliumiuDid.  aiU' 

moDia.  or  cblorinc  alouo  tibicb  it  oontaiiui ;  mtill  a 

water  contiJiiiiiKov«ratliouiuiiiI  uiliirobeM  i>T  noloulna 

^lo  tbii  cnbk  rHtiKiiKitre  ot  wRIur  it  lh«  higbrvt  limit 

DMiKlmt  with  piuity   iu  dniikiiig'Walcr.     A  vtaler 

hiob  poDtBini  nftv  bnctorin  to  Ibn  cubic  (viilicwtrc 

Sat*  flllralion  will  iucrtiaan  to  in*t  «  tlivijuiitit  in 

EMr«ii  daja'  une,  no  itult«r  bow  mucb  care  is  tukcu 

to  ol«aiwe  the  flllf^r  aharl  tA  abaolotc  kt^rilixniiou. 

Tba  polntof  danger,  bowaver,  ll<<ii  In  tbi-  tt.ci  that 

i  flia  two  <U«eflAM  wmrb  are  cToifiitiuuicablu  b;  iu({«ii- 

ttion   into  tbo  aliineutarj'   canal   of    tb«  cxcruiufut 

>  from  th*m  i;tiri>hoid.fM»r  aiul  cbolera)  arc  the  onu 

wbii'b   nrr   liikljtft  to   And  Ibnir  way  uilo  driiikin|{- 

tratrj  from  cuntaniltiatloa  by  wwago  lIudlOK  Ita  way 

Into  river  nitd  virll  (iii]i|>1i««. 

I  tuu  at  prrNcot  tioDiliif<tiug  fxperimcntii  to  dotcr- 
mine  ho*  rapidly  tbogonuaof  typhoid  iiiny  iuptcaiw 
within  Ulert  in  tbn  prcn^ucc  of  <tori1i>!rd  watrr  and 
In  pr«R«tio«of  tb«  bacteria  of  drlnliliiij-wfltei'. 

OAapHBB  T.    SwiBTB. 


An  American  diatect  »oclet7. 

Ii  it  poMiblo  to  cMabliab  snob  BD  inatitntion  ?    It 

it  ecrlMnly  timo.     Year  otter  jcar  the  older  iliatrlcla 

Of  tba  UnltMl  Statoa  and  CnniMlii  kt-  KVUiliK  Xvfi  HUd 

rltw  dIatliiBuUbed  by  Ibtwe  pflFaliaritipii  iu  Ibcir  vcr- 

kaiiwilar  wbioh  lo  the  atadenl  of   hutoti-  and  phi' 

liologj  are  of  Uia  titmoat  intMoni,    Pohlii-  ■■.■hootn. 

l-jnaay  iMwqMpata,  diaan  booka,  a  iMt«  for  r'n>lluK. 

f«  notion  that  'old-tiaia'  wajs  Bad  Alalerl  are  uol 

V'ala^aiit.'  and,  above  all,  ike  mora  omuriunt  com- 

nnuueation  betvrcvn  difforcnt  parta  of  the  country, 

■n  doing   mnoh   to  lotw  down  tbn  people   of   Ibn 

DolMd  Siataa  to  what,  from  tlia  pfailolodi*!'*  point  of 

tIow,  ia  one  d<«d  larul.    In  time  iha  monniaiuMn  of 

Teonanne  and  the  htU  country  of  tlie  Caroliiuw.  Itu 

'  otB^kcra '  of  OcotkIb.  and  tbo  pdeturcaqiMly  talking 

folk  of  tbo  ArkaoMA  liottotna  and  tba  lower  Mlada- 

['rippl,  will  bava  loat  many  of  tlieir  prcoent  paonllari. 

of  wpttch.    Btcb  the   Kev.Englandon,  I  mm 


told  (tor  I  bar*  no4  liveil  in  An)«ri<«  for  more  than 
twenty  yronl.  nrn  faat  abaudonine;  many  of  tboae 
dialectic  prcnliaiilkn  wbUb  lo  a  philologist  are  ao 
KDggMtl"*.  Etmi  tbo  Vlr|{liiiaiia,  (dnoa  tJiay  bare 
goaa  Into  tba  gf«at  world,  ara  iw  longer  ao  r««dilj 
*be«ayed*  by  Ibi^  Kpterh.  Now.  tberefore,  i«  the 
lime  to  ooll*-f1  vocabnlariea  of  tbcao  local  dialecta, 
witb  apfciuiim*  gloaiwd  froo  priateHl  worlia  llliia- 
trattng  th#  uao  of  any  particular  word.  Itooka,  al. 
■DBsaoa,  «Ieotlua-addmaM,  aod  a  boat  of  iimilar 
ephemeral  litentnre,  mivtrt  be  eatbrred  and  il«. 
poaitcd  in  tbo  national  libtary.  Ur.  CabU.  by  bia 
noTala.  boa  itose  ninrh  (o  prrvrTe  tbn  <|nalnt  4.*rM)le 
Lonisianiau  apMcli ;  Mr.  Johnolou  biM  iu  llie  nam* 
way  dune  aa  mncb  for  the  Oixirgiau  dinl<«t;  MitB 
Mnrtrro  for  the  TenncMiMi  mount aic con :  Mr.  Paoe 
tor  tbc  Vi>)tiniana:  a  boat  of  wrltera,  fnijinnlaMr. 
I^well.  tor  til*  Kew-Kn^lamlfti' :  and.  not  togoov«r 
the  loniic  lull  of  wiileia  in  Ainrricau  diakota,  Mr. 
Harria  hnM  abumi  on  what  a  wtiklth  of  folk-lore  and 
folk-apcccb  tbrrc  into  be  )^mcrnl  MDIMIC  tbeBODIb- 
arn  negro^a.  Kiit  tlie  mot  K''i>''ralloD  will  bat*  no 
aiieb  eaay  lat>k  an  tbe  tirrarul  one.  Eren  in  ak>«- 
Koing  England  the  Fulk.lure  Kocirly  nui]  tba  En|{li»li 
dialect  aoeiety  cnmc  .)<iitc  late  cnoitgb  into  lh«  field. 
anil  found  that  tn  n  few  yi«rs  nioretliaiKbaolbcarda 
aiut  tba  d«alr«  to  Iw  '  Kvnicel '  would  liara  afleetTially 
«ffaeed  tliose  old-w»rlil  ilifferfiiorH  of  tongue  wbloli 
eien  iu  ISV8.  when  I'uttcuhiim  nun  writam  bia  '  Arte 
of  EnRliab  poriio,'  bod  Wonn  to  be  blnrred-  Al- 
ready luauy  a  junriona  relic  of  tbe  paat  baa  l-fvn 
for<>vei  lohl.  ami  wu  ran  only  bi^  Ibankful  tbat  «o 
mucb  baa  been  prewried.  In  Amrrtia  —  I  apeak,  of 
(lonrac.  of  tbc  old  colooial  aectionn  tberv  atill 
Itnicrr  pccnUarillH.  and  rirn  bit*  of  folk-lore,  wbieb 
buvp  lauitbed  out  iif  the  diKlricl«  iu  tbe  mother- 
eonntricK  from  which  Ibo  iuimifjinnta  came.  Now, 
tberefor*.  la  tbe  limn  for  acjilchinR  n)>  what  aiill  re- 
iiialna.  and  I  f|iie*tlon  ulielhtr  tb^'re  are  not  Iu  lb* 
I'lilled  StaleH  and  in  lower  Connda  <|uite  aa  niauy 
dlaleela  aa  there  are  in  England.  Tbe  '  renniylionia 
Dnlebnian*  haa  men  yet  pncaUarltlca  In  apeeeb 
caally  dntocted  by  tboiio  who  know  tbMii,  a&d  tbera 
la  ae-orevly  an  old  alata  of  tba  Cnloo  of  wbieb  1^ 
aame  oonld  not  be  oaid.  B.  B. 

8In«lhajo,  LflodOD,  Hag.,  AiirtlSOL 


CcoKraphj-tcaching. 

Tb«  article  Vy  Inajiectcr  Jolly,  ou  '  Rtalialic  and 
dramnliei  nethoda  in  trarhiiii:  grngmpby.'  lo  which 
yoD  infnr  in  joor  iiiimbnr  of  Itlay  Vl,  1«  ulihouldimbi 
aaleorand  fiill  alateuient  of  th«  variona  poinla  of 
veakneea  bi  ancb  work,  and  of  tbo  rduediea  to  be 
applied. 

He  nrgaa  a  greatar  nao  of  matirlal  ouil  a  more 
latloiutl  and  aelenttSn  methoil.  On  Ibeee  Inn  poiula 
hal)^*  tbe  whole  iiinllur.  Ereiy  on«  who  ban  cter 
tauL-bt  geography  kDuwn  that  nothing  con  be  iloeie 
witbont  an  abimdanco  nf  aida  In  tba  way  ot  ob}«cta, 
pletnraa,  modeb,  globe*,  luaiw.  «U. ;  and  every  one 
wbo  boa  taught  iu  tbe  Uuitod  Statee  known  that  oh. 
jecta,  pidarea.  niodeli.  globea.  and  good  niapa  ore 
there  «ery.  <eTy  few. 

A  full  aaaorlmiant  ia  not  fonnd  In  Mia  ainKl4<  arhoul : 
a  good  aanortiuant,  only  in  a  eiuall  namlirr,  where 
men  of  wide  viewti  have  bad  charge.  There  are  two 
rcBBona  for  tbia  couclition  of  thinoa.  --  one.  that  few 
ocboola  take  cnonoh  intenmt  lo  IJia  anbjael  lo  pro- 
citra  wbnt  iiiat^rlal  cjta  eorilj  be  bad;  tba  other. 


488 


SCIEirCB. 


(Vol.  IX.  No.  3M 


whiob  partly  bpcuiioU  (or  Ibn  flmt,  lb*t  llMira  U  no* 
vli«re  in  this  ■?oiuitT]r  tiay  |>)bc«  wben  «v«u  an  iilM 
of  frbM  lUKUrkl  Ibtre  i«.  Mn  be  got.  In  shurt.  wo 
do  iiol  lisvo  KO^  HiBtvriBl.  bccatMA  wc  du  Dot  know 
wliat  good  niatoriol  U. 

StippauDg,  bowoTM,  Unit  nil  MhoolH  w«r«  taWy 
cqtu)iped  In  Ibnt  I!u«.  ibvtt  arises  tb«  otber  ittue, 
b«t('  v«l««uhcr>  who  CiliuM  proporlTaMtboiUEtorilll. 
OBil  in  n  *cic-utifi(T  luMlioil  jirmUicn  In  n  pupU'N  mini) 
IliRt  h>ppy  rwiull  no  uiiicti  t«lk«d  of.cciiwlclaiuHMi} 
To  IbU  ilinro  aca  l«o  *iuwet«,  -~  ym  Bkud  no.  Tli* 
Onl  appIlM  to  trupbcni  wbo  would  ioauucl  tk«  elc- 
lumtAr;  elawM. 

If  lli«  ATengo  Donnal-aohool  gntiltinlv  \ian\  bMn 
ptopcrtjr  Uslaml  by  •  broad- iiiiudrtl  iimtiaotur  iu  tlie 
UM  of  uiAtfrial,  uitl  luade  thorougbly  ncquaiulml 
Wllb  tbe  g«nonl  fi>«ta  of  f!cot|rn|>h;  aud  il»  tiiolbcr- 
Mndii«,  boUnjr,  KoOIogj,  etlnmliiKy.  <^{-  ,  tiicb  |{»il- 
niilc  voiild  bft.  Ill  lbs  iirimory  nii'l  iiiti?rii)i>[tinti> 
■dioolo.  rnlly  iiniipL'toiit  Iu  do  llic  vurk.  Bui  m 
bigbvr  vurk,  vliem  HcUmtiflc  dcdactUiD  akonld  be 
«iuploT«d.  sbciG  D  vido  and  d««tp  knimladge  «d  tlie 
piut  of  tb«  iniitruRloT  iad^miaii^Mi  tbo  av«ia(jt>  imr- 
taaX  gnuluatM  Ooiild  uot  (lu  tli«  nurk.  Ilipy  are  nut 
uiftiurv  auiMigb.  tbey  do  not  know  ntiinigh.  I  nicixii 
wbal  I  tajr,  nlwn  1  unrlbty  do  not  know  enoiigli. 

Tbvjr  are  not  to  tilnmo.  <)i>o|{ri>ptiy  ntuidii  a  fuml 
o(  nneni  iiirnrinatioii  and  ot  itiierlftl  iuforniatitm  oa 
vida  a*  a  rbtirvli-duor  nud  an  deep  an  a  well.  No 
ttarlier  whov  iiioeiallT  U  uot  googmpby  eTsr  oc- 
<l<iirrn  It.  and  we  baT<>  aliuoal  iioue  wbo  am  dnrntnil 
to  IbU  una  snti)iM!l.    Tli*  ulaM-rooiu  synteut  fuTbiile. 

Tlila  upuM-  «tag«  uf  tbo  woik  uetAt  tbe  niutuiB 
atiyngth  <if  ooUego  graduntci.  and  of  college  |{nu)u- 
Ue*  derotod  to  googtnpby.  Or  auchtbaiaaKialmoHt 
nona. 

In  fact,  I  know  of  a  vioorona  altctupt  recently 
made  la  ^id  oow,  whloh  outlad  In  failure.  Qcnnany 
alone  pntridaa  boi  iicbooU  with  tnob  umi.  Tbera 
ou*  mnM  go  to  lui'^iw  Ibe  trliulv  viibjeot. 

TbMc  two  p<nut>.  tbeu.  being  iitated,  tber«  appeara 
to  me  biit  one  tiwy  out.  Tli*  beat  luoda  of  raformiDa 
Uio  lonct.gradd  ti-a<-btiiu  la  anUabls:.  Matarlal 
alionld  bo  liriin){iit  tii'iii  uu<  rentrea  of  Keompbkal 
int4v«it  ahr<<ail.  huiI  tlie  scbuol  public  made  awaro 
of  Ibe  reaourcea  to  he  bad.  Thun  tliere  inigbt  be  au 
ail  tanoe  there. 

Ab  to  toacheni  for  Uie  nppor  graila  of  RnnK'*pt>y> 
until  our  collages  take  n  higher  etaud  lu  regard  to 
reqiiirruieiita  in  the  anbjrot,  aud  provide  prufeiuioni 
wlio  «Mi  t«acb  Uie  aubjeot  so  tbnt  tboir  atudeata  will 


bare  a  real,  lifiog  inlerpnl  iti  Ibn  malUTwfani  Ibej* 
learu  oollege,  until  than  no  uitut  vait.  ooutvnt 
irttb  tbo  few  mm  wbo.  of  tbeir  owii  acenrd,  work  op 
the  Mihjeet  from  a  profes^onal  Ht«iid.|K>!iit,  mmI  lu 
their  own  circle  of  influence  do  roallj-  leach  geugra- 
phj.  C.  U.  Imkik. 

No«re«1t,Mar]<- 


Queries. 

i.  ttsi  ma  ot.EOitiROjiniMK.  —  Pleaac  giTS  >  alm- 
plu  teat  (or  dintlagninliing  bntter  from  oteoniarg*' 
line.  —  1'. 

[Tbereit  ui>  siiiiple  Itst  (or  disttugiiialiiBg  bntter 
(rmn  olcomargariue.  —  a  test  wliirli  at  the  tame  ttmo 
la  ■liuplf  and  ao<nintto.  and  wlili^li  anltlm  the  quaa. 
tioD  linyoud  doubt.  A  ^r«at  many  teMR  bare  tieea 
proposed  froiu  lime  \o  time,  but  they  cither  require 
tpecinl  Hkill  and  apparatua  fur  th««r  execution,  or 
lliey  Hre  of  TcTV  bttio  value,  falling  to  aecomplUfa 
wbnl  tli<*y  i»ronu"e.  The  rflllowlnn  toetnill  ]terVap« 
be  (uuiid  »(  «t>Rie  una  :  a  eoltou  wick  in  HktiiT«ted 
with  Qiellod  fnt  from  the  bntter  lu  he  tetdtvl :  tbe 
wick  in  lighted,  iilloired  to  bum  f or  a  eliort  timo.  and 
Ibeii  blowii  out.  I(  tbo  Hniiipln  la  n1i>oinnT)(«rtiin  i>r 
adulterated  hiitier,  nu  niTeuslve  wlor.  a8  of  an  extln- 
gniihed  tallow  caudle,  will  ho  perceived.  It  ia  to  be 
noted,  bon-ever.  that  pure  butter  which  boa  atood  for 
a  long  tln»-  mil  hIto  (he  name  mnell.  Another  ttint 
is  lhufolli.iulii|{,  ilNviovil  by  J.  Horaley:  a  Utile  «[ 
the  clear.  iiii<llc<)  fat  in  poured  lulo  •  sfuall  teM-tnl>e; 
tlie  (at  in  diuolied  in  oommou  anlpbnric  vtber,  and 
fll<i>nt  thirty  diopH  «(  upliit  of  irion  are  then  added ; 
if  uuluml  I'lilt^r,  a  white  iirnelpllatn  will  be  (omiml; 
i(  urtiflcial  butt«r,  the  oolutiuu  will  remain  cImv. 
WliilR  ihrno  tort*  mayaomotlnMB  prove  dDirient.tbej 
will  ('ft^-ii  liMTe  the  pidnt  uiiaettlod.  Other  teau 
proposed  fur  dlscriuiiiiatiou  twiwpen  oleoiuargariae 
and  QBturnl  butter  may  he  of  uioro  raluo.  but,  cedl- 
lug  fdi  apecifll  apparatna  and  aolTCUta,  they  c*ii 
hardly  1>H  ivIIhiI  praotlol  or  almnlo.  Ohaiiieal 
uualycid  of  nufipectcil  fiiiiiple^  will  decide  the  i|UMtlaD 
lieyoiid  ilinpulu  :  oulalde  of  the  chrmival  labonlov^ 
wn  Itnvo  aji  yet  ito  jtrnetical  mcana  of  fully  awoer- 
taliilng  whoUieia  uuuple  of  bnlter  ia  natnraf  or  artl> 
licial.  —¥j>.  ] 

G.  A  suvABii  vvtKVt.  —  Having  a  rocUngla  aia« 
by  sixleeu,  in  it  puMiihIe  hy  uue  rat  to  make  two 
AKUroa  whiah  joined  aluill  make  a  eijuare  twdve  bj 
tweUel  — Z. 


CROSBY'S  VITALIZED  PHOSPHITES 

Composed  of  the  Nerve-Diving  Principles  of  the  Ox  Brain  and  the  Embrvo  of  the  Wheal  ind  Oil, 
Is  a  standard  renit^dy  with  [)hysicians  who  treat  nervous  or  mental  disorders. 
The   formula  is  on   every  label.     As  it  is  identical  in  its  composition  with 
brain  matter  it  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  relieves  the  depre^ion  from  mental 
efforts,  loss  of  memory,  fatigue  or  mental  irritability. 

Sleeplessness,  irritation,  nervous  e.xhaustion.  inability  to  work  or  study 
is  but  Brain  Mungeh.  in  urgent  cases  Brain  Starvation.  It  aids  in  the 
bodily  and  wonderfully  in  the  mental  development  of  children.  It  is  a  vital 
phosph/te,  not  a  laboratory  phosphate  or  soda  water  absurdity. 

56  W,  25th  St..  N.  Y.       Por  sale  by  Druggists,  or  by  Mall,  $1 . 


SC I E  N  C  E.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FRIDAY,  MAY  90,  1887. 


I 


ABsmAcr  or  thu  rbuclts  of  the 
lyvfsTiGArmy  OF  tub  Charleston 

EARTagUAKE.' 

The  amDimt  of  iiiforinuii»ii  now  in  posKHBiiiii 
of  th<>  V.  S.  t(*^'<>K><^  lurt'Oy.  rvliiiing  lo  thr 
ClinrlMton  enrthijunht-.  U  very  iniiuli  Inrim'  thiin 
wiy  of  similar  nnlur«  ever  beforw  ollwtrd  cplnlJiiK 
t^  any  one  enrtliqiiahe.  Tli«  nunibpr  nf  locallilp« 
repitrK^  exi-eei'ii  sixleen  )iun<Ir<il.  Tliv  MiiiroM 
of  iuformatUiD  arv  u  followa  ;  I",  we  art*  <Ieeply 
iiidel)t«<t  to  th(-  U.S.  BigtMl  serviMr  tor  (iiniiKliiii); 
111  t1i(-  rrixirta  of  tlivir  olvutrcn  :  iin<l,  2",  cqtinlly 
HO  t«  Ibe  LiiglithouEc  Ixianl.  whkh  ht»  <:blniii''il 
«ad  lorwunJcd  lo  ii«  thp  rrporUof  kwptrs  "f  all 
lucblhoinw  froin  Mnaciacliuwtla  (o  Lixiislana  and 
upon  lite  Great  LnkM  :  S^,  to  the  We«t»ni  union 
lel#i!Taph  oompany.  which  in6(ruct«(l  ita  dfriniun 
eu|>vTiiit»niteiita  lu  oollHtv  and  trUDsmil  tuaiiy  val< 
uablp  tvports;  i°.  to  Ibi'  Anvoautvil  proMii,  whioh 
bo*  h'it*^  UK  occrw  to  the  fgll  d««patcbe»  (with 
tranncripla  iliereof)  whlHi  wereaeocoTfTtliewiTtn 
c«iitrih|(  a^  Washinj|;li>ii  during  the  week  fullciw- 
lug  t>i«'  t:4Ullii|uiiJce  :  5",  to  KWilogbtd  uoti  wi-ath- 
«r-bureuu.i  of  svveral  «tat«a.  wlia  bai*'  kindly  rx- 
«ited  ilieniaclm  iu  (liiH  inatto',  and  <x>il<K;i^ 
RMioli  important  information  :  S",  In  n  cnnsidera- 
blp  number  of  KclpntiAiT  icenllenien  who  have 
dtKlributei)  fnr  i]»  our  cinrular  letter;  of  inquiry  in 
xpet-lal  dJMricta,  notably.  Profit.  W.  H.  Uuviii.  C. 
O.  Rookwoud.  J.  v.  Lesley,  T.  C.  Mm  (kn  ha  1 1,  and 
Mewra.  W.  It.  Uarni»  <i(  Kvntnvky  and  RnrI? 
Sloan  »r  Sriuth  (Tarulina  :  7^,  to  n  Inrxo  ninnber  of 
piximiiiilvni  in  the  tntHiem,  ceninti,  »ni)  tuMitheru 
•lUe*  ;  ftiid,  llimlly,  to  hundredi  of  miacellaneous 
comspondeiila  ibrouKhout  the  oauntry. 

In  colleoltnii;  this  jururmulion,  a  printed  liiil  of 

ijUeHtlons  wiia  tireparnl.     Thi*  (iractinv  liiw  been 

rMorWd  to  in  Eompe  and  in  .tn]>nn  wiib  nonsld^r- 

■bk  *iiice«M,  and  tha  qaoationfi  which  hav«  l*eeo 

doTiMd  for  iHstribuilon  in  t)io§e  counlrlea  have 

been  pre|iared   with  icreat  iikill   by  aume  of  the 

itbleet  invMtigalora  of  eartli<|tiak(^.     l*rof.  C.  O. 

BockwocMl  of  Prfnwioii  liat  alnu  bm-n  in  tlif  hnhii 

■         of  distributing  furnial  queatiann  of  IhiKrhnrnctm' 

I         in  thU  eounlry  urlimuver  appriiwd  fay  the  ncwv- 

I        lupcr*  of  a  notable  ahock.     AvailInK  ourselres  of 

L 


ltr*i  helan   Uiv   KuloniU 
WaibloxUii,  Ayrii  III.  lifT. 


•(wlemr  ut  ■clancv*  M 


hiandvlce  and  amMan^.  qucotion*  pre]Ar«il  hy 
him  were  )>rlnit-<l  and  widHy  liblribuU-.l.  Ttiey 
were  much  fewer  sitd  mor*-  «ini|'>le  tliim  ibiine  em- 
ployed in  Euro|H',  beraufie  BiitoiH-Hn  inTrstiKntiin 
depend  almost  wholly  u|xin  ilie  «di>eaied  dawo" 
lo  annwer  t)i«iii.  while  in  tUii  rauiilty  lite  tinv«lu- 
cated  but  inlelliRent  ami  practical  rlaosea  of  the 
people  nitist  he  tlu-  ninin  telUn<v.  TbeM*  quea- 
tlona  weredeslKoed  lo  elicit  information.  I*.  a«W 
wbMber  (he  eaithqnahe  ira*  fHt :  3°,  the  lime  o( 
il«  occurrence;  8",  how  lonK  il  cDOliniMid;  4", 
whether  neeomiMiuied  by  Miunds  i  5".  the  number 
ofslmcki :  s^.g^icTulclianioWiiMiot  which  w-Liild 
8«Tre  a«  a  meniiurp  of  ttn  intenxily.  and  tndlcaie 
Ihe  kind  and  din-clioii  of  mmimi. 

It  Id  to  be  olim>tve«l  that  Ibe  only  infonnaiion 
to  be  h'>ped  for,  wliU-h  r»n  have  evpn  a  roughly 
approximale  accuracy,  is  the  time  of  Imnsll  of 
the  Hiiix'k.  The  (tegree  of  ap|>inxinna(t'>n  tii  the 
time  dslit  uclualty  olitained  will  \x  advened  to 
Inter.  S|>nciul  elliirt  wad  mode  to  obtain  infomia- 
lion  09  to  the  relative  intensity  of  the  shocks  In  all 
parts  of  llw  country.  At  ihi-  very  outael  a  aeiimia 
difficulty  preeoDls  itwif.  In  tlie  e<titnjite»  of  In- 
tenoitiiH  there  h  no  ab^olule  measure.  Whnt  m 
really  deniteil  t«  M>me  n--liiihle  indication  which 
9l>&ll  iKTTp  an  a  nic«u>ureof  live  umoiintof  enerjiy 
In  any  given  |>ortioti  of  tbp  wave  ut  dinturhance  at 
it  poMe;  each  locally.  The  means  of  rcnchiog 
even  a  provisional  Judgment  are  very  inilirvd,  ftnd 
qualiHed  by  aeouHiderableanimint  of  uncertainty. 
ToeKtimale  llie  force  of  a  shock,  uehave  ni)  better 
in^innfl  than  by  ncamtnini;  ilir  elTecio  upon  bnlld- 
tni(8,  upon  the  «chI,  upon  all  kinds  of  loose  objects, 
and  upon  tlie  fear«,  actions,  utid  sensations  of 
]m)ple  who  feel  it.  In  view  of  Ibe  pn^^ise  tnetb- 
o<)k  which  niutlern  science  brinfpi  to  hear  uimmi 
otlmr  Itnee  of  pliyslcsl  lesenrch,  all  lhi»  seems 
crude  and  tmrboioua  lo  Ibe  last  deitree.  But  we 
have  no  otl»cr  ro^ounw.  Even  if  it  were  poasible 
to  obtain  strictly  rompnrative  rrsulu  from  sach 
facta,  and  deci<(e  with  conHdenL-<e  the  relative 
mMunire  of  intensity  which  should  W  aaiigncd  to 
meh  lociility.  we  should  linve  t::nine<l  nieuaurea 
only  of  a  ivories  of  local  tturfoee  intrnsitief.  and 
not  of  the  reol  meri-y  of  the  deeply  wnled  ware 
which  in  thr  proximate  caue«  of  (he  Hurface  phe- 
nomena. Notwitb*tnn<lii)g  Ibe  indirect  bearing 
of  the  facif  upon  ibe  rral  qUHiitiiies  ue  seek  to 
aBcertain,  and  their  apf>nrenlly  confuted  and  dis- 
tantly related  character,  they  give  betttr  reeulis 
thon  might  have  b»wn  stippowd.     Wh*n  Ukeu  in 


burse  iirtiupi.  ilit-}'  Kive  eoin^  lnoad  indlcatlinis  o( 
a  hixhly  *UKK««llv«-eliarucl<.T :  iiud  thmigti  affecloil 
with  KPTttl  inrqiiBlilifii.  vrhUh  (or  llii'  lime  liein^ 
w«in  to  ho  anutuiili'iis,  thrw  nnocniUir*  arv  u  in- 
structife  as  IW  mam  (acU  thpa)§elve«. 

We  harcinri'ii  Die  prvlitntnarr  ploliinjc  of  tiw 
ioteiultit'H  in  ilio  m*p  before  .vou.    Tli<?  Unit  puiiit 
lowlik'b  »c  »liall  invilL-  nlti-iilion  )■  llu- nuigiii- 
luJf  i>r  Ihe  arm  alTM-ltil  bv  Hip  •hoiki.     It  wiw 
ttvoMblj  Ml  in  Itoiiton,  which  is  Ihe  mogt  <listant 
point  on  the  Ailiiniicr  rcnel  fruin  which afflrmalive 
KporlH  liavf  txfn  received.     From  Maine  the  au- 
swreraaroall  neKalive.     Mo»l  of  Uioac  from  New 
Hampaliire  are  nc^utiru,  but  two  or  tlirei'  |iosi(i\-e 
one*  show   cleurly  thnt  it  wan  frit  in  spimilive 
KpO(».     Ill  Viitnuiit.  nOliinnltx-  rrrporU  coaw  from 
St.  JvhOBhury  and  BiirlinKion  on  LAkeChamplnlu. 
No  iMMiiivc  ivp»ri»  «iriie  from  Ihe  Province  of 
IJuetirc.     In  New   Votk  bIhIv  il  wuh  felt   in   Ih« 
vicinitr  of  L*k«  Geor^o.  and  ul  Lake  Plni^id  otul 
niiif  Mnimciiu  Liikc  to  Iht^  AUirondackii.     In  On- 
tario it  wat  iiuiii-  noticenhlc  in  i^ivcnil  locnliiipi, 
IhoUK'i   tiif  givat   mnjorily  of  iv|>i>r[*  from  that 
place  uie  (u-R«[ivp.     In  Michigan  il  <*ae  noled  in 
aewral  plnces ;   and  al    Manlatee  lt)(litbDii»e,  on 
liifcr    UichiKan.    tli«    trembling    was   Btrmigly 
marked.     In  WiaeoiiBiiD.  tliuugb  inanj  of  tlie  r<-- 
pons  are  negaliv*',  it  whk  fiill  quite  strongit  at 
Milwanktv.  and  vrta  nlao  noticed  at  Oieeu  Bey 
and  at  Jm  Cmnie  on  Ibc  Ml»i^iii|>i,  M7  mil™ 
from  Oiarlealon.  —  tbr  ivmotnit  puim  nitbin  tb« 
United  Statm  wbiHi  hna  givm  a  pruiitivc  report. 
In  ceniral  lown  and  orntnil  Hircouri  It  wos  un- 
niiatakobly  felt,     in  ArkanMtt  ibeeaslern  portion 
of  thsatete  from  blxly  lu  i>evenlr-riie  inilt«  n'etit 
of  tha  Hlasiaiippi  gives  numeruuB  (MHitive  rvportH. 
In  I/)uiaiana  the  report*  arc  tumll.v  negative,  but 
ntuaenua  prraon*  in  Non-  Otlenns  felt  the  nhockii, 
and  KC(iKni74Hl  lli«iir  nature.     In  Floriiln  It  wo» 
uoivrnntly  felt,  and  in  the  northern  part  of  Die 
(tate  was  severe  and  alarming.     From  the  Bver- 
Klade  re^on.  of  eour«e,  oo  reimrla  b«*e  been  re- 
ceiled,  as  it  i*  uninhabited :  but  in  wnne  of  tlie 
Florida  KeyM  it  wa*  fell  in  notable  foree.     From 
Cuba  a  fi-w  repnvta  have  cnmu  :  and  the  m<«t  di«- 
lunt  point   in  tlial  ialnnd  wbirh  wat  Hbnken  wnn 
SagtM  l>  <)rande,  where  the  Tibraiion  waa  very 
dadded.     lastly,  a  report  come«  from  Bemiuda. 
a  tliouwnd  miles  distant  from  Cliarletiloii,  wlilcU 
leaves  little  Uuubt  that  the  treu>uT!>  were  senedbto 
there. 

Tile  ama  n-i|bin  whioli  t)ie  motion  wan  HuIScient 
to  atlrart  the  ntlention  of  the  unespcctant  (>b- 
anrwr  would  l)e  wwnewhat  more  than  circ^um- 
scribed  by  a  circle  of  a  thousand  luili*  rndJiw :  and 
the  aren  of  markedly  itensilile  Himkluf;.  would.  In- 
cluding tl>e  ocMnic  art«,  Iw  somewhere  between 


iwo  and  one-lmlf  and  Uirre  millKia  sqoare  inlles. 
In  tbii  i-Hiimnle,  however,  only  well-^leHned 
i^risiuic  moveoient  of  notable  force  in  con»Mer«L 
Thpie  iir»  rea*ons  for  belieiinR,  that,  by  pruprr 
tosirtiniental  oliwrvation,  the  movement  cvuUI 
liflve  been  detected  over  a  much  (crealer  arm.  In 
the  Hrai  place,  il  is  to  be  noted  that  tlw  |>eriplieral 
IKirtidtiH  of  the  observed  area  lie  in  diiitriclft  which 
are  ratlirr  thinly  jiopulated.  wmiflimeo  abu  in  dla- 
tricis  which,  from  tbr  nature  of  the  ground,  do 
not  disc-lose  forcibly  the  i>aKiiinj(  shork.  Fnrthef^ 
mure,  the  passinf;  wave  in  Itae  outer  portion«  of 
tlie  art*  naa  almost  every  wliere  of  an  undulatary 
character  and  of  fjieal  wave-length,  and.  while 
still  reliuning  a  large  unKnini  of  enertiy,  did  not 
often  diwi pale  itf^eU  iniotbottcumalUiand  dtorWr 
tremors  which  are  very  much  mwn-  likely  lo  U- 
tract  attention,  (hoDjrb  really  pontwing  tory 
ni'ich  le^  energy.  Bix  hundred  tnll<«  from  ^M 
oriuin  the  Unx^  swaying  motion  was  felt,  and  was 
nfleii  Hufficient  to  produce  MasickiMM,  yet  wan 
nnacrompanied  by  anund  or  by  the  tretuiiloaa 
motion  due  to  ibort  waves. 

It  will  tie  oli(<erved  upon  the  map  tliat  iliere  an 
setiTa!  tulge  lract«  wbicli  nbow  a  coiupafniivrlj 
feebla-  intensity,  while  cotupleldy  surrounding 
tliem  is  til*  general  area  of  gr«t«r  inieiisity.  The 
iiioel  conapicuona  of  thctw  ureas  of  ailence  ia  the 
Appalachian  reitioD.  The  fact*  boit  aro extreme* 
ly  iuteretding  and  »u^fie«tlie.  It  liax  been  seovr- 
nlly  Kupiiuied  Ibut  a  mountain -re  nee  serves  as  a 
harrifT  to  Uie  propagation  of  earthquakM.  not 
from  any  known  tvlalion  of  cmuw  and  effevt.  but 
merely  as  the  re*ult  of  obnervniion.  In  Japan  it 
is  universal  testlinony  that  tho  <'entral  range  of 
Ihe  island  marko  the  dividing-line  between  eartb- 
qiiuke  and  □»  curiliquake.  The  shucks,  so  f re- 
<jii<-nt.  tlurre.  are  «ddom  nutici'd  beriMKl  tba 
mounts  inn.  A  similar  nmcliuiioii  lia:^  been 
drawn  from  Snutli  American  4-arlh<iuiike?.  and 
also  from  Ihtnte  which  Iwverisited  Miulhein  Italy. 
A3  aoon  as  the  data  in  the  mrlier  ■tage*  of  (be 
inqnfry  began  lo  Indicate  insulated  areas  of  mini- 
mum aotioD,  they  were  coaipletdy  inveeilgaied. 
and  every  ellort  has  bt-eii  made  to  teeutv  full  data 
from  thrm.  The  mult  bus  In-t^  to  hIm>w  satl^ 
faelorlly  iliat  siirh  wn«  the  I'asi-.  The  Appalachian 
belt  south  of  middle  Pennsylvanb  <lisclased  a 
few  BjiotH  where  the  shaking  was  consl'lt-rable  ; 
but  in  the  maiit  il  wa«  but  lightly  alTecteil  tiutil 
we  reach  the  Extreme  soiitbern  ]<nttkio  vt 
range,  whert  the  slioeks  begin  to  be  snniewlMC 
vlgoroun.  evfit  in  themuuniaini^  Weitonduflrtli- 
weat  of  Ihe  Tnngr,  liowever.  (he  forceof  the  un- 
dutationa  rvaumea  even  iiiori!  than  ila  luirmal  vtR> 
or.  In  eastern  Kentneky  and  Kouth-niiiterD  Ohio 
the  force  uf  the  shock*   was  very  conalderahte 


4 


Mat  90,  1867.] 


8CIBNCS. 


491 


nuHing  gnicrsl  Atiunt.      ChlinD«fi  and  brick* 

\yf%n  i>hiik«n  ilown.  ami  lli«  (Mcillatlon  of  (ho 
lioiMo  wnit  KtrnOKljr  frli.  In  sauili-e<i«i«ni  Ohio 
tiMtl.v  vxvTj  lliMtrv.  lodgp,  nmt  prayt^r-meetinj; 
irne  broken  up  in  coRruion.     tt  Aata  not  uppettr 

^tbat  Ihe  Appalachians  offered  anv  iwtwibli'  hairin- 
to  the  progTefla  of  Uie  deeper  wsTr*.  Imt  it  dota 
appear  thai  they  iiffected  in  a  coiiflpimiona  dpf^i' 
thi"  inunncr  in  whii;))  th<?  energy  of  the  ware*  wm 
dissipated  nt  tiu-  >airBC>-.  Atintlier  niiniinuiii  area 
WAB  fnunil  in   ■outhcrti  IndioDU  nud  lUiiiuiti.  8iid 

>  nbo  In  soiilbern  AlabaiDii  nnd  Minsiniippi.  Thcrrc 
i%  a  eiirloiis  drcum stance  cnnni-rtrd  with  Ilic 
luinltntim  area  in  Indiana  and  IlUnoifi.  On  the 
till  of  last  [Vtirtiary  an  earthquake  nt  notable 
fort'Tri>L-L-umMJ  in  ju:il  tliis locality'.  Circ«lan»  were 
•put  »ut  at  oncf.  iiml.  r>n  plulting  the  iacarinnals. 
they  nhiiwnd  n  ^ingnlnr  coincidence  in  almoM 
eiacily  Bllinx  the  vtMiiincy  or  defccli  of  intensity 
of  ihe  CharleeloH  eartlii|iiake.  At  pniient  thpmiii 
nothlnji;  lo  Indicate  wlielhef  tlila  coincidence  Is 
aocMenlal,  or  wh«lber  iliere  is  eoiue  bidden  rela- 

l-Uoa. 

Whurf  the  wares  |Niased  InlA  the  new«>r  delta 

|n(ion  of  the  lower  Uiaaiflsippi.  the  Nurfitce  tnten- 
■Itf  of  the  *Iiocks  ropidiv  declined.  Tliin  in  indi- 
cated in  tJie  m^p  bv  the  comppeiwioii  of  th»  ito- 
sei«m«U  In  ih<.»e  localities.  We  incline  to  the 
«;nmon  that  this  sudden  diminuliun  of  tin.-  in- 
lewily  in  due  to  the  dissipation  of  thu  ca*Tgy  ot 
the  waves  in  ■  y*>tf  great  ihicknew  of  fcehlf  else- 
lie,  imperfectly  coneolldnted.  (<'i|)erllcial  de|>oeit«. 
It  i«  a  matter  of  ontnmou  ob»eri'ation  In  all  great 
enrthiiuakt^.  that  the  jiaMoige  of  the  )iriiK-i]itU 
■liocks  from  rifjiil  and  linn  rocks  into  graveU. 

I  MDi)>.  and  i?ln}rii,  i*.  undi-r  cvrl.-tiii  circumatancra, 
attend«>d  with  a  local  incrciur  in  the  niiiplitudca 

'  of  D>e  owltlations  and  in  Ih?  npjinrrnt  Inca]  In- 
t«DBi[y  and  deetmctiTonea* ;  and  tha  mtton  for  It 
ia  Intelligible.  But.  where  sacb  looser  materiala 
an.'  irf  rery  great  thickness  and  icreat  hnrixontal 
eiieni,  the  nwn*  ahould  be  expected  :  for.  wlii-n 
a  wave  pnww*  frnm  ii  solid  and  highly  elHtio  om- 
dtum  inlo  a  km  Mlid  and  iniperfceily  vJiutio  one, 
the  amplitude  mixf  Iw  ■uddrniy  incrmfiol  nt  the 
inirtaut  of  piitiTinii; :  hut  no  rapid  !«  the  extinction, 
that,  if  the  new  miKliuni  l)e  very  ezteDslve,  the 
impuhe  in  soon  iltMitHited. 

Hiny  reporta  tbroughout  the  central  *latn  in- 
dicate localiti««  of  «ilenee  which  are  not  espivsHHl 
upon  the  map.  The  muion  for  omitting  them  in. 
Uiat  It  hfls  been  impracticable toaccumuiiuffioicot 
density  of  obMTvation  [I.e.,  a  iinfflci<^nt  numhar  of 
repons  per  unit  area)  to  enaUe  us  lo  mark  out  and 
dttSoe  tbne  amaller  atem  with  ve*;  great  pre- 
ciainn.  To  do  this  for  the  ntiolv oo«inlry  would 
tV4piirc  Hitup  tviu  of  thotuanJs  of  obtwrvatioaa  toA 


tha  expcodilur«>  of  lens  of  tbonmnds  of  dollar*  to 
i!iTiilrmnlii»  and  discins  Ihe  data.  A  map  shaded 
Io«Im>w  the  raryiiigfutensitybj  varying  thi-dtqith 
of  (lie  shading  would  hare  a  motlli-d  app«iaranon. 
in  which  the  uiottting  would  lie  moat  pronounced 
in  the  oraaa  of  a  litllr  below  the  mean  Jnteiudtjr, 
my,  between  the  iaoneliinab  ^  and  A.  This  fact  fa 
of  great  importance  in  the  interpretation  of  ihe 
isoeelsatals.  for  the  omission  to  cutuider  il  nanilta 
in  giving  to  the  middle  inneteiamiilH  too  hi)(h  a 
nloe.  In  any  ivcauismal  xone,  what  we  Bbould 
lik*  to  nscertnin  it  the  mcMi  iotraailyof  the  whole 
area  incltidrd  within  ibat  sone.  Aa  a  matm  of 
fact,  the  data  we  ponen  consist  more  largely  of 
maxlinuin  than  of  minimum  or  avenge  intmal- 
tics,  and  therefore  lend  to  coniiidenbly  augmont 
lite  mvAn  derived  inteDiriCy  nbtice  the  true  mean. 
This  will  iN-come  appnrvnt  hy  un  iii!i[inctti>n  of  tlie 
map  where  thi"  »>ne«  i>f  5.  (t,  and  7  intensity  are 
dUprofwrtlonalely  broad,  while  tho«e  of  3  and  4 
ore  diapToportionatety  narrow.  We  liave  not  at- 
tempted to  allow  for  thta  source  of  errtir.  though 
fully  aware  of  it.  because  we  had  no  inearw  of  de- 
termining what  nllownnce  lo  make.  We  have 
drawn  the  linrx  wholly  upon  the  tooe  of  the  r»- 
turnti.  au<l  \hc  invortigiitin  who  may  att<-mpt  to 
u til iie  our  result*  miut  g nipple  with  the  corrvc- 
tions  as  be»t  they  may. 

Thmughoul  the  stales  of  North  Carolina,  Soutli 
Carolina.  Gvorgia.  and  uuriti-iiLtti'm  Florida,  anil, 
in  {jieneral,  anywhere  within  nlxmC  two  hiimtred 
and  tidy  miles  of  the  centre,  Ihe  energy  of  tlie 
•hocks  wHH  very  great.  At  (^lunibia.  Augunta, 
Raleigh,  .\tlunia.  and  Savannah  the  oonMemation 
of  all  ppopls  waa  unlverHil.  The  negroe*  and 
ninny  of  the  poor  wliileii  were  for  n  wmrk  or  Iwo, 
not  exactly  ■  tlemora lined.'  but  itilensrly  moral- 
ised. K'vlng  theronelveii  to  n-ltgionx  excrelfes  of  a 
Itlghly  emotional  character :  the-  Mionger  and 
dee|iet  natures  among  them  being  impn?wied  wilh 
a  fMrliugof  awe,  Ihe  weaker  nnliiies  with  a  feeling 
<if  terror.  And  tlils  wn*  general  throughout  the 
loigvregion juslepeciHed.  Inallof Ihelnrgtitown* 
within  two  hundred  mILee  of  L'barlenlun.  more  or 
Ices  damoge  wiu  aufferetl  by  lioune«  and  other 
struelurp*.  Walls  were  cmcked  to  sucli  an  extent 
as  lo  necposilDte  impuflnnt  ropain.  dams  were 
lirokeo,  cliinineyif  were  overtbrown,  plastering 
nhuken  from  ceilings,  lamps  oTertnrned.  water 
thrown  out  of  tanka,  cars  set  in  diolIoii  ou  side- 
tnckn.animalH  Oiled  with  terror,  fowls  shaken  from 
their  ronitls.  loose  ohjecta  thrown  from  mantt^l*. 
chnir*  anil  )>edH  in<iV(id  borixontalty  u|inn  the  flnor, 
picture*  banned  agiuniii  the  wnllK,  tree*  visibly 
swayed  and  IhHr  lenveti  agilntrd  and  ruxlled  ns  If 
by  a  wind.  Tlipiie  occnrtencw  were  gBimral,  and 
Hrere  more  strongly  marked,  until  Ihey  becatuv 


SCIENCE. 


\\VL.  IX.,  SO 


(eiTirjrIas  and  dlaastroua  as  the  oeutre  ol  Ifae  dlB- 
turlaneit  wu  approiclicil.  At  Aii^iuia,  I  lO  inilee 
dutont  from  thc^fpiotolnim.  ilic  dnmoK*-'  loImiUl* 
in},'*  wax  <Ni4i*)i)urnt>lr.  luiil  at  tbt!  ttmiial  in  ihnt 
|>lncp  ilii-  nxniiiniiiliiit;  ofBcvr'x  rpHidrJKf  WHa  ko 
LmHj  rrarliixl  and  tlinltotvl  an  to  nPceealtali?  (ino- 
llcal  r^L'onKCriiclioii.  Id  CVjIumUft,  100  intin  dis- 
tant, tlie  shock  wfti  soty  Injurluua  to  btiililiiiK". 
aud  appalliug  lo  tli«  people,  but  uo  itub't»iiii!il 
MniclurM  wi-re  aclutilly  sliahcn  down.  In  At- 
buila.  390  niiln  iliiuiit,  tlivrr  wiu  no  wnno  in- 
JurT  tlinn  fnllinR  cliJiiimif«and  totav  tlixlit  rnicks 
III  ibv  nail'  :  bill  lli<-  hoii«ee  vmv  insUuitly  aban- 
ilonei  in  fjvM  alarm  and  coiiruslon  l>jr  th«lr  oc- 
«upaut».  and  luanj-  preferred  (isMinK  tb«  niitbt  in 
tbi'  TAn<e\»  to  nyeiiltTini;  their  il«eiliiigit.  At 
Aaheville.  N.C.,  TAa  inilcBdirliiiit,  and  nl  I{iUdt;li. 
S15  niilon  ilintAnl.  Itiir  vIi'jcIik  wrrc  (jiitlv  as  rigcr- 
oiix  lunl  AilantJi. 

Comin/  nrnirr  llie  M-iainic  centre,  we  Hnd  the 
liilerislty  IncrewJDK  on  nil  itliles.  The  rPicio^i  ini- 
mSdinlely  abont  Ibe  cpjoentruni  In  a  i(reiil  ranh- 
quuke  «lK:iy8  ilisvlofiM  phenomena  Btrlkin^ly  dif- 
ferent from  [hu«e  at  a  diiUuiiee  Ir»in  it :  nml  Ihe 
dtlTereutiw  are  not  merely  in  degree,  hut  a,Uo  io 
kind.  The  pheouinena  cliiitnt'ttTirtii"  i>r  Ibi-  fpi- 
crninil  nren  i-ni>«  wit)i  toim-UiinR  like  iiliniptQeiu 
a»  vn>  rnilinli-  hu-dt  from  (hi;  rpii-chlruni.  The 
ceiilral  phenomi'u/i  are  ihiwc  jiroilnced  liy  sboeks 
in  wUi;;h  the  priiiviiul  i«»np:>iieiil  <i(  the  motiuii 
of  lite  earth  is  vertiwil.  l*rotBe'linK  outwnrdu, 
(besie  predominating  evrliiml  tnotioni)  pii»>.  by  n 
very  m|rid  tranciiion.  into  muvt-mrnt*  of  wbieb 
tliR  bMixonliil  ooniponcnt  io  Iho  K^'enter,  and  in 
wbiHillwtundutaiori'  motioD became* pronounced. 
The  e|iic^nlnim,  and  (be  zcioe  iniiuedlately  nir- 
rounding  it,  ht  the  poriion  of  thediiiiirbed  Iraot 
which  iiieiftfl  the  elo?«at  alteatioii  :  (or  it  in  here 
tluit  wu  uiuy  liiid  the  t^-ah^^t  iiniuiint  of  Jnfumia- 
tion  oouorniing  tin'  oriijin  iiuit  niiturr  of  Llic  earth- 
(|iiake.  Til  npjiri-ciiila'  (bin,  we  will  Tenlure  Ui 
offer  some  liieorvtical  cnii>i'lr  rations. 

Allualon  hM  already  Ix'en  niade  to  Ihe  inilefiiiit« 
cburacler  of  the  d«la  uwd  tor  eslimaling  the  in- 
tensity of  the  sliock.  There  is  no  unit  of  int^m- 
kUt  which  !a  at  present  available.  In  xi-lnclinK 
certain  effeot^  of  au  earthijiuiko  to  ebniucleriise 
varj-ing  degree*  of  intcn*itf .  the  nioni  thai  can  h« 
lioped  for  in  a  menni  for  difcriininatinic  whether 
the  relatire  oDeriiy  of  a  «bnck  is  gmtor  or  leas 
in  one  tocalilj  thnn  in  nnother.  But  how  much 
greater  aud  bow  much  le»—  in  coDfiirmity  with 
what  law— ii  a  jieobkni  which  reuiiuns  to  tie 
•oUeal.  Au  (Viritniuiikc  impulw,  honover,  Ifl  a 
form  of  cncri;y  tranimilic)  a*  an  elnitle  ware 
Ihrouxb  the  ileeply  wnlnl  TOL'ka,  aa<l  il«  propSKU- 
tiun  and  earyinR  intenaily  nre  sutijecl  to  the  laws 


of  wave-iaotlon.  There  inu»t  be,  ihenfote.  some 
lyi^cal  law  evening  the  rate  at  which  such  n 
ware  iliminishea  the  inlensity  of  its  effeetjtuait 
morcK  onward.  Tti  nnlieipntn  tlw  ot>}r«tion  that 
tbi*  typicnl  Uw  would  apply  only  lo  n  medium 
which  in  pwrerlly  elnctlc,  hotnoigeneoui,  and  iao- 
Iropio.  while  tlie  Rfkn  are  far  frMB  being  hii.  we 
reply  thai  we  bsve  int'eelijfaied  the  objection,  and 
ure  saliHilei),  thai,  while  it  has  suiue  validity,  tlu> 
effect  of  theve  ineijiialilitti  i*  not  great  enough  lo 
■erioiMlf  idipnir  thr  iipplioniiUity  of  ttie  law.  nor 
to  vitiilc  KTrully  the  reanlti  to  lie  deduec^l  from 
it.  Tlic  annlysi*  we  offer  in  n  novel  one.  V,'^  at- 
tach con»i(lernble  imfmrtaRco  lo  It,  and  th<>  con- 
sequences which  flow  from  it  are  socnewltat  re- 
ma  rkshle. 

L^t  UH  suppme  an  elasUe  wave  lo  originate  at  a 
IKiiiil  t'tflg.  1),  siiuated  at  till) 'k|>th  9  IfeJow  th* 


Fw. 


surface.  Let  Ihe  intensity  of  the  Hhook  (amount  of 
energy  per  unit  area  of  ware-fronllot  th«  divtaaoe 
unity  frumClie  diiioii-d  by  a.  Sin<-n  the  intetwitj 
in  inventely  prupnrtionnl  to  the  miunre  of  tlie  dls- 
tniuie.  the  inUmiiity  at  the  epioentrum  would  be 

-J--  Take  anyolher  point  on  the  Mirfaoe  of  ibe 
(?iirlb  al  the  distani^-  X  from  tlie  itpiconLre.  and 
tonnrcl  it  with  C  hy  Iho  line  Cx.    Tlw  ioteosltjr 

at  any  inch  point  will  obvious^  he  equal  to  •^ 

If  we  denote  Ihe  intensity  by  y,  wn  shill  tluna 
liave  the  eqnalioB, 

r' 


1 


»^~=i 


Thia  eqiuition  exptWMa  a  curve  which  will  •erm 
«■  n  irraphlc  reprewntation  of  tha  way  in  which 


H*r  M.  IWT.I 


sciE^rcn, 


493 


the  wrface  iiiUfdsitjr  Tvriea  itong  a  lin«  ndiating 
from  the  ^piec-ntiv. 

The  flnil  niiirworihy  fcuuiiv  of  thw  ciirtp  in  Ihr 
conlmxt  brlwrrti  tlw  rnpidtty  with  whkh  Ihn  tn- 
Kuiiity   ilimininlxu;   near   the  epicentn*.   niul   th<i 

Isluwonif  with  irhicli  il  (MmlnishM  nt  remote  ills- 
lancni.    T}iu»,  at  »  dliitiuioe  rroni  the  «|>k-enlre 

\  •qiial  to  t\\*  ileplli  of  iht!  foc'UB.  the  jiileo^itx  Iws 
fnlleo  lo  one-half,  nl  twit-e  this  iliatuDcr  it  hit*  fal- 
Irnl  lo  one-fiflb,  nnd  nl  thrcp  timm  Iho  diHtnitM.'  to 
one-tenth,  of  the  intendty  nt  the  (•pii.Ttitrr.  Tliin 
Buggwbi  nt  one*  the  ixMHibllit^r  of  mitkinK  nn  «p- 
proximnte  e»tlmal9  of  the  depth  of  the  focn*. 
haiu^t  upon  (he  tale  at  vlitch  the  Inlenslly  of  the 
shock  at  the  Hurfuw  dlailuishea  ia  the  ii«Ighl<or- 


tb«  Mine,  while  Dw  depth  of  (he  fixriM  mrkv. 
Tlie  tinit  iv-riiw  of  furres  (Hjc,  S)  will  enable  m  lo 
make  n  <v>mp»rtH>n  of  the  effect  of  l«o  or  mow 
ehocliH  of  the  eame  total  energy,  but  urijpnstlnic 
at  differeni  drpthti.  The  intciMtty  nt  tlw  eiiJwnlie 
IjeiiiK  Invenelj  proportioaal  hi  the  Miuare  of  the 
depth,  Uie  ohallower  ehtx-k  wnuld  br  mucli  mon 
enerfiietii:  tlian  th?  <l«e(irr  one :  while  at  a  (tr**! 
tlistaoce  from  the  cpii<-mtre  the  two  would  bi-  b|>- 
prMxinintitlT  «|ti«l  in  ihelr  effei-^a.  TIm!  rale  of 
iliininution  of  JnteDflty  would  be  (.■t>nv<poi>cIii)Kly 
Tnried,  and  we  ntight  (-oniinii  laip'  r«ron  in  es- 
tliunling  Ibcae  railoa  on  the  frrouni),  while  thL' 
erroiot  ttie  deplb  deduced  for  il>e  focita  would 
be  leia  than  our  errorv  ot  ntimaie.     In  nlwirt.  tb* 


I  6 

rut.  ^^-Bhuat  oOKitun,  oami  riaviiMi  m  KtniM  I,  9,  I,  ikd  l 


nn.  4,— lurrniHUtKCMTiiyTtiTiiiutLB, 

*  BUT   wmi   UOxmicT  IHTKHMtV    <t    TBI 


1  of  lli«  flpkenlre.  If  w*  w«t«  able  to  con- 
I  upOB  «v  uWtnuy  waif  wbateTer  a  wriee 
'of  koaeiamal  eun-en  around  the  eenintl  parta  of 
the  enrthqutikc  wiih  any  uppronoh  to  ni-cunw-'y, 
thill  di-pth  wnuld  follovrat  onw  from  tin-  rflutiiinii 
of  i\\ftf  iuiwii^innlii  In  riK-h  othttr.  In  the  cnnr  nf 
a  very  powerful  eaitlwiunke  in  n  reRion  which  i* 
flu  Hat  anit  uniform  in  )t«  feaiurm  a«  the  vicinily 
of  Clmrle^ton,  this  caD  be  done  with  a  rouiib  ap- 
pwiucli  to  aecuraev. 

To  Biipoftute  niort-'  fully  the-  validity  of  this 
miHte  of  rt-Mioning.  Irt  uh  take  a  seriiti  of  tbctfe 
intnuRity  curTes.  nud  xtjy  the  vnlnea  of  the  coil- 
atantt.  And  fimt  let  »■  Huppone  the  tolnl  envrgy 
of  ihenliook,  moBsuredby  tlwGORslanto.renuiins 


oii-tliod  Is  not  sensillTe  tosmanoiTinotlFrata  «TTon 
of  olmuriration. 

Thv  Btsrond  orrieH  uf  curire»(%.  Slla  condllloaed 
upon  tbi-  niwuui|itioQ  that  the  depth  Teomlns  oon- 
*tant.  vrhiti-  tint  vnergj  of  tlie  shuck  variee.  In 
tlime  ruiriw,  tho  ordinaleii  eorrespoudiuK  to  any 
abeci'Mi  are  ptoporlionnl  tu  rach  oihi-r  in  a  umplc 
nitio.  In  the  Ar«t  fpt'w*  tlioy  aro  proportional  to 
each  other  in  a  duplicate  tttkk 

The  thirj  serleH  (flic.  4}  repwatntt  the  effect  of 
raryin);  both  tlie  energy  ami  tlie  depth  In  sueli  a 
way  tlini  the  iuleiuilty  at  tiM  epic«ntre  is  con- 
Rtant. 

Il  will  npprar,  Ihcrafore,  tint  evefy  shock  must 
have  eonie  charactfriiilii-  intendty  curve,  depend- 


49i 


aCIEUCB. 


\VoL.  IX..  No.  Uil 


inn  iipin  tliplotal  oncriijrAnd  Uwdeiuhbfflowtlie      ebock  ileeplf  duleil.  or  (o  a  Ims  enMis>4»c  (>t>o 
»urfac«.    lUe  iiilen^ilj-  at  aaj  point  on  tbe  ear-      neaifr  the  wrfaw.    Tbv  vriterioo  u  won  givi*n, 
(ac«  will  tlietefore  deiieiid  upon  Iheee  two  ijuaD-         It  it  obriona  that  Ln  nnv  tliock  llicn  in  umw 


iJUe*.  —  eo«rr);y  nuil  ileptli.  It  sttil  romnini  to  t-^nt  at  f-rmi*  Fisrtk-iitiir  diBiiimv  fnnii  lU.'  ^pi- 
(liul  -Hiow  meaiui  o(  (liiirrimiiiiitini,'  wbi-dwr  ihe  cviiiiv  Jt  whtub  the  ratv  ol  iliminiituin  i>f  ntrrKv 
liit>.<iiMty  tttuuy  iMlnl  i*  iIim  to  a  more  Miericetfc      latmaitj-  lioaa  maKlmum  tiiIim'.     Ah  wel«tivitth« 


Hat  M    IH47 


SdTENCE. 


495 


epipenire  an<J  |>roi-«eU  uutwitriiii  in  any  iliivclioD, 
the  iri(«'>isUy  (l)Diii)i>iliL-n,  itt  Brai  morf  nnd  more 
npldly.  btit  rarilicr  no  liuuinitliri  It^e  Hiid  Ims 
TapitUy.  Wi-  wiali  to  flnd  tho  p<iint  at  which  the 
rate  uf  decline  ohniiKM  from  ad  lii<-r««»iTift  lou 
(Iccivasiiii;  riil«.  In  the  eiirte,  this  imi til  if  [Viirt-- 
wotiHl  nl  the  point  of  Inflpxl'jii.  where  111*  etim- 
o<!iiiim  (o  bo  concAve  lowarilx  tlit  vailh,  nnd  beginH 
to  \te  conrex  towanl«  it.  T«  fiii.i  (h«  oa-»rr!iniilni 
a(  IhM  point,  wc  dilTeivnEinte  tlie  eqiiativin  ot  tlio 
curve  twi(v,  and  i->]i)nle  the  value  »t  the  aeponil 
I  dlfTereotiul  cuelHriml  to  x«i»,  bdiI  ilL-iluce  tl)4^ 
CorrMpouding  value  of  the  alm-iKui  x, 

dV  _  8a-r'-2n  fy'+J")  _.. 
which  Miualion  is  satUfinl  when 


vrlicncc 


*'=7j- 


Xb  Ihla  nlue  at  x  it  is  eivn  (but  tho  connlnnt  a 
ha*  diaappemvd  :  and  the  almciMn  of  tlie  point  of 
inflexion  is  Ihirretore  ind?pend«nt  ol  tb^energj  of 
tilt  sbuuk.  unil  dependciit  upon  the  depth  alone. 
Tbv  mcnningof  thia  is,  thai  ttiedistaai-r  from  the 
i-1>i(?cotrf  to  thp  point  where  the  rate  of  decline  of 
tliK  intensity  1b  greaieel  is  iiimply  profwrtional  to 
(li«  depth  of  the  rociu,  and  in  lhi<  name  whether 
theeiiergy  bv  grmti-r  or  Iosh.  11118  properly  of 
Iht!  intitisit)'  curvpH  mnhiw  us  lndepend«ut  of  any 
sLaolutA  Hlnndnrd  of  m«asiireDwnt  fur  tfao  iii- 
ifnsiiT,  and  all  that  we  requiro  is  to  6nd  with 
ri-nMonahle  approiiuution  thv  points  wlierc  the  in- 
tmsity  falls  off  most  mptdly.  Tliv  di^itli  of  the 
focus  followe  al  uiicv. 

The  drlerm  illation  of  the  i-plo<-titinl  tmcl  in 
chletiy  tlic  work  uf  Mr.  Biirli'  Slottti  of  Charlraton, 
a  young  civil  nnginper,  who,  immediately  afK-r 
t)u-  diMuitcr,  made  sn  extensive  series  of  ob«erva- 
tions.  In  Iho  brief  lime  at  lila  dinpuMil  h^  ac- 
cumulateila  curjiriiiiD^ly  IiirgL-nmount  of  di-tAJk'd 
inroni)atttin.  and  in  Bciirvhinf;  fur  it  cicroiwd  a 
diacrimi nation  und  ingacity  which  would  have 
been  highly  (.■mlitnbto  to  the  iiio§t  experienced 
and  li-nriit-d  ohwrwr.  It  Is  (o  ■«  rc^etttsl  tliat 
hia  busitirKs  (^njcaiteinenta  pr«v«nted  lum  from 
cinitinutnK  th<?  work.  As  it  fa,  h«  bt*  hwated 
with  romiidr-rable  ]>re>-ision  tlie  quicinilral  trict, 
BJid  has  furn{»lied  daiu  whi<-h  uliow  w<'ll  the  vari- 
ation of  InteiMity  nlong  MT«ral  lioM  radJatinij; 
from  It. 

Tlip  summary  obtained  from  the  examinalion 
or  Mr.  Slunn'n  data  is  as  followa :  tlti>  tract  which 
int'ludiv  tlir  mo«t  forcible  action  of  thp  Rnrt1i.)iuih<' 
in   an   rlliptioal   arm   alnntl    tirra(y-rix   miknt  in 


liMixtb.  and  will)  a  luaxliunin  width  of  aboiit 
elfthleen  b)II««.  The  major  axis  of  lliis  area  Is 
not  a  stralsht  line,  but  a  curve,  which  is  concave 
t4>wariLa  L'buTUnton,  mid  is  niiuutvd  from  fourtrrn 
lunixtivn  Miilm  went  and  inirtb-n'«it  of  titat  city. 
Alon^  thi»  line  llicn^  an-  thnt  piiintH,  citcb  of 
whi4^h  hiu  nit  Ihc  rhnriu^li^m  of  an  epi(>eiitrum, 
determined  by  a«  many  dittinct  Hliockn,  ench  bar- 
Injc  a  fncnti  of  its  own.  Much  tite  miwl  powerful 
iihock  centrM  i»  the  nortliernmcnt  focu«.  Ihonjch 
the  olhei  Iwu  were  uf  HuIScietil  enerigr  to  have 
uccTv^ioned  great  havoc  if  either  of  th<rnt  bod  oc- 
curred aloDf.  The  noutlicrnmoai  was  also  con- 
nidi-rahly  more  cnnKcIti;  than  the  middio  uno. 
Thi-dintnnpo  lietweiMi  the  northern  and  itniilhem 
epii.v'ntrnni  was  about  twelve  mlM.  Within  this 
traet,  ex<vpt  near  the  edgeti  of  il.  the  motion  waa 
nio«l  oonspicuuunly  of  imbsultory  character  :  I.e., 
mutiou  in  which  the  n-rlioaJ  cumpoaeol  predoml- 
nnli'd  <iTvr  the  hari&ontnl.  The  tuurgiiiul  portionii 
of  thinnrr*,  wbrri'thcrhaniclrrof  lhemov<.mpnl 
chnnK«8,  and  where  the  inlenoity  falln  iiR  most 
rapidly,  seem  to  be  very  well  lndicst«d.  The 
]xi«itlotis  where  the  intensity  mosl  rapiilly  declines 
may  be  located  with  an  error  not  exoeediint  one 
or  two  milcn  i>d  luth  oides  of  the  e|i4c«ulrM.  Tlie 
Boutli  Cnrolina  milroad  crosses  the  tract  in  a 
slrtiiicht  lin9  v«fy  nmr  the  most  forcihlr  wriamic 
vertical.  The  first  point  wh*rp  the  int<'n»ity  fallit 
off  with  firrateal  mpidily  Is  iitAr  the  nine-mile 
pcBt.  ineiistirinK  froni  the  railway  depot  In 
C'harlmton  :  and  <»>  well  niarkod 'upon  the  ground 
arv  the  indicdliiins  of  this  chnni^!,  that  it  neems 
very  lmprolMil)1e  that  this  |>oint  is  morat  thou  a 
mile  distant  either  way  from  the  precise  point  we 
seek  to  locate.  PaMlnK  north- west  want  Ihrongli 
Suminerrille  to  the  opposite  xiife  of  the  tract,  we 
llnd  the  corresponding  point  uf  most  rapid  decline 
in  the  vicinity  of  tin?  twenty -third -mile  post. 
Thin  gives  us  u  lutHi-liim  witii  which  to  measure 
the  dr^plh  of  the  focus  of  thu  principal  shock. 
Tlie  computed  de]>th  is  tweWo  milca,  with  a  prol>> 
able  error  of  one  or  two  milpn.  The  computed 
depths  of  the  other  foci  an?  alxiut  the  fame,  Inil 
tJii!  probable  em>t«  are  Bumewbul  laiger. 

In  spi-iikijig  of  II  focal  jioiul  of  a  shock.  It  must 
hn  iinilumtood  a*  ri-fcrring  to  the  ceolnr  of  all  the 
torctf,  ron^jdcred  with  rrfcrrenco  both  to  amount 
and  direction,  which  conHilutc  n  Rreul  wisniic 
impulse.  The  prexumptlon  i*,  that  thiu  impulM* 
origitiaten  in  a  large  subterranean  tract  of  which 
thin  ttlcBl  focun  ia  merely  the  central  (Mint,  or 
nearly  no.  The  form  uf  tlie  aubterraoean  tmct 
may  be  any  thinjc,  nnd,  within  limilti.  may  have 
Its  three  dimensions  (length,  hrradtb,  and  thick- 
Tiesd]  of  any  magiiicude.  and  Imuing  any  ratio*  to 
each  otiii-r.     Tile  fonu  and  dimensions  of  it.  w« 


?oi..  tX.,  N». 


cnnnut.  at  counw.  doU^niiite,  i1u>aKli  it  tnny  he 
poNiililp  U>  obuln  NOdie  nolton  or  ibi  auml  tt>^^nit 
fmtiiivH  If  Uio  <l«tn  are  siittldrnt. 

Tliitt  iiieiliod  of  compulint;  llie  <l<>|>th  of  s  wto- 
mic  fiM'iis  iH  lietK  propoaoJ  Tor  the  Rnt  time. 
The  uiettioil  i-uiplojixl  hj'  Mnllei,  wlik'b  oonslata 
(a  llDdini;  liic  Jiiiitli-  o(  (■iiii»i;eiii7C  of  a  wave- 
fruni  fniiD  tlio  imrtli  liy  Htuil.viu);  thi?  cciiili);iira- 
tiou  of  crnck*  in  tiuildinfpi.  ii  U-lu'visl  lo  bu 
pnrity  ncnrlv  vnlii^lcw  br  nil  sPiBmoliiRistN.  Tlicri' 
in  DP  ilrflnlti*  tni/,\e  of  euiergencp,  of  tlio  nature 
li«  oonti>niplnt«<i.  dlwlowvl  ac  the  nurfaoe.  C^r- 
Ulnlj  In  Cliarlmtoo  ibeie  whu  iiotbiug  of  the  kind 
to  be  found.  The  uiethod  employed  b;r  Seeboch 
ia  BOiiiid  in  theory,  but  it  rexjuires  eucU  rxlrcoie 
M-Yunicy  of  timiM)<rternilniitionn  that  very  nmiill 


no  inmiiM  of  ili'lrrtnining :  tnit  we  iIa  not  b«- 
tiriv  thiit  il  would  U-  ao  alfrcled  i(i  miy  grmti 
pxtpnt  hi  Kiinh  a  rpfpon  ub  tkiuUi  Carolina, 
B«inK  iiidrpcniiont  of  nny  nbeioltitc  inFa8iiT«>s 
eltlKT  of  the  mrfncp  Intriioiiy  or  <>(  tlu.-  toinl 
energy  of  ilie  (thorb,  the  Rrwitrtrt  dlRlc-iiliy  of  ltd 
lsatbii(<e  elin)inBle<l.  Our  own  opinion  of  lliia 
inHbod  ifl.  ibBt  i[  is  incapable  alike  of  very  Rreni 
prwiaon  and  of  very  Kn'al  errors. 

Probably  ihv  liraL  thuught  ooi^iirHiiic  lo  any 
on»  mumininic  tbin  nii>tbod  will  1w  iliat  Uie  di^ 
t«rmlnallon  of  tlie  two  rtniuin-d  iminXa  would  I— 
liublp  to  very  larjfe  error*^  But,  if  he  will  exam- 
ine the  varying  valu»4  of  tli»  <irdinaliw  of  tho 
curve  currvB|>ondhi|;  to  varying  raWa  of  the  nb- 
vcimuw  and  of  llii'  df|>tli.  we  tblnk  he  will  Iw  Mt- 


t 


N.W. 


Fiu.  Ik— tirraintrrT  ocrtiTa  or  (.hjikliitor  KtHTiiqirua. 


errori  of  tinifi  glv*  vtry  lartte  emirs  in  the  mutt, 
Our  own  method  ci)n«l»tii  in  RndinK  Ino  polnlK 
on  oppmlie  Hid««  of  ttie  »el»cnlc  vorlli-al,  at  wbich 
the  rhanfcv  In  »eli>imlc  action  along  a  given  line 
are  moot  stronglj  marked.  These  potnta  oufcht 
to  he  indicated  in  pomerful  earLliqiwkn  uith  a  fair 
approach  lo  preeiaiou,  and  the  probable  errurw  of 
detenninatiou  shoiild  not  unuully  <-x<wd  onu  or 
two  ti-iithH  of  thn  ditiUtncti  bctwavn  the  two  point*. 
Tlic  fii'bli-r  lh«  Hhiick,  hontiver,  the  lev*  in  the 
difgiec  of  pteci^iiin  to  l>e  «i(iccte'l.  Whatever 
may  he  the  errors  in  the  emimat^  of  this  dia- 
taaoei  th>'  reHiiltiiiK  error  in  ibe  ooinputed  depth 
b  smaller  than  the  erTt>r  of  obaervarian  in  lh<- 
ratio  of  the  wquatv  nioi  of  lhn:«  to  two.  How 
much  t\m  esliitmlP  inny  be  vitintcd  by  want  of 
btnnni^neity  in  Ihu    superfirial  ulnUa,  we  have 


l«Aed  that  the  limits  wttliin  which  eac-h  al  Ibe 
two  points  of  Inflexion  must  fall  cannol  lie  Rii|i> 
apart,  and  thai  an  error  in  the  deierminatiua  tif 
the  base-line  greater  than  two'tt-nilia  of  lla  «Kli- 
inated  length  wouUl  in  sui'h  n  country  an  Car^ 
Una  be  very  improlmbtc.  It  will  appear  that  Iho 
relalionii  of  thew  rnriubW  nr«  >uch  aa  in  reatrM 
the  lociw  within  which  tho  denirrd  |H>inU  are  lo 
be  found  to  a  very  ratrrow  annulii*  around  ihr 
epieeolrun).  We  believe  the  method  will  Impriivr 
upon  acquaintaui-e, 

We  Iwve  endeavortd  to  apply  our  method  of 
computing  the  d(r|>tli  iit  Ihw  foi-m  lo  oilier  enrtli- 
qiinkpB.  but  have  found  difilr-ully  in  olilainiitK 
any  thing  more  than  very  gitnrrnl  rerullv,  aurh  b-> 
the  following.  Tbe  depth  of  the  Charleaton  eail  If 
qnake  wtu  relatively  gre*! ;  and  we  Hnd  reat(»n 


uat  w.  ivm.i 


sciexcf:. 


4^7 


for  Ixtll^ving,  lb«t  KmoHg  thow  great  cart  lit) iiakrs 
of  tlip  loot  hiindreJ  and  llflr  years,  ut  wlione 
rITcicto  w«  poaaeM  any  cot)«icI«nble  knawtedu*. 
none  have  wigiiinMd  from  a  much  greut^r  <l(^|illi, 
and  t«w  frain  n  duplh  to  grent.  Our  rptiaoning 
ia  tlus  :  vn-y  fow  r-nrtluiimkce  linvr  twMi  fell  nt 
a  <)intittiiw  from  thn  oriKin  so  j^reat  B8  a  thontiMiil 
inilc> :  but  (he  Rreahwt  distance  at  which  tli« 
Ireinoni  are  felt  is  Ili«  betit  niea«iin<  of  the  Uitnl 
■energy  of  the  shock.  Ou  lhi>  ullivr  Imod.  the  in- 
Ivnsiiy  of  tliv  CliartiBloti  carlhciuuki'  iti  thr  vpi- 
iccBtral  tntot  wm  ri-lutitvlv  low  In  roiupuHson 
with  iilhcr  gn-ol  ciirlhiiunki^  If,  thf^i,  anv  shork 
JH  more  iiiti'iitio  nt  (lie  cpWntre  withntit  eitend- 
infc  lo  ■  greater  dl^anoe  than  that  of  the  Charles- 
ton mrthqualte.  it  Is  certain  tliat  its  focus  was 
nearer  the  siirfaoe.  Thia  Is  iruu  of  the  vaat  ma- 
jority ot  recent  Mrthquakes  which  havu  brm 
aoffldently  invt^igntcnl.  It  io  HUg^eslcd  thnt  nil 
t«Hioia(M  of  ihp  depth  of  enrlhqiiako  foci  much 
din|[  twelve  niitet  are  in  nei.<<I  or  re-«):  a  mi  na- 
tion. 

The  city  of  Charleaton  la  situated  rroin  eight 
lo  ten  iuil«ii  oiilsiile  of  tho  an^n  of  niaximitm  in- 
leoidly,  and  did  not  ^•xprrinnre  IIh  nioit  dntrur- 
tivi>  p()w,-«r.  Fnllonrinfi  the  law  which  we  hare 
laid  down,  thi-  Inlennily  of  Ibe  shock  at  Charlei»- 
ton  wns  only  three-tenths  what  it  uituc  have 
Inwd  at  ttie  «pic«ntri)[u.  and  about  ono-ibitd  \\\e 
totPijHity  at  SumiiUTvillr.  TViv  dinKTnni  (Bg.  A) 
MhowinK  Ilip  long  iutcniity  curve  mreicliing  from 
Cbarlpslon  to  n  point  forty  roilea  north-we«t  of  H. 
will  Illustrate  Ihe  position  of  tile  «{iy  with  refer- 
en«e  to  the  varjliid:  forw  of  the  idiock. 

Had  the  seismic  centre  bt^<ii  l4.>n  miles  iKiaror  lo 
Charleaton.  tlie  calamity  would  hare  been  Incom- 
parably givuli^r  Ihaii  it  wns.  nnd  the  loss  of  lifr 
would  iinitHibly  Imri-  b<vn  n|>palling.  Another 
drcunifttiincoKTcatlrbrokviho  foire  of  the  shocks. 
All  of  the  coae(«l  region  of  Uie  Carolinaa  consiatH 
of  a  series  of  clays  aiid  quickaunds,  which  linriT 
been  («uetrated  l>y  artesian  horint^  to  a  drpth  of 
two  tliuiuond  rt*t,  and  which  luv  lN.'ticvcd  to  hnvfi 
a  much  ifreatrr  tliickn(*ii.  Tln-w  UxU  of  loose 
mntirinl,  no  doubt,  nlmorlied  nnd  i>)i  ling  niched  a 
considerable  portion  of  iho  energy  of  Ihe  Bhocks. 
We  have  already  tvninrkcd  that  a  n-av«  paning 
fivni  (Inner  and  more  elastic  material  into  ma- 
tMtel  leaa  llrm  and  etaslic,  produces  at  Sr«t  an  in- 
creased amplitude  of  wav«-motlon  whicli  ia  liable 
lo  br  more  dmiruotive  or  tujurioua  to  huildlngs. 
But,  if  tbi'  mniin  at  Inn  ronAintimi  utiatii  he  v«ty 
gmnt,  the  rcwirw!  r<«uU  U  produced,  by  reason  of 
the  rapid  cxtlniiiim  lA  thn  i-ncrKy  in  postini; 
through  n  conndi-rahlc  length  or  I  hlcknem  of  vwy 
itiiperrecily  elnttic  material.  We  cannot  but  think 
tliat  Cliarleaton  owes  In  aoiue  measure  ita  cMcape 


from  a  Htill  Kreatcr  Mlamily  lo  th«  qnidnaitda  be- 
neath the  city. 

Another  aai^ct  of  the  same  fact,  if  siich  It  ho,  ia 
found  n  hundri-d  mtlni  "-Mil  ami  ntnrth-wert  of 
Churlniton.  Ilri«  the  IiKHcty  aRSTegat«<l  sedt- 
mentH  of  tertiary  and  crelaceoun  ngn  which  cover 
(he  Carolina  i^'onaial  plain  have  lbinn«l  out,  and 
the  ctyHtulline  rix^ks  appear  at  the  Fiirfncp,  tltiidy 
cOTfrad  with  Hoil  and  alluvium.  .VII  nlonK  thu 
junction  ot  th<-»p  loow  strata  and  superllcial  mn- 
tPTinl  with  the  meta morphia,  Uie  intenaity  of  tlie 
aliocka  wni>  conwpicuoualy  ereaWr  than  to  tbe  eaM- 
wnrd  and  southward.  The  looac  covering  of  Ihme 
Arm  rocks  la  Just  thick  enaogh  lo  give  full  «flect 
to  Ih^  iiiL-rMsed  amplitude  of  nidation  which  oe- 
etim  when  the  wave  passes  from  vrry  volid  and 
I'Iniitic  rocks  to  iliuee  which  are  lees  s& 

W<:  have  aluo  endcnvort^  to  reocll  BOUM  trtUt- 
worthy  catimatt^  of  the  amplitude  of  ntovemeat  at 
(ho  surface,  but  tlw  rrnnllN  arc  meagre  and  far 
(roui  satisfacUiry.  The  ■amplitude  of  the  eartli 
jMirUcle '  iu  any  earihijuake  is  a  qnewtion  of  great 
practiful  inijiorlnncp.  and  it  is  much  to  he  regret- 
ted thnt  no  lH-tt«r  racilitics  for  determining  it  «in 
be  obtained.  Tlicrc  were,  howevpT,  many  occur- 
rencM  at  Charleston  bearing  upon  this  question, 
which  are  exlremely  dlHtcnll  to  explain  u|>oii  any 
vnluation  of  tbe  amplitude  lew  than  ti*!!  Inchvs 
to  a  foot.  Such  amplitudi.-!!,  however,  were  ma"! 
probably  Iimit4<d  li>  apola  here  and  ihc-n-,  while  In 
otbev  spots  it  wns  probably  much  lues.  That 
within  a  small  area  tlie  amplitude  ot  movement 
in  tlut  surface  ooll  variM  between  very  wide 
limits,  aeuma  to  be  «  practically  certain  conclunon 
from  the  obacrvationik  In  Cbarlestun  it  appeara 
to  have  heen  graateat  in  the  '  made  gronml,' 
where  TOvbini  and  ali>ugh«  were  filled  up  in  the 
early  years  of  the  city's  history.  The  Btruetuie« 
on  higher  ground,  though  severely  shaken,  did 
not  Miflirr  »o  much  injury. 

With  rcfmril  to  the  time  data  from  which  Ibe 
Kpeed  of  propagation  muat  be  computed,  we  are 
not  yet  in  n  pmition  to  give  Rnal  rvaults,  but  can 
only  state  how  the  proliinn  alandfl  at  preaent. 
The  time  reports  have  been  placed  in  the  htuidsof 
ProfraaOM  Kookwood  and  Newfxrtnb.  with  the  n.'. 
quest  that  they  would  scrutinize  and  discuss  thom. 
Bui  neither  has  been  able  to  finish,  as  yet,  the 
task  lie  hiui  so  courteously  undertaken.  Wobably 
tlie  gmteat  difficulty  in  the  way  of  determining 
the  speed  of  projuiRntton  orims  from  the  ill-de- 
dned  character  of  the  diatiirbanci-  at  coneiderable 
dlstancM  from  the  origin,  and  from  the  very  com- 
si<leral>l<'  dvimtion  of  (t.  Wherever  a  time  ohwr- 
vutiMi  ceemH  to  he  well  authcntical«l,  there  still 
remainf .  in  m»>t  oaaea,  the  difficulty  of  deciding 
to  what  particular  phaae  of  the  earthquake  tbe 


408 


SCIENCE. 


(Vol..  IX  ,  Ko. ' 


record  rttera ;  ttod  this  difficulty  U  a,  r«ry  werious 
oaf.  At  SummcTvitln  tbr  firrt  sliock  *mio«  ■Imoot 
Uki'  Aa  pxploRJon,  1)pti)m  pmpio  hnd  tinii>  to 
tliink,  tlioT  were  pitched  sboiit  likr  ien'|>lnH,  At 
CliarlMl'^n  there  wng  n  tterccptlble  interval,  eell- 
mated  al  from  Ave  to  el^lit  veconds,  from  thi'  ftM 
note  of  vritrulttg  to  Ihe  masimuiii  of  the  tetvaX. 
afaDuk.  At  Sai'unnidi  (00  iniliw  dislaiil)  the  inter- 
val from  tlie  bvginniD);  lo  the  lint  inuziiiiiim  was 
consideiably  lunj-vr,  prolxibly  ten  to  ta'clvc  sec- 
ondH:  at  Augu«tA  (1I-t  niili-n)  I  In-  inUri'til  wasBtUl 
Sivnter  :  nnd,  gnicmllr  ^prakinj;,  the  gniiUrr  thv 
dimuioe,  the  more  tlir  jihcnoiiKnia  wem  '  loRft 
drawa  out,'  Tlie  durfltiou  of  the  curthqiinkn  iil 
CliarlestoD  will  probably  never  be  knnvrn  vrlth  ac- 
ourac;,  but  llie  general  testimony  raotces  tietw^eii 
RftT^ud  ninety  wx-ouils.  At  WaHbihf;loiu^*i<t  milesl 
ProCBMOrNvwcoDib.with  hio  uati.'hiu  Lip  band,  ub- 
KTTod  BdnratioB  of  pcrcrjitibli!  tn-'iuoni  uiih  twu 
maxjmn lostlnit  about  live  and  ime-linir  tuinutm. 
Profewor  Carpmoel's  mnKiieloKniphit  irvotded  the 
disturbance,  aiid  be  liiterprels  thdf  photogiapliic 
traces  aa  shuwirga  dtiratioD  of  about  four  minutes. 
Mr.  t).  W.  UolaU-ln  of  Belvldere.  N.J.,  glrea  fire 
minutm  very  lUHirly  iia  ibe  observed  dumiluD. 
ProQi  other  locatili<-ii  come  vrell-altssk-d  obaervn- 
tlonsehowiiiK  diimtiotiKofofveral  minutes,  though 
tew  of  tbeee  pretend  lo  give  the  wholi-  lime  with 
any  Accuracy.  ThiflprogreasivelenKtlienliipof  tlie 
abockR  in  a  wi-U-'markcd  (ealiiti-  of  the  t™tiuiony. 
ThvexplAnationmiKgerts  ileeir  at  udci>.  The- etas- 
tic  nioduluB  of  cotnpmmon  being  gmiUr  than 
tbat  of  distortion,  the  spMd  of  the  normnl  wav<« 
in  the  greater,  while  the  vraves  of  distortion  log 
bubind. 

It  in  obviuiw  that  Iht-  phiwe  which  it  in  di-»iTi*d 
to  obMcni  should  bu  the  luriral  uf  tho  lirvt  iin- 
pulaca,  but  the  itrait  dumtton  of  the  trrtnoni  linn 
[eft  much  doubt  on  this  point.  Sloppral  clocka 
wi>re  plentiful  all  oTer  the  ouunlry.  but  at  wh^il 
phnm.'  ut  the  t^rthquake  did  they  stop?  Mo  ifreni, 
ind«v<l,  are  the  uncertainties  ou  this  ]>oint,  that 
the  oWrvatioDs  of  intelligent  men,  with  watciiea 
In  their  hand*,  oMaauring  a  part  of  the  ahoc%  and 
eslimniing  the  beginning,  nrn  in  most  cnw-n  lo  hn 
prt-fi-rred  to  stopped  clockit,  nven  if  we  knew 
with  ccttalntf  thai  the  (-locks  had  been  accurate 
to  thoaacond.  It  matter*  llitle  how  we  twist  and 
lum  the  time  dabi  :  the  xmalleat  c«Umatt>  we  can 
|iut  upon  the  npivd  of  prupfignliuii  niual  prove  to 
be  a  great  nurprian  lo  nnismoIof-iHta. 

The  time  at  CliarlMtoQ  of  the  occurr«mw  of 
the  nutin  shock  liaa  been  fixed  at  0,,'tl.lO  r.M., 
7Mh  meridiiiii.  or  eastern  alandard  time  (all  times 
lo  thill  paper,  uniMM  otherwise  ajiecltied,  arQ  re- 
dneed  to  that  meridian).  Thn  uncertainly  doe« 
not  exceol  t4'n  teoonda.    The  (wginnin^  of  the 


first  Itemors  at  ChaHeaion  was  from  als  to  eight 
!U<(^on•U  uarlk-r.  Tbf  time  at  Summerville  waa 
prohtdily  Imn  tiian  four  necoindti  earlier  Ihao 
Charlmton.  For  all  localitie-i  within  two  hundrnl 
miles,  the  linic  nlnrr ration*  are  of  little  vain*?'. 
80  swiftly  did  the  wavea  Intrel,  tint  a  small 
error  In  the  lime  record  glT»  a  very  large  unoer- 
taiiily  ill  the  ronilting  apeed. 

The  ntwnst  i>oint  which  yielda  a  valuaMe  rec- 
ord is  VVythrvilli'.  Va.  (£Sa  milw).'  Ur.  Ilowntd 
Shrirer  wna  sitting  at  a  (mn*tt  Instmnx'til,  wait- 
ing for  tlie  pnmaife  of  n  ntnr,  nnd  at  once  noted  lite 
time  at  K.'i^J.aT  (reduced  to  TStli  meridian),  faring 
a  Hpecl  of  atroiit  il.It  miles  (5,300  metre*)  per  aecv 
oud.  Therein  some  slight  upcerlainti' about  Uie 
precise  phiiae  of  tlit*  nhock  (Kirrespondlng  to  (he 
oliecrvatioii. 

The  aignal  aervion  ohaervin'  at  Chattanooga  (S32 
miln)  girrn  only  the  oouwt  ninuta  for  the  prin- 
cipal aliock  at  V.fiS,  oorr««pondlnjt  to  a  8pe«il  of 
8.03  miles  per  second,  or  4,900  mMree. 

The  he«t  observaKou  in  our  poaaenion  ia  that  of 
Pmf.  Simon  Newcotob  himself,  at  Waahingtoo 
(UO  milen),  who  givea  the  time  of  the  brKlmtinjc 
of  llie  shook  nt  0.S3.SO,  with  an  tmcertninty  r»ot 
greatly  exceeding  len  wcondn.  Tlie  revulUiig 
speed  is  9.40  oiilea  jier  second,  or  S.S70  metres. 

tVom  Baltimore  {tiV)  miles)  Mr.  Richard  Ran- 
dolph. C.R ,  reports  n  V017  Inlclllgont  and  rar«- 
fullr  verilletl  olueTvation  of  fi.J9.S0  aa  tha  beffln- 
ning  of  the  shock,  —  cznclly  Profeaaor  Nawciml/B 
time  (or  Washington, giviug  a  ap(«d  of  3.74  mile*, 
or  0,U(H)  mi-trea,  per  second. 

AL  Allautic  City,  N.J.  (SS3  miles),  a  large  pcn- 
duluui-clock  in  the  Futhergill  Uuuwv  BlUf>pnl  at 
0.54  rcry  nearly.  If  this  may  be  taken  In  be  U>h 
beginning  of  the  shock,  the  spt«d  would  b«  !).M 
miles  p<^r  second,  or  .'i.SSO  mcflree. 

(leorge  Wolf  HoUtein,  Belvidere,  N.J,  (633 
miles],  givesO.M  for  the  beginning  of  Ibe  shock, 
and  S.M  for  the  end.  and  compared  hia  wat«h 
next  moniiiiK  witli  Ihe  time  of  Uie  reDDsyWaiiia 
raiUoud,  The  gradual  imd  uncertain  character  ol 
the  liet^nnin^;  aud  (.-od  wotdd  not  ndtiiit  nf  pmrlae 
delmninfttion  to  sc^>ndH.  Thn  spnil.  taking  fi.M 
for  the  beginning,  would  lie  ;).TO  mil™,  or  A,900 
metres. 

Vtata  New  York  City  <04r>  miles)  and  Ha  aub- 
urluui  towns  and  cities  come  many  refwrU.  all  of 
which  give  either  0.54  or  1I.5S  as  the  muinwt  mln- 
tiles.  If  wo  bike  an  a  mean  V.54.25  at  New  York 
and  Brooklyn  for  the  beginning  of  Ihe  shock,  ibe 
speed  would  bo  8  ill  milef,  or  O.XtO  metm. 

I  TuaiUaianeM  or*  nawurod  ■oowinial  hMlUT  oiui  ■ 
Kol*  upua  Um  war  •lipanoMitt  map  at  Vnt  t^nllvil  StaMa, 
taking  Iho  cr«**«r  epIMDlram  14m  nUca  nonti-wsat  otj 
Cbarloilou  aa  Iha  Martlnv-palat, 


4 


4 


4 


»Ut  »,  18871 


SCIEirCE. 


499 


At  disUuicnt  fnvAlrr  thnn  oil  hundrrd  milm.  tb« 
(liffirtilljr  t>f  iM*ori>ilnR  the  tln>e  r^i^rd*  with 
parlit'utar  phanm  of  the  ftliocko  bworow  vory 
grnit.  Tti  nioHi  cowH  (be  motfoa  wu  the  nway inn 
moTcment.  willi  only  faint  ti^inun  of  ilie  raplct 
V\nA  ;  ami  Ihow  who  fi-lt  tlirai  urt-re  hI<iw  In  reo- 
ognlKiiigtfaelrclianiitT.  RtuJcfEi  niunl  fonii  their 
own  o|>!nion!i  iw  to  llif  iI<-kivt  of  npiiruxiQiutioii 
lo  lilt'  timp  <if  th<^  fvirllcKt  movfxncnt*.  from  llii.' 
following  records.  We  icive  them  only  m  we 
nx^dvnl  [hent,  without  atlempilug  «ny  dhnia- 
nion. 

J.  O.  Jacot,  watehmakcr  and  jtvrcller  ut  Stock- 
bridge,  HiuM.  (TtS  riiilni).  m-na  Killing  l)y  his  ntgu- 
liitor-c1o<?k,  ilintinctly  tvdoBniwd  lhi«  nntutr  cif  tl»' 
moM-mcnt,  nnd  nntrd  the  linie  sw  6.<'M.  Tlio  pitnw 
ftf  ilv  ahnrk  is  unoerlaln. 

At  Albany.  N.Y.  (7T3  miM.  Mr.  J.  M  Clarke,  of 
t1i«  New  York  slate  niuat-um  of  natural  history, 
heani  tlie  uiortur  falling  down  llii- chimney  und 
Ibe  cnrvkin^  und  slminlni;  of  (he  huilding.  Ak 
•oon  »a  hp  njiprrrint'^d  the  chunirler  o(  the  il»- 
lurbnncK,  l>r  noted  the  time  by  hb  watch  at 
9.S6.S0.  III!  did  not  a«c«itoln  the  error  «I  bU 
watch.  In  the  wme  city.  Dr.  WlUls  U.  Tuek«r 
My«  he  Instantly  looked  at  lu«  urat«h.  and  aft«r 
crnnparlng  It  next  moming  with  tbu  time  »f  Ibo 
Dudley  obnervatory,  and  making  convrilno  of  Ihe 
error,  gave  9.M  vary  ararly,  with  an  error  pn>ha- 
bly  not  escfiedinic  tx-enty  aeoonds. 

From  Fonda,  N.V.  (780  mllw),  Kranoia  U  Yatn 
reporla  S.Sft  (no  pMrtfvuInn). 

At  Ilhaoa,  N.Y.  (SM  miles),  Ihe  recutator  clock 
i>n  tlio  wa31  of  Ihe  railway-defxrtatopiXKl  at  9.6S 
■siaotly." 

At  Qowanda.  S.  V.  {6M  Tnil«),  wlirre  Uie  ohoc-k* 
weve  faintly  fell,  W.  It.  Suiallnood,  watchmaker 
and  joweller.  m)t«<d  the  i-nd  of  the  percefitlble 
Hhocka  at  0.55.90  by  hia  T«f[UlAlor-clock. 

At  Toimnlo  (TH  natlaa)  the  carlhijUHkD  wna  rv 
wirrfcd  aiiloniatlcAtly  upon  tlie  mugnftduraphlo 
Iracm  in  Uie  observatory  of  Pnif.  Clwrlra  t^rp. 
inael.  superintendent  of  the  Melrorologicat  service 
iif  Cunoda.  In  hln  Icllnr  of  Kept.  14  lie  says,  "I 
mny  atato  Oint  iil  9  35  P.it. all ottr  niaKnelle  needles 
wt-rv  wt  in  motion  by  earth-ti^inorv.  The  vihra- 
lionN  of  the  nietcnet*  continued  for  ahoiit  four 
minutes.  I  would  ny,  thai,  from  lati^  and  more 
ciireful  meuiiun:>aM.-ntii  from  our  m«frnetlc  curves, 
1  muku  the  tiroi-  of  the  earth-tremor  at  Toronto 
to  bo  0.M.50  P.M.  standard  :  this  time,  I  riionld 
aay,  wouJd  not  be  asuay  man  than  a  ft!W  ivc- 
ouda."  Aa  this  record  wu  autoaintio.  and  mre 
not  only  th«  lime  hut  thn  )>>ia««i.  It  tiu  Iven 
tliorouirhly  invnitgiani  hy  Profewnts  Newcomh 
and  Oarpmiwl,  awirted  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Hchoil  of  ibi' 
U,  S.  coMt  survvy.    Tbe  Bnal  reault  of  Ihia  re- 


examination Is  lo  chango  rrofMwir  Varpinaert 
coni|Mlatii)0  U>  0.M.18  for  Ihi-  h«ginniDg  of  tba 
IreoioTi,  with  a  |>rabahle error  of  fully  oMtnlBQIC. 
Tim  larjw  jin^ltaNe  error  is  due  lo  llw  wrj  amall 
K^e  upon  whiob  the  nuusnetograph  rrconb  time 
iuterrals  (on«-t«nth  of  a  millitu«tr«  oorrevpondius 
to  twenty  »ecunde|,  and  to  want  of  Bharpmiwi  in 
tl>e  pltoU'gTajihed  trace?.  Thi»  time  xlves  S-80 
miles  fwr  seeond,  or  4,350  nielie*.  with  n  iiroliable 
errtir  <rf  him-  nr  two  tvntlw  tlie  ainoont. 

The  clock  In  Ihn  Wcrtern  union  telv>KTnph  ofHoe 
at  Pilioburxli  (533  miW)  wax  Hiopjird  at  9.M. 

tVom  Cincinnati  and  tuhurlmn  tovnu  (500  milM) 
ciome  many  reports.  In  Ihln  city,  local  m««n  tlni» 
is  largely  med,  owinj;  lo  the  fact  thnt  il  ia  nearly 
midway  brtwwn  the  T3lh  and  OlHh  m<.-ri<liuns, 
where  the  only  hw^onviwienoe  of  Mandard  litue  is 
at  a  mailmum.  Tin- co(r«iction  to  the  T5<h  me- 
ridian ia  ilTin.  Aim.  The  Wmtcni  union  telpKnipli 
office  Rina  D.M.  The  TitM»-Klar  ni-wnpaperKlviti 
from  tiM-  clock  in  its  own  office  O.IA  -exacUy* 
(tt.M.*)  Rtandard):  at  tbe  Crmmrreinl  gauttt 
office.  O.IT.t5  local.  U.5S.J0  standard  (i>rDhahly 
nole4  after  the  Hhocka  wen;  oter).  At  the  firw 
tower  after  tlie  ttfiucl|Ul  shock,  9. 1«  IT  was  ttot«d  : 
clock  error  twenty-thrm  woonds  stow.  nivluK 
fi.M.EO  stanilaid.  Two  ntlier  obwrven  uoUng  by 
watchm  (p^i*  ^■^^'  '■"'^  o°^  notes  an  advanced 
Mage  of  the  shork<  iit  9  H,  hut  they  give  no 
RK-ans  of  MtimallnK  their  errom.  At  Covington, 
Ky.,  arrow  the  Ohio  River,  I.  J.  Bvnna,  watch' 
maker  and  j*TwrllcT,  rf|>urla  his  rwcolat*ir-clock 
Btoppeil  at  9.17  2U.  Cincinnati  local  mean  time ; 
pba0e  of  shock  unknown. 

From  Crawfordsville,  Ind.  <6K  miles),  E.  C, 
Shnpnon.  C.E.,  reports  Ihroiii;!)  Prof.  J.  M.  Conl- 
ter  of  Wabash  collujre,  "  Buddculy  felt  my  ohalr 
move.  jUTn|M^  up.  and  mid,  '  We  are  having  an 
nnrthquake.'  At  cintx  pulling  out  my  watch,  I 
found  it  was  8.54  r.v.,  etandard  time  (centml). 
ProfcMor  Coulter  adds.  Uiat  tbe  walch  was 
exactly  with  railroad  time  a*  shown  nt  the  mil- 
road-etntion  nnd  alio  by  the  town-clock. 

From  Dyrndiurg,  Tenn.  (G69  niike).  Loni" 
'Hughes  writs*,  "  My  tlmc-piccc  waa  an  English 
pnt«nl  lever  wslch  of  Criiarlcs  Taylor  &  Son.  Ix>n- 
don,  which  from  biuineM  nei-vsiiity  I  krrp  closely 
with  railroad  limt-  at  the  stulkin.  which  rcceivM 
the  time  at  t«n  o'clmtk  every  nutroini;.  The  rail- 
road uses  central  time.  My  finil  (hougbiwaattiat 
the  slinking  was  CHuae<l  by  the  children  in  Ihe 
nest  room,  hut  in  the  next  moment,  recognizing 
tbe  peculiar  itciuation,  I  dropped  tlie  newspsper 
and  oltservpd  the  time,  wlitcb  WB<t  probably  from 
four  to  six  Hecoitds  alter  8.54.  an<l  from  that  ap- 
proximuied  il  In  even  minut™."  Hi>rr<l  8.M  miles, 
or  5,330  nieires. 


500 


sciE^rcs. 


(Vol.  iX.,  Ho 


At  Mi'mphU.  TVnn.  iSDO  ulln),  the  sifnU  Mr- 
vice  obAnrvpr  reports  n  ooanldeTablei  niintbrr  of 
■topped  clocks,  one  at  9M,  and  ttie  othen  »t  U  35. 
FarMnn^iinacvouoUiblereaduii  (he  aeconils  wen 
not  noleil,     The  phaw  U  unluKnrn. 

The  foregoing oormpriM'  Hkhp  linw'  n'^iorU  which 
tiei-m  to  jiintifj  tb»  pieminiiiiioii  thai  Ihe  crmro  do 
not  vxc«od  MW  mlant*.  There  are  othen  whlrlt 
Bra  obTJooaly  ntih  a|)f>n>iiiimlions,  K)*ii>K  exact 
boars,  qaailor-houra.  or  l*iia  at  niimiUv.  Tliere 
are  ataa  twae  whic^h  look  nt  limi  like  go»rl  otw-T- 
vntii^na.  tiut  which  nurel;  Invotre  iionio  )arK»  on* 
pxplniiml  prror. 

As  the(ll»(-(i>«ioii  of  the  liine  ilntn  is  nnw  pro- 
gremfng.  no  further  ooaimi-ol  will  tw  olfrrml  beri-, 
heyuDil  tliv  reuuirk  tbtit  t1lt■^^  oAn  bu  no  doubt 
that  tbp  uppnl  of  pmpnRnlioii  cixcrrdi>d  ^  milcM.  or 
8.000  nictrr»,  fun  »cmail.  The  only  queslioiio  biw, 
how  much  thin  speed  was  ex<'eeded.  and  whriher 
thv  speed  along  au,v  Ktv«D  Ud«  vnut  oonstanr.  As 
regards  the  lalt«r  <iitM(ion.  thi-  dnla  urv  nut  ri-t 
precbe  enongh  to  jiistify  nn opinion.  ThinmntC^T 
will  Ui  inc|iiiriMl  into. 

Th*-  hixh  Tate  of  [iropagatloii  will  probably 
prave  unex|>eoled  to  Guropenu  aeiaiuoloKif><>'<  ^'*! 
propose,  bowevt-r,  t«  follow  it  up  with  thf  siigj;™. 
tlun  that  it  ia  about  tliv  normal  ii]Mi>d  with  wliirli 
Huch  wavKs  ought  to  l>e  npcrtnl  to  travel,  and 
that  all  dcCerminalioTM  of  the  rate  of  promwatlou 
in  any  former  gr««l  earthquake*,  wbkh  arv  niuoh 
l«M  Iboo  5.0DO  metm  pi-r  aecond.  for  narmnl 
wnrM  at  least,  arc  pn>lin)>!y  itrroncous  In  propor- 
tion as  they  fall  short  of  the  Charleston  earth- 
quiikr.  Finding,  as  thn  lime  reports  nccumulolM. 
(hat  n  speed  Id  exoets  of  S.OOO  metm  vat  indi- 
cated, and  this  prfBiiiuption  Imvingbecowea  com- 
victiiHi.  we  wrrc  I«l  u>  iDiiuirc  whitthcrthftrewcire 
not  some  apced  ilcdudhlcfrrim  the  theory  of  wnv«- 
motion  in  an  nliuitic  solid  to  which  all  iireat  earth- 
quakes ought  to  approxlrnnti?. 

fn  a  bomogvneotiH  and  pt-rffctlr  i^lastic  lolid, 
the  rate  of  propai^lion  is.  acconlinK  to  theory. 
dc|>cnd(-nt  upun  t<HO  pr»[H.'rlik-a  of  tho  medium,  — 
claatirity  and  d^-nidty.  Tbrrv  are  two  coefflclenta 
of  elasticity  in  Holid  liodics,  one  of  which  meas- 
ures Ihelr  r^fiislance  to  changes  of  vojumi-.  thr 
otiier  to  changes  of  form.  Absolute  experiuK'ntal 
delerQiiiiutiunN  of  Ihe  rolum  of  tlinu-  rn^lHcients 
liaf*  nfvor  iwwi  made.  If,  howeror.  we  knew 
llip  Tali'w  of  thrw  (iM^fflrinnls  in  one  substance  tu 
the  hotnolriKons  coefficients  in  any  other  sub- 
sinuce.  and  if  we  hIho  knew  the  rate  of  propnga- 
lion  in  eitlier  of  thnn.  the  rate  iii  tbi-  Othi-r  would 
he  Bl  "inci- dcdiicilJc.  The  rat*-  in  fln-l  bars  bim 
been  t\w  Nutijn;t  of  inurh  (■speriini-nliiti<,n,  aiul  i.i 
given  by  Wertheiin,  whonp  n-traivhwi  Itjivc  lieen 
aa  carflul  as  any,  at  16.800  feet  peir  second.    But, 


AS  th«  waves  in  a  stool  bar  are  osuwiliaUy  waves 
of  dliilortion,  he  mnltipllea  this  result  by  »'|  or  t 
for  the  normal  wave,  giving  a  spood  of  21.000  fwl 
por  «<Nmd,  The  etaatic  modulus  of  afcvl  for  <in- 
gincering  imr().»M>ii  i»  usually  taken  to  I «  S*,000.000. 
The  canvupimdinK  ntoduhis  for  such  rocks  as 
gmnil4'  and  linKilt  in  n  vory  ootnpact  stale  (a 
nlioiit  K.noo.fHX).  If  we  may  n»unii'  tltnl  tb«ae 
nioiliili  .ire  pr<>pnrl.li>nal  to  the  two  rlaitii'ititiaof 
the  two  snlwtsnotM^  respectively,  wc  i-jiu  coaipiili' 
the  rate  of  prupugiiiiun  in  rock.  This  nt^iiinpttun 
may  or  may  not  be  true  ;  but  ive  aMtimo  it  to  bo 
M.  Lei  V,  he  Ihc  rate  of  propaxalion  in  s1e«l, 
and  V,  the  rate  of  propnt^Iion  in  rook,  and  let  «« 
and  fr  be  their  true  elastlciliM  of  roluiar.  and  l«t 
D,  and  Dr  >«  their  respective  densities.  Our  a»- 
sumpiion  Is.  that  30  :  3  : :  r.  :  c„  from  which  w« 
■nay  form  lliu  equation. 


4 


K 


BT 


rr 


X^  =  l.»iH>sriir. 


Taking  iIk'  dfniity  of  ntcnl  nt  '.84.  and  of  deeply  I 
burled  rocks  in  their  moat  cocnpnrt  state  at  3.89, 

i>  =)■■■■ 

Tiikuig  the  rate  of  compresiioaal  wnrcs  in  shvt 
to  Iht  Q.400  metres  per  second,  gitra  i.lflO  nietr«s 
for  similnr  wares  in  very  compact  and  denw 
rock.  Tlie  correnponding  rate  (or  waves  of  diatom 
tion  would  l>e  4.450  metreii.  These  resulto  aroso 
nciar  to  those  deduced  fur  th«  Cliarleslon  earth* 
quake  that  they  secai  to  be  worthy  of  considcro- 
tinn. 

The  exporirawitat  ineawirenients  of  tli*  rat«  of 
Impulses  obtained  by  Milne  and  Pouqu6  K«Ea  la 
ua  luappllmhl*.  The  eloxtivily  ut  tli«  surfaoe 
soil,  we  think,  is  no  mora  to  bo  compared  with 
that  of  the  profound  rock*  which  tnutsmil  tlw 
)(Trst  wsvm  of  an  earthquake,  thnn  Ihe  dnsticlty 
of  n  hcnp  ut  iron  llliii^  Is  to  be  coinimred  with 
that  of  nn  imlclinitely  extended  mars  of  solid 
eteel.  The  difTc^c^(^e  in  {u(o  coelo.  But  tli«  rai» 
of  propagation  i*  a  ipmitiou  of  eloatlcity  and 
d«nAity  chiefly.  Tho  rrffcct  of  tempcrstura  wv 
have  not  ci>nsiilere<l.  Perhiifn  tito  moot  slrikinn 
cxpa^riini-nt  evrr  made  with  an  nrttflcial  ptirtli- 
quakc  wiiH  at  the  Floud  liock  explosion  in  Hell 
Oat*,  ncnr  New  York.  whereGeneral  Ahlmtt  found 
a  sfieed  o[  propa^ttiuu  ap|>foaching  very  cl<]ael7 
to  that  of  the  Chnrlcnton  eArihquuke. 

The  ipiesti(>n  which  is  nnduiibli^illy  of  di 
interest  In  Uils  connection  is  whctlii^r  the  Clmrlea- 
tiiii  i-aithiiiiake  throws  nny  new  lih'ht  upon  the 
oriKin  <>f  .-""'h  events.  While  we  are  not  pre- 
pared to  say  thnl  absolutely  notlilng  wlU  he  added 
to  our  JnfonnntioD  on  thisqueetloo,  we  are  ran<«4j 


I 


:lo^lT 

lewlMSafl 


M»ir  90.  lS9r.J 


SCTEyCE, 


501 


to  ndtnit  that  we  esp«ct  ^try  liUl^  new  K^lit. 
HitliiTtu  our  elTortH  dare  Imvii  devoted  totiriiii;lti|: 
lOKeDuT  til*-  taei».  uiwl  to  iirningin?;  and  conipar- 
iitg  ttiem,  und  wit  hiivi-  lu  ;ut  giTim  but  liltlrt^on- 
!<i<li.'rnti<io  to  IliU  flnnl  qiimtinn.  U  will,  howi>v«r. 
alionlj-  mf{>>fi<'  "MI  st(«ntii>n  :  and,  in  anticiimtlon 
of  this,  we  prefer  to  remain  slleot  for  the  prcfieiil, 
(mriiiK  that  If  we  eomiull  oiiraelves  here  to  any 
]>referpnce  fora  particular  view,  we  inay  lind  our- 
selves etiouinberrd  with  a  bins  uriKJng  from  the 
inWDM-ly  bumnn  prop<>n)'ity  U>  drfrnd,  thruuKti 
thick  awl  thin,  uttetuni-CK  which  hnv»  nni-e  hri-n 
funnally  girmi. 

C.  E.  Dpthmi. 

EvntiRT  Haydkk, 


WAQNEKS    AyyVAL    BEl>OKT    ON    THE 

ptioonsss  or  oeooraphv. 

It  is  always  wllh  some  impatience  tliot  we  i-x- 
peol  the  publication  of  Wagner'ii  rp|xirl  oo  llie 
progre»ii  of  gcu^aphy  [Ueoffniphuu-lieM  JulirinKlit. 
h<'<-jiii>e  wa  know  tliut  we  clmll  find  Uirrn  a  full 
ra^poft  of  the  work  dixip  in  the  flpld  and  in  the 
atudr,  and  that  wefihall  have  n  never-failing  book 
of  reference.  We  <lo  not  know  of  any  similar 
publication,  —except  the  fragmentary  uMea  imb- 
liabed  by  the  Smithsonian  ianlitutiun  ami  in  itif 
joarnab  of  many  socieliM,  —  and  lht>refore  it  is 
indbpenaable  to  the  tieoitnipber.  Tliuui,-h  lifter- 
mann't  HittlieUiiwjeix.  the  trading  Ueruiaii  gto- 
gntphionl  journal,  contuina  regulur  irimrls  on  re- 
n-nt  iJul>]|(vtionii.  Ihrlr  cbaraL'ter  in  ilitTer^^l  from 
those  in  thi'  .lahrbueh.  the  rrpoit*  in  the  journal 
giviuK  a  taorv  detailed  n^riew  of  the  rtngte  |)u1>- 
licatitins,  and  )>cinK  more  iliiconnccled,  the  llat 
of  reviewed  books  is  cnnM'qnently  not  so  full  aathnt 
of  tlie  abDuul  report.  The  latter  gives  a  coinpre- 
henslre  account  oi  the  work  done  during  the  loat 
twuvears.  Tbe  pteseul  volume  in  tlin  elcrrnth 
of  thcMriiw.  Th(?  editor.  Prof.  tl.  Wnttner  of 
QAUingan,  liaa  piWi-rml  to  divide  the  niateriul, 
and  to  puhlinh  Bllemnting  voluDws,  one  coiitain- 
itiK  the  various  lirandiea  of  geography,  the  other 
lfa«  piotrrMB  of  explorations,  ruethods  and  tew-h- 
log  of  geography,  etc.  Through  tbi*  diiinion, 
^tbc  book  has  increased  in  volume  and  the  report 
ha*  hccoinu  more  )>xhiiuiitivc.  Tlie  preseut  vi>l- 
unie  conlainii  the  npi-cial  part,  geopliyaiCA,  ^eug- 
nony,  ooeanograpby,  climatology,  geugrnjiliy  uf 
plants  and  animals,  and  etfaiiol<ig7.  The  place 
of  the  late  Profei«or  ZApjiritx  in  taken  by  Dr. 
Hergetrll  and  Ur.  Ruilolph  ;  the  former  reixirt  on 
deep-atm  explorutiona  bn^  Ix-en  enlarged  mi  as  to 
cover  all  prol>letiia  of  ocranoKraphy,  and  Is  giv4fn 

arofmtliitrhea  Ja/krburk.    Vol.  iL    WC,     M.  bj  ilau- 
Mum  Vttaim.   4li>itin,  JimiuHivniin^  lan. 


by  PrufeMor  KrOmme]  :  P.  Toula  reports  on  geog- 
noey  :  tlie  <itber  pnrta  ore  in  (be  liands  of  the 
aauie  xpeeialbts  who  gnvr  tlie  vnlunlile  rirporta  of 
fonn«T  yearn. 

In  looking  at  Ibn  huig  series  of  reporta.  we 
ttnd  that  eaeh  number  served  more  salisffkC' 
torily  tlie  (nirpose  of  being  a  reliable  book  of 
ipferenc«  to  all  inten-nted  in  gtography.  At 
the  prRH-nt  lira*'  theti-  nro  few  brancbea  of 
Sfogrnphical  study  which  arc  not  embntced 
in  the  buok.  The  steady  development  of  the 
plan,  liy  dropping  unneoeeMiy  parta,  including 
in  one  (lart  what  belongs  tijgrtber.  and  uddtng 
new  deimrtiniaita  which  had  den^loped  into  im- 
porlant  bRtnuIifii  of  wience,  encmirsgw  tw  to  hope 
that  within  n  few  years  the  whole  dcanain  of 
geography  will  be  repre»eured  in  It.  We  should 
wiiih,  for  instance,  to  liate  an  additional  report  on 
tlie  .hiatory  of  geography.  That  on  tem-wtrial 
magnetism  is  promiBed  for  next  year.  Amoogtbt' 
ini{M>rtant  addition*  in  the  volume  of  1$^  U  the 
Hrvt  report  of  the  gvograpby  of  ancient  (J reece  and 
the  neighboring  countrlei.  The  ancient  geogra|ihy 
of  other  coiintriee.  excetrt  that  of  tlie  birthplace  of 
our  culture,  la  ho  little  Htudi<!«l,  that  the  ccntimis 
of  a  biennial  report  would  he  very  mottgrt*.  We 
hope,  with  the  tievclopment  of  theee  studies,  wliieli 
are  principally  carried  on  by  ethnographers,  we 
shall  Hnd  an  account  of  tJi«se  also.  In  IHKS  Evil's 
reports  on  the  iitudy  of  geographtctil  namot,  oud 
S.  OtlDthet'N  on  the  theory  of  map- projections, 
were  addi-d  to  the  book.  We  consider  it  a  waste 
of  limt  nntl  work,  that  the  Physioal  aociely  of 
Berlin  continues  its  re])orls  on  phyeioal  R<''i!raphy 
in  the  way  they  w<Te  given  before  tlie  Jalirlmeh 
had  attained  its  pteaent  importance.  It  in  true 
that  they  contain  some  material  not  Included  in 
the  Jahrfmch.  for  instance,  tueadurenienia  of 
heigbts,  etc. ;  however,  these  would  far  better  And 
their  ptnce  in  the  latter  publimlion  than  in  the 
reportH  on  the  progress  of  physioi. 

The  rapid  development  of  the  Jalirbudi  und  tlie 
fart  that  ci^erj-  department  is  intrusted  to  tin- 
care  of  a  ajicrialiat,  make  it  an  exlreutely  r«liaible 
and  usrttil  book,  which  la  a  vuluuUe  help  to  tbe 
student  of  geography. 


THK  MECnANJCS  OF  MACliL\ERy. 
Pltori»8onKEK!rE»y  ix  well  knownoaoneof  th* 
ablest  among  Britiiib  norkcru  in  thl«  fteld,  and 
this  volumi'  contnlnii  n  *«Ties  of  lecturen  delivered 
by  him  to  hi>  cbuwMii  during  the  |>eiiod  of  bis  con- 
necttim  with  the  L'nivemily  college,  on  a  nubjcct 
with  which  he  Is  es|ieclally  familiar.  An  wna  to 
be  expected,  the  work  la  one  of  exceptional  value. 

Ttr  niirAoHln  o/  mocftmcr*.    B]r  AUOL  B.  W,  KXMitDT. 
Loiiiloii,  Ma»nilllaji.    1A-. 


SCIENCE. 


I  Vol   IX..  No. 


The  KiilijocL  in  i\w  intchulcsof  o^Htniwd  motfco, 
and  i«  jiurely  kinemmles. 

The  tu)oh  is  a  volum?  of  about  6S0  pagcp,  and 
b  diiiil«d  into  a  >l')«^ii  i-liapten.  The  Aral  tdx 
flb^UftH  ioiwid*r  iJUttly  i;iH>uii-tri(--  |>Toblein8  in 
the  elemuila  of  kiiieniaUcH  aud  uieclianlBin,  inlro- 
dnHng  taaui  intj'rKiiinK  luriliodK  i>r  tiuluiUiQ  iii- 
volving  '  vittuul  *  rotntionii :  iH-ciiriiiK  ii  mcnni  uf 
iTMUinR  alt  mf  clinniitnui.  wlit-thi-r  ot  nilationnl  at 
of  rectilinear  luovement,  hy  Ihr  xanie  K.VHii-ni ;  nnil 
H^reatl^  simijlifyinic  t)ip  work.  In  thi-  wrrntli 
ciiiipu-r,  a4;<-'i.-lrniciuiis  aiitl  relnriluiionH  ure  roD- 
■idiTitl :  itDil  in  ttiu  BUOL--.-edtiiK  I'liapter,  »tnllc 
cqiiilibriuui  and  work-diugrttius,  Then  follow 
chapl«r>)i>nprulitnn!t  iriiQiicliiiK.Mlj'nauiiL'B.  and  ou 
parailelond  othrr  fnniUtiir  inrchaDiiiitiK,  and  varioua 
trains.  The  lant  cliapl«r  oontiidpTii  the  modiBi-iiluiiis 
induduoed  by  the  action  of  friction.  In  tiiese  ap- 
pilmtioUB  ne  find  llie  motions  of  llto  s[«in>->>ngiii« 
and  its  uc<.'i-tBOriMi,  of  the  flf-wbif),  connecting 
rod.  iind  t^rrrnoi.  luid  tile  varioua  Hurts  uf  g«nr- 
iDR.  The  author  ia  on«  uf  iliu  fttw  writere  who 
luiv«  jvt  had  the  (xiiiTiiKo  to  d(up  llii-  fnlluclouH 
and  misleading  so-cnllf^l  lawn  uf  rricliira,  turnun* 
dialed  hy  Mirlier  writers,  and  lo  introduoe  the  n>> 
Mulu.  even  though  -nsry  briefly,  of  rMffntmeatcb, 
wiUi  ciMTeot  slut«ni«nls  ol  the  enoriiKinsly  diff«T- 
iDR,  lat«l J disi;over«^  lawsuf  rrirli-jti  of  lubricated 
saifoceo. 

IVofcwar  Kennedy  follow*  litmlwiux,  in  Uic 
earlier  part  of  l>la  leclurwi,  iw  fur  na  opportunity 
unit  nMxiHity  dictate,  but  soon  Rntu  out  into  a 
field  nil  liin  own,  and  develops  his  treatment  In 
hia  own  logical  and  (niitfu)  manner. 

Thn  h»ok  in  uoll  Ulunmted.  (dcl«rlall.v  aud  by 
exaniplca  :  the  rvfvrvnceM  ttr«  coiiBcieuliuualy  iu- 
troduoed  Ihrouttltout :  and  the  voluiui-.ua  u  wholi', 
hi  H-uarkalily  well  ndajitcd  fur  u^r  n>  n  h-xt-Ux^k 
ill  tvchiiicat  Bcboola,  and  will  aUi)  Ut  found  vrry 
uwful  to  tbi^  pnctilioner.        K.  II.  TilUKsroN. 


A  MODEL  FOR  AMATEUR  ASTHONOMEUlf. 

.KakO!!  von  EnuelHARd^  liuHTt-cently  puhliahfd. 
In  a  hnndiupincly  printed  and  hutiuil  VDhiini?  u( 
two  hundrni  and  twenty  cjuurto  pugi-ii,  u  wrrJra 
of  astronomical  i>l>M^rvntioD»  mado  at  biapriviiti' 
uluurialory  in  Dreaden  from  ma  to  I68tl.  The 
uliwT<Fst)uiu  wi-r«  all  made  lif  [taron  von  Engel- 
linrdt  hiniMrlf.  and  thev  gi'e  evidence  of  a  good 
obaerver,  whiU'  ilif  mluciiuiiH  bavp  bevn  iiiadi-  ia 
a  inuit  tliurouj(li  utanurr.  It  in  rdrvly,  indo-d, 
Hut  we  Hud  work  of  Cliin  chnriK'tiT  >yHti'mntically 
cnrrird  on  for  ko  many  yearn  l)y  an  aniaU-ur  ;  and 
it  ioiplioa,  moreover,  a  good   ileal  ofoire'til  pre- 

nbttmUoat    attrvitoml^Uf.     l-nr   S.  b'BNUiUJlim'. 
l-ranUr*  parU*.    nnwl*.  IMt,    t". 


liniinnry  training.  The  Held  i-lKwen  is  not  tli« 
'  new  iMtTonomy,'  with  ita  many  (aK-inalkMi*.  but 
the  more  prosnio  '  old  aatronomy,'  the  astrotioniy 
of  the  elder  8mivc  and  of  BwmI,  —  paluatakinit 
meamiremetils  of  dnnble  starn.  coidiMbl.  aiieroiilx. 
uvbulae.  and  cluaWra,  ol«ervation»  of  dmuo-cuI- 
minaliunn,  occultatioiM.  etc.,  all  vatuable  oon- 
tributioiu  to  our  knowU-dKi-  uf  tlie  (lOEitiona  ami 
motions  of  th«hMVMl1y  Ixidbiv.  Ilvre  is  an  exrfl- 
lent  example  for  the  ainalonr  nolninuntent  of  this 
country.  There  are  plenty  uf  tine  inntruiuenU 
in  the  luiudn  of  amateurs,  and  only  a  nioderait' 
amount  of  inUutdry  in  called  tor.  yet  liafHy  unr' 
of  th(9e  inntruQirnti  in  doiiiK  any  thinK  (or 
thn  advanceoirnt  of  ncirnoc.  In  Kufjland  there 
arc  sevoral  private  observatoriw  of  wotld-wkle 
reputation,  in  wliich  the  ownvr  ettbor  arnica 
on  regular  obaerralions  himself,  or  emploja  m 
coTOfivtent  uMftant ;  while  here,  since  tite  deathoC 
Dr.  Henry  Draper,  Ute  lield  in  almtial  deoeited. 

Doron  von  EnRirllmivIt  Imitt  a  small  oh>wrv)UM7 
in  1977,  in  which  was  mounted  an  S-invhOmbb 
ci]uatarlal  ;  hut,  findlnft  this  at  an  inconvrnirat 
distance  fiom  his  home,  he  put  up  a  more  i^abo* 
rale  building  connected  directly  wltli  bis  rilla  od 
llie  outskirts  of  Dresden. 

The?  ui.'w  ubnervutory  In  a  thive-elory  tower,  the 
uppi-r  ntory  licijig  nurmounted  by  a  cylindrical 
■dniai>'  containing  n  IS-lncb  Urubb  (tjuntoria). 
Tlie  secoud  Boor  connects  with  the  traDsit-rootn, 
ui  which  is  a  ■biok«D-baek'  transit  by  Batnlwrg 
of  S.T  iui-hea  aperture.  Tlie  oboervatory  ia  akio 
thoroughly  equipped  with  nubaldiury  a|ifiaratua, 
clockM,  chrononK-tpTi.  chronograph,  etc  Upon  Ibit 
roof  of  thctlUu  inn  litllii  'cotui't  ol»'rvHlorT,*wlwr« 
were  formerly  two  telrwcopca,  one  of  9A  iaclwe 
aperture,  and  the  other  of  8.7  Indies.  The  largn* 
iuHtrument.  which  is  paltemed  alter  Ibe  Straas- 
buig  ooinel- seeker,  in  of  aomewliat  novel  construe- 
tion  :  tlie  li-lesc-ope  in  fastr-iied  by  two  lung  orOM 
to  the  book  of  a  cunifortablr  cbair,  so  that  th«  eye- 
end  of  the  tL-lesoiipe  is  just  at  ibi>  hright  of  tbe 
obacrver's  eye  :  Ihc  nrmn  aro  piloted  In  the  cbair- 
Uack.  permitting  a  motion  in  altitude,  while  tbe 
clialr  tiirod  about  a  vertical  axis,  like  an  ordinary 
oIKoe-Dbair,  no  that  the  astronomer  can  eiuniioff 
the  whole  sky  rapidly  aud  without  fatigue.  TIm 
mounting  for  thin  inntruinent  in  now  at  tb« 
University  of  Kiel. 

The  volume  U'lont  ui  ctmtaiiua  full  drsrriptloa' 
of  tlie  in«iTiimi-nts,  illustrated  by  aevtral  pluti-ii. 
The  observations  and  reductions  are  given  in  noaie 
detail,  and  tbe  wliole  work  would  reHect  cr«dil 
ui>ou  any  oboerviktOTT. 


4 


4 


I 


WoKK  will  begin  in  June  noxl  on  the  llolxtein 
canal,  to  eonnec-t  the  Italtie  with  the  Norlh  Sea. 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY.  MAY  «,  1887. 


COMMEST  AND  CBITICISJJ. 

Db.  Ai^dkut  SitAvr  ot  the  Minneupolis  Tribune, 
always  a  writer  trnrtb  rwdiug  mi  (rciitiotnic  luli- 
JW4e^  prlnu  in  the  ctiirent  uaue  of  tbe  CiintemjHi- 
rarf  rrviae  a  vety  pniirtical  niiicle,  eiililled  ■  Th<^ 
American  fitatc  iinil  the  Amorioiiii  umn.'  Tli<- 
Mliclo  WW  sug);Mted  li)-  un  int-iclcnUiI  ntiimrk 
made  by  Ur.  Opoige  J.Onechrn.  nciu-  chiimwilor  of 
thei  Britiiili  pxcliequer,  to  thu  vHrvt  that  taintrt' 
faitr  U  tho  prncltrnJ  nilc  in  tlie  UnitH  Suiti-^ 
uid  rXnM  intrrTemioe  the  nuv  MK«plion.  Dr. 
Slinw  iliwui^fs  anil  oonbois  thin  OMuniiitiDii.  Hi! 
sajs.  nnt,  thut  Mr.  Goachca'a  opinion  b  not  •tn)]^ 
geo«Tnllv  enCrrtaiai-il  iu  Englaml.  bul  u'ill  bv  ul- 
lotrpd  to  pa»  unclmlkogi-it  faj  the  vaM  inajurity 
of  intelligent  Am<"ric:iios.  To  bijgin  witli,  (uu»ri. 
/aire  ia  in  harindDv  with  <iur  inOeiieinlenl.  M--lf- 
relinnt  chnrnctcr  lu  n  p><f>iiU-.  It  is  ihi'  ductriui- 
iiiit>ilM<d  bf  tbi'  Ti>UDg  Dicn  oS  the  i-uuntrj'  in 
■cbool  and  colleKe.  But  Rbit«  prorcMng  to  hold 
iaiatrx-ftxirt  doctrine*.  th«  Americno  dot*  ntit 
fublon  hb  pnictioe  In  acconlnncv  with  them. 
*'  lie  Mudiea  hb  political  Monoin  v  in  u  ti-xl'b<iok 
of  alwlractione,  anil  not  in  the  hiaiary  tif  nations 
or  the  cooorpt«  (MMiditions  nbimt  him.  Corao- 
qitentlj  he  mnnngi-s  to  keep  Iiis  economica  and  hii 
practical  politics  as  seiiunite  ua  fom«  men  do  lb«ir 
religion  and  tlieir  bn^in^d.  sn<l  lie  ia  just  M  ualv«- 
Ij  uueonfci'Xifi  of  il."  Two  futility  obMrrntiona 
uv  |>r«Iiininnry  to  Dr.  Shuw's  main  iliaouMim. 
We  cannot  pro|H<rly  estimate  the  extent  of  stute 
inlerfeivnce  in  a  wtaiem  statt-  by  L-h(T?kii>g  off 
«om8pondenc««  on  a  cHtuluguc  of  l)ir  various 
fvnctlOiM  Uwt  hare  been  asxumiHl  hy  tlie  Briliiili 
govenmeni.  Citcumstunceii  inu.it  be  conaidnvd 
In  estimating  the  extent  to  whi^^b  tliv  Htaie  in- 
vadea  tlie  domain  of  the  individual.  And,  »ec- 
oudly,  It  U  not  ibe  functionH  of  the  genetal  gor- 
«niinent,  whiiA  toacluw  the  avenge  cltlxen  in  m> 
(ew  points,  (lutt  Rhoald  be  taken  m  the  baaia  of 
ooinpntatlon,  but  raUwr  Ihone  of  llie  state  and 
local  goTemm«ntii. 


session  of  ISStk  The  nnmbrr  of  Uw-it  that  may 
be  elaMcd  aa  iiwtancM  of  «tai«  interference  i<  not 
only  astonifhingly  large,  hnt  tite  laws  themselvea 
deal  with  thtj  grenlosi  variety  of  Mihjeda.  Prom- 
inent among  them  are  the  'xtanK^r'  law*  ooa> 
ceming  railroad  and  elevator  superviaioii  and 
control.  Then  come  stale  loan*  of  Mwd-grala  to 
fnrmem  whose  crop*  had  been  ruined  by  graa^ 
hopper*.  Agrieultaral  faira  wmv  aubnidixed  and 
one  hundR<d  thouaond  dolhm  apjiroprialed  for  « 
state  fiur-groimil.  Libem)  exempticm  Invra  enable 
tlu-  fanni-r  to  nt oid  tho  jxiymcnt  of  a  (wrtion  of 
bin  di4it.i.  Ditir.v  lawn  pftile<-t  the  hutter-mukvra 
against  artitieiul  producU.  sntrh  an  bulterine.  New 
laws  n'gulali-  almost  evrry  iktatl  of  the  oatUe 
induBlry.  Eveu  hnmda  are  regbtvrnl  aad  p(o> 
t«eted  by  the  state.  Loggiug  vodes  of  minute 
detail  regulati!  tbe  lumbering  trade,  Ituunnce 
cumpaniiti.  tutiuga  barnks.  pharniacj,  a>e<Ucin«, 
deulistr^-.  and  tlic  oil  trade  are  supcn-bed  and 
cuntrotifKl.  The  tish  and  game  laws  &t«  minute 
itnd  exlukutftirc.  One  enactment  i»j>edli«i  tbe 
Ainximitm  toll  to  tie  cxactvd  by  a  custom  mill  for 
grinding  wheat :  anotlier  slates  wbeu  a  dog  ntay 
be  slaiii  with  impunity  ;  another  pivaeribw  in  de* 
tnit  tbi'  chnract^-r  »f  the  naitiiig-toums  which  all 
railway  comfnuies  must  maiuiaiu  at  tbelr  Mop- 
ping-placen.  Tbe  part  played  by  tbe  atate  iu  tbe 
matter  of  education  Is  too  w«ll  known  to  need 
nienliou.  A  Ull  was  Introduced,  and  found  con- 
siderable support,  which  actually  nent  so  far  as 
to  forbid  persons  of  opiiotite  sex  to  skate  logetlier 
in  a  skating-rink,  or  even  to  be  on  tbe  floof  at  tlia 
same  time. 


(Dr,  Shaw  then  examinea  th«  leglslsllon  of  the 
Mlnnewia  Btat«  legisUture  dnrlng  tho  sixty-dny 
KaMI-iw;. 


Dr.  Shnw  einphasixee  tin.'  fact  that  hills  of  this 
chnnu-ler  are  passed  by  meo  wbu  profess  «d- 
hen^oe  to  laitaez-fairt  principles.  But  no  con- 
nection exists  between  their  political  pbilomphy 
and  tlidr  rotot.  The  proper  cure  for  this  anomaly 
tho  wrilvT  finds  In  unlimited  stale  Interference. 
■■  Let  it  bo  uodenituod  that  II  la  within  the  legltl- 
mate  province  of  the  slate  to  do  any  thing  and 
every  thing."  Tbe  result  would  be  more  scientlll« 
law-making.  Each  new  propiwilion  would  be 
cnref  ully  serdtiniiEed.  and  would  have  to  stnnd  or 
fall  on  ita  own  merits.  Whether  Dr.  Hhaw's  pro- 
posed remedy  ia  the  beat  and  apcvdient  may  be 


504 


SCIEXCE, 


(Tot.  IX .  No.  SS& 


fdlrljr  ((aeelioncil.  but  the  oiri-ful  observer  of 
ounvot  polltica  miut  lutre  noticed  tbe  inoreafttng 
l«tM)ency  10  turo  to  the  legialsiure  fur  any  tlUns 
naA  cvCT?-  tiling.  It  is  time  to<.-all  u  lialt.  and  It  u 
thi»  duty  of  our  !>tu(leiitH  of  political  science  to  d*- 
ttirtnlnp  \at  us  hoiv  thi^  luav  best  be  donK  The 
qtWKtion  is  Tvorllij  of  their  most  cnreful  etoAy. 


TSK  FAiTH-ouxK  and  th9  mind-nirp  nrp  at  the 
prfM-nt  lime  attrnctlng  a  great  deal  of  popular 
■tt«ntioin  ;  nud  almost  dail]:,  ctiies  are  annnutinfl, 
undes  this  trvatmrnt,  ot  persons  nlio  have,  tindc-r 
all  otlier  aiclhoik.  renininrd  clironie  inialtclii.  It 
ia  Dot  to  be  wimdcriii  nl.  tlint  pliirsiciiinsilcnuiinre 
this  livatiui'iit  as  I'liarlntJiiitsni.  but  it  wiib  Imrdly 
to  b«  expected  tlMt  one  c)f  the  most  ptit<.-nt  ar^-u- 
meDte  ugainst  the  vnlidilr  of  its  dniins  ihould 
ooste  from  ooeof  tbe  clergy.  In  a  rect-ot  neriuco 
on  thia  subject,  Kov.  E.  C.  Ray  of  Uydi-  Piirt. 
Ill>,  BSys.  ■'  Apparent  cumi  act--  often  foilimi-d  by 
*  relapse,  lempornry  iiaprui'vment  by  pi-rauuipnt 
decline.  tTooi  reported  case*  of  care  we  must 
dednct  many  of  uarvporU>d  n-lapse  :  il  ii  not  in 
huntan  naiure,  when  a  wonderful  cure  has  bevn 
publitJur<l  abroad,  [o  follow  il  nji  with  iin  account 
of  Ihi-  n>tiipw  <»tning  afterward.  Mistaken  dj- 
B^inotdfl  accounts  for  many  supposed  cures.  Phy- 
sidftns  often,  patients  more  often,  mistake  the 
nature  of  a  diseaw.  THnponry  swellings  are 
caMed  niaXgiiaat  tumors  or  cancers  (thus  cancer- 
doctors  get  their  reputations):  hystrrin  idmu- 
lales  almost  erety  otht-r  disease,  mo  as  lo  ileceive 
even  the  most  elect  of  doctora:  dyspepsia  produces 
symptoms  of  heart-disease  or  other  deadly  iltoess. 
There  can  be  no  4|u<«lion  thnt  a  large  proportiun  of 
tatth-curM  and  mind-curea.  and  a  considerable 
proportion  of  caws  under  ordinary  me<lical  treat- 
ment, arc  cases  of  niisuibeii  <llagnosia,  the  disease 
being  leas  wrious  in  its  nature  than  'n-as  supposed. 
UiHlahcn  prt^rnosk  accounts  for  many  caaea ; 
minlnVe  n*  to  what  iroiild  be  the  nulcome  of  the 
diicnac  if  no  ctirniirc  methods  ivere  employed. 
It  is  a  truth  leldom  recognixei)  by  patients,  though 
well  knovn  to  phyiic^ians,  that  in  most  caocs  not 
hopelirisly  fatal  from  the  stArt.  there  is  from 
the  start  a  strong  li-ndi-ncy  townrd  rciHivery, 
Dr.  Atistin  Flint,  Sr.,  thuu  whom  pprhaps  no 
abler  physician  lias  lired  in  tbi*  land,  always 
urged  upon  his  students  the  truth  that  not  drugs, 
but  vi»  medieatrix  rtalrnxu,  Ike  healing- power  of 
nature,  la  the  means  of  n<oove*y.  Thi-  wi»e  phy- 
siciaa   and    ntuw    seldom   attempt    more    tlian 


icently  and  humbly  to  aaakt  Naiure  in  bar  cum- 
tiT«  piocefee«.  LM  noe  add  Ihe  Malemont  of  a 
conHction  derlced  from  soetie  yean-  of  such  dooe 
scrutiny  of  medical  practice  of  various  scboola 
as  a  pMlor  has  good  opportunity  for,  —  a  con 
viction  Bgrcetl  to,  1  ihink.  hy  most  physidans. 
The  benefit  of  medicine  is  often  not  it*  dire<-i  ac' 
tion  upon  the  diacaw  or  upon  the  body,  but  ila 
action  upon  the  mind,  and  through  that  upon  the 
DerTHUs  system  and  the  whole  Isidy.  atimtilallng 
faith,  hopf,  cxpeolalion  of  recovery,  good  cl>eer, 
nhicli  are  pmhnbly  nature**  mightint  renieilial 
assistants." 


4 


M 


Trr  nn-'iT  EDITION  of  Dr.  Orton's  preliminary 
report  on  natural  gas  and  oil  in  Ohio  was  e» 
hauitcd  in  a  few  months,  and  the  publlcalloa 
tbe  final  or  ci>niplcte  report  on  the  oil  and  gns  of 
Ohiohnnng  been  rtill  further,  though,  consider- 
ing the  rapid  derclopnientn  still  in  progres*.  per- 
hain"  not  unwisely,  dclajed  by  legislative  ar4lon, 
IVHfi-snor  Orton  has  just  issued  a  second  edition, 
with  a  supplement,  showing  the  maivellotis  re- 
sults ft'-couipliBhed  during  the  last  ynr  (18891. 
The  extreme  activity  in  drilling  deep  wells  In  ai\ 
liortiouB  of  tht?  slate,  and  especially  In  w«fllem] 
Ohio,  will  make  this  year  always  memorable  fn 
the  history  of  Ohio  gniUigy.  Tbe  esplorationa  of 
no  single  \mr  hereafler  cun  make  addiliona  at 
eijuid  valuf  to  mir  knawle<]g«  of  the  stratigratifay 
of  tVie  strtti'.  The  leading  fact'*  have  now  ht«n 
wtnblishi'd  ;  and  wv  know  tlic  order  from  ono 
thiiusuod  to  two  thousand  feet  below  thesurfscv 
in  evvry  portion  of  the  utiiie  as  well  as  vre  do  the 
nrriingement  of  the  slrata  on  the  surface.  The 
vital  relation  of  the  )>roducliou  ot  oil  and  ga*  to. 
the  geological  sti  ucture  Is  well  eaemplifled  In  tbe 
facta  now  thoirougbI.v  established.  —  that  tlirough- 
out  weetein  Ohio  and  eastern  Indiaua  eveiy  im- 
portant gaa-H'ell  has  pierced  the  Trenton  litne- 
slone  at  a  ile|>lh  not  exieeding  four  hundrol  feet 
belo'i-  si-a-level,  and  that  every  succcHiful  oil-well 
has  reached  the  wme  borixon  at  n  point  less  ll>ka 
five  hundred  feet  lielow  tide  :  in  other  words,  tbe 
contour^  of  the  Trenton  limrHConc  arc  llie  all'im- 
portaiit  elctncnt  to  I>c  r(>n*ideteil  in  locating  new 
welK,  Find  they  can  mily  hrdptcrminol  by  drilling. 
It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  TrwDton  Mine- 
stone,  which  has  bpcn  heretofore  stippoMHl  not  Ut 
come  to  the  surfnei.'  In  Ohio,  ia  actnally  expoaed 
in  Ihe  lied  of  the  Ohio  Ilif  er  above  Cincinnati.  Id 
northern  Ohio  the  L'tien  and  Iludinn  Rirer  shiUeo 
have  llie  normal  ohani'-tvr  and  thicknusa  <if  tliuev 


a 


• 


«*t  27.  1WI7.7 


ScnsycE, 


505 


ronuallons  tn  New  York  :  but  toward  the  soulh 
they  hecotn«  );raduall,v  ninre  calcjureum.  and  the 
ITlin  also  heooines  thinner,  and  falle  to  reach  ibe 
ObiA  Btver;  tbe  Huilaon  River  series  orer lapping 
H.  anil  rvpoHiiuc  ilhvctljr  upon  Ihe  Trenton.  Tbe 
Tower  Uelilerberc  sfriee,  wlilcli  lia»  lieen  lierelo- 
tore  aai^iened  a  totiil  thickness  >~>f  one  htinUred 
feel.  Is  t>f<>v^  *^  lueiHiiri.'  Ave  himdrccl.  poHsitily 
alx  hiinilreil  feel,  nnd  to  fnchitle  nil  the  beds  in 
Ohio  formerly  referred  to  the  8alinii  nnil  Ortobany 
Kroiips.  The  Cincinnati  ni>lf ft.  fonuerlj-  suppowd 
to  hnvc  A  norlS-ea-terly  trend,  is  shown  to  ron 
■Imont  due  north  in  noriiicm  Ohio,  and  to  *rad 
off  Sn  important  lirancli  IhrouKh  iiorih-ea*tem 
Indiana  ;  and  it  U  along  this  Iw-dnch  that  ilie  im- 
portant discoverle*  of  oii  and  Ka«  iu  Indiana  liave 
been  made.  The  beet  g&s-weils  of  iiurlh-weslera 
Ohio  are  now  jieidlnj;;  from  live  inlilion  to  dfteen 
minion  cubic  feet  each  'laliy.  and  ibe  oil-produc- 
tion for  the  entire  Held  exceeils  fourteen  thousand 
harrcl"  dally  at  ilie  present  (line.  Tlie  exieiit  and 
rapidity  of  tbe  developmeut  of  the  new  distrk-ta 
nro  well  shown  in  (he  eUttenieni  lliat  (he  Lima 
field  alone  now contnlns four  hundred  and  Iwenly- 
four  producing  oil-wrli«.  an  averaac  of  more  than 
one  new  wfll  per  dsy  since  the  Srst  discowry. 


The  HCUaEsnoy  of  Cnptain  Bnrtlctl.  chief  of 
tlie  U.  tj,  bydrotrraphic  odlci-.  that  nn  inters 
national  convention  tn-  iralted  for  Ihi-  purpivn:  of 
naaigning  diffprcni  [lortionB  of  tliL>  ocean  to  ouch 
mnritiiiie  nation,  wiii  iMobubly  U-  fuTorablr  con- 
ndered  by  ooiigrvtM.  It  ia  brlic^vt^il  tlial  lhi» 
wfittid  prOTi-nt  uanuultien  at  lea  by  ■bi;Ki  tunning 
into  floating  dcrrvlictti,  Cafituin  Bnrtlett  snys  in 
bia  n-port.  "  Each  nation  woiiUI  patrol  it*  own 
portion  of  tbe  oceiin  lor  the  piir|io»e  of  tuwiuf;  in 
or  destroyinfc  all  olwtaviea.  Frequent  reporta  arv 
n!c«ive<1  of  ahip*  running  into  llmedereliita.  and 
tbi-  nutnlier  lost  from  tbiti  cauve  ni.iy  be  cMisider- 
■bie.  If  ^llipa)alHeT»  felt  tital  every  allem^it  waj* 
being  toiule  by  L-ivilJU:H.I  Kot'ernnienls  to  clear  the 
oocoii  of  Ibeite  dan^erii.  tlieir  anxielies.  which  are 
aufRi'icnlly  gnat  fn>m  purely  natural  oanaes, 
woiUd  be  materially  relieved," 


THF,  POStTtOS  OF  fMLV  PASHA. 
It  was  in  July.  Ir*!*!.  that  Molmmrneil  Arhait.Hl 
of  DoRRotn,  n  carp«mter.  who  Imd  lived  f'lr  loine 
tiiaeasa  hermit  on  ihf  Ulnndof  Abninthe  Whitv 
Nilv.  declared  he  wa«  Ihe  ■  Mabdi.'  tho  proplirt 
wbose  arrival  la  expected  by  the  MohninDMidan* 


about  tbk  lime.  The  number  at  his  adhermta 
incieaeed  rnptdly.  nnd  belief  tn  bim  wm  strenxtb- 
ened  by  the  tailureof  several  Egyptian  expeditions 
to  capture  him.  In  an  encounter  wlUi  (be  t^Kjp- 
tinn  troofai  he  brnvitl  Ibeir  gunti,  and  do  tli«  belief 
in  bis  inviilnrniblptiPM  waa  eatnblinbtsl,  Tfae 
Eiiyptinn  tcovemment  failed  to  undcntnnd  the 
tierioasnees  of  ibis  morenient.  though  it  wn*  fre- 
quently warned  by  Eroin  Bey.  the  (totemor  of  the 
equatorial  prorinoe.  The  Arabs  and  DongoUns. 
who  had  been  noulers  of  these  countries  before 
they  wen  oonqaetred  by  the  E^>  pUans,  joined  the 
fnnatio  ndberenia  of  Ibe  Mnhdi,  and  kn>u  the 
movi-mcot  hiiil  upread  over  the  whole  country. 
Tin-  KO'crnment,  which  bad  only  by  tlio  grealeit 
(ifforls  suroivdiil  in  siiNIuing  tbi-  n>vo1t  of  Soli- 
DUin  Pftsbn  In  18T8-W.  waa  powerlpas  nKninal  tbe 
Habdi.  He  retreated  befora  an  eipedition  acnt 
from  Khartuu).  lo  the  aoulhem  parte  of  Kordo- 
fan,  and  in  Dei-emlier.  Il<m.  vanquished  the  mud Ir 
of  Ftehodf .  At  Ibis  tiniL-  Ibe  n-riotu  dtaturtiancea 
CKuaed  by  Anitii-i'niiha  ihreiiu-oed  toorerthrow 
thi!  EKyptifln  K<>vem[nenl,  anil  ilelayvd  further 
action  AKaintt  tbe  Mahdi.  Thin  the  number  of 
hi*  adherents  Increaseil  rapidly,  and  within  a  aluirt 
time  lie  comtiianded  a  larfce  army.  It  la  not 
necefaary  to  rtuell  ui>on  such  eveaw  aa  Ihe  de- 
struction of  the  Egyptian  army,  Gordon's  defence 
of  the  Sudan,  tlie  final  fall  of  Khiirttim,  nnd 
(lordon**  deaib. 

In  I8T8  Smin  Pasha  waa  appointed  goremor  of 
the  equatorial  province  by  General  Uordon.  When 
be  e>ilere<I  upon  bis  duties,  tbe  country  was  in  a 
Kenenil  slate  of  war.  Only  the  bnnks  of  ibe  Nile 
beyond  Dulo,  the  ilistrict  of  tin-  Mvntan  Nsige. 
au:l  the  counlry  inlintulcd  by  the  Sbuti,  wmv 
<|[]i4-I.  Nubian  ilavcm  inrndcrl  the  country  and 
cnplurrd  alavro  without  mretintc  reslalance.  Emin 
■ut^cpoded  in  driving  them  out  of  tlie  country  and 
Rat'ierinK  the  ikcaltered  natives  Into  their  villaicee. 
tJndcf  his  peaceful  Kovemment  many  ruada  were 
bnilt,  anil  tbe  oaltle,  tbe  tnoHt  valuable  puasewiona 
of  (hedititrJcl,  iucretued  in  numlier.  Ho  intro- 
dureil  new  oiantirnc1ar«9  and  thi-  i-ullun-  of  new 
ptaiitd.  a»d  Ihu*  improvr^  tlx-  pmviiKv.  wbi(.'b  in 
I88S  yiiddod  nn  income  of  f40,000,  derlre<l  from 
taxci>,  wbil*  furnicrly  U  lia>l  an  annual  deflcU  of 
from  »10<),iKHi  to  »S»>«,iHH.i. 

At  a  lime  when  Ihe  Ei^ptian  gOTeruroent  did 
not  nndeniaiid  the  nerioUKnew  of  the  di>lurbnncee 
caused  by  tlie  Uahdi,  Eniiu  cnlled  attention  to 
ttie  iinintneot  dan);er.  bnt  bin  warningii  vtvtv  dtt- 
rexardiHl.  In  April,  [liS2,  iluring  his  visit  to 
Kliiiriiim,  be  olTeivd  to  treat  personally  with  tbe 
Unhdi.  nnd  to  use  bis  peraonal  Influence  and  his 
ncquainbinoe  wilb  Ihe  persons  to  brln^  about  a 
nuKtiu  viixndi  between  the  parties.      Ulti  offen 


SCIEXCE, 


wiTP  rrji-ct*^!.  liowi-vir.  luwl  In-  ri-cwved  lustruc- 
iMaM  U)  rrlurn  to  lii*  pmrince  anci  licvel-.ip  ila  r«- 
■ourc**.  lie  did  no,  lint  Hjncc  llialtim*  tht->tiihdi 
has  cut  oft  hi*  connection  with  t^ypli  and  the 
aecfatAoa  of  King  Mwanga  in  UicaiuU  has  cut  otl 
lliat  with  Ibv  iiuutli.  A.  M.  Huckay  thi*  tnlMioii- 
ar;.  wliu  in  li(t>c  a«  It  kimi  of  liostiiK*^  by  the  hiug, 
wiit<-B  on  Juni-  26,  1S88,  in  ty'fi-drnt'r  to  Ihin  iltii- 
pot.  "  Aitnin  ond  DKnin  bt^hikvnxpri'sHO'l  hinddiT- 
ininntion  not  In  )M  il*  lenvp,  tviox  KUi'tT  ■'<  >>■" 
con«Rlenc«,  and  coiwiancly  nlarmed  bj-  ruinom 
from  Ihv  east.  pant<r  arlsinK  rr»m  bt.  Ptei'hef'e 
joumej  that  way.  nud  partli  ftoiu  re|)ort«  of  iliv 
Ijn.-oeni.-i'  of  wbat  •>■<■  tbiiik  inutl  bv  the  iuoIti  budy 
of  Bisbu|>  Uunnington's  camvaa.  .  .  .  Ue  Iiuh 
nnlitnyl  our  boalii  to  be  wnfhrd  liirt  we  nhould 
(DC&pn.  and  hp  in  tvpotttd  to  har«i  said  thnt  vrUva 
be  bears  of  an  army  ronchinjc  the  Ripon  FnlU  he 
will  tnimkr  iM  at  once,  and  Uieo  kt  the  white 
men  come  and  catch  him.  .  .  .  Evei^  lime  a  lit 
of  malice  ooines  on,  it  \t  on  auarlclon  lliat  we 
ntMnto  'Ml  Iht-  oouutry.'  .  .  .  Beuig  slanned. 
Iw  in  dongi-rous,  while  his  iDiulTvrnble  iMnnceit 
cnukn  liim  «tntinnl<' "  (.S'r«((uift  gtagr.  mug.,  Dpc. 
l>iSit).  It  will  W  rompiiilK-icd  thit  Junker  found 
great  difHoiiUy  in  giyllini;  leaie  lo  return  wuili, 

The  date  of  Kmiii'spruvinci-  iu  the -uiniuer  of 
I*^  otay  bwii  be  seen  from  n  lellw  wrilt'-n  bj 
bim  lo  Robert  Felkjn  un  July  7.  I^HO,  wliii-b  linn 
been  publixlied  in  the  ScoltiiJi  groi/raphical  maga- 
tiiK.  He  NiTK,  "  1  nm  Kind  l«  be  able  to  tell  yoa 
tbst  the  prorince  is  in  oooiplete  nafet}*  atid 
order.  It  Is  trite  that  the  Bari  gave  u»  »oiiie  tittle 
■ruuble,  but  1  wasBooiiablelortstoreortl^r  iutbeir 
district.  Since  1  luf^t  wtnle  you,  all  Ibe  aialioni 
are  busily  employed  in  uzric-ultural  work,  and,  nt 
Mc4l  one.  eousiderable  oottnii  plantalionn  are 
iloinKwcll.  Thi*  in  all  tlir  ruoto  im[ioititDt  for 
UK.  Ill  11  <-niil*tm  ui.  to  n  rcnnJn  cxtcDt,  to  covrr 
our  iinkfdnria.  I  hiive  aliHi  IntroLliiced  tbe  itboe- 
maker's  arl,  and  yon  wnnjtl  lie  surprl'^ed  lo  aee 
the  iirogreaa  we  baT«  made.  We  now  make  our 
own  aoap.  and  we  have  at  la«t  enouKb  larut  and 
grain,  eu  that  we  have  BuHident  to  keep  life 
goini:  :  aucb  luxuricv,  ho»-evur,  u«  Nugiir.  etc.,  of 
courie  we  ba^e  net  seen  for  many  a  lanjc  day. 
I  fO(p)t  lo  aay  tliat  we  are  giowinx  the  moat 
apUndid  tobacc-o.  .  .  .  Our  rcliiliunB  wiili  Ka- 
braga  hB*«  otill  cuulinued  friondly.  He  has  also 
taadthegoodnuai  toacnd  my  leiU>r»  to  .Mr.  .Ifaokojr 
in  Uganda,  and  has  permitted  me  lo  liuy  Ber«tal 
nroMMuy  arliclet  fr\>iii  the  Zau^tiar  Arabi  who 
lire  In  his  country.  Captain  Cbiuili  luu.  on  this 
acoonnl,  actvdeil  lo  my  wishtt.  and  taken  ap  his 
rwldenee  wiUi  Kabnga  in  the  iiii-iin  lime,  in  ord«t 
lo  look  after  our  inli'tmtn.  Dr.  Junker  is  at  prea- 
etii  in  tlKanila,  and  hopes  soon  lo  sum  on  hie 


hoaiewurd  Journey.  I  am  only  too  glad  tliat 
lie  at  least  boa  been  enabled  to  vacnpe  frwn 
here." 

It  wilt  b^  remembered  tltat  the  Mahdi,  nflor 
tbe  coniiiie^t  of  the  pn>vince  of  Btr'el-Oaxal.  tried 
to  attack  Emin  Pallia.  Ui»  ex|>edition.  howeter, 
proved  a  failure.  In  the  -quaiorial  province  coai- 
inuuk-aLiuu  ivaa  not  inliTrupled  at  any  lime,  add 
we  bear  of  fre(|m'nt  joumeyii  between  Ijtilo  and 
t<ir  uppL'r  end  of  Lflke  Mviilan. 

fliiic<-  that  tiriie  Emin's  positioo  Ima  Dot  hfctuaa 
woiue.  n«  Junker  Hui-or«(led  in  sendtuK  him  from 
Uicnnda  two  thoui^nd  dollars'  worth  of  coltoo 
Kood«.  and  Inter  news  refer  lo  gOM)«  boui;lit  hj 
Eniiu's  agenta  in  U^undn.  Tbe  laint  hituv  of 
Emin  I'nnba  it  dated  Dec.  19,  1886.  lie  writes  to 
Dr.  Junker  Ibnt  fCing  Mwaniia  nllnwed  blin  to 
buy  ^•■o'l"  frum  Znnzllwri  merchants,  and  that 
he  olilained  permi»<iion  to  have  ammuitilioti  and 
inuvlvions  sent  from  Zaiixibar. 

From  tliMe  fai-ln  wr  conclude  Ibat  Eruiu's  (Mai- 
lion  ill  bis  proTiiic«  is  iliHicult  un  acciiunt  of  bis 
isolation  from  Eurii{ie.  hut  timt  there  Li  no  immi> 
ncnt  diWKer.  Thcrefi^re  Stnnlcy'n  cxiieditian  i* 
not  so  much  a  lelii'f  exjiedition  as  nor  inb-ndcl  to 
proi*iJe  him  with  sui-h  ironiie,  guns,  .^nd  ammu- 
nition as  will  enable  him  lo  hold  his  own  (a  bla 
proi  iitcct  and  to  ooutititie  tli«  wutk  lie  baa  ao  sac* 
cer^Iully  IwKun.  Evldnilly  lie  is  unwilling  to 
luave  liis  Boldierv  and  offiovrs,  and  to  alMimlon  a 
province  In  which,  imdcr  the  most  adverse  ciicum- 
stancT*.  he  hiu>  restored  pence,  an<l  mvei)  tbe 
naihe*  froni  the  opprMsions  of  cornipt  ofDceni 
and  slave-hunterh. 

iiLanley's  exjiMliliun  c<iuld  nut  take  the  ncar^el 
and  Ijnit-kniiwn  lutili- ihroiigh Uganda,  on  accniiut 
of  the  liimtiliiy  of  ilii'nngn.  Neither  was  ii  ad- 
vi.inUlt;  in  avoid  <Jt;nnds  hy  pnssinj;  nortli-eaai  of 
tlin  Viciiirin  Nyaiiui ;  (or  the  Wagamla  fre<|nenl- 
ly  make  »ar  upon  ihe  Iribea  of  that  disirk-t. 
while  Ihey  do  not  visit  the  re^on  vmi  of  Unroro. 
Though  ftlanley  experivnct's  coiiaiderable  dlfU- 
cully  iu  teachuis  Stanley  I^kiI,  bii  expedition  has 
been  HO  (ur  very  lucky,  and  there  has  been  hardly 
any  imexppcted  delay.  Once  on  the  u[i|ier 
Kongo,  he  will  not  find  any  dIBIcull.v  In  reaching 
tbe  rapMis  of  the  Mbuni.  from  wbivli  |>oiiit  bia 
route  will  be  easterly  through  an  uukitown 
country.  Ii  Is  not  probable  that  hit  large  caravan 
will  meet  any  serious  obalacle.  aiul  we  may  hofW 
that  hr  u  it)  attict-iisl  in  acoompUshlng  bit  object, 
thiu  eimlilittg  ICiuin  Poalia  »l(her  lo  reinm.  or  to 
continue  his  work  in  safoty. 

That  our  readers  msy  be  able  to  follow  ibe 
doings  in  Cenlrnl  Africa,  we  publish  with  ihia 
number  a  map  of  Ihe  tvgioo,  wbkh  is  cxwrected 
lo  dale. 


4 

I 

I 

I 


4 


IUt  »,  I8tf7.| 


SCIEJVOE. 


50; 


t!-rrsJt!fATmNAL  statistical  rxert- 

TVTH. 

Trr  IntenMtioiial  Riniiitical  insiitule  \w\>\  lis 
fim  mrrting  m  Roniv  frutu  April  13  to  April  17. 
Aniont;  tlio  distinKiiishei)  M^jpolista  |>rt«ml  n'rie 
Sir  Rawsoii  W.  RAir«tin  ot  EnKlnntI,  psrvidott  o[ 
Itie  iiistltule ;  Signor  Ettxjto.  <lin«t<ir-sMW!Tnl  of 
MatKlicH  iu  Itnly  :  Protttsor  Neumann  Spnllnrt 
of  Vicuiia  i  Prof«t«or  Levaseeur  of  PRri«  :  Pii>- 
fnuiur  Wa^ucT  uf  Eterlln  :  Dr.  EitK^I.  formerly 
ilirrcKN-  of  tlu!  I'ru<«ian  sutisiicnl  liuresu  :  Dr. 
Itmch  of  Sorwny  :  and  M,  lAwi  Say  of  Paris, 
ll  iraK  re«otvpd  that  IIip  working  nirmlNrn  of  llur 
inMitiile  oltoiitd  W  liiuilrd  to  n  lium)r<'<l  and  Hflj, 
and  they  are  to  be  chosen  pscJuRivplT  from  iIiom 
nliu  mukt?  u -pecial  (ilucly  of  «talisl1C8,  SIhI  tak<> 
a  real  iutrnitl  iu  them. 

Otie  ot  the  mo>t  uii[nrUuii  pap«n  pre^ntMl  was 
tbnt  of  Dr.  EnK^I.  «n  " Cooaamption  ai  llw  mr«H- 
ur«  of  thi'  pr(iiqwitl,v  of  iodiridnala,  familiw.  nnil 
nation!."  Thp  i*ppr  U  ilwwrihod  nn  clnlxiralr 
and  IiiirenUniH,  and  KaT«  n  rnlnntlon  ot  the  itilni- 
mum  cost  of  mnlTit^nanoe  frnrn  birili  lo  tli«  a^ 
of  lw*Dty-fiw.  Dr.  Erigel  ralculatM  that  an  in- 
fant cannot  be  nourislinl  fn^m  t>irib  lo  Ihe  mil  i.f 
Ibe  fiiwt  jcar  at  a  levi  ttwl  Ihun  fi<'i-  inundK,  and 
that  I7  llw  age  of  twrnty-livc  i-nch  iniiiTidiial 
liaH  ixivt.  in  ibe  kut  ot  niaiiitenanc^e,  not  Imh  than 
ni-Hrly  Ibnv  hiiudrt<<l  ptinnda. 

He  alHu  j^ve  a  ^Lltenlt'■)t  irf  llt^e-liinaU'itsliare 
of  the  Mrnin)^  <>f  a  tumilr.  isiiilributnl  by  rnch 
mri»lH.T  ot  it.  The  rrtimalv  u  Ixurd  on  tbi>  rosi 
of  maint4-nanoR  of  a  family  «on*ii(ins  of  a  fallier 
and  mnther.  and  «is  children  under  e1<>vm  ymre 
of  at(r.  TakInK  the  total  as  16.1.  Dr.  Eu^I'b 
figurea,  reprcoentlng  the  eoD«uniptUin  of  ibe  dif- 
ferent memberB,  are  Ihe^:  — 

TbofallMr ,: U 

Tlia  nwiUr. U 

UaaolilM  tlaTon  Twan  (fld ftl 

nu*nlD*rMncld M 

OnvMnaiwanolil LT 

UD*  B»  TVanoia >«■••• •-  1-S 

(ms  ULroe  Tfonolll I.S 

(■n«*7*Breia ]<1 

ToUL HLl 

Dr.  Kfkli  of  Hungarj'  had  a  paper  which  con- 
fimrd  Dr.  Eagel'*  canolUHioiui,  thixiKh  it  wsa 
written  from  a  diffvrMit  point  of  vjt^ir.  ProfeoMr 
Fermri*  of  Italy  rend  a  pajicr  on  the  movementof 
Ibv  precious  metals  l>et«'een  Italy  nivl  otiier  coun- 

Ltries,  —  amib^-t  of  jiecnliar  Inlereil  10  liiH  cinin- 
trynireD,  iu  »iew  of  Ibrir  recent  BUecRufal  muim 
to  npeeiv  paymrnta.  Mr.  Riiticrl  <iilTcu  nTKa«d  In 
favor  of  ottabliiihinK  a  common  mincure  of  prioee 
b)  dtffanat  oountriee.  Mr.  Bateman,  ot  the  Kng- 
liah  boBTd  of  tcatto,  toucbed  uioUiieT  imponunt 


point  when  hi>  i>rftinitr<l  the 'iwatloDot  buw  ta 
MtebliHha  bpitcT  IxiMH  Ibiin  now  eitMa  for  Ihc 
compnriiion  <■(  the  trade  ttatistloi  of  mrioua 
ootinirifii. 


TlIK  JWfKT/iVff  OF   TUB  ECOyoUlC  ASD 
HISTORICAL  ASSOClATIOyS. 

TliK  fonrth  nnniinl  in^vtiDi;  •>(  the  Atneriean 
hMorical afWH-inlioii.  nnd  tbi' xwitid  anunal  meel- 
incof  ilie  AfnerJoin  economic  nMKiriulion.oiMWMl 
at  etgbt  o'doclc  on  Saianlay  P<fnini;.  Hay  it. 
in  UuntiuKtaii  hall,  of  the  Institute  of  t<«hnoU>B]r. 
ihitton.  .\nMog  lite  members  of  the  aaaociatioDN 
pri^wnt  were  t>anciii  A.  Walker,  Jiutln  Wimor, 
Alfred  Etnerton.  Dr.  F.  \V.  Taiaa*ig.  Prof.  C.  F. 
DunhnT,  and  Prof.  W.  \V,  Ooodwin,  of  Harvard  : 
Prof.  A.  T.  HadU-y  of  Yale :  Prof^  R.  H.  Smith. 
F.  J.  Goodnow,  E.  M.  Smith,  N.  it.  Buib-r.  and 
E.  R  A.  SeKitman,  ot  Colmnlnn  :  Prof.  .Alexander 
JobnKt(>n  of  Princeton  1  H.  C.  Adnmn  and  vx- 
Pm.idMil  A.  D.  White  of  Cornell ;  Profit.  P..  J. 
Jainm  ami  C.  J.  Stille  ot  PhiliMlelpliia  :  Profs.  U. 
B.  AdanMi  and  R.  T.  Ely  of  Bnliiuiurr  ;  Dr.  Philip 
Scliaff.  Judge  C.  A.  Pratiody.  Hon.  Julin  Jay.  un>l 
UenenI  Cullwm.  of  New  York  City. 

Pn*idMil  Walker's  opening  nddrru  wiw  a  brief 
annlynid  of  the  pre^nt  industrial  iiatiitu  He 
fulloa'ed  tile  deretuputent  ol  tliuuglit  with  refer- 
ence lo  the  mnniiaMaboring  clam,  and  pointed  out 
tbe  sourora  of  our  proscut  induiirlnl  truublm.  He 
was  most  outs|>nkon  in  condemnation  of  tfai;  boy* 
coU  and  ot  tlie  nietliods  of  the  drmnKOKUca  among 
Ibe  Kiiixfabt  ot  labor  His  appeal  tor  a  re-UN^ 
lion  of  tile-  Biiiril  ut  .Vmerlcan  men  and  Awerkaii 
Invtitutions  OS  agHinsI  the  metliodd  of  our  imml- 
KranI  population  was  forcibly  slated,  and  waa 
(fre^-ted  with  rnlbnsiaBtic  cspmniooB  of  approval, 

Pr«<4[<lent  Winaor  of  the  HiBtorical  Kiciety  fol- 
lowed with  a  adiolarly  addrm  on  the  ■  Dueu* 
meatarr  aonrcM  ot  Amerioan  hiniory.'  He  told 
what  bad  been  done  by  Jared  Spark*.  Pelttr  Force, 
anil  Qeorge  Bancrafl  for  Ibe  collection  and  pub- 
llcMion  of  *iaie  documents,  Ue  inatauoed  the 
lilalory  of  the  Trumbull  ivtpeniaa  evidence  of  wliat 
Tkliwilutea  imporliint  d<K'umenl«  mit;bt  t>e  callwl 
upon  to  paw  through.  Ho  cltned  with  the  jirac- 
t4cal  BUKgeellon.  that,  before  it  in  too  Inte,  the 
U.B  KorernaieDt  shmild  rntnblMh  miiike  Ixxly.  like 
the  Historical  mauuscripta  commi>«lon  i>(  Bnx- 
lan<l,  elutrKed  with  the  lash  of  coDatintt  am)  pn- 
twnrinx  pniH-rn  ot  value  for  the  history  of  the  de- 
veloiiment  ivt  the  |>»lilii-itl  life  and  tli«iught  of  the 
country. 

After  the  addreceee  a  reception  nraa  tendi-red 
the  mcml>eni  of  balk  aaodatlona  by  the  tniaie«a 
of  the  Muaeum  ot  One  am,  ht  that  bBtldlng. 


508 


SCIENCE. 


fVoL.  VS...  No.  fi» 


On  Uondoy.  the  liad.  botli  aisociatloiu  teltted 
down  ui  nork.  At  the  morning  seasiou  of  the 
Historical  a»8ociatiou  a  luoal  valuable  pa)>eT  waa 
|>r«eei)te<]  hy  Juilt;u  Mellun  ('liatubt^riaiii  o(  Boa- 
toD.  on  "  Till-  cmnlituliouiil  (elnlioDX  ii(  tile 
Ami-ticAD  cokini<»  lo  t)i>>  Englitih  xovraniiKini  nt 
tli«  ootntncDCi*rnonl  nf  the  American  rerolution." 
Jtulttr  ChnmlM>ilain'»argumen(  was  twielj'  legal, 
iin<Ic«llr»l  forth  from  PmfrasnrJohnstonor  Friiiw- 
ton  n  fi>w  T^niarkfi  on  \h»  rehitlou  nf  (lii^  legnl  to 
t]ie  |N>)itical  ATiiuiui^iit  ill  coasi■JM^HtloDa  of  ihb 
Win,  TliB  other  iMi|)i-ra  of  thi*  sw>i<ni  kmi-  •  Hi*- 
torieol  gTouiiing,'  Lr  Jnoi<4S<^hi>ulcr:  ■  Diplomatic 
prvlttdo  tothc  w^vMi-ycnw'  w«r,'  hy  H.  E.  MUU  ; 
anil  '  Silas  Dmni>,'  hj  Ctiarim  Isliniu. 

The  correepotidlng  bcmIoo  of  the  Economic  lu- 
•ootatlon  wan  deroieil  to  tbe  transportation  i>n>b- 
Imd.  au<l  <l«reloped  oiatijr  pointoof  interest.  Tlu! 
■taDiiing  ootniutlt^e  oil  traaHfiurtulioii  pri^MTtiti^ 
a  report  uhk-h  iniIionti>cl  the  |tliiii  nf  iht;  work  to 
be  uii'lerlnkrn.  Profmnnr  Juniiii  of  Pliiladelphia 
gar«  ail  hUtoiii'iil  rrmiiiii  of  th?  aKiiatlon  fur 
ualioual  re;;ulation  of  thi>  mllwaj*  In  the  Unite<l 
Stain,  and  a  uotln  of  the  Wlutluui  report  of  1)«'3, 
and  Ih*  Ctillum  report  of  l^M.  Tlir  inloratnte 
oonini'me  Hll  he  rvgnnlmi  iin  tentative,  but  a»  a 
step  in  ilip  riiht  dlroction. 

l>r.  Helixman  ol  ColuinMn  followed  with  the 
irnxt  valuable  pU|>tTr  of  the  sra»ioii,  on  thi>  ■  l^mg 
aii<l  short  hnul  cluuBnof  tlir  feilerti)  mjlwiir  law.' 
Dr.  Bellgman  ent^nvJ  initiutcly  into  (li<-*utijert  of 
lailway  charm",  and  rxpUinnl  carefiill}'  aud 
dearlj  the  pbrow  -what  ihp  trnfHr  vrill  lirar.' 
After  showing  IIm-  dllfoTi>ncv  lirtween  ilitf<-ti^iuU 
and  prefereTitlul  mte«,  tlie  8|-e»her  defmiled  tlin 
formor  on  grounds  of  public  pobcy.  nhik heartily 
C>ndi>mmng  tlie  hilti-r.  Dr.  8i-ligmnii  wn»  rory 
ei'ij'balic  in  hi«  aiwrlion.  luul  wry  rkni  in  bin 
proof,  that  ihecihnrgc  for  railway  wrrlce  should 
be  baaml,  not  on  ita  coat,  but  on  it«  ralue.  Ftoni 
thia  principle  follow  ctawtflcatloii  and  dlscriininn- 
tion.  Dr.  Sellgman  concluded.  •■  Under  a  sv*tMn 
of  fnt  pomi«ititiiin  among  private  railu-nr>,  the 
principlp  of  i-oluiue  of  serviiH-,  or  charging  wliat 
the  IrnfHc  will  bear,  i*  the  only  mtioiiial  method 
calculate<1  to  givr  the  luiHt  cffldi^l  service  and 
greaieai  profltH.  Bui  ih«  exislenoe  or  posribility 
of  the  abuse  of  power  rvqulrva  the  mtrlclion  of 
this  unlimited  llbnty  In  tlie  pulilio  interest.  Tbe 
recontriliatioD  of  the  railwaya  and  public  incr-mtt 
cut  tnk«  plnce  (inly  through  the  inteipo'ilioii  of 
pnblic  aulhoriiy.  Tho  public  ntithortty  niii«t  lay 
down  tile  rulf  of  r<iiMl  treatment  >«  the  funda- 
mental diXTlrine,  but  iiuint  rccoKiiIze  the  principle 
of  value  as  n  r^aion  for  deporting  from  ihv  lUic- 
trine  tn  individual  cwee.  Otnlaslon  of  either  duty 
BeceoaarilT  entails  injuallc«  or  iiiefficiracy.''    81- 


inon  Sterne,  I^q.,  followed  witli  a  pa))eroii  Euro-] 
|)e«n  railroads,  and  an  anitnalcd  diiuMBsBian  en-I 
sued.  particiiMited  in  by  PrnfeiucirUudley  of  Yak',] 
Himun  Sterne,  unit  Eilniird  Atkitiaon  of  Boatun. 

In  the  ufirrn(K>n  iKith  oMocinltotm  w4>ro  cntsr* ! 
tiiinod  St  WelWlny  college  by  Uie  hcdtty  ami 
■tiideniH  of  liial  institution.  AI  Ibe  evening  see- 
sioti  of  the  Eoouuiuic  asnociation,  Ur.  Fiauklfn 
II.  Glttdings.  editor  of  W'urk  and  tr<affes.  olTeTril  u  i 
|>lilloso|>1iicul  jNiper  on  tlic  ■Sociological  chaincifr 
of  i>i>liticul  economy.*  Hon.  John  Jay  reait  Ivfttrv 
tbe  llisliiricnl  lu^eocintiI1^a^  ««My  on  Ibe  ■  Peace 
nc^tiotion*  of  ITN3.'  Dr.  II.  B.  Adams  gave  an 
interealini;  account  of  Ranke's  penonality  untl 
work,  nnd  Dr.  Frvincke  of  Harvard  discuawd  titaj 
'  Pnrlianieniary  ezpertmeut  in  Germany.' 


BEALTH  MATTICltS. 

Mot7I?TAiX-OUiflii»u,  — Dr.  r»  Bajkan  of  Brook- 
lyn baa  contriHuted  an  article  lo  tlie  iVnc  Vork 
m^rfi'nif  j'oiirNaf  ou  the  advaulagee  Of  nountatn- 
cliuibiug.  He  regards  tbe  puK  mountain  nir  as 
one  of  iIk!  liest  of  disinfecting  agrntn.  He  aaya 
there  are  Hoattug  in  tlic  air  nunilirrlens  gernm, 
many  of  tlirm  of  a  hiinnfut  nnturc;  nnd  It  woala 
■even  powihk  that  Ilie  injurioiie  germs  wliiclt. 
eapectally  in  large  plncen.  are  received  into  Ibe 
huninii  orgntiirrm.  uilchl  Le  relideTvd  iunocruoits 
hy  the  oxygen  of  the  air.  and  perhaps  al«)  by  air- 
[current*  acting  in  a  nwcbnnical  way,  wlUle  in 
Stognnnl  air  —  as,  for  exiioiple,  in  a  badly  v«iil}> 
lotMl  apartment,  where  the  exiinlalioite  fionj  the 
lungs  aud  skin  ai«  constantly  accumulating  — 
there  is  leM  disinfectant  action  Iwoniwe  of  the 
diniiiiinbLilqiuinlity  of  oxygen.  The  best  inhala- 
tion «|j[<uriilu«.  baths,  iiud  inediuiiOL-nta.  ar?  ot 
but  tcmimrary  value,  i(  no  comin-ncsiion  u-  made 
for  tbe  liHK  i)f  Titnlily  and  of  munrular  tone,  en* 
pednlly  tbnt  of  Ibi-  heart  and  vnaels  :  If  the 
blood  stasis  in  the  glands  nnd  other  organ:  doeo 
not  yield  to  au  Increased  Row  of  blood  in  tbe  nr- 
teitea  and  vriiis :  if  ilie  thinned  blood  doea  not  be- 
come thicker  and  moK  rich  in  albumen:  if  Ifae 
ncxniniiilating  carbottic  acid  is  not  exp4)llcd  by  a 
more  plentiful  inipply  of  oxygen  ;  if  the  fai  dv 
posite<I  In  Ibe  Ixuly  is  not  uiore  rapidly  oxidised  ; 
and  if  the  kidney*  nie  not  mode  to  act  more  i'lB- 
ciently.  All  these  etTecis  ate  produced,  according 
to  ,Tim>l>i,  Loomia.  Veil.  Uerlel.  and  otl>er  authorl- 
tirs,  nior<-  certainly  and  more  generally  by  luoun- 
laln-cli lulling  than  in  any  otlwr  way  wbnt«r<<r. 
A[l«:r  set  eral  weeks  spi-ni  in  mountain  ennirslotw. 
Ibe  condition  of  the  |>tilictii  is  mdic.nlly  changrd 
fiir  the  better.  There  Is  an  elsi^tlciiy  of  (be  luentol 
proc(«»v  in  phice  of  tbe  former  hebetude  i  will, 
tbuuclil.  and  imptilxe  wrem  to  more  on  winga  ;  ifa^ 


I 


509 


Jated 

>f  the 

of  a 

Dr. 

Tbe 
rtical 
if  in 
bular 
Non- 
bular 
icon- 
leeser 
eA  in 
;  7". 
s  out 
let  to 
jning 
I  well 
given 
ivarm 
hers ; 
iial  in 
para- 
drink 

Mt  of 
tiro 
jriva- 
gthe 
scien- 
-suits, 
at  in- 
,  and 
erage 
:urate 
linute 
time  ; 
'gmo- 
were 
irbed, 
tipira- 


tn  isBuiB  iKimiua,  wai«r  MlUtU-  .w  .n.  ...»i.m  uuh, 

liut  it  may  be  with  great  advantage  then  taken 


MM  anuviiu,   «a.v,   •   imiieuBe   ui  UMUly 


-Dr. 
Fater- 
ismis- 
tisticB 
lining 
sewer 
'ater ; 
D,  the 
h-rate 
leans, 
■erage 
id  tea 
H.    In 


Philadelphia  the  average  for  the  first  decade  waa 


508 


OnU 
down  t 
HiBtorit 
present! 
ton,  oi 
Americi 
tbecon) 
Judge  C 
and  rail' 
ton  a  fe 
the  poli 
eort.  I 
torical  q 
prelude 
and  '  Sil 

Tbeo 
Bociatioi 
lem,  ani 
standing 
a  report 
be  undet 
gave  aa 
national 
States,  a 
and  the 
commert 
etep  in  il 

Dr.  a 
most  val 
and  shor 
Dr.  Selig 
railway 
clearly  t 
After  ah< 
and  pref) 
former  oi 
coodema 
emphatic 
proof,  thi 
be  liased, 
this  prim 
tion.    Di 

of  free  ci  .,  _„ 

principle 
the  traflit 
calculated 
greatest  ( 
of  the  ab 
this  unlin 
reconcilia 
can  lake  i 

public  aui  * 

do<vn  the 
tnental  dc 
ot  value  I 

trinein  iit  .       ,  . ■  • 

necessarily  eataila  injustice  or  inefflclency."    8i-     thought,  and  impulse  seem  to  move  on  wings  ;  the 


Mat  S7.  IIM.) 


SCIEXVE. 


609 


foToiieriy  iltill  avntte*  art^  iilmrp^iMi)  :  tbe  formerly 
halt-vlusLil  rym  nparklo.  and  the  flabby  cliM.-ka  be- 
cowi!  falUtr  maA  rnav  ;  thn  fnrinMlr  prorainrot  ul>- 
doBMm  i«  rrditc^  to  xtuxn  wcnily  din)iii«JoDii,  not- 
nritlMtsn'tinic  that  fooi)  Riid  drink  nrr  tak«n  nitli 
^roBl^r  relish:  and  ibe  clmt  is  «x|uinJ«d.  Dr. 
Barhnn  thinks  the  Btiropeao  mountains  are  to  bc< 
])ref«rre))  to  tticee  of  Aiueric«,  prioclpaUy  on  the 
)^»iiliit  th:it  bi-ll«T  palbs  Br«  pnirKI<sl.  H»  inak<4 
aa  exoi-ntion  lo  thi*  rule  in  fuvor  of  IUl-  Adirun- 
darkd  and  ^^mc  othvt  moiintniiw  in  the  i-oateru 
stalra.  In  oTKnnlzinK  mniinlain-parliM,  very 
thing  shoul'l,  so  far  as  powiblp,  l>e  previoiuly  ar- 
ranged. Fb-KulatioDS  f-hould  be  e«(iibllsl)eil  »3  lo 
the  jcraihial  increase  in  the  extent  or  tlie  daily 
MoeniB,  i\w  periods  of  re*t.  the  proleeiiun  of  tiie 
fe«i  and  ulbur  portii  of  tbi-  body  aguinai  cbaling 
and  tlu!  formation  of  bliBtciv.  Tin-  odvicv  of  Dr. 
Borkan  will  Sat  found  by  ini-'Xpcticnced  podnitrians 
to  bv  of  xcvM  ralui>,  and  we  should  advise  Ihuse 
who  contemiilaie  mountain  .climbing  diirintt  the 
coming  rammer  to  fsmiliarixe  tliemselrvs  wllb  his 
rulca  of  action,  and  lliuo  aavi.-  time  mid  ^loid  buf- 
feiing. 

Thb  itroMACH.  —  Dr.  A.  II.  P.  Leuf,  in  an  article 
in  lh«  Htdirnl  wica  'm  tho  slomacli.  calK  altcu- 
tJon  lo  sereral  imponnnt  errors  m  Che  aiiuiomy 
and  physiology  o(  thai  organ  as  dtriscritiod  by  moit 
of  the  antborilia.  He  findH,  nit  tlio  mtult  of  mnny 
pcBt-mortrin  and  nthnr  vxnininatioas,  that  Instead 
of  lyinx  in  n  horizonUt)  pneition.  the  stomach  In 
Its  normal  |K)»itlon  is  rertlcBl,  and  thul  when  it  is 
dblended  the  leaser  curvature  reiuuina  L-nmpnra- 
tlvely  atatiooary.  while  the  greater  moves  to  the 
left  and  downward,  and  the  pouch  upnani  and  to 
the  lefl.  An  empty  stoiuiK^h  is  in  n  contmrlml 
vimdiiioii.  and  aiimiutn  a  tubular  f<irin  :  gncemi* 
dliti'Ution.  though  rnH)uenlly  found,  is  not  (ho 
Ta\r.  nur  is  it  rtrictly  phyHiolcigiunl.  Wbrn  water 
in  tak<-n  into  Ihu  full  or  jiarlly  full  sloitiacli.  It 
doM  ooC  mingla  with  the  food,  ad  we  atv  xeuer- 
«llj  taiitcht,  but  pamm  along  tjuirkly  betwevn  the 
food  and  Ibe  lesser  ourrature.  towants  tii«  pylorus, 
through  which  it  jia^es  Inlu  tin- intestine.  The 
•ecrrtiun  of  mucun  by  tlii.-  lining;  iiwuibrnne  is  con- 
•tanl,  and  during  the  night  a  mOKiderBble  amount 
aocumuiatea  in  tho  rtoioach :  some  of  iu  iliiuid 
portion  is  abaorbml,  and  that  which  remaina  is 
thick  and  tenacious.  If  foitd  U  taken  into  the 
stomach  when  In  this  conditluD.  it  b(M:uiui--9  coated 
with  this  mucus,  and  Ibe  secretion  o[  the  gnatrio 
Jutoe  and  its  aclioo  are  delated.  TIk-sc  faeta 
abow  the  value  of  a  goblet  of  water  before  break- 
fast, Tbid  woabM  out  tlie  trnaeloun  mucus,  and 
Mttmultttra  the  goftric  glnniU  to  ux.-retion.  In  old 
or  fwblo  perwus,  water  should  not  lie  taken  culd, 
bat  it  may  be  with  jjreat  odvaatage  Iben  token 


warm  or  hot.  This  remova]  of  the  accumulated 
muciu  from  l)ie  stomach  14  probably  ona  of  the 
runaona  why  taking  %ciup  at  t1>e  beginning  of  a 
m««l  ban  always  Iwm  fnund  m  beaetlcial.  Dr. 
Lwif  sums  lip  his  rie*rs  o»  follows  :  1",  The 
]>a8iclon  of  the  stomach  in  more  nearly  vertical 
than  horizontal ;  3".  An  empty  ■lomacb,  if  iu 
goo<l  tone,  is  always  tubular;  3".  A  tulmlar 
etnninch  xhould  be  the  rule  on  rising ;  4°.  Non- 
irritnting  liquids  piuu  directly  through  the  tubular 
stomach  ;  8".  Thry  do  likewisi' if  the  slooiach  con- 
tains food,  and  In  suoh  casi^  |ini^  ok'ng  tlu.<  teMer 
curvature;  Q".  Tlie  morning  mucu'  «mluined  In 
the  dioiimi'h  hinders  or  relatdt'  disi-stiim ;  7". 
Water  dnuik  bcton;  meals  dilute*  and  n  n»h«i  out 
thiH  mucus,  slimulatea  tlu-  gastro-enteric  tract  to 
peristalsis,  and  cauara  hyperaeinla  of  Its  lining 
membrane,  thus  gn-ally  siding  digestion  as  well 
OS  elimluation ;  8°.  Cold  water  should  be  ffiven 
to  those  whu  have  the  ponrt^r  to  react,  while  warm 
or  hut  water  must  lie  administered  lo  alt  other*  : 
9".  Salt  adiUil  to  the  wjiier  is  very  henellcial  in 
preventinu  the  formation  of  uuabsorliabk  pnta- 
lieptiinr*  :  KF.  It  is  iierfectly  proper  to  drink 
vrater  before,  during,  and  aflrr  meala. 

Csm'^  Bi-xt.  —  M.  CeUi,  who  began  a  fut  of 
thirty  days  nt  Berlin,  nuuntnineil  ll  but  two 
wroln,  buvitig  been  assured  that  n  longer  depriva- 
tion would  bv  of  no  sdenilflc  value.  During  the 
fad  lie  n-n*  under  the  observation  of  such  mm-o- 
littc  men  as  Vlrcbow  and  Senator :  and  the  roults, 
wbeu  [>ub1l8he(I,  will  umhiubtedty  be  of  great  in- 
terMl.  Heilrank  all  the  water  he  deairvd.  and 
wan  permitted  lo  smoke  cignn-ltes.  Hi*  average 
daily  loBB  ill  weight  wa»  M3  grains.  Accurate 
niesKuremeala  of  the  body  wl^rl■  taken,  and  miuute 
analvMs  of  Ibe  eicrela  taoAv  from  time  to  tinne : 
aim  examtnalious  of  the  Wood  ami  «phygn)0- 
graphic  tracings  of  the  pulse.  Eslimatioiu  wm 
also  made  of  the  amounts  of  oxyg«n  abmtrbed, 
and  of  cartionic  acid  produced,  during  respira- 
titiu. 

WiTMl  -  Sl-PPLT     ASD    TVI-MOID  •  FItVM.  —  Dr. 

Charles  Smart,  nurgeou  L'.S.A.. regards  the  water- 
Mippty  aA  the  principal  medium  of  Uie  tiansmj*- 
(inn  of  typhoid-fever,  and  refen  lo  the  slalHtlcfl 
nf  New  Orleans  and  Philadelphia  aa  suttalnlng 
his  viewB,  In  the  formei  cily.  without  a  sewer 
srslem.  tlie  drinking-water  ia  pure  laiu-water ; 
while  En  Philadelpbia.  with  a  aewer  ayaUim.  the 
water-supply  is  contaminated.  The  dwttv-ralo 
per  U>0,DOO,  from  typhoid-fever  in  New  Orleans, 
in  IBM  wa»  «a,  and  in  1860  but  IS :  the  average 
for  the  flrat  decade,  ItHM-TO.  beiiiK  tl.9.  and  tot 
(he  aecond.  M.$,  a  decrnae  of  nearly  IT.  In 
[MiiJadelphla  llM  BTentgc  for  Uie  first  d<«ade  wm 


510 


SCTEl^CH. 


{Vet-  IX.,  NOu'^ 


55.8|  and  lor  tin  aeeOBd.CO.I,  an  ioneoae  of  nearly 
II.  In  considering  Ihiwr  atativLico,  tt  wuulil  at*ia 
tbni  Ibr  (ranMniwicm  i>r  typbmd-ft'vcr  li.v  duwds 
of  •cwns  \»  »i'i'rlcx)ki'().  In  Ilrooklfn  tho  out- 
bmk  of  1^1  nn^  disitinclly  Uikm^  to  communi- 
catioD  throuich  oewcre,  and  11  wu  also  fairly  wvU 
demonstrated  iliat  Ibe  water-supply  pl&yml  no 
part  at  all  in  the  tmuMniaBlon  of  the  diwaee. 
Tl)«fa«t  is  unilouUcdlj:  tliaityphoid-fererUcoui- 
in«uucat«il  both  by  muaiui  oltewtn  and  Uu^  wattr- 
aupplyt  aod  that  nrilbur  b  to  be  regnrdnl  a*  the 
•olu  factor  in  ita  propagation. 

PjISTBCR'S  work.  —  Paslvur  i»  at  tli«  prmeni 
time  being  v«ry  aevtnly  <.-ritic-iBed  by  his  oppu- 
nimta.  Moniir  (.'harming  him  witb  cauidng  Ibe  death 
of  hi*  patienln  by  hi*  inonuluUon  cxjicriuimta. 
The  following  taMe  of  atntiiiticK,  tnlcro  from  the 
Lancft,  would  seem  to  indicate.  Ibiil.  notwith- 
elaoding  tbe  adrerw  eriticlsoiis  PiiBt«UT'D  clnimtf 
to  iMving  sareil  life  are  eetablinhed  on  a  tiub«laB> 
tial  ImsIs. 


iTMrtAd. 

from  all 

L'nuiwii. 

MOTlatltr- 

rt\m 

UK 

an 

lU 

111 

•* 
M 

« 

11 

I 

■ 

** 
D 

St.  Pei*nbiirf... 

<•        t          V 

..  ■    - 

Uadsr  (  pcv  cnt 

SMO 

at 

OMar  a  liar  oeut 

Tbeee  Riatistics  include  tliow  irpaled  up  to  tbi> 
cltoe  of  letfa.  Since  then,  twelve  or  firtet-n  mono 
ileatba  Imve  occurn-d.  mahiiiK  Uie  total  inortallly 
lew  than  00,  or  2}  pur  cvnt.  In  cootmst  irtth 
thin,  vi-  find  the  rale  of  mortality  after  bjtea  of 
mind  aniiuaJH  lu  be  about  10  per  cenl :  or,  In 
other  word*.  Ilu'  irtwlmenl  pursued  by  PuHteur 
and  tbo*e  wiio  have  pni<.'titt>d  liis  method  phe- 
wfaere.  ha»  hrnn  f«llon-iil  liy  Inil  nw  deutli,  while 
without  the  Ireatment  ilwrc  would  hove  lw«i 
W!tvn  deaths,  per  tboiuand. 

GKOtiHAniii'Ai.  DiKiniBCTlOX  OF  cossiirpnos. 
—  Tlie  New  Sydenham  toricty  ha*  n^;i'ntly  pub- 
Iklird  Ibe  ihinl  volume  of  ItinnJi'*  *  Handbook  of 
gmgmpbkal  and  historical  )»tholo|[y,'  In  whliA 
tbe  autbor  trralaof  pulmonary  phthisis.     Hellnds 


tbe  diM«ae  to  be  one  of  all  tlmca,  covntriieii.  and 
nuM-H.  Its  morUlity  ie  3  |>er  1,000.  or  nearly  one- 
wrenth  of  tbe  totnl  marislily.  In  %'lenlM  Ui« 
rate  is  7.7  per  1,000;  in  Bi-riiii  iind  Dre<Nlen.  bnt 
3.t>.  Among  nomad  tiiVica.  tbr  KirKbix  of  CVniral 
Asia  and  tbe  Bedoninn  of  Arabia.  pblhUit  i«  al- 
roo«  unknown.  Wlien,  howpvM,  those  tril-e* 
change  tlieit  abodeo  and  dwell  in  Inwn*.  llicn  llif 
diaraac  appears  among  them.  Tlio  conclusion*  of 
Profeasor  Hirach  an  aa  follow*;  ■■*,  PbUiiBia  In 
everywhere  prevalml.  but  it  ia  rare  In  polar  re* 
Kions,  and  mior  atill  at  high  allitudee :  S".  Tbe 
main  factors  In  lis  production  are  oveM;rowdlii« 
und  bod  liyciene  ;  9f.  H««(  and  cold,  per  »e.  bare 
no  itifluenee:  V^.  Damp,  when  conjoined  witb 
frrqurul  oscillations  of  lempemtUM-,  ptediri|>o«eB 
to  the  disefiBc.  bill  humidity  of  the  air  in  i<-«  im- 
portant tlmn  dampness  i>t  soil ;  5",  Oc«0|'nti<>n  iw 
extremely  important,  but  muioly  iDdlrwtly.  ii 
tendinic  lo  good  or  had  bygienio  coDdll.lonx. 

WIIOO^^o-Co^IOH,  —  At  the  8lxll>  nertnan  oun 
frreM  for  iniernn!  tncdioim-,  held  at  Wiesb«d<-n  in 
April,  llie  subject  of  wlioopioiic-eougb  wni  dis- 
ciiMied.  Professor  VorpI  of  Munich  n^nls  Ih9 
diirnm'  as  infection*.  In  an  cpidi-mic  whtck  oc- 
curmd  at  Wuralnirg.  52  children  Mod.-r  one  >e«r 
of  Bfii-  wire  airecled,  and  la.  or  *1  per  ct-nl.  died  j 
34i«  between  one  and  Bee  years  were  ainoallecityl. 
Of  this  latiw  number.  12,  or  4  H  per  cent.  AivA  : 
while  brtween  the  anen  of  nix  and  Hfleen  years 
tlierp  were  67  cases,  of  which  l)Ut  one  caie,  or  I .  I 
per  cent,  was  fatal,  Profewor  H«Bi'nb«cli  of 
Beale  saM  that  240,000  ehildreo  in  Coroiany  hav 
this  disease  annually:  tbe  mortality  bein^,  i 
the  average,  four  or  Ave  per  cent.  He  reitard* 
IM  commuBicable  so  lonjt  as  mueli  mucus  Ik  pro- 
diicml.  BchuolB  should  be  moit  corefnllj  w«tcl»eilr 
and  childtm  who  have  (laroxjftmal  coughs  sbooM 
beexcluded ;  and,  if  the  diaeaseoocoie  and  spreadB, 
the  Khoola  should  be  cloaed.  The  moving  of  <Hul- 
divn  from  place  to  place  for  change  of  air  i«  oft«t» 
ihe  cau«e  of  an  epidemic  in  place*  free  froui  th« 
disease. 


i» 


ra 

I 


MEXTAL  SCIENCS. 


niro-ptytAohgji. 

WnxN,  through  diaensc  of  the  nerve*  or  the 
action  of  dmipi.  the  scnae-orguna  1o«e  their  frnsi- 
bility.  Ihe  tilate  thiu!  produced  ia  called  '  anae 
thcsin  ;'  when,  for  similar  reaaona.  tlieir  aL-tlvlij 
it  unduly  heightened,  the  condition  ia  opolci-a  of' 
as  '  bypcraxvthesia : '  and  when  Ibo  nbmtnuiility 
of  ivnwtion  conidsit  in  Ibe  production  of  unuani 
effeda  by  ordinary  stimuli  (for  example,  wlwi 
every  touch  is  regardml  »■  the  creeping  of  an  ant 


Mat  37,  ISST.] 


SCIEJ^CE. 


511 


I 


I 


overttw  tMa,  or  wheD  tli«  ivopointsof  a  roihimot 
tMon  M  tliive).  the  condltloii  \a  termed  '  para^n- 
Uieeia.'  By  anulog;  ibe  term  '  iwn-tH.veliology  ' 
may  be  inviriit»l  lu  s-w^y  to  tlKMC  weirdly  iu- 
a^nulivc-HvsU-nm  of  iboiiiiiht  by  nliieh  some  id- 
tdle4.'lit  itrivu  to  inlisry  tlirir  Iddlt  longingn,  aud 
to  make  llir  world  aeeni  tnlioniil.  For  Ibi-w  jict- 
•oiiM  lbi>  n'lvnncf'  of  wipncc  hac  no  mninint; ; 
to  tbeni  ii  U  i-iciipl)  imlnfully  tXov  and  acninite 
nnlbliiii;  ;  ubilo  Iheir  ideal  of  locomotion  ia  fly- 
iai;  bi  a  (rintoiiUw  «ther. 

An  exijuiititi?  ex«iiiple  of  tbia  type  of  minit 
(whiiih.  by  ibr  wny.  ofu-n  <N>iitiiiiia  »  ki-rnel  of 
viiund  truth)  Ik  rxbibjifd  in  a  rctvnt  cittirnipt  to 
poitniy  ihi- evolution  of  tiumao  oointrimiKorf*  in 
a  M^tpvof  hitrbly  nyniWlc  and  complox  kpoiik^' 
riiml  diagrams.  Tlif  mutlinr  of  the  work  IwKan 
hJH  career  a»  a»  arcbited.  bat,  dimatloAed  wiih  bu 
profeMiinn,  went  to  India  to  pur«ne  *  the  sMdy  of 
intemat  (rmh.'and  H|)eiil  twenty  years  In  com- 
pleting  tliis  elulKirule  s.^steIII  u(  Byniboliiim.  A 
fmnk  admiw-lcD.  Ihul.  tike  tiiuny  of  the  persona 
I"  ivb<'ni  tliew  ili>i];nitu!i  were  nliown,  Iht  prevent 
wriiiT  dit-i  cot  utidi-ncliind  Ibcni,  will  rt«dily 
excuw  lilm  from  Kiriitg  nn  cxponition  of  their 
mpn&inE.  All  ihiit  rnn  bo  dons  b  (o  pict#  lo- 
S^ther  R  few  wntences  from  this  geometrical 
eymbniis'u.  There  are  Are  iilanding-g rounds 
ol  liuinuD  i-volulioii,  —  from  tlic  Brst.  repre- 
•eotinK  xcnte^pcre^iition  :  to  the  second,  which 
U  merely  ncgniive  and  uuroprvMntoble :  to  the 
thin!,  the  e^phere  of  self-uc-rlflcing  duly  and 
HpiHInnl  enlij.'hleDtneni ;  to  liie  fourth,  afroln 
an  unthiukal'le  npKittive  stage:  cDlmiiiatioK  <■> 
the  fl(t1i>  a  slo^.  thuii|!h  (Knitive.  yet  so  id«ully 
gpirilual  as  to  entirely  auriMiw  uLir  liilite  cuacep- 
tioiia,  aud  only  slioipied  perbups  now  and  then  by 
II  euptrsensitivo  ctoirvoynnl.  The  liml  Blitgi.'  ia 
represented  by  a  pUinc  :  tlio  third  lindi  its  rrpre- 
eenUilion  in  three  iliineiuiunn  ;  wliilo  the  flflh 
would  rei]iiire  n  [oiinh  dlaiensioD  to  do  It  justice; 
Uie  Intenneiliate  neKatlve  stages  being  entirely  un- 
r«preeen table.  Oti  ilie  first  plnue  the  funua  lake 
the  ftbape  of  leave* ;  a  pointed  apex  indicating  a 
male  forw.  or  Ond,  while  a  rounded  apex  indi- 
catea  the  female  form,  or  Ond«.  The  limit  of  the 
one  is  a  straight  line,  llic  nyinbol  of  Miere  Intel- 
leel ;  of  the  other,  a  circle,  symbolizinit  all-etnbta- 
cing  emotion.  In  the  tbird  staite  the  leaven  be- 
come flowers,  with  I  rum  pet-shaped  coroUos  for 
the  uiales,  and  bell-shaped  for  the  feuialen  ;  with 
colora  Huvgrsted  by  spiaaini;  th^  pliint-  fi.tms  (out 
out  of  cardlKord)  in  a  diuk  niom  illuriiiiintcd  by 
a  beam  of  light,  and  a  hn^c  of  lymlHilic  dotnils 
iDirroring  n<ithing  lees  thiui  the  entire  liixtory  — 
jmst,  pri^ent,  and  futnre  —  of  the  human  race. 
Adil  to  this  a  painftablng  forcing  of  all  these 


botanical  fonna  by  a  faDciful  application  of  aritb* 
nieticnl,  gromrtricnl,  and  hurmonic  proicreHiiona  ; 
inteTFperw 'thia  with  a  qirinkling  of  tlieos'^Jo 
c«iit  and  vstnie  word-pliiloaophMoe-i,  — and  soinfr 
notion  of  Ibis  |Mtra-|»ycholoKicnl  syBtMn  will  per^ 
lia|Mi  lenuK.  If  not.  It  Is  only  ncc«Mnry  to  add, 
that  the  author  ha*  frequently  dniwD  borrBcwpea, 
lioH  diwMnered  tliat  our  solar  aysleni  i»  a  male 
»nivri»  and  ta  reprtt»rntei3  by  ilie  use  of  this 
Xeometry  by  a  nine-p>-taled  lily,  while  the  eortli 
{mimbQe  4kiu)  finds  it*  syinl«jl  in  a  fonii  like  A  , 
whicli  was  actually  used  by  Hstnnionieri  for  this 

That  itll  Ibis  ia  full  of  life  and  meaning  to  itn 
author,  and  will  be  MiggeetiT«  to  many  readeia, 
there  la  no  iva«on  to  doubt ;  any  more  tlian  ther* 
ia  to  doubt  that  he  was  uncomciou*  of  foiciiic  hla 
(liagranis  into  the  sliape  of  leavoa  and  flowera  In- 
atewl  of  Uieir  teaching!  hliu  that  Mwh  beavenly 
body  wan  inirr<«i-d  in  a  plant  below. 

Ap«rt  frnin  the  anil  upectacle  ol  misused  talent 
(and  that  can  ho  seen  in  any  insane-asylum),  tito 
mirvey  of  audi  a  ayBt*m  empliwimi  by  contra"! 
tb«  monl  value  of  logical  method,  and  illuattalea 
the  great  dangeta  ol  inoni>-)dcism,  and  of  that 
unchnrked  imaginatiou  nhich  lins  picjinr»-d  «0 
many  viditna  to  ibe  mareo  of  a  mad  sy  mboliam. 


Thb  ookp^abatits  nmwaTY  or  sEsunom.— 
M.  Blocb  has  Gompured  the  rrlatire  Mrength  of 
■enaationa  by  llnding  which  of  two  exactly 
idmultnncouA  BL-nBiitiuntt  ia  peroelyed  Brrt.  Ue 
fir*t  had  a  Iwll  muck  and  a  white  paper  appi-ar 
nearly  at  the  nime  time,  and  found,  that,  if  the 
aouad  ooinM  1^  of  a  second  before  the  while 
almh,  one  heard  before  one  saw.  If  tlie  two  ar« 
still  closer  together,  they  seem  to  be  «iaiuMane- 
ous,  and  remain  so  until  Ilie  streak  in  Vt  "'  ■>  ^>^*'' 
end  before  the  sound,  when  Ibe  sifiht  precede* 
liesr^ng  :  to  that  wilbin  these  limita  </,  of  a  seo- 
ond  hefoTv,  and  ^,  of  n  aecond  after)  there  la  prAO- 
tlcol  simultaneity.  From  thi*  ia  caleutated  tliat 
ft  lake*  tV  of  B  second  longi>r  to  hrnr  n  aonnd  Ihao 
to  aec  a  diglit.  From  a  similar  series  of  experi- 
montu  it  wn.i  found  that  II  took  ,>,  of  a  aecond 
longer  to  feel  a  touch  than  to  see  a  aii-bl :  so  that 
the  order  of  inttmsity  —  meaning  by  this  tlio 
power  a  sensatiou  has  to  atlrnct  attention  and  get 
drst  Into  conscloti8ii«M  —  ta  aight.  hearing,  touch. 

TaE  BUND  IS  CHIH4.  —  Mr.  W,  H.  Murray,  an 
Englishman,  lias  been  the  inmua  of  introducing 
into  China  a  ayatvm  of  writing  the  Chinese  charac- 
ters in  raised  print.  Whi-n  we  cunaidet  the  com* 
plextly  and  mtiltitiulo  (about  four  thousondt  of 
Chinese  choiactafa,  and  rt-membrr  Uial  the  small- 
eat  of  China's  elgbleto  provinces  is  fMiiia)  in  ex- 


SIS 


scrnycE, 


[v«u.  nt..  Ko.  aw 


t«nt  to  ED|(;tanr)  (and  tCnglutMl  hM  tony  tboaMnd 
bUnil).  the  viiBtnmB  of  ihU  jiliiUnlhrofik  wori:  will 
be  apiuuvnl.  Ur.&tun-aj-iioud  thp  iiottial  wiund* 
U!«-f)  in  aprnkiiif;  Chiorm>.  ttii'l  silcoxiini  iu  !»• 
dticing  tliMct  to  fuiir  liiindrpij,  each  Mnji;  tepn- 
•rnH^  by  r  dttTerenc  arratig^ineiil  ol  dol#.  He 
tri^il  hU  llret  ex|>e«liii(-Dl  on  »  biiixl  Vwgvar  laken 
from  llie  ^im-U,  anJ  io  »ix  wwlta  tauf^il  tlic  hoy 
Id  rend,  anil  «ien  to  write  a  littb-.  Thi-  fnnio  of 
Ihla  expnioient  mion  i>|>n.ii<l.  niul  )>n]iU*  crowded 
to  Iw  taught.  Tim  *T*t«>iu  n-n«  cxliii'loJ  to  in- 
<.'luik-  niioK  und  to  adapt  liwlf  to  the  miioan 
<ltakct».  —  no  mean  took.  «t»oe  the  Blhle  iniist  be 
printml  in  ^ight  dlfTereot  aeta  of  charac1et«  to  b« 
nndtntood  all  tlnoD«b  OUbb. 


EXPLORATION  AXJ)  THA  VEI^ 
DaniA  rxplarttliotiM  in  Ka»t  Qrtmlaiid. 

It  in  Htatu)  in  Copenhaiten,  says  ^'alurr  of 
Uny  S,  that  ao  exi-edltion  will  lie  deppalclK^l 
lab'  lhb>  KUmaier  l<y  Herr  A.  UaniU,  tne  et|ul|iper 
of  thp  Dijini'lian  ex|>MlltiOD  of  1IW3.  to  the  oorth- 
riiHt  cnat  of  Oreenlniid.  It  is  bo;H.il  tliat  the  ex> 
plorf're  may  ruu:b  a  higtipj-  Intitndi'  (Imn  tbiit  at- 
tained by  LinilrnanI  Holm  in  1884.  Tlic  <'X|)p- 
ditiim  will  lie  <'nnininnil«^  by  LlenU-nnnt  Hor- 
gnanl,  who  in  1KS3  c^mmfliiilcl  the  I>ijiii]>)ina. 

It  will  be  reiuvniUTTil  lliul  Holui  mttile  a  atic- 
cewful  exploration  »r  the  cjint  ooort  aii  far  aa  1ati> 
tade  00"  W  niirlb  in  ISM  and   IgM.     Hn  alartcd 
from  tbc  wi-sl  ci»Mt  In  several  Gehimo  boat*,  and, 
by  the  hdp  of  the  nallvf«.  reached  the  flord  of 
Angmngsalik.     His  ohaetvatloiw  on  the  ioe  plie- 
noDWiia  of  this  coaaiahow  that  the  t«i  in  piobably 
nai'iirable  durimc  a  ^r<M  pan  of  tlie  year.     Tlier« 
Is  little  or  iio  ke  rkwe  Io  the  oimkI  in  the  auluoin 
and  during  the  vtalj  part  of  winirr.     In  JanuatA* 
ftud  February  b^«vv  niiuv«»  of  iiv  Itc  doM^  to  tbe 
Shore,  and  rpmain  llien>  nnlil  late  in  spring.     In 
iJunu  or  July  they  lieKlii  to  disappear.     Pruni  Ihooo 
olwervallona,   it   aptx-an   thai   tbe  coaal   can   be 
rf«clie'l  liy  vmiclii  Inli:  in  th»  aaaaon,  and  tlw  ni-w 
c-x]>e(litioa  will  probably  tnak«  tt«e  of  thin  rxiHrri- 
en™.  It  if  a  rvmnrknble  fact  that  in  arciic  Ameri^ 
va  tl)i«(>  placM  aiv  meet  ea*ily  approarbed  wh«r* 
thv  coaAt  makes  a  allgbt  outward  turn,  while  con- 
cave lieiids  of  tlie  cowt  ai«  alwaya  dlfllcult  to  ap- 
proach.    Tlw  ««at  ooaat  of  OrrcuhiDd  wna  reached 
by  Scofwiby  near  Scormhy  Sound,  and  by  Norden- 
akjohl  at  Ca|w  Dan.     At  btilh  pouila  tho  roaat 
iDttkM  a   tnm.     South   of  Cape  Dnn  wv  Rnd   a 
■ItKbt  roncarn  bend,  wblch  Is  always  filled   with 
cloaely  packed  ii.v.     Tlie  name  fact  may  be  oh- 
M)r*«d  In  BaItU)  Bay  and   Uatii  Strait.     The  hay 
of  Jultanebaab  is  nlway*  full  of  ice  and  ibc  land 
cannot  be  reached  hcra,  while  farther  north  tlirr« 


is  oDlr  loose  ke  under  Ihe  coaat.  Tlic  west  lc«  ot 
BalHn  Day  can  be  crosned  moat  cwrilf  near  Capo 
Wnl«in(!h'«m  and  Ca[>e  Kater.  —the  wiirtdle  water 
of  the  whalM*.  Tbi»  pheuotueooii  ia  eaaily  no- 
counted  for  :  on  thv  utraiabl  or  roncsre  ciwt  the 
ice  ia  pr«eaetl  RRninit  the  Innd,  while  on  Ihi^ 
point*  there  Is  room  for  it  to  ainvail  out.  Thpni 
aro  mnuy  que*tioiM  of  Krmt  inu-n-id  to  besoKf^i 
on  thi<  (^laat.—  the  extent  of  ihi-  inlaixl  Ice,  nn; 
exploration  i>f  the  enormous  wxiwU  of  Scowaliy 
Laud  and  King  William  Land,  and  tlw  northern 
limit  of  man.  On  bii.  visit  to  Ea*t  GrcftiUnil, 
Scoreshy  wot  BaklmiHio  Uititude  7(1^  north.  The 
Oemian  expedition  of  iwa  -  TO  found  tbo  niiiu 
of  their  houaea  at  the  faMlu-rt  poinl  r^B<'h«'d. 
Many  facts  niake  It  prol>abl»  that  the  Bakiiiitm 
Iravellfd  arooiid  the  nottli  |>oin(  of  Gnr«iilaD<l ; 
and  then>fom  a  stmly  o(  the  m'»t  northern  tribes 
of  the  east  «xi*i  i»  of  parilciiler  inti*r«t  from  an 
Hhnolo]iical  point  of  viow.  and  for  Uiodrcision  oo 
the  feasibility  of  ihc  i>xi>lomiion  of  tbo  nortb 
cvM»t  of  (Jreenland. 

f\>lar  ngiotu. 

AocorttinK  to  the  Procecdinpi  of  tbe  Royal  gto- 
fTRiphical  Hijclety  for  May.  Sir  Alien  Younit.  the 
well-knowu  aioilc explorer,  ban o(ftr*d  bis  serv Ices 
to  thi>  Auiilraliau  ctlonies  to  li-ad  nn  ex]>edltlou  to 
the  antaicttc  ri-gioiin,     .\clini^  on  tbin  otT^r,  fUr 
Ontbam  Berry  hni!  bniughl  the  quMtlon  of  a  rov- 
enimcnt  gra"'  towatiU  tlic  c<*tt  of  il»e  cntiTjiriKe 
(flUted  to  be  ^O.OOO)  before  the  cabinet.  ai>d  t4)«l 
matter  io  Iving  urged  forward  with  a  viow  to  th«j 
vessel  or  VfwcLt  irUiiting  from  Holiaan'a  Bny  In] 
Oct.>ber  or  NoTomI**  next.     Tbe  object  of  tbo  ex-l 
prdition  is  to  be  entirely  geogrs|riilcaI.  bnl  incl-l 
dentnllr  much  advantaRt-  ii>  >^xl)ecte(l  to  accrue  to 
the  whaling  and  -eallng   intcrwtc  wliich  would 
proHt  by  thi-  iiiformiilion  gained.     While  lliua  nn  j 
important  furlhcr  aleji  ba«  been  taken  to  |wuniot« j 
the  Anatrollan  exiH-dilion.  ll  lecma  that  the  r»- ' 
porta  on    Nordeinkjold'^   plans    wm>    not    w»ll 
foand«>L     It  <tiay  be  that  be  plans  an  cxpvdlllon 
towatvlM  the  tn'utli  pole,  hut  so  far  no  funda  arft 
avallsMi'  f<ir  this  piiriHM-.  j 

The  acaaon  of  arctic  imreU  U  elao approaching.  1 
Mr.  K.  D.  Noailof.  a  Buaslan  explorer,  announc«a 
to  the  French  geographical  society  {I'mnpt.  rcwtf.. 
No.  7,  1887)  hi*  intention  to  'iri*  Novo  Zcinbla.] 
Noailof  baa  spent  three  yeunt   In  explorii.g   tt 
northrrn   Utal   Io   Hnd    a    practicable  mole 
Siberia.     Tbl-i  was  done  at  the  expentie  of  Ur^ 
ftlbiriakof,  i»ho  ha*   ji;iTcn   op   bis   Inlentkin 
MtablliibinK   n-gutar  communication  by    sea 
tween  the  Obi  and  Archangel.     On  his  new  i 
pi-<litioi).  No«ili>f  uilends  to  nutkraiiuuilnl  surve 
of  tlie  coa»t»  and  of  the  interior,  bikI  to  ntiidy  ila 


UAT"i7,  iet»7.| 


SCf/CXCJC. 


513 


iDoranienU  of  llic  icv  ol  tliv  Knra  Sra.     BcsidM, 
intrnib  to  Hludjr  th«  natutat  liUlor;  and  elb- 
^  nolog;  of  tlint  ditinct. 

In  ARK-rica,  Colunet  UUJer  is  Koiog  lu  rawine 
hU  work,  which  was  inUTru|>t«l  iftrt  uttilcr.  He 
inti-ndii  to  return  to  iludi^on  Dav,  sod  lo  Htarl  Wt 
hU^'Xpe-liiion  north  with  tli<'  E«kimoenf  WaRirr 
RIviT.  with  wliom  he  b«ra<iiv  well  aoquainiMl 
at  (hr  timi.-  of  Srhnatka's  sMge-iimraey  lu  Kin^ 
Willium  I^iid.  of  whifh  li«  vras  n  HMtoili^.  Ilc 
l)o|iri>  to  bp  able  to  nmcli  iKliilJk,  in  Fury  and 
HfL'la  Strait,  in  thv  siM-ing  of  l^tSK,  and  Lancaster 
i&d  in  th«  Hummer  or  auiumtl  Of  Ibe  muue 


NOTES  AM>  .VBVrs. 


The  d«|]iir(ropnt  of  ugrltriiKurf  hnn  itmiMl  h 
I>ep«ir  pn-pared  by  Profestor  Rili-y.  on  the  tlcfolia- 
lioji  of  ahade-livni  iii  WitihinKto"-  Tlie  (oiir 
principal  1eaf-«wieri  utv  iho  Imported  elni'tcuf 
bwtle,  the  bag-wunn,  thp  white  umrkeil  tU<wK-fc 
moth,  and  Ibe  fnll  irelvworm.  The  l**tk.  [Vo- 
fesKT  Rilpy  wiyii.  ling  doue  iniifb  miichicf  in  the 
old  vrorid.  It  was  Him  iiuportpd  Iippp  in  IW. 
and  ii«  earlier  dt-^iructivi!  ntlacka  were  ni>ial>ly 
alioui  Bniiimon'  iind  Si-n- Jerwy.  The  liajj-wonn 
for  two  or  tbrM  jeam  has  heea  od  ibu  iucn-ni>e 
In  special  tncalltle«  in  Wuahington.  8peaklnii 
of  th«  eiwinlea  of  tbci«  iiornw.  lie  soy*.  ■•  Tlie 
■  |ie1ietA '  of  a  rvrMvh-owl  fixind  in  the  viciuity  of 
BaltiinoTP  connintcd  apparently  alinfvt  eiilirf  ly  of 
tlipliaEnofthMdcaterpilUpi,  proving ihiit  lhi«iiw 
ful  bini  liHH  done  ((ocxi  Hfrvii-e.  PiThnji"  ilic  Mato 
n.cnl  mny  be  of  Intvreat  ll<M  this  little  owl  is  j^et- 
tinji  mnch  morecouinion  in  t)ic-  %-iciniiy  of  cities  in 
.which  tlie  English  Bp:irniw  hu.i  tic«oriii-  niiin'^ouis 
Psnd  timt  till:-  iiujHtttdl  hirdv  will  Knit  inthisoii 
aa  Uilil  an  i-nt-my  at.  tlw  4['airi)U--liHwk  in  to  Ibrm 
in  Roropo,  and  even  cuun?  diiui^'riiua,  ijnce  itA 
Bltachs  BK  made  towanl  du»k.  iit  n  timf  when  the 
Slttnuw  haa  retind  for  the  oiK^it.  and  it  not  aa 
wideawnke  for  wnyn  and  means  lo  Mcitpe.  If 
our  two  corkoof,  the  blach-biUrd  and  ycliow- 
bill^Ml  Hpedm,  could  be  induced  to  hiiUi)  th^ir 
ne«t«  within  the  city  liniitn  or  in  our  iHirhs,  we 
ahould  n^in  in  tlinin  two  icT)-  UM-fiil  friemb, 
since  they  teed  upon  hairy  caterpillar*."  Sjieakioi; 
of  ft  ninnly  (iir  tliene  pe»!t«.  Pruft^Mr  Bilcy 
nja,  "It  Ro  happm*.  fortunately,  that  tlieii-  Ih 
one  tbomoghly  altuple.  cbn*p.   and    •■Hlcaclous 

Lnmedy  applicable  lo  all  four  of  th<«i-  tree-<lepreda' 
tore.  Tliey  all  Ih-kio  Uieir  work  terv  much  at 
the  MQWcNMn.or  lu  won  a»  ilie  levees  are  faidy 
developed ;  and  onenlcal  luiiitirea  properly 
f|ir«ynl  on  the  Irem  about  the  miMW  of  Uay. 
Mid  repealed  onoe  or  twice  nt  intv-rvAlK  of  a  fort- 


night later  in  the  waMD.  will  proie  an  •Awtaal 
protecTiioti  to  trcM  of  all  kinds." 

—  A  rouimitli-L-  i>r  th«  AxoKinlion  of  Uernuui 
phtsirinna  iiiia  i!«iil  a  circular  t)  III*'  direv^tut^  of 
nil  the  i^mnafia  of  Germnny.  niikin>;  llw-m  lo  dis- 
suade students  from  adopting  the  medical  profnt- 
aion,  Acconi|iunyiii);  (be  citctilnr  are  rUti>Mio* 
wUicli  8hi>w  thir  |>roiK>nion  between  the  nunilwr 
of  iitiyni^'iann  ticrnncl  enirli  yrar  ami  ttie  ntiinber 
who  die  or  retire  from  tho  |>rol'eKii.ia. 

—  A  Heoond  edition  of  Lanntater's  ■  Lisle  d«» 
ol)M-rvntoireH  f-t  d<«  ailjonoiufs'  haA  appetuvd. 
We  ore  Riad  lu  lenm  that  tbi-nr  t«  a  prorpect  of 
farther  editions  beinit  piiWwhcd.  u»  they  may  he 
rw|iilred  to  keep  |)ai-e  with  the  nioremeota  of 
aBtrononwn.  Tbi»  little  directory  will  Iv  found 
uaeful  not  only  by  unironomers.  hm  lij  lK>ib»rtler« 
and  othem  who  may  «  Wi  lo  be  put  in  «Morauni- 
onlHio  with  tile  mrtmnomical  world.  The  ind«x 
coninins  abotit  a  tlioatniial  luiiue^^ 

—  TrQIfbcr  &  Co.  announce  ibe  vnl  volume  of 
Ibe  •  Repitria  of  ilip  AreheolnKi<-Ml  nimey  of 
wiuthi'm  India,  llw  Aiuariivatl  and  Ja)tKnyya(*ln 
Buddhi«t  StflpnM,'  by  Juiun  BnrgeM. dIrector-Rvn- 
eral  of  the  ,Vrch«ologicnl  ciirvey  of  India ;  to- 
gether with  transcript ioos.  Irannlatiotis,  and  elud- 
datiom  of  tiie  DbauU  and  Jaucndn  insi -ripthMis  of 
Asokn.  by  Prof.  O,  Boblcr.  Vi.nua.  Dt.  lidrgeoa. 
ihe  dlrector-Keoeral  of  Ihe  Archeologlcal  survey  of 
India,  j*  just  ttoiahlnfc  a  volume  on  tbe  AftiarAvail 
and  JaiERttyyaitetu  StApa^,  llltutraled  hj  nioiv 
than  flfty  collotype  and  bcbognphlc  pbites  and 
numerous  woodcoin.  It  will  be  rememlH-rKl  tbnt 
the  second  part  of  the  Iaio  Mr.  James  Petxnfon's 
•Tree  and  8er|)ent  worship' jnow  out  of  prlntl 
dealt  with  the  marble  wulpino-stirougbt  by  Col. 
C.  Mack>-iui«  luid  Hlr  Waller  Elliot  at  differeal 
times  Irom  tlw  Amarfivinl  Tope  or  Slbpa.  and 
which  are  now  in  the  Biiti^  mtueum-  Dr. 
Burfiesn  spent  some  ttiuc  at  Am^irilvnii  immi'di* 
■tely  after  the  excaval>on  of  the  site  by  mArrr  of 
ihe  Madrai  Boremment,  where  he  made  fiirtlier 
renonnrlica,  diwovering  aboni  ninety  fresh  H-nlp- 
lurefi.  nnd  forwnrdiM)  nliout  a  himdrcrl  and  eiglity 
slabs  to  the  Madrrks  Kovcrnment  iniisetini,  which 
he  also  csrefiilly  pliotoKrapbwl.  On  (he  -(pot  lie 
xiAde  many  drawiuj^,  and  opied  ull  the  Pah  In- 
Ncriptionn,  wbicti  aw  nunieroun.  lunl,  thouirb 
short,  are  of  coutidcmble  interest.  l>n«r  in  par- 
ticular he  diwrtivered,  t^nrinic  the  name  of  Pulii- 
mAyl,  one  of  the  Rrmt  Andbra  so«ereif;n«i  of  the 
Mvcond  century,  which  i«  of  tb»  ulniool  value  In 
d)-terminine  tbe  a(ce  of  tbe  Tojie.  'I  lie  date  of 
tbe  inonumeni  |>rovn  l»  he  earlier  by  abotil  a 
c«nltir}-  and  a  half  tlinn  Mr.  Ferguseon  tiwt  e>ti> 
mated  it :  but  thU  »»vmi  to  he  aolely  due  to  tbe 


514 


SCIENCE. 


\Xau  IX..  No 


want  ot  lUtf.  wlien  the  latter  wrotP.  hy  which  to 
H*  the  nee  'if  Uit  Naflik  iitw:Tipli4iii» irf  tin.- Aiidlira 
kii);!^.  It  in  one  i>vi(k-nci'  of  Ihi-  raiui-  itf  Ihi-  i-|ii- 
Kra|itui-:U  misirrlifi  bv  tb<- ArchpolOKiciil  lurrt-y 
thnt  thry  onnhtc  (rliolarH  lo  •iptermlnc,  wiiliin 
no  vcrry  tmrrow  liinlt<>  ne  Dr.  Biiikm>^  '»  uiKlerxtuod 
to  prove,  tlie  sj^e  of  so  in  I  uncling  a  munumeiit  us 
ihU  of  Aftiiirivflti  .^1  JuKKnyyafMrto.  »  liDge 
Yilla^  furthur  up  llie  Kiatnn  Rivrr.  iiiiil  clow  «n 
the  UyilFnitind  fronlirr.  Dr.  Itiirttrot  diocoi-^rvd 
aiuitlicr  ruin<'<l  Siapn.  TItIa  ia  bIk>  ik^crllif^l  anJ 
Uluslnit^i),  and  Mie  liwcriptJon^  frma  tl  traiislH«Kl. 
Thmiftd  much  Hinnller  than  ttiat  nt  Ainurfivatf.  it 
proTes  to  be  or  uiut-h  i-iirlivr  lUU- ;  auJ  ii»  vrry 
archaic M-iil|itun-H,  ihoii^h  Ti-u-  bkA  nmi-li  liijitr^, 
ar«  or  Ihe  gffatiiit  iiiti-rc«t  In  Ihr  illiutmtion  of 
early  Imlian  art.  Tli<'  work  i»  all  in  lyjip.  and 
only  waitM  the  oompkli-in  of  some  of  ilie  |)1at«s. 
whic-h  may  bo  exported  withhi  a  slinri  ttuie. 

—  The  )carbec«  crematory  at  WhwIinK.  W.Vn.. 
la  aald  tn  be  conplctod.  anti  I<)  bavr  Ktnoit  Ihr 
U»1/it  which  hftti!  been  flpplicd,  (a  thr  luiuifartion 
of  tb?  authoritJM.  Pl(t>hurKb.  Pvnii.,  is  alsa  eo- 
di>nvoring  to  ntiW^  the  itilllciilt  problem  of  the  (lis- 
pnvU  of  ^nrhnge.  Hii(|  h8->  nilvertlsed  fur  biilx  lu 
conslnict  furnacee.  We  regri-t  to  Icatn  lliut  (Ik- 
Mllwauhfe.  WitL,  aulliorilk'5  biivi-  ilccilcil  lo  rp- 
inow  the  garbage  of  tbul  cily  to  the  country,  ami 
Ihero  Imry  it  in  Ihp  RTonwI.  Kncli  a  nieitiod  ot 
diipwul  i«,  al  the  hmi,  uu^nltsry,  and  can  br  but 
« tpmpoinry  n>Uef, 

—  Dr.  Allvprt  Kello):];.  ilic  plonwr  holnniiit  of 
the  Paclfl<:  coaBi,  and  lln!  linl  survivinc  cbarlirr 
m«l)ibcrof  thvOilifiirninoi-'nilonty  «f  wtcnrvN,  died 
atAlnincdn.  Mnrcbai,  1887. 

—  Tlw  U.  S.  coani-siirvry  parlJM  on  the  Pacific 
coaM  are  now  nil  in  the  fleld.  Amiitlanl  Pra>t.  on 
tb«-  wnt  coast  of  Waxbingion  Territory,  will 
complete  Ihe  aalronoailoal  and  pluDe-table  rtcon- 
nalsaanoc  from  Cape  Flnitery  lo  Cray'*  llnriior, 
over  a  region  whirh  hiu  lipm  tmrcrufl  by  few 
pnaonii,  and  ha*  1iih>ii  nlvoliilely  unoiirveyed  ex- 
cept (or  tlic  hydniKrai>tiic  roconnalt«aiR-«  inAd^by 
Captain  Aiden  early  in  the  nfties.  The  prt-linimary 
MtrMtoinical  and  lo|>u)[raphlcal  rrcunnaiBBuai-e 
and  aun-ey  along  the  ooaW  of  Wanbiiiglon  Terri- 
tory from  Columbia  Bivt-r  t<i  I'l^rl  Orfiml,  under 
Ibe  charge  iif  AwifttHnl*  It<H'knrll  and  Dlekeno, 
will  hIw>  be  cotnpletftl  thin  year.  Tlie  ninicneiic 
RpparuiMnt  Lo*  AngelM  Is  giring  oplendlil  r«- 
mlta,  alnioBt  unbroken  curves  havuig  )>ei?u  main- 
Islned  al  ibis  slaiion  for  Beverul  yi-ant.  Every 
great  eartb(]uake  which  baa  oecitrrud  ha«  nffect^sl 
the  inaKnetic  t-li'menls.  and  hiu  been  faithfully 
recurtled.  tame  of  th«>  wavM  in  )lae*o(  the  record 
being  (["lie  remarkable.    The  ateamer  Blake,  on 


lier  way  from  Ibe  Uulf  Slrvam  exploration*  wliicb 
have  lieen  in  prov'rtna  on  Ihe  wnilh  of  Key  WnU, 
w-ill  <-all  at  Brunnwiek  borboT,  Oeot^,  and  make 
an  examination  of  that  bar.  al  the  requeat  of  dtl- 
<eo«  iniererted  iu  the  prngn-na  of  the  po«.  Tbe 
Blake  will  also  etop  at  Capp  Fear,  and  will  make 
a  hydrograi)hlc  surrey  In  Ihat  eieinity,  where  re- 
markable changes  have  uccnrred  in  tbe  last 
Iwonty  y<*rw.  Two  topographic  partir*  and  owe 
hydrogcrapbio  party  are  now  at  work  on  the  «MUt 
of  Maine  In  Ihe  vicinity  of  Colncuok  Bay.  The 
sutveis  on  tbi«  corkI  are  rapidly  aiiiiroacbing 
completion. 

—  Commnrcinl  Agent  Smith  rvports  from  May 
ailop  thai  Ihe  |nTi>ii(W(ii>ra,  which  !■  a  pe*t  aa 
rapncloiK  nn  thi'  {iliyllcuieni.  ban  made  Its  appear- 
ance in  Ihe  vmeyanlH  of  Gcrinnny.  Ihreatening  lo 
accomitllsh  on  the  Mnwllc  and  RbiiU!  what  the 
pliylloiem  baa  failed  to  etTect,  —  Iho  deatruclion 
of  t])e  vineyards  on  tbe  banka  of  tluMT  rivi*r« : 
and  tlir  vint^remer*  are  lllled  with  alarm  fo*-  Ihe 
fntiire.  Tbi-  ctiamber  of  commerce  at  Cohlma 
ba*  called   tin-  ntlcntion   of   the  government   at 

-Berlin  to  the  pnrt,  and  uakti  Ihat  Ibe  refnedy 
atlopted  in  .Vmerica.  nf  biiralnK  the  leaves  upon 
which  Ibe  insect  Iras  Hx«l  ituclf.  W  employed  by 
the  police. 

—  The  navy  department  lias  jwt  Insaed  a  flna 
submarine  cable  chart  of  the  world. 

—  Tbe  U.  &  fiflh  oommlmlon  ami  n  car  la« 
week  with  4.DOO.UO0  Uiad-egg*  and  I.AW.OWUuid* 
fry  Uy  New  York  stale  for  slocking  Die  waters  o( 
Ihe  nudroii  River. 

—  Tbe  internatioDsl  conrentioti  juiit  raliKeil  by  ] 
ibe  Pretddenl.  securinK  patentee*  in  Ibe  Unitrd 
Stalea  the  right  to  take  out  |>Hl«nta  in  other  ctMin- 
Irieniit  iiiiy  lime  within  seven  monlbi<aftert<<ttere 
hav.'  lni-n  iwuvd  to  Ihein  hyour government,  con- 
fen  a  piirilege  which  will  be  highly  valneU  by 
(nivDlorB. 

—  Lieut.  John  P.  Ptnley  ot  tbe  lignal  oftlee  liaa 
juet  iasued  a  new  publication  on  (be  subject  of 
lortuidoea.  1 

~~  Oen.  A.  W.  Orwly,  chief  aignal  c4lic«'r,  baa 
receiveil  from  Ihe  secretary  of  war  a  pdil  u>r>diU 
pr^^'Uted  lu  him  by  tbe  Pari*  geographical  so- 
cicly.  in  lecuguilion  of  tils  raluable  coatrlbtiUoos 
to  the  knowticilge  uf  hicli  latitudes. 

—  In  May.  1687.  Meinn.  Ticknor  A  Co,  heRin  I 
tbe  pnbticatloD  of  a  cpI  of  bandMiin«  and  con-) 
renient  papercoeered  vohimw,  for  lewiire-hottr^ 
and  BUiumer-<lay  leadinxt  to  be  mnda  up  of  xotna 
of  the  ehoiceet  and  must  successful  oon>U  of  lau 
years,  togetber  with  levtrtal  enlin^ly  i>ew  noeela 
by  wall-kaown  and  popular  urritenir  Tbey  will  ba 
Imud  ngularly,  once  a  wceJt,  fur  tbree  montlia. 


4 
I 


Uav  S7.  1887.] 


SCIEXCE. 


61S 


I 
I 
I 


—  Prof.  W.  G.  P«!k.  LL  D..  i»  wrilliig  mi 
■  AoRlf ticiil  mcrlinniiTH '  tor  itw  use  of  cuUe^^es 
Kod  eclentlflc  school*.  pmhracinK  (l»-'  coune  as 
no*  lan^ht  at  tlie  Scliool  of  minM,  ColuniNa 
collegi-.  Me«u«.  A.  S.  Barnm  &  Co.  wilt  puMiiili 
it  ill  tlie  oarljr  miiniuer. 

—  Mfs«pi.  Tii'kiior  &,  Co.  atinouiK-^  for  puliIiCA- 
tion  'The  Nijjriiiiiim.'  OivisioH  1  of  "The  aoclnl 
liialory  of  tin-  tin'i-s  of  mniikluJ.' by  A.  FMtiter- 
inSDn  :  nlxo  '  Tlie  Uptaii<!«iniis'  dlrinkin  2  of  ■  Tlie 
bikUI  history  of  tliv  race*  of  mnuhiinl,'  hj  A. 
FentlieriiiaDD.  Tlieae  twu  learnpil  volume*  am 
parts  of  the  grvat  icroup  which  was  hcsua  by  llii; 
jiutilicatiuu  of  -  The  AranuieijiDs '  two  yenn  aK». 
WhiMi  all  Die  raluuiwi  of  ■  The  aodal  hl«iot7  of 
thr  racM  of  manhintl '  nhull  liave  been  inibllehed. 
thp  iri^rk-will  ho  found  lo  i«  u  ««a(ir«bi-'iiMv«f  bia- 
tory  of  univertsl  i-irilitntion.  iMaliraoiig  not  ouly 
tlip  cl«  ilWil  atiil  mo«t  oDtiKhlrnrd  nntiooB  of  Ibe 
<tnrtli  that  exist  moo-,  or  had  «xielo<l  in  tho  re- 
motirst  Hi^M,  but  treatitij^  ^•|iia1ly  of  savnj:**  and 
barbaroui  racoi,  iri><i.'<.  und  nations,  euili  as  are 
hialorii-iiUj  kouwn  to  Imvp  vsietvd  iu  ancl«iit 
time,  niid  nuch  n*  oxiiV  noa-  in  Africa.  Ud'anica, 
Ammicn.  In  tlie  oorth  of  Europe,  and  ia  atnay 
imrta  of  Asia. 


LeTTEHS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

•/Thi  aOnlloH  nfttlmtffc  mm  It  talltd  (•  »u  aarantaga 

■A  fMonl  ^fitf  pftiimttuMy  notifrw  nf  thMr  in*Hltjf*tini^ 
nt*H<if  tnytH  V  <*•  niinlwr  <vnlii<i><v  ^''  eammintlraNtm 
nHII  tt/untlaht^/rn  b>«ay«rr«iiji»ni'f  ■•((■■•  rrywtf. 

ntitiler  wimt  fbii  ta  pntHth  any  <i<Krtu  fontinuHil  wItA 

^mmfumdnu  aff^HftOii  to  ht  *t  hrUf  ^*  pft^ibl*,  7%t 
wrf ter*! (wiw  it  Inmll eata n^lttrtl at  imtfii/fBadfltltk, 

The  cause  of  consumption. 

Lrngard to Uw •o-r«lt«tl  'theory of CDUsiunption' 
daretOfwd  tj  Hamblntoii.  ok  ilBKi'rilicd  in  a  loceiit 
Dumbw  ct  Srbiww  (tx.  No.  231),  I  think  tliat  oat 
kaowitnlgi*  of  thn  onniio  of  labotvTiloiiis  i*  aow  ro 
deAnite  aiut  preolsa  that  (-■■Miimiinicniion*  of  that  na.. 
tVNara  poaitircly  jivrniciuuti,  if  uul  nindi)  wJUi  toore 
diMrimination.  bManae  tlii.'y  <.-<>it(uiiiid  llie  eaan*  of 
the  dlMaiw  with  tli«  tavorluK  or  rctnrilliiK  inflaeucM 
■Oder  which  it  may  pngT«««.  atid  thus  draw  oS  at- 
iDQtion  froin  ana  m  Ibe  luoat  imporUitt  nieamrca 
wbiah  laiM  ba  taknnto  guard  agaiMt  tho  eontraotlon 
and  pnrpatiiatloD  of  tho  dlMasd, 

II  l»  now  deHultety  sMabliiilu'il  tiint  tubUDaloais  la 
eaiued,  aud  miuHKl  alvae.  by  the  ijrtqpaoo  and  aetkia 
la  tho  body  of  tlie  liacillun  lobprcuioaiiL  'riiboTon- 
looi*  can  no  more  ajipnar  iti  thn  body  wlllioot  th« 
imiTioiM  antranoo  of  the  bacLUtis  than  a  crap  of  ooru 
(Ml  sptluB  up  IB  thn  tMiil  witbunl  tho  pniTioiu  dvpo. 
ailion  IB  MMiw  maiuwr  nf  the  a>«d.  And  to  gramy 
diaonai  tha  probabllitj'  of  tubarenlMla  orl|[liiUiag  in 
—^  tha  tiody  (ram  any  wt  of  oondltiona  not  a«m>obi«cl 
■  wKb  tha  baoillus  taberculonia  ia  {jreoiaely  aoaluguus 
H      wUhBpeoiilation>aat«thc«OBd)Uon<iof  aoi),  eliuato. 


etc..  which  oxild  caiias  a  oropof  oorn  to  apring  vp 
■poatanooiaaly  in  a  field. 

As  yoar  comapondent  '  Uedi«iui '  pmnta  out, 
HambMott'*  array  nl  tart*  m,tlat<]m  utroDg  eonflnna- 
torv  «*ideuoe  ol  liin  infiw-iimii  unluro  of  ibo  distsw, 
ood  showa  tbu  iiu]iorlaul  ililllll^n■M  uu  the  derolop- 
DMul  and  jwiMNaa  of  Iha  diaeaaa  of  certain  nUanial 
condltlotM  ofbidiTlduals  and  ppopk. 

Bcfoie  lUa  ditcovery  of  Ili«  baoillas  inbemdoaia, 
■uch  byputlwaoa  aa  llaiublctMi'a  wen-  fr«i|n«iitl]r 
alaboratad,  and  war*  naaful  as  the  bmi  vhirb  could 
be  dona  at  tha  tncnnant.  Thi'  (ai-tft  ujmib  whl<'li  thajr 
Wer«  baaed  are  ollll  more  lUMful  lo-ilny.  but  coDoln- 
irioma  from  theui  aliould  uol  lie  pcrmittHl  to  aaMiMia 
a  faba  ralntlooalup  to  the  real  raiiaativn  KKanl  Iu 
tnbi]r(<ii)0Hiii. 

At  preaonl  it  <lo«e  aot  aeam  probable  that  lubefcu- 
loaU,  whan  onoe  defiailal):  eMabtiihcd  in  the  body, 
can  ba  aoeoMafnlly  combated  by  Ibf  ndminutrallon 
ot  draxa  for  tba  dlrtat  daatraotioD  of  Uia  bnoilU,  al- 
thuagli  new  methoda  of  trtatnuul  liaeed  vpon  tbia 
pOBtulily  are  rreajneBtly  anggealed,  and  And  ono 
atlcr  auDlhrr  a  sbort'liicd  ounwnvy.  It  appears 
vrry  il'iiihlful  whathoT  the  body  aau  be  aiilllcleutly 
italiiralcd  vith  any  form  of  garmiolda  to  iiumre  the 
i>c>iii|ilGto  ilmlructiou  of  the  bacilli  whhont  dcatroy. 
iiitf  iliii  lito  ot  tbo  individoat. 

Bill.  »ii  tbu  othnt  band,  luiirli  ban  been,  aud  niucb 
niure  luay  tiiitl  be,  done  in  llie  way  of  taBiiiting  tho 
celia  dI  the  body  In  tbuLr  oaliiTal  warfare  agaliMt  the 
Iniadcn ;  na  by  the  anpply  ot  aaitabla  food*  ami  tha 
fumiahluK  of  (aTorablD  hyitioDic  ami  dtniatio  oon- 
dliHWfe.  Heredity  in,  wlUnMit  duubt,  an  iiuportatU 
element  in  tl»  iirij^iu  aud  prugrM*  uf  tlie  dtaaaae, 
bnl  it  is  nii'iUMtiotinbly  not  a  iIiractlyMioloBlcal  l>iit 
only  a  sMiundajy  dutenuiuiuf;  or  ar^eeatoR'  hotor. 

wheal  the  publio  aud  the  uiembera  of  the  amdical 
protnwIoD  am  luffleiantly  improaed  with  tha  ovar- 
whetuiiuK  iiDi'i<rlau(-(iotlh«  primary  infection  of  llie 
body  with  the  bacillus  tubernnloaia — ^appartaitly  in 
moat  oMaa  from  inlialnlion  with  du<tt  of  (lis  baoUlna 
or  tta  aporea  —  in  tbo  ramiBliou  and  pcijietnaliau  of 
tba  di««aa«,  and  am  tlinvby  led  lo  urn  and  imiotiaa 
tbe  imiTHrsal  ilaetruction  or  disintectlou  of  spntnin 
and  all  otlier  itlsi'liaricai  from  InbHrcuIoiia  indirid- 
tiol>.  we  ahnll  hiire  taken  tlie  drnt  iite]i  lomUiU  what 
npiK'MT*  l'>  hn  our  only  real  and  well-gronndM)  boua 
of  ulTccCitHlIy  ■latupiiift  out  tbe  dlnwMH).  The  aafe- 
guards  wbicb  we  provide,  or  ongbt  to  provide, 
oKainat  the  invaaion  of  A^tie  cholera,  conaiat  In 
tba  drattnetion  of  tbe  baetcrlum  whioh  cantan  it, 
aud  although  far  more  diflleuti  of  accninpll^nicnl, 
owlug  to  ila  oonalaiit  uml  unlvemil  pm>rii(v.  lUin  ia 
the  taidc  to  whiob  we  must  nddrm  onraulvca  iu  ilie 
face  of  tha  far  more  iuiportanl  diaeaaa,  liilieniit* 
loais. 

In  the  event  of  an  [uvasion  of  Asiatic  obolent.  w» 
abonld  indeed  ootuader  and  attempt  to  guard  atininat 
Ihoao  coDditioua  wbieb  acom  to  rundar  bb  attack  of 
the  dlseaae  iiu>ri,>  likely,  auch  at  digeetiTC  dtatiirU 
auoea.  over-exerlir-ii,  etiv,  aud  we  wunld  bring  all 
aocniaulated  cxi>criL>ncu  iu  bear  upon  the  oondnct  of 
tha  illMiiaa  in  ttin  individnal  to  a  aaeceaafal  lefiBlna- 
tiou.  But,  afti>r  all.  tho  main  dlrrcoiui  of  our  ct- 
forta  would  lie  iu  fireeautlcHia  aualuKt  il*  uprvad,  aud 
the  aijcedy  itauiinug-uiit  of  ibe  dtaeaae  t^  rigid 
diatufoctiou  of   all  ctcreioi^  maliitiaL     In   oUer 

words,  white  tltn  cnndilet  ot  ludiiidnal  eaaaa  WOold 
not  li«  nt^lenled,  we  ahoiUil  reati»>  that  Ui  the  widev 
lank  of  total  etadiuatiOB  lajr  our  chief  duty. 


516 


JClEyCE. 


Kov  intwrfiiloiii*  in  iluuicHlJfiited  aniaii({  ub.  null 
lb*  draniBlic  kml  atworbiDg  fcntons  of  n  mora  ntpid- 
Iv  (nlnl  mill  remllly  aiyiillTwd  ilUrawr  >M  iniBllD|ti  ■>(> 
lliat,  wtiilr  *»-  iiN>'lni«jlBf[oi)T«(i|ve«  iii  tli«  bitiuaDe 
und  vurtliy  clluil  to  bi-lp  tlip  Htrii>kvii  indiiiilual. 
tbe  uptcnil  of  lli«  diiwiHc  >niiuig  more  ralnrralilo 
pOTiKiD*  ROA*  EUadllj'  on.  and  i.yhl<'iiiAtip  offorlii  lo- 
ward*  (bo  prfvsntion  of  tb«  dikiril'iitlnii  of  Inleo. 
liT«  iDiitetial  ue  klmcnl  raoipUrlrl)'  iuiiorvcl. 

Let  all  the  (■ouditioiui  whirh  niimUl*1iiE  aoJ 
oUwTH  nrgo  —  niistiUiciilf ,  I  thiuk,  »■  tlia  ctiiu  or 
th«  iIImim*  —  bo  hillv  (iouitlilor*d  and  gUArdtid 
•gftinsl :  let  rlimiilif.  hygieni?.  and  bvredilary  in. 
fltuaicpc  i>v  mnde  n*  fuvurabtp  u  powililo :  mad  Irt 
Iba  influfitiCD  of  ilrUdu  bo  broilglil  In  limr  wboiidTcr 
noil  IiowoTpT  tii#<r  (nMy  and  lo  iiiHiit  jiur|i«««  tiiay. 
TuatlvDil  ki  lliMi' tliiu^  It  llir  diit.v  of  the  plivii]. 
ciaa.  But  bcyoiid  and  ntiovo  all  thiH.  in  the  ]>rt>blep] 
nt  tbv  (olal  nnulicnlioD  at  the  dliicaiii>.  lU  iimrticnl 
Mnlultou  may  uiid  jirolialdy  dnok  llo  far  tntbo  fiilim  : 
liiit  it  ■•.•iild  HeMii  iiifiiieirtiiiiiHblo.  iu  tliv  litebt  of 
UudeiD  iivitiirr.  Iliut  auy  nj-itemntii:  aud  ititefllgeiit 
effort  in  tliia  diri-eliua  iuu«  bo  biwi-.!  fltti  o(  nil  on 
tba  niikTt-rml  rrc>:i([iiilii>ii  ot  l)io  fnot  that  ii  |iiiitlc<i]nr 
«pOol*H  (if  lidetiTimii.  and  11  nl.iin',  cininc"  tiil-rrii- 
ludin.  although  Ibcrr  are  houtn  of  tiiott  iai]R'rtaiit 
cxlemal  nmi  intcj-uni  nmditiuiik  wbicli  f»vor  iw  t»- 
twd  Ibe  prpdnwi  of  lioi^l^irial  lavajiiou. 

T.  MtTt-UBU.  PniTtifiKX.  M.D. 
»e«  York,  Mar  ll> 

Ba»s«riscus,  a  tuw  c«neric  name  in  mamnalog)'. 

llfKiDg  lalclT  bud  occaMuu  ti>  ilii  in'Ib  llie  (]UM(t- 
nijioil  (NuiiinoQly  ooliid  Dnuuriii  .ulutn.  my  nttruliou 
boN  Imta  dranu  (otb»  fnct  ihni  ib«  fi«>iiorlc  name  la 

pro-oeeQpied  id  rDtumulogy,  II  in  aiud  to  bavu  been 
CoufMred  by  IlabDe-i  npou  a  goiiut  of  Upuloptctou* 
iamoU,  W'il  t>r  ^arllrr.  Tbcio  bnliiK  iki \viifliijnM of 
Ibe  iDiUDUmliiiii  |{f<iin>i.  th«t  I  kmiw  <>f,  »  new  iuuii« 
fur  lb«  latter  iH-eiuii  lit  be  ii-i[iiired.  Tbc  above  nuy 
b«  n^rded  nit  a  dimiutiti>e  of  one  of  tbo  ■eTonO 
fonua  Dt  ■  Otetk  word  iiitauiiiK  fox.  nnd  tbn  tuo 
apeciM  «r  Ibe  gotiii*  n>ny  bn  hiiowu  aa  ItMMrJsciiH 
MMtnliiA  aud  B.  nuiiicbnudl.  Tbv  EngMali  eqnivalcDt 
would  he  -  bavwrjik,'  a  Irmi  wbiub  tuny  come  tuto 
UAO.  hIu-'O  wo  hnvd  not  y<-t  any  aluiflv  wotd  U>  Ibo 
viTuneiilar  aa  Ibe  iiatiie  of  lb*  auiuin),  Aa  to  tbo 
teohuif^Bl  nanie  of  Ihc  family  of  bnisatttdiH.  il  may  \te 
idmcrvcil.  tbnt.  if  Iliuiiuri*  be  nntrnablo  in  thi>  outi. 
nvodou,  tb«ii  iu>  in  UaNHUidldae,  Tbc  fln>t  Ifuabln 
Keui^ic  uaiii''  In  Ihlh  fnmlly  in  douhtlioa  Il<i><uirl<-\iiii 
of  Allco.  ISitii  wbt-ufe  it  wunld  nppt'ur  lliil  Ibe 
jiiojiDt  uninc  of  (be  family  in  BanMuieyouiilne. 

Ei.Liorr  C'lru". 
MnlUuoD  IniM.,  Waidiluciuu.MBjr  14. 

A  Bceded  invention  in  coal-mining. 

Ib  rterminietidiiig  air.jin  for  KpuFatiDR  roal  from 
alal*.  I  feni  lltal  M'.  t.ivlkiw  ( .Vrt/nrr.  .\tiiy  lJj<  la  mi 
tke  wrouu  ttiKk.  Two  u>liitH  ate  roa<llly  Mpnnklrd 
b;  a  fluid  vboie  ■jieoifie  graTtty  ih  iiilermediate  bo- 
tWMB  tbeira :  tbc  b»vicr  liiika,  tiMi  nobler  floal*. 
Bttt  It,  iM  !■  iMnally  lbi>  i-nut:.  ve  miiM  omtdoy  ■  fluid 
Ugbter  tbao  «ilb>Fr,  ibe  beaiier  Ibal  lliild  the  iuor« 
tMul]r  ani)  (SXDpIcto  tbc  Hpnmliou ;  heaco  tbo  «u>t- 
■Buna  dlaadiautasc  nudoT  wLloli  air  atUtara  aa  a  aapa- 
ratlng  maditiiu.  Alr-ilna,  too,  would  probably  broak 
tb«  coal  miioh  more  than  saler. 


Cool  iuitially  dry  mould  anfferan  apiMuoiitly  irre 
arable  iiiliiry  frnm  abkorption  of  nolof.  if  acpari 
by   vM   jlKK'"K  '   ''"I-  '^^  ''"a'   iiiiUally  wt4,   utCi 
for  noiug  ibe  wnxle  water  over  anil  over  apvar 
offer  a  mure  piomiuni;  field  tban  nir-jiga. 

UsKiit  M.  Bowk. 

BimKm,  VitJ  IT. 


-ato^H 


A  notewortliy  apcciinaii  of  DevOBbfl  l«pid<>- 
dendton. 

A  DoMwOftby  •pecliiMoi  ot  DaroBbui  lapldod< 
druD  fL.  primaemni  Bogciarj  baa  rvcontly  beoa 
added  to  th«  Kcw  York  state  moaenm  of  natnral  hia. 
lory  nl  Albany,  Il  Is  HttuKD  feet  in  length  from  ttl* 
r<H>tM  npvaid.  m^ntiiirox  thirlem  and  a  half  iiieboa  1b 
diamelFT  acniM  Ibe  baao.  Ibiee  ini'hei*  nl  the  broke: 
appcr  cxltomity.  and  prewrrta  iu  gmt  beanly  and 
porforliou  tlie  oicalitoM  of  tbo  laana,  in  pUona  ili« 
iinriou'  oloiignttt.laiici^ilate  folli^  and  iba  dollewt* 
ruotlet*. 

Tbe  foaail  «ai  dii>fovcrci1  iii  tbe  Portage  arena- 
eaona  abaica  of  VaplH.  Onlaiin  conaiy.  K.Y.,  by 
Mr.  I),  1).  Liitb^rot  NaploNauil  Mr.  J.  M.  t'lnrk*  of 
AUiany :  and  a  poHion  of  it.  aii  luuoh  a*  bail  nl  Ibat 
time  boeii  oicnTated,  waadiAoribod  in  Bnlletin  Ko,  ^ 
IS  of  tbo  [7.  &  gooWieal  lurvoj.  Tbc  eonlimialioa' 
of  tbo  eicnvntinn  nildad  greatly  to  ilic  looKtb  of  Iba 
apooimeu,  and  r-vpum-d  lis  l-WLt^  aud  loota.  Th* 
iTODk  ban  beeii  Oullriied   iu  the  ahuloa  and  ila  tiwoa 

rciluocd  to  eonl.  but  in  ita  proaant  eonditloa  it  nn- 
dniTbloilly  oflrrn  t»  paleo.bcilanbitA  ona  of  tlui  n: 
atrlking  «iaiiiplt^  known  uf  Ibid  ganiia  of  plauls. 
It  i>  intereflitig  lo  obKvrve.  thni,  ai>  wide  a  Taiialion 
cxiiiB  nt  iliStiuut  dialnnaai  from  tbo  baae  ui  lite  or. 
Taci)^iiiei>(  of  llie  deatricoa,  one  caBBM  but  feol. 
npuu  eiamiuing  tbe  fowU.lbat.  if  it  had  been  touuil 
is  ttngiceula  taktti  tiuiu  different  apota.  it  wmiU' 
tnrtiiiili  all  Ibe  ooRtBaary  lunlonal  tor  n  lialf.domtl 
diatl&ot  apeoiM  of  la]>lil<Mloiulroii.ac«ordiBg  to  prew. 
nJont  melhoilH  of  deleriuiutng  tbeae  values.  Mora- 
OTer.  towarda  tbo  baic  tbo  Ibbvm  aro  aniformly 
arranged  on  tdoTaleil  lougltvidlnal  rti]|tcii.  aa  in 
Bi^lllarta,  ahowlbg  »othi»K  of  tbv  (jnltietinx  ar- 
raugeineiit  appnreut  bluher  <ip,  aud  reyarded  a*  K 
diognunlie  ebnracler  of  lepidodoadtim.  In  tfaia  ra- 
glou  nlH>  tba  lon)(iludiiial  riilgea  at*  iotoimplaU  by 
a  wrioa  of  varieo*  hii^gealh*  of  ao  aqnlaAacaotM 
luoilc  of  growth. 

While  it  )a  to  bo  regretted  thut  tire  minuuit  of  lb* 
trca  boa  baan  lust,  it  in  n  forlunata  ciroiunalanoe  tlint 
praaariad  lo  oelonco  do  flue  an  aiaiupla  of  D«ti 
fOTMCgrowlb.  0. 

Albaar.  *la»  la.       

Tha  SoRora  earthquake. 

In  tbe  reijx-rl  of  Ibe  (<nrth<iviake  aeul  yoti  a  da}>  • 
two  ago.  I  Ibiuk  au  error  \na  made  in  Uto 
■Intcd.  Il  iJioiild  bavu  bran  iAfi  lootl  lim«.  and 
j.lii  ■landard.  Addlttiiiial  dala  aiul  Intorualloo  ar 
»l  baiiil.  ubicb  I  bnvr  mil  hii>l  lime  lo  rarefally  rov 
uilrr. but  nbieb only  ef>titimi  mi  previoiu onaortioBa 
There  wu  no  gruit  lohi.  of  life  anywhere,  all  rr[ 
lo  tbo  coolrary  nolalihktoudiiig.  Tbo  central  are*  i 
diHtnitniicewaHabont  lheFroutemHia]l«y,aiid  Uhelj 
due  lo  faulting.  Vo  rruplirr  dulurbaace  baa  ivj 
liably  been  loportad,  and  I  ean  only  iterate  m] 
j>roTluua  oaaartum  oOBconiin^  volcaBlc  nettim. 

O.  8.  OooDPBLbow,: 
Tambetmi*,  A.  T.,  If  njr  II. 


4 


I 


SCI  E  N  CE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FHIOAY,  MAY  n.  1807. 


POLITICAL  OEOORAPllY  OF  CKyTRAL 
AFRICA. 

TilK  development  of  Central  ArHea  1»  iinpajral- 
Mixl  ill  tlie  hixturi'  i>r  diK'Ovi-rkv.  In  ifi'  itd 
inlurior  was  lutally  unkiion-ii.  unil  in  1W^  wt-  sn- 
the  puwt-rw  of  Kitruiw  «inl  ll»!  I'liitfd  Siiihi  nl 
Americu  iiK-L-tiiiR  in  it  ('(inK-n-ntT  to  k-IIIc  tin- 
alTuim  »F  tlii.1  ilistiv^i,  nnd  n<-kii»wlH]);ini{  tlic 
ynanH  KniiBo  Fn-r  Htatrt. 

In  StpUrmliTT,  IMie,  the  Awncintion  Inifrna- 
tioiutle  AfricAJne,  for  promotJnK  ll>«  exploration  or 
Central  Africa  ami  o|ieDiii^  it  to  oouinierct-.  vtas 
fouiid*^  under  ibe  auspice*  of  LL>o|Kild  II..  kin^ 
of  B^Ixium.  Tbe  orii;iuiil  inlvntiun  (if  LliiH  iih- 
Buciulion  wan  to  i-nUtlilisli  iiliiCion*  in  niatcni 
Afrii'ii,  nnil  to  iiMi  tlinm  «h  b  hiui<  fur  fiirllicr  <'x- 
ploratioDA  in  Central  Africn  ;  bnl  wlien  tli«  news 
of  Stviley's  discovery  of  the  KonKo  rniit«i,Aiid  liin 
reports  of  Ib^  wmlth  of  Ltie  Interiur.  r««cl>e(l  tlu- 
rope,  the  bNiie  of  openliona  wns  al  onco  Intnx- 
rrjml  t(i  Wi'Ht  Africji.  The  (.ViiDil^  dV^ladefl  dil 
Ilniit-CniiKO  "'an  founded  at  Rrimeh  i»  .Vovetii- 
ber,  1KT8,  and  Htanle.v  w»t  appointed  leader  of  it« 
enterprlnea  tuid  expeditioiia. 

Htaaiey  n^aclied  the  Kongo  in  lf*7»,  nnil  at  oncn 
proCMHled  lu  eftlttliliiih  tlio  atutiun  of  Vii'i  at  the 
farthest  point  aiicvsititilutosttatiiiTii.  In  JaniuirXi 
I8H0,  tbli  work  vmn  HnioliPd.  and  lie  Htnrtnl  tm 
bin  wnj  up  til"  rirer.  Thn  mute  from  Vivl  to 
bonglla  in  extremely  dlfflnilt,  the  river  lieinK 
ienpAMaUe  on  SiCcoiiRt  of  Hie  immeroas  calarocls 
and  rapids,  and  the  land  tieitiK  interseclei]  hy  d^p 
IpirgN  and  valley».  Tbuu^h  a  Biu^le  IravtlliT 
can  acconipllili  tlur  itiniiuiL'v  fri>Di  Viv:  t'l  bangiln 
in  fix  dn^s,  il  look  Slnnli-y  etprcn  moiitln  lo  Kel 
hi*  stotm  and  tlie  nerliiinnl  stAnin>>ont  to  (hat 
place.  Steep  declivitie*  hml  lo  l>e  graded  and 
rocks  to  tie  blasted  t>ofor>>  lie  was  aide  to  nuT.v 
his  bulkj  luKK^i;^  >"  Isangila.  which  placv  uaii 
reacliLvI  in  Dt^ceDd>er.  IHHO.  Vtuin  hi're  hi*  pro- 
ceeded UD  the  river  to  Miinjiinga.  u-hciB  tin.-  third 
■talion  wM  cBtabliHlK^d  in  Majr,  1SHI.  In  Juljr, 
StAnh-j  Pool  wnji  n^urltrd. 

HvniiwhitiT  .SavoTKnun  dir  lUnrjui  had  fttartecl 
from  Uio  Oj(oTe,  rencheil  Htnnlpy  Pool,  and  in- 
diioed  Makoko,  the  chief  of  the  Bateke.  Ii>  accept 
the  French  protectorate.  Tliouuli  Stanley's  itileti- 
tioiui  wetv  thus  forestolIvO  bjr  the  eiiterpriBiug 


KreiKh  oltti'er,  he  did  not  liMiIlatr  to  ratublitJi  his 
fourili  station,  [.eopoijcilh!,  on  the  Infl  Imnk  of 
the  Kongo,  in  order  lo  sitrt-  tbw  wwlion  from  tl>e 
encTOMflimi-nt  of  the  Frtmoh.  In  IJeoomhi'r,  )*tl, 
tile  Bm  ittiHimcT  floateil  on  the  upper  Kohko,  and 
no  Mrtlicr  olwtni'lc  Iny  tielween  Stanley  Pool  and 
Hiantey  FallH.  (n  IW3.  Stanley  o>tahllehed  the 
mtaliun  ut  MswalA,  op)>oiiite  UraMa's  purchases, 
aiid  viftlted  Lake  Lru{iold.  In  unler  lo  prevent 
Ihf  Kreiicli  laying-  hold  on  Ihi-  lower  Kongo,  liu 
iH-nl.  in  }>^i  iind  IHKt.  M'fcrul  rxjii-ditiona  into 
(lie  dintiiet  north  of  the  hxicr  Kongo,  wlipre 
KlntiiiuK  were<*tal>li>he[l  and  Innd  purrhox-d.  In 
IHKS  the  steamer  proneedeil  to  Stanley  FalU,  and 
the  stations  of  Aruvlmi  and  Stanley  Fnlle  were  or- 
^iilred.  Meanwhile  thel'tnuit^d'f'ludmduUaut- 
Cc>i>^  hud  luMUuied  the  unine  of  the  '  AmiHriulion 
internntioniile  ilu  Codko,'  and  at  tlie  name  lime 
xliplomatii-  mvotintiiina  licRan  in  onh-r  (a  ohlnin 
the  reciijinitlon  of  it"  po<weiBiioi>*  hy  tlie  Riimpean 
[•rtwers. 

When  the  rettults  of  Stanley's  activity  bet-ante 
kuon-n.  France  and  I'orluical  claimed  Iiiri^-  tiiu'ts 
»r  land  in  which  the  luwociulion  had  i>Hliil>liA)iril 
11a  tarliirifA.  ilraizn  (Uiinml  th>'  h-rt  Ixtnk  iif  the 
river  from  the  mouth  i>(  the  KiinnK"  to  Staidey 
Po'>)  as  beIt>nKiiiK  to  Blakoko's  terrhorv,  and 
I'ortiigal  niaiutainei)  its  old  claim  to  the-  coast  an 
far  north  as  latitude  S^  IS'  soulli.  The  lint  to 
m-iigiiiici'  ttif  pmH-aBionn  of  the  Konj^ii  lUHHM'intiun 
irr-tr-  the  Uullrd  Stilt's,  which  made  a  tnnty  with 
IhenwHx-iatJon  tn  April,  IS^.  Ah  nil  coinmerrial 
nationi  U'em  tnlermted  in  pmrentinK  a  i-inKle 
iwwer  from  ic'ttint;  control  of  the  mouth  of  tlie 
Kongo  and  the  rich  countrle*  of  Central  Africn,  a 
MMiferKnce  wiu  lield  in  lieilln.  tlie  result  of  nhich 
wild  the  r<s.'i>eiiitioD  of  the  iiAiociation  us  the 
'Konno  Fri-c  Sljite."  Tlie  ai-goliulloni  for  di-ter- 
mininu  the  iHiiinduripH  of  the  hUiIi-  were  not  in- 
cliiileil  in  the  proRrnntme  of  the  cimfcrenrv.  hut 
were  Heltled  lietween  llie  sintcle  atnlefi  and  the  M- 
HOciaiion.  In  February,  IHWi.a  treaty  wttli  FTance 
wus  nuid<-  at  Farli^.  and  the  new  slate  reco^nixed 
hy  Franee.  Acouriling  lo  ttie  Btipiilalions  of  (he 
treaty,  Franc«-  n«ci'ived  the  rij-ht  bank  of  tlie 
Kongo  from  Stanley  Puot  to  Slunjungn,  and  the 
coant  an  tta  .■«>iith  lu  the  mouth  of  the  Chilunngo. 
On  the  oilier  hand,  FVancc^  riiliniiiiishn-l  ita  elnlRi 
on  tlie  left  hank  of  the  Kongo,  lo  tlie  *ame 
month  an  under«tnndin|;  with  i'orttifial  was 
ri'a<^hed.  Porltiical  received  the  lunith  buik  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Kodj;o,  while  the  aasocUliou 


SCIEJ^CE. 


IVoL.  IX..  No.^ 


Hat  37,  1807.) 


SCIENCE, 


&ll» 


k(-)>[  twoiitf.tliTcc  inilm  of  onwl  Knv  on  tlw  iiorth 
(kide  or  llic  Kofijto. 

Al  llie  coiirereiioi  tin-  Deutrallty  of  the  new 
sbiLe  wan  f;uaraut«eJ  by  llit<  (luw^ni.  tlm  riKtil  of 
tbv  siugti*  MMtM  (u  ilvcliiiv  llidr  cutuitiea  lu  CVu- 
Uai  ATrku  as  ueuinil  in  uisu  uf  a  witr  wun  uidatH 
lulii-O,  UDil  tfx  traUv  wiu  ili^-lnn>il  in  Ihf  Koi'iio 
Inaiii  mill  thi<  ■idjiiiiittiK  IiTrilDiy  Criiiu  tin'  Allan- 
lie  (<>  tin' I^rillo  <X.-ciui.  ThUH  n  KTvnt  nU>\i  Tar- 
WDtiLintlic  iliTvrlo|iiii<'Bt  «(  Lk'utral  Africa  wna 
inailo. 

i\  (ivt  the  vou«olldnllou  of  tlio  Koatffi  FT«o  State, 
till-  Euri>|H'iiii  iHiwerB  <l«litieO  Ibi- tiiui-h->|Jn|)uU'<J 
lK>uii<lurii.-9  of  their  eokmic-s  by  siivoiul  In-utiea. 
Thi*  Piiriiixm-*!--  ti-rriUiry  nM-th  ol  Ihi-  mouth  of  ibi? 
Koii(ci>  wiu  c-nliirKcd  bjr «  treaty  botwvrn  rTtuicn 
and  PurtHunl.  Mjiy  IR.  I8W,  and  lite  northnn 
boundnry-liiiv  butw<«n  Pmtdi  amd  Uernian  liTii- 
tary  wiw  Hxed  ttn  Dw.  34,  IBBft.  IL  was  unly  a 
few  wtH'kH  affo  that  Itiv  <loiil)tfut  K<undary-tli)e  oil 
llie  eaal  eiilt'  ul'  llit-  tVi-iii-h  |Hi-Mi-»Siiiia,  ivliit-li  was 
oritcliuilly  bi-twcvn  tliu  Likuiuu  tui'l  tli«  UIjqujj;!, 
waMdpt(.-rinia(il.  TlicKiviich  t*-rritury  i-xtttidBUow 
to  Ibe  Ubuiigi  Kivrr.  Ari«-r  OMiniiiiy  bad  laki-ii 
powOMion  of  Kamoniii,  itii  dainut  cauio  Into  lijii- 
Hirt  wtUi  tlioM  of  Rniclnnil.  In  July  and  .\ii);twt 
ln«l  it  waai decided  tlint  a  tine  front  tbt<  Kn.-»1  lieitd 
of  t]it>  Oatabnr  (Cnm)  Hiv^r  tu  J<->la  uii  llii?  l)<-iiiie 
Nbould  form  the  liouadary  liiriw«i^n  tlii^  tit  i>  i-nlii- 
nim.  By  thin  tn-aly  tlic  iinviKiil>1i>  Ni^t't  niiil 
Bc-Jiiif,  wJiJcli  forai  lhi>  In-kI  imuui  iiilii  tliu  Inlvriiir 
of  We«t  Africa,  cwme  into  tlio  p»!«c»?ioM  of  tlie 
Uiiiclbtb-  In  Eail  Africti  <*'e  tliid  the  puMteii- 
Mlona  of  tbe  Ueritiau  Euet- African  L-uriipauy,  which 
are  under  l.lie  prxU^tural*.-  of  Uvrmuuy.  A  (.■oimv~ 
queiMV  of  their  |>urt;ti:i»m  wiui  llii-  coiifort'uoo  i>t 
KUKluid.  (jt-ruiauy.  mid  Kninti.'  in  Di*i-uilK-r, 
1885,  to  drierniuie  llit-  >--xt«rnt  tit  tJicr  HulUuinti*  of 
Zanribnr.  Thin  i|uitiliiin  wiui  H-illi-d  by  no  ■■>:• 
chiui|{t-  of  null's  (>ti  llip  Ul  of  Ndvi'inhvT,  IHNO, 
"nil)  |'riiii'i|ial  p>int  of  Ihin  nKrvriiiv^iil  vax  llie  <lv- 
temiiTiutiriii  «t  a  linv  M>iii>ralinK  fxtort?  claiiii^  of 
lioth  Hinted.  Tbie  line,  wliiob  ruiin  fioiii  llw  cuiknl 
tu  the  Viutoria  Nyuiua.  may  hv  steii  uti  tbi?  i\c- 
ouiiijuiDyiii!:  ump,  Si)ul)i  of  tin;  Owmun  |m«i">- 
idonit.  tli«  Koiih'ii  Frtv  Ktiitc.  and  thr  Ktrncli  Inm- 
Msuons,  tho  Africnn  cousin  UIouk  t"  Port«|Eal. 
Tbi]!  extent  i>t  itn  \itmmini\im%  lowanbt  the  Interior 
is  not  llinlte<l  by  a  boundary -Hue  acknuwli-dgtfd 
by  the  iwwerB.  (Jt-nnaiiy  laay  raiai'  a  tliuin  lo 
tbe  L-uuntry  euuth  of  tbe  Koogi>  Vtn-  State,  whli-li 
la  aliituel  i!xcluaivi>ly  known  thr«>ngh  the  cx|>lora- 
tliinn  of  (ierninn  travHkn. 

Our  notes  on  tho  political  (leoKrapby  of  Oulnd 
Africa  would  be  iDCoinjilete  wilbout  a  dewriplion 
of  Uie  iitalv«  of  the  natives.  TliuU|;h  a  fcivut  fuirt 
of  CvulnU  Afrtua  oonalsto  of  uuaJl  cotumuniliu* 


whli>)i  ito  not  form  large  ittateb,  we  Hnd  wTvnJ 
extensi  veetn|iiree,  anil  Bevt'ndolbi.'Tti  have  lieen  d^ 
slroyed  siace  the  KuTi>]>eana  liiiraded  ilie  ootiiilry. 
Tlio  |>eu[)lcti  of  Africii  arc  frHjuiiilly  chnutfliii: 
their  bubitulioDB ;  lurp:  em|>imi  which  are  ke|il 
lut^^'tlu-r  b}-  an  emiTKiTtic  kiiix,  fall  tu  |4i<i^ii,  and 
new  oii<»  take  tbrir  )>lncc.  Krvcnil  Inrice  ntnlen. 
however,  linve  existed  for  a  Ioi>k  jierlod.  Tlie 
uiout  extensive  of  lh*«e  i«  the  etnjnre  nf  Muulii 
Yaiii^'o  in  Lutida.  IJl8  residence  bi  lUiis8UUil«. 
The  Korernoieul  is  feudal,  there  betuii;  a  number 
III  Hub'C'hiefH  witu  koyitu  Iheir  own  teriilorlea  In- 
dcpi'ii<l<Tntly.  Uit  muKt  wud  tributi?  to  the  Uusta 
Yunivo,  and  have  t»  follow  liiin  in  cai«  of  war, 
t^  Urns  aa  Utey  conform  to  DinM-  (ibliKaliimn.  the 
tributary  ataten  are  indejioiwlenl,  and  tlic  Uiula 
Yaiuvu  does  not  even  interfere  with  the  dedion 
<if  a  Huccewor  In  nuie  one  of  the  diiefs  dic«.  Suv- 
erul  Klativtn  of  tbene  aub-cbiefs.  howpver,  miMt 
live  ill  tliL-  KUiaiu  Yanivu'u  realdenoe,  being  kept 


thei*  as  a  kind  of  hoslaRc.  Dciidtii  the  HualA 
Y'ttun-o.  an  unmarried  woman  cnJlpii  tlie  Luko- 
keHlia  lias  a  jHiulion  of  hit;)i  rank  in  the  atote. 
Till!  Uiiata  Y'luuvu  and  tln^  Lukokwha  arc  eluctdd 
by  a  noum-il,  auil  tbf  el^i'liun  of  eJtlier  of  them 
must  lie  confirmed  by  tlie  ulber.  The  cmurt  of  tho 
lluala  Yhiovo  c"niiii>ti>  i>t  n  numtx-T  of  cuundilors 
and  au  ariBtocracy.  The  wbolo  gieofile  is  citlled  to 
an  asNimbly  to  di^olde  on  war  ur  peaoa  and  oUicr 
important  public  affair*. 

Similar  to  the  eunslilutiou  of  this etateaittUioH 
uf  mo«t  other  Africnn  HUteei,  —  dee|>otlsiN  eocn- 
bincd  with  an  oligarchy.  The  em|tire8  of  Kotigg, 
Anifola.and  IiOoiiko,  nmr  t)iti  iiiuuth  oftheKoiiKo. 
had  a  similar  form  of  K<i^ermueut;  Angola  and 
Loaiiico  were  probably  tributitry  to  the  kinj;  of 
Konjio. 

nie  bUlory  u(  the  Wntiita  in  tjint  Africa  kIiowh 
tliv  origin  of  Ibo  stalus  of  tfaal  region,  to  far  an 


520 


SCIENCE. 


tVoL.  IX.,  N&  SSS 


they  are  iind«r  th«  influence  of  Zulu-like  trib<«. 
Belween  Lake  NjasM  and  tbe  Rovuma  we  find 
Ibi'  Waliij'uu.  luid  on  ilie  plateaus  vtmt  of  the  lake 
thi-  Uuvili,  IkiUi  niirlikt'  IriUw  cUmpI.v  rcluted  to 
llir  Uatulvie  iinil  Zulu.  Abuiit  llvtO  tin;  Wntula, 
wbn  went  a  miMribo  <i(  Itip  Hnvlti,  »rp(irntvH 
(row  the  maio  \ioAy  od  a  prdlntor}*  exciirelnii 
wlik'li  extended  far  north.  Tliej  came  to  Urofl, 
aii<l  after  a  war  of  five  moullib  witli  Ibe  etruni; 
und  warlike  tribe  of  tlinl  (■'lUnlr)-,  Ihi"  Warori, 
lH?ing  uniilili!  tu  muIhIiu-  llicm.  wi-iit  iiorlb-wiiit, 
and  niudc  war  upon  the  inhnbitiinbi  of  Ujij). 
Thrnnc  tlicj'  tumiHl  Di>nh-raiit,  fxught  with  tli(< 
Wahua  and  Warundi,  nnit  renrlied  the  VIrtnrin 
Nyansa,  where  tber  recnained  for  ocversl  .vear*. 
Tliejr  did  nut  tetUe  permanently,  but  reiunied  Ui 


Tbe  posltltin  of  Europeanfl  In  Ibe  eqnaUirinI 
])rarliice  haa^becouie  very  difficult  through  lb« 
ho<rtiltt.v  of  the  king  of  Vi;aiKla.  White  Mleeo. 
thr  liwt  kioi;,  wna  friendly  lothe  Buropeana,  bis 
Huccmcir,  Hw-niiftn,  hnn  preventnl  Ibnia  fntm  Imub- 
Intc  hU  land,  and  the  death  of  Uliibop  nanntngton 
is  due  to  him.  At  die  present  lime  be  ke^n 
Kniln  Pauba  and  hlH  companions  from  ZnnKlhar, 
and  bin  atiiluili'  ctinipelled  BtaD>ey  to  take  tlia 
KoUkci  route.  A  liri<-f  account  at  thin  »*'gi<in,' 
u-liich  ta  CO  fm^iienttr  mnuliont'd  in  tvpurtJi  from 
Afrira,  may  l<e  of  inli>iml. 

Formerly  Ihe  Inrjic  umpire  Kltam  occu|>)p<I  tlie 
whole  ri-ieion  li-tween  tlie  Viclom  Nyania  and 
Mvutun  NFice.  In  course  of  time  it  had  the  eanie 
fute  iia  nioHt  Other  African  MalM  :  it  was  dividwl 


I 

i 
I 


ACPIBCa-U'Lli  or  Kim  n 


UMinilmra  and  UKotuln.  whirrc  Mlininlio  foutidwl 
the  rmpln-  which  ban  wi  friNiUfnlly  Vx-fa  il<-«c-til)rd 
by  Riir<)|ienii  i.raveUern,  The  ileveltipnicui  o(  ihiH 
tribe  to  a  (lowerfiil  kingdom  \%  d]HrH''ieriiiiic  of 
the  iinslendineM  of  Afrii/nu  «Uiteti,  llie  existence 
of  which  Kf^^tly  dopendo  on  the  personality  of 
the  chief. 

In  ntirth'cuHlirti  IVnirai  Africa  nt-  tlml  Ihe 
Galln,  HaiMui,  luid  Wuhumn.  Thiiu-  am  warlike 
trlbM  of  hcrdimen  vi-ho  hnvf  HUhdiiivl  tlif  lu-riciil- 
tural  tribes  which  formerly  poMettseil  llicse  di»- 
trfcte.  The  tiulla  elates  are  remailtable  for  tlie 
democratic  oharucler  uf  Ibcir  conHtilution.  Tlie 
chiefs  aT«  electMl  for  eij^hL  jvani.  uad  tlx-ir  |iower 
In  limited  by  a  council.  Tht-y  Iiiitp  no  rinidence. 
but  muNt  Guntiouoiisly  Iravrl  from  r>nr  rilliif^e  of 
the  tribw  to  the  other  to  wttle  liiKimteK  and  per- 
form other  dutira  belonging  to  the  ofiloe. 


into  aeveral  snuiller  hingdonia,  but  vmry  one  of 
thcHcjHi-tillpu«'i.-rrul.  Uganda.  Unyoro. Karai;w«, 
noil  ITsiiija  an'  fraj,'iiimU  of  the  old  emfrire.    Tin; 
inliabitniitA  of  thi-  land  iK-lunf:  to  two  dirrpn-nti 
race's,— thtr  nKriculhiral   Wnganda,  and  tin-  Wn- f 
hxiinn.  who  arc  hrril*iiipn.     the.  rornl   fsmily  he- 
1oriK>)  to  the  Wahiima,  who  keep  a{i»rt  from  llie  | 
WnKunda.  have  a  language  of  Iheirovn.  anil  live 
in  sejiurate  villages.    Tlie  Wagandn  are  ehorolat*-* 
colorvil,  and  huve  tiliort  woolly  hair.  The  Wahtima 
an-  of  a  fur    li);hleT  cmiplexlon.     They    have 
■Iraight  nnwv,  thin  li|«,  and  large  tuntroiiH  eyea. 
The  Imditions  of  the  Wahuma  refer  i»  their  Ini- 
uilKratiou  from  the  north,  and  th<4r  antbrofio- 
lojfital  features  aKree  with  this  sinlen>en(,  ibey^ 
Ixring  very  slniUar  to  the  Oall«. 

The  power  of  U^Hudn  is  priiioii<ally  due  to  iw' 
military  organiuition.     The  popuhition 


Hat  87,  1887.) 


SCIEyCE. 


581 


I 


or  /our  (.'lanra,  —  slarcs,  peaMtnta,  Ngb-cbicCs.  and 
chU-rn.  Tbr  peasnntK.  who  nrn  Uw  main  body  of 
tlio  popiibilion.  tatia  Xhc  tu-ni,r.  TUn  Kub-chii'fK, 
who  ar*  «ilw1«l  from  amonc  tho  pcnsanlB,  mifnrn 
tbv  provlnom,  Hml  lutve  the  commaiKJ  of  a  certain 
uiimhrr  of  eoliiiera.  They  are  rHe|Kin»<ili]e  lo  the 
WiikuDgu.  Ibei'liirfs,  Tlimp  roniiiiL'ouiKJJ,  whidi 
in  rvnltt.vdcvUlcBlhi-uffuiiiiiidhi'tiUtc.  Kvi-ryonu 
nf  llio  chiefs  niUHt  live  thrn!  ninntJia  out  of  i-vcrj' 
jaa  nt  Uik  rrinilcncr  of  the  kint;.  Thim  the  ctnt<- 
ii  thoroUKhl.T  cpntnilia*!!,  nni)  tlie  Rovprnnniit 
bM  HA  niiK'h  influenc<i<  on  the  bonleni  of  the  Hiale 
as  in  t^le  central  provhicee.  It  war  is  dpcidetl 
upon,  till?  war-drniiiB  aiv  tn-ateo,  and  Ibe  wlu>l« 
atinjr  iutfieiiihlrt<  ht'furr  Ibi-  riiyat  palncf.  In  tinif 
of  jmiL-u  th('  WngiiniU  wcnr  a  lof,-n  nindr  of  hark  ; 
but  in  timrufwnrthi'V  Injitniiidr.pnint  their  farm 
whitn  and  rod,  and  £»  into  Ihr  hnttlr  nakHl,  with 
the  rxoeption  of  dpieoeofclotli  w<iun<l  arouml  the 
loin*).  Thcdr  weafKins  are  b««aiiful  oivan  with 
points  more  than  a  foot  Iork.  •ikI  oval  HbieldH  of 
littht  uood  covered  ulth  tni^ii  and  haviiif;  a  Ihmh 
In  the  (centre.  lietdilm  the  njicarti,  llicj'  \\*v  [mw- 
efful  liowEi,  and  ]i»iw>niHl  nrrowx  with  fonnl- 
dahht  Irarhi.  It  in  tho  (irivlIrK''  of  th»  kinic  to 
ln-nr  a  rappfr  lancp-  Armed  with  two  of  Iheke 
lnnc<«,  and  wearing  hl»  «hleld,  he  slandn  Iwfure 
tlK-  vntraiice  of  bis  [latat'e,  aurrouniti-d  by  tlir 
diii-fii,  and  r'"""  bin  ordi-m  Ut  llm  amir.  Tlie 
INilnt^i'  i*  built  "f  rrnlii  and  utrnw.  and  i*  about  a 
hundml  feel  lonjc.  the  roof  refttlnic  on  heavv  lim- 
bere.  The  accompeiiylnic  sketch  ahuvrs  ili«  IimII  In 
which  Ml«Ba  fftv»  bis  audiencee,  ami  wbi-nr  Stan- 
ley met  bliD.  A  larg«  flet't  of  canum  whivh  thn 
Wafcanda  hare  on  the  Victoria  Nynnm  tuakrs 
their  anny  ntill  more  iiuwerral.  Sntav  of  tlntir 
canoea  carry  an  many  as  forty  mi^,  and  it  i*  said 
tliut  fn>m  nixtoitn  in  twenty  tboiamnd  nirn  nan 
hu  trnnHpiMtrd  by  thn  wbole  IWl. 

TIiIh  powi>rful  nation  is  atmnK  enoiiKh  to  shut 
oiT  the  texion  north  of  the  Victoria  Nyaiua.  and 
to  (trevL'tit  [lie  |>aMa^  of  caravans  t(>n>ui;b  ita  ttrr- 
rltory.  The  diHtrUHl  uf  thi-  new  kinj;  Mwanj^  hin- 
ders tb«  work  of  Eurii|icun  i-x|>lon-T»  and  miannn- 
nric*  just  iu>  mtii'h  on  l.hi;  fiicndlincin  ot  Mt^na 
hail  holjird  th«m.  Though  tlif  kinsdoin  has  I)pen 
(or  two  itenerotions  in  oontnrt  with  Arab«.  and 
later  on  with  whites,  it  has  retained  its  iiidt^pvud- 
eni'c  and  power. 

PUYSICAL  OKOOJijWUV  OF  OKiVTHAL 
AFBICA. 

The  map  of  Central  Afrlo  which  acoompanlea 
thi-  presii^t  number  sbowa  Uw  rlv«r  «78t«n)  of  th« 
Ktmgo,  tht'  head  watrrs  of  llie  Nile,  and  East 
Afriui.    This  iMtrt  uf  tlio  eoBtineiit  forma  one  uf 


the  biri;r  plalauiB  wbfeh  frlve  Africa  Its  peculiar 
charaoti'r.  An  immi^nnc  higliland  occu)ii««i  tl>e 
cnotinpiit  Koulli  of  a  lini'  drawn  fmni  AliyMMHia  to 
the  NiKTT.  Its  rim  la  formed  by  n>ouninin>raaeMi 
which  fall  off  in  Ivmicvs  toward  tbr  wa.  A  de- 
pressloo  Indicate  by  the  Talleyv  of  the  Kunmi* 
and  Kumbeti  separaleti  the  jilatean  of  Sotith  Africa 
froui  that  of  C«ulral  Africa.  The  eaMeni  side  of 
tb(!  littItT  I'onsihti  of  a  iiuiiiIkt  of  hij^h  luouiilalu- 
mn^cs  ami  |ilaleaiis.  Tb<^  highlnudn  of  Ihi-  Ban^ 
weolo  and  NynMUi  lake*,  wliich  arp  fnitu  I.IMMI  lo 
5.000  feel  hl^th.  enlend  to  the  t-amvan  rout*^  li-«J- 
inj;  throuKli  UnyainweHi.  Its  <leMvnt  towardii  tbn 
Zanibexi  is  very  iitF«|>.  while  in  the  north-wet-l 
it  Kndnally  falls  oIT  towards  the  |>lalenn  of  the 
Koiifto  bMin.  Lnki-  Hjinj-wiHib'.  which  ucvii|>ies 
th<i  Hiulh-nrstcni  portion  of  thi-  hif:bland,  ia 
»,7l)0  feet  hlKh.  North  of  Unyamwrsi  the  bvnd 
rbea  to  the  moontnlnous  district  of  I Lv  Vkioria 
Nyanca  and  Muta  Nsiice,  wliich  attoinH  a  hi-ixht 
of  Il.OOU  feet  in  the  mminlalns  of  Kaniitwe  and 
Ritandn.  wtvt  of  tJie  Victoria  Nyaaca.  East  of 
Ibla  rcpon  fncinnous  volcanoes  Indicate  tlie  edup 
of  the  plat4-.tu.  th»  Killtua  Njaro  rininic  to  10.000 
feet. and  the  Ki'oia lo  Ifi.OCK) fivt.  In htigtit.  North* 
uast  of  the  \'ii'h>ria  Nyanm  wc  tlnil  tlic  hifiblnndH 
of  AbysHinia. 

Thin  mounlainoUN  diatrici  (i<n(Ainc  tlic  soun-m 
o(  all  the  riimmf  rt-nlral  Afrii-a  ■•xoppt  Ihi.'  Houlh- 
ern  (ribulj(rii«  of  the  Kongo,  which  coow  from 
Ihi-  Bwaitiiw  on  the  isuterelieil  between  the  Kongo 
and  Zambi-xi.  Tbe  laLler  river  drairni  the  nontbera 
Hlo|ie  of  tlif  plutnau.  Numerous  "wall  riven, 
anioHK  which  the  Ilovunia  and  KiiflJI  are  the  mort 
important,  diiui-nd  fnxii  its  eastern  Blo|ie!  tJie 
lofty  mnunlains  «f  KnmKwt'  tf"*^  the  aoiirces  of 
the  Nile,  and  the  Kon(;o  hiu  Its  origin  on  the 
wi'BlerD  side  of  them>  hiRlilnnds. 

Tlw  Urue  lahew  which  cnllcot  the  ha^d  watcia 
«r  all  tbiiN!  riverM  are  cl>*nic4«ri»tie  of  thin  part  of 
Afrien.  Klivp  nioiiulaliis  nurroiiod  liic  Htonny 
I.nkt^  Nyaua.  which  ooctipies  a  Ionic  ""d  deep  val- 
ley on  llio  wnilbi-rn  nide  of  Ibe  plalraii.  The  larKe 
lintin  of  the  Violori.*  Nyiinai  is  in  part  nurronndtd 
by  low  bills,  and  lilleil  with  many  Ulands.  but  on 
its  w«i»lvm  Bide  tlie  sleeji  mountnins  of  Knrtit;w(i 
reach  loiti>  shore.  Thin  take  and  the  Mvntnn  NHkv 
are  the  collcctinj;  liasiiiH  ot  th«  W  hite  Nile.  From 
the  Victoria  Nyanifn.  which  In  l.tOO  feet  hl^h,  the 
Ni|p  devcends  l,3fi0  feci,  until  it  rtacli«a  thu 
Mnilan  Naige,  3,790  feet  aluvc  the  level  of  the 
«en. 

Thtt  Tnnganyiha  is  siluatad  on  Ihu  wcstrm 
slope  of  the  bi|;falaiid-,  and  >end«  it*  water  by  ihv 
Lnlcnicn  intotht!  Konico.  When  the  rivfirn  bclons- 
InK  l'\  tJie  KflOgci  syHteui  liai'e  defended  the  Icr- 
raoea  forming  thv  vaatern  rim  of  the  bighlandt 


592 


scmya^. 


[tm.  nt..  vo,^ 


tbvj  Aow  slowly  Uxviuds  Die  wmt  connt,  uiiub- 
alructi^  liy  iii|>idii  or  cnlflnirUi  until  they  iviu')i 
till-  w<fsli-ni  rim  it(  tlic  plaU-iiti.  lien'  ilie  niiality 
KiiriKonni)  tliin  fiTii,illi>r  fivr'r  iniMh  dgwu  iU  sleep 
niOi'  Ja  roiiriTit;  rnpids  unil  oulHrncU. 

Tlu^  ctiiirocier  uf  tliia  Oinlriol  ilt[H.-nilH  l<i  i>  unniL 
eslciil  ujHjD  1)10  inrUuiulouii-iU  plii-iiiiii3i>iiu.  ]Hir- 
lioulariy  (lu  llic  iiiiuiuiii  of  miurall.  N'urlh  iinO 
Boutb  uf  ibc  (lii>tTii:t  indutliHl  1n-iwivi>  iutiiu<K->i 
90"  niirlh  iio>l  -jO"  Mutli,  tlie  iirlillij'  of  tlio 
uHiiMtc,  wlilrli  IH  tluv  to  llie  tra'Iu-n  iriilF-.  pr» 
ducm  the  va«i  d<'i«erUt  and  ele|>|im  uf  Ibu  Saliarri 
iind  Kalaliari.  In  tlw  iwrtt  ndjofniiiij:  tliu  cqmiUir 
we  And  niiiiy  uuO  dry  musoos  iiil«n-huiij|;iii);-  Ou 
the  wi-Ht  L-oust  Uie  ditiuiU'  in  iiillui-nopil  by  tbr 
pn?vniliiii{  BCuUi-wistt-rly  windn.  wbii-h  ti:nH  Ui 
Inu'i-f  Uu>  latmpocalurp,  pHrUi'iilnrly  iw  lliey  blow 
froiD  the  coKI  DoHRUeU  curmit.  Tbi-  iwilhuriiial 
linn*  on  Ibe  wmlLimsi  uj>|ir[>nt.-b  tlii-iHgualor  [iiucii 
DpnrtT  tliiui  do  IhuH'  on  llii?  fu»l  ciKist.  Tlicru 
WW  iMKi  Miaaunii,  —  the  cmJ  and  fofOiT  "tsi;  whic-li 
bua  no  tbund(T4toriiiH ;  and  tlio  bc>l,  rainy 
■Ltuiun.  Thi'  dty  kmhid  lii'Kinii  towiinln  th«  <rnd 
o4  Miiy.  and  liut*,  in  liic  ■oiitliiTii  piirlii  until 
Au]{iut,  in  LoR»Ko  until  Ibi-  iiii<ldli^  of  Odolx-r. 
FWtltpr  iKinh,al  Uabun,  IIih  dry  vmsun  la«bt  from 
Juni*  until  lli«  middle  uf  St-gik-iiilti-r,  but  sli^bl 
dtiowon  of  n>ui  ocriir  in  ull  niontlii!<.  During  tbin 
wntton  It  whitinli  liu/«  uljtN.'UTin  tlu'  nun  :  nirly 
in  tb«  BiomiiiK  ibit-k  foRn  mvi-r  ibr  bind,  luid  the- 
dow  b  very  pU'iiiif  nl.  Tbc  foK  i>roduoc«  •  ilriz- 
icjlnpc  rabi,  wliivb  U  ut  K^i^^it  itiiinirUiiKW  fur  tin- 
devHi>j>iiifnl  of  Ibi'  vriji-kiliuM.  Whlk-  the  wi-nt 
cxuiHt  miuth  of  till.'  ■^(unt'ir  liiis  lilllr  niin.  Ibc-  <«nt 
nHint,  wliii-h  y  undi7  llu'  iiiHiii'im^  of  Hit-  ituulli- 
cnKl^rly  tiiKb*  wind*.  Ih  vi-ry  iliinip.  From  Miiy 
until  OcluliiT  wjiilb-B i-nU'rly  niiidn  |ir»-v*il  on 
thin  ouiwl.  wliile  lati^  uii  lliu  trndi-'windn  »rv 
bluwiii^.  Till.-  lullvr  fouie  (roni  Ibi'  wurni  Mo- 
niniUcjui*  vuirvDt.  luid  iirc  wituiutiil  wilb  vajior, 
whidi  IH  prvcipilnttH)  un  Ibo  niouiibiiti-Tiiimra  ol 
tlw  «■«(  vOdHl.  TlimuRbout  till-  inti-iitir.  iiutnnii'r 
mips  (iretuil.  1«U  ncnr  tliir  tropic  o(  CiipriL-uni  tin- 
:>inuunt  «f  rain  in  dm:r<HwlliK>  OwiiiK  to  Uiu 
huinidily  »'  ttio  diniiitt-,  Ibe  rlventiirp  very  nnnier- 
Diis,  anil  esirry  i^n-iil  voluiiii.'<i  uf  waler.  Tbt.- 
wuliT-ihedH  of  Ibe  whole  diatriet  ale  very  indis- 
tinit;  llip  heud  wuU-rs  of  1)10  Wt-I|p  oiid  Nile, 
iukI  IIiiim!  of  Ibe  KMnkiiruKiisai  luid  lln'  J^ni- 
Ih-xI  »yi>li'niii,  beiitR  in  chm-  proxiuilly.  and  iiol 
M-iuiralfl  b}'  eleviiticnis.  Tlu>  Huuie  is  |>tx)liuljly 
lb*r  euM.-  between  ihe  WVlJe  luid  Sluiri.  iind  until 
noib-reei-nlly  u-e  did  nut  koow  wlictlirrthfi  WVlk- 
belonRei]  tu  tint  Kongo  or  to  thi-  Tiiute  K>'kterit. 
Tlip  ftwampn  niid  luken  mt  llir  betul  of  tliu 
Kusoi  |irubnbl.v  rcniu  a  Mfiiivnllon  lulnevii  thut 
rtter  and  llie  Ziiiabexi  1  aouitfxIlD);  to  Livinpitoiiu, 


thci  Dikilo  I^kc  biM  a  ooiHtigRi  nnd  a  Boatlieni 
outlet. 

I'lic  ba»in  of  Lake  llanswoolo,  and  lla  outlvt. 
Ihe  Iiuapuls,  nia.v  Iw  considered  tbe  Hiurre  of  tl>M 
KouKo.  but  itie  LualulsL  in  not  inferior  lu  it  in 
ciKe  ;  uod  iifWr  bulb  rivem  luive  joinvil,  nbiiTo 
Nvungwe.  tlx-  Kuoku  Mirrii'it  n  gniiit  viibitnn  of 
wiili-r.  lb-low  Stanley  FnlU  th<;i  t^ibilitHb  atiit 
Ubinji  Join  It,  and  tlip  river  lnkc«  a  W4wli^ly  dl- 
iw.^ion.  It  Is  a  cbanMilerisUcfeAtureof  the  Kouf^i 
bii»ln,  w«et  of  lunKitude  35°  eHflt,  tliat  all  rivrri 
tnkeu  wealerly  direetiun.  In  the  norlb  vrv  Iuiti,- 
tlio  Welle-Mukuu,  witb  it*  mighty  txibuiari«ii  iIm> 
Wem*  nnd  Mix-in.  Tliia  river,  wbidi  very 
liiobnbl}'  <:i]iptio<  into  tlui  Obnngi,  ta  unp  of  llie 
luoNt  ini|H>rbuit  tJiliiilnrie*  of  ihe  Konfpi  ;  batlliti 
Snukuru  sy*'''''"'  ^'bldi  draltw  th«  enutliera  pur- 
tloii  uf  the  boiiin  fiiiin  lon^tude  10"  to  SS"  ewit, 
i«  not  Inferior  to  it.  Diirinx  Ui«-  early  tiiiiv  of 
Afrieau  Iravela.  ufwd  reached  uh  uf  the  enoruioua 
ImVb  Sunkuru,  which  at  liut  provMl  to  b«  Uni 
rivM  HyHtfiii.  wliicb  ii  00*  lulecubly  well  kttnwn. 
TlieSankuru  bus  it>  ■iiurec  lUMir  tbe  fwit  of  tlw 
wi-hlern  iili>pi<  uf  tlii^  KiDt  Afrimn  higblnml,  «-|ilcli 
i»  indicated  by  the  nunicmus  Inken  of  the  uppur 
Lualabti.  An  far  as  latitude  5°  Hiiuth  it  runs  In  a 
iiDrtbi-rly  dSnH.-llun.  and  then  tunis  (o  Die  wcaL, 
Wr  are  not  suflieiently  iioi|ualnted  « illi  Ibe  rvlief 
and  K<'uh)gy  of  (^-ntnit  Africa  tu  uoilerstiind  wh^ 
the  numeion*  rivoiv  running  wntith  nml  norlb  very 
cloiw  to eot^'h  oilier  suddenly  tuktr  a  w-ii>4^<rly  turn 
in  this  hititude.  In  tlie  moot  iTnlrnl  jiarU  uf  tlw 
Kongo  luvnu,  which  Ih  olluiited  lietweeii  Ihe  tSiui, 
Icnru  nnd  MlHiiini,  tbia  ia  tbeiin-duiuinating  dinv- 
liuD.  Among  llie  trilmtiirien  of  the  Sankuru,  11m 
i.ubiltiub,  KiuHii-t.uhi.-i,  iiiul  Kuuiigu,  with  itt* 
tributarim,  ''utry  tin-  Kn'iiti.-nt  vobiiiX'  uf  waler. 
It  BeeuiH  thai  tlie  noi'lli  and  wnith  direction  at  tbe 
wmtem  t>'>i'l  ■■'  Ihe  KonK"  i^  cniwcd  by  llu  ajv 
lironcli  to  the  wtvteru  walvrsheil.  It  ia  doubtful 
whether  tbe  Kndei  and  Nana,  vrliicb  aie  known 
by  flegpl's  infpiiria^K  in  Aduinauii,  UdMig  lu  tbo 
KuuKu  system.  H«tv  is  thn  |iiurt  of  Afrirk  wtdah 
in  least  luiowii.  ThacoMtlrilcK,  (»r  frarof  loalng 
the  Irnde  between  Iho  Interior  and  the  notuil,  |in>- 
Tcnt  pxploreni  eolerlnt!  Ibe  (xiniineni,  and  no 
trnveller  han  rraeheil  thiil  district  either  from  tha 
l^lo  bttJiin  or  from  the  Wrile-Nile  w ulerahed. 
Ueiiide^  this,  tite  eouotry  <-a«t  and  weil  of  Ibe 
Kiingu  alHiTe  t^mnlcy  FulU  is  utiknuwn.  and  ao  ia 
thi^  territory  iiurlbi-ant  of  the  Vii^Kiria  Nyatisa. 

The  central  deiiroMlon  lM<tw«en  Ihe  plntMUIs  uf 
(Vnlral  and  North  Africa  ia  indk'-nled  by  tb« 
Hluri  and  Diir-el-Arab.  The  upj-or  t>ait  of  tho 
birmer  is  Mtill  nnknown,  llie  aouth  and  north  trib- 
utaries of  Ihe  Intb-r  having  Im-n  Ihe  field  ut 
Huhweiulurlb's.  Jutiker's,   LupUiD'ii,  and    Emia'a 


4 
4 


lf«T  37,  1BS7.1 


SCmNVE. 


()23 


exploniliona.  On  the  wv«t  «iili^  vc  (iiul  high 
iiUMintoiiM  in  Adamaua,  —  which  ptolMibly  tnrm 
th«  iKirthwwitern  comer  of  Central  Afriwi,  — 
And  thf  riiU'iinir  Kiinieniu  HountaiUH.  whkih  lii^ 
on  one  liiK!  with  IhtMe  of  8.  Thomi't  ntul  Anno 
Bon. 


THK  PEOPLE  OP  CKSTRAL  AFRICA. 

Thr  niirllicni  iKiundary  of  the  Kditti)  InnKiingc, 
to  whkh  nljinwl  nit  IrilMfi  un'l  nations  of  fVnirnl 
Afrirn  Moor,  in  a  line  nmninB  (rom  Kamrrtin  to 
the  oiittt-t  of  Iho  Mviitnn  NMKr,  incltidiiiK  the 
Tictoria  Nytinra,  tht-nroturniiiRiiaiiih  U\  tht-  Kill- 
ma  Njaro.  and  rpachtnit  lh(»rooiit  in  nboul latitude 
1"  south.  Aacompaiwl  with  Ihi-  Inrjro  Briwi  oc- 
cupiwi  by  dialt«t8  of  thin  IJntculstjr  t,to(-k.  Ilin  ex- 
tiMit  of  »th<-r  lant;uiist«  la  vory  lii)ilto<l.  Thorn  of 
tho  ni'Kropii  at  Ihi'  iipcer  Nile,  the  Nlnm-Siara 
nnil  MbiikIx»">  thn  (lalla.  and  also  tho«p  of  th'> 
Hcnui-  and  Cvni,ra\  Riidan.  do  nor  lieli'iiK  t"  tbi- 
stoflc :  Hnd  II  U  JiiiiHHiiitili-,  with  mir  |Wvapnt 
knowledKe,  loclawif.v  tlinm  propttrly. 

Th«  anlhr<))>iloKlei  flnds  cvpn  j[rrait»T  illfBinilty 
in  HamiryiiiK  the  races  of  Afrirn  thnn  tht-  liii< 
i;uiHl,  for  Ihr  difTvn-'nt  lyjies  of  Afrionn  |x^plr 
nil- fonnif  [(-il  ljy  imnieoiijsliiilui.  There  an"  only 
a  ffw  gilnrrs  when-  n  chaniclfriMti*'  ililtt.-n'ni'e  in 
ni>|>cani nee  may  hi'  oimervcd.  Ah  om-  iimtiinct;  we 
mention  the  remarknl>lc  hichl  lril>™  ot  itii?  Wrlh-- 
Nile  waterohed.  —the  Niam-Niam  and  Manit- 
buiii.  and  the  imttu-rcd  dwarfti  of  Central  Africa. 
In  coiii|Kirin;!  Itic  ■■ll)aolD);U'a1  peciiliarilirt  of  the 
Hiam-Ninm  with  Ihow  of  tlu-ir  neighlHin<,  it  strikeH 
UM  th^t  Ihc  Fnn  or  M|ionsw<i,  who  inradcd  the 
(iahnn  n-Kion  from  ihc  iMut,  nrr  ytry  iiiniilar  to 
them,  and  that  their  eliamotfrinlic  thrciwinK-t'nire 
Is  found  In  soiitlicrn  Adamann,  and  in  iliKbtly 
dllTerInx  forms  over  the  wholf  atva  north  of  Uie 
Kongo. 

The  ilnnrllHli  Mucasseiiuere  of  tlie  Knando, 
itoiilli  i>r  I.iiiidu.  the  Watwa  of  the  southern 
Konj,""  litiHin.  Ihr  Akka  «t  thr  Wrlh-,  and  ^'veml 
other  Wi'rt  AfricJtn  trilxs.  ari-,  in  (hfir  nothro- 
polo(ti<?al  nppeariincn,  rrry  iiimtlar  to  the  Dunli- 
men  of  South  Africa.  TliHr  hplRht  in  «boiH  four 
anil  a  half  ted,  they  am  of  a  yellowish  (Ntni- 
pleiion.  and  have  wootir  hair,  The  seattered  oe- 
eurrenui'  of  tlifw  triUw  all  ovur  Central  Africa 
make*  il  very  prohnhln  that  they  intnibited  tlie 
whole  country  l)cf^ln^  the  Inviwion  of  Ihe  Ilantii. 
Tlieir  language*  an-  little  known,  Imt  all  of  itiem 
iwfm  to  have  ndofitin)  In  n  Ktrat  extent  that  of 
the  people  with  whom  lliey  lli«>.  Thriy  ilo  not 
till  tlie  8i>tl,  lint  liT«  alfnoat  evcliisirely  sh  buntere. 
The  niaJo«ity  of  ttie  neKToce  live  on  the  proil- 
ucia  of  a^pieulture  and  etuck-raiaiiiK.      Tliei«  an- 


no trihra  wilhoal  ogrieullure  in  Otitral  Af^^ 
excppl  the  dwarlliili  Watwa  and  Akka.  Though 
their  (mplemcnln  nre  vnry  tinipl^,  Ibey  rlrar  the 
dense  woods,  anil  fenee  In  tlirlr  fteldii,  HlnH>  io 
the  mrHt  important  Ki^ln  they  icrow,  I|  is  culli- 
vahMl  iu  all  parU  of  Africi.  Borxhnni,  maiiiiw, 
anil  hutaiBB  are  fp^wn  in  the  lower  oounlrieii, 
iniiin-  and  pulM-  on  the  hij^hlaiuls.  In  tlKandn, 
Inniinnn  are  tlm  iirincipid  fxOil,  S|iH-k-miiiiiiK  is 
ilie  fnvoriiK  nrnipntion  of  many  Rnst  African 
triln-".  The  ben  lumen  nre  Imqiiently  warlike  nit- 
tionn  who  have  lubdiieil  nKrieultiiral  Irilx-H.  The 
(Inlln,  Wabiirna,  and  Watuta  bare  feundi-d  em- 
pire!! of  thin  kind,  On  llie  U|ti)er  Nile  the  natireA 
am  ■■nf;n)t<''l ''"  I"''''  Hi'X'k-mbiinKand  aiirieiiltiire. 
Cntile,  nheep,  KooMt  dofin,  ami  poultry  are  raised 
by  lliew  pei>ple. 

The  iitovt  remarkalilo  Indiratry  of  Afrim  ia  ihat 
of  iron-working,  which  h  hnon-n  in  all  imrla,  (lie 
niwlinim  alone  lieinc  tinaeqiininli-d  with  it  ii'lien 
they  iMi'ame  known  lo  the  KiiroprainK.  The  Afii- 
ouw  know  biiw  lo  olilnin  the  imit  from  the  orev, 
and  n in n II f art" re  lieantifiil  iinplenienlH  of  it.  Up- 
Hides  Iron,  they  tnaniif.i''tiin>  irojipi-r  impleinenl* 
aiid  make  eopper  and  Iriiii  win?.  The  ne>;roi9  <lu 
not  know  liiiw  Ui  tan  i>kins,  lint  «oft(ii  Iheai  by 
srmpiiiR  nnd  U-alini;  :  neither  do  they  |>nirtiHe  the 
art  <i(  jiiininK  wood  :  nbilc-  <«rvinK,  plaltlnK.  and 
wtnivitiK  are  hielily  ileveh>[>ed. 

The  civilixaliim  of  the  negmea  la  not  at  all  a 
low  one.  Their  modr-  of  life,  th<?ir  induKtry.  aiul 
tlieir  |Ki|iliea]  instiUilioii.i  are  ample  )>roof  of  thU. 
IjifiCe  enipim*  founded  by  men  excellln);  in  Irttel- 
lijcenre  nnd  eharaeler,  and  enlennlve  iniirrationa  of 
enerjp'tie  nallonn,  aro  ehnraelerittle  of  its  hinlory. 
'llie  o>ni>T  vat  Ions  o(  all  exp^otont  bIiow  Ihal  aria 
and  hultistry  are  far  itnire  di-vfl(>|X'd  in  IIkt  in- 
terior than  neor  Uie  i^oaat.  Ilerv,  la  everywlirro 
ebe.  the  contact  with  imtioiiB  of  a  hiffher  eii  iltita- 
lion,  the  while*  aiul  AmiH.  b-ndx  to  rtenlroy  the 
nn tire  (-1)1  lure.  Here  the  niihlcivi  Amblanitave- 
biinlero  devnulnte  regions  wbieh  were  llotirishinn 
before  their  arrlrnl,  mid  the  final  dcetlny  of  tlie 
Africans  will  depond  lo  a  K''eal  extent  on  tho  end 
of  ilie  liaal  htruKicle  between  tlio  whtteti  anil  the 
And». 


THK  VEOKTATION  OF  rENTRAf.  AFRICA. 

Tux  peculiar  charaoler  of  the  lanitBca|>e  of  Oi>- 
tral  Africa  is  due  to  the  Kivnt  extent  of  ita  hi^- 
l»nd«and  the  rrei)iiently  nllcrnalint;  wooils  and 
■nraiinos.  In  llie  rainy  dinlriclaof  the  wr^tciiatfit 
north  of  the  Koiij^,  ilenie  fom>t«  prpvnil,  but  for* 
llii-r  noulh  the  vt-jp-Uilion  U  not  ■>■>  luxuriant.  ITero 
well  ml  the  linolah  anil  the  plants  characlertAtlc  of 
Ibo  navaunaN  of  Ibe  central  jilateaus.     Uul  even  in 


534 


SCIENCE, 


[TOL.  IX.,  No. 


Ihp  ntjcion  of  fnmiU  nvannn*  lu*  nnt  nrantinjf. 
Whwi'viT  the  lncn\  rlinintc  tv  ilrjor,  « t  llni)  Uicm, 
and  the  irroKu'^'ity  ■>'  t'l^  r)titir«ll  iii  tliih  rcKloii 
lUA.v  WMUiAiiiii^  destroy  h-ikkIh.  Bill  lie*<iileH  ilitn, 
tbe  iii^IIicnIh  ur  ai-ri(^ullur<-  Hpl>li(.'(t  by  Ibi-  iitilivM 
tin-  iluolriiuUvi'  to  Ihi-  (ori-sU,  whicli  iiri'  burnt  or 
ciiit  down.  Ak  tho  luttiviit  rnijui-ntly  n-iiiuvi- 
thf-ir  linbitnCimiii  trata  oni-  yAacf  In  another,  Inrgr 
tmcu  of  toT'tNt  sms  annnnUjr  (Iprtrofod. 

The  natlT««  ilistinijiultih  two  forme  of  ivfceta- 
tioD. — (he  c&iii]>lnii  and  the  foresl.  Eiiro|;inut 
ItftTvllen.  {wrticiilnrly  PechuM'Lumcho.  who 
Kluiliisl  tin-  ri'gftnliuii  of  Cnitrftl  Africa,  ^v- 
»cnln'*  till' I'hiitncti-r  nl  the-  mnititry  us  follow*: 
In  llic  csTitjiinn,  f mm  (■nr>-rniirlh  toonr-hnlf  uf  thn 
((iminit  ii<iiiHin<i  liniri'ii,  vliilf  thr>  rcet  ia  rovorrd 
witli  (i;rnni.»i  Iriitii  llirw  lo  *ix  feel  high.  This  !■ 
more  (lartifulitrly  the  cwie  In  llio  open  campina, 


DftTk  liiiHs  ♦torvrvFU  woJn;  ILjEbt  llnnf,  trontlx  wltb  ■l^- 

HiitH. 

wliii-h  ci(»iKist4  I'f  AiidropoKon,  Cynibopnftnn.  nn<l 
CleniiiR).  Till-  prrit.>il  of  v^j|;:et«tlon  I0  Ihi'  u-nonn 
ut  IhiindiT-atiirma.  but  tn-fuiv  HsiikI  (be hmmU are 
ri|)e  iind  the  grnssps  bej^  lo  fnile  and  dry  U[i. 
Then-  an?  only  fi^F  ■hnilm  tiiiieil  with  Ihcm.- 
grnMuv.  —  Lpftuminiwii',  Cdmpmiittu.',  Mulvaci'iii-. 
»n(l  Vi-rbcnaceae.  Another  chiinntpri^lii'  form  of 
vei^etatiuii  is  \\xe  bu»h.  which  UconiiHBirilof  i-vrr- 
Itn-en  tbomkii*  nbru1<>i  fmni  tirplrn  tii  llfl^cn 
fert  hlRh,  with  riKid  Imivm  of  a  bloi»h  or  ilark- 
grm-'D  color.  The  huiOi  la  found  on  hills  and 
Klopn  or  on  tho  plnina  in  iint<^he<t  surround- 
oil  by  the  rampin*.  Pef-hiicl  -  Lm«c1i»  dialln- 
guUhn  btaiiles  thew  (ho  ■  huHb  woods '  and  '  bijch 
woodR.'  The  K«Di'n>  of  thcw  u<!  identic-aJ,  but  tho 
ImpreMloa  i»  vity  dlWerent  swordinR  to  the  ptrv- 
Bkaee  of  lifgh  trwn  or  of  lower  fonnn.  \n  the 
'high  WHO"!*."  i-verin'iH-n-tr\*B  prevail,  the  crowm 
of  which  ar«  int4irwovi-»  with  climber*,  while 


enormoiia  tny«  with  dm-idtuiUH  foUajrr  townr  abov* 
Ihitni.  TtioUKh  thi?  multiplicity  nf  form  of  the 
American  Itopicnl  wooilii  i^  ixit  found  l>ore,  tlipj 
an-  d(«i-ril>ed  an  not  IMS  impnailve  and  ftrand  titan 
any  other  lnii>i<:a]  furtata. 

The  nccumprtnyiag  skclch-map  showa  the  tliK- 
trihution  of  thin  kiml  of  w<Kidii.  Thi'jr  ocntiiy 
alDKwt  tlifr  whole  of  the  K^infca  timin  flxiiopt  the 
highlondu  nf  Kamiiwe  nnd  the  reRion  adjoininfc 
thowaterehpd  hetwron  the  KimicA  and  KaroboKl. 
On  the  east  cusal  Ihey  are  eonlltied  to  a  narrow 
belt  udjoiniu):  the  cuanl.  Tti?  rent  of  the  country 
except  tile  Muiumitii  of  thf  higliMt  tuuunlaina  U 
oei-upii-'d  by  suviinniis,  unit  formU  of  Ireen  with 
dpcidiinijfi  fiilinxe.  In  Ewt  .\frirn  the  diHtm't  be- 
tivcpn  (tin  Kllimn  Njnroand  Ijikn  Rikwn  in  nlni(Mt 
CxrliHively  occllplwl  by  lutvnnnaii.  Tlx*  eantvas 
rrnilCB  (rotn  the  east  ooast  lo  the  Tnnicaiiylka 
cr'iw'it  in  U^uno, 

Ttie  desn-tH  uiul  Btcp[i«i  nurlh  and  aoulli  of  the 
fertile  twit  of  Ontral  Africa  do  not  belong  to  tlir 
dlHlrirt  under  ciondderation.  Inil  are  ixinliocd  tti 
the  area  north  of  latitude  10°  north,  and  mmiIH  of 
latitude  15"  south.  Chi  the  west  coMt.  howover. 
vi'gHation  becoiuea  more  scanty  south  of  tlM 
Ktmgo,  and  in  latitude  IS"  south  some  {mrU  have 
the  i^ipenranee  of  rctd  et«ppt». 


The  Uiiest  addltloiw  lo  oitr  knowledge  of  Ora- 
tml  Arrlon  are  the  exploration  of  the  Hangalla 
and  n(  Uie  tributaries  »f  iheUtMuigl.  We  refenMt 
In  SeietKt  of  April  I  In  Buerl'ii  explonitiuii  uf  the 
Hoiixulla.  Prom  thi-  map  in  Lt  mmwciMHt  gto- 
fP^iphupif  of  May  8,  it  iijipeiiri'  thiit  Baert  nwobcd 
liititudi-  ^  fiO'  north,  and  lonKitude  Sl°  r««l.  Tb? 
mouth  of  the  Honi|;alla  on  tWri'i  map  Is  8G' 
farther  ■■luil.  tlian  uu  Oi«iifell>  map.  The  explora- 
tion of  thin  rivFT  in  very  iioporlanl.  aa  It  beloog* 
lo  the  unknown  rt-gion  of  the  waleivhed  (wtwtH-u 
the  Welle  aiut  Ibi'  Kongo.  Tlie  only  luup  uf  the 
Iributaries  of  the  Oljungi  yet  piililiahL<d  u  that  uf 
the  Ngiii,  a  small  river  dtniiiing  tlie  |vniiH>ula  be- 
twtfii  the  Kun^o  Bn<l  the  Obangi.  In  latitude  1" 
north  the  explorer  of  the  Olmn^-i,  Captain  van 
dele  n'uelied  the  cataract  of  Zoiigo,  which  pre- 
Tcnt(>d  furtlier  progress.  Tills  i-atatact  is  formed 
by  a  rnuKi'  "f  hitlri  six  ur  eif;hl  hundred  feet  high, 
throiiKh  which  Uir  Ubsn^  bm  cut  Its  valley.  Tho 
problem  uf  the  wnAem  Iributnrifv  is  very  e—wi- 
tiitl  til  our  kiiowledt;o  of  the  orogmphy  of  Africa, 
AM  Ihu  no  rill- westerly  rim  of  tlic  lanp'  c«'ntnU 
plaU'nu  LH  Hlill  totally  unknown, 

—Dr.  n.  Labunne.  who  made  some  imporlant  ex- 
plorations in  Ici'Innd  last  Hummer,  left  ClierhnnrR 
on  April  10,  to  eontimie  hin  xtudiea  ou  tite  gey-sera 
and  glaciers  of  that  inland  (Uu:.  gtogr..  A|idl  21^ 


4 

i 

I 

4 


4 


4 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY,  JCSTE  3,  1S87. 


COaiilEST  AA'D  CBTTICISM. 

PbOf.  jVKmrii  T.  Hadlbt^  thorough  nciiiuiitit- 
iinoe  with  the  railwav  prohl^m  puts  it  in  hi«  poiver 
to  make  a  jMpulnr  expoeiticin  of  it  that  for  clenr- 
ness  and  coociseite^  is  unriralled.  In  Harpfr't 
imagaziw:  tor  June  he  «uCline«  the  progreis  of 
Americnn  tnitrtxid  legislation.  The  Cliotnn  lengiie, 
the  GrADger  morement.  ami  the  getieml  mitroMl 
lu«s  are  tourhefl  upon,  nnd  their  relation  to  rnoh 
Olb«t  iliimii.  Tlien  followetl  vrhnt  ninr  be  cnlleil 
the  period  of  state  railroad  ooninii^sious.  that  of 
Uaomehiwetts  being  the  example  for  nenrlj"  nil 
Ike  othen>.  The  stnte  of  nllairs  when  ibe  mov«< 
ment  foe  a  nalionnl  railrond  law  became  proRii* 
D«Dl,  is  characterized  thus  ;  "  Br  the  yoor  18M  it 
had  become  n  n*ell-eslnhlis)ied  principle  thnt  it 
iroa  impractiuible  to  fix  rates  directly  by  law  ; 
that  tlie  impoilnnt  thing  nni  to  secure  publicity 
ojid  i^uutity.  and,  above  all,  to  have  tbe  mean* 

Ifif  holdint;  tb<-  railroad*  rv«poiiHble  forwhol  the? 

'Ad.    On  th«> other  hand,  (he  railroads  had  come 

to  ncogntie,  what  ten  yenr»  liefore  they  would 

hnTe  denied,  llial  their  bnaliteM  wm  not  a  purely 

private  one  :  ilml  ihe^  had  pnbllc  rights  and  re- 

dbllldpf,  aod  could  not  claim  Jmamnily  from 

'  legislative  control."  ProfefBOi"  Hadley  traces  rap- 
Idly  Ibe  genesis  of  the  pmeot  Intentale  com- 
a«ree  law,  and  hi  w  far  as  it  forbids  preferential 
proridca  for  the  publication  of  ratw>,  and 
blblta  secret  drawl«c)c«,  he  unre^Mvedly  com- 

'mends  it.  In  its  (vovisloDs  as  to  local  ditcriml- 
natlou.  however,  and  in  its  prohibition  of  poola. 
It  ia  regarded  as  open  to  terioua  objection.  But 
It  is  best  reii;arded  a«  n  stop  to  soroething  wiser 
and  beit*T,  as  an  cxpmmTnt  from  whose  failures 
a  more  perfect  measure  will  besuggealc^.  When 
Ibis  more  perfect  nieanure  corner,  il  will  doubtless, 
as  Profeeaor  Hadley  says,  recognize  tbe  fact  tlmt 
railroad  history  plainly  teaches  th&t  what  we 
need  ia  not  so  mncli  a  set  of  laws  or  regulatioos, 
but  publicity  and  re^ioiisibitity  in  railroad  odmin- 
K         istration.  ^____ 

I  Tbe  TSrsTxn  of  tbe  EUnbath  Thomiivon  aci- 

B        enoe  fund  have  made  tlw  foUowiog  gronia,  of 
I  x«.ne-iwr. 


which  we  have  the  pleasure  of  making  the  flrw 
public  announcement :  1".  To  the  Natural  bia* 
torj-  society  of  Montreal  >S00,  for  tbe  Invc^tiga- 
lioo  of  underground  tetui)eraturee  bya  oocnmlttee 
of  tliut  society  ;  3^.  To  Dr.  T.  £lster  and  H. 
Geiiel,  instnictors  at  the  gymnasium  of  Wolfen- 
bbttel  in  G«rman.v,  (310.  for  researcliM  on  tlie 
elecirizatioD  of  gastf  by  glowing  bodiw;  8*.  To 
Pi«f.  E.  D.  Cope  of  Philaddphift,  |900.  for  re- 
aearvhee  on  American  fossil  vertebrates,  tbe  nim 
to  be  ezf>eDde<I  to  secure  (lie  servic««  of  a  skilled 
preparaieur  to  awist  in  working  out  the  material 
already  accumulated  for  the  continuation  of  Pro- 
fessor Cot>e'a  great  work  ;  4*.  To  W.  n.  Pwkin, 
Jnn..  of  HaDcheeler.  England,  privat-docent  at 
tbe  Unlrerstty  of  Hunkh.  Germany,  $SSO,  for  in- 
Teetlgatfons  on  the  synthesis  of  urea  from  iia  de- 
oomposltion  products ;  S*.  To  Edward  E.  Prince 
of  St.  Andrews.  Sci>iland,  iI2n,  for  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  development  and  morphology  of  the 
Itmbs  of  telecebi.  It  may  be  worth  wlvile  to  add, 
that  these  apjitoitriations  indicate  that  the  uubVttA 
are  inclined  to  tuolte  several  appropriations  of 
moderate  amount  rather  tlian  a  single  lorgp  one. 
Il  will  be  not«d  that  no  grant  over  (AOO  biu  Iwen 
made.  This  point  iQKy  be  of  inteirest  to  intend- 
ing ftuure  apj^lcante. 


SEA-SICKXESS. 

The  ir^niatioii  of  M«-sicl(uess  is  one  which  lias 
in  one  form  or  another  been  expericucvl  by  moM 
persons,  )(  not  on  tbe  sea  itself,  at  least  while 
rldiiiji  backwarU  or  in  swinging.  It  ia  the  dread 
of  this  rotlier  than  (be  fear  of  accident  which  do- 
ten  tuuuy  fruiu  undertaking  a  Euro|iean  (our.and 
It  i»  therefore  a  tiueallon  of  great  Interest  whatber 
or  not  thin  exiietieiice  may  be  avoided,  and  thus 
tbe  principal  obetocie  to  an  ocean  roya«e  l>e  re- 
moved. 

Although  In  most  instonon  sca-oicknew  is  but 
temporary,  disappearing  o»  soon  an  the  aSected 
individual  places  bis  foot  on  shore.  sttU  tills  la  not 
always  l>ie  case.  In  rare  Instance*  It  hat  been  the 
cause  of  death,  and  even  when  llile  has  nut  Iwen 
the  coae.  the  individual  baa  been  penuanently  af- 
fected. In  many  cases  what  ia  usually  but  an  iu- 
oonvenicnce  and  a  disagreeable  aenaatiou  becani«8 
8  dlasase  which  demands  medlcnl  treatment  on  ao- 
couut  of  tbe  violence  of  il«  symptoms.    It  is  for 


626 


SCIENCE. 


LVoi.  IX ,  No. 


of  ti^tt-sickne^?,  and  hare  in  various  publicatione 
glT«ii  tbe  r««ulta  of  their  Invwtlgationii  to  the 
wotM. 

In  Quaid'!!  ■  Dicticmary  of  medivioe'  sua-sick- 
ntan  ia  itf-Qntyl  iu>  n  iirruUftr  functioiiMl  distil rlianoe 
of  Ibt!  ncrToii*  ii<ret«in,  pr<i(lui.-rd  bv  sliock,  tv- 
•nlling  from  the  motjoo  of  a  »hlp.  The  moet 
promiiwnt  symptoms  are  k  «tat«  of  genvra]  dc- 
prewloi),  ^ddinem.  voinltinit,  ami  d«nngem«nt  of 
the  bowels  aud  of  tli«  urinary  secretion.  Dr.  B. 
W.  Ricliardsun,  iii  his  *  Field  of  dineaie,'  saja  that 
tlie  ph«ni)iDi-ua  of  s(ia-*irkii<vt  may  be  placed 
under  Ibe  same  bead,  in  regard  to  raase.  as  con- 
ODKlonB  experienced  hy  imn-plntr  workers  who 
ftra  employed  in  rivftinK,  nr  hy  tmrellera  on  mtl- 
ronds.  In  een-siclineas  the  effeet  of  the  motion 
of  the  Te*#el  is  to  ptodiioe  a  series  of  sliocks  to  tbe 
ganglionic  or  ci);anic  aa  well  as  to  the  oerebro- 
SpilMl  i^fiti-m.  In  tomb  prmous  the  organic 
aerrodi  ayat^m  in  vfalefly  offec-li-vi,  iiud  thi'v  miTcr 
from  voDiiting  and  loa*  of  nppclili-,  mid  may  rtf 
toain  prostrntcd  tot  maDy  ircckn,  and  in  one  in- 
Uiinco  tbo  tidnteM  wu  n«r«r  entirv^ly  r«coverr<l 
from  durinit  a  comparatively  lonjc  life  ;  in  others 
the  shock  lelU  moat  u|>on  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord.  Such  eaaee  are  lew  troubled  with  vomit- 
ing, but  ar«  oppressed  with  headaehe,  i;iildiiieci8, 
aad  inability  to  stmtd  upright  or  move  with  stradi- 
IMH.  .\rii,'r  thf^y  havp  I'oinjileted  the  rnyage, 
Vbam  per»on»  mfttrr  still  from  unmendtnem  in 
walUniTi  feoIinfC'  as  they  expreiw  It,  the  roov«- 
nwnta  of  the  vevaet.  A  n>^aled  series  of  concua- 
BJcns,  as  II  were,  affected  tli«  brain  »o  as  to  leare 
an  Impres^iuu  uf  a  wave-like  motion,  whjc-h  dove 
not  suboide  until  after  a  eoasiderubU'  li-Dglh  of 
time. 

Variou*  othnr  theories  hare  been  helil  m  ragard 
to  Ibe  ejitiMttion  of  sra-Mckoess.  Wollnslon,  who 
wrote  no  th«  subject  in  ISIO,  coDsideted  it  due  lo 
maguloe  congentlOD  of  the  brain  brouKht  on  by  a 
denaged  c«ntre  of  gravity  durini;  the  pilcliiufi; 
forward  of  the  vesAel :  Barru  believed  it  lo  be 
owing  10  Irritation  of  the  optic  nerven  caiued  by 
the  apparent  vacillation  of  every  thing  unnm<l  the 
Twani ;  Peliurin  nccauntod  for  it  by  nnguine  de- 
p]«(jm  in  the  bmin  cauM-d  by  a  centrifugal  force 
called  into  action  within  the  blood- vcnelH  in  con- 
eequence  of  the  (NKTillation  of  the  ship.  In  more 
ancient  tiuie#  Plutarch  treated  of  the  subject,  and 
attributed  sea-eicknees  to  the  smell  of  the  sea  and 
the  feim  of  llie  patient. 

Among  th<«t;  who  have  writtPii  treatises  on  the 
•ubjfcl,  we  mcmtion  Dr.  John  Chapman  as  otie 
wbM*  treatment  haa  I«en  meuturably  suconaftiL 
Tbii  writer  gives  it  aa  bin  opinion  tliat  the  main 
proximate  cniuc  of    the  aH'votion  is  an   undue 


iS^^ 


amount  of  blond  in  tl»e  spinal  n<>rvoui>  einitrF*. 
especially  in  ihoee  parts  of  them  directly  rolateil 
to  Ibe  stomach  an<l  the  muscjee  ooooemed  In  vom- 
iting. Tbu  mult  of  this  byperaeoila  la  that  the 
nerrefi  nnnniiting  from  the  affected  nemwu 
fvntrf*  [inilnkc  nf  tbr  undnc  activity  of  the 
centres  themiwlvea,  and  conrey  to  their  ultimate 
dlslributinns  an  excemive  amount  of  nervous  im- 
pulses, whidi  hara  tlie  effect  of  dbturbing  the 
ordinary  action  of  the  organs  mpptled. 

It  will  be  seen  fium  this  brief  cwusidMatJoa  that 
there  are  many  and  variou?  Iheoriea  in  regard  to 
the  cnusAtion  of  sea-eickne^.  imd  the  tkumb^r 
might  he  inrrenseil  did  space  permit.  As  wo«U4 
naturally  l>e  eipe^c^.  the  methods  of  tr«atii>«Dt 
are  also  various.  Dr.  ClMpman  rccomaveaded  the 
application  of  ice,  contained  in  rubtwr  haga.  to 
the  spine,  with  the  Idea  of  overcoming  the  bypcr- 
aeonic  cuudiliiio  '>f  the  spinal  cord,  which  ho  be- 
lieved to  be  the  cAuse  of  the  symptoms.  Some 
twenty  years  ago  tliis  plau  of  trealtment  was 
adopted  by  a  comddemble  number  of  Individoab, 
and  remarkably  favorable  renulUi  were  reported. 
Travellers  crossing  the  Chnnnd  and  making  >ea- 
Toyages,  who  had  previoualy  suffered  aererely 
^m  eea-sickDess.  were  by  mean*  of  tli«  i4>e-hag 
enabled  to  make  their  joumeys  vith  comfort,  and 
freedom  fruui  sickoe^.  In  recent  year*  we  have 
beard  but  little  of  the  ice-ba«s.  WhctlMsr  tbis 
H  to  bn  iu<oounl<rd  ftw  on  the  gntund  tlutt  on  S 
fuller  iiial  tliey  failed  to  accompliidi  all  that 
was  dalmed  atid  expi-rtwl,  or  wheilier  the  diffi- 
culty connected  with  their  use  wiui  too  great  for 
tliem  evirf  to  come  into  general  ««•.  wc  do  not 
kuon-.  Ill  a  recent  letter  to  a  daily  paper  n  00r» 
rtejioiidetit  Htates  that  be  has  matle  twenty-alz 
lri|i8.  or  ISfiy-twoloure,  aoroes  tl»e  Atlantic  and 
has  in  every  instance,  except  the  last,  suffered 
very  much  from  Een-<7ickness.  On  tliia  laU  trip 
he  had  with  him  a  rubber  bag.  twelve  inches  long 
and  four  inches  wide,  the  mouth  of  wbich  waa 
closed  by  an  iron  clamp.  This  be  filled  with 
small  piec««  of  ice  and  applied  to  the  spine  al  the 
base  of  Ihe  brain  for  half  to  three-qnartera  of  an 
hour  every  morning.  It  bad  a  tnoet  sootlilng  ef- 
fect, and  be  enjoyed  every  hour  ami  every  meal. 

In  a  rvM-'nt  number  uf  Uie  itosfon  mfdittil  ami 
tuiymil  jaartml  is  n  letter  from  Wllliaiu  Jumen 
of  Hitrrnrd  college,  in  which  he  says  that  wbil>t 
Ktudying  the  feeling  of  dixxineiB,  he  was  twl  to 
dlMi-over  the  idnguUr  Immunity  from  it  whic4i 
deaf-mutw,  as  a  class,  poaeeas,  and  be  ntiribtttM 
this  to  the  destruction  either  of  the  audttof]' 
nerves  or  of  tbeir  labyrinthian  termination.  He 
found  also  in  deaf-mutes  wliat  seemed  signs  of  a 
posaible  immunity  from  aea-sickneas,  and  veji- 
tured  the  etiggeeliou  that  the  semicircular  oanal*'. 


527 


wne  probnbtj  the  «tAr ting- point  of  tlist  affectioD 
iUM>,nn<l  l.hni  ilxsj-ropkinu  in  fiii  onliiiary  nulIrrFr 
mighl  tie  nll<^fUted  b^  blistering  or  (ilherwiae 
counler-irritstinglheskin  around  Ibe  ears.  Lnter, 
it)  crowing  the  Eoglish  Channel,  be  (bought  he 
prpvente't  an  attack  ol  »ea-sichnesa  in  himself  by 
ntbhing  the  mastuid  procesrs  with  his  fingere. 
He  haa  since  been  unable  to  get  aiiy  one  to  try 
the  plan,  He  refera  to  an  account  of  an  arddent 
vrhich  bappeiwd  to  the  editor  ot  ibe  Git^  rtrieir, 
of  Florida,  aa  oonfirmaiorv  of  bis  i-iewa  of  the 
cause  of  sea-sickness,  In  this  a<.'eident  the  e<litor 
receJT**!  a  blow  on  the  nisaluid  process  just  Im* 
hiad  the  right  car,  cnisbing  the  otiter  table  of  the 
•kiJl,  and  destroying  tlie  delicate  nprvoiis  portion 
of  the  interaiil  mr,  including  the  semicircular 
canals.  The  i  ni  med  is  te  conae(|U«DC«sof  the  iiijur7 
were,  firet,  the  ino*t  distresslBg  nauwa  of  u  t-bar- 
ftctcr  identical  with  sea-«tckiieM.  which  Injitrd, 
with  interval*  of  ea»e.  for  two  or  tlirw  d«r»  ;  and, 
seoondly.  complete  derfruction  of  the  funrtioD 
of  the  eur.  being  denf  in  that  ear  ever  after. 
Shortly  uft«i  convalescence,  the  writer  wade  a 
voyage  to  Cuba  and  back  in  rough  weath«r, 
<-xpOMKl  to  n  very  roiigU  sea  for  tiix  days  each 
way,  nod,  although  previously  very  mtsceptibk', 
he  foand  hfnuelf  proof  against  sea-sicknees  :  and 
this  Itnuiunity  lias  continued  ever  since,  now 
nearly  tn'Fiity-eigbt  yeiir».  Dr.  James  reque§ta 
tbnt  tnvall«t8  n-ill  bear  his  oiiggestion  in  mind, 
and  report  to  him  the  result.  whetli«r  niccewful 
or  failures. 

Dr.  Fordyc*  Barker,  an  emtneot  pby^ician  of 
New  York,  and  a  traveller  by  ocean  of  grot  ^-x- 
perience.  has  also  suggested  a  method  for  tlic 
trefltnieut  uf  t>ea-«lckiiea*.  He  recontninniU  tbat 
id  making  a  »hort  paesa^  over  rough  wnlcr  a 
hearty  meal  should  be  cat«n  not  more  than  two 
or  thrcv  boura  before  Miling,  and  thai  the  fadi- 
vidunJ  should,  if  poMible,  k<<ep  in  the  centre  of  the 
remel,  and  lie  doirn  before  starting,  and  tbat  be 
should  avoid  disagreeable  sighta  and  smells.  In 
making  octain  voyages,  he  should  select  his  Ix-rth 
witlilbne  sune  objects  in  view,  and  slmuld  re- 
main in  bed  for  one  i>r  two  dny$.  nn<l  eitl  regular- 
ly and  heartily.  He  sboul^t  lake  a  cup  <>f  coHee 
or  tea  unch  morning  tiefore  ri^^ing,  and  should  keep 
the  bowels  regulntod.  If  diarrhoea  wt*  in,  it 
shonld  be  controlled  by  th«  remedies  luualty 
given  for  cboleni- morbus.  If  the  weather  be- 
comes rough,  be  sbonld  go  to  bed  Iiefore  becom- 
ing sick. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  nute  that  a  large  num- 
ber of  remedies  has  been  recommended  from  tim« 
to  time,  by  physicians  and  otberi.  for  sea-slckncst. 
Among  them  are  the  bromiiles  of  ]iolnssium  an<l 
Bodlum,  hydrate  of  chloral,  opium,  chloroforin. 


hydrocyanic  add,  alcohol,  nitfit^  of  amy),  co- 
caine, strong  coffer,  noffman's  .inodyne,  blstnuth, 
bicarbonate  of  aoda,  and  nllrofclyoerine  :  for  ex- 
ternal a|>p]icfltion.  ine,  stimulating  llnlaieoU  of 
belladonna,  chloroform  and  camphor,  and  hot 
bottle*  to  the  feet.  It  is  a  Kofe  principle  in  medi- 
cine that  vrhen,  for  any  givtm  dioeoie.  a  large 
number  of  remedies  Ea  recammenilnd,  the  spm-iBc 
remedy,  or  that  which  will  curv  all  ibe  csnr*  of 
tbat  diMnae,  or  the  moat  of  thetn,  has  not  yet 
been  discowred.  Tlw  writw  In  Qaain's  dictionary 
«ny*,  on  the  subject  of  Ireatuieat.  il  may  be  pre- 
mised that  there  is  uo  known  means  of  jireventing 
set-sickoeM  in  tho^e  susceptible  ol  it.  Wi- should 
be  glad  to  h.ive  ilie  recommemliition  of  Dr. 
James  carried  out,  and  to  receive  re'ports  from 
those  who,  during  the  coming  eunimer,  may  try 
liis  plan. 


THE  MEBTISa  OF   THE  ECOXOitlC  ASD 
HISTORICAL  AS.'iOCtATIOyS. 

On  Tuesiny  morning.  May  34,  the  Historical 
asai>datio«i  liaicoed  to  paper*  on  '  A  study  in 
6wi«s  hintory,"  by  J.  M.  Vincent  ol  Jcdms  Hop- 
kins univeruty  ;  '  The  Spoaiartl  in  New  Mexico,' 
by  Gen,  W.  W.  H.  Davis:  and  -Tlie  biatorlo 
natoe  of  our  country.'  by  Prot.  Mooea  Colt  Tyler 
of  Ccmvll.  TIm-  Kconomic  niwcfntian  flnt  fagord 
the  report  of  its  cotnmittee  on  the  '  Condition  and 
orxanixailon  of  retail  trade.'  vrliich  was  tlie  sub- 
ject of  soQie  dlscuHsJon,  an<l  then  Prof.  Henry  C. 
Adams  read  a  n-iiort  on  '  MuuicigKil  public  works.' 
The  replii-s  to  the  committee's  circulars  to  gaa 
corapanim  were  interesting. 

CiriTulArs  were  sent  to  DTI  gas  oompaniea  in  tbe 
United  Slotes  ;  and  of  these.  91!i  sent  replica  to 
vorlow  ijuestions  relative  to  price  of  gas  per  thou- 
sand cubic  feet.  The  pfioea  ranged  all  the  way 
from  T9  cents  to  tSQ  a  Ibonsnnd  feel.  Ail  ov«r 
94  were  considered  so  abnonnal  as  to  be  put  oat 
of  consideration.  It  was  fouml  tliat  tli«  av«ruga 
price  of  the  coal-gas  coinpani««  was  fl.TS.  tbat  of 
water-gas  ^l.W.  and  tlie  total  avenge  tl.TS.  per 
thousand  feet.  It  was  remarked,  that,  although 
the  average  cost  of  pruduciiig  water-gas  waa  not 
ai  greitt  ii-i  tbat  of  the  conl-gw.  tlin  price  of  tha 
formi-r  was  greater.  This  la  dn<i  to  the  fact  that 
])apular  i<leaB  of  relative  danger  and  other  drciun- 
stances  did  not  warrant  tlie  production  of  the 
water-gas  on  so  large  a  scale  as  the  ooal-gaa  com- 
panies are  wamuitvd  lu  producing  it. 

Tbe  afternoon  sMsion  was  a  joint  one  of  both 
aasodntions,  and  was  hdd  at  Sander's  thtatre, 
Harrnrd  univerrity.  Three  papers  were  pro- 
senled.  The  flt»t,  by  Prof.  E.  J.  Jamn  of  Phila- 
delphia, was  on  'Our  legal  tender  decisions.' and 


528 


SCIEXCE. 


CVOL.  IX..  No. 


irim  n  d<>fcnrc  at  Ihc  liui  decWon  of  the  eui>t^in« 
coun  BtRiinsl  III*  criCkUm  of  George  BaniMufi. 
Dr.  A.  B.  Uitrt  of  Harvard  road  an  niuiwiug 
'  Bio^r«)>li]r  of  a  river  and  har)>or  bill.'  in  wtiicli 
he  trac«a  the  fabtorj-  of  thia  bill  for  IPST  iw  nn 
illuaUnlion  of  coiigrewioua)  methods  and  tlnan- 
cinl  tntptilation.  Thn  jinper  t>>'  Cul.  Carroll  D. 
Wright,  on  tho  ■  Stadj-  of  xlatitftiw  in  col1eg««,' 
WM  by  m&n^  conaitlenid  Iha  mont  valuable  of  tlie 
meeting,  and  we  are  glad  to  Iraro  that  it  vill 
Hhortlf  a|>)>ear  in  giainphlet  form.  Colonel 
Wright  sbovred  n-liat  Europe  was  doloR  in  *ta- 
tiattcol  siudii.1,  and  iinid  a  deserved  comjiUnient 
to  Prof.  Richtuond  M.  Smith  of  Columbia  for  hi« 
work  io  this  Held.  He  ptiintcd  out  the  difficult.v 
of  applying  stntiaiit-s  pmiwrly,  and  iniiatetl  on  the 
nec«Mlt.v  (or  trained  stAtiatidans.  He  would  ar- 
nnge  ihe  teaching  of  statistical  science  in  three 
grand  divlKions:  1.  The  ba»ts  of  statistical  sci- 
onoe,  or,  aa  it  has  been  generallf  (ermed  In  col- 
lege-work, the  theory  of  stnlistica  :  2.  The  pna- 
tiC4  of  etatistica.  vrhich  involves  the  pn-paration 
of  iDquiries,  the  collection  And  exAmiimtiou  of 
the  Information  sought,  and  the  tabuhition  and 
preeentation  of  results  ;  8.  The  anilrtii^al  treat- 
mfot  of  the  results  seoumL  Be  remarked  tliat 
«ur  oonsus  could  be  more  scientiScall^  takm, 
oould  more  of  the  eubordinste  n-orken  be  men 
who  had  had  a  statistical  tininiog. 

The  aoUve  work  of  both  asaociationa  cloeed 
Tvia&»,j  eretiiiiK-  Tlie  closing  papers  before  the 
Hlatorical  society  were.  '  The  government  of  Lon- 
don,' by  Prof.  Arthur  JI.  Wheeler  of  \a\v  univcr- 
slt7:  '  Religious  Il1>ertr  in  Virginia,  nod  Patrick 
Henry.' by  Charlas  J.  SiillC,  LL.D..  of  Philadel- 
phia ;  '  The  American  church  In  hlstorj,'  by  Dr. 
Philip  Schaft  of  Cnioo  thei^ogioal  seminary.  Ntnv 
York  ;  '  Itrlef  report  on  historical  Btudicn  in  Cnn- 
adit,'  by  Oeorge  Stewart,  Jnn..  pre«idpnt  of  the 
Historical  socioty,  Quebec.  The  following  com- 
mltte*  w»  nppointoit  to  iirg>«icaiigr««a  to  enablish 
a  Dational  oommlsslon  to  collect  and  car«  fur  the 
mannscrlpts  dnd  documents  relaliug  to  U.  S.  his- 
tory :  Justin  Wfntur.  (i«ori;e  F.  Hoar,  John  Jay, 
Andrew  D.  White,  Kutherford  B,  Haym,  Atns- 
wortli  R.  Sjiolford.  and  Preaidcnl  Dwightof  Yale. 
The  ofHopm  «l<?<;ted  for  the  ensuing  year  were  »« 
follows:  pr««ldenc.  William  F.  Poole,  Ctilcago 
public  library  ;  vice-presidents,  Prwjdent  Charle* 
K.  Adams  of  Cornell,  John  Jay  of  New  York  : 
secretary.  Prof.  H.  B.  Adams,  Johns  Hopkin* 
univCToity  ;  treastinr,  Cbu«nc«  W.  Bow^o,  New 
York  City  :  executive  committee,  Rutherford  B. 
Hayai  of  Ohio.  Prof.  John  W.  Buri;e>ia  of  Colum- 
Ua,  Prof.  Arthur  M.  Whoelw  of  Yule,  »nd  Wil- 
liam Wirt  Hpnry  of  RichuoBd. 

Hie  principal  papnr  at  the  olosiog  eefslon  of  the 


Economic  aaaociatlon  waa  bj>  Prof.  Frank 
tioodnow  uf  Columbia,  and  «raa  on  the  ■  Adiuinia- 
trative  aspect  of  municipal  franchi«a  and  Rtmnev 
in  Europe  and  America.'  -The  paper  wax  an  aUa 
Ktudy  in  cnniparatiie  administrative  law,  and 
coniniandeil  the  cliMeist  attention.  It  wim  dla- 
cuMe<l  by  PtofeMor  Johnston  o*  Princeton.  Pro- 
feMor  Jmnefi  of  FhtladvlphU.  Ur.  Oiddinga  of 
Spdngfleld,  Mas*.,  and  others.  Profeeaor  Ky 
read  hut  report,  which  spoke  moat  encoursfiingly 
of  the  society's  prospects.  Tbe  total  membership 
is  now  orcr  three  hundred,  and  much  int«T«st  U 
shown  in  the  work,  even  in  England. 

Prca.  Francis  A.  Walker  of  Booton,  and  Dr. 
Nlebcdos  Murray  Butler  of  CoIumUn,  wcro  ap- 
]>oinied  a  special  commiitpr  to  report  nn  tho  eco- 
nomic eSecta  of  induBtrial  and  technical  educa- 
tion in  tlie  United  States.  The  officers  elect«(] 
were  as  follows  :  president,  Francis  A.  Walker  : 
vice-presldenu.  Prof.  Henry  C.  Adams,  Prof.  E. 
J.  James,  Prof.  J.  B.  Clark  ;  secretary.  Prof.  R. 
T.  Ely  \  iroasurer.  Dr.  E.  R.  A.  Seligman.  On 
Wednesday,  the  35lh,  both  osaociatioru  made  an 
excursion  to  Plymouth,  and  dined  together  at  tbe 
Samoeet  houso.  Tbe  meeting  was  a  oioei  succvts* 
ful  one.  and  tbe  officers  of  the  Institute  of  tech- 
nolojiur  and  of  Barvard  university  dkl  every  thing 
in  their  power  to  tender  it  enjoynblc.  It  is  pro- 
|K»ed  to  hold  the  next  meeting  at  Colombua, 
0.,  in  September.  1888. 


SEW  ZEALAND  LETTER. 

TSat  jiortion  of  the  year  which  extends  from 
May  l»  Octolwr  inclusive,  is  tbe  ttusiost  in  tfaia 
part  of  tho  world  for  politicians,  university  nta. 
and  members  of  scieollSc  and  literary  socletica. 

In  matters  political,  the  question  upon  whkh 
public  opinion  In  the  colony  is  being  most  azn-- 
cised,  and  around  wtiich  partita  are  gmdnally 
cryatallliJug,  in  that  of  free  tnidv  t-.  protection. 
This  also  is  the  (juestlon  which  will  probably 
prove  the  one  of  chief  interert  outside  our  own 
borders ;  and  chose  who  have  borne  their  psut  in 
the  long-continued  struggle  still  being  foaght  oat 
in  the  states,  will  naturatly  feel  more  or  lew  In- 
lerest  as  they  see  tbeee  small  but  growing  Austra- 
la^au  com muaitiee  entering  npou  the  nnM  rtnig- 
glc  We  hare  two  noted  examples  Iwforo  ns  I& 
Victoria  and  New  South  Wales :  tho  latter  —  fre* 
trade  to  tbe  b«ck1>one  —  is  apparently  far  out- 
stripping its  rivals  in  the  race  tor  wealth  and 
progress.  One  aspect  of  the  question,  oo  whicli, 
however.  It  is  pre-eoilaently  difficult  to  frame  an 
opinion,  is  us  to  which  of  tlie  two  commuQltiM 
enjoys  the  greateat  amount  of  social  peace  aiyd 
harmony,  and  in  which  is  there  the  leaat  aiuouat 


4 
4 


I 
4 


4 


scrEycE. 


of  mWry  urtsiiig  out  vf  rli«ir  couiravrdal  rela- 
tiooH.  In  (bis  oolonj  thv  iniguritj  of  tlw  ro«nn- 
fnctimn  arv  aln-ady  henvilj  proti>c(<-(l  bf  tbi' 
customii  datirs  —  nmotintinK  ill  tnort  CUM*  tn 
nbniit  witcpn  per  cmt  ad  iHirdirm  —which  it  hnn 
been  found  ciecesfwry  to  levy  for  Teiewwe  piir- 
po«ef.  Without  such  dutlee.  many  o(  tlie  iiiann- 
taotorM  now  e«tablUbed,  noUtUy  IhoM  of  cloth, 
blankeio,  woudvraw.  etc.,  would  be  ipitt*  unable 
loi^xiiit.  But  Ibosi-  ilinytly  interested  ore  by  iit> 
mpnriD  Katiolied  witli  the  uimiiur«  of  piotrelion 
already  enjoyed,  and  »n  damoriag  for  more. 
The  coming  parKamentary  searion  will  probably 
be  matked  by  a  determined  attempt  to  coDiuit 
New  ZkoHtuI  to  a  |)rot«c4ioni»t  policy. 

Thv  univi-niiy  oullegM,  of  wbicli  three  arc  now 
wdl  pulnblinhcd  nt  OniMidiR.  Chrbtchurcb,  and 
Anrkland,  with  n  fourth  nboitt  to  be  started  in 
Welliiiiclon.  open  [heir  emslona  for  tlie  year  either 
this  or  next  moath-  The  Canterbury  (Chriat- 
cburcb)  and  Aui-klund  c<dle^*«  hold  two  araslana 
of  n  Ullte  ovi^  tlirve  moDtba  each,  with  a  brcAk  of 
n  month  Wlween:  while  the  Universily  of  Otofto 
(Dunedin)  has  only  one  aix-months'  ^e^sion,  llie 
clft*»e9  ndjniiming  for  a  fortnights  necewary  rest 
in  the  middle.  The  Idea  in  ilie  latter,  which  U 
founded  OD  the  lines  vf  the  Scuicb  uuiversitioii. 
wnatocnableiliesludpnlsto  leach  six  months,  and 
^udy  aix  moiilbit.  It  is  found  ilintbut  frw  can 
avail  tliemwlves  of  this  plan,  and  an  attempt  has 
recently  been  made  to  stoimitate  all  ibe  colleges 
to  one  plan  ;  but  for  the  present  tbi*  has  not  met 
wllb  Bucce«£.  Tliv  iiri'urnl  jiri-'inicr,  who  is  niao 
niinisler  of  Edncnlion,  SirRoVrt  Stout,  i»  endenr- 
orinjt  to  Bpecinliie  ihe  work  of  ihe  (hfferent  col- 
leges, in  onler  to  prevent  loo  much  rivalry  ami 
daablng  of  Intervsta.  Thus  Olago  already  pos- 
Mwea  a  complete  faculty  of  medicine  with  a  full 
atafl  of  profeeaors  and  lecturers,  an<l  is  authoring) 
to  grant  degrees  of  M.B.  and  CM.  Lost  H-ssian 
there  were  ii)t«licnl  aiudents,  and  the  number  is 
increa»jng  yearly.  A»  the  unlvtrslly  of  Edlo- 
burgh  accepts  work  done  in  Duaedin  aa  equiva- 
lent lo  that  done  by  their  own  extra-mural 
teachers,  it  has  bitberto  been  usual  for  the  Otago 
sliklents  to  take  two  or  three  y«nr*'  study  herr, 
and  then  go  to  Edinburgh  for  their  degree.  Now, 
however,  that  the  medical  «ta(f  is  coniplele,  the 
uumbcT  who  graduate  Iwre  will  nteadlly  incieese. 

Otagu  abo  pOMesaee  a  ecliool  of  mines  tn  con* 
neotlon  wiiji  iver  uuirersity ;  but  tliis  Sir  R,  Stout 
wishes  to  ttansfFf  to  Chrislchurch,  which  altii?ady 
haa  in  Sir  Julius  von  llnnsi  of  tfao  Canttrbury 
museum,  and  Prof.  F.  W.  Huiton.  two  men  wide- 
ly known  for  their  geological  reeearchee. 

The  University  of  New  Zealand,  to  wbk-h  these 
oollegM  and  a  few  of  the  brger  woondary  schools 


are  alliliateil,  Is  a  Muewhat  anomalous  body.  It 
consutd  of  a  senate'  and  convocation,  eitdowed 
with  powers  to  grant  tlegrees  and  to  manage  t1»e>r 
own  internal  uRaint.  and  suivjiorled  by  a  amall 
lumiinl  grnnt  from  the  government.  But  tike  Ibe 
University  ol  London,  wIiom-  example  it  intended 
to  follow,  it  has  no  tenchinic  HiaJT  in  direct  con- 
nection with  it.  and.  lo  !>uit  the  geographical  con- 
dilions  of  the  country,  it  is  peripnletic,  holding 
its  annual  smion  in  »no  or  iilbrr  of  tbu  larger 
townn.  Its  bendqunrtcni  for  the  tlmf  being  will 
alwaya  be  where  its  ph.iDceltr>r  rmidee;  and  sa 
that  honorable  podtiou  ia  held  at  prefent  by  Dr. 
Hector,  the  cliief  scientitlc  adviser  of  the  govent- 
inent.  the  seat  of  adwiuistratiou  is  in  Wellington. 

A  rigorous  effort  has  been  put  forth  for  the  last 
two  years  to  establish  schoobi  of  minus  in  tiM 
principal  mining-centre*  of  the  colony.  Dr.  J, 
0.  Black,  profewor  of  chemistry  In  Otag"  nniver- 
aity.  Is  the  lewling  sfiirit  in  this  moventent,  nhldi 
has  been  wrarmly  sup|N>rte<l  by  the  govemmeiil. 
WhHhcrthe  atlemirt  to  poi>nlaiiie  chemistry  is 
nltogrther  a  wisi-  one.  in  the  wky  nt  any  tat*  lo 
whlch'St  lM%  been  done  here,  is  a  matter  of  opin. 
ion.  Here  test-tubing,  taught  in  a  dozen  leeaons, 
will  not  convert  a  rough  gold-miner  into  an  ex- 
pert mineralogist,  yet  this  la  too  much  the  klfl<l 
of  thing  which  ha*  been  resorted  to.  In  erery 
mining-c^tre,  large  or  small.  tnting-clasMi  hate 
been  started,  where  bundreilsof  novices,  deettlate 
of  the  most  elementary  knowledge  of  chemical 
principles,  are  introduced  to  the  art  of  Ihe  ijuall- 
tstive  analysis  of  uiinemls.  Whatt^ver  they 
learn,  they  don't  get  any  «cientilic  training.  It  is 
tmpowible,  however,  to  deny  that  Dr.  Black  has 
exhibited  Immense  en[husin«m  and  zeal  in  carry- 
ing out  his  plans :  and  if  these  r^ult,  n«  he  hopes 
they  will,  in  iheultimateeotAbUshment  of  properly 
c<tui|)ped  schools  of  mining,  he  will  have  achieve<l 
a  noble  work.  In  the  tiucct«  of  which  Ihe  earlier 
crude  efforts  will  be  forgotten. 

There  Is  imnienM-  room  for  impravenient  in 
methods  of  alliiTinl  mining,  and  eqiccinlly  in  tbe 
utitication  of  the  flne  gold  of  which  so  much  is 
now  l«M.  In  Ihe  Laurence  district  of  Otogo.  tlie 
famous  B)i»c  Spur  cement,  after  being  cnished 
and  treated  for  gold,  has  been  repAiedly  waahed  : 
yet  at  the  pmteiil  day  a  considerable  number  of 
Chinese  miner*  are  rtill  engage-!  turning  it  grcr 
and  washing  It,  probalily  for  the  tenth  limi>,  and 
they  miike  from  eight  to  ten  shilling  a  day,  or 
mote,  Bt  it. 

An  ntlempi  to  open  up  the  We«t  Coast  sounds 
country  this  la^l  stimmer  has  not  been  very  suc- 
ceMtul.  The  den^e  forest  vegetation  and  the 
generally  Inacoessible  nnturv  of  the  country  have 
proved  such  dlDlcuUies  that  prospecting  hM  bean 


^ 


580 


SClE2fCE. 


[Vou  IX..  No., 


greatly  ddnyed.  Until  track«  fit  for  »  heme  tn 
liaT«l  in  hBv*  Iwni  cut  throutili  the  biuh,  it  win 
Dot  bo  pOMibl«  to  o|>en  up  thi>>  disirk-l,  which  in 
poTtntSMDH  with  miupnil  wt^alth.  Thi*  trxcmrive 
ntinfnU  —  which,  huwever.  bun  never  been  lueas- 
am)  —  Diakra  Utf  iu  ihut  distrkt  rathtr  mUer- 
Bbie:  while  th«  humlus  of  tiloodthit^l}- saiKlflifn. 
which  occur  crvrywhrre  in  the  oi>en  country,  tvnd 
at  tioMM  to  mnkv  it  uoeoiluriitile.  G.  M.  T. 

DBiwilln.K.S.,Ai>rUa). 


HEALTH  MATTERS. 
Ladit*'  titallh  proftvfuv  aiuociatha. 

Tbb  Ladiw'  h«alth  protectirp  aMorintion  of  New 
Tork,  which  was  Inoorponted  In  1F<84,  h&s  [>Lib- 
Uihuri  iu  report  for  the  years  lt<M«ii<j  i?<se.  The 
punlcular  baslness  and  object  ot  thi«  society  ore 
«tst«d  In  the  c«rtificate  of  incontomtiim  to  lie  the 
protection  of  the  health  of  the  (iMiple  of  tlie  city 
of  New  York  by  tnkinx  iiuch  nclion  from  time  to 
time  as  mny  *rcare  the  enforcement  of  existing 
MUiitury  tnvrs  and  regulations,  by  calllujc  the  nt- 
l«nti<>n  of  the  piojier  autborltlts  to  any  v)blation» 
thereof,  and  to  procure  the  amendment  of  mid 
biwa  anil  rv^lutioua  when  tbey  stuU  bi-  founil 
tnefBcient  for  the  |>ret'<-ntion  ot  act'  injurious  to 
the  public  health.  Any  Indy  rendiuK  in  the  dty 
may  beci>nit^  a  m^tulier  of  tlw  awocintion,  awl 
Any  gentleman  may  be  ndmitteil  as  an  adviMry 
meiutMr.  One  of  tbe  ftr^t  nuiiuiiiceB  attiirkrd  by 
the  awociatiuu  nas  the  iiiuuure-yiird  of  Jlichael 
Kane  at  the  fixtt  of  EunI  4Glh  Ktrr^.  in  which 
Urge  (|itautities  of  stAl)l'--inRnurp  n*»re  accuinu* 
lated.  Koni'  bitd  hcen  indiriecl  fi>iir  year«  li^forc. 
but  the  nuisance  still  oomlnued.  Anuther  com- 
plaint wafi  made  to  llio  grand  Jury,  and  three 
ladiM  of  the  aMociation  wer«  sumuianed  before 
that  body  to  tecdify.  He  wua  again  indicted,  and 
mbsequently  tried  and  eonviclvi),  and  the  manu» 
entirely  removed.  During  one  of  the  cialle  of  a 
committee,  its  menilier*  were  attac-ked  by  a  mob, 
which  necessiinte'l  police  escort  in  their  future 
loTtMigaiiona.  The  attention  of  the  aaeooiatioD 
waa  nest  directed  to  the  sinughter-houaee  of  tlM 
city.  In  the  annuat  report  it  ie  Hated  that  three 
interviewH  neie  bail  with  the  buard  of  lieallh  to 
obtain  tlic  co-o|)eralii>u  of  ihiit  body  In  an  etiurt 
(O  r«raore  the  stnufcbtrr-hoijiie*  from  the  dtr 
liiDita,  or  elw  to  com)>el  lliem  to  coufomi  to 
proper  sanitary  regulalionft.  Ueeiiug  with  no  r-n- 
ootiraxement,  a  bill  was  pret>aied  and  Bubntitieil 
to  tlie  legislature,  providing  (or  betl«r  ti-KUlatione 
for  the  tilaughter-bouieii.  A  public  meeting  was 
bald  to  Buatain  this  movement,  at  which  Hon. 
S<»h  Davi*.  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 
prMided.    The  bill  did  not  pas*  the  legis]utui«. 


but  the  effort?  pot  forth  by  the  a«aorlatioR  arow 
tlie  puhlic  ntleniion  and  interest.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  the  nuisance  from  accumulateil  iu&iiur« 
again  demanded  interference.  A  hall  was  pre- 
eenteil  to  the  legislature.  uictabliHbiag  a  permanent 
duinplng-grouud  between  OStb  and  IKtb  K(re«ta 
and  Ut  Avenue  and  East  River.  Tlirxiugh  the 
efforts  of  this  aetMcintion.  the  measure  was  de- 
feated. The  rvjiort  stat^  that  thi-  rpmoval  of 
stable-refuse,  imd  its  tmnsportation  tbroa^t  the 
city,  are  xtlll  nuhjects  ot  annoyance  im<l  com- 
plaint, and  that  the  or<llnancee  limiting  the  liuun 
and  the  manner  of  removal  are  eontluually  diara- 
gardeil.  Effort*  are  being  made  to  perHunde  rail* 
road  companies  and  others  to  hale  tbe  m«Dnie, 
and  thuH  diuiiiiisb  the  uuiiuince.  The  iwiooiation 
has  brwi  informed  by  one  ot  tlie  large  ulaughteren 
of  the  city  that  he  will  builil  an  al/attair  which 
wHIl  be  n  moilel  in  every  rpspecl,  and  this  Is  looked 
forwatil  to  as  one  method  of  leaaenlng  ibe  nui- 
sances connected  with  this  bualness-  The  gna- 
worbs.  and  a  seotlon  of  the  city  kuown  a<  '  Little 
Italy '  between  5tb  and  Madison  aveimiii,  vast  of 
Central  park,  bare  also  engaged  the  altcntloa  ot 
the  members  of  tlie  o^aocinlion.  Exaininationa 
bare  alsu  been  mode  of  numerous  lenenenl- 
boiise»  and  schools.  The  association  haa  demon- 
strated that  a  few  determined  peraotia,  acttiated 
hy  the  public  good,  can  aocompllali  a  great  deal  to 
the  way  of  reform,  and  we  wish  tli*  Minrlillni 
KUCcrBS  in  its  work. 


I 


I 


Typhoid  aAC'iu.irs.  — Dr.  Sternberg  baa  recaatlr 
conducted  some  ex|>«Timenta  aa  to  tl>e  thermal 
death-|>oiiit  o(  the  bacillus  of  typhoid -fever.  A 
fresh  culttin^  of  tlie  organism  «'a>  introduced  Inio 
capillnry  gln!v>  tuben,  which,  after  being  lienneti- 
cnlly  eealed.  were  phiood  in  a  veawl  containing 
water,  and  ei])i)9ed  to  a  constant  tem|>eratun-  for 
ten  minutes.  At  the  end  of  tbi^i  lime  the  cootmtta 
of  tliese  tubes  are  Introduced  into  •t«rile  fleeb- 
peptone- gelatine  contained  in  teit-tuhen.  These 
are  hi  turn  placed  in  an  inculiating-uven,  and  ex- 
jwsed  to  a  temi)erature  of  20"  to  iS'  C.  If  al  th« 
end  of  a  week  the  orgnnism  has  not  df'veloped,  It 
may  be  taken  for  gmnif»)  that  It  has  be«n  de- 
stroyed by  the  heal.  After  eight  experimeota  of 
tlil4  kind,  it  was  found  that  In  no  Instance  did  tfae 
bacillus  develop  after  it  had  been  expwed  to  n 
iem|)eratuie  of  58*  C.  while  In  one  eKperiment 
growth  occTirred  alter  exponure  to  M".  Tli*  th*T- 
nml  di^tb-ixiint  of  this  iKicillnii  may  l>e  aafel, 
placed  al  M"  C.  (183.8=  F.), 

Teli^w-pbtkh   lMX.^■L,lTlos.  —  In   IBM 
1830,  0.334  j>er«ona  submitted  tliemselvea  to  pro- 
tective vaccination  againM  yellow-fever  In  Rjo 


4 


f 


Jen  3.  IWT.] 


SCIEyCE. 


JaiwIrD.  During  these  two  jrenra,  l.nS  petwos 
died  froin  tlist  disease ;  and  of  Chat  numbrr,  1,667 
mro  tuiTaccinatfd.  «ght  only  of  ihoae  who  hnA  re- 
wired tbr  tr«ilin«>nt  hnvins  died.  Tliis  »ifilein«nl 
Wttd  made  by  FtvJre  and  others  (o  the  Acadeiuj  ot 
science^  Tkeee  genlleiuea  titate.  Ilial,  laklng  aa 
tlie  baaia  of  tbi>ir  culi'uluUon  the  jiopulHtion  ex- 
pired Ut  the  contugioQ.  the  pvrcentagi;  of  dcMtlia 
for  Ihi-  whok-  number  wan  on«  jwr  «'ni,  wburctts 
(or  Ihoac  who  biul  bcito  luhjectpd  to  proTeotire 
inoculntiona  it  «m*  only  one  per  ihouaond, 

A  niRU-TtAB  TRAXCE.  —  III  the  ttfviit  ^hyp- 
not Jnw  la  reported  the  case  of  a  vounK  lady  who 
baa  been  In  an  uuiut^^ruptrd  trance  for  nrarly 
fiMir  yew.  In  1»S3  ali«  nweived  a  (right,  and 
ahortly  kft«r  liad  convulsionn,  [riitn  which  tXiv 
pawed  iato  a  profound  sleep  which  haa  contiunnl 
to  the  prespnt  time.  She  tnke*  food  in  nnnli  i]unn- 
titlw.  Dr.  Bf-rtllon,  who  reports  the  com,  haa,  as 
the  result  of  Ills  examination,  found  tlie  limbs 
wasted,  and  the  fat  of  the  body  to  liave  dltAp- 
peared.  Anan'aihevia  l»  complete.  The  pulse  la 
very  weak,  and  bc«t8  one  Imoitml  to  tlie  minute. 
Tlie  (ace  ia  pale,  wnxy,  and  expn«aionle<i;.  She 
is  totally  nnconsciona,  and  cannot  be  ftn»i««d. 

PcaincATios  07  SEWAOE.  — L.  P.  KJnnicult. 
profeswor  of  applied  chemistry  at  llie  Worcealer 
free  Inalltule,  has  recently  given  his  opinion  as 
to  puiiGcntion  of  the  Miwnge  ot  that  city  by  nmni 
of  ohcmirAl  precijritalion.  In  hie  report  tn  the 
city  enirineer.  he  dlacui«>es  the  tliree  general  meth> 
ods  used  tor  the  puilflcatloa  of  wwage.  —  irrlgn- 
tion.  interniltlent  Hllrallon.  and  chemical  precipi- 
tation. That  tewa^e  can  be  purtHed  In  Ea^'land 
by  tile  aysteui  of  broud  irrij^tion,  when  the  sys- 
tem is  carefully  curri<^d  out.  there  U  no  ijuesllon. 
The  amount  «(  land  re<)uirEd,  however,  in  very 
great,  proliably  an  ncrt-  fiw  evrry  Bfly  iiersons. 
This,  together  with  t\w  (xwt  oi  properly  pn'p«ring 
the  land,  cnndtKiinR  Ih"  »ew«gi>  tlwroto.  and 
carryhiK  Ibe  effloent  aw«y,  malcee  the  i>>*[r<m  n 
atoM.  cmtly  one  for  a  city  of  «ny  alze.  Piiriflca- 
tiou  at  sewage  by  mesne  of  intermittent  flltnition 
it  an  attempt  to  reduce  (be  amount  of  land  by  ap- 
plying the  Mirage  fntefmitteotly,  the  amount  of 
land  bc^ng.  a*  giren  by  the  rouet  carrfn)  uutliuri- 
tlee,  one  acre  to  Urn  hundred  peraon*.  The  cost 
of  pr^)aring  the  land  for  Ihia  pnipon-  in  very 
great,  as  it  mnet  be  deeply  ander-itrnlned.  The 
laud,  when  umiI,  i«  not  well  Ittted  for  the  produc- 
tion of  CTopB,  and  the  deOompoBition  of  the  or- 
ganic matter  contained  in  llie  iH-'wage  (l«[ie»dB  al- 
mott  rnttrrly  on  the  oxygvn  contained  in  the  soil. 
The  tbird  method,  chemical  pn-cipitDttun.  con- 
aiata  In  addlOK  c<>rlain  chrmicaU  to  the  Mtwii^e. 
which  precipitates  proctically  all  the  luspendcil 


matter,  and  which  could  ui>doul>tedly  bo  caniod 
to  a  point  <rl»ere  moil  of  Ibe  offensive  uattar  tn 
nolutloii  was  flettroyed.  The  effiueni  obtained  hj 
thia  procees  can  either  be  carried  directly  into  • 
runnbigntream.  or  lint  Dliered  ihruugh  a  small 
atea  of  land.  Tlu  recommeodalioo  of  Protawot 
Kinnicuti  in  reference  to  tha  btat  nMbod  (or  the 
pUTiflr«tio<n  of  ibe  Mwage  of  Womvter  U  that 
cbeoilcal  preclpnlatkn  be  adopt«d,  with  tl>e  addi- 
tloo  ot  a  auall  ana  of  land,  (or  possible  usa  in 
Very  hot.  dry  weather:  and.  for  erery  mlltlon 
gallon*  of  Mw«ge.  the  addition  of  about  900 
pound*  ot  quicklime  tor  tlie  t>eutr»lizatiuD  of  free 
acid,  and  ^.190  pound*  in  the  form  o(  milk  of 
lluie,  or  I.DW  pounds  in  the  form  ot  liuK-water, 
for  the  precipitation  prooesi  proper. 


EXPLORATION  .4iVD  THA  VEL. 

Tbk  journal  ot  Bishop  Hannlnftlon.  wlio  wm» 
murdered  in  Uganda,  contains  some  interealinf 
notes  on  Miuail  Laud,  according;  to  Pttmnanit'* 
MUttUunf/nt  '«»'  U*y-  Ui8  Irnvels  hetweeu  Uis 
Victoria  Nyanxn  and  (IM  Nile  ore  important,  as 
lie  wns  tlu-  Itrat  white  nuo  lo  vUt  that  pun  of 
tite  country. 

Count  Teleki  has  orxanlted  an  expedition  to 
Central  Africa,  which  left  Zanzlbu  on  Jan.  24. 
under  the  ooiiiniand  ol  Liuuteoont  von  UOIiuel. 
The  object  of  the  expedition  ja  the  exploration  of 
the  Klllma  NJoro. 

Eztracta  from  lettem  o(  H.  M.  SUnley.  dat«d 
from  the  Kongo  on  March  20  and  31.  are  pulJidied 
in  the  Utudon  Timet.  The  expedition  arrived  M 
Banana  Point  on  March  19,  after  a  pleasant  and 
satisfactory  voyage.  Stanley  chartereil  Ihrm 
auiall  ateawera  belonging  to  the  trading  ootn- 
panlee  o(  the  lower  Kongo,  and  on  March  90  tuid 
31  the  wbida  cxpedUioa  was  conveyed  to  Hat*di. 
Tlie  expedition  appears  to  be  In  a  very  mtiifao- 
tory  condition.  A  iwriou*  distiuljsncw  belBreon 
the  Zanzibnri  and Tippu-Tip's  men  on  theoiwslde. 
and  Ibe  SmUneae  oo  the  other,  ww  quickly  aup- 
preMed ;  and  Stanley  aaya  that  later  on  perfect 
peace  preTailed  among  the  diffitriil  elements 
romponiUK  tbo  expedition.  The  new*  he  received 
at  Bomo  from  the  committee  in  charRn  of  the  ad- 
minutlration  ol  the  Kongo  Ptee  State  wm  rery 
discouraging.  Ue  was  infurnUHl  that  ■  wriofia 
famine  exinted  as  tar  as  Stanley  Pool,  and  that 
the  «>teainpr  Stanley  la  at  prwenl  hauled  up  for 
D^palTfi.  Beiidcs  title,  the  Baptiat  mibaion  refused 
to  lend  Its  stpamrr  IVace  to  the  expedition.  Thus 
Stanley  encountew  numetwu*  obetocliA:  but  we 
may  expect,  neverthclew.  to  bear  anon  of  Ida  ar- 
rival at  Stanley  Pool. 


533 


8Cm2iVE. 


[Vol.  I3C..  No? 


Am  the  Sttoler  relief  expt^titloa  t»ak*«  ■(  nn- 
nrtnnry  la  Mod  UMMher  «xpe<lltlan  tn  th»  raUef 
of  C»|)tain  L'amitl.  (Iiv  Mtliui  Sodctl  d'^JorwIone 
ctHDinereiali;  in  Afrii^  hu  chan|:«d  lu  ptana,  and 
liaa  Mat  two  uf  Uppo-Tip^a  men  to  Unyoro.  b««r- 
iog  letter*  of  rrnlit  for  CsMti  to  Ih*  mbiiUiaat; 
041*1  inMtintc  •uiiona  on  the  rout*.  Thiu  Canatt 
wUI  li«PDaWei)toi«tBrnfroiiiUo«oirDtAZhniih«r, 
mixl  it  l«  pirobtthle  Ibu  In  this  way  Emln  B«7  will 
!•«•  Infornxrd  of  Bianl«;*»  alU'iDpt  to  rMCh  bin. 

ll  liotuit^lin/Vftnnunn'tJVfrMfitngm  f or  Uqr 
Ihftt  ihirti<-riiL>n  RptrhotngbiiiinpiiTTiprinlMl  150,000 
uiaiks  (alioiit  ^.Oixr;  for  thr  coniinDnli'in  of  »>• 
pkiratio«iB  jn  AfricD.  WhilnformnrnpitfopriatioiM 
wifo  ntvd  for  ili«i  pxpedllioDs  at  Ih*  flwnwn- 
Afrirnn  wiciplv,  thp  (toveromMit  hiia  rwoKmJ  to 
wv  (he  prvteitt  ap)>t*>|irialioi]  for  tli«  exptotatlOB 
of  Ibe  Oenii«o  p'*Mr*i>Mi«  iii  Afrfca.  Uent.  B. 
KuBil,  the «s|>lorer u(  tlitr  Luk«i.Te.  uill  b«  seal 
to  Koineniii,  to  pt^iMtrnti:  from  tliat  jioiiit  into  ib« 
tnterloc,  wliirh,  on  noooontof  thr  hiMtiUtj  of  the 
DBtirt*,  Un*  br«n  hithMto  IiwcopmI)>I«. 

A.  TOO  Danln-lniann  baa  r«Klnc«<d  ihe  (nromftrl- 
cmI  obKrvatlona  of  R.  Ktind,  and  compared  (hem 
witli  thooe  olitain»d  from  the  obwrvailons  of  tod 
Fran^la,  Dr.  Rfittni-r,  aud  inn  ilei-liow,  Aa 
»(at«d  fn  Mermann'*  Mitteihin'jeit.  he  can^idtra 
Ibe  butgbt  of  Staaler  r^i'l  (WO  trtt)  and  of  Ban 
ffalvwlnr  (1-S"0  fret)  nrliablr.  TIh?  ritm  Kiiango, 
Kudu,  Saokura,  and  Lukenve  are  from  1,QA0  to 
1,300  fwt  above  ee*-leTel,  Ibe  vre«(eri)  rivers  being 
the  inoie  elerated.  Tbia  fact  fthow»  that  llietie 
rlvera  run  through  an  extvoiiive  jilaio.  into  nhich 
tbf]r  ba«e  cut  tlieir  })cda. 

.Vnr  Gninoa. 
Wo  learn  from  the  Proceeding  of  Ibe  Ro^l 
lieniiniplilnil  eoolelv  for  May  tltat  th«  gai'ernmrat 
of  Vlc(nr]a  ii  preparlnir  to  tend  out  a  well- 
e(iul)t]wd  oxpedltion  to  explore  the  Owen  Stank-r 
Moua(jiina  from  PoK  Moresby,  and  linsolfvtpd  tbe 
lt«diM«l)i|i  to  tbe  niun  of  nil  othoni  btitt  able  to 
onrrr  no  tliffirull  an  undortakinK  to  a  aucceseful 
lamie :  namely,  the  R«v.  J.  Cbnlmen.  A  gmnt 
of  ten  ttiooMind  dollaia  bos  be«n  made  toward» 
ttieooMof  iheexpedidon,  and  further  contribu- 
tions ore  ex|>ecled. 

Awerien. 
Chaffanjon  writes  from  Ciudad  BoUrar  to  the 
OflOgrapblaU  aoclety  of  Pari*  iCompl.  renrf..  No. 
t)  lliat  tho  succeiB  of  liis  espt-drilon  to  Ihi.-  nourcefl 
of  the  Orinoco  wa»  complete.  Hi"  companions, 
Indiana  frmn  the  SIniiilrl(area  anil  Bares  (rihes, 
were  so  much  afraid  of  the  Oualiarlbas.  who  in- 
lublt  (he  region  aboiK  (be  bend  wA(ers  of  the 
Orinoco,  thnt  be  had  the  grratesc  ililtlcull.r  in  in- 
ducing (hrm   lu  follow   bim.      He  explored  the 


monnlniaa  of  that  region,  and  determined  tli 
potitMoa  of  nomeroge  placM  by  aMroaotntcat 
•erratjona.    Be  ta  godntc  to  rixit  the  •ourvea  of  tba 
EeaeqoIlM  before  returning  to  Franc*. 

The  expedlilun  of  Dr.  K.  Ton  <ten  fiteiin-n.  b^ 
tote  irnring  titc  cottX  of  BrasU,  ra«d«  aome 
anthropoloRk-al  and  ethnological  reeeatrbas  araang 
lh«  Sambii<|nis  in  Ibe  iirovince  of  Santa  Caib- 
artna  iOatrlU  gfogr..  May  I3i.  The  company  In- 
tended  to  Hart  for  the  head  water*  of  the  Zlngn 
on  the  Sd  of  May.  AlUMxigh  ethnological  atodiea 
are  ihe  wain  ohjects  of  the  expedition,  He«*t*. 
Gen-nixo  Kinu*  Piris  and  Jlof^ira  de  SilvK  bar* 
aooonipanied  it  for  tlie  purpose  of  nwkinir  geo- 
logical obaerratiana. 


The  veairfa  of  the  C.  8.  coaM  survey  ar^  now 
located  a»  followa :  tl>e  Bnc4i«  U-ft  Key  West  Umj 
34.  aixl  Btrited  at  New  York  ln»(  Tuewhiy.  where 
she  will  Hi  out  for  work  in  Vineyard  Sound  :  tl>e 
Gedney  kft  New  York  May  l»  for  work  on  tbo 
coast  of  Maine :  the  Olym|>ia  is  now  nl  work  on 
the  coast  of  WMblnfcton  T*irritory  :  the  Bndeurar 
ia  avw  on  the  Louisiana  o<>»t,  but  will  citwe  ti 
work  (hie  week  and  proceed  lo  New  York.     Mr. 

F.  W.  Peikhim  who  hm»  l)««i  on  the  H(eam«r 
HItclicock  on  thecoau  of  Louisiana,  haadMmhsrd 
bit  party,  and  will  be  in  Wa^ington  until  Ji>n« 
15:  Mr.'j.  H.  Turner  lias  been  ordered  lo  Salt 
Lake  City,  and   will  coulinuo   (he  wrork   on 
iriangubtion  of  the  30tb  tiarallel ;  Caplnin 
telle  hn<  gonv  (o  St.  PkuI.  Minn.,  to  orgnoixc 
party  under  ll>e  direcHoit  of  Professor  tlong  of 
University  of  Minnesota,  for  mnkhtg  a  trlangota- 
lion  surrey  of  the  stale     Tli*  work  will  begin  be- 
tween Bt.  Paul  and  Fort  HnellJnit. 

—  Thi-  Amcriean  fliheriea  society  began  its  an- 
nual tfrticm  in  Wnihinglon  last  Tuenday.  There 
was  a  largv  nttendnno*  of  the  memben.  The  fi 
lowing  are  the  ofHcer*  of  (he  society  :  president. 
Dr.  W.  M.  UudMn,  HarlfoTd,  Conn.;  vloe-preei- 
deitt,  W.  L.  May,  Fremont,  Neb.;  treBBurer, 

G.  Blackford,  Brooklyn.  N.Y.:  rscording  necra- 
wry,  Fre<l  Mather,  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  N.Y.j 
correspiindini;  wcr*<nry.  W,  A.  BoiI<t,  jun.,  De- 
troit. Mich.  Prof.  W.  O.  Atwnter  of  the  Wetley- 
ao  university  presented  a  paper  om  ••  The  cheiol- 
cal  changes  prcHJueeil  in  oysien  in  flostiug,  and 
tlieir  effect  u{Nni  their  iiuihtlve  vnluo."  Mr.  K. 
Ito,  (rtipcrinli-udtnt  ot  the  Usherie*  of  northern 
Japan,  Hpoke  ujion  the  metliods  of  flahlng  in 
Jn|>ao  as  compared  with  Aniericau  methods. 

—The  Dfteenth  annual  session  of  the  AiuiYlcaif 
society  of  DiechBuical  engineers  bec<™  'i'  ^Vasli> 
ington  on  Tuesday,  May  81,  over  seven  hundmd 


4 


ar 

Salt^ 
>  thaS 

Bou-B 

Jtbe^ 
ta- 

be- 

in- 

m 


1 

I 


JrjtK  3.  IWt.J 


sciEXCJi:. 


memirtn  Mag  pUMeni.  The  *rcn-lftr,v,  Mr.  P. 
R.  UuKoo,  iMvmnted  the  report  of  ihr  council, 
wlikh  stated  lliut  (broDxIi  Jlr,  Stepbra  W.  Bald- 
win Ihr  sorjHr  hud  f:iiiii«^l  iMHseMion  of  luiich  ot 
Ih«i  <-xpprt  npparatiu  twi'msing  to  the  ]M«  Mr. 
John  C.  UoMdler  ot  Bortou. 

—  The  Kcoad  tlcJd-ineetln^  of  the  Indinnn 
aciid«m.v  of  science  itm  held  at  Wavelnnd.  Mont- 
goantry  cuutttr.  Ind..  May  19  and  90.  The  tint 
day  wni  di-v(ilri1  In  ihr  rx|il<>mliaii  of  tliv  riutgcd 
ittie*  of  SiiKKC  Cipfit  in  tlw  '.-icinitv  «(  -  Shade« 
lA  Dfath.'  In  ihe  ri-^ninfi.  Dr.  T.  C.  Menden- 
Iwll,  preiSiteut  of  Rose  pol.Tlechnlc  lii(-ti(oi«,  de- 
UTn«d  an  a^ldi^son  '  Weaihcr-preilktioiis.'  The 
Mcond  day  wm  devoted  lo  an  excunloo  to  Pine 
HillK,  a  pidunfqn*  region  along  Sngivr  CrMlc. 
The  ct'eniOK  «xerci«M  c<m»iit«d  of  •  t^nml  dis- 
cumlon  of  the  natural  hlstorr  of  die  locniltiee 
*Ui(«d.  Over  thirty  raeiiibe(«  were  present.  The 
itieeling  wnti  lo  e»«y  w»y  a  suci-ese.  The  com- 
luitten  Khii-'h  londe  the  arrADsnnrnt^  ar*  dwerr- 
ing  of  niiich  ctrdit  for  tlit-  way  in  which  their 
arrnnireuu-nia  were  cnrrird  oul.  The  next  tnret- 
Jnft  will  be  held  at  Indtann]K>liii  lute  in  Dp<-ciubfr. 

— The  Ainericnn  in^ltiite  of  electricnl  eoijl- 
neen  vrae  orininlxed  nl  Xew  York  City  on  May 
IS,  iSSt.  It  wa^  the  luientl'^a  of  Im  fouiideis  lo 
eetablbh  a  national  ortaDteatlon  vf  kigh  chamcier, 
which  ilioaM  b#  in  avar;  i«ap««t  u-nrthy  of  the 
•ufiport  of  Ameriean  electrical  entirlneeni.  In 
order  lo  enhance  il«U(erulnefs  In  the  eleclrlcsit  fm- 
l«n>lty.  a  tlet^riuined  elforl  wag  made  at  lb«  an- 
uuttl  Hud  general  tueetiii(r°Ju^(  iwat.to  |KirchMea 
building  in  New  Ywk  City,  which  i«  to  he,  wimt 
the  title  of  the  luiciely  impliev.  the  '  Amoijean 
iDxtitutc  of  electricnl  engine^'n.'  ThU  uiorement 
has  tieen  ii n iter  comtiderat loo  for  Itiree  years  patt, 
a  »tandiiiK  oontniiltee  having  been  prevloualy  ap- 
pointed for  the  work  during  the  flr«t  tern)  of  Prw. 
Norvin  Oreen.  Among  the  imporiJint  feainre*  of 
the  intcttlute  will  tie  nn  flectrlcid  llbniry  ond  a 
mnttrum.  lo  which,  if  iiince  t«>rniii«,  nn  experi- 
mental laboratory  in»y  lie  added.  Suitable  ao- 
commodHliuns  will  be  provided  for  council  and 
geii«>tal  meetings  and  ibe  etiirttainiuenl  of  mem- 
ben  and  their  guenU.  aiid  the  bouw  will  be  open 
at  all  rcBaonnble  houn^  The  work  already  ac- 
compliUied  ut  showti  hy  the  eonleniii  of  ihe  three 
yearly  rolnnmof  TranMctlom.  TtiMe,  bowerer, 
will  i»  surpaated  by  tb»  volntne  now  in  prtM, 
which  coDipJeMa  tlw  record  of  the  iiulitute  up  to 
May.  ie»T. 

—  Id  Bulletin  No.  H.  fiaued  recently  from  the 
de]NUlnieiit  of  zij^ogy  and  entomology  of  the 
Michigan  agrii-'Uliuml  college,  on  p.  9,  a  typo- 
graphiool  error  makva  tbe  proper  proportloB  of 


Paria  green  or  Looilon  purple  lo  water,  for  apray 
ing  a|>iiti-lree«  for  tlie  codUng-motb,  to  ba  one 
pound  of  Pari*  green  to  two  gallotu  ot  watvr : 
wbi-rea*  the  projiortiott  abould  be  one  pound  of 
Pari*  green  or  London  purple  to  two  barrela,  or 
o»e  biin<lred  gallons,  nf  water. 

—  We  learn  from  the  Satuneiuauckuftlictte 
Auii<rA'A<ii(orMay31tbatoQMay8and4thecurT« 
ot  ihebarograpb*  at  Berlin  oltowed  sadden  changM 
of  the  almoapberic  pniHure  which  coold  mA  be 
a«vounted  for  by  mpteorological  phenomi^nn. 
Thin  fact  is  of  inlereat  a«  being  coincident  wiUi 
iHe  Sonoea  «>rtli(|uake.  Von  Bezold,  wbi>  men- 
tioned ihia  matter  in  the  Pfayei<»l  society  of  Ber- 
lin on  May  «,  cnll«  to  mind  tlie  fact  ibaL  the  enip- 
tioD  of  Krakatoa  on  Aug.  97,  IfSH.  wan  alao 
accumpaniod  by  audden  changes  of  ihe  atmua- 
ptw-tic  prtvaure  In  Euro|«. 

—  Porter  &  Coa1<.-»  anDLiiiuce  a  new  edition  of 
■Amateur  phologTiiplier.'  with  two  new  eliapten 
ou  pB|H-r  negative*  and  microacoiric  pboiogrnidiy, 
l>y  ElleTfilie  Walbce.  Jim. 

—  Botaiii»liio«fProfeoBt>rtFarIowandTreleMe 
a  debt  <>f  gratilude  for  tin-  publication  of  tlieir 
hiblioffrapby  of  North  American  fungi  In  the  May 
number  of  the  iforewnl  «nitvr»i(jr  im/fef ii.  ju»t 
laaued.  It  conlaina  a  li&l  of  such  workson  North 
American  fungi  (excluding  the  Scbizomyceua  as 
belonging  ratlier  to  tine  depaiiweni  of  uiedlcina 
than  to  botany  proper]  as  are  of  greaU-r  or  lea* 
ealue  to  working  holnnials.  It  i»  tbe  Ant  ttst  of 
tbe  kind  yet  puhllgbed.  and  will  show  that  tbe 
general  belief  of  Ihuee  not  sjiecialiatain  Ibb  branch 
of  Iwluuy,  ibut  little  has  been  written  on  North 
Ameriean  mycology,  i*  by  no  mean*  correct. 
It  inclndea  n  very  Inrg«  ntunber  of  paper*  ot  a 
poipular  and  IndeHnlt*  choracler  relating  to  fungi 
not  apeciA«&|ly  named  whicbarevcntteredthroagh 
rarioiu  agricallurol,  borilcullnral,  and  dtlier  jour- 
nnt*  :  the  rniriet  arc  in  all  caaeti  accoininniid  by 
brief  descriptive  notes,  which  adda  greatly  to  the 
value  of  tlie  list :  ll  contains  alao,  whm  procur- 
able. Ihe  place  and  date  of  birth  of  the  authun 
included  in  the  list.  The  niost  protlDc  author 
noted  i«  M.  C.  C'onke,  who«c  paiien.  including 
tiiose  publisbed  with  other  pertnns.  number  71: 
other  prominent  antlkura  are  J.  B.  Elli«  (Wt.  W. 
O.  Pntiov  {Si),  and  M.  J.  R.-rki-ley  (»)).  ProlieWy 
tl»e  compile  list  will  conMin  more  Ibau  seren 
hundred  eiitrlM,  of  which  nearly  one-half  are 
given  in  the  prewnt  InutalmeDt,  which  reachn 
Dm  lelirr  H. 

—  In  Seieiif«  for  Hay  SO,  p.  491,  flrat  eotumn, 
lecond  line,  '  phenomenon '  should  read  '  phe- 
nomenon  in  AHyrlan.' 


534 


SCIENCE, 


ITbb.  IX.,  No. ! 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

Vn*  MiMMm  «  *rtnU(ik  ■>«  M  cttIM  ta  U>  aJraiUmrtt 

•A  mvrd  trttf  |»(«i>>fnary  twHwa  a^  tMr  tiiHi^fgtatJiHW. 
INmhV  flpiH  u'lAi  Huinlwr  KnUiitanijt  AM  (ViuxiHiMniMM 
ttW  M,^>nM>Md  Am  M  aiy  nrrtmfmatal  en  nftntl. 

OnrTMpmiJjnfj  >f>  wgMMCfil  to  Im  hi  ^^'<■/ oi  |mih«W.     rHi 

Tbe  ocGnrrence  of  limilu  iorentloiis  In  areas 
widely  apart. 

Ill  SeUnee  of  iliy  30.  Di.  Ftimx  Bou  bu  reTte«e<l 
In  a  ttrjr  connoona  siaiuiar  m;  ]>taa  of  MudyinK  auil 
eshibitinB  antliropolaglcal  tunlurlal.  w  whiVli  1  aiu 
ham>f  to  iuak«  re|>ly, 

I  Uilnk  tbst  I>i,  Boos  hunon  mo  oieriuucli  in 
gMag  me  lb«  entire  ctvdii  tot  a  ij-Mwii  wlili^b  liail 
taken  pMaowiou  o(  iioin«  meu'n  nilmU  Iwfoiv  I  waa 
liarn.  AiyouT*pw«  wiiluotallowaceiteiulcd  atga- 
iDMit,  I  ahBll  couAii«  mjacK  to  gonoml  Rtatomsiita. 

1.  Wbo«*«r  nttwaptB  to  clniwitj  matulal  iniMt  lint 
hat*  in  bia  mJnil  o«rtalii  tiotioiia.  iilriit,  or  uharact«r- 
latieaby  mtanaof  wbich  ll<^  will  «e|<aracc  oao  object 
train  anotL«*.  Tboiie  tdcan  lot  lU  cnll  '  cIamIOc 
eouneinU.' 

S.  All  entatoni  of  aarthropologicAl  muMtiiua  luiiat 
MMigiUM  111*  followiag  «Jamiflo  cOQoepta :  material, 
■aoa,  geograpbtoal  areaa.  aocial  organiMtinun.  on- 
vtrMunent,  atmctnre  and  fonctlou,  and  evolution  or 
alabontioo.  Baaidea  thee*.  Uiera  are  otber  naaot 
MOMpta  «Meb  ent«r  Into  a  aon  miuuie  rlaaaiflea- 
tioD. 

3.  EwT  Hoi«uciflo  aotbropoUiglHt  charijoil  with  a 
great  collection  hai  In  bla  own  mind  deoided  the 
ocdor  in  wblcli  IbeM  oonaepta  abould  be  oo&iidored 
in  the  dJatribution  of  matarial,  and  I  conaidar  tbia 
tiia  gnalcM  bleanng  to  aolMiee.  If  all  Ibe  niiiaeutae 
In  tbe  world  wara  arranged  upon  tlie  ume  plan, 
only  oDf  ael  of  pblloaoiduealproblama  could  ba  eon- 
aldetad,  and  tbe  atndy  wonld  ba  eorreapoadtnsly 
clrouuiaoribBd.  If,  boweier,  aaeb  a  ineaiar*  M. 
eonea  ncoownry,  I  alaoaialy  hope  tbe  plan  will  be 
that  of  the  natiunat  tuoaeuiu  at  wanliington.  Lirt  it 
ba  diatlnetly  kept  in  mind  ibat  tli«  only  difference 
among  onnilata la  in  lU*  d«Kri>H  of  j>ruiuiiieui.ie  giren 
to  eewneonoapl. 

4.  Tbara  la  another  [aator  whicb  mtor*  into  the 
arrannemMit  of  loaterial,  and  tbst  la  tlinao  nlio  are 
to  etndy  the  BMtnrla].  For  luMniirp.  tli^iv  urv 
arolieologiitii.  e«r«iiilal«,  luiiainiaiui,  te<^litiulL>gi»Cn  of 
many  kind*,  aud  MndeQla  of  vai,  icllgiou.  luid  IIie 
aealbetk  aru.  wbu  denr*  to  aea.  In  jiulapoaltion, 
tha  epecineua  wbfcb  th*,v  vouUl  etiidy.  On  tbe 
otber  hand,  tbore  ai«  etbiiologiata  and  aoeiologiaia 
who  doali*  to  aea  all  that  belonn  to  a  camaaagnine 
laea,  oi  to  a  geograpbical  area,  w  )nxta|>cidlion. 

One  of  the  moat  dellKhlfnl  infTHlicr*  trvSniaut 
aa  tbe  ruling  coiiKvpt  lit  the  great  variety  of  intrllU 
gent  pei>pl*  who  can  be  brought  into  ro.operatio[i 
ut  tbe  work.  It  aeema  tbat  tbore  ii  noiuetbiug  for 
erarybody  on  eartb  to  do,  and  I  altrtbute  tbe  i>be- 
noneiMUy  rapid  growth,  at  little  cost,  of  ihe  national 
mnaaiim,  to  tbe  great  rariety  of  uinda  tbat  catch  ita 
apdrlt  and  are  glad  to  work  for  H  in  their  aerorol 
■pbwaa. 

Kow,  ill  a  mnaenai  pfojiatly  eoaatnicted  it  ia  uoa. 
aible  to  arnuiga  the  oaaea  in  tbe  form  of  a  cbecker- 
ba«d,  ao  thai  by  gointt  in  a  oarlolB  direction  tha 
paralMa  of  owoe  repreaent  raMa  or  Irlbea  or  looa- 
tloiML    By  inapectlng  tbe  aaiue  caaoe  tn  a  direcrlion 


at  ririit  anslea  to  Ibe  (onuar,  iba  Tiaitor  may  Mudy  I 
allMpcodnctaal  hnman  actirlty  tu  claaaoa  aecorj- 
ing  to  hnnian  wanta.  At  any  rate,  wbatavor  tbe 
fnndamenial  eouce^tlou  be.  in  any  lunaetiiii  avary 
thing  iliauld  t«nd  to  euliel  tlw  ■ympatbiae  and  co- 
ojinration  of  tbagtaateat  •liTrmity  oi  miixl. 

Finally,  aBtagardaaiitulantifs  in  tb<-  pmincla  of 
industry  of  araa*  wlile  apart.  I  think  Dr.  Bo*a'a 
BQggoatiuu  nliuut  i>ui>«tSelal  alinllaritiea  from  uallk* 
CBDaa*  a  vary  iugcnioun  one.  but  it  bat  notbing  lo 
do  with  the  caae.  Eicopt  in  a  gnneral  way.  hla  afBr- 
mation  that  eiinilar  ^Seeu  proceed  from  diSorant 
canaea  wilt  hardly  meet  with  acceptaofe.  in  tbe  fao* 
of  the  oiiom  tbat  'like  ell*cl«  'prlng  from  Uka 
caiMaa.' 

Ia  another  place  I  bare  aenght  to  abow  the  |[t*da. 
tiona  oi  liuiUuitiBe.  Superficial,  formal,  or  fttno- 
tional  dmllaiitiea  in  nature  may  apring  from  dia- 
metrically o]>poaite  motivea,  aa  in  tbe  caaa  of  mim- 
iery.  But  aeoordlng  to  tha  dootrine  of  ebaacw,  tba 
poaaibility  of  dmilar  effeeta  dlmjniahea  with  tba 
complexity  of  tbe  oiganitation  ami  Ihe  nitmb«t  of 
CO^opeTalina  lite  lor*. 

Tbe  pHri>lexibg  queation  ia  tbia :  Oan  theaa  alnl- 
laritiaa  be  made  to  throw  any  light  npon  tba  ial|m> 
tiooa  of  men  i  Tbe  pbilaao]>lilcBl  otknologW  la 
alwaya  tn  a '  double  corner."  by  reaaon  of  two  iriler- 
pretoUona  of  almllarltio*.  -  -  the  one  argnlna  coDta«t 
of  aonia  kindi  the  other,  diaconueciad  cwMaa, 
whatber  timilar  or  diaainiilar  it  tuattera  not. 

I  think  it  i*  a  growing  ooneiotiou  that  inventiMiB 
of  bolb  '■naloins  and  thuga  ming  from  prtor  InraD. 
tiona.  juHt  m  life  apringa  tMtn  life,  and  Ibat  tbe 
eoouer  we  recoguite  the  fact  thai  in  tbe  etudy  of 
arta,  Institatioiu,  language,  knowleilge,  cnatoitua,  ro- 
llglou,  and  raonn  of  lufen,  we  mnet  always  apply  tba 
methode  and  LiuitruuieDlalitiea  of  the  biotogM,  Um 
aoouer  will  ont  belared  aoieuce  Miuid  upon  an  im- 
morabla  fouudatlon. 

There  ie  a  illapoaillou  to  uoagnily  tbe  importaaee 
of  mntetiDi  epecitaeuk.  The  raluable  thing  aboot 
tbem  is  the  knowledge  we  aouuire  (vmeoming  then. 
A  inueenm  ia  an  enoyolopaedia.  with  ajiaclmelia  In. 
alMd  of  pictutea.  Tbold,  and  woald  empbaaiM.tfae 
opinion  that  the  eiplurur  *bo  goca  among  a  people 
to  Btiidy  their  cutire  freed  and  aotltlly  will  do  bia 
uork  bcUar  by  haTing  iu  bin  luind  tba  detanninaliou 
to  bring  each  Indnatry  into  oompatlaaa  vltb  tba 
aame  aotiritlM  lu  other  tlmea  and  plaeca. 

There  in  one  thongbt  which  »lioiild  alwaya  be  bom* 
lu  mind  iu  coiuddorinti  the  bioIosVral  method  of 
trralliuc  etbuologlea)  material.  In  itiu  natural  world 
BOQie  belnga  are  monoreanlo,  otlier*  are  poly- 
otgaBio.  It  ia  ao  lu  tbe  nlatory  of  liiuuau  Iniao- 
tlona,  tharafore  in  Uie  urraugeincol  of  «j'«cltiteBa 
there  are  tblnae  which  luual  alwaya  i,y\'**r  lu  aet«. 
Ko  oue  abould  think  of  aeiiarallng  a  auit  of  clothing, 
a  fvll-iigged  Tenel.  tbe  entire  ontllt  of  Ihe  arroir. 
maker,  potter,  wearer,  or  other  oraflaman.  Pro- 
ttiuior  Putnam  would  not  think  of  aeparating  tha 
entire  vout^utJi  of  a  mound.  Each  of  Ibeae  ^inga 
mentioned  ie  a  uolyurganlc  unit  erboae  petfta  aea 
itM  oa  mneh  related  aa  the  paria  of  Ibe  fauaaB 
Irady. 

lu  eouclnaton.  It  la  bnt  Jnat  to  remark  that  during 
tbe  two  yeare  in  whK-h  I  have  had  charge  ot  tha  do. 
partment  of  etbuology  in  Ibe  national  mnaanm,  1 
baTa  given  no  atteutioa  ai  yet  to  tbe  weal  coaal  of 
Ameriea  from  Catltornla  to  Uonnt  St.  Eliaa.  To 
tbia  fact,  and  not  lu  any  fault  1b  my  ijatam,  nnat 


Jnix  S.  1H8T.] 


sciEycE, 


58& 


b«  ottrlhuMil  tbe  difflcnitr  vhicli  Dr.  Bow  sdmmui- 
t«r«il  In  Dtadpng  oiir  iiiai*iiAl  in  coiupuImb  witli 
bia  own  from  Ibat  rvuloti.  O.  T>  Humt. 

Wulilnituiti.  Mux  9Di 


All  AmeiicsD  dialect  loctetjr. 

Rt'/rrriug  to  tli«  IotU>t  bj-  1{.  It.  iu  .wirn'r  of  U»y 
2>),  it  ia  ocrUiuly  pOHtlMe  (•>  phtnlillHli  no  Ato^rt- 
caa  dinlnrl  nooipiy.  Yei  1  Ijeiierp  it  tuuch  tbe  belter 
VBy  to  h»t«  the  work  nudcrtakon  by  tbo  AtD«ri<Mi 
pliikilogical  ■MociBtion  tfaan  to  form  ■  q«v  noolstf. 
In  mT  opjnion,  ths  •dnnce  of  (iliilologlol  •cInic* 
viU  ba  tnnob  more  rtadily  prouoteil  by  k  (wmliiuft- 
tJon  of  til*  wiona  BociFlin  now  oxiitiUB  tbnu  by  tbe 
foroktion  of  otlMni.  Pbilolo^T  would  be  tbo  gainar 
if  tbe  Orioilal  and  &IoJuni  laugiiiif;e  lUMocuillaD* 
oonld  bo  niiit«d  with  tbe  American  uudvr  one  ron- 
trol.  Tti«  •nooen  of  the  Americao  aHociation  for 
lb'<  Ml^nnceiDent  of  mrienea  iibonid  tosch  ttiM  in 
iiuioii  there  U  utroUKtli.  euil  that  a  large  Kxriety  M- 
tiacte  not  only  uor*  alteittiOK  from  the  pitblio.  but 
brine*  to  lla  ineetUige  a  niiicli  larger  proportjou.  «■ 
I  belleTe.  of  ita  own  mamben.  Tba  work  of  a 
dialect  eocioty  ia  no  larf^ly  local  In  ila  chara<1^T 
that  it  can  beat  Iia  iIou«  by  a  large  uumlwr  of  ppr- 
•DU*.  Tlutt  tnicli  a  work  Hbould  be  dauc  Deeds  Uttle 
proof.  The  jmttoipiU  qiicKUon  ia,  By  whoru'iiiali  it 
iM  done  i  B.  C>  Dnki. 

coiuubiu,  O.,  MaxM. 


Th«  cauaatioa  of  coniumptien. 

Within  lh«  last  few  yeara  tbe  aMantion  of  the 
nicrlicnl  {irofcnnou  Itoa  Ijoeu  more  tbaa  «Ter  Inmei) 
to  tho  coDniilcratlnn  of  tli«  eaaae  or  aanaea  of  piil- 
nionar;  consiuuptiiMi.  The  Moewed  iatereet  in  the 
eti'ilogy  of  thia  diMae*  la  owinjt  to  the  dlacovery  of 
tho  liwTillui  IntiOTeiiloeia.  Thia  important  v tent  gave 
origin  to  two  theoriea;  the  oud  holding  that  tba 
onl.v  <.ii(nse  of  conooiovtiaai  wa>  the  l>ncitliia  tntwr^ii- 
loaiM.  nod  tho  other  that  the  dlateae  but  fumiidied 
a  nirfiM  tor  the  iMwillti*,  and  tliat  h*ncv  itn  prcaonce 
WBB  not  a  eauM,  but  an  eRoot.  Tbin  difforonoe  of 
opinion  among  phyaieiana  tioa  not  utnturiolly  altered 
avento  the  preaent  day;  and,  while  tbe  faoton  «( 
the  probletn  whlcb  olTe  rla«  to  tbia  difference  of 
opinton  remalu  nuiMlTed.  it  ia  aai-oring  of  dognio- 
tlKu  (o  «ay  that  it  la  deeided  tliat  lO  and  ao  ia  tbe 
eanae  of  eoiuKiniptioB. 

A«  wa  proeeed  fiiRber  la  our  InreatlgativB  of  the 
eanaaUoa  of  0MMUiu)itlon.  we  And  the  adhuienta  of 
on*  th*orj'  placing  great  atreaa  upuu  heredity,  and, 
on  the  other  band,  men  of  the  hitihcat  authority 
and  Btanding  in  the  medical  profaeaton  gltiug  It  aa 
ttieir  opinion  Ibat  there  la  no  direct  bensdity  other 
thai)  that  the  child  of  phthisical  pareDla  atarta  in 
life  with  a  email  atock  of  viiatily,  and  la  thiia  rvu- 
deiod  more  liable  to  the  tnvadon  and  the  tltetructiie 
inflnaooee  of  any  and  all  diatuMM. 

At  lb*  prMMt  atate  of  the  inqniry  it  aoema  aome- 
whM  toohaaty  to  tay  jual  what  the  caoee  o(  pat- 
moiuuy  eouamaptioD  may  be ;  bat  It  oertalalT  ap> 
pear*  thai  th»  cauae  I4  couijioiuid.  beluginade  up  of 
at  lewil  three  Heirrai  element*:  to  wit,  — 

1".  Tba  feebto  ritality  or  roaiati^  power  with 
which  the  slT«n  orgouiain  enteia  upon  life. 

3°  (a).  The  action  of  an  endianmeui  npoa  thi* 
OTfpuiiajn  detrimental  to  the  wiaintwiaace  of  a  good 
geovrai  health;  0*  (b)  in  aome  oataa  theniatOBOeof 
a  Mate  of  deUIily  after  an  aoul*  dlaeaae. 


3".  The  organism  Ibw  islhunoed  belag  expoeed 
to  llie  BctMB  of  the  fcaoUtne  tnbercnkMia. 

Tlie  badllna  lakerenloahiiaeowidalydiaMBilnal«d 
in  111*  air  we  breatb*,  and  dlatrtbuted  iu  th«(oo4  we 
eat.  Uiat,  were  It  the  only  or  Iha  tnalu  (anao  of  con- 
auaiptian,  «re  naigbt  axpeol  tlw  eUeraiittatioD  of  the 
hnman  race  within  a  few  jreara. 

W*  nay  plaut  corn  u[1ob  DUanltabloaoil.iuid  tlaare 
will  be  no  growth  •  we  may  plant  il  npuu  prepared 
aoil  and  exclnde  tbe  innUgnt,  heal.  aiMl  luolatme, 
and  there  will  bo  no  growtb;  and  eo  the  baMrtltiM 
tnb«renlo*ia  la  ilepoalted  la  the  lunga  of  erery  one 
of  na  nearly  every  day,  and  yet  It  takea  bo  bold 
npon  the  niajotity,  becaaae  eitb*r  the  ayetem  ia  le- 
fraetory  to  it,  or  mir  eBTifOBment  ia  raob  that  It 
cannot  iteveto|i,  Jamm  P.  UtatM. 

Cteea  Islawt,  X.Y..  Maj  n 


The  equivalence   In   time   of  American   marin« 
and  intracontioealal  tcrtiariei. 

Iu  a  paper  {mbliabed  in  the  May  UQtDt>(ii  •>(  (be 
Amtriciiit  Journutl  of  jeicap^,  Dl.  C.  A.  miila  ilia- 
cuanea  I  lie  pomlbllitUa  of  correlating  in  detail  lh« 
North  AiuMicou  lutracoutlneuial  and  marine  ter- 
tiaiioa.  and  refen  to  the  identification  by  Prof.  L.  F. 
Ward  of  four  iiiedoa  of  plant*  from  the  terliarlea  of 
the  U«ilcan  gulf  border,  with  thoee  found  iu  the 
I^ramle  groun.  I  am  uuabte  to  refer  to  the  report 
of  ProfMaer  wanl,  which  liaa  not  yet  rnached  thia 
eot«t,  and  aai  therefore  unaware  nhether  the  plant* 
referred  to  are  troui  tho  coantry  coat  or  nat  of  tbe 
UiaalMippI  Ulvei :  but  I  wonM  toko  thia  Oceanian  to 
Mil  ettetttiou  agaiu  t<.<  ih«  oi>i>ortnattIeB  affofded  tot 
th*  eelabliahaicnt  of  auch  correlation*,  in  uortli- 
weetern  Loolaiana,  aouth-weetern  ArkanMS,  and  tba 
adJBoimt  portioni  of  Texas  and  the  Indian  Torrhonr, 
wberre  the  mariue  forniatiuu*.  Mill  r«oosnltable  la 
detail  by  their  cliorartcnatic  ahella,  are  udetfaltel; 
split  up,  both  horliontally  auil  vertically,  into  a 
luase  ei  marine  outliers  anil  freab  and  bracluab 
water  ilopoaita,  of  the  eqniialaaoa  and  rautiuuiiy  of 
which  there  can  b*  no  poadble  qneettoa.  Amooc 
tli«M,  <*Ttalu  fre^-water  dapotdta  on  the  upper  Bed 
Itivei  in  Loutriana  are  eitreuiely  rich  in  well-pre- 
served iMiTea  and  fruita.  of  whjob  •  collection  (de- 
paait«t  at  the  Cniveraity  of  Uimieaippi  at  Oxford) 
wan  made  by  mo  in  IsOu.  Amon^  my  publicatlona 
Helling  fonii  Ibeae  facta,  1  Lave,  in  a  paper  read  at 
the  Indiaua]>oiis  meMiuR  of  the  American  aMMciatieii 
for  tiio  odTaneeaient  of  eoleuee  ia  1871,  polntadW 
alluded  to  the  probable  ori^oal  conlinuHy  of  tut 
'  Uanafield  group'  of  Lonuiiana  with  iuiraconti- 
nsutal  terliari**.  and  the  hirtbor  probability,  that, 
by  mcana  of  remaining  oiitli^re,  at  leaet  a  chrono- 
logical acalo  for  pawl  lelinBg  theae  fonnallaua  migbt 
be  eelebllahed  along  the  ahadlow  eaBneeting  trough 
outlined  by  the  cretaceona  ahota-llBD*.  While  my 
auppoaition  that  the  croM-iiiiiWra  of  Teuta  vers 
alao  of  lortlary  age,  hat  siuce  been  disproved.  1  am 
not  aware  that  ouy  eibauctiie  euiuinaliuu  of  the 
regiuu  lyluu  lietwi<i'ii  Ihi'  It<-d  and  Arkonaaa  rirera 
in  the  ludiuu  Territory  Iihh  lieeii  mailei  yet  it  i> 
there  that  aneb  direct  coiiuecli--u  must  have  wlialMl, 
ir  at  all  within  Ixitiary  timca.  The  alrifcioM  inortaae 
of  the  lIuuitifeT'iii*  tiiclea  lowaril  the  nonn-weaten 
border  ortlie  GiiK  tertiary- area.  cnliniiuitlHg  in  tba 
appoamnce  of  lianda  of  freah-water  llmeatou*  at 
MauAlleid  and  nottb-woMward .  the  fau-Uke  expan- 
sion. In  ArkenHw  aud  Ijmiaiana,  of  tbo  older  por- 


536 


SCIEj!^CE. 


{Vol.  IX..  No.  tM 


tlon  «f  th«  lutrrow  bands  fomitd  bj  tb«  nMriM 
•UcM  in  Uiwiauppl  nnd  Alftbnmft :  niui  n  numifcot 
nortli-vrMtward  twvd  of  mirb  ilepoHita  m  *r»  txxi- 
UuiioiuIt  irncvnble  in  Qorlb-wnl«ru  LouivlftUA. 
vlilhi  Ili«  Ultr  Mbsci  nro  •brtiplly  ^cflectod  to  tb« 
wontb-wesl,  ~  iill  poluta  to  a  rapidl,r  progniwiug 
eletAtlou  fif  th«  BXiftl  (relAMOiio  Imngli.  ibiU  lany, 
or  tanj  not,  bnvn  ci>iu|>1et«l}'  Hvi<an>tp<1  Ibc  iuurlior 
from  tlie  OnU  wklcn  Iwforo  tlir  bcginuiag  of  tbe 
terilniy  jiorloil.  lu  teoj  eToul,  ilio  i<>|{ion  rcforrDd 
to  >p|icaT«  to  ion  to  be  •  (vMfflJ  one.  dvMTviii^  ot 
«i)uii*tlT«  eiftinuiatian  in  iidvanoe  o(  mauf  oibtm 
tlut  offer  only  »  unborOioAte  futcnat  lu  cnupnriiiuii 
to  Iba  problem  of  lbi>  currflntlva  of  Ibn  lutiacmill- 
Doita]  and  111*  tnnritia  tmlftry.       E.  U'.  Hiloabb. 

a«rk«lrr.  I'U  .  Hay  K. 


The  pelvis  of  the  doKonc. 

A*  fM  M  1  ATu  sirare,  lh«  iwlrla  of  Halicore  ni»- 
trails  hs*  uoivr  b««ii  properly  <l*scribod  or  fl|r<irs<l. 

LmI  fiill  I  ba<l  til*  opjiorliiully  ot  pxiuiilniiiij;,  brrs 
St  my  fntlivr's  eHlKl>lihliiii<Mi1.  hii  ligaiu«utAry~  «kcl«- 
t«tu,  •mbrariu^  botb  m-xci,  of  tfaU  HoiiuAJ.  A  few 
hssty  notM  luHcle  iit  Ibn  tioio.  and  s  icatton  nf  Tnrle. 
bni«.  ifkpjiidiug  thf  jii>lvl«  liii  vvliirfa.  nit  fort  niial^ly, 
lUe  Ui^bin  bitvii  lutvu  t'.Tn  niiiiider  nuil  iii<panit«d 
froai  tb<i|r  bueniBponliytiiiiJ,  iiinll  tbe  mntfrinl  I  oon 
lay  bsuila  on,  no*  tbnt  1  bavn  ilmn  to  look  tli^  niat- 
l«r  'ip :  ooBtwinmtly  aiy  <lrawiu4{  aii'l  <l"4crli)tiou 
CSDOOt  iuolnde  a  tvw  pL>iutM  tbat  t  wmild  wi»b. 

In  All  six  CMOS  tbo  foiulb  port-donul  vi'ttcbtn  i« 
(be  drel  sncml.    Tbc  ilin  iir«  onuDVctPiI  In  lb«  ilUtnl 


esd*  or  Its  dlM>opltys«s  by  Hboit  lignuioDtc  Tbs 
«ti<1s  of  tiMss  d&poiihyiBa  are  stonily  nwolltii  dorm>. 
tentrally,  tbeir  itrtical  dlomotar  bnliig  iblrty-tbree 
inUliiutrtrea.  wbarvnii  tli<i  preeedlng  oiip  [ueuntuca 
bnt  l«u  mUlloielrM.  Tim  dInpopbyMN  of  tbs  liro 
sneeeedlng  (tocnd)  verlabriu)  arc  slso  dscidoilly 
thicker  at  tbe  ends  tbnn  is  tbo  case  in  «l1b«T  tUs  lust 
Iniubnr  or  tbo  sneceedlag  candsl*.  Auobylosed  to 
tbo  Ilia  sro  tlie  iMliis  lying  iu  tbe  aaioe  line,  sad 
sbowing  tlieir  jnnction  by  n  prnmiDeut  swellbi(  Id 
tbe  nUMs  of  tb«  bone. 

Tbo  distal  eodi  of  Ibn  Ilia  wt*  punoecrted  with 
Dsch  otber  by  s  sbort  llgnTueut.  aud  iwpaTBtod  from 
tli«  apes  of  tbe  baciuuwpbyiiiii  ot  tlivi  iwcouil  mc- 
OStdiDg  Tsnobrss  by  but  n  f«w  iiil1lliii>irt'^  i>nu- 
neoted  to  It  sitber  by  ft  ligsmsnt  or  muKcle.  hxA 
wbkb  it  is  now  too  1M«  to  determine. 

Tbo  iUnm  Is  lOB  mtUiuistrss  In  lsnf[tb ;  tbo  itcbt- 
mil,  102 ;  111*  traasTsrse  d]ninst«r  of  Its  distal  end, 
10 :  th«  siit«rior-post«rior  len^  of  tbe  sympbysia 
isebin.  M. 

Tbe  Arst  bssmnpophTsIs  ooDidiit*  of  two  ilrnigibt 
V.sbaped  bou«8  DCi  inllflmetr**  long.  33  mlllliuelr«« 


1 


aiisrt  St  Imwm,  irltta  points  di¥er(lD«  to  a  distanoe 
SI  millhuetTPS.  'thv  crxt.  lo  nhSob  tbe  Ischla  ]< 
bns  its  two  pruts  carruig  inwnrd,  leariug  mi 
opestuK.  tbe  extrenittlea  not  iiaitc  meeting,  aod  lig- 
aiutoilously  comieeted.  Tbe  siicrenliuff  luM>nuij>oj>by> 
MS  bsve  tbeir  vDdi  sDchyU^tted.  sud  are  V-sbat>^). 

Tbo  poi»t  tbnt  I  tspccially  wish  to  entpbafliM  la. 
tbat  tb*  pelvis  U  uot  rtrliral  lo  tbs  uis  of  tbe  verts- 
bmJ  oolnuin.  btttlies  At  praclleally  lti(<  muho  angle  ns 
ordituuity  obtdns  in  ibe  iiuuuuiidiii. 

In  Ibe  six  spoHmcnii  cxnwinnl.  Ino  bad  uinHvcrn 
tboracic  TMtebrM,  while  (<rar  bed  l>nt  oiKlitecu.  All 
bad  lltrw  iuiubur  v«rlt<bis«.  Tbe  IboraMC  ar*  gsa- 
oraUy  slated  u  bviug  nineteen  lu  unmber  i  whk 
ibese  tills  nss  tlie  oxcsptiou. 

II  it  fnutber  to  be  noHeed  tbst  Ibedugo&g  nppcAn 
lo  be  na  esoeption  lo  lb»  rule  tbsl  wbea  lh«  oniubsr 
<A  tborade  vertcbrso  i*  iii«resMd  or  diulBtalwd 
tberela  a  coin]wn«atla)[  diminutioD  or  Inoreaa*  in 
nniobvr  of  Inuibsr  T*T1obra«.        Huixt  I*.  Wuu>. 


A  cretaceous  river-bed. 

Tbo  oiirings  at  Ssb  Marcos.  Bays  county, 
nrbere  the  8bb  Mmvor  Btrer  rioM  Aill  gronti 
Ibe  esnb.  witb  a  stvndiEUK*  of  fluw  iu  tnnrked  oon- 
tinst  witb  Ibe  majority  ot  Teio*  ririTi.  ar».  nsids 
troiu  tboir  ■dentiHt)  an'peols.  snffleieiitly  iiiir'rHiitt 
to  bsvn  boon  a  subjeot  of  popular  H)>c(*<iliilii>u  n: 
uevvpniivr  dURuuiou  ever  tiaca  Ibe  •cUlcment 
Texoi-     Tbe  ibporipH  tliat  linve  boon  sdTnuced 
TSrioiin,  (tool  tbe  popular  i<teH  tbnl  it  Is  ■nlBcieii' 
dxjilAlneil  by  tbe  pre»fUi.'e  of  s  caw  full  of  wi 
under  tbe  bill,  to  tbd  cxplnustton  i>ro|>oacd  by 
iiunginative  uewspsper  edilor.  tbst  tli*  «al«r 
nu>l-rrKriiiin<l  (roui  the  Hofky  UountsliM. 

I  bare  not  felt  it  necosDiuy  to  familisrUte  tayself 
with  Ibe  deisllB  of  ibU  iliscnsslon.  sltieo,  altboafb 
my  eouclmnonn  ui^  be  to  some  vxient  old,  Ibe  pcoof 
Is  certainly  new;  for  tbe  gtoeral  prinolpla  npon 
irhtch  it  la  based  bns  been  bnt  iceontly  niu»miii 
by  yix  Robert  T.  Hill  In  tbe  Aintrivtn  Journal 
•CMTirr  for  .Vjiril  (xuiii.  p.  3!>j :  iwiuely.  tbal  tb< 
exists  betveea  ths  earlier  erHsccous  strnia  of  Te 
(Hid  lbs  ■aperlui]>o«sd  roclit  n  ]>liuio  of  *  noa 
formity  by  eroidou.'  Inilknllni;  an  Interval  of  e&iei^ 
nnco  between  the  tvo  period*  of  eretMMna  rock 
forniAlloii. 

Tbe  Hlnttn  lu  Ibe  vldnlty  of  Snu  llnroos  not  only 
funiiib  a  ntrikiug  proof  of  tbe  irulb  of  Ibis  prlnol* 
pie,  bnt  Uiey  bccoiae  a  key  lo  nlintever  Is  niysterioi 
)u  tbo  ori^iu  of  tbo  8iui  MntcuB  River. 

Tbe  nccouiiMuiylii|(  aitetioii  rouglily  repreasnta 
roeks  expaied  by  lb*-  Sou  Uarc»  at  it*  source. 

No  better  rimliBnipbiriil  lituduiark  tbanttMsmT 
liiin  M.  tbe  Exottym  nrietiua  Diarl,  could  be  deairod. 
The  eipoeuree  nl  Snu  MnrroH  am  typical  onss,  onn. 
taining  an  anuiniiUy  Urge  proporllan  ot  perfect 
blnUvo  upcciioenit  of  Exogyra  arletiDa  B..  tesidea 
tbe  n^iiol  eiiinller  iiunutity  of  Orypbara  FItfberl.  nt^. 
Its  ei]>omtre«  are  fmiu  fltly  lo  one  bnodrad  feet 
above  tbe  rirer-lcTel.  sud.  In  connocthw  with  llw 
Ostres  carlnntn  bed  below,  funisb  coueluslve  proot 
IliAt  IbHk*  rockn  nro  of  Ibe  Wasbita  diriaion  of  tlis 
tai-Utr  or  Texas  crelacoonsi  Inckitig,  bowcvsr,  tlM 
npperuiuat  members  of  tbst  series. 

In  tbo  tittle  Talleyn  ><B('k  of  tbe  portion  of  th« 
sevtiou  iiiarkoil  o«.  Ifouiidaconglan»«nitecoiDpaa*d 
of  fraguivnls  of    tbo   bard  taiuor  linicslonea   uid 


my 
sol*      I 


Jun  8,  Ua7.J 


SCIENCE. 


537 


p«bblM  MuMiUd  irtUi  whil«  Umixtoiie,  toA  ^raiH. 
(uUj  cliMiging  npwaid  Into  a  flrni.  b>rr«D,  lioiuoge. 
oconn  limcalone. 

Tiiii  rnrmntloii  uni-  In  L'OUtimiHtidii  of.  or  iioiue- 
tiiu-?B  1>«l<>ir,  tbu  lioriKuii  of  Uie  Eicigj'n  uictiiu 
luul.  Here.  thcu.  <ku  the  •olntiDa  o<  Um  ptobl«n 
of  Ui«  Ska  MikTcoL  TLc  rock*  b«fon  tne  irer*  of 
the  lattr  oreta«eoiu,  <l«]>oaII«(l  npoti  (be  gtaTgl  tuA 
shingle  vbiob  LaJ  fonuvd  lli«  bed  of  a  rivet  dnriiiK 
(b«  i)«r!od  uf  emetgenoe.  Tbej-  bad  cbolcad  np  md 
leud^rcd  impervloiu  Uu>  nDiMrflciftl  Ujen  of  the 
river-bed.  tint  doilbtUiw  l«fl  tbe  lon-tr  grfiTel  nad 
BUid  bfid»  tu  h*  good  pouditiou  for  c»rr;iiig  wntei  oa 
eT«r.  To  niiike  the  eridence  «oiupl«t«.  I  touml.  on 
esuuiiuition  of  tbe  rock  a<i,  wblcJi  Iuin  rmly  a  few 
f««taboTi)  Ib#  river,  that  it  is  tbe  soft  liiue«toue  of 
Ibe  later  tr«(iu:e'}uii,  coDtahiing  ntimerouispefimrua 
pf  Grj-pliacu  liitriuaotila  R.,  —  afoMilfaiiiiA  ii:i>tri'*l 
abutuloaoc  a  «bort  distaiice  •aalBud  uorlb  of  AiihUu. 
and  there  occurring  at  th«  top  of  the  AuBtin  liiue- 
Btoue. 

We  bave,  lb«u.  the  cbuuicl.  and  Dood  onlj  to  ui- 
ooimt  tor  tbe  wntet  to  fill  It.  Tbe  DltuicQ  KUvr.  ia 
a  WMterlf  dtrectinn  from  Sao  Mhtcor.  it  about  fif- 
teen uilea  distaat.  lu  tbe  op^er  part  i^  its  course 
It  i«  a  numing  stntuu  of  couatdotabk  Tolniua ;  bnt 

■S... 


thai  tba  vbole  of  tb«  old  btd  te  to  aoue  «xt«Bt  por- 
IDMted  b;  tbe  watflr*  of  lfa«  untUnroiuid  rivor. 

Tb*  extent  aiul  dLreciion  of  Uia  uMUrgronad 
cbaancl,  and  the  d«t«niitnatMn  of  other  Mrtuoa 
than  tha  Blanco  which  amj  be  tapped  b;  it.  am 
ntomiaing  anblecia  of  fiitnre  fnTMtigattou,  whirb  I 
bopo  at  an  wvljr  dat«  to  undertake,  not  onl;  iu  ib« 
bo|]«  of  Mining,  b;  a  itndy  of  tbeamoaittof  erotlon 
of  tbe  older  tucks,  eotuo  idea  of  the  dtuMlooi  of  the 
inlenml  botirecn  the  two  jierioitt  of  rook  fonoatliML, 
bnt  of  obtaiaiog  Mme  tuformatioD  conc«»li^  Iha 
fie«h-wniet  life  of  that  period.       Envix  J.  Pons. 

Aualln.  TeL,  Mif  IS. 


ElectriuU  phenomena  at  the  Wftibiag;ton 
moaament. 

In  Tarioiin  number*  of  &i>imw  of  teoent  dalee 
liave  *p|i«areil  notloea  of  oertatD  eleclri<«l  phe. 
uouieua  expMteneed  on  wettem  iuoiuitaln.pMk». 
Tbe  peoalior  effects  eipeiienced  coxubit  Id  neoeral 
of  a  bluing  or  crackling  aonad  accouipiuiying  ringle 
dleohargee,  or  a  eoutfnuoiu  flow  of  Hparka.  ond  ue 
oharacieriBtie  tlagliag  (euwtUon  when  a  ADgat  U 
presented  to  any  metaUie  object  neat  hj.  Tbee*  ez> 
periencea.  despite  tbe  common  lieliet.  are  not  rare. 


?^  "---■■", 


5^^i- V^-"''r  Yr'r''v"f^v'^1 


■ccTTios  or  cucricKoci  aocm  it  mx  kuco*.  utb  nrxrv.  -tta..  looeomi  ternt. 

DDb,  priaclpal  Rpriiie*:  fi,  litu  uix-ii  vnklili  the  CbauUuqua  iiFMmMr  ivulMiiia;  '•■■.  laier  oreMreoiu  UmeaCoiio,  wlifc 
Eioerra  Inoviuw'uJa  II.:  bt,  Bioflrr*  artoclud  marl :  ft,  Brm  lliDestoiie.  irllb  Tvrebtalula  Vt'anwuali  B.  uul  PwHa 
iiuiLarli.-muiuji  Soverby;  piMlua  liiload.  lblo-l<ed4ed  ion  UmeaUiDe,  vltb  Oiirsa  farlaaM  Lav  aud  numerous 
h«ll>  .if  ij-iifi  •ii-itiMi.Orrpbaea. 'ruiTlinlla.  Peetea,  Canlium,  Cn>r<oanlla.  Tli(uula.  TusMMr.  and  AniniiiiLltM: 
tt,  luuxl  bul  brekeu  UioMtoaei  Willi  ^.'aprliia*. 


below  the  point  vest  ot  Saa  Mareoa  it  loeea  site 
rapidly,  and  M  the  ppint  where  tbe  Intutuatioual  and 

S;I«at  northern  railroad  cnwoa  It.  and  botnw.  it  ti 
Ot  tlic  grt«tt-t  i>nrt  of  the  j  t'ar  oiily  a  dry  bed  with 

OCCttwoorJ  pooli  of  aCluidiug  werer. 

It  La*  Kridcnlly  cut  IbruQgh  the  OTerlriag  ile- 
pUNitH,  till  it  bH4  rea^-liail  the  onelont  bed  of  tbe  8«n 
Unrcon.  wLicb.  thuo  filbM  wllh  wat*r.  has  been 
enabled  to  clear  nwar  ulutlever  later  deposits  lay 
upon  Ita  AnHdQl  btd  tack  to  the  prteout  tonreu  of 
tbe  8aa  llaroos  River. 

ToageologM  the  quMtlon  wonlil  at  once  ooonr. 
Why  baa  not  the  cnrrewt  opened  the  whole  of  the 
old  lied,  and  ao  cansod  um  abMidonuirut  of  tbe 
iiivxeut  bed  of  the  Blanco  long  ago  ?  The  auawer 
lite  in  tbe  eoidlguntlou  of  the  older  crotaceons 
straU  at  ita  preeeat  aotirce.  Tbe  oM  rlxer  bod  cut 
onder  what  wn>  the  nverhaagiue  cliff  of  tbe  hard 
UineMose  ec.  caadng  it  to  dip  nlini|>tly.  a*  repre- 
sented in  abave  eocUon,  aud  then  fonad  the  least 
rfisianoe  in  cnttlng  a  channel  from  the  softer  Ostre* 
oarinata  bed  rather  dian  in  carr>-iug  awav  the  fallen 
laam  of  the  harder  UniealoQc.  Hence  tlic  roeka  ot 
the  old  rlTM-bed  prui)er,  s(  aa,  though  very  soft, 
are  protert«d  from  tuflbet  erosion  from  beneath  by 
the  ■!  latum  ee. 

There  are,  however,  iniaURpringaKt  ■.vbiohBhuw 


nor  eouflned  to  certain  penioiis.  At  Pikc'a  Peak 
th«ee  electrical  iiiauif«taIioni  ate  of  frcqui^ut  oc. 
cuircncc.  and  a  list  baa  been  published  (iirtmrt  of 
tAt^  lignal  offietr,  18ii2.  p.  ttOSj  showing  tbe  ac- 
coupAoylng  meteoroIoglMl  cooditioDS  iu  Utf-six 
iusUuoM.  and  proving  that  these  electrical  ^le. 
nomena  are  oloeely  cMincctcd  vrith  the  ocoaReaee 
of  hail,  anow,  ana  thnnder-eionas.  At  these  tiinee 
U  I«  ensy  to  obtain  epwka  from  woolleu  or  for  gnt- 
incuts.  aud  to  receive  sboeks  on  opening  the  door  of 
the  stove,  or  tonchjog  any  metstlie  body.  Anaiu,  St 
rortSt-Mi<<bM't'a(/E>M.,  1881.  i>.  TG8>  during  tbe 
coldeM  weather  of  winter,  and  alwaye  after  a  ssow 
fog,  "  the  air  Is  so  eleotriBed  that  the  hair  npou  any 
loose  fur  stnnds  np,  aud  a  spark  ean  be  dntwu  by 
preannliog  a  Angcc  to  the  tip  of  a  idngle  hair," 

In  all  tbeae  eases  the  obMTvce  inay  be  couaitleted 
».  an  insulated  (rferhapa.  as  i&  tbe  oaaeof  one  of  yonr 
coireiipoudeiila,  no  may  stand  apon  a  thick  woollen 
NarsJD  blanket)  body,  wbleb,  beoanse  of  tbe  elecirl- 
ficstlou  of  the  air,  soqulres  a  charge.  Contact  with 
a  body,  In  better,  allbmigh  perhaps  not  very  good. 
coimMtiou  nitb  the  ciuxmd.  reenlta  in  ■  discharge, 
with  tbe  deeoribed  oSoota.  varying  hi  Inteudty  wllh 
the  degree  of  eleotri  Beat  Ion.  This  eoudltlou  of 
tblnga  is  in  port.  [  think.  Uultated  tn  suaie  experU 
lueuu  I  hare  tuade  at  the  lojp  of  the  Washington 


o38 


SCIENCE. 


[YOL.  IX..  No. 


DOoainHil.  during  lliiin'l«T'iiU?ina.  Tht  kppMMtu 
oMd  oondMs  of  •  Inigo  in-«ilAt«d  ooU«otot,  a  modl- 
fiod  MMoari  elMtratmUr,  and  HHcut  inmlntora 
ami  til''  nocd—ftry  adJnBCU.  Ai  tbn  IbandM-clondii 
appru!LCb.  tb«i  ri»DtroiB«it«r.i]mdl«  beoomM  tarj  M- 
tiTe.  and,  after  oonaiiilMable  osellktioR.  )>«gliia  M 
move  Hioadilr  in  mxt  dSreotioD  (gtneTBll;  ncgntive), 
until  a  deflection  iudicntjng.  for  examplo.  a  potnntial 
of  Uir««  tbonauiil  Toltn.  la  rMMliad,  wli«i.  HiinnltMiP- 
OUWjtbkllMli  '^f  IlKtitniuK.occnrii  it(|Ui(ik  ilrtiii  to 
■aro,  lo  begiu  it^itiu  ■ilowly  to  iucreikM.  imd  then 
nor*  rntidlir,  autil  llic  ncit  tbati  uf  ligbuiiug.  80 
p«a4Ml  In  thia  conucpoDdrarc.  tlint  tli<i  li^Lluiug  ciui 
M  tUncd  I*  nrcTiralilj'  trotn  II141  iinlirAtiniiH  of  tli« 
dectromHter  H8  liy  diri-d  iitii<-u.  H  nt  tLU  time  a, 
Bngor  tic  h«l<l  uiit  luwards  the  cullcctor.  Hxirkii  ore 
glTea,  with  the  uccompimpDg  c  ruck  ling  uud  liiseiDg. 
Mid  tbn  lingliag  iritiuitiori  in  tlie  iSugt'T.  lu  fciirli  n 
MM,  IL«  olHMTTtr  Ih  Hlmpty  |{riiiiu<11uK  llir  iuHulnlvd 
ohvBcd  colleMor.  Tbi'  if'entr-it  spiirlEiDB  diBtaul^e, 
in  our  CxpetieDoe  thun  fur.  ««  dctereniucif  bv  direct 
lnTT-""~"~'.  WM  n  little  undor  foar  iiiiU'liiiKlrcx. 
I  h*T«  iMt«r  found  oDf  tllfl(iraDC«  (m  uue  uf  juur 
eomspoBdrats  lnlln)st««)  in  the  B|>ftr1iing  diotftBCo, 
depending  on  tb«  flngM.  The  potential  of  the  Afr, 
boweTer.  an  iihovn  b;  tlie  eleMromcter  rendlngB.  Is 
cnaatuitiv  dvotnAling.  often  yi>t>  rk|>ldl)-,  hoiI  at 
ooTtaia  tlmM  the  potential  of  the  air  ik  z«ro.  Ot 
oonne,  a  1Iqi^  pr<«»ut«d  at  mch  B  time,  faila  to 
draw  a  Hpiu'li. 

To  Imitato  more  cloivly  the  ronditlong  of  the 
nioiinlaln-«iiU,  tho  previnaii  nrmut;^iii«nt  vw  re- 
T«nnl,  Mid  tb«  oliMrver  fotnluod  by  otAuding  on  « 
Narajo  blaokvt  folded  MTeral  timu.  Thia  la  bnt 
poor  iovnlation.  though  it  BnirmiTcd  ths  pnrpo*«. 
SlNidlno  clORS  to  tbn  oprn  nin'tnw  at  the  luounuient, 
the  maulta  ir^rv  lut  luitidjmtHiI.  ily  hair  itood  on 
(Old,  aixl.  oil  prpMatiiig  n  kuiiL-kle  to  the  Iron  traioa. 
work,  a  apnik  pnsied,  I  ihoTild  roiiiark  tlinl  these 
flFucbt  wore  only  c^pciicured  during  n  thiindei- 
Mtomi.  I  tried  the  eiiicrliucnt  at  utbvr  tiiuen.  with- 
out auooean. 

Vura  in  two  (nrther  points  of  interciit  to  wblob 
atMntlom  i*  called.  Profemiiar  LoCoute  baa  Uutsaced 
^Seiettf*.  U-  Mo.  905)  the  case  of  the  eurre;  party  on 
OMottheSan  Jnaamoiuilaina.  when:  "asnddnnces- 

MtloD  ot  tlM  dlStreMing  electrienl  elfecta  «-M  (-Tpeli. 
•need  vhenerer  dicceoccunnil  n  !luh  of  tighlniug.'' 
Thia  la  eaoflmied  by  what  prucmlM;  luid  our  elec- 
Iroioeter  readiofa  malte  it  reriaiu  that  every  Uf[ht- 
nisg.flaHlii  relievea  the  ele<rtriral  teiuuDu,  andgivee  ns 
also  tbn  CDcoiM  of  eolimating  tbe  eloctminotiTe  forca 
prodnclog  the  dteni|>tiva  dlnrJiame,  and  the  dcctiio 
ttNOgth  of  the  air.  iiuder  uatunti  cotidjttona.  Tile 
MOond  p(Hi)l  i>f  intertnl  Sa  the  effect  of  eleolrlfiea- 
tionnpontbe  watcr-parliolvaptttN'iit.  LordBAfleigh 
hM  OOWB  how  tlie  cbjmtoter  aud  direetiun  of  •  fine 
•trMm  of  water  may  be  altered  by  elcetrjca!  in. 
Ilnenoeai  for  einiuple,  aUick  of  ■••1iu0-wa:i,  whan 
robbed,  dtatorUug  o  ftne  jet  of  water.  EJIvrlK  uf  tbe 
aeme  eJinnetor  t  noticed  in  the  Jt^t  ut  water  iuiuiug 
from  tbe  ooxila  of  the  collector.  Wheu  the  collector 
WM  '  gronnded,*  the  atreani  wonid  prearrra  a  certain 
•m,  ratmded  ebanotor,  hreoldng  Into  drop*  «oiue 
fonr  inehca  any  frntu  the  place  of  laeae.  ICaniov. 
Ids  tlta  gronnd  oooDeoUon.  tbe  atream  wonld  twiat 
Bad  qilil  Into  opraya  with  th«  inoreaaing  eleetriflca- 
tion.  Simviltoueoiu  with  a  flakli  of  llgbtulug,  title 
dlalartion  craaeit,  and  tor  tbe  iiioineut  tb"  Mreaia 
leaniueil  iti  flr«1  character,  only  to  b«  again  diatorted, 


and  npca*  tbe  Mme  operation  witb  t«e  next  ligbt- 

nlllg-flMTl.  ALniXSEB  Mc.VctE. 

CambrUc*.  Majr  t& 


Railway  jubilee,  Paris,  1887. 

I  am  rtguniitfd  by  tbe  eie«nti*«  committer  la 
Parte  lo  oak  tb^  faror  of  apuoaling  throagfa  yonr 
oulnmn*  (or  the  loan  of  any  objecta,  bouka.  loodkhi, 
dmninga,  etc..  rclntiDg  to  the  hialory  of  ntllwaya, 
and  uieana  of  tianH|Miriaitoo  generally,  both  ancient 
and  nioilern.  In  thin  cuiiulr}'. 

I  an  dlreoted,  alao.  to  aay  that  all  expenaea  o( 
fovwarding  and  retnming  the  Hiitia  to  tbe  lander*, 
packing  and  unpadilnK,  will  be  defrayed  >>y  the  ei. 
ecittive,  that  eac.h  object  will  he  Inaared  for  tha 
Tulvie  th«  leader  nay  ])nt  upon  it,  aud  that  ■p«cial 
nttt'Ddoiiti  will  be  tcdd  off  for  tbrii  aate  oubIlhIv. 

All  cnuimtinleMJMui  on  the  iirbjeet  tiiay  be  od- 
ilri-MAd  to  M.  <l.  Beoechal,  8  FautHynrK  Sloutmartre, 
I'aris,  or  to  Mr.  George  L.  Funler,  M.B.  (o(  New 
Vurl:  Oity),  cunimisBioner  in  diarge  for  tlio  Called 
Stnli'*.  Palaia  do  I'EipodtioD,  Bola  de  Vlu««aa«a, 
rhris.  France-  By  aildrwatng  connauBicatKnia 
ilireol  to  Pari*,  much  valuable  lime  will  be  akrod. 

Jons  W.  WBfraK. 
Cbloacc.  111.,  Hares. 

The  maxlllo^aUtincs  of  Tachycineta. 

Witb  rciipovt  to  whut  ymir  eorreapondont  aaya  ia 
regard  lo  a  ilrnvinH  of  mine,  I  can  only  any  that  th 
•knll  c>f  T.  tliuinmiiia  from  whlt^b  It  waa  wade  la 

Krfeet  one,  aud  iny  oopy  ooirect  in  all  perticttlon. 
lia  ia  mcve  tbon  I  oan  any  fur  tho  reproilnciion  of 
it  (5cr<mce.  Ko.  323.  flg.  1);  bat  howOTv  Ibie  may 
be.  It  at  least  alTorda  uie  now  tbe  oppottuoity  to 
yield  (craciefulW  to  my  critic,  for  I  am  me  lo  oonfcaa 
that  the  moiilla-pnlatinca  of  that  aknll  ore  '  in- 
perfect'  aii<l  'liroknu  off' — on  |<i4>er  —  by  Ur,  F. 
A.  LiicA*  ^  a«  any  <.ine  iiia.v  we  wbo  carM  lo  eompara 
iiiy  dmnriug  lu  the  P(ui.->eeding<  o(  the  ZoOloRtcal 
■odely  ot  London  (Dee.  1,  1885,  p.  6»0,  Og.  F)  witk 
hla  Dopy  of  it  in  Scirnf*.  to  wblcb  I  refer  abore. 

K.  W.  SRrrxuix. 

Fort  Wlngate,  N.Mez.,  Vajr  !«i 


No  parietal  foramen  in  Tritylodoa. 

Dr.  Oeoiee  Hanr  of  the  Peabndy  naneania.  Her' 
Haien.  haabe«4i  recently  atadyiug  the  foeail  vect*. 
bratea  in  the  Britiab  mnaeiun  of  uatnrHl  hiatory.  At 
my  reqneat  he  boa  kindly  made  a  oart-ful  unily  uf 
tbo  akitU  of  Tritylodoo,  and  flnda  that  PiufeBor 
Owen'*  obaervotlun  of  a  fofauieu  h«t«eea  tbe  parie- 
tal l>oueB  ia  iucorrecl.  He  writea  (London,  May  8), 
"Ich  hube  Tritylodoo  hicr  groan  ontenractit.  eia 
rnrictnl-Foraiur-u  oxjutirl  nfcAt ;  «■  ial  wvatgatena 
knine  Spar  deuinlheii  nachvelaliar."  Thi«  eunira- 
dkbt.  without  ipietfliou.  Ib«  aatraeatiou  I  moale  in  a 
receul  uuiulwr  of  a'ciciirr.  upun  the  atreugth  of  Pro- 
tenor  Owcn'n  otuervntiou.  lUnt  theio  waa  probably  a 
pineal  eye  of  oonaidcrahla  uio  in  Tritylodon.  I 
hai<t<ai  to  make  tiio  correoUon,  before  tbe  aiiAgeMloa 

fuea  ouy  further.  AlUiough  II  haa  proved  iBoorroot, 
Ibiuk  any  cue  who  will  oxaratne  Protoaaor  Ow«B'a 
figure  and  daeoriptioaof  IbaTrltylodaaatrntl  (^luirt. 
^ourii.  grol.  toe.,  ISM)  will  ailult  Ibai  there  wan  anf- 
Sclent  ground  for  thia  conjecture. 

IlKSHT  r. 
IVInoeian,  V^.,  MoynL 


SCIENCE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


I 

I 

I 


KUOAY,  JUNE  t,  188T. 


ADVAyCES  tN itSTEOROLOOY. 

Dimixn  Mr.  Williiun  Fenvl'a  service  as  a  piw 
rnwijr  in  llin  hIkimI  olllcc  for  the  paal  f«w  jtiini, 
from  wliicli  ho  lino  recently  n^UnKl,  hb  rhjuf 
ocnipalloii  wa*  the  pnrpuratiou  iif  ii  work  on 
meteoruli)^  lliat  iihould  rrprcwnt  llw  modrrn 
utEilude  uf  ihp  iM-u-n<v,  nnil  M-rro  on  n  ki'IiIc  in  Ih^ 
theorHk'al  ciupationR  thnt  continually  arise  iii  the 
pRNMulion  ot  the  priicticaI«tuilie«>orourwenthi.T- 
bnmiu.  Tbo  book,  orl^nally  inteiKltil  to  1x-  a 
'  proToMlonal  paper.'  now  appeuni  aa  an  u[iiH.-nitix 
to  tho  late  chiel  dJKiial  ofHctr'ii  Inait  rpt>orI,  pub- 
liabed  by  authurily  of  dm  upctMUitj  af  wror.  Thin 
form  of  pabUoatiuii  involms  nomp  inonnrenienc^ ; 
the  taakfng  of  iha  book  in  not  «o  koo4  as  such  a 
book  4loM*i«a ;  tb«citrrientpaK«-hea<liti|(.  ■  tteport 
of  thnchu^f  iH|;:na)oinrer,'  Is  an  uururUinate  ex- 
amiilo  of  tormalily  ;  but  the  iiiatler  of  llie  book 
is  a  long  way  beyoiid  that  of  any  Kn^tMh  work 
on  the  subject,  aiitl  it  mill  taki;  nnil  hold  thi-  plniv 
of  a  standard  auUiority. 

Ila  roBth«innticnl  trMttment  of  the  subject  cnr- 
riiw  It  hpyiind  n)04t  readiTs.  A  timn-  {lopuliir 
work  by  t)ii»  Miiue  author  woiilO  )<e  a  bimit  U} 
teA«herH  ami  Btudi-utsi  nhki-,  nnd  wniild  do  miuv 
than  thi!<  uUvninoil  trontiw  ran,  to  citrrect  tbe 
niiftcoiicwptionH  thnt  iitill  prevail  in  most  leil- 
books,  and  tn  Induce  a  cooMiderutioit  uf  deductive. 
dynaDiJcttI  DUfteorology  as  well  as  of  induvlive. 
statistical  met^oroloKy,  that  dow  taketi  no  lar)^  a 
sbnn*  of  tbe  sdiolur's  time. 

The  problem  of  tbe  sonenil  circulation  of  thn 
atmosphete  ai^rvea  partiualarly  well  to  ilhintniU- 
the  need  of  Ifaiai  HinnKV  of  vinw.  It  in,  moreover, 
11  Huhji-ct  ill  which  Pir>f««wor  Ferrv)  hoUla  a  pecul- 
iarly high  poution. 

Iiuileiid  of  nttemptlnK  to  review  all  uf  the  '  Be- 
OMit  advances,'  I  shall  tlierefure  rvfer  only  li>  this 
fpvat  pri>Mein,  whose  stiecemful  n»luti<in  illus- 
tralM  the  hif^d  vaJuii  of  our  author'n  mr<thnih, 

Ktrst,  some  thirty  yarn  ajio,  Fcrrel  made  the 
initial  sltrps  towards  it«  rational  solution  ;  nwl, 
with  a  sintflr  <!XC«ption,  there  has  been  mi  one 
elae  vrorkiUR  in  this  profitable  Held  until  n  Tew  of 
the  Buro|Mian  matbematical  melvorulugisis  lately 
ontvrod  IL 

A  short  acquaintance  with  thn  ntiidy  will  nufllco 
to  show  that  the  tcai|K-mlur<'.  pii<wiiTe,  nnd  lao* 
tlon  of  tho  Atinos|ihvre  must  be  ckNtely  Interdo- 


pondmt.  DlffMenm  of  teiii|>f>rstnre,  as  between 
equator  and  |ki1»,  must  brim;  about  dilIer«nco  of 
pnoBura ;  UilTirruaoc  of  pruoure  will  i-aiuc  wiuda  ; 
and  tbc  winila  would  soim  rmtom  rquililioriuin,  if 
Iho  ditTcrnnii!  rif  tMUprrnturt>vctmnot  irotilinnally 
maintainod.  Th"  e>|uillliriuni  ranaot  bo  miehml : 
th«  winds  will  rtnw  In  obedience  to  midua)  dlf- 
fcrencm  of  pressure  Ibat  they  («nnot  reduce  to 
Eero  aa  Iuiik  iib  tbtr  nun  iibine«. 

Tlui  enrly  ulti-'iiiptB  ut  lhi>  furlhiT  solution  of 
this  prolili-Di  ^''"''rally  Irvl  t<>  Iht-  Htntenicnls  Ihut 
the  warmth  of  tlir  torrid  »inp  cjiiisn)  lhcf<|U>lorinl 
Ixilt  of  low  i>re«sure:  that  llie  cold  of  the  polar 
reKJoiis  out,-lil  to  cause  areas  uf  hijih  preawire 
there,  which  n'ere  suulfhuw  rvversed  into  lower 
[ireMiunw  than  at  tlitt  i^iitalor,  eBpis.-ially  in  the 
nntartTtic  rcKionn ;  that  tho  belt  <>f  high  pninuri' 
around  thr,  iropira  wm  dne  to  the  crowdiOK  of 
the  upper  wiiidf  as  they  overfloweil  from  tbp 
njuator  north  and  south  along  tli«  convergtHj^ 
merldiaiis.  The  tratle-wlmls,  and  tha  anti-tndM 
aiNrve  them,  were  noriuiil  iiifmliemof  thu  K^'iieial 
I'iri'ulntiiTn  ;  lint  thr  [tmrailliif;  west -soil  th- west 
winds  of  tho  north  tctmpernti^  xonp.  and  woit- 
nonh-wnl  niudx  of  llie  south  leotpeinlo  zone, 
were  not  lu  Muity  explained,  l^ive  called  Ibem 
-  tiquiit^irifil '  winds,  and  saw  Ibr  oomjiensuling  re- 
turn currvnt  in  tlictK-ciudiiiial  oorth-rast  or  '  polnr' 
windH,  whi<-h  atv  now  known  to  \k>  '  acL-idnotal ' 
ur  vyt^Uinir  In  orlxin,  and  quite  a|«rt  from  Ibit 
■general  planetary  Hrcolatton.  Maury  pxplained 
tlient  by  suiiposiiiK  a  curious  crossing  o(  current* 
ut  the  tropical  belts  of  hlv^h  premure.  In  Uie 
torrid  tune  the  eiiualorlnl  overflow  was  aloft : 
hut  cititside  of  the  InipicH  it  cauie  down  to  Hea- 
levcl,  nnd  the  totiirn  t-urnnt  mn  nloft,  -  a  moat 
arhitrtry  and  iinti'itMiniible  byimlhi'iun.  Views 
hardly  more  loKica I  tlinii  ihiiw  xtill  jim ail  in  many 
ti-xt-lMKiks,  It  Is  Indeed  now  nhn<«l  univcnuil  10 
nw^ribe  the  tropical  l«lts  of  hlKh  prrasum  to  lh« 
converROnce  of  the  meriilians :  thoutcb  why  the 
crowding  of  the  air  ahuuld  diaappecir  ia  higher 
latltiid™,  whrn-  the  Dicridiuns  converge  taster,  la 
not  ex|>lainpd.  KpninK  culls  iitli-ntion.  in  his  «x- 
c«llent  '  liPlirhucb  dor  Mett-aroloi^in,*  t(>  the  Brm 
huld  that  this  unphyeical  exjilnnation  hnii  obtained, 
and  wonders  at  the  very  slow  awakentnK  of  rnc- 
tcorologista  to  Kerrel's  theory.  It  Is  un(oriiinat« 
that  a  tbeufy  no  gmtly  needed  has  been  so  ob- 
scnrely  pofaHabL-d.  The  NtwhvUle  jounuttof  medi- 
ehMtrndwurgery  Drat  concenled  it  iu  IHQQ.  Rim- 
Ud'j  nuith^matkvt  numthly  tini*  it  a  more  expanded 


540 


SClEy^CE. 


IVtn.  IX.,  N« 


HtntriiK-nt,  but  nnly  riurb*!  ft  lu-fom  ik  liwilefl 
rm1i>  of  miuli'rH,  from  lAW  to  1S60.  A  lirrirfrr 
nnil  morn  |uipulnr  lu^roiint  nppmrvid  in  tin-  Aiwri- 
ran  jourtuii  lyf  itrinuv  in  ISfll,  wti<>n  wiiionl-oiiw- 
t«n  tiiii-)it  liav«  mxa  it  more  jcciierallj',  hail  not 
tli«ir  ntlvntiuii  bcvn  (liatniL-l«d  by  the  war.  Other 
brief  arlii-IuB  hurt- app«an>il  iu  ihe  aaio^  journal 
anil  in  .Vu/iirf.  About  Wo  jt'imi  ai;u,  on  t<xtc»dvd 
momoir,  ontitJii)  '  UutfiorologiraLl  n!m«ff!ho)i,'  np- 
pcaml  an  apptMidiccn  to  tii«  coMtHmrrny  ri-porto 
fiir  IHTIan.l  1S"S,  wIkto  thty  were  said  to  ho  -for 
the  UM  of  the  coani  |illot.'  Llko  tlie  earlier 
arttuln.  Lhese  rMearcbes  w«t«  loo  advanceJ  aa<l 
too  littif  knuurn  lo  Kucli  y\\v  iM.'liui>l-niaali!r  ili- 
n-cUy  :  but  n  n-vii-w  of  Itiem  in  fialuri'  liy  At<.'lii> 
Iwld  hnobniufflit  tliPiii  l>rf<>n<  Ilntxih  mclrurolo- 
gluto,  wh»iv  tlin.v  witrti  triil)'  lu  iiiiich  n('P<W  na 
with  us.  Still,  it  in  only  in  OvriunnT  that  they 
have  lioil  much  i.'ITect  on  recent  li>it-l)ookn,  and  it 
Ib  to  be  feureil  that  even  thi'  iircineiu  work  may 
not  n^tu-'h  tilt'  r»<Ieni  whouuji^it  to  liav^  it  :  liorii-e 
the  Im>p<'  f^xpmsi-'d  iitnuuly.  tJuil  Fiufi-wor  F'otti-I 
may  wriU;  a  mori'  piipubr  boi>k.  Wt-  mtiy  1ici|h-, 
fiirlhiT.  that  it  may  lltid  a  uray  iiitii  i>iir  *rhoulii 
lliraiixh  Nome  rcKiilar  lHK>k-publiiihi-ra  ratlinr  Ihnit 
tlirouKli  dealem  in  ortrond-hnnd  ttOTfriim^nit  re- 
]ior1s.  Reflecltng  on  tliia,  how  dllTerent  wa«i  the 
ltiiiiiciliule(M)n(|ue)ilof  popular  interMt  by  Maury '« 
famous  *  I'hyuical  uw)j;rai>by  of  ihe  tieu  '  tnuii  the 
ImiK  flhaourity  of  FtMrcra  ■  Vjta&y  on  thp  wind*.' 
and  how  dilTi'frnt  the  briff  lifi!  of  Maury 'h  t)isorii« 
from  tlie- coiitiuuiilly  incmuijti);  vitality  of  Por- 
rel'nl  IVrlinp*.  after  all,  Ibc  NiuhfiJlf  journal  Is 
a  good  mediiiiii  of  pulilicalloii  for  the  youiij^  soieii- 
tiat. 

I-\Trt.-l  Nhowei)  in  bin  lirut  arli(.-l«,  that,  in  coii- 
aeqiHiari-  of  tlio  I'arlh'H  rotation,  all  tlx^  attnon- 
]ihen<  oulKi<l<>  of  tb<>  tritj>i('al  Ix'ltH  of  bigh  [iriva- 
ure  miHt  havo  a  jtpni^nl  luotion  from  we»t  to 
cast,  and  tbiH  di^jicHcd  of  r>nve'M  iinrth-ensl.  *  {Hi- 
lar' wind  an  a  mi^mltcr  of  the  plant-lary  eircula- 
Uoa.  U«alao  tbowcd,  that,  oaa  coii»ei(iieu<«  of 
ttie  getieral  mHlwanl  uiuliun.  Ibe  almoapberu 
writili]  In  drawn  from  tbi-  |ml™  and  thrown 
toward  the  ttopIcK,  tbui  c-iuiiinK  the  tropit-nl  lielis 
of  bixh  prvumiro.  awl  n<i-c^nfi  Ibn  polar  blgh 
lircnurp,  tbal  would  lici  raiuwd  by  the  fold  of  the 
frljy:id  Kone,  into  polar  low  j)re«fturei«.  But,  in 
onW  lo  explain  the  obllipie  ren^asiou  of  Ibi*  dur- 
fail-  winds  iti  tpiuijenitc?  Iiitiluden  from  Ibi-  trojiim 
toward:!  Ihu  piiliw.  I'VrnTi  tbr-n  rc-veninl  Iho  wliolo 
clicidation  of  the  wia>l«  nt  tb«  tropics,  jtlacinj^thfl 
ratarn  «urrent  from  tlie  jioloat  Ihe  top,  while  It  is 
Kt  the  bottiiiii  in  the  torrid  none. 

Tbu  corredlon  of  this  invi-rtiion  appi-an-d  un- 
OODarjouHly  and  iii(lup<.-ntli.-Dtly  in  u  brivf  pnix-r 
■On  Ihi!  grand  eurrt-nln  of  alnioaplicrii?  circula- 


ti<ni,'  by  Prof.  Jainea  ThomHon,  read  before 
Dritliib  lUHK'iation  at  Dulilin  in  X^t.  Il  (K-cuiuee 
but  littlo  nioni  tlwD  a  paf^c  in  tlH-  niwrt  uf  tl>e 
tueetinK.aad  btaneTttrbnonnxpandnl  Intliunioiro 
complete  form  that  It  fully  dmarrecl.  Thomaoa, 
like  Kerrvl.  mw  that  tbe>  )(«neral  mothm  of  the 
almiMpbtfn;  muni  be  eaatwanl.  except  In  the  trade- 
wind  faarll,  and  that  the  centrifugul  foTcr  of  tbe 
{[real  pi>lar  wbirU  thun  Kcnnatnl  would  dccrvue 
the  pmuum  at  the  vortinv  or  |Kiln  ;  but  Tbom- 
aon  peroetTed  sIho  thai  the  lowest  part  of  Um 
oblique  reluru  current,  loainx  velocity  by  frictton 
with  ibe  earlh.  lenda  to  flow  towanlii  tlie  |M>la.  to 
Hnpply  the  partial  void  ia  tlie  i-eatral  parl«  of  the 
vort4.-s.  He?  ntult'nr'xpliL'itly.  "  Ibal.  in  tvoi|>vrate 
lalitiiilnt.  tbi-n^  arc  llirii-  i-unvnU  at  diffiTent 
heights;  thai  the  upiH-rmont  moveH  lowarrU  the 
|K>le.  and  Ih  pnrt  of  n  xrand  primary  circuUtJoa 
luflweon  fipinlorial  and  polar  reicions  ;  tJial  lh« 
lowcriuoAt  moves  a\xi  towards  tlw  pol«.  t>ut  la 
<mly  a  thin  stratum  (unninf;  purt  of  a  aeoondarj 
rirtrulution  :  that  the  miJdU?  oiirrent  inovea  frxim 
the  pole,  and  <v>nstitut<s  the  rvturu  current  tac 
bnlb  the  pm^tHting:  and  that  all  IbHO  thriM- (-urij 
i«nu  havo  a  pravaiUng  molion  rrom  wcait  lo  eaat 
la  advance  ot  tli»  «artli.~  This  was  «  mnat  aiit 
ulHcont  addition  to  Ferret's  first  paper,  bat  ii 
lacked  (|uuutitative  coinpleteneM.  Ferrel'a 
)iuper  miHlilies  his  Hrttt  titat*-meuts  and  (liatcraui' 
intriuluinnK  tlu;  thnH'-curri'nt  lyidrm,  and  rrfci 
rinit  lo  Thomson's  paper  in  a  Bnal  parattrapli, 
from  wliicb  we  amy  infer  tliat  tiie  currectloo  luid 
occurrvit  ludeiiemU-nlly  lo  ourauUior.  Be  thii 
It  nmy,  Thomson 'o  sUKK^tiim  ilMerws  iiii 
rc^>ugnilioii  than  It  hiui  generally  rro^vt^l.  A' 
second  modincntinn  of  the  plan  oi  ireneral  clrcul 
tlon  appeared  la  llio  '  Resenrche* '  of  18T7,  iii  wlild 
the  nortli-fiaal  winds  of  the  arctic  rqcUma 
omilttMl  from  the  scheme  of  wiiuU  thai  wuiilila|>- 
pear  ou  a  honiOK«neuus  eanb.  and  thus  by  impli- 
culiun  referred  to  a  cliuw  that  nniy  lie  coIIihI  ««- 
ttneutul.  aa  deiieniliiij;  directly  and  indinwUy  on 
tlic  divi-'n'ity  »f  land  and  wati'r  siirfaiv  or)  Ih* 
^\a\w  :  thvy  an:  not  known  lo  ix-cttt  aroun'l  Xiw 
si>utli  pole,  wber«  the  surfat'v  is  to  lankly  water. 
ThiiHHimpliHed,  the  scheme  appears  In  theim-aciil 
work,  where  it  demands  the  olcMest  altention. 

Anoiber  Kreat  generalUcation  is  lliat  wlik-h  mti- 
nccta  cyclonic  stAvm*  witli  the  fconarnl  circula- 
tion. ItniaybeHummarugedaafollows  :  acyclotw, 
or  rcvolvini;  Jitorni.  that  appean  in  mo4l  ijm- 
inetricnl  dcvclojiment  in  llie  tropical  reB;ionii.  Uaa 
a  «entrv  of  decidtNlly  low  ptvMure,  surroundM  1: 
a  rinff  of  8lii{blly  bit;li«r  pn-Miim  than  Ihe  u 
mal :  outeide  of  tlie  rin^;,  the  Hurfaoe  winda  ia< 
away  from  the  t^entn;  and  lura  to  Itie  riicht  of 
ladiuH  ;  inside  of  the  ring,  the  surface  wimla 


n 


Jnnt  ft,  Iffi?.} 


safENvW. 


541 


I 


culatv  nii>iind  the  centre,  blowing:  ohllquelj  slonfc 
nn  inwim),  utit'i'iKliiic.  left-hamlpil  8|nrul  with  in- 
rmnnhiK  vclority.  iiiilil  tliPT  lum  to  an  outwatil 
npirnl  nin't.  Thn  tvntral  Iaw  pnsMurr  in  tliin  cnsa 
li-  iirlmnrllj  rfiio  lo  Itfi  liijch  iiic-nn  tt-mpirmturr,  and 
neoonditrilj  to  tbe  centrlftiKs)  fnrri»  at  the  whirl 
anil  t\\<f  ilf^dective  fort'e  of  the  earlh'n  rotatloti. 
Thin  is  m  cji-Iuiir  with  a  warm  ceutre.  The  geii- 
Mill  wintln  of  thi-  nrnlliern  hi'iiiiBiihpre  i-unBtitulL- 
n  I'li-loiiR  with  II  I'lilii  iM-atn.' :  their  ct^iitre  of  low 
firpHniirp  ia  nl  th^  prilp,  nnd  their  nog  of  high 
premure  La  itrounil  thr  tmpiir  of  (Vincnr.  uiH, 
t-xoepl  tor  llie  lower  nicmhcr  of  mirrnre  winilK, 
tlie  ciirreots  apjiroacli  the  centre  alott,  nlonc  a 
l(!rt-1iacii]t>ij.  iiiwanl.  de«ceiii)lnic  spiral. aiui  liim  (o 
uo  oiitwanl  spiral  below.  Id  thi«  ceae>,  tbe  |>rM»- 
tiTtf  nl  tin-  centre  would  be  high,  owiiiji;  lo  the 
oohl,  V.-CTP  it  not  lowtrrcd  hjr  the  cvntrifugal  for«i 
of  the  wliitl.  In  «fnnii-«vntTi'"l  cyrlotieB.  the 
flleepwt  KradiontH  and  liixhcut  v^locitie«  are  iK*r 
the  surfiwe  :  in  eycloiies  of  cold  ceiilm,  they  iin' 
in  tlie  lofty  rvj^ioiis.  The  enonaoua  |>TOKri'i» 
niarke<l  l>y  mieh  u  j^^iieruliEUIitm  may  lie  ut>pr4'- 
cinttil  l»,v  n-iiJing  llio  vugue  utid  vain  tlirori^v  of 
other  aiithorK.  t'lvrcrx  thi-ory  of  torna>loes  In 
Miother  nicmiiment  of  dedurtiv<»  study,  checktid 
b;  a  fulnem  of  kciowlnlite  of  fuct,  as  far  oa  ob- 
nervntioiiH  and  rei;urdH  allow, 

It  \*  not  (Irnirtsl  to  iniply  hy  thin  rcforvnce  to 
•lediictlTe  Tuethoda  that  nictmiroloKical  obaerva- 
lions  and  their  statjalicni  Htudy  «houli)  in  any  way 
decraam :  they  are.  of  t-ourse,  the  etttt-titial  foun- 
rfatien  for  further  study.  Dot  it  in  a  nmtU'r  of 
rrgn-t  that  ho  fi-w  williiif;  and  ialoriwliil  obiwrv^ra 
f[o  Imyond  tim  foundation -work  far  enoogli  to 
diwQVfT  tlx'  iiilenne  inlrrrat  of  the  broader,  phys- 
ical study  of  mpleorologicnl  plienouena.  We 
iDuy  take  pride  in  reroKnlsing  E«py  and  Ferrrl  iw 
leaden  Ui  Diodero  lueteorologiy.  but  ire  must  take 
cttr«  alio  that  Ibey  have  foUom-rB. 

W.  H.  Datis. 

HYPN0TI8U  IS  FIUyCK.' 

TiiK  voltintary  produeciun  of  those  ftbnomial 
oondiiione  of  thr  nnv™  whieh  to-day  are  denotMl 
by  the  term  '  hypnotic  rrarorrhee  *  has  manirmii'd 
itst-lf  in  all  a^ea  and  amonK  moel  of  llu.-  nations 
that  are  known  to  us.  Within  modem  tiiti«« 
thov  phdioini-iiB  were  first  rt^ltuvd  In  a  Byi!ii*in 
by  MeHincr.  and.  on  thia  u<xTmint,  for  the  future 
dwerTe  the  attention  of  the  «clentiltc  world.  Tlie 
liiHturical  description  of  thU  departuierit.  if  one 
iotriula  lo  giv«  a  ooiiuected  a<K«unt  of  its  ilerekip- 
iDcnt.  and  not  a  aerire  of  iaolated  facts,  miwt  be- 
gin  with  a  mitieo  of  Hetaner'e  penonAlity,  and 

>  IYuuIhUiJ  fiif  Stitntt  troin  Per  Spltu:, 


n-e  miM  not  oonfound  Ihe  marervctmtdeTwIap- 
iiienl  of  our  i»uhject  with  it«  past  history. 

The  [R-rii>d  of  luesuieriBin  is  suflicieully  under- 
Btuoil  from  till'  numiTous  wnlinjni  on  the  subjeot, 
hut  it  would  lK-aii>i.->take  to  nnt'iHw  that  in  Hraid'a 
•  Kx|iiMition  111  liypntftiiim '  Ihr  end  of  thin  aiibject 
hail  lirrn  rcarhcr).  In  n  later  worti  I  hope  to 
Hhow  thnt  the  fiindniiiental  ideesof  bionMKOetistn 
have  not  only  had  In  all  perloda  of  Ibb  century 
capable  and  enthuniaHtir  advocates,  hut  that  even 
ui  our  day  lliey  have  lieen  sulijucted  lo  testa  by 
French  mid  English  invci>tigHt<irs  from  which  they 
hn*e  iwnnl  triumphant- 

The  wcond  diiisjon  of  lhi«  hintoricnl  devrlop- 
menl  is  carried  on  by  Rrnid,  wh(«<<  ino^t  iin|ior 
Uint  service  was  enipbaeixinK  the  Eiihjeetivlty  of 
Uiv  phenoiuena.  Without  any  eoonecliun  with 
him.  and  yut  by  followini;  out  alinoat  exactly  Ihe 
snini-  ■■x]>rrinieotii,  I'tofrssor  llridenhuin  reached 
his  phynloloRicnl  explanation'.  A  third  diviMOa 
I*  Laded  n|i"n  the  discovery  of  th"  hypnotic  oon- 
ditlon  In  anlnmls,  and  (Xiunecls  lUelf  tii  the<-J^ 
peri m(7tf lint  niiritfrt'tc.  In  WVi  Ibe  llrdt  wriliiiKS 
on  tliia  subject  appear  from  the  p^n  of  Ibe  phyai- 
ologiit  (^ii-riuak  ;  and  since  then  the  InveatigA- 
tlons  have  l>crn  ronliiiucd,  (sirticuhirly  by  Pioft*- 
aorPrejer. 

While  England  and  Oi-rinaoy  were  led  (pilte  In- 
drptmdentlr  lo  the  ntiuty  of  tlie  nuiuc  pliciionu-nu, 
France  experienced  a  strange  deveIiJ[inienI.  which 
Hhows.  as  nothioK  el«e  <y>u1d,  bow  truth  every- 
whi-re  comes  to  Ihe  surface,  and  froin'Huall  be- 
ginnings Hwella  to  a  flood  which oarriea  irreaialibly 
.ill  opiHwition  with  it.  This  fourtli  division  of  the 
hlAlnry  of  liypnoliMm  is  the  iuon<  iiu|iu4tnDt,  )<e- 
oaune  it  fornih  tin-  foundation  of  a  IraoHcendi'nUtl 
|iaycholo[;y,  and  will  exert  a  grent  Itifliience  u|>ou 
our  future  eultnrv :  and  it  istb<«divi«lon  to  whicb 
we  wi»h  to  turn  our  utlentiuu.  We  have  iuten- 
tlonally  limitiil  onrst-lvex  to  a  chronologieal  nr> 
ninj^nent,  «inc<>  a  ayxteouitio  noc^ninl  would 
neoessarily  fall  into  the  etudy  of  single  phe- 
nomena, and  «rould  far  exceed  tbe  apooe  offered 
to  a*. 

Janwa  Tlraiil'a  writingv,  nllhotigh  Ihey  wert-  dia- 
cussed  in  detail  in  Lttlrt  and  It<ibin'n  '  l^xiciMi,' 
wore  Dot  at  all  the  otumt  of  Dr.  rbiliim'  6ntt 
books,  who  therefore  enoie  mnrp  indciicndi-nlly 
U)  ttie  stLidy  of  the  aanio  phenomena.  Braid's 
thcorica  liecaiue  known  to  hint  later  by  t)u-  uli- 
serrations  luudc  upon  them  iu  IMraud's  '  Ele- 
ments of  physiology.'  and  in  UltrA'a  nuten  in  the 
lraiislali<.in  of  AKUler'*  ■  Handbook  of  phyni<iIogy;* 
and  he  llirn  wrote  a  second  brochure,  in  wlitcb  ba 
gave  in  his  allcgianoe  to  Bratdisni.  itia  principal 
oflort  waa  directed  to  wltlidrawlng  the  veil  of 
tnyatiiry  from  the  occunwnces,  and  by  a  natural 


542 


SCIEHrCE, 


[VOK.  IX.  si 


explnontion  nlegaUng  Ibrm  lo  th«  realm  of  the 
known.  Hm  Inocv  cihuwmj  liy  rui;ttTd!ng  Axedly 
n  Ricnming  point,  prmJunu  in  tbo  twniu,  in  bin 
ojkinioii.  aa  acoumtilntinn  of  a  (M«ullar  m-rt-oua 
power,  which  he  calls  ■  pltirtrodj-nBioinii,'  If  vUig 
]»  (llrrcteil  In  a  skilful  luitnner  by  (he  cqwrntor 
upun  certain  points,  it  iititnirMta  lleelf  in  cerlala 
ditUtttiuiiH  awl  aotloiu  that  we  call  liypiiotk'.  Bfr- 
jond  thui  Boincwhat  iim-HtiODabk-  Ibi-ory,  both 
bouka  contained  u  dcluih-il  dracriiition  of  M>mo  of 
thi"  moat  important  phi-nomi-nii :  hut  wiih  th<? 
practical  mRnnlnf;  of  the  phr'nonioiin.  nniJ  eepe- 
ciflll;  with  Ih^ir  therH|>(<iitic  tahie,  tlie  author 
conoeriied  hiin»etf  but  dlixhtlv.  Juat  (.'n  aei'ouiit 
of  tliin  pathological  sltli-.  howuver,  a  w-rlain  ut- 
ti-'Dtiuii  has  been  jiaid  to  hjimtitinm  up  to  tlte 
priiN-Dt  time. 

In  tlic  your  ISIl  two  ■itrgi'onH  in  Poicti^ra, 
Dm.  Rllniit  and  KtnnM,  cniplojrod  hrpnotlsca  with 
poat  auoceM  in  order  to  make  an  oiieraliun  pain. 
leaa.  "  Thla  ionK  and  horrible  work."  says  a  jour- 
nal of  ihe  day.  "  wa«  mui-h  mure  likr  a  tlfmon- 
HtratloD  in  u  dim^uij^-rouiD  than  an  nponitioti 
prrfunm-d  u|)on  a  living  twini;."  AltlKm^h  [bts 
operation  produoml  Huch  an  exrit«ini>nt,  jfl  it  wua 
twelve  yetkn  \»Un  baton  dedalw  and  jKuittvc 
official  inlelUtc^mce  wa«  KiTeu  of  then;  Cavla  by 
Broca,  Foltin,  V«ljieau.  ami  OuAriiiau.  But  tfacao 
acoounls,  as  well  as  tlie  tricfllt-iil  liiilc  Liouk  \<y 
Dr.  Anai,  HhariNl  tlie  futc  <if  Ilirir  |>n-'ler»i<ii.>ra, 
Tlii^.T  wi'ri'  loiikpd  ii|ion  by  wtudeiitfl  with  dlnlrUHt, 
and  by  lbi>  diaolpliic  of  Ummcr  with  ecurfifiil  oon- 
lempl. 

Tlie  work  of  Dctmanjuay  and  Uiroud  Ti-iilon 
showed  considerable  advance  in  Ihi*  ilirvcllon. 
The  autlium,  indeed,  fell  back  upon  the  theory  of 
Jamm  Bmid.  which  they  oullod  *lilll>om,  aod  of 
which  tlwy  ■nid,  ■■  EUa  ml  rrglie  atxnxMv  en 
route ;"  but  Ihoy  illd  not  Ratlsfy  tbemwlvea  with 
a  simple  statement  of  facts,  as  did  UfRot  Suard 
In  his  work  tliat  ajipeared  abuut  the  Nimn  tjmt\ 
Through  syalvtuatic  ei|H-riiiu.-Dta  they  tried  to 
And  oal  where  the  line  of  hypnotic  phpnomena 
lutenierleil  the  line  of  Ihi^  n-nlui  of  the  known. 
Tht-y  juHlly  n'co)(niEcd  that  liypnotiooi  and  hytt- 
Baria  biivo  many  iKiintu  of  llkcnewi,  and  in  tlita 
way  wi-re  tlio  iireoiintfn'"'  of  the  prewut  ParJKinn 
school.  They  say  that  from  ni.Aicuctic  alc«p  to  the 
bypootip  condition  an  iron  chain  cnn  be  easily 
fonue<l  from  the  vury  nauie  orj^nic  elements  that 
w«  Rnd  in  bvHterical  oonditionr. 

At  IhoMmv  timn.ai  iftn  hrinic an  experimental 
proof  of  OiiM  DMiertion,  I^asi^ue  publlohed  a  rt-jwrt 
on  cacnlc^psy  in  pemons  of  hystericnl  titndunde*, 
wbicb  he  afterwards  Incorporut^'d  into  hie  larger 
work.  Among  bis  patients,  thnur  who  were  of 
A  quIM  and  lethargic  temperament,   by  almply 


prcasiag  down  the  eyelida,  were  mad*  to  ratar 
into  a  pecidiar  state  of  lan(;uor,  in  which 
cataleptic  contraL'tiimB  w«m  eaiiily  produced,  and 
wbicb  forcibly  rpcallod  hypnolk'  phcnomeaa, 
"One  cnn  ivarooly  iniacine."  **y»  n»e  aulbor, 
"  a  more  remarkable  8|)ectacle  than  (hat  uf  «  bi 
person  sunk  Id  deep  sleep,  and  Inaeniiiblt-  to  a 
eforta  to  arouM  him,  who  rvtain*  every  inHilid 
in  which  he  ia  plaoed,  and  in  it  prtmrrvna  U: 
inimubility  and  rigidity  of  a  itatur."  But  llii 
impuliH!  alio  n'aa  in  vain,  and  in  only  a  few 
wine  tho  pnictioal  («sla  followed  up  with 
retical  explanations. 

Unl<ounded  enthuoiasni  and  uojuat  IdaaMi  alika' 
8ubHided  into  a  silenoe  that  wan  not  broken  for  tea 
yearti.  Then  Charlcn  Bichct.  a  nmowned  ecten- 
tiat.  came  forwanl  in  18T3,  imp«lie<l  by  tl>e  <lutj 
he  fell  bo  owiid  ea  a  priest  of  imtb,  and  naade 
some  anDoimremenM  concerDing  (he  plienooteoa 
of  HtimnnnibnllBm  ;  and  in  countlesa  books,  nil  of 
which  are  worthy  of  atleotion,  be  haa  aincti  then 
considered  the  problem  from  its  various  aidw. 

Ue  separates  soniDambulism  into  thriw  periods. 
The  word  ber«  is  used  for  Ibts  wbul^;  cliu«  of 
Bubjecta  as  Richet  himself  niico  it ;  vie.,  (orprmr, 
tixvilaliiiiu  and  sfu^inir.  In  tlw  ArM,  which  ia 
produced  hy  tlie  no-called  nuKneUc  punnni  mad 
the  tixinx  of  the  eyen,  silence  and  Uaagaur  oon* 
over  tbe  subject.  Theseoond  petiod,  uaually  pro- 
duced by  conslant  repetition  of  tbe  ex|ieriinent, 
ia  cliarai.'U-rixed  vhinBy  by  Hrnallitllty  to  tiallu- 
cinutiiiii  and  giUKi?eiition.  Tbe  third  piTlinl  line  aa 
ila  principal  charat^leristlci  nuperiViMibillty  uf  tba 
niiiiiirlcti,  and  lack  uf  sensation.  Yet  let  it  bo 
noticed  that  these  dlviuutis  were  not  vxprceaed 
In  Ibeir  (irvsent  deunieai  until  IWU  ;  while  iii  tbe 
ytsars  lietweeu  1^3  and  1880.  from  an  ontiivdy 
diffun-nt  ijuarter,  a  siniiliir  hypothrais  was  UMMle- 
out  [or  byjmotic  phrnomi-na. 

Jean  Martin  Cbarrut,  tlu>  rtmowned  neurtdogiat 
of  the  Parixlan  MtiljiAtridre,  without  eziic4ly  do- 
sirinK  it.  was  l*d  into  tbe  study  uf  artilMal 
Homnuiubulisni  by  his  careful  eiperiioenta  in  nt- 
ereucii  i(>  hynieriu.  and  espnrially  by  tho  i|iieetian 
of  mflalMkrrapit,  and  in  the  yntr  ISTfl  liad  pt^ 
pnriil  Huitable  demoniilrMtiotM,  which  were  fpn-q 
in  public  lectures  at  tbo  8alp4tri^re>  In  (hv  fol- 
lowing year*  ho  devoted  himeelfto  okwer  inrcatl- 
gatiou  of  this  subject,  and  was  happily  and  akD- 
fully  uaiifitt'd  by  Ur,  Paul  Iticher,  with  whom 
were  associated  many  other  physicians,  aooli  as 
Bourneville,  Reynard,  Fih^,  and  Bini't-  Thu  in- 
rertigationa  of  tlK*e  men  present  llie  peculiarity 
that  they  observe  hypnotism  from  its  clliikal  and 
nosogiaphical  Bi<le,  which  side  had  until  now  baea 
entirely  neglected,  and  that  thny  obmrve  pallogUa 
of  the  strongest  hyatorical  temporaniettla.     ■• 


I 


Jvtnt  8,   1H8?.] 


SCIENCE. 


543 


I 
I 


I 


wv  FAD  rrnnonnhl;  amert  tlint  the  hypnnllc 
IihcnntiifiiB  wliicli  (le[n-nil  upoii  t)ie  dielurlMOC^ 
of  n  rvgiilar  (unclluii  of  the  ur^uihui  dMuauil  fur 
thpir  develuiiriii-nt  »  pi'L'ulior  IvtuprninKnt,  Iheu 
wv  ahull  Hutl  tlu-  auvu,  nMikL-d  pbwiaoHii«  wliva 
wi-  turn  tu  nn  hyiitoricnl  iwnau." 

The  inrefentvd  of  Ifae  PBrisiau  «(-litxil  up  to  thia 
time  nre  iwiiiewliat  the  roliowliig,  liut  flielr  re- 
Eulta,  lM>loii)cltil|:  HlinOBt  mlirvly  ti>  Iht-  medical 
aide  o[  the  quenliou,  t-nii  ha^v  no  placu  in  thU 
diaoutsioD.  Tlii-y  divide  tlm  idiotMitn<-nii  oT  lij-n- 
t«ru-b_TpnotiNm,  nhiHi  ihoy  aliin  call  gratidf 
hjinttTie,  iitio  l.hit«  [ilaiiily  i^0|iitrnl>1e<.-law«a.whii;b 
Clinrmt  itcwlKuaUv  cata1e)ii>y.  lelhar)!;}',  and  mmd- 
iramliuliitiu. 

CalaleiMj  is  i>rr>diiif'<l  by  a  lU'liIrn  i>hitr)>  noiM', 
or  by  (lie  sdgbt  of  n  brishUy  sIcnminK  objwt.  It 
also  produopii  ilwir  in  n  penon  who  b  In  ■  aUte 
of  telbarKy,  and  whose  «i«a  are  opened.  Tlw 
ttuMt  alrikiii;;  cluirai-U^rittlic  of  the  calalepliv  etax- 
dltlon  U  iiuniobiliiy.  Tli«  aubjert  iflains  v^vry 
pooiUon  in  whiuh  he  ia  plao«d,  i-vi-n  if  it  ia  an 
unnalurnl  ntu\  and  i*  m\\y  urotMad  by  Uie  action 
ot  aUKpviion,  fri>ni  the  riicor  of  Ji  Btatii«  !■>  tho 
hnir  1if«  of  nil  aiiloinaton.  Tbe  fa<«  liie.\prKf 
•iniUeMi,  uiid  Ibe  vyen  widt^  opeo,  IX  tlivy  are 
doiied.  till)  patiiiil  fulls  iiil"  H  MliMTgy. 

lu  this  refund  condition.  U-liind  tin-  tiffhtlx 
ehMcH]  lids,  the  pupila  »f  ikm  cycit  an>  conviitiiivrly 
tvrned  utiwar>l.  The  body  Isalinuatfiitli^ly  with- 
out aeiiBiilKiD,  or  power  of  thought.  Eii[»-<-ially 
clinnK-lcriHlii.'  of  Mhart;y  in  the  li<r|«TH-xc-ilJil>iti- 
ty  of  thv  nerT<«  and  niuiclni  (ligprrrJvilabiUIr 
utuFomiuteubtirt),  uliicli  DianifeotH  itself  al  tbe 
■U^tOTt  touch  o(  any  object.  Kor  InaLatuv,  if  Ilie 
«xten)«ir  muscles  of  lht:'ariii  ar«  lichlly  touched, 
the  arm  etltfena  imni*Hllulely,  aiid  in  only  mnde 
flexible  a^alD  by  ii  hard  nibbinj;  <jf  the  aiuiie 
nnuclea.  The  ni-rrcn  iilso  rriu-t  in  n  niiuilnr  man- 
DVT.  Tb0  irritntioii  of  n  iiprve-inink  not  only 
conlnrta  al)  the  Hiiiall  nerves  into  which  it 
braiicties.  hut  itlao  all  tliMe  aiueclea  through 
which  It  (Una. 

Finally,  tbr  M>tunamliuliKti(<  condition  pmcefda 
from  cntalepay  or  from  MImrKy  by  inpans  of  a 
allicht  pnwnro  upon  the  ivrfCE,  and  la  jiarllcularty 
Bonaltlra  to  every  peyrliioal  iuUuence.  In  m>aw 
Bubjecta  tbeeyeaareofmu,  iooclietacloaed.  Here. 
alKO,  a  alight  irritation  prodiici»ni'crtJun  amount 


of  HtRor  in  the  tnOK'le  that  haa  bren  iouc>i«il.  but 
It  does  not  weaken  llie  antatcnonlir  tutimlv,  aa  in 
lelhartcj,  nor  doet>  it  vanHh  under  tlie  influence  of 
the  aame  cscjictueiit  thai  lias  proiluced  it.  In 
ordiT  lo  put  an  end  to  the  sum  iiu  in  bill  11)1*0  oondi- 
tion,  onf  mmt  ptv»  M>flly  upon  the  pupil  of  tlM 
oje.  upon  which  the  nubjtwl  lN:i:ainni  lethangiv, 
and  la  easily  roused  by  lin<nthiDx  upon  him.  In 
thia  eitriy  Blage,  aumnainbulitini  appearn  rery  in- 
(rr^iipiitly. 

<!linrcot''>  nchool  alno  m.-ogniKr  the  eiittenci;  of 
conijiotind  conditions,  thp  hintory  of  whmw  nyuip- 
toiuB  we  tiiufcl  not  follow  here.  Tbiiw  sliglitly 
nketrlKKl  rnultH.  as  well  aa  a  number  of  otiu-r 
facl^  were  uiily  ublaitied  in  the  course  of  nrvprvl 
yeart :  yet  in  iiiS2  tlip  fuiiduuK-iital  inveMllKallons 
of  Ibldwhool  wedn-iiORidi-rird viitiiallycoDcludeil. 
TItoU  Duinont-imllicr,  tlia-  head  of  the  I'ariHiaii 
Uospital  pItiA,  cnine  forward  with  a  nuinlwr  of 
ulHa-rvatiou«,  drawn  alao  viclu»ivply  friiin  Itio 
atndy  of  Iiyi4«ru- hypnotism,  and  yet  diffprftm 
widely  from  Ihuse  rwched  b>-  the  physicians  of 
the  8nl|l'!tri^rr.  In  a  longaeriM  of  conimuuica- 
tious,  he  lina  Riveiii  hia  rirwa.  which  have  in  Ibeii' 
turn  bivn  vii.ileiuly  attackeil,  specially  by  Miig- 
ntn  luid  BOrilloD.  I  );!*'e  only  llie  moat  important 
jicunla, 

ArcoHinK  to  thiw  meu,  Ihr  byper-rxvil«bilily 
of  the  ncrti*  and  niii'ti-liit  le  pn-ei^nt  not  only  in 
the  letliur;;ir  cooditiriM.  but  in  all  lhri.'<-  ivriiHU  : 
and  in  onlet  to  (initL'  I  hi?,  ne  need  only  apply  thn 
ittiilalile  remmly.  which  om^t  \k  cbniiKcd  for  each 
jierloil  and  every  auhjcd.  Slieht  irritations  of  the 
skin  proio  thiH  mmt  powerfully.  A  drop  of  wiutn 
wulvr  or  a  ray  of  sunshine  iiroducrs  ronttactioiw 
of  a  niuscte  who«e  rikiU'COverliijc  Ihey  touch. 

Ihiiiioiit  pallii-r  and  Muj;iiiii  ucceile  to  the  Iheuy 
■  •f  Inteiniediut*-  ntusB'.  and  liuvelrieil  to  lay  down 
rules  for  tbeni  with  as  great  eiactiimt  as  Cliar- 
cul's  cchool.  They  al»o  lu*  very  <IiHni1eit  atiinit 
the  lliree  periods,  wlioap  ■>iic<'e»ioii  dom  not  ati- 
|Miir  lo  Iheia  iia  (Ixed  ;  but  Ihcy  disnivcred  a  now 
fiindiitiietitfll  laA'  whicli  rviculales  ttie  productliMi 
aa  well  na  the  et-inaliou  of  the  <ioii<)lUon,  — /» 
roiwr  qui  /'tit,  <l''/int :  IhM  Is,  thcHlimiilu«  which 
produces  one  o(  tlic  lbni<  peri<"ls  utxniaonly  to  lie 
repeated  In  onler  to  do  nway  with  tlint  condition. 
From  tbia  tli«  follawln|;  dlanram  of  hyimotic  con- 
ditions is  erolrtal ;  — 


PnMuiii  ui"u  Ibo  trrtti.                   B.i.iii.iiiiil.ull»m.  ITtwure  upna  Mio  Mrtnr. 

AcUoBonwBi.    (-uliilPi-r        A\S^        CaWopar.    AcllQnolllahL 
rr««nir«  upeo  lOo  P»flT  <rt  lao  or*    t*Uiwar.         /          \  Uihsir.   ITwur.  upaa  ibo  papU  «  Ui*  aja. 

KormalmadkUou.  /■ A  Awrtming. 


544 


SCIENCE. 


ITai.  IX.,  N4 


And,  furtlKtrmorp,  Diiinont-iuillin'  «lioiitd  be  con- 
et(l«re(l  as  tlio  rnumler  uf  a  i^erl^s  nf  exfWriDiente. 
for  be  was  tlit-  lint  ooi-  tii  ftliuw  iii  a  deri^ilvi-  man- 
IWf  Itiul  llii'  diiiililv  o(  the  I'l'rvtinil  Bynlcai  utuh 
|)nivpil  !•>■  itiitM-  liy|>iuiti<;  |i)<i.'n<)tiu'nii :  iiiid  hiii 
vr»rkH,  on  iri-ll  dm  Ibun-  nf  KlrwrK.  Bi'rilloii  ami 
Dn*i7iiarli«,  hiivi>  l>T»iit:lil  V>  li^lil  tlio  rottiiwiiiR 
fmi*  :  ondpi'  hypnotic  coii'lllloiix,  i\\v  iwyi.-liieiil 
acU<  I17  of  a  liruin-liemihiiliere  iiiaj  lie  «u|i)>ri-iw<Lil, 
williuut  uullSfying  the  intell«.luul  uclUity  or  ewu- 
teiausiitiBi ;  both  lioiiiinphi-nn  may  Ih-  nUirtoil  Kt 
Utv  MRM  tiiiii-  in  ilillfmit  dcio^mw  nf  activity  ; 
MBtl  al*o,  vhm  tbo  snAo  to  tlio  iwmp,  Wwf  may 
bo  indcpvuilrntlir  tho  sent  at  pnycKleal  ninnifmta- 
tion*  irhivb  atv  in  thdr  nalur««  i>ntiiety  itiiTt>r«nl. 
In  clow  oonitectioii  with  tlilo  niiJ  nilh  tlie  w-lii>)>> 
doctrine  of  heinl-liypnuliMm,  which  in  foumliil 
U|<<>||  th<?i«  fat'ts.  Btaiidii  the  |>)it-iioiiiciiii  uf 
lhouKlit-lfanBfeiri--ai.-c.  wliifh  wo  muHt  oonnidvr 
lnt«r. 

Ah  an  nddtLinn  to  thp  invrMimtinTiii  of  Cbnrral 
and  DatDDRt-pRllin-,  Dr.  Bhininii'l,  in  1^84.  made 
(he  diKxiTery  that  tber«  whs  b  toiirlh  liy|>iinlic 
etAte.  '  fnacjmtliuii.*  wtiieli  prtti-drd  thi'  Ibmt 
Otb»n.  Uiitl  nMnifmled  itiH.*lf  by  a  ta-ndeiii'y  ti> 
muiH-ulnr  mnlmciinnii.  iu<  wHI  on  IhroiiKh  Hrniii- 
tivi-nfivi  In  linlliK'innlioii  and  ■iiitrK^(i<>i>>  but  at 
the  miiiip  tltni^  toft  In  tlip  eii1>J«ft  a  tull  ooiisciom- 
nc«8  uf  hlH  sut  roil  lull  itt»,  and  rt^iiiernbrauoe  of 
what  hud  tnki'ii  iiluce.  l>MM.'iiiiniH.  in  iiddilioD, 
|H'rmvc(l  n  siiiilhir  conclitiuii  in  tht-  tminiUnn 
tnim  hypnotic  nlncp  to  wakinj;.  "  liii'h  \w  cHlled 
Mirr  jxiAthyptioli'pir.  and,  innii-iiil  of  iiiilnic  (he 
woni 'fiMciniilinn'  t"  e»|irr«ii  Die  n|M-iiiiiK  ataij^e, 
be  flultiitl  tilted  '  cuplatiuu.'  Accnrdin^  to  liiiu, 
lllt>  diagram  would  lie  lli«  fulluwiiig  ;  - — 

lietbugla. 


cuaiN*!"' 

Sum  Dim  im  I  I'm 
|iiil>arfntl 

\ 


N 

<^mofim  hull*  III 

tf' 

IHllrii  poatbTpaoiliiue. 


N  .  • 


Tbb  whole  tnotrmenl.  which  I  hav<-  tfM  lo 
akelcb,  and  whoM  chief  iwuuliariiy  ix  'hut  it  c«n> 
aMvtH  by|inotiama  nHrvuun  mulody.  and  imi'  ihnt 
miMt  b(>  IruutiHl  clinically  and  nDM>Ki'<>I>'>icn1ly. 
wu  of^HMed  in  IXAO  In  iwo  dlT«ctionB, ->  mif 
•Otuee  ot  oppoaltlon  prodiiHnittcrvatrmulla,  while 
tbe  other  fell  U>  the  ktoiukL    The  lalteir  joimHJ 


jtvlf  to  the  thi>ory  of  the  Heamcrime.  and 
br  means  of  exact  experlmente,  tn  imtnnun-  Ibw 
fluid  emauatltiK   from    the    hiiinan    bmlf,  ~  bd 
undertakiDii;  wbii-li  K"Vf  ^liiiht  proiHiMr  nf  may 
mtiBfiic-lttry  nsiilt. 

Diiilllt  in  hlfi  Ihnin  (1K71S),  uiul  Clievlllunl  tti  hi 
(for  tpirilnnliit*)  M-ry  intiTiiiling  book*.  tiii-d.  l>; 
nicnn*  ol  vnrioiiii  nrKnincnln.  lo  tiiilioM  llir  fliiiilia 
expIiiuatioD.  DcAflne  nlfio  (bniiKlit  Ifaot  br  ite 
hulp  he  had  been  able  lo  explain  tlic  plKiiion»en|i : 
but  it  was  Bnn^ty  who,  in  the  year  IWtl,  Rrat 
Inmi'd  K>'n<Tiil  nttcnlion  in  Ihiti  direction,  Ac- 
onrdiiiK  In  him,  mpnkind  poMctnoi  a  ne-rvc- force 
wlitch  emanate*  frooi  him  in  dilTcrcnl  klmla  nf 
t'Irt-BUia.  ThoM  coniitijc  from  thi"  cyc"  and  linK<-ra 
producv  iuwiifti  111  lily  to  pain,  whik  Ibonc  K«ncr* 
Bti-->l  by  tlm  lirtnlb  cuua«  liyjiiiiotii;  I'vHdllloiu. 
Tbii  ncrvf-forcagcHM  out  into  iJifelh'-r.ftiKl  th«« 
obtTis  Ihc  law*  that  Rovcm  HkIiI,  bt-iiiji;  broken 
into  8|icctra,  etc. 

Claude  Perronnel  hns  more  lately  advanred  f-imi- 
lar  viewx,  miil  bin  KrtiileHt  work  ie  now  lii  prvM. 
Kredt-rick  W.  ii.  Mycrn  and  Uilmuud  Uurney  iiyni* 
pniJiiic  ii-ith  thiw  vi<!wn,  nnd  )rf  luuniU'  Ihi-m 
with  Ibc  Mminrrisl  doctrine  of  pervonul  iiifliM-arp, 
and  tlieir  theory  of  tolrpnlhy.  The  third  cbnm- 
pion  In  KiiKland  of  hypnotlHm,  rrof.  Unck  Tuke, 
on  tbe  contrary,  eympalbiitra  ratlfely  with  t)i« 
I^irlsian  eohixil,  only  dillerln|!  from  them  In  tbal 
h«  hns  eiiwrimeiiled  with  oallafactory  raiDlla 
it|um  hruilthy  bubjcrlH.  In  Friin<v  tbln  vl<iw  haa 
lately  been  accc]>ti?d  by  l)i.  Itotti-y.  who  rrooit- 
iiixm  the  three  hjpn'itic  stngee  in  hi-allhy  |icmi>ns, 
lint  bu»  ulMrriril  other  phenomena  in  l>H>fn,  find 
vchcTUi'-ntly  ii)i]Kim-«  the  oouceptlon  ol  hy|>iK>liBU3 
UK  n  ntalndy.  llin  cxi-cTllcntly  wriircii  book  is  [inr- 
tir-nlnrly  fonimenilcd  tn  thuM!  wbi>  niiib  to  <!>• 
|)erlnient  in  the  wiuie  iiiannrr  an  the  Frtmclt  in- 
vestij^tor,  without  usIdk  hytitcricnl  iiahj«!Cle. 

The  seconil  cuu liter-current  that  opptwed  Itaetf 
to  the  f'reucli  ncurupatliulogbtA.  and  produced  llin 
most  lusting'  impmBion,  in  rxpreeeed  by  tlw  majpo 
wonl  '  suggestion.'  A  gpnimitian  ui^u,  Dr,  I^i^ 
bault,  the  patient  invcHtiftator  and  nktiful  phjral- 
cian,  had  endeavored  to  iiinkc  n  rrnmliul  u8«  of 
itnRgf^tiou  ID  biN  clinic  at  Nancy.  Ctiarl(«  KicIrK 
and  others  bare  eiuie  referred  to  It,  but  Profimor 
Benihcim  won  tho  Hrit  one  la  deiBOmtntte  ita  full 
ni^nillcBUce  in  the  realm  of  hypootisiB.  Aorord- 
inK  lo  him.  suKKi-'*'l'>"n  —  (hat  in,  the  inflnenoe  of 
any  ideii,  whether  tvcelved  throuKh  tli><  ernflea  or 
in  a  liyiicfHeDftihle  manner  (•H{rEP*<f kih  mirnlfile)  — 
Is  the  kiijr  to  all  hypnotic  phoDomeno.  He  hu 
nut  been  nbl«  In  a  HinglA  caae  to  rerlfy  the  bodil; 
plienomeoa  of  graadehgpjiotitmt  without  Bnttlng 
anggmtiou  the  priniary  cause,  and  «n  thin  ncoount 
ilenin  tbo  tmih  of  the  nMerted  phyaical  caosea. 


4 

4 


fmn  i.  1807.1 


SCTEXCE. 


645 


I 


Tlemli<-im  mivh  Ihut  hIipd  tlm  iot<-nw^  <.-iiH<daiice 
or  llip  Huhjrct  ha*  pro<lito4Hl  n  oomplinni  cnndiluiD, 
ft  ppniitinr  cnpacltj  \»  iipve)o|^  toclianitp  tli«  Idea 
thnt  liai  lieei)  i«celve<1  Into  an  ncllou  as  w«II  as  a 
^rt.-ut  actiU.-iji.tia  of  acct^ptution.  wliioh  lui^iber 
will  (jroduco  nil  thotn  phenomena  thut  we  nljdulil 
call  bj  ilictiunic  of  -pnlhalogicn]  !ili.v|i.'  ww  ihi-y 
nro  only  m^paratilc  Jti  n  Rntdtinl  n-av  rmm  ibn 
ar^linur^  ■lorp  aii'l  drnain  roti'IitinnH  llorDhciiu 
is  pnrliciilnrly  itreniioiiK  Hint  p^ioliolony  HltDiili] 
appear  in  tlip  fiir^icruiiml  of  livtmuiiHii,  anil  on 
thia  (Mint  bfls  bi>en  Atron^lr  upheld  b)-  men  lik« 
ProfMHors  Btaiiiiis  and  Itichet. 

The  iHH«>il>ility  of  suKS'^l'"''  '^  wikio);  coiidi- 
ItuiiB,  and  also  a  Ions  limr  af  lor  Ibp  uli-i-p  ha*  iMixnl 
off  (migfftttiont  poHlhypniitujutLii  oh  migffftliotiM  it 
(longuei  Miiancr},  m  wnll  an  the  remnrkaMp  ca- 
pacliy  of  ■nbjpcta  to  change  Ibeir  peraonality 
(chnnuetiu^il  rtf  la  jierfKiniutlitt.  ol>Jectiaitioa  ilra 
tyjies).  hiivf  lippii  iii)kd«  the  siilij<i-t  or  fiirrful  ia- 
vp-'tiuulion-  TliP  viituntatv  prtxluction  of  blerdinf; 
ami  »Ii|;iii«ln  through  apiritii^l  influcnre  tini  Ihvh 
liMM>rt«d,  particularly  by  Umsn.  Tot-achon.  Bourni, 
and  Qiirol.  Th>^  jiidlcUJ  ai^llkance  of  ituxKeu- 
tion  huH  been  diauumit  bjr  Protvanar  L4ii>g«K)in  and 
Dr.  Ludniiii'.  I'nirifeor  ["ilnii  in  Bonlciiux  in  vnr 
of  till'  HiiRK''^tioniats.  llioiif^h  ililTirriiig  in  ninn]r 
(joiTilii  frnin  th(<  Nanry  srhool. 

This  w holi?  lenileiicj'  bring*  Inln  protnincnoo the 
piyehii'iil  influtnw,  while  it  deni™  Hip  prodtx-lian 
of  IbitH;  ri'siilbi  rmiii  pitrrly  phyHimI  pbiMiontfita, 
vQilonvorinK  to  nijilain  lh(^in  in  a  diflnvnt  man- 
ner. Thme pxplanallonii  i-nrry  iiit  IntotworfaluiH. 
thf  HrW  of  which  has  lieen  lalely  openeil,  anil  iii 
preMnl  wpiiiti  luahouixt  more  in  eiii|;tuBa  than  in 

AuUlllOIIH. 

Mi-futlollienipie.  wbit'h  wim  I'Ulled  into  exiitrnra 
liy  Dr.  Iturgt  "'"'  furthi-r  t-xti'iuli-il  l-y  Dr.  (Wlo, 
cimltiinA  a  niH-oinl  (kijiiI  of  JnU-niiit,  —  [lii^  Mi-rallfd 
tr  insriTrpni:!*  In  ihi*  fojur  of  bysti'rimlly  or  li.il>- 
ni>lin>ll>'  all«-i:t'-d  ficn-onii.  Traiisferronce  in  i-uuned 
by  eleoln>-ma4[Q«4l«ni,  which  Iiuh  this  (viHihunt}', 
—  Ihal  In  the  ntMe  of  speclully  netiHiLivc  pernunH  It 
uaii  Ununfer  the  bodily  alTeelion  from  loft  to  right, 
and  viee  tvraii.  The  ItansFerrenco  ci(  |inmlyiii«, 
tlitt  cutm  aUenipletl  im  tbii  jitan,  and  the  wt-cnlipd 
■  paychicnl  tratiHrrrn-ni'i*,'  which  nmtalns  special 
iolvteA  for  Kiapholnxt*!'*.  fi'  at  (he  present  lime 
atlll  opc-u  ipu-dtjiiins  as  well  ae  the  cUioely  ctiu- 
»epte<l  theory  of  human  polarity :  ami  the  oilic 
pxperiatenU  of  I>r,  Choxuriain  hpp  yr(  wuilini;  for 
Ihi-ir  (.-oiitinustion.  At  pieMtnt  the  problinn  of 
thtt  coniirctiiin  lii-twi><-n  aiiRnotiani  and  hypiiotixin 
i*  umler  invisliunilon,  and  in  hiirh  a  manner  lliut 
wr  may  hope  for  a  «peedy  Holution. 

8till  stranjcer  than  these  ivporta,  are  tlie  uo- 
counta  of  the  dhlant  o|ieratIou  of  ceitein  bodiva : 


nt  h^tat.  t]«r  sepin  riranse  ta  thow  unarquaiiilMl 
with  |uyrluin>e(r}'  and  tl>o  lltcmliirv  of  thi-  piwl 
cenlnry  mlnlintC  U>  Ibis  wibjeet.  Two  phjaicianii 
in  Itoclieforl,  Professors  Bonrru  and  Btimt.  in 
tie*ilni-  a  liy(itero'e]>ileptic  (lemon,  foiiiiil  Ibal 
gold,  even  when  at  u  dutauee  ol  flfleeii  eenti- 
indrra,  prorhienj  in  hjm  a  frelinK  of  uiitieimible 
hMit.  They  onnliniwil  Ihnxt  eiperlmonU  with 
g^nnt  rnre,  and,  aftor  n  nnmlier  of  tiialn.  rnmc  to 
this  i'(inflii"ion,  (hat  in  anme  imrwins  rerl.tin  ?«!►■ 
rtaniTu,  eren  when  rareftill.v  t)e|wrale<)  from  them 
by  lonit  cli«lanc«,  exercise  exactly  (he  (anie  pliyviu- 
louit'^l  influenoe  aa  if  introduced  into  Iheir  orftan- 
Liui.  In  orvler  to  I'lplnin  IlifW  plu-nnini-na,  thi-y 
n-frr  to  thn  raiiiatinj;  f<jre«  of  Dart-ty.  an  (Tiph. 
nnti'm  neither  *ati«faotorj  to  themaelvui  nor  to 
olhern.  lately  the  diHtinKiilHhed  Parielaii  phyitl- 
dan.  bt.  Luys.  hikH  1.-001) rmed  by  his  exjioTinienta 
the  pxitlence  <if  these  pliciioiiicna.  Imt  hr  thinkn 
the  vK|dniiation  referahli-  lo  hyii<-r-i*<i]»illvr'n<«H  of 
thf  "  reyionir  fmotiern  rl  inlrlln-ttirllcii  <lr  rrnivfA- 
air."  yrt  erva  lie  lian  not  reaehe'l  the  kernelvf 
thedi'mi-nUy. 

In  (.-lose  <x)niieclion  with  action  at  a  illtlJini.-i'  in 
llie  (juextiou  of  dixlanl  prmluclion  of  hyiuiotii^ 
«lii-p.  Fur  an  aruwvr  to  thin  problem.  Iliey  ore 
exiH-iimrniinR  in  liolh  Kmnce  and  Knglnnd  ;  and 
Fnilrrirk  \V.  II.  Myttm  luia  tlirown  an  entirely 
now  lijcht  ii|Kin  the  Hiihjrt-l  by  the  invnitlKalions 
he  it  making  ujion  a  puivlj  experlinenial  faaaiA 
lu  Italy  they  havi?  limited  tliemaelveii  10  the 
■tudy  uf  inoluttnl  m»»  o[  h.vstcru-bypn'itiam.  ex- 
ci-pt  lu  tile  phL-noiiieim  of  mo^etic  fiLictniiiion 
invntignteil  hy  Dminlo  biivi'  Kivi-n  ri»*  b>  fiiither 
rrvparvli ;  Imt  all  thf  liookxi  I  hnvri  oren  ii|n>n  thia 
HUliJrct.  M  well  nx  ainny  h)  I'Venrli  niit)inn>,  siilTer 
from  iKnorancaof  tin-  liitprt  P'ni£ll*h  diwoTeriea. 

With  Ibis  I  think  thnt  I  have  U'^en  aNli|;hl 
outline  of  the  history  of  hyptiotlo  invexligution 
lu  the  enit  of  the  year  MiKH.  I  bIiuII  allcnipt  u 
<*ritiriam  of  thin  whole  movement  uL  M>mr  other 
time,  a-H  spuei!  i»  nol  ntftirded  to  me  hern  ;  Imt  I 
shouli)  hke  to  make  thU  Htiilement  now,  thnt  two 
of  the  eluiTnvleri«tie  indiRalions  of  thiK  [lerlod  are 
of  the  icrai  est  im]Mirt,  —  first  the  method  ("  Our 
wuric,"  bays  RIehet,  "  is  thai  of  strictly  seieutilic 
Inling,  otMuTtxilion  anil  umiii^eni^iit  "|:  und.MH.'- 
ondly,  the  result.  Ilypnotinui  iaa  tieeii  received 
Into  the  rifilin  of  ?cli-ntl<ic-  investigation,  and 
wil.lt  thin  the  founrintion  of  a  Inie  experiniental 
pejcholoK^  hoH  ljr«n  laid.  Max  l>r.'<soia. 


ir.ll,t.'f«f7'  ON  THE  VAJUBltJAy  FAUNAS. 

Ik  a  recent  EnKl'eh  ireolo^cal  nork  there  OL'Cura 
llie  retuaik,  that.  "  In  spite  of  the  esoetleiit  work 
don«  by  nuwy  Americ^ui  geotogiati,  tfau  trao  •»• 


546 


SCJE2fCE, 


(VOL.  DC. 


(liM-ni-p  nf  thc-JT  ntilcttt  foatiiltrenna  Kn^  sllll  r»- 
niitiiui  to  hn  (k-trTTtiinoil.''  tha  ituum  i>f  this 
uiKvrlaliitf  in  not  tiir  to  Mvk  :  it  lin  in  the  t-x- 
MviliiiKl.v  complM  nirnnitrmciil  «(  thnm  rorlm 
nlung  tli«  Atlantic  wsbuaril  nf  tlie  Unl(#d  SlatM, 
when;  till  lately  Uie;  hud  uluiie  Ixvn  studied. 
Now.  how«-v<'r,  tlib  n-proiicli  in  bcgiiiniut'  t"  lie 
takm  annjr  rmiD  un.  anil  uiic  of  tbo  mcot  vnlualik- 
<-oiilrlhiitionK  tii  Ibn  wjluHon  nf  th(>  prol>l<Tm  in 
^ven  liy  Ur.  Wal<'ott  in  the  pniu'r  tx-rarc  iw. 

lu  the  inttixliiclinn  thr  titratixrapbtcjil  rclntioDH 
of  tlip  <.ranil>riHTi  i\>r)i>i  in  \>rii>«dil.  New  York, 
rariniu  (HUlB  iif  Cituiiilft,  N«vft(la.  Ulnli.  ami  Ari- 
Konn,  HIV- <lciH.TilitHl  atid  illtiBtnilul  nitli  m'tiuns, 
anil  tlii"  part  i>r  tlu-  unrk  m  <if  |iiH.-iiliiir  inlcn-HU 
l'li>^  K'*^l  ili-vrlitpiiii-nt  i>r  thron  mi^kH  in  the  wml. 
unil  l)i<'lr  alniont  unitUliirNil  p<»iUini.  miulrr 
tlM^m  i.if  Ihi'  nliiioat  tiiiportantH-  in  iln'iplierin)!  tlin 
nirly  liislor.v  or  l)ic  cnitlliicnt.  KoiicHHlly  la  (tils 
tniv  (if  itie  rvfi^ioii  of  iIih  n^rput  U'loradu  Carion  iii 
Arixonu.  wlu-rt-  is  fuunil  an  iriinieniu-  iliii-kiitnB  ot 
tmaltcTi-O  itlralu  wliicli  Mr.  Wakiill  t'uniidc-nt  tn 
be  i>r  itnt-Oiinbriiin  aiti*-  Tin-  Hitiiilnlion  of  Its 
fOMflH  will  bo  await^Nl  witli  Rmtt  inlerv'st  by  all 
blolo^tMs  tix  ImilinK  ti>  l>ri<li;(>  ot  or  llii-  grnat  Ka|) 
belvrtv-n  tlii:'  aretienii  hhiI  piil«*ixolc  i?thb. 

Mr.W»lcuirHHtii(lic«l(>.iil  liiiii  (otlie  Miiiir  rvsulu 
n-jicli(il  by  till-  Kngliuli  p.Hilii;:iHl«  :  nuini-ty.  the 
dlviaion  of  Ibi'  nirly  [ialiH>ctii(-  wriiw  (oiniltini;  Ibn 
Buppowd  pre-Oim brill n|  inlo  llirpr  syelenis,  ^llip 
CMUbrian,  Onlovii-lnii  (lonei'  Silurian),  iinil  Hi- 
litTiu)1(ilp[i«^rKi1iirian).  On  lliis  bi-a*]  Mr,  Kllicriitge 
ri'innrkn.  "TIk?  rwi)(;iiitiiai  i)[  a  tr[|niilil(-  Kmup- 
InKiif  llii-  rnuniui  imkI  nlnitn  l>ctwr-rii  the  bnw  of 
till-  iiM  ni\  iiniKli'toiic  iiixl  (III-  Hiirlis'b  nprlfn  can- 
not I  w  <Hspiili?il  :  rnrli  in  cliarnclprislii'  and  imh- 
«.•»>->  n  tiniailly  miirkei)  i>H[iert  or  facie«>."  In  tlie 
Ctktulirinn  nysteni  Mr.  Waleotl  rMMiKiiia.ii  thr<w 
Mri**,  —  u  l<)wiT,  miiliJk-.  and  u|i|)f  r,  —  which  oor- 
ivnimnd  n-Mpif-livrly  In  tin-  SI.  .John's  Knnip,  the 
lowrr  anil  ii|>]<i'r  I'ntiubiiu  nf  Kir  Williiiiii  Lognn. 
The  lowf-r  Cniiibrinn  fniinn  io  imt  known  ti)  oix^ur 
wwt"of  n  tin<' pnwifiK  nnrth-cnwl  thmiiKh  easl- 
efB  Ma*Bidiii)'i*<ls,  Ni'w  Bniii»«iclt  and  Ni-wrmiTid- 
land  ;"  U-itii;  kept  oiil  of  Itie  iiilermil  Imniii.  Mr. 
WalcoU  >H-lii^ve«>,  by  a  l>arTierexlend!ui;  from  ImVp. 
Rnpi--»fa)r  south  to  Texan,  hikI  wmt  to  Ariziinn. 
The  niidclle  ('iiintirlna  fatinik  wAtild  Mein  to  Im  jie- 
cnlinr  to  .\inrrii^u.  iiot  lnrinK  rnpctwentvd  in  Wnles, 
Scandinavia.  i>r  Duhemin  :  ib>  neBIVRt  tVfirewqita- 
tltreiD  Europe  i>  on  the  island  of  Sanllnla.  If 
Ihne  rwultoareconllrined,  n  ^rivat  adiaiice  nfll 
beiptineil. 

Uoat  «f  the  paper  is  Mken  up  with  anysleniAtic 

Bnmtd  tnnltUntllim  to   tin   HhiIiii   of    tht  Cambrian 
famtat  a/  S'orIA  Ami^lea.    <11.8.  (aol.  diirt.,  liuU.  No.  9D.) 


W-'count  of  tlie  middle  Qmikrian  faunu  of 
AinMV'U,  by  fur  tl>«  mast  mciiplntn  yt't  givtrn. 
('urty-lwo  giinMrn  {Ihnsi  of  (heni  now)  and  nindy- 
Kix  miecieK,  III  whii^i  Hixteen  ere  new,  are  fully 
d««cril>c^d  and  flmired.  bijieclollj  lDterc«tliiK  &>* 
the  curiuuH  archeocyallioid  spuiisH,  which  hare 
ao  many  feaiurcwn.'callinKoerlainiMk'uwnoiwicmb, 
the  rcraiirkabln  iirioiitivcptEfopoda,  Ilyolitliraiand 
its  alliiii,  th(!  oldcxt  known  ry»tJd*«n.  and  Ih* 
ip^'iit  w'rieii  of  trilohilcB  <flfl«en  xetiera).  Mr. 
Wnlrolt  hni>  acconipll-tiediiiiKh  with  rra^iiivDlary 
niflt*-rlal.  hut  the  mmphologieal  i«(iult«  of  Itn 
oliidy  of  lhMi>ejU'ly  fanna*  are  not  very  )>rntui. 
ing. 

A  gratifying  nnjicrl  of  Ibta  [Mper  Is  its  eubntai^ 
tiiU  t-cinnraiatimi  of  RiDniima'a  work  on  tbv  Ti 
roniRNj-iitein,  —  a  work  whlt^h  inuitt  e»er  «'*(-ii 
ndnilratioD  wheii  Its  iIiIliculUM)  aru  ronMdervd. 
'Dr.  Eaimans  ilnKTvm  K"-ul  cralit  for  the  work 
that  lie  did.  Strugi-lint:  iinrJi;r  luIveriKi  clrcua- 
Blaucn.  ul  a  time  whttn  Ihenr  wan  olmout  iKitlullg 
kuovrn  or  tlui  pir-Potudiun  ulrata  of  North  Amci^ 
ir«,  nnd  when  fceoloRle  methcKbi  were  yet  in  their 
iMTfcinniiiK)!,  he  accotnplishcd  a  work  to  onr  of  tli« 
iiiost  cou>plk-ate(l  ref-icina  of  American  Reulufny. 
the  central  idea  of  which  .  .  .  w<:  now  know  to 
lie  tiirpeti." 

It  should  Iw  ri-nirinl]>Trd  that  in  lliis  pupM-  kirj 
Wnlrolt  hii*  xivea  a  ftiidy,  and  not  a  nmiplete 
and  llnal  exprewiou  of  his  viewx.  Only  a  lofpn- 
nlUK  han  bn-n  Diadi-  in  a  i^i'iit  nndertakin);,  btit 
It  would  lie  diilli-ult  to  rxiiKi^T'tnle  llie  vnlue  of 
till.-  work  alriiuly  donr,  nhirli  now  olTetW  a  iferin 
uf  wi'U.di>Iined  ijiirntions  (or  xoluttoo,  iiwieod  of, 
the  chaiBi  which  reigned  but  a  few  yean  aito. 


'* 


Tkiciii.nak  have  been  discovered  in  a  hiunm' 
liody  which  was  lieing  i>r<-(inri-d  for  analoniirat 
deuioHstmtlon  at  thi-  Unitpn<ily  of  Ca merino.  7>ie 
man  bad  tlreil  fur  iiiiuiy  yran  in  a  iH-i^htxirine 
coiutnuTi'-.  and  (licl  ivithoni  the  |».iMfnc<>  of  the 
trkhinni-  Ix-inj;  «m[Mvteil.  IVculiar  inters  at- 
tacbni  to  tlm  ejiso  for  Ibe  reaiMu  that  it  Is  mid  to 
be  the  first  case  of  trlchinowa  ev^  nbwrv«d  tn 
Italy. 

—  Prufewor  Poncot  of  Lyons  recently  had  i 
der  hia  cmi-  ii  man  whose  libla  had  been  brakm '. 
and  had  failed  k>  unite.     Uetwi-rn  the  ends  of  th 
bnik^u  Ihjdd  he  attached  the  Imlf  of  ttH>  Htst  joiK 
of  a  Ki'«'>t  toe.  taken  from  a  limb  whk-h  liad  jinti 
been  amfiutated.    Thv  pinv  tliim  altaclMxl  ronncd  1 
adhesliins,   at   one  end  Sbrous  and  at  tho   otbw 
bouy.     \Vlic-lh(T  tlu-  bone  thus  strengthened  ww 
uf  use,  thv  rrport  does  not  state. 


FRIUAY,  JUNE  ID,  1881. 


COMMKNT  A^D  CtOTWlSU. 

It  is  not  OTTtx  that  tliv  aveni««  »cbool  ImmM 
hiu  th<-  li-aivritjr  to  atuck  ut  ■eriotutj'  modif.v  tlie 
trmliiioniil  couniv  of  stuilj.  A  ca|»ble  su[«riti- 
t«ii<lct)t  iir  priiiuipnl  who  U  altvt  to  iic^wl;  devel- 
oped ameiXa  uiul  uunditioiu  will  occaajonallx  uii(I«t- 
take  anvav  ivfurin.  bat.  «ve  in  a  tnv  of  tbe 
citivB  uf  tlie  ouunlT^,  «<rfD  that  is  untisua).  It  I0 
jifobably  for  ttiU  rrH»ini.  as  w«ll  u  becaiMK  of 
tbi-  importuaoe  of  (ti«  )iurliv.'uUr  c«W  )■  point, 
tbul  BU  muL'b  HtientloH  had  been  attracted  to  tbe 
action  of  Uie  Boston  school  committee  coDoemliif 
arithmetic.  Bomethtng  ov«r  a  >-eAr  nxo  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  «raa  puaed  b;  tbe  commlltm : 
"  Whereas  the  sttidjr  of  M>-cBlled  Arithmetic  in 
tbe  gratiiinar  schools  of  this  citv  <x>rers  much 
ground  which  doM  not  coioe  within  the  piopM' 
scope  of  arithmetic,  which  is  the  lut  of  numlK'ts, 
no  auull  |»rt  of  the  tiiue  and  streti^tli  of  the 
l>upita  being  given  10  mere];  tedmlcal  a|i|>licatton 
of  arithmellcal  rolee  :  and  whereas  tlie  exercUee 
[irescrlbed  are  often  dilHcult  Iwyond  l)i«  lieRt  ron- 
ditions  of  meotal  dl«clptlne.  the  problems  set  for 
tlie  inipdia  batng  tval\y  eierclMii,  not  in  nrith- 
melic,  but  in  loKic^  Ftich  as  pertain  to  a  [H>rioil  i>f 
life  novernl  ,vcara  later  :  ivsnlvcd  thot  the  Cum- 
mitt^n  on  cxaniinBtions  are  recjuMtvd  to  inquire 
■ltd  report  wliptber  it  is  not  iwactioabli?  to  reduce 
and  inroplifj'  thi;  studies  and  cxcrciK*  now  prv- 
scribfd  under  the  head  ol  arithmetic." 


Afl«rwarda  Uen.  FntDcin  A.  Walker  drew  up  a 
wriee  of  eleveu  questions,  and  submitted  thetn  to 
the  soboot  principuU  for  the  piiriH«e  of  obMluinK 
Kpnrnflc  informntion.  nnd  was  fairly  sucCMaful  in 
the  iitli-mpt.  Twrnty-(ive  ptincipab  aaid,  that, 
wetf  thi-  mnlirr  k-fl  whollj  to  Ibeir  own  jud(f- 
miMit,  they  would  oonnderably  dlinlnlsU  the 
amount  of  ntilhmetio  taugbt :  tvrentjr  wouM  itot 
ttiininiab  it ;  and  Elve  would  dlminbli  It  sllgbtl]'. 
Aa  to  iIm  character  of  Ihe  changes  dealred,  tbera 
traa  great  dtvi-nity  of  opinion.  Thirteen  would 
omit  dlsoount,  thirteen  meaauration,  thirteen  the 
metric  syMem,  —  a  mo*  abanitl  Ngieellon,  in 
rleir  at  tha  incfaaalnit  KodmMj'to  uaetbta  >rtl«n 
He.lff-iaff. 


bi  scImiIISg  booka.  Ntiw  wouM  do  nway  witli 
compound  proportion.  elKht  with  exi:hatiKe.  MTen 
with  Gubrronl.lwnwith  some  of  partial  paymMiU. 
Thirtir-two  tl»ou(ht  the  ptaclioe  of  memorixinK 
Ihe  mnltiplication-tnhle  at  Arvt  injuilkimia.  four- 
tMn  considered  tt  ailvUabli>.  white  rlRlit  Rave  n 
qoalifled  answer.  The  x\»\  of  ihi>  ronchwionii 
reocbed  ts  that  tl>e  sludr  of  srithniiiic  iihould  be 
simpliSed  hjr  omtltlnx  varioiv  apaciHed  opera- 
tions and  ovpc-difflcnlt  applicatton*  of  the  m>t. 
In  incX,  the  aim  gf  the  te«cher  should  be,  not  la 
(xixxle.  hut  to  train  Ibr  pupil.  That  Ihin  Ik  mund 
dortrinn  i*  crrlain.  but  on  wbut  opplimtion  of 
it  tlie  motric  iTvtcin  i*  omitted  we  lai)  to  see. 

SoMX  TTMB  Aoo  wc  bod  occasiou  to  commend 
Uw  action  uf  a  commillee  in  excluding  from  the 
liall  in  which  n  tea<.'ber«'  avoolatlon  was  meeting 
tlii>  hnwkfrs  of  school- journals  and  school-books. 
We  repeal  now  what  we  wkld  then,  namely.  tlMt 
while  legitimaie  odvertlalnit  Is  boili  ueceeaary  and 
usefnl,  yet  it  ia  out  of  place  when  carried  on  m 
as  to  interfere  with  the  proc««s1ingM  of  an  aaaocta- 
tton  me<^|ing.  We  recently  saw  a  case  Ui  point. 
At  a  icni^hcn'  OMwling  not  live  hundred  miles 
from  tbiadty.  two  a^uts  bail  e-lablislied  them- 
selvn  on  either  Bide  of  the  main  enlranoe  lo  the 
hall,  and  were  oal>iiis  tli«  attention  of  all  wbo 
entcreil  to  their  wareii.  Tliis.  within  limit",  is 
l>erhH|ii<  oilniliojble  ;  but  during  two  ndmirable 
addreiweo,  one  on  science-teaching  and  ono  on 
English  composition,  tbe  noiiie  at  the  ngenta'  boad- 
(lUiirttTB  was  BO  great  that  tlie  ii|ienkrrs  were 
hoard  with  difllculty.  Teaclien  lingrmd  about 
ttie  pile  of  books  and  papers  inatcad  of  giving 
their  attention  to  Ihe  exercises  for  which  tlwy  bail 
cwae  together.  The  whole  procrctling  wasdb- 
couTtvoua  in  the  extnme  to  the  prvsiding  oOleer 
and  to  Ihe  speakera.  and  ought  to  have  been 
stopped  at  once.  We  Iiava  every  rraaon  to  believe, 
bowercr,  that  in  tite  case  of  Ihia  pottioular  uao- 
oiatUtn  the  jiractlco  will  not  occur  again. 


Ox  JDLT  13  the  annual  meeting  of  the  National 
aducataonal  awociation  opens  at  Chicago.  Uen- 
eroos  arnugements  have  liren  maile  by  which 
teachen  con  secure  iransponation  and  hotel  ac- 
commodatiua  at  tow  mlos,  and  thefv  in  tvetj  In- 


648 


SCIEUVB. 


(Vol.  IX., 


duoenwDt  for  teachera  to  at(«n<t  the  mwtiiiK. 
PMbaps  the  inoat  valuable  feature  of  ibc  wmon 
wDt  be  Ibe  papers  on  inilustrlsl  etlucatton,  by 
PneMent  Walker  of  the  MoaaachusMU  1iuUtat«o( 
toclinologj',  aud  by  Prof.  ¥vX\x  Atller  of  Npw 
York  CItj,  toKi^lher  with  tho  dlscueeloDs  (hnt  will 
follow.  But  tlie  8ui*lleAt  lieiwrlt  to  l)«  dc^v^cl 
from  *  meeting  of  tills  *ort  ii>  that  which  comes 
from  lUl«Btnit  to  pspom  ami  iliEcii^ions.  There 
ia  Ihn  KtiimiliiK  that  ramni  from  seeing  nnO  nieet- 
uiy  fnllair-ieaclivrii  from  nil  parts  of  the  coiintrr, 
bnm  f^litiK  Htc  Mm**  of  praresBioaal  co^ipnrn- 
tioo.  It  U  IhJi  which  thi;  tcnchcTH  i>f  the  c'oiuitrj' 
■noHt  Di-«d  at  tirr>ctit.  tui<l  it  i*  thii  which  tlie; 
must  laive  lH.-furc  their  iir«fi'iHi<in  cun  occujiy  the 
pIttCtf  in  the  publiv  ininil  thnt  rightfullj'  bvlongx 
to  it.  It  is  bvrause  of  th«  imrl  that  the  Direting 
of  the  Nalloual  aaiuxuaUoa  plajs  in  bringing  about 
tills  feeliu);.  Ibat  It  Is  cbletl;  to  be  commMi<led. 


Tbs  bobjsct  of  the  profewJODal  t^niniiiB  of 
t«aob«n  is  one  wlUch  will  bear  all  the  dinciiBsiun 
It  can  get.  aud  Col.  Pyaucia  W.  Parker  of  Cook 
county  Normal  wbool.  llliaois.  Prof.  Nelson  B. 
Henry  of  Ibe  Uiiiierslty  of  North  Carolina,  aud 
Princijial  Wtlllau  M.  OitUn  of  Newark  (N.J.I, 
U«  peculiarly  quahlied  to  write  on  ft.  To  tho 
Student  of  education,  to  whom  tli«  nec«*iitj  for 
BDcb  traininjc  l»  so  ln))ierallve,  further  ar^umc4il 
In  its  favor  may  »eei»  uaelvss ;  hut  it  ia  surpriiiint; 
bow  little  below  the  surface  tliese argumeuta  buri.' 
as  yet  penetrated.  Id  spile  of  all  that  has  been 
so  ably  said  and  written  on  the  subject,  scbool 
bouds  continue  to  spjioint  untrained  and  lucom- 
petent  petMMii  tolificliera'  pcwilions,  and  untrained 
pnnwns  continue  lo  nj)i>ly  for  positions  which  are 
as  far  licyond  tlicir  <»pncity  m  thoss  of  a  skilled 
draughtanun  or  rlertrlcian  would  be  to  any  one 
iguoraot  of  drawing  or  clnclricily.  It  ta  for  this 
RttBOo  tbal  the  jiuint  must  be  unceasintcly  pre- 
sented tu  the  public.  It  lauat  be  ndmitted,  loo, 
that  the  noriual  schools  are  not  in  a  true  seoso 
professional  schools.  Tbey  i-omhSne  a  large  meas- 
ure of  general  education  with  a  muderatv  allow- 
ance of  profeMlonal  traloltig.  What  we  want  is 
an  institution  or  institutions  tliat  aball  be  an  truly 
pforeasional  As  the  Harvard  medical  school  or  the 
CklhntbiB  law  sdiool.  If  the  collegia  to  Iw  otxincd 
In  thi>  niitumn  In  tills  city  by  the  ttulustriul  edu- 
cation ojuuiciatlon  nliall  occupy  this  jdace,  it  will 
eontribiitc  largely  to  put  teadiing  upou  a  truly 
prufcwiuniLl  and  scimtific  bsLsis. 


» 


By  trk  tiKATK  of  Prof,  lliomas  Spenoer  1 
which  WOK  announced  n  few  days  since,  the  Ul 
■ry  and  ncicniiBc  world  i>  deprived  of  an  influi 
llsl  and  Tnliuibli>  worker.  I^fa«>or  Bnynl 
work  is  not  ax  well  known  in  Ibis  countiy  aa 
ought  lo  Iw,  for  tho  reason  that  inneb  of  bta  cd 
cal  thought  found  oxprcMsion  only  in  articles  ■ 
pnper*  published  in  British  magasines  or  in  I 
proceedings  of  various  nwociutions.  Profeel 
Bnynea  was  horn  in  England,  not  in  Bcotlaud 
it  is  sodietinifs  suppo»?d.  at  Wellingtoo,  Son) 
adahire,  on  Martrh  34, 18S3.  Herecdved  bisew 
education  at  the  schools  i>f  Bath  and  Bristol,  ■ 
thon  went  to  llic  University  of  Eilinburi;h.  ! 
snt  nt  tlie  fret  of  Sir  William  UHmiltun.  and  I 
doulil^lly  rtwived  great  inwilal  stimulus  tr( 
Tlnmihon's  leiiching.  After  taking  faia  degne 
hncumrllnmilton'snHistant.  From  1657  to  If 
he  was  examiniT  in  philosophy  at  the  UnlnnI 
of  London,  and  was  also  connected  with  lb«  L( 
don  Daily  neu-a.  to  whioh  he  contribute*!  nta; 
article!)  on  the  American  war  of  the  rebellk 
Id  \^H  Mr.  Baynee  was  chosen  to  till  the  cbair 
logic  and  meiapbysin  at  St.  Andrews.  In  1( 
he  had  published  his  popolsr  tran^atlon  of  I 
'  Port  Boyal  logic,'  wblcb  bas  gone  througb  sev 
cditioiiH.  In  18S3  appeared  his  '  New  aaatytie 
logic?nl  forinn.'  bi-ing  a  priee  essay  on  HaniQto| 
logical  systeTu.  and  the  best  exposition  of  It  tt 
we  Imve,  In  Itfl^  Professor  Baynes  ivcelred  t 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Univeralty  bf  Bill 
burgh,  and  ahout  tliat  time  undertook  th«  pre) 
ration  of  the  ninth  edition  of  the  ■RncyclopM< 
Britannlca.'  Prof.  Robertaon  Smith  )ias  slii 
been  assooistcd  with  blm  as  editor.  Profesi 
Bayiu*'^  inotvi  Imporinnt  cantrtbuti»n  to  ttie  ■  B 
cyclopaedia'  is  the  article  on  fOiakspeare. , 
wae  pnblisbed  In  the  volume  lately  issued. 


VHrriLLERY-MILK  REPORT.  — 


I 


Lt  seeking  for  Information  on  the  use  of  4 
Utletry  swilt.  and  its  elfect  on  the  milk  prodnd 
by  cowB  to  which  it  waa  fed,  the  mtulta  w«r« 
meagre,  tlwt  SHfiiet  di-lvnuiin^l  to  undertaka 
inquiry  into  the  subject  for  itiKtlf.  With  this  < 
jcct  in  view,  the  following  li'tler  was  prepan 
and  sent  to  tlie  iK'eltb  ofiloer*  of  all  the  prttKl] 
cltifs.  and  to  the  most  prominent  aanltariana, 
the  United  Stati«  and  Canada  : — 

Inosmucli  as  there  appears  to  he  a  diRerence 
opinion  among  snuitnitans  a*  lo  tho  wtMlestn 
neas  of  distillery  waste,  or  distillery  swill,  i 


Jon  10.  isn.1 


SCIENCE. 


&49 


I 


for  mllch-com,  wbw  bellevinjc:  tlmt  milk  rnom 
onlmah  so  fed  is  not  only  of  poor  iinality.  tmt  nv- 
tually  iletriuiontal  lu  1m«1i1i.  nnJ  i-vi-n  paiwmouH 
to  .roun)^  cbitdivn.  wlijk'  othm  iv^rd  MUch  cnilk 
m»  sinip1,v  Inferiiir  in  qimlitjr  biit  not  hnrmfnl ;  and 
iDiiKuiuch  tu  t>ic  mntuv  i«  n  vital  one  lo  llic  (liou- 
•BDd*  or  cliiMivn  in  oiir  Inix^  dtln  who  depend 
upon  lailk  an  tlioir  sole  iuetenance, — Seienee  has 
dpemp))  it  of  Hufltcient  public  internet  tocodeaTOir 
to  otitnin  and  put  on  nwunl  all  the  facts  whioh 
bear  on  tlie  queatiou.  and  nlflo  Vae  opioiona  of 
thote  wlxNe  experieni«  und  olwervation  lmvi>  bven 
each  M  to  enable  ihvra  to  rxpm*  int«-l]igent  opin- 
lona  OD  tbe  auUjtvt.  WiUi  tliU  pnd  in  ticw,  the 
accompanying  quettiom  arv  H^nt  von.  with  the 
r«i|urai  tlmt  you  will  nnawtv  them  nt  your  early 
Cunvcnicncc  : 

1.  What  opportunitim  havp  you  bad  for  oliiwrv- 
big  the  HToct  of  fordiDR  distillery  nwill  to  milrh- 
cows? 

9.  Pleaiw  <tnlc  any  facta  within  your  knowl- 
edge which  will  lielp  lo  dtrieruUne  Its  eifccl  on 
the  oil  Ik. 

8.  What  refetMicee  can  jou  give  to  any  r*- 
conJed  facta  in  jmbliahi^d  or  unpubliHbi*d  rt-'purtii 
bearui^  on  this  iuhj(H;l? 

\.  Wlint  aunlriiRi  can  you  ^ve  of  milk  obtained 
f rem  cows  so  led ': 

^.  What  Is  your  opinion  as  to  the  wholmome- 
new  of  dlatiltery  swill  ua  food  for  cowh? 

0.  Are  there  any  laws  or  ordiniincn  in  your 
dty  and  •tate  which  lionron  the  qnc-«tion  ?  If  so, 
please  send  copies  thereof,  or,  if  tbia  In  not  con- 
veniimt.  n  reference  to  them. 

To  tills  letter  many  answere  hare  been  received. 
Some  of  these  ore  from  those  who  ntntc  that  they 
hnvo  ni'viT  had  any  experience  with  the  ii*-  of 
distillery  swill  or  its  cGfeels  on  the  milk,  while 
otbci«  gii-v  tbo  rMulta  of  the  f^edmK  of  brrwery 
gratmi,  evidently  conroiindinic  them  with  distiller? 
waste,  —  a  eabject  of  ipvat  int«'rcst.  but  which  is 
not  wlinln  the  scope  of  our  pretrnt  intiiiiry.  Still 
other  responses  are  from  chotw  who  buve  liad  op- 
portanlties  of  investigating  the  itu<>ject  anJ  liaie 
availed  themselves  of  thcai,  and  wbow.-  tenlimony 
is  tberefore  of  great  value.  In  addition  to  thin, 
letters  have  been  received  from  phyaiciana  luid 
otheni,  who,  while  hariiig  had  no  pvnctical  ex. 
perirntv  with  the  article  of  food  in  quMtion.  are 
still  competent  to  speak  on  the  subject  from  their 
Kcnenl  knowledge.  It  ia  our  purpme  to  preseitt 
this  teMimuny  so  fur  u*  it  iican  on  tbe  matter  in 
liand.  and  invite  criticism  from  our  reader*.  It 
may  be  Btated,  that,  from  the  inrnrmation  wbicb 
has  come  lo  u*,  wc  are  justltleil  in  n>»»minR  tbnt 
dlKtillrry  swill  Is  nt  the  present  time  being  fed  to 


n)ilcb-n>wa  in  tlie  followiiu;  places :  Bnltlnonv 
Hd. :  Bli«vilte.  N.V. :  Hi.  Louis.  Mo. :  Louisville, 
Ky. :  Peoria,  111. ;  Phiktlelpliia,  Penn. ;  St.  Paul. 
Minn. :  and  Toronto,  Can. ;  and  up  to  1883.  In 
CliicHRO.  ni.  We  ilo  not  suppose  that  Iheae  in- 
clude all  tl>e  place*  in  which  Ihix  food  is  used,  but 
no  others  have  lieen  reported.  If  any  of  our 
reoJeta  know  of  other  localities,  thry  will  confer 
a  favor  by  sending  tbe  Information.  The  flr«t 
two  quertions  propouodjed  in  tite  circular  letter 
sent  out  were  as  follows  :  1".  What  opportunities 
hav«  you  liad  for  observing  tbe  effect  of  fee<lLiix 
distillery  swill  tomiich.cDwsTand,S^.  Please  state 
any  facts  within  your  knnwMxv  which  will  Itelp 
to  determine  Its  effect  on  Die  milk. 
To  tbeee  the  following  replies  wore  received  :— 

iJ.  L  lliaiLTim,  M.D,,  PaerU,  Ul.) 

I  have  practised  medicine  in  Peoria.  HI.,  for 
over  thirty  yean,  —  a  plac«  where  more  ntlll-slop 
is  manufactured  than  tn  any  other  place  in  the 
world.  I  sujrpo^.  l''or  niauy  years  mottt  of  our 
dalrii-9  fed  entirely  on  swill-alop.  The  oHect  on 
children  given  only  this  kind  of  milk  was  very 
noticeable:  and  when  tliey  got  sick  (as  almost  all 
of  tbvfU  did  during  tlie  summer  minilhs),  (l>ey 
ne«rly  nil  died,  unlcm  the  food  was  changed.  As 
health  officer,  a  few  years  ago,  at  a  lime  when 
our  city  was  mostly  supplied  with  swill- milk,  I 
visited  luoBlof  tbe  (luiries,  and  learned  tbe  ttA- 
lowing  facta  :  the  cnlves  of  cowa  fed  only  on 
switl-fced  would  live  only  a  short  time  if  ntliiwed 
only  their  mothers' milk  \  thatacnwbroutcht  lothe 
iLttlry  while  with  c^lf  invariably  lost  It.  if  (ed  on 
the  slop  alone  ;  that  cows  kept  in  tbe  dairy  and 
ted  only  slop  would  become  diseased  by  the  sec- 
ond yeu,  with  a  skin-dlaease  (large  scabs  would 
apgietu'  all  over  tliem).  Some  of  the  c«iwo  I  ex- 
amined, and  found  in  this  coodition ;  and  the 
dairymen  said  those  cows  would  loon  die  if  kept 
in  roorw  than  two  yearn. 

[K  M.  Ceuanui,  M.D..  alx-ot  Pnorta.  IlL] 

I  regret  that  I  am  unable  lu  give  you  any  re- 
liable information,  fmm  the  fact  that  I  have  never 
paid  any  pnrricular  atK'iition  to  the  sabject. 
Peoria  has  about  forty-lire  thounind  inliabitante. 
Is  considered  a  healthy  locality,  and  has  probably 
tbe  largest  dietllllntc  interest  in  the  United  Statee. 
Nineteen-tweBllelbs,  at  1eaa^  of  our  oitlsena  re- 
ceive tlieir  milk-supply  from  dairies  aitnated  from 
two  to  live  milw  in  tbe  counirj-,  and  tlieae  all  have 
good  bluegtass  postures  for  their  milcb-cows.  I 
think  <thuugli  they  deny  It)  that  they  all  uarslops, 
though  only  as  on  auxiUiuy  lo  other  substantial 
food.  The  profiortion  of  slops  iwed  is  ao  souUI 
that  the  subject  has  never  baen  InvMdgatad  hu» 
from  a  sanitary  point  of  view.    I  liave  consalted 


k 


550 


SCIE^i'CE. 


(VOL.  IX..  So.  8« 


oar  dt;  hmW)  ofltoer,  Dr.  Tboina^  Uellnlne.  who 
MJV.  tint,  hftring  tu-vcr  i-xamiaeil  tlie  aubJM-l.  Ii« 
has  DO  delln!t«  opinUin  to  give:  iui<l  ih<.*  b»iii« 
ftiiBwer  is  inacir  li.v  vrvcnil  <i(  our  InuliiiK  plif- 
elciaiiB  whom  I  linve  coiwillrd.  Of  ooune,  aII 
our  |ih}-iridnnB,  wiion  tretttfntc  InfaDM  who  bto 
fpd  from  th«  ix>lll«,  tulTlm  th«  uw  of  pore  cotin- 
Iry  nijllt  froni  cows  not  fed  upon  olops,  whicli  1« 
«n»ilf  obuinablp  )i«re:  iiiid  in  conaeqaeiKie  our 
«xperleDoe  of  thr  ill  or  good  rSccta  o(  «lo(>-re«(l- 
In;  b  WTT-  limiu-d. 

(KoitUiNft.  Bunwii.  M,IX,  CU«c«,tlLI 

No  special  uppurtuuitin  (or  o^NMirTiiis  Uto  ettvct 
oil  Ibe  cows ;  tbi-  opporlunitii:*  of  a  pbj'iiieiiui  in 
general  praciico  for  olwcrving  thr  pllccl  <in  tbc 
luilk.  Rnprat^  dwlarntionR  of  fainilin  wito 
have  had  ihv  upporlunity  of  usIdk  alt^rnnU-l;  and 
at  variona  timm  milk  from  countrr  dairies,  nnd 
from  «itch  distillery- fed  cow6  ;  wbk-h  iteclaratlona 
are  aonwwbat  as  follDw-a  :  tbut  tht*  milk  iu  <|iic«- 
tion  tiours  qukker  Ihnu  otlirr  miifc  :  Ihut  il  baa  aD 
o'lur  at  tiiun  tiiut  iH  pi'c-ulinr  to  il,  whici)  odor 
in.  to  aotae  pcnion*.  xvtj  diancreMblc ;  Ibat  tbc 
inilk  diiuiKn'Hi  n-ilh  luid  makn  tdok  l)otb  adulla 
sDd  c'bildivn.  I  havo  obMnred  sick  cliildn-n  w)ia 
wetv.  I  had  good  reaaon  to  beIi«Te,  ina<l«>  nirk  in 
tliix  n'Hy,  Tlie  sIckueBS  consisted  cbieDy  in  di*. 
turbaums  of  ibe  aiintvotary  i-anal  unci  uibrr  di-- 
mtgemnits  depending  on  thnw. 

IL  HcUus,  M.K.C,VJI.,  Bnwklro.  S.Y.I 

I  Itnve  Irequeiiily  uiad«  pMt-niuneui  examtnft- 
liow  on  Ui«  carcaiBen  »(  Hui-h  iiniinuU.  Tlie 
dtgmlive  otgana  fd  cow*  ao  fed  oiv,  um  h  rule,  in 
an  aitaemio  and  ntiophiod  condition. 

fix  W.  UiMD,  W.D.,SLl'*ul,)llna.,  awniMr  of  «U(*  board 
otttralUi.1 

Vpr/ limited.  Uany  oowain  ihia  viclnitj-arvf^ 

IMTtially  on  the  dIsUilery  wa«t«  ft»ui  iiunivruua 

dlatllled«a,  but  I  bave  kuowu  of  uu  i-uws  fed  ex- 

cluali-etron  it.    I  have  not  bwu  ubk  to  mrticv 

any  detrimenial  elTeot  on  the  milk. 

IWIMJ««  OLDwaiuBT.  <i.l>..  ■XuroaUt.  i'KU.] 

Tomiio  baa,  I  believe,  the  larKeot  diatllleiy  on 
tbia  continent,  sikI  one  would  suppose  we  Iimv 
abould  have  ivo  dilUcullyin  dL-tM-mluiiig  ibi'tenult 
of  feeding  dbilillrry  Hvrill:  but  tln-re  ure  «  mon)- 
OtlKe  aaaovinied  <;ircumsi«iic<s,  auoli  aa  uuclcntil]' 
•arroundiogH,  «4e..  tbal  it  ih  hard  to  Rpcnk  i>o«i- 
livdy.  My  o]Httii>R  in.  howi'rcr.  Hint  milk  ob- 
tainvd  from  cowa  lo  f«d  ia  ba*!. 

(X,  U.  BtKTUT,  ItO,  BrooUjm.  X.T.,  gblat  uhMnlm  o( 
bowd  of  baftiui.) 

Fire  y««ra  aa  mllk-inspeclor  nod  cbemisl   for 

Brooklyn  health  deparlnwni.     Have  Het-n  awiil 

led.  and  liare  examined  the  milk.     )Iuv<i  been  in 


actlre  practice,  largely  amooft  cJiUdren,  darinit 
tluil  l)m«,  and  have  waiclied  cliUdron  fed  upnn 
sueb  milk.  Uare  seen  two  casee  of  auddea  deatli 
tnta  •Mill-milk,  which  have,  1  believe,  bven  i«- 
ferred  to  in  articled  thnt  appeaivd  In  Seiettee  at 
May  13.  Uare  awn  utber  cbmw  uf  iadiKuaioa 
from  KUL-h  milk,  which  have  be«n  ouied  by  oluinge 
of  milk,  witliout  Rinlicine. 

IWiLUAK  K.  XKwrogi,  H.O.,  PaiacMa,  HJ,,  ■uis  dalrr 
cnmmVMloiMr.l 

I  bave  liad  do  jiersoDal  esporlence  with  Ibe 
frediu^  of  dirtllk-ry  sicill.  bnl  have  always  held 
Ihul  il  is  not  oidy  na  ioipiopet  (oud,  but  producn 
unlK-iaibrul  milk.  The  tact  lliat  Ibe  beulth  »r 
cown  fi-J  un  thin  nutBtance  i.-i  aoon  UDclvrmiiMH), 
nnd  thnt  thi'v  bcK'oou'  dixi-awd,  aerm*  to  prove 
that  Uie  milk  produced  by  them  luuat  be  dla- 
ea«ed. 

(J.fiun  Wnrrn,  H.b..  X«w  Yoik,  S.Y.! 

From  18T5  to  1886  was  chief  iiiapector  of  mDk 
for  the  New  Vorb  boant  of  health.     Hare  paid 
puHicular  attention  lo  the  aubjecl.     Hav«  awn 
hundt«dii  of  cowh  (ed  on  diatfUery  mvili.  nnd  lutvr 
noted  lliv  cITects  of  micb  food  on  the  nnlituitii' 
pbynioai  condition,  ua  welt  ai  on  Ibe   milk  fiir- 
niHh(-d   by    theni.      Uare  made   analyaea   of   l)>e 
milk  of  swill-fed  cotra,  and  also  mkroecoptu  ex> 
amiaailouB  or  «auie.     The  DiUk  of  awtll-fed  cowiH 
h  alna>-H  ot  an  acid  reaction;  bluiab.    wiiterT^J 
appeanace ;  aourisb,  insipid  lai)i«  ;  spiulaijuM-lcly: 
and  baa  an  odor  nimitar  to  that  of  tlie  Bwill.     Tlw 
caacine  u  very  |>roiui  to  coaguInU',  nod  ctiiUlrei 
are  very  apt  to  rgmit  It  in  large  ooogulab'd  in, 
aoOD  after  Uie  milk  la  (alien.    Analyaia  ahonn  ex 
ceae  of  aqueous  element,  and  ipvM  deficiency 
the  fatty  couatltueui.    Tlie  g lobulee  of  fat  tun 
the  mifrosciope  hare  a  great  tendency  to  aicgv^ 
gation,  inntvad  of  b?iiiK  iudividunlly  di»lribuMd 
throughout  the  caaeincr   inrcBtuient,  a>   In   JtOwT^H 
wbi)lcw>mi.'  milk     The  fat-gljbuliti  are  atao  d(^H 
minutiae  nnd  ncwnty.    Tba  cow*  depreciate  in^^ 
Itonltli.  nrc  pronv  to  coonumption,  become  euiacl- 
aud,  and  ulcernlino  of  the  moaib,  sbMnach,  and 
l>oweU  occnre;  atao  abaceaaea  of  tbe  Uvcr  and 
lauga  eoQietimes  occur. 

8wrlll.food  bypentimulalee  the  atvrelory  and 
excreloty  orKaon.  cumiug  excewarv  orination, 
and  coiwtquent  Uiaeiui'  of  the  kidney*,  diarttioea 
Bod  dyaontery,  and  not  infrequently  d«gaiMV»Uaa 
of  tbc  manintary  gland.  Piw  i*  MioMitiBMa  fouitd 
inthomUk.  Tlw  natural  conditlona  of  ihe  aoi- 
mal'a  life  are  in  every  iv«pecl  gro«u4y  violated  by 
tbi»  dort  nt  food,  nnd  tlie  neceaaary  ooiwequvocea 
are  deranged  henllh,  loailuome  aad  fatal  diaeaaee. 
which  ivnder  tlie  Hecntiooi  djaeavvxl.  aiwl  tbe 
milk,  npwfu/fjr,  unfit  for  htunan  atMaoADM.  The 


Jms  10,  18S;.J 


SCIENCE. 


55] 


I 


I 


cows  aru  foroofi.  bv  thin  molhot).  lo  b«oo[n« 
'IruukanU ;  nml  tlieir  milk  w.  wiihonl  wi^  ex- 
aKKi'''otion.  pmiitiT^I;r  polsonouti  to  lufanU  and 
very  yoiinit  ctilKlrra.  Th«  sjMenio  ut  luluUi  are 
not  M  susceptible  to  tlit?  U)  elTecta  of  aiicb  milk  ; 
but  I  am  convincol  Ibut  it  \a  uDwholcwnK-.  if  not 
ImnieUialelj'  imiukmiou*  lu  the  human  fnniilv  gon- 

Such  milk,  when  i^itn  to  young  children, 
far  from  fumi«hinK  noiirlsbnicnt.  rapiitly  uixler- 
tiiinM  tho  conntiiuiion,  and  opeoH  wiile  the  avenue 
to  every  prpvaltinK  disease,  though  iiarticularl)' 
to  iliHai!««  of  tbe  dlKedliw  urgnn*.  which  ()ft<?n 
terminate  fatally. 

Some  of  tlie  moet  obstinntc  fomu  of  cholera- 
iitfantum  have  been  directly  traced  tn  the  milk 
of  cowB  fpd  to  n  great  extent  on  brewer*'  gmiiie 
and  dialUhtrr  alop,  which  latter  is  the  tnosidel- 
rtmpiital. 

t^nncuniie  too  strong  cannot,  in  my  opinion,  be 
u»e<t  in  coiulemiiin^'  dialUlery  «wil]  n>  food  tor 
mlk-h-cows.  and  the  wrerMt  puniahuient  that  the 
law  allows  is  not  adequate  for  the  human  brute 
that  would  wantonl<r  inflict  wch  cruelly  on  dumb 
animaU  aa  thia  method  of  feedinj;  entaiU  ;  but 
moat  important  are  the  evils  which  milk  from 
Kuch  iKnim<a  imposes  upon  huinun  t>fin)(>,  when 
sold  lo  nourish  cliUdren,  tbuH  polluting  at  its  rery 
source  tbe  fouuliiin  of  lifo. 

[Oxoam  H.  Boo*.  M.D..  BdtlniDr*,  Uil.l 

Noue  rec*ntly.  During  my  early  life  I  had 
□loderalrly  good  opportunities,  but  Ufvpr  olmrrted 
any  ill  flTcrta  from  fee'Iinx  ilintillrrj-  »wjll.  1 
may  note,  however,  thnt  swill  was  not  tlwt  only 
food  fod  trt  the  cows  und^r  my  obHrrvatton.  They 
■oitttt  Uk«wlt»  w«ll  atabled.  and  kupt  otheririse  In 
fair  sanllftry  oondiilon. 

(WlujjkH  H.  Baavaa.  prarcasor  of  acrtimltui*,  8)u>Rlalil 
•olonllfli;  Khool  ot  ¥*]«  cd|](>k*.  Now  lliimi.  conii.] 

Bv  way  of  explanation,  t  may  nay,  that,  a^ide 
from  Diy  irrofeHsioD.  1  hare  bM-n  a  member  of 
our  city  Iraanlof  health  for  about  Afleen  yeare, 
and  its  presideDt  aome  years,  so  hare  glv«n  the 
matter  some  thought ;  although  there  is  no  dia- 
tillerj-  hero,  and,  »o  far  as  I  know,  no  dutillety 
milk  acild  in  thiaeity. 

1  vriab  10  add  to  Uk  Bot<«  in  this  circular,  that 
I  hare  a  decUod  opiuion  that  awiU-mllk  Is  un- 
wholesome :  hut  tliis  o^union  is  founded  on  gen- 
eral facts  rather  than  on  KpeciAc  proof. 

The  following  are  aoionR  tbe  facta  inducing 
thia  belief :  — 

I'.  Tliat  the  health  of  cows  affects  the  whcle- 
someneisor  tlieir  mtik  la  proren  beyond  any  doubt ; 
and  the  health  of  cows  fed  largely  or  wholly  oo 
distilleTy  awill  is  poor,  as  la  abundantly  *bown  by 


Ibelr  geoeral  condition  and  by  IhHr  high  roor* 
taLty. 

%".  It  H  well  ewHigh  known  tliat  Ute  food  of 
cows  alfrota  tbi-ir  milk,  and  that  tfatrir  chief  food 
largely  deiermimii  its  character.  No  one  claims 
Hint  (tistillery  swill  la  tho  normal  food  of  cows,  oi- 
ls wholeaome  food  when  fed  in  ivlnlivcly  large 
quantities.  Odorsof  food  <as  of  tintoiui,rle.;iihow 
tliat  some  of  the  chemical  com|>ounds  of  tlie  food 
go  into  ilie  tuilk  unchanged :  and  ibe  rame  is 
ahown  by  abuniliuit  ei|ierlment  on  animals.  TIte 
experience  with  drugs  ( portion Larly  the  alkaloids, 
aa  morphine)  with  women  in  lurlatioD  ia  in  the 
Mime  direction,  and  ia  familiar  to  all  medical 
men. 

3".  Wlien  owlll-mllk  la  nndergoing  »pontnneouH 
ileconi  pool  lion,  it  beha*<e«  differently  from  normal 
milk  :  it  lit  usually  acid  when  drawn,  wblle  nor- 
mal milk  ia  alkaline  :  it  belmvea  differently  in  the 
procceees  for  tlM-  manufacture  of  butler  and 
cheese  (and  therefore  probably  nlaci  under  tbe  dl- 
gestUe  proeewpal,  —  ao  diJfcrc^Ily  Ibal  oreumer- 
lea  and  cheee»-hictorieK  rvfuae  It.  Thia  ia  uni- 
i-ersal  m  far  as  I  know  any  thing  about  them. 
I  have  beAnt  tbi«  matter  discussed  by  butler  and 
cbmie  makers ;  and.  ao  far  as  tbe  gwoeml  facia 
arc  concerned.  I  think  there  is  no  dUTcTeoce  of 
opinion,  that,  where  iliatillery  swill  fonmi  a  large 
or  chief  |)arl  of  the  food  oftbecowii.  milk  >■  much 
iiyurcd  for  butter  and  chee*e  :  the  only  diffeienrtt 
of  opinion  being  as  lo  whether  or  not  some  luny 
beuRcd  nlongwith  other  fuixl  without  itijuiiog 
lh«  milk. 

-4".  We  hare  nlniuilant  and  sad  proof  Ibat 
milk  readily  ahaorlM  infection*,  and  numeroiu  epi- 
demics of  diseflne  have  been  traced  to  this  source. 
It  also  absorbs  odota,  and  awill-milk  •tobleaue 
proverbially  foul  and  slinking  :  so  this  doubtlces 
adda  to  tbe  posalbilities  of  unwholeaomeneM. 

ffi,  Thrae.  with  other  facts  taken  In  their  con- 
nection, with  the  KcattrTed  and  moreor  leM  vajjpte 
data  as  to  aiokneui  in  specified  caata  following  the 
uae  of  Bwlll-niilk,  where  thin  ncemit  the  factor  mmt 
open  to  suspicion, —all  together  make  nie  bo- 
lievc.  that,  as  comparetl  with  other  milk,  nwill- 
mitk  ia  unwhi>le*onie. 

0°.  I  have  Dii'er  found  any  facts  pointing  In 
the  oppo«itr  dinvtion.  Some  are  negative,  others 
point  in  thia  direction.  I  know  of  none  that 
point  positively  in  the  opp0BiI«. 

T".  The  u»c  of  diatillcry  waste  for  feeding  cowa 
baa  been  niotv  cnrefully  and  acientificslly  invcatt- 
gabvl  in  Germany  (a*  I  understnnd  it),  wilb  the 
conclusion  tliat  It  may  he  wed  in  limited  quanti- 
tiea,  along  with  other  foi>d  which  forms  the 
chief  part  of  the  ration,  without  lujuring  notably 
the  milk.     A*  I  undentand  it.  I  ma.«  compare  it 


552 


scmy^cE. 


[you  IX..  Mc 


with  the  use  of  tiimi|M,  cabbage,  «tc.,  which 
inaku  the  milk  'taut*-.'  if  fed  in  larg«  quantUiM 
OT  at  in<Ii«cHininitlr  timn.  but  which  may  lie  fed 
In  liniilo)  (lunnlltipn.  nnil  nt  rvrlaJn  tim^s  in  rv- 
«pect  to  the  mllkinR,  withoiil  flavoring  (lie  milk 
at  all.  I  have  oflen  lienrd  this  otfttler  disoufM<l 
among  tarmere  and  milkmen,  and,  similarly,  I 
lliink  it  very  pcolwble  that  tome  iliatillery  au-ill 
may  be  uaed,  regulated  as  t<i  the  quantity,  the 
time  of  focdinK.  and  the  other  food  which  goes 
tvltb  it,  without  iiriicticaJIy  injurinfr  the  milk. 
Bat  becnuw  of  thi>  dfHlouliio*  of  frupcrvising  the 
production  of  nitlk  for  dtlm,  and  of  coutrollliig 
ita  sale.  1  would  forbid,  under  heavy  peualtles, 
the  aale  of  all  milk  in  citlee  and  townii,  produeed 
hy  awiil-fed  cows,  whether  muub  or  little  Bwill 
wa*  u*ed. 

[  haie  madf  mnny  inqujrim  nninnR  pliyiiicians 
OD  this  matter,  and  I  think  the  vn«t  majority  be- 
liere  that  en-Ill-mllk  U  not  wholesome  fur  chil- 
dren, and  that  this  unwholeaomenms  la  not  merely 
Degatlre,  arisimc  from  ita  poverty  in  fat,  iiugur,  or 
total  aolida,  but  that  it  has  piMitively  iDJiirioiiN 
qualitiM ;  and  that,  too>  ia  my  own  belief. 

[HmiT  Bj.imuo&N>,  U.D,,  I'bUiutslplilfc  Peuo.) 

Di.  BiHphuni,  sx  praetitioui.'r  iu  the  lint  word, 
Pliili»li'l|>)iia,  leltn  nii.-  lliat  he  kui>wn  uf  the  uu;  of 
milk  from  cow«  It'd  with  liistillery  swill.  In  fam- 
lUn  OJidn'  his  medical  car* :  and  that  he  Las  wwii 
erldeooe  that  auch  milk  Is  too  stimulating,  and 
unwbolMOme  for  children. 

[W.  tilitOJl.  Pti.D..  BoJllninr*,  Vd.) 
In  llie  spring  of  I6S2  i  Rate  niy  attention  to 
the  feeding  ol  caltJe  wltb  swill  for  a  numlwr  of 
wn'k*.  visiting  the  atablea  belonging  tudifltitli'rir* 
ill  and  near  Baltimore  during  feeilin(,'-timf.  nnd 
drawing  namplen  for  anolyais.  The  cattle  which 
ouue  under  my  exnminution  nt  tbi.'  time  were  fed 
with  plenty  of  hay  and  nwiJI  only,  nnd  were  In  a 
good  healthy  condition.  notwtih«tniidiiiK  that 
aodoe  of  the  cows  tuvl  not  left  the  »tal>lo  for  aev- 
eral  months.  Neither  In  cjuanlity  nor  quality  of 
the  mitk  oould  I  Und  any  abnormal  coudilionii. 

(JakmL^*,  M.I>..  protMsoraf  reiarliiUT  Kleu>.-o.  <'r<ni«|l 
untinniUr.l 

Mng  from  home,  I  cannot  pmfem  to  answer 
youi  queatJona  m  to  th«  effects  of  swill- feeding  on 
milk  aa  1  could  have  done  had  I  been  bexide 
my  lilwary.  I  have  be«D  aoGuHtonitid  to  »ee 
lire  wen' and  diatitlers'  icrains  fed  to  milch-cnwH 
witlmut  any  noticeable  evil  i-ffert  on  the  milk. 
If  frri'li,  tbene  are,  in  tht^  main,  grain  txibbed  ol 
much  of  ita  sbtrch  an<l  nonie  of  its  salts.  Even 
when  slightly  acid  from  pr(m<rTallon  in  a  clupely 
pnoked  condition,  it  ba*  not  neomed  to  affect  tlie 
milk  injuriously.     It  U  dlffloult  to  aee  how  the 


same  material,  ground  into  a  fine  farina,  al 
Hosting  in  a  Urge  amount  uf  water.  CAn  be  nay 
more  injurious.  fitrthiT  than  an  (lie  excMs  of  tha^H 
water  nmit  prod  HIT  n  n'lnlivci  diminution  cif  tli«|^| 
solid*  in  the  milk.  But  swill  is  not  nlwaya  fed 
in  Uils  pure  and  unchanged  condition.  As  pre- 
served for  feed int:-i>nr poses.  It  ts  often  found  to 
have  undergone  nut  an  acid  ferinenlatioa  only, 
but  even  a  putrid  one  ua  well.  In  other  eaaa*  it 
la  alleged  that  it  containa  chemical  ngentii  of  a 
more  or  Inm  pemicioux  natur«t.  cliat  liave  bevn  In- 
trodnced  «>th  tlie  object  of  securing  a  nior« 
abundant  yield  of  alcohol  from  a  ^Iven  meaaurfl 
of  grain  :  and  in  all  Mich  oaaea  the  milk  catUMM 
fail  to  be  iujuriouB  in  exact  tatio  with  tbo  ban»- 
fol  nature  of  the  fermentation  iiroducta.  or  of  the 
chemicals  introduced  by  thn  )>renvr.  The  quea- 
tion  cannot,  I  think,  Ix-  aettled  hy  a  mere  ^:enen1 
statement  of  the  effect*"  of  ■  will-feeding,  but  it- 
must  have  reference  to  the  condition  and  iitgre- 
dlents  of  any  particular  specimen  of  anill  fcd- 
I  can  easily  undemtaud  two  diSerpntoliHTveraex- 
periniuoting  al  the  same  time,  and  ronchioK  db- 
metrieally  opposite  renultn,  bi«au««  due  regard 
hft*  not  been  paid  to  the  varying  eonditiuti  of 
the  swill  ni  it  wa»f>v),andtheilifferenlcm)ditiaiM 
of  life  of  the  animals  consuming  iL 

III.  G.  gjuiiHt,  M.D..  «bii>r  of  IIurn4u  of  anlnul  tntmar. 
depuinieuiof  t^ouliim.  WaAUucViii.  IXC.) 

As  I  bare  not  the  exact  data  a(  hand  which 
would  be  needed  to  answer  your  queationa  prop* 
eriy,  I  jirefer  to  write  yon  a  abort  letter  on  tha 
auhject.  In  my  invntigationM  of  animal  dfaeaMa, 
1  have  (requently  had  occasion  (o  observe  tha 
manner  in  whicli  n>w>  are  utabled  in  ahedn  wh«r9 
distillery  refuite  Is  fed.  and  I  alfo  have  c]uit9  a 
clear  idea  of  the  way  in  which  tlie  iiiilk  in  han- 
dlnl.  In  a  general  vrny  1  have  watcbnl  the  dia- 
cuiHiuoH  cif  sanitariuiis  in  referenoe  to  the  wltule- 
EiomaueM  of  milk  prixlu(y.>d  iu  thin  way.  In  aome 
cases,  at  least,  chemists  have  repurtoil  that  milk 
from  cowa  ted  upon  swill  was  equally  rich,  aiMl. 
ftom  chemical  testa,  was  as  good  as,  aud  oran 
bettor  thau,  milk  produced  from  cows  fed  upon 
country  paatum>  It  iaestroniely  doubtful  wh«>tli«r 
lucb  teots  as  these  indicate  iu  any  degm  llie 
wholesumirntsB  of  such  milk.  Vmia  Iba  aaiuie 
of  thcr  foiid.  stable!  where  owill  is  fed  are  miKb 
more  difficult  to  keep  clean,  and  1I10  milk  |)(0> 
duoed  in  them  Is  eontnininated  with  mora  AIM) 
and  fureign  organic  matter  than  ever  abcMiM  fae 
the  caw.-  in  jirojieily  kept  mllk-atablea.  IWa 
would  indicate  that  such  uiitk  would  mklcTgD 
cluutges  from  tbi;  multiplit.-aiiiin  ot  niice<oacoplc 
organisms  more  rnpitlly  tluin  other  n(lk,  and 
that  dangerous  gfirmi  vronld  lie  more  apt  to  Hml 
their  way  Into  it.    8ome  sanltaiiaoa  coBteEod  that 


I 


4mm  ID.  1887.] 


scisy^CE. 


503 


tho  ■Ibiiminc^d  confltltu^nte  <if  swilt-iullk  coagu- 
lulv  moro  dimly  iliau  In  otber  milk,  aud  tbat 
conMMiUMitly  it  is  much  mor«  diitii-uli  todixrat. 
I  )i«re  Dude  DO  penonal  obaervaiioua  in  n'gurO  to 
this,  and  tbereforu  oan  gir*  no  ponaiiiil  inCcirma- 
ttoD  of  value,  Tlio  qimtion  U  cutainly  nn  im- 
portant oiM,  nnd  I  hopo  .Tou  will  lie  nble  to  ooll«ct 
Infonnaiion  which  will  clvnr  up  some  of  the  dia- 
pnted  points. 

[To  be  oonlfnHrd.] 


TBE  INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

Tae  a]ipea»ace  of  the  third  annual  report  of 
tli«  iTiduntrinl  edacation  awx-iation  of  New  York 
Citjr,  and  th«  tmpovtance  of  the  work  which  It 


fouQilMl,  and  loprovenl  Its degeiier«tlll|;  Into cax^ 
leu  Aod  etratii-  lucthodii  of  ttaohing.  wbioh  mlgM 
expOM  Uie  syMcoi  to  miwoooeptioa  in  lis  otiJ««t8 
and  operetiMi. 

It  citnnot  1)0  clnimrd  Ihnt  thn  kilclinn-gnnlon, 
«TRtem  wn»  inlucBtionjil,  mvc  indinvllj'.  It  «-«■ 
prnctical  pbilanthropj.  Tliei  t«rni  (wrms  to  hav» 
originated  wicli  ilim  Emllj  HuntingtoD,  wbo 
publiabed  a  book  ou  tbe  subjetl  in  1BT8.  Bjr 
■  kitdten-gardeB '  Mia«  Huuliu^^u  dpnot«d  an 
Kp^kUion  of  MNne  deutila  of  FMobel's  kinder- 
gartcn  sjM«in  to  domudtic  tm^-ice.  Tli«  udsooia- 
tton  nn«  conrinord  of  iW  valu«  of  tbv  npplicn- 
tioR,  and  in  if  Bni  luinual  rojinrl,  inMl<'  in  iliif, 
1881,  was  able  to  Ptaf>  thai  dutinx  the  yt*r  lh« 
principles  of  kltcben-trard«n  bad  bepn  applied  In 


has  nitdertnken  and  Is  accomplishing,  serve  to  di- 
rect anew  tbe  alteotioo  of  educators  and  teachers 
all  oter  ibe  eountry  to  a  fotc«  which  is  growing 
mightier  week  by  weuk,  And  which  is  making  it- 
self felt  as  u  jKiwer  foe  good  bt  o»r  cdncational 
system. 

The  growth  of  (h«  BModatioa's  work  It  a  nuet 
excellent  cxnniplc  of  ths  development  of  an  Idea. 
fn  April,  1S80,  there  was  Inoorpcmlvd  in  N«w 
York  City  The  kitcben-gaiden  aasociatioo.  Th» 
objects  of  this  assoctatioD  were  tlie  pnouoiion  of 
the  domestic  iDdustrial  arta  among  tbe  laboring 
c)aib<w.  by  giving  t<>  tliccblldnin  of  tbe  same,  and 
to  >u<:b  oihiTu  ni  might  bo  dMOied  dnirable,  gra- 
tuitous instructioB  in  tbe  liousehold  arts,  accord- 
ing to  the  principle  of  tbe  kitchen-gardt^n  tysteui ; 
and  also  to  promote  a  wide  and  correct  difTuiiian 
of  the  principles  upon  which  tbe  system  had  been 


at  claeees,  comprising  SM  cl>i)dr«>D,  In  New  York 
City  and  rlcinity  alotte.  Mtuiy  otber  oitiea  fol- 
lowed New  York's  example,  and  similar  clusaea 
were  reported  aa  existin;;  in  Brookljn.  Philndel- 
phia,  Boston,  Albnny,  Troy.  St.  Louiii.  Ciocinoati, 
Wilkeelmrre,  UeadTille,  Newark,  Poughkcepsle, 
Elmlrn.  and  Newport.  In  this  initial  report  the 
same  uni«  is  souuiled  ttiat  Is  beard  again  In  the 
last  report  wbicb  has  Just  been  Iwued.  It  Is  that 
too  much  sirens  cannot  be  laid  upon  the  Impor- 
tance of  traiiiiug  li-acbers  Tur  this  work.  Persona 
must  not  bi'  pi-ruiittc<l  to  take  il  up  without  ade- 
quatd  itfi'inmiion.  In  thus  insisting  on  aprofea- 
sionnl  training  for  (eochers,  the  association,  in  the 
earliest  days  of  ils  bislory,  phit-i'd  ituclf  U|>oa  a 
proper  |ilane.  and  made  its  future  eucceseful  de- 
i-elui>ment  poselble.  One  year  later,  in  Blay,  idSS, 
one  or  (wo  points  of  advance  were  cliroDkled. 


k 


554 


SCIEXCE. 


|Tou  IX.,  Hfl 


TIiP  kite  hen -garden  rlaAneti  hiul  Iwm  continued 
ill  all  the  oiiiir*  in  n-bk-li  they  hud  prcviounl y  Wen 
iiitiodao(!cl.  and  nirw  iJaiNv  hnil  bwn  e«talili«hed 
tn  Oniogp.  liwliprtcr.  Vonkcis,  St.  Albans.  C«dar 
Raplil«.  O^nnantowii,  Chmlout  Htll.  and  Clevt^- 
land.  A  oorraaJ  class  Imd  been  sittrlfd,  and  wu 
meeting  with  gralttying  sucoeu.  A  sniduntr  of 
the  notDuil  clan  Iiad  atUnipted  an  rxtcnuitin  of 
tbf  »,vMtom  ao  that  it  would  auit  ho^  a»  well  m 
gtrU,  While  Ihia  pxtpn«on  lind  not  be«n  fully 
dfiTvlopnd,  y«t  [hvbtcsvi  w«8  reported.  The  tliird 
report,  iMiwd  in  IdS!*,  tot<l  of  a  eucceesful  but  iin- 
eT«nlful  y«ar.  The  roiirUi  report,  howvver.  marka 
a  aiguiltcant  ola^  in  tlia  aMoriotion'a  devdop- 


ffonarnl,  for  older  piipllii.  and  for  boys,  be  i 
to  tbe  pi<esent  work  :  foTirtb.  otberaysteina  bavl: 
be^n  deiwloped,  It  seems  advisable  to  incorponklc 
Iheu  with  our  own." 

In  thia  ditaolution  the  old  u-sn  ixit  ditiplarnl 
entirely  by  the  new.  but  it  waK  n-Ifg«tt?rl  to  a 
ttnbonlinatt.'  poiitiun.  A  standing  ciMntnitt4v  on 
IrilchDn-gurdrn  wn*  provided  for,  and  to  tt  the 
direction  of  thni  work  waa  conllded.  The  resall 
of  the  re-oTKnnization  wwi  the  Industrial  educa- 
tion association.  In  April,  189S,  ita  first  annual 
report  was  pnMlshed  :  and  its  whole  tenor  indi- 
cates that  a  ^n-utly  eolar)^  work  had  bi>en  nn- 
divtaken.     In  thia  report  it  ia  atBt«d  that 


ik^do^ 


nent.  The  board  of  managiua  had  begun  to  feel 
that  Ibcir  preneiit  work  was  too  limited,  that  tbeir 
fuDdimenlal  principle  admitted  of  a  wider  appli- 
Cktioutban  It  was  receiving.  Thla  feellDK  found 
expreaaion  in  a  re^olntion  passed  Mnrrh  SI,  1884, 
which  read  uh  follows:  "  RuoXvtd,  that  at  tlie 
next  regular  meeting  of  the  areoL-iatiun  tbeailb- 
ji?ct  of  thf  ilinsolving  of  The  kilo  hen -giinlen  aaio- 
cialion,  with  a  view  of  re-<>rgnnixiBg  undirr  a  dif- 
ferent nanw  and  iipun  u  brondor  bmii*.  he  pre- 
sented, and  action  taken  thereon,  It  in  proponed 
to  make  tliis  chanRe,  because,  tlrst.  the  title 
'Kitchen-gardeD  association'  is  too  limited  in  ita 
scope ;  seoond.  experience  haa  proved  that  a  more 
ndraneed  work  in  addition  ia  esaential :  tliinl.  It 
ia  doaiiabte  tJi*t  induatrial  training  for  acboole  in 


lUMOciatlon  wna  organised,  first,  to  obtain  and  dl 
neminati'  information  upon  iudualriol  edncatloa^ 
and  to  Htimulnt«  public  opinion  in  ita  favor  :  aeo-' 
ond,  to  inrile  oo-operotioo  between  axiating  or- 
ganittations  enmaged  in  any  form  of  industrial 
training  ;  third,  to  train  women  and  girls  In  Aif 
mestic  economy,  and  to  promote  tlie  traitiing  of 
both  «exea  In  exioh  Industries  aa  shall  enable  thuM 
train«lt«lH;ci.<meiH.-ir-sui)porting:  fourth,  toAndy 
and  devise  taethodi  and  tyatems  of  tnduatrial 
training,  and  ■M^uretheirintrodiietkia  into  achoola; 
also,  when  expLnlivnt,  to  form  apecia]  chwase  and 
schools  for  auch  instruction  :  Bflh.  to  imnide  In- 
structors for  school*  and  claawa,  mm),  if  aeoes- 
aary,  to  train  teachers  for  this  work. 
The  work  of  the  year,  as  might  hav«  beea  i 


Jon  10,  1897.1 


SClEJffCS. 


555 


pecMd,  had  heen  Inr^lj  preparatoTj*.  InduMrial 
whicallon  bad  U^iiBiO(liMl.MMiiinilti?tiaoiiiipM.-il>c 
topics  orguDtEed  uid  net  to  work.  Tbe  canthuion 
ba<l  betMi  roiiclir<t  thni  a  nntlm  thould  bo  Mtab- 
liMM-'ct.  vrhcrr.  br  practirni  (utporimont.  tbi!  vnlur 
nnd  roiisibililr  of  innnual  tnunloii  <»uld  be  Hp- 
niomtrnf -i).  Ti>  tbis  cmd  Ihe  MHi>cInilon  hiul  np- 
plii-d  to  Ibe  bonrd  of  edilciillon  of  New  York  City 
for  th(>  a»e  ot  a  »chool-build!Dg  one  afterooon  fn 


to  penntt  the  u«e  of  k  sdiool-balldinK  for  nnj 
edui-'iitluafti  work  not  wbolly  under  Its  own  oon- 
Irol.  Utirins  ttuB  jvar,  alio,  G«d.  Jobo  Kftton, 
U.  8.  commiwioiier  of  wlncalion,  invEled  tbe  as- 
•ocUliiin  to  prc^puw  an  ^xhtlHt  for  tbe  New  Or- 
IcAiiH  eipoaition  :  but  it  wnn  (liwrnnd  ini'S]i«diont 
to  attempt  any  ^ich  pxbtbition  at  tbnl  time. 

Th«  »ecoDd  anniiaJ  report,  twii««l  in  yiay.  1886. 
oT  the  Indtutrial  educatloD  sMOcUtlon,  I*  w>ni^ 


.-^i 


/■ 


r.^ 


the  week,  for  Ihe  purpose  of  holiimR  oIomm  after 
the  regular  Bchool-hours  in  newing.  dotn«stJc 
ecoiioiiiT,  desigofng,  modelling,  simple  carpentry, 
nnd  the  use  of  tools.  The  MBoclMioi)  offered  to 
aasame  tlw  eniir«  oare  and  expeuae.  and  to  opon 
the  oIuBes  to  the  iuapvction  of  iL-iicbors.  school 
trustCM.  and  mombvTH  of  tbe  bimrd  of  cducntioD. 
This  reqiMat  wns  rcfiiaed,  and  on  the  '(Uitv  de- 
feasible ground  that  tiK-  board  wat  not  aiithoriited 


L 


orhat  more  rlaboralti  than  Ita  predec«eM)re.  The 
work  of  the  amociation  had  attraot«d  tuflloient 
attrition  to  bicur  misrepreBeniatJon,  and  ft  waa 
deemed  necessary  that  au  adequate  explanation  at 
the  term  ■  industrial  *  be  gii-en.  Tbe  rvporl  in- 
siMa  that  by  thi*  term  i«  not  mitint  the  leaching 
ot  liny  tnule,  nor  tbe  introduction  of  the  tMCh- 
iog  of  trades  into  public  education.  Bui.  the 
report  continues,  quoting  Mr.  Wadiinglon  Olad- 


056 


scmycE, 


CTei.  a..  No.  W 


den,  "  we  holtl  Ibnl  ihcivu  an  indiMUia]  Inining, 
whUib  i*  nriUu^r  lorhniml  nor  prafMdooal,  wliich 
n  nleulitled  to  [nak«  bettor  men  uid  better  cltl- 
nosof  tite  pupils,  no  matwr  vrbat  calling  tbe^ 
may  aftervaxd  follow ;  which  alleotit  directly, 
and  In  a  tiioat  snltitaiy  manner,  tbe  mind  aiul 
oliaraol«r  of  the  pupil,  and  which  wtU  be  of  con* 
Uant  Mrvice  to  him  through  ail  his  life,  whether 
he  be  vragc^workor  or  Iradcr,  Imclier  or  cUrgy- 
man.  Tlw  tminiiiK  of  t\w  rye  nnd  of  thit  liand 
ar«  importaat  and  wMeatlal  el«[n«nte  in  all  jiood 


and  efficient  Hiiperint^'ndcnl.  Uiw  li.  R.  Bum*, 
appointed  to  organiz*  and  d»volot>  the  wurk.  Tbc 
special  coRimttt««  on  indiiatripa  Imd  Ivovn  tniay  in- 
reetJ^tlng  the  pnccical  workinKof  tb«  industrial 
feature  wherever  inuoduced  Into  relorroAttiric* 
and  similar  iiiatilutions.  and  waa  able  to  rvpott 
that  Ihri-v  ve(>'  important  caocluaioaa  bail  been 
reacliesd.  ThcM  irere,  1",  that  «v(^^7  child  iB 
tlinwi  institution*  shonld  bn  trained  to  become  a 
producing  factor  in  tlx)  community;  i",  tbat,  if 
such  training  is  to  lutce  portuanent  raJue  la  lb« 


m 


'  '^",T?j 


^1 


•^ 


■J,V"i 


--^\r 


^qM^^ 


vducation.  THok  elemeota  the  state  Is  bound  to 
furnish." 

Hie  objecia  of  the  awiocintion  were  defined 
anew,  and  tbe  more  nwntial  of  tbi-m  are,  1",  to 
•ecure  tbe  Introduction  of  manual  training  an  an 
important  factor  In  general  education,  arid  to  pro- 
tuule  tbe  training  of  both  sexes  in  such  industries 
aa  Hliall  enable  those  trained  to  become  self-sup- 
porting ;  i",  to  deviae  methodH  and  ajratenis  of  In- 
dustrial trainiac,  and  to  put  tliem  into  operation 
in  schools  and  inatituiioos  of  sll  grades :  3°,  to 
provide  and  train  tRncheni  for  this  work. 

Numerous  classes  had  b««n  rtartvd  in  rarious 
braucbee  of  ioduscrial  work,  and  an  aooompUsfaed 


after-life  of  the  child.  It  must  be  conducted  on  a 
baeia  of  education  lo  the  child,  and  cannot  be 
mode  to  anj  extent  a  «ource  of  revenue  to  the 
instituliun :  3",  thut  tlie  mural  i^ulta  uf  ntch 
trninint'  o^e  most  Nttiifnctory. 

Perliaiis  the  grfstHt  triumph  of  the  jear  wm 
tlie  auccEfls  of  the  Children'*  industrial  exhibition, 
held  under  the  auspices  of  the  aasooialion.  Tlu' 
exlilbitlon  waa  opened  on  March  SI,  and  Liiit«<l 
UU6  week.  To  mvei  the  often -ex  preaMd  wialithu 
tills  ejcbilHlion  inijfbt  »how  the  results  attained  In 
cities  wIkt<-  indiiAtrinl  iHlitr.iiion  liai>  already 
gaiiinl  a  definite  place  in  tbe  rnrriciilum  of  pobUo 
instruction,  special  invitations  were  exteixled  to 


Jem  10,  issri 


SCIENCE. 


557 


Now  Htkveii,  JamMtown.  Ctilcaxo,  Clerdand,  St. 
Louis,  Phlladelpliia.  Boslou,  Worcral^r.  und  othpr 
cltle«.  The  work  of  all  f  nd^s  of  pupils,  lrr«ep«c- 
tlve  of  age,  wa»  solici[«<l  wilb  a  view  lo  ^owinx 
[hi.-  rMultfl  |)OBBili]e  under  synt^iiiBtk  train inx,  To 
the  fOrJial  Tvsxtaaact  fruia  Ihrse  ciliei,  us  well  aa 
to  tlic  »inci<-nt  i-o.<ipi!rt>lion  »F  sclioob  anil  iaelilu- 
tluos  in  ani)  nror  Ktrir  Yorti,  niurh  of  tin-  sitc- 
onm  of  tho  (ixliiliition  wa»  due.  It  compriwed  no 
fpwer  tlinii  revonty  «eparat«  exliihiu  from  echoola 
and  institutions,  repreeeulino;  tlio  worh  of  tliou- 
MincU  ot  <.-hlldr«u,  and  one  hundreil  and  fort.v  in- 
dividual exbibiU.  TliU  «xhitii|{on  did  a  f;reat 
deal  to  iocr«:»e  the  popular  appiectaliun  ot  the 
Importance  »(  indaatriiU  training.  Tlie  ntti-nd- 
anee  of  visitors  was  Ter^  large,  numbering  over 
seven  thousand  persons.  The  prw"  treated  the 
exhibition  with  gratify ing  cordiality. 

tirest  a*  is  the  )>roKrea«  noted  In  the  report  of 
lasa.  that  of  1^7  surpasses  lU  The  work  had  now- 
reached  a  still  mote  advaneeil  sta^.  Nearly  a 
year  aco  the  usMX-iiitinn  had  outgrown  ita  quar- 
tern, and  ibi*  lorgi'  building,  No.  D  University 
Pliiti',  formerly  aoou|iJed  by  Union  theoloKi<«l 
Miminory.  wan  loiutd  for  a  term  of  yearo.  The 
buildJiiK  WB>  altered  and  refltted ;  and  in  Deceu- 
hn  Ian,  two  elames  in  drawing,  one  in  earpentry, 
ont  Id  a«niDg.  one  in  cookery,  together  with  the 
klndenKarten  and  domestie  training  ilirpartoicnt, 
were  in  prugnos.  In  April  thin  numlier  had  in- 
creuaed  to  seven  olassea  in  drawing,  «tx  In  carpeu- 
ir.v.  six  in  sewing,  twelve  io  cwikery,  together 
with  the  kindergarten  and  dooieMic  iniining  de- 
jMrtmnnl.  The  asnoclation  has  ha<l  uoder  lustnic- 
tioo  4,SH:!  pupils,  3.001  of  wlioui  have  been  mem- 
ber* of  rloKv^  held  outeldo  of  Ihe  liuilding  but 
instructed  by  teachers  in  the  employ  of  the  aaw- 
clatJon.  Over  400  pupils  wer«  enrolled  in  vaca- 
tion clatMeo  held  in  July  and  AiigiiHt  Inat.  A 
coum;  of  publi<-  Lectures  was  glv<rn.  and  attracted 
iniich  ntti^ntion.  The  lectureri  were  President 
Uilninn  of  Johns  H'^pthnu  university.  Superintend* 
•nt«  Duiton  o(  New  Haven,  BalUet  of  Reading, 
Calbios  of  New  York,  and  Barrlnger  of  Newark, 
Col.  Frauds  W.  Parker  of  Cook  county  Normal 
suhool,  IltlQois,  Dr.  Ueury  H.  Belfield  of  Cbtcatto, 
Dr.  Nlcholns  Mtirray  Butler  of  Columhia,  and  Mrs. 
Uary  Daiia  Ilii'k.i  of  Bixtton.  A  mu«eiitn  lias  l>eeti 
open*^  —  which  will  be  hirgely  auKuieiiled  in  tho 
autumn  —  which  aerves  aa  an  object-lewon  in  in- 
dustrial education.  It  is  always  open  to  viHltont, 
and  many  teachers  and  other  iiilernted  iH-nnON 
visit  it  daily.  I->om  it  the  eye  tukia  in  at  u  glaQM 
the  powjlrilitii-s  r^ulting  ftom  tliv  ooiDbtnailon  of 
mamia)  and  mental  exerciser,  aud  eer*  how  tbey 
■applammt  and  depend  npon  oacb  otiier.  The 
Dtnaram  oomprisM  at  prewnt  aome  twelv«  sepa- 


rate exhibits  of  drawing,  together  wltb  qwoimena 
of  carpentry,  joUwry.  latlio  and  forgW  wort,  rap- 
rettentinjc  tlie  Chlcaco  puWi<-  •cliool^,  WoiVMIW 
hinli  nehool.  Montclair  puhlii-  whoiila.  New  Baran 
public  h'HuoIb, Hebrew  te.-hnirdl  inatilute,  CollO^ 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  Bsitiniore  manual-trtln- 
inu  school,  Chicago  mamial-Irainlni;  »cbool,  uiul 
the  Woman'*  inntitnlv  of  l<.s:hnical  ilesigli,  Still 
other  exhibits  are  in  courwr  of  preparation. 

A  library  fund  lin»  henn  aecured,  and  by  fall  a 
large  ntfiTeoc*  and  circulating  library  of  educa- 
tional vrorks  will  be  at  tlie  di^poaal  of  tntehera 
and  Btiwlent".  But  the  moat  Important  of  the  new 
feati»««  Is  the  eKtahlvhment  of  a  collegv  for  tlie 
training  of  teacher*.  Thin  will  open  In  September, 
and  a  circular  of  information  ha*  alrettdy  I)e9n  i>- 
sued.  Thia  college  will  aim  orvnlnaUy  lo  become 
a  professional  school  (or  teachera,  not  a  mere  nor- 
mal achool  in  which  education  and  pn-paration 
for  teachin;!;  go  hand  in  band,  but  a  prolewioaal 
echool  ill  ibc  sense  that  a  law-school  or  a  mcdioal 
college  i«  a  ptur«Mioiial  school.  As  the  law-»ehool 
has  ita  moot  courta  and  the  medical  school  it«  di»- 
secting-room.  to  coiubine  praettco  with  theory,  so 
tbie  college  will  iiure  lU  model  school. 

In  this  model  i«:hoc>l  the  training  which  the 
SMoeintion  advocate*  will  l»  given,  — here  the 
new  eyslcm.  wbicb  cooiMnea  the  old  and  the  new, 
will  be  laughl,  —  and  the  aaaoclatioo  hopea  to  havo 
in  it  a  «CrooK  conflrmalion  of  the  lielief  which  It 
Rtrimi  to  propagate. 

Dr.  Nicliolas  Murray  Butler  of  ColnmMa  bM 
been  eleoted  president  of  the  oollege,  and  will  alao 
hold  the  profnvursliip  of  the  history  tnul  liwiltot<« 
of  education.  The  other  ]>mltio<na  on  the  faculty 
are  being  rapidly  BUed,  and  that  profeaslonal 
•chool  wlilch  all  livv  leacliers  have  long  hoped  tor 
will  Noon  open  its  door*  to  (Woperly  qualiHcd  ap< 
pllcants.  The  coUegft^bnildine.  Na  «  Unlverrity 
Place,  conuin*  a  large  lectur»-hall.  hi  which  a 
serlee  of  free  lectures  will  he  given.  Monographs 
on  educational  topics  will  alM  be  Usocd  rrotd 
time  to  time,  and  aeveral  have  been  already  ar- 
ranged for. 

The  aUUment  of  principlM  which  tbe  Industrial 
eihicntion  awociation  i^^ued  reoeotJy  is  a  moat  ex- 
cellent pedagogic  criH^l.  It  sliould  he  carefully 
[lerused  by  every  teacher.  Tbe  subatanor  of  it  it 
an  follows :  — 

The  association  holds,  — 

1.  That  the  comi>lete  dcvislopment  of  all  the 
faculties  can  be  reached  only  Ihrniigh  a  systtfm  of 
education  which  combines  the  training  found  in 
the  usual  o(>ime  of  tXaHy  with  the  eleoienta  of 
manual  training. 

3.  That  the  current  nystcin  Iraina  the  niMHOVf 


8CIB2TCE. 


IToL.  TX.,  So.  sn 


1 


too  lan!<^l>'i  th"  rciiNoninfi-pou'fira  l««»,  ibo  ej***  and 
the  liaod  Im  liltlr. 

S.  Thnt  liixliistrlal  tratnlnie.  to  baT«  Ka  fullMC 
mlap,  tniiHt  be  an  lni«icr«l  pan  of  gctu-ral  ectiicn- 
tton.  WhlUt  mluable  in  aamc  inmaure  uloDf,  it  ai 
ftlone  lini*>  belter  than  nianual  Iraining  lu  U-nding 
to  tlie  leu-uing  <rf  tnik*. 

i.  That  it  in  not  tbn  aim  of  the  aMoclnlion  to 
(each  tndis.  That  bofs  mkI  xlita  will.  If  edii- 
oated  acconllnK  to  the  Byeleai  which  it  m<IvocuI««. 
bs iMtnr  ab1«  to  take  up  theattidy  of  an^' t<Hiticu- 
liv  md«.  It  ivoognlKea  aa  oae  of  Uw  tvaultn  of  the 
■rM«Ri.  It  i«  th<?  ileve)D]>ineiit  i>f  all  Hiv  tm-uUiat 
which  It  bolils  tu  be  tht  anontinl  aim  of  Uie  ey?* 
t«m. 

8.  Thnt  tli«  face  ■«  graenilly  ivco^ixed  aiitong 
thoae  lent  infoniied  on  the  subject  of  educaUon 
that  tlie  liind^ryatten  syeleia  prvKluires  ibc  btst  rr- 
nilla  vritli  I'^utij^  ciiildrvo.  The aiaociation  clnima 
that  the  a.vHUm  which  ouoihinM  induHtriitl  Irain- 
ioi;  with  the  unial  and  ntctmtrs  braorhes  i« 
tiotiiiDj;  more  tliati  a  dereloimmt  of  tlie  Linder^ 
garteii  tlieury,  —  a  systetn  fonnd  wise  for  young 
chililrrn  RKHlJHei)  Hrid  ada])tMl  to  cliildrelloraiatv 
mitturi-  growth. 

«.  'I'liat  It  iiolda  Um  belief,  thiit  an  childn^ii, 
wheTevor  found,  poama  th«  wiaie  fn^'Ulttes  and 
d«Tvlop  tliR  Himc  clinract«ri«tic>>,  tliia  ajuirai 
ahouU  bp  introiliioed  iulo  all  cbiaca  and  gntdtw  of 
•cbool*.  the  private  aa  well  ua  tlir  public  •chMj, 
and  not  alodie  in  Ibe  iirimnrj'  piibli<-  tcliooli,  but 
in  all  IhiMe  uf  raorv  advnnood  gnwics, 

T.  It  holdit  tluit  thUxyHtt-mfndK  to  ibedavelop- 
DMDt  of  certain  moral  (|uali(le<i  u  veil  a«  to  tlie 
(levelopnwDt  of  the  Inlt'lleetiial  fnculllea. 

8.  Thai  the  various  oceu|iutioD»  which  are  by 
thl«  ■yneo)  gl*en  to  the  childniQ,  nmdcr  stuily 
lew  irkaome  than  any  ajHtMn  can  in  nhich  tliv 
exercise  of  the  faculty  of  m^^mory  ia  alono  ■■)• 
Tolved, 

9.  That  then'  rxi>t»  in  tbis  country  a  wi^li^ 
aprcail  diunrtinnlion  tor  manual  labor  whicb  titu 
prtvMit  aytteia  seema  poircrlen  to  oTeroonaei 
There  It  a  wide  range  of  i^coupatioDn  which  our 
boys  ami  girla  might  with  ndrtintag?  mlcr  wi-re 
It  DOl  tiiat  they  arn  praveutnl  from  doing  no  by  a 
falae  viaw  of  tha  dignity  of  Inbnr.  Tlint  one  of 
til*  rMulta  of  this  aystem  of  educatloti  will  be  to 
doMroy  a  prejudice  which  in  a  measure  arisen 
fmm  a  want  of  faniiliarily  with  hand-work. 

The  nccoinpntiyiiis  iUiwt rations  will  girn  noma 
iiliii  (if  the  way  in  whirh  Ilif  prvwnt  n*i>rk  )«  hr- 
inic  carried  on.  In  the  autumn  a  niarke<l  rh.inne 
will  lake  place,  and  children  will  only  be  fonnd  a* 
puplla  in  the  model  school.  Tbe  iniiilla  In  the  ool- 
itgewiU  be  persons  preparing  for  the  profeaalon  of 
tf  ching. 


KOTHS  AKP  XBWa.  ^ 

Trr  annua)    conroculion  of    tbe  rvgentB    of 
the  Unirerrfty  of  tbu  alalii  of  New  York  wiD  b* 
held  nt  the  (Tii|iitol  building,  Albany,  on  Tu(-MUy 
anil  WrdneKiay,  July  i  and  6.    Tho  pnpii-«  to  ha 
reawl  are,  ■  The  education  of  (he  vrurkinjc-claNNro,' 
by  ilie  Rev.  Luke  Ora<ie  o(  Niagara  iinirpraliy  ;H 
'  Tlie  tcui-'hinj;  of  m«ntnl  science  In  sclto<ds,*  ^7^^ 
PrtnciiNil  Samuel  Tliiirber,  Hilton,   Hum.  :  ■  The 
•tudy  of  law  na  n  pnrt  of  gisieral  education,*  Prot. 
F.  M.  Burdick of  Hamilton  collejce:  '  Moral  Irain- 
ioK  in  Bcliouli^.'  Principal  Bujcrno  Ronton.  New> 
PrIu  normal  school :  'The  newspaper  iix  on  i-du- 
cator,'  Regent  W.   A.  Cobb,  Lockpori.  M.Y. :  ro-, 
port  of  eommiUee  on   necrology,    by    Acelataal 
9een?tary  Albert   B.    Watkios.  Ph.D. ;    *  Prirab ' 
libnu-iim,'  It}'  the  Rev.  Enekiel  Munday.  lit 
of  city  litimry,  Symcuae,  N.V,  ;  ■  Overcr««-dliig 
of  school  couraca,'  by  Principat  Oeorgi-  A.  Bacon 
of  Syracude  liljih  scliooL     Andn-w  D.  Wbit«  of 
Coni^ll   unlrer»lly    will    make     nu     lutdreae    oo 
Wnlneaday  evrnlti^.    Thursday  will  be  devoted  to 
Oonfi-n-uoi' (iQ  the  nH)ulrements  tor  ndmEmlon  to     , 
ColIex<!  Iirtwet-n  u  ciioiniittee   frooi   llie  HFiBorii>te4^| 
hlfth**chool  principHl*  uf  tlif  date  of  New   Ynvk^l 
an<l  repr«»enlatiTc*  of  the  citllir)^  facuKicji.     Tba 
committee  from  the  high-scliool    imncipala  la- 
cludts  Prof.  O.  D.  Rol>ln«on.  Albany  high  wImxiI  : 
D.  O.  Bnxto.  Ithacu  high  school ;  C.  T,  K.  Smith. 
Lnnaingburg academy ;  Arthur  )l.  Wri^bt.  Water* 
lillc  union  Kchonl ;    Henry  W.  CallabAtt,  IVnn 
Y««  academy ;  D.  C  Farr.  niena  Fall*  acadcaiy  : 
0.   U.  Verrill,   Delaware  literary  inatitube ;  ex- 
Princiiisl  Noah  T.  Clark  of  Caoandalcun  ;  H.  P. 
Ememou.  Buffalo  high  school. 

—  TIic  Wisconiiin  >tate  superiiilendent  of  ptiUic 
scbooli>  hnit  done  what  veeioii  B  oiMt  excellent 
tbInK.  A  Kimilnr  ciuttim  uiay  prevail  elaewbere, 
but.  If  s».  we  hare  novnr  noticed  it.  He  tina 
ISHued  In  pamphlet  form  all  tlio  laws  relating  to 
public  schools  parsed  at  the  last  Kcaaion  of  tlw 
atala  legialature.  The  paoipbtet  oootains  ao>py 
of  oaoh  law  amended  as  it  now  rc«de,  and  a  I'opy 
of  «acli  nddilional  -iliitute  ]iaMed  at  tl>e  aeaakm  of 
IStFT.  Tlie  plan  id  no  e-scellcnt  one,  and  abould 
become  general. 

—  Thomna  U.  Bnlliet  boa  been  re-elected  super- 
intendent of  tcbooU  of  RMuliug,  Penn.,  for  a 
term  of  tliree  year«. 

—  The  Newark  (N.J.)  bMrd  of  oAHatlon  had 
another  acrimtmioua  dlsooaiiaa  ovor  bamm'a 
'  History  of  the  UnitctI  Stale*.'  Altirancfa  Um 
book  woa  bitterly  nnwiUol  by  some  n»e«nb«r«  of 
the  boon).  It  was  ftnnlly  adopted  aa  u  loxt-book  in 
the  city  Bohools. 


JsKB  to,  18ST.] 


SCIENCE, 


&&9 


LBTTEBS  TO  THE  fOITOB. 

•.•Tht  altmUoK  •«'  i^^tntl/ii  nM  |>  failed  I*  tk*  hJmmum 
4^  lAi  fsmirtHiitilinn  uluniiui/SuiKWi/gr  nfM(njtpranif44r 
an  nniril  »r«<^  Mtflnaflmry  twHtf*  qT  ((kfir  InrMtijadMiL 

■tifl  btfvznUM/tt*  la  mn^  nrtttpaniml  «n  n-iutti. 

TtutHltryiliUttmllBjinMUkmnfjiHnneim—i^aMytWt 
Okt  ehataatrr  «f  (*(  JxinuC. 

'nMfAl  It  In  aU  rfiH  rt^iltrni  at  pfa*if  if  ^aii Jaiik, 

A  (olk-lorc  and  dutl«ct  aocictj. 
Tom  editorUl  aumtUMit  «u  lli><  |iTi>iKmlll<>ii  lu 
found  a  lolkAan  and  ili&l«ot  wiolHy  iu  ikis  ci-aulry 
U,  In  luj  optnion.  oxMediuglv  o|tportniia.  Wbon 
tli#  Ain«rio*u  kUtoricnl  wu'iciMiim  wim  orgaDiukl  k 
few  jura  aso,  jwar  corrMpoudftit  and  Frot.  H.  B. 
Adorn*  ax<^ig«d  vtewa  on  Uie  f«a«ibUiij  of  Mt^. 
iuhiog  mah  a  tooicty  u  nnxiUarir  to  tlie  work  ut  tbo 
MSonlAtlou.  Tbo  pW.  boncvcr.  roll  la  tbo  Rronnd, 
niitil.  n  f«ir  we*1i«  aKn,  »  K<>tI'<'>^ii|C  of  noliolBn  In* 
tFiPitpd  partiriilHrly  iu  Aiu«ti«ii  fulklorH  lUUt  Rt 
Oanibridgr,  Mnjw  .  ami  foriuej  Uio  uiu-lvu*  Ot  % 
proutiflliiK  Moiatjr  lor  ita  invcitiaDlion.  Tbo  in- 
valuabU  work  aooompUiibAd  b;  tfio  EdbIi^  dialect 
jr.  and  by  anob  nnbllcstioD*  •«  Hftmiat  lu 
I  and  OnrmaDj',  abom  wbat  iutrlliseut  vffort 
do  in  tbia  direation  to  BaT«  tnmi  uLliviun  tbo 
a,  Uniaiatie  nod  ■□ponlltioaal.  ot  tbo  ]>a«t.  AJl 
pbliologlatfl  know  that  lb«  alndy  of  dl&lvcu  ~  <Ua> 
ivotulugr  —  la  ot  extramu  tmpoKancu  to  ttiv  Afieii. 
lifie  lioguM ;  tox  in  tba  dial«ota  an  oflcu  futind 
arobaio  pivnunciatkiiu.  idtama,  uaagoa,  wbiob  point 
to  a  raora  auciont  tiuo  tban  tbo  prDnuuclauoou, 
Idloiiw,  and  iwagM  pnTalont  iiiuaitg  tbo«»  wbo  apMk 
tbo  stHoiIard  tonffD*.  In  tliia  iiiauner,  diiilupl  HludiM 
in  luodem  GtooIe,  roodem  Ilalian.  Kp&uiKb,  and 
U«riiian  bava  cootHbntad  abandAntlr  i<^  ibi<  «i|>Ih- 
naliou  of  pbMLOnmn*  In  thoaa  langiinKra  ultivrwixM 
iiu'XpliPHbk.  In  llua  coiUiti7.  wberc  dialcaU  trvrc 
KTipiioriod  to  bo  noB-«iiatoDt,  or  to  baT«  boon  oblitor- 
atn.)  tij-  lb*  IcToEUnvinflQenoaof  tbo  oommotiachool, 
ihoy  ar«  roally  fovaa,  on  cla**r  UiapeoUon,  toaboaud. 
NolieiUK  tbt*  manr  jaan  ago.  tb«  aubwriTiur  cou. 

tributpil  to  tlifl  Battimort  jonrnat  o/  /jhlloloav  (Ut. 
No.  2]  a  pBpei  oc  '  Tbe  Creole  [oogio]  pUOM  of 
l^nUinDo.'  wbicb  ttaapatt  of  a  plan  lo  couliracn  atud' 
Ivt  lu  '  (tmuor  SpanUh '  (Taxaa.  K«w  Maxtoo,  CaU- 
foniia).  -Tli«  KuoaUr  dialect  of  tbo  mlddUs  iclAtca.' 
'  Tlio  craokur  dinlvol  ot  Orurgja,  Kut  Ttnnfirt-*. 
and  North  Coruliua' (uaoalUaod  by  B.  B.).  '  Ponn- 
aylianla  llntob '  (after  Iloldcinaui.  '  New  Eonlaad* 
Imu.'  anil  '  Keuro  KiiKli*b.'  Tb«  flrf-t  aud  latit  only 
of  tlila  ii(>ri(<4  bavA  Ijtmi  a^  y«it,  tbuugb  vt<rv  itajwr- 
fecllv,  t'lccutod.  The  oBuir  ou  uogro  Eii^fliib  waa 
about  liltj  pngtaooUvoiu  l«itgtli,  aadvoapnbliabed 
111  full,  nun  tolerably  eomplatn  Kruiiiuai'  of  negro, 
lu  An'jii't  CLvipaiK.  ()4>rniauj.  18m).  A  rAtum^d  it 
wan  ivad  before  tbt-  Aiuerk-na  pbilologioal  n«aoci«- 
tioD,  irbicb  met  lit  Now  Uuvcn  in  Jnljr,  IttdS  -.  and  a 
briaf  nbntroct  ot  tha  papar  appaara  among  lU  Fro* 
ciwdiuga  for  tbal  yaar.  Kagro  <■*•£•  «boiioda  witb 
llnguiatlo  oiiTUwiUM,  obaolMMnt  ituonia,  twiala  and 
tnrna  d««o«nd«d  from  Uie  Elixabotban  or  Jacobin 
a«ttloM(  andalooig  witb tbaaogocaa  world otiinaint 
aopenrtHJOBa,  protMba,  obanuH,  '  iaws  and  MjlugB,' 
thai  r«v«al  a  paenllarly  nalr*  aad  old-world  tuni  o4 
miiid  uud  imagmattoD.  Tb«  ScioiL't^v  for  pajrdiical 
r«acarpb  ought  ocrtainly  to  inTcntigalc  Ibia  Urn 
Ttrryt,  tic\i  vitb  tbo  atrntidAd  tolk-lorti  ot  age*. 
Biiauielleil  «itb  lUiwiini  of  Afiloon  uareoiage.  T«^oto 
witb  a«Bp]  of  ciwloiu  and  uytb  wbii«b  niigbl  t^tow 


Ijgbt  041  tbo  pr«biatatic  period  in  tbe  life  o(  uMioni. 
A  aojonm  at  tbo  Virginia  8prii^  might  opcm  to  Uia 
■tt«BtlTa  folk-bwlail  ot  tbo  oortli.  araedwlth  ■ 
mciuorauduiD-book.  atOtM  ineibauatible  of  MBlbetB 
m'lkrthttt;  tor  bore  aontboni  aoeiety  congregate*, 
coDT»raattoai  ia  alill  a  flno  art.  and  tbe  long  eroiunga 
ot  •iiiiinier  ar«  moat  proiocatiT*  ot  BaedilaJUT*  romU 
uiaoanoe.  Mr.  Ootiime'a  ]>rv)HMiHl  uiMtua)  for  Iti* 
NOienlifio  catbering  and  olaaaJfioatiOD  of  all  IUb 
legendarx  Totb  will  donbtlan  prove  prioeleaa  to  Mieli 
muumor  nojoiinwra.  Tbe  aontli  in  pnealiarly  fartil* 
Inall  tb«  r-MtiilliioDa  ibroQKb  whlcJi  tbe  onnona  be. 
liels,  cuiftoDiH.  and  uarrativaa  you  ttdilorlallj  com- 
ment upon  arc  boadod  down  troiu  genoratioo  to 
gonoralW ;  nay,  are  oven  generatod  nodor  our  Tarf 
Doaen.  Let  tba  Polk-lora  eoolatf  and  tbe  Anerkan 
dialect  aonietjr  oouie  and  gather  wliiU  the  bilU  are 
wbitc  with  barte*!.  It  r«i)uir«8  no  elveptiuually 
gidcd  pcu  to  take  down  what  ouo  boara  and  mu  bJI 
aronnd  onn.  A  Borita  of  intoltigontly  nrUcnlated 
drenbva,  wttb  proKUoiit  bint  and  clear  at^aatloit, 
aent  oat  under  Ui«  attapioM  of  tbeee  aooieilea,  would 
dotibtieaa  elidt  liaia  ot  word*  and  deaoriptivna  of 
cualoDui  and  tolk-lor*  pratolont  in  pattioofar  locall* 
lina.  and  Ibaae  oould  gradually  be  elaborated  and 
ByateouitlMd  Into  a  volume.  By  all  nieaaa,  let  tbeaa 
•ooietiee  go  fa  worli  without  loaa  of  time,  and  both 
eo-op«mta  to  a  common  and. 

JatCBB  A.  H^Bstaox. 
WvUiiRtcoi  aiul  L*«  unlr, 
LiMliiataa,  Va.,jiinal, 

Tbe  idea  of  a  civil  academy. 

"Dm  idea  of  a  oiTJl  academy  at  Wubingloti,  ■■ 
detdopMl  by  Dr.  H*rb«tt  II.  Adanui.  in  Oirvnlar  of 
iufonnotiou  No.  I,  ttfOT.  bnraan  at  ednoMlon,  aeemi 
to  bare  met  witb  a  varying  reoeptioa  front  tlie  pnUle 
preaa.  Condomned  by  eome  jonmabi  and  hi^iljr 
oommended  bj  otbaia,  Uia  oonaplcuou*  Httnntiam 
wliiob  it  baa  attnteted  la  tba  beat  proof  that  ii  ia  not 
a  mere  Ctopian  di*aiii. 

I  boitoTo  aiyaelt  thai  a  civil  academy  ia  not  merely 
doainblo,  but  that  in  tbe  no  dietont  tntore  It  wlU 
bo  a  neoeaally.  Tbo  opiuloua  of  many  govemmeut 
ofBeJala  wbo  bav*  held  poaltlona  of  iHlulniatiwtiTtt 
rMponalblllty  JoMlfy  thta  BtalMueat.  Only  reoently 
a  gentlemau  wbo  baa  long  been  prominently  emt' 
noctcd  with  tbo  public  iHrTice  expreiacd  lb*  eonvlo- 
tlou  that  ho  wonld  yot  aoo  tbe  bnlk  at  the  Ugber 
oBcaa  dUtiibuted  on  tbe  beals  of  competitive  merit, 
in  place  of  being  baalowed  aa  tbe  revrard  i>f  political 
Inbora.  However  Itiia  may  be,  tbere  can  hudly  be 
any  doubt  that  oitil.eorvioe  priaeipUa  bavo  come  to 
slay  i  and  the  algnlflcanco  ot  tbia  tact  la  tbe  pffoaent 
Qonseetion  la  that  a  ntrong  deiuaud  Lt  thua  croaled 
for  man  thoroughly  trained  and  apeoially  fitted,  par. 
ticalorlr  for  higher  brnncboa  of  gororamcnt  work. 
Thn  BKiiiJiiiont  bui  becQ  woU  oxpreanod  by  Ool.  Oar. 
roll  I).  \Vri|{hl,  whow  flfioon  yeara  ot  pubUo  admin- 
iatrativB  vxiH:ri*>iii'u  nhiiuld  entitle  hia  Tiewa  lo 
ecmaiilemblu  weight,  lu  an  addrcw  rooently  da> 
liiorcd  before  ibi-  juiiit  noHiioii  of  tbo  American  Wt- 
torical  and  Ecooouiic  ouociatiou*  at  Cambridge,  on 
the  etudy  of  alatlatica  la  eollagea,  he  said  "The  ox- 
ten^on  ot  elTl].Mf*toe  prtnaiple*  muat  booome 
greater  end  gr«at«f ,  and  toe  varied  demonda  wbieb 
irill  be  created  by  their  growtb  Ingieally  beoomo 
more  exacting;  ao  that  the  poulbkiitUui  within  tbe 
appUeatloB  m  mob  |>ria«lptu  are  tberefora  not 
ideal,  bat    pnotieal,  in  Ibcto   nature.    And  tbeae 


S60 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol-  13C.,  So.  3X1 


pa4aiittiiliti«a  in  ib«  noitr  fulnro  v^ll  oabonc*  IW 
Tftla*  of  tbn  Mirvipoji  of  tho  traliwd  iitatlallclui.  Tli« 
eoiMttlM'  luitt  (li|ilniiinilo  it*r*ic«,  u  ir*]l  m  oUier 
6oIclii  uf  ipiTMtuiivut  ailuiiuiiitralioD,  ci>iu«  under  Uw 
uauie  necewity." 

<>no  of  the  obj«otiou*  UTgad  ogoiiuit  Ihn  oiTll 
am>l«iiiy  i»  Ibit  m  h*r*  iilr«iuly  pl^^tjr  of  (iill«gM, 
&iiit>l.v  «c|nlppetl  vltU  farllKUiii  for  jiolIUoftl  «Jiic&- 
tion.  —  a  puiut  vliicb  <«  HufKvitiitlj  luiHurprod  liv  Ibo 
dlnlliictioii  boiwocn  ■  iiDlitical  science '  uid  ■  politicnl 
pniiiK.'  PoUllcnl  icianco  on  bo  Baqnind  in  a  tolM'- 
ably  •utllnfiu-tniy  iiiannM  In  many  of  our  incttttiliona 
of  Icoruiug,  l>ul  ]n>Uti«Li  pnuio  ia  tb»  Hpouial  prod- 
uct of  oontnct  and  «xpenano«  with  adminiitmtivo 
vork.  Ab  aotdemy  in  WwibinKlon,  with  Ui«  in«»t 
favoml'l*  enviionmont  that  conlil  b*  tounil.  far  Uia 
prcHtrcution  of  thtorueical  •tudiM.  and  wbiob  ror. 
ulafaoi  o(«it«BipoTaii«oua]f  lb«  opportuuity  far  ap- 
pri'iilioenhip  vork.  nmnifeitij:  nubodlti  tli«  ideal 
thiuti- 

Vr'itlioiit  ciint^iilliiK  what  orioiM  Ii>  W  a  favorite 
propoiilion  n-itii  iiinuy  jciiiiialiMit,  tlint  '  AiuiM'ioao 
■tatacniMi  oome  up  from  tli«  luadMn.*  tliat  lUcy.  like 
po«to,  ara  bora,  not  made,  it  )■  only  fair  to  add  tlint 
Ub  country  ba*  1illavl*e  iillll«r«'d  mnrb  team  awmnifid 
bwtTtn.lioni  |E«nliM  In  blch  piaroB.  'I'tAa  fanl  w«  am 
loo  apt  to  loK  nght  of.  auii  tLiuk  uuiy  of  couitpicuous 
SHjiinlca  of  ■tatoHnanahip  where  tbe  only  ednratiiMial 
tniiilng  baa  been  tho  viDogo  acbool.  !■  it  not  true 
OM  more  atoUamaa  who  have  oouie  up  from  tlio 
mMMa  bare  tnrued  onl  to  be  Inonbi  to  oougrwalonal 
aoolaty  lb*n  glittering  liglita  in  tho  political  flnoa. 
iD«nt  7  No  argument  ciui  be  founded  upon  tlie  atato- 
nicnt  lieforo  menUonad,  tor  it  it  eerlain  tbnt  no 
ftrniuB  would  I>«Bpol1«d  by  RclentlAc  poUdo4l  etndy : 
tlMt  uincb  might  do  deTeloped  that  i^erwiae  would 
ii»ver  bn  ntkllMd. 

The  etronit  point  of  the  oiTil  academy  ia  it>  prao- 
tieal   iride.     L^vUig  out  tbe  diapnled   iiiieatlun   of 

Sovnnuumt  aid  to  hi^er  •dncatlon.  there  can  ho  uo 
oubt  of  the  windooi  of  expendilure  which  will 
crnto  ttaltind  aud  ildlfiil  ailininialTBtiMa.  Oolon«l 
Wright  eaye.  "Tbogovimiaiont  aliould  (mpploment 
oollega- train ing  witJi  jiraotieaJ  admiuleiniiive  iu- 
Mraetion,  acquired  through  poidtive  iterticc  iu  ile 
own  diipanoienta."  8t»toiinieD  may  bo  boru.  but 
admiuietratoro  mniit  be  niailo.  What  may  bo  uudcr- 
Btood  a>  tiwhnioal  (taiuing  i«  aa  Mmah  nunlred  for 
tbem  ail  for  (he  army  aud  nary  oSour.  Wuether  we 
will  or  no,  the  couipluiity  of  modern  ulate  life 
la  Incrtaalng.  in  eoHain  (o  increMe  Mill  more,  and 


we  ninat  prepare  louMvtiteduanse.  1  do  not  think 
wv  cnn  check  the  growth  of  atBtB  inlvrfMvnee  to 
matters  ichieb  ««rc  onoe  oonitldcr^il  of  porelj  per- 
•onal  aihl  private  ronceru.  but  we  oan  Mid  unit 
reignlate  it.  llow  ?  In  two  waya.  —  by  inulliplyiDs 
the  uieauB  for  obUiuing  Mounto  iDform«tloii  npoa 
eeooiomie  and  itoolal  eondltiana,  and  by  iMwIng  tegifc 
lalion  njton  aaCNtalned  Atela.  Catigr««ttR)«a  mlM 
bo  able  l«  do  more  than  put  themMlTaa  '  ob  reoord ' 
lu  favor  of  labor ;  thev  uiiut  gra^  tb«  Inia  Inward- 
nou  o(  the  labor-pTobltou  in  lla  ilotolla.  Adninia' 
tralori  niiint  uot  Im  eonmiit  wilh  the  perforaiuice  of 
p«rfnn«tory  dulie* :  they  nia«t  tie  ready,  wbon  cetllod 
upon,  to  (umiiUi  fnctn  Koggetdivo  of  tuofttl  conatnw. 
tive  legialUtoo.  Tho  tnuning  of  both  mnal  be  wo. 
Tld«d  for,  and  the  civil  academy  oBera  Ibe  oumbtaa- 
tloB  of  adtautage*  to  be  deidied. 

E.  B.  L.  Govuk 

WaaLlngion,  IXi'^  June  1. 

Sea-sicknesa, 

It  ie  true  that  many  deuf-muln  are  known  to  hAta 
enjoyed  what  ■eoinii  to  bo  a  ■nttirialDg  Immaitlly 
from  HA-aiclinHB ;  but  It  cannot  bo  aald,  thai,  a*  a 
clam,  they  nie  e<«tiipl  from  tlie  aleery  we  alt  ao 
Uitioli  ilrearl, 

I  travelled  laat  cummer  on  the  Pacific  Oceut  wiUl  a 
number  of  dcaf-omlei.  aoine  o4  whom  paid  tbelr 
tribute  to  Niiptiiiio  with  the  biwt  of  ua  who  bettr. 

It  U  luy  opliiiou.  howerer.  that  tbure  ia  gruund  f 
Pr.  Jnuiee'n  titulenieut  (A^trnM,  Jtuu-S),  if  care  I 
taken  not  to  nay  that  a  deaf-mute  caiutot  )•«  tuaji 
■ca-kieli. 

If  I  moy  uiy  a  word  troui  tuy  owa  axp«rtiMi-e  <A  a 
nuiiiWr  of  nceau-Toyagei,  with  a  decided  tendcacy 
to  be  KCD  aick.  I  think  great  help  nay  be  hail  hr 
keeping  In  one**  berth  at  the  Unit  appfOkcb  of  iviwh 
w«MM«.  eating  moderately,  aud  not  rUlng  tt&til  uw 
proceawe  of  dlueetiou  and  aaslmilallon  have  had 
time  to  be  quite  fully  oomplvted  a(t«r  at  leut  two  or 
three  meala.  E.  U.  GAZ-t^voKt, 

Kendall  Urara,  WeablDStou,  June  4. 

Garbage-disposal . 

Your  note  a*  to  gatbagc-<ll>padtioa  lu  Milwaukee 
dote  not  exprMa  the  preaeal  elate  of  aSaira,  Tbe 
health  offloeia  of  the  eiiTroiiudiug  town*  hMve  forbid- 
den the  onttouco  of  garhaae-wagona  iulv  their  ilU> 
trlcta.  At  pmcDl  many  piana  are  ntidor  diaowaahn, 
but  utiiii)  hnk  yi>t  bocu  Oied  npon.  The  (urnaee  plaa 
ftnde  much  favor.  AaTwvB  ftrwvma. 

HUwBiBkee.  Wto..  Jane* 


M 


4 


I 


CROSBY'S  VITALIZED  PHUSPHITES 

Composed  of  Ihe  Nerve-f;iving  Principie-t  of  the  Ok  Brain  and  ttie  Embryo  of  Ihe  Wheil  md  Oat 

Is  3  standard  remedy  with  physicians  who  treat  nervous  or  mental  disorders. 
The  formula  is  on  every  label.  As  it  is  identical  in  its  composition  with 
brain  matter  it  is  rapidly  absorbed'and  relieves  the  depression  from  mental 
efforts,  loss  of  memorjf.  fatigue  or  mental  irritability.  ^M 

Sleeplessness,  irritation,  nervous  exhaustion,  inability  to  work  or  studjl^ 
is  but  Hkain   Hunoek.  in  urgent  cases  BitMN  Starvation*.     It  aids  in  the 
bodily  and  wonderfully  in  the  mental  development  of  children.    It  is  a  v/'/a/ 
phosph/te,  not  a  laboratory  pliosphate  or  soda  water  absurdity. 

66  W.  26th  St..  N.  Y.       For  sale  by  Druggists,  or  by  Mall.  $1. 


SCI  E  N  CE. -Supplement. 


FBIBAy.  JtTNE  10.  IWT. 


ASJ'ECTS  OF  EDUCATION. 
Realuui. 

Snsi.Lrr,  once  vrritlnn:  lo  Oodwtn,  «xprMwd 
hfa  eurpriw  that  to  much  tiui«  and  tliouglit  had 
b«*n  giTen  to  the  lynching  of  wonls,  nod  m>  litlle 
ta  ibe  touching  of  things.  Under  tbo  inHapnott 
of  Sturm  and  tlic-  Jniiics.  liumiinUtu,  or  cliuwical 
education.  dc-KPticinlod  lnt4>  m  ntnrf  «tudj  of 
wonU.  Ultlp  nUrntion  was  |<nid  to  what  wm 
aald  :  tho  chief  prilnt  wa«  hovr  It  was  laid.  Cam- 
I>riiiK«  iin(l«r]|;tadtrat«a  tbiitf  jeora  ago.  taught 
hf  (h«  mo«t  di«tio^ish«d  »cholar  In  the  iiniv^r- 
ally,  whi^n  iher  read  a  Onwk  play  or  a  Ltttin 
poem,  heard  little  about  the  plot,  or  the  atlusiooa 
oc  ILeir  rvlaliooa  to  p»udem  wrilingn  of  the  aame 
kind.  Attmtion  wna  excluairoly  paid  to  n-od- 
inggi,  to  the  ddicnlc  varialionii  in  the  meanings 
of  words,  to  KTORiRiBticnl  rornis,  to  letlf-r*  and 
aoc«nia :  yet  the  teacher  waa  a  man  full  of  lore 
o(  English  und  oihi-r  liltratum,  and  nteepcd  in 
the  Itmiwli-dm-  (it  Micni.  Thti  l<r«t  wholnr*  tiimnd 
iMit  c>r  th(i  nnivi>n:ity  n'orn  Hurpriix^l  |i>  Und,  as  a 
result  nf  tbpir  trnininK.  Iiow  litilo  thoy  kiMw 
of  the  liti,-niry  miKiPrpi«c«*.  wlilrli  tliey  Imd  (jKriit 
a  great  portion  of  their  lives  In  leaming  to  con- 
strue. Ttie  main  a8|>ect«  ol  ancient  llfo  wore 
entirely  iinknonu  l>)  lliem.  udUim  accident  liad 
led  them  to  learn  theiu.  Yet  ihe  teaching  of 
things  raihe>r  (ban  words  had  hern  adi'ocaie<l  by 
great  educatioiwlnitii,  both  abroud  and  in  Eng- 
land. 

The  typical  realixt  in  •duenlkni  ia  ComeninN. 
Hi*  whole  life  wfw  devoted  to  the  Improvement 
of  oducaiional  method*.  He  wan  one  of  the  Htf( 
to  niipcal  Lo  the  e>e  as  an  instrument  of  Instruc- 
tion I  hnt  his  rnosl  Important  work  was  the 
'  Oroai  didactic*,*  a  complete  Ireatlee  on  the  art 
of  education.  Tlie  central  id«a  of  this  book  was 
that  the  education  of  every  man  should  follow 
his  natural  growtlu  Take  the  whole  circle  of 
sdenem  wtih  which  iht?  mature  man  con  be  ac- 
quainted, —  arithmetic.  gn>mi.*try,  astronomy. 
attiJce,  politica,  and  many  othrn,  —  what  are 
ttacae  but  names  for  deportmeniit  of  Icnowlcdge, 
which  the  humnn  mind  create*  for  Itaelf?  If 
we  lake  away  from  (hem  tlt^ir  repulsive  appella- 
tkxia.  and  consider  iheni  in  their  simplest  ele- 
ment*, we  find  that  ihey  are  nothing  but  what 


the  child  leama  from  ita  earliest  infancy.  •  Ue«»- 
phyitcK '  i«  a  hard  word,  yet  what  is  it  except  the 
•dence  of  idMw  aa  apprehended  by  the  miud?  A 
child  four  years  old  was  once  lying  in  bed,  re- 
covering from  an  illness,  wbnn  its  father  and 
mother  came  tu  ilie  bedside.  Tlie  child  deacrilied 
the  feeling  it  had  in  its  leg.  Tl>e  father  mid. 
'•  That  i«  pins  and  needles."  The  child  thought 
to  ilsidf.  ••  now  nan  my  futher  make  so  rash  a 
statem<>nt}  What  he  tnicaii».  expressed  in  accn- 
rac«  langnage,  is,  that  what  I  am  d««CTibing 
sounds  to  him  as  the  srasation  whkfa,  if  he  fell, 
he  would  call  pins  and  needles ;  yet  bow  can  he 
tell  that  tite  senaation  which  I  am  non  feeling  ia 
lIic  s-iQie  ai  Ihnl  whtch  he  denotes  hj  that  nam*!?" 
Thrn-  woj  prvwnt  to  Ihe  child'*  mintl  the  whole 
l>rolilFm  of  the  relativity  of  knotvle<lge,  yet  that 
has  tometimeu  been  found  liard  even  for  wen  to 
grasp.  In  the  name  way,  *bul  b  tlie  knowledge 
of  natarni  phenomena,  such  as  fire,  rain,  and 
snow,  hut  the  knowledge  of  physioF  Wbat  la 
the  ability  to  And  his  way  about  bis  own  village 
but  the  rudiments  of  geography '!  What  are  hi* 
family  niinnU  but  the  heginnlnga  of  history  ?  Th« 
KOTcmnic-nt  of  Ihe  houM'bold  would  tench  him 
domestic  economy,  the  ad  mi  nisi  ration  of  bia  na- 
tive town  would  leach  liiw  politics,  tlie  ntivs  ot 
simple  ItehavloT  would  teach  hint  ethics:  tnke 
away  the  bugbear  of  repulsive  nomenclature,  and 
joii  will  find  every  tcience  can  be  studied  in  ita 
simplexl  elemeuta  from  the  beginning  of  UfCk 
ComoniuB  regarded  the  sciences  which  neraae- 
ocsuible  lo  human  knowledge  as  an  ever-widening 
circle,  lo  be  kiinied  by  child,  boy,  and  man  In 
the  mvaatuv  for  which  tbeir  atrength  is  adapted. 
When  )i  ia  poauble  in  this  way,  by  following  the 
course  of  natnre  itself,  to  arrive  at  the  know  ledge 
of  every  thing  that  is  worth  knowing,  why  sliould 
we  confine  the  growing  mind  in  tlie  trammel  of 
mere  language?  Prom  the  mother'*  •ohod  IIh- 
chilli  would  )iasa  to  tlie  national  school ;  one  ex- 
isEbig  in  every  bouse,  the  other  In  every  parWi. 
Krom  tills  be  will  go.  as  j'ears  advance,  to  the 
gi'muusium,  u'bich  is  to  be  found  m  every  large 
town  :  nud  llicmi.-,  if  sin-ngth  admits,  lo  the 
uuivcmily,  mhich  vxUXm  in  every  iwovince. 

The  didnclic  tlmirie*  of  CotncniuH  met  with  a 
strange  fate  TIi«  manhood  wn*  nrorly  coinci- 
dent with  the  thirly-yenrs  war,  which  mode  edn* 
cational  exiMfriments  Impomlhle  InGerniany.  He 
came  to  England  just  as  the  civil  war  was  brcAb- 
ing  out.    That  did  not  prevent  his  propoeals  from 


[Vou  IX.,  No 


Btlractlnic  t\i9  slt«nllon  of  Ibe  parliainnit ;  and 
tbey  would  lieve  given  him  for  bjs  Mcprritncnls 
•ome  large  collet:^-  either  in  town  or  counlry.  hAd 
not  |>olilicsl  IrouMvii  oui<Ji-  il  imtmevible  to  Ao  so. 
Uo  WM  UilcM)  up  by  tbf  ProttHtBnt  powere  of 
Buropo,  pDitlT  IrCTHiiiMi  Ihi-y  r(r|itmeiii<;<l  the 
grmt^r  spirit  ot  proRres*,  nnd  partly  bpt-nu-e  (licy 
w«>re  oppcwe'l  to  ihe  «xnRXPrni<sl  hitnianUin  ot 
tbo  C8lliollc«.  Had  he  lived  s  Imndrrd  yran 
earlier,  the  effect  of  Iila  teacbioK  wouM  hnvo 
been  far  taotv  powerful.  Bad  Cotui-nlus.  lostead 
of  Mrlanchthon.  been  tlie  (iivceploT  of  Cleniiaii;, 
CntliolicK  nnd  PmtnitHiitii  might  bate  been  di- 
vided In  Mucntion.  lu  they  were  in  luligiun.  but 
tlie  viorkl  would  bav©  been  enriched  by  it  tminiiie 
ot  wider  scope  and  greater  posfrilitljiipa.  Thwiurt^d 
by  tlie  political  troubles  of  hie  time.  ht»  teschlnR 
Dever  arrived  at  its  full  developiucnl.  atid  bad 
little  I'tTecl  upon  tbi-  world  uutil  il  reoeived  a  new 
■hapr  lit  the  bnnd*  of  Pestnlozu  uiid  Froi^bel. 

Tbe  Ifinming  of  ilitngs  tiiRtend  of  wordn  found 
a  pOvrerfDl  nili-ocale  in  RDRland  in  the  ];i'riicio  of 
John  Milton.  His  •Tmctaie  on  ediiCJilion'  in 
one  of  the  miuhI  goij^eou^  dreams  of  n  complete 
training  ei  ir  couci-ived  and  elauurated  by  an  erfu- 
coticnol  thei'iri^t.  He  udniita  that  It  ia  rivht  lo 
imrn  the  InnKuagee  ot  tbuae  people  who  have  at 
any  lime  been  Diosi  industrioua  afUr  wimlom, 
but  henksens  ihst  lamtiinge  Is  imly  thr  inmru- 
ment  wbk-h  eonve.is  to  us  IhlnKs  useful  In  be 
known.  "Though  a  linguist,"  be  say e,  "should 
pride  hliDself  lo  have  all  the  longueo  thai  Bal>el 
deft  (he  world  Into,  yet.  If  he  have  not  studied 
Ibe  rolid  tUuif»  \a  them  as  well  aa  the  uoidn  in 
lexJL'ons.  be  were  not  no  much  to  b««atM!it>e<t  a 
ienrtied  man  nw  any  yconioii  or  tnidi-uuDR.  cimi- 
petently  wire  in  his  mothrr  dialect  only."  He  de- 
fints  a  complete  and  ftenerotin  edurniton  n>  that 
which  His  A  man  to  perform  justly,  skilfully,  and 
ma^^naniinouily  all  the  ollicet.  both  private  aud 
public,  of  i^euee  and  war.  The  L^iiti  language, 
taught  wlih  tbeliuliaii  pronundalloD,ia;oluy  the 
fountlation  of  goo^I  mornlUy,  ■■  iofunlng  inlo  their 
young  bn-aaiK  such  an  ingcnuou*  and  noble  ardor 
as  would  not  fallloinakemaDyof  Iheoirvnovmed 
and  mnlchlcM  luen."  Vnrro  iind  Coluniellii  are 
to  teach,  tioi  only  l^iltn,  but  BKri culture,  — how  to 
reeuter  the  badsolland  to  hnow  the  wntte  lliat  is 
n'udf  uf  giKid,  Anaiutle  and  Ptluy  are  to  giw 
innlruction  Iti  stieticc.  Matheouitics.  coiapriiilng 
nritbmelic.  g(H,itiirtry,  nrtronomy,  and  trigiinoin<-- 
try,  have  a  H'paraie  coursa  of  their  own,  from 
which  progroAs  is  to  ba  made  lo  fortiflcBtJon,  archi- 
tecture, englnef^^ng,  and  onTigaiioa.  Tbeoretlral 
aiudiea  ill  tbe«e  and  other  olmilar  branches  are  to 
be  Mpi'leiueated  by  practical  training  glveu  by 
experts  i»  ibe  aet'era)  puraults.     Nut  until  this 


be«(^ 


broad  foundation  of  tbeorj  andpractke  Iiaa 
laid  art!  (he  pujdhi  (o  read  the  workii  of  tlicae 
{weto  who  treat  of  countrr  lore.  The  next  atag* 
is  to  lay  the  foandaiinmsof  phih>opby  and  eihlca, 
the  knowledge  of  Tlitue  and  the  hatred  of  vlcr. 
Plato,  XenophoD.Ckero, Plutarch,  are  to  be  read. 
not  fw  their  language  only,  but  for  tin?  eltiical 
lencbing  which  tbey  contain.  After  elli><«  an^ 
cecdt  rbrloric.  to  form  the  tongue  and  Ibe  tot- 
sgioHiion  if  Ihefntureorator.  Italian  >*(  u»ed  lo 
givea  solt  sod  melodious  inonutKialkn  ;  Qrrefc 
and  Latin  tragedies,  with  the  humanlsta  the  food 
of  tchool-boys.  are  reserved  for  the  eoiuplcli<in  of 
the  rbctoricinn'K  ail.  To  thia  t-ucrccdd  Ihc  rtady 
of  poliliCK.  learned  ficm  the  great  niaat^n  of  law 
from  HoKen  lo  Juftinian.  continued  down  to  the 
tsoHoroui  own  K.nsiitotion.  Gundays  ore  uow 
to  be  ^pent  in  Ibe  higher  branches  of  thenlogy, 
and  tbe  acripltires  are  to  t>e  r«ad  in  tl>eir  original 
tongues.  Not  till  now  cumMthe  study  of  hiatotr 
and  poetry,  nilxed  with  n  o-ttaiu  aniuuut  of  Idfilc ; 
and  then,  and  not  till  then,  arc  the  H-bolare  per- 
luiitrd  to  write  for  theniHlTflc.  Original  oom- 
pnaltinn,  instead  of  being,  as  aoiong  the  JeauilB. 
the  principal  menial  discipline  even  of  youns 
children,  is  lo  be  resened  uutil  tlw  mind  liaa 
been  thoroughly  penetrated  both  with  luuteratid^ 
with  manner.  fl 

A  large  i^irtJon  of  the  protcr«d  iratnlng  fa 
devoted  to  exen-lte.  "In  those  renial  neatona 
of  Uie  year,"  eaya  Ibe  poet,  "when  tlm  air 
fa  calm  and  bracing,  it  were  an  injury  and 
sullenueiu  acaiiist  nature  uot  to  go  uut  and  see 
her  richre  and  partake  in  lier  rejott-lng  whb 
heaven  and  enrlh.  At  this  linM-  the  pu|>fla 
might  ride  out  with  prudent  and  »iald  guides  IA 
all  ptaiie^  of  str^noEth  uiiil  contniodltlM  of  build- 
ing, and  of  soil  for  to«t  iis  am)  tillage,  luirbom  ami 
ports  for  trade."  Mlllon.  tnthtsvlBionof  tliefahKe. 
does  not  intvnil  to  akct-'h  a  scheme  of  popular  edu- 
cation, but  one  suiteil  for  select  pupil*  and  aelect 
teachers.  It  is  strange  that  the  advice  of  cue  sv\m 
was  hlinsetf  a  schootnioiiter  should  hare  been  ao 
much  neglected  by  the  brothers  of  htspiofenuoo. 
Tbis  may  be  explained  by  the  ract  Ihat  UilMn 
wrote  fcr  an  ajie  la  vrhfch  Latin  vraa  tlw  universal 
huigiiage.  (he  common  means  of  communicailcn 
l)elween  scholars.  The  trouble*  of  th*-  si'venteentb 
century  kit  llltle  toom  (or  the  iipplkiiltnn  of  bia 
theories :  and,  w  hen  society  had  become mflicieDlly 
settled  to  adopt  them,  Latin  had  loat  lis  pboa  in 
the  world  (if  lesmlng.  aud  the  slaodard  uf  hu- 
nianJDm  had  lieeo  raised  aloft  by  the  Jesulta. 

The  eel«l>li»luuent  of  realism  na  an  iulegmt  part 
of  education  Is  due  to  the  ('rench  revolution,  and 
It  Is  fnaepatablu  from  tlie  uame  of  reeialoui 
There  could  not  )«  a  greater  contrast  Ihim  b*- 


I 


I 


3v*»  10.  IBe?.] 


SCIENCE. 


&63 


I 


tvrrrn  MUtcn  and  PrulotoKxi.  Milton'* rilucntiona) 
Rchf^ine  iras  <lmTnl,  on  (Im'  oii«  hnnd  tram  bi« 
poetical  imaiti  nation,  and  on  th«  otli«r  from  hiii 
■com  for  Ui«  shallovnem  ani)  frivolity  of  •oni«  of 
the  *tal««iii«ii  with  whuni  lie  lived.  Pntaloul 
l«ani«d  llic  jirint-iitlw  of  his  urt  in  Ih?  care  ot  poor 
Mpbttns  nnd  in  tl»'  hnnl  rxprTicni'v  of  hi*  own 
checkered  liro.  Mtllcin'*  p\an.  lilcr  ihni  nl  Ptulo. 
WAS  ndDpi^d  fur  a  ■rlcrl  niiin>>er  ot  rntcre.  IVkUi- 
lozzi'a  plan  "■■  framcil  for  Ilie  l»eneflt  of  vny 
little  cliilflren.  and  lias  only  been  jiradudltj  woti 
to  be  Applicnhle  lo  all  departiuent!!  of  eilucatlon. 
tn  the  T»«r  V.W  the  vlllajnt  uf  Htani.  oeai  tlie 
lake  of  Luc«'m<r  in  Kwitxprlanil.  i^na  burueO  by 
the  Freui-h,  «nii  a  gn«t  part  of  tltc  JnbubilantH 
murd<'ml,  brcatise  ilier  would  not  m-oivc  the 
conntitiition  offered  to  them  by  the  directory  of 
Pnru^  Tn«  rhildren  who  neaped  the  slauicbler 
weie  left  homeleM  and  orphans,  and  Ptetaloul 
was  aakcd  to  take  care  of  them.  He  eetabUihed 
himself  in  a  Inrge  ileeerted  convent,  depriied  of 
all  means  of  sunlenanee.  He  lived  with  the  chil- 
dren hy  day.  and  sit-pt  uith  them  by  nijilit.  iibar- 
ing  the  poor  foorl  which  could  he  Kot  C0Kelh«'  for 
their  common  support.  It  was  bv  (his  close  oon- 
l«ct  with  the  chlld-inlnd  that  PestaloBd,  almost 
himself  a  child,  learned  some  of  the  deepest  se- 
CTvts  of  educjlion.  No  trnvelfa-r  should  look  down 
froiu  the  Rhi(;i  upon  thi*  valley  whi-re  Stnnx  lieo, 
withoiil  rererpnrinit  it  w  the  birthplaec  of  educa- 
tional i<iens  which  are  destined  to  revoluiloniie 
oar  tyslein  of  trainioic.  Yet  wlirn  I  rang,  a  few 
yeare  ago.  at  the  con  vent -gate,  the  good  ^ister  of 
charity  who  opened  the  door  for  ine  hud  never 
heard  of  (he  name  of  Ft^ataiUEzi.  and  knew  noth- 
ing of  tile  great  L'brL^tian  work  wJiicli  had  been 
carried  on  within  h*T  wall*.  Tliu  central  idea  of 
PeelHloui  was  lo  train  the  mind  ihrmitrh  Ihi- 
BeDst».  Hiimantim.  dvolinK  with  words  nlonc, 
Ikad  depended  tnatnly  upon  the  memory.  Chil- 
dren learned  lonj;  lists  of  I^iin  and  Greek  ununs, 
long  rulefl  of  Latin  and  Greek  conM ruction  Pes- 
tnloxiii  had  no  book*.  Uoe  uf  hb  licit  maleriuld 
for  instniction  wa.i  an  olH  pii'ce  of  tapestry  mo- 
htnidered  withanimabi.  The  children  were  taught 
lo  see,  to  touch,  lo  ta»t<-,  to  Hmt>ll,  and  to  report 
exactly  what  their  *CD«M  had  taught  them.  By 
ingenious  methods  tlie  ftrat  simple  operatloDs  of 
the  sentes  were  made  lo  l«ad  InHeiuibly  to  the 
higher  operations  of  the  mind.  Uilton  had  recom- 
mended that  the  nidimenta  of  matht-malica  ahotild 
be  laugbt  [ilitying,  un  the  old  nianiipr  wan.  Pe*ta- 
loui  made  thin  )^nn  n  reality.  Pef'taloui  taught 
UK  to  make  the  fullest  use  of  a  keen  oliaervation 
of  young  children,  of  their  quick  apprehensioo  of 
what  immediately  surrounds  tliem,  anil  of  their 
Burprtdng  power  of  retaining  what  rcnlly  inf^mts 


them.  He  abo  teught  at  to  follow,  iu  the  most 
loving  and  e«en  aetvtte  manner,  the  growth  of 
each  cbild'a  mind,  and  of  the  ehtld-mind  as  a 
whole.  Tot  it  nnnM  bo  Mud  that  be  wan  very 
succ«»ful  as  a  practimi  teacher,  and  many  who 
have  posed  as  his  disciples  have  been  gre-at  fail* 
urea.  To  force  children  hv  compulsion  to  learn 
many  thingn  bj  heart  is  the  easiest,  and  it  is  bI«o 
the  mcHt  atupid  and  the  nfml  uufruitful.  method 
of  i-ducniion.  To  follow  the  growth  of  their  minds, 
and  10  ndnpt  the  training  at  each  inalaal  to  their 
no'ed*.  mjuire  the  patience  of  a  Mint  and  the  In- 
Mght  of  a  philosopher,  and  the«e  qiialitici  are  sel- 
dom found. 

Pri^bel  may  be  regarded  aaiuie  whohasworkvd 
out  with  gn-at  ininutMMwt  and  suectes  a  particu- 
lar {lart  (if  Pmlaloxzi'ii  teacbing.  The  kindergar- 
ten vystom,  as  ii  in  called,  rents  upon  Ihe  neump- 
tioD  tlrnt  the  senses  of  a  child  are  to  be  Brst  dealt 
with,  and  that  It  Is  by  their  m<>ans  that  the  in- 
telligence <mi  be  beiit  aroused  Froehel,  starting 
with  the  care  <»f  very  young  children,  was  able 
t<i  rediici-  their  i-duenlion  to  something  like  a  sys- 
tem. Thry  arc  taught  by  degree*  to  aee  clearly 
form  and  color:  toimiiate  them  in  various  ways; 
to  distinguish  by  the  touch  hard  and  suit,  cold 
and  hot  :  to  train  their  cars  lo  delicate  loundN, 
and  (hitir  moiithf  to  n'nn<^l  and  ex pfCMlre  speech, 
Their  restlnHncti:'  is  titilixed  for  social  drill  and 
danoee>.  A  child  is  encouraged  to  imilale  juM 
what  he  undervtands.  and  no  more  It  in  Imjio^ 
slble  to  see  a  kindergarten  closa,  even  when  coon- 
poaed  of  the  .voungmt  gutter  children,  wlihout 
feehng  that  thia  oiuki  in  litne  be  recognised  as  th« 
only  lit  education  for  the  infont-mind. 

But  it  is  a  mislakr  to  ■uppoM'  that  the  prlncj- 
pkn  of  Fropbel  are  applicable  only  to  the  training 
of  very  young  chihlren.  It  b,  as  naturni  for  tli« 
brain  to  grow  and  to  exert  it«elf  as  it  is  for  llie 
arms  and  legs  lo  stretch  themselTes.  Our  in- 
herited traalilionnl  methodo  of  education  are  too 
often  the  x waddling- clot hiii  of  tlu'  mind,  which 
impede  ita  grawth  ralhrr  than  auiirt  it*  <k-veh>|»- 
nient.  In  schools  higher  ihan  the  hlndergart^-n  we 
have  yet  to  learn  that  pleasure  Is  a  far  more 
poU-nt  Instrument  of  training  than  pain.  Many 
tcaclien  value  leMons  for  their  very  hanlinesa 
and  rcpulsivenesB.  and  take  no  pain*  that  the 
mind  shmild  pass  easily  rr'>m  the  known  to  the 
unknown  witli  ever-growing  delight  Bn<l  KBiisfaC' 
lion.  Far  too  mudi  stress  is  laid  on  mere  mem- 
ory. Memory  de[iends  on  lntere«il.  ('Iiildren  will 
recollect  accurately  whatever  has  deeply  roused 
them  at  any  time.  If  we  secure  Interest,  memory 
will  follow  of  itwlf.  Again  :  schools  !i|>eud  far 
too  much  time  on  a  set  cour^'  of  study.  Pesta* 
toul  and  Froebol  learned  all  they  knew  by  the 


664 


SCIENCE. 


[v<Mu  IX..  No,  m 


Blarlsh  fotlowInK  of  tb«  growing  nilnd.  It  fs 
firubebk-  Uutt  in  no  two  nincU  do  Ibi-  fai'Dltim  dc> 
velop  ID  preciMl;  the  Muna  ardor.  Tbitt  ourrim- 
Itun  ii  beet  whicb  te  sdApWd  to  iho  invntMt  nuin- 
bur  of  mindfi,  but  no  ciirrinilniu  could  l>«  Bd«pt«d 
la  nil  iiiinilH.  Jusl  in  proporttoD  as  tbe  ooune  of 
atud}*  laid  down  In  tchool  i»  rigjd  and  uaa1t«raUe^ 
so  far  will  It  fait  to  reacb  a  laigi'  oumberof  tboae 
for  wlioiu  ii  U  intrndt-d.  Jiut  as,  in  ek-iutuUry 
edu<»liun,  jmjinont  bj*  nvulta  i*  oppooMl  [u  ibv 
wliolv  ipirit  of  Pii«U1oal's  and  Prwhcl'*  U'ni^hing. 
no  in  otir  hJRhor  education  w«  cannot  obtain  tlic 
hiKliont  leTVl  of  Initruotion  unless  we  assign  a 
lower  place  to  examluatloiia. 

Tliere  is  uo  fear  tbut  in  Uie  ])re»enl  day  rmUsUc 
education  —  the  Iiiaraing  uf  things  inatMul  of 
wonla  —  will  be  ncKlcctnd.  Thwr  uiajr.  Indeed, 
be  a  ilnngex  lest  wc  aliouH  tench  tliinKs  n-hkh  aro 
nii4  thn  best  wortb  Ipnininji.  lest  we  (-liquid  wialv 
on  ni«cbani<7al  arts  or  on  the  lower  bcancbea  of 
•donee  powets  whlcli  uuulit  to  be  applied  to  ttie 
btghe*!  products  of  tbe  Imtiiau  mfuO.  UL«ibe  leUc 
ns  that  Wilheliti  Mi-iBivr,  a  Un-aiuj'  enthusiast, 
took  hb  BOO  Felix  (o  tx-  latiKbt  in  tlic  Paedngogio 
Prorlnoe.  On  n-turning  a  ^luir  nrtorwards  to  Me 
how  hf  Witt  KotlinK  on,  be  oould  not  at  first  find 
bim  :  but,  n*  lie  was  In  an  open  tli'Id.  be  saw  in 
the  distance  a  cloud  of  dust.  The  dust  developed 
into  a  troop  ot  hotww ;  and  out  of  thb  Lrooi)  gal- 
loped ibe  youdf;  Fdix.  ridinj;  a  whitii  ban^backed 
steed,  frooi  which  he  ibn-w  himielf  and  fell  at  bb 
fatber's  feoi.  Tbo  rulcn>  of  the  Province  explained, 
that,  bavins  tiipd  Felix  at  every  Ihlnit  idse,  they 
funnd  ilint  he  was  most  fit  for  brealtiog  liumea, 
Mtd  Uierefore  tet  Liui  tbat  ta»k.  We  now  ace 
Goethe's  dKam  realised,  not  only  in  technical 
«ducaUoa,  but  in  the  buIiooU  which  are  Rrowlag 
up  orer  Eottland  for  the  training  of  young  col- 
OnlBte.  A  lioy  in  taken  at  fourteen,  an<l  taught 
how  to  build  a  bouw.  to  make  hift  furniturt-.  to 
manag*  a  farm,  to  DavigUe  a  boat.  TbU  is  real- 
iatjo  education  with  a  vengeance  ;  and  the  nunc 
DiiKht  lie  Mild  of  luiTi-  iM-linicul  training.  whMp  it 
does  not  rest  upon  thtt  liosii  of  geaernl  culture. 
Yet  the  extra vagniice*  to  wliirh  this  side  o(  educa- 
tion may  run  are  slight,  compared  with  those 
which  hare  for  so  many  years  formed  tli«  bane  of 
humaniiDi.  Some  esa^Kr-taiiou  in  reiiuiivd  tu  re- 
dmu  tbo  liatnuce.  It  la  dilticult  to  sccun;  im- 
pcoveiaoDta  In  educatiun,  and  it  ia  almost  impoa- 
■dble  to  revolution  ixe  an  ediioationnl  sjetem. 
Eilucatl'inal  Ibcotiita  write  a*  if  a  KJnKle  child, 
witling  to  be  taught  every  thing,  were  dealt  with 
b>-  a  tpachor  abl*  lo  Impart  every  thing.  Tlie 
reality  i*  very  «tUT»retil.  Olilldreu  are  laugbt,  not 
aiogly,  but  in  maawa ;  and  in  a  crowd  tho  iitiiud- 
wrd  of  couduot  Is  generally   Lbnt  of  the  wont 


few 

i 


rather  than  tliat  of  the  beet.  To  secure  all  the 
Iciitiou  of  a  lur^e  number  of  childrrn  needs 
aidcf able  giftn,  and  to  fon-c  n  birgv  ctani  into  ao- 
tire eoKiperaiion  witli  tlio  inrtructor  ia  tvbat  few 
teacbem  can  do.  Again  :  aamall  prnjioriicin  nnl; 
of  teachers  hare  any  sfiecdal  glftA  of  intiittht.  Ii 
llneea.  or  Imagination.  They  can  only  carry 
the  roetboda  in  whlcti  ibey  have  been  traiiked. 
Once  more  tvery  traditional  system  is  protected 
by  a  targv  number  of  meuns  and  apitliancpa  fOr 
■tudy  which  havi?  grown  up  undtT  ita  reign.  The 
very  pcrfectiim  of  the  Hhool-bookn  make*  it  cnaicr 
to  Rtudy  elawii-al  litrratumiand Greek  luid  Roman 
history  than  any  similar  dciMutmeot  of  oiorr  mod- 
era  date.  The  pasulve  rmistance  of  pupita,  ibe  al>- 
tence  of  UHi>ful  aids,  the  want  of  e«t«rpri«e  In 
teacher*.  —  all  militate  against  the  subatiiutiuQ  of 
a  rational  education,  such  as  Cumenius  woold, 
have  givun.  for  tlii?  cumpk-tc!  and  elalH<ni(o  drill  i' 
the  arte  of  PX|irnuion  which  wc  oni'  to  Stunn 
and  the  Jciiuiu.  .\  merits  baa  fa(«n  bvw  spoiled 
than  Europe  by  the  influenon  of  pnty  trnditlona: 
and  it  is  there,  perhaps,  that  we  may  Ionic  for  the 
rise  of  a  training  which  will  begin  with  the  kin- 
dergarteu,  will  be  inspired  in  tls  blglier  bniuchn 
by  the  enthusiasm  of  Milton,  wilt  aluaya  picro 
llmnigh  the  veil  of  uorda  to  the  subatanc-v  whici 
Ibe  wurda  aru  intvnded  to  con>«y,  and,  wliil 
training  to  the  full  thi>  veniw*  of  the  indlvld: 
and  his  mechanical  power*,  will  not  fail  to  set  tlW', 
higliest  value  on  the  best  products  of  ilie  human 
mind,  and  will  never,  in  tbepurultof  material 
smeuce,  undervalue  the  far  dearer  treaaumt  ot 
poetry  and  philosophy. 

OSCAB  BBOWXIXO. 


4 


TRAlXtSO  OF  TEACHEKS. 

Tb&  history  of  our  normal  sclioohi  ts  the  inaidv 
history  of  tlie  proftivsa  of  education  In  tt>e  United 
Slsles,  Established  by  prolonged  strusgtea.  main- 
taloed  by  continual  contests,  they  have  Iwea  the 
central  point  of  onward  moremenl.  Circuni- 
atauuea  Iiavu  made  thom.  at  the  beat,  but  half- 
meaaum  for  the  training  uf  leachvrs.  State  nuf- 
mnl  Huboota  are  excellent  high  KohuoU.  and  a  Utt)e 
more.  Tht;  genial  Mandnril  of  ndmiwiion  in  tJiat 
of  gradiiBtion  fmm  grammar  school*,  eight  or 
nine  years' couoe.  Two  yeon  are  spent  in  regu- 
lar high-school  studies;  the  third  year  a  (Artial 
course  in  pedagogics  ani)  methods  is  begun  :  and 
the  loiirlli  .vear.  ijsrcbology,  pedaicojEics,  tuettuxli, 
and  praiiicf  form  the  principal  work.  Compare 
ttiii  with  pr<-'{inmtiun  for  other  profetciiotui,  —  four  j 
yuara  bigti  whiiol.  (our  years  colk-gi;.  and  then  llie ' 
law,  nu-dicinc,  or  tlicoloKieal  achixil.  Rarely  f^n 
n  pupil  Hiudy  peycbology  with  any  profit  uniil  tliaj 


Jvax  10.  lt«7.3 


SCIEH^CE, 


566 


I 


bigtMchool  counv  u  Hoithni.  V#t7  ttir  impib 
CMn  gra^p  thv  lawn  of  iDJfii)  until  lb«v  hiv  idoiv 
Iban  twenty  riiiw  of  nge,  Withiwt  paychology, 
any  ccimpiehennnn  of  tlir  K'ic-ncv  of  cilucntion  ia 
inipowible.  Wilhoiil  (hix  wtipikh*,  imitntioD  of 
meiho'U  is  th*  only  rewit.  One  in  t^n  or  twcmty 
by  inlierit^il  am!  ncuniteiJ  ptiwer  niny  liuve  the 
strengili  to  undeniLaiiil  prlneipln:  «ucti  icrmlnairB 
go  on  with  (belr  studies,  and  nuUce  HtlciMt  teach- 
er*. 

Till!  DHfd  of  ihr  hour  la  th«  PHtabttiihinMit  of 
puTvly  |iiT>fv<uii)nnl  tiaiiiii)g-*chooL>,  --■chovltiihat 
would  take  rank  witli  tlut  br«t  law  and  miHlkal 
■chi>olji.  Thv  miToial  itchooU  tbrinwlvv*  luller 
grmtly  for  Wk  of  eirnni;.  broadly  ediicintfid.  pro- 
fMslonslly  trained  hpade.  A  principal  of  a  New 
England  acad«my,  without  a  spark  of  profMaional 
(raloing,  gow  into  a  great  wmtern  territory  to 
lake  charge  of  a  norioal  hIiooI.  and  belfi  lay  the 
foandalioiiii  of  llio  i-ducatioiuil  syBtcm  in  a  new 
Blati',  In  nnotlii-r  prufi-nsion  !«■  would  bi>  caJlnl  a 
quuL-fc  :  in  oun>  it  in  almoit  a  nc^t^tniiy.  bri-au»r 
tminiHl  efHrirnt  traclirr*.  mpnblc  of  taking  tho 
Iwid  in  e<luc«(inn,  are  «xce^ingly  »carw.  Few 
0Uperlnten<l«nt8  an<l  principals  have  liad  any 
tralnlug  for  their  work.  A  graduate  of  Hiirvard 
or  Yale  li  Just  aH  well  ttttt'd  ui  vatvt  the  pulpit, 
the  law,  or  to  heal  the  body,  as  he  is  to  lake  the 
h«ad  of  A  school.  In  some  large  dti«  —  Borton, 
for  inntance.  which  Imh  one  of  the  beiit  truinint;- 
schools  in  the  country  —  many  women  teachers 
know  far  more  of  the  science  of  education  tlian 
their  princlpalti. 

There  !i  a  crying  n«ed  of  safe  leaders  in  educa- 
tion. Tliere  nerer  was  in  our  history  oomiam- 
livHy  a  tithi-  of  tbo  ear  nest  ni-sj.  enthusiiMni.  and 
geoeial  awakening  in  the  cause  of  education,  oa 
there  in  at  pnaent.  Thin  riut  energy  ia  spending, 
and  will  cominne  to  qMcid  itwlf  in  Die  supffflcisl 
study  of  methods,  d«r1c«e,  and  s^neral  deiaib  of 
Dianaoenient  and  organlxatlon,  nnlern  there  are 
means  olfered  for  a  far  deeper  and  broader  study 
of  the  lawe  of  human  growth  and  the  prindptes 
of  leaobing  which  apring  from  ibem. 

Tbe  preuenl  normal  acboola,  mruggle  as  they 
may  and  da,  ntnnot  well  grow  into  tbi-  nvcdrd 
purely  profeadoniil  irhcxiU.  The  rural  dislriols 
look  upon  them  as  coovcnimt,  cheap,  and  good 
high  acbools :  and  rural  lt^slator«  will  continae 
to  hold  them  to  (hat  line  of  work  :  the  normal 
element  mast  necewaiily  be  secondary. 

Let  New  York  or  Peiuwylvania.  (or  intlanoe, 
found  one  profeeslonal  irainine-wliool.  Find  a 
head  first.  —  a  rery  diflScult  task.  Uive  tli«  prin- 
cipal two  or  three  exoeilenl  n-aiatants.  Take  a 
whole  rillage  or  ititall  city  for  a  practice  depart- 
BWQt.     Admit  ujion  a  rigorous  examinatioD  imly 


grAiduatea  of  eollege«.  oonnal  achoub,  ami  bigb 
MbooU,  of  full  four  yean'  coursr*;  wliuil,  loo. 
Mcheta  who  liace  made  thnmailrtn  efficient  by 
three  yean  of  unocMwiul  leaohlng.'  Hake  tbo 
■ohool  the  c^nirnl  point  and  place  of  nioeting  of 
the  count;  superintendents.  Allow  them  to  spend 
all  tlie  time  they  can  commaixl  In  nody  st  Ibe 
school.  The  i-our«e  b  indicated  by  the  term  '  pro- 
fn«i4inai  Kaining-MtbooL*  Uimor^-  of  e<}ucatiou, 
psyt^hology,  pedagogics,  and  methodn  nhouhl  moke 
up  the  curriculnm. 

Any  teacher  or  auperint^'ndrRt,  of  whatever 
sKe  or  landing,  could  go  in  such  n  wliool  wjili  no 
sense  of  degradation,  jui4  ns  De  Garmo  and  Seeley 
went  to  Slo,v's  famous  Lebr  Seminar  at  Halle.  If 
Stanford  coiild  be  induced  lo  found,  with  h's  pio- 
poKod  univcnity  in  California,  a  school  like  tbo 
one  outlined  nhoi-e,  be  would  confer  upon  bis  fel- 
low-men a  pricelPM  iMon.  Rich  men  arc  con* 
siantly  giving  ImnwflM  mma  lo  iw<:tarian  acbools, 
Ie4:hnical  schools,  arademicf,  and  collngea.  Ob 
tboteotnerich  man  would  die  for  a  professional 
truDQig-sdiool  for  teachers : 

FSamtib  W.  Pareeb. 


I .  There  are  many  who  we  no  neceMily  for  mwh 
training.  A  knowledge  of  the  Kiibjecta  to  bo 
Inugbt  U  thought  all-«iitBcienl,  But  the  tira« 
when  the  it;nofance  and  vice  of  the  tenchm  raodo 
tUein  an  article  of  public  venilue,'  or  when  they 
followed  teaching  because  they  were  Bt  for  noth- 
ing elae.  is  a  thing  of  the  paot.  A  great  *cliool 
■yateui  has  been  built  up:  themas^esof  tbogK-ople 
are  more  enlighieiied.  and  they  demand  <|ualif)ed 
workmen,  though  tliey  may  not,  and  in  many  iu- 
staooea  do  not,  underslaiid  the  i^ed  of  ptt>fi-»- 
slonal  «cboob  in  which  to  train  tbeae  woikincn. 
Nor  l«  thi"  demand  for  competent  lenohera  unrea- 
sonable. Belter  qnalilioatinnii  fur  any  buiiineni  or 
pmfeOHion  are  requlnd  now  than  ware  required 
Htty  years  ag0>  W«  have  trajning-schoola  for 
nuracM,  for  eooko.  for  clerks,  for  ibe  tndea,  (or 
farmers,  as  well  as  tbooe  for  the  learned  profea- 
ftions.  The  mi'ditral  atudtut,  even  after  hh 
grodualion.  feels  that  hia  |irv|)nr)itionforlhepnie- 
lice  of  medicine  hna  nut  been  comiiluted.  and  that 
the  jieople  ate  not  yet  witliuK  lo  trust  bim.  No- 
body douhta  that  he  has  U-arncd  the  factx  nece*- 
«ary  lo  be  known  ;  but  he  has  yet  to  learn  to  it*e 
three  facta,  to  do  which  he  places  himnelf  under 
the  upecial  training  of  a  comiielent  teacher,  — 
enters  into  partnership  with  a  nicce«ttlul  pracit- 
tioiier.  The  lawyer  and  ibe  clergy muucf ten  pur- 
sue the  nauie  courr^.  Prtiple  do  not  ([wstion  Ihv 
wiadom  of  such  policy.    Tliey  commend  it,  bo- 

■  8bo  IWport  ot  odBiinlMlouor  at  •ducaUon  toi  ICl.  |k.  xx. 


SCTEIiVE. 


lV«u  IX..  »a. 


Itllty  rMlIxe  tiMt  (o  know  a  tbiaic  la  bIu> 
gMhor  dtfTneot  from  briiig  able  to  do  It.  Vl\\j 
ihoiild  the  letxhvr  br  «n  cxM-iittDn  to  •  ooone  ao 
comni^ndatorj'  to  Ibr  good  wiun  of  tbn  jiooplc^ 
Certainly  it  ia  ntit  brcnuw  the  mirwl  of  tho  child 
U  eBl««m«d  of  Iv*!  wonh  Hum  hi*  body  or  hi* 
Mtato.    Hf,  abo,  mnx  linve  this  irslnlnK- 

II.  But  of  vhat  aliBtl  il  constat?  Nut  Nuiplvof 
•  kiiowtedic«  i>t  the  facta  to  be  laugtil.  nor  e\«ti, 
fat  addition  lo  thia,  a  kmmli-diCL-  U  how  to  tvacfa. 
Uaof  a  one  who  caumit  t^'Afh.  knuwH  bow, 
Sobool  oAlMni  ottgbi  to  know  how  toofhinRsbould 
be  doti*.  but  it  M  not  nt  all  necettwry  tlinl  tbry 
ahouM  be  able  lo  do  It.  Of  far  g:renter  vatiic  tbno 
profcMlonal  knowledcr  b  profemlonal  ability. 
Mere  tb«orptlcsl  l«aching  doca  not  give  the  pov«r 
to  act.  Thia  powm-  cORWa  only  from  actinit.  It 
it  tnu>  that  the  jouD((  t««cli«r  niay  acquire  it  In 
thvachnol-rooiii,  and  the  i>ra(!tjc-i>,  thouttb  ufieu 
vary  painful  to  him.  ia  i>xcr<-dInKly  vnluablr ;  but 
the  uiultipilcity  of  rnlltinw  to  every  aucoemrui 
experlmrot  mnkon  it  very  hard  upon  tlie  tchool. 
loKtmcliuu  in  tbp  moiter  to  be  tauKbl.  and  In  th« 
niethodii  of  tntc hlnc  II.  ahouldbe  utx'uuiiiuniiHl  by 
iwnctio-  In  teachlni;.  Nor  nlicnild  ihi«  prucli«!  lit 
Brat  be  In  a  modd  or  pnL'tlccNchooi.lnit  inclnami 
«rbo«e  pupils  luive  nlrfiidy  dcvdop«si  tlirir  modni 
of  ttilnkin^,  and  furmpd  Ihrir  habits  of  rtudy  and 
r««iKi(ion  under  ihe  inslnictlon  of  aitperlor  teach- 
«ni,  Lilltf!  hnrni  iwyond  Ihe  «asle  of  tiui«'  ean 
fomr  to  tlir-in  from  Ihe  oiiadirecled  etfortH  of  the 
youuK  tennhrr ;  but  eueli  would  nut  be  tlic  result 
of  IiixelTorlH  in  the  ordinary  inadd  arbooi  cotn- 
|Ki«»ed  of  mile  children.  During  bin  arnioryear 
In  tlie  irHiuiuK-Mltool,  the  younx  teacher  abould 
Bpend  onn  hour  n  day  In  tlie  practloe«cliooI,  leurb- 
IiiK  under  the  direction  of  bis  profewor,  npiilying 
till'  theories  he  ha*  leanied.  Not  only  Ihtii :  na 
aooD  ns  be  vnierti  Ilie  lraining.»ch(iol,  he  should 
be  rvqujred  to  rxnuiim-  rvtry  tjuention  from  the 
alanJ-point  of  tlie  Irvu-her  n»  well  as  from  that  of 
tlie  impil.  In  ex-rr  recitation  he  should  piny,  in 
BOint-  impnrtnnl  re"pi?rl«.  the  r^«of  leacher.  Tbe 
Obji-ct  of  ptolesHlonal  intinluK  ^  <o  enablr  the 
teacher  U>  use  his  knowled^.  Ttil«  (t  eiiii  bdjw 
to  do  Hucccaxfutly  only  aa  II  e1»-«»  him  pxi-rcine  in 
noin^'  knowit'dgf,  undor  tbii  direction  of  nu  ex- 
imienrcd  Ivichvr.  NiOSOH  B.  IIxjiitY. 

Thx  profCMional  training  of  tVMchcra  hai  he- 
ooinc  a  tiM««dty  (n  all  of  our  lar^  (itles :  and  the 
time  la  not  fai  dislaitt  when  the  same  will  l>e  (rue 
in  evMry  diy,  town,  vllluiie.  and  districi.  T\ittt 
ia  no  knger  any  doubl  but  Uiat  leaching  is  n 
•ervlc^.  hrooc  tbrre  ia  no  longer  any  rvoMn  why 
tlie  tenrher  tibiiuld  any  Icngvr  be  Kubjrclrd  lo 
llltte  petty  ■  quiz'  exaiuinationa  averj-  f«w  weeka 


In  order  to  Ktsln  fab  poajllon.    Fix  the  ataixlard 

of  acbolanbip  hixb ;  and  when  one  has  credeotiala 
ttoat  any  well-known  autboilty.  accept  It.  Ob  Iba 
other  baud,  however,  aee  to  it  that  thu«e  irbo  are 
to  train  the  immortal  aool*  c4  our  chlldrrn  know 
the  difference  lwtw«i>n  the  instinct  of  a  dog  and 
the  human  mind.  Too  many  iroclHmi  ttwch  a 
human  b«in(;  the  ruhv  of  arithuu^c  by  pxacily 
tiie  Mme  method  Ibev  wooM  leach  a  doR  lo 
'speak  '  for  a  piece  of  bread  and  huit«r,  or  a 
parrot  lo  a&k  Tor  a  cracker.  As  well  luight  a 
lawyer  tmdeavor  to  pradiae  law  with  no  Iraowl- 
fdf^  at  the  slntute  lawn  of  hi*  state,  or  n  (loctor 
to  prnclirc  medicine  with  no  kiiowh-d^tr  of  ptiy- 
sIoloKy,  s«  n  teacher  lo  pmclisr  thi*  prodwaon  of 
teaching  wiili  no  hnowiedgc  of  tlie  mind  he  1> 
Iryinc  to  shape. 

The  teacher  who  baa  no  knowledge  of  child- 
nature  should  make  this  Ids  firM  study  ;  (or  llic 
man  or  woronu  who  has  forgotten  \to*r  lj«  or  *lw 
frit  a*  n  chitd,  is  hardly  caleulaied  to  t«nch.  Cef 
liiiuly  ni>  Euch  petaon  ia  fit  loliellic  diacipltnarlaii 
of  childiwa. 

A  I  •enon  try  Ing  to  be  a  taacber,  witli  nn  knowl- 
edge of  the  prlnclptesof  paychology.  i*  like  a  little 
tug-bual  pulliniJ!  and  tngirinft  and  pudlii);  with 
might  aud  uiaiu  to  get  the  'pupil'  In  thi' riRht 
place:  while  tliO(«  who  go  at  their  work  under- 
slaudinxly  tnke  the  plane  of  (lie  rudder,  and 
Kufde  l1iL>  pupils  in  the  right  dlnctlon  bo  bal 
tlieru-H-lre«  through. 

Lcl  no:  tlione  who  ar«  engaged  In  lli«  profes- 
aionnl  tnunin^  of  teacbeta  think  their  work  all 
done  when  tliey  have  Utled  tlieir  pupils  with 
thcorlM.  \%  w»ll  might  they  lecture  on  the  art 
and  tclenc«  of  *w-imming,  an<l  at  lb--  end  of  si 
months  cast  tlieir  pupilo  off  the  Brooklyn 
to  swim  a^'bore,  and  expect  tbem  to  do  it,  na  to 
expect  such  tniplis  to  do  good  work  Id  th«  echool- 
rixim. 

The  practice  must  go  bind  in  liaiid  with  tlie 
tliewTT.  No  ntudi-nt  in  a  medical  colie-gi'  onii  f*^ 
ceivcbin  diploma  until  he  baa  iiasu-d  a  certain 
uumber  of  week*  in  the  duuccling-raoin. 
Ni'ither  nliould  a  »tudent  of  pMychology  reot-iro 
hia  ditdoma  until  he  lias  had  a  nnuibt-r  of 
weeks'  expi-rience  in  the  daaa-room.  We  Boniv- 
tinies  think  it  a  pity  tliat  Ihe  mistakes  of  the 
pupil-teachere  in  the  clnn*  room  do  not.  like  Ihoae 
of  tbe  student  of  tnvdicinc  in  Ihe  diawcting-mom, 
fall  Nick  upon  Ihemselvea,  and  not  upim  ibeir 
innocent  little  snbjfcts.  Wera  thi«  the  caaa, 
ihouMnils  of  mistake^  that  hate  been  made  woald 
have  Ixm  avoided. 

We  often  hear  it  aaid  that  leacbing  ariiool  h^ 
litllM  a  man  and  oonr:!  n  woman.  To  this  w» 
take  exception,  and  »ay  that   it  is  the  '  utnow 


nd       I 


Jvn  10,  in?.] 


SCIENCE. 


567 


ecboot-linpw '  that  bellltles  thf  scliool.  The  tnie, 
hl|th-Riln<1erl,  liarJ-norkiD;;.  dfittrlng.  cooackn- 
Clous,  |>roitT«Mire,  tmibUHiaiitit-,  Uod-fMiring 
t««elit-r  n«v^r  tipliill««  thr  scIunjI.  mctirty,  or  him- 
*e}t,  bnt  niac*  thr  lebiiuUn)  o1  mcIi. 

Prrhap*  b«f<wff  dnritiK  vp  rImuIi)  nxplnin  oam 
oflhono  ndjpi-iivpii,  vU.,  -^nlhiislnslic.' 

We  cfiiainlT  Ihink  lh«  prnf«n8lona1  teacher 
ahnulil  be  eDthuslasUc :  beouu'-  ihote  who  a«- 
coinplish  Ihe  moBt  good  are  thtux!  who  hare 
«iwrfty  anJ  eiiDiusiniim,  and  •hon- b^  tlwii-  work 
I  hat  they  ar«  in  nune*!.  and  belle  ri>  what 
ibey  do  to  \m  worth  dointt  Wfll,  TWre  U  a 
difference,  however,  hetweeo  a  deniooslmtlve 
and  an  cnlbaoJaxtic  manner.  To  tie  iiotay,  ftt^ty, 
vt  /uaty  Ja  not  to  be  animated.  Animatioo  or 
entht»lii*in  it  ranmtuesH  without  undiu-  excit^i- 
mimt.  WnjjAM  M.  Gimn. 


ISDCSTftlAL   TRAIXISG   IX  TUB  PVBUC 
SCtiOOLS  Of  at'KMAM: 

V.T  obdervalinna  on  tbi.-  indnstrfal  training  of 
ibit  pubtk  «c1iooIb  of  flprrnRnr  are  chlelly  con- 
(lued  to  lite  cityof  Dunii*t.i'lt.  Ihe  cA|>iial  of  the 
grancl-ilnohy  of  nc»r--DjiirisiBi)I. 

F'Mf  many  jearn  the  court  of  ihla  gmnd-due)iy 
of  Ili-me  has  drawn  lo  ihe  capital  th>«  n^enentv 
Ure«  of  the  Imt  educalMn  and  cullore ;  and  ita 
echool  Hj^tem  b  tmdoubledly  the  falrMt  model  in 
central  (rvrmany. 

Beaidea  i'a  eomntoiH  i)u)>lic  aehixila,  the  dty 
conlainn  n  polytechnic  ichool,  a  ftymnoitilum.  a 
realfchule,  a  wIkioI  tor  tlie  blg1i«r  t^iiicallon  of 
Itlrlii,  eeivral  prtrale  aoboola,  and  a  number  of 
klndeovartens. 

To  (he  noble  efforts  of  the  mnoh-laiiienteil 
Priaeew  Alice  may  ho  lamely  altilbiit«ct  tlw  in- 
temt  tJMt,  dnce  ber  death,  tuu  been  Uketi 
throughout  Germany  in  industrial  mining  for 
girU.  As  noon  aa  Prineew  Allc«  mm*  to  Darm- 
stadt. «he  made  her  innuenoe  fell.  The  Alloen* 
Verelii  wa*  oncaniuKl  wtOi  the  princeoa  as  preai- 
deni.  awl  Kr&ulein  Loniae  Bflcliner  at  Tice-pc««i- 
dent.  Thi*  Verrin  u  au  sMooiation  of  wnmen. 
whoK  objwt  is  to  imparl  loalruotion  in  thn  rarious 
duttea  of  housekeeping  to  inotbora  anJ  their 
daugblvrf,  and  to  eneourage  them  to  bHler 
morals  anil  liabiU  of  life,  and  inspire  rliem  with 
a  hlglier  hleal  of  w.  TomanhiKxIhla  aaaociatioD 
started  an  entirvly  new  and  popufatr  inlefMt  hi 
girlii'  liand-work,  —ihai  kind  of  Induiitrinl  train- 
ing for  girU  whicli  is  now  cmc  of  tlie  reguhtr 
branche*  taught  in  all  the  public  xiboola  of  Oei- 
many. 

In  a  country  liku  Grrmqiny,  wlih  a  dmue  popu- 
lation uud  with  o  (harp  compelitlou  in  all  the  de- 


partments of  labor,  *ritb  enfeeUed  natural  rv- 
Boarees.  tlw  only  t«Dipotnl  MlTation  for  the  ma^Ma 
ia  work.  ~  patieni.  eoolinuoua,  awl  remuuerativu 
manual  labor.  Now,  wbrn  thin  work  la  performed 
bjrtin  tNlucali-d  and  akilfiil  hand,  it  ia  plain  that 
ila  cITrctireurst  is  cnornioucly  Inirreaard.  Thi> 
boy  who  lia«  reooired  induatrial  training  in  nwwe 
apt  lo  tpnm  a  irnd* ;  Im  Is  better  i>re|iared,  an  (he 
mavHw  must  be  in  all  coimirie^,  to  make  a  lirlng 
with  hJH  hands  :  he  will  Iw  a  hiippier  man,  inore 
comeitted,  and  leee  willing  (o  It-ave  his  fatlivrluiid 
and  emigrate  to  tort-igu  lamU.  Tboac  an-  tin- 
<)oubt«dly  eonie  of  the  attongexl  r\«a<>ni>  why  Ihv 
G^irman  government  ahowii  sitch  a  folicilude  for 
the  imliutrinl  tniiniiiK  of  ila  ynotli.  At  Darm- 
atadl,  a  few  yeare  ago,  ee<reml  private  cititena 
made  an  experiment  In  giving  Indiiatrial  insiruc- 
tioD  to  iHtys  after  idiool- hours.  The  reiullH  of 
the  pxperliiienl  were  audi  convincing  proufnof  tb» 
ne«d«  of  Bui-h  inrtruciimi  iu  erery  ci'.y,  that  Ii>e 
inatitutiun  wn.i  ineuqioniU'd,  and  tiecnnM'  a  brant'h 
of  the  puhlic-acliooJ  aynlvm,  although  no  special 
provision  lud  been  niadn  in  the  school  law,  «iieb 
as  had  lieeo  made  for  th«  Industrial  training  of 
girls. 

The  uiannil-l  raining  scliools  are  iutcmli^  for 
that  class  of  boys  —  ami  a  i-ery  Inrgpclavi  il  i*  in 
every  city  —  that  idl«  away  their  time  befnon?  and 
after  school  on  the  street,  where  they  learn  nioru 
r«adily  the  vices  of  Ihe  depraved  than  tlie  Tiituca 
of  the  good,  and  so  oounteraot  wlisioer  of  lion> 
caty,  iwtience.  perse ventnce,  kindneas.  and  obedi- 
ence the  teacher  at  achool  may  attompt  to  ineut- 
Catc.  This  i«  the  reaiuiii  why  tha  lioys  In  our 
cocmtry.  n*  n-rll  a*  in  Qennanf ,  who  hate  to  worii 
before  and  aflcr  ncbool,  maka  tli«  beat  progrees  In 
their  studies,  anil  are  the  most  obedient,  and  glr« 
leuist  triHibte  lo  the  leaclier  at  school. 

In  Germany  the  schools  clnse  tlie  daily  session 
at  aliout  2.S0.  After  thb  time,  the  boya  who, 
either  through  pon-rty  or  ilic  indilTi-n-mTc  of 
parent*,  are  not  iirojierly  and  lie.tUlifnIly  em- 
ployed, must  attend  the  industrial  (chonl  for  the 
res!  of  the  day.  In  the  IndusIrJal  school  atDarm- 
Kiadt,  in  the  summer-ilme,  Ihe  l>oys  are  put  lo 
work  ui  the  iliOertml  gardtms  belonging  to  the  tn- 
•titntioo.  Tliey  are  ditiUed  into  claKica  or  com- 
pani<«.  i'a«h  under  the  Kuperviaion  of  a  teacher. 
One  day  I  saw  a  comiuiny  of  boys,  nboiit  toreoty 
in  niimlx^r,  lietneen  the  age*  of  nine  and  ten,  en- 
gaged at  transplaotlnit  cabbage-plants,  and  for  Ihe 
first  time  in  my  life  did  I  discover  that  there  Uaii 
intelligent  way  of  doing  work  eceu  an  trilling  aa 
tbia  aeems  to  be.  In  another  part  uf  iln-  gardttn  a 
company  of  older  l>o<a  was  preparing  the  ground 
for  a  new  crop  :  the  work  was  likeorbe  )>yi>trmatl- 
rally  and  even  scientlflcallj  performed.    In  Mber 


S68 


scnci^CE. 


\ToL.  CE..  Ro.  tV 


part4  aome  vnn  weeding.  «om«  urere  wawriti^ 
ptantH :  Mhvn  giuheivd  fruit  und  rei^tublm,  and 
prepoml  thm  for  tho  miirkca.  ThL>  flowrr-Kordi-n 
M  Iho  most  (DtMMtinic  port  Co  the  striuigi-r.  flfri.- 
I  Mw  A  company  of  bo:r*  Ufing  out  oranmcntnl 
flower-beda.  BmuIt,  ta8t<>,  andokill,  ciominR  from 
fluC'li  youug  hands,  Bll  tlie  «(raog«r  with  silniliii- 
lioD. 

Ai  other  »msoiu  of  (he  year  t4i«  boys  are  en- 
gaged at  variouK  light  i^raflx  in  wurlc-ruoniii,  such 
a*  the  making  of  biukctii,  IminhLit.  brooiuii,  etc. : 
light  and  plain  carpttotry,  whon-  thv  iuk  of  luoli 
ia  tnushl.  Tho  hnainK^r  nml  mn-  nm  thi>  princi- 
pal toob  for  tho  younger  clam  :  with  th«N)  tliry 
are  taugbt  to  drive  nnil»  nud  anw  boardnai  various 
angles.  Type-setting  nnii  book-liioding  are  taught 
to  the  odnuioed  atid  older  clasaw. 

Each  boy  reoelvea  a  small  lemunemtkin  for  hit 
work  when  it  is  faithfully  an<t  oU'di<-ntty  pur- 
formed.  The-  aumcy,  however,  in  not  directly 
IMiid  to  him,  but  in  put  into  n  luivinKs  liank  for 
him  ;  and  from  time  to  tinio  lie  receives  Ids  cer- 
tJHcates  of  depoRita,  which  the  t*oy,  with  a  face 
all  Rglow  with  Inexpressible  delight,  carries  home 
to  bts  psrents  for  safe  keeping, 

Aa  the  industrial  training  of  boys  requiree 
grounds,  extra  building,  tools  and  appliuncos, 
and  in  many  oasua  extru  tMichen,  it  can  only  be 
ladfrootly  connected  with  the  public  schools. 
And  although  the  govern  men  I  encourages  manual 
tninlng  for  boys,  tltereate  great dUScultimiu  tlip 
way  of  umkiog  11  universally  obligatory.  For 
Uiia  reason  it  is  not  mentioned  in  Iho  nchool  bw 
M  one  of  th«.'  regular  branched  lo  1h'  taught  in  the 
public  school's  but  niii.it  ht-  left  entirely  lo  private 
snd  municipal  elTortii,  with  Indirect  did  from  the 
governuieui.  But  girls'  manual  trnlnlng,  or,  an 
tt  is  called  (d  Oermaiiy,  'female  hand-work,' pre- 
sents none  of  these  difflcuUles ;  so  (bat  It  dnda  u 
))laiae  in  llw  aehool  law.  The  following itia  truuii- 
Intion  of  article  13.  p.  6.  ot  tbu  school  law  of  tlic 
gmnd-ducliy  of  UesEe  :  "The  following  tiro  the 
brsnchee  lo  l*  taught  in  the  common  public 
schools :  religion,  fwading  and  writing,  composl- 
tbta  aod  grammar  of  the  Gn-man  laogunge,  arith- 
metlo,  mensumlloD.  history,  geography,  natural 
history,  vocal  music,  drawing,  gymnastics  for  tli« 
boys,  and  for  the  girlH  iustrucUon  la  letnaJe  hand- 
work." 

Female  band-work,  however,  is  no  new  thing 
in  the  public  scbooln.  From  the  »-ery  earliest 
times  of  school  history,  girls  have  been  known  to 
take  tbetr  knitting  and  sewing  to  school ;  and  in 
our  eountry,  in  tli«  early  part  of  this  century, 
not  only  the  girls,  but  the  boys  also,  uncd  to  knit 
tlieir  own  siiickingi  at  acliool.  Out  the  work 
then  performed  had  no  e<lucntionaI  end  in  view. 


Tlie  Industries  were  yet  undevelntied,  and  every 
family  was  obligml  to  manufacture  its  own  ckAl^ 
ing.  Eiicb  mi'mbirr  of  the  family  hnd  to  lend  a 
helping  hnnd.  no  that  tlur  work  done  ut  schooi 
■cvms  to  have  been  performed  through  nnwivity. 

This  is  not  the  cose  wjib  the  lumd-work  prt- 
fonned  in  the  schools  in  Oerinany  now.  Its  pir- 
po«e  Is  purely  an  educatiousl  one,  —  to  traio  tli-^ 
hand,  and  develop  its  cuuning.  And  to  guard 
ogoinat  wi-lli*h  and  calculuting  tendencies!,  the  pu- 
pjl  is  not  jiermiltcd  to  make  any  thing  to  be  worn 
l>y  any  one :  for  nothing  in  morp  Tnischtfvoos, 
and  iDora  directly  opixned  to  tli*  hartnonioos  da- 
volopmMit  of  a  child's  mental  powerv,  than  a 
calculating  motive,  —  the  motive  whoeechief  out- 
look ih  material  gain.  This  manital  training  is 
pursued  for  its  own  sake,  as  a  mental  and  ethical 
discipline,  and  by  no  means  fur  it*  ocooomic 
value. 

Theiiarent  fumishes  the  child  with  the  needetl 
material,  which,  when  the  oliilit  has  finished  its 
coiinw,  may  beasmelesaasiheiNiper  upuu  which 
it  lias  written  lis  langoage-oxercisea.  And  yet, 
for  all  tlds,  no  one  c^mplaim  thnt  It  doea  not  pay. 
The  benefits  of  Industrial  training  are  bent  under- 
stood by  the  aulbotsof  sdxHd  law.  From  another 
page  of  the  aehool  law  I  make  the  foJIowinjf  troae- 
lation  :  ''  Female  hand>work  la  not  only  to  have  a 
practical  i>urpo»c,  bearing  u|>on  thv  propt-r  mao- 
agoment  of  a  home,  but  It  must  also  tenil  to  tnfn 
girls  early  to  liablls  of  usefnlness,  and  to  develop 
tlie  virtues  of  endurance,  )iutieuoe.  industry,  econ- 
omy, and  benevolence,  and  to  retiae  tho  t&ste  for 
order  und  fur  becomingtir«:>  in  druB." 

The  instruction  b  butted  upon  philnsrtphic  prfal- 
ciples,  and  is  imjinrled  tn  a  sjfteaiallc  uianiter. 
None  others  but  teacher*  who  have  taken  a 
thorough  course  in  the  intlnsirlal-lraluittg  ticlio«da 
for  female  teachers  are  permitte<l  lo  teach  at  all : 
and  when  you  enter  a  room,  no  lusltpr  wlietbtv  it 
be  the  lowest  primiuy  or  the  highiwt  gramniar, 
you  will  find  a  tencber  Ihurf  who  undcratuiHls  her 
businea*  thoroughly. 

Two  to  three  hours  each  week  are  given  to  ii 
dustiini  training,  generally  on  Tuesday  and  Tbnr 
day  a/ternoons. 

Knitting  is  the  flnt  exerciee,  and  the  onlinaiy^ 
foraiB  of  meshes  are  continued  thruughout  the 
seventh  ynar.    Sewing  is  next  introduced. 

Among  Ihi-  first  lesions  in  sewing  arc  the  oae 
of  the  thimble  and  sci^Hom,  thrending  llic  needle, 
and  the  ways  of  holding  the  cloth  while  sewing 
and  cutting  ;  a  ieesoii  is  ateo  given  upon  the  dif- 
ferent kitidd  of  thread.  The  stitch-lesson  te  Unit 
performed  on  paper :  after  a  while,  a  ehvap  kiad 
of  muslin  ia  subslituled.  Every  leotun  in  mode  i 
cinat  drill.    The  children  work  by  dictalion 


JrxK  10,  ie»7.J 


!SC1E2^CJS. 


56* 


I 


in  tbe  room  do  tbe  nnte  work  at  ihe  ennis  ltni«. 
ET<-ry  new  nic«li  of  stitcli  tliat  la  Introduced  !• 
flrei  lllut>lral«[]  b;  Hit?  Icnclitrr  befote  tbe  claw,  on 
M  fraaie  whii'h  iit  liigb  onou(;li  for  all  to  rvt.  It 
Is  n^tangulHr,  two  feci  by  t-ighii.'en  Luc  h vs. 
H<-i>vv  iliieiiiU  at  cordii  nri>  dmwn  lliruugti  lt« 
aides.  i.'t(]s»ing  c«ch  olhvr  nt  rigbt  anglvi.  \1\»t 
tbe  seTfQth  j«ta,  crocli^linK  of  loom,  oprn,  »iid 
duw  miishps,  wlih  one-oolored  yam,  is  Intrtv 
duceii.  Next  iianj -colored  ytuti  Id  usfl,  from 
wUcb  Tarioufl  beautiful  figured  an-  made,  nrhich 
gndiall)'  leads  tbein  10  crochet  Bilicl<«  of  iuAn>- 
bMotUul  (HI  I  (cms. 

From  ihi'  twt^lfcb  to  tbo  fourteenth  j«ar  (th» 
taut  ^iMtr  in  ihn  public  achooU).  Mwipjlaihecbiof 
bmncb.  Tbe  pAtoblnx  and  mending  of  lorn  gar- 
nwnta  ia  most  t)inr<)ui£til.i  utuiibt.  Iii  tbe  last 
Kbool-ymr  tbe  cutitug  and  maklug  of  underwe&r 
U  taugbt. 

Tbe  «pt>cLmena  of  work  tliat  com«  from  thoM 
youn^  hundH  tav  iiim)il>-  wondrrfut  in  jiuinln  of 
nieatneeB,  Kklll,  and  \m»w.  .\aj  gonvruiit-ndndvd 
pcrwD  will  be  M  onoe  convinced  that  tlie  capacity 
for  bappin««e  in  those  .voung  girls  ia  far  superior 
to  tbnt  of  Ibe  claa*  wlio  bave  never  been  taught 
tny  Iblug  else  tlian  mere  book -know  Irdgc. 

KUKANTtAN  TtlOUAS. 


THE  TEACHISO  OF  AtOEBRA. 

Akoxu  Ibe  papers  Utdy  presented  to  tbe  Edu- 
cation eoctety  of  London,  is  one  on  the  leitching  nt 
algebra,  by  W,  U.  11,  Umlson.  It  oontninH  a  grwit 
many  puwagus  of  onitemJ  application,  and  encb 
dwervtf  (o  be  reproduced  in  this  country  for  tbe 
benefit  of  our  teachers  ot  tuatbematlcs.  Mr.  Hod- 
son  Hrat  answer*  the  question,  Wbj  t«ach  algebra 
at  nil  t  mid,  while  fully  reoognisiDg  the  utility  uf 
algebra,  he  malutains  tbat  o^cbra  b  not  to  bn 
tauKbt  on  ai-couut  uf  itn  utility,  nor  to  bn  knrnt 
on  accuuni  uf  any  benefit  whicb  may  he  Mippoiwd 
to  bti  got  from  it,  but  tM<cnuse  il  !■  a  pan  of  inalhe- 
niBlicnl  truth,  and  no  one  onubt  to  lje  wholly  alien 
from  tbnt  important  de|iartmeDt  of  buiuan  knowl- 
adge. 

The  next  question  itt.  When  ithciuld  algebra  be 
taught  ?  Tbe  answer  it.  At  an  Mrly  period  of  in- 
trllectuul  development.  The  reasoo  for  this  is 
that  algebra  i>  n  coitnin  science,  it  proceeds  from 
unimp«ncbablc  axioms,  and  Its  condtirions  are 
logically  developed  from  them  :  It  has  il»  own  spe- 
cial diOiculilea.  but  they  orw  not  thoKi  of  weighing 
in  tbe  balance  cwiflictingprobabl«evidpncQwli)i:li 
requlrea  the  stroagtr  powrts  of  *  mainrer  mind. 
It  i*  poanbl*  for  the  student  to  plant  each  step 
Armly  before  proceeding  to  the  next :  nothing  is 
left  hias  or  In  donbt :  Ihua  il  Urengthens  tlie 


mind,  and  enable*  It  better  to  master  Mudies  of  a 
diiferMit  nature  that  are  prtwnteit  to  it  Inter. 
Mathematics  giv«  power,  vigor,  smngtli,  to  the 
miiid.  This  is  oaDiuionly  given  as  ibe  renron  for 
studying  them.  Tills  is  also  tbe  rrasoo  for  studying 
algebra  early,  that  la  to  tmy,  fur  beKlnnlng  h> 
otuJy  it  early.  It  is  not  neC«M«ry.  it  is  not  e*eo 
pondble.  to  Snisli  iIm-  study  of  slgrbia  iH-fore  cum- 
mendng  nnotber.  On  th«  olhir  band,  it  is  not 
nece*»«ry  to  be  aiwoys  lencbtUR  algebra :  what 
elementary  teachers  bave  to  do  is  to  guide  pupila 
to  learn  enough  to  leave  the  door  open  for  farther 
progreM ;  to  take  them  wer  the  thrHlMid,  but 
not  into  tbe  Innermost  Mnotuary. 

Children  yotuig«r  tliau  nine  will  rarely  be  fitted 
to  take  up  algebra ;  and,  on  the  other  bond,  it  ia 
seldom  Adrisiihle  to  defer  its  oommenoement  until 
after  twelve  yenrs  of  age.  Certain  preliminary' 
acquialtlons  are  essential  for  this  study.  The  Qnt 
of  these,  in  Ur.  Hudson's  opinion,  Is  tbe  power 
uf  listening. 

"  By  this  I  mean  tbe  habit  of  attaobing  an  Idea 
to  what  is  snid.  Somf  pujtils —  I  hope  no  teach- 
ers— consider  it  sufHeirnt  if  tbe  pu)>il  can  repro- 
duce the  words  Ibat  bave  l>een  used,  without  at- 
tucblsg  any  idea  to  them.  Such  pupils  will  not 
k-orn  algebra.  A  pupil  who  lias  tbe  habit  of 
listening  will  not  allow  a  teacher  to  use  unintel> 
ligible  language,  and  will  Ixt  of  grrat  use  iu  a  class 
by  slojiplng  Ibe  Imolier  and  asking  for  things  to 
be  repealed  and  vtraage  words  explained.  It  is 
difBcult  fur  a  truoh«r  to  r««Iliie  that  son>etimes 
he  Is  UMng  a  vocubulury  beyond  bis  pupils.  In- 
terruptjans  of  Ibis  kind,  wliicli  aiiuw  that  the  pu- 
pils ntc  listening,  arc  of  greal  help  to  tbe  teacher, 

"ThislMds  to  the  next  e^entinl  prvlitsiuary: 
tbe  student  should  be  able  l«  speak.  I  do  not 
mean  that  a  ikaf-and-dumb  person  cannot  learn 
algebra,  but  he  can  only  be  tAtight  under  great 
diMdvautagts.  Thiuktug  of  tlie  ordinary  run  of 
boya  and  girts.  I  nay  llut  ibey  cannot  leom  alga- 
brn  until  they  have  leonit  to  ii{)eak.  By  speak,  I 
mrnn  can  usk  questtainn  and  con  autwer<|ue4tIonB, 
<7an  sny  what  they  know,  and  can  point  out  what 
to  them  is  otiscure.  It  hno  bn-n  n-ell  miid  that  a 
pupil  who  cannot  ask  a  question  in  bis  nnlund 
voice  Is  untMcbable:  my  own  experience  conHrms 
this,  t^ime  pupils  put  on  a  lecture  voice,  in  which 
they  answer  question*  put  to  them.  1  do  not  rail 
this  speaking.  It  in  unnatural  and  artidcial,  au<l 
is  a  serious  l«r  to  progress.  It  arisen  fruro  timid* 
ity.  fear  of  the  leacber,  or  fear  of  the  rest  of  the 
class  ;  and  the  latter  is  far  more  dJAlcult  to  be  got 
rid  ot  than  the  former. 

"  Moreover,  a  pupil  must  have  a  sufHcleut  com- 
uand  of  luuguage  to  be  able  to  trsnie  a  complete 
eenti-ncc.    I  have  lieatd  of  teachers  who  are  mtis- 


670 


SCTEKCB. 


[Tot-  DC,  No.  »T 


fl«d  with  S  riog1l^  vrtird  a>  hi  ■iwirrr.  uiul  who 
ll«bltlMlt7  put  tbdr  qumlionx  no  ■«  In  nilraH  of 
aodl  an  nRoi'M'.  Thin  dnrs  ni>C  onconrngc  thr  art 
of  ^[wukini;  hi  the  piipil ;  in  fact,  it  drrtroyit  it, 
aud  is  ool  to  bp  commend^. 

"  A  third  i>rellinlnar.v  Is  tlic  pow«r  of  rBtdinfft 
thJH  it  fnr  niore  difHrah.  and  far  more  mually  sb- 
•rni.  tlian  the  preceding.  Many  a  bor  who  can 
llHen  nnd  speak  )iaa  Tin  idi-a  of  rvartio);-  tl«  mt, 
It  \%  trap,  form  tliv  nnundH  n|i[<roiiri«te  xa  tlie 
vrorda  he  wc-i,  but  lie*  )ia»  not  tiic  lin)>it  of  tiuos  a 
book  lu  n  inino  of  inromintlon,  of  readinfl  In  order 
(O  KM  the  Miniw  :  hi*  main  Idea  loo  frr(|<ientl7  is 
Uiat  of  l««niinjK  the  itound  nf  the  wotdH.  like  a 
pnrroi. 

"Tliereare  tew  tnun!  valuable  Inuonii  Ibut  cnn 
be  fjiveii  to  a  lor  than  to  teach  him  to  n#A  n  book, 
audeztiu(.'lllic«eniN!  i>ul  «( it.  This  i«whnt  roiinfc 
cbildnMi  nnturnllj  do  with  their  falrr-iakii ;  Imi 
wlien  ilipr  become  Bcliool-boys  and  school-fclrls, 
tlidrn.iiiirni  reading  weinaaomehovr  tOglT«  place 
to*  mechanical  iMaon-readlni;. 

"Now.  iDAllitrDiatfca]  readtn)c<lilTtTs  from  moBt 
other  reading  in  this:  that  it  n.ijuir«s  writlug. 
Thit  is  the  fourth  cwrntial  prelim  1110(7.  '^  '^  P''^ 
eible.  no  doubt,  for  n  Krvat  i;eiiiu»  to  carry  on  alt 
tliL-  stc|M  i>r  n  piitrr  of  nlKebrnicAl  retKonine  in  his 
head.  The  nriiin.irv  BchooMxiy  cunnoC  iln  this, 
cmnnot  {>aM  from  one  slnte iiienl  of  t)ie  book  10  (he 
next  without  hiserlingan  inlcrnifdiate st*|>.  The 
boy  who  has  Itarnl  lo  write,  who  iiltvtijf.  whili^ 
mding,  hit"  a  piM-f  of  pnpt-r  anil  jient-il  at  hand 
to  w<n'k  tmt  tlclaili'  11.1  th<-7  ariH\  mil)  Irnrn  olgp- 
bra;  the  onn  wliu  tne^  in^n^Iy  (o  rcmcmlxT  the 
wordu  and  qroilKiln  of  the  book  will  ninke  no  real 
progms. 

■■Tbcae  prvliinlnarlei  of  llHtenlog.  npeakint;, 
nading,  writing,  do  not  properly  come  un<ler  the 
bead  of  leaching  aUubra :  tliej  are  so  ubvioualy 
cwentlul.  that  I  scarcely  need  have  uKntiionnl 
(bem,  Lnil  in  so  mnny  cohm  nhMi-nt.  thnt  I  implore 
th(«e  who  hare  the  early  training  of  ehildr«-D  not 
to  lote  sight  of  tbeai  in  the  vain  hojie  that  wllb- 
ont  Ihem  any  prngr^^s  in  higher  sCndin  is  po«- 
klble. 

"  Another  essential  preliminary  more  dlellnctly 
tMATB  on  the  subject.  The  leachlnji;  of  algebra 
mum  be  based  ou.  and  naturally  arieM  out  of.  a 
round  knowledge  of  the  prindptea  of  arithmetic. 
In  return,  the  knc>a*l>-dge  of  aigebni  will  enable  a 
atudont  eoncitely  lo  expremi  Wxotc  principles,  and 
to  uademtand  ttiem  more  clearly.  On  this  nc> 
«ouol.  it  Is  necewaiy  that  those  who  undntake 
the  teaching  of  arithmetic  eliou Id  hav«a  enffidMit 
knowledge  of  algebra.  This  is  another  lower  rea- 
son for  ituilying  uigelim  :  nnniely,  in  order  to  be 
able  to  tench  arithmetic. 


II   n  |iiaui 
Iprowa^ 


iet» 


•*  II  is  a  mistake  to  teach  a  pupil  nny  tiling  that 
hr  has  Hulw..qtieii(ly  lo  unlearn:  t)M>p»?r!»istPiK*o( 
first  imprenKiiins  is  notorioua.  therefore  aritbinvik' 
Rbould  not  be  lauKhl  in  such  a  way  that  it  tw«ila 
oonvctlon  when  nliiebra  ii  fiudieil.     Th«  two  an 
naturally  and  historically  ronnecied  ;  and  one  who 
is  wholly  Ignorant  of  either  is  apt.  also,  to  be  "*-^ 
familiar  with  the  other.    The  tencber  lOiould  b|^| 
above  his  subject,  not  in  tlie  sense  of  dpKpiiiinK  iblH 
but  as  one  who  looks  from  a  height  upon  n  plain 
can  see  ilw  topography  of  the  country   ntore  < 
tinotly  tlmn  on^  on  tlic  lower  land. 

"Therefore,  in  th^  iotvnwl  of  algebra, 
axalnst  the  practlop  of  dwpising  arithaietic.  of 
setting  it  10  he  tanght  in  noboiiU  by  pcrttons  ig- 
norant of  algebra,  and,  It  mar  be.  onnlemiiluoux 
of  the  »ubjt?ci  tlie'y  liave  to  tearh.  A  teacher  of 
alRebrn  ought  to  Hod  the  ground  prepared  for  bim 
by  a  soanil  Icnowledge  of  arithmetic :  and  it  would 
be  t)etier,  thcn-fom.  thai  thenuitlifiudtit.-al  iiiaaiet»_ 
should  undprlake  arithmetic. 

■■This  leadf  to  the  next  queMioa.  Wl.u  are 
teut^h  algebra ''     li  may,  pcrlinp*.   bo  tbniiKbt 
some  thai  a  teacher  rei|nlreslohc  rcry  litile absaA'^ 
of  his  pupil,  and  that  one  who  has  sliftbt  knowl- 
edge  in  good  enough  to  leach  a  beginner.     On  the 
contrary,  the  proper  teaching  of  Ihe  eleiuenta  of 
any  subj«cl  mitiinw  a  leooiier  who  baa  a  knowl- 
edge considerably  in  lulvance.     I  do  not  lifiiilste 
to  My  thru  it  would  be  well  that  a  teacher  of  al- 
Rebrft  should  know  Hometlilng  —  and  tJiat  aooM- 
tliinK  soundly — of    tlie  method  of   co-unlinate 
geomciry.  of  trigonometry,  and  of  tin*  diffon^n- 
tlal  c-alcuhi".     Tmiching  sbonld  be  anticijaitory. 
The  alft^hrn  inuKht  sliuuld  be  such  ai»  to  jiropara 
for  these  higher  Kuhjccls,  and  this  can  only  be 
ellectuully  done  by  onr  who  Ls  acquainted   with 
them.      Mor«nver.  the  elementary   Ii-nrhlng  re- 
quires mure  care  and  more  knowlndgo  than  mora 
advanced.    Nothing  is  worvc  than  to  lay  founda- 
tions imperfectly.     A  nece.iMiry  qnaltficatKm  fo 
a  tenclicr  of  algvhra  is,  therefore,  a  bound  knov 
edge  of  mntheinatic!4  eciniiderably  In  advance 
the  subject  hr  Is  teaching. 

■■Next  let  UB  ask,  Oow  ia  alxehn  to  bo  tAnig:ht| 
It  is  fashionable  nowadays,  and  I  do  no4  nay  it 
a  bad  faBhioD,  to  attach  Importance  to  the  train- 
ing of  tenebera  in  methods  of  teaching.  But  I 
think  too  much  importance  can  be  Bttaobed  to 
method.  Methods  tlutt  seem  good,  and  are  good 
when  nr«t  introduced,  seem  to  loae  ilwir  rirtne 
after  a  lew  year*.  An  pnergetie  teaeher  will  be 
constantly  changing  his  methods,  and  adapting 
them  to  the  varlou*  character!  uf  hlii  itupllo. 
Fieahneas  and  vigor  are  far  more  important  quail- 
tie*.  Nerertheletfi,  an  nnmetho'lical  teacher,  who 
would  do  very  w<'ll  for  a  single  i>upj|,  is  incapaUe 


4mt  10.  I9fft.] 


SCIENCE. 


671 


«r  conductint;  a  large  elaH.  Hj  owd  personal 
pt«df1««tiunB  are  is  (nrur  or  a  Soaraiic  tijaUm  ot 
Waabing,  b;  ubing  quiiiiions.  nnil  w  dnwhiK 
out,  —  rdiicatioK-  —  the  mind  of  the  pupil.  1  Ho 
not  r«|{nn)  it  m  amtA  to  Ipll  ihe  pupH  vvvty  Ihiog. 
It  i*  our  abject  to  iraln  hlin  to  ^xprclw  bin  mm 
pnirers.  i  child  who  IsalwafB  carried  will  never 
learn  In  walk.  Bui  a  child  wlio  can  walk  canaot 
ICVl  over  a  ulile.  and  r^quinv  a  lift  u<™,-  and  then. 
It  is  a  matter  of  tact  to  d<!~ide,  in  nnv  pnrlicular 
case,  whellier  (ht;  oiuiiiliuii'i'  i«  to  '<■»•  girrn  or  with- 
held. I  ito  not  fiH'l  cumtH-lcnt  to  lay  down  (ten- 
ami  rules.  With  a  pupil  who  can  lloten  and 
ipeak,  [inderstnndlnK  tlie*e  worit"  as  1  have  ei- 
plainpd  iliem,  there  ia  Illtle  dlltioully  iu  aaeer- 
taininK  vhelher  the  auppoaed  liinbility  to  proceed 
arlaea  from  want  of  potrer  or  from  luxincM.  It 
verj  often  ariaea  trata  waot  of  will,  not  exactly  a 
downriicht  sbirkinit  of  work,  but  a  c<^iain  defl- 
<Aait!f  in  determiniitlon.  In  uidi  cases*  icnldlng 
hand  b  Iwttcr  ihnn  a  lift. 

"Thill  nieUiod  of  leftchinK  is  beat  which  moat 
•tjmulatv*  the  menial  acilrli}-  of  the  ]>u)iil,  and 
that  if,  the  reason  wliy  meihoda  after  a  time  ««w 
to  be  giiod  :  It  is  Just  becaut«  tbuy  are  tnetbod*, 
and  become  meohaiitoa].  and  so  fail  to  alimulaie 
activity, 

••  Algelira  shtmld  tw  taught aairtoanlDlelllKcnt 
I>«Tson,  Unfortunniely,  all  the  pupils  in  u  cIam 
an*  not  equally  inlelJiKeD%  Still,  jieople  turn  out 
very  much  an  you  Imat  tliem  :  dtnirout  the  nerm 
of  iiiti-llii-i'nci'.  and  it  irill  srow,  A  style  of 
leaching  tbul  in  bai<c<l  on  t.hi-  Eii|>pmltioii  tliat  the 
clous  b  unintrlligenl,  U  apt  coend  In  inakhigtbem 
*a.  TutliJn  end  no  slovenly  work  should  be  al- 
lowed. It  is  a  mJKtake  to  look  only  at  the  aunv^ra 
of  a  »et  of  4>xori-i«e«,  and  not  to  care  about  the 
orderly  setting  forth  of  the  atgumeut  ilmt  Innd* 
lotheaTiawer.  Thi»  is  a  practical  detail  that  re- 
<iuiriii  nome  skill  to  ndjuit  :  iha  mode  of  adjusts 
ment  ilrpendu  on  thn  alxe  nud  rharscter  of  the 
CtaM.  Too  much  of  the  teacher's  eii«rgy  >s  iu 
(lani^er  of  beinit  nbeorbed  ia  exaoiining  exercisro. 
Thp  lienellt  of  the  exercise  conaiiln  cbii-fly  in  doing 
it,  anil  in  ho  doing  it  Ilmt  it  nm-r]*  no  auheoquent 
altemtion  :  con»'>|ticiitlT  the  correctnMS  of  the 
answer  i*  a  mont  important  point.  But  a  practice 
of  merely  looking  at  die  answer  allows  the  boya 
to  fall  into  sloreoly  hatiils.  and  may  lead  Ihcm 
into  the  unsound  liabtt  of  woricing  up  to  an  an- 
■vrer. 

■■  (;on«iilmil>le  difference  of  npfaloo  bnpineed 
as  to  juM  honr  thr  tinit  steps  In  algebm  ahouM  be 
taken,  It  moy  be  taken  by  using  leilera  aa  gen- 
eral syml)ola  for  ouoibers,  tteaiiug  algebn  m  a 
genenllsed  arithmetic  ;  aad  ihtrv  is  much  to  b« 
oald  in  faror  of  tliia.     lu  this  way  alg<4)nt  pr«- 


aeuis  iiwlf  as  «  tantHBge*  and  thla  Is  a  view  of 
alp^eliTH  tliHl  ought  to  be  put  before  the  stndeot 
at  au  eirly  period.  Some  of  the  most  inMructln 
of  the  mriy  exertTJim  in  algebra  coosisl  In  maa- 
lating  tTRneral  arilhoH-ticnl  statements  into  sym- 
bolic language,  and  in  forming  th«  equalioiw 
which  are  the  algeibrnieal  Matcmmt  of  prolilen))^ 
Simple  equation  problem*  can  hardly  ho  iM-gun 
loo  early. 

"On  the  other  band,  the  notion  of  the  negatlva 
number  can  he  acquired  ultbuul  the  use  of  any 
fruih  appantUR  of  symbols  beyond  iI>om  lliat  tli« 
student  has  bem  accu.itomt^  to  in  urithiiieiic  : 
and,  na  ttiiR  isonoof  th*gn-at4ut  of  t)ir  c-irly  dif- 
Aoulties  of  alg«bni,  1  have  aomntimia  thought  it 
irtae  to  begin  with  It,  so  tliat  the  dllHcuUy  of  the 
negative  quantity  may  be  luaaleretl  witliout  tiMi 
cnm]>)ication  which  Ibe  u««  of  letters  seems  to 
give  to  the  matter.  I  think  myself  that  it  Is  more 
logical  to  he^in  with  the  I«it4.7».  but  that  it  is.  on 
the  whole.  eOMcr  for  the  Rludcnt  to  begin  with 
the  negative  quaniUy.  T<>  talk  about  and  explain 
fi  —  9  is  simpler  to  a  begimiiT  thai>  tli"  um  of 
aandJt. 

-  But,  wliatei-er  sequence  of  llie  parts  of  tbo 
subject  U  udo|ited  iu  leaching,  there  should  be  no 
departure  from  a  logical  derelopmeni.  Algebra 
la  huili  up  on  certain  few  axioms,  and  certain  not 
very  numerous  conventionx.  A  pupil  ahould  bo 
led  toseefrom  the  llrst  the  dlatlnoiion  hetwoen 
what  is  ojcioiualic  and  what  is  coiiventiotiAl  ; 
thntigh,  in  tbo  liittiT  cn>c,  he  may  be  unable,  at 
an  early  Btagc,  to  see  the  convcuituce  of  the  con- 
vention :  h«  i*  not  a  sufllcieot  judge  of  this,  In 
many  cases,  till  his  studies  have  paooecdcd  much 
further.  But  he  should  b«  encouragad  to  aee  for 
liimself  tliat  the  proposltJoDs  of  tha  tcicDce  are 
correctly  dcJuced  by  means  of  tbo  axiom*  of 
which  he  admits  the  truth,  and  ito  matter  shonld 
be  iitiight  which  cannot  thus  be  pat  before  him. 

■•The  pindiinl  rxtf  luion of  meaning  wbicb  «u«h 
a  term  an  ■  multl|>licntion'  rcccires  —  (IrM  in 
aril  b  UK-tic,  when  it  M  extended  to  n  ftiictliinal 
multiplier  ;  then  In  algebra,  when  the  multipher 
is  likely  to  b<'  negative;  and  llnally  in  applied 
mathematics,  ahtui  wr  contvmplute  a  concrete 
multiplier  —  Is  a  mnttet  n-hich  Nhi>uld  form  part 
of  ihe  leaching  of  algebm  lu  all.  who  ihmild  tbu> 
be  leil  to  see  ifaat  In  m«theniAllc«  '  Impostiblr'  i> 
n  word  oF  only  temporary  aignlflcaDc«.  A  uu- 
dimt  who  knon's  only  aritlimetic  ia  JustlBed  in 
saying  that  5—8  ia  impoMiible ;  but  tlie  ImpOMrl- 
blllly  i'  n  stile  to  be  gotten  over. 

"  In  lonking  over  exerciw*.  it  is  often  more  im- 
portimt  to  look  over  tbo*e  that  ar*  wrong  tlian 
thoae  that  are  right.  When  an  example  lias  Inm 
done  right,  ootrtvt  iu  reasoning  and  accurate  in 


572 


SCmJTCE. 


fTot.  EC,  Vo.  W 


procvw,  the  Incfaer  may  |<iok  a(  tt  to  ne  when 
llw  form  uiiKbt  bavvln^frninipruved.  Iiuw  ft  might 
hAV«  be«n  curlailnl,  whiit  steps  were  nupirrSncRii, 
and  10  on.  So  lung  «■  nnv  tatilt  in  rriuuHiiriK  bu 
to  b«  ooneclvd,  it  in  pivawinrr  (o  piamine  Jii«t«- 
ganciM.  I  do  ngt  ndvlce  t'onvctlntc  too  nwn;  tnls- 
tttlra*  at  onoo.  It  illiihoartens  a  pupil  to  have  too 
Buny  faalis  rpiind  at  onc».  One  nitetahi-  hi  eucli 
example  ia  ordlimrily  enough.  Tlie  faulu  of  ica- 
sonlnfi;  arv  to  Im?  rimrorraclLil.  ibon  miitahM  in 
work.  and.  last  uf  alt,  lo^n  maitiTii  of  nrmop'- 
nieut,  I  Icuow  ilmt  thin  order  i*  dinliutoful  to 
■ami-  pupil*,  whp  Hk«  llret  to  bo  told  how  to  put 
tht'ir  work  <l<iwn,  1  ivoonm^nd  the  other  order  : 
kt  tb<>[a  first  reeaon  out  the  pfopmitlon  In  the 
way  wbirh  tliey  can  follow  by  theuMves.  and 
make  no  lulslake  alxiut  it :  ibeii  tliej  are  ubie  U> 
appredale  the  a(tvaiil^)f<^  of  particular  modiUcii' 
llonti  of  tlieir  procvw  Ibnt  a  tontv  vxixnwDfrd 
malhi.innticina  tnny  Hi)KK<'J>t  to  llif'iii. 

''  A»  nn  example  (if  n'lint  I  tneaii.  I  niity  refer  to 
divMon  by  a  binooilal  faoior.  such  as  x  —  a.  A 
pupil  will  at  Brsl  naturally  Imitote  lon^  diviaiou 
in  arithmetic;  be  may  iben  be  shown  bow  the 
■bbnviBted,  or  synibetlc  inMhod,  as  it  is  «all«d. 
Js  ft  Boere  re-orraugemeiit  nn<l  curtailnienr  of  what 
be  bua  done  befoiv :  wli«roas,  it  he  had  been 
taui^bl  the  abort»r  nielbod  an  n  nile  from  the  linct, 
it  would  have  been  a  mere  un-undereHx>d  rulo  of 
thumb. 

'*  It  has  been  for  a  long  lime  my  praotire.  due 
to  n  hint  from  ibe  lale  Mr.  Todhunter.  ulwaya  to 
require  to  see  au  Htteoipt  and  nn  eKiu-t  HliitcnK-nt 
of  his  dilticulty  froui  ti  pupil,  uf  any  problem  that 
he  says  hu  in  timiblir  to  xilve,  .tnd  which  appear* 
to  nil-  in  he  within  his  reach,  The  reason  la.  first, 
tlint  I  may  Bee  where  (be  prijcise  dilliculty  is.  and 
•o  know  wbat  it  if-  thai  i  Imre  to  cxpluiii :  and, 
still  more,  (weutue  in  tbc  iicl  o(  wtliiis  (orlh  the 
dllticiilty  Ibi-  olML-uiily  bn«  a  buliil  of  iliiinppi'nrinK. 
A  «ludeul  may  think  be  is  iinablf  lo  m>1vi-  n  prob- 
lem btiraiiM>  li«  cannot  h-c  his  way  from  the  be- 
ginnini;  to  tbe  end ;  but  lie  can  K*'>P>^'ly  draw 
some  ooncluslon  from  tbe  data  of  tlie  question. 
I  can  then  jilve  hiiu  Jtisl  the  help  he  needs,  whe  re- 
Molherwtsf  lam  liable  to  explain  to  him  what  he 
ivally  undet^lunds.  nut  kuowiot;  what  it  ia  that 
■tops  bini. 

"Tlie  indtii^ni'e  of  examinations  is  not  wholly 
b«d,  OH  at  tii'M  Kifilit  one  mi^-ht  be  tempted  to 
think.  A  teacher  who  has  not  tbe  proepect  of  on 
exaniinaiion  of  bis  pupils  before  blm  Is  apt  to 
think  ttiat  It  la  ■uSkienl  if  bii  inipila  underatsnd 
the  mibjeot,  and  that  leqniring  tJieni  to  reproduce 
It  is  auperflnoua.  In  Ihia  ibey  are  liable  to  loco 
lite  great  wlrantagc  which  ibe  nroc*>ily  of  wrii> 
ing  out  would  have  given  litem,  and  the  leaeher 


ia  extremely  likely  to  credit  thi.-m  w-ltli  a 
edge  that  tbe  examination  wouhl  have  ahowD  ll 
they  ilo  not  po»e*a.  A*  n  tntt  of  knowle^nl 
then,  an  examination  ia  nucfu)  :  nnr.  it  i* 
valuable.  But  when  the  examinntion  is  made  m 
ond  In  itself,  and  when  tbe  object  nimed  nt  i«U 
produce  a  iiemblance  of  knowled^  to  deceive  h 
exaiiiliter,  where  tlie  reproduclioo  ia  miide  a  pi- 
mari'  ifbjKt  iiiatMiil  of  a  aecondar?  one,  to  nb- 
herrienei'  lo  the  mental  education,  then  tbe  fa- 
Sueuce  of  the  examination  is  miK'hiirvoua. 

"  However  intt'lligent  and  (carlinlih-  »  pof' 
may  lie,  lie  will  oeciudoiuilly  make  i»istalce«.  Tbe 
oommnnest  forma  of  these  onnoytoR  but  cximpai* 
lively  innocent  mistakes  are  niisoopyiuK  eJllMr 
tbe  question  or  tlieir  own  work,  arithmeticil 
Blips,  and  miitukea  with  tbe  sijiu^  ■*■  and  — . 
TlieBe  aiinlakcn  do  not  always  imply  ignorance  or 
inattention,  nnd  a  ti-ather  ia  unwin;  to  attkch  loo 
mudi  imporlanre  to  them:  a  few  of  Ihem  nt 
(|uite  conaintent  with  a  onund  appreclalloti  of 
[irinciple.  Tlie  elToit  should  b*'  made  lo  under- 
mine the  niu!ies  of  tlieee  faults,  rather  than  to  ccr- 
rect  ibem  when  made.  Tbe  chief  of  ifaem  is 
hurry.  Thia  ia  a  growth  of  our  age  which  M-mla 
down  tbe  fibm  of  ita  rootleU  even  to  th«  niinut. 
L-«t  armnei'inentn  of  acbool'life.  Set  bafore  your 
pupila  tlial  accuraey  ia  preferable  to  pac«  ;  ao 
i:n«toa)  them  to  the  habit  of  exact  spr aking  oad 
writing.  e%-eti  to  tbe  dolling  of  fs  and  ctoamag  at 
I'h,  — and  auch  faults  will  largely  diaa|ipe«i'.'' 


TBE  STUOT  OF  LAXGCAOS.  ^ 

HtniANlanicuaKe  1«  wholly  a  paycholotLtical  pro- 
cess.    As  vou  Huralxildt  long  ago  pointed  out.  i^H 
is  Dothing  tnuale.  but  a  function  ;  Jl  Is  do  ooocraj^H 
ubjec-l.  but  exists  only  in  Ihe  Mul  of  the  [ndt 

liir  irraMitcht  ttitratturltrnHng  hh/  OniHCl.iler  Ftf 
eMosIt  >""l  •If  I'ligrioloair  tlrr  SjpntrJu.  Vtn  Faux 
PKANXK.    Ilntltjrouii,  IKM. 

'S|irvliriit«l>~iiriuDa,    Mprarbarlariiuua,     Kirraebb 
unc' villi  >*.  TRL'avni,  lu  lirrlnknter  BtrteXt  tltrrdtwl 
htn  ScHulf/br  MiiitrJiin  n  l,rijilte,    L*l)ill|.  ItMi. 

■Ou  tbv  (irwivt'itl  «iu>lx  at  Iuicuac«t'  ajr  lU  Swaor. 
M„\..  Ul  TraiHUTliiiiu  n/  (fl«  Itilltli/okOt  t^rt^  IStK-M. 
(Th*  PronlilDuOiuiiiaal  addrtM  l»r  ISH.]  Loaooa,  ■ftnk 
Dcr,  iwa. 

Dtr  ttpmfhMHUrricM   my«f  anbtkm.'     £Vn    Hrlr 
lur  l^tbrrb'irtlHntnfmer  fm  (/iioBiquf  Titi4rm  iWUkeli 
Vl«iur%    Zwelt*  uni  «Ui  Vorvorl  inraifllu'le  AiUlac«.     I|(>lt>" — p 
bronu.  ino, 

'  Toclinior'n    uail  Sttnnl'i  VersiUaCe  iuf    Refunn 
t'nlMTlcbU  lai  EDKllaoHa,'  von    11.   KMlniHtitl>T,   Iti 
UK/uSlHtHtri.  baud  x..  ti»ll  I.    Ilatlbrouu.  IKM 

Gemtaft  pronuneialioH  i  praetin  4atf  tJ^rorp,    Bj 
DXIJI  ^  laraa.    llaUbruiui,  IMV 

Klftneiitt  ftr*  Phonetik  nnd  Orthoepir  ite»  IViif«rJi«ik, 
/rnpfuchr".  uiwl  niiniAxlrAni  fiiiI  UtckMl^kt  ou/  rfte  Bt' 
dir/niut  der  Letirjtiaxii.  tJ  cO.  Von  WlUdUJl  VnnMi. 
|[olllir»un,  if-K. 


K-M. 


-M 


Jen  to,  1887.] 


SVIEJ^CE. 


&78 


Tldub).  In  the  same  irav,  the  tmigiwiie  of  the 
inilividual  i4  (o  b«  (IcHniHl  u  a  pi<rrbi)lo^ic*l  ac- 
Mnt}-  aaaociated  with  movpinMits  of  the  M^saiM 
of  speech.  —  its  phTsiologU-Hl  side.  Every  indi- 
vidual ha»  bis  own  Inngiingip,  rs  hp  hoa  hia  own 
ideas  ;  ami  from  analogous  caiiws.  as  Mcb  nation 
has  ita  own  maanfr  of  ideal  cnnoeption.  en  It  ex- 
presses the  9»m«  In  lis  own|)ecullarwa;.  and  also 
fliuU  •liiToront  lujiiiids  for  the  I'hjratologfcml  form. 
To  ]«arn  a  forcigu  Umgua^  is,  aocotdiosljr,  not 
merely  t<j  Acquire  a  foraign  votinbulary  wht'reby 
to  iT'iniilale  onr'a  preooDcriTed  jiocidiu'.  but  it  i« 
to  penetrate  into  a  foreign  mode  of  thought  irhirh 
alone  is  capaMe  of  sugKcettng  Ita  ovrn  in<Uvidual 
form  of  exprcOMOn.  As  Teehcner  aaserts,  "  He 
who.  Ill  any  case,  will  eiieak  rationally,  inuat 
think.  He  who  will  leam  luHpeak  in  a  particular 
languan^.  be  it  Kogliiib  or  Chinese,  must  leam  to 
think  In  that  language." 

All  laiii;iuiR^  eooa  back  to  aasoi'ialionR  of  the 
percejitiuiis  awakonvd  by  the  different  ])ropertUtt 
of  object!.  Out  of  tbeoe  assoclatlnnt.  at  firet  un- 
conncioiia,  in  the  conrse  of  time,  are  ileveloiied 
conscious,  apperceptive  aasooiations In  aeriea,  com- 
binations, and  ori^oiaed  ayatcni*.  These,  in  their 
turii.  tuay  uerre  asi  centres  ftota  which  arc  d»r»l- 
oped  the  oouibinationa  of  humnn  cpr^ch, — thme 
of  form  (inflectionii,  «tc.>B«  weltss  thoveof  raenn- 
init  (synonyinef,  etc.)>  Upon  the  nuUM  of  uncon- 
scious a«8oclatioos  thna  formed  dcpcnda  tha  pra> 
tical  cuininnnd  of  Unf^inKf  ;  on  tlin  conscious, 
apiM-Tceptivr,  and  nynlemntic  nmoclatlons.  on  the 
othi-r  hand,  ia  based  Ihe  theoretical  knowledge  of 
langua^.  It  is  to  b"  home  In  inlod  that  all  oaacv 
clstlons  at  RrsC  conscious  through  praolioe  Acquire 
the  property  of  working  uocooscioiiBly.  In  a» 
ocsduiice  with  what  hnii  been  said,  IniigungB-stndy. 
then,  may  be  of  two  kinds.  It  may  be,  on  th« 
IHM  hind,  in  urdrr  to  ottiiin  thi-  pnu'llcal  com- 
mand  of  a  langiuurc.  thnt  is,  wr  roay  seek  the 
InOitiiaKe  as  the  form  of  itioiifclit :  or,  on  (lieolher 
hand.  It  ouiy  he  loaciuire  a  theoretical  knowledge 
of  lanfTuaKe,  in  which  case  the  language  liecoinea 
ihe  subject  of  ihoughL  A  child,  at  tite  outM^t, 
learns  language  only  ae  the  form  of  thought. 
The  development  of  oonsciousnes*  ui  almoiit  id«n- 
ttokl  with  the  acquisition  of  hinguAge  ;  or,  other- 
wtaftCtatttd.  Mpa  nod  word  nro  to  nil  intents  and 
paipdws  acquiriKl  ronjointly.  Lnler  on,  the  child 
learns  lan^nge  thrfjiitih  Umguage  itaelf,  aud  not 
only  with  ili^  enr,  but  withall  the orgaosof  sense. 
Every  new  |)eroeptioii  Bnds  au  expression  in  lao* 
guage  to  (le^i-ribe  it :  and  the  idea  resulting  from 
the  [«rci.-plioti  ii  ho  associntnl  with  the  wonl.  that 
the  word  immodiiitcly  re|iroduccii  the  idea,  and  the 
Idesi  the  word.  It  is  also  to  be  noticed  that  the 
formolatloii  of  rules  of  language  through  the  tra- 


clag  of  analogy  la  taking  place  nncooaciotuly ; 
that  learning  the  language  Is  proceeding  within 
Ute  boundariea  of  the  language  ItaeU ;  and  that 
the  aoqnisition  of  the  tpoken  Umgnage  fa  the  ocdjr 
end  in  view.  One  principle,  originally  formu* 
laird  liy  Preyer  in  ■  Die  Seelc  do*  Kind«s,'  is  o( 
Importance  for  its  applioatUm  elsewhere:  Ihe 
healthy  chiUI  nndet«land«  spoken  Uogoage  mncb 
soonn  than  It  cui  ilaelf  produce  by  Imitation  the 
sounds,  syllablee,  aod  words  that  have  been  beard. 
FHirthermorc,  only  what  in  intemting  and  intrl- 
ligible  to  the  child  b  Hnnly  impmuHMl  upon  ita 
mind  :  all  else  t«  In  a  short  time  forgotten.  Fur- 
ther to  be  remarked  is  tbo  fact  tliat  Ihe  forms  of 
exprewlon  learned  by  tlie  child  are  simple,  unaf- 
fected, and  Idiomatic. 

The  problem  presented  in  learniiiga  foreign  Inn- 
giuip;  for  prtctical  use  is  how  to  obtain,  with  the 
Iruisl  |in^il>li-  vxiH-nditurv  of  time  and  energy, 
such  a  campMe  mititiry  nf  tin-  mucbanlsm  of  the 
lanKUKge  that  It  will,  n«  io  tho  cabc  of  one's  native 
apeech,  uncooaclously  iuxxim)iany  Iboiiirht,  and 
become  ita  form.  That  the  case  as  thus  stated 
baa  ita  difficultfee  becomes  at  once  a)>i>orent.  In 
the  flret  place,  we  can  have  iieitber  llit-  tiiav  nor 
the  opportunity  to  hear  or  to  speak  thn  forpign 
language  that  we  bad  in  the  case  of  our  own. 
Aud  even  if  we  hare,  on  the  otie  Itand,  tlte  ad- 
vanlage  uf  being  able  to  Iblnk  and  to  reason,  and 
tbo  knotvledKo  of  one  language  system  already 
iwi];ntred,  it  implies,  on  the  other  hand,  n  direct 
dlMdvantage  :  (he  native  langitoge  hold*  fast  our 
thoughia,  hetwoen  which  and  Ihnir  fofms  of  ex- 
premlon  there  is  snch  an  Intimate  union  that  It 
wUI  be  found  dllHcult  at  llrst  to  make  room  for 
new  ones.  The  origans  of  speech,  again,  liave 
beni  accustomed,  throu^  oonsiaot  repetUlon.  to 
produce  without  conscious  exertion  one  system  of 
Moundn.  which  the  enr  through  constant  hearing 
hns  grown  aMi.'  to  differ<'ntintr  with  the  ulmiist 
sbarpnnw.  The  foi^iKn  oounds.  on  ihi'  contrary, 
produced  on  nn  entirely  different  lw«i?,  are  not 
readily  d I flervn listed  by  the  ear.  and  are  only  to 
t)e  imiuied  by  careful  practice, 

A.  U.  Sityce,  several  yean  ago,  in  au  article  in 
Sature,^  wrote,  "Our  present  syittem  of  teaching 
languiif^  ...  is  bnscd  mthir  upon  empirical 
liaphauurd  than  on  scientific  principles."  TIm>  re- 
mark Is  as  applicable  as  ever.  In  spite  of  the 
progress  made  In  recent  years  In  our  knowledge 
of  the  fundamental  laws  of  language,  and  \m.T- 
ticularly  of  Its  phonetics,  hut  liiilehafl  Ihtpo  done, 
except  in  isolated  coses,  to  apply  in  iwaciice  what 
ha.1  hi-c^n  soieatifloally  eatablislied  beyond  all  qut«- 
tion.  While  all  olae  has  adrnncod,  language-in- 
struction has  been  content  to  stand  still,  notwitb- 

1  Salun.^iA-f1l».i«r». 


L 


074 


SCIEJ^VE. 


[Vol.  IX..  So. 


etKniiing  (he  impoclnnt  poailion  nlivady  lucagnvtl 
ll  HiDODg  thr  rcTOKiiwd  «aKPQlJnli<  of  fdiication. 
Tlie  etrikinx  iiteiti<'i«ncy  of  the  ol:l  uaeihod  of 
mcbJng  foralRD  lanfcu«tc«s  lise  been  piorrd  year 
Mttn  year  hy  barrenueM  of  result :  bui  nifverthe- 
iMt,  if  pojiular  Kxt-booka  ar«  a  criterion.  Inn- 
KuaRo  i»  »lill  i«UKlit  in  the  MttnL-  old  way.  An  nt- 
taiapt  i*  made  to  l«am  it  onty  oofwcioiwly,  nnd 
bMfn  and  thv  litt-raiy  1nRgua««  are  falK^ly  n- 
garded  ni  )ynonyinauswiUifo>inda«tid  thespok«D 
Isn^iMge.  Worcp  than  all.  tritli  tbe  old  mtlbod 
of  miulation,  Ute  foreign  language  baa  been 
■tudled  within  th«>  native  laiiKuajee :  and,  wblle 
foreifpi  words  and  foraia  liave  liitlti'd  Ik^pd  taoght. 
no  attiMOpt  ImH  beeu  made  lu  ti^ucb  or  to  leant 
with  Ihi-  foreign  laiuniaKO  the  foreign  mode  of 
thoUKht- 

It  ix  Snvoe,  ngnin.  who  aflirms  axiomatlcallj- 
tliat  IflD^inKe  connititB  of  «oaiida.  and  not  of  let- 
ten,  bwe«t,  too,  liwbta  no  lc«s  alriklUKly  Ibat 
laagusge-Audr  la  concerned  not  with  dead  letters, 
but  with  living  epeech  It  io  acfordiDsly  the 
apokcD  form  of  every  laiiguuge  Hint  iihuuld  form 
the  bavi*  of  its  Htudy.  which  should  [unh<^rmoni 
procavd  from  the  otiuid-point  of  the  aeotmce,  and 
not  from  ibat  of  tti<-  word.  Up»ii  these  (undA- 
neintal  points  all  rocent  wrliers  oh  the  study  of 
language  are  subslantlalty  agreed.  With  one  ex- 
ception, thu  writeta  cited  ubo»-e  would,  howeier, 
rliminnte  trooi  the  iiucnlioii  the  (iiclor  which  1 
have  ciiltitl  the  tlieoreticiil  knowtcdgr  of  Inn- 
guaice.  and  would  mahr  its  practical  c<»minand  the 
one  etid  In  view.  Technier  alone  regarils  the 
I>racll<.'«l  acquisition  of  a  lB»t(nage  of  primary  im- 
[Wirtinoe.  but  would  t>a»e  upon  it  iheoretitMlnludy 
witli  the  idea  of  uiaklui;  the  knuwtedKe  of  tlif 
new  InnfcuaKe  inoie  perfect  and  firaily  Oxcd. 
What  b  luire  of  kw  weight  from  ila  l^earlng  on 
the  ntbjvcri  in  IiIk  <^hnrtioleri«ition  of  thii  thimruti- 
0*1  study  of  langunifn  as  "  nn  educational  nitani 
of  bcrlagliig  tbe  barmonioiin  and  hnmogoneouH  dc- 
velopoBent  of  tlio  laiod  to  id)  hin hvht  po^lhle  per- 
fection." The  true  place  ivliicb  the  lheoretl<.«I 
study  of  lungUHge  should  hold  U  t>e«t  uf  allstated 
by  ^toriii.  iu  his  '  EiiKliticlie  Pbllologle '  (Heil- 
bromu.  Ittat),  He  would  iipilher  eliioiuale  it  en- 
tirely, on  tJM  one  hand,  nor  would  he  give  it  un- 
due prominance,  on  lh<7  otlit-r.  The  tbeurelical. 
hs  uiaintnina.  is  practical  in  n  higher  sense,  be- 
cauac  It  fscilitAle*  the  coiuprcbeniion  and  sctjui- 
sitlon  of  Ihe  facts. 

Tbe  pronunciation  of  a  foreign  langua^  should 
form  the  firwt  Mage  of  its  inBtruotioo,  auU  this 
can  only  bo  taught  on  tho  Imns  of  ncicntillc  pbo< 
natica.  Whcthir  th«  inatruciion  should  proceed 
at  lh«  outaet  thnxi^h  the  nuHlium  of  phunctio 
transcription,  is  a  i>oiDt  upon  which  not  all  wriieni 


are  a^rtwd.  T«chn)er,  in  the  li^ht  of  hk  am 
exi>erience,  is  aiiaimt  It.  Sweel  la  outspokea  ta 
fai'or  of  it :  he  would  entiraly  discard  t)>e  ocdt 
nary  orthography,  and  auhailtute  for  It  one  purely 
phonetic  :  and  in  thin  diotum  be  is  followed  If 
uiauy  oUiera.  Vietor  ban  prnctically  applied  tUi 
theory  tu  (Jerninn  for  Engliah  lenmt-rii  in  U( 
'German  pronunciation,'  which  ia  tvorUij  at  a 
wider  distribution  than  it  Iiaa  Ihna  far  had  In  tUl 
oounto' :  ovtrn  if  it  is  found  impracticable  to  IM* 
it  in  )t«  entirety  as  a  text-book  In  tbe  cbuo-roooi, 
Its  material  will  prove  of  the  utmost  vKllie  fv 
tlie  wealth  of  suggeallon  (bailt  cuoiaina.  Unpro- 
ductive as  is  our  whole  pretent  sysu-ui  uf  Inngunsc- 
laeldug.  Ibis  matter  of  pronuiM^iiitton,  vrliicti 
recent  writvra  on  the  subject  alinowt  wttb  one 
voiCR  maintain  should  he  a  foundation  priucipte. 
is,  nevertheless,  the  n-eakevt  element  of  alj.  The 
ordinary  text-bnok  gives  at  l)ie  beK<tiiii»g  n  few 
pa^^  on  pronundation.  unsclenlilk-  in  ch«nM:ter, 
and  conaetjiieully  imperf^'t  aud  in«xact,  and 
utterly  iimdiH(uitt«  even  with  conMant  nnd  paioa- 
taking  iteration,  as  every  teacbcr  knows,  to  con- 
vey the  information  desire<).  In  lesminK  tbe 
Aound*  of  a  foreign  Inngungc,  tlie  couraa  to  Ur 
followed  is  from  simple  sounds  to  liylUbk*,  to 
worde,  and  finally  to  sentences.  WItb  worda  and 
senteuom,  meaninRa  are  alxo  tu  tx;  anoclated : 
■uch  vcntmcMi  ahould,  further,  be  the  natural 
Bcnitmcv*  of  Uoguage,  which  an  preoiaely  tlta 
one*  tlLDt  cannot  In-  constructed  a  priori.  Tbrre  I* 
noplace  In  lanRuiiit«>instniction  for  Olleudorfllnn 
sentence*  like  *'  The  mercbaBt  Isswintiuin^  witb 
the  jnrdcner't  eon,  hot  the  DaicbBian  haa  iba 
gun." 

When  the  foreign  Bounds  and  aound •complex 
have  ouoe  been  tiioroughly  mastered,  and    ti 
until  then,  a  rei<ling-lHX>k,  oontainins  connert< 
texts  written  In  the  simpleal  and  moat  colloquii 
stylo,   and  einlxNlying  na  few   infKqoent  wotila 
and  phraxM  as  passible,  is  to  form  the  main  fotin- 
datioii  for  the  study  ol  the  new  lannuaite.     Sweet 
expivsMs  bimeelf  most  deflnitol;  at  to  the  ar- 
rangement of  such  a  book.    It  ahonld  bave,  flist. 
descriptions  of  nature  and  natural  iilieiUHaena.  of 
the  different  races  of  men.  Uicir  dwellinga,  food. 
and  draw,  bccaun  the  eTemenlary  vocabulary  of 
materia]  tfiingi,  plienoraena,  nnd  actions,  ia  inoat^^ 
easily  eu)l)odied  m  iloscriplionn  of  this  cliaractrr|^| 
narrative  pieces  come  next  ;  and.  Iniitly,  Idiomaiie'B 
dialogues,  and  I'mger  pieces  wbkh  couibinvalt 
three  eleonents.  Tliew  text*  should  be.  It  i-i  banlty-j 
neoewary  to  state,  both  inierestlikg  and  enlortnL 
ing,  in  order  perfectly  to  fulfil  their  purpcMe. 
tfae  and  of  this  Hiage  of  the  instruction  tlM'  learae 
will  hare  an  easy  commiind  of  a  vocabulary,  mit* 
wide,  it  tDity  be,  in  range,  but  thoroushly  prac- 


Jvn.  to.  IM7.] 


SCIE^rCE. 


676 


» 


tical  In  cUarader.  aiid  adequate  to  expr«w  Ibe 
most  iiec««aary  iilea<.  Th«  next  atax^  b  to  con- 
•irt  ot  condensed  Irmiises  on  HpvcittI  mbjecta, 
MKfa  aa  hUtorjr,  geography,  and  natural  Kieac». 
after  which  the  lenroer  may  Kradualljr  chooae  hit 
texts  n-ith  incrcnaing  tree^om,  until  be  ia  finally 
Able  to  read  the  acttlal  lllvmlniv  of  tbo  lan^ugc 
itself  ill  it«  original  form. 

The  reading  of  text».  however,  la  not  Ihe  onljr 
etemeiit  of  iuatntctioD  :  (luring  tliia  whole  lime 
the  nyat^inatic  stud)'  of  (-raiiKiiar.  idiouw,  aiid  vo- 
cabulary  is  to  nmyjinpany  ami  run  poralli-l  with 
the  reading.  As  to  the  true  ponition  of  gminmar 
in  the  study  of  laniiua^e,  theffi  i*  but  onv  mind. 
It  ehouUl  be  iitudiei)  imm^iatcly  in  coaniictiaa 
wiih  the  text*,  ami,  fu  it  tier  more,  iiiduotivply. 
Sveet  (>ut«ltl>eHtaf  all  when  he  taya  that  "Rram- 
mar,  which  is  merely  a  coininenlaiy  on  the  tacts 
of  language,  uiust  follow,  nut  precede,  the  facta 
(lieniselreB,  as  pi«9cii[(.-d  in  aeuteiiursand  t:oDUt«te<l 
texts."  But  ndther  hi'  nor  th«  oibt-rs  muun  ihut 
its  sy^l<^mntic  >tu'ly  should  he  dvfmvd  longer 
thtiu  thi'  stage  «-lii>n  the  knrner  ix  ntile  to  nuwtcr 
phonetlrally  the  Mniencei  tlut  are  u"'vf  (o  him. 
Klin^haidt  expreMly  statt-s.  tlint,  in  his  npinion, 
a  purely  taductive  method  ot  teftclnntc  grnmrnar 
is  only  suitable  at  the  very  begimiing.  —  a  dictum 
in  which  all  piactlcul  u-iwht-rt  will  concur.  Latrr 
on,  n  ubort  urammir,  to  be  Uutmcd  srHlvmnticalljr, 
should  be  placeil  in  Ihe  hands  of  the  pupil.  It 
sliould  Include,  howeter.  nothing  t}iat  Is  not 
reijuirvd  for  the  explanation  ot  the  t«xE».  and 
erery  rule  sliouM  have  lis  fxample.  Still  later 
the  udvanued  student  might  be  giveu  a  rcferance- 
gtammur.  which  sliould  coutaln  all  mien. 

Vocnimlury  miiy  he  studied  with  rv|[anl  to  the 
monningii  of  words  either  nnalyticnlly  or  syntheti- 
cally :  that  in,  the  woril  '  good.'  for  instance,  may 
be  taken  through  ils  varioua  nieanlajKs,  —  ■  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste,'  *  useful.'  'morally  good,' etc. ; 
or  else  the  ideji.  for  insiunce.  of  *  morally  good," 
may  be  luken,  unU  the  ruiiuuH  word»  and  phnises 
by  which  it  in  expr^-s-ied,  like  'virtue'  'bad,* 
'  Tic«.*  may  be  enumerated.  The  ayntbetic 
method  thus  Incliidec  the  whole  vocabulary  of  a 
language.  Word-llsta  are  on  no  account  to  be 
studied.  Connected  truiencea.  as  alr«ady  stated, 
should  be  the  medium  of  inotraction.  A  word 
ban  already  been  naid  in  regard  !<>  tlie  study  of 
idiomii.  Only  nccnanry  idioms  should  at  fir^t  ho 
tiiiight.  For  oonverfBtioMiI  purpones,  questions 
are  mote  necefaary  than  nnswera ;  the  fonner. 
then,  sliould  be  roastereil  perfectly,  while  the 
latter  require  merely  to  be  underetood. 

In  the  system  here  elaborated  no  place  ia  pro- 
tided  fi>r  tlip  old  [iiechanical  trsiiBluiion  method 

;,the  grammar  calculated  to  ao^umpany  it.     A 


rcAtliiiK  knowledge  of  a  language  may  doabileM 
be  obtained  at  the  expense  of  a  great  deal  ot 
labor  ami  litne  by  tramlolinK  forvign  tvxia.  Tbe 
direct  benefit,  however,  of  such  a  procras,  ia  to 
increnw!  orw'a  own  native  vocabulary  and  com- 
mand ol  languaRe,  —  a  reeult,  no  doubt,  admir- 
ahte  in  iu  way.  Init  eiactl)  tlie  reverw  of  the 
end  denirc*!.  A  greater  e^il  still  arises  f  rom  giv- 
Inx  a  leariMr  the  titerattirv  of  a  lauitua^.  he  it 
modem  or  doaHcal,  befoTa  h«  knowa  its  vocabu- 
lary and  grammar.  "  What,"  Sweet  pertioetillf 
iiuiuim.  "should  we  Bay  o(  a  musio-inaaler  who 
gave  his  pupils  a  sonata  of  Beethoven  to  learn  the 
Doteaoo.  in*t4-ad  of  Iwc inning  withscalesV"  Tbia 
very  oonne  is  Dcvi-rihclcsa  pursued  in  our  preivnt 
method  of  teaching  InnguaeeH.  Its  cITfct  is  often 
not  iHily  to  blot  out  abi>oIut«ly  the  beaulie*  of  the 
literature  thus  unfoftunately  chosen  for  sacrifloe. 
but  to  fnttiT  a  dis);ust  for  literature  generally. 
It  would  have  Uvn  k  tbouaaud  tUnes  belter  for 
tlw  general  culture  of  Ibu  pupil  to  have  given 
him  by  and  by  a  good  tninilatiun.  There  are 
many  persons  whow  only  idea  of  fureign  llter«- 
lureisan  uncom  for  table  rend  bi-dcC  with  veritable 
slotiglis  of  despond,  out  of  which  it  Is  only  poti- 
sible  to  climb  trilb  the  constant  all)  of  grammar 
and  dictionary. 

It  is  Sayce.  ulrvndy  quoted,  wlio  points  out 
that  tlie  Krammar  of  a  living  langnoge,  like  the 
life  of  Ihe  community  lltelf,  is  coiMtantly  In  pro- 
oeM  ot  change  and  development,  it  cajinot,  ac- 
oordingly,  beheld  in  by  mlee  that,  once  made,  are 
to  aland  foreivr,  a*  uoalttiable  as  the  laws  of  Ihe 
Ueilts  and  PerMann.  Yet.  not xilhstuu ding  thi* 
indisputable  fnot,  then:  arc  still  in  UHt  numerous 
text  books  n-hofv  prototype  is  the  otdemmmnr  ot 
Donaliis.  Such  n  grammar  may  poisiMy  have 
its  iise  as  a  book  ot  reference,  but  surely  not 
otherwise.  You  may  know  your  |:T»niuur  by 
rule  und  paragraph  from  first  to  last,  and  be  able 
loKpcly  it  in  the  furTuiiliou  of  sentenoen.  but  nt 
the  tame  time  lie  utterly  unable  to  form  a  single 
saotemw  as  a  native  wouhl  speak  it.  The  old 
BMtliod  la  really  the  ^twly  of  the  KOmmar  by 
means  of  the  language,  as  If  the  former,  aud  aoi 
the  latter,  were  the  end  In  view. 

In  Ihe  case  of  the  dead  lauguagw  t)i«  in«trui> 
liou  »houUI  proceed,  aa  far  as  poatihle.  on  the  plan 
laid  out  for  the  living  omii  -.  and  many  recent 
wriletn  am  ngrved  thai  tbe  study  of  Greek  ami 
Ijitin  should  follow  rather  than  piwcede  the  mod- 
ern latigtiogea. 

Against  the  e»«alled  ■  natural  method,'  8weet 
lakes  a  decided  stand.  Tbe  very  term,  be  says, 
is  u  [uinnumer,  for  lh«  teaming  of  u  foreign  lan- 
guage isat  uuunturnla  pniceaascanlieimnRined. 
Thv  genuine  natural  meibod,  which,  if  any  thing. 


576 


scnsycE. 


[Vol..  IX..  Ko.  *B 


wouM  be  that  follonMl  hy  nunic*  uixl  children, 
ia  deflniiflv  chamcterixed  m  bad,  aod,  Irota  1m 
waei«(alneM  )>nd  abaenoe  of  aydMia,  nntvArtlif  of 
imitation  later  on.  Uo-ler  the  mo«t  farorable  clr- 
camatuuM*.  tbe  roeibod  U  mute  or  l«n  a  failure, 
Bud  tbe  mutt  caiinut  but  be  fti<lo{l«lj  )eM  pro- 
ductlm  in  Ihi:  later  sludy  of  a  Coreign  language, 
wlMr«  it  i>  impcHulbk  to  reproJuce  tlKNwoondi- 
tionR.  A  lnnguii£<-  cnnnot  hn  pickc<I  up  b;  cor 
without  KynlinQntic  otiidir.  F.imi  a  Tpsidi-ncn  in 
the  fowlRji  cfHinlrj  Mttn  tbe  pkin«nl«  of  the 
language  bare  been  inastereil,  so  far  from  bein^ 
advantogeouH,  is  poeitiTet)'  injurious,  as  tbe  learn- 
er is  foroed,  by  the  exigences  ot  [be  moiocDt.  to 
make  u""  of  ioeonect  con»tTuction».  ivbirh  are 
kfterward  difBcult  to  gi^t  rid  ot.  Klinghnrdl 
<tharact«rteM  Techmpr'H  vyKti'in.  in  vo  far  a*  it 
coiioema  the  practiral  octiuixlrion  of  InnKungp,  ng 
AiirxBiiiple  of  the  '  nillonally  deTeloped  nalura) 
method.'  There  Is  heiv,  howerer,  a  confusion  of 
t«ni».  Teebawr  does  not  L-oneem  lilmwlf  solely 
with  tbe  practical  acquisition  of  language,  but 
Eoakn  it*  tbrorctical  stud^  bd  imporlaat  and  in- 
deed an  ewwriEial  ■.■li-nti'nt.  Thi-  Mnnlaigne-Sau- 
Tvur  inetliod  in  dtitinctl.V  stntcd  br  him  to  take 
but  litll*  BL-count  of  th«  ibeoretlcal  liDnwlpdK>?  of 
language.  Ho  rolglit  have  Htated  with  grpaler 
fairiMM  tbat  it  tahm  nn  account  of  it  at  nil. 

In  tbe  for«-gc>in^.  iiarticular  stress  has  |)iirpo<el,v 
been  laid  upon  tbe  viv»-ti  of  Teduaer  aud  Swifet. 
as  their  inportnncr  ju.ttl;  demands.  While  far 
apart  at  some  pointo  in  the  derelopmrot  ot  thotr 
rMpectivesj-^tema.  the  tvro  are  noTorthelMs  whol- 
ly at  one  in  fundamental  (irinciple«.  Techmer.  as 
KUnRhardt  notes,  shows  in  hia  treatment  of  ibe 
qnestion  the  tradiiiunui  peruliaritiee  of  bU  nation. 
He  benin*,  in  a  «rn»i'  ab  ovo,  witb  a  psjehoiogical 
conslderntinn  nt  InnRiuie*'  in  gcnoral.cuunders  tbe 
subject  csrrfully  in  iU  wlioir  extvnt.  and  uiakes, 
riifCbtly.  the  IdntI  ■Id'',  tbn  thmn-'ticid  knowk-dgc 
of  language,  both  a  pmminnnt  means  and  an  aim 
of  acquisition.  SweeU  on  the  contrary,  sees  tbe 
4)ue<tlun  only  from  Ite  pnicli<vil  nidc.  He  Anri 
not  otteuipl  to  gite  a  sysi^inntic:  expi»ition  ot  the 
whole  <|iu«ti'jn  of  language,  but,  convinced  that 
tile  aim  of  lungunge-titudy  slioiild  be  wholly  a 
pmctical  aoc.  dfrelopti  with  admirable  raticrial- 
BCM  and  <:»mmc>n  nense  a  ayslem  whose  mere 
practicality  cannot  bv  dinpuleil.  He  leaves  a 
pbkce  also  for  tbcorcticitl  knowledge,  but  vould 
make  It  an  eni)  In  itwlf,  in  tbat  be  would  place  it 
beyond  and  above  tbe  pnu-ticn]  acquiirition  of  a 
language.  Particularly  valuable  is  Swewt's  rindl- 
cntiun  at  pcjentilic  phonetics  as  a  basis  of  llagui»> 
tic  «udy. 

HowoTer  the  writes  heTw  cited  may  differ  in 
single  poinl«  of  detail  nfier  tlie  first  atageii  of  in- 


struction hare  h««4)  passed,  all  with  one  atxati 
cry  out,  with  a  <rolc*  tliat  ought  not  to  fall  u» 
hesded,  for  the  reform  of  existing  ruetliods.  Vie- 
tor  is  right:  'Der  Spraohunlerrieht  muss  mn- 
kehren!'  In  what  essential  puinta  it  may  be 
reformed  has  here  been  pointed  out  tun  mucti  in 
detail  as  space  vrautd  jirrmit.  In  accordancu  with 
what  IiOE  )iern  said, — ni  Klingliartlt  put"  at  tbr 
bcginnine  e>i  bis  article,  —  languRiie-iRstracllan 
muai  npply,  as  far  as  passible,  the  cerlain  results 
of  modem  pfailologicsl  iDvestl^liun,  Secondly, 
grammar  is  to  be  at  flnt  studied  iuductivrly  aiid 
in  connection  with  the  reading  ti^xttf :  when  a 
systemutic  Krninmur  is  finally  tnkrn  up,  it  is  to  ha, 
OS  much  as  possihie.  limitrtl  in  extent.  Finally, 
instruction  muitt  proceed  from  the  stand-pntnl  of 
the  spoken  tanguage  and  tbe  sentei>ce.  Refona 
In  the  teaching  of  the  foreign  laoguagra,  ancimt 
or  modern,  cannot,  perhuiis.  be  espectcMJ  to  cmat 
all  at  once,  or  to  come  of  Itarlf.  Old  practictea  are 
too  deeply  rooted  for  tho  excrtioas  ot  n  fow  ttioi 
easily  toorenum  tbcm;  but  ctirely  there  is  Doth- 
ing  inherent  in  ilic  old  mclhnd.  tluit  II  sliould  be 
retained  if  something  hetter  cnn  be  found  lo  take 
its  place.  If  tbe  results  of  prwent  niellioda  of  ia< 
stmction,  whether  in  school,  academy,  or  o(>)l<-ge, 
an-  lo  be  taken  as  a  standard  whereby  tu  jitdgir 
their  efflcicncr,  then  reform  la  needed  hnrp  ss 
no  other  place  in  the  curriculum.  The  matter  UaS 
)>een  viewed  too  long  with  indifference.  Tli«  old 
method  ia  Inadequate  to  supply  wluit  is  detuamM 
of  it.  Tim<?  that  can  ill  be  spued,  aud  thp  drud|^ 
cry  of  hard  labor,  are  spent  upon  it :  and  tbe  re- 
sult, in  nine  coses  out  of  ten,  is  now  what  1|  al- 
ways ban  hern,  —  pmclicalty  nothing  !  When 
exinthig  method*,  be  tliry  educational  or  econooai- 
oal,  are  bad,  the  rationnl  way  ■■  to  discard  then, 
If  they  are  bad  In  pnrt,  Ihendincnrd  litem  in  (Mut; 
if  bad  throughout,  tlieu  reject  tbcin  utterly. 

Wm.    H.  CARPKXTKIbl 


ia< 


TiiiE  Athtnaeam  states  that  Hr.  H.  nowoMbt 
M.P.,  the  hlntorinn  of  the  Mi>nsob,  is  going 
bring  out  a  work  entitled  '  The  mammoth  and  tlia' 
Hood,'  In  which  he  endeavors  to  prove  tbat  a  wide- 
spread catat'lysm  hrouj^ht  the  mamiuot))  period 
to  a  close,  nud  that  this  cataslrophe  inroired  a 
wide-spread  llood  of  water  whicli  not  only 
drowned  ihe  animals,  but  burk-d  tfavm,  auma> 
timcK  with  their  tHMJiis  intact,  imd  in  many  caass 
along  with  ft  crowd  of  very  incongruous  beasiay^- 
and  covered  them  with  continuous  maotlos  O^H 
loam  and  grarel.  ^H 

—  Tbe  internutional  astrunowical  society.  A» 
tronomiicbe  CiesellKbaft.  mevtii  this  yntr  ai  KM 
on  Aug.  'J3. 


FRIDAY,  JTNE  H.  1887. 


COJiMEi\T  AKD  CltlTICtSit. 

TBE  DDddiUTION  IKTO  TBDt  OODXTRY  during  A 

jear  is  aa  eotiraums.  thnl  we  nrc  n|it  to  ovrrlook 
tlie  fuol  iliat  similar  inuviTRK-ntH  of  population 
may  bt?  Utkiag  place  elsewlwra.  To  be  mrv,  im- 
migration tbewbera  in  Ttry  Runll  as  rumpMred 
with  thai  hvre,  but  it  lion  atlructvil  suffidrat 
nollcv  In  England  of  liit«  to  ctUl  patliamont'i  at- 
tention to  il.  In  ventilation  pirov««,  however,  that 
an;  slum  witich  tamy  hnve  been  omumI  in  iin- 
nensBUy.  Compuiacin  of  tlie  OMinu  of  18)^1  vritli 
tliat  of  1871  Allows  that  Ibe  iinmigraiiuii  of  for- 
el^era  into  tb«  United  Kingdom  duriDg  tbnt 
decade  ctmoot  have  been  vtry  larec.  AacordiRg 
to  tables  nhicb  have  been  prepared,  the  incr«M« 
of  fbreignen  rettident  in  tite  Dnitrd  Kingdom  b()- 
tween  IfTl  and  ISSl  wax  from  113,979  to  189,840, 
or  21,461  in  all.  Miiiat  to  jurt  orer  3.000  per 
annum-  Unrjng  rvgnrd  to  Ibr  ilgum  of  emi- 
grnlton  nml  JniraiKratJoa  dnlt  wiib  in  the  hoard 
of  trado  [ablen,  tbia  ts  of  course  a  musll  move- 
ment. The  wbotp  foreif:!!  population  reddeat  in 
the  Unthvl  Kinfplom  in  18tll  was  In  fact  leas 
tlian  the  not  ■•ntiiiniiioii  of  British  and  Irish  per- 
wnw  from  tine  United  KhiKdoto  in  a  aingle  jeor. 
The  Q«nnan  empire  cnnltitiulod  93,141  In  mt. 
and  40,871  in  1801 ;  Ftancv.  1B,ai$  in  I9TI  afcainat 
Ifl.lM  in  1681 ;  Ruwin.  &.ST4  DKainot  1IV,371 :  and 
(lie  United  Stales.  0,407  uKninxt  20,014.  Thus 
OemfUDa  constitnted  in  1)441  about  <nie-thlrd  of 
the  foreign  population  r«e)ilpnt  in  the  Culled 
KfngdotD  :  but  the  Incrvaae  in  the  |>ertod  was  no 
greater  than  Ibe  increase  among  Rnmlana,  and 
leM  than  the  increase  among  natives  of  Ihe  ITnited 
Statetj  wluNe  oumbers  doubled  in  tbe  ten  )'ean. 
It  ite«m>  probable  iliat  tlie  inertMe  of  foreignera 
Kince  (861  haa  been  somewhat  more  rapid  than 
during  the  decide  precedlnjr,  but  i(  haa  not  jret 
become  so  great  aa  to  Iw  at  all  alarmlnf . 


No  p&raR  -niAT  WAS  nuwKKTXii  at  tbe  nctnt 
•uccinHful  aewlon  of  the  Hbtorical  and  Economic 
aModaiioos  at  Bw>ton  wb*  more  ImiKvtant  than 
that  by  Col.  Carroll  I>.  Wright  o«i  'Tlie  study  of 
Btaliatlca  in  collegea.'  What  he  (oid  about  the 
KoJM— MT. 


neoeHtly  for  the  scJeutlflc  Mude  of  stalislica  and 
their  ap|>)lcallon  should  be  apecUlly  emplnsited. 
Colonel  WriKhl.  hlmaelf  a  mosl  suceearful  statis- 
tician. Bvotred  tJiat  daring  tbe  fourteen  yearn  tliat 
he  bad  devoted  to  ptBcttcol  statistics  tliere  bad 
not  been  a  single  day  wbeti  be  bad  not  fell  tbe 
need  of  slatlatlcsl  training,  not  only  for  bimeelf, 
but  for  thoae  aaaoclated  wilb  him.  He  oontlnned, 
"  The  prohlains  which  the  siatisiidnn  mum  solve, 
if  they  are  tolred  at  all,  are  preti«inK  upon  tbe 
world.  Msnv  chapteit  of  potltlcal  economy  most 
bo  r«initlen  ;  for  the  atudy  of  political  econotny 
in  tiQv!  hroaglit  under  the  historical  and  compats- 
tive  method,  and  statistical  science  conslitutes  tbe 
givntest  auxiliary  of  such  a  method.  There  i*  so 
much  that  is  false  that  crwpa  into  Ibe  popular 
mind,  which  can  only  bo  rtctifled  throngli  llie 
inoct  tnistwottby  ntntislicftl  Icnoirtedge.  that  the 
rcinoral  of  apprehension  alone  by  it  creales  a 
necsmty  sufflcleot  to  couimnnd  the  attention  of 
collego  autbi>riti««.  TImt  grx-at  (lueationi  of  the 
day.  tlie  labot^iHetUiO,  tenipemnce.  tariff  reform, 
all  ureal  luplca,  demand  the  auxiliary  aid  of  scien- 
tlltc  sialMtics,  and  a  Ihorougb  training  is  eeaen- 
llal  for  tlielr  [>roper  use."  Two  instances  were 
cited  by  Colonel  WiiKbl  to  show  the  way  tn  which 
erode  theories  are  sonictinie*  upaet  by  carefully 
gathered  ■tndstin' ;  "It  has  Ixvn  niurtlcd  that 
there  is  nn  nlnrniins  amount  of  illili-racy  in  Mnsca- 
rhuwtte.  StstiHlioAl  inquiry  iliown  ilut  M*  far 
the  greater  numtier  of  ibiiH-  illrlmid*  are  of  for> 
eign  birth  :  so  that  tlie  fault  is  not  with  the  pub- 
lic-ecbool  syntetD,  but  the  evil  ia  dur  to  a  te'm|>o- 
mry  muw,  namely,  immigmlion.  Again  :  it  has 
lieen  freely  asKrted  iliat  in  th<-  United  Statoa, 
women  of  Datlv«  birth  do  nut  have  na  many 
children  ns  women  of  tifn^ign  Irirth,  ami  that 
lliereby  the  real  American  p(>|>ulaiii>n  in  steadily 
toeing  ground.  Tlie  cenaua  of  BtoaMchuaetta  will 
show,  tlint  although  American  women  do  bare  a 
leM  Dumber  of  childreo,  on  tbe  average,  yet  a 
tafget  Dumber  anrrive,  ao  that  the  aUrtu  i&  need- 
Un.  Common  obanrratiou  would  never  bare 
shown  these  things,  or  would  not  have  shown 
them  accurately," 

We  fancy  that  tiw  avoragu  tender  of  cemtu»- 
tnblee  lias  little  concvption  of  tbe  many  diOloul- 


5Y8 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol-  XX..,  No.  US 


tie«,  purvljr  Kin  lint  tciiJ.  which  mniitbc  Kunnounlvd 
bi-(i)r<!  thi'  tnblts  an;  complclMl.  Colonel  Wrif;l>t 
drew  from  lib  own  rxftt'ivaw  t-xcHlcnt  illunlra- 
doM  of  tbeM.  "  Tlie  (lueniiun  niuy  tx.'  iwk«l."  Xrn 
Baidt  "  wbat  elenwQta  of  capital  ore  iiivolvt^l  in 
tbeoouus  question  or  -Fapiial  invi-HU'*! '  ^  Is  it 
simply  tli«  e&A\  capital  inrcMvtl  by  i\w  (.■oncom 
under  coon! deration,  or  ia  it  all  thv  pu'iic.v  which 
la  used  to  produce  a  giv«u  (juaotity  oE  gooday  If 
the  inembera  of  a  Arm  contribute  the  sum  of 
$IO.0OU,  and  they  h«v«  a  line  of  dlBOounts  of 
(104,000,  tbearaiteof  which  are  used  In  producing 
(300,000  worth  of  coiuiilele<I  goud^  whut  lt>  the 
capital  invested '!  What  Is  the  cajiltal  Invested 
vlilch  fttiotild  be  returned  in  thi*  census?  II  a 
man  has  4S.<I00  Invepled  in  hla  biuineas  a»  a 
manufacturer,  aud  he  buys  bia  goods  on  ninety 
<)ays,  or  tour  montlis,  and  eelU  for  cash,  or  thirty 
day>>  what  is  his  capital  loveeted?  This  ques- 
doD  ta  one  anionic  many  of  the  practical  (irobtenis 
that  arim  in  a  staliatlcal  bureau,  but  which  has 
not  yvl  been  treated  scienltflcslly.  Wlial  ha« 
brrn  tb<?  n«utt  of  the  re|>orled  statlMlics  relatInK 
to  oapital  invented?  Simply  that  calculations, 
dnductiona,  and  nrinimentti  based  on  MK-h  ntalislics 
lave  been  and  arc  vidoii*.  nnd  will  l>r  until  all 
tht  deoients  involved  in  the  teru)  are  scientlflcftl- 
ly  cIoaBifled.  Another  lUoalnitlon  In  point  arises 
in  vonnertinn  with  iho  pr«Matation  of  dlcorce 
■tatiHiics,  es|«cially  when  it  i>  desired  to  compare 
auoh  statistics  with  mnrriHiies,  or  to  make  com- 
periaona  to  ahow  the  praRrew,  or  the  movenienl 
of  divorra-i.  Shall  the  n<inil«r  of  dlvoroee  be 
Oou][i(in;d  with  the  niimlier  of  marriasen  cele- 
bsaUHl  in  llic  year  in  whicJi  Ihe  dirnrces  are 
granted,  or  with  the  population,  or  with  the 
Duiober  of  married  ooupU*  living  at  the  lime! 
I  need  not  niiilliply  illutl  rat  ions.  Hie  lies  of  ala- 
tisticM  are  unsck-ntiHiT  lies^"  In  spenking  of  the 
D,  S,  ceutfus.  Colonel  Wright  Miid.  thnt  although 
we  lake  U  Ofnaus  in  Ibi-  United  Slates  etery  ten 
years,  y«l,  n«  n  ruk,  the  mrn  tlml  arc  brought  into 
tlie  work  kiion-  ootbing  uf  elalielics.  Thry  shotdd 
be  iraiued  In  tlie  very  elemeulary  work  of  cvnuu*- 
taking  and  of  atatiMlcal  BVi«nce.  It  would  bo 
much  mor«  economical  for  the  goTenim<.iil  to 
keep  its  ex[)erienci-d  Ktuiisticiiina  busily  i4upU)y(*d 
in  tlio  interim  of  crnsua- taking,  even  if  they  do 
no  more  than  study  fonns,  roetluids,  and  nnnlyse* 
eonneoted  with  the  prewcntalion  of  Ibn  facta  of 
the  preceding  ceuaus.  Monry  would  be  saved, 
reaulta  would  be  more  thoniughly  appreeioied. 
and  prableiDe  would  be  nolved.    The  nexl  cungniis 


rouHl  make  the  preliiuinary  amin^Dienta  for 
the  clevi-ulb  ceuHU!!.  and  it  would  be  a  national 
gain  were  Colonel  Wright  himself  put  In 
of  the  work. 


PHYSICAL  CULTURE  FOB  CRXBIINALR: 

\v  Beimne  for  May  Hi  appearod  a  fnvotaU* 
notice  of  an  experimental  clau  in  phyracat  cul- 
ture, conducted  durtnjj;  the  sumnier  of  ItWQ  at  the 
New  York  state  reformatory,  and  described  at 
length  in  tlie  last  annual  report  of  tl>e  Uionl  of 
niiinagen.  Tlie  (.'lani  eiinsiflt«<l  of  twrelv*  nMO, 
dull  and  nlupid,  but  nut  idiots  or  imbccilM.  who 
seemed  incapable  of  any  prolonged  moninl  elTort. 
and  who  had  failed  to  make  any  appre<-iah)e 
progress  in  school-work.  The  object  iu  riew  in 
the  forniaiioii  of  the  claus  was  to  detmuine  if 
phynicnl  culture',  with  alJ  that  the  t*^rtu  iini>litt>, 
would  not  riwiilt  in  at  Icniit  a  iiartnU  an-ak«iilng 
dormant  mcnlnl  power  in  twelve  tavn  men 
ami  morally  ohlane. 

Wiih  physical  culture  nnd  iinprovemeDi,  thi 
muie  a  mental  awakening ;  and  at  Ihe  «nd  of  five 
mcmibfl.  when  the  daw  was  diMxmltnued.  dip  men 
wife  able  t>i  lu-rfotni  operationa  in  idinpJe  aritfa- 
nirtic.  n*  divinioo  nnd  i-nncellntion,  —  a  lliiiiic  they 
had  never  done  before,  lui  the  avetaK«  crituinal  H 
rtrmarkalily  dull  lu  all  that  j>eitaiiia  to  ma' 
nmtico. 

It  is  now  more  than  aix  montha  sinco  the  ol 
wan  given  up.  and  the  men  iiaaigned  to  varioila 
aboiM  and  euiploymrnt*  and  the  primnry  claMM 
of  the  reformatory,  —a  period  nufHcienlly  luog  |o 
deleimine.  iu  |>art  at  least,  the  Taloe  of  pliyskal 
culture  IU  an  edueatiunul  factor. 

One  uino,   n  wiuthiTU  iiv||n»,  died  durtnfc  the 
wipliT  fioiii  pulmonury  dines*,   kitving   eleven 
men  iiDiler  obuniiiion  at  ttio  proipnl  lime. 
the  time  the  clnx*  wnn  formed  nine  of  Ibeae  ete 
men  were  lu  the  third  giade,  and  two  in  Uio 
oud  or  iulerineiliate.     Five  monthia  tatt-r,  or  w 
tbe  cinae'wan  diM-onlinued,  tbete  nine  men  bad 
attained   th<-*   eecund   grade,  and   the   two 
originstlT  had  miitntnlnM  their  atan^lioK-     At 
piTEent  time  of  w  ritiaR,  dix  have  m»chrd  the  fli 
grade,  leaving  Ave  in  the  areond ;  iumI  of 
latter,  two  have  every  prospoct  of  readting 
(iret  by  tbe  beginning  of  Hay. 

The  average  mnrklng  of  these  eleven  men  fi 
Ihe  fell  monlhs  preecdijig  llieir  ooonw  of 
aud  while  engaged  in  abi^work,  wa»  aa  foUowat 
deni<!«nor.— 31 :  lutior,S)t ;  achool,  !,',,  orM  pa 
cent :  H  reprenciiling  the  highest  aUnimd>le  nuuk 
i  n  eafh,  or  iin  aggregate  of  0  for  the  time  n«m^ 
T>iiring  the  eo4itiiiuaiic<'  of  the  etnas,  and  in  r»- 
»ixin«e  to  the  efforts  made  lo  anxine  tbeaa  mail 


iJie.. 


■  ■    IB 


JvM  17.  lew-i 


SCLESCE. 


579 


from  thcii  Mat«  of  mMiia]  bithnrfE^.  their  marking 
la  >obw)l  Toiw  to  74  ptr  cent.  hikI  Hmt  drmranor 
prupani(inalcl,v  tniproTeil.  FYom  Novecnbrr,  1886. 
to  Ajiril.  1IJ8T,  incln8iv«,  tbe  uwd  helug  «i>i]do7«d 
as  laborers  fiDd  at  various  imluslriM,  w  bnuh- 
diHwini;,  tlieir  kViTagP  marking  ums  M  follovra  : 
demeaBor,  %^  ;  labor,  tf^ ;  nclioul,  S/g,  or  Tl  )<«« 
cent,  ^  a  great  impr<>TenK-nt  n*  comiMu-t^J  with 
Iboir  record  from  Dfvembcr,  IWH.  to  May.  1886. 
incliudve,  u  fi^vn  above.  The  record  of  tbeae 
rl«v«n  mMi  fot  curreeiMmding  i>eriods  hefurr  and 
ftfter  th«ir  ^.-our^e  of  (itij  sk-ul  irainint;  prcnt-iiU  a 
iDark«(l  contmBt. 

If  the  improrvRiMit  noted  la  (line  dtilUrtls 
during  thf  liinc  ilMty  wpre  rectplvlng  their  athletJc 
ttnminit  wdh  the  reMill  of  better  spirtts,  arlslnt; 
from  the  nnrelty  of  (heir  poaition.  aod  pride  that 
they  were  singled  uut  from  tlieir  feUow*  for  cer- 
tain work,  and  removed  in  a  meiuuiv  from  priaon 
monotony,  it  would  be  muonnblp  to  pxpt^  that 
wiUi  lh<-  rcmovnl  of  the  «tiinu)U)>,  and  tbe  return 
of  all  to  the  routiiw  prison-life,  wilh  the  comw 
quent  loss  of  the  individuality  they  might  have 
emjoyi'd,  there  would  come  sooner  or  laKr  a 
fialliDg-lNK.'k  ui)d  laiBing  into  llicir  prrviouo  Btate 
of  Hwntol  inertia.  Bui,  ivturn«d  to  tbi>  rigimt. 
_  and  di«c-iplin«  oUm?tt«1  with  other  prfwners,  thty 
dntatnofl  their  Kood  reoonl  :  and,  six  monllu 
^■flcr  the  ivriiiinatioa  of  ih«  vxpi-riincnt,  th« 
mmtol  power  rcrenlod  br  their  phy«i:«I-cultur4i 
,«oiinwha«  continued  (o  develop,  and  (lie  former 
[^ihuOIInK  Knit  and  ptooptnfc  shoulders  which  char- 

HeiiBed  tbem  a§  a  claas  Imve  been  replaced  by  an 
ilertiMM  aad  prooipUttide  of  at^'tion, 

I  do  uoi  Ihiak  the  imptovvd  uieotal  conditioD 
of  these  oii^n  can  be  allributeil  to  oihifr  than  (be 
clrrngtliriiing  of  (hi-  brain-<*nlmi  liy  the  cultiva- 
tion aiiil  devflojinipnt  of  muiwlc  and  muMlo* 
under  lIie(M>ntro1  of  tliMV  maie  nervous  oenUM, 
tbe  one  parllripntinK  and  taklnic  part  in  llw  tin- 
pniverneot  of  the  other.  From  tVie  word*  of 
commt-DdalioD  1  have  reci-ived,  and  noting  the 
prcjgrt-Mi  of  tbe  mtrn  unilt^r  conditiooii  that  oac« 
«r<!ciMK]  to  iiromiae  w>  little  to  them  hy  r«aM>n  of 
their  atupidily  and  obtiim-ntss.  I  rrgnid  my  chuw 
In  physical  culturv  as  more  than  an  rsprriment, 
—  agnccess, — aa  sbowlnf;  that  something  more 
than  tneire  brawn  can  be  aeoompllshed  by  inua- 
eutar  «xer<;lse  when  pro^jirrly  selected,  guided, 
and  go\-ecaed.  U.  D.  WsT.  ILD. 


DISTIU£RY-itlLK  REPORT.' ~U. 

IXmponsetolhei)nestKKi,  What  iayntiropinion 
H  to  Um  whoiMOmeDCM  of  dJatitlrry  Hwill  Bs  toud 
for  cowsr  Ui«  following  w>:<re  ri-celved : — 
■  OoollDiMd  Irom  p.  U& 


m  W.  Hun,  M.1X1 
1 4o  B0(  MlflTe  U  to  be  a  wboleaocae  food. 

lU  MclJIlH,  U.tLC.V.R) 

Detrimental  to  the  Birowal  beultli  of  any  ru- 
minating animal.  As  such  food  dOM  not  require 
to  be  uiaMlcaied.  or  remastlcated,  htnon  a  per- 
verted condiiion  of  tbe  nimlnatlog  npfomlnN. 

[EP*4Mit  FLiTTni.  M.D..*>lltori>t  Uin  Cuiwllui  llrallh 
Journal.} 

I  have  obfcrved  a  number  of  itvnit  la  medical 
joamaU  (of  which  I,  tm  editor  for  twelve  yeara  of 
the  Canadian  Health  journal,  hav«  reoeivod  utany), 
referring  to  (he  injuriona  effKU  of  tiM  awill  npon 
(he  milk  of  mlldi-cows  fed  with  It.  but  I  cannot 
coil  to  mind  any  tncls.  Knowing  well  tha  efflecta 
of  dirt  upon  the  organs  and  wcrelkine  of  both 
man  and  animal*,  I  am  coavince<l  that  distillery 
swill,  which  murt  cimHtitute  a  very  Imperferl 
food,  would  ftimi«h  hut  a  very  inferim  milk,  and 
that  cow«  fed  chieHy  or  largely  upon  auch  ati-ill 
give  a  milk  of  Inferior  qualliy,  and  not  lit  for 
liabtluiil  use,  enpecially  as  food  for  infantK.  Ani> 
mal  cliBinirtry  and  physiology  would  oecm  to  ren- 
der tliia  imiHMBiblo. 

|CM>aMMa(iaASim.M.D.,  rullalaliitilii.  Pdna.) 

Upon  eeneral  prindplee,  I  jud|t«  that  food 
which  break*  down  (be  cow's  oonMltution,  vptv 
much  as  chronic  alcoholi*m  (whkb  doea  not  reMi It 
in  fatty  deKeoeratlon)  dcelrnvii  the  human  oou- 
■tilutiun,  producing  diarrhoea  and  mu«eular 
alrophy,  in  not  likely  to  give  a  very  healthy  wc*o- 
Hon  of  milk,  but,  on  (be  contrary,  a  poiMMWua 
one. 

(OKM  c  nswoLT,  u.Dl,  nuowo.  ni.] 

I  have  been  oommliwiaodr  of  health  of  the  cUy 
of  Chicago  for  eleven  year*  post,  and  during  that 
period,  until  1883,  eeceral  hundred  roitch-vows 
were  oonslantly  fed  In  distillery  alieds  in  tbia 
city.  I  believe  that  diatiUery  «lop  before  it  bna 
paivcd  into  Ilie  ocvlic  acid  fermemtailon,  and  tdl 
in  proper  quanlitieM  to  cowa  ruuuiug  at  larfce,  la 
perfectly  wholeeoroo  food.  I  object  to  ao-csUed 
'distillery  milk.'  because  of  thu  cloae  aiMl  tong 
continciiK-nt  of  «>ns,  and  thi>  dirty  metboda  of 
gnthtriiig  and  storiag  the  milk.  It  In  probable, 
Aleo,  tlinl  cowH  ihun  conlined  do  not  often  raodve 
tlie  quantity  of  hny  Ibey  require  (oc  vigoioiM 
beiatth.  ThcM  conditions  must  affect  the  milk, 
wliether  cbemlsta  can  dol(H.-t  the  change  or  not. 
Not  a  eow  glvlnfc  milk  for  public  eupply  is  now 
fed  and  ccinfiued  in  a  distillery  aliod  iu  this  city, 
and  for  reMona  above  given  I  shall  oppoee  any  at- 
tempt to  do  ao. 

IWIU.ItMOUWUUlfT,  M.U.I 

I  consider  dUlillety  swill  an  ui)whole«oin»  food 
forcowe. 


680 


8CTENCE. 


ITOL.  II.,  N< 


WllL»  (t.  Tchkr,  M.t>„  prolMaor  of  Ipotfttnlc  uid  la- 
•lyUcal  obooiMnr.  Attmny  iiMdIOkl  i.'OlMc*.) 

I  am  oppoAed  Co  the  use  of  nicb  wnata  as  a  chief 
or  exclnslve  dkt  tor  milch- cattle,  ihoiiKh  I  Ao 
nut  b«li«v«  that  the  ft«d  ia  the  sole  cauM  of 
diauuo  mmong  catUu  la  awitl-atabLea,  or  of  the 
poor  milk  [umishcd  by  thL-ai. 

IK  H.  BiHTLiT,  34.D.1 

Unwholesome  both  to  cows,  and  to  the  children 
fed  npon  the  milk. 

[WtLLUM  K.  timwKn,  M.D.J 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  it  b  an  unwbolMome 
food,  and  that  tlie  milk  produced  bj  cuvn  uatog 
it  i"  nol  heiiltbful. 

Tlicr«<  has  been  a  great  ilea]  on  this  subject  pub* 
liithcd,  and  all  Ihp  Oinnnan  autlioritiM  agriM)  that 
stall-fod  TOwa  givK  m  good  milk  ftn  thow  nUowi-d 
to  KraM,  due  att«iilioi)  lioing  paid  t«  the  SEtnltary 
ooudiUon.  In  many  0«rman  cities  the  roilk- 
MUpply  'a  oblaineil  froiu  c&ltle  tlius  cared  for.  In 
tile  lust  |n*u  Tppuria  of  Ihi.'  WiHcondn  experiuietit- 
italion,  Trry  intcTcntini;  uocounta  arc  given  about 
Hoiling  oon-H  ;  and  tbc  results,  as  to  yii-ld  luid 
c(Ualt(y  of  the  milk,  are  nt-nrly  tlie  eamr  ns  fnim 
cows  allowed  Infeod  in  the  [MMture.  In  tlienoiling 
metltod  the  food  is  all  giien  to  the  cow«  in  the 
slAils,  and  ihey  are  only  allowed  In  the  barnyard 
tor  sxcrciM,  aod  on  dear  days.  The  cowa  ar« 
tniiwd  into  milk-making  machines. 

In  the  cftw  of  dialilU^rv  swill,  the  cattle  arc  not 
only  fad  on  an  unnatural  food,  but  are  at  the  »tne 
tine  subjected  lo  very  uiuaiiltaijr  cosdltlcaei 
and  both  comUoed  cause  diarase,  M)d  Imiw  tbe 
product  mint,  cf  Deoesslty,  be  uuhealtlifuL  I  am 
prelty  CMtain  that  Ihose  ai-ieniific  m<:ii  who  ar« 
wiiling  to  indorae  thia  buainma  are  eithur  uul  ac- 
quainted with  the  subji-Tl,  or  confound  protM-r 
rioiiiiig  with  Ibc  luothridn  in  vo^uu  nt  Bliaarilie. 
Th<t  two  sysipniR  ar^  separate  and  distinct. 

[J.  Bun  WaiTK,  H.IX3 

Po«ltiv0ly  unwholesome. 

(Gioiidi  II.  RobA,  ILK) 

I  have  no  hesttatioa  In  taylnfc  that  distillet7 
anrill  Is  not  only  unhurlfnl,  but  deeinble  as  food 
for  dairy  cattle.  I  liave  wen  no  trvstworthy 
fir(d«ne«  that  the  bad  r«ull*  of  stalMeiMlinK  iu 
dairim  ar«  due  lu  thiei  food.  1  n-uuld  dcain  lo 
expmu  my  opinion  an  umpbaliciktly  as  pOMible 
upon  thin  point. 

(Paor.  Wouui  B.  Batwaa.] 
I  hav«  an  opfnCon.  founded  on  reading  rather 
than  obwrvation.  that  milk  from  cowa  fed  prin- 
cipally or  largely  oti  distill<;ry  awill  ia  ctteiiliyUff 
tiiudioletone,  but  tliat  JL^tlllery  swilt  may  be  used 


in  amall  (|UaDtillea.  aloBK  n-itli  otli«r  food,  with- 
out nerioudy  or  di-monitmbly  dnteriorating  the 
irholmom^ness  of  milk ;  tliat  the  evil  elTecl  U 
lari^ly  a  matter  of  relative  qiinntiiy  of  awill  to 
oUier  food.  Moreover,  the  surround infipa  iif  Um 
oowa  in  swill-milk  xtables  as  usually  kfpt,  umI 
aUo  the  lidalth  of  the  cows  aa  luiially  found  <n 
those  stables,  is,  or  are,  facion  cansinic  luucb  of 
the  alleged  unwhnlesumenees.  Milk  b  an  casjr 
carrier  ol  smftU  nnd  disease. 

CilKHKT  BikiinuaRiia,  M.K) 
My  Butipo»iton  ii!,  Ihat  tl  Is  rery  likely  to  con- 
tain a  r«ninunL  of  alouliol.  and  that  this  niust  in- 
terfere with  its  luitablenesct  for  c«llle-f<>od.  If 
t)ii»  Iw  KO,  it  i>  nl*<)  pnmsitiir.  that  a  Bmall  giortion 
of  alcohol  may  pa«  thmuKii  the  eow>  Mond  into 
the  milk,  lo  the  injury  of  infante  fed  upon  it. 
But  audi  pawlbllitie»  are  only  suffikleni  to  justify 
careful  imyattgafioK.  At  the  Iwet,  however,  suoh 
material  is  obviously  very  far  removed  from  tit* 
condition  of  natural  food  for  cdw«. 

[B.>LXatMtt,  M.D.) 

)  think  It  Is  not  a  wholesome  food,  uul  tbat 
llie  milk  from  swill-fed  cows  is  exctestwly  acid, 
divompoaee  early,  and  predispoMa  to  diaturbanoee 
of  digestion. 

[W.Siaoii.  Pu.I)il 

My  opinion,  Invied  on  my  examinatioa  Id  1883 
and  numerous  iilxiervations  mad»  in  various  lo- 
oalltiM  atnce  tbat  time,  U  that  -  nu-ill,'  wbeo  uaod 
Id  moderate  quantities  alongside  of  plenty  of  bay, 
grass,  or  other  similar  foo<j.  i*  a  hlebly  rnluahle 
article  for  feeding  cnltle.  On  the  other  aide,  awiU 
becomee  dangeroua  when  fed  in  too  lar^  quant)- 
lios,  most  likely  on  accuutit  of  its  high  pei 
of  nitrogenous  matter. 

[cuiiiuu  AatiKoaK.  M.D..  Doolder,  Cel.l 
If  wade  an  exdunive  diet,  unwlioteaume  ;  |f  net  { 
exceeding  onoiiuarter  of  whole  diet,  and  good 
paatumge  always  at   hand,  nolhlni;  very    <Wtrt- 1 
mental  in  diatlllcry  food  that  I  liave  ae«n. 

CA,  J,  Bowi.  M-1).,  ClnolnlmU,  O.J 

Distillery  nlop  blackens  the  teeth  oC  Icine,.— 
coKH  or  oxen.  — makes  their  braaih  off^isira, 
gives  them  diarrhoea,  and  weakena  tlie  musontar 
system  to  a  deicree  that,  though  fat.  the  creatniva 
can  hardly  walk.  The  above  I  kuuw  from  obT^ 
aervaliOD. 

IKOnuiH  8.  Dhiouk.  U.D.] 

Tbat  it  Is  an  unnatural  food:  almost  aurc. 
sooner  or  later,  locause  some  diseaae  in  t)ii>  cowa, 
unlets  il  is  Freely  mixed  with  a  large  <)uuni[ty  ot 
<ithpr  anil  mure  mitural  fond.  UiinlMleaa  tlie  con- 
plainta  rrftared  tti  undvr  No.  2  wctv  maiiUi 


4 


4 


iwm  17.  1M70 


SCIENCE, 


581 


CWM  irherv  the  milk  u««<]  vtur  from  rows  (b* 
faMtth  ot  u-lilcb  had  uD(ler){on«  eome  delerl oration 
'  txota  the  diet  referred  to. 

\i.  L  lUHiLTOM.  M.Ii..  i>aaria.IIL) 
Since  our  dairies  have  been  i«mOT«d  to  tli« 
country,  and  the  cowa  f«d  ou  other  focKl.  and 
oolite  >Jd|i  mill  uti«il.  ibc  effect  of  the  !4ill-Mi>i>  in 
not  noiin^i.  Of  coum-,  thrrv  nro  ixlirr  thingiH 
ns  wpll  nil  Ihe  oloii.  When  ron-ii  nru  kept  u|>  in 
hams,  atid  fed  odIj  od  8t)ll«lop,  Ihe  air  l\\vy 
breathe  In  ver;*  impure,  and  tbey  will  driiik  Iwl 
tittle  w»Ut  aad  bare  no  exercise.  Tbin  coalritiuiea 
to  tho  nnhealthinem  of  dairy  milk. 

EC.  A.  RoiULLiiiii.  M.D.J 

Kuon-jiig  that  tliis  nmiter  in  eilensively  used 
in  some  pnrtti  lea  fnliening  purpuicv,  and  ttiat 
lieultliy  lieef  in  broiiKbl  to  Ihn  market  as  a  r«4iilt 
of  this  nn)d«-  of  fpedinj:,  I  would  incllnp  mi  the 
belief  that  tlie  milk  from  cows  so  ted  ii  all  right.  I 
am  not  piepareil.  however,  to  state  piMitirely  that 
It  aliould  be  bo  uiKlt-r  all  ivrtuiuilaiicee. 

[JftHtaE.  lUxvn.-U.D..  Wberllal;  W.\'4.,  tormerlr  Korv. 
Ury  (Inla  XxMri  ot  tMBllB.  ] 

My  obcirrTntion.  from  tiif>  ttn  nil -point  of  tfie 
general  practitioner  of  medlcme.  fully  warrania 
line  belief  that  ilie  mdk  of  i«wn-feJ  cowb  —  feed- 
ing on  slops,  garbnfcr,  and  hrewcry  refuse  —  is 
dnn^rvius  to  thi^  public  hmltlt. 

tllXKUT  IX  HoiLTON.  M.t).,  DrAUIabamucb,  vc] 
Here  in  Vemjont  we  do  not  have  any  thing  of 
tlie  kind  :  yet  tvo  nr«  well  awan-  (hat  the  food  of 
the  (K>w  hn*  much  to  do  with  Ihc  qiinllty  of  the 
milk  and  butter,  tn  »nninier.  dairyman  know 
front  experience  and  obnervation  that  thero  in  n 
threat  difference  In  the  paalur««.  WIten  con's  ara 
in  some  pnnlures.  the  milk,  and  eApecially  the  but- 
ter, is  much  beltvr  than  when  in  uiherii-  Many 
praple  can  tell  l>ulti.-r  mnde  wbi-n  the  cnwn  are 
fod  on  ootlnniwed-nipul  iu^ifnd  of  I'om-mrnl.  It 
la  alao  true  tliat  the  inltk  of  cowk  wlio  are  worried 
or  frightened  will  sour  much  quicker  Ihan  when 
not  iM>  worried.  Iiifanln  feil  witli  the  milk  of 
cows  worried  or  lieateil  l>j  running  (as  Ea  aome* 
time!  done  by  boys  in  bringing  them  from  iht- 
pBsturrt  will  suffer  from  colic,  and  ofirn  from 
diarrhoea.  Hierie  is  do  doubt  in  my  miud  that 
swill  from  distilleries  would  produce  a  vvry  poor 
i|uality  of  luUk. 

[IX  L.  niAan,  ILD.,  mvraber  ot  hmm  bourl  ul  bealUi,  Aiif- 
collurKl  coUeee  P.O.,  Miu.} 

That   it  is  unwholesome.     In  «nnll  <|tumtity. 

ooinbined  with  plenty  of  good,  xnind  normal (x>w- 

food,  it  may  do  no  s^-rioin  injury  ;  but  in  any  con- 

stilerable  i)uan(ity  it  if,  in  my  opinion,  UDwhole- 

aoine.    Th«  nature  and  condition  of  the  subtlaace 


wem  to  mo  to  jtMlff  this  opinion.  True,  it  may 
for  a  time  wem  to  improve  the  coaditiuu  of  tho 
cow,  but  even  then  the  pliysiologiit  and  pMlholo- 
gist  can  detect  evidencen  of  darnxgu. 

[O.  h.  LiaaM,  BaltlmoTv,  MiLI 

I  would  unhe«ltatiDgly  prefer  other  than  milk 
from  cows  «o  fed,  not  only  for  tite  rettaon  of 
i-luiracter  of  food,  hut  also  for  the  manner  of 
treatment  of  the  animals,  —  hou«tng,  etc, 

[R.  BiRTXT  Rcni,  (Diirtuirr  Oblonau  iwvd  ot  bctiib.] 
I  tliink  distillery  awfU  to  very  ob^etlonable 
food. 

[L.  U.  KiKVO»,  K-D.  BnffklO,  K.T.) 

I  think,  from  what  I  have  read  from  time  to 
tinte,  and  know  from  what  little  I  have  seen, 
that  it  is  most  di-cidtdly  detritnenul,  although  I 
can  now  gi^c  no  detail,  or  specially  indiriduol 
coses. 

(J.  F.  K>»l»T,  M.tl..*n.-r«urr  lowasMMlKHtcdot  EiBBlUi. 
U«  Uolaes,  lo,  ] 

Upon  general  principles,  I  should  consider  eiioh 
food  as  injurioiii  to  the  cows,  und  hence  produc- 
tiv«  of  milk  injurioui  to  iIiuk'  using  it,  especially 
to  children  largely  dependent  ujion  it. 

IF.  ?C.  Bosks.  saslisiT  enclucor.  MonlTMl.  Can.] 

Decidedly  unwliolexome.  It  soon  ac(|ulie8  ft 
rotten  flavor,  luid  ia  deospttve  on  to  nourishment. 
Duiing  onr  long  Canadian  wint^  in  Montfcal,  & 
good  deal  ot  awlll  is  given  to  mllch-cowa  to  hi* 
creaee  the  (low  of  milk  :  and,  as  the  mortality 
among  young  children  is  very  great  In  this  city,  I 
Rttribule  it  lo  lite  poor  quality  of  the  tnilk.  etc 

{Tib*  AinrvsMHl.] 


EXPLORATION  AND  TttAVEL 

Lieutenant  Wimitann't  fscpedition. 

In  Seiente  of  A|uil  S3  we  referred  to  Lieul«nant 
Wiwmann'i  trip  fnxu  Luluahurg  to  the  Lubllosb. 
A  letter  from  Wiisuinnn  which  wa*  published  In 
Ihe  lVrft'iiirfiK7t(jrii  drr  fliinllartui/l  /"•■  Erdkutute, 
Aiiril.  1S87.  contain*  Ihc  fidlowlug  inrererliiiL-  de- 
tnils.  Ue  AHceoded  (he  Luhia  as  far  as  Kateude 
[the  Mluation  of  which  may  be  Men  On  our  map 
of  Ccntnil  Africa}.  Here  he  visited  Ihe  jiiand 
Lulnmba  Falls,  which  are  Ihe  termination  of  the 
njivlgtible  part  of  the  Luluu.  He  Itad  some  difB- 
culty  iu  crossing  the  river,  on  account  ot  the  hoa- 
tilily  of  tlie  natives.  He  proceeded  eastward,  and, 
after  oraming  the  river  Moio  on  a  bridge,  reached 
Tcnda-Mola.  Here  la  tJie  boundary  between  the 
Bashilange  and  Bagna-Kaloeh,  who  belong  to  the 
Dalnbn.  The  K«loBh  and  their  eastern  neighbors 
live  In  oniall  vlllagm  of  from  four  to  ten  Iiohmos. 
which  are  rarrouDded  by  fields  in  which  tbeT9 


k 


68S 


8CTEMVE. 


{Tou  IX.,  Wo.i 


|p0w  sweet-polatoee.  liine,  and  manioc  of  A  poor 
quUtj.  There  U  atarcely  a,Dy  unimltlvat«d  land, 
one  field  adjoining  tbo  oiher,  and  one  village  be- 
ing close  to  the  olber.  Wlicrerer  B  pak-b  of  uu- 
cultivntod  bnd  exists,  it  is  pmirie,  with  i»caltcn->d 
ahrtibM  three  ftwl  in  ht^ight.  The  land  Ix  not 
vats  tfifUXo,  and  does  not  jield  Urge  cropn.  On 
the  Bleep  briolis  which  form  the  nstereheds  there 
ore  a  few  large  trees.  The  banks  of  broolta  and 
rivers  are  bairen,  and  in  sume  jdaoetr  the  hills  and 
plains  are  fo»erwl  with  graniti;  bowldt-ra.  Verj' 
few  bananas  are  grown  in  thv  villii^jeH.  The  men 
an  tuty  tail,  ruid  have  hi-arj-  booi^.  They  wear 
hMd-dnmeR  mBde  of  trntheni,and  hare  their  hnir 
uruiited  in  a  thick  knot  on  the  Iwck  part  of  (he 
bead,  and  In  numerous  Hninll  knots  in  front.  Their 
•pears  are  generally  niaJe  of  haixl  wood :  thcjr 
ft]wK<rt  cftrr>-  a  club,  ami  U3i?  Ihe  l>road  knifi-  of 
tlio  Luuda.  Wioamunu  considers  (liem  one  of  the 
flnaal-lookinK  pcoplm  of  Ceniml  Africa. 

It  w«»  imponlblo  to  buy  any  tiling,  as  the  popu- 
lation was  too  dense.  Small-pox  Is  eudemical. 
Oa  the  BurhlmaTl,  a  western  trlbiiiary  of  th« 
Lubllasli,  the  nativm  attacked  the  caravan,  and 
Wiannunn  yraa  coinjielled  to  rvtuni  to  Lulunburg, 
In  OcloU-r,  t^S.  hv  ntartvd  on  hi*  journey  to  the 
unknown  district  lH.'twi<rn  the  .Sanhuru  and  Ibr 
Upper  Kong».  He  wriim  that  the  nntii-eti  in- 
formed blu  of  the  existence  of  lalctn  sinjiliir  to 
Lake  Hantumbu  and  I^ke  Leopold  in  thin  region. 
It  is  worlh  mnarkiui;,  tliul.  according  to  Dr. 
WoITh  observniions,  Ibe  Roiikiiru  ha»  no  tribu- 
tariot  on  its  right  bank.  Tliere  are  only  a  few 
•mall  brook*,  which  have  black  water.  This 
shows  that  they  come  from  a  awanipy  region. 
The  Busera,  Jiini>a,  and  Lubiliuh.  on  the  otiier 
hand,  which  come  from  Iht?  same  n^ion,  have 
water  of  a  light  y«lluwiah  odor.  Winnionnu  in- 
tends lo  exploTL-  thin  wntemhcd.  and  to  reach  the 
Kongo  near  Kyaagwe. 

In  regard  to  tlie  nnahJlange  and  Bateke  tribes, 
Winmtinn  says  that  t>r<ibably  Baluba,  wbo  emi- 
gTftled  from  l1>e  ui)per  LuUlash,  ioterruarrird  with 
a  people  similar  to  the  dwarllish  Walwa.  Of  (bcse. 
the  Bashilaiigt-  uud  Bateke  are  the  dt-acvnilante. 
In  tlit'ir  distriot^  no  Iriiie  of  dwarB«h  riatiue  ex- 
iHla,  whili!  tlii'.v  miiT  bo  found  nmong  the  Bakuba. 
Da«onge,  WanytioiB,  and  Baluba.  The  Bnluhn 
oorupy  the  wlmle  trrrilory  us  far  eaal  an  tlte 
Tangan}ikn,  l.uhnga.  and  Lake  Meru.  The  King 
of  Lunda,  the  Muala  Vanivo.  U  of  Balulm  dniceiil. 
The  remarks  on  (he  anthn>t>o1ogi(-al  fentiirta  of 
(be  BaelUlaug«  agree  with  tti<f  riewnof  It.Virchow, 
«xpi(Med  Mme  months  ago  <FrrA.  rfpr  anthrop. 
Ot»..  Berlin,  1896),  wh«n  diwnning  the  t«luabte 
anthropological  m«asurements  and  Ibe  akulli  col- 
Isctod  by  Dr.  Wolf  on  bia  memorable  joumci>-H  in 


iet*<I  by 
tl>e  iMti-^^ 
terrfto-^l 

I 


4 


Central  Africa.  Vlrchow  aaya  that  the  aiitbropo- 
logical  featured  of  ih<«e  tribni  ore  thnno  of  a 
uiUed  race,  the  negro  typa  prevailing.  H«.  dor« 
not  «spreM  ati  opinion  bm  to  the  »c«md  rlcmcnt. 
His  concIUKion*  are  mpporte<l  and  completed  by 
Wifwniann'«  ethnological  observations  on  tlie  iMiti' 
«xietenceof  a  dwarD^b  population  in  the 
ries  inhabited  by  the  Boahilange, 

aafo. 

OenemI  Igiuitit-f,  governor  of  eautcm  Ribt-rlo, 
has  proposed  the  cxjiloratinn  of  jMutof  ll)o  fron- 
tiers Itetween  Ruaiin  and  China.  A  tnrice  expedi 
tion  is  iMiing  ei)iijpped,  which  is  lo  vlftit  tJi« 
Salanxky  Mountains  and  the  Kwoogol  west  of 
Irkutsk,  Colonel  Bobyz  ia  the  leader  of  tho  ex- 
pedition, wliicii  will  lost  from  flvi>  to  MX  months  . 
|0(W,  geogr..  Mar  \B). 

The  Imperial  g<f>gmphical  oociety  of  8t. 
hurg  propovea  to  study  the  per!<xllcal  nhwacM 
and  thegradualdeelccatioiior  ehel.ikeaof  weM«ra 
SDierla  The  plan  of  the  work  is  desiiniod  by 
Potanln,  Yadriutzef.  and  other  Rumian  exploren 
of  northern  A^ia.  the  president  of  tlie  oommltte«i 
being  Mr.  HtebiiilEky. 

Mr.  B.  C.  Henry  hao  mode  a  aecond  visit  to 
the  Iskoil  of  lluitnun.  lie  riiiited  the  nlMri^^nva 
of  the  mountain  region,  reaching  tiM  geogmpbi- 
eal  centre  ot  the  Lee  territory,  and  deinonxiratlng 
tJu>  fact  that  this  region,  supposed  (o  bo  impaaaa- 
ahle.  call  'le  craverned  from  OB»t  to  wt-nt  and  from 
north  to  900111  with  cum|iarative  cum-  {Proc.  So§, 
gfoffr.  KK..  June). 

A  Beuicf'"  I'-lrgrnro  tmin  8.  Panl  de  Lowoda. 
dated  May  96  iScoltuh  gfvffi;  mag..  June),  an- 
nounces the  arrtTtl  of  Mr.  Stanley'a  exficdttion  at 
Leo{)oldville  on  April  iO,  nil  well,  and  tJic  <le- 
pnrturi!  of  the  timio  liody  nine  days  inli-r, 

IjC  moitvemenl  gtographUjiie  jitiblbliirs  a  liri«f 
description  of  the  ■•xjitonilion  of  ihe  river  Inkiiaj, 
whlcl>  empties  into  the  Kongo  near  8l«uley  Pool, 
ooiiiiiig  from  the  <toiilh.  Tlieeiplorer,  Lieutonant 
Hakiina-icio,  started  on  Ills  ex)>editton  on  ibe  6th 
of  Noi-euilier.  For  three  days  he  paaavd  through 
a  bam-o  deaeit,  hut  llicrn  the  country  became 
more  fertile  and  9.-ttle<l.  Thia  obnervalion  is  of 
•oina  im|H>rtnnc-c  on  aceoiint  <>f  the  diii|iut«d  ex- 
tent of  the  Imrrrn  district  on  the  wwt  coaat  of 
Africa.  From  ail  obeervalions,  it  appears  th hi  iIm 
region  of  the  lower  Kongo,  though  generally  very 
dry  and  barren,  contains  numerous  putcltes  of 
fertile  land.  The  population  o(  Ibu  InkiMi  coik> 
silts  ninlnly  of  Bakongo. 

Mr.  J.  T.  IjisI,  who  lio*  followpd  »p  the  woolc 
of  Mr.  O'Neill  by  exploring  th»  N'nmnll  BUla  aatl 
the  Lukngu  valley,  boa  arrived  at  Kancitiar.     B* 


\ 


Jvra  17,  ISST.J 


SCIENCE. 


B8S 


liu  c»rri«d  out  the  pfug^ramnw  of  liis  joorouy . 
tbough  be  found  %ht  suinmil  of  IIh!  Knonuli  Uilb 
Inaeewslble,  and  in  Kldition  travcrMd  ihe  wbot« 
r^Klon  a  mcond  limr,  MriliiDx  into  t)i«i  inif^or 
rrain  Kwilitnaac,  nnd  cm«rgini[  nt  Ibo  on  tbe 
Muzatubi()ui!  coont  (/Voc.  Rog.  fffogr.  mx.,  June). 

Under  the  anspioM  of  the  Italtmi  geographical 
BOctety.  Coiinl  Ermanno  Strodellt  from  Plaoeata, 
who  1ia«  travelled  for  maov  j'enni  on  tfa«  Amazon 
tmil  ItH  ttlbuUili^. 'u  gning  to  cxtitort'  llw  liead 
wat«ra  of  iJw  OrimxTH,  irhich  wrre  rJKit4Hl  in  Ihp 
V'^nninK  of  thtoyirnr  h;  ClinfFanjon  (BolI.Sw. 
groffr.  Hal.,  Maj), 

Pmf.  I>r.  R.  A.  Phllippl  urrltea  to  Memu\nn'» 
MUtheiiungm  IhHt  the  Oiilian  govern lutnt  ban 
neat  out  two  eipiHlElions  to  survey  tlw  boiiiKiary 
bctweni  CliUi  and  the  Arffrntine  tV^niblic  from 
Bio  Pnldtn  to  thr  lAw  of  YiUnrics.  It  ap|K»r« 
that  llip  CordtllcTn  in  f ituaied  In  ClillUn  t^rrltorj. 
while  th0  watershed  betveeo  the  Ailotitic  and 
Pacillc  oceans  nhich  (onne  the  houndary.  liM 
«aat  of  the  Diouniains.  a1>out  l.SiX)  feet  high. 
One  of  Ihe  evpedltiuns  will  eruai  (he  Raoco  pa*a 
cost  of  Vsldivia,  uiid  tt-'lurn  tiy  the  poai  Ot  Vil- 
(nrioji.  The  lime  allowed  to  tlic  (•xpcdition  it 
from  two  to  two  had  a  half  montlis. 


HEALTH  MATTERS. 


YMJjOW-revits  AT  KsY  Wmr.  — Theexlslence 
of  yellow-fevcT  at  Key  Wecl  Is  otBciatly  recog- 
nized and  drclarod  epuleniic  by  its  board  of  health, 
la  a  proclamation  Imieil  hy  that  bwly.  It  is  stated 
that  an  effort  )e  beJofc  made  to  conceal  cases,  aiid 
lu  miltl  the  health  oAtoers.  Tlie  boar  J  annouucie* 
that  a  bulletin  will  each  day  at  noon  ^re  the 
atatiu  of  the  epidemic,  naming  ii«wcaw«,  dcathi, 
and  rei'OWrle*.  Kepurts  arp  ii-cjuircd  from  every 
houaeholdcr  of  any  Bivkiiew  whkb  may  occur  Id 
hi*  family.  Unacclimatitd  pcnons  are  required  to 
i»move  from  Ibu  inCi'cted  ili)iri<-l,  nnd  araadrlaed 
to  leav*  ihr  ialniid.  Pr<i|)rielors  of  saloons  are 
esjiectally  culled  upon  to  refuxe  drinks  to  tbote 
inclioed  to  Bbu»e  the  use  of  tbe  same,  ^nco  mich 
persons  talieu  « illi  fever  are  nearly  liupulMx  cities. 
Bad  (brlr  deaths  add  lu  the  m<>rtnlity  list,  and 
tend  to  iucrcnw  murlstity  among  oth«m. 

pLKt;iii(>-pxxciio!ttA  nr  WBncHBsrBK.  — There 
bas  bMD  an  extenflre  ontbreak  of  oooia^oui 
pleiiro-pn^iinionia  smoiii;  the  cattle  near  Uolden'M 
Bridge.  Weelt heeler  eouuiy.  N.Y.  In  one  of  the 
affeded  herds  there  uri-  two  buudml  and  »lsty 
hend  of  cutllf.  In  uUdition  to  this,  several 
amaller  herds  are  iilIc^tiKl.  The  cwtlle  hare  be«ii 
appniiiNsl  under  the  ilin.'0(io:i  of  the  U.  S.  bureau 


of  animal  iiiduslry.  of  which  Dr.  D.  C.  Salmot)  b 
chlrf.  and  are  Wag  sbughtered.  It  is  tbe  bof>e 
of  Dr.  Salmon  to  eradicate  tlie  dlsraM  from  the 
c«uiHy. 

yOTES  AND  NEWS. 

As  ^rcAiu  /«»■  Ge»ehkhU  tier  Pkilomphit  will 
shortly  appear  in  Berlin.  Tlui  editor-in-chidf  b  to 
be  Prof.  Ludwig  Stein  of  Zurich. 

—  The  Athenaeum  announom  tltat  tito  well- 
knowD  Siri-didb  bntonisl.  Prof.  Johan  Edvard 
ArtnehouK.  died  at  Stocklioliik  on  the  >lh  of  May. 
Re  was  Inm  In  1811,  and  worked  uudM- Ai;aTdh 
and  Fries  at  Lund.  Ue  was  mode  reader  in 
botany  at  that  univenily  in  1B39.  and  in  1658  was 
appointed  to  suoored  Elias  FYiea  m  pffofenor  of 
botany  at  the  University  of  Upnala.  Among  hi* 
numerous  publications,  thoee  best  known  are  his 
'  Symbolae  algaram  florae  Scandiaaviae,'  bis 
■  loonogtaphia  pbycloto^HA.'  and  liis  *  Phyceae 
DULriiu«.'  AreMboug  retired  frum  bu  «baii  in 
1)474.  On  the  lame  day  the  Swedbh  *tetii4ical 
writer,  Dr.  FVedrik  Thnidar  B^rs.dicd  In  Stock- 
holm, to  bis  eiKhty-finl  year. 

—  MeMrs.  John  Wiley  &  Sons.  New  Tork.ha^c 
JMued  ail  admirable  catalogue  of  tbeir  pubUc*- 
tions.  which  cover  every  department  of  tbe 
niathetitaticn]  aoiencM  and  of  englneerUig. 

—  Ttie  second  number  in  the  series  of  mono- 
grapha  on  political  economy  and  public  law,  edited 
by  Prof.  Edmuiul  J.  JaTii««,  and  publlf>l»eil  by 
the  L'niwrsily  of  Pennsylvania,  «'ill  shortly  ap- 
]>ear.  It  Imata  of  tlie  anti-rent  nuts  in  New 
York,  1S30-~4lt>an  important  but  hitherto  almoat 
entirely  neglected  chaptrr  in  Amrricnn  rcnnomic 
hiatory.  Tbe  autlMr,  &lr.  E.  P.  Cheyney,  in- 
■trui'tor  of  history  in  the  Univeivlty  of  Penn* 
tylvanifl.  Hn<h>  tlie  soume  of  the  dlfDculties  which 
In  many  riatpccla  leiembte  the  present  Irish  land- 
troubles,  in  th*  p^nliar  land  iiniurrs  of  early 
New  York.  A  vivid  deocriptioii  U  ifxivn  uf  tlie 
riae  and  progme  of  the  riiits  nod  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  numeronn  and  im|>orlant  changes  In 
tiM)  conatitution  auil  laws  of  the  state,  wlilch 
f<rilawed  M  a  remit  of  th><  muvemenL 

—  Oil  Friday.  May  18,  the  Hon.  Ion  Orant 
Neville  Keltb-Falcencr  died  at  Aden,  and  with 
him  one  of  Englnnd'a  mmi  prominng  ncliolarv 
pA^ei'd  away.  Mr.  Keith- Pa Inoner  was  bom  in 
IE>30,  and  ^radiuite^  at  Trinilf  CoU«C«,  Cam- 
briilge.  in  ISTti.  attaining  high  honors  In  Itomitie 
language*.  After  a  perlcxl  of  stitdy  in  Geniutny 
and  the  ensl,  he  became  tit-brew  leetiirvr  at  Clam 
college :  and  on  tlw  rfsignntiuu  ot  Pmfeamr 
Robc-rtaon  Smith  In  Junis  1886,  he  wa*  appointeA- 


584 


SCIENCE, 


[Vol-  IX..  Me 


lotil-alnionci^  reader  In  Ainbic  for  the  UnivrrMty 
of  Cnratirldictb  His  ]>1lblh^ller1  wrltinKS  niv  jirinct' 
pally  on  philological  topics;  aiul  ()i«  article  on 
'Sliortliaetl.'  in  tbc  'BncictoiKirdia  Uriunnica,'  \% 
ttom  liiH  |Kii. 

—  The  twMity-wconrl  toIuqio  ut  tiiv  '  Encyolo- 
pawlin  IlrJtniinitn,'  i'om|>lMin;c  tbo  1^tt«r  '  S.'  la 
now  rraJi-,  The  prinripnl  lilcTnry  nnd  iciimlillc 
nttirtps  are,  -Tlie  sonnei.'  by  Mr,  Theoilorr' Watts : 
' SopliocleB,"  by  PrurMaurCamiibell  ;'8iwiilshlil«T* 
aiurv,'  by  M.  Uuivl  Fstio.  tht  tir?)  Sjmni^li  scboUr 
in  Buru|<«  ;  ■  fJwudiHb  lit^rnUire,'  by  Blr.  Ooase  j 
■Syrioc  litcmUirc,'  bj-  Protm-or  WriKlit :  'Dean 
Mauley .'  hy  thr  jirmipnt  dean  o(  WptiliuinBtt-r : 
'Socrntt*.'  by  H.  Jnclwon  ;  ■Sloio-.'  by  D.  Htrfcs  : 
•Sluvs.'  by  Mr.  HoiflU  ;  •  Slaveiy."  by  Dr.  Ingmm  : 
■8kel*l"n,'  by  Prof.  St.  Oeorc*  Sliiart ;  ■Spongr*," 
by  Dr.  Kollaa  ;  '  Stc^m-^nicliio,'  by  I^ffwor 
Bwlng  ;  '  Sun,'  by  Mr.  Lockyer  ;  •  Surlace."  by 
Pr«f«*or  Cnyley  :  ■  Siirs«Tj-."  by  Prures^ur  Cbiene 
and  tbrcf  olhi-r  i'ontnbu(cir> :  '  Spiritunliion,'  by 
Mr*.  Hpnry  Sidgwick  ;  nnd  -Snord,'  by  Pror.  F. 
pDllo<:k. 

—  Theuiuc  of  the  Honujmimal  dated  Janv  IS 
ctmloina  n  ruotl  coniploto  suinim-r-i'tw-rt  t:'<'d<'. 
Wherr  to  'tart  frotn,  how  to  go.  wbnt  it  costn  tii 
Stay,  thp  nntiirtkl  atUaclionn'oI  the  ditTrrv'Dt  r<>- 
giona,  and  tb#  scoaainiodalloiiB  olTereil  by  i\w 
imriotiB  boifU  Ht  tbe  auiDOier-rnxirto,  ar«  all  very 
(iUaily  nnd  faithfully  set  dott^n. 

—  Hon.  Dnvid  A.  WrtU  will  cimtHbuh'  tci  th« 
July  Popular  itienct  monlMy  tliP  fliW  of  an  im- 
portant eerlra  of  [>appn>  on  *  The  w^unooijc  dt«- 
tutluiucr«  alnce  19'S.'  Mr.  Welli  propinreH  lu  n*- 
view  ihe  liislorj'  ti{  thfi^e  ilitturbnpcM.  and  to 
point  out  ttgpncit0  to  which  unch  widr-iciichin|{ 
omamMcJal  d<-prre«ii>n  may  bn  proprrty  attrib- 
ntad. 

—  The  two  latent  monoKrajili*  iwu^l  by  the 
American  hbtorical  na^orintk-n  oif  'History  of 
tbc  doctrine  of  comels.'by  fii-Presidenl  Andrew 
D.  Whit*-  of  Cornell:  and  'William  f«elins, 
faun  Irr  of  the  Dutch  au'l  Swi-dinh  Wwi  India 
coDip»ni<it,'  by  Dr.  J.  F.  Jnmmuu  i>r  Ji>hn8  Hop- 
hbM  t  ^rer«l^. 

'.F  pTt^Knm  made  in  ('ducnlinic  lh«  oegroei 
of  tile  (outh  will  be  wt  forth  in  Tht  Anierican 
mf.-jastnt  for  July.  The  Hev.  S.  W.  <:ulrpr, 
prrtiil<-nt  of  BUliop  collei^',  Texas.  dc«cribr«  Ihe 
nioibods  cif  inrtruclinn,  and  llic  mcnsure  of  auo- 
ceM  HttninnJ. 

—  Prof.  M.  Mas  MQIIci'b  three  lecliirTt)  —  ■  Tlw 
rtmpllrlly  ot  lanitiiaffe,'  *  The  identity  of  laiiguo)^ 
aiKl  IbouKbt.'  and 'Theftltnplicity  of  tliout;hc'— 
giwn  at  the  Boyal  iiiMitutlon,  London,  lout  Uarcb, 


ha*(!  bera  accunNJ  for  ibc  columna  of  That 
court,  Cbicaso.  The  ilret  of  lh«N  imnarkal 
lectnres  was  contributed  to  ll>e  Hay  numlier  nf 
the  Fortni^Og  rvcvrtc;  the  utber  two  bavv  not 
been  piiblinhed.  nnd  will  Iw  printed  fur  thv  firvt 
llnic  lu  The  oprn  court,  and  from  the  nutbora 
miinuHcript.  Tlie  publication  of  th«w0  laclorta 
commenced  in  Thr  opfx  tvMrt  of  Jime  9, 

—  The  HarvanI  unicertitg  butMin  annuunciM 
that  the  corporation  buve  auttiori«Ml  tbe  publico* 
lion,  tliroUKh  Charles  Scrilmn'H  Sona,  of  a  mr- 
niorinl  <<iIilion  of  the  liit<'  Prof.  K  A.  Sojihoclca' 
'  (irrc-k  lexicon  of  the  Roman  nnd  Bj^aanline 
peri^xlft.'  under  the  OTer«i«;ht  of  Prof,  Joaeph 
Henry  Thayer. 

—  Charles  L.  WeUter  &  Co..  Ihe  publtah*-! 
eeut  Mr$.  Grant  n  check  fiir  933.384.!^  Ia»t  in 
asnddiiionnlproflldonGeniTiilOtvnt's  '  MemolrSi'^ 
She  bns  received  thus  far  nenrly  NiW.OIW,  vrhich 
la  protiably    Ihe  largeel  amount  of  mon«3r  «v| 
earned  by  the  writing  of  a  single  book. 

—  Cnpples  A  Hiird  hnrr  In  jirv|Hiration  a  life  at 
Commodore  Mnttlu'W  C.  Perry,  wlio  was  t-u  In- 
ttnimental  in  opening  Ihe  porta  of  Ja|>an  U^  the 
world.     It   will  itive  a  romplet«  history  at  tliis 

■  typical  naval  olHcer"  from  tlie  tiu»  wIh-&,  aa  a 
midikhipmnn,  he  served  In  tfa«  war  of  181$,  tot 
treaty  with  Japan. 

—  Meum.    MacDiillan  *  Co.    have    publUhM 

■  DynaniicH  for  beKinners,'  by  Rer.  J.  (i.  Ijo>-k. 
This  work  ban  U-i-n  written  in  tlie  hope  <>f  sn|i|>ly- 
iptt  a  want,  wbirb  many  icnehTTti  h«r«  felt,  itf 
book  which  exi>lsini>  the  elemi-ninry  principle 
dynamics,  and  at  iheenmc  time  illnatrutea  tb 
by  nuuieroua  easy  mnnerical  exantptesaiittAl,!^  for 
use  in  sebooU  with  boyd  of  urdinarr  matltemat- 
ical  nttainmenli.  It  must  be  rei;rvit4.'cl,  however, 
that  the  aul  hor  bns  seen  lit  to  suggevt  naoiMi  for 
the  unite  of  velodty  and  accdention,  u  th« 
■eienci- of  pbyi^ics  ihrenleim  to  lie  overburdeoed 
with  an  utmc-cesiuiry  uonienclamre. 


olr«M 

*ich^ 


^      I 


■M 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 


•.■rhf  atUnMm  iif  irlmlifii  mat  I'l  taliti  ta  Iha 

on  tKonl  brit/  jHiftMinarv   mUm  sf  UHr  i    ^ 

IV«hI|I  rvpla  tj On  hhmIt  miUtntna  Ml  "mmuutimltm 

JM  nlOer  trill  It  flat  la  j'UbliiA  »nf  fwrtH  fenantmtl  wMt 
(A«  fhararltr  n)  thr  JniininL 

Corrttj-nn*\ti\itaif  frqi^fHrA  l»  ftj  aj  ^rU/a*  f^tmihlt.     nk# 

The  Charleston  carthqnak*. 

Tna  ■dmimbl(>  pnpn  ou  the   '  Chiulc«ton 
miakii '  in  Srimrr  of  May  30,  by  llnmn.  thitton 
Bayden,  i*  an  lUuatratlou   of  what  uuiy  be 


OBIlrfH 

•«<«S.^ 


Jnra  17,  ieS7.] 


SCIENCE, 


586 


pliahcil  by  Um  pMI«tit  dm)  tebcrioM  iBVMrtlgaliaii 
ot  n  tuMW  Of  eTlifeufo.  uiurlt  at  vUeh  I*  IIBMiU<irM:- 
icry,  kud  nut  a  little  ot  tt  autruBtworlhr.  Tli»l  tbe 
|>ftp«t  oontainii  to  tnncb  tlutt  li  raluablF  imil  inumt- 
uig  is  grsntljr  to  Uie  credit  o(  iu  anUion ;  sad  iu 
Toal  tiupoTluico  M  Ui«  moat,  lodoed  111*  mily,  alnb- 
oraln  (n«Riia*iati  of  tlint  IntvrMAlsg  MiMuta  *veat 
wliii'h  bSB  Ibiu  tnr  ujippnreil,  iccctcni  a  rnrcful  vx- 
aminulioit  ot  itJi  lucrUiad*  lUid  ounul'imioiii  oxtiPiuvly 
domrablc.  1  »i>b  to  rciuarl:  upon  n  few  poiutii.  c»ii- 
cornlnK  whirli  I  nm  roiuiirllv'l  Iu  diMMil  frum  tb« 
v(*u«  DiiircMed  iu  lli»  pn]>«r. 

Omit  Intxir  htn  cTidc&lljr  been  npt'Dclcd  oa  tbc 
ooiutiuetiou  of  the  iiuiiwjniuil  clivt;  nud  donbtlcm 
kll  tuu  been  don*  tlut  cah  b«,  witii  thv  nncurlalu 
ilatA  ATtmablo.  T«a  Mrlons  bat  v^ll.recoguir^rl 
diSirultiw  am  nwt  vUb  in  ullptupliug  Ibe  oouslruc- 
tion  (i[  'iotcDldtJ''  OQIVcn:  (iDo  im  tbo  Tftriabilily 
uid  iDCOuid«totie;r  ot  tha  iibimcal  evidtnv*)!  of  dl^ 
turbnuco,  uid  tbe  otbarlstbc  uiitvliftVililjr  i>(  bnmiio 
tMliiiimiy  M  lo  it*  (-xUtit.  Iu  <'ui(ii(|uul(M  of  mucb 
lioleuce  H  cuniiide tabic  Hrt«  oeitr  llie  origiu  mof  pn- 
■«nt  sTirloDco  shtcb  ontlwia  Ibc  iliiiluibruica  itMlf. 
■uob  an  oTortlirown  or  lUuui^td  bnililiuK*,  chluiaeva 
ovnrltiitiiHl,  iiiODUiuniladiMpIiuvd.  «tc.,  Mid  wbioli, 
tii*T«(i>r«.  athy  be  aludicd  at  leuure.  A  litllv  Dxpfrri- 
Mic«  in  tb*  eiaiuiiifttion  of  IUn  KiTt  ot  cvidrnc* 
pTOTca  «oiMlnuT*ly  tb*t  n  KfTW  ramilt  la  au  ai- 
imiMly  corapkx  tiiDolton  of  s  biru*  uiiiuber  o(  '  iu. 
dap«D(Wiil  rkrUilileH.'  uioal  of  wliicb.  imfuniUMlel;, 
are  ud  luuflt  be  aaluiowQ.  It  tlins  bccomM  difflcall 
to  dcloTDiiao  tbe  nilici  biitwecu  tiio  iar;lii»  laagtul. 
tndoa  of  anjr  ono  of  thtM  i&riabl«s,  so  lugvlj  is  lli« 
ilftlbic  result  laSveoMd  by  tbo  olben. 

Tb«Btiul*bl«w>nr«)  ol  intonuBtioD  codmhU  ^d- 
crallT  ot  Ibii  cIIbcu  of  tli4  diklurbuiCM  ujiou  •true. 
tarvi  iif  lArimis  kiiKls.  Kotbiue  un  be  tuuie  con- 
IlictiugtbAu  tile  leBiiltEot  BiK^bobwrintiotiii.  ptod  oa 
ajDM  Hu  anioll  tLnl  it  (celua  impoiiKlblo  In  admit  llint 
diffeiencci  tu  uclnnl  <futb-iuoT«ni*ni  huf*  eilnied, 
WitliiD  a  hiiuilrail  tmil  of  eacli  olber  uill  l>«  fouud 
bmliLii|piuH«il,vd«t>lroir«i3,auitliiiiUlitigB,appateatl]r 
Kiuiilar  io  ounalTUclioD.  altnut  uotnjatod.  Here  a 
luonuiuoul  or  sliaft  ia  oierthrown :  aiod  tbore.  a  fes- 
fect  BWBj',  another  on  a  tuncb  laM  *labl«  tonuilallott 
ia  nndiaiurbsd.  In  a  nxiin  in  wbiob  li«avy  bookcaiWH 
Lbv«  bMUdattwil  upoti  tbu  ftuot.  niid  tlie  ftiniitaro 
gtoierallj'  vrsoked.  dolicntc  onuuucata  iiill  r»t  upoo 
tli«  nuuitelpieott,  aud.  ultlioul  rraek  i.r  ki'raicti, 
aoom  to  dMiyali  j^iiuibditv  ot  ii<>Ii-iil  molii'u.  In 
abort,  Ml*  la  toroBil  tu  Iho  ouncliuiuD  tbnt  Iba  char- 
autcr  u&d  nuK-uiit  ot  duntraeiioa  caiuod  by  an  rarlli- 
qoakc  dBjicud  lurHvly  ou  oliciltiixlancfa  olhei  Iban 
tbo  niotioQ  of  [lie  «(ir1b-partii;lv.  Au  rarttirin^a 
luiMt  h«  Hlii(Ued  in  Ibe  light  of  what  it  biui  (uilcd  lo 
do,  ■>  well  aa  of  «lutt  it  baa  dona ;  and  mncb  oon- 
aidoration  abonUI  t>o  Kiv*ii  to  wbat  tniKbt  bai«  bap- 
]>(>iiad  but  did  not. 

It  Micli  itiJrl}'  ditrpreul  elfefta  pan  be  prodtioed 
by  earth- luotemculB  tcblcb  maat  ho  pra<-lioally  th« 
Mma,  It  ia  clear  that  tbay  cannot  be  «#ry  Hcciiratu 
■mamrca  ot  Ilia  iiil«iMlty  vt  tviwuiu  diKliirtiauces. 
InftRHMnd  way,  and  tf  extended  orerau  area  which 
inoladea  decided  cbangeB  iu  tbo  oxlant  ot  anrfaeo 
daatmotiiMi,  ancb  obacrvatinna  aro  nxtroiuoly  uMfnl 
M  indicating  looaa  ot  nnsiiii&l  diMurbaUMi  and 
eapMlally  no.  m,  in  lbs  ab»moe  ot  inatnuiMatal 
reooidii,  they  fuiuith  nboat  all  Iho  niaiiablo  faoti. 

The  uataio  ot  tlw  data  fnmiabod  hy  tlio  careful 
and  conseJMktloitH  anrwy  ot  Ur.  Sloan  ie  not  Mat«d  i 


bnt  It  ia  perfectly  safe  to  aav.  tbat.  whstover  It  maj 
bo,  )l<>u>ia.  ItTiUon  and  Havdfii  havo  mad«  tbo  mort 
of  it. 

Wilhoat  intending  any  special  criliciMu  iinou  itie 
nic41uNt  of  IroalMcnt  adopted,  I  dcairc  to  call  atten- 
tion to  th«  aac«rtalnty,  vbieli  aMma  to  be  fprcat,  in 
tJie  coiiatnietioa  ot  mjiiial  intenaily-ctirvea  wUb  loif 
Bttc^npt  at  precision  in  f utib  or  poaitiM).  whan  tbey 
ore  bucd  npoii  obaorraliiona  of  aocb  pbyaleal  dla. 
tnrbancoa  aa  aTi<  rtferrtil  lo  aboTii. 
■  It  Micb  recordaof  lbF<IIMui)iMK^aaaTnl«ft  by  the 
earlbi|iialce  ita<^It  are  r>t  doubtful  and  ituontaUi  lalao, 
nlill  more  mi  mint  bo  the  data  mtiug  M)t!r*l)r  npMI 
iLc  ti-atiiuony  of  nhMTTrm  ot  iTBDaieat  pheooaieoa. 
[t  la  by  no  turaaa  iiaeouunou  for  tvo  peraona  dltiiig 
in  Ibe  Haute  room,  anil  iUMurl>«d  by  tli«  aaiua  moder. 
ate  earthquake,  to  differ  decidedly  iu  tbeir  Mliiiial* 
ot  ila  inleoMty. 

Ill  tvo  dlflvTiiully  conHtmcted  or  dillorciitly  attu- 
nted  biiiUliii^H  u«ar  lo  each  other  llio  dlCerouea  la 
rory  gtent.  Kor  will  it  do  lo  depend  upon  tbe  <Ur- 
tnTbaneo  ot  luonhio  objccta,  such  a«  Bringing. 
laiiipa,  otc.  Vory  lunch  dv|»iida  upon  the  efaaraotet 
uf  the  luuToaeiit.  —  a8lovli«tbeTlli«Hi0tlouiB  prin- 
cipally horizonlal  or  vertical,  the  period  long  or 
abort,  and  tbo  aynebrouiam  of  that  prriod  iTitb  that 
of  the  inoiinK  objnct.  lunuroninbli'  illiutrationa  of 
UuB  fact  tni^t  lie  given.  I>latiir>iaiicca  ot  nnnanal- 
ly  large  amplitude  but  loug  period  are  Hotnetliuea 
ecniccly  porvnitible  to'tlw  observer.  Profpwof 
Hlloe  recordoil  a  dlatnrbanco  in  ToIito  on  Kot. 
33.  IHM,  ot  wbleli  he  My*.  "  WhiUt  Maudiug  up,  it 
wan  with  difficvilty  perceptible.  In  Ihe  aaioe  room, 
honever.  thoao  wtio  cer«  aeatcd  tell  it  diBliu«t1y.  H 
made  a  itkaip  ali  tent  long  bwIuk  lliroagh  an  arc 
abont  tax  iuohe«." 

In  IBS  I  an  earthquake  occurred  at  Sapjioro 
(Japan).  coDcoruinfi  which  the  obwrver  tnade  Ibia 
DUte:  "Wire  of  hauKiuH-'aiop  four  (ret  long  de- 
■cribed  an  uiu  ot  tnelve  iacbaa;  not  panMoally  ob- 
■ervrd  :  wua  walking  on  tbe  aliMt,  and  DOlbInK  Toa 
noticed." 

Daddaa  Uia  phyatoal  •ntironmcnt  of  the  obBerwr. 
hi«  phyaiolo^MJ  and  paychologicol  itreuliantiea 
largely  control  bis  efUmaia  of  tlie  txtcnt  of  tbo  dia- 
taroanc*. 

In  tbo  colleotSoa  ol  intormatioD  by  meana  of  di«> 
trlbuteil  ciroulara.  it  ia  Impcaniblc  to  avotd  tbeM 
diffiuultlea,  and  to  obialu  auy  thing  liko  a  fair  aMl- 
mate  of  tlie  oharaoter  of  the  ]>h«nomM)0<i,  e*p#olally 
aa  niont  obiorTcra  are  iaeipeiieciMed.  A  riroular 
acnt  to  a  vilbige  la  gMuraUy  Ukdy  to  Bn4l  its  way 
iuto  the  hniids  of  the  partionlar  iahabilant  who  can 
givo  the  moat  Blanliug  accuiint  of  what  he  saw  and 
toll,  and  who  wna  oaturnlly  muBt  tburongbly  Irfgh- 
teneil. 

If  appeats.  tbeirfore,  Hint  m  far  ••  th*  vdna  ol 
the  collected  data  in  concerned,  the  grttd  arA  dla. 
tnrbcd  by  thia  taithquuke  might  be  divniilT  -to 
threo  zou«.  The  drat  ia  amnll.  aTiirouiiding  ano  in- 
cliidiiiu  the  'iiicvuiriiiti.  and  Ibn  viubl*  evidoMMB 
of  tbe  iuteuHily  ot  the  iiLork  were  Carefully  stuped 
bf  a  aagacioUB  ubBcrver  within  a  few  weuka  ot  it* 
oocnrroneo.  The  aocoDd  coniiata  of  tbe  retoainder 
ot  tbe  area  within  tiro  or  thieii  hnndrol  milea  of  the 
epioentml  tract,  tlnmiuhi'iit  which.  Iliungli  !<■  a  ccn- 
KlMitly  diauoisbiug  cvtecl.  overthrutru  cbiiutwya, 
di*]ilacod  ahntta.  ctikcked  uulU,  etc.,  ramrfned  ••  ex> 
poueula  of  Ibn  character  ood  maaiillada  of  tbe  di>- 
tnrbanoe.    From   this   region,    nowevor,   oviilonce 


k 


586 


BClEyCJS. 


tVot.  IX..  Mo. 


oaow  thronoh  cUcuUr  iMUra,  umiipHpcr  r^jrarta, 
•Co.,  wltli  wbieh  unlniiiAd  Utd  not  vpr<r  Iruxlwonliy 
obwrran  IwTe  mii«li  to  do.  The  third  zodd  co4i- 
■lata  of  all  tlikt  1*  lafl  nf  iho  diMnrbsd  tivn :  OTtir  it 
tlM  affMla  w«n  tra]uil<Mil.  anil  all  arLdMice  ntla  oa 
hniDHi  tMiUmoii;.  niiiiup|iartr'J  Iiy  timt  of  lusterikl 
obiectH. 

Thii«  it  would  Mou.  ILat.  iu  Uio  ooBitruoliooi  of 
tlM  map,  laoaaltinal  Udm  wonid  b«  dravu  ailli  thiwo 
dlS(<r«»t  ilagrcaa  of  Mmfldenoe.  and  tliat  ih*<f  inniit 

be  dniWD  more  trccly.  and  witli  Ivm  ultonliau  to  de- 
tail, aa  they  are  (orthei  ismoTcd  from  the  npiccntnl 
Ifaot.  Local  Tariatloiw  la  lnt«Daity-««tlniat*a  ahould 
bava  Um  v*lgkt,  aitd  the  linoa  would  approximate 
mOTV  uaarly  to  anootli  enrrea.  On  tbe  map  aa 
diBwii  by  Ucaara.  Dntton  and  HaydMi,  Itiia  order  of 
tUnga  appMua  to  b*  rsrenMI :  Uie  amootliMt,  moat 
ngtlW  «iirTM  ti*  IboM  immvdiiitelj'  aumoiidiug 
th«  «|>feMilTiiiii.  while  tliey  Iwconie  more  irr«gulu 
aa  the  distsuoF  from  that  potot  incrMuun. 

Id  work  of  Ihia  klod,  irrtviilar  aud  •iouoii''  linM 
Imply  nnmoioaa  and  relinUe  obierratiuun.  while 
tboM  iiuir«  mgaUrly  and  noitormlv  ourred  will  ^ea. 
erally  be  drawn  for  arMa  orct  whirh  ohiwrvitiioDa 
arc  few,  and  not  of  mffiolnnt  wtJglit  Id  iili>iw  loor* 
Ihim  Ifao  itocri^  lr«4id  of  tfan  line.  Furthrw  rira*on« 
it  api^«*rH  to  uia  thai  Ihc  map  in  (nulty,  in  that 
loo  miioh  wught  hon  hecn  giTcn  lo  IndiTldnal  ob- 
aorraliona  at  gimt  dlatancas  froui  tba  •ptcentnuu ; 
that  t^a  atnniMltlea  and  iit«gDlaritiee  in  Uia  tines, 
partlftilarlj-  tbote  of  the  HiuiMdppi  rnlley.  do  not 
tDprtx'ut  any  thing  real;  tbnl  the.v  "Jii'iild  bo 
■iiioothcd  out :  aud  tbat  It  Is  lioiilitfiil  If  tiiiffi(?l«nt 
vtldDDOo  rilata  for  tliK  colitrtruDlion  of  the  two  iw>. 
Ut«d  arean.  ■iirronndod  by  cloBtd  ciu-tm.  which 
apppar  in  nortbcm  llUnola  and  Iti  aontheru  Indiana 
nud  lUiuoia.  I  tastora  to  aaiEgaal,  lu  rvgard  (o  the 
lalliir  'arit)i«riij|«iic<^.'  that  it<i  eiiwlt'uce  may  to  some 
extent  Ue  'lav  lo  the  fnot  that  iufonnutiou  couc^Fuiug 
that  ar«u  was  collvt^ind  ■■:Ti'ral  moiiihs  attnr  the 
OOCttrrono*  of  Iha  AartUiiiiake. 

Ohh  of  tha  moat  iuten>«ling  featuiea  of  thin  paper 
ia  the  iiiethoi]  umployed  in  deloraiining  the  daplh  of 
the  leiinuic  mntro.  I'ndnr  enrtain  raatrlcttona,  no 
orlllriam  can  ba  inada  ajion  the  analy^  at  the  ptob- 
l«iii :  hvit  In  ita  praotin]  applinition  it  ia.  in  my 
jud^iueot,  open  to  ■eriona  objectloa.*  It  ia  not  eaay 
to  doiTide  what  ii  tha  beat  maaani*  of  tha  '  intonaity  * 
ot  an  corthqnakc.  A  atinpU  «ipr««alon  tor  It,  and 
that  >c«»|iia<l  by  He«atN.  Dullon  and  Haydeu,  ta 
'  the  euvrgy  twt  anil  area  of  wuTc^fruut.' 

TTiia  definition  onco  adopted,  their  onaljtirnl  and 
graphic  tTRUtDifnt  »t  the  problem  ii  rtd|{niit  nml 
■alMfaclory :  but  In  tlie  ap]>llcntioii  of  thci  iii>>thod  to 
tha  CharleMOD  (•rthi|uake.  or  to  auj-  other,  it  in  iiii- 
portaat  to  oak  wbctbcr  uut  meona  e^liita  for  deter, 
laitdbg  tb«  '  int4iu*lty '  aa  dadnod  aboro.  While  it  ia 
tvu«  tliat  the  diMp]>«araiipa  of  tba  cmiaonanl  a  from 
the  abaciaw  of  Ihepointaof  lufleotivn  leuderail  iude- 
pandent  of  tha  abaoful'  iniennty,  it  uinnt  nol  be  for. 
IpotlMi  that  In  d«tM'iblnlu|[  rrliiritv  lutnuntMa  the 
tUnf  to  be  kept  in  mind  ia  '  the  euurgy  p«r  unit 
area  of  wBT«.fri>nt.'  Aa  far  an  ean  he  aeen  from  tbe 
oonlenia  of  tbo  paper,  tha  rmull  dnpooda  on  Ibe  an. 
JnatiAabla  aAaniuptlon  that  aurfatt  dftlrurtitin  la  pro. 
porllanal  lo  thin.  It  ia  a  weU-ctrtabliahed  fa^t  that 
tha  d«alruotiTo  effeeu  of  a  motion  are  not  pro- 
portional to  tha  iiDciKy  iiivolT«d,  and  in  oarthqaakM 
many  thing*  oombltii-  (<•  piodnoe  what  la  ordbiarlly 
aallMl  the  '  inleiuity '  of  the  abook,  or,  pe«hapa  b«t- 


Ur,  ita  '  dMiructlveiiaa*.'  An  azaot  axpraaaloa  for 
ibJH  In  eiirenidy  dMfrable.  and  It  aanuis  lo  ma  thai 
rroloHH>r  Milne  baa  anpnixitnatcd  to  it  prettr  deafc 
ly  in  adoplii^,  M  ba  dm.  the  '  maiimum  ace«leralkin 
of  tb«  eaLrtb-partiola  lo  a  Itorliraital  jilaita.'  Tbara 
can  be  litlle  doubt  tbal  horiaumlal  moveBaeat  tamon 
otTeeitte  in  overiaming  and  dtattoriog  buUdinga, 
ebimnoyii.  eto.,  than  T««tioal;  jrwt  tbc  fiurt,  if  It  baa 
faet.  tliiiia  no  nprMHlon  in  the  m^tbiH)  ijt  UeMK. 
Dnilou  and  HaydHi.  Tbair  fonitnia  and  ciirra  dfc 
mand  the  maiimum  inttuiiity  at  the  epifenlraci:i 
and  this  ia  oorreel.  aci-ording  to  tlioir  dcflniliiai] 
Of  intenaity. 

But  doM  the  preataat  deiurnRiiou  tttka  pl*oa  at  I 
eiiiopulrum.  or  n  It  lo  be  foiiud  in  a  zoue  wboat  n-  ' 
dins  depfudfl  on  the  depth  of  tbe  aeijiuiic  f^entraF  1 
wonlil  not  vvDiure  lo  place  lay  o«u  Jud|[iu<vut,  bMad 
U|)(in  a  liHAty  examlitallon  along  a  alngla  line,  againM 
that  of  on  uliiwrvor  who  has  gone  mora  leUarolronr 
tbo  field:  bal.  aa  I  can  nowhere  diaoover  in  tin 
paper  a  dlatiuct  atatement  aa  to  where  tba  maaf  d>> 
ttraelir*  rffftU  weio  obaairnl.  I  may  niuark  that  tt 
appeared  lo  me  that  thrra  wia  mncb  I««m  diwtniMioB 
in  tbo  neighborhood  of  the  ejiicvutriui),  wbera  the 
TUtioal  component  of  the  uiotioa  a«eutMl  to  bar* 
pifldoulnalixl,  Ibnn  lu  and  aboat  tba  <tlty  of  Obnrlaa- 
ton. 

or  conrae.  it  in  iKMuiible  that  from  k  atady  ot  tUa 
aiirfaoo  diatniliauce  the  relalire  amoant  of  anariT 
)i*iT  ntilt  arvn  of  wnT<i-trout  at  dtSemnt  points  way 
have  bMn  workMl  out.  and  the  point  of  infWtion 
found  ^om  tbeae  reiulU;  bat  (i  would  be  an  ei. 
tramaly  eomplax  problem,  and,  in  addition  to  dtlB. 
cnltiM  alraady  angsMted.  it  ia  eatupUcAtwl  bj  tba 
fact  that  the  nonnal  motion  of  lb*  pnrilole  innal  be 
ohittiKad  M  tbe  wave  emerge*  friMM  tht-  ettitb  :  this, 
indued,  wonlil  aland  in  tbe  way  of  getting  Jnsi  wIbU 
ii  denireil  (loui  perfect  inirtramental  r«cx>rila,  aa. 
At  belt,  they  can  ouiy  reiMd  anrfacn  morMnents. 

I  am  nnable  to  agree  nilh  t)i«  tronctluioB  o( 
Mowra.  Dntton  and  Rnydeu  eipreaaed  in  tba  atata- 
ment  that  the  amplitude  of  Tibmtion  of  tb«  Mvlb- 
partiele  wna  in  ttome  plaoea  not  Icaa  tbnn  ten  inubca 
or  a  foot.  So  large  an  amplitude  a]>|itattw  to  me  to  ba 
eitrauiely  liaprobablo.  It  ia  only  witbin  a  fow  yaan 
that  any  tidng  Uk*  aeenrate  neaaUTCB  of  ainplltoda 
have  been  made :  anil  It  ia  woU  known,  ilmi,  wbarava 
It  haa  been  meaanrvd,  it  baa  bean  found  to  be 
•mat  I. 

In  the  '  general  mn '  ot  Japanew-  earthqiinlcva,  tba 
unipliinde  haa  been  found  to  be  not  much  graaUr 

than  a  millimetre,  and  ottHS  lea*.  In  a  Tvw  oaaeii  it 
linti  triii'n  Hveral  millimetiv* :  and  I  bnlicTe  iu  oneor 
twu,  nhidh  vetu  uoarly  '  dcalrucllvo,'  and  by  whlafc 
cbiuiuevk  «ar«  oTeithrown  and  walla  «mek«d.  It  h^ 
Wen  an'hi)>h  aA  tvu  or  twelTe  inJIUnMftns.  Ii  uia 
ba  noticed,  however,  in  examining  tbaae  rvporla, 
that,  in  moal  o(  the  coov*  In  which  latg*  Mnplftixlaa 
ore  reported,  Iho  diaturbancca  wera  of  untumal 
length. 
Alihongh,  in  tbe  roiiKtnit-iton  of  tbHr  Dtunoron 

Omy 
'  atoady.polnl '  aoiamogTaplia.  Mmara.  Kwing  ( I  want 

Hiln* 
to  be  cMCtnl  not  lo  ]>tit  any  odo  of  tbeaa  namaa 
flrat)  hnvo  well  nigh  reTolutionlxed  tbe  ain«nM  of 
aeiatnologr.  I  am  Inclined  to  Ibe  opinion  that  la  a 

firolonged  diMurbanca  tba  '  atc«dy  point '  ia  Ukoly  lo 
10  Bet  in  motian,  and  Uut  a  magDiAoalion  of  iba 
aniplllnde  may  •omadmaa  iMolt.      A    rery 


jowk  IT,  levr.j 


SCIENCE. 


687 


I 


(iui]ilitud«  )•  lo  my  mind  incoupatiblo  sith  iDuumer- 
alite  otiserrntUiu  of  what  Hid  n«l  Aii/>/>'n  in  Charltw- 
Ion.  I  admit  (li«  diffictillj  of  tlra  piabUm,  but 
think  it  cuicr  to  iwcouiit  for  iBrge  di*)>lM«iiMntfl  by 
•nrc-'tuivc  mciTniuentJi  ai  lonmU  kinpliludM. 

I  uiiiDt  »lf<o  ilimvtit  from  lb*  opinion  npraned  M 
to  the  TaluF  uf  Bti>p])ed  olock*  H  a  moui*  ol  dot«r- 
miniugtbr  tinwof  tbevBTD-lmisil.  Ult  nothluly 
that  moat  ot  tbo  Inooiwlateneieii  vhioh  appcAt  on  a 
coiiipnrJAon  of  sach  data  arOiM  out  of  tbc  fact  that 
many  'A  tb«  clock*  ww«  not  C0Tr«oUy  nigalntod  to 
75th  meridian  liui«.  nr  tbat  lb«lr  wrora  wnra  not 
knnwn?  Th»  mun  whose  clock  or  mirb  ih  *tiiM 
right '  is  mot  with  nl  ovory  turn.  «ap«pially  after  au 
•arth'iiiBke  ^  I'nl  t»  nmht  piropla  tbia  nicana  Ibat  tb« 
error  is  not  srfutrr  llinu  a  inlunte  or  two. 

If  all  of  Uw  stopped  clucks  in  the  arra  dbturb«d 
had  heeu  in  cuict  agreement  before  th«  abork.  1  do 
not  tb Ink  th«  error*  wnnld  bar*  Iwon  *«ry  great; 
exccpl,  pprliaiw.  In  the  iiiiiii«dlat«  rltdolly  of  tbe 
eoarw.  Tb«  atoppiug  o(  all  clock*  nt  any  coD«id«T- 
abU  diatanoe  pramblr  ooourred  at  tlie  trannit  uf  tbe 
■amfl  gT«iat  waT*.  Cn  aoutm.  a  properly  odjunted 
HCi«m(>«cn]ie  with  a  clock  atlacbtdialndnltAlybalWr. 
hot  I  do  nut  hare  ur^at  couBdeuen  In  tbe  '  obaerrer 
wiUi  wntch  in  hand.'  Moat  intelHgrut  o\<«tiTm  in 
thii"  country  nitisl  be  clAHi'd  rw  iupxpcriooood  ;  tbo 
nati'h  JH  iiol  K+iMrally  In  ItiH  lininl  UQlil  aftvr  ba  !■ 
cr>uvliic<>cl  tlint  the  M.>iiii'lhiu|{  whii-li  liiia  bappaoMt 
in  an  furthijonke.  nnil  then  it  if  very  likely  tu  havit  a 
large  and  nnkuonn  trror.  Htioiild  the  illMlnrbtaice 
IiA  an  eoiisl'lxmble  na  to  thrdalrn  (a  bn  daatmcllT*, 
tli<»  i^kill  of  tb«i  obacrvcr  in  *  niea*arin;i  a  nart  of 
tbe  iliock  and  eHiiuialiug  tli«  bcsinuing '  it  tulonblv 
cvrtaln  to  tie  oYnrsltadowcd  by  bf*  dlapoaltiom  toiwM 
a  |>]aM  of  tnfvly.  Tbe  iioallloti  and  enTltoBment  of 
tbe  obacrvvr  at   the  time  of    Ihe  oceurrenM  will 

Srently  iiilliieucc  tbo  ohoraelor  of  tbo  pbenomoion. 
■  on  iUciatiation,  I  may  oouparv  my  own  obaarra- 
tloua  witli  Iboaa  of  Profemor  Newcoiuh.  wheo  Lbe 
Cbarleeloii  earthqnake  waa  f«>lt  in  Waabiugloii 
City. 

I  «r«a  aeated  iu  my  library  on  lbe  lecond  fioor  of 
a  thrco>*tory  brick  bnilding.  about  four  nquarcn  from 
tbe  *Uitn.  nai.  and  uary  b(illdlii((.  .ta  aooti  a*  tbe 
disturbance  wm  tell,  tbe  time  wns  noted.  In  a  mo. 
neot  1i«  motJoQ  lurcame  vury  BlroDg.  My  amoll 
boy.  irbo  bad  been  atrakened  oat  of  a  nonud  aUvp, 
ruahiHl  Into  tbe  roooi ;  and  the  family  <jalokly  d«>> 
elded  to  do  wbnt  It  had  oflvii  doue  Iwfore  under  auob 
circiimxlanees.  and  foiiuA  ila  «a«  to  tbe  atreot.  By 
tbo  time  tbln  o-db  &i7eoii]pliab«d  all  waaijaiet;  and  in 
t«o  minnln  from  t  lir  ixiglbniiig  wo  waM  af  aln  aeated 
In  tb*  Muiie  rooiii,  dlaeuMln*  tbe  aboek.  In  a  few 
minutea,  about  Ore  from  uie  b«Kinning.  another 
abock  occurred,  luueh  Iraa  violent  than  tbe  Arit. 

Profeaor  Scweifntb  ■■  obrerrtd  o  dnmtton  of  ppr. 
eeptibia  tNonora,  witb  two  uiailma  laatiiijt  aliout  Ave 
and  one-balf  mluulea." 

There  la,  of  eoune,  no  doubt  but  what  Ibeao 
trenion  were  felt,  but  it  niay  be  a  qiieatiou  wbetbfr 
tbey  wore  proloopcd  nbtnttona  ot  tbn  building  In 
which  I*Tofeii(or  Newcomb  waa,  or  raat  (arth-niOTe- 
uieuta.  I  am  firelty  aenaitlTe  lo  earthqiiakea,  and  I 
con  aay  vitli  certainly  that  tbey  wwe  uol  felt  by  me 
or  by  mi-  family. 

ETcrybody,  1  am  anrii.  nlll  oKn*  that  It  i*  highly 

IniportMil  to  eatabllHh  a  lorn"  uuiubir  of  obacrvlng. 

•lationa,   equipped   with   the  best  iuatnuneutal  ap- 

I     ptiancea  wfaicb  oan  be  obtained.     Even  ao  amall  a 


I 


nnniber  «*  too  or  twenty  auch  MalSona.  well  diaMb> 
iited  over  the  arm  diiiturbed  by  lbe  Cbarlaatan 
e«rth'iuake.  would  havo  put  ua  a  lon^  way  is  ad- 
tncce  of  oar  preaeni  knowledge  of  aeaKDology.  It 
ia  gr«aUy  to  be  b<^>ed  thai  tbe  ablo  and  faitereMing 
dlacnaidon  of  the  anbjcet.  wUah  Heaara.  Dntton  aM 
Haydvn  bave  evolved  from  tbo  niaaa  of  obaarraltona 
wbicli  tbey  have  gatbsred  witli  lo  much  indnatry, 
will  acTTo  to  direct  lbe  attention  ol  Intelligent  people 
to  tbe  importance  of  anch  a  ayatem  of  oba«^riag- 
atatlcnui.  au>l  that  in  tbe  neof  future  tlia  dlraelot  ol 
the  seoloirical  aurvny  will  be  enabled  t«  eatabUab  H. 

"        *^  T.  0.  M. 

Terreltnule,  Jonel. 


Muaeuma  of  ethnology  and  their  cUatlScatloB. 

Tbe  remark*  of  Dr.  ItoM  auil  I>iotMaor  Maaoiu 
on  th>>  cluaid cation  of  etbnuto^ical  material  ralae 
cincHtioii-  which  mnal  occur  to  every  one  who  baa 
before  hiiii  uni-liiMutt<iil  matMial.  Aa  botb  viawa  in- 
clude a  part  uf  lh«  Inilb.  the  dadalou  on  tbe  eouna 
to  Im  lulopird  miiil  depend  upon  the  anMunt  of 
material  to  be  bandied,  tbe  apaoe  available  for  Ita 
exbibitiau.  and  tbo  pnrpoaa  moat  at  haart  In  Uie 
mrguuiuiltuu  uf  the  uiiiacuni  conMdctod  aa  an  agency 
for  eflcctina  a  purpite. 

Hie  ideal  nay.  if  all  circtimManeee  wen  favaffk 
able,  would  Iia  to  have  a  dunble  aerfia, —  ooa  iWpK- 
■enUni;  tbe  cultiirv  of  ntcb  people  aa  an  etbnio  niiit ; 
nn<l  the  other  a  coni|iaratlT«  eoUaetion  UloatmHag 
the  reUUoui  to  a  common  alauilard  of  the  llama 
laaktni:  tip  each  tribal  aggrooaliuu.  In  ninety  .nine 
mna«nnut  out  of  a  hundred,  thii  would  be  iaiptmeti- 
cablo,  owing  to  the  eipenae  tnvolvod,  tbe  exbibllioa 
apace  r«(|alrod.  and  tbe  difBoulty  of  obtaining  anf- 
flcienl  dujitic4it«  material  for  two  leriea.  The  deola. 
ion  must  therefore  depand  on  tbe  object  to  be  at- 
taluod.  Ih  tbia  to  ahow  tbe  maunrr  In  wbick  toola. 
weapona,  draaa,  etc.,  have  Iweu  elaborated,  nitdec 
the  operation  of  tbo  enviroumeut.  by  Iha  baman 
mioii  in  varying  atogaa  of  developmeiit.  or  Ja  it 
rather  to  convey  to  the  obaeirer  the  reanltant  of  all 
uie  torcM  aeting  iu  and  on  a  comparable  wtiea  of 
ethnic  lypea  or  unila.  each  complete  la  itaelf  ?  In 
ailbar  caaa  the  object  ia  a  worthy  ou«,  and  lo  ba 
attaiueil  Iu  Ita  particular  manner.  Neither  ia  IIk«l^ 
to  be  completely  atiainnd  under  tbe  oxiitiug  condi- 
tinna  of  naaenma  ia  thla  or  any  other  oonntry;  bat, 
aa  ntteinptod  In  differeut  coUecUona.  we  may  regard 
them  a*  conipIaniMiting  oaok  otbar.  In  the  one 
cane.  a«  very  truly  abaarvad  by  Dr.  Boaa.  oe  ate 
helped  to  a  knowledge  of  what  pMbUma  eiiil ;  and 
It  ia  no  little  niolter  to  have  a  rational  aailing.dlrac. 
ti'Hi  over  a  trackteia  ocean.  Iboush  tb*  aconrata 
chart  ia  «Aill  to  be  made.  In  tbo  oUcr.  ne  hate  the 
eqaivatenl  of  ihe  mono([rapblc  atndy  of  Ihn  npcciol. 
iat  who  anrveya  iu  detail,  ami  for  all  lime,  a  gulf  or 
harbor  tomung  a  ■mull  part  of  lbe  ooMitte  eoaat. 

To  conclude,  for  the  people  at  lai]^  and  tbe 
majority  ot  those  who  jiroSc  by  public  niuBFumn, 
t  believu  the  gr^'atvsl  aiuouut  of  satiafaciion  and 
itwtractioQ  ia  to  be  obtaiuoil  ralhiir  from  an  ethnic 
arningomcnl  than  from  tbe  organic  uiclboil ;  but 
tbia  ia  merely  an  eiprciaion of  my  individual  prefer* 
eaoe.  Wv.  Q.  Dtu.. 

Waaaluston.  D.C..  JuD*  t. 

Prof.  Olia  T.  Haaon^  reply  to  my  rsmarka  on  hia 
tiewa  of  the  niethoda  of  ethnology  t«  mainly  a  jBlti* 


S88 


8CIE2fCE. 


[Vot^  IX.,  No.  tH 


lUatiou  o[  bin  plan  of  unugliig  tbo  coUvctiooo  of  tba 
DMicnal  nraMum.  An  UiIh  pUn  U  t)i«  odIcoim  of  bU 
pliiloaophlcal  ilev  ol  tb«  pr«bl«ai8  of  elbuologj,  ws 
mu»t  wiTUtiiiite  Ibiue  in  order  to  jtidgc  aa  lt>  tbc 
iDBriU  «f  bin  hjhIuiu. 

nil  firincipul  objnet  U  tlio  uliiily  of  «*cli  Mftd  •Tar; 
invRQtion  ftiiiQUK  t'^plcA  Iff  nil  r«c«t  and  oonalrlM. 
I  Ml  ir«ll  »WMU  tliBl  UuB  iile*  wm  and  is  Bbuvd  by 
UMiy  BoiaBUsU:  and  at  Ihia  xwj  moEMnt  I  rtad  with 
intenst  HantegaiaK'aptopoMl  oS  OMOtJng  « '  ptyoho- 
logieol  aviMciam.'  1  o.,  >  iuiimuiu  of  olbiii>)o)(ical  ob> 

fc:U  amnftml  aononliug  U>  Uie  M«aB  to  wbinh  (Ley 
loiiK.  Prpr«iHior  Uaaon'a  rank  asioiig  Aioericui 
MliDolu^iiilB.  huwcTcr,  luid  Qm  wauht  be  oan  give  to 
bU  ojjmious  by  Ibo  AinwigMnaltt  Of  lb«  larg*  collnc- 
tl<iiui«fthnii*uo4ial)una«iiniacoardlu|;tablstbei.>ri»8, 
ii)i)iir«  iii«  lo  eritioUe  bia  viawa  mora  paitioulailj. 

My  viovf  of  tbo  atudy  of  clbuolo^  ia  tbis :  Iho 
obleirtoloariioic'iicou  lo  audoisliuicl  tbo  pbt-nomeua 
««Uf(l  cthcti  logical  Rcil  uilbropologlcalilii  Ui*  tH<l»iit 
Miii>>poftb<wawi>ii)(i,_iutliairlil«<MlealdeT«lapiiiviit 
aud  gvugntphioaL  djaliibotiou.  and  iu  Uit-ir  jiliyiiio. 
logioal  and  pqrcbolcgioal  fouadulion.  Tbc>c  Iwo 
brancbM  ara  oppOMd  lo  mi^li  olli«r  lu  Uin  uuuo  nay  aa 
am  biology  ana  tii«  trO'rHllnl  «yHl«iitnilf  'oiynQoIoKy,' 
or,  aa  I  hava  called  it  \a  anutbi-r  pliwe  {Sdtnct.  ii.  No. 
3I0>.»bFn  iTcating  on  Ihc  iliidy  of  gcognpby. '  pbyni- 
cal  MloDpo  and  coamognipb;  ; '  llio  (unucr  Irylug  la 
dodlloa  laan  riiiin  pbiiiioiiivna,  tlia  lalt»r  bailu|[  tor 
lla  alo)  a  d<.-a>-ri)>(iuu  uud  exjilauaUoo  ot  i>b«iii>ui«un. 
I  triad  to  Hboff  tbnt  butb  btanclm  ara  of  equal  nciuc. 
tiSo  nliia. 

I^t  aa  iuquira  wblcb  mttthod  miiat  bo  applied  (o 
oarry  oa  »tbuotogl««l  roa«iai'o>iM  otaltbai  biutl.  Etb> 
nologloa)  pbtnotneua  ai a  tbe  raault  ot  th*  pb)«ical 
and  pa^nhioa)  obamcior  ot  man,  and  at  ila  devolop- 
mODtniidertbaiiiHiMiicoot  tba  aorroiuidinga:  tbara- 
fora  two  problaua  must  ba  atiidtad  for  atlAtuiug 
aoieiitiilc  rasuita.  Tba  preli miliary  Mudy  la  ibat  ut 
tbe  aniroiuidingB :  tlia  twal  aim  ol  Ibe  rva«arcb«a  ia 
tba  knowladge  of  tbo  lawa  and  hiatory  of  the  dovol- 
Opniaut  of  Uia  pbyalologlcal  and  paychologlcal  cbar- 
Ml«r  of  mankiiid.  '  SurfoiuidtUfcH '  <uv  ILo  pby^tual 
oonditiaiu  ot  Ibo  ooontry,  aud  Urn  audiulogivat  pbe. 
Bomann,  i.r.,  tbo  rclnliou  ot  tuau  to  tuoLii.  Furtbor- 
nora,  tlia  aliidy  ot  tba  praaoat  aurroaDdliiga  ia  in- 
anffl«iuot :  tba  blat^ry  of  tba  ^laopla,  Ibe  lullaaaoe  of 
Ibo  regiouB  tbiuugh  wbiub  it  pHiwad  on  Ita  tnl^rk* 
tioua,  mid  tbo  people  nltb  wbom  it  caiua  into  odd- 
tact,  niiut  ba  conalnaiad.  AH  of  thor  nro  pbcnooiciia 
wbU'li  uMy  diraotly  ba  obaaivcd  by  a  vrll-trainoil 
obaoniT.  or  may  1h-  trtio«d  nilb  grtutlur  or  laas  nncu- 
tncy  by  hiatotifol  ruxonrcbea. 

'I'hii  •iM'irtid  pad  of  ctbooloKivnl  rc»ciuvbfa  ia  far 
aiurvdilllnill.  TbapbynioAlandpaycbiculchanialorof 
a  pooplo  i-i  iu  ilauU  lb«  riMiiilt  ot  Ibn  acllou  of  tba 
■ntrDiiiidintt'.  fid  ot  Iha  way  iu  whicb  tb«  prvAcut 
cbaraiHiir  wnB  nlloiliad.  Eaeu  atagr  in  Ibe  ilurelop- 
luMiX  of  n  pooptc  I«avM  ita  itnmp,  irbicb  cuuiot  ba 
dt-nlroycd  by  ftiturr  <?v(iitii.  'I'liua  It  ajipnon  Ibnt 
the  ricmcnla  of  tbe  (ibikitwlar  of  A  pvopla  aiu  ei< 
tteoiely  couijilei.  Tbore  ue  two  waja  of  Iruatlug 
tlila  prill' 1<>ni. 

Ouu  of  tbe  raiuBi-kabla  fealurca  of  nicb  probloma 
la  tbo  occurtcuco  of  limUar  iuvfiitloua  lu  ragiona 
widaljr  apart,  and  iritliant  having  a  eommon  ori|{la. 
On*  moibod  of  atndytng  iMm  —  and  thia  ia 
Pnnftaaor  lUaou'a  matbod  —  la  to  Minpara  tbo  phe- 
noiDMift,  and  lo  draw  ooBoliMiotiN  by  aualogy.  It  ia 
th«  dadnativa  method.    Tbe  otbi-r  uialbod   la   to 


alody  pbatuimaiia  arlaing  trotn  a  conuDon  )iayoU(*l 
«ausa  anioog  all  inNa  and  aa  Intlunucvd  by  tbor 
Burruundiuga;  i.e.,  by  Inioliig  ttia  fnll  bialory  ot  Iha 
ninglo  phanoniomiD.  Tbia  ia  Ibe  inOtiotiTe  tuilhat 
For  tbia  matbod  ot  atudy.  tbo  tribal  lU'nuigcinenI  ri 
uuaeitm  «|>aDlm«i)a  la  tbe  only  aMisfntoij  ohm,  m  K 
repiwaeuta  tbe  pfayaloal  aud  atbulcal  atmottttdfngiL 

l«iUiK^UDtlie)Mid«aabygi'rlDs  iui0SMUp1«.  II 
ha«  fraqoautly  bean  propoaed  to  caiablisb  a  DioaMni 
llluatraung  tbo  ad^atlon  of  orgoniiitna  to  anrrooBl- 
iiiga.  Tbe  niiu  ot  tblR  cUndy  la  to  Boil  lb*  nhyMOlo- 
ncal  Ibkh  or  tbe  eumbinutiou  of  rait»ea  wUeh  bai« 
ttm  effect  of  rnuaiiig  lbm>  ailnplalioiiM.  Tba  cla«i- 
tiealiou  nnil  arrangeiDCDt  ouit.  ot  (.-onrae,  be  aadt 
BOiiiiiliug  to  aiirroundiDga,  in  ordor  lo  aLoar  IMr 
iufluencu  ou  UillflrMit  Unda  of  OTftaalaiiM. 

An  otbnologipal  oolleetlou  I*  aiMlogonA  to  lUa. 
Tbo  objocta  of  atndy  are  rrieatcbca  uu  paycboliw. 
Tba  mrtbod  ot  roacaicbcii  ia  a  itudy  of  Iboanrronnd- 
iuga.  Tb«  aurrouDdiflga  are  pbyateal  miiI  eiluilral. 
tberefuiD  tbe  arrangement  muat  also  ht>  jibyai'vl  tsJ 
othnicnl,  oa  tbU  ia  th«  only  way  to  aLute  tlie  asogl* 
phonoiiicnou  in  itn  peculiar  vbaraclor  anit  aiitrouail- 
luga. 

It  bn*  been  tbe  iNidency  of  (el*no«  to  «ualine  ibi 
domain  of  deduetira  meibods  uior«  and  more,  aaJ 
not  to  bo  i]ont«nt  witb  argumenta  from  aoaiaor, 
wblob  are  Ibo  fouudntiuu  of  moal  aiTort  of  5* 
huiiiniituiud.aud  toubicbniay  Lalraoed  tlujreUgiow 
and  (liber  i<Iea8  ut  uiiui  in  h  pritiilliTo  alBle  of  ooltgn. 
and,  to  a  oertais  d«gr<e,  rvvu  iu  i>  atate  of  advasMl 
civilization.  Sdenoeiacoualanlly  ruoroarbiiiK  upc* 
tli«  iloiiialn  of  the  afgnnieut  from  iiuitlc^y,  tinil  dfc 
manila  UiduotlT*  raetboda. 

Kevertbeleaa  the  payohologltal  and  aeiDuttfle  tatai 
of  tbe  argament  from  BDakiur  cannot  bo  ot  arraiidi 
it  la  Ibe  luoet  aflactlTe  method  ot  fludiug  urobl*^ 
Tbe  active  part  it  plnya  in  tbe  orisin  of  t>biloao{ibi- 
Gal  syBtenia  and  gtnud  idrivi  wbirb  BomoUniM  bonl 
upon  icientiats  ia  proof  ot  till*.  Itiit,  iw  far  Ma  litdac> 
tlve  uietboda  can  be  applied. —  and  lr«  believe  tbal 
tbeir  dotuaiii  will  cuuliuiie  to  bi«r««M*, —  indiKtluB 
miiBtHiTulitjitelbuidnuifouud  by  detlucliuu.  TbtM- 
foic  1  abould  cull  rtufoaaor  Uaaou'a  aysteni  a  a^f 
l(«BtiTe  ono.  but  uot  St  tor  aeientidD  reae*rel>aa,  at>  it 
doea  uot  alluw  tbe  application  of  th*  indui'tiia 
Dii^lbud. 

But  ettu  tbiH  aekoovrledgment  mutt  t>n  liMlfad, 
Tbe  tccbnologii^al  idea,  whioh  Piofeuor  Maaon  lua 
mivdo  Ibo  idoilmg  one  iu  IheairnngcuMalof  Ibe  rvllrr. 
tiou  ot  Ibft  uAlluuhl  tuiinuiiiu,  ii  only  one  tii-lr,  iw:  > 
rerj'  tiuiiled  oUu.  ot  tbu  wide  Held  of  ideaa  vliKh 
luiiat  be  Icniliug  iu  a  '  peycbologie*!  mtiaeuiB,*  M 
UnntegnEXo  ealU  it. 

Tbe  rattle,  for  iuataneo,  ia  uot  merely  tbe  outinjut 
of  tbe  idea  ot  cualtliig  uolae,  aud  of  Ibo  tochnkal 
ui-lbodB  applied  to  rvaeb  tbia  and  :  it  ia,  haatilM 
tbia.  tbe  uuieonio  of  religloua  oooooptiona,  «■  tuj 
uoliiD  may  be  applied  to  Inroke  ot  drive  away  apirita . 
or  it  iiiay  be  tbu  ontcouio  of  tbe  ptoaaiire  cUildriJi 
hnve  iu  uuivv  of  auy  kind  \  aud  ita  form  may  In 
obarnetoriiilie  ol  tbe  art  ot  the  people.  Tli«a  tba 
uuoo  imploinenl  bolouga  to  very  diHervtit  depart. 
lurula  of  a  piycbological  mnaoitm. 

Fiittbenuore.  let  ua  Impiiia  nbol  ia  tti«  paycbo. 
logical  priuiiple  upon  vrliiob  Uaaon'a  ayalcta  h 
founded.  Tbo  Iradinu  idea  la  teebnology.  1^ 
toiiudatiou  of  ttcbnica  ia  tbo  facnlty  of  aolui«  oalk 
ably  :  conticijuiiutly  tbo  puipoae  ot  tbe  impIiqiMBl 
innit   Le   made   tbe  priuclple  of  diTiaiou.     For  i| 


I 


JtWB  17.  1887.] 


Manca.  all  hloilii  of  eoofcltiR'polii  uul  othtr  amasa- 
aMUt*  lor  (coking  would  beloog  to  one  cIm*.  The 
men  fnct  thM  eertaiii  pola  we  made  of  clay  woald 
not  joBtifjr  tbe  ritablMhmeDt  of  a  potlerj*  <lewt- 
ment.  This  iinaKtf  of  btlog  mada  of  clnf  !■  iDCt- 
dental,  Kud  doe*  not  M^r^e  with  llin  ii«7«bolot[lcal 
buia. 

Than  ia  one  point  of  vmw  trhich  juitifics  a  claoN- 
flaadoiii  aeeoTdlnK  to  IdvimiIIoiiii  in  n  piiy«liological 
nmaaom.  TbU  in  tl(«  «x1«iit  lo  wlil<.-li  mcIi  Iiitod. 
tion  Ia  ased  l>y  a  people  :  tor  inntatice,  in  wlmt 
binncbM  of  life  polt^ry  in  made  uao  of,  wbidi  may  be 
timiteii  in  one  trilw.  Tory  wide  in  aaotlioT.  Bat  in 
tliiB  fuse  Ui«  imrpow  of  lite  object  will  Hot  bo  the 
]irinri|)te  of  divi^on,  but  tlie  principal  inTenlioit  Kp> 
plidil  in  its  niannhotiiTe ;  and  ihu*  lb*  aMebaana 
would  not  be  orrangAd  aocordlng  to  Ttoftaaor 
Haaon'a  eyat«m,  objeeta  urring  widely  diffaring 
pitlpoaea  bflon^ng  to  onn  clam.  Tbaivfoni  I  cao. 
Itol  Miuadcr  it  ]untinabl«  to  mak*  laoLnology.  la  tbe 
aeSM  Protcuor  Unoon  doea,  tbe  bi^  of  anangtiig 
tttliiiological  ooltcotiona. 

One  leawn  onRltl  Id  make  tin  very  eantioiu  in  ap- 
plyiafT  tbe  argument  from  anolofty  In  ethnolooy  aa 
wKllnAinotlwiiiK'ieuceBotaimilar^liaraoter;  bloroM, 
for  ituibmm.  Pormor  cTcnta,  aa  I  hare  alrcMy 
aald.  UaT*  tbolr  utanip  on  tbe  pr«B«iit  obaraotor  of  ■ 
fwopl*.  I  eoi>*ld*T  It  one  of  the  matoat  aeblovo, 
menta  of  DarwiuiKin  to  have  brang&t  to  Kabt  tbi* 
iMt,  Bad  than  to  Lais  tnade  a  phyaloal  treat- 
ment of  biology  and  iwyefaology  povRible.  The 
taet  may  bo  axpreuod  hy  tho  worda.  "  tbo  physi- 
ologlaal  aixl  pfycliolnittcAl  ulAta  of  an  orjiau, 
Uui  at  a  cerlJiiu  uiumvut  i»  a  fiiiirtjoii  of  Ita 
whole  hiatory ; "  that  U.  tbe  f borooter  anil  future 
doTelopmest  of  a  blolojrical  or  othnotogloal  plie- 
notueaon  ia  not  exprwMM  by  ita  abpaaranoe,  1^  the 
vtate  in  which  it  It.  but  by  ila  wbol?  history,  rbra. 
tciRla  will  undcnrtojid  tlir  iiuportBul  tiieiuiiug  of  tliia 
foi^t.  Th<i  onlwnril  appraranco  of  tvo  pbonomnna 
may  W  Idi'Dllcal.  yet  their  Inunaoant  qualltlM  may 
be  alioKi-'ilter  ditfi^reut :  lh«rera«e  arguinetit^  frau 
analo^rn  of  Ihv  txitwHrd  A]ij)sannce,  auch  a«  ihowii 
in  Protcmoi  llnaun'neuUccUuiia.aTedeceptiite.  Tlieae 
romaika  ahow  how  the  uud  pbenoinena  m»y  origi- 
Date  from  unlike  eanaaa,  and  that  my  opinion  doM 
not  at  all  DtrJTeagaluat  theulain,  'LtlteeneMMpriDit 
from  like  muiiu*.'  which  belonga  u  th«t  elaat  of 
Dtioma  which  cannot  bo  conT«rt«d.  llioiigb  like 
caoRea  have  like  effrcts.  like  elFivIa  hnvo  not  like 
cauaM. 

From  my  alateiuent  it  will  be  undeiMoorl  that  I 
cnnaot  content  myvett  with  Mr,  Dan's  remark,  in  the 
liitUT  contained  in  to-day'a  isnte,  that  both  atand- 
Iioiuta  coulalB  jwrt  of  the  tmlb.  I  have  oxjimMMd 
iu  another  plaoe  (Verh.  Oa.  fUr  Brdkundf,  Berlin, 
1880,  No.  7)  my  opinion  on  Didl's  elbnologicnl  meth- 
od, and  etnidiBauted.  w  I  bale  bore  alao,  tbo  uc««i. 
ally  of  ■Indying  aacli  nthnoloft'ol  pbouomoDoii  in- 
di*tdttally. 

In  oonolfiHioD  I  bai«  to  adit  a  few  wordd  on  tbe 
practioal  aide  of  tbe  qoHtion  npoD  whioh  Piolemor 
MBHOn  anil  Mr.  IMl  touch.  In  r<'gnr<l  to  thia  qnea- 
tlou,  I  ooneor  witli  Mr.  Dall,  and  Ixflleve  that  tbe 
pnbllo  will  be  moob  mora  b«nellt«t  by  tbe  iribftl  ar. 
rangtiment  of  elluiolofpcal  coll«ot)o«ia. 

I  casMol  agree  with  Pri>(fl»iar  )laMin*a  propoaal  of 
ArranKlnit  the  ckdm  like  a  ebroker- board.  IB  eth- 
nology nl!  iM  iudi*idunlity.  Weabonld  he  coin  pel  led 
to  leave  long  rowa  o(  caaca  empty,  aa  oartain   phe- 


M9 


Bomena  occnr  bnt  in  rery  ffw  trib«a.  It  would  be 
aliiioat  Impoaaible  to  ibov  iu  Ihii  way  all  important 
etbDolofflcwl  pheoonwun,  lb*  hialoric'nl  deieto]>inenl 
of  (ribea,  tbe  iuflttHDoe  of  uetjthbore  and  «arroiuid- 
ii^,  etc.  It  ia  my  opinion  that  tbe  main  objeet  ot 
olbnolonical  coDoctiona  eboitild  be  tbe  diawouina. 
tlou  ot  the  ta«t  that  civtllxatloo  la  not  Minelhing 
•baolule.  bnt  tb*t  it  in  relatire.  and  that  our  idea* 
and  coiicopliuuH  arc  tmv  only  »o  far  as  oar  ciTill- 
xation  ifopt.  I  believe  that  ihii  object  enn  ba  aeeom* 
pllabeil  only  by  tbo  tribal  arrangnmant  Of  oolleo- 
tiona.  Tlie  neeood  objerl,  wliiob  la  anbordiaata 
to  the  otb»r.  in  to  ahow  bow  far  each  and  cTcry 
ciiiliiKtiDD  in  the  ontcomo  of  ila  geographical  and 
hiatorlcal  aurmnndlnga.  Here  tbo  line  of  tribal  ar- 
rangement maj  aanie4iBi«a  l>a  broken.  In  order  to 
ahow  an  hiatonoal  eeriea  of  epet^mcDi :  bnt  I  coo- 
aider  this  latter  point  ot  view  itihordinale  to  the 
former,  and  nhonltl  chooeo  to  nrnui|f>  colleollooM  ot 
dtiplicaWa  for  tllnatratls^  tbmw  i'ltea,  n*  l(  ii*tr.  aa 
an  explanation  of  the  taota  oontainnl  in  thf  Iritml 
aeriea.  Of  conrae,  it  ia  generally  impoaaible  to  do 
tbla,  on  accoant  of  the  laok  of  apeolmenR,  or,  more 
freqoently,  on  acctonnt  of  tbe  lack  of  our  kiiowledse  ■ 
bnt  it  ia  my  ideal  of  an  ethnological  mnaenm.  I  «m1i 
to  state  hm  again  that  I  am  not  at  all  oppoacd  to 
Mmilrgniu'B  piycbologi««l  rnnecnm,  which  will  be 
very  >ii)(t[''''l'T''  <">d  important  for  tbe  deTelopment 
ot  Hoimve.  Iitit  I  consider  tbe  ethnological  mnaenm 
indispeiiaable  for  ooutroUing  tbe  ideaa  tnggeated  by 
tbe  analogies  ahown  in  tbe  payctaolofpeal  collecttoo, 
and  aa  the  only  moiuia  □(  ahowinit  the  Mati  of  ciiltnio 
of  man.  Da.  Fka-m  Bou. 


Correlation  of  the  geological  atructure  of  the 
matitime  provittce  of  Canada  with  that  of 
western  Europe. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  aend  a  oorroclad  abalract  of  a 
paper  rcail  by  me  tiufore  the  Itpyal  aoolety  of  Oanada, 
and  wblrb  luay  |ierbaiie  bo  of  interest  to  aome  m 
your  reailere:  — 

Aa  early  sn  1855.  in  tbo  firmt  edition  of  'Aeadtaa 
geology.'  the  sothor  biul  indleatcO  the  cloee  reami- 
blonoo  lu  ■tractnro  and  minnml  prrKlurlloiia  of  Kara 
Scotia  and  New  Bnuwwtek  with  the  Itriliiib  lalauds, 
and  iu  Habseiiueut  editloma  of  tbe  same  vork  fnrtber 
■lluaCnlions  were  given  of  this  tnet.  Kneent  ro- 
Miarcboa  by  Bailoy,  Matthew,  Fl<tcli«r.  E.ts,  and 
Otbeia.  bad  atlll  mora  diatinctiiely  tudionted  Ibii  re. 
aemblanoe,  aa  wall  aa  tbe  diwtinctuen  of  tbe  uiiiti- 
timc  geology  ftom  tbat  of  tbe  gr«M  inlertor  plateau 
of  Ouiada  and  tbe  irnitcd  Staiea.  In  abort,  aaar. 
frnad  by  the  author  In  his  raoeut  aildreaa  before 
the  Britldi  aaaoolatton,  tbe  geology  i>(  tbo  Aliautio 
mnrgina  of  America  and  Europe  is  ■□bulanllnllj  tbe 
same,  and  diitiuFt  from  that  found  west  of  the 
.\))[>Dlachtaua  in  America  aiul  in  cuutnl  and  oatteini 
Eun>]ie.  Iti  tills  (act  haa  originated  rnnob  of  Ut» 
ditBonlty  experienood  in  corriMatinK  the  caologlMl 
fonnationa  ot  eaatera  Canada  with  uioae  of  Ontario, 
of  Kew  York  and  Ohio,  aa  well  aa  similar  difScullla* 
in  EOMpe  which  bare  leil  to  mnch  ooatToromy  and 
dilTerenoe  of  elaaeifleation  and  nomenolatnro.  One 
objert  of  the  present  communication  waa  to  ifaow 
tbat  tbo  nratem  ot  clAmiAcntion  ot  paleoxoio  aedimenta 
employed  for  the  Interior  )>latMu  of  tiie  American 
oontlneni  reciiilre*  very  Important  modiflcailonn  when 
applied  to  the  Atlantic  oout,  and  tbat  iii-)[lcct  of  tliia 
niw  led  to  aeHoua  minoonoaptlons. 


590 


SCfEXCE. 


fTec  IX^  Xol 


7h»  ii^HJ  Unda  ol  Unwriiu  »»A  HorutiiM 

looki  MRMpaad  !■  hotli  MtotM,  ind  (faon  w  Uc*. 
Ul«  <)<  ■iMiMfaB  to  JigwiU  M  ^(11  M  *  i^aehio- 
■iMatiftbe  KMM  Md»  M»d  WMal  pnMsn*  whUli 
tan  4kMrti«l  thm  oU  bnMliaM  en  botk  iUm  <>( 
tiM  AUmUc.  TIm  OMaWiM  — JfaiMiito  and  (oMik 
M  ociKi>»»r  iwwrilj**  tn  Uartt,  and  mon  Moaaaj 
•ttd  In  m>  ktcM  detail  bj  MallWw,  ac«  Im  clew  eonv- 
ipfdewcB  wilt)  Ukm  ot  WalM.  ml  wn  UsMiMl 
wtililboMol  tnlanwl  Aaienn.  Tbe  rtctnt  paper  of 
lw|i»l»llti  «n  tti*  ([raplolMm  aflorda  andcDM  of  Uw 
■■*  Und.  umI  ■bcrwa  tlui  IkMw  war*  AUa«tk  M[L 
■Mb  ta  Uicir  Uuw.  It  alao  Uirufra  niadi  adfflltool 
Uglil  OB  tha  QM>bar  KTOiii|>  of  LoKaa,  aoMMwcd 
BB  «M  AtlaaAk  MaTBUuii  fotimMkai.  npn fmti»^  a 
gnat  Ufw  <>r  liuM  In  Uia  CHolirian  and  OrdoHctaa 

Kriula.  T)m  ■ntbw  bad  loa|{  a^  ibown  dial  iLa 
oiu-OMultrUa  or  Ord»*lidaB  ot  Kora  Seolk  oon. 
toriMd  mm  mmrlf  b>  thai  of  OnlmUsd  and 
WaUa  Umb  (a  lb*  gtmn  Mialottt  fomalkma  of 
Qnabae,  Oatarlo,  asd  N^«  York.  Tlia  nppaf  Sl- 
larlan  alao  U  of  ibe  ijpa  ut  tlMt  ot  Eaglaad  and 
Walaa,  —  a  taot  ttrj  Marked  in  ita  fuaiU  >bi— Ina  m 
Mil  M  Ui  Ha  ladhn— la. 

TIm  uanUaUtai  tn  Uia  Brian  or  Davoidan  bi  both 
connlrka  ia  neai  nnrhad.  both  la  roefca  and  foaalU ; 
and.  wUla  UiiaiaapparBnl  id  lhea*haaaa«ratkndu)> 
bj  Mr.  WhiUaTM,  n  >*  nu  Uw  raanifeat  in  Ibr  foail 
plaoU  a*  deaolbad  l>;  lb*  auUior. 

Tlie  (larlioaltaraiM,  In  tU  Uuiltad  trongba,  tlia 
ebaracler  ut  lia  tied*,  and  lu  foadl  anbnnla  and 
planU,  alao  poinia  to  a  «loa«r  r«lalioiialu]>  in  that 
parlod  balwean  Iha  two  aboroa  ot  tha  Atlaatir  tliBO 
bM«aan  tha  Adaolic  oomI  ami  Iba  iulBDct  area. 
Thia  waa  eviikiw^t'l )'}  niiu|iarHtii«  llMa  of  speoUa. 

Tlie  Irlaa  ot  Kora  Scotia  and  ot  Prince  Edward 
laUifl.  aa  tbe  aniho*  lia<l  nbown  in  18IW  (Joum. 
grraf.  mr.  iMnd.).  raataiililua  (bat  of  EngUuul  vary 
okwrly  ill  iia  aqaaoM  depoalta  anil  lu  Ita  aModaled 
trai'jH'au  rncka. 

Bayonil  lUa,  the  geology  ol  tbo  marUJBM  pror- 
llWM  praaauta  no  matarlalu  for  auEDparlaon  till  «•  ar- 
rive M  lha  bi>wlder  drift  aud  other  pl*letooeD«  de- 
poalta. In  regaril  to  Hiow,  vitboul  fDtvrlng  iulo 
diaputMl  qiitatitiDa  aDf  (artlier  Iban  to  uy  tbat 
lha  obaerTBtlona  ot  tbe  aathot.  aa  wull  aa  thoea  moore 
reoentlr  made  bjr  Ur.  CbaliuptH.  viiui-iiiftivelir  proved 
thai  ■nbinCTgcnoe  and  local  ioe>dritt  war*  dominant 
M  aaiHH>a  I'f  ilinttibution  ot  bowldera  nnd  otbor 
BUiterUl.llu-fn  waa oTldonco  nf  oroat  elmllarity.  The 
mariua  lioda  iU«rrllM<(l  by  lir.  JlatUiaw  at  St,  John 
were  jireniau  u<|iiiiiJ«ut>>  of  Uia  Clydv  1>#da  ot  Boot- 
lauil,  aa  wi<re  the  npper  aliell-heariEift  bcit*  uf  Piiii«e 
I'UlvanI  tKlaud  aud  Baj  da  Obaloor  »( tlioic  in  Alicr- 
iLcfiiithlro  and  other  parte  nt  Sootlauil,  nnil  tlt«  ril. 
ildvalla  beda  of  Bwuden.  The  bowIdMe  ilrifti^')  fcoiu 
I^bradur  lo  Nova  BeoUo  ovre  the  THpmwutalivci  of 
Ibuae  111  Eurojia  noilloreil  aoutkwatd  truiu  Hciui- 
dlunvln,  and  tlie  local  drift  in  varioni  illrActloiu 
from  llw  hllle  naa  tlia  oonuterpart  of  tlial  obiiwiT«d 
In  Ureal  llrlUiii.  The  aurrival  of  Maatodon  gigan- 
leu>  In  Oape  Broton.  lo  tbe  eloae  ot  tho  ]>loiBtaon[ie, 
U  a  deoldail  Aroariean  foMnro,  and  ■■>  i*  tliu  abaonce 
of  any  ctIiUiip*  of  plelatooeae  man. 

Tbn  cuu^'ttioion  of  the  author  we*,  that,  in  »u 
far  aa  |ia]«i>iiti>lugj  and  Iba  anbdlriaioat  of  BfileniH 
ot  (oriuatliiiia  aro  concomed,  tho  tColaRir  ol  the 
luaiillmo  |>ruvliiC''<«  la  KaropMu,  or  ]>«rliBpa  moro 
prtifMrljr  Atlantic,  mlbcr  than  Aui«ricau,  aud  le  to  be 
eomlalad  ralfacr  with  Ibu  Uriliith  Inlauda  and  Sean. 


rMMtf 


dlaaiia  Itea  with  tnterior  CVnadn  iMd  tha  TalM 
SInliia.  The  boar  cowtfry, 
mmM.  ptMBtBcn  a  Maali  laa  parfaet 
of  thi^  Atkaik  depMJto  iha«  Ikat  ia 
provlMOM  and  Tfaalliiaailliil  thovgb  thn 
eiadiaa  of  Cntbj,  Dala,  and  olbaia  are  dAVeloaaf 
new  pointo  b<  Uda  fctnd  in  tba  ifuototj  at  Xe* 
'^It'-"'  and  Hrteboock  and  oth«n  hnea  ahow 
tbA  tha  Kaw  Brvaatrick  sookicrcxteadn  into  Hetoa. 
Tbr  pMW  fVrtlMr  dlaea«ed  tha  iNMlne  of  IhM 
boU  ott  lha  agnaaii**  ilagea  of  ibaptijalaataMaab 
l^of  Mrtira  Amcriaa  in  the  Oanibriaa,  OBana. 
EfW,  enrfaoaifcraa*,  and  Umme  noorda. 

J.  Wm.  Dawwi. 
HOBiraabMarK  

S«B-tkkae*(. 

In  Ikintet  lot  June  3. 1  And  a  «enr  lulornatiug  •»■ 
riew  of  the  naadlcal  lUanUM*  of  thb  aobjact.  U  !• 
bal  nalnnl  that  mtane.  bolh  prvpbylaelie  nad  mO' 
life.  Hboitld  be  wnigbl  for  the  bMwfit  ut  theme  vbe 
And  a  aaa-Tofage  oim  of  torment  ratbor  (bau  pla» 
are:  and  tha  writer  haafragiiMiUy  thounbi  Hialanaw 
ingMathMu  deriT«d  from  the  otnU));!-.!'!!  i  nnwiaam 
n^l  not  be  wilboal  inteoant  in  ibi>  coaneclioB. 
Tbiw^  in  a  tonaidtrable  oiperiaaoa  ■■»™'g  pMaaaa 
enflering  froai  aonl  dwoaia.  it  haa  baan  (OoBd  lial 

Tsitiglnona  aynplouia  ara  of  IreqaaBt  illiMii 

that  ihu  pkenoaiann.  in  tact,  whi«h  oomatHata  irtM 
it  knovD  aa  '  acn-aieluiea.'  an)  hj  no  nwnaa  aula- 
BTcIf  cip«<i«aicedb]rthe  couijiaratiTelj'  [aw  wboeab- 
mit  to  baun  lowed  about  at  ta.  IwlMKliaaeTtFryoM 
fandllar  wUh  the  eabiMt  yrij  uvii  know->.  uort  of 
lha  nrnptooia  going  to  maLv  Dp  lltia  tnnlAdjr  m 
(ouM,  m  aonae  form  m  uther,  to  render  Uia  Htm  nt 
a  KTeal  many  penoua  lidng  upoa  terra  /Intta  uhI 
tnlaetabla.  A  f;r«l  many  uf  Ihcw  indiviiluala  ei- 
iwrienoe  almoal  dailx.  freijucullv  much  oftru«r,  ***■ 
ricknMM  wtthont  arci  going  an  board  Hfaip,  Tb» 
«nlfaTtoi|B  of  theae  aaem  lo  be  owing  %••  a  faulty  k«. 
ditioa  ot  theliainaiitttiDs  meobanlau  of  lha  aar,— da- 
fecta  in  ree^ieci  to  nhicli  it  inay  be  Hud,  that,  whMi 
normal  tenaitw  of  thu  portion  ot  tbo  ki«ari)ig,orna 
i«  thna  wanting,  nearly  all  lha  aymptouB  of  aga  ainlr 
iiMW  luny  lake  plaoe  froiu  ellgbt  ihongb  nlingelhir 
ttnavoulabla,  oooManlly  occurring  canaaa.  Pereuat 
thna  atteeled  eannot  riw  up  nuddttnly  from  a  r«cnjB- 
bent  poiilioD.  Of  oUwiwLM  change  Um  poaa  of  Iba 
Ixad,  wlllioni  (ogling  dlnj  or  augBerJng  ■mhm  i^ 
l«u])tiug  looumotiou.  fioniatlnaa  Uiey  »s|ieri(fM> 
nmuMia,  and  twl  faitit  and  utlierwiac  uiiaxrHble.  Or 
the  mere  acta  of  awaltowlng,  yawniu({,  or  tiiccoDgb- 
Ing,  wharahy  intia-lynipaiwl  aeration  ia  aad<l«Blf 
altered,  may  be  followed  by  diattaiiiu;  awi)  m^- 
time*  alarming  ayiupt«aua.  Tlie  «apei^c«  of  n^ 
tiginonii  pbcnouMia  in  aoino  form  or  othor,  eloacJf 
■iniabtUig  what  in  known  aa  '  aea-aieluie^'  Ifka- 
wlae  occum  lo  the  annlly  dufuotivp  in  rmiaeijuane* 
of  cet«bf»l  ooueuMuou  canaad  by  iinpnc4a  of  tbe 
■Uipn  upon  tlie  fluid  iu  the  labyrinth,  «nd  ariMiig 
ftoiu  oacillntory  moiumcQtii  ot  tlia  druni-hend  whM 
lia  funotlona  ar«  uo  longer  tinder  ih*  dominanea  of 
oonnal  laualon.  Tbe  ormtic  drum-bMd,  fln|>ping  in 
rMiioun^  lo  Hudden  moToDionta  of  tbo  baad,  acta  of 
■wnlluaiiig.  etc.,  would  aonm  to  force  tbe  aiaVM 
into  nnd  out  of  ilM  otaI  window  lo  an  mcient  Car  ax- 
(■c«ilinu  iU  pbyslolOBioal  limlta;  and,  tbite  joatkd 
about,  ilie  aiapoa,  with  each  exonraioD  ot  tbo  dnua- 
Iwad,  impuria  n  ihocb  lo  the  labyrlulbine  fluid-  I 
uu  oirnro  that  it  ban  long  been  behl  ' 


by  phyHiokclM 


Jmtt  17,  l«W7.] 


SCIENCE. 


691 


tbM  tLe  dlRtiirhMiuM  ot  «qnilibriiim  wbiob  I  Ii»ve 
nboiD  nMrilnited  to  conciuiioti.  UK  diu-  to  ionic 
■pcciflc  (nnctional  diitnibiuico  id  tbc  laniicTireiiUr 
(AiialBi  but  obaatintloiM  tlrawn  from  a  ituilj  of  A 
Inrgu  uiiiubi-r  bating  nuoiukliM  u(  lb«  iItuiu  of 
Ibe  ear.  \t»A  mo  lo  vielude  Uuil  Uworjr-  It  u  Inie 
cf  the  aiixnlly  Toriitptiniiii  Jiurt  dMcribod,  tluil  tbo? 
MpmNriit  rlitixilc  fommof  «iir.dl*«>iH>iiUiilkro  UMiallj 
u«uroj>itlliir  *ii1>jvi-Ih  lw;roiiil  tnfilill*  life.  Bat  niiui- 
Inr  vcrebral  dislurbiuiCM  nte  not  rinaniiil  wX  uiy 
age  ill  nciitc  infloininatioa  of  (bo  middle  cor.  Other 
UiIdkb  bolnic  •<iiinl.  vliUrljr  ]i*r«o(Ui  >r«  Ins  ob. 
noiioiw  to  M«-8l«luiMH  ihHii  Uie  jrouiiK,  sLue*  tlM 
Utt*r  Are  much  mote  ■iwoeptibto  to  anpraauaDinpoii 
tbo  ncvioua  ■jratctn.  A  Mond  of  the  initM  who  dm 
nude  muiy  ootaw-vojagM  vim  nlwajn  m  gnM  wot- 
tttet  in  tliU  rvKajil  lu  Mtly  life,  liul  In  ntltt  yettrt 
i9il>»rieii«e<)  bill  little  incoDTiMiicnoe  in  the  coriglieM 
weather.  On  odd  opcuoIod.  however,  d  beitli  wu  no- 
"'gfttl'  bim  in  the  atter  |iart  ot  a  rMue),  ulien,  afl^ir 
«qpMl«&riug  for  a  bliort  tiiii*  ih«  ilt»coiuf<ir1iug  cou. 
onariew  nrinnii  from  llic  lautiunB  of  the  hoibw,  be 
beonw  dreatlfiiily  nca.sick  while  Ifxag  in  bed.  The 
diatUMB  lieeoDiiiig  unbfiu'able,  he  woa  removml  to  a 
bertli  nuil>ishi|ia,  «li«i  rvooTerj  whh  alnoMl  imiiMiili. 
ate.  It  it  well  kuown  tliU  usnoiia  at  the  boginiiujig 
of  a,  voyage  may  bcoom*  qnite  ata-alck,  and  yet  en- 
tirirly  rncoi  <ir  bofoira  landing,  —  an  expeiime*  probk 
biy  Jno  to  tho  brarlsK  *ltent  of  Rpa^atr.  It  will  b« 
tlt^'^u.  Iliat.  rr|{arile<t  from  Uie  iwiut  of  victv  afforded 
br  an  anrint'*  clinical  eipMience.  nearly  nil  of  the 
pbcnonicna  of  M«-aieki>eBi  may  kti  uniil  to  oocdi'  on 
sborvi.lneoniMqiiMiceof  cnrfiliral  ('Ia)>}TiDtliiQB)e<Hi- 
cnmiun,  evpvrlstly  ilririue  a  trtnle  of  uervouii  ethaoa- 
tion.  Kiia-iiii'knciB  woiilii  *eum  to  bo  broncbt  about 
ft)  tiKiht  liiataaecia,  lTr«ii|MCtlT<>  of  aural  d«leaW,  from 
th<!  n^tatiou  of  the  oerebra-qriDal  fluid  oaoatd  by 
thu  Diolioua  of  a  veaaal  at  aea,  a>  haa  alnadjr  boas 
deacrtbod  by  othar  writata.  Of  eoiina,  th«  oon- 
cnwilvti  liniiart  from  towtliK  npon  the  wavea  ia  uiia. 
ally  very  gentle,  but  it«  long  coiitiuuunoe  dnally 
oveivome*  tbo  letiatiug  pon-er  of  the  aubjcet.  The 
•Soot  may  bo  to  moke  one  tired  or  alaapy  only,  but 
too  often  iiannf  a  and  ilreadftil  depnadon  ai«  axjieri- 
«o««d.  Aa  ill  aiiitilorj  oonRitiwion,  «n^  Byinptonui 
a*  a  BMiM  of  coudtiioliou  or  of  pain  and  gront  teu- 
non  in  tho  hciui  diamctcrize  tbe  more  aoTero  eaufiii 
arialn|(  at  aea.  It  ia  nBliIom  that  the  laudainau  vx- 
perUnciea  tlM  uniutrmiiiti'd  jarring  of  the  btsin 
whicli  mnat  be  ewhired  a1  xea ;  but  the  writer  haa 
■ocn  many  eamm  wbcro  the  dcntandcai«y  from  tha 
flonooaaiiMi  ot  aotind  oven,  as  wdII  aathe  other  «ana«it 
bafot*  mautloiiAil,  wa«  almoiit  nn  ^rvut  m  cmild  be 
eudnt«d. 

WliBfe  ao  luany  poudilicini  favor  the  oociinwiife  of 
■ra-iiakneoa.  it  ia  learenly  to  be  bopnl  Iliat  any  upo- 
olUc  ear*  will  »viir  li*  fimuil.  In  llie  mrilw'ii  own 
eiperiiruce.  the  nitrite  ot  amyl.  properly  eniploycd. 
haa  often  been  tonnd  to  relieve  muiG  of  the  more 
dlM|p  lanbln  ajrinptania,  tliroagh  ita  influiiiicf  on  tli« 
T«ao-iaotor  >y«t«n.  Sixciu.  SziToit. 

Kew  Tork,  Jnoe  S. 


Two  balloon -voya|;ca. 

^M  Iwo  kwidred  anil  lifilMb  aiiulTeraary  of  the 
(Qmidh^  ot  Ik*  olta  o[  Pr<jTiiliiiKie.  K.I.,  afforded  an 
opportnnlty  for  making  meteoroloipcBl  obaervalioua 
io  the  free  nir.  Mr.  Ilueii  of  the  iignal  ofSco.  Waah- 
ingtoo,  I).C.,  voluut^wroil  h|a  aaiTlcea,  and  was  ac. 


oepleil.  On  Jnn*  M.  with  a  ligbt  Mal-norlh-eaat 
breexu  and  a  (,-cntle  rain,  th*  balloou  City  ot  Boalon 
left  ProTidcDce  at  S.3A  iu  tbo  nttemoofi.  Tliore 
were  four  pnnoua  on  board,  whicb  inade  it  a  little 
crowdnl :  but  by  iMuiinic  out  uf  the  liaaket  It  was 
fotiuil  ponible  to  make  the  otiweTTaticaut,  vhiob  coa- 
■ialed  cbiefl.v  in  readiiwa  of  an  BM>ro4d  bariHneler,  a 
alliiti  pnydiroiiicKi.  and  a  watfli.  Tb«  b&llucoi  panud 
over  FiiJivilte,  Hupo.  Coieiitry  Cuitre,  aiMl  W«M 
Unwuwi«li,  R.I..  nod  la&tled  in  the  tloo-lopa  of  Volnn- 
towii,  Conn..nt  »  littlo  after  T.30.  Tba  teinperatnre, 
on  leaving  the  cartli.  wai;  eSf.2,  and  at  no  port  of  the 
Toyage  did  it  raaeb  a  iioiat  below  G0°.7.  Tha  bluhaat 
point  roacbed  waa  8fi0  feet,  at  £.43.  An  intMwUng 
obewrralion  on  tbia  voyage  ««■  tbo  eontinuaJ  ruing 
and  falling  of  rbn  IjiUlimii  viiboiit  the  eipenditvre 
of  iiallaat.  Till*  WM  partly  diie  lo  tbe  following : 
1.  A  uommliioi  aivpiired  by  the  batl<iOD  waa 
eheoked  obcu  tlie  dru-rupe  (nliont  Miveu  hnndiAd 
feet  long)  toft  tbo  ruth.  Then  th«  balloon  beuan 
to  dnarviiil  till  aufflcifiit  wftiulit  uf  Iha  rope  on  the 
({TOiiuil  \ftiyii  it  vuougli  I'liuyauoy  lo  line  ;  th!*,  in 
tnni.  waa  coiiuterbaluiocd  on  befoni.  'J,  A  rise  in 
tho  balloon  waa  aeeompanird  by  a  fcll^Iit  fall  in  tviii. 
mimtnre :  tlila  nSeclMl  the  fgas,  and  gave  It  leaa 
booyanpy.  Ou  tbe  otlier  band,  a  fall  brought  the 
ballo'in  into  wanner  air.  whi«h  bad  a  tandcooy  to 
revcrw)  tlie  fonnor  olTeet. 

Ou  June  'i!i  tlie  vettran  a«>runaat,  JnuM  Allen  of 
Provideiioo.  U.L.aud  Mr.  HBx«n.  made  a  voyaga, 
Muting  from  tbe  landinD.plaue  of  thn  ulKht  previoua. 
The  air  wua  perfectly  aUlI.  and  white  llieru  wna  no 
rain  falling,  yet  the  appmrance  of  a  bcaiy  fug  ur 
mlat  hung  tatber  low  ou  the  hitlaidva.  It  waa  im. 
poaaible  to  diaoem  any  moUnn  in  this  uiiat  or  in 
elflinda  above  it. 

Tbe  alnrt  waa  matte  at  T.44  in  tlie  mnmiug.  tbe  air 
tenip^Tkliire  Iwing  61^.3.  It  wna  dcddait  lo  make  oa 
high  un  oMent  aa  poaaible.  The  earth  waa  kat  alKbl 
of  at  about  1.100  f««t.  Tlie  Iowmi  tempotaturc  iu 
the  clond  waa  W.Z,  at  1.67(1  fuel:  and  from   thin 

tioint  It  roaa  r*i>Idly  to  eG''.6,  at  %iiU  feet.  The 
ligheat  point  reaped  waa  0,780  feet,  at  9. IS,  with  a 
teupentnre  of  t8°.  Having  b*«n  ant  of  right  ot 
land  more  than  an  hour,  and  the  proijnilty  to  •«« 
twlnjC  mthor  ctoao.  It  wa*  deem«d  pmdont  at  tbla 
]>oiut  to  make  a  deticeul,  whjoh  waa  done  with  great 
rapidity  :  the  bosket  atiiking  the  #arth  with  aosn* 
force,  having  fallen  tbe  it, TIM)  f«iet  in  tlitrt«*n  siln. 
utea,  or  at  the  rate  of  twelve  ttM  per  •reonil.  Tlie 
Imlloon  laud««]  within  abunt  two  and  ou<<.lialf  milea 
of  the  point  tn.>m  which  the  aamnt  of  the  previona 
day  wu  luude.  The  temp«i»lnre  at  landing  was 
1^".%.  with  ■  gcntln  north-«aBt  wiiul.  At  a  height  of 
about  9, -ion  f«*t  tbe  abailow  of  tbe  balloon  wna  aeen 
upon  tbe  olotida.  with  two  minbow-c^lored  ring* 
abont  it.  BeHidn  tho  inloruilng  obaorvatiotw  of 
teiupemtiire,  indicalinic  a  rlai.>  of  over  eight  degrM* 
In  an  oncent  <X  nlifbl  tmndred  feet,  and  ahoniug  that 
Juat  at  the  top  of  the  cloud  llie  temp.'mtiiro  waa  ab. 
iKinnally  bi^  there  wore  atao  oUlervntiona  on  the 
direction  ot  tho  balloon  above  the  ctonda.  It  hna 
been  nanalljr  eonridarcd  that  above  tbo  oloniln  it  ih 
impoulblH  lo  Irllaity  itirrdiuus.  It  waa  fuu&d.  on 
Ihrowing  oif  r  dried  leave*,  tbnt  tlioy  look  a  definite 
tlirei'titin  Bf  Hbonn  by  tbe  compaM,  and  «ft«rsiird 
it  wan  found  ibni  iliii  balloon  Waa  moving  in  the 
diioctlou  wbii-ti  vtft«  iiidicwteil  by  the  obnerver.  or 
•lowtT  than  tbe  IcnvM.  \\  tho  time  UiU  oliMrvalion 
waa  uiado.  the   balloon   wna  alowly   riidng,  and   it 


592 


SCTENCE. 


[Vot.  nr..  No.  n 


would  MC1D  ftlwajv  pofUilblo  to  MoaKola  llu>  dine- 
tloB  niuler  lh«M  rlmiiDii«Uuo»^  Tbe  clond*  i»t«- 
Motod  ft  magnUoMit  ><|)<-oia(<le.  Aud  MMii«d  like 
^gaotie  liiUovs  apou  «  boundloM  ocMtn.  TIm  nan 
WM  T«t7  hot  indfiod.  noil  ctvtj  affort  wm  iiuhI*  to 
obacm-A  •  rlnliiii  motion  In  \ht  tUxmA,  but  mtimly 
wtltiont  Miei'*w.  OtiHortatJODS  ■>!  huntidit}-  were 
Biwli)  with  II  sliug  wul  bulb,  and  th«  air  tcDipLTatute 
tiy  ft  (haimomelAr  irilb  ft  Imlb  ftboint  twr>  uiitlimctraa 
in  diftaifttM.  All  tho  MpMisnooi  iQiticintml.  tlinl. 
with  modnri  npiillftiicM  of  dnie-ir>i>«  kml  kiiclior. 
bftlloonlug  >■!  ^iitirply  iMfc,  and  it  uepocinlly  a>.lii{it«d 
lor  naeftrolicB  in  tli«  free  air.  which  are  »o  \otj  ioi' 
pootant  ftt  the  pnaont  stage  of  the  science  of  metoor- 
otogy.  H.  A.  iUiKK. 

WachlnBMo,  Au|.  II;  IMl 


Th«  frecxing-poiDt  ol  sea-waur. 

I  mlimU  tha  foUowuig  ft*  the  rMiilt  of  Mreral  Tery 
earefni  datvriniiuitJiMM  of  the  frcexing-jsoiui  of  aea- 
wfttM.  made  at  Norib  BlnS.  HtKliiun  SUnlt  (lati- 
tod*  62°  33  4S'  north,  loiigiludp  TO"  11   IS'  wem). 

Th«  aituatioD  of  the  place  uf  abBurrDlioD  wan 
irtlbin  an  Inlet,  al  about  a  inilo  from  Its  mouth,  Into 
which  tlie  waUini  of  lti«  Hlrali  hnd  nnlisittt^l  MOem. 
A  atniaDi  tuvntv  ftu>t  wtdi^  discharged  iulo  th«  inlot 
at  iln  bead.  tm>  luilcs  uwnf . 

Thn  detuTicinDtioui  were  made  on  Uitrch  4.  ItntS, 
whpD  thi'  teinjMirntnro  of  the  air  wna  —  l'.!".!!  F..  in 
the  following  luiLnuvr  :  — 

A  bole  iibrxit  (our  foel  sijuarH  haviag  bceu  ciit 
through  Ibo  ice  [2.1)5  test  tbicK),  the  water  iritbia  It 
hbh  tliorunnblj  a|[ltatad  by  atJrrHiK  from  b«iow.  Mid 
during  the  actual  openitioD  alightly  ablated.  Th« 
theriQoioolor  wan  buld  nearly  horisotilAUy.  tha  biilli 
sli|i(ht1y  biiTci  ibnu  the  t«I  of  tbo  luMroniant,  Juat 
below  th*  kuifaca  of  llie  watitr.  When  tb«  lea  fllra 
beipu)  to  (onu  ftt  th«  aitrtftce  uf  the  watM,  lfa«  cor- 
i«ot«d  r«adiiut  of  the  th^ruiomiitcr  (Nogretti  and 
&mbt«.  No.  C.  3^iaj  w»  aCT  F..  at  which  point  tt 
r«maiD«d  irtnlioDnry  -.  no  thai,  under  th«  coiidltlau  I 
haT«  mentioued,  tlu<  frctaiUKjioiut  uf  wn-water  is 
ac.T  P.,  —  a  point  rery  much  loiccr  than  that  usual- 
Ij  accDptod  am  its  freoxing-poiDt.  and  diflcrioit  from 
it  ill  a  dirnclion  cootrnry  t»  what  wii  aboulil  have  ex. 
peoted  fruQi  tbe  nenutnllj'  acceptvil  aMumptiun  thai 
nortbam  waten  are  of  leaa  speoiOo  grarity  than  more 
•qoatoriall J  situatad  wntvn. 

It  would  have  added  to  Ibc  value  of  the  imiilt  bad 


I  obtained  the  apeciAo  grtititj  of  Uio  wftt«r  at  tl« 
tinw.  Lftt«r,  whf'U  I  ili«ii|;fat  lo  Imt*  doua  ao,  i» 
avoidable  cirvnoislauctni  preteuted  nij  dniiijc  ao. 

I  ntight  add  tluU  a  ■iiuilftT  dotennltiatioii  wu  nadi 
on  tha  oppoalte  aboro  of  Iba  atnut  witb  a  tar] 
eloaely  i^reelng  rMull.  Vf,  A-  Aan, 

The  i^uetiacobaerratarr,  JuaeT, 


The  scientific  swindler  Aealo. 

The  following  (mm  one  of  the  IucilI  jiapna  him 
will  show  that  the  pocaltar  poraon  who  luM  repaat- 
edly  li(i»n  abowD  np  Id  Seime*  is  atill  al  large  and 
at  work:  at  liiant,  I  preaamfi  ho  la  tlin  aAata  |i«niM, 
■inee  it  in  uulikely  that  there  Is  inori-  than  one  imik 
pnrvenM  gsniiu  abroad.  Tbia  time  be  lunu  np  aa  * 
deaf-iuute,  attached  to  the  SmithaunJitD,  soil  ammtt 
'  B.  H.  VaaUa.- 

"The  Syracune  (N.  Y.)  BrroM  aatj-a.  ■  A  h^Uj 
Oilucnted  imkU.  who  appeared  to  tie  demf  slid  danU 
and  who  repreariited  hImHif  lo  he  ftu  allanb^of  Uw 
Buiithaonian  imtilutlon  at  \YaabiaBl<iii.  crama  ban 
eight  or  ten  da}i*  iiiii).  and  sucoomUNl  i)t  iu^^ratiaiiaf 
bimsolf  into  the  confidence  of  Pnif.  V!,  A.  Biowit 
ell  o(  the  high  iicbool,  and  of  olbvr  acienliOo  gatilkt. 
men.  Ilv  itavn  bin  name  n»  It.  U.  Voallo.  It  took 
him  bnt  a  short  lima  to  ptOT*  Unuwlf  a  niak»t«r  uf 

Seology.  mioetalo^y,  anil  cbomlMrjr,  and  lua  |<fa- 
deneyin  thoae  acwuoealenl  color  lo  hia  roprvMOlft- 
tioD  that  bo  had  come  here  to  iuroiitigata  Uia  toeli 
and  riiiuerals  uf  Onondaga  conaiy.  and  •!•<>  to  gel 
togsthet  matcriid  for  a  report  on  ila  Bubiia.  Prona- 
■or  Browuell  obtaiiie<1  from  him  fur  a  men  ttifls  a 
ram  and  vnlunhic  leioutifio  work,  and  for  oaa  doDaf 
and  tweuty-fliv  crnts  got  a  pronihM  from  liiin,  thai, 
upon  hia  return  to  WB«hiU|[tOB.  he  would  amud  on  ■ 
aot  of  trilobitna.  HnTing  tbua  won  tbe  eonSdiMa 
of  the  profeaaor,  he  b«gan  to  talk  of  oseliaB^ag 
apeoimsne  with  hi*  new-made  frlcml :  b«t  faiaoBMi 
eidted  anapicion,  audau  inquiry  tent  b2rt«l«gi^i  to 
WMhiuglou  brought  hack  the  lafoniiation  that  V«ila 
waa  not  In  theKoicrnmcnfantDploy.  Soon  ftfterwanl 
the  uiiiii  <l<>iaiii>eared,  luid  he  ban  not  bwa  liaftid 
from  niuce.  Ho  left  a  l>oan1.hill  at  the  Kiagakf 
HouMi.  and  the  impreaalon  prevalla  there  tlkal  be 
only  pTDteudod  to  be  doftf  and  damb.  Rii  aebeoM  li 
apparMilly  lo  borrow  boolca  and  leientillc  apeinLuMn* 
iu  one  tOWUi  and  dbpoM  of  tbeiu  In  aiintbnr.' " 

Eluott  OocBi 

Sinltbsoulivu  Lusi..  June  H. 


CROSBYS  VITALIZED  PHOSPHITES 

Composed  of  (he  Nene-giving  Ptinciplet  of  the  Ox  Brain  and  the  Embryo  of  lh«  Whext  utd  OaL 
Is  a  standard  remedy  with  physicians  wito  treat  nervous  or  mental  disorders. 
The  formula  is  on  every  label.  As  it  is  identical  in  its  composition  with 
brain  matter  it  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  relieves  the  depression  from  mental 
efforts,  loss  of  memory,  fatigue  or  mental  irritability. 

Sleeplessness,  irritation,  nervous  exhaustion,  inability  to  work  or  study 
is  but  BiuiN  Hungkk,  in  urgent  cases  Hrain  Starvation.  It  aids  in  the 
bodily  and  wonderfully  in  the  mental  development  of  children.  It  is  a  z'itai 
phosph/ie,  not  a  laboratory  phosphate  or  soda  water  absurdity. 

56  W.  25th  St,  N.  Y.       For  sale  by  Druggists,  or  by  Mall,  $1. 


n 


SCI  E  N  CE.-SUPPLEMENT. 


FRIDAY,  JCSE  17.  1SM7. 


I 


ORtOlS  OF  PVEBW  ASCBITSCTURK. 

Nkauly  twMity  yon  ago,  Ll-ww  H,  Murptn 
<«lleil  fttleDtion  to  the  tu\ve  rievna  »f  nbari);inRl 
Ainericaui  oivilJzotitni  ihim  ciirmnt.     Hm  rpninrks 
w*rf  jntendnl  to  nppl.v  partjciilarlv  u>  the  tilxlier 
cultuiv*  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  wliicli 
hnd  flliraya  be«fn  iulvrpivted  Ibrough  the  rnptlitim 
of  the  )clowiiiguM-iiunlit(irtheS|iuninli  comguivoni, 
who  saw  ill  pvMy  institiilion  nfmii-  piirnllM  lo  th.-tr 
own  (.■uhUwih.  Tbfi  nsnltinx  oxtiRK^^nitrtl  view*  of 
lD<tiat)  L-ultum  hsTo  ihmwn  n  roflectmi  HkIiI  u|>od 
tbc  nrcliilecUiral  remninB  of  tlie  loutb-wMt.     Tlie 
(Ipwried  tio^'ilo"  itcatlrr<yt  nter  a  larg«  portion  of 
New  Stexiro  and  Arizona.  uQd  «3t«nding  fitr  into 
Utah  aiid  Colonulo,  Imve  Iwen  linkrd  with  the 
iiami'  of  Mont cz II inn  nnd  th<-  AM4h.'H  by  tliit  early 
[lionrrni :  Mid  the  fiu't  that  our  first  knowtodtue  o( 
UieM  remains  renched    us  tbrough  such  fources 
donbClMe  had  miicb  iuflueuoe  in  Itxlng  errotieoiu 
ideas  of  the  andi-iif  tiuilden.    ThciN!  d«aen«il 
group*  of  carefully  built  atone  houm^,  oixurrlng 
in  the  midatof  deaerteolltudee,  appealed  olrongly 
to  the  imaKinatluus  of  the  rarly  expIoreK,  and 
stiniulaiud  tbi^ir  fancy  to  rvcoiuttruci  uu  elaborate 
civil ixatiun,  iind  lucuDnet^l  tb<.-  rcouuna.  on  aucb 
Hleiider  basin,  with  thdr  vnRuir  notions  of  tlie  "Ajt- 
tccs'  niid  otlior  inystniouii  iii?o|)liii.    Tbl«  early 
implanU'd  binn  hsH  onuaoil  tlu^  infirntion  of  roany 
tnitenlou^  theories  conoeminB  Ihr  oriKin  and  din- 
appearance  of  tliu  I»il1dcr4  of  the  aiirieiil  pueblos. 
Tbey  liuvi-   beun   rt-ganled   as   a   reiiisrhably  ad- 
vanced people,  who  were  awepl  from  Ibe  face  of 
the  earth  by  name  mighty  cata^iropbe.     Tbeir 
'  buildinK* '  have  been  iiaid  to  *  etiual  any  in  llie 
United  8tBU«,ifvovx<rrpt  the  C-npitol ;'  aiid  many 
raorP  equally  alwurd  rxtrnvn^niva  have    lH<rn 
uttered  in  oonnection  with  the  ruiniil  houitr*  of 
the  ancestor*  of  ttie  present  Pueblo  indlanR. 

The  work  of  llie  bureau  of  ethnoloi;y  in  nur 
Routh-wentem  terriloriM  hux  included  nti  examina- 
tion of  n  i(r<4t  many  of  Iheee  ruliiis  mid  a  cum- 
))arl>u>n  with  the  exinling  pneliliw.  In  i^uiiiM'tion 
with  the  latter  portion  of  the  work,  many  tradi- 
tions bearinic  on  Iho  occiipnnry  of  ttie  ruins  by 
tlwdr  ancestors  hare  been  M«urnl  from  the  prefl- 
enl  Pueblo  tribca,  «oiUMKTtini;  them  cU-arly  Imth 
with  many  of  the  old  vdlaKe  rulnn  and  with  the 
I  cliff-dwellinga.  A  number  of  tlwae  rulii»  aie 
I  th»  nwaina  of  villager  that  hare  actually  been 


occupied  within  the  hietorio  period.  Bolli  tha 
nrchilfcturnl  imil  Imditionnl  evidence  aie  wholly 
in  no'onl  in  enUihlliibing  a  oonlinuity  of  deacent 
from  the  ancient  Piielilns  lo  the  prrwrnt  lime, 
ninny  of  the  present  tribes  being  mndi^  up  of  the 
more  or  leas  acaltered  but  inler-relntod  dfw.-eiMl- 
snta  of  vlana  who  in  fonner  times  occiijiicd  tb« 
vUtagea  whoM  rvroaiaa  are  looked  upon  to-day  as 
tlie  homes  of  '  Attce  colonien,'  etit. 

Tlie  4:«mplrit«  odaptBtton  to  the  peculiar  environ- 
ment displayed  by  this  syntem  of  architecture 
would   indicate  that   it   bad   long  bn-n  practised 
under  the  Mime  condltiona  that  now  prernil   rn 
this  region,  and  which  slltl  alTect  the  buihling- 
melbods  of  the  uiodern  Pueblo  Indians.    A  vast 
nuuilier  of  Ihew  put-blon  have  been  ooDstract«d  ol 
the  taliular  KiimUtooe  found  in  natural  <|iiarriee 
at  tbe  hasrR  of  bundnxts  of  elilfi  thruugbout  Iheae 
tablelniuU.    ThlaMonanatiimtly  bmikn  into  amall 
pieces  of  regular  form,  sulinble  for  u^i-  in  the  aim* 
pie  Dtasrmry  of  tlie  pueblos  without  any  prcvioiia 
nnlRolal  Iceatuenl.    The  walls  thenis<>Ircs  gire 
an  exaj;gen(«d  idea  of  the  regularity  of  the  com- 
pnnent  atonra,  owing  lo  the  oare  and  nntlnen 
with  which  these  are  placed.    The  pliotograpba 
taken  lu  connertlon  with  the  burean'awork  among 
the  ruiiiH  rliuu'  clearly   thai  tlie  mateffinl  of  th» 
walU  wan  not  luvrly  ao  regular  as  the  appennuice 
of  tbe  liiiiHhed  miuonry  would  suggest,  but  Ibst 
this  Hnifli  di>pi-nded  on  tin-  rBrefiil  selection  and 
arntngenieiit  irf  the  ffogini'nlii,  "itli  tbe  beat  face 
of  <!acb  stone  jilacpd  outwanln.     In   the  caae  of 
K)me   of   tbe  hesl-Hnisbcd   mnscmry,    the   phi>U>- 
graphs  indicate  that  the  fore  of  tin'  wiill  has  been 
laid  up  with  the  larger  and  more  irrr^uliir  Bluae«, 
and  the  surface  afterwards  brouKbl  to  a  Hni*h  by 
carefully   llllmg  in  and  chinking  tbe  joints  with 
snutller  alon>«  and  fragnu-nts.  numetlmeB  not  mor« 
than  a  ipiarter  of  an  tu<:h  thick  ;  the  whole  sur- 
fnce  Hnally  being  reduced  t<i  a  tuiiform   face  by 
rubliing  the  wall  with  a  slab  of  >nn<hilane. 

Altboiigb  many  de4allR,  both  of  conslructiou 
and  arrangement,  display  aremarkable adaptation 
lo  the  pbyoical  character  of  the  conntiy.  yet  the 
infltiencv  uf  physical  en vir<>ninenl  alone  woald  not 
»iiftl<-e  to  pruduoe  the  itrcbilectural  ty|ie  under 
(^inniilemtion.  Another  civwvnt  in  neociaiHry  lo 
give  jmint  ami  direction  lo  Niich  inHucnee,  in  order 
to  develop  the  reeiills  we  find.  This  element  was 
the  nevemtitj/  for  d^eii«.  There  are  many  evj- 
denOM  that  the  Pueblo  populaUun  of  thetre  »oillh- 
weatem   lahlvUnds  hare  been   subjected    to   thn 


594 


8CIE2iCE. 


IVou  IZ.,  NOb 


more  or  Iws  ooatfnnous  o^ierntlon  of  this  <itftn»ivt 
motiix  tliratiglKitit  llii-  ppTiud  of  tbeir  occupation 
of  thin  inriitury.  A  strung  uid  inilupeiiideiit  nee 
of  piHiplt!,  who  had  no  iiiTaiiiQiu  of  Mronger  foM 
ti>  fmr.  woultl  )iavi>  boen  nMCwnrily  inflnMiotKlt^ 
the  iinTironmcnt  to  th»  ffxtont  of  iMing  the  vxn^ 
tloiuit  Dtnterials  otTeM,  and  would  Yiaiv  pro- 
graced  In  perfecling  th«4r  lodx««  ;  hut  th«  motive 
for  hulldinit;  olusl«ra  of  rectaRKulsT  cells  —  the  In- 
jtial  |H>iiit  of  departure  In  ihv  developinMit  of  the 
pqirblo  lyHte-ui  —  would  not  buvt-  b«M.-ii  piiouiintj'm]. 
Tlip  CTDwilui;;  of  man}^  hiilntationii  within  thr  niu-' 
TOW  limlbi  of  n  oninll  ctlff-loil}^-  ur  otIuT  nwtrictiNl 
•It)',  hriiif;i>i>;  nliout  the  rrainnRular  iMoin-cJ tinier, 
would  nioAt  likfty  h(ivi>  hi<«n  A\tm  to  the  int|)era- 
live  nandttionH  impoanl  by  this  oecmaltr  for  de- 
fence. The  clinincier  of  ninuy  altes  occupied  la 
itot  such  as  would  )>e  Melect«d  voluntarily  by  a 
people  in  a  low  Ktude  of  culture,  und  thi!  choi(>e  of 
Bucb  places  aa  houm  muxt  have  bwn  luiguly  oum- 
pnloory. 

Tin-  grni'rni  imtlliir*  iif  tin-  drvi-Iopmimt  of  this 
ayHtfin.  wherrin  thr  ancient  huilders  wrrr  ittinin- 
lated  tn  iJie  l>cwt  use  of  the  esceptioniil  nint^rinU 
about  them  hoth  bj  the  dlHtcult  conditions  of 
tAeIr  ■emi-draertenvirannieiitand  by  tlienecesBlty 
for  constant  watchfulnewi  and  protection  usHaA 
their  ni-it,'l)l>('rw,  uan  be  traced  in  it«  vnrioiUSlagW 
of  KiMn-th  from  the  primitive  oonicnl  lodice,  and 
culminntintc  in  the  turice  comnuin«l  villsfce  of  a 
sintc'^  manj-stioried  Inilldint;.  such  as  we  find  on 
the  Uhaco  and  also  In  tVie  )iomee  of  some  of  the 
presi-nt  I'ueblo  tribes.  Yet  llip  vuriuiis  nlepH  Imvi^ 
followed  fftiiii  a  rery  diiiipli-  and  dirert  u«e  at  auch 
niHtt'rinl  u-h  wan  iminndlnli'ly  at  hand,  with  Krad- 
unlly  int|>mvlnK  nicthods  of  rmploylns  tho  finntc, 
aa  tile  eijHTicin-i'  derivcil  from  (re(|uent  exp^ri- 
ment*  in  huildliiK  Iaut(hl  theui  to  more  fully  uli- 
lice  Incjil  facilities,  the  l»illdeni  doiuj;  the  beet  Ihey 
conld  with  the  muleriatB  at  hand.  Id  all  cudea 
such  tuatt-riul  was  dcrired  from  tht  iionrcHt  avitil- 
iible  source ;  and  tJi«  occasional  variatiotin  in  thn 
quality  of  tile  lini*h(Ht  work  wciv  u»iuilly  due  to 
cnriiitionM  in  th<'  ipialitf  of  the  stonn  nnar  by,  or 
othiT  IocaI  t(-Btum. 

Tbc  reenlls  uccomiillshed  attest  the  patient  and 
pMSlstent  Indiistrj'  of  the  audeiit  buildera,  but  the 
work  does  not  dIapUy  any  evidence  of  i-reat  skill 
In  conMruetfon  or  in  the  pn-purutlon  uf  the 
nialerial. 

The  Mitne  unmi-diiinrt  environment  tluit  fiir* 
niahvd  such  an  ahimiUini'ti  ■>(  material  for  the 
ancient  bulldon,  alsn.  froru  ll«dilllcull  and  inhos- 
pitable character  and  the  constant  variallous  in 
the  waler-su)ig>iy,  furnished  the  couditiuus  for 
coinpellinj;  the  /rtqtietU  une  of  this  material  :  and 
thia  was  a  inuit  iioporlarit  fai-'tor!nbrint,'ingnbout 


the  dcKToo  of  adtanceneat  in  the  building  ut 
was  attained.  At  lbs  prevent  day.  ouasiant  foeot 
chsiiites  nceiir  in  the  water  notiroee  of  tlM-oe  arid 
tabk-biiidA,  while  the  neneral  cluu-n<;tor  of  tlw 
climate  rt<uif)iiii)  unchanf(ed. 

Tilt?  pueblo  fjntvia  of  cioostructlon,  then,  may 
be    regarded    lu    the   product   ot    the    defen^lv 
motive,   opemlinK  thruujth  an  eiirirontuent  tli. 
fiinitBhed  at  the  same  timi'^  IhiIIi  on  KliODdiUKW 
siiitat-le  Iniilding-mnterinl  and  the  climatic  ooo* 
ditions  that  compelled  its  ver^  fmiuont  omploj 
loent. 

The  oomiMraUve  aberaooe,  within  the  (Met  fe* 
years,  of  the  defensive  motive,  wliicb  baa  been 
nuch  an  important  rlcnienl  in  the  evolution  of  tlw 
building  system,  hiw  left  itK  impress  on  tbA  row* 
recent  architcetiiTc.  Even  nfler  thn  long  praclic* 
of  the  system  has  rendered  it  H>n)ewhnt  fixed, 
oouparatire  security  from  attack  by  ttieir  ucigfa- 
buts  has  caused  many  of  the  Pueblo  ludinna  to 
recu^iHilEf  the  inconveniirncc  of  a  system  of  dwrll- 
logs  In  such  large  clunterv,  and  on  ditc?  dllticuU 
of  accesa,  while  the  sources  of  tbeir  stiUtistenoe 
are  neoessarily  sparsely  scattered  i>ver  largv  areaa 
This  Is  noticeable  in  tlie  constructioa  of  aJu^le 
housee  of  amall  aiu.-  »l  quite  a  dbtance  from  tlw 
main  villagM.  the  motive  of  greator  ronvminu^ 
to  crojis,  flocks,  water,  etc.,  ^ping  allowed  to  oal- 
weigh  the  defensive  motive. 

The  greater  security  of  tliv  {*ueblo>i  ■•  the  ooiw 
try  comes  mure  fully  into  tlic  handii  of  AmericaMi 
iMH  resulted  also  in  tlie  much  tuore  coreleN 
inelhiKls  of  coiiairuclino,  as  well  as  of  amUiKe- 
ineut.  tiint  chiiracterixe  the  modem  exnroplM  ai 
com|inred  with  Llie  ancient. 

It  tieeni»  altogriliirr  likely,  tliat,Ba  time  goea on, 
the  system  of  buildiiiR  a  grvnt  number  ot  rec- 
tangular rooma  in  niany-«toried  clu8t«n  will  ht 
gmdunlly  alauidonol  by  tliMe  people,  in  tlioal 
of  the  defensive  motive  that  bound  Umjid 
and  was  the  compuliiory  caui<e  of  aucb  oonai 
tion  :  and  a  more  convenient  syateni  of  MCAltcrrJ 
Hoiall  hou«e«i,  located  near  springa  uu)  Ikcld*.  will 
take  its  place,  thus  again  icliiniing  to  u  plan  of 
living  that  munt  have  jirecailed  at  otM9  pcrioi]  ia 
the  pa.-it  evolution  of  the  pilcblo.  [irifW  tti  Ibe 
clustering  of  a  great  mnuy  rooiaa  iuto  one  lafga 
<lefenaive  village. 

The  apparently  distinct  line  of  aciMratitai 
Iween  the  FueMo  hidianjt  and  the  nvigh 
tribes  {gradually   beeiime*  low  c4a*rly  defloed 
further  inv^igation    make*    lx>th    aides    belter 
known  and  reveals  many  connecting  Hiika. 
Cushing'a    exhaustive    stndy    of    Pueblo    «m; 
political,  and  religious  syateins  haa  cleurly 
lished  their  easeniial  identity  with  ihua^  of 
tribes.    In  Ihe  ^pliere  of  the  arts,  wHcjv  the 


I 


I 


Jwn  t7.  1887.] 


SCIENCE. 


595 


mt  diocrepandi-'^  appnn.'ntl.v  ocmr,  it  in  tMiiul. 
Ihnt,  hj  tmcing  the  dcvHoptnent  of  vnich  bntDch 
o(  Po*bIii  art  bv  moana  of  ils  own  Jnlpfnal  ovi- 
denrti  of  Ui*  ■uccwwiw  pwiodaof  growth  through 
which  It  liw  pnMei),  we  entablish  11h  oonlinuoiis 
pvoltition  from  the  fjniplnt  twgiouliigH.  Mr.  W. 
H.  IIuluiM  has  clearly  sliowu  how  th?  ceraniic  nrt 
of  thne  p«(ipI<-4  liiut  niiturallr  ilnvFlopnl  fnmi  tbi' 
simplMt  wnrcm.  nnH  niich  lu  n-rrr  in«m  nr  Ik« 
CDBUnon  to  mcmt  of  the  An>i-riRfln  nlx>rlR'ineK  in  a 
com pnni lively  low  ntntra  of  culture.  In  the  cade 
of  Iheir  architecture,  a  sdnillar  ilerivatlon  from 
vL'ry  priiiiiclv«  furniHCain  be  traced.  The  buUdunt 
grudimlly  leBnied  lo  titiliz<^  their  t-nvirimrni-nt, 
and  pcrfi-ct  thv  aystom.  until  it  cnlmtnnlnl  in  tho 
DlBny.iilimMt  fortm«-pui'Mn  of  a  irinicle  building 
(tuch  M  thn  ruinri!  puobloa  of  Ihe  Chaco):  jvt 
thme  hlffhest  n<-hlpvt>ni«nl8  of  tfa»lr  art  in  build- 
\ii%  contain  within  th^mselTfa  a  record  that  time 
pcopte  at  one  tttne  dwell  in  siniplc  cinrular  lodges, 
•ucb  aa  wure  cuininon  to  many  American  tribes  al 
the  jicfiod  of  thrir  dincovery. 

VlCrOB  MIKDKI.ICFF. 


QEOLoaV  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

TTkiuck  the  wiw  and  efficient  itianae«in«!nt  of 
Pnir««inr  Cuok.  the  very  inodMt  annasl  appropri- 
ation of  the  gi-ol(>f;icul  mtvpy  of  New  Jitney  in 
made  to  yipid,  year  by  year,  «ubsltiiitiiU  contribii- 
tlon«  lo  the  (ceolo^  of  the  slate.  The  ti^pori  for 
1886  ikhows  Ihat  lbt<  adniimble  (opoj^niphtc  mirvpy 
of  New  Jersey,  carried  en  by  the  Htate  In  co.<i|ii-n- 
tlon  with  lhv<  U.  H.  i-eoloi^cal  and  i<oaHt  and  k^o- 
deiic  Hurveya,  ia  approaching  rontpl«-tii>n.  It  i^ 
b^ing  publiBlii'd  un  a  stalo  of  one  inil«>  lo  the 
inch  ;  and  the  ehcete  for  tlvo  northern  piirt  of  the 
fftate,  which  were  iwiie>]  aomi-  liinr  i^[o,  havu 
been  general  I  yacoe|>l«d  as  tlie  QncKt  )>tere  of  carlo- 
grapbio  work,  for  ao  large  an  arrn.  that  baa  br«n 
done  fa  thio  country.  Thi-y  an>  In  eonHtant  de- 
mand for  all  the  ustv  nijiiiring  an  aocumt*  hori- 
xonUd  and  vertical  dHinratlori  of  Hi*  mrface  of 
the  wnintry.  from  laying  out  wat<-r-work«  and 
rallrnadH  to  arranging  bicyck-  toun. 

In  view  of  the  subHlanlial  t>i>ni«fll«  already  ac- 
cruing frou)  this  map  bcrore  )l«  cnm|)teIjon,  the 
wiBdom  and  practical  inipnrlnnc^  of  KUch  work 
oannot  bv  qunlioned  :  and  It  Is  lo  be  hoped  thai 
olher  Hlatiii  will  haitcn  to  proHl  by  Now  Jerwy's 
vnlightenrd  mnniple. 

The  result*  of  this  topographic  aurvey  are  to  he 
used,  on  a  reduced  Mcale,  an  the  hasfs  of  a  new 
geological  niap  of  the  HlAle. 

In  the  pun-iy  geolngie-al  part  of  this  TOhime, 
Dr.  Britton'n  chapter  on  ihe  cryHialline  nrprimj- 
tiro  rook*  of  Naw  Jeraey  oocapfea  a  protninetit 


plat-'u.  Three  rooformahlft  groupa  are  rmigniatl : 
1.  Mamir)!  gmiip,  cumpowil  cbirHyof  iodiitioctty 
lii>dded  Hyitnitic  and  granitic  or  gneimk  rooka,  and 
probably  equimlnnt  to  the  Ottawa  gnett*  or  lowM 
IjiurvnClan  of  Canada  :  2.  Iron  <iiiaxiM-tit«>  bear* 
Ing  groDp,  cmhracinR  a  great  variety  of  giteladc 
and  tcliiatoae  eirata  poor  In  while  mica,  apari? 
limestone  and  dutouiile,  with  (.Tapliile  and  aerpen- 
(ine,  and  beddtKl  dppusilM  of  ma)!;Detite.  fninkliii. 
itr.  and  other  otitii  {thin  group  BKnvii  well  with  the 
(irenville  HFrieH  or  u|i|ier  Lniirenlian  of  Canaila) ; 
3.  rineinic  mid  Hclii>I(»e  grnu|>,  inrluding  biolitv 
and  gamolifiToiiK  gniMBucM,  inioi.  homlilende,  talc, 
tr«mollte,  cyanitc,  chlorite,  and  olher actdata  :  vein 
jl^nite,  lieddetl  dlorite.  and  iiii|nit«  lim^aioaeaad 
aerpenline.  This  group  rMteniblea  Dr.  Uunt'a 
Mi'iiUilhaii  ByKleui  ;  luid.  since  it  in  eouformabl* 
with  the  iron-bearing  group,  Ibu  view  b  lulranoed 
thai  the  Montnlban  may  bo  idmply  an  wpprt  diri*. 
ion  of  Ihe  I/iureotian.  It  la  InlerMting  lo  note 
here  that  olher  studenta  of  the  great  ApiMlachian 
belt  of  cryatalllne  strata  have  been  led  lo  propose 
more  or  Ian  similar  TO-airangementa  <>f  the  cry»- 
talline  teitniua;  all  oC  which  goea  to  Mhow  Ihe  ea- 
treinely  unaeltled  atiile  of  eoniic  geology.  Dr. 
Ilrttton  introduce*  a  aeriaa  of  acotioaa  to  show  that 
llie  aame  conformable  aeqnraoe  of  his  thre^grouiw 
obUina  In  all  jarta  of  the  highland  diatrict  ;  hut 
in  view  of  till-  niaMtire  eharacterof  the  Hrst  gTi>up, 
and  the  general  paucity  of  oiiiiropa  al  critical 
polnia,  ililo  view  can  scarcely  be  reganle<l  aa  dell- 
nileJy  establislied. 

It  has  long  been  known  tliat  the  rocks  of  the 
highlands,  like  thme  of  Ihe  Appalachian  bell  gen- 
etvlly,  are  involved  In  a  seriea of  vionely  appmaed 
foIdH  the  axial  planeauf  which  are  usually  inclinci 
at  a  high  iiogle  to  titu  Hoiilh-i'oat.  Thi*  rr>|virt, 
however,  bringauut  rnore  clearly  than  evi^  before, 
another  important  feature  of  tliew  folds;  We., 
that  Iheir  axes  are  not  hoNionlal.  but  are  inclined 
at  an  average  angle  of  thirty  degreea  to  Ihe  mirth- 
MkI.  Sinoe  Ihe  pitch  of  the  folds  is  alwayn  in  Ihe 
same  direction,  IhiM  involven  a  M^rieK  of  transverce 
faullfl  with  the  npllft  on  the  nnrtheasl ;  aiwl  loore 
or  lees  Important  exampire  of  HUch  faulu  have  al- 
teady  lieeo  observed,  especially  in  the  iron-minea. 

Among  the  paleoxoic  strata  of  this  region,  none 
are  more  Interesting,  or  bare  proved  mom  puit- 
Eling  to  geologiaM,  lliali  the  red  couglunietatfi  and 
asaocialcd  linuvtone  and  slate  cum pcning  the  Qr»'en 
Pond  Mountain  Itangc.  In  the  earlier  reports  of 
the  ■urvi-y  Ihi-ie  were  n-fcrtt-d  to  the  Potsdam, 
Tr<*nlon,  and  Hudson  River  ^oups.  Tlie  later  In- 
vest igationii,  however,  havii  rcsuliorl  in  tlie  accu- 
mulation of  proof,  both  Btratigraphical  and  paleim- 
tological.  thai  theae  rocks  belong  much  higher  in 
Uic  aoale  ;  the  red  conglomerate  being  tli«niuini> 


596 


saiEnrcE, 


(Tou  nt.,  Ho,  SIS 


lent  of  tlie  Onnida,  Ui«  horiion  to  wtAelt  SlaQier 
Kferred  it  tariy  y««r«  aito,  the  hiiiMtoii^  lifJnK 
cdnrijiwr  lourpr  HelderberK  a^^.  wlillu  tti«  slatiw 
BJV  Nbown  lo  MoiiK  t')  llie  Ilumillon  Kruuit.  Tlii- 
M«iliiui,Oris)(a[i.v.aii<l  i-uniiriTuui  ^itups  are  iilMi 
reooKiitied  here,  iiiul  tliv  imtirc  lliirkiiPM  n\  thli 
Rmt  outlier  in  riitiniiiliil  at  d.TAO  fprt. 

PtrhuiM  no  fiiTinatiini  in  Uiio  <x}nntrj,  equally 
siRipli?  in  iMiKiii  nml  titnictiiiv,  hsa  provokvtl  ho 
miK*!!  dUnuwinn  •«  tbi^  Iriswli-ot  the  Atlantic  m-u- 
board.  Tho  prjuclpal  (iroblernii  wlilcli  it  iirvivnt*. 
It  1«  w«ll  known,  aiv  th«  moiKn-liuul  dip*  <>(  tlie 
strata,  and  tlioir  viiLct  rvlHtians  to  Ibu  luainctnlKl 
(□a«)m  i>r  tnip.  Am  rui^nnis  tlio  first,  KooloKlaia 
are  ru»w  prvtty  gi'iii.-riill)r  ntUlli^i  tlinl  thp  iinlforai 
inc-UoiitioD  of  thn  bodii  ia  not  (lu«  to  their  original 
d«<)H»Jtion  on  a  »topinK  surface,  but  to  faulting  or 
■ome  niinilar  subsequent  illMlurlnnci-.  But.  while 
the  »lii(lle«  of  Prof.  W.  M.  UavU  uu  Ibi.-  tritnicof 
the  Coiineclimt  valley  have  ^n-ntJ]-  Hti^-nirtheined 
the  vii^w  tluit  tlir  trap  tihrKts  of  tlint  rt-Kioo  are 
nm ill l.v  <.'"ii torn piiriiDciiUH  Inrn-Sotn,  reiritlarly  in- 
Ictut  rati  lied  with  thn  HiRilt>t<)ne«i,  Profe«Mr  Uook 
Is  unable  to  aci.'ept  Ihls  ezplaiialion  foe  the  trap 
ranges  of  New  Jer»ey.  holding  that  they  ore  m(u'n< 
ly  inlrtisive  and  subsequent  to  both  tho  dttpcwillnn 
and  (liHturbuni-'e  of  rbu  KundHtonn.  It  jr  mtUfac- 
tory,  however,  (o  obm-rve  that  both  obsorTers  art 
oUlgod  to  qualify  the  espreiAtons  of  their  vit-ws 
touring  tlie  wonl  'nininly,'  which  nrally  riaIcm 
t)ie  dlffeiviioe  utie  of  dt-grec  only ;  aiid  it  may 
Tery  well  be  Ihat  tlip  Imp  is  inont  K«^ieriilly  tnlru- 
HiTi'  in  the  one  liidit  than  in  the  other,  or  th«  ex* 
|M»umi  of  tlui  lm|i  may  bo  niore  favorable  for 
■bouring  Ita  iotrunive  a^|i«cl  In  New  Jenvy  and  ils 
cootmiponneouH  a«|>rcl  iii  Ni^w  KuKlitnd. 

The  surface  Ki^i^logy  iadpueribnl  under  Hie  heada 
of  'ghicial  drift 'luid  '  yellow graTel.'  'Hie  former 
cluiructvriEf*  the  suifnni  of  the  northeru  (|uart4-r 
of  the  Btalp.  and  Ihp  Inlter  of  the  eouiheni  three- 
rjniirtem.  Thi^  problom*  of  the  age  anil  orifpn  of 
th9  yellow  grarel  are  discussed  at  nome  length, 
but  not  Fatlsfartorily  solred. 

The  ccDcludinj;  chapters  on  eronomic  geology 
treat  of  the  ln»i  and  xlnc  luinoo.  the  cretaceous 
and  tertiary  marl-In^!).  wa|i<r-«tip|ily,  and  drainage. 


^ 


CHALLBNOER  REPORT. 
Thsxi  vnoroious  roluines,  aggre^-ating  ovft 
elgbt«Mi  htindied  pages  and  one  hundred  and 
forty  plates,  represent  thi.-  contrtbuti<)n  of  the 
CIttllenKer  expedition  lo  the  iwlenlillc  knowledge 
of  thla  atlraotive  grxnip.  Tlio  reportor,  Prof.  B. 
Haeokel  of  Jonn,  ha«  dnvoted  some  ten  yeora  lo 

Brport  of  Ht  Klatillfie  rttruitt  of  IKt  rjrplaring  mvogc  a/ 
tht  t^lltngtr.  Vol.  itIII.  :  Itivllolaiia.  hoaitoa,  QoTtn- 
mm*.    V. 


tho  study  of  the  colkctfou,  and  bla  work  fi 
(lie  latgvst  alngla  report  of  the  whole  seriea. 

The  Challenger  sxpedilion  found  Itudiolarl* 
uiiivenally  dielrtbuted  throughmit  Ihi'  (x-KHn,  and 
their  akeletons  nearly  equally  wido-oiiTCiid  uwr  il« 
bottom  ;  tlieir  relative  abiin<laDc«  and  «|>eciea  dlf- 
rrring  in  di(ti-n-nt  localities,  and  Ihese  differancw 
Ijeing  rnrmlaird  with  eonie  of  tlM  inoot  interesting 
and  lDtricat«  |>mblenu  of  ganernl  ocxMuiuKraphy. 
It  wan  fortunate,  a*  obanrved  by  Dr.  Iklurray.  that 
BO  dialiugulBhfd  a  naliiralisl  shoul'l  have  beM 
willing  to  undertake  a  taak  so  laliorioua  and 
lengthy  an  the  exauiinuiiou  of  the  l4iouaguida  ot 
mtDUle  formH  obtiiiued  by  the  Clkallenger.  Pr^ 
fe*8or  ttaeckel,  an  will  bit  seeu  bj  tlt»  moat  clt^ 
sory  examination  of  tlie  platea,  wiiw  extremely 
fortunate  in  having  tho  cii-oiM-ralJon  of  Mr.  Adolf 
UillK-b.  who  made  all  lli<-  drawings  of  Ibe  aistcen 
huu<lr«-d  iifivr  'species'  Hjftired  for  the  n-purt. 

Tbe  Itadiolaria  are  marine  rhiEopoda,  wboao  unl- 
rrlluhtr  ImmIv  always  euiisiato  ot  In-o  parla.  —  aa 
outer  ratyniniH.  which  h:ui  no  nucleiu  and  tfon 
which  tlic  poinidopodia  i-xl«od ;  lukl,  aepanted 
train  Ilii4  by  a  uirmla-ane,  an  inner  ca|jBid<'  with 
one  or  luore  nuclei,  serving  n«  the  8pe<.-ial  organ  >il 
rrprcHluotiiin  and  general  organic  centra.  DiKtv- 
linn  and  ri'latiims  with  Ibe  outer  world  in  gvupml 
are  attended  to  by  the  ciilymnia,  and  Ibo  dixtin- 
guiHbing  feature  of  the  claaa  is  funiiHlied  hy  iht 
ooniiUiiitt'avBiile-nieinbraneseparaUtigtJie  twolar- 
en.  The  radiolariaiia  ai«  tisQally  furnialied  with 
n  skeleton  which  promta  the  gn-iitotl  lieauiy  and 
utmoHt  variety  of  form,  and  ia  gcnentlly  raot- 
posed  of  »11ira.  or,  in  certnin  c«sm(Acaiitbnriaf.o' 
an  urgaiiiL'  fiilidlance  called  *acnnthit].'  The  to- 
dividuiila  are  usually  sinitle  :  in  only  a  nmtJI  mi- 
nority lire  tbe  unicellular  orgauianiN  united  in 
colon  ii';'  or  caenobda. 

A  ■yHiumulii.i  catalogue,  whk-Ii  forma  tlia  l«t> 
oilnntion  tit  the  wiirk.  and  iucluiies  all  the  Badlc^ 
laria  known  up  to  1SS4,  coiitains  ttventy  'oirdea,' 
elghty-flve  ■  facnitieK,'  seven  hundred  Knd  tltirty- 
nine  ■  geueia,'  and  four  thousand  thre<i  hundred 
and  dghteeu  'apecieo.'  It  is  hardly  narmiirj  to 
say  that  tbcae  group*  have  do  anch  value  in  tarma 
of  organixalion  as  thow  in  oomnion  luw  by  aya* 
leiiiati«(8  for  higher  groups  of  aniouls.  Profewor 
Haeckel'a  attitude  toward  HyaloniaKc  biology  b 
analogous  to  that  of  an  auaichist  toward  the  civil 
law,  and,  like  tliat,  if  adopted  by  all  natUTvltaitoL 
would  be  likely  to  result  in  an  iudt'finil«  nnmbet 
ot  individual  daapotisms.  The  multipIioMlon  o( 
name*  and  gronpa,  apart  from  Uieir  value  in  rnla- 
tion  to  other  oritanlsms,  Is  pretty  well  jastifi<.il  by 
the  eoorinoua  number  of  differentiable  forms  de- 
aeribed.  It  it  more  than  probabk,  alaa,  in  tlw 
abaenoc  of  diacriminative  natural  MlectkHi  operal- 


jDwm  17,  18S7.I 


aCUBNCE. 


097 


tng  among  th<vr  miiUiliidJtiou*  lowty  nignnUms. 
tluit  wluit  in  rvmRiiizx^l  noiong  higher  noimala  inn 
■pacific  difTifcntintion,  rannnt  pxihI.  ».ny  mmc 
thnn  amiiiiK  the  fomininift-m.  So,  for  tht*  jnir- 
poM  oT  Rmn>hnllinii;.  In  «omp  sort  of  nrtbr,  lh« 
(^haosof  ln()i>l<luali>,  peHiniw  noUiliii:  betWrcioiilit 
liave  been  t-hosiMi  thun  tli«  urnuigvnM'Dl  adopted. 

Tlic  rithcHt  Huurtw  of  Ih*-  muli-rinl  dewrilH-iI  in 
tlip  radiciliiriiui  oocw  of  Ihi-  Pncific  Ocran,  llip 
rpmnrknhlf  dcrrp-nrfi  mud  ronsiellnK  <rhti>flj  of 
the  Fkektonii  of  ibese  anioial*.  Tlie  low-ii«-l  «)»■} 
yielded  rich  tiviMures.  Fr(ife«tuc  Eiaeckci  lisaalHO 
Included  the  fruit  of  lilii  own  iiiiinrruiu  JMUmeyn 
to  the  Hedit«rriinmn  and  tlir  Mwli-rn  Allnntlc  iw 
well  iw  to  tho  Indinn  Ocran.  Cnpt.  Hcinnch 
Etahbi'  of  nn^men  nUo  «>nlr>)nitvd  moat  importuit 
mnt^-rinl  from  the  Indian  deas;  and  the  collections 
of  Murray  and  olhero  od  various  ex])edUloiM,8uch 
M  the  KnlKht-erntnt  and  Triton  vojageti,  added  to 
the  lotAl.  The  alluieotury  caanl  of  vurioiM  pelagic 
orgaiiiBma  and  eruo  Jumwic  ci>proHt«i>  hnvv  bevn 
luiiiundn'oontributjon.  Dr.  R.  Tpii'>rh(>r  of  J«iui 
hiw  co-oimrntj-d  with  tlie  author  in  his  work: 
among  nlbcr  IhinKn  he  n»derIiH.>li  the  (ediouK  m{- 
CTomMric  mensureuienla.  souie  eight  tlioiinniid  in 
nuBttwr,  hy  vrhlch  ttie  conatanej-  irf  lh«  itu-ciillcd 
speclftc  forms  waa  etidcftri>rcd  Ut  \»  ir*lrd.  The 
mmit  «how<>d  tlicif  mconntancy.  ax  might  be  e«- 
pi-cHwI,  The  oonclusiou  of  IVofUfSor  IIa«.*ki.>]  Ihnt 
all  other  orgaiiioiuB  exliil>[t  i>  HJinilur  iacomrtnni-y. 
Is,  we  l>elieve,  not  in  ac«onl«nc(^  with  the  general 
esperleni-e  of  iiutiimliiita. 

No  de«cription  can  do  jimticM*  In  the  wondvrful 
vttriely  ami  Iwauly  of  thcnr'  mlntite  creatum,  and 
for  fuller  rDDlitnticin  the  muler  must  turn  U>  the 
pIniM  of  what  we  may  properly  call  IhiK  nlupon- 
(louH  iiDiIennkjng. 


FOURTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  TUB  BU- 
REAU OF  KTHXOtMar. 
The  pnnentvoliimv.  wbichhiw  juat  been  iaaued, 
contHUi*  thr  rrport  of  the  director  for  1889-88, 
and  JKime  popers  of  eminent  value.  Ttie  latttir 
niufti  be  reiiewcd  Hfwrately,  aiid  ne  ntmll  con- 
tiueour«elve«tOSOm«reTnarlu  on  Major  Powell's 
report.  Tlie  lirood  boBid  on  which  the  rpsearchuci 
of  the  Inireau  ar«  carrieil  on  in  diie  to  him,  and 
ethnologistB  must  be  thnnktul  for  hit  encaiirag«- 
ment  of  special  linc«  of  siody  —  for  Inetanoe. 
Hallery>  rcNenrohea  on  a[gn-langna««  and  pictog- 
raphy —  and  of  special  r«aearcbea  on  ocrtain 
groups  of  tribes,  which  cannot  be  ma<le  without 
the  at>fti<<tiiuc<e  and  support  of  n  pownrfut  inalilu- 
tion.  Ill  thi>  nspifot  the  work  of  the  bureau  la  of 
thi?  greatoit  value,  oh  it  putc  nn  end  to  the  dil«t- 
t*ot«iiim  which  roTTDoriy  obtained  in  American 
ethnoloR>-.     Major  Powell's  atlempta  to  gtiin  tlie 


oo-operatioii  of  seleotlsls  not  offlcially  oanDecUd 
with  llie  bumau  cunnot  but  t^xert  a  wlmltiome 
nnd  imoourn^ag  influence  on  Aiuericiui  vth- 
nokigy.  NumvrouM  roluublf  nvtan^bi^n  whk-|i 
are  included  in  the  R>porl«  of  the  litirenu  and  In 
the  eoDlrlUitlona  to  North  American  ethnology 
ore  proof  of  this. 

AnotliiT  imporlanl  feature  of  Hie  work  of  the 
bureau  in  tin-  brnnil  and  sjulematii.-  plan  by  which 
Major  Powell  carrii-H  on  t)ic  nMiarcticii  of  tho 
bureau.  He  kreps  three  publicationa  porlicuUrly 
in  vifw.  His  remarka  on  tlii«  aubji'Ot  am  ol  great 
iiiltfn-st.  Ue  route 01) 'la <M  the  publication  of, 
"  1°,  a  w-riiv  of  chart*  Bliuwtng  I)ie  habitnt  of  all 
trlbee  when  llmt  met  by  Eu^c)])l■all^.  aii<I  at  sut«e- 
queoterns  ;  3",  a  dii'li<iniiry  of  trlUil  sjnonyiny, 
which  should  refer  the  multiplied  and  coiifoiiing 
title*,  as  given  In  llletaturc  and  in  railing  utage, 
to  m  correct  anil  syatematic  staiulard  of  nomen- 
clnturr ;  H"*.  »  cliii«i(lcation,  on  a  lini^lslic  boHla. 
of  all  the  kni>wn  Indiana  of  North  Atuerlcit.  re- 
maining and  extinct.  inti>  (uinilips  or  stocks. 

"  The  onler  of  powdblc  iirepnratidn  ol  theae 
publications  Is  the  revcrw  of  the  above.  The 
charts  cannot  be  dntwn  until  tlie  triltes,  a*  *il- 
lagw,  confcdenicim.  and  k-iu;ue».  shall  liave  been 
resolved  from  niulliplicity  and  confusion  UilO 
iiteuti  Ilea  lion  and  simplicilj.  TlielinfiuinticclaMJ- 
ll<»tion  |irecM-de«  the  whole  of  the  work,  and  tlis 
ditlii-ulticv  aileuding  it  ha*e  al  tliiiee  euipended 
ito  Katiifnc'liiry  progrr*H  until  ex|>edlliotis  of  re- 
Hcnrnh  hni)  lieun  Mint  forth  to  ctuar  up  the  ob- 
staolea  of  unceilniniy  and  ignarttncc:.  NumnrouH 
publlcalloiw  of  ethnologic  cliarla  of  partial  >yno- 
D;mM  and  of  tentative  claMiDcationa  have  ap- 
peared from  Tarlons  soiircee.  but  all  hnvc  been  Im- 
pprfect  and  man  or  lew  erroneous.  Tlie  peraonal 
attention  of  the  director  and  of  all  the  olllcers  and 
enipl4\vee*of  thebonyiu  luuib«H>nnlcudily  directed, 
in  addition  to  the  nevetal  hmncbm  of  wvirk  from 
time  to  time  underlmken,  to  prroenting  them  in  a 
proper  form.  The  lobur  anrf  study  re>|nired  have 
been  lieyoiul  expreaBJuu.  but  may  be  partially  in- 
ilir^alcd  by  the  fact  that,  a])url  from  the  hngulsllc 
and  Kpcioloftic  problem*  involved,  the  mere  lue- 
chantcal  compilation  hnn  produced  ovrr  Iwtmty 
IhouNind  cards  of  synonymy.  The  present  condi- 
tion of  Ihta  interconnected  work  is  encouragtng," 
The  publication  of  ihia  nialM-ial  will  be  tlie  flnt 
iK)und  iNiflis  of  continued  reworvhes  on  -\merican 
ethnology.  We  do  not  enter  into  Ihedvtaibiof 
the  HeM-wotk  done  by  the  burmu,  ah  during  tlin 
subsequent  yoars  much  additional  work  has  beon 
done,  and  has  become  known  in  its  outllnee.  tn 
Ihia  respect  it  must  particularly  be  regreltiNl  that 
thvM)  re^Hirts.  likei  most  other  government  publi- 
cations, are  not  sooner  iwued. 


598 


SCIE^iVS. 


[Tosk  IX..  »o.  n 


Wo  hfnrtil;  cmctir  with  Major  Powrll.  >n  hw 
remark*  on  the  iindesliahlUij  of  amntrur  (mI- 
tectora  and  trarelters.  Unrortunaldy.  hmh;  rs- 
plurem  an*  bo  lltll»  L-oni^maiil  nilh  tlie  eli'iix^uld 
oC  (tttinokigir.  uid  NO  IJitUt  able  Ui  cuiiAiiler  naiivrs 
from  nnjr  ulhvr  point  uf  ""ivr  tliitn  thnt  uT  out  own 
ciTilimticii).  or  to  rntrr  into  tlii'ir  niclhucls  of 
IhinliinK,  that  the;  do  mar*'  luinu  tlmti  K««d. 
Any  one  who  has  studictl  othii<i1o{{i(iil  tiicnilurv 
bnom  how  true  this  Is.  It  Is  an  iindcrrvtiiiintian 
of  jirituU?  work.  howo*er,  itUvn  Powell  says, 
"  EK|M-ri(!ni'L'li»Bnbowu  Ihut  liidlvitluHl  Iravc-llorB, 
unfcuiili'd  and  without  Mmiiuuii  syHtfiii,  liuve 
(ailffd  to  pbtkin  Iho  \tit-i  rciHults  iii  rxiuiitniDg 
ntomhere  of  luiiivi-  trlh<!«  linth  dm  ind)<  idoals  anil 
a«Bfxr<Katlons."  Thinafflrmntiiui  isoiipoiwdtothc 
encourajtement  of  private  rMswrches.whifh  Powdl 
ha«  HO  Huoci^siirully  madtr  t)i«  |>olloy  of  the  InirtMU. 
We  do  not  dotilit  that  Bcii-iitistn  w|i[>areiU|)[M>rivd 
tiT  tliR  moral  iodur'nci.'  and  tbc'  oicHnft  of  Ibe  bu- 
r*'tM  hnvi-  lieltrr  <-)inDc-iii  of  luconw  tlum  IhoMC  wbii 
travel  without  swh  Kiippiirt:  but,  ns  tlip  biitrnu 
of  «t)inolo](T  Is  not  «hle  to  carry  out  nil  tlic  Ht-ld- 
work  tliuC  U  tiecMsary  and  d««lrable,  researches 
of  Hcieniitttfl  uiidcrtuken  outside  of  the  systemati- 
cal plan  of  the  hiiiiiiu  oukIiI  tu  \iv  H't<li'uiiie. 

Wc  ronwdiT  Ihu  jilaii  by  whii^h  the  n-starobrt 
of  thp  huitMii  atri  ciurii'd  on  a  very  smvi-mftil  one. 
The  princiiial  Idea  is  time  the  phenomena  of  el h- 
noloKj  and  archeology  itmst  be  studied  from  a 
eommon  point  of  view,  and  that  a  kiiowlfd^e  of 
Ui«  former  is  iudiapensable  [or  uuderetMDdJnK  Um 
latter,  and  that  Xhv  suppOHitiuu  uf  Muiidi'n  catw- 
<Tly*mK.  insti'ad  lit  thitt  uf  n  oontiniiiiiii  develop- 
ment, is  only  jiiHliflod  wlirrp  olcnr  evidence  of 
tlw  occurrence  of  «iK-h  plienoinena  I'an  \»  shown. 
The  work  of  tlie  Iniivau  Ih  of  ^reut  imporlatice  not 
only  for  science,  Ixit  uIm>  fur  u  BUivi-ssful  method 
of  miikinii;  Ihf  Indian  a  useful  nienilirr  uf  the 
irtate  and  of  human  BOtit-ly.  Wn  carmot  pmjs 
upon  him  our  civilimtjcn.  A  Lliumiigh  knowledKe 
of  the  Indian  charailer  in  ne<!esiuiry  to icoch  mfM- 
factory  result'  in  thia  line.  Duth  scientist*  and 
philanthropisU  nmut  wish  tbnl  the  work  of  the 
bureau  be  cwried  on  as  vtgoroutly  as  poaalble. 
Hnd  that  ila  opetaiions  ouj^it  not  to  be  hampered 
by  laok  of  means  lor  i>xteusire  lleld-work  and 
publirations.  Db.  Framz  Boaa. 


THE  ROTIFERA. 

In  niir  previous  notice  of  (bis  work  (toI.  tII. 

p.  40il  we  ttiised  tlie  favorable  Jud^tueot,  which 

we  then  espremeil,  upon  tbe  llrat  two  parl«.     We 

have  now  before  lu  the  completed  work,  the  e«- 

lh»  Bol(/4Ta  i  or,  Hliftt-aptimnlputft.  Br  C.  T.  lIcnMlii. 
amUMd  by  T.  il.  Oomik.  V.n.!>.  Pui*  tii.-vL  Loailiin, 
hmgauuut.   if. 


aminaliott  uf  which  MnugtberM  our 
favomble  oinnion.  The  aulhora  are  not  of 
whose  studies  are  promptiHt  bjr  An  iBM 
eaicemess  for  knonledfie,  hut  rntlier,  it 
to  us,  are  they  lovers  of  Nature,  wlio  M«k  At 
vlutmt  iDlienacy  with  Iier  to  fcralify  tlielr  dto 
lions.  Tlicy  are  pleaoeil  to  <)uote  u|Min  tbe  rmw 
of  thnir  tillepagp  ^iclley'tt  lioa  ;  — 

"  TIUIHI  tlnWlOBB  bOlDKB. 

Wlinw  nii»i>l>rb  In  Ui-  •iui«ll*at  ttsrtlcM 
Of  llli>  llIl|in9<.ilvo  rtliiiQSpbSr*. 
Ktiji'i  uic]  llio  ItkB  mAU." 

Vie  do  not  m«an  that  th«  ohnractrisaliatttt 
tli<>  spect<«  is  vague  and  drenmlikf.  tt  woaMta 
riitHcuU  for  a  bioloK>*t  to  d^ttormtn^i  the  vyitf 
malic  position  of  Shelley's  '  viewlem  lielnxn '  (ma 
the  poet's  description  ;  but  Mr.  HudtHiu'B  are  <H- 
entilkally  exact,  although  tbey  ar«  rvndend  la- 
terestinf;  by  the  addition  ufsumtrtbing  of  thf  liter 
ary  flavor  that  alone  ia  pment  in  Sliclley'ii  twan- 
tiful  Inexactitndc.  It  i*  thij>  <-<>nilniwtio(i  <•( 
quulitiea  which  impart*  a  dotibU>  merit  to  Hud- 
MHi  and  acNM>  monograph,  and  renders  il  mooi^ 
nbia  and  wetoome  alike  to  (he  profeasioual  »mA  to 
tiic  nmntirur  ^alu^aIS^t. 

The  work  is  a  valuable  coniHbulJon  to  atneacC, 
as  every  conscientioiiB  moiiO|;TapIi  tnuiit  b«:fiv 
it  is  indispensable  to  prognwi  that  we  should  ba*« 
from  timo  to  time,  in  ivKanl  to  a  |;lven  Mibjttt 
a  romiirelieniive  presentation  of  the  aurumulaUd 
knowledge.  A  monograph  of  Die  Kulifera  wm 
very  much  nopded,  for  it  Is  twenl,v>flve  yun 
since  the  revision  by  Dr.  Arliil^.  To  executetl* 
tnok  woitliily,  it  wn»  n*t0UMnrjr  tlutt  the  man^ 
by  no  ineuiiB  always  rnro,  apMnaa  wbieli  bad  i*- 
mntncd  uudpuciibed  should  bo  properly  inviMll- 
eated,  tH>  lui  to  bt-  included  In  tlie  monrtKntpk. 
Tills  laborious  undurlAkiag  the  authors  baveac- 
complislied.  Tlicir  work  oonUiina  more  tlian  one 
liuiidrei)  and  twenty  KpeolM  whi<.-ti  were  udkcoc 
ni»-d  whru  L>r.  ArlidKc  wrote:  nearly  nil  oftlMa 
have  been  added  to  aoivDca  by  tbo  ntilliora  ttoa- 
selves,  nDiOP  eighty  of  tbem  by  Hr.  Ooewt. 

When  Mr.  Hudson  passes  beyoni]  bia  r^e  of  fib- 
t«ri'atlon  and  dr«criptlon,  and  oocupiea  hitaadf 
Willi  problenw  of  morphology  and  of  th<i  ofllnillM 
uf  tbe  Kotifera,  lie  is  liw  fortunate  than  we  rvmld 
wish.  Thus,  he  sa>-i>  in  bia  preface  that  his  dis- 
covery of  the  re(narkahle  tVdaliini  ntiruoi  ■'  has 
put  beyond  queatlon  the  fact  thnt  tlbe  1to4ifera,  In 
one  point  at  Icait.  are  doaely  linked  to  the  Arthn>- 
poda."  Now,  Pedalion  ia  a  truenrtlfcr,  whkhhw 
six  Umb^lko appendagrn.  two  of  whicb  areoB  Uw 
median  Uaefoaebrint;  dorsal,  tbe  other  veotral), 
and  four  of  which  vn  Utsrnl.  Thn  limba  have 
terminal  briatlee.    TbeM  •ppendBses  Itupwt,  ia 


imni  IT.  1887.] 


8CJEJVCJe. 


699 


fiw'I.  ■nmflhitiK  oT  n  Nat)|>liu»-tlko  n^prnrancn  lo 
Ihi'  animal  :  nnil.  inuAmuoli  na  the  SHtipliw  la  the 
larval  RtsReot  onrtaia  Cnutooeo,  Pedftlion  may  \w 
saiti  too(r«T  some  rraemblBncc  to  no  «r()in>pitJ. 
It  mUAt  tx;  ivmembcreiJ  tlint  nrtliroptid  liml*  are 
nlwayH  Hyminfltrli-ully  ihajKiHed,  nn<l  ni^vrr  OceU' 
py  ■  piMitian  in  the  ineiliaii  line,  *ixc«pt  iM  R 
•eoundoty  miidiBratluii  rniultinK  from  llip  torian 
of  Iwo  originally  dintiiK-'l  liiiibj  iiilo  one  median 
»tructiire ;  *s  oecxir*.  tar  rxniiiple.  in  the  Labium. 
Moreover.  arlltmpo<l  limlx  nn-  lln-  o[ipi-uclui;eB  t>r 
BegmentM.  and  are  atnnge^  in  lerinl  iirdt-r  Irni^-tli- 
wite  uf  the  body  and  by  segmoabi.  In  ih«  l^>tt^ 
era,  <!□  th(?  i-outrury,  there  is  and  can  b*  nn  nui'h 
lurangrmmt,  l*H-aui>p  there  are  nns^menla.  In 
fnct.  w»-  miiMt  inliTprel  the  sfmilailty  ~  which, 
alter  nil,  is  iiii|<rr{)«t  -  -  at  the  linibti  at  PHlalluii 
to  tbriae  ■>(  tlie  Naupliuii  aa  an  analogj',  and  not 
as  an  )i<itnflloe7. 

So,  niMch  niay  b»  uld  tn  Indicate  tbe  limit  be- 
yond which  the  Bjiecial  merits  of  the  work  do  nol 
exteml ;  but  within  thciM  limits  «e  Rnd  a  great 
diiil  of  the  bent  exeellenee,  whicli  abundaiilly 
jiiitiflai  our  congmtulnting  the  autbi'iH  upon  Ibe 
^    completion  of  their  capital  and  thoroUKh  lrniti>e. 

^^^  LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR. 

^^^H  (Ucratliia«d  frain  p.OW.] 

Th«  cause  of  coniumptlon, 

Tku  mbjeot  !■  of  iiuoh  ^leut  imparianoo  not  only 
Id  Iho  pToimtiun  but  bIbo  lu  the  trcatmont  of  Uin  ilia. 
MM,  tut  1  feci  aaiu  Toil  will  portuit  me  to  reply  (o 
the  linporlAnt  objaclian  rairad  by  '  Meilloua'  tu  my 
theory  of  ooatnmpUoa.  In  ede&oe  ««  proeeed  from 
tlw  known  to  the  unknown.  Now,  wa  know  that  the 
oonitant  iuiialutiou  of  imnll  partioke  proilneee  con- 
•amptlau,  uid  thitt  tbi>y  (ivi<U>uUy  reduce  the  tirealh. 
ing  eapaeityi  ami  wo  linvi<  prMiii^ed  e^iprnmnitnily 
tlM  dienenti  in  auimnlK  by  niuiplr  codSucidoiii.  vliich 
kliu  rednooe  thai  eapacity.  Fuitlwr,  I  lia>'ii  pro- 
ilucni)  eoneomption  1>;r  r<>lai>lu|t  tli*  lirtfiitliiiiL;  tiir. 
faoe  u(  the  liiBip  b«U>«  a  oettalu  |»nut,  and  I  haie 
■Mtrohed  the  reoorda  iu  eain  to  Bud  a  eaee  eif  conaninp- 
Uon  in  wbiob  nuoh  aonditiob>  were  not  pooaaut.  TIm 
trlbcR  thnt  arc  aliiioliitcly  free  from  tbla  dIeeaM  are 
known  ti>  livn  iiiid*r  cnudltlonR  that  tend  lo  dereJop 
the  lunK*:  anil  we  atelhaintroduelion  uf  Hvilixuliou 
ninougit  tbum  —  thai  ie.  Of  couditiona  that  tiind  to  in. 

I  dace  the  bteMbing  anrtac*— ii  tollowt^d  by  tlio 
tntroilaotlon  of  that  illaraae.  Kilt,  Kiiyit '  MedJou*.'  — 
and  I  have  liad  (he  Muie  olijeoticu  bvre.  —  that  i*  1«- 
mn'M  the  Ijaelllne  hai  been  intruducvil.  I  reply. 
apply  Ihf  eameproet—  oloumioationtolbnlMieilliaB 
tb<«ry.  ui>l  it  laiU  at  the  reiy  IxKlunlnij.  Ki'ch'a 
important  e\p«riiu»iiU  —  llivy  inark  an  e]iaeh  in  the 
knowltfteuf  life  —  reeullvd  iuauappiuoiit  aflinualive 
and  >u  abeolutc  nontivc.  Iu  lowe  animnla  bo  indnred 
eoiuainptioD.  in  otben  bo  did  not.  Wbnt  U  tlie  dlller- 
ene*  between  the  two  olaiMM  of  anlnialaT  ThefuriDer 
eeldfOtly  had  lieen,  and  were,  nbjeoledlooonditiona 
that  lend  U>  retloce  the  breathing  capaeity ;  while  the 


latl«r  had  not  bean,  and  were  sot,  enhjaeled  to  anob 
eoiiilitkwa  lo  the  laaie  extent  What  followed  tke 
tUtppnge  of  the  nrntilallBg  ehafla  of  eeveial  warda  at 
Broioplon.anoutbreakoffioBaaBiptlon^  No.  Eryeip. 
nlwL  Is  civilixatioD  we  do  not  (now  vbrrc  IIm  ba- 
elllne,  eo  called,  tulierculuu*  ia  not.  and  I  am  cnri- 
oue  tu  aee  wti»  «ill  pniTo  their  abecuoe  aiiiou«iil  the 
IrlboB  lluit  are  yet  free  from  oonmnption.  And  while 
the  gcnnieide  treatment  uf  tlie  diuaeo  haa  admittedly 
talUd,  that  boatd  nnon  tliia  theory  bae,  both  in  llie 
expartneeutaaBil  la  Ui*  fonreaaeatowhieh  It  boeboen 
applieit,  proved  ooaoptetety  aaeeeMfal. 

O.  W.  BaMBurrott. 

I^iiiilcn,  Mar  ItL 


ScaodinaTian  atudiea  In  tba  United  Slatea. 

The  readen  of  S^enM  had  their  altMitioii  directed 
to  (hie  eabjeot  In  a  recent  article  written  by  Daniel 
Kilkam  Dodge ;  hat  the  write*  of  that  nrllclo.  nnwil- 
(ingly  I  anppoee,  doec  inJuaUee  to  the  Hcautliaaiiene 
in  Ibla  counlty  a«  well  aa  lo  the  work  that  in  bo 
nobly  being  carried  on  by  theui.  lie  olio  omit*  a 
niaoiinenl  nuiieraity  in  tlv*  north. v«at  alueb  la  try- 
ing to  do  what  he  tbiuke  ought  lo  be  done  l>y  many 
Auietlean  eollogoa.  Aa  to  the  enccea  of  aneli  eCorta, 
hia  hlntorlcal  aroouut  boa  important  liaaona, 

He  atatM  that  th.-ro  i»  "«  pomUatloa  of  1OT.10S 
BoandinaviajiH  in  MiuueiHita.  and  thera  la  not  a  eol* 
laga  in  whieh  the  parent  tungnue  of  llUe  great  WMm 
of  people  can  be  almiicd." 

Thia  might  roitvey  a  wroiift  Imprnieiion  about  the 
Scaadinavtaua,  it  the  reader*  ot  Awnft  were  not  Id. 
foruiml  tliat  dnriog  the  year  tSM  betwoem  eeien  and 
t-ii^bt  ItuuilKd  Rtnilenle  aUended  Ifae  Sandinarian 
inaiitutiunii  of  Hiaueaota.  True,  theae  inatilnUona 
are  not  aa  yet  oonylelo  eollesra  iu  the  Ameriown  awwe 
of  the  tenn,  but  the  day  la  nut  lur  diBtont  wben  eoine 
will  lie  an  equivalent.  'Ilielr  objeot  ii  not  d«ttr«a.  bitt 

JuallfleatiuuH.  Thoae  people  liiavo  bven  nurtured  by 
aroiiean  uuiveeaitiy  iwiBolplee,  ndiI  with  uulventlty 
nico  In  their  noidet ;  to^y  ai*  not  ili"'  iu  fethouiiuu 
the  ahallowneaa  of  a  great  deal  ot  the  Aaiericaa  oot 
leg^'-tmlulug. 

Oiiittavue  Ailolphna  college,  nltiuited  at  Ht  Petar, 
Miun.,  in  ii  MiiuriHhiug  iuHtituliuu  wltb  tvro  hiiudred 
■iDdcntH.  that  in  lucluug  ouly  one  year  of  haiinK  a 
lunr-ytsra'  n>lliigiBl»  coaiae.  Onn-half  of  the  pro- 
tMMonbipe  are  lield  by  luen  wlio  are  not  Seandi- 
uaviana,  bnl  Anierloaua  nlneaUd  ia  ewteni  Amnri- 
oan  ooUegea.  I«Ub,  Engliah,  Qemuu,  aiattivicaiira. 
anil  nalnnl  aeieueea  are  langht  hv  theae  ptoftenora. 
AuK'iatiu'a  college,  Uook  Iclaad,  111.,  hi  anotber  and 
olilvT  iuntitutioii,  eappoited  by  the  Swedea,  whlob 
tiun  hixn  gnuluAting  clam  attar  olaae  for  a  period  of 
ten  ytaca.  PniiuiiK  hi^dlng  a  diptoma  from  tbla  lal- 
ti-r  liiKlllution  are  adinilled  into  the  Ilnivotnily  of 
UpHnU  williout  exaiuiuaUDU,  A  goodly  nnicibKr  of 
the  pmfeBiioni  ure  nleo  American  ooUege.bnul  luim. 
Witliiu  recent  yi^ara  a  most  prumiiunK  edumtioaal 
work  WM  bcguD  by  the  Sveilea  at  LiudBburg,  Kan, 
During  111*  |>aet  jear,  over  Ibrue  bnndred  atndenla 
attended  the  dlfereul  dK|Wrtmenl«  of  Bethany  eoUege 
and  Nonual  inetitute.  ami  at  (l»i  cmuiUK  oonunevoa- 
uient  tlicy  will  ilediciato  au  clceaiit  and  large  «oUege- 

bDltJiUK. 

TbeHwedeaandUie  Norweuiaiut  are  alive  on  edi*oa> 
Uoual  mallaTB,  and  tluqr  iuHuenee  >•  and  will  eoB- 
tinue  to  be  felt  in  Ihia  eonntry.    Tbey  are  Uwedp^ 


600 


SCIENCE. 


[roi«  IX.,  Na 


ADil  NnTirn|[laDa.  uid  do  oao  oou  bUuin  Uind  it  tbojr 
i1iNtii«  tli^r  rlillclTcn  to  b*  aduektod  ta  ii  way  Unit 
Uxvy  (All  ^iprMtinlD  it ;  Kud.  il  Iba  AiiwriMUU  rau  uut 
aDd  will  not  do  it.  the)'  wit)  uid  miiBt  do  it.  Ai  a 
riil«,  Uioj  arc  not  oppoacd  but  filml  to  tiitTc  Ull^iI 
yotith  l«Arii  Kugliiili ;  but  tbf>7  m*o  wlHh  Iheoi  to 
kouw  kixnotliiDg  iiiaM>,  MpMUIJy  Uio  iMUgiM^te,  liters. 
Inrc,  oud  biiitorjr  of  the  faltaeilMld.  Tlw  oomphHiit 
tnailii  nKninrt  tbom  often  oomM  from  daoomiiunoiMl 
biinil'|iiiurl*Tii,  bccaane  Uttif  mnnot  nroMnlyto  tbMn 
ful  eumigh.  Tliv  SnuidlaiiTlruis  ar»  Lut)i<>mM,  Bud 
tliBj- will  resiHt  niiy  uid  DTery  iilt«iiipt  Uutt  i*  made 
torob  thctn  uftbctaith  forwhiub  QiuilAvtiB  Adol]ibus 


loatkiibly  ««11.  <iTtil«n««  at  nliiob  I  bkv«  PBOCoUf 
h»d,  In  which  I  linvn  ii»od  a  Iar)[n  battery  of  Layte 
jam  as  a  •uiiroe  or  ek<rlriaily. 

The  iiutmiiMait  luciuniio  bvtwiM>n  four  bvBdMl 
UDil  ten  tboamod  lolta.  and  U  eiccodiiisly  oatM  la 
ooanacUnn  with  Ihe  Holta  macbliui  uid  otbar  ti%b' 
l«u8io)i  touNw.  F.  E.  Hmnn. 

81.  Idula,  June  t.     

The  report  reociilly  'viaaaA  by  the  geok^ial 
Biirve.v  of  Kentucky,  on  the  geology  of  ElliuU 
coiiniv.  (liocu88«8  tiie  ooal-mesfliuvs  of  tlmi  ix-gvon. 
aoU  wpedally  ih«  roaatdve  cxmglomvntUi,  wbicli. 


TaniDKIK^  BUUTIUMITATIl-   Vi>[<"MKn. 

(RnpradiiCMl  br  parmlMlon  (A  JuiHs  If.  ijueon  A  C?o.) 


foURlit  nod  died.  Allow  them  tb*  rcllgiotii  Ubarty 
(if  wliioli  VB  boaid  an  AinnricMm.  and  Uivy  will  he 
AnitflcauB  too.  J.  P.  UBLBt. 

HL  FeWr,  Mtnn.,  J(i»*  3. 


Thomson 'a  ckctrostalic  voltmeter. 

itc«[rfiiiliii|^  j'littr  iuqiiiry  ni  to  (ho  luoritH  of  tbe 
TlioiiMoii  vlrotnwtalic  loltiiivlnr.  1  iiiniit  my  that  I 
liavH  iiiniln  )('''<>> 'I***  "f  il  iliiriii^  tlir  liMt  ytutr,  and 
Kill  \fry  liiiii-h  I'lFHfHid  wilL  itn  ]><.'rronijiuirR.  It  hn« 
the  dUndTnntnijo  of  uut  bciii^;  very  portnMi>.  nud  I 
fear  that  Ihn  wond  i>[  whl''b  llui  •nclonuia  box  li 
foroMil  will  ):•>  til"  vtny  i't  nil  KaropMn wooua  Ib  our 
rlloiate.  1  livuiii  ti<  opr  ^vidmce  of  waipiug  now. 
whii^h  will  mukf'  it  neeetmuy  to  T«-«IHDUie  tbc  me»\e 
oi  the  initiuiucDt. 

Tbn  InatmiDDnt  will,  hownver,  bold  Itn  charge  r«i- 


(Jong  I'ertnin  iipliftH.  hax  been  dceiily  Imndw) 
tho  Htrmuia,  llip  v«rti«tl  wuIIm  of  thn  nanow  ^t 
exceedingly  |ii<rtiire«i|iip  gorges  niiixinK  from  Tt 
to  ITS  re«l  in  bol^bt.  Wi-  nlw  fiiwl  herv  full  ao- 
oountfi  by  Hc<«r8.  Oniiidntl  anil  Pill<>r  of  the  tnp 
ililte  «f  Elliott  county,  which  U  noK-worlliy  ■■  he- 
inK  till?  (nilj*  lutm  of  enijitive  rock  ye4  diocovrnd 
in  Ki-rttiick}-,  and  of  th^  ■  iotereatlng  potvibili 
in  thp  wny  of  diantiinds  euggMteil  by  Ffnr< 
Lewis.  But,  iJtbouKh  tbu  pcridotiti-  in  slroilar 
that  8o  closely  B88ocial«<d  with  tbi-  dlBtnotxla  In 
Huutli  AfriiTH.  Mr.  Ditler  And*  no  X&e\»  wli 
would  wurraiit  a  in-niaieut  Bmirh  for  thn  |f«nia 
Krn  lucky.  ~ 


lar  1^^ 


SCIENCE. 


FRIDAY.  JUNE  «.  XW7. 


COMMEST  AXD  CRITIClSit. 
As  iKTfoaaTKfO  CASE  o(  the  r&ilare  of  heredity 
is  shown  in  the  Greeiioiigli  Taniilf,  of  which 
Horatio  Greenmigh.  one  of  our  earliest  sculplore, 
trlioee  letters  have  jiist  been  pablisbed  by  Ticlmor 
&  Co.,  U  ft  well-known  member.  Althougli  sercml 
of  Mr.  Qreenough's  lirotben  Hnd  staii:ni  •lisiilnvdl 
an  interent  in  and  capncity  fur  art,  j'ct  no  expla- 
nation for  this  love  and  derution  L-an  bo  found  in 
either  of  the  parents,  nor  in  t1i«  unceston  so  far  m 
known.  The  father  wai  ■  a  nensible,  pnu.'tical, 
honorable  man '  from  WelHleet,  on  the  Cape.  Thn 
grandfather  had  n  oolkf;iale  edui-ation  and  good 
talents,  and  died  at  the  ajte  of  "thirty-nine.  The 
mother  lived  to  tiw  age  of  eighty-nine,  was  fias- 
Bionately  fond  of  nature,  and  hud  a  facility  for 
writinji.  and  love  for  reading,  hut  nellb^^^  knowl- 
edge nor  appteciatiou  of  art.  Of  the  brothers  and 
eistern  of  Horatio  Uneaiougb,  of  whom  th(?r«  were 
eleven.  John.  Ih«  oldevt,  waa  bom  in  IBOl.  He 
Bhuwnl  whMi  young  a  love  of  design,  and  sup- 
ported himself  ror»ou>e  years  in  London  by  iiaint- 
ing,  Alfred,  the  touitli  eon,  was  Inteirealed  in 
art,  but  never  etndled  it.  He  afl«rw&rd  eutered 
Into  buainCM.  RicliArd  Boltonotall,  the  youDg««t 
oT  the  MOa,  born  in  1910,  distinicuUhed  himself  at 
an  enrly  ax?  by  a  [Hirtmit  biurt  of  Prmcott  the 
historian,  a  Bnc  bmnxe  Kronp  of  ■  Bbepherd-b«>y 
and  eaffle.  and  the  etnlne  of  Franklin  in  School 
Street,  Boston,  lie  ha*  tired  in  Rome  for  many 
]r«an,  where  his  loMr  w-oriu  ar»  woll  known. 
One  of  Ibe  dauKlil«ra  also  imhwwmI  all  th*  naniral 
gifts  reqaisitv  for  nn  artist. 


ThK  ncRBAStKO  irrMKBR  Of  HerieH  Of  mono- 

grapbi  on  9{ie(<ial  topicH  muni  have  attracted  tbu 

attention  of  all  IbiMe  who  possess  any  acquaint- 

anc-e  with  current  literature.    We  have  an  Atoeri- 

cau  sfienei-  Beries,  a  set  of  science  primen,  several 

selH  uf  literature  primers,  liislorlcal  monographs. 

■       ei-onomio  papers,  and  so  on.     The  developmenl  in 

I       tbia  direction  Is  a  perfectly  natnraJ  one,  and  one 

I       which  results  from  the  increasing  speciatizatjon 

I       in  Mndy.     It  is  Impcneihle  any  longer  for  even  the 

H       ireJl-lnfoRDsd  tnau  to  follow  methods  and  details : 

H  So.tm~im. 


be  mu«t  rest  content  with  retiulU,  and  eteu  thow 
concisely  staled.  This  multiplication  of  small 
books  on  great  subjects  lias  been  deprec&ted,  we 
know,  but,  as  it  seetns  to  us,  on  onteaable 
i^Tounds.  When  Huxley  writee  on  soknoe  tn  gen- 
eral. Walter  on  political  eccoomy,  OeUde  <m 
Hieologr,  Alarlin  on  biology,  and  Young  on  thA 
siu,  we  may  rest  assured  ibai  the  renilM  will  1» 
beyond  criticism. 


Wiihin  n  few  daym  two  additions  to  th««e  series, 
both  of  them  extremely  Important,  have  l-een  an- 
ni>iinr»d.  Th*  tint  oomee  from  the  faculty  of 
potitiol  scinnoe  of  Columbia  college, —a  body 
which  has  already  placed  the  community  under 
ohligntions  to  it  not  only  tor  its  admirably  oigun* 
ized  and  conducted  course  of  study,  but  for  it*  tn- 
vulmiljle  PotiUcal  ncitner  quarterly.  Envh  of 
the  profensors  in  tliis  scbonl  has  undertaken  the 
preparation  of  ■  work  on  his  own  subject :  and 
Ibe  aeries  will  cover  the  whole  field  of  political 
science  proper,  as  well  as  the  allied  subjects  of 
public  law  and  economics.  Nine  voloines  are  iu 
course  of  preparation,  and  in  eacli  the  bislorical 
and  comparative  method  will  be  followed.  The 
nine  volumee  mentioned  are  'Comparative  con- 
stitutional Uw  and  politics,'  by  Professor  Bur- 
g«« :  ■  History  of  political  theories,'  by  Professor 
Alexandnr;  ■  Hialorical  political  economy,'  by 
VrOt.  Richmond  M.  Smith  ;  '  Comparative  coD- 
stitntionni  law  of  the  American  commoawMlthSi' 
hy  Mr.  F.  W.  Whi(rid>ie ;  '  Historical  md  0«tt- 
inratire  scii^or  of  Bnance,'  by  Dr.  E.  R.  A.  Sellg- 
ffion  :  '  Compantivo  admiuiatintlTe  law,'  by  Mr. 
F.  J.  Goodnow ;  ■  tnt«n)atlonal  law,'  hy  Professor 
Dwigbt;  'ComiMrative  jurisprudenoe,'  by  Prd. 
Munroa  Smith  :  and  '  Literatim  of  pditicBl  "ci> 
Mioft,'  by  Qporge  H,  Bnkcr.  Thn  first  of  these 
volumes  will  he  issued  in  th<>  autumn. 


The  secKMid  announcement  to  which  we  refer 
will  prol«bly  atUHOt  eren  mure  wide-spnnd  at- 
tention than  the  lint.  It  is  to  tbu  effect,  that, 
recognizing  the  lack  of  the  avcunlc  and  wciontiflc 
treatment.  In  an  acceaeible  form,  of  ednoational 
and  pedagogic  qumtions.  the  Iiidu.-itrial  iKJaoation 
luuocialiou  of  thia  city  will  oommenov  in  the  an- 


603 


SCIENCE. 


[Vol..  IX.,  No.  m 


lumn  tbp  publfcAtloti  of  »  Mrin  of  educational 
tnonosraphs  iiixl^r  the  «dUon>hip  of  Uie  prMSdent 
cJ  the  ttwoclatloDi  I>r.  Butler.  The  iMipwra  will 
Inwt  i>r  rartons  educnlionnl  topici,  binturii-ally 
nnd  critip-ally  :  and  theRi<Ktpn>mi]W!i)l«dnoBlorB. 
both  in  tbis  country  anil  in  Europe,  have  ptooi- 
JNd  ooiutl buttons.  It  in  cs|>cc1(mI  tlul  the  fint 
inoi)02Tn)>h  will  be  from  Ihv  pi!n  uf  Pra^iident 
OilmaD  ai  the  John*  ilopltttm  univiTnity.  The 
ntBDin«nt«  in  fnvor  of  indiMtrwl  ctlut-'aiion  and 
ataUNUcnIa  nit  lo  it>  proper  organiiatiMi  au<l  devel- 
opment will  occupy  n  procnini^nt  place  in  the 
»ericB,  but  not  at  bU  to  t)i«  cxcliudoo  of  other  top- 
ics. We  hare  heard  both  of  tfaene  announceinenls 
with  muvh  pleiwiiris  and  porticulurly  the  latter, 
for  it  nicona  that  the  teachers  of  the  coontr?  will 
be  able  t«  obtain  the  iipiniuns  of  reHponMbl«  edu- 
cators on  currrnl  i|a(«tions  rvudiiy  and  at  mull 
MMt.  It  is  under«(t>0(l  that  lUis  educational  series 
will  cliAiely  reM-inble  in  form  and  style  the  ■  His- 
torical studies'  issued  froui  llie  Jobna  HopliiDJi 
imlTenity.  under  Dr.  U.  B.  Adama's  e<lito[sht|>. 


l1 


ARCNEXPKCTEm.Y  rapid  growtli  In  the  numbers 
of  Bludenls  resistering;  in  Ilie  Cornell  university 
for  the  Sibley  college  coim«e«,  in  the  past  two 
yeaia,  and  xiuce  iheir  eMabUdhiueut  on  their  pres- 
ent basia,  lias  already  crowded  that  institution  to 
ita  atmoet  capacity  In  many  diiectlona,  tbe  num- 
b«r  in  tbe  college  havlug  already  approached, 
wlthlii  twenty-flee,  tliat  coDsidered  the  niaxlmiun 
which  can  be  accoaimodale>l  in  tbe  esiatlng  bulld- 
Isgi.  A  new  buildinj;  now  in  progiea*,  under 
oontraots  made  b}-  the  Bon.  Hiram  Sibley,  an<l 
which  will  be  presented  to  the  university,  will, 
however,  increase  the  total  space  available  next 
year  by  Bfty  per  cent,  and  will  bring  the  total 
numhvr,  as  a  maximum,  when  all  classM  are 
filled  on  Ute  new  ha»\n,  up  to  three  hundred. 


mSTJLLERr-MlLK  REPORT.^  — HI. 

In  iwponae  lo  our  circular,  a  nuinher  of  letters 
of  Intercat  hai«  been  raceived,  wbicji  we  reproduce 
below:— 

irrol.  U.  r.  Aunr,  afrlaiiltiual  aiiwrlaiaDi-atMlon.  Maill- 
nm,  WbL] 

I  do  not  think  that  therv  ii  nny  good  rTidrnco 

of  any  direct  injuriouR  olTert  of  the  swil)  upon  the 

milk  Iftued  In  a  rm«anably  fn-nh  atale,  aiul  as  a 

MplileBientary  food  i  that  is,  as  part  of  a  properly 

OOmpotiDded  ration.     Used  too  exoluBively  and  in 

>  VonO&uad  ttem  p,  Ml. 


too  Inrf^  qaantHieii.  it  ia  liable  to  prodoc*  di 
in  tlie  cows,  and  tbuii  to  injurv  tbe  milk.  Tbe 
ireat  daaxer  connected  with  tbe  wm  of  itistiti< 
iiwill,  however,  arises  from  the  fact  iliat  it  t 
ni.-dieti  A  iDUst  favovaMe  medium  for  the  growth 
nil  iiorta  i>t  iniirro-orgianlaius.  TTnleim  tlu-  git«bai 
care  and  cdeanlinrM  are  otnerved  ahoftt  tlte  alable, 
porttOD*  of  the  Bwilj  lire  aInioM  certain  lo  anciinjB- 
late  iu  ont-of-the-wny  plom-ak.  and  Herve  as  bree4- 
tng-places  of  iheee  oritaniims,  whono  epoirea  ena- 
taminute  tlie  air  of  the  stable,  and  altiHMt  npce* 
mrily  iiid-L-t  the  milk.  While,  thi-n-riwr,  I  iM-tiet* 
tlint  millc  of  gituil  quHlily.  both  as  Vo  compoiqtMB 
and  honllhfiiln™*.  way  tn-  produced  when  dirtlK 
lery  swill  i*  fod,  I  iiucKlion  whether  such  will  b( 
its  quality  in  the  mnjority  of  vaiKW  :  at  leaA 
there  •»  always  daniter  that  tl  will  ncx  ;  and  m  re- 
gards that  portion  of  the  milk-Miipply  of  eitim 
drawn  from  the  small  dairim  in  the  o(il«kirts  and 
in  the  neiKhharhood  of  dlstillerlcHs  vehicli  are  oltea 
in  [he  hniidii  of  ignoriint  aitd  un»cru|>ulous  nwAi 
tbe  danicer  is  a  eery  Kraee  one.  Two  valuaU» 
papers  In  the  JfiTcA  Zri'fniv  (or  1686  (N'^ia.  U  and 
M)  diacuas  the  heallhfnlncM  of  distillerr  awil 
(piite  fully  :  the  Hrst  o(  them,  by  Profemor  Klitll- 
ner  «{  Halle,  talie^  vulMtsntially  t)ie  gmund  that 
I  ItavR  indicated  ubovr  :  the  secind,  by  a  ptactica) 
fnnner.  ii  mote  favorable  to  its  tiae.  Tfaaao  areal 
the  references  I  have  now  at  hand. 

( K  L  MTxraviitt,  M.  D..  Now  Vott  ■cncaliuni  asiMtlBMal- 
iiiail>>ii,  UnnMT*.  N.T.I 

In  res|>onse  to  your  circular  request  of  Msy  IS: 
IB8T,  1  would  !Uiy  that  we  have  bad  no  uxperieaiw 
At  the  New  York  agrirullunil  ex perirownt-latto 
with  tbe  feruling  of  dlniiirery  waste  ur  dMiUeiy 
swill.  In  1^84,  however,  we  bud  a  very  carefaRjT 
planned  and  executed  pxt>eritu<!Dt  upon  the  feed- 
ing of  brewers'  uralns  in  an  acid  and  pulrvtactire 
couilitiuD.  Tbe  concluRioim  derived,  while  oifniiMt 
injudiciuua  feeding.  wi.re  In  no  seriae  ilRlritnrntal 
M  r«warda  the  loHte.  Bavur,  appearanor?.  keeiitiii;- 
quality.  or  compoadtion  of  the  milk,  nor  as  l<r- 
tween  the  bay>fed  or  thi-  l>ri)wi!ni'-gniiii8-fe<l  milk, 
nor  as  between  the  milk  from  itu<  expeniui<«>lal 
cows  and  lliat  yieldetl  by  ili<-  rrmalnlnit;  oows  of 
tbe  herd,  all  of  which  is  fully  repotted  in  oar 
■  Third  annual  repuri."  pp.  49-SB. 

A  further  general  experience  with  exporimemal 
fending  lends  me  to  the  belief  that  urteoDiaaa  lb* 
sanitary  ot>nditioii  at  the  rattle  under  objec4iati- 
able  feeding  ha*  more  to  do  with  unlM>aklifulnt«a 
Id  the  milk-product  than  the  aetual  food  m^. 
In  support  of  this  htter  view,  I  wtHild  aay  thai  la 
1800  1  visited  the  dairy  henls  in  the  vicinity  of 
Glasgow,  Heotland.  I  fuuiKl  the  prevah<oi  cualom 
among  the-  fiirn9epi  was  to  haul  dintitlery  nwill 
daily  to  their  tomis,  and  to  feed  it  lo  the  mi; 


Jen  M.  1997.1 


SCIEJfCE. 


603 


cow*  which  fnraisbed  the  injlk-supt>lr  lotlie  eitf. 
In  tlie  excelleul  nuniury  c-uutlition  nftbo  cnlito  to 
whom  this  diiitilkiy  »lDp  wm  fc>j,  we  had  a  re* 
inuxkable  coDtraal  to  the  uwrted  metlMil  of  feed- 
ing in  the  RtabU*  Utached  to  distil leriee.  Atthu 
timo  Iho  milk-«n]>i)ly  of  ScolUnd  was  eupfMeed  to 
be  of  vMf  kiiperior  (|tialitr  aa  comiared  w  itli  lliat 
of  ordinary  <'il7  Huiiplics :  luul  1  cntainlj-  could 
flixl  no  fault  with  Uie  milk  drunk  at  tha  bottd 
tulilfs,  witli  that  otnwrvvd  in  the  handa  of  Iba  dis- 
tributer, ur  n-iih  tlu>  oiilk  obwrved  In  the  byre  at 
mil  kiiif;- time. 

1  may  |>CThaps  be  allowed  to  assume  to  uyaelt 
auftlclent  t<xperkDce  lo  be  juatifird  in  oSering  the 
opioioQ  that  it  ia  probabtu  ibut  a  di«cUMion  of  tbo 
Muiitary  niirrmindingx  of  a  hrrd  J*  ot  mora  iia- 
portsncir  thiin  tliiit  of  the  ohnrMt^r  of  the  food 
iiaed,  incliidins  In  the  lerm  ■  aanitary  conditiona' 
the  effpft  iiiKin  tlie  lieallli  ot  Injudtctoaa  feeding, 
lu  »u|>|Kirt  ot  thiD  view.  I  would  refer  to  expi-ri- 
utinitfl  rv|«rt<H)  ID  the  •  Fourtli  unnuul  rvpott  of 
Um  New  York  agricultural  nxpvrimmt-UatioD, 
for  18$5,'  pi>.  10  ~  SI,  wbi-n-in  the  adding  of  vine' 
Kar  to  food  in  condimentnl  qiuuitiiie>  was  fol- 
lowed by  increased  appetite  in  th^  animals,  and 
produced  oo  observable  detrimental  effect  upon 
the  products.  This  conclusion  b  corroborat«d  by 
Tuioua  experiments  with  enailaitc  (nlwaja  in  on 
acM  ooadition),  wherein  it  was  found  that  when 
•Milage  was  uaed  In  ooiidlmental  i)uantitie8  there 
vras  Increeoe  ot  ap|>«lite  and  no  Injurious  eAeot 
upon  product.  Ou  tlie  other  haud.  when  etudlage 
wa*  tv\  victuBivcly,  tlicre  waa  |KfrUn]M  a  d«4ri- 
mental  effect  to  b<^  obni-rvid  u[ion  nutrition,  ap- 
parently oominK  from  the  inability  to  Mt  a  enlH- 
deni  fond-supply,  and  no  detrimtntal  vffect  to  be 
obeervcl  in  the  milk  yielded. 

Uy  opportunltie*  bare  not  been  auch  as  to  en- 
able rue  to  foim  a  Judgment  in  regard  to  the 
heatthfulutes  of  milk,  for  Kioh  data  c«n  only  be 
oU«iDod  through  actual  trial  and  tucpcrivnne ;  bnt 
If  tealimony  hiw  any  weigfal.  the  naiug  of  milk 
from  distillery- fed  animals,  incJading  In  this  term 
not  only  tlie  food-snppty  bnt  the  nnnnltary  ooi>- 
dition,  must  itv  extremely  detrimental  to  health. 
Wo  hence  ha<rti  odervd  in  your  quetlont  two  div 
tinct  problems  :  1.  Thopnctlealprobletnoonemi- 
ing  th<!  um  at  dintillury  waste  as  uicd  in  ooniiM:- 
lion  with  uttmnitnry  conditionn  :  2.  Tlie  sciRtititlc 
problMU  as  to  whether  this  aaeumed  injurious 
condition  of  the  milk  ts  derived  primarily  from 
the  food,  or  from  the  conditions  under  wliich  the 
food  Is  fed,  Including  tb«  problem  of  injudicioua 
feeding. 

[B.  C  DOMiTurr.  3I.D.| 

lif  Dttakn,  based  ou  chemical  and  ptiyaiologi- 


col  reMoniog,  is,  Uwt  twitl-fed  cows  could  not 
give  wbokeome  food  in  the  way  of  milk. 

C8.  W.  ASaOTT,  ILU.,  aMraurji  XaiaKhoKiu  state  boaid 
«t  bssUli,  BMtoa,  MasKl 

Cbemica]  analyam  will  not  settle  tlw  quMtion. 
Tliere  can  be  no  doubt  that  milk  may  be  prodttoed 
which  I*  unDl  for  u^,  and  at  lite  game  time  may 
ooDiain  un  unusually  large  amotint  of  milk  Mdida. 
Expi'riiiientii  ill  Uambtirg  in  regard  to  the  milk- 
sup{ily  fri>m  ii-rtain  laoiltl  •itabti-i  or  dairies  hat* 
shown  this  U>  bi-  iritir.  Uy  «{iinic)n  oh  to  tbc  whoJc- 
SOmMMM  of  distilkry  9.will  ni  food  for  cown  is  that 
it  is  bad.  Tlie  principal  nutritious  portion  of  tbe 
grain  has  already  bnn  withdrawn  for  ll>e  pur- 
poxe  of  snpplyiag  tbe  necessary  elements  for  con- 
\-er8ion  into  alcohol  in  tbe  produti  of  tlie  disiU- 
tery.  and  tlie  cows  are  thus  defrauded  o(  that 
which  is  their  natural  fcxxl. 

In  answer  to  the  question,  WItat  analyxcs  can 
you  give  of  milk  obtained  from  cows  fed  on 
diAillety  swill?  tbe  following  replies  were  re- 
ceived :— 

!&  R4n«o(  Psaor,  M.D.  Xsn  Tort  attMmT  at  aisdMss. 
■SSL) 


BolMtsntslsa.... 

Wanr. 

ItalWr 

9«sar. 

r*MlBS,orcatd.. 
Saltas  mailers.... 


=  33     tiii 


lA 


Ui.O      B»« 


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la.o 

MO 
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P 


mo 


ffV.O 

la.o 


MS.O 
U.D 
17.0 

ISO 


UB0.O     1000.0     lOOO.D     IMO.O     1000.* 


^1 
I'' 


ia.o 


trn-n 

■1.0 
U.0 

n.o 
tt.o 


HI 

Is..  8 


«.• 


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MO 


Ifnfmar  Susan,  Bsluoiar*,  Hd.) 
Of  many  snmplea  of  milk  examined,  1  will  give 
here  tbe  average  rosull  oi  six  aampies ;  apeciSo 
gravity.  1.088:  — 

fat an 

CMSlns 4.44 

HUk-sncsr. *M 

a*. 9M 

Wslsr....... tkV 


601 


SCIENCE. 


(roL..  IX  .  No.  fti) 


tPNiMMV  Dooran.) 

Solid  PUtltlML nc»i.>r...«..i     1*1.4 

W«Mr.  i ff&a 

BatWr. - MJ 

8u«v... ITJl 

CamAtM TU 

fiHiwmtWifrft'  - — U 

lODCO 
tB.B.9iUiTi,>T,  M.i>.I 
Uilk  ftoin  tw«o>inatili(?tilidBviiloswilUU)bles 
in  19?n.  ubuineit  by  myself  Biid  pctvonall.v  ao- 
nl)rx«d,  Bftve  the  following  rMutts :  — 


I. 


Watw HLii 

Fu i.n 

Caactna  f '"" 

AA « 

101.00 


U. 


Wuar HuU 

r« i-n 

?SS«J '^»» 

JUII .08 


100.00 


Not  wore  Ihan  five  pec  cviit  of  ihui  cmm  bf 
TOlame  in  either  epeciinoii :  renctiun  ncid:  undn 
micrcecope,  fat-gbhules  eo«nt.  Biunl],  nnd  nggre- 
Ki>t«d  :  Romf  cxiIrwtrutn-likF  crils  nml  |>articles  at 
«|iUtiellum. 

Sandary  ordiaances. 

From  tho  atiavr^re  rvei^ved,  it  appears  Hint 
(uiit&ry  ordinancM  viiat  iu  Brooldyii.  section  40 
of  Suiitary  code.  nu<l  in  New  York,  seotions  Se, 
4S,  IBS,  nnd  301  of  Code,  prohibiting  tlxr  feeding 
of  diitillerr  swill  to  milch  cowf,  anil  the  sale  of 
niUk  from  animaio  so  ted.  Iu  New  York  ttatv 
tine  same  practices  ar«  pxoblblled  by  cliaplvn  SOS, 
Iawb  of  tetH.  vkI  IS8  of  LawH  of  lesn.  Ill  New 
Jcney,  chapter  Bi,  Lawn  of  1S82,  proliibtta  nub- 
Ktnnlully  the  wime.  Tiien.-  is  wid  to  b«  a  prohty- 
lory  law  to  tlic  wiiui:  effect  in  lltiamo.  Tbo  aale 
ct  milk  from  cowv  oonBncd  In  dUdllcry  diedB, 
and  fed  ondistillM?  oiopa,  ii  prohibited  la  ChicSKO. 
In  HnHnorbiinrttn  the  sale  of  milk  from  cowa  fed 
OB  lbs  ratUM  of  dlstlllerlea  la  prohibited  (CliuptcT 
ST.  aoMiona  S  and  B.  of  the  Public  slutut*"  of 
UaMachuMvtU,  a*  ameudtHi  by  chapter  31S  of  the 
Acta  of  1880). 


EXPLORATION  AND  TRAVEL. 

Awia. 

llBaSRs.  BOXTALOT  and  Capua,  who  am  mailing 

an  atHmpt  to  r^ach  India,  ataniDg  from  Fergana, 

bj  way  of  the  Alai  Mountain*  and  the  Painlr 

Plat«au,  bad  teached  on  March  IS  (fiuU.  soe. 


tfiogr..  No.  10)  the  paat  of  TuWyk.  «  few  dayif 
>ourney  north  of  Kain-Kiil.  which  is  situated  In 
the  DOrtlieru  pari  of  the  Pnmlr.  Their  jotirajy 
is  considered  extremely  difflcnlt,  on  ncconnt  ol 
the  severity  i>f  the  climate,  the  hostility  of  tlic 
natires.  and  the  difficult  itKula. 

Mr.  Carey  baactMiliuu*^!  bit  intereoUng;  ^ouraoyt 
in  Central  A«ia.  Tlia  latter  part  of  tbe  wini«r 
of  IS85-96  he  spent  in  Chfttik.  nrar  Lob  Nor. 
About  May  1  he  went  south,  in  <)rd)*r  to  rxpl<» 
the  nurllieni  pari  of  Tibet.  For  this  purpoM  bt 
bad  to  cross  tbe  Alliu  Tag  ami  Chanien  Taf, 
Having  imssed  these  ranget.  he  reaclH^il  tl»  foc< 
of  a  high  rliain,  which  is  itrolnbly  llie  Iruv  Kodi 
Luen.  Ueie  \w  guides  failed  to  Bud  a  (MM  Iqr 
which  it  wa*  pos*lhle  to  cross  ho  early  in  tiM 
scaflou,  aud  he  bad  to  travel  a  oonshterable  6Sm 
tnnce  eMtward.  tbrough  barren  and  dilBcall 
country,  until  at  length  an  openiug  wa«  foand 
lending  to  the  n1l«y  of  tlie  Ua  Chu,  tbe  hi*t 
eoarG«  of  tha  Yang-Ue.kiang,  which  wna  vlsHfd 
by  Prejevalsky  In  l8Tfl.  Want  of  sappll^a  mb> 
pelled  bitu  lo  turn  north,  and  li«  spent  some  ttoM 
ex|doringlhedialrlc(or  Tsoidnm,  which  Easitinuad 
between  the  .Utin  Tii ^  and  Slarco  Polo  raugv.  In 
the  nutamn  be  struck  iiorlb.  anil,  aftor  croasim 
the  Oi)l>i,  reached  Urimchi  in  the  Tien  8hu>,  bow 
the  capital  of  Chinese  Turkestan.  Here  be  was 
well  received  by  tbe  Chinese  governor,  and  if 
^patched  to  Yarkund,  wherv  be  arrlT^  aariy  in 
Ihr  i>r<i>pnt  year,  and  whence  a  start  wm  ma^ 
on  tfaivli  7  for  Lnditk.  It  appears  thnt  be  went 
chiefly  OT*r  Prejovalsky'a  ground.  Tbe  tiJgfa 
chain  soulb  ol  the  Clmnien  Tai;,  reached  by  hion. 
ar?  the  Columbus  and  AUrco  Polo  nKmniAlao 
Prejevalsky.  Hb  Jourtkeys  in  Tsaidam  are 
while  on  his  way  north  he  followed  Prejei 
route.  Thercsullt  of  tht«  journey,  noreri 
will  be  of  grrnt  importance. 

Africa. 

Tbe  Scoltish  gfographifal  ytagntine  for  Jirat 
contains  an  lnl«rMting  iu<couni  of  aa  exploring 
trip  to  Mrutan  Hslge  by  Emln  Paabn.  His  re- 
marks on  tb<^  formation  of  llie  lake  ure  of  grsM 
Inleresl.  He  dmL-ribes  tlM>  uouutain-rmagea  bcr> 
dcting  it.  nnd  th«  alluvial  dqpOOitB  on  Ita  ir«rtw 
coast.  Land  is  forming  rapidly  on  the  weat  aidt 
of  the  lake,  it  appenr^.  while  the  mountnins  on  tbe 
east  side  rise  steeply  from  tbe  water.  The  lake  te 
described  aa  very  stormy,  the  winds  blowing  wiili 
great  force  up  and  down  I  be  ralley.  Eiain  li^ 
made  two  other  excuruons  on  the  lake  einc«  tK>f 
paper  wsa  written :  and  tli«  following  oatracta 
from  a  letter,  which  are  published  aa  an  apiw^ndix 
to  lbs  paper,  give  ihe  cliJef  results  of  hia  worh. 
He  writes,  ••  Tbe  chief  result  of  tny  work  U  t^ 


Jon  u,  im.) 


8CrEj!fOE. 


605 


I 


L 


dwoovffj-  of  a  new  river,  which  flows  from  the 
Usonfora  Mountsiiu.  It  is  of  ouii«i(icnbl«  six^, 
and  flowit  Into  the  Ulte  nt  tbr  nouth.  Tho  rirer, 
wlileli  in  culled  'KaWibbi'  by  Uw  WiwoBpwa. 
aod  '  Duvni '  by  the  Wainbogn.  faaa,  near  fia  Junc- 
tion n-iih  iho  Inke,  a  large  telautl.  It  la,  however, 
on  account  of  the  man.v  oataracLa,  very  diltlcult  lo 
navlKate  ;  hut,  on  tiie  oilier  bmnii.  it  poiira  into  the 
lake  tliroughout  the  whole  jrwtr  a  large  volume  ol 
water.  Upon  ite  bnoke,  at  a  short  distance  from 
tilt?  litkc.  in  the  town  of  Hamgiirko,  where  a  con- 
si  dt-riililc  quantity  of  salt  of  a  superior  quality  is 
found.  The  Kakibbi,  or  Du^ru.  forms  the  bound- 
ary between  theMu^iigwdUtrictof  Unyoro,  which 
lies  to  the  ea^t,  and  the  country  <i(  Uboga,  which 
lies  to  the  weit.  The  country  of  ilbogn  is  bhnb- 
ited  by  a  peoptn  who  opc-nk  ■  language  that  ap- 
pears lo  be  only  a  diakct  of  the  Klnyoro.  To  the 
wcBt-norlh-weft  and  north,  MI>oga  is  bounded  by 
Leni]u,n  country  which  lie«  liebinil  the  uouulAins 
bordcriRK  on  the  Albert  Lake.  To  the  watt  I 
found  a  country  Inhabited  by  tribe*  I  take  to  be 
Iddlo(.\-.Sandeh).  Tu  the  Bouth-wcit  I  wn*  told 
there  wan  a  large  river,  on   the  banks  of  which 

■  here  Is  a  colony  of  Akkns,  called  'Balia'  by  the 
Wiiny(iri>  iicoplc.  They,  however,  call  ihemaelves, 
in  their  own  limjiiinKP,  ■  Retna.'" 

This  information  on  the  country  Stanley  bad 
to  traverse  on  hU  way  to  the  Mvutaii  Nsige  is 
of  great  int^reei.  Uaungum  will  be  found  as  the 
name  of  the  Ulaud  in  the  Mutn  Nsigci  on  our  map 
of  (Antral  Africa.  The  tp'rat  river  to  the  *oulh- 
wcxt  referred  to  by  Emin  miict  be  on«  of  tbe 
Kongo  Irihniaric*.  His  remarks  show  that  the 
Snnile  (Niam-Niani)  trlbe«  extend  far  ^outh-eau. 
The  name  '  Botua,' by  which  the  dwarflsh  Akka 
call  theniselvM.  reminds  us  forcibly  uf  the  name 

■  Walwa,'  or  ■  Butuu.'  by  which,  acconling  to 
Wdlf.  all  the  dwarfish  triben  of  the  (outhem 
Kongo  call  theinselvc-s.  The  country  nf  I,.endu  la 
<lif{lcult  lo  reach  frnm  the  Mviilan  Nsii(e,  the  hills 
on  the  wpst  tide  of  the  lake  being  very  steep. 

^Innley^s  expedition  arrived  at  t-eopoldville  on 
April  20  {Mouv.  g^offr..  June  5),  It  took  twenty- 
seven  day*  to  accuinplisb  tlie  diHlanco  betwvon 
Mutadi  uud  Stanley  Pool,  which  in  fire  dayx  more 
than  Stanley  had  eiiiimat«Hl.  TboKvrcilyof  food 
in  this  country  wm  the  principal  cause  of  tlie 
delay.  The  expedition  cam|>ed  nine  days  ai  Leu- 
poldville.  Her«  Stanley  obtained  for  bis  enter- 
prise the  steamers  Peace  of  the  Baptist  mitirion, 
the  Henry  B*nl  of  the  Living!4ono  niiwinn,  the 
Florida  u4  the  Sandford  expedition,  and  the 
Stanley  of  the  Kongo  aaanctation.  On  April  39 
every  thinR  wm  ready,  and  (li«  expedition  em- 
barked, It  Is  tiellered  that  Stanley  Kalla  waa 
reaclted  about  June  0. 


HEALTH  MATTERS. 

Batdnea. 

Db.  G.  T.  Jackson  read  a  paper  recently  Itefore 
Ibe  New  York  county  medical  society  on  baldnca* 
and  it*  treatment.  He  described  four  varieticv  of 
Inldneaa.  or  alopecia:  1°.  Alo])ecia  adnata,  the 
consenitnl  form  ;  3*.  A.  senilis ;  S^.  A.  prema- 
tura:  4^.  A.  areata.  A.  A-nilis  ia  that  form 
which  occurs  in  old  agfi,  or  after  the  age  of  forty- 
live,  and  is  often  preceded  of  accompanied  by 
grayneas  of  the  hair,  lis  caitce  is  a  grnduni  har- 
dening of  the  subcutaoeouA  tissues  of  the  Kalp  and 
n  diminution  of  blood -eiipply,  followed  by  an 
obliteration  of  the  hair-foil  idea.  It  is  but  one  ex- 
pression of  that  general  lowering  of  nutrition 
incident  to  advancing  yenra.  When  the  scalp  ia 
atrophied,  nothing  can  be  done  in  the  way  of 
treatment,  hut  propliylazlB  may  do  a  great  deal  in 
pontponing  thotie  chanitee.  A.  precoatHra  i*  that 
form  of  baldue^  which  occurs  l*fore  the  forQ'* 
fifth  year.  Of  this  Ibert  are  two  varieties,  —  tint 
idiopathic  and  the  symptomatic.  The  former  OC- 
curs  most  commonly  between  the  agea  of  twcnty- 
tive  and  thirty-five,  and  is  not  due  tu  any  ante- 
cedent or  concomitant  diseane.  It  dilTen  froni 
the  senile  [oral  ta  occurring  nt  an  earlier  age. 
and  in  b«iflg  nuaocompanied  by  other  dgna  of  di« 
minished  physical  vigor,  such  as  loss  of  tactb, 
dulnesH  of  sight  and  hearing.  The  oki«f  cause  of 
this  variety  in  liere<lity.  Every  one  baa  known  of 
fumilie«  fn  which  tbo  fatheni  and  sona  have  be- 
come bald  at  a  rnry  Muly  age.  An«>ther  cauB«  Is 
improper  or  <leBdent  care  of  the  seal]).  It  is  a 
cunituon  practice  for  mm  to  hiuot  the  head  daily 
in  water.  EUlnger  baa  Doted  thia  habit  in  eighty- 
five  per  cent  of  liia  caa«s  of  baldneM.  Thinker* 
and  bmin-worken  are  ver?'  often  bald.  Eaton 
foand,  in  thcnudiencen  atlendiuit  upon  churches 
and  operas  in  Boston,  that  from  forty  to  fifty  jier 
c«nt  of  the  men  were  bnld  ;  while  in  cheap  luu- 
Mruins  and  at  priiie-flKhts  the  [leicenlngc  wns  only 
twelve  to  twenty-(Ke,  Stiff  hale  may  caose  hnld- 
neu  hy  compreB.ing  the  arterin  that  supply  iho 
scalp.  Tight  and  unventilated  hati  make  the 
acalp  warm,  and  cause  it  to  perspitv.  thus  favQr< 
Ing  batdnm.  King  lay*  thai  baldneas  of  the 
reriex  Is  dne  to  compreMton  hy  HlilT  b«ta  of 
the  arteries  which  nupply  that  part.  The  litUe 
tnft  of  hair  often  ohsetveil  on  the  top  of  the 
forehead  is  nuurivtlied  by  arteilea  whlclt  f«npo 
prtmun-.  That  women  do  not  become  baM  an 
often  na  men  is  (irolubly  brcauae  they  pnMffT« 
llie  cushion  of  fat  under  the  scalp  longer  than 
men  do.  They  do  not  wear  Ihoir  hats  as  much 
aa  tnen ;  nor  are  theae  ao  clocD-Qtting.  or 
made  of  such  Impenueable  material.      Tbey  alao 


606 


SCIENCE. 


(Voi_  IX.,  No. 


gtvn  moi«  nttonlion  to  tbn  bair,  and  do  not 
w«t  ibo  Iimi)  »o  ofloa.  Of  nil  these  raisons, 
Dr.  Jachc^D  r^Rarde  tite  prewnatlon  of  the  fnt 
and  poDDecllre  tiMue  of  tli«  acailp,  and  tli«  )(reat«T 
c«re  ot  tti«  scalp,  at  Ihe  moM  InpoHani.  Tti» 
tRMineat  of  tbta  voriiMj  of  boldneee  is  luuiuly 
one  of  praph^Luin  and  hrgirnp.  In  famtlte* 
when-  it  U  bcmditAry.  thin  shmild  bc^n  nt  iMrth. 
and  continue  thriNIRh  life.  Ttie  scalp  tibnuld  \te 
kopt  clcwn  b7  an  oocaalonal  Bhainpoo  of  eoap  and 


■bomld  be  avoidtxl.  Mr.  Qoninlock,  wriiinit 
baldncaa  in  tti«  Pnpular  teienrt  monthly,  ci'^t*  I 
u  111*  opinion  that  it  in  dtK  prinnipAlly  to  the  Unb 
ItRl  and  llw  bard  felt  hnt.  And  to  any  otht^r  cow- 
iitg  that  coofltrtcte  tli»  hlood-vtawtld  which  aour- 
fsli  the  hati-bultw.  Pew,  he  m>;»,  will  ewcape  Uk 
evil  efTecta  of  twenty  or  tbJrtj'  yv»n  of  rwM 
light-fitting  haU,  the  deelnicUve  procoM  heini 
delnved  i^ily  tiv  th*  JMiglh  and  fl^queocy  Of  tw- 
pites  from  tht«  toomiqui't  of  faaliioa. 


y':^..i:^ 


^^\^*#^ 


rw  ).— UCDUM  CKAU,  taovma  TU  Ssmm. 


UII>  TU  aiTRK,  TBI  CSEV?  OT  TBS  OWHIM. 
T  (m«.) 


wat4?r,  homx  and  water,  or  vomn  such  simpk 
ui«ian».  This  9)ioolil  not  be  repeated  oftener  tluiD 
unoe  iu  two  or  three  weeks  ;  niid  nfler  the  wasli- 
ine,  tlte  scalp  should  be  CAreftilly  driwi.  and 
vaMtline  or  awert-almond  oil  applird.  WmiiMi 
ahotild  dry  the  hair  by  the  fim  <ir  in  the  »un,  nnd 
not  drem  it  until  dry.  The  luur  ihould  be  thor- 
oughly brmhwl  and  cooiIk^I  dally,  for  five  or  ten 
miiiules,  with  r\pjr  HiOlel^nt  to  mahe  the  fcatp 
glow.     For  Ihiti  a  brudi  vhould  Inve  long  iu>d 


ETltSOLOOlCAL  S0TE8. 

The  ttrprvt  niWMi^  Iht  itonii-we»t  American 
IinU.in». 

Tre  latest  Ittuv  of  tlie  Ameriean  antfqtttuim 

containii  a  lone  arttck  on  tli«  »i<r|>ent  symhaU,  bf 

tlie  I'ditor,  the  Ror.  glrplioi)  D.  Pe«t.     Hr  mna 

Iho  ocGurreore  of  the  flen)ent  symlxil  or  w^pcM 

myth*  among  many  lrib»  of  Amarioit.     We  iImII 

add  here  several  Doies  on  a  peculiar  form  of  w^ 

p«nt  whicfa  pUtys  an  Inpoctant  part  in  ibe  tradf- 


Pig  L  — DtKimi  innxuiyT.  nirniECicTisii  mt  '•mkti. 


moderately  stiff  brUtlnt.  set  l»  group«  wjdrly 
sepsrated  from  each  uth«r.  Such  a  brush  wilt 
raich  the  Kalp.  and  bruoh  out  the  dual.  A  comb 
with  Urge,  sruouih  t««th  ilioukl  be  lued  wlUi  the 
briMh,  to  open  up  tlif  hnjr  to  the  air.  IVxnadM 
•bould  not  be  iwed.  and  the  dnily  MMiHtng  of  the 
balr  dJHContlmied.  Wonn^ohouM  nnt  une  Imndo- 
lioe,  tior  pull  or  iwist  llie  hair,  nor  scorch  It  with 
curling-lrom.  nor  euMllier  II  under  falw  hair, 
Eaay-Hlting.  light,  and  rentlUt«l  luits  ^hinild  be 
won,  and   working  tunfer    hot    artiflcial    liglit 


lioos  of  the  north -went  AineTtcan  natlres. 
cboracterMic  reprorntntliin  in  Bg.  2.  ■  do 
beaded  make  with  a  human  fim  In  the 
It  h  kuowu  to  Ibe  Sellsh  trllie«  of  tb« 
Georgia ,  and  to  the  uumerons  iribeii  vS  K* 
linMkge.  Acixirding  to  Swan,  a  ainilar  roc 
being,  thv  llnh^ktonk,  U  known  to  the  Hah 
of  Cape  Flnltert-.  It  hax  tlu-  fnculty  of  aiimmbc 
any  »hotie  it  desires,  and  npprnri  mnsi  frptiDcritly 
in  tlte  form  of  a  b««Utifu]  tiOi  wiLh  iipurktuii! 
K«hv.     It  ntoves  with  both  heads  tumittg  for. 


Jtnot  2J,  1887. J 


SCIENCE. 


eo7 


wnrd,  lh«  human  face  lii  tW  («iitn  loakbig  liai.-k- 
ward.  It  Is  the  ct**X  of  one  of  lh»  gmtM  of  tlie 
Kwakiutl.  who  pednl  it  on  ibcir  hooM^-fionU.  TV 
b«aiu  whii'h  supportu  thi-  hntvf  mfl^r*  of  tlwjr 
bou3i>H  in  cnrvrd  no  dh  to  represent  the  ■SlshKI.' 
aA  it  in  c«II«d  by  ilie  Kwakiuti ;  and  Ifae  drains. 


E&KDio  BARFoox.— Tbcttlm^osloaleeaKtlon 
of  Mr.  A.  Sturgfat.  on  exbthdHon  in  tbe  Amerkwi 
innwuiu  of  natural  hUlorj  in  New  York,  conUlnfl 
A  lino  •pecim^n  of  an  BtkliiM)  harpoon -Im«i1  from 
QreMilnnJ,  wlifch  we  figure  liere  bj-  the  kind  per- 
rnimon  of  Mr.  Sttugk.    There  are  very  fen  spnci- 


Ttm.  a  aud  t.— K«rs  ivti  mnctKu  titri.tiiiKi,  DEnMxsnMa  twi  Sunm. 


chairs,  and  dftucing^mpieuienti  of  the  ^tui  have 
ii  for  (bfir  omnmvftt.  A  Ihmui  of  this  kind  ia  in 
the  inuiwuu  at  Ottow.i.  'tnt  '.Vr-  have  uvn  a 
nintik  of  thi»  strip  in  llir  .:.ii  '  :.i  i  ■•:  i^orlin.  Two 
knircs  of  the  same  deecri|>n>>ii,  u  luoh  are  lued  in 
certain  dancee,  are  showu  In  tl^  y  and  4.  Pig. 
fi  is  used  in  the  ttancM  of  Hevvral  triiKs,  tbe 
danotr  Imriug  a  blanket  tiod  round  bis  luina.  Ihe 
U[i[vr  pirl  of  \m  bndr  IminK  naked.  He  wiiin  a 
hi<ad-rinif  nnd  neck-rinx  of  lieiiiiock  brandies,  and 
has  th«  cari'ed  tiD:igi!  of  tliv  Ki^iiuil  tied  to  bit 
Motuach.  Fig.  1  ia  a,  rrmnrkiibli-  i-hair,  repieeent- 
injclfaeSiHiuil.  It  will  Iw  »c*n  from  our  llgure 
that  here  Ibe  oeotnll  flsun' i>  nringed.  and  t)iat 
two  additional  le^  appear  on  jjoth  lidis.  TliLi  'n 
because  the  owner's  fathor  l>elonKi<  lo  the  raviin 
gens,  while  his  mother  telontted  to  tlie  Sixintl 
gens.  Thereforv  both  crealA  are  embodied  In  the 
design,  which  is  verj  characteristic.  It  is  en- 
graved from  a  skelcli  modv  oo  the  ajiut. 

The  lra<lltlons  referring  (o  iliv-  ^i.iiull  are  very 
numerous.  Om-  of  the  Rio«t  remnrkablf  U  that 
^niqiJaq,  llie  aan  of  Gud.  d«K«nd<"l  from  hi^ftren 
and  DMt  the  Sixintl.  He  killed  It,  sklnue<l  it.  and 
took  out  it*  Of ts.  Tlie  latter  lie  um-I  as  stones  for 
hia  aling,  the  former  as  a  b^tc.  and  bulb  served 
him  toacoomplish  many  vxiiJoits. 

Other  tribes  of  the  aixme  n-'gion  l«ll  of  tbe  tune 
belnjt.  but  they  believe  that  it  Uvri  •omnwhew  at 
the  bottom  of  tlie  itua.  They  t«'II  of  a  man  who 
killed  il,  and  Ihu*  a(;iiuirr<l  rapernalural  <iualili>M. 
Among  tho  Qouit^hin  this  tradition  Is  of  pMt 
imjiortanoe.  They  say  thai  the  dm  man  of  their 
race  encountered  the  serpent  and  killed  it.  Wlio- 
ever  obtains  a  bone  of  tbe  leipvot  iK-comeii  a 
formidable  sorcerer,  as  the  «tght  of  it  killn  whom- 
never  sen  it.  Tliextou-  i*  told  of  the  Hah^ktoak 
of  the  Hakab,  but  Iho  latter  luw  a  dillereut  shape, 
being  tingle- headed. 


OMDe  of  tliia  kind  in  the  elhnologioal  coUecihnw 
of  America  and  Europe,  the  flint  head  being  now* 
adays  rejilaoed  by  iron.      The  |>rpiM>Dt  implemtuit 


/ 


I' 


auiHo  8*BrooM-nB*tt.    (tnta  A.  BiurglaVooll«etl»&) 

il  at  qMOial  interest,  aa  ft  fhows  the  !>nnic  fovm  na 
thoav  from  the  w««t  oonitt  of  Dnvin  .Sl.mil,  waAtjMK 
way  in  which  the  Bsktmo  used  to  fasten  ».Yk» •**»*■ 


608 


8CIE2rCJB. 


[Vol.  IX..  No.  tK. 


bead  to  the  \rixj  part.  It  betonga  to  the  lat^e 
Maliug  rtn<l  walrua  harpAna,  A  simUikr  Hpecimen 
ia  in  tbtt  collection*  of  the  BritUIi  luuavuiu.  Both 
ttitw  •peciincfui  Ktiunr  two  p<<rfonitiona  nt  the 
lowMT  «ni)  of  the  harpoon -Iwiid  which  an  not 
round  In  (he  modern  onett.  Probably  tlimA  iervsd 
for  hol<lin)c  (lie  harpooa-hmd  lo  tli«  »hait  by 
ni«Mia  of  H  tbiii  line,  in  ovJer  to  pivveiil  the  bead 
from  coming  off  before  the  seal  or  wnlrus  «u 
•truck. 


NOTES  ASD  yun-s. 

A  OBOLOOICAI.  lutciety  has  bwm  founded  st 
ftniNnJii.  The  fminiliition  of  auch  a  aocifftj  wiw 
(ilaniwd  in  \Wti.  nfter  the  lueeUDK  of  the  urobeo- 
IorIc*]  and  prehiatoiical  roniiresa  (  the  ^ortt, 
iMwcTer,  were  untuci-nttful.  iluiugli  tUa  became 
the  tmpulae  for  the  founcUlion  of  the  geologlva) 
society  at  Liege.  Mr.  A.  Umm-uii  >le  Lctoie  took 
up  tb<!  iflc)  plfto,  and  oil  April  IT.  IBST.  the  founda- 
tion of  the  HxrMy,  iimlor  the  name  ■  SociCt6  BcIko 
d»  gAologie  de  paltootoloKte  et  d'hjdrologie,'  tvM 
anoonaced. 

—  The  fourth  aiinuol  conTeotion  oS  the  Awocl- 
alioD  uf  oflbrini  afn^i-tiltiiral  dieiniitu  njtl  mart  at 
the-  U.  S.  deportment  of  agricultura  in  Wnaliiiig- 
toD  on  ToMdajr,  Aug.  16,  nc  ten  o'clock.  Tue«day 
nod  Wedneadny  will  be  devoted  to  a  dbcuaolon  of 
tho  iiiothud  of  analysts  of  coinmerclal  firrliliKers ; 
Tbiirwiay  ami  Friday,  to  cattle-food  end  d&Lry- 
producta. 

— Tbe  advance  of  education  in  India  u  niarki'd 
by  the  poet-ofBce  statiatio)  for  the  im  ;(-jii»  cml- 
Ing  March  SI,  1686.  The  numbM'  of  letters  la- 
■■i«a«Ml  froiQ  ll»,000,000t<i  339.000,000  peraiiDum, 
aod  the  iocreoae  In  the  number  of  QewapaiM^ftxent 
waa  no  le«a  than  1 13  ptrr  ceut. 

—  Mr.  Edwin  Arnold  ban  jniit  pro*ented  to  the 
Indian  institute  nl  Oxford,  ihroUKh  tlie  vtce- 
cbauevlUir  of  the  unirenily,  the  Diiddhist  rnanu- 
acTipt*  anil  Pali  l>ooV»  given  to  hitu  by  the  prittt* 
o(  Oeylon  during  hitt  rpcviit  vigjt  lu  that  iskad. 

—  Bat«  i'olli'|(;e  baa  rt-w-ivrd  an  offer  of  thirty 
thounand  dolUra  provided  an  nildltioonl  hundred 
tbou*nnd  ilollnri  be  raised  by  subacrlplion  among 
the  friendfl  and  aJumol  ol  tlie  college.  Of  thi* 
hundred  (bouwiDrl  Jultars,  it  ia  undenrtood  that 
OMWly  one-half  ia  already  aubacribed.  It  is  pm- 
|N»ed  to  tpvnd  at  icnat  t««Dty-flv»  thousand  dol- 
laiv  of  the  total  amount  in  founding  an  obeerva- 
I017. 

—  Barrard  university  aniiouncei  acousidi'raUe 
•xpaiMton  of  its  cotiraea  iti  Eogliftli  for  next  year. 
ProfesMw  Child  niU  offer  iTuimieii  in  the  English 
BlbJc  nud  in  Hfivnaer.    Prufeaaor  Driggs  ulll  lec- 


ture on  English  literature  from  ShaksfiMiiw  1 
Dryden,  excluding  Milton.  Profeeaor  Hill  •riD 
add  to  his  usual  courae  011  the  pixMt!  writ«ni  of  IV* 
geventeenlh  and  etghtceDlh  cvnturies  a  course  aa 
the  prow  trrilen  of  tlin  niovtifnlh  oeniurj'.  Kr, 
Wendell  ■rill  lake  a  c-lnHtliroUKli  Ihcxtuily  tt  Ih* 
English  drama,  exclwling  iThHlispi>Are. 

—  The  Students'  aM  KM-icty  of  Boston  hai 
aided  over  four  hundred  irorlhy  stadenta  atac* 
iU  organization.  Most  of  the  IwneHciaxiea  hats 
become  I («o hen.  Preaident  Freeman  of  \Vell» 
ley  recently  told  irhal  had  t)cc:ini<'  of  the  twMity> 
Ave  giris  aided  by  the  society  nhograduntodfroa 
Wellmley  in  1«80.  Three  of  Ihetn  are  teacUnc 
in  foreign  cauntiies,  two  among  the  colored  po^ 
ulailon  In  the  south,  and  twoamoog  1  he  Monnraw. 
Six  are  at  the  bead  of  girla'  achoola  iu  v-ariou* 
portions  uf  tbe  country. 

—  The  Ataericnn  public  bealtfa  aaaociatJOD 
hold  ii»  Sfteenth  annual  meeting  at  Memj 
Teuu.,  on  Nor.  S  to  II,  186?.  Tho  topics  whii 
havo  been  M'lected  for  discasHixn  are.  l**,  tbe  pol- 
lution of  nrater-sdt'plies ;  S",  tbe  dlspoaal  of  refan 
matter  of  cities  ;  3^,  the  dls|>o»al  uf  refuse  maUct 
of  villa^^es,  sumiutr  renorls.  and  i'Milnttnl  tt 
menta ;  4",  animiU  disi^^LEtn  dan^eiutui  tu  ninn. 

—  BacieriulogiHiH  are  stiidyiug  with  great  the*- 
oughness  and  pfusislcnce  tho  characteriatici  of  lbs 
typhoid  Imdlhis.  M.  ChanteoMate.  iii  tbe  i-o^irM 
of  his  rMcarchee.  lias  found  t  liat  this  nticrohw  funis 
spores  at  a  teiniieratuie  hetweeu  lir'  and  iff  C 
It  develops  even  in  vierllized  water.  At  a  leot- 
Iieratuie  i^  tS"  C.  tbr  cultivations  live  for  seTeiml 
days,  hut  nr«  destroyeil  by  boiling.  Tlie  hacilH 
are  deatrayed  by  a  toliilion  of  bichloride  of  mcf 
cury  of  tbe  strengtJi  of  1  to  90,000,  attd  by  a  aoh^ 
linn  of  sulpliaie  of  i|Hinine,  1  lo  800:  Caiholte 
acid>  1  to  400,  has  no  riTeci  ii|x>n  them,  and  they 
MW  not  affected  by  hydrucbloric  arid.  This  lauer 
observaiiuii  vruuld  tvm  to  indicate  that  the  gam 
would  rrtaia  its  vitality  in  tlie  gaalric  Juice. 

—  We  learn  from  the  London  Bleetrieal  rrvlrm 
(Ajiril  2^)  ilint  Prof.  E.  Frankhmd.  Ihi-  well-known 
proffesor  of  chemtstry.  has  recently  patented  aoue 
improveinimiit  which  he  has  dfvii^vl  iu  norag^ 
batteries,  the  object  aim e< I  at  being  the  avoidance 
of  both  buckling  and  the  gradual  detachment  of 
the  active  compostilon  from  the  luetallic  jiortlaa 
of  the  plalm,  both  these  effects  being  broughl 
about  by  the  expaiution  of  the  arttve  uiat<.-rinl  dur- 
ing tbe  use  of  the  iHittery.  This  it  effected.  fliuJy, 
by  so  encloaing  or  embedding  tbe  active  contpMl* 
tion  in  ibenictidlic  portion  of  the  plat*  aa  to  im- 
vent  i^  falling  out ;  and.  aecondly,  by  giving  auO- 
clent  strength  to  tbe  plate  to  eitable  it  lo  resisl 
bendiug  or  buckling.     Professor  Franklaad 


ivjim  M,  lecT.I 


SCIENCE. 


609 


pJovM  Ml  tbp  ncHvo  tnntorinl  thr  hKrd«nins  mix- 
turoof  oxt(l«of  lra<)  nnd  «ulpliimc  ncMl, /or which 
letter*  pal«nl  were  granted  to  him  ia  the  jenr 
1883  (No.  AM^i :  an-l  whilst  thia  mliture  I»  in  a 
]»»t>'  coiiitiiion  he  uhmiIOb  it  iulo  smalt  cylioilen 
or  nxl-i  «f  (!<Hiv(M)i«ut  leu^h  iinil  thirltnon.  L-iihtr 
hr  ruUiDK,  ptt-wiiiv  thmugh  n  ilmw-plnt<'  iir  tutw, 
or  crttier  ounvt-niv^t  mriin*.  and  ih«ii  Hnlti«»  Ibom 
oil  twi>  oppotitu  Rid««  by  prewure  belwero  twoflat 
bo«H*  or  otherwise.  After  theae  flattened  Cflin- 
den  havo  become  milBcientlj  lionl,  they  are  placed 
In  rows  tn  t  ae/ting  mould  of  iliiuemtoaa  oorre- 
•pODdtiig  to  iht  kl»  of  Ilia  ImltcTT-plnlv  r<.i)U)rrd, 
and  at  such  di*lan«ti  apart  and  tn>m  Iho  vAgt*  of 
tiw  ttuxilU  a.1  to  gtr<!  niffinent  xpoce  for  tti«  qusn- 
titj  of  mi-tni  avctMtj  to  imiinri  adetjnoteMreuglh 
nnd  ntciilit;  to  the  ptale.  Suitable  molten  oi^lel. 
■ucli  B*  lead  or  an  alloy  of  lead  aii<l  antimony,  {« 
then  poured  into  the  mould  nntil  tln>  intenticeii 
between  the  flattenef)  cyliiul«rs  are  t-oinpltTtcly 
tilled,  III  tliu  nay  n  plate  i*  obtitinvcl,  in  which 
tlieaotive  inutiTiiil  In  inoaKMl  rxcrpt  nnthciflnt* 
trneit  »uUu  of  the  (rylinJi-ra  a^erlaid  witli  metal, 
M>  that  it  i;nniic)t  •uli<«^(|n«nliy  fnll  out  durJnx  the 
cluiri;ing  nnd  disrhnrifinK  of  the  t«llery,  or  even 
when  mhjecteJ  to  coii»iderat<le  rough  iiHsge. 

—  At  A  recent  meetlnj^  of  the  Physical  society, 
London,  Ur.  C  V.  Boyn  (incrihnl  itome  mfthod* 
of  proitucius  very  line  gian*  flbren.  The  auilior 
iinds  it  liesi  to  luc  rery  MiiatI  i|UnntJtlee  at  hl^ii 
tpmperntam.  and  tliat  the  velocity  of  separation 
should  tie  a4  great  a*  poasiMe.  To  obtain  a  great 
velnciiy,  Mr.  Boyti  used  a  croas-bow  and  straw 
arrow,  lo  tlie  tail  of  which  a  thin  rod  of  thn  nub- 
stance  to  bedniwn  is  cpmcnlcil.  TItc  fn^-  end  of 
thi'  rod  in  hfld  brtwivn  Ibp  finsctn,  nnd,  when  the 
miildlr  part  liaa  Ihvii  lienird  In  tiie  re(|iiire'l  tern- 
prrainrc,  the  string  nl  thecrottfr-bow  issuideaty 
released,  thtie  projecting  the  arrow  with  grunt 
reloclty,  and  drawing  out  a  long  Ane  Sbre.  By 
Ihia  meaiu  fibre*  of  gia«  lew  than  one  (cn-lhon- 
aandtli  of  an  inch  in  diamoMr  can  lie  made.  Tlie 
author  ha*  niKo  expctrtoiented  on  many  inlseral% 
fliKb  na  ^nanx,  tap]>h(re,  roby,  garnet,  feU|)ar, 
flsor-apar.  au«il«.  emerald,  etc.,  with  more  or  lo* 
BUcceee.  Ruby,  sapphire,  and  nuor-spar  cnnnot 
well  be  drawn  into  fibm  by  thin  jwocam,  but 
quartz.  augit«,  and  friapnr  givv.  very  Mtiifnctory 
rvsulta.  (iiimi-t.  whrn  Ircxt^l  at  low  tempera- 
tuiM,  yirld*  fll>re4  exbthlllng  the  a»oat  beautiful 
colon.  Some  very  lolereMing  results  hare  been 
obtained  with  i(iiartz,  from  whkh  tibrea  letis  than 
one  hundred -tiwusaiKllb  of  an  inch  in  dianwrter 
have  been  oblainod.  It  ouinot  bu  drawn  dircdly 
from  the  cryvtal,  but  ha*  to  be  slowly  h«Me<l, 
tuacd.andcniit  in  nlhin  rod,  which  rod  la  atlacli«d 
to  the  arrow  a«  prariously  dcacribed.    Qoarlz  Bbre 


exhibit*  ncaariuble  prapeiiiM.  as  It  leonw  lo  b* 
Irrc  from  tonkmal  fatigue,  no  cTideotta  gtauaaad 
metallic  flbm,  and  on  thin  account  b  moat  valua* 
Ue  for  lnstniment4  requiring  totoi^icuU  control. 
The  tttnaciiy  of  such  flbree  Is  about  fifty  tons  on 
the  wiuarc  inch. 

—  The  1x)ndon  rinxa  publitbn  a  telegrani  from 
Vienna  to  the  effect  tlwt  n  Greek  scholar.  U. 
Pa|«geotgiii,  residing  In  Phtlippopolia.  h&a  dis- 
covered an  ancient  mHiiuscri|>t  containing  por- 
tions o(  Ari«u>tlc'>  worlcK.  Ti>e  manuscript  i«  of 
tlw  fourteenth  ceniiiTT,  and  containa  one  hundred 
and  eighty  |iagee.  whwh  comprinc*  four  UkAs  of 
the  tn-utise  'On  the  beaveiw,*  two  booksof 'On 
giiKtraliou  and  decay.'  the  Urat  three  books  of 
•  On  the  wnl,'  and  parts  of  the  'Sophiolin-nl  wtu- 
(aiinncu'  The  manuacript  i«  in  an  exoelleni  hUiIc 
ofpre«enalion,the  vellum  U-ing  clean  and  strong, 
and  nil  ttie  writing  perfectly  Icgilile.  Tliere  are 
marginal  nunobitioiM  of  the  flfiecnth  century. 
M.  Papogrorgiu.  cm  completing  his  irwiucliea. 
will  publikh  iin  account  of  iliem  In  pamphlet 
fortu.  The  chief  point  brought  out  thus  far  by 
him  i*  that  Ibe  newly  found  n>nnuscri|)t  dlffen 
in  »ome  imporlAui  )iaillculnr»  from  DfJot's  anil 
other  rxi«ting  edilions.  Slor^ocer,  it  conluiiis  ex- 
tracta  only  fniro  thcgmuine  Arietoielian  wriling<; 
and  nothing  from  tlie  vvritinga  which  nrv  usually 
held  to  be  tpurious. 

—  J.  Lixnar  ( Wifner  akait.  Anxeiger,  1887|  baa 
arranged  and  computed  the  obaervallon*  on  tei^ 
rcstrial  magnetism  of  the  intornatlonal  polar  Ma- 
tion«  of  Fort  Rae  and  Jan  Mnycn.  in  order  to  in- 
quire into  Ihe  existence  of  a  period  of  twenly-"ix 
dayn  of  tho  magnetical  plienomuna.  As  lite 
periodical  oacitlatiuaa  of  the  mB^iwtioal  clemeoU 
are  the  g**'"^''  ^^  doaer  we  aiitrottc4i  tho  mag- 
netlcal  pnli',  tlie  obaerrBtious  of  Foit  Bae,  Ctunhw 
laiid  Sound,  and  Jan  Hayvn  were  the  moet  faro*^ 
able  for  Ibeee  reeMrchaa.  Aa  thoaa  of  Comher> 
land  Sound  were  not  publUhtd  until  the  cfane  of 
laal  year,  litnar  confined  htm««lf  to  arranging 
the  available  mnti-rial  from  Fort  Ra«  and  Jan 
Mnyen.  The  malt  of  iiii  U»iuirie»  Is,  tbul  the 
amplitude  of  the  perloil  of  the  o*cili»tionB  of  dec- 
lination is  5.Vr  at  Port  Roe,  34.S'  iit  Jan  Majcu, 
while  it  is  only  O.f  nl  Vienna,  and  I.I'  ai 
Pawlowsk.  Tl>e  length  of  the  period  i»  85.65 
days,  while  former  computations  gare  n  value  of 
•m.VJ  <iay<^  TbcM  moita  abow  tlutt  the  rotation 
of  the  Sim,  which  is  the  iinihal>ie  cause  of  Ihew 
period*,  liai  a  far  greater  influence  nu  tl>e  mag- 
neticalriementa.  ai  might  have  \>wt  anticipated 
from  obwrvalions  iu  lower  latilodee. 

—  In  Scribntr't  magaxint  tat  July.  Prof.  D.  A. 
Sarn^it,  SLD..  of  Harvard  college,  who  is  an  aiv- 


610 


SCIElirCE. 


|Vot>  IX.,  No. 


ttioritf  on  thn  (ptDcrnl  nubjcot  of  athletic*,  «-iH 
publinh  hi*  llnl  oxt^ndi?''!  nrtic-Io  in  thiit  Bdi), 
undrr  the  titli?  ■  The  physical  propwciniK  of  the 
lypicnl  man.'  In  it  Professor  Ebtr^nt  will  k\\i-  a 
atalularil  of  |>li}»i«il  inoBJiurviueiit.  based  on  (he 
nntSUK-iiK^ntB  of  t«i  tliouADil  ioJiridiuUK  Tlile 
(umUtiMi  B  biaiibi  of  compAriNon  b>-  wlikh  lui.v  jicr- 
aoii  eiu)  gnugi!  bis  proportiont  with  tliomt  »f  thu 
tjpkMl  innn.  Tho  nitirle  vrill  rvnUiiD  diart*  for 
thb  purpoee,  founded  ou  these  ohcerralioDs. 

—  H«8an.  O.  P.  Putnun'a  Sona,  N««r  York, 
hare  publfihed  ■  Mmoth  edition  of  *  Voio«,  Mxng, 
and  qwecb,'  bf  Lenox  Browne  and  Bmil  Bohnke. 
8ii  editioD*  of  thi«  work  have  been  e:<haueted 
■inoft  tt«  publlcatioD  thre«  rears  ago.  The  last 
two  edltlona  liai'e  been  publi&hed  iu  cheaper 
form.  In  coupltauct^  wiih  what  wus  believed  to 
be  a  publiL-  dumnnd.  In  onli-r  to  attain  thia  end, 
the  mort  expenitiw  iwm  i>f  Ibe  enrlii-r  edilionn  hiu 
been  omitln) :  namely,  tlie  phntogmphn  of  the 
larjnx  and  «oft  palate  diirinic  tlio  tone-production, 
engravings  being  subatituled.  In  aU  oiher  re- 
•pccts  the  book  reiaainii  uiiallered, 

—  The  Snal  cxouraton  (to  tlie  region  of  tlie  Up- 
per Uelaurare,  the  Sbawnngunk  Mountuinv,  nnJ  Ilie 
CataklUnJ  arranged  in  connection  with  the  ■prlnic 
CourM.-  of  leclurce  on  jceoloip*,  "'  the  Philadelphia 
Kmde«ny  of  Bcieiii-ee,  will  extend  over  a  j)efiod  of 
Iwoweeks,  begitminii;  u-tth  the  llrttt  week  in  July. 
The  field-otudj  will  ri>uiprii-e  an  esaaiiuutioii  uf 
the  Etevonian  rocka,  with  their  cuntaimsl  fo.-eJlN. 
Hixt  the  geneonl  phenontRnii  of  glnirinti<in,  I'riwion, 
and  mountain  and  ralley  fonnntion. 

—  Sereral  papers  on  •  French  traiu,'  I7  W.  C. 
Brownell,  the  fU«t  of  which,  ou  'The  social  in- 
Kltnct,'  will  appear  in  Seritmer'*  manatiju  for 
July,  are  the  fruit  of  di«rtiuiinuting  ol»ert'nlii>n 
by  one  who  has  u  kei-ii  n|iprcci»ti(in  of,  an<l  Hvm- 
puthy  with,  llir  Frrnrli  mind.  In  these  casnys  it 
is  DMid  thnt  Mr.  Brownell  will  m.ike  many  striking 
oompaJritons  l>etween  Enxllsh  mid  American,  and 
FVsndi  social  life  and  customs, 

—  The  w<tll-kno«  n  catalogue  of  vdentiHc  l>ookt 
iHUed  by  D.  Vnn  Koeirand,  New  York,  has  been 
wUrvly  revised  to  dale.  All  thu  new  and  more 
Important  works  iu  tbe  diSerent  bruiichea  of  nti- 
tsuM  hare  been  nilded,  and  considr-mhlv  reduc- 
tions iu  pHce*  have  been  inada. 

—  The  latest  hiogrsphy  in  the  AmeckaD  Itatee- 
men  »rnn  in  -  iJ<-nrr  Clay,'  by  Carl  Scfaunt  (Boa- 
ton,  Houghton.  Miltiiii  &  Co.).  Mr.  Schurz  take* 
two  voliinM^  to  tell  Ibe  stojy  of  th*  gn^nt  U-niU-r'n 
life,  and  be  does  It  with  marked  rivaciiy  of  Bt;ie, 
and  accamcy  of  detail.    Tli«  design  of  the  entire 


series  is  being  as  faithfully  carritHl  out  as  It 
well  ooiieeiv«d, 

—  Profenor  Arthur  T.  Ha.lley  of  YiUe  haa  !•»■ 
made  lecturer  on  rnilroad  ndtiiinisirnilon  at  Har- 
vard. This  is  a  weli-deeervod  OMtniilituoDt  to  Pin- 
feasor  Hud  ley's  abllllies. 

—  The  list  uf  royal  authors  is  Iu  bo  invrMaed 
by  til"  addition  of  the  nuiue  of  KliiK  Leopold  <f 
the  Beltriiin*.  who  in  pn^mring  a  aouiewhat  elal» 
rat«  history  of  ihi-  comiuett  of  England  by  tti* 
Normans.  Tim  Iting  recently  vising  tbe  battle 
field  of  Htuting*  in  order  to  locate  tb«  apot  when 
Uarold  fell. 

—  The  general  oouncU  of  the  Unlvmitj  Ol 
OlsMgow  has  derided  that  the  entabliehoif'Bl  of  ■ 
ciutir  of  education  in  the  unireraitr  is  neoeeniy. 

—  Eaton  now  h3»  DM  nnmi«  on   it*  roll, ' 
largest  number  ou  record.    At  IlArruw  911 
registered. 

—  At    the    Uuiveritity    of    London    tvcsmtl) 
twenly-Hi-e  Indii-H  were  presented  for    the  Al 
degree,  ten  of  them  with  honor,  and  two  for  tba 
B,Sc.  degree. 

—  Profes»ior  Prestwich  has  roaignod  tbe  chair 
of  geology  at  Oxford,  feeling  biinitelf  unahl«  la 
carr>*  on  lite  great  amount  of  work  r^olred. 

—  The  Russian  gov<inuueut  b  about  tu  Larc  a 
Keries  «[  pitio-lines  laid  down  for  the  conveyn 
of  iietroletim  over  the  Suram  Put,  n  dUuncw  1 
thirty -lire  miles.  At  present  th»  oil  is  Iransr 
over  the  pDHs  in  idtort  ttalnsof  six  tank-<:ani«aeh,j 
with  twoengin««  to  eo^'b  train.  Upon  tbn  coio- 
plction  of  the  plpe-iinea.  the  oil  will  lie  pumped 
from  restrvoirs  at  )lichnlora,  tui  the  Tifli*  side  of 
the  I'ltH,  ditectly  into  similar  rewrvolr^  at  Kir- 
rill,  on  the  Bat  urn  side. 

—  A  comprtny  in  Lcindou.  England,  furntvlm 
water,  al  a  prewiire  of  7U0  pouiHhi  to  tbe  wjuare 
inch,  to  customers,  for  running  etevntors,  print- 
ing-prsMea,  pumpt.  etc.,  through  th«  mediiun  of 
water-motors.  Tlie  company  bns  twenty-  milo* 
of  main  kii<l,  and  furnldiea  water  for  4S8  moton. 

—  The  sixtieth  nnnunl  meetitkg  of  the  Omouui 
natural  ttcieutiftls  and  phjricians  will  be  beld  1 
WiesUden  from  Sept.   18  to  Sept.  44  noxt, 
connection  with  the  meeting,  an  exliilMtioa 
been  arrniiK^  for.  to  include  new  and  o>iiipl 
nets  of  apparatuK,  instiumeniH,  and  to  forth. 

—  With  its  iwue  for  May  S  last,  the  CVnlr 
Organ  fiir  <tif  Inlrrriuen  <lts  Ufahetiuluracti*  puli- 
lished  a  moot  TalunlJo  list  of  all  Die  wotks 
^i-nu'liiuit  in  and  it"  litemture  Uiat  appcntwd  1 
iag  the  year  IWO, 


Jinn  u.  lan.] 


BCIE21CK. 


611 


—  ThtKlngol  Italy  liaR*Ignedad««rwmutlK>r- 
JKhiK  lh9  publleallou  of  a  uew  and  complete  edi- 
tion of  Oalilfu's  noilfH.  at  tlie  pipeow  of  tbi> 
8tat«.  Tb«  miniatiy  of  nhicnttim  turn,  with  Ihe 
co-operaiion  of  IraditiK  •civnlt^to,  im'li-rtnlraii  th» 
pic|)unli»n  of  this  ^itioD.  It  vfII)  ootnpriM 
twentf  qoKlo  volume*,  of  about  Bve  Imndred 
pogMMxch. 

—  Work  on  the  lUDael  uncltr  lh«  Hudson,  be- 
Iwwn  Jenej  City  and  Vnfw  York,  has  reconi- 
meoced,  and  an  my«ngt  juruBmu  of  tliree  fei-t 
per  4&f  ia  beiug  miul«.  Incnndiiicrnt  «liKlrio 
tighta  are  being  •ubnlitut«si  for  tho  >rc  IJglUs  pn- 
TioUHljr  «ini)lo;od. 

—  Tliew  ar*  nl  present  npwardf  of  one  hundred 
miles  of  caMe-rallway  Ui  i>iwpHioji  in  thist^uuu- 
IT7.  and  about  Bft:r  miliM  in  i-oune  of  oonstruc- 

tlOD. 

—  The  Clntvndmi  preiu,  Oxford,  propose  lo 
publt>h  froin  liinr  u>  titav.  und«r  the  till»  '  Annaln 
of  bntanjr,'  nn'Ktnal  pnpm,  ndfqiiatelT  illustrated, 
on  xuhjp(;iii  t>ittnininK  to  nil  hranrhn  of  boianlcal 
•ci«'n(-e:  alKi  artid^s  on  Ihe  history  of  botauy, 
reviem  and  criiicihins  of  botanical  wrorics,  tvpom 
of  progrefls  Li  th(^  dilfemnt  departrnviita  of  thr 
science,  sliort  not™  and  Irtti-rs.  A  rceord  of 
botaninl  vrink*  |>ul)1iKlM^  in  th«  English  iaik- 
gaai|«  wilt  be  a  opcvial  feature. 

—  The  French  are  |>n;imriug  a  wriea  of  mono- 
g!rai>hB  identical  in  acitiw  ami  charactor  with  the- 
verv  atioc-esiful  '  i^n^-liih  aicn  of  lotten '  M>ries. 
Tbt-  till*"  will  Ik?  ■  Lm  f^^randx  wrivninn  frnn^als,* 
and  till-  ft>lJ»n-tng  roluiiiiii niP  alnvtdr  annotinced : 
'Victor  Counin,'  by  M.  Jules  Simon;  'Madanke 
dt  SAviicntf.'  by  M.  Oaslon  BotMler:  'Oeorge 
8an<],'  by  M.  Caro:  'TurKtii,"  by  M.  Lfein  Say: 
'  3Iuiilew|uleu,'  by  M.  Sorel  ;  ■  Voltiiir*'.'  by  St. 
Bnin<'liJn- ;  '  Villon,"  by  M.  Raalon  Porii : 
■  D'Aubixiif.'  by  )C.  Guillaume  Gnixot ;  '  Ra- 
cine,' by  M.  Aontole  Franc*;  ■Boileau.'  by  M. 
Bnineli^  ;  ■  Pascal,'  by  M.  Havet ;  ■  Rousaeau.' 
by  M.  Clierbullex  ;  'Jowph  de  Maiclre,'  by  (he 
Vicomie  E.  llelohior  >te  VugD« :  ■  Lainartfne,'  by 
H.  lie  Fotmuioh :  •  Bidxac.'  by  Jl,  Paul  Bourgcl : 
■HnMet,'  br  M.  JulM  LpmnltTv:  ■  Sainto-Bruvp,' 
by  M.  Tatn4( :  and  ■  Ciuixot.'  by  M.  O.  Monod. 

—  8tr  Himry  Roncne,  M.P.,  liwintrodncwd  »l>iU 
Into  parliament  to  mnk«  piovjatcm  In  day-adiools 
by  which  young  persons  who  hare  paased  throngh 
the  public  elementary  scliuulo,  and  othen.  uiayab- 
tain  further  inairuction  in  t«chuicnl  Bubjcvlti.  Tlie 
bill  cmpoweni  any  Nchoul  board,  local  anthorily, 
or  OMnAKi^  of  a  public  elementary  ncbool.  to  pro- 
vide day  technical  and  coinmemal  schools  awl 
claHM  for  tlie  purpose  of  Ki^iuK  iwlmrllon  In  any 


of  c««tBln  8ufaje<-iB.  TbeM  inchide  Ihe  wivtal  ad- 
enco  BubJectB  which  are  speclSed  in  tlM  dirrrbwy 
of  ihe  science  and  art  defnrtinent,  and  in  which 
thut  depnHnwnt  tuxlvnakeo  to  eianiiite.  Tbi< 
following  (abjrcts  aru  alio  included  :  the  use  of 
ordinary  lonU,  commarcinl  aiithmeiii.-.  commeNfail 
RcoKinpliy,  bnoh-hmpinfi,  Fmnoh.  Geruiau,  and 
other  foreign  lauKuage«,  nnd  frerliand  and  ma- 
chine drawiug.  The  addition  of  other  vubjecta 
uiny  be  sanctloiiod  troin  tinte  to  lime  by  the  ao«n- 
Rtrtt«v  of  council  on  education  or  by  the  sciettoe 
and  ait  drpulmcnt.  For  the  ]>UTpoae  of  carrying 
on  the»e  M-'hook  and  clamv,  the  jtuwer  of  sdiool 
boanis,  ollwr  local  anilu>rilit«.  and  M^bool  lunua- 
gets,  is  to  1«  in  every  wspeci  (b«-  mrai-  an  fir  jwo- 
tIdinK  ordinary  elementary  kIiouU.  MorCTi*t-r, 
lho\-  aie  to  have  power  to  provide,  or  onntribiib'tu 
the  m»iiiierinnc«  of.  laboratories  and  worknhopa  in 
endowed  vchouls  (or  the  purpose  of  carrykiR  on 
cias<cHor  iuiiruciion  under  tlie  bill.  Hoirever,  all 
ibirtH'  icboolH  and  cWn  arr  to  be  subject  to  the 
Innpot'tion  uf  thi-  officen  of  tlie  cotnmitlee  of  edu- 
cation or  of  tile  Rcienco  and  art  d«partnN-nt ;  and 
before  n  scholar  is  ndmilted  he  miui  bun:  )ia3«ed 
the  sixth  standard  or  some  equivalent  ennminaiiou. 
The  education  committee  and  the  science  and  art 
depMrtinent  are  authorized  to  give  grants  on  » uch 
condition*  a»  Ihcy  may  by  down  (or  any  of  the 
subjects  taught  in  tbcuo  lechnicnl  or  commercial 
schools  or  cIsMM.  For  tlio  purpoas  of  obtaining 
grants,  a  (eclinical  whool  or  claw  must  be  one  car- 
ried ou  under  inliiutrs  to  be  made  by  the  science 
and  art  department,  and  laid  on  Ihe  table  of  the 
house  of  commons  In  Uiesame  way  as  the  minutes 
that  tegulate  tlie  grants  of  the  education  depart- 
meut. 

—  Beginning  witli  Hciitvmber,  lSi*I,  the  UolTer- 
rity  of  Kanint  will  uffpr.  in  additiuu  to  Ihe  general 
and  Kprrinl  countn  atn-ady  in  exrrti-nci.*.  a  four- 
year«'  ooiine  in  elnclTical  rngineerlnK. 

—  Tbr  diiie  ■>[  iiiauguniliou  of  tilt-  mineral  ex- 
hibition at  Uma.  Peni.  ban  been  changed  frow 
Oct.  1,  IBJ^T,  lo  June  31.  1S88. 


LETTEHS  TO  THE  EblTOR. 

*,'T%t  adrntln  *f  trlntHfic  turn  (t  mlM  In  lU  m^tamlafn 
tf  Oil  urmtfKmiftut  wtiMini  tf  IMIHCI  far  pAiMiiy  jirn*jifl|i 
Mt  rawnl  Vrttt  (KWAalHary  ""*''■  »f  lAriV  0>*t*Nfatl*H. 
TVini|r  nr^»  vf  i*>  H*inb*r  MoMiifNjr  *<■  uwoiaafniffaa 
l»tU  bt/untl^frl/rf  Id  d»y  AirrHpaB^^M  MI  »(««<. 

TAi  laiMr  ulUbi  flail  to  in>Mr<A  any  forrN*  («Hnaa<  iHIA 

CVrrH|R>ul(nr«  nr*  ri^iiUi  i*  (r  «t  WIt/tu  |Mwnir.    fit 
Hrthr't  nosM UtmatI nwH  rrfolmt  ■( piaif4\ft^ttjfitfllt. 

Height  of  a  meteor, 

Mr  obiMTVaiiou  of  tha  contm  of  Ihe  luMaor  wlileh 
•fjieared  at  about  8.49  on  lbs  eTeaiag  *a'^"'**''*" 


SCIE^SfCE. 


tVot»  DC.  No. 


wMMing,  I 
•iioiild  Mv,  throng))  (be  c.'iiQct«lUliun  Lm>  Illnor.  I 
•m  eoullduit  Uiat  il  pawicd  a  litlk  t«nt  of  fMft 
IiMMila  Uajoiis,  my  ikna  iImno*,  aad  I  tbink  tlt«l 
H  p«atd  taat  of  Ottmiaa  ViriJliiU,  nuu-  irhlcb  it  ilu- 
ipiwand.  Wbik  pwwna  Iwlmca  tboao  two  atkn, 
fl  amlttMl  two  fliwbH  of  brigbtri  light,  —irlilte  or 
Mownbnt  lilnUh.     Iln  motJoii  tm  hIqw. 

J.  E.  W. 
l>«r«lMn*r,  H^aii.  June  ai. 


Hu*etiin*  of  ethnology  and  th«ir  data ificAt ion. 

'Vht  lUticlH  of  Dr.  BiHL*.  t<.>  wbicli  you  cnll  niteu- 
liou  iu  jvur  note  to  juj'telf,  IrentK  id  too  diktinct 
■ubjoctk:  flr*t.  tbc  iuI«tprtlAt)oii  of  *inillwiU«B; 
■nd.  aacond.  the  htM  mrUiotl  of  (mnptng  kreboologt- 
c«i  i>bj«i^  in  tb«  miiwniu.  Iii  Pnif»MOT  Mmou'« 
nport  Um  hum  Hobjeria  an  diwnMad.  Tlw  intor- 
pntatiou  qnattiaoi  ba«  tint  a  very  roiiial«  eminoolioo 
villi  tbo  mnMain  ipwuilou,  nnj  m  I  havA  alrMily 
dlaovsMd  It  aoiiMiwIiat  Hi  length  in  tli«  '  Tliinl  annual 
npon  of  th«  burcHQ  lit  elhuologr.'  imder  the  h*tiA 
at '  Aotivitnl  iiiiuilnritif*.'  1  tbiuk  I  luny  noil  ucgtact 
tbat  anbjtct  ia  Ibit  iXatn  etiutiuiiDli'ntiim. 

Tbn  fnnotiouH  of  a  uiasenju  >r*  tvofobl :  f)riit.a«a 
repmilory  of  iaBt«rt<LlB  fur  tlie  invMtiguior ;  kpcodi], 
M  an  objeolivo  cicmpliarntion  of  lorao  >yit«ni  of 
knowledgs  porlnlitInK  (<>  Ihn  Hnbjcct  for  wbiok  tlif 
OolIccUoD  la  luiiili^,  to  lie  nHvil  hy  au  iuBtructor  witli 
bja  pU|>il*.  auil  na  an  t-ihibiti<in  of  foot*  for  the  paM- 
iag  obMTTcr  vbo  TJ«itii  (La  lunaoiiiu. 

Tba  firat  piirpnNH  ia  of  prime  lnij>oT(HD(<ii :  the  hia. 
tovy  of  miMvum  adintniaualfcv  abiiiiila>i()ir  dcvclopn 
Ibi*  fac(.  and  more  and  iiior*i>itiivnlne  atuUntcKid. 
Il  in  in  (bii  manDor  lliat  gnat  luiiBtfiitiiH  iiiakv  aDli. 
RiAuilal  coatrilintlaoa  to  aoImicm,  aud  incioow  tli« 
lEuowkxtga  of  tba  world.  Tb«  im«coufii]  ouuiaao- 
tuent  of  a  rauieuni  for  thia  imrpoaa  infoivea  Uia 
atndy  of  tuaieniii  cam*  nod  Tnrloiia  otber  •])]>ltaiioM 
and  d*Tie««,  tog*tb«r  with  lunaediii  t«cord«.  d«>- 
tcriptlTe  eataloguea,  *lf.  In  th«  p«rfonBauca  of  tfaii 
(luictiim  tbo  nintboda  and  appliaaoM  of  tbe  uatfonal 
miuMiuu  am  of  Uie  blcbaat  «i««lleiice,  but  ft  voold 
raniilT«  a  Toiniua  to  ralijr  (tt  tb«m  forth.  FtoftMor 
Balrd,  one  of  the  groatoat  atganixjng  tuliula  of  tbe 
aoientiflo  vorld,  boa  d«vot«(l  a  larK«  ]>iut  of  bU  lif« 
to  tbia  anbjact. 

Tba  •e(>oiidar]r  iiai>  of  b  uiusuuui.  mmlioiwdaboTe, 
aoouewliat  interferes  vitb  its  primanruao:  and  bo- 
M(tte  it  ia  aecoDdaiT  it  luuat  uot  bo  aflowad  lo  liit«r. 
far*  with  tba  more  import  nut  ttinctfou.  In  a  er<*t 
mnivUD]  Ilk*  that  at  tb«  uatiimal  capital,  the  odl«c- 
tiona  ar«  m  va-rt  tbat  tbo  pQblie  oibitilHou  of  thom 
all  ia  impouible :  oolj  a  v«rr  hhkiII  par  cent  oaa  ba 
•howu  Titb  rfAauaabM  «xp«aditiu».  Tbla  b«[ug  tba 
oaa6,  tb«  MFondary  (ua  iBt«rf«rM  with  Ibe  ^imwy 
Oil!  outy  to  that  limitad  «xtont.  A  trv  Mleetiotiaara 
uiiulo  to  Im  abowB  to  tbf  piilillc :  tti*  t<r>At  luaaa  of 
luntecla]  la  kept  read^  to  do  aerTinr  fur  thi^  iuTCati- 
^lor.  Tb«r«(orv,  wilb  regard  to  tbe  mnuigcuieiit  of 
tba  matMi^a  for  tbo  niaaeiiia  for  pubUe  o^ihihitlon, 
the  qnaatlon  ta  aarrowMl  down  to  Uila :  DrH.  on 
what  prinalplea  aball  tbo  aelecllona  be  made  i  imd, 
aeeaM,  in  what  order  iliall  Ibey  be  nmuiHei)?  Tbat 
U,  tbe  ailiuinl>tr«I<.r  <it  tbi>  luiiBcnm  ia  called  ttpon  lo 
deterniiae  what  ia  tbe  awiA  DNelnl  ItAaou  to  Ibe  f[«ci- 


«nl  put>lio  «bi«b  hi*  isaMtiala  ««u  l>e  nMde  Xo  laaeb. 
Brerj  inveatlitaloi  will  be  mora  at  loea  Uk«ly  ta«go- 
aider  hia  own  anbjecl  of  prima  luiitoriaitM,  m  It  iai« 
fainuolf;  and  cierr  iiittructur  in.  lu  Ilka  manwr, 
tikolj  to  «oum<ler  that  bta  ayateiu  of  iuatrucHoa  la  rf 
prima  iiuportanco.  Aa  r»a«afeh  prograaaea,  ooa  at 
of  problema  after  auotbtr  oo«iMa  ta  tbo  frout,  ol 
ia  for  tbe  litue  htin^  of  oUef  luportUMW.  Far 
anch  Tcaaona  the  Diuaeniii  oppllaooM  for  «Tblbdtto 
abniild  )>*  of  nn  cnaiLy  ndJiuta1>lB  kind.  No  tovnl 
pbilo«opblc  soliolu,  )>•  be  ISTaatiKntor  or  iturtnwttn. 
will  macTt  tbat  bia  own  ayalem  1«  iv>niidoln  and  flaal, 
tbat  aof  cluaiflcation  or  armnt^iieiit  Is  tiltiiaale.  tl 
ie  in  vlow  of  tluiKo  facta  Ibot  Ibe  nittboritie*  of  Ik* 
uatioiiai  luiiHOiiiii  baii^  ileiotad  Ibair  BSorta  *eff 
largely  to  luethoda  of  «ibiliitia»,  to  tbe  eOBaldaiWka 
of  caaoH.  tnya.  •tauda  tor  DioiintiDg,  «t«.,  no  W 
lo  have  lb«  porta  inters' bacgeable  and  eanlty  iv 
adiiiHleil  lo  u*w  ooodltlou*.  —  new  facta  uiaans  ttcm 
the  adraui^e  of  lh#  Hoieuce  and  from  tlio  aurlctiaml 
of  the  coilcctiuna:  and  it  H«eiua  lo  iwf  that  niaaj 
problaiiiH  invfllTcd  bnTo  been  mry  Bnlinfairloti!; 
aolved.  Tli<>  ai-lual  rxbiUlton  portion  of  Ibe  imIIm- 
tion  in  the  imticrinl  iiiiK^tiin  l>na  not  l>e«n  pnt  loU 
pcrmaDci](  nbnpr.  What  baii  liM<ii  doat)  baitb««aax- 
perliueulnl  aud  trutallTe.  Tfau  arrangaiocnt  at  eO* 
time  may  l>o  vary  difftrcnt  frmu  lluit  of  anotbcTi 
and  tbiH  ia  rt^detod  v*y  and  {DoxiMiualve  by  reaaoa 
of  the  ayatcm  above  de'crlbe.l. 

Now.  I>r.  Rnaa  offvra  a  ajatem  or  plan  for  the  as 
raugeni(-nt  of  the  matotiala  wbieh  rMitc  to  tl>«  pt*- 
Ooluiiibiau  jxoplM  of  America  and  tbalr  ileeoeBt. 
aatH.  He  would  bare  tbem  arranged  by  trilxia.  Ob 
^e  tUaooiery  of  .\nierica  there  wwe  probably  maj 
mon  tliau  twenty. live  thoninnd  (rilfna  Inhabltint 
the  conntrr.  each  a  little  baud  of  people  iir^MiiM 
into  a  body.poiitic.  and  autonouMMUi.  at  leMt  (or 
all  doiueMlo  porpoaoa.  But  ptobablv  witbtn  tb* 
flrat  year,  ebaagea  ware  mad*  fa  aomo  of  tbeae  badia»- 

Solitio :  some  PoaI«ae«d  by  l>«Bly  or  oouqnevt.  otban 
iTidad  tliruugb  dioagreeiuvnl.  iadlrldiMla  frooi  bow* 
trlbea  t<i>k  iii>  ibeir  abode  and  l)«««me  ineorporated 
with  other  trlh«a :  and  ao.  by  variomi  metbmla  froaa 
Uqic  to  titiie.  all  of  Iboiii<  boilit^polltli^  were  la 
■  flni;  ao  that  a  huudri'v)  ycara  altnilbe  dta«ov«ryDt 
America  it  la  uot  pmbnlde  tbat  there  exiaMd  anyoaia 
tribe  whivb  could  olniiu  tu  be  the  pnr«  and  auDpl* 
deacendant,  without  lorn,  admixlnre,  or  ebao(e,  of 
any  tribe  oxiatiug  at  the  tima  of  tbe  dlecovtvy, 
Tbeac  rbiuigra  hate  been  goiag  oii  more  and  more 
rapidly  until  tlie  praaout  time,  and  Ihey  arc  atjll  go- 
iug  on.  Mont  of  the  Iribea  boat  known  to  bli 
haTfl  bceu  abaorbed.  ooaaolldatml,  aud  r»divi 
again  and  again.  Now,  Ihia  nieanH  alini>iy  tlm  nai 
primitive  and  nnder  luodem  oondttloua  alike  tbi 
baa  been  no  iiMmanrait  tribal  urKaniiation.  —  a 
body-politio  whoea  blstorf  c"d  bo  followed  a«  thatol 
one  paoplo  by  heredilary  deeceol.  A  inoaeiiai  00l> 
lected  to  r«praacnt  the  tribes  of  Anierlca.  tbercfo««. 
to  be  prui^rly  r«preaon1a1iTe,  wonid  baia  to  be  «ol- 
loctcd  aa  the  cenait*  of  the  native  inhabttanU  ol 
India  baa  been  taken,  all  in  one  lU;.  by  aa  anuy  of 
collectora.  Oollocted  in'  any  other  way,  it  wo«ld 
have  uo  ]>roii«r  atguidcanoa  i  and  colleoled  la  tba 
itumuer  anggetded.  It  would  have  lery  Uttlo  aolaaiifta 
valDo. 

But  if  a  «la«Hantion  of  tbe  Hlbea  of  North 
Amerioa  wore  poaMble,  the  arebeologie  ooUaetlooa 
actually  made  in  tba  conntiy  «oald  IM4  \t%  rntiffilll 
to  tbom.  fur  tba  tribes  bate  Immi  (oMnr  mlgraat. 


JvxB  M,  1SS1.) 


SCIENCE, 


618 


■!•  KM  dariTcd  tram  k  TarMy  of  Munea. 
'  he  brtrflj  onDDMntUd  m  toAovi.  Fint, 
kni  frvni  tbe  inonads.  BM  w«  now  knoir 
that  muujr  tribei  lia>e  greeted  tnoimda,  m»I  OftUian* 
the  sanw  nioiiuda  haxe  bMn  ooonpivd  bf  differeal 
tribes  belonging  avoo  to  diffrrcnt  lingnistic  fllocIiB. 
Only  k  tnr  uonndB  liaT«  tiMti  or  can  bo  ralofinlcd  to 
tlie  Indiaos  who  biiill  thew.  Secotid,  uioiber  cImk 
of  materiab  haa  b^m  fuonil  iu  sioim  ([rnTM,  oa«u- 
ariM,  and  othsr  bntial-ulacoi :  but  it  u  rar»lj'  tUe 
o«M  that  tlMW  bnrlaUpUoaa  on  b*  nttonod  t«  th* 
■pMlfla  tribaa  tliat  ii8«d  lb«m.  Tlitnl.  mtiob  td  Iba 
matwin]  in  distributed  ou  the  surface  of  lh«  «arth, 
and  polled  up  ta  icooiU.  OicldH.  cbv«s,  eto, :  but  it  ia 
T*ry  raralj  Lndaad  Ibnt  anj  oi  tbla  maUdal  oan  be 
Tet«rr«d  to  aneoUlo  trilwt..  Tb«u  tbara  la  a  taat  bod:r 
of  coatfrial  in  tbc  luiuv  if  lb«  arid  r^don*  of  tlt« 
WOat.  »exj-  little  o(  wbich  can  be  nl<gntcd  lo  ippi'ilio 
tribes.  Again.  coUectious  bnre  bceli  niiulc  from 
tiiue  to  lime,  lu  the  ;»ani  and  oaatnrlea  put,  from 
the  Indiuns  tbptu8»lrMi ;  liiit  as  tli«M  trlbv*  Lara 
been  evM  eboagiag,  aa  benlofora  remarked,  and  aa 
the  luunes  ot  tribea  cbanee  from  time  to  time,  ao  tlwt 
ttie  B]rtt':inyni.r  Is  exceodlDfil;  oomplaic  and  dilBonlt, 
the  wiue  iiAiii«8  )«iUH  iiwd  for  dllTerMit  liibei, 
and  the  HUiie  tribo  beiiui  kcuim  bj  differeat  nanm, 
there  i*  no  blstoricnl  coilcctiou  ot  auy  nukgiutuile  in 
the  lauil  that  coolel  with  confidence  be  alSnued  as 
ooiuiug  fix'iu  dvfiulto,  iitia<!Lfi«<J  tribes.  Again,  T«ry 
many  of  the  ariiolu  «liiob  an  bnragbt  tonther  In  a 
inrge  nrcheologic  mnMum  are  tbe  ualeriutaf  barter 
fioai  tribe  to  Inbe.  Thi*  barter  boa  baan  on  a  ncale 
to  vxt«uuTt<.  that,  If  tli«T«  irere  no  otbar  d]fltcutti«« 
in  the  nny  uf  dctcTiuiuing  tlie  Invenlon  and  maker*, 
Ibii  would  be  aufltdeut  to  cast  a  doubt  npon  nearly 
nil  ci>ll«(:(li>ua  mad*.  Tbara  ix  yet  anoluer  m>iitc« 
tbni  oouiuuinataa  mnob  of  the  lunturiAl  collcolttd, 
and  pnuliM  th*  atndoDt  of  areheologjr  to  the  hif[b«nt 
dagtao.  Stone  bnnlttiiianta,  ahoU  omamenta,  copper 
impUmanla,  uenJu,  «to.,  war*.  In  the  aarly  hiatory 
of  tLa  oonatiT.  luaouJacturad  on  a  laraa  aoale  by 
ttaden,  to  ba  bartered  wltb  tbe  Indiana  for  jialtriea. 
A  vaat  amaant  of  UiU  material  waa  Uius  in&uiifar- 
tared ;  and,  booanae  it  waa  more  or  Icaa  auperior  to 
lb«  work  of  the  Inilloon  tbeuuHilTas,  it  intradoa  its 
way  bt^fora  all  other  objecia  luto  tltn  colleotlona  ot 
tbe  oonutiy. 

It  will  bo  iK»n.  Ihnt.  t&kiug  ull  Ibiiigs  logetber.  a 
tribal  uTanflfoiciit  ot  lb*  nrcheologic  didmiiu  of 
Nottli  America  la  an  impoaalblUty  by  reoaon  of  Ita 
nAduc. 

But  tbe  tribal  museuiu  aa  euggf^tcd  by  Dr.  Bona 
would,  in  pnic^tioal  affair*,  be  an  iiuiioHibUity  by 
raaaou  of  Ita  maftnltnd*.  In  tbe  ma»  tboiuaud 
groups  of  wbicli  U  woalil  ba  oom|MMd,  tba objeotire 
material  would  be  dnpUoated  orar  and  over  again, 
and  to  the  obaervM  vn>nld  bo  noBotoDOiu  and  mean- 
tnsleaa. 

But  may  not  tlw  tribe*  ba  daiaiilad  y  Th*  ao- 
oalled  'ethnic' claaalfloatioaa of  mauklml  bare  uaii- 
nlly  been  baaod  npuii  pbysUkl  ebaraot«ri*tio»,  firand 
Iu  the  rnlatlvn  proportiomi  of  tba  paita  of  tbe  bodjr, 
which  bM  led  t«alil|{lid«T«loptiM(ttof  anthiopam*- 
try ;  iu  tha  cbanMterlatlo*  of  tba  enmlnn,  wblcb 
bos  led  to  B  bigb  derelopineul  of  amdology  i  and  In 
tbe  color  of  tbe  akin,  the  teiliire  of  tbe  hair,  the  at- 
titude of  the  eyea.  etc.;  bat  no  thoroagb  cliunflca- 
tiou  of  Hinuhlod  on  tbeae  ohuactariatloa  baa  vtmt 
been  estslilisbcd.  This  only  ha*  bean  dona :  a 
greater  ur  leu  uotuber  of  vartetiM  hare  been  de- 


eortbed  a*  type* :  bnt,  wheMTartbeaUempthaabeMi 
made  to  relegate  the  ueoplea  of  the  world  to  thcae 
rarietal  type*,  tbe  t*ftk  ban  been  found  Impoasible. 
Uankind  CBnnnt  bo  cluaiflnl  Into  race*  thototHihly 
Inoluehe  *iul  eictnalve.  \>rT  iiinrh  more  has  been 
done  iu  tbe  elaaadUatlon  of  la&piagw :  bat  tlii* 
tomUbcB  a  TVij  imperfcH  olaaalAoation  of  peoplta. 
In  fact,  it  do**  not  pTop«rty  moan  an  ethnic  elaastft- 
caltou.  I  know  of  no  atleEopt  toelasal^maakitidby 
aria,  or  by  inatltnllMia,  or  by  opinioua,  wotthy  of  Im 
mMdion;  yet  arta  mar  be  olaasfaed.  ittrtHnUoastnay 
b*  claaalded,  and  opinion*  or  philosonblM  may  b* 
elaadfled,  bat  the  reanlta  thervof  are  In  no  proper 
aenae  a  olaMlBcatiou  ot  people*. 

Iu  this  coQupctiou  It  ia  BafBdent  b>  aar,  that,  aa 
there  ii  and  con  bo  no  etfanle  elaaalflcatlon  of  the 
trll'M  ot  Aiiiorica,  ao  Iber*  can  be  no  elaMtilitation  of 
Ih^ir  arte  on  that  ba*la.  Vet  we  lulsbt  clnHlfT  thalr 
arte  in  a  moaenu  on  tlie  bataa  of  ^'Iobc*  •fnrlTAd 
froni  Ungaurtic  aSnitie* ;  bnt  it  would  ba  wliolly  ai. 
bitrary,  aud  lead  10  no  Tahiabla  remiita.  The  Pai- 
iit«a  ol  Utah,  th*  Gomaaohe*  of  the  plaina.  and  aix 
of  the  Puebloa  ot  Kew  Mexico,  that  are  colled  by  tba 
bnraan  of  ethnolonr  the  '  Shintinioa,'  and  Inoladed 
la  theBadentpromceotTuanyu.aU  belaiic*^'^ 
same  Unguielic  family ;  but  Ibclr  arte  are  moet  di. 
rerae,  aa  will  readily  ooour  to  any  one  fuuiliox  with 
the  aabjeot.  The  Apacbea  ot  Ariioua  iui<l  Xt-w 
Uezico  Toald  be  Ihrowti  into  a  group  wilb  tbe  Tiuao 
IndiauM  iu  tbe  rouion  of  Lake  Athabadca,  And  like 
illuBlnitionii  migiit  be  etl«nd«d  tu  an  iniUfiiiite 
length. 

Dr.  Boaa  auggeats  a  geograpblo  dIalrlbatiuD  iu  a 
manner  which  makaa  it  appear  that  he  ooundera  a 
g«ogta.phio  olaaailleatiun  to  be  easeutially  the  lame 
a*  ui  •thnogtvphie  claaaiflcation,  but  (lie  two  are 
Bitogetbw  dlffiireut  thing*.  It  1*  said  that  prairic- 
doga,  owla,  and  rattleenakea  anc««a«i  rely  occupy  ott> 
lain  nndersTonnd  habitntiami  on  tha  pinia*,  bat  they 
are  not  therebr  cUased  aa  on*  cronp  In  ■yaUmaiio 
soOlogy;  and  he  who  aappo*«a  tnat  Ui«  mnltiAtTJOu 
tribe*  In  one  region  of  America  are  of  the  aame 
■took,  or  can  iu  any  pmwr  wajr  be  elaanOAd  aa  oue, 
luM  tailed  tu  undenUna  th*  einnology  of  th*  Am*ri< 
can  race*.  But  thii  leads  to  the  ooaalderaclon  of  a 
elasnlllcntlou  by  geagraphlc  prorlnoea,  aa  adrooat- 
ed  by  Baetlau  and  referred  to  by  Boaa.  If  the 
primary  claNstOoaiUou  of  tbe  wuaeom  ahonld  baT* 
tbla  baabi,  some  rcrr  intvrcating  fact*  would  be 
prMenled.  It  la  well  known  that  soOlogk  pror- 
inoes  aud  botanical  prorincea  bare  been  draned 
by  rariona  biologlate,  and  tbe  facta  cooinected 
Ihemwlth  are  of  great  iniereaL  In  like  niao- 
ner  tlie  art  proiinca*  of  Horth  America  are  of  great 
intoreal.  To  thU  *ub]*ot  th*  bureau  of  eiUuiouigy, 
nnder  my  chargv.  liM  giren  much  allention,  and 
grailiULlly  wc  ate  rvoL-hiug  some  {ntereating  raanUs: 
and  at  tlie  proaont  stage  ot  Ihla  raaeareh.  If  W*  OOnM 
hHT«  a  grand  muaenm  arranged  on  this  liuls,  in. 
vcitigalioua  would  be  ninile  with  gteater  <<*»«.  and 
perhaps  taeta  and  ideas  wotUd  be  suggealed  «bi«h 
will  not  be  discovered  in  Ih*  laolc  of  ndi  a  mad 
mnaaBm.  Tot  I  afaonld  hesllate  to  aSnu  thai  that 
wi«  the  1>eat  arrangemMit  for  the  Batlooal  uiuaetnu 
or  nny  otb(«  great  coUeoUon. 

Tbe  human  aotlTitics  wliirh  eharuienM  nuinkind 
may  be  claaMd  ai  arts,  inatitulioiia,  laugnnitM.  and 
opbdoma  or  phlloaophio.  C)f  Uieae  aotlTltiM,  the 
•rta  only  cau  be  re|>re«eut*d  In  a  mnseDm,  and  tbey 
but  in  part.   An  nntbropologioal  mnaeun,  tbereforat 


614 


SCIENCE. 


[Voim  tx.,  wo. 


!•  an  ImpoMlfallltr  i  Imt ««  niny  bar*  n  aiiiMnim  of 
aiU,  inolodfDK  Uie  >ru>  imliiatTiiil  «im1  acvtbntic. 
But,  while  mob  •  miinriiiu  iiiigUl  ba  poMlilo,  it  i« 
linpncticAbI*,  fof  a  collcoliou  ot  Ike  nrU  of  all 
peufilM  of  ftll  tliuM  woalil  b«  of  aiiob  nii^lioilc 
tfaat  ii  oonld  uol  prO]»rlf  li«  made  nud  prMviveil 
withiD  prHctiotl  couilitiuuii  of  rconoiay.  Tbut 
whkb  tha  ([n«t  iainitntioiia  oi  Ui«  wotlil  noll.v 
nltfiiiiit  is  »D  arobi>olo(ti("il  uiummin.  —  ■  mainnui  of 
Uiv  auliijuitiM  ot  lh«  hiigbot  nic»«,  Htitl  ut  tli«  piml 
and  pteacnt  of  the  Ivwttr  nc«ii.  In  ili«  adnuiiBU*- 
tloti  ai  such  ■  niiueiiiii  It  miij  tic  conddeitd  beat  to 
aegn^gato  a  pail  Ibvivof  (or  ciliiUtian.  oa  Indlcateil 
in  a  pr«vto<M  jiart  of  \ii\it  lattui ;  l>nt  lb«lr  lami^fi- 
moot  \>j  trilwii  •.•u  etbuio  oli«r»iH<^iBtini  of  auy  kind 
Uauiinpcwaibililf.  TbtinuTuigvtDt-nl  bjaeoampbio 
iliNUlcta  in  pouiblv,  but  tbc  Inwiti*  Inagbt  tAarebjr 
ara  not  ot  prim*  iniportanca.  nnd  Ibo  ocat  oS  aocb  an 
eiUbitioD  iTuuld  b«  eicoMlToly  *ipMisIva, — ^ite 
ont  of  proportion  \o  ibe  *alii«  of  tli«  remilta.  Tbe 
adantlfle  or  tccbuolugic  vlaMd&cation  ia  all  tbat  te- 

malDSi  ■□■!  tbio  boa  jot  to  be  dcTclojie.). 

Will  tlia  0dttor  ot  SehKcr  iuAaligt  lua  ija  on*  luora 
Ttouark,  a«  a  oorollarjr  to  <■  lint  1  Lava  «^I  f 

Thore  ia  a  ad«DM  ot  antfaropokig;,  compoatd  of 
aubiildiarjr  icienoca,  whicli  I  gnmp  aa  follom :  the 
blolo(Ey  of  man,  which  la  tlia  Mndjr  of  Iho  animal 
man,  aiul  may  ba  coniklilortd  aa  btlouging  to  bi<4o(tr 
pvOMT,  or  autluojiolog}' :  thara  ia  a  acieuoe  of  •^y. 
diology,  wbiab  ia  a  put  ot  aathropotogT ;  ih«TD  ia  ■ 
adanoa  of  taohnology,  nhich  includoa  all  the  Ktts  of 
mankind;  iber*  In  a  >cl(iDce  ot  aocloloajr,  vblch  In- 
olailea  all  the  (natllullniiH  of  manhlDil;  ther«  la  a 
Bcience  o(  pbilolouy,  vkiob  iuc4ud«H  the  lanipiacBa 
of  uuLukiiid  :  auil  tttora  is  n  adanoo  of  pbiloaopby, 
which  iu<-Iii'l*a  tbn  o[idnion«  of  mankind ;  bnt  tnora 
ia  DO  8<ti«ai««  of  riliDoiotiy.  (or  tba  alUiiipl  to  claa- 
«i^  mankind  In  grc>u|i»  iifM  (ailed  on  eirry  band. 
PerbniMi  the  luuvt  dutiurtiie  gronp  of  men  yet 
dMOovored  in  the  tiinlA  ue  tho  Qikimaa.  They 
haT«  In  a  nauoral  way  phyaiaal  chnraotMiallo* 
which  teparata  them  from  other  peoplaa,  but  thate 
diatinctiona  fade  out  ou  the  WDalrra  ooaal  of  America 
and  aoatom  ooaal  of  Aaia  They  ba^e  arts  peenlior 
loan  aretlc  habitat,  bnt  theii  art«ainiiotexclii»lToly 
their  own.  Their  inailtntlona  ar«  yet  praetleally 
unknown.  Tli*ir  opinioua,  aa  iepreM«nt«d  in  their 
mythulogiaa,  are  imperfeoUy  Imown,  but  tht'y  yet 
forniah  no  chornetanatioa  by  which  ibcy  can  ba 
aagragatad  troiu  many  other  pcoplm  -,  ami  Mr.  llall 
baa  shown  that  their  ULU)[iiim«a  ni*  not  uhollj  lui- 
conoocted  with  cthci  lAngiiagvit  of  the  north.  But 
whan  the  ntlcmpt  it  mnde  to  not  up  other  racoa  in 
the  woTld.  it  wholly  faili.  The  unity  of  mankind  i4 
tb«  groatvM  liiilucilon  of  nmhrnpologv. 

J,  W.  rowxij.. 

WlBllIllCIOIl,  JllQF  II. 

I  have  to  aay  a  (nw  word*  In  rnply  U)  Major 
Powell'*  eritleiani  of  my  l«tt«r  in  Seirnfr  of  Uay  30. 
It  will  be  Been  thai  in  regard  to  Kreml  tioiuta  which 
are  diaetuaod  in  my  letter  ot  Joue  1>.  und  viator 
PowaU'n  letter  o(  li>-day,  thvra  la  no  dlDarence  ot 
oplnUin  between  Uajar  Powell  and  myaalf,  aa  hie  r»- 
marka  would  imply. 

Uajor  roKcll  iuferi  tbut  my  rvuuuka  refer  to 
atvhaologiual  coUoctloua  ot  pre-Columbian  pooplaa. 
If  be  will  kindly  look  at  tha  oontenta  of  iut  two  lat- 
ten,  he  wDl  aea  Ibat  no  mention  haa  been  made  of 
nch  colled ioDa,  bnt  that  re  dixrumi!'!  Ib«  gpucral 
tinaalion  of  KlmlyiDg  and  arranging  etbnologicil  ma- 


leriaJ.  Tbe  mere  fad  that  we  do  uut  kuow  to  whkk 
tiibaa  ardieologiMl  apecdmona  bclona  ezcln<taa  tlun 
from  onr  diicnauon,  ami  damanda  a  diSercmt  kind  ol 
irealsiMil.  I  tiilly  agree  with  Major  PowaU'a  le- 
marks  on  Ihix  »nl>jr<'t.  but  v«iilar«  to  aay  that  Ihaj 
do  not  belong  lo  the  iinmtion  at  ibbuo. 

A  tow  vonla  mora  on  Uajiir  Powall'a  reanaita 
on  lb*  clowltlcatlon  of  Iribea  and  tli*  iUlaw*d  impsa- 
aiblllty  ot  arrauc[tng  a  tribal  muaeum.  Tun  probMi 
haa  been  aolved  b^  niimerooa  mnaaatna.  «t«s  sui 
larger  than  Ibe  nulioual  mitaenm.  The  iilMtl  plan  of 
Ibmr  aiTDUgAmcnt  ia  to  exhibit  a  full  aol  ot  a  rtfiie- 
aenlatliv  ot  an  ethnical  group,  and  to  slidw  aUfjU 
peouliarttiea  In  auiall  spedal  aela.  JBxperieneaaliMt 
that  thiH  cau  be  done  with  colleeliona  from  nil  parli 
of  the  world  without  aror-bardontng  the  collectkn 
with  dnplirnlea.  nod  wllhoiil  maktoa  arlitlvlal  rla^ 
flcatioua  ~  only  by  gro>ii>iag  the  tHbon  «oeurding  lo 
ethnic  aimilaritiea.  Sooh  gronpa  nre  not  at  all  io- 
tended  lo  be  clHaiteataonn,  aa  Major  Poorelt  Uif«a 
in  bi>  reonarka  on  this  mbjeot.  Tba  piincliutl  dlff«> 
oncebetwean  the  ]>laB  advocated  by  Mnjur  PmbQ 
and  adof>tad  by  Profftaor  Hatou.  and  tlint  ot  otbtr 
mateana,  ia,  that  ibe  iHiier  exhibit  the  iodindal 
pbenotDcnon,  while  the  former  m*ko  elMiaUUatkM 
that  are  not  founded  on  Ihit  pbanomaBon,  bttt  in  Iha 
mind  of  llie  iilutleat.  Dit.  Fka^cs  Bojta. 

Vtw  YorK.  June  M. 


Small- pox  hospitals. 

In  jtnx  ians  of  the  90th  of  May  I  noticw  a 
ment  cooeeRiiag  the  peculiar  vSeoi  ot  moall-poi ._ 
the  riciniiy  of  boapitala  for  Ihat  di«i*ti.    Some  year* 

3;o,  miall-poi  wae  local  hen-,  and  upon  tbe  tariBtna. 
on  ot  the  oaae  the  liedding  waa  homed  In  Ibe  jsrJ 
of  the  preniiHB :  nnil  I  am  informed,  thai,  iu  the  di- 
rection In  whi^  tho  amoke  waa  driTeo  \ij  the  wiad. 
aeveral  ca«e*  at  amall-pax  ileTeloped,  while  tha  a«u- 
roundlng  neighborhood  via  otherwiae  tre«  tnaa  tU 

Among  OUT  ncclimnted  people  thie  dinoaaa  ta  Bote 
dreaded  thnn  yelloir.fcTar.  The  poopU  here  are  op- 
i>o*ed  to  burning  boddlag  Ot  y«Uaw-fi>ver  patieota, 
irat  taior  burylog  or  dnklna  In  Uie  channel.  Onr 
atuio*i)ber»  never  being  puMed  by  troat,  our  lali. 
ont's  must  be  upon  the  trinda  to  purify  nod  dlainfML 
U«e  every  thing  rapidly  decaya,  Bsd  paaaes  away 
Into  the  almoajkbeie.  Ho&atio  Ckaix. 

Ker  Woct,  June?. 


Ths  scientific  Swindler  sjfKin. 

About  irii  weeks  ago  a  dc-tigbtfally  u)t«lllc«)nt  awl 
amiable  denf-nnd-dumb  man  npjHwred  In  PottariUa, 
and  wBi<  riituitnined  hoapilably  by  Mr.  Bard  WaUa, 
late  of  the  geological  Mrvey  of  Peutin|*nnl«,  to 
whom  he  gave  aome  valuable  hooka,  and  nom  whoa 
he  look  BOOM,  alao  a  compaaa.  He  laft  PottoriDe 
anddcnly  without  paying  h]a  hotaJ-bill. 

About  two  weak*  Bflevward  he  called  M  tlM  oOoa 
of  the  anrrey.  In  Philadeli>bia.  after  oOoMi^boMn, 
and  repreaented  hiniaeU  to  Ibe  janitreaa  aa  aa  nariak 
ant  am  the  anrvoy,  acut  by  the  MaiabuU  in  cbarga  of 
the  ottae  to  get  cwrtain  anrvey  npotta.  Harlag  tM 
written  order  to  abow.  be  waa  refnaad  adialttaaoe, 
and  went  away  very  angry. 

I  ae«  that  he  haa  luinoil  up  at  Syraeuno.  It  ia  aa- 
toniabing  that  the  follow  <wi  hate  mannifM  to  aoM^ 
oaptuTO  *o  long.  i.  p.  T,j»|j|^^ 


JvNi  24.  leOT.] 


SCIENCE. 


616 


A  Bkruui  axacution. 

It  idk;  b«  intrrMling  to  <(liiiologiaU  to  gire  ■ 
bri«f  ttMOVDt  i>t  the  mod«  of  etocntLon  mnong  tbn 
Bajraiizi,  ■  liurgc  tribn  of  utgroM  InluhdlloK  Ibn 
coQQit;  bntwnnu  tb«  Knatio  Mid  the  ri*«r  ilnSiuDg 
Lnh^  Uin]>(il<l  II..  which  riuptiea  into  tbs  K^a.  Ib« 
lftr)t*itl  HCiuthrTD  atUaoulot  the  Kongo.  The  Hamuli 
lUD  (Bill  to  bo  poanifal  nofroot,  qnit*  sldlfnl  In 
m^rioullnrc.  »,aA  to  «ir«>1  Ut  «WKl>«*rTttig  Mud  work, 
luic  iron  Into  n*it|)nu«  of  Tarioim  1unil«. 

Tb«  vxMntionci'n  nworil  in  n  iibon.  he*iy  two- 
cdgod  wtMjioii,  blnnt  nl  Ibe  cad,  wbon  II  ]>ToJMta  Is 


»\\KSti  •wonii. 


A  it|>tir  <in  (iftch  riile.  Th«  hilt  is  of  vood  wouiul 
with  lini««  wir«,  fpTing  a  xi-ry  ftrm  pip.  Tb«  »cTJ«ii 
Qt  aliiillow  grooies  through  tho  nudille   un   rMvA 

'  blood- groo  von.' 

)n  •x«cDtliig.  tl]«  rondemned  It  xamSht  to  ill  down 
on  It  block  just  behiiid  s  post,  his  limb*  paMing  on 
fiarh  (ride  of  it.  Tbo  poit  reocho*  to  tbo  haigfat  M  hi* 
chin.  Hi*  wms.  ksa,  kod  body  ar»  Il»d  to  RtalM*. 
A  iiIroDg  utiitltiK  1*  cent  iki*n,  bftvlusnt  it«  vxtrem. 
ttjr  •  cvlliLr  «u>>i:>«lid«<1  bj  cordit.  This  oolUr  is 
pue^  uuuiid  Iho  TiiHim's  nock,  prodncrijig  lO  giMt 
tenaion,  that.  «bon  the  eicontionor  dnllTtrs  Ihs  olow, 
the  Mvend  he*<l  it  Ibrown  tslo  th«  air  with  th«  foTM 
of  ■  bomb.  Id  all  |ir<i)«bitit7.  tbis  d«vio«  for  ntfek- 
IDK  the  u««k  tnut  sriMm  from  the  eluiiajr  aotnre  of 
the  awoid  (impto;«ij.  Mid  tho  e«aMcqii«at  diiOctiltjr 
in  Drfng  it  tor  dookpltktlon.  Tho  poM  iB  fioni  of 
tb*  null's  neck  k]«o  tkcllllUH  Um  •atire  ranoTnl  of 


tbe  h«ad.  PtttTioiw  to  tbe  wooulioD  it  is  dbimI  for 
Ibe  paopU  —  niMi,  wiMncn,  <uu1  child rou  —  to  tor- 
meat  lh«  pr{Mn«r  witb  Arr-bmnds.  Ihoras,  and  all 
aorta  of  dericM.  whtl*  h«  U  is  llik  ancocnfbttaUe 
piUnr;.  Thin  eKBDotloii  thov«aBiO|[MiioaB«nwua- 
luant  ot  auBbiiMtj  to  a«««iDpl»h  au  end.  reaottmg 
iB  a  qnaer  comUnatlOB  of  faMigiiit;  and  docapllatiiw. 
Tlw  eirovMBlaiK*  wbl«h  foraiB  tho  aubjoct  of  tbia 
napM  waa  witiwMcd  in  MoveiuliM,  WH.  M  Lmiko- 
t«U,  by  Ur.  E.  J.  Ohre.  Li«nt.  E.  H.  Taunt.  V.  8. 
navy,  coUoctod  Ihr  inmrd.  Mr.  W.  F.  Tiidel  Kot  (a 
a  ao]rth«-khat<«d  *«oid  uvid  to  bare  booii  djimI  tor  tbo 
aamc  pnrpusB.  Ho  (ar  m  knovn  bj  lb*  wrlttv.  tbia 
In  the  flnt  tiiue  tbnt  au  aoouBBt  ot  tbe  Bayaaxi  or  a 
aliiillar  »i*eiilioo  bM  o<F«r  b««ti  puMiafaod. 

WALTza  Hooos. 
n*iwii)u(uti.  JiiB*  ti      

An  advanca  in  educational  advertliii^;. 
Tba  aiuKiUBOdiieiitii  auunull;^  mode  by  tbo  batter 
vlaiaa  of  ediKatloual  iiutilutioDa  ju  this  rouutry  ara 

Knarally  etaBra«t«rl(«d  by  a  whoUaooio  aod«MT, 
lb  M  to  ityto  and  Kahaia&M.  Iiideed.  one  luight 
Infer  fram  tlMJr  pomaal  tb&t  Ibfre  eiiatailKnioiiB  tba 
cdn«Btlonal  trat«rnitT  a  codo  of  Mbiaa  naar^  aa 
rigorana  a«  that  of  tb*  medical  profvanlun.  That 
many  exception')  to  this  rule  liave  oocarred,  and  ara 
ncenrring.  ha«  lung  been  known  ;  and  ton  yoari  uo 
Prof.  P.  W.  Clarke  amiMod  and  interoatod  tba 
r«adSng  pubUn  by  tlie  pnbliaUJona  of  aoiua  «lioi«» 
atlaetiona  from  advartlakng  Ulfratnra  iianad  bj  a 
faw  aeboola  in  the  ««at  and  aonUi,  wbero.  m 
Profaaaor  Clarko  ramBrkcd.  the  people  am  'kb- 
bamnMllad  by  offctc  eonveDtiotuutica.'  Ha  alao 
axpl^ned  the  hackwani  alate  of  (he  art  in  toaia 
other  parta  of  tb«  oouutry  by  saring  Uiat  "Now 
Enijtland  and  tba  middle  atatua  ato  too  mtich  tiMl 
down  by  routine  and  trailition  to  prodnoa  auoh  rare 
davcloptncuta  of  llie  iutelleot." 

It  ia  Ktatifying  to  know  (hat  in  on*  epot.  at  leaat, 
of  Miia  twDigbt<>d  region,  it  bo^na  to  look  >«  if  aoma. 
body  had  rut  the  atring.  The  iuatilutioa  inaDgnrat. 
ing  a  DOW  ilepartnra  la  not  found,  aa  in  tlie  InMAiicca 
dtad  by  Profaaaor  Clarke.  In  an  olwdiiru  country 
town  wbowe  loeation  ia  only  raT«al*d  after  a  oartf  nl 
atndy  of  tha  map,  but  it  in  in  and  a  part  of  tba  twy 
'  Hub'  itnU.  Whb  tha  keen  indght  and  bnabieaa 
taot  wbleh  la  aappoaad  to  b«  Inwparabla  from  the 
genuine  down-eaat  Tankee.  the  anlbor  of  the  new 
idea  hn«  OTidmtly  iilndied  tbo  qneatiMi  of  adrertla. 
iug  wilh  a  dotomiioation  to  adopt  that  atyla  wbtob 
#i|><irl«no«  baa  abovii  to  b«  tha  BMatanceeatfal.  Aa 
niigbt  have  been  aniieipaied,  the  nault  of  bi>  in- 
Tootigatioua  in  apparently,  that.  In  tbe  present  otalo 
of  onr  knowloilgit  of  tba  art,  ila  bigheal  doTelopuant 
i«  «mbo>ll«d  ill  tha  method*  of  tb«  Tender  of  patent 
nedidnea. 

Your  New-Englander  ia  nothing,  bowerer,  if  not 
eantioaa.  and  it  nioat  not  bo  oaaiiiaod  that  tba  fall 
power  of  tho  now  molbtxl  liaa  bc«in  brought  into 
play  at  ou<«.  Tba  flnti  output  waa  otwervad  in  tbe 
advertiaing  ooltuuna  of  a  well-known  newn>apei,  a 
copy  of  which  reoenlly  tril  lulo  tb«  banda  of  Uio 
wnter.  Tlie  aanoiincumoDl  of  a  wldaly  known  eda- 
eatlonal  inaUtntion.  oTerywhera  rtcognltad  aa  one  of 
tbe  And.  If  not  tbo  Torj  Axat.  of  ita  type.  Ij«^n  with 
a  dinpluy  in  large  capitals  of  Ibe  worda.  '  Beware  of 
Undalortf 

Had  tbia  phrwa  oocarred  in  oonnaetion  with  tba 
ailvartlaeuiaot  of   aotua  wa«1*ra  aohool.   '  wBitnm: 


616 


SCIENCE. 


LToi..  IX, 


■lalUd  b;  effete  eouToDtkituiHtlni.'  It  might  bttv* 
boVB  dlppod  »nt  and  «otuiigii«<l  to  tb«  collMtioii  m> 
BDMliUbly  utK»iii(Mtuidb«KUiib}-rrofcaK>rCtot):«, 
bnt  ■  Hcoad  tliougbt  mmld  twrdlr  hato  bcMi  giran 
to  it.  EmNBatinB  «a  it  did,  boworci,  from  tb«  very 
bMK  of  tb*  Back  B>7  rtgloD,  It  !■  wortby  of  tbe 
■Mioiu  and  euiMitl  ootitl(I«ir*tioii  of  &U  «^  lira  in- 
taroMcd  in  odnoatioiul  progrpm. 

WhM  doo*  tt  i«aUy  mean ';  But  Iwn  niplftDailon* 
•MiB  pUwilbln.  TIm  flnt.  u'hirli  U  iu«iiliMi«d  ouly 
to  b«  r«j«at«d,  ii^  tbnt  lb«  Aiitbi>rjli««  of  the  iiutita- 
Uon  nad*r  wmmderntiou  ai*  priTulely  mid  imofll. 
dally  of  tbc  ii]>itlioti  thai  it  in  a  luinUlv^  tlint  tta 
«oura«*  Ol  atniff  iu«  ill-adjiwlM,  ft«  f*cllili«"  «ud 
«qnippMiil  nMagK  uid  iuadtiquatM ;  uid.  iu  Bburl. 
tbM  )b>  patMDi  are  bring  'lakon  in.'  Fablio  or 
prlTsla  odBiiaaian  o(  tbii  belief  would  be  fatal,  bat 
tbe  damaoda  of  Puritan  conadenca  oauuot  be  wbolly 
Ignored ;  aiMt  tbe  ontoome  la  the ing«iiion«lr  wonJeil 
notioe,  wbiob.  wbil<<tDvliiuKcoufl']ciii>viutb»acliooI 
Itaelf.  g«u«roiial7  unriui  Ibr  ]iiililie  ngauini  BUT  and 
all  otbera  «bo  may  bo  trying  to  do  Ibe  aaiuo  tlijn))  Id 
lb«  eam*  war.  Socb  an  liitrl<«t«  and  d«1leat«  Bya- 
lemol  oUiiea  inlgbt  poeaibly  originate  in  Uieridna^ 
of  tbe  CoDBord  Hcbool.  bnt  to  iwdinair  people  It  la 
IneocDprebetudbli!,  nail  tbo  hnMthBBll  U  rajectod  a* 
being  uut«n»lile. 

Tbcrc  rvmalua  oul;  tbt>  eiplanatiou  wbioh  baa  al- 
ready been  anggffltvd :  It  ia  tbe  beginains  o(  new 
tliiuge  In  oollcgo  advertiaiiig,  or.  nithor.  It  u  tba  ap- 
iilicatiou  of  Uia  old  and  welLeeUblJahed,  noue-gcan. 
lue-anleaa-tlM-iuuiie.la-blown.ln-tli^bottle  tnetbud  Ui 
a  uow  direotian.  Tbat  tbp  adranta^  of  tbe  new 
il«|iariur«  will  be  onireranlly  ro^ogmicd  (^BJlno^  be 
qoeatiODed.  Indeed,  it  can  Iw  ahown  Ibnt  a  little 
Ontld  experimautAliou  aluuK  lli«  new  line  bad  al. 
ready  baui  nndortakun  by  iiistimtiona  more  or  lean 
■  nntrammellnd ; '  bat.  nuw  tbnt  caltnred  Boaton  baa 
atani|wd  tlie  gnlaea.  It  can  no  longer  be  looked  npon 
wilb  anapidou. 

Our  (TMOida  of  tbo  weat  aud  aoutb  mar  now  bwn 
to  woo  tbo  public  in  ttii  new  but  ectiroly  orthodox 
nuumer.  aud  anipU  opportanily  will  be  uTorded  for 
tbo  display  of  bilberlo  iiuau*i>«oted  Kentne.  Even 
tbo  moet  vooorablo  aud  (otuerratiTe  scboold  mast  ex- 
pect lo  bo  drawn  in,  or  llicy  will  l>r  liiirtanccd  in  tbe 
raoe.  Tbe  lnlliilt«  Tarinly  of  wliicb  tbe  now  iiictbod 
iacapttblv  !«  show)!  on  erery  ]iag«o(tlif  daltv|<n|)«'i: 
but  it  li  more  tliaii  likely  tbat  «<3Mw  special  \'n\r  will 
be  workeil.  and  nmong  Tariotu  alylee  HOBietbiug  lik« 
Uie  following  Is  likely  to  bo  popular :  — 


A  oiTKion  cnoTMmKcat 

Tberabaii  lH>ni  inu<;b  <siniiiieDi  (uhI  •IIwuhAuu  a»  IW 
•inei  lo^ila/,  id  rrterr-uor  lo  iIm  ronunata  Heap*  irf  Mr. 
Uarerljr  Wiutenpooa  truiu  drovulus,  wb'ii  Uie  (iit-tal 
Manhawealdowareetardnr.  Ju*i  lullwnnlananaMisa 
wa*  oaMrlDK  Die  narbor,  *&•  wat  einHk  ajDMaUpa  k|  t 
huite  ■are,  wiiich  earalMd  tier,  and  all  on  Manl  wm»  tna 
Had  Mr.  WlilMrnioes  bMD  oa  luani  at  qm  MhIM.  !• 
woulil  bava  Boaa  •l>>wa  wllb  lae  mb  WImq  quaeOovea  H 
a  npoctar  (o-ear,  ba  dadared  tba>  be  MVJa  MLy  anrtta* 
bis  foai  fortuDe  to  tba  (Bin  tbat  lia  waa  adufWd  mm* 
,  an  tawltDtiou  of  tanrnlus  wlil<4i  t*  vliM)i 

OrtbU:  — 

ADHIRAI. , 

l*rMldcal «(  Ibe  — , 


i>«ar  ar,  —  AlCbouab  ipKivniir  unwlltlna  to  aiipewj 
[a  aor  war  iatorloa  Inalll'ittoiu  oIlearolucTl  uwuMi  reta 
in  allow  ran  v>  puHlah  ui«  trae  bUtoir  of  mr  aatt>  eaaaTKI 
tb*  iDtenaia  «4  bumanltx  wui  m  turiiixnui  tnar«l>r.   rw 
aerecal  Toan  mr  aoii  wiw  oinlctf-t  villi  IgDOrwnce  tM  M*- 

ClItT.    Aa  ba  crew  eldnc  tba  ntllk-dou  iBuroaaad.  aM  u 
t  rMtmnpaUad  toMDdblm  ta»(«»ool  Id  ihabapea(«(- 
(•vtlag  a  cum.    Oarlnc  aeraral  raaiw.  and  M  vanl  «ip*aHi 

I  Kepi  Oile  Dp,  aeDdtDC  blni  in  Uin  faituaa  II d  iiatni. 

■itr.  uioooiw«a  or  n — j —  ai  r ,  t — coDHe,aM 

oibor  weu-fcoown  toboola:  bui  be  rrew  wnrae  all  elSt 
clnia,  and  appeared  lo  be  rapMlr  aiiiinivbUiB  ImteclllD 
one  dar,  )uai  aa  t  waa  about  In  ftre  up  In  daaulr,  a  triaal 
a«Jilf>aualr  lueuilnuad  rooi  lintltuilati,  and  aptoeeitni 
Crnnl  twuant  It  bad  IH>oa  lo  a  nunc  naa  ot  bia  aoinalM- 
■nca  *bo  waa  aliullarlr  aflllcMd.  Uke  ike  |ii  iilii—l 
drowning  man,  I  wa*  nadr  in  oatsh  at  a  straw,  ao  I  al  oaM 
put  my  aoii  uudar  tout  can.  Al  tba  eDd  oT  tbre«  BtBtta* 
>r«a(  linpniTaiuant  wae  oMarrvd :  after  a  rear.  Iiiiiiiieliif 
lucHUr  limama  mot*  be^naui;  aud  at  ike  a<id  of  t* 
oi:<un>B,«beD  be  bad  raoelTadr^fur  diploma,  bawaiaU*  It 
pra-u»  an  aiMllant  (loaltlen  a*  a  wrllM  ol  anlela*  m 
[KillUcal  anuunmjr.  I  bare  do  objMtton  to  rour  ni—linnlm 
m]r  naino  In  j-our  fulurv  adienlatneow. 

Youn  rM[>aciruUr, 

But,  nnleaa  tbe  thing  ia  copyrlghtKd.  ita  origina*! 
tora  will  be  obliged  to  keep  a  abarp  lookont.  aa  u 

(;rnat  deal  o(  tbia  aott  of   (nieni  la  lying  aronndj 
ooM.  X. 

Queries. 

0.  Vot-irin.  —Where  can  I  oblaiu  any  apecifle  In- 
fonuation  conceralug  VolapOk,  the  nnixeraal  Ian- 
gnage  abont  which  a  note  apptared  rMoBlly  bi 
SoiVncf/— H.  T.  P. 

fVolapUk  wua  iuvvulod  by  Father  tFobaou  WnT"* 
Scblej'et  uf  Cuoslnuco,  Dadtn.  Oennaay.  and  an  in-,^ 
qairy  addremed  to  liitn  would  tindoubtedlr  tli<il^| 
iufomialiou  oa  lo  llteratnre.  Me.    U.  &I.  llaobelte  "tH 
Oie.  tbe  well-known  Paria  pubtithera.  haTe  r«<etttly 
iianed  a  book  on  (bin  snlijpci.  ^  Kd.^ 


CROSBY'S  VITALIZED  PHOSPHITES 

Composed  of  (he  Nerve-giving  Principles  of  Ihe  Oi  Brain  and  the  Embryo  of  the  Wheat  and  Oit. 
Is  a  standard  remedy  with  physicians  who  treat  nervous  or  mental  disorders. 
The  formula  is  on  every  label.  As  it  is  identical  in  its  composition  with 
brain  matter  it  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  relieves  the  depression  from  mental 
efforts.  loss  of  memory,  fatigue  or  mental  irritability.  fl 

Sleeplessness,  irritation,  ner\'ous  exhaustion,  inability  to  work  or  study^ 
is  but  BuAix  Hunger,  in  urgent  cases  Brain  Starvation.     It  aids  in  the 
bodily  and  wonderfully  in  the  mental  development  of  children.    It  Is  a  vtiai 
phosph/tc,  not  a  laboratory  phosphate  or  soda  water  absurdity. 

56  W.  25th  St.,  N.  Y.      For  sale  by  Druggists,  or  by  Mall.  $1 . 


FRIDAY,  JUNE  »,  lS87. 


ff/DIAN  CRADLES  ASD  HEAO-FLAT- 

T^:Nl^G. 

1  AM  Inilebtetl  to  Dr.  R.  W.  ShuteUII  mill  Dr. 
Wasliiiitctoii  Matthews,  lioth  of  llie  U.  H.  army. 
Tor  the  suggcwtiun  Ihiit  a  wore  intimale  atuily  of 
Indian  traillea  in  tkmaiidix]  by  UkM'  who  are  in- 
veatij^iitiiig  tite  wibjeet  or  iTatii*!  ilvformnliim. 

In  HltiJyin);  thin  Bu)iji-<-t,  it  U  wi-ll  to  limr  in 
mind  till!  fiu.-t  thiit  iimiint;  thi?  ICHkltnoHHnil  Iniliniui 
of  lliL-  for  north,  oh  wi<11  nf>  nmiinf;  tlip  Inilianfl  of 
the  trojiioa,  rrndli>  Ixnrils  or  fnini(>8  niv  impractt- 
c-abln.  In  Ihi"  fi)rnier  rejtion  iIk'  <hi1i1  in  loo  in- 
(4>nwi ;  in  Ihe  latter,  oIutbiiiK  of  any  kind  ia  itn- 
nFtxwtnry.  The  HludeiiL  uiuftt  rtnD(-inlH-r,  nigui.  that 
the  iiw  of  CRtdlnt  i^xlt-udn  ovrr  th<'  lint  yi-nr  of  a 
chlld'it  llf*.  bet:innin}c  whrn  it  in  nt>9H>hitoty  iw\p- 
lew,  and  euding  with  tlu-  tinio  vrhon  Uiv  child  can 
aland  alMi«  in  itM  (^nulle,  and  llnnlty  walk  ont  of 
it.  Id  all  thiiw  rajioH,  fnacllimallr  If  not  slnic- 
lumtly,  ihc  cradle  la  luodiDeil  In  lianitoDir  witliitu 
rtccnpaiit.  lE  must  1»»  renivaiUTinl.  almv  that  rul- 
tur«-KrMdiiii.  iiiituntl  tiupplien,  nnd  ih'-  appliances 
anil  dnTomtiimti  of  i-arh  trilic.  liavc  an  elTii-l  oii 
theerudlf.  froiierlyepoakiiiK,  rra'll<>«  nn>diiidetl 
vtrui'lurally  into  i|nnsi  L"enrni  anil  i«pi.'oie<4 :  they 
nr«  intiiuati-ly  trlntiil  to  thoir  eiirlroDnienl.  they 
hnvii  Ihi'ir  ontoftcny  and  phyloKeny.  and  lliey  are 
formed  anil  fnf<li)oni.-d  in  ro-vrtllnaiioii  with  Uie 
whole  induHlriul  life  of  tlu-ir  rrapMHivB  tribni. 

The  jiaHa  of  a  i-radli-  ar*.  1",  Clw  fmtuo ;  3*. 
the  liml  ;  3".  tlu-  {itllow  ;  4°,  tho  wrajipinKii  and 
hialiiuKK ;  ^°,  the  carrying  nppliaiuwa ;  6",  lh« 
doctiration. 

The  younit  bkimo,  ivh«n  It  ic^M  abroad,  Roda 
ila  carria^ci^  in  Ita  mother'))  hood,  llita  tniatoui  b 
universal  from  J.ahrador  lo  Mount  Si.  Klin*,  and 
Uit>  malernal  jKirkti  Li  made  i-iipaoioua  accord- 
innly. 

Tile  TinnC  atoi-fc  of  the  Yukon  RIvpt  make  their 
tniy-5lmpi>il  ctiullc  of  liirrh-hnrk.  with  hood  ami 
awtiinK  of  Ihr  raQw  matodnl.  No  altenipt  Is 
made  at  a  pprmnopnl  hc*l  or  pillow.  The  child  in 
ila  wrappinga  Is  laid  in  the  eradle.  and  liiKhed 
wnirely, 

Tlie  national  niutteiim  doeo  not  ]hh!K>im  lui  liulina 
eradli-  fmin  llie  Hiii'lii  or  TlloKil  Imtinmi.  The 
Bella  Delia  Imliann  of  Briliah  (Vitiimhin  ninkf  a 
litlte  aik  of  ordttr-woud,  with  hcail-bonnl  sloping 
Upward.      Tho  bod    ta  an  abundance  of  finely 


Hhreddi^  (U^darl1a^k.  Tbi;  child  i*  laid  in  Ibn 
Hof(  euuL-h,  wra{i|MHl  wilh  fliipH  of  bucknkin,  and 
laKhol  in  iritli  a  leather  xtrinK-  Totcmic  ilevioM 
lav  painlnl  on  the  hnatl-lioanl, 

CouiInK  w»ith«-»rd.  we  enoounUr  tho  Chinook 
craille,  a  trough  of  cedar-wood,  carved  to  Itnltale 
a  ai'iiwboiLt  The  bed  ia  aofl  baM  or  ceda)>bark. 
The  reuuukiihlv  feature  ia  the  ]md  druwa  down 
ujion  t)ic  forirhiiiiil  Ci)minn<  thia  with  the  awn- 
int;  of  Ihi^  Yukon  crmille.  (jtiery  :  Dlil  many  In- 
dinii  cmdleH  formerly  havn  a  devit^r  to  kmp  Uui 
hiiirjia  of  very  Hmnll  rhlldrcn  from  railing  down 
whilr  Ihc  rradio  ivan  in  n  vertirnl  ponition,  and 
did  miMt  tribe*  alMindon  It  lietyiuw  it  alf'^-U-d  the 
ahapp  of  the  child's  head,  while  the  Chinook  re- 
taiiteil  it  for  the  eanie  reaa<*u  ?  lu  vienliili-  pliraae, 
ia  Una  a  caae  of  surtivid  or  iitavisiu? 

The  Hu|iaa  and  all  other  Orpffiminn  ami  norlfa- 
em  (Tiilifornian  trilmwrave  tlwir  <Traille.liajik<'U 
Biul  wallet*  from  twiK*  or  from  tho  touKh  llbrr  of 
th«  milk-woed.  In  obajie,  the  frKine  memblen  an 
fl^ipn  slipper,  and  a  prett;  diali-diaped  awnlait 
cov«rB  lh»  face.       ' 

In  Hituthnm  California  Ibo  MfJiav^i  and  uthn" 
ntcmlipni  of  the  Yuma  <i(ork  ninkn  a  l;ul<hT  or 
tndlii.  nn  which  is  laid  a  lied  of  stimldrd  willow 
or  incxipiite  lark.  A  blanket  of  the  «ai)ie  material 
la  tiprf^d  over  Ihe  Imby,  held  in  place,  nol  by  thp 
nlnio«t  nniver»al  lacing.  Uil  by  a  irart»i'<Jiapod 
haiul  wrapped  round  and  round  '  craille  and  hnl>y 
and  all.*  Tbia  band,  in  the  ajieciuien  llgurttl.  ia 
bmitled,  not  woven,  of  party-eulored  threails,  IIm 
Bgurai  aug^vHtin);  niniitar  omamcDta  on  jHititn-y, 

Tlic  Yaijui  Indiana  of  Hooora  make  (hi-ir  cnullta 
•>f  reed-canea,  lieW  in  a  jilone  liy  rinle  ilownia 
pierrjnK  them  transversply  In  aeroral  placva.  A 
bundle  of  sjilK  can«  foroM  the  pillow,  and  two 
liUle  \\m\tf  or  buHaes  of  rags  kw]>  the  child's  heail 
fnnii  ruIlinK  off  blenilly.  Yaifui  crania  stiould 
be  carefully  exumincd  for  occipital  deforinalion. 

Tbc  I'iuliv  n-prcM^nt  the  stt-nX  SlH»hu(ic  iiiock 
of  tbii  inli^nor  l>iu>in.  TItnir  c-ndhi  i*  a  rack  of 
twif;ii,  likfi  that  of  the  Ympii.  It  in  rnrloMil  in  a 
capHule  of  hiickiikin,  linx  an  nn'niii};  over  Ihv 
lieail,  and  the  lied  i*  madi'  of  Hklna.  The  ehild'a 
head  lia«  no  elevated  pillow,  but  in  brotii^ht  in 
contact  with  llie  fur-ciiveri-il  era" lie- frame. 

Till?  Nuvajo  cniiille- board  is  the  ly[ie  followed  tiy 
111!  the  I'lirhtiB  and  by  the  AiKU'hwt  as  well.  A 
tiat  iHHtnl.  Willi  awoinff,  aiihvBiipw,  and  elaUiraiu 
lai'ing,  forms  tho  groundwork,  which  the  vtorceoiu 
Navajo  loads  down  with  silvn"  o«fnam«i«»-^'^-   "'**■ 


618 


SCIJ^XCK 


[Vou  II..  Mo.  m 


E/iti/^? 


SCfEXCE. 


611» 


WY^, 


-5"Hw. 


H  ^ 


^/w/\w 


Al.GoNMn 


l'.VIIIIIl    ,. 


620 


SCIEXCE. 


(Tot..  QE.,  Mo,  HI 


B1mrel<lt  and  Dr.  Mattheirs  trnw  Ixitli  sladlcil 
tkia  emdie  «iMull^  willi  referwioe  lo  dcforiiw- 

tioD. 

Thi-  SUiux  mullo  roprtwtila  tliuw  of  ull  Iht.- 
triU-a  on  lli«  |ilniiui  of  (lio  (nvmt  wi«l.  It  is  n 
UrJIiii  '>r  riM^k  nf  four  jtitHNW,  IJkL-  n  skji]  or  n 
flower- frninr,  or  o  fraOMi  on  wliicli  fur  shUis  ant 
BlrelrlMMl.  Two  iipriKtit  plecM  nc«rl]r  (contiguous 
at  thf  Toot  aro  epreail  apart  at  tho  lop.  Ttiej  we 
)wkl  ill  |>Uc<>  by  (lOM^aliils  abuvi^  and  lielutr.  A 
Htrl|)  of  bulT.ilonbin.  fur  Bide  U|i.  cuvt-ri  Uiin 
fruuiL'.  Tlic  child  lim  oi<  tliia  in  a  soil  of  ham- 
inuck  hclwii-n  tin?  ivrlirnl  gJnls.  Tlicrc  i*  an  niii- 
])ln  pilliiw.  Th(T  rnrlrmiti);  portion  ik  nhiM--#hn|x^], 
inndc  of  IruitlHT,  and  *tTr^xt'"^i>^  aroiin"!  tlic 
face  by  stiR  liido.  the  obild  is  la^bi-d  In  bj  tlie 
Hoslnii;  of  tbeee  kntlier  Bajw,  vrbicb  aiv  now  for 
tlie  tuodt  part  gorKeoMsIf  adoniul  wilb  Ix-iul-work. 

Tbt' Algu(iqiiiu<<radlviii,  likvlhntof  thpNuvnjo, 
n  IxMnl  wiiti  sUtlionary  {xuldnil  [lillow.  nmi'le 
bpd.  mid  riivcr  orniiuionU^l  wJtb  p(ircnpine-i[tilllH. 

Thorp  arn  no  omilliv  in  llio  national  museum 
from  the  sontb^rn  lii<lian».  The  xjnawH  that  fru- 
((iient  80ttlhi-rii  cilifD  at  priwent  carry  their  chil- 
dren in  aliuwlti  ur  aarks  on  Itii-ir  biucks. 

No  atUioipt  IB  hi-rv  maik'  to  lou<!h  llir  tiU'mturc 
of  tbi-  vubji'til.  whii'li  Kvni-rntt}  introducr)!  more 
CNKifunon  tlian  knowledge.  O.  T.  MaSoh. 


DR.  BAIN  ON  ULTIUATB  QUBSTIONS  OF 
PttJLOSOPHY. 

PltoK.  AiJCXANDKR  Bain  of  A1)eTdM>n  b  univrr- 
sallj  regarded  ait  Ihu  greatMt  ei]Min<!nt  uT  the 
amocbtiou  iicbool  uf  p^diuUig}',  and  for  this 
reniMn  his  mattered  )jnponandaddnwN»>are  care- 
fully rvud  by  pUUcMopbicnl  studontu,  At  the  last 
lutftinK  of  the  AriBtoMinn  sodoly,  tie  read  a 
pitlHT  [III  the  ■  Cntimate  questions  of  pbllowpby,' 
whii-b  ii>  repnrlwl  as  dcniing  with  tlie  philoeophi- 
cnl  (lifTerencrn  of  opinion  that  ^row  out  of  t1it> 
atleiupts  to  ([ive  nattorm  for  wliat  bnii  to  bt-  lut- 
■umed  aabeiiijic  ultimale.  At  the  outai-t  tin- author 
Ulustnted  tfa«  ixfliliuii  that  a  ■cirnu'  may  lie  very 
dt-butabk*  in  iUi  touiKULioiix,  and  yrt  the  super- 
airuiiunr  ruiiii<d  u|x>n  tlwiM  may  be  sound  and  uii- 
imi><<iii'hnl>l<'.  ThisismnatBpiMrant  Id  theuuitlu!- 
Riaiirol  and  i>hy«ica]  sciencM,  In  seivral  of  wbicli 
tlif  ultimate  axioms  are  glt-eu  tu  quentiuimhlr 
forms,  without  iuipedlnx  the  dfvvlopmtmt  of 
truthful  tloctrimw,  both  induftirv  and  deductive. 
Lms  obvious  ia  llm  aiiplieatiim  to  logic  and  pay- 
cb«loi^,  (vhirli,  in  tbe  opinion  of  some,  are  in  a 
Hlnte  of  total  arrest  until  the  fniiilamentttlB  »rr 
Ihorouflhly  a>ljustt-d.  Yel  thb  exlivuii.-  jioiitiiiii 
may  \k  oi'eruiated :  for  in  tliese  ■KwiircN  many 
Importaut  nvulta  havo  Imxii  obtainud,  whiUi  oon- 


trciTeriiy  etill  rages  In  refcard  lo  thopr4iniir7lnfU)> 
of  liolh.  In  followlnic  otil  the  main  (Itwtgn  of  thr 
paper  lo  deal  with  ullimate  qumtiooa,  the  l«<i 
fou)i<latlon  axioms  of  tunic,  nuiufly,  tbv  aiitiak 
of  M'lt-cDnoiitCfUL-y  and  the  axiom  of  iiatunr'n  u«i- 
forniily.  wt-n'  (iml  <«ni»iil<'n«il,  iIh-  n)ii<'f  xtn-io  of 
liw  diH<;umioa  tH-in^  laid  on  thf  M-coaid.  Tbf 
pliM^uU'ly  ultimnlc  charticler  nf  t\\f  lirlief  Ibu 
the  future  will  rrvttnlilc  U>n  pcMt  wnM  <'Ofttras<4d 
with  the  tlinv  other  vi^'wis  of  the  nxioiii  :  nnniHy. 
1'',  tlinl  it  is  an  identical  prop<->e,llliin  <aA  uuln- 
tallied  by  Taiueatid  LewM);  T",  ttiat  it  in  lu)  i»' 
tuition  :  it",  tbut  it  is  a  mnilt  of  4-i|H-ri(rniv.  At 
to  Ibe  lueit  view,  whieh  is  iIk-  empirit-iil  doclfim-, 
the  uiitlior  contoiidrd  that  eiiir-rii'iicc  »iuh]  iiol 
uiiHun-  un  of  wbal  hns  not  yet  biipiH'.ned  wlthool 
mokiti;;  tlui  awumplion  that  the  fiiliiru  will  be  on 
llio  pant  lioA  been,  tlint  is,  without  l>oi;xiiii:  Ibr 
matter  in  diH])Ute.  The  axtotu  is  not  (uruperly  di^ 
scribed  either  by  experience  or  liy  fallh,  andalMxiU 
be  treated  an  unu[ue.  and  sliould  retvirn  an  hm- 
meviiin^  iiaiiie.  Ihul  coiiifiaiea  It  to  nothing  •'be 
Conaidrriiig  thai  probably  Uiv  i-arliivt  e\i>(l(-ll 
stal«mrnt  of  tlin  uiiicin  is  tliat  kivco  to  Newton^ 
third  rttir  of  iiliiliuophiiinf;,  tlii-rr  would  be  no 
im propriety,  but  Wty  mwh  the  reverae.  in  Ibi* 
biccii Lcnnry  year  of  the  'I'rincipla,'  in  li(i|>ludng 
it  the  '  Dictum  of  Newton.'  The  aulbor  tbiii  n~ 
viewed  Ibe  several  i]U(«tiuiia  that  tiiigbt  In-  re-^ 
^rdwl  an  ulLiniHlf  in  clhiiii,  dwi-llitif;  <«pe<-iallj 
upon  ItiL'  pri>per  view  iif  dinintcn.'-st^  action 
whii'li  cindd  not  bo  oblij^itory  without  ccwttini;  I 
lia>  (lifiiilcrcntcd.  Finally  a  scimrh  was  tniuli* 
pByflioloRy  tor  ihi'  tiest  ci»ni)ileM  of  <|Uc«Uoni> 
the  ultimalo  cla«. 


ASYMMHTRV. 
Dk.  T.  G.  MoHTon  of  Philadelphia  haa  r««*-ntli 
called  attention,  in  the  Meitiral  timt*  of  tbnl  I'ilfJ 
lo  the  elTectA  of  unequal  leu)^h  of  iliu  lower  liinl 
ill  |)(ixluciiiK  Ifib-ral  Hpiiiut  eurvatiiri'-   AHytiiiiiF 
uf  lliiH  kind  baa  Ivl-ii  known  foe  luitao  yearn,  trail 
it  clofn  not  a|i|xmr  Diat  it  ban  Ihi-a  ri'ipirdul  as  a 
caiUH>  of  uilmciil  in  other  pnrta  of  iIh-  bixly.      f>r. 
Uortnn  fliiilK  that  it  leads  lo  IxHrknclie  uf  alistreeto- 
Ini;  severity,  ami  aUo  that  ll  •vii  be  cunil 
addlnjt  («  the  shoe-ltc<el  of  tlie  short  \iifg.     Tlie  tol^ 
lowiiii;  is  abstracted  from  his  accountaof  iwer 
cuam:  u  young  man,  ii^ed  twenty-live,  tuid   beei 
IrOnbkul  fur  over  a  yrar  wiUi  suverv  anil    cim). 
tinni.'d   luekacbc.   axl^iniliii);  to   Utn    Hitbt    niilw, 
Whnn  nllomptinK  to  straiKhicti  up  lih  tmr-k. 
exporienoed  a  criLni|i-likc  feetiiiK.     Il  wiut  fouii4 
that  his  right  lc|;  was  one  and  llve-eiKhiliH  iucha 
shorter  llian  the  leift>  and  Ihal  Ibe  rit;bl  nriii  ar 
leg  we««  smaller  than  th«  left.     Tlie   nii»yini» 
rical  foriu  of  Ui«  body  was  very  apfiatent  bi 


-Jvtnc  ai,  IHH7.] 


8VIENCE, 


Iwck    rii-w.   Iml  wan  icn«Uy  nduuMl  whun  Ute 
riglil  font  viasi  HiiilUilriillj  ]ir<>|>f>iHl  ii]>,  tw  in  llw 


Hie  right  eticpe  was  (beu  nurrccfd  fur  tlu> 
<if   till?  I.«.    WHU  (hi*   dinugt!,  tlio 


Ruil 


Fill.  a. 


(trromiilj  WON  iirarly  riK-tiHiil,  Itii-  |intient 
ivHS  nblp  U>  walk  whlimit  Iaiii<-nn«).  niiit  Ihe  iwfn 
bi  Ilia  back  tntire^  dfaopiKarMl. 


HDVVATIOS  IS  VUUaVAY. 

A  )R>TR  in  Umi  Jfiuriul  of  thi^  micM-ty  or  arU 
CKlbntU-ntinn  In  Hit  fart  lluU  uiiimuiI  allmlioti 
hsa  be^i)  jelvt'Ci  in  Vriijcun.v,  ttilliln  tturliiMi  fiNir  or 
fivt:  jtwTv.  \<t  Ibu  i-ilucatiD»  of  i\'v  iiiuB8e«.  Tlie 
UniiMil  !^t4BH)af|j;«<l'itiruirMal  ftl>inti.-vlilL>))iMy8 
lliul  ■'•liitatioii  in  ixiw  nl»(ili-i-0  fruai  any  (IviMMnl- 
nntiiNiul  iohibiliaD  ;  in  fiic-l,  IIk'  puhlir  wtiuob, 
anw  tivrr  fifty  fur  prtauirf  cliudfft.  nnil  ori-r  iimi 
Itundn'i]  for  Npoonil  k^i^I''-  In'miiIi-h  llir)H<  piildii; 
lilul>  M.-I>vi>l«,  »,rv  ojitn  iilike  to  nil  rt>ll);ii>tii)  do" 
ni)ii)iri:ii((tiiti.  or  what  niv  t«riiieil  nihlic  iir  nini 
itcluiula,  ihvtv  an-  \iv*-t  170 ;  unJ  ttii-  totui  iiiinilit^' 
«l  H-lioliirs.  in  IWtl.  i>ui'iuiit<.il  to  ST.iWO.  Of  pri- 
vaU'  «r)i<K>ln.  tlKTi-  wi-n'43IP,  liaving  an  attpixliUKM! 
ot  nimiit  :10,(HNJ  iitipilfL  Kii>linicDt;iry  iimUuciioti 
of  MKiip  Nurt  i"  «i>iii|>"lw>(]r  upon  all  rliildivn  1)r- 
tween  tiie  agm  uf  itix  aiul  foutlM'ii.  An  i-titu-a- 
tiortui  liiMtltiKioD  of  a  pvculiuf  wit  biui  hwa  mtub- 
lit>lH-iI  anil  grmlt}'  f<>Hti-nHl  bv  tfao  );i>vfniuu.-nt 
witliin  (lif  lain  tw  j-cim.  It  in  imllnl  l<ii  i>Hi-ui'ln 
ill' Hrliw  ,v  oficioii,  awl  iln  |iriM<'i|ialHiiii  ■■  toiiffoti] 
to  thp  poiMf  boTB  of  the  repul'llc  nil  opiiirt unity  lo 
iearii  illtTi'tt'iit  trwl(«  uuJ  |>ri>rv!*iioiiH  at  llii'  ex- 
|H>tim.- ijif  tlip  UDvitniuMil.  It  Bcuiiilurlfl  uputi  a 
milStarir  plau,  :u>cl  Its  i-xp«'iu(™  arc  tmine  Iiy  llip 
miiiL->Ir.v  "f  war  ami  niatini'.  'Hii."  wlucatiiui  « 
iilt<iKO(li<T  iirni-ticnl,  and  tlig  ruhn  iinil  ii'Kulatiunii 
well  di'Ilntil  anil  umlerslootl,  anil  thtrtv  an.-«4rictly 
aillwrcit  U>.  An  applii-unt  fur  ailiaiBBion  In  this 
Ai-hiMiI  iiiml  be  of  Uruguiiynn  calractiiia,  aniluivr 
fuurki'D  yi-an  u(  ag<;  at  Ihv  tiair  nf  iiilry.  Vao- 
(-liiutiuri  in  liiHJsliil  uiHin.  Tlw  npplirant  iiiust  he 
iin  iiqihiiii  or  bin  invrviilM  iii  iiuHifnteirciimiituiioni. 
IliH  fntliiu'.  Diotlicr.  or  Kimnllnn  niiiMt  rmitrnrt  for 
him  ill  writiiif;  tbnl  )ii>  in  In  rvinnin  for  nix  yi-nr* 
itinoldti-ly  iinik'r  (lie  cniitn:-!  "f  lh«  prinripnl  o( 
lln>  wi-li'»>l.  with  ti')  iiiU-rfi-renix'  ftiiiii  bonte  or 
dnoivhi'n.-.  If  tukiTi  ill.  he  must  U-  aenA  to  Ibu 
lumjiitii].  oiiil  n-liirii  %n  ihi?  «'li<«)I  m  w«iri  as  able. 
Military'  diaciplini'  of  Iboirttirt^vt  kiuil  iii  uImtvciI. 
Tiish'iw  tli«iwolici*in'y<>f  tbeiiiHiiliillon,  it  iionly 
nMvaiary  U>  Klattf  thiU  the  Kii'i-n,  a  Kiinlitnt 
aaiil  111  bi*  |N>wcrfull>'  liuilt,  wua  L-un«tmcl(.il  Mi- 
timlf  by  ihf  younK  workmvai  in  Ihb  acbmil.  and 
Inininlml  by  ttiMn.  Tlii'  inliiliiU>r  of  war  and 
innriiM-,  In  IiIh  liMt  TViotrt,  iiHinlliiK  !■>  il"*  inatitti- 
lion.  Kt)B  tlial  lift  |>ro|j;r(T«  and  u*«rulm-»i  an*  fol( 
luan?  and  murv  fixmi  day  In  <layi  and  Ibul.  in  ad- 
(litiiin  lo  till'  (ti<r<Ta  ctmatrtK'ti-d  llH-rr.  a  hrmII 
vlmmif.  tin' I'll*  y  TmbaBOti  ha*  Im-n  built,  and 
the  Htcampra  Geni'ral  Piitloja  aod  (!i«nBral(birtlml- 
<ll  are  In  oonrai:?  of  uninlrUL-tiiMi  at  Ibv  acltoul. 


TiiK  vponnd  vnlnme  of  Appletona'  ■  Cyc-lopnpdiii 
vl  Aini.>Ti<-an  biography'  will  bv  roatty  In  a  few 
wwks,  ami  (bi>  (bint  will  a]>iN.-ur  in  tlte  autumn. 


622 


SCIKNCf-:, 


[Vol.  IX.,  H« 


MfLLIiK:H  HlfSHNTlALS  Of  fHHSFKVTIVE. 

IH  ■  EMPiitUls  or  pi-reptH-tlre '  Prof.  L.  W.  KW- 
l«r  wt«  ronli  ill  a  very  atlnctivi.*niuiiiier  thcprtn- 
cl|>lm  of  thin  nlu(l,v  of  rr]'r<'™'"l<>li'">  "vliii'li  tius 
^nmii  111  Ih?  HUrli  u  liugbt-iir  iuhodk  atiwts  mikI 
ilniiiKlilstiK-a. 

In  liiH  t)ii-(h»l  i>r  tri^lnicDt,  llic  .tiillior  Imii 
Ki'htrvfil  ('i>ii>>iilrr:il>U>  kuivivu- ;  Ua.  »liili>  |i»i»l- 
Inic  mil  Mild  PiiipliiiHlr.iiiK  nil  niilit  |irinci).>l««,  lie 
liiv  piM«ntf(l  tlit>  BiiUJtH-l  in  a  purt-lv  ulijiH-tlie 
muntiFr.  nliicli  rvtiJci'si  it  exct-edliigly  Hgn'twlilt' 
li>  IIk-  rluili-tit. 

itfCiignUiiih'  I'mrnwir  Whiv  iiT  Oiliiinliin  irn  ii 
h'lU^hiT,  PforpHior  AEillrr  I'liilmrorB  Ui  |irmnil  at. 
mucli  mrlciicfl  m>  the  nrtlM  ever  han  <ici.'3tsii>n  to 
use;  anil.  Hteerlni;  flcar  of  U-clinim)  Ireatiiiont 
Mid  purely  tlii-un-lieal  diflcUBiiuii,  kiuliiig  |irlii- 
rlpliw  art-  niitx'twiivcl)'  ili^ti'lupiil  bj  tlic-  Mid  of 
viiHii  »r  ilirvi-t  n)t|>lic-jttion  to  prni'ticiil  viork. 

Tile  wlup  or  tliix  tiielliiid  i*  iitiriT«l>l;  hIiowii  m 
llir  cliui)^^  on  li<>ii»>nti.  wlieiv  titu  hiiI>jfi*1  U 
clflrifntlr  iiiveiw)  ullhiml  refiT^niv  l«  Hie  ri^- 
iiK'trk'ul  auuljuid  tiBiiuily  Invulviil. 

Tliiil  |Hirtii>n  di.'r>it>-<l  to  oiirx  iliiitiir  ijiiwin-rtivt 
iH  piirtiiniliirly  iiiliTiiilJTiK.  riuui  I.hi'  Kivipliii-'  miiir 
iii-r  ill  wliii'li  tho  l>ciiiriiiK<  of  tliin  NOin«iwhiit  o)>- 
Mruiv  hrnnrh  aai  )>riiil):ht  nut. 

Thi^  luioh  »ill  liiid  it»  fiioet  vRluahU'  plane  will i 
■LTtiBtH  uiiii  II  re  It  it  (-■<.' Ill  rid  dniu)'hl''iiii-n,  uikIhIiuuIiI 
do  iiiiu'h  to  rHwiie  the  ntudy  of  jK-niiivuliii'  fmiu 
till!  ni'gtiH.-t  into  wbk'h  il  ha*  r«llvn. 


LA  TKBRH  DES  MERVEILLKS. 

OuK  wrHi«irn  Hurveya  huvv  b<:^i  tin-  upfiorUinlly 
ot  ntitnefuus  writi.*ri  abrunil,  Kurcipi  travelli-nt 
are  vi-ry  BUMM-piiblD  to  Ihi'  Attnuaiiitio  of  avx 
CXOe]>tiDnal  wondrn,  nnd  i)i>votn  tliciiisclvcs  ti> 
Njn^Mi,  the  Yoteroile,  tbe  Ye1|o•rA^<^«  i«rk. 
and  the  Colorado  OoBon,  nttich  sfb.T  \hv  fashion 
oi  hiMtorliuiB  who  writi.*  chlelly  aUiut  kiiiKSMid 
libltlffl.  nnd  «uy  lilllc  uboiit  Die  iiiniition  p«uple  in 
tlw  dull  tiiiifii  of  \>vnpv  iiad  priwpt-iity.  But  iL 
isKlill  proper  itiough  Ihalfnvnl  kiuenanddtTlMK- 
tiiittti^  or  ciirloUH  n'^ioiiH  wlic-ro  nnliirr  hii»  iliinr, 
or,  heller  yot.  I*  utill  doiiit;,  her  moct  uriniilrrful 
aiid  peculiar  wixh,  Hihoutil  take  the  inont  of  uur 
allt-iitlon.  TbiH  iiiutit  1>e  xd  as  louj;  a<»  the  dtaiuoiid 
in  \tTam\  as  u  K«"'-  M^-  I^elwcq.  iirenidi-iit  of  the 
Ro.vnl  KvoKraphicid  >Ki<.-i<-ly  of  lii-lKiuDi,  in  thrn> 
frtv  Tally  woirantrd  ■□  dlvidiiiK  tliu  ne<-ount  of 
Ills  Iraveln  in  this  counUy  Into  three  loluniip*  :  one 
leiliuK  of  the  trip  fruni  the  Atlaiitli;  to  tlie  Rocky 

OamlUiU  of firrtfitrUvt.    &TL.W.)llium.    MvwVorK, 
Hcilbiwr.    If. 

la  trm  (tn  www  Him.  Par  Joua  (.kxiimcu.  VmiiK 
lUcMIW.    •*. 


Mouiitiiiiia.  Buolher  i-iviii  to  mi  oreiiaiMl 
to  MfxicM.  mid  \x  lliiril  dwotinl  l'>  the  Wtloinli: 
iMilionnl  iMrk.  Tli<'  lanl  in  very  ti'-tttly  dnor. 
in  liit4-lliK<-Dtiy  written,  witluiiiC  iindlii'  rsi; 
nient  lu  eintac^rntion :  ft  1h  well  tlliMtmlfid 
Kiiod  woiMJiiit*  drawn  fmtii  photon raiilw,  anil 
fruin  the  itimKinailiMi  of  the  usual  Parhtlan  «i 
utiii  hiiB  H)  often  given  friv  tviulerin^  la  Mt 
boiu«-intMle  i-oiitvpttunx  «f  forrtgu  lundi-.  VT* 
•bonld  bo  furluniit*-  If  iill  trav4-ll(>rH'  utorini  wm 
nil  writ  told, 

LETTEns  Tf>  THE  KpnXjR. 

(CduUxitifi-l  frvD  ft    Atl*! 
Instinct  in  the  cockroach. 
I  WDin  tut  )>rint;  U-'fors  Ih*  notice  of  your  r»adw» 
tbi>  f Lillow  iiix  ■'iiriouii  initaiica  of  tliw  o|i*nUio«i  at  to. 
Btiuct   in   thx   ruckmurli   tHIaltn).      During  tha  biit 
iDoutlw  of  Ibo  yvar,  my  lulinratory  i«  to  HMna  QxMal 
InfwUiI  by  tbrno  bpUtc  inxfta,  aitd  I  b«v«  b**a  fiw 
MTcr*!  year*  uhmrTlsf;  thnir  habits.    At  tbvttlMaM* 
of  tiro  fml  abnvK  iin"  vf  i\v  liencliv*.  aad  fixnl  la 
tbs  wall,  is  a  doable  eoh  brnrk<^t,  the  oMlcr  arm  «f 
which  I*  (dtouIh-h  iorliM  l<m|{  from  th«  jiniil  tn  Uk 
hunter.     On  iiiuio  than  a  docoii   uecaiuijitH.  I  Iibt* 
oliwrvifit  thai  ■  fiiU-Kmwii  (wbrna.-h   wooM  v^mAi 
u|)  tho  k'ns'pipr  an'l  aliiiij;  tlie  timnki-l  toward*  Ibr 
liuni'T,  bill,  fliidiiiir  Ilii-  I'rai-kft  a  fow  iocbaa  fnioi 
ihi-  llnfiii-  t"i>  lint  to  lrn**TM,  would   crawl  tiark  • 
f»w  iiii<l«-(,  wait   B   fiU'iiml  or  two,  am)  Ihvn  rrlurt 
lowania  tbi>  Haiiii-.      1(  iiniTit^rteml  with,  ho  uoalil, 
after  n  (<"•  trinlo.  Ii-btv  Ihu  brackrt  nltii),-vth>-r.  aal 
ri-luni  iluitii  tbi-  ri|>e,  and  run  oil  at  full  •|Hre<i,    M 
1  wished  to  tea  buH  bu  wolilil  Bvl  aixlpr  ix-culiar  rir- 
oiKiiitBiit-i'ii       1   thi-rcfura  bratnl  lb*  bmi'ki't  l>y  tk* 
fluiii"  of    n    Hiiiiiu'ii    Ipoip  at  a  pnint  f<HiftJ>i>ii  iu<-bn 
fr<i(ii  tliF  lip  niid  ihriw  liirbca  fn<io   th»  j->iiil,  ibO 
woil^il.     Tho   intiet.  a*   uxumI.  triad    tn   lt-a>»  tbr 
brnckiil  by  walkiiiK  Wk  towanb  tbu  wall,  but.  M 
InU   bin   rotrvnt  cut  olT  hy  the  hralcd  motal,  bwaoa 
very  (iiiioh  picit»d,  aii'l  n'ininelii>oil  miiniiijc  rspiilty 
hi-liri'pu  tb"  ilintal  •.■ail  "I  tli«  lirnrki-l  am)   tbc  pari 
which  1  ha-)  licatcil       After  •lotiiic  thin  svtcrsl  tiiBH. 
b*  Ki-b-i-li"!  til"  rnolmit   port  of  ^h^^  I'racknt,  tnidnay 
l>elw<H>ii  lbi>  itiuiiliiiatiui;  llaiuo  bdJ  tbo  pan  bratti 
liy  tbc  ItuDiHU,  f  riiQrhi'il  for  a  •|>fln)r.  and   leand 
on  Vt  the  t>i>nch.     Hp  <•&•  ruiiiiiiiit  «lf  rapidly,  whoa 
I  iiwtipt  him  froni  the  bcoctl.  aad  cnurirad  falni   OD 
the  Hmir  witb  iiiv  Ixiut      Tba  iaiect  dcurrvad  to  M- 
cnpi.'.  bill  I  killril  biiii  iKHrauoa  1   iiantnl  to  ofaaatr* 
the   uptiun  of  H   frcth  cockroach  vrery  iitua  nixlvr 
tbii   nanio  i.-ireuinilADCoii.     On   mare   tban    a  duann 
iKi'BtriiiiiK   liBK   tho    itn<n*    perfortiMnce    baan    xoo* 
thniafih.     By  inaay  people  durb  adinu  wiiuM  Iw  ac 
oiunCnl   for  by   the  in«re   wiinl   *iniitincl.'   but   It 
■eriiiii  to  I1IC  (incutnrly  likn  the  oprrattoa  of  reaton. 
Tliii'  >"  'Xni-lly  wlint  Uikvn  place  wlisii   B  Sm   nrtrun 
ill    M    lii^b    hulliliiiK.      'Hki    inmatM    (pa rtieularlj 
woincnl  jump  wjl-lly  from  lh«  upper  nioiluw*   wltlt. 
out  wnitiUK  to  (cu  whetlier  nil  other  nic&Dn  nf  warapa 
Br«  exhnuiiteit  —  nml  tcot  (manhcd  ob  Ibn  paveownt. 
Our  frii-iid  '  tb*  uiiH|>iN>kBl>b>  Turk '  i>ay»  that  wontan 
hare  no  Bouln.  and   yet.  altboiifh  niu<ib  hitther   in 
OTBBnixBtioD  than  the  cockroach,  tboy  act,  i»  niniUt 
clrvunuitaucM,  praciioly  in  tbo  Mm*  way. 

GmimB  Kat.  U  D, 

Plllabiiii.  Paui.,  Jun«  T. 


ii 


imn  M,  1S87.) 


SCIENCE. 


Well  tliillcd  tot  E«a  *t  Oxford,  O. 

Vw  keciiiii|)aii)'lit|{  cut  i«)>ri>U'iiU  a  MctiDD  of  tlM 
atnta  pamril  Ihrongh  In  •  «#11  raotntly  bond  iu 
Oxford.  O.,  tat  the  pnrpOM  of  flsding  oil  «r  iiAlnral 
KM.  A  vnry  fall  aoriM  of  MmpUa,  ri^ty-Mveu  in 
BUubM.  v,*»  M.\tiA  an  tli«  drilHiig  proceodad,  miJ  lijr 
Iheii  inenuH  it  i«  fXiMible  to  kItv  ui  •eeiiniakocoiiiit 
of  Uio  lUikU  iiBHwil  UiruDgli.  Tkv  drill  pFbrtriitml 
Ihn  noli  nn<l  diiti  tu  »  dejith  of  from  furljr  (u  fifty 
f«t>t.  Iiiiiiii'iliiiliily  linliiii.  thn  linl-rock  Wait  stTUoli. 
Tliis  ■'UUHiiiUiil  i>r  likf  •'»  of  miliil  binv  lliuontolM,  ill- 
lentnUiAnil  with  bmU  <>t  iudnntU-d  rU.j  nntlinloat 
rarioaa  ilcptbu.    'I'Lv  ruck   ewiu-   a)i  tt<'U<^"i'l*   ■" 


!ll 


■gnnini  or  inciTt  <i.-iiikii>.i>  •>  Tun  oxmiiii  nta  mu 
nil.  mHi-iHVa  wm.i. 

HtuUI.  MiKuIm  IntKiDPula.  vl\ett  at  llu<  nilit  o(  |iou, 
Bucunliiura  lar]{<T,  l>nl  alintjiB  tac(i|{iiIuIiIi>  iin  Utn 
touo  bine  IIiiimiI»M'  of  tli-'  CiiMriiuiHti  ^ii><a]>.  At  u 
de|>tli  at  303  tr«t  a  niuall  Tciu  of  t;iui  wan  ntniok, 
Wn«u  lif[iit«l,  the  lluiic  WM  Inn  or  tmlita  te>.-t 
high,  liiit  it  HH>ii  want  »»(.  a<-<^iiiiinUthit;  iu  ■niall 
<|uanilllBii,  ami  b<?lii|;  llKhti>iI  from  Uni"  t"  llim-  nflnr- 
wurilii, 

Thr  liiiir>>t<iui>  ooniiiinpil  to  Iht  il(>|>th  •'(  1011  fi>rl, 
and  wiu  HUcceoitfHl  Ity  a  Iwd  ctf  clc.('i^UiU|{ly  otiiD|:iaot, 
lilui'  ahnli'.    Tlita  uluiwnil  uo  cluui);!'  In  chnritc-ti'i  («r 

.1M(I    f<Hi(,ai>[l    It    BfVIIM    to   l>«   till-   l-'llliirnli-llt  i>f  llwi 

KUra  ■Imlm  of  tli*  Ohio  gnologioal  anrtvj.     Itnloii 


tUii,  and  at  a  doptii  of  abort  7M  fML  tbw*  WM 

Mrack  a  atratiiu*  of  huil,  ilM-k,  •haoal  hlMk  llnw. 
Mon»,  whiob  wa*  p)'i>Mr«t«d  but  dowly,  the  AilU 
nialuug  011)7  l^rrr  fi-ct  in  two  aDd  ooa^ituMar  b<Man> 
Tbr  fMBBiDiit*  oaiun  to  lhiiiintfae*T«ryfiu«lf  ({ronoil 
up,  Uin  plnoM  a«ldoni  a«  \»,t%v  lut  whrut-gnitw.  Tlila 
riX'k  CMitiau«d  for  a  d^pUi  <A  fifty  fret,  imd  it  murka 
th«  iliiidiiig-line  lirtUH-n  tb«  CtDdnDatl  k^"i|'  '"d 
tlin  TirutoD,  Thin  ia  the  onlf  ulralMiB  whi<'b  cui  bo 
mf^iml  to  lli«  Utlnmlat*;  and.  If  itlatbin.  it  ii  JAO 
fvAllfMliitbickaBMlhanUFiadlajaBilolbiiriiUfiw. 

7110  riM-k  iiuuinlutflly  below  tbla  atrala&i.  Toavliod 
at  ftaa  frat,  ia  a  whiUib  IlowalOAB,  •vldraUy  futwgn 
In  tbe  •urfano  of  Otil^i.  II  niaj  b*  tbn  «iqiii*aloBt  of 
th«t  ()iriI'B-«yu  liuMatouv  ot  Nuw  York,  m  r«Ttaiu 
(t>o«iiiioiu  allow  the  '  l>irdVc}« '  fcatarc  wilb  ({realer 
at  !««  dimtiirtiMaa.  Tbn  rivck  waa  much  (ho  mudd, 
iihillHli,  and  ooatalniii){  n|i|>n>cUbli)  ijnaatitlM  of 
maKut'Mit. down  to  l.KHi  futl.  IlercllliMiuiiadMker, 
v-iui  inor^  ooiDpiu't.  nnd  this  continNcd  to  I.StD  (««•, 
ti^liiR  ult/Tctntf  ly  liRhtor  apd  darkar  in  tatuda.  llo. 
li.w  l.'^^'i  font  ttlnr>^  (-niiit<  anotliM  dsddvd  chauge. 
It  wivt  n  cbniigii  froiu  virry  li^t  to  rory  dark  linu). 
■tono.  rmmer.  with  at  tJinm  ■  ([rtseiiliili.  th«D  a  blv- 
iah  tiller.  Hoiiia  HiiaiilM  hn>l  a  Hlnitiu  Hmell  of  ofl, 
ami  till*  nirtilil  nlin  tm  rfiullly  m-iiu  tlcialiiig  ok  the 
wnlf  r.  It  DHit  nX-'t  iwikhiwiui.  Thin  (juMihlv  ropra. 
■riilK  the  Chaxy  of  Kcw  Yi>ik.  At  l.:i'^'>  fi<<>l  Um 
dTtlliiift*  wm^  eoarsn.  blur  and  wbltr,  and  aroil- 
Ini-nuiM.  At  l.Sao  It  VM  a  eof*  white  rock,  hat 
arMUcfoiM ;  iu>  Bini'b  w.  tbnc  tbu  ilrilli-ra  Mid 
'■Hid:'  Encb  HiuimBive  drillinfl.  at  I.HIK.  1,3111, 
l,3C0,  l.3.'>n.  l.SfHI.  l.:iaiS.  ww  ninn  Uuui  bvfure;  and 
wbfii  Ihf  liiAt  iliijilli  IiihI  l><inii  Ti-Mihed,  aud  tW  drill 
waa  wilbdrnwn  fur  [Kmipiun,  th«  roi>a  aliownl  Ihu 
proM'iK*  of  wntoi  in  uhnt  liad  pravloii-l;  bwu  a  dry 
h»U.  80011  K  Htniiiti  Hiiiiill  of  anlpliuri-ltod  hy<lrc^[*4t 
tiild  Ibi^  irtiiry  tbnl  N'iljilinr-wat«T  bail  bnnii  alrilrk. 
aiid  the  drilling  wTui  nt  aii  eud.  Tbn  liwt  furty  fvct 
)iiiHtc>l  thton^b  in  iu  all  Hkulibnod  lb*  atiprr  purtiau 
ut  tbp  i-ftlci(i.-ti>uii  »aiiil-[i.ok  !•(  N#«  Vork. 

l'li»  (ollovluit  tatilii  rajiruamta  Ibo  ti>nuatioaa 
IMtHfa-d  Ihroiigb  in  tliu  well,  wllb  their  m>r>o(«l«« 
lliii-kuowii :  — 

I>(IIL 40  fML 

(.lui'liiuali  Kiuup Jt... TBI    ' 

Tmilnii tM    " 

CalPllorDiHi. .  ..,,.■.■..„■■•.■...      40    " 

T"U1 \JM  IrtK. 

Joa.  V.  JiMn. 
(»Ctcil,ti.,JiinBlL 

AoMher  niuick  in  bint*  of  taxonomlc  value. 

Wliitti'Ti't  lalxiri-tn  in  oinilholoHiy  ia  |MMt  tiiiiMi 
iiutv  liHVf  done,  it  in  icttnitily  eUofty  due  Iu  tli«  Ute 
aiul  lolculnl  EliiliiJi  iuiiiIoiuIhI.  <lkrTOil.  Ihat  oortaln 
utiihi^li^*',  iiuil  xri'St'ii  "'  iiiuJtr'l'-H,  fi^titid  Id  btf  pftaeiit 
»r  iLliin<iit  ill  uniiintl  •litisiuiu  of  bbJa,  wnr*  prawn d 
into  wrvinu  willi  tclliag  effect  in  th*  taiouomyof  lb« 

I'lojUi. 

Thrro  nrn  Ibmn  |iriup||MU   hcU-h  in  the  iicrtorul 

limb  lit  n  bliil,  or  mtbur  iu  uiie  thnt  jiwuniMa  Ibi-iii 
hII,  ubii-li  linrrod,  by  dwcllinu  nyua  tlirlr  imxlifion- 
ti<'iin,  tb-'ir  oooHlalwiy.  tbnir  varliniH  iiiihIm  \>t  oriipn 
■lid  iimuHion.  IbrotiKliont  llic  iiroiip.  l>n>n)i;bl  lulo 
clw*>lll<>alory  play ;  UiMe  ftro  tlio  icDuir  patagll 
liiiiKUH.  tbu  tontor  palngu  brprin.  uiil  tlia  '  bkinital 
•ilip  l»  lh«  pata^pntD.'  Hn  rt'Iorcil  li>  im  oUiera 
cnpccinHj,  in  tbU  paliwlnl  n|{iou.  Hnd  Ibcav  tbrtc 
aril  now  ■nfllclontly  w*ll  known  to  analomjat*  to  ob- 


624 


SOISN^CS. 


(Vol.  IX..  Sn 


viaU  the  nect^MHj  ot  mj  rarth«T  atliultiig  tu  tboin 

AmnnK  my  nuuiiiMiripU  Intbohfuiiltof  imMUliMit. 
I  have  Honio  v^rj  sa1«4iMiva  woah  iinou  tlif^  u^rnln^y 
of  Inrdn,  illiutratcd  liy  ncArly  n  huiiilioil  i>ri|{iiiitl 
dnwhtfla;  and,  m  muijr  of  my  rricucU  nr<i  nvarr.  I 
liiiTn  hnpD  niitftRVil  fi>r  n  nniubi't  of  miiiilliH  piwl 
niMMi  mr  iu-i-oikI  i^>ntrilintli>u  to  tli(i  luintniuy  ot  l)»- 
luoronbi  run.  h  n-urk  duv  ilmwliii;  townnlH  i7c)rii|>]<.>- 
UoM.  Quite  rpctntlv.  abilc  itupntigntiiiK  thi'  iuiibcu- 
Iat  ayKUMii  nt  Uii'  Ilbuiiiliniilivr.iD  llil*  lull,  it  fiiuiini!- 
Ifou,  I  illHi-fiioniil.  Ill  tlir  i^i«ir<u>  of  iii)  •liHHi.'Hioii*.  A 
nilMClv  fur  nliirli  At  ll>i>i  liiiiiiii^iil  1  recall  uu  )ml'- 
liahed  tlenrriptioii.  luiil  odd  Hip  iLnpottuuco  of  wUii'li 
Clnrrad.  men  it  lin  kiifW  »>(  it*  rvintnai-i',  ii>rUiiiily 
overlnokwl,     WLbu  |ir(«(iiii,  lUi  flilcf  ritniMxm  j'ur. 


ilrlkitU  t«iidMi.  riiiui  ftiung  witliiu  tlio  frp«  tuMfM 
folil  of  tbo  pMOdiniu  ot  tlic  wlitK,  in  oooiiBoti  vilk 
tlia  tcuilounf  IlinliMuwriMtiiKO  Iohkdh,  toblvwl  vKi 
tt  jiiHt  licfiTO  arriTin^  U  the  twrpHl  joinl. 

UiuitkI  <'Iiov  tfao  wing  of  liBUipluwtiM  «aiien  W 
illiiKtrntf  tlio  arnmgrmcnt  of  Ihn  poti^lkl  luniirlM  li 
tll>^  I'luuriTiia.  but  not  n  bitil  nf  UiiM  on«>  i*  Ki<rti, 
wlilli<  ill  til"  fifinrc  (Icli'nw  nil^piriH)  ii<mI  to  it  > 
t<<ii(tiiiiil  t)i|<  I*  xhovu  mt  iili'iit.  »f  irbii^b  br  am 
nolliiii)!.  bnl  wbirli  i>itl<liilitly  lieUinitH  In  thlji  ■nnx'ff 
K(iwli<-ro  i^Ibd  la  tlils  Dbowii  or  alToiU'd  1<>  ia  bli 
wnrlt, 

I   |in>)i'>Mf'  ii>  rnll  thin  iduscIp  llio  '  Atwta-li 
putnt;!),'  it  liciQft  i-aiiinlly  «mupcl4fil  wtUi    Uui 
t^itiiMiniiliii.v  ■iBli'iii  i>f  iiinkirli-H  in  tXitt  \4tt\l>  wt 
I  liav<>  tiina  tti  i«nni\  it. 


Fi^.l. 


^^ 


z. 


dtij> 


tfi- 


"ty.' 


c^Tit  .rl-. 


ANAV^W 


ipJi.' 


./I 


'e^m.y. 


i^^ 


S.X.' 


rio.  1.  -  Vimc.  riwM  Till  nitTHii  !!iii-i'.,  or  Tin  ai-ccLita  or  thi  riTtiiiUH  or  Tin  mtr  wimb  or   •  rMMtam 
UiituriiiyTtHi  cTiviKKi  (irt>:i:  iJiiLiion,  iiinai.imiTi.v  lunuran  vHnu  niiuiiiiii.), 

Fii>.  t.  —  MnaK  iiKM.  mil  oiituHtruHnriiu  r.iitTHOK  nm  ttuu  utMa  or  x  i-uxkmhi  mail.  I'auiiiia  hdbu  (ir  m  rx 

wHinaV 
Ip,  I.,  tanjtur  iiatairll  Inuicuii;   1^.  t.,  Ii-uaur  |iaU|rtl  brvrlii;  dtli..  daniio-lciuiir  ixiuclt:  i.  n.  r.  I.,  •ih-nHir   nnHMiaml 

nillilJ*  luikirii";  f..  IrtrtipH:  ^..  t>1iwi>*;  .<.  It.,  m^-'Aiiilihrr  T«»mliiKiM  {Ha.  li  tienrly  >.  Q. 


tion  oocuni  in  tbo  fico  iimrBinnl  fiilil  of  that  trinuBii- 
bir  dnplintluri'  of  11i«  cmimioii  intdKuiiidiilii  fonuil 
IwtWMU  tb*  Tii'it  of  llii>  n'c'k  nii<l  llif  tl|>  of  t1i<> 
■lionldvr  in  liirrlii,  II  fimt  (^iiib  to  my  iiotiit'  iu  a 
RpMiiDMi  of  I'to^inf  Biibiii.  wbofpniiou  I  ut  oui-c 

dlupctril  n  minilioi  ot  ntbiir  iinllviiliutla  of  llii*  aiuiia 
H|H«'li>*:  ntiil  I  foiiiiil  \l  n|UHll)  Wi^ll  di>T(lli>|HHl  i» 
■II  <■!  Ilii-ni, 

TliiH  iiiiiMlti.  iu  part,  in  u,  'Icrmal  niniiele,  au<l  ariai'i 
fromi  (lie  iBU'iciiniriitH  im  tlin  aetjirfor  Mpnrt  of  Uif 
u4ick  at  iilnint  il>  lovi>r  tliiril ;  nl  lla  oriKiu  Ita  flliink 
Huniul  i>iit  fiiu-farJiiim.  ILc^ir  Ipnuiunl  lilirivi  mci'tiii^ 
liiooc  of  Ibo  iiiunrlo  of  llio  ■)j)pt«il<'  iiiiif  in  tin- 
mtilUn  liud.  Hi'm  it  ii>  ijiiitD  nilUnrcnt  to  tlir  hIijii. 
titttitu  ni>mt  rni'i'lly  ixniver^n  a*  tbuy  |iiina  in  tli* 
ilirmitioii  of  Ihr  BJioiildpr. joint.  u|<j>(r>il<<  uhirh  rr. 
eioii  tlioy  gnalniilly  froo  UiiMDiwIvr*  itoui  tlie  nkiii  to 
ronn  *  auiall  fiiBifonn  niiiavln,  wbioh.  nniMii|i  tu  u 


Upon  iliwvi'tioti.  I  lliiil  it  iktaanil  In  Mknb  amt  i 
of  the  either  I'uilcd  Slittan  Hltiiuilltlldai!  ;  ill  mII  Ir 
pnuunuoMnla.iiii'liiiliiiK  AihihIih;  liiitubsptil  in  I 
Cnpiliiii'lKl.  ii'  >!>(<  Tturliili.  iu  the  t^j-pmll,  uiil,  I 
Wi]  tiiiiy  jiiiljc  for  nil  Uie  lyplrnl  I'luwiirMi  oip 
niymti  froiii  the  coiiililiuii  iu  'r>'nuiniM  lyntDBiai,  I 
id  a1*i>  wli'illy  ii1>«i>ut  iii  IIkiii.  Kiir11i«r  Mian  Uiisi 
liiiTr  not  tiivitHliunl-'4  IIk'  iniitti^i,  ^ih  my  vrcak  im  i 
Mikiiri"iliirL-H  prcTcuts :  but  it  will  Iv  highly  ml m 
iu|^,  I"  xHy  notbiutt  of  itn  imporlnneii.  !■>  Umk  tip  1  _ 
unlijeet  for  uthir  K>^"|'^  of  bii-la,  IINlmi-xrlourvnl 
niii'i'  tutroiuiia  fvlilciit  by  Dii'llnf;  H  in  «iti«b  *  foriu  t 
.^iiilx'liH,  Hbuwiu);  by  ItiiH  rhiinrtor,  nl  ligi. 
piuuipriii(<  afEiiitid*  of  thin  binl  ortrt  ita  nli 
un«.  nhtob  latter  luvn  Iimth  inofn  tboii  oMca  ag 
piiMitil.  at  dlflvTOul  litiiM,  •«  prMlumlnaiing  In 
or^^ilxatiiiti.  K.  V.  Stvnajot.i 

Ton  n-iugBi*.  N.  Mm.,  Mar  •>■ 


INDEX    TO    VOLUME    IX. 


,*,  Sanut  ^  wnlrtbuAm  an  prluM  fn  (naff  fl«/rfMlt. 


Ann,  C    Port  AiK'loiil.  WMranooBnlr. 

Oi,U:  W.S.  Ila»u.$». 
AbboH'*  CIrMk  rvkdsr,  tD:  I'ldud  uid 

Abner  on  oolor  of  III*  -on,  WO. 
Acud'mv,  &vItU.  J-IK.  Vtl.  MO. 
AIIXMt>.A-  a     AitIiI)  It'H'loiny.  IM. 
AD*>».  .1,   F.  \.     Ilfiniix   (nr  rouoa 

A4Dlt«ratloD  of  tool.  3iKi  ui.-laly  (or 
Uie  pr«i«at]oa  of,  mT. 

A<l>ertl»iD|i  for  nrafwwonii.  *>;  odutf*- 
aamU.  «ia. 

AHrQjrlua,  37H. 

Afshuiuun.  Ooro^t  n>«|i  At,  afl. 

Afriok,  populMloii  of,  lU;  Ceytral, 
I>aul»  lu,  0T:  rmaaajiD,ua;  oor- 
■nwi  romwloiu  la.  AS:  JQUIKd  Id, 
IID:  Knau lo. ST. MT :  IjiMiii.tM: 
L«ii  In,  IHitlO:  ri<Hnof,&ai  Koo- 
*l»rlB,lKi:  iiEMiioiriD.iW:  MMlitt 
■XpnUllod  Id,  40»:  TelBkl  In,  SSI: 
Wvtaler  In,  1»;  Wlnwniuin  tn,  «K 
Wl :  BHicm,  (latniaii  ^Inulutlcrn  In. 
W):  WvM.Oimnlii.VJ0. 

Afrtciu  i>H>ple.  M3:  i-br^i'M  «»oe- 
raphr.  Sal :  tnlltk-Hl  nsncnphr.  3)T; 
■M,  BO  loluiil,  IM:  ixmbatlo  iBlWra, 

Afrttniilvhp  n»rtitlplii*D.  ja, 

A(umIi,  jt.,  m, 

Acaull  ■aocUtlnii.  Ii  laUrr  nt,  flS, 

AcrtmlMnl  Approtinniion  bul.  "6: 
dianltO,  m ;  eon-miilon  ai  IjoutHl- 
ask,  M:  elpcHmnlMiiAtioii!^  iMl 
Npom.  SW;  ■n'lnnifi  journBl,  (U; 
MMIon*.  work  of.  «n 

AartsBltur"  Id  EiiKlmiil.  3n. 

AlukBt  tnuDdiuT  III,  »l:  MtlnonlD. 

on. 

AJbMnf«.inmnm*iii«or  lbs,  1(0.(38. 

Alcobol  •>>  •  nitdlclnp.  m. 

AIoatu>U*ni  In  PnoL-n.  1M.4M. 

AlaMa««T^  l*BIIOM(>b]r.  M. 

Alcebra,  (MOhInK  a<^  KB 

AlRlani.  nnpuJaUMi «(,  tM 

ALLt?i.  IIutIkfd.    OolOTMlDn  ol  mtaa- 

ra*l>.  M :  fliKbt  of  Unli.  tU 
AU.H,  II.    .<wsDltlT«irlna-iati«,VS, 

31';  baromrK-r «in»iin. 417. 
ALUn.  J.  \.    TtM  Vim  fudliui  aeal. 

All««Rivln<>  Xaiurkunilr,  111. 

Amaaon.  Hiradalll  on  Uie.  C8S;  iron 
HMInan  on  Ibe.  lao. 

AmMTKIomaa.  dlM  df,  ON. 

Atnancaa  MtoMallmi,  oadgr  pubUnktloD 
of  Prooradlnn  of.  lOl :  nieotluv  lu 
N«r  TolE.  MU:  •cooumkaHUi.-laliou, 
msff:  pubilcaiiaiimiio:  iii»uiMc-al 
aneidatlco,  m.w;:  bliiilacni|>hr«l. 
UB;  mecrolaalcal  HKlelT,  T :  orlenlal 
BHOclalloii,  in :  ■nriMr  for  payi^blfal 
iwMHtrvli,  W^HOcMirof  rul^itw-VplHtak, 
!(■ 

AliWUItk^  a  D«w.  II :   rarMnlo  acid 

a*  BO.su. 
AmiMM^  W.  W.    t  laiTOMH'pl-.-  rUldU. 

H. 
AbHTMIo  ractoftB,  An«ni]laa  ai|>*dl> 

ttMluaiS:  alclcraUoii of . 4H :  Kor^ 

doukiaU'a  aipwnUim  lo,  Ml. 
Anftopa,  Rurnlnmua.  IS7. 
ABIto«i,  MIL 
AalMCMll^  a  Dvw,  la 
AppaLaclilao  ouuntaln  vliib,  M:    ei- 

cunriOB.  W, 
AT"bKilciKl>-al  vollKilooa,  4M:  aludlea 

ai  (larrard.  tit;  mrteT  of  MuUiarB 

luaia,  M3. 


^ 


AivUc,  lealD  U>«,flW:  "Xpi-'lllloix  tUal 
otiaariatlona cl  (be  Uri-rlr.  (11.  Mi: 

raclMi*.  ondar^  *(|jb>iiii<ui  to,  tn, 

bia:  M«Anbar^  lounmj  to,  III,  ns, 

Anv.-bout,'!,  IL.Sn 

ArltliinMH!  In  Bmioii,  HT. 

Amu**.  B.  r.    Bnrlcfttaaot  of  aoll,  tT. 

Arrow-ralaaato  Ift 

AnaowuiiTB,  It.   iMioou  hi  Ksrpt,  tTt. 

AnonlispolMnuia.  us.  na. 

Aibbamer.  W..  uU. 

AanK.  W.  A.     PraMluc-ptilnt  <a  »•*■ 

waMir.m 
Aala.  KtatDOl  In,  3M  :  Onlral.  IN;  ■.'•• 

trua  and  Bouiftlol  Iji,  3U,  flOl ,  C^ar«J 
u,  3U,  iklt. 
AaWroM,  a  naw,  tn. 
Ai(«iv>1d*,  la. 
AamitHiiDi-n,  nmlcrvuca  <<.  «e ;  model 

lor  aanaM«r.  MB. 
Aab>eniimlcal    laiUud«a   on    Sanitolcli 

lalaBda,  B ;  aai'latr.  Interaattonal,  sm. 
Aairanam;.  maOianailoal,  ags. 
Aarnmolrr,  ML 
AUiaa*.  claialcal  aehool  al,  M,  SftI ; 

leUar,  MM ;  KtoM  of  iuvbaol<«r,  MK 
AtllxMH.  B.     OnniMnlKre  tuailoa, 

nt:  nailonal  irroaparltr.  m 
Attlnaan.  K.,  on  iirMicili  o(  ""''"r-T. 

n, 

AtniMpbcra,  mlcro-orfaulanu  Va.  nt> 
AUnoapberlC  Una*  In  tlla  wlar   ipeo- 

iruitL  11;  prawora,  la. 
Auatrauaiaa   aiaonlauoii  for  itaa   ad- 

TaneeiDont  of  ■■.■lonra,  liX 

Baikxwk.   W.  11.      Nam  of  Oia  tirtat 

LakvakMt:  skal»JaT«>,>Vi 
ItocMrlB,»ljatlii«  IbtaMaeUoobr.tfT; 

UlorTM.IU, 
Bacterlolocy,  Coniralblail  ot,tlO:  oov 

JoursaJ  uT,  W. 
Ilaan>  ■iplorailoa  In  Atrl(ia,atl. 
Ifaffln  Bar.  InlD,!!*. 
Knlii'*  Kbeuiiii?  and  eom[<oalU»ii.  U. 
ntitH,  I.  a  Taiubcwka  uu  i>br*l£a.34. 
HaiitH,  ti.    C)»«arapbl«al  cantra  of  ibo 

UnlMa  Hlataa,  m. 
BaUnoHiOaa. 
nti.i.(lui.  II.  >I.    AcaHt>  taao^lalUu), 

W. 
Ualllel.  T.  )I..U«. 
IlBtlouu-«>;aitM.  M"- 
Ham-dill.  I!,  tl.,  |mlilU-ailui»ur,«aA 
IIan>na+t«kr4iirliif  ibunddt^hiurniJS  JU*. 

tilt;  exi'Wiiiv.filt.tir. 
BaKYOD'*  Hwlolocr.  tMk 
Kaiviarlai^uii  ■  oov  ceoerli;  uanio,  US. 
■MM*  nill»»,  SOL 
Bamaa.  T,  B..  MS. 
BUVUkT.  T.  tL    SonrM  <4  IM  UlHla- 

•Ifipl,  IW, 

U*«rHlrliiblB(,M, 

BaLfiauv  U.  M.    Manual  tralDlBg.m, 

BelKlum.  ctlmataoCIK 

llciiiraia  hi  AranMi  lulraraidaa^  Ma 

BrrRhaua  ■  AUaa,  tWL 

HcrT-twii.  sa. 

lliiiaiAir,  U.  H.  Tbouibt-iransIorrsDce, 

Mt. 
Blolovy.M;  aaa  ImniA  uf  •>lucattau. 

)H  I  and  ■oeMlofT,  ISO. 
BlnU.  nMftKMl,  W;  Waal  InJlnn.  tST. 
Uianor.  !t  E.    ErapUvD  tit  Mauua  Uw. 

neacblnr.  flMirlMl,  X&. 
Klud,  mIqUdc  lor.  im. 
BOUi,  r.    ArranseiucTii  of   Ruiaoaaa. 
M>  tVT,  Bit:    liurdau   ol    •UkuOIOCT 


rvnan,sa7:niaMi>(<r  yorW  Aniartean 
irlbM.  wst  •tudy  of  c«o(Tapbr>  W. 

Bnlof  na.  ualvvnli:r  •>(.  tW, 

Iknia-crafTlnfl,  Mfi> 

Bontttn,  C>.,  W, 

BWI-hawkans  ai,  ttT,  UT. 

Ilo•p•lo^u^  cuimnM  In  Ui^  W, 

ItoUHur  Io[  Touac  ni>o,  1 14. 

Bcaleir,  M..  W. 

Bovuillo,  C  O..  on  cHHladc  lurrara,  tn, 

BOTbM,  II.  a  TthIgIiic  nf  Uin  iBculliM. 

Bordan,  I'rtab  A„  will  of.  Ks. 
BrelB-iularr.  ramaikaUo  •»»  of.  II. 
Biatll.  TM  «uis«n  Sa^nt,  U>:  and 

Arf*iillna  twisdarr,  MB. 
Bnad'Hiaklnc  fannonuUon  In.  )N. 
Breoieii.c.  T«ai.  Mo  Scbooldar  nod  ton 

BmnoD. 
Bridntam  l.«tur»,  maauaeiliiM  vi,  tM, 
Brooktllla,  Ind..  ai^ono*  ItcHra*.  US. 
Bhowminu.  O.     UumanlBtt,   M.  C7t : 

nalbtm.  Ml :  UBiTnroltr  alUnAoi,  <L 
BrfnEntf.  tba  ttoOr  of.  Tt. 
tfrriwi^]^'4)M'hr4,  ttw 
Urunn.  aiordaoo,  vorktof,  IttX 
Bucttaud's  Euillib  [attltutlou^  II. 
tlii>U.hard)i.ai>, 

BuDr-iilono.  (-iitaCttDB  sold  (roB.tt 
UuUeUb  in«ll»l,  VX 
BuUela,  •leMAlon  of.  !«>,  98tL 
Buraau  ol  aibnolocr  rvpor*.  W, 
buranxou  Uin  laSuaBcOot  IbaiUmreti, 

», 
Bunnali  rubv-olnoa,  VT. 
Kt-n.KK,  A.  M.    Itowof  Hiarvn,  IS. 
Hmif  r  lu  N<>«  Jvra*7.  MS ;  VrW  (or,  Vt\, 
Bu(u<rQL«ii    La    aoulborli    Coonootlnal, 

M;  ludUu,  Ub;   of  Xorth  Amolloa. 

ia.4>l. 

Cable  rhari.  Sit :  lUbOLarlu*,  SW. 

Camar,  nv. 

CallfoiBia  andrmy  of  kUocb*.   lOt : 

•tkall  laiida  of.  StI :   aUla  beard  of 

taxalUi,  11, 
CamcnxiD.  Urmaa  viploratlon  of,  U& 
Canada.  c^MuIKb]  map  at,  Nt:  se^ 

lorU-a1  ■urray  of,  ST.  WSl 
Canal.  llolaiMii.  Stt 
Canianl  on  cbol^ra  barlUu*.  II. 
cmraynn.  w.  Ii.    studjcd  Unfuacv. 

STi. 
Cinii,  (I..*.    (rompnililravianiUiaUona, 

tlV. 
latarrbuduvMidual,  n^ 
CaterplUara  in  New  York,  Sia. 
CaoMBiulanik  Hrltlali,  DK 
Unwteal  «ini««,  ML 
Mtdi*  faat.  tnt 
nnlloQior  ropora.  Stu,  EM. 
CHHKtM,  K.    aaurapbloaladnoallOB. 

W. 
CntrHiiK.  KiplnL    8]C]d,imt 
CHartniuif  l-Saflo,  M.,  ». 
Cbact-ou  Morcalur**  pK^otUun.  tA  Au 

lanllc  ooaat.  OT. 
i.'baita.l1iitoti9B. 
CHiLn.  A.  L.    llrvaik  UL 
Cblli  and    iba    Arcanuna    Ropubllc, 

boundary  of,  M. 
(-blDa,(bablln<ltn.Ml, 
C'Uamrdonlacbua,  lall  of.  tMT. 
CbloTotonn.  IW 
Cbolvra,  aatlolpaUou  oL  101 :  baelllui^ 

It;    Knclltb  comnlfMOB  <ja.  M:  to 

south  Ani*i1oa,lMli  tnuoduotloB,  ISL 
CbiMdao  arbMnsa  wwlatjr,  W. 
CInelsnall  aaclatj  of  natsml  bUlorr, 

10(L 


626 


SCIENOK  —  JNItEX  TO  VOLUME  IX. 


Clrlra  In  lb*  Vltiiina  wUeolik  m, 
CLiHX.  A.  tl.     Wbala-flBbarr,  811. 

CUTTM.  ILII.    AHoMUmrliid-ruia. 

SU:     liuninvt«r     during     thuiidar- 

■loma,  ltt,4llt:  barometer  pi pomirv. 

SIS:  dnilui  •raotniil  ol  Uia  <H*(lur- 

bunMu,  I  In. 
Ooal-nitDeit  •xploclona  In,  ML 
CoBl-mliiltiB,  a  ti*«il«il  ImaiiUoii  la, 

4111.  sin. 
Cooatua.  sllacW  of.  SB. 
Coral  iia-)KdiMnln(,  UO.  4St 
iVxiwi,  MnuumiillDn  nl.  gpl. 
Colni  glTaii  in  aaUOnal  luuaouni,  M. 
Collr**  of  pnuiiiun.  ■■•<>  UullillDC* 

«4,  IH. 
OMl'cn  sn<t  anulMnlfs,  IM. 
OUIIiui.  W.  U.  3WL 
colman  an  plauriypiiauaiaiila.  S. 
rolunulon  of  niiunmaJ*.  K 
l^Mw^blltidBiM,  <t. 
ColiuabU,  Ittbw  of.  ««. 
Ooliuneik  oMIoco.  ewiwuulal  of,  SHI : 

trMtMtnraaal,  M. 
(Munbla  KInr,  lubmerfail  ti«M  el, 

AIM. 
CtnoanlUi^ 'Orbi*  phitu* '  of,  as. 
OBinM.  a  craal  wiuoioni,    «M;    dl» 

eonrwl  Ab.  10.  in. 
Cnniata  In  MK,m :  Ottv*  taim,  m. 
rominjrrt'k    SloniantarT    pcfobolocr. 

IC 
com.  II.  W.    niatc)«7  »  a  bran'rti  of 

nluiialtna.  IM. 
CuiiDniUvul,  buUOTIIIaa   la  uuibara, 

««. 
COiiAauruLdlljr  and   vimlaj   iinaciuucl- 

uawillM. 
<Tonaunt|>irnn  nminic  ludloni,  TO.  Ill: 

miuo  of.  111.  tM.  »1A,  tSl,,  MM;   car* 

of.  Ill;   (w 'Kin I'll li-n]  dl'lrlbmlnii  'it. 

mo :  iTsalmiiiil  i<t.  ill),  lUL 
CunuiclnUH  •lifpaiLH^  17.  W:  ol  aulmaU. 

I'rpDiA  laboraiorjr  for  Iba  aludr  of, 

<*aaTlda  Iti  Rutland,  t. 

coakotT.    liulniMkm    In,    In    public 

achnvla,  ID. 
Cooklac-ounalla,  andfol,  lA. 
O)-0u*ralUn  In  Europe,  MS;  la  So* 

lV>iiM),  mODDiDenla  o(.  ML 

CWDoU  nulrandtr.  K(ltlo,lll:aludaiiu, 

m. 

Concv  ■  Slodr  of  BtowbIdc  n. 
Owmoa  i-lub  of  Wanblnftcm.  It. 
(Vwta  Htua  laiifuaiai,  Tooabularlea  ot, 

L«t<M,K    BaaM>lMUa,Ma:  Uivwilcn- 

ilnciiwiudlar.imi 
Cciuln-marrtai**,  S. 
Cndlaa,  Indian.  dlT. 
Clt*IM,  II.    Small-pol  boaplMbs  BU. 
Crau*'>  Xe4lBeialalurr-l>aa)ui,H. 
CrainaUou,«iu*nMwi,(n:  tae\«tj  ot 

N.«  Vort.  M. 
praUMoy  for  naltlniore.  11. 
CrunlMria.  leatprinu  <rt.  Itii :  Idsaiin. 

mOm  «!,  IHT:  t^jvU-al  KUllurr  tor. 

«r.  «»:  tnluoMM. 
Oranp,  IntubatloD  of  larrnk  In,  fi. 
Ornu^  ot  old  muioiXK,  tlOl 
CimliOTland,  H,  C,  Ml  ulnd-raadl&f.l. 
Cnmuia.dMiMiMi,lD8tniluotnorUA, 

m»:  Xanb  Auaatlc.  in. 
C'Dimai,  U.  K.     A  HualUt*  wind-ran*. 

CarTa>ol«om|K>ililuD,  sn.  ttC. 

pall.  W.  u..  »«. 

D*U,W.tl-  Arr*DC*nioulof niuHURK, 

DaKra,  M.,  K 

IMMBport  aFadomr  04  aclancci*,  ISI. 

UXTn.  w.  K.    AdiauoM  Is  mstaor- 

oiosr.aat. 
DiiTMis, Q. M.  taM«(tbeToai]Uln,Ml. 

KMOii.  i.  w.,  iga 
WMH.J.  W.    OaolOKloalatruEluraol 
CaoMa  aud  KiuviW,  UK 


I>airMn<a  ]!i>ni(>ir.  T«. 
l^HJIi.  moauitiv  il^T'>FinloLntf.  ^ 
I>>aUt-<raW  luiiuiiit  .'blMfru.  foa. 
IXaili* from  tuKl-iiiu.  ■ix\;  lii  Loudou. 

IW:  ID  N*ir  York,  in. 
Daoapllatlou.  bh*noineDa  aft«T.  11^7. 
DrUov.  Vtm.  «. 

nahiDL.  ftniii'li  iDrwUcalloui  Uk.  nt. 
ttaonX.  W.,S!& 
Deutnl  lam.  MM. 

DsPauw  MulvarallT.  liwlnraa  ab  MM. 
Doraasrd,  vrttlaa  ot  UM,  43fL 
Iivuv.ii,  \.    Tho  (anaal*  of  U»  dia- 
mond. frT. 
Dkut.  (I.  u.     niatiK-t  •oi-letT.  UL 
DweiK,  yt.    Myoaai^m  In  rnuii-c  Mt. 
licTonlan  IrpldodvndtDii.  bit, 
lilalKi  ■Qdcij.  «R.  U& 
DIamoud.  Rauniil*  of  tba,  a?. 
DlRlonarr.  AlconqulD-FWardi.  ISL 
DlaMUWlltr  oT  llTbis  ttwuns  lOi. 
DlROaMou.  pbraloloFF  oT.  ]a& 
l>lt>bUi«r<a  Id  a  piuT«l.l40i  iDtnbatlon 

i.t  lan-in  Ui,  W 
IllonMn.  a  nin>.  ivi, 
Uouui,    D.    K.      t<(^andIDaTlau   lu   Uio 

rnllad  8Ui«a.  <», 
ttada*.  J.  II.,  «n. 
Itoftk  lurbnd,  W. 
lloula,  c'.,  oapiurs  of,  409. 
Draper.  A.  »  .  raporc  ol,  op  public  In- 

vtnvilHu.  liQ. 
Ilrapar,  >(.,  mnmorlal,  «4A 
IiTluka,  nnalral*  ot  lomjinraiio*,  SH. 
DrujMaklua.  lujurlr*  of.  K, 
I'ruiTA.  purity  of,  ;il. 
limmliio,  iL 
llBUola-KcrniODd.  tK). 
l>ii(ai>R.  pel'la  ot  the.  WL 
DttmiiMa,  W.  A.    KoouooiUv  of  Indua- 

ITT.  m :  Waallb  ol  baUB»bolda,  MB. 
Di-TTOK.  C.  K.    SubmvTKM  iraa«i  9; 

[he  CbarlMDon  eanbquak*,  M). 
l>rKi>.  W.  B.,  Ml. 
l^ianilm  tor  bPSlnncn,  SM. 

Rar.  rllvia  at  oxploatniiaoii  tho.  4UlL 

Karlr  i»iui.  *X. 

KanliiitiiLkr.  ArlBooa,  KM;  at  aea,  ftT: 
Ctuu-lnui  II.  3t«,  Iflt,  Wl :  •dwu  oa  at- 
DioapbarlD  iinaauto,  DK;  Indiana. 
m;  N>wX«ilan<l,»j  ofrali.a,IU; 

SIO. 


BarauiualiM,  IH,  «L 
RunoN,  M.  M'.     Ad< 


_Bm, 


V 


Ad*artlalD<  tor  protoa- 


EcHtaoot  Au(.  IR.IOJ. 

Euonoiiilua  of  lu>lu*trr.  KM. 

Kiinr,   II.  X.    i,'un*>i  i,|  oomiioaltloii. 

ar. 

Edlnbuisb  unlTonllT,  ndsuilaum  at, 
VM. 

Kduoallon,  fainnla.  In  l-riiula.  SiQ; 
llaU%  IWTCurw  nn,  giM:  lu  iinecco.  lA; 
in  Hawaii.  tHt ;  lu  liiOlk.  AMI, (mi  ta 
ITrucuaT.  dtl  ^  tiidiinirlM,  In  ununtij' 
•chouU.  3091 :  nxiiii'^Kiilw  on,  001 :  of 
vonan,  IM:  poUdoal.  mi;  BMM  aid 
to.  ISI ;  SwIh  Brmnaalal.  Ml :  »y». 
Mm*  in,  W/S :  lai:bn1cal.  In  Kncland. 
IH;  Oia RolaDiia  iif.  Tl:  oalTnraitT,  of 
Manbam,)Bl;  iroi-aliiduaii)'.  ttt. 

nuoMLonal  aaauplalluii.  UBtlonal,  M7 
lllaranira,  KncllMi  lanoFaucs  of,  B4 
BvoMriaia  ai  uw  tjuaan'B  jaMia*.  u 
mnaaum  at  Albany.  lU;  pn^naaL 
ItA;  roformBlnSwlUarland.an. 

Kdwanta'a  Cftleulua.  ML 

KoaKKT.  <'.  A.    A  (;*naaii  a*n(»DC«.  M, 

tOnWrtiii-burf.  luduairlal  oxhlblUau 
kl.K». 

RlHtlre  ayuooi,  M. 

Slocble  liall  el  lliv,  $S ;  lamp  In  mlcrua- 
nopr,  93 :  rsllmada,  tSI. 

Daolrlpa]  detacthm  ol  buUat^  IM).  Mt : 
andnoen'  dub.  3tt :  pbrnomaB*. 
IM.  lU.  XM^  »«;  MUiaVaalilnMou 
mODuinaal,S>r:  oa  a  Bouuuln.  Tl. 

BacOrtolK  k  ovnrarr  of.  W:  atmoa- 

_UMriv.in. 

BtocmiaiaUii  TidUMUr,MO, 


Ktloi.  PmMrni.  rainn  at,  UH. 
Kmlcmkni  ■!  OnmiMi  ■•anodic  I 
EmlupHba.  I,  1.  .11.  IW,  Mbm 

Uf,   IM.   VII,    UtS,   ihil:    trip  0 

Maulau  »»lc».  Oni. 
BxaoHfv  s,   r.     m>b(n«rK»d 

CcdumMa  Klrsr.  U& 
Emorr.  W.  II..  W.  IW. 
EucjvbsniwllK.  Ililuuiulca,  ToL  AUL 

Knflnptrlug  jvuniaU  rnflroad  and.  H. 

KUKliiid.  uiilUIk.u  lu.  V. 

SUKlUh  at  llanai^,  a*>;  dlfUlMMfT  » 
blalorlUBl  prU»)iil(ia,  4«  :  luaUMniBi 
tl:  woaa,  IM;  proapwttr.  in;  aaiv 
BiT  for  wxAlcal  i  — ari  b,  10. 

bmiaoh  J.  MuTdncb  oa  Ilia.  Mft 

Sitaaologlcal  oola^  »*,  Mt,  Ml. 

KrolBiioD,  oatiT  boau  o^  «& 

Etamlnanona,  t«MB|wtlu*<^  dMi  k 
STnuiaala,at3, 

Kitt^'utlon,  Uajranxl,  HiS. 

KiblbllltB.  IntemalUiiial.  Id  ■»■,  W 

Eiplolia,  Bay  ol,  xirvKy  of,  K'. 

Klidarallou  aiicl  ir>v«l..-H;,  «ti,«K  W 

Kiploaloaa,  dvaUia  trvei,  OP;  la  nal. 

mlnaa,  at. 
Eiulualioa,  UB;   iiaw.  «»;   oaanlpol* 

ir(inot,4tL 

FBooKISa,  uatntaS  ut  Ika,  n,  Mt.  _ 

FalW-aur«.WI.  A 

ramlUalar*,  aaaodniloQ  of,  A  ■ 

Faak  <><U»,  WQ.  ^ 
FbkI^dg  rit4.Ftu]i>nta, 3tf. 

KatiuiiJu  >oniutia,   KldMr'a 

tkniM,XM. 
Puaow,  tL  B.    Tma  rdaalllif.WI 
PvrtlUMra.  (alu*  ot,  w. 
rarnr  lu  jMmalam.   Ut;   MaWra  (f 

miHIDWlD,  Ml. 
Flbrea.  lino  claaa,  MIl 
FIJI  lalauda,  burrirana  In,  II. 
ruiratliNl,  water,  MT.  IHB. 
Fliigera  and  too*.  aiipTninaarnfT.il* 
Fliib.<:ulture.  IIU. 

I  lMb••^>-^  Frvucb,  IW ;  aoclM*.  UK 
FiSKK,  r.  M.     Rdwsrda^a  Citlculiw.  M 
tlood.  tbe.  art. 
Fullt>l<ife,   luuraaatuK  UiMcaai  ilk  lA: 

Indian,  110;  wcMx,  aW;  T.  V,  LTaM 

on.m. 
Food-prodootat  fermaatuka  tn,BL 
Fonnrr  In  ^Utomla.  IM. 
Fort  .^UL-Uoi,  Wanvu  ■>'Uiii]r.  ix.  K 
FoaalUftom  Kloktuall.im!  rui.ni 
Fraukllu  InMlMMtd  itiUai.ti'liiht^  |1. 
Fraakllu'a  wurta.  UA 
FmUK.  i*.    Coiiiraae  ot  ce«loclato,K 

«1«,  tW ;  Uennau  coawmacfHaM  l*i 
Preamao.  IL  j^  HI. 
Frvaclnc  ol  rinra,  IIK 
l^rvealns-palnt  at  aaa-wator,  ant. 
Frooob  aaadawy  ot  *cl««ea 

at,  U;  CftMraaa  ol   annMuu,    ■; 

b*acb*ra  Inbslaod,  mt,  fit. 
Trr.  J.  IL,  CO  Uo  OMUaon  aeftocda,  ML 
Fiuilll,  Konh  ABMrkian,  Kl 

Ualllard.J.  I>.   fnityinc  HffclnC.lIT 
UalllM,  wriilufft  ol.  3M, 
QiUAnoT,  K.  St.    a»>  ■Ict.niiaa,  at*. 
Oarbu*  cnmator)'.  SU;    dlapoaal  at, 

Uii»iiK»,  U.  U.  t.'oai|>arMl*a  taiaflSBii 

I18,wa. 
OuuuM.S.  T- •  -r  "Tilnnirl  nit^ibM. 

*J7. 
Oa*  lar  llditlug  and  halinc,  «ii  U 

ubto.  Ml.  an :  uMUMi,  MTioraai 

UaiaeBnli  aUiDOKraUila  naapih  ill; 
euuMUicla  fnauli^    411 :    -ffiaiHiiiiQ 

Uam-«lMatt(ni  la  Iba  Balloaal  nt^W- 

uni,lll. 
OeodtrU,.'  auTTvrx  IM. 
Oavcnphlual    and    aaalaclol    lai  iw. 

M;  c«n«r*oIUwDnn*)IUataa,m; 

u^  IS.  no,  nrriarMi.  aa.  M- 


SCIENCK  —  INDEX  IX 


^VLUME  IX. 


6S7 


anoer Aiinr.  iButurM  OD,  M  Cambrldc*, 

»f>  <<r.  »>t :  XuwiBn  rlutr  of.  IM; 
•LiiMy  or.  tn:  imcuidc  or.  iai.4«T: 

medal  (..r,  l.W. 
Owilufkiil  mlliwUoii'  n(  l'anilfft<]«a, 
IK:  inA|>  nl  KnrDpr,  ItT;  hwIpit  i-t 
UrUH*l«,  (U6;  Bincturr  of  CuibJa 
and  Europo,  (Hw :  nurrnr  ol  Flori'lB, 
4U:  Dl  Ksalufk J,  OMi 

n«>iiici'it,(viD<uioc,  at. 

()(KilO(taU. ooncrna of.  M,  tlO-lttL 
UooJoBf  of  MlDuvwu,  nil :  urNxt  Jrr- 
■er>  u) :  ot  i{u*i>w,  II, 

aoriDnii  nanolnnnlnnit  U,  W,  Ul.  114. 

]»:  UumBhl.  IIT. 
UirriK,   W.  M.    Trkfoliiic  of  MHClieiv, 

(tlldni'ii  iircili<  trigs  ftlS. 
tlUmati,  t*mld«iii,  leport  of.  W. 
Ulmncr.J.  H..  on  iIo(«>.-U»ii  of  bullcu, 

IM. 
nirl*.  bHllb  of  n>ll*iIH,  i'A 
tilKi|«n.  proalrp  imwnr  of.  WH:  lu  £«■ 

rope. »«. 

tll*M.  ■ITUDC.  H- 

nOKlllB  Xi'i-lnl]:,  1311. 

Ooltl,  rxtrwilni  ol.  tram  bulir.auiu*, 

W. 
OooDrHLUiT.  <i.  B.    1'hn  iMrnorn  it*rU»- 

nuiili*,  M,  MC 
<lorT>  map  of  Af^biuiliitAu.  33. 
uoi-Li).  CK.  U    At'itiiiwlomr,  UM. 
QoiPi'iiEiioijl,  mtijii.^)t«).4l>4. 
nnuil.  ii<'n«-r»].  inolal  fSlru  W,  81. 
Ursiwiv  ril  Nnrlh  .VmpriM,  lU. 
UrnM-aiuccn,  U 
nnoM.  liIiriiDr  •dui'Mloti  la,M. 
Ilnak  •0»m>u[tii  KuBllsli.m:  rs*d«r. 

AbboiiikW:  MudToi,  in. 
Urwtr.  A.  W  .  tfiO,  Sit. 
QncuD.  R.  U,  iSJk 
<iniaul>u>il.  KnH.  •XI-lo'"UOIW   I",   Vlf. 

OcicUAIKi IU.I,  La  M.dn.  r»lurplIUra, 
Onwtr,   B.     TbouBlii-irKu>fermic«, 

Qurooj  uul  Mr'oi,  reply  of.  lo  wlll- 
ol*mjt,4«i:  ■K.l  l^Hlinar"'ii  )liiiiilB*ni> 
oluwiivliiii,  \r, 

Qmnttai    funrteulDBi  la    BuaiuT, 

Hablk  IKW  of.  lOt. 

BMlcr^  TVporton  lutiar  slaibnlu,  U, 

Huckal,  R.  WS. 

IIaIriiui.  Idiiui)  iif.  rtti. 

Ilolrj  huninti  ramlJy,  3A,  n, 

Hm.   U.     Melumliui  riKei.  W:  Scl- 

ru«  .>t  laocuaco.  nCi 
IlKllbul  Id  Uio  Polafa*<^  IM. 
llii^L.  A.     Thxpnnroj  ■  vav>r,  IW. 
Uiix.  K,  IL     InerllS'tqr'Vs  I».I3I, 
Baloau  DcuTcr.  IIS. 
tl^x.  t'.   II.     luOuiirlal  Mu<«tluu   lu 

CDiinlrr  M^booItL  Mk 
BahblxtOK.  U.  W.    ('«>■■•  ot  mngnmp- 

Iloa,»B. 
BwcMirl,  W.  V_  Mm 
Harpaoa-bHUL,  Bbklmo,  tOt. 
OtBHUOii,  J>  A.    rolkOor*  norletr,  US. 
HAkMWiH.  IL  D.    blarUii]  unite  >t  ■««. 

W. 
Hmrranl  lUiiIlMiiiirrouudliitB.  ID;  m«- 

morW  TOlumOi  WS;  nniurml  btatorj 

MCUU.Iitl  piiil*aKintbip  at  betlw- 

lallTM^US. 
llavnUnii  nurvoy.  lilT. 
liiv.  <r.     Iii-lli»-l  lu  lh«cwlin>*cb,  HOL 
[LiTi>B<<.  E.    NewMvrr on oBOlKiuaktih 

IH :  mc  (.baileiBMi  e>nliqu«Ke,  IW. 
HKrd«u.  F.  v.. ». 

IU()>K«,  II.  w.    PidMllaib;maa.m. 
UUS>^  tk  \.    AiillMia-TO}ra«n>,  Ml. 

BMau,  w.  Ik,  94, :«.  m. 

BMllbMaMiUIOn,  tOK  CalllonunHaW 
b««nl  0*.  II;  maitorm.  4iu,  tM.  4U. 
«i.  IW  an  HO,  sua  ^  Mi'*i>i(Au  lui* 
board  of,  a:  aaUoiiikl  lii>iir>i  nl.  <(!: 
at  paanr.  Itt:  ot  Now  ^ork,  W  Ut: 


ber.  H :  PhuutItviIb  ■IBM  boanl  ct, 
II:  Iiroloi-Uvn  aMOClailou,  4ae,  sn. 
Ilcvk  tri>wr  i*t  Moittilntf  ncUuu  uf,  IL 
H'lu-b'llteH"  III  »ltii  nuliiinlK.  xn. 
ilempbUI.  II..  I&&. 
Ileiir)'.  JOHtili,  vtllloc*  ol.  SIK 
IIIKKT,   K.   B.     TralnlaS  ol  lABCboni, 

lIontliT  Is  tbo  oroenmin  tuulljr,  6oi. 

HerrlUK.  mlcrMlou  ot,  Vt>. 

HILaiHI).  K.  w.    AtnvHoMi  niiulua  aud 

InuaooaltDMital  MnUrioii,  tXk. 
IIUI.  a  W..  lia 

UIikIiUh  ou  mMlMi^piwHeUODii  ISl. 
lllMOrleikl  (nunHertpU,   lOO;  mniml*- 

■lon.M. 
Hlnlorr  of  ibe  L'&lud  SlatMt  dCNumoDM 

nilaUiMt  to. «!. 
HlTcnoocs,  t*.  H.     KllBIlM,  ltd. 
Ilolub.  X.,  lU,  IM 
UoDoiulu  ieiur>  II7. 
Bocon,  i*.  X.    Fort  JUtclent.  "Kaetva 

•maatj,  <K.  11. 
IIOtOH.  Vr.    llnjriiiiii  ninnuUon,  fllO. 
Itovx.  II.  A.      »*\it  nt   LieUTar,  ])>: 

m«(«iniloclul  lUiiulrr.  Oft, 
llowi,  ll_  M.    A  uondoii  [urontioa  In 

coBl-mlnliif .  McL 
UuilKia  U*)',  Aleti  rxpciHtlOD  Ut  I!B. 
Urmnn.  K  W.    Euciuh  la  proH**- 

birr  uboob^  474. 
lIuniAiilun.  lfi]«  t?k 
llao,  U.,  on  vcrabral  lomllntloii,  m 
lluuarlui  populBtloii.  ISL 
Uiurieaiia  In  njl  Uiaodii.  IL 
llTdropbablB.  (cvrm  of.   ItM;    tiiocuM- 

Uaas,  l>r.  Xoii'i.  Vi;  pnrBlriKi,  IM; 

prereDlloo  of.  lu. 
BtbIodo  Uboralory  lu  Mlcblcao,  >1S: 

oE  KboMa,  a. 
Iljrilo&lodlawiiln.m'. 
UypuotUm,  n.  m:  In  fiuhm^  mi; 

inaillaft^leKal  aafiMW  <4,  no. 

loaandlocbMBh  NM:  lu  Kiel  batbor, 

3iei  parlod  Ul  Atul  Muuutalua,  tf8: 

purllyat,  ID. 
Io»:mi<],  LAboaae'a  viplorelloa  In,  9M ; 

tree*  la.  IM. 
tildU,  CMier  lalnn-l.  Ol. 
Imuilnnuit*,  number  or.  419. 
ImtiiltffBltoiu  ItilD  OrOBl  nrtlAla,  OTT- 
tD<11ii,  IL  U.,  Woodtbarpv  Id,  at, 
lodlaua  KMulomr  ol  KieDaea,  81,  |]4t 

tot ;  stale  icauben'  aaoelBtlaii.  Oft 
)DdUuii..vmu*.'0,IB:  llui>a.HV:Tulo, 

MS. 
tnduilrlal  edumlou  aaaoclatton,  SO; 

traliilnc  bi  couatrr  arlioolii,  aSI  \  la 

<^Sirman7,  UtT. 
iDerUa-lofve,  IM,  IW,  tU,  AL 
luFedlauBnoaaof  dlaeaaeA,  UDL 
lukbM.  oiiilorMlon  of  Uia.  M. 
In*uie  In  ftotflaod.  4IA 
Infe^-if,  [o4«ll,  CVk 
luttlai'i  lu  Uie  KWkTvub,  m :  W.  Jaaiea 

ou.fi4. 
lii*Inu<Uou  in  Kew  Turk  la  IM6.  ItS. 
ln>aUUn(niai>rt(l.  3KI. 
trlib  iiuewluu  In  litiiiih  iwlltka,  U. 
iroo]  ure.  eibBuaikuD  at.  IvL 
llatr.   Divi-'llnu   u(    pfifcaMH*  In,  1<K: 

boaltta  ul.  la. 

Jaaa,44I. 

Si.'atn.i.f.   Om  a>  difunl,  U., « 

Jainan,  W.,  nu  baUt,  bH  I   uu  luiUuct, 

B4. 
Jasm^  W.    rbnBiacm*  ol  t&e  Hilsc,  \K 
Japao,  jouiual  of  Uie  wleoce  <oIl«ee 

of,  W;  uuliuiklir  ot.  ta. 
J«ann«t<«ei|i*duti>n  iwiUiRunliilii.  IK 
Jobu*  llopKltLi  nafloo  laboralurr,  VM: 

medk'Bl  faooltr  of,  IW:  iuorpba|.«l. 

<al     muiiuKniiba.     tl>:     >u(tl«cU'al 

work  of,  %l. 
JOBHWH.  L.  N.     UuitMlllna  IB  wutbnm 

CUa4iB.'tli-iJL  M. 
Jndsowut  awl  toaaaulnic.  tratuinit  of. 

St.»l. 
Jnka*  llrfi«o**e  lllHiarluBl  s*a\atj.  IM. 
Jnok«n  rviura  to  Uenlu,  IS7. 


Jvu.  M..  I.-O. 
Juvenal,  ML 

Kelib-Paloonor,  L  O.  K„  tal 
KolbxtR.  A.,  m,  ML 
KaroMoavton,  ■kporiabo*  wUta.  «A 
KlutHKaii,  J.  IL    Danlal  dDboll  otMT- 

TBU^,4«L 

KI]auoa,likl:  puiorama  «<,  m 

Xln.lH>Bti«,  m. 

Kkln*rbmldt,l!>,nj 

Kneo,  teOal  WUOa  <a,  1*4. 

KiitKbU  of  bttwr,  lOa. 

Kuown.  trom  IMa,  U>  (ba  uaka-Mni,  IT. 

K<ii(o.dlMniii  norUi  of  iM,  HO:  nll- 

vaj,  IM:  •uloof  aflalnoa  Uia,tll! 

Irlbcaof  tba,44X 
Koufo  l^vo  SiaU,  I,  t. 
Keemo*,  III. 
E«>nv>,  u.  Crentoll  on  ttta,  Wl. 


Labor  abubillix  II. 
Laboraurr  on  ib«  Xa 


EuiriaiK]  «OMI, 


lAtnwIor.  R.  I.  Feok  In.  tU 

laA«M  l%ir>loK«>^-al  pajrcbolocr,  IM. 

Laflanune.  AhtiA.<iii  (ooJOKr  of  Ouebac, 

IL 
Lakea,  »:mailaa*  In  8*W.  IM. 
I^aBcaaiart  Ukit,  US. 
LasclanrB  In-ium  at  LoveU  Uutliuia, 

BlMIOIl,i>. 

LLXiMiimit.  E.   A  >iue*llon  In  racanl 

lo  ralua,  W,. 
Lauauac*,  siudr  «C  m:  taaclilnt,  IM^ 

Ka:  naioml  meiliod  nl,  M,  W- 
LaDKua«ea  ot  Ck-eaola,  >■&. 
t.lPWOHTB,  ('.     roMlbkSW. 
Lalln.  modaru  matbud*  lor  beclonera 

i>,iin. 

Ijiurto,H.S.,MI. 

L4D««.M.8.    Primary,  aomndarT,  and 

DUnmU  MKOU  in.  4«. 
l.«ia,  laaafv  wlH O^Wl 
Lai.  M.  ('-   OarBtaoanuiraoUoUill^ 
Laatl-polM-lilnn,  fM,n» 
LMW>CTK.Jobn,    KlaMflcBlnbanommM 

on  a  mountain,  la;  nn  ttplONMl. 
LiOMTcJowpb.    Star  mn  14. 
Lnnar«i^lllbbart,aM:  la  Waablncun, 

«a:  nitdooto  at  (nralRu  uutiwrnltlM, 

go. 
LaBTC,  a   R.     neosrapbr  -  ("Bohluit, 

487;  naiionBl  pmaferlir. «K 
Lett-banile^n*«h  \ts.  Ift^  IK. 
Laub  leiwr  trom,  till. 
t  ajiUoplera  Bt  aea,  110, 
L.aproa)'.  UU:  lu  Xoraari  Ml. 
hUOMi,  }.  V.     TbD  KTlouUflo  airlndler. 

014. 
Lawi*.  T.  H.     Mound!  In  Mlunaaotk, 

*»«■  _ 

Ubmriea  »t  iba  roliM  flute*.  W. 

UbraiT  •&!«•>  in. 

LI(^Buoaur,  aaceat  of  tbe  ioIeuku,  tm. 

U^liilui,  danuce  br,  la  Uornmnri 

UlMMurB.  mntluautal,  96. 

Uvy,  K>i  _ 

ljMa1liailBU«ttuu<Iloni^  IH. 

Loi'kjaw,  I*;  bai'Dlu*  ot,  til. 

lAn-IJOlaouiof ,  AM. 

Louo-gaM,  M.W. 

Uab,  J.,  oo  pbrnWal  and    p«rT«ib3al 

Ik'liTllir,  mt  

LoDdou  fetiar.  l»l,  «K.  »•.  tK.  SH. 

Li,ia  abttiUH,  n. 

Lovn.  H.  U.     Inducirlal   Kdunallan  In 

cmutrj  p«.-bWilK  AW. 
LiX»p\  F.  A.     l.fpldopi«*B  fli  «B.  »«; 

niulllo.pnlallna*    of     TH'bri'luei*, 

4111:    niatacnrpala  ot  blaou,  Stt;  oa- 

laolocloO  uuuai.  4WI. 
Lndprlu.  )»•. 
LjDf e.  itae  frvnrb.  I?(L 

UrAnUL  A.  Almoapbark  alwnrklKr, 
»B;  •Uvuloal  pbewimaua  at  Uio 
WMblnibMi  monumaouHT. 

MoEBflirmDOn  pla«ro-pnenii«mlB.  la. 

UtrOiWMH,  J.  O.     luar«B-forea.  131, 

■tu. 


SCIENCE.— INDEX  TO  VOLUME  IX. 


iufiiiarrj.  nio-'huK*  oL  W. 
Mkfinilit  IIl»r.  IMUMT  fW,  •■!. 
MMfcnml,  mlrratlou  ot.vn. 
Uailacuonr,  r>uua  of.  ttS!  ;  blBlorr  oTi 

\m. 

)lwniM1*imaiilin*J,n':  ivrrwirui, sw. 

tt».  OW. 
Halue,  H.  a.  tlH. 

llklai'Ui  la  Koain.  1> :  oHiilnuxm,  WM. 
VunmaJ*.  'Vlonilnii  o(,  .vt 
MUl.  Bprlghi  poaillou  ol.  mH. 
MBUcburlB.  4S. 
Muiunl  iniluliif.  mti:   wboul  ■■  Clil- 

HuKumpt,  Uuddblut, «». 
MuiUMrijiiiv  •vUcvlioun   ol    artnuiAl. 

S*|s  or  thr  (ir*kl  Ijikxt,  aM. 
wtIbo  ud  cJImn-*  aluuiliv,  (II. 
MkrrlatB^  iwatlo.  s. 

MaNHI,   J.   P.    Cauao  of  OODtUDIIiUOII, 

taa. 

Maul  [jtn-1.  Ml, 

Mam)>.  o.  T,  Armncoiaoiil  ol  mu- 
Huni*.  Ml:  baliT  buuaii  tmiilly.  in: 
In<llLU  (Tft^ll**,  lUT  ;  HJMI'Hih'lcfCtikv] 
mnal-,  ir  ;  Thi'  alntlaliial  mlUar.  K: 
I1ii>  Iliiim  ta<]li>lu,  lift. 

Uusu'liunciu  tiiiiilula  a(  IBCbuolacr' 

Malvrual  Iniiir'Wilaiui,  M. 
HsuD*  Lou,  •mpHAii  or,  USl  SK 
KeulH.  IT. 
MMlURlml  eiinUinoii'  HwlDir,  n& 

)i*ui*  ol  CvuiiiKicBi  H>«ivir,  3h:  ol 

Sedalr  ot  arta.  Itl. 
iMdlvnl  [•aullf.  Joboa  llopkUu,  IHD; 

llbraripa,  M I  prafoaaton  Inflamiaiur, 

US;  alu.iuuiK.  RunnlBU,  Iffi. 
ll«aklitii)  Hi>rlii4|(,  SL 
Hvdliihxin  MlDiiaaalB.pr»rnliM(<l,  IBO: 

law  rpguluUiB  <b*  pracUv*  ot,  m; 

voiiieu  Btudrlus,  lu  Pbtm,  M. 
MaiOi  A.  v.,  Ol  aciuiei-Iateri  17. 
Halauaolui  ncc^  gp. 
Hsnon^porar  of  Idiot*.  aOD, 
Mauan,  Di«poi,  lU. 
UlsiDinmu-.  T.  C.    CuPTfii  of  oampa- 

•ItllMl,    *IT, 

HontBl  ilIII«mHw>  lo  moo  aud  wumnii, 
XS:  hreinuv.  Wi :  nvanmrk.  (M: 
powpr, .«»:  ■I'lfltii'i'.  MT,  IIP. 

Harlald.  »l 

If  auou-liala  at  bitoa,  881. 

llaMphr*l«,  UimKW*. 

UalBor,  •  bHlllaat,  U;  balrbtot  *,«U: 
UiB  BMTilln,  Mt 

IlaMarMogloia  ■ocloir,  Ndk  Bugland, 

]iM«Orolo«T>  iidTaBcwa  la,  IBB. 
Masloa,  ■■oKnplilrBl  aooUiv  ol,  lit. 
Mlsblm  auita  bou4  Ol  liaallU,  :lll. 
Mlin»n>ptL-al  naiboda  lor  latwratorr 

MbmMnn*. «  nnv,  m, 
MtlliaiT  »«rvrc-i-  III  Niirlu«[iauil.  II. 
JIllK,  aiipnrnliii  I<ir  [eadujc  <.1B;  .>l«tll< 
lot)'.  IM:  rrniu  t.-ii)' oi^w*.  nx,  (w;  ra- 

Crf,   trV.  Xv,  not;   Kiarlvt-lKiTrvla- 

umor,  th<  atsrlclual.  A 

HUlnr^  EiaeDllUa  or  pen.iiei.-i It*.  d«. 

ItUJJST.W.    < ompataUri- t>>}\-bolocT. 

Ulltia-Edwanlik  e. 

MDiPfUiri',  V.     IMcUo  arclilui'lunt. 

aw 

Ulud-rNdluf,  3. 

MIUMAl  pKratolocr  sail  t>lir>|.,Kr*i>l>r. 

Itt:  reaoomaa  of  u»  C  uIiaI  .<iui>-«. 

lAXH:  ■prlumol  ihv  I'bIIwI  HIaiet. 

Sid. 
Mlner»l«ck«l  i-lub  la  Now  Vurk.  tSl. 
MlaeralogT  aod  pauoitraptar.  naiiUBl 

of.  101. 
lllii*n>Ja>  r»(alOKU*  of.  UJ;  ubl«  tor 

aeMrfDluallon  oT.  ML 
Mtuluc  ludujtirias  or  Um  I'lilUl  Mam*. 

ST. 
MtedMlppI  Itlvm  map.  Ml:  aoun«  of 

aia.U& 


MrrcBiLi.  H.    cln-ulailoD  Id  Nfv  \att 

bat  bar,  SL 
Moltm-buiiuiifa  aaaoi-iaUuii,  IMi  lor 

uularlo.  M. 
Mnblu*.  ProTtwir.  Mi 

M.iio-ioiv.  3m. 

>t'>iiiialla,  IIuti  aa  Iba.  MS.  Bt. 

>iorpalu«  liabli,  4(19. 

MOH*.  W.  S.,  10. 

Moaiiil.  ui  Dbtoi  I3^. 

Moamla  111  MlunHHila.  Haiik^lk*.  ■». 

Mr'iiitUihvdIiiihlUK.  Ml, 
MUllrr  iin  tliv  Vndiu,  n3. 
MDlloi-'ii  !o.'lFiK4  or  lauRuaco,  M;  l>d- 

piii-«.i->r  uinudbL,  UtL 
Mumi|r"i  l'-»--hi>lonr,  K. 
Muaololu  Uitlael  uuHuioiulc  nluP.dn. 
M<iM>um>,  arraassmoat  ol,  Ml,SU.ni, 

oia 

.Vutl'-olNntlb  A^wt■t(n1ltrlb*(^Stt. 
Mran-     ^oc  uuruer  aii4  Mr*ra. 

NaUoual  acailam^  olaclaui-ai.  Xia,  IIP. 
Nalural  likc.^3r.  In'truoll'^ii  In.  ilT. 
Xaiiimlliu'  miHIIucai  1'blladrltibla.a 
S  Uuni,  Wcbaior  ou  ibe.  EM. 
Xabiaaka  board  ol  boalili.  an  :  uiilnr- 

■l(rof.m 
KtlMH,  IL  1',     ItMplratlou  aud  polao- 

lau,  tan. 
Katiu*.  C'omalliUL  ML 
NnrmiKRV,  J.  H.    Raitbquiiktia,  M. 
Nevt>pit7>  Kartb-itiakP*.  IH, 
Now  Bmuairlfk  loumal  o)  oducallon, 

m. 

Naur   Ouliiaa,    lad,   iSi:    araa  of,   U; 

^'blfiiilu  ltm». 
Nrn  Jonp^.   allaa  of.  lUl   Inuben' 

aaandaUou.  40. 
liawTork  bartnir.  vurrouc*  lu.ni. 
Vm  XwnlaiKi.  vrupiloim  lu,  IW :  rno 

irada  lu.  Mil :  ■"liar,  M. 
XcaaiU  Uk(.  tn. 
Xlivracua.  Bavallllui  lu,  ITC 
Xloholwni,  II.  A„«l. 
KiruKH,  V.  E.     UlopinHtadc  voltmcMT, 

«i». 
MiHR'-'aUuii  Id  Uia  1011.  at. 
Min>C'>>  'n  plMiU,  111. 
>'OLIH.  M.I.     II.  AUriio  Mi-'bolaoD,  M). 
Norman  Fr^ucb,  loeture  on,  M- 
N»n<k  iiavot  ari.bltet7lun>.  3il. 
Kota  /tinil.In.  .'.13- 
Noi'E-.  W.     llniuollam.Sla. 
K)-*»a.  Lukr.  LiataeipedlliOD  Mi,m. 

Obr^rrni-.r)'.  Illun  mil  mf>Unmk^kal, 
tH:  <l>r' ll'irl^u- )BB;  l.'blraco  a^lru. 
Uoml.'S],  U'l :  liaulpltirboU.iMi  liar- 
rai'l.  annual  repon  oL  HI:  Lk'K, 
domp  r^^rfb*.  'Sit:  uifjuftlT,*,  At ;  oov 
Uaial.  311,  .IW;  Wnnirr.  blsiorr  ol 
(bo,  IW. 

Oi-aaa  air,  i>urliy  of,  tSil. 

WvauB,  (ibyvli'al  fuicnphr  of,  IW 

(ledlpua'l'rrniiiiiif  ni  I'miiurlds*,  asu. 

Olt  and  caa  lu  <>li1-i.  AOL 

Olli-rpcionaor  Fr))>>,  ><'>l 

OlaOniarcaiitit,  itn\  lur,  l*K 

ULIVRH,  J.  K.  Alniiwi>bn< !<:  IIdm  In 
U>«  aolar  ■Holrum,  .11. 

Oularlu,  niodaru-lauKUBC*  a>«Miiallou 
lor,  M. 

Opium  baMI.  at\-.  currs  lor.  DiW. 

Oriental  oonitraaa.  IM. 

OrtC<a  ot  ■poclea,  IK. 

Urlooni,  ebaflaiOHi  on  tbr.  SW,  IX, 
Mt :  •iplDracInn  ol  tha  uupfr,  m 

UnoKN,  li.  F.  lineal  er*  "■  lb*  maao. 
lulo  mammalia.  M:  plnaoJ  eim  lu 
Trtlylodau,  11*-.  TiHrlnOnn, m. 

(■•tH>lc«lr'al  noiM.  IW,  WOl 

OxloN,  oriental  MUdlea  au  (dl. 

njatBri-ulIure  lu  Oermaujr,  mi, 

I'Klo,  eudomcoe  nl,  lijr  Iiidlaua.  ill 
Palroltiblc  man  In  Loudou,  VX. 

raiiiaii>.aa 

l-almnnio  ibc  alecUre  niiKletii.  U, 
raFa-uejvbolon.  MIL 
rarasllea,  Bab,  in. 


Paito  laliar.  -^  t*.  1'^  »»■  *■ 
■■iMKiK.  r.  W.    TralBiin  ol 

pMMor,  a  edll'.-tani    ol.  «:  a 

(rom.  ft;   allB^-h  uo,  IM: 

M:  weTkOt.&lD:  iIIwuhiUui  of, H. 
Pa(i^o>'la>  eaaMm,  KT, 
Patentee^  laiwTsailaDa]  rt<tle«f,tli 
PallanV  Kraa  ol  mollueka  and  aMH* 

podisim. 
railltoii.  M.,  IB, 

Payii«*'»  Srlacioe  nf  eduoatlov.  T^ 
I-Bcv.  H.  T.    Jdx-iinl,  CO: 
)■*.-!,-»  Aualflli-al    Riv>*l»uilnt.dU;  fc- 

termliuuiia.  Ml. 
ral^«clH.  niouunteuia    OernwlMt 

an. 

I*adB«aK)r,  I""  vorka  (■n.  TV. 
P*dlen»f  1411-MDkB.  M,  UT.  MT. 
Pauutjl'niila  Mail*  board  ul  lM«Hk,  Si 

alate  vnailiaMiartlca.  II. 
I*elrln«-I  lolln  rrom  Kaavca,  HI. 
l11i.l'l"rF(>  fbHoMiphr  ol  rvdicha.  K. 
Ptiauioain*  ol  Uin  Ilelux.  t& 
PblliMOUli]',  arrtilvao  of,  (Kl:    Hala  (■ 

itunilon*  or,  ion  :  In  Brlialn,  IT.  it 

lellglnn,  M. 
PbrenoHif}-,  arlf<iiilitc-.  SW. 
PU)->I'«1  aud  |.*7<4ilcal  uiUtttr.  HI 
PUral™.  leil'lmoikn  oa.  St.  Mk 
pbnlolncT.  animal.  teO;    BvrV*  •«> 

In.  3U :  of  uUuU.  Ml. 
rirllllincG.  fc.  1-.      AUDoHpliarti:  Maa 

U)lbeanlBr<p*v4r<im.  13. 
nUiomaro.  Tlimiai'i  alpoOIUiMt  MM, 

Pluaal  an  la  Ihe  meaoaMa  iniinm^n 

W:  UTrliriorioii.lti. 
IltboL  a  ae*.  la 
PleuropueumoulB.  0.  It.  H,  Hi. 
Podmor*.     I>«e   4lartii>)r,    )l]rer«,  aad 

INidaiore. 
IWauDlu,  «be«e  aad  le»«raaH,  fl& 
PolaodTliDadan,  IM. 
■Vflarlialleai  vt  TaoliitaiK*  ooUa.  It 
Political  emuom  7.  HMUHcraiifae  «■,  BM, 

All. 
rolltln,  Taliubl*prltneno(.t],n. 
l-Dtl«u,  tatl<d.  Id  W'ublnitlOB,  ML 
Po)fi%  E  J,     A  rrolarvooa  rtnt^bid, 

ua :  tlploe,  M. 
Popular  arleucB,  M. 
Pi>(aulii'»  KKplorailoua,  tO!, 
Powxt.i.  i.  It'.     AmiBcaiiM«t  «l  aih 

■BUDI*.  Ut, 

ProoepMia.  London  ooUoi*  id,  in. 
PriaerraUoa  of  Uie  kumaa  aadn  ■> 
PreT*r*a  Die  liHla  Am  K  Isdaa,  K        fl 
Prinaro  of  (lOtlltna,  B.  ■ 

lYItouart,  llbvrallaa  of,  in.  V 

Pnieik  :(■«  SMiai  Walaa  Koral  aaclalT, 

110.  ^ 

Pn>nMbartne,«.tM 
ProbmtloD,  UK 
Proaperltir.  naUon^^n,  Ml 
PKl'Dnn.  T.  M.     Tba  ««UBa   o«  «•■ 

•uuiiiUou.  MX 
IV)»-hFi-  MIndnMa,  Ut 
Parcblrnl  reanan-ti.  Autertiwu  aMlMi 

for.  iO:  Euallib  ■orlnij'  fur.  10, 
Paj*Uii-]..jclotT  nirl'th  INl 
pH-nboUiitr,  ID;    Amerluui  Joarual  vf. 

US;   mmparailTo.  tlf:  adeniMiurT, 

Tl;  caucral.  K*:  Italian  ni»dt<«l  lUi 

T.  W.  >lillaoii.«>»i 
■■■TObo-Pbralcial  raaaan-Mv.  am. 
Public  ifoi-umeuta.  dHDihiuloa  «f,  M, 
PuvUlo  arvbliimiurr,  tM. 
Puuta,«»|UHir.  UK  H 

l^ranaei,  furrer*  i»,  Uit  ■ 

Quebec,  c<oI-<«)r  of.  It ;  srovp.  »«. 

Italibll,  tbe  ATMirnlUo.  ivl. 

Ita»a  or  maaklud,  MO. 

KaC-lnportaUon.  sn. 

Ridlroad  aud  ruNlHMlBa  }ourvBl,  U. 

Hallwn  rmploreea'  b**Tlu.  in :  ]uU- 

lee,  MS:  pculiicn.  Mi  rsamwr^nd. 

W;  IraUi.  «u  eiiwrtinraiaL  f  ^^ 
Itallwan.  Parlajiibneeor.  W, 
Halulall  ul  lb*  glnbf,  IMK 


SCIENCE.  — INDEX  TO  VOLUME  IX. 


6S9 


Italnlili'a  ElPtnaularr  l>0IUt«a>8. 
lUDTrcir.  »..  W. 
lEvoJlQic,  imrrim«r.  (Vl-L 

KrtiKt.<i\r,  -IIB.  m. 

KpaBonlQC  uid  JaCfOiMil,  mtlulogot. 

Raknr'M  SIcmnDta  nf  KnillMi,  IBO. 

Rallaloii*  •>[  Indo-Cbloa,  SM. 
Kamspn'a  L'bPmUtr*.  lil 
KMlniaaoa  toOa,  poluiutloii  or.  U, 
H«*(rtr4iLou  oC  fbrvtgii  rA<litnut#s  ^^■ 
liiUuTiAiinn ol  Hie  rtinii.-tn. 
Itctliul  liueiulblUly  u>  ultra  raTv.ltS. 
Rbeurlc  and  Fomiifiaililixi.  M. 
Rtcnn.  C.    (iiiuarai  ■'•y^iiiii'iicr-  ml- 
itlaitnay'K  Nomvn-^laturr  nf  Mil(n*.ttS. 

Kii»r.r.  v.. ill. 

RiLtr.  ('.  V.    I'leurcpncumoola,  14. 
Riror-boil,  ■  rrriivwiuii.  UW. 
Klrani,  fm-Miifl  at,  iw. 

"LO.  II.    .Milk  from  citr  OOWI,  (M. 

ou  IttatruatloD  In  oootorT,  ICl 
uia*  ou  Uia  mamul  dltFaraucait. 
):  un  Iba  arl()ii  of  apaottoi  M. 
la,  nudarln  In.  B. 
Uaacoe,  B.,  u. 
ROM  of  SMron,  ta, 
RoMtwrr,  txinl,  UOl 
Moaaiiktaiii'D  fhllosoplir  of  aducatlod, 

lit 
RiHtf«i«,aW. 
BoutnoQiH,  aurra*  or.  at. 
Roral  liulJMUoalaoliiTaa,  ISS:  eoclair, 

faUomhlpa  of .  tn. 
Buoybtnlnoa,  Burmuli,  UT. 
Ruwl*  aiul  Ctilua.  I>uuii>]arr  of,  3M; 

aouUiani,  iuiiaIv  Iti.  LfA. 
Itunlau  «x|iloratlona,  107. 

Sac-^luu'lne,  f  bjraloloclokl  aodM  or,  UB. 
i)L  Aaarawa  Bnlranltr  4affaf,  WL 

DL  t^tonimtg  i*iMr.liV. 

fialUTUe  auld,  M. 

Hallaburr.S.,  a  (tfl  rmm,  W,. 

ttaD  DIafn  aoiiliR  at  naiutal  blawnr, 

■inw.4tT. 
Sudwlob    tiliiDda,   taliouauitcal   latt- 

toila*  lu,  X 
flftnllftry   mnT^ulloa   al    tn^    Jtaplda, 

MlrlL.a:  riatnlnatloiu of Kater. W7 : 

•olru-.'g  Id  Nmt  Jenay,  mi. 
gaiiltaUiiu  In  Euelanil.  t. 
.1»p|i.i)r.  M„i«. 
Harc*ui.  <.,  IS.,  on  .tmarlcui  !»<«<,  aH. 

E-a.  Tboma*.  10. 
larliui  lu  tb«  VultBd  SMtaa,  Ct, 
■\B-irt,  17;  liiTHtlaailoD,  SBO, 
lar  mid  tod  Brvmon'a  Uaa  VoOa- 
Vaaau  Im  iireiuaUcliau  !tu«la, 
■iiuiiluUonit,4a);  lawa  or  Win. 
IV  (H:  or  lannuaa,  TuiVlab, 
tf  oilsM  la  HawXealacul.  M»: 
•ttparintOBdODM.  KFaablUKUai  ri<wi- 
Ittfof.m:  HacMnln  .Vnw  VorlL.  In- 

Soboola. ^'Iilltlivii  111  KavnrlL.:M];  r.^ari. 
mull.  3M :  Rntflii'b  In  iir^imrat^rj, 
fTI;  bratanrof.ni  In  Uombar.sn): 
tnRpphVn;  Indusiilal  Dalulu  Id 
oonmrr,  m  :  luatracllou  lu  eaMarr 
IB  BDbUc,  Id:  prlmatT.  aacoBdacr, 
TuBlToraltT,  HTi  W. 

■Dd  art  daparunant  of  Houtb 
It;:  mODflilr.  lbs   ¥tr 

("work.  ffOT^niinaDC.  11. 

tBatf,  tta  Woai  Indlui.  »,  •». 
\  BM«ldcaeH.  tab.  MD.  aw. 

.  niMWUTK.W.    l%T*k>la«or  plaDla,IUL 
Sadnrlck  ami  WIIWD'aKlolOCr.  tJ. 
SMleT.  J.  K .  »•. 

en.irTX.A.  It.  c.    QuaUac  (roup,  m;. 
Bnaalloiia,  Intaulb'  ol,  Sll. 
ganaaa,  MsapUoa  M,  1. 
HapttcwDls,  tor. 

Bonfml  aaioDS  AmMiiKui  Indiana,  tOt. 
Barpoiitliiv  of  ttjraf^uao.  m. 


8o*>«a.  dinpoMt  of.  tB  Loftdts,  (OS: 

purmmloB  or,  sn. 
BKVAU.  tl.    BlaloCT  au-l  •ndolocTi  1A 
Sawar.Rao,  lubalaQou  of.  mi. 
9UT0N,  s.    |UtaL-HaraiplJMiiMw«m  die 

par,  Sl.l:  affr4lrkii*aK.Ma. 
Sbad.  pDliure  ot.V!:  tor  tba  lludaoa, 

»U. 
Nbnlnr.  N,  !<..  an  K**  Ruclauil  aoatnpa. 

tni, 

SliaroD.  roaa  cd.  IS. 

hniBHir.  EmJIjr.    Kin4*r(aTtaih  m. 

fnbnit.i>T.  I(.  W.  Dial  ot  •rablnioiDaa. 
3W :  plartrlivl  phaoamaua,  UO.  KM : 
luatraoiloD  lu  aMilnoy.  KM:  nuitllo- 

SatlUM  of  Taf  lijrclueta.  UB:  muarJ* 
iinln  ot  uiuiionili.-  valua,  KS:  ou 

nybrlil  do«^  Wj  aliMlatoiia  of  »orl«- 

braiH.  4M. 
NliulUpworUioD  <Muala-niarTla(»,  3. 
KIbDHa,    nuilani.   doalooatlon   0(  IM 

latvaof.EM. 
HlbarlaD  lalauds.  IH. 
Slarntl«ODa.ai:  irlbMor.Ml. 
Sllk-manufacuiro  In  Amorlea,  S3S. 
Skeleioiu  at  TartaboMH,  tit 
Skla-craf  Mnc.  !«• 

RLi-pa.  n.  D.    oauoioclcal  uomh,  WK 
«ia]<i.«n. 

Small-tMii  aiul  iMv-i>a,i.  Ill :  al  Bolr- 
oka.tti;  boiii<liaI»,  ml , 'lit :  iu  t:'UIu*. 
a-flli  lu  Kul  Airk'a.siu;  lu  MlcUUiau. 
<!■■ 

Small.  acuwuMB  ot.  M :  aanae  o!,  Id 

Sniltliaoulau  luacliuilon.  naw  aaoraU- 

riiiK  for,  IM 1  ration,  RL 
SNOW,  r.  U.    Loco-waad,  Ot 
SOL-lal  aelsiHW.  InnltuM  ol.  I-V). 
floilluin,  nauutatftUTB  of.  SM. 
Soil,  anrliilimaot  •>(.  V7. 
Solar  apaiitrum,  l)t.B. 
sroca  ot  Anairallui  uibaa.  raj. 
Sorbotioai  alacUoiia  at  St. 
sondau.  prlaonareuf.  I. 
Soiiud.  aeiuAMIIir  M.  M>. 
Sound*.  i«|iar4tr  U  reiieai.  IMi  ool- 

orwl.Wi. 
Souih  Kanalovian,  cMtiiM  lu  uatt  ct, 

top :  UinwT'  and  KtioiHii  tn. 
BpatTOV.  Ute  Bn^llab,  1ST, 
lUpMllDK  aaucrapbli-iu  uamot,  Ul. 
Spaooar.  Il<^rlifrrl,  b<'allb  'tl-  M- 
SrVciH.J.  W*.    i)lael-n.Mk 
apblDi  of  Otoali.  an. 
Spldw*  ana  Um  alMtrlo  lIRbl,  Vt. 
Dplmuallem,  IIUraKiro  ol.  M. 
^irlssa,  madlctn^M. 
9r*Miom,  F.  W.    T]iias«ludllu((«alo- 

tIatM- 
Siandarl  lima,  T. 
Hlaslor,  tlOL 

Sbanlor  FaUa  ataUon.  lU;  «M, 
eaua\»i  Pool,  oapvura  of,  1. 
VWoiar'analarof  XmtnPasba.l»<.  KO, 

111,  HT,  «w.  ui.  an,  «»- 

aiaroauioaue,  lai:  rnpt,  14.34. 
filat*  lulorlarem-c.  H'.  SOB. 
maUMIrAl  Inalllul*.  IM.  90?. 
SlnllMlm.  aoiilr  ol,  S77. 
Sicainabiii.  davalopmaotef  fba,  (St 
tiTiiWra,  R.  R,  C.     Plab  parailtea,  IS, 

SMoO-MlMn>l>V-  *"' 

maraoacopli'  tIhIuii,  It,  Ml. 

AnnK.  S.  M.    Taaoblbf  larut<ia<«N  A^ 

IWBflBa.  A.    aarbagf-dlapoaal.  MD. 

Vtitbib.  Vi'.  LaC.    siar  raya  and  (bo 

mrea^  M  :  alaraoai^oplw  twIod,  It 
eiomacb.  ilM.  UB, 
munMo-tialMrlaa,  Wn, 
Klimi^  Afrleullarai,  HO. 
Slorni  In  Omat  iMulo.  II?. 
SlQdeuu'ald  ■oclotr.  MS :  allpnida  to. 

Huaklu,  allinaloCT  of,  SB.  a 

SuOocaUoa  lu  wolli^  S*. 
Hufar-iiaMt  In  Oormaiir,  Sll. 
Simt4iiakiDB  tij  diSuauui,  fsa 
Sugar-proiluollon,  W. 
Somtur  ODuraaa  at  llarvaM,  tU. 
9>un.  iitiamlalry  ot  Iha,  ttO ;  color  of  IIW, 
■no. 


Snpaali  ^ourmal  ot  eonunaM*]  f»o 

8rrib^C.W,    Lao|uac^Maf*lB«,3B. 
Buncowt  Pivncb  i<coirHa  oE,  IS, 
!l«*Bp«of  !ia«  RuClaiid.MI. 
1*irtimi,  O,  T,     WalnvBltnUlDU,  4M. 
l<vlaillor,  tbo  acliMiunr,  tM,  Ut 
6>liidUui  Koolocbt,  St 
SiriM  toaliD.  3m. 
isirlta«rta4id,   mUltafT  Mrrk-o  la,  tit 

l&iatlab  lu,  L 
Sjiioclvtoclilaal  OMcia.  1'. 

TaiTbrdiiata,  mulllo-palaUiia*  of,  Ml, 

on. 

Dtpa-wonoa  In  lilrila,  M> 
TtBR.  R.  H.    CurulToroua  autaloM  W. 
Taxation,  oonpiwallra.  (W,  IK  M:  Id 
SwIiBorlaiid,  1 ;  of  pemoal  DroMny, 

10. 
Toachara,  BaMinMr  ot  Oanaaa.  Wl: 

oonsrsMot  Oarinau,  ttw:  flul  ot  In 

rraun,  Wt:  or  modant  taoRiiua«k 

C«rnian,  Ml:   prapondaraorp  of  !*• 

n»ia,u:  pupll.n:  roMloc  for,  Ufl; 

iralclDf  o^  71.  M»,  Ut. 
Toaoblas.  maUMdaof,  IDS. 
TnlagrapbT,  dnploa.  Ul. 
TnlopboBaaipartmanutnE'raiir*.  M; 

frooi  Paria  «o  Uruanb^  M. 
TaiapbonlodlaeDTMloa  Id  Ualcluia,  M ; 

InTtallxalloUb  HO.  . 

Tamporaturo,  aMwrnial  buman,  Ml 

•Mt  Itii 
TompamwToa  ot  iba  AtlauLti^.  ta-,  al 

Oia  oeoau.  son. 
TaoamaDt-bouM  law,  Itt. 
Tan«  dat  marralnaa,  la,  ttS 
Tarrr.C  lW,au. 
Tanuuiaa,  Amwioao  marina  and  Intra. 

contlaanlBl,  na. 
Tataoiu,  11 
Tnoiui.  B.  P.    IMIarlmllon  ol  r««UV 

*ac«  mil".  11.  _ 

TnoDut,  I.'.     Karlf  formaut  ■nUui,  Ul 
Tdduu.  S.    tnduatrlal  iralalnf  Id  Oai^ 

niabjr,  Mr. 
Tbomnaso.    Blltabatli,   aclanti)   tund, 

TnMmOK.  O.    eptilara  an4  ibe  al«o- 

irlcllabt, «. 
TbnufliMnuwfaiTiiuoe.   Il\   CIS,    MS, 

OT. 

TnPMTOH.  H.   II.      Machaoloa  o(   »•• 

v'liiiiory.  Ml. 
Tlbullun  anil  INvperllua,  tTV. 
Tlmo  al  iilsbi.  Ml:  ■laudard,  7. 
Tln-mlnaa  near  Maabad,  IM. 
TIppo-TIp,  M>. 

Tiptoa,  «^  sti.  3u,  am. 

TOMMOO.  Bn«1lab-gron,  mi 

TaU'4^KU«Inlaa,  Ma. 

TaHiutD,laa«t  Oia.  ML 

Twnadoaa.  PlnlOTOD.  31 1 

Torpado-boal,  auiJiiiarlaa,  H. 

Towco'  In  Paria,  US. 

Tnide.^epr«HtOD,  Srttlab  oOdImImIob 
ou,tIir:  In  Ruaiand,  in. 

Tranoa,  •  louc  M :  a  ibMo-yoan,  Ot, 

TranalMlone,  nt. 

Traa-pUDllotUi  Amarlaa,l01,m. 

TraoLftt. 

TrlolilnaisHI. 

TrtlylodOD,  114.0)1. 

Tunibla>«Md,n. 

Tuunal,  tba  IodCMI.  IM. 

TrDdall,  Ma. 

Typbuld-larnr.  II;  hikI  naMTHiupBta', 
W»:  al  Plrmniitb,  111;  ba>illlna,  UD, 
<li» :  Mmtnit  ot,  wa :  in  l-arln,  UK. 

TyiioBrapb  roiiiiMUir,  ttaodanl,  U. 

t'BLKH,  J.  I*.  (kAbdlaaTlao  In  Qio 
I'ultad  Siauia,  SM 

I'nlipralllaii,  IlallaD,  Mudanu  ■□.  ire. 

CnlTM^llr,  a  Laudon  laat^luic.  IM; 
«iUrBoB,««Oiald[cMM:  lu»«irZM- 
Uad.!ie»:*ltaiuton,  II,  mm:  L^. 
land  0Uintord,  inn,,  «■;  ot  Boitin, 
MMndauDO  al,  IM :  ol  the  atala  0( 
yef  York,IW:  of  (Iirarbt  auMqid. 
tone  at,  4001  prafoaaora.  worK  add 


eso 


SCIENOR  —  INDEX  TO  VOL  UME  IX. 


I>BT  nl  Rssllah.tt;  Vlaaaa.  iiR«d<1- 

Vldoiwl  Mid  DMdim.  U. 

OTfLooaM  Bod  RBodmlo  «irr«T.  !■.  U. 
■UIIS:  uiBTMrlMloiM,  IM  1  Hm**, 
BU:   VOTt  cE.  B7.  Ml.  IID,  Ut:  flab 

oommiBiMi,  111,  lu:  *ici»i  *crnQe, 

IM :  orlppllOR  df,  BL 
VaocliukttoD.  Oamui  commlmloD  «u. 

wr. 

Valua,  a  quaallon  In  rtffard  M,  SITj 

VwlmHC,  r.  C    Tlp«>«.l)9,MI. 

Vest,  jrovDC  an. . 

^'noni.  3<.  A.  YauiaratnaaalovleiKO, 

IM. 
V*s«iuala  AuU   Itroall,    tnumUrjr  b*. 

V«nno«li  M&nl  ol  bwllb,  MS. 
nnarknla  o[  Ats«r)ft,  daacM  to.  fit  i  of 

Oarmaar.  Ml. 
Vldm,  ilarMaiiwple,  It. 
VolapSk.  «<■.  sie. 

yoUUwotiBl  ■«»  m       Im      pmuidMlieii 

Vol^r,  povar  of  ■,  VAi' 

Vklooii  on  ihs  CuDtniiiui  taOD**,  M&. 

WalM,  Prluoa  ul,  IK- 

WtiJ^VH.  V,   A.     Iii>lu*tti»l   •HliioMlcni 

Id  miiiJlry  lull  Pols,  SOS, 
Wtlio.  II.  1.     IViItIs  ol  Ibe  dueoDR,  lat. 
WAavwiu.  N.  C.    Au  eleolrh!  ball  u( 

An.  M. 


WwhluxMo,  CoMB«  <1bI>  of.  91:  do- 
lo)liiti(niot(lMd*-irM«lii,  ail:  nwii 
of.  in. 

WMar«lr1iiklii|tlu[uUiicsi|'pr1ineDt(, 

W*aHti  ot  hotUfboMi,  SO. 
WtMlwrBaddiunlb'boUKlH:  bur*«u. 

civillau  Minlrtil  ol,  lis.  m:   in  Ldu- 

aoD.ttft;  ciwtlnlOD,  IB:  prullcilaiui, 

tnllur*  of,  tSt:  Mnrlc*  for  Pmoi^ 

naik.  alais.  II :  BgrTlr*e,  sUI*,  Wl 
W«.l»r.    See  F«*nor  ana  W*Mr. 
WaIIu,  niniurallau  ul  Ui*,Bl:  Junkar 

on,  IM. 
W»l  AiDFrlt^BU  fi-lrntlst.  417. 
WMTCW.J.  W.     Railway  ]abUo«.aS. 
Wit,  II.  D.    rbr*U-ai  •■uliura  (or  alB> 

tnalcKX 
Wbalv-fUIiMV,  W. 
WUppla,  R  R,  oMari  ol.  tn, 
Wnm,  J.  H  ClaMlcal  kIiuoI  at  Atbeat, 

H.%4. 
Wiiooplbg.<w<ifh,  IT,  MCL 
Wine.  LDflwlK.  TK. 
WiLHT,  u.  w.    Nltracea  In  plaiiM,  111 : 

u^ifor  liullar.  114. 
Wii.i.UHp,  IL  S..  lua.     Kxplnalonii  lo 

ooal-mliiQfl^  4Stt. 
WiLLtuiK.  (I.  IL     MInanilDClnid  MXt- 

Uonk*,  HM  ;   aerpButtua  uf  Srraeiua, 

W11ILamM>n,A.W..ni. 
WtLLitH»a9i,C.\<r.    AuOUoDiouad.lSL 
WiUJnoii,  BL   W.     A  Balrr    buman 
tamtlri  A 


WUbb.    8bp  »»il««I«k  anil  W 
Tlaun  iu  I>>uver,  MB,  an. 
WlDd.iaiia,  aaagM<UTa,aB,II 
WomanV  odooaUou.  tM. 
Women,  adiMMtiMi  ol,  U>  Pr*M 

sm:  BomaoiM  on  ttia  klflM* 

UoQ  of,  VX  _^- 

woopk  DeV.    To  •Btkon  ot  mH 

oa  plinlca,  M. 
wooe,  K.  W.,  luu.    A  b(lin«M  ■ 

IS. 
WrMk*.  itailttK,  SCB :  lu  no  il 

Wriiht,  CacTOU  D.,  on  ksldiM  t4 

vrwoiT.  K.  It.    <)«vBi  nf  brdnf 

l»t  ^ 

WrlUoit,  aAfly  furiBa  of.  ». 
Wysas,  F.  r.    Wluda  lu  D«>t*r 

Vr'TMtX,    II.    C        CMWumpttOU 

Inalana.  111. 


Y*Uo*-tDT«r  M  Kar  W»M.  BR : 
ol  mooker  rrom,  aS;  lusM 
«ff,UO!  lonwUCBthm.  «K 

Tallomlana  pain  btU,  tW:  m 
tloo  ol,  «l& 

youmapa,  &  U,  (& 

ToaUfuluaw  iBacMttOa,  m.  HL 


Zo3l<]«l<alrK>ai4,«M  * 

KoolocT.n:  laoeaoc«i,MI:  toMi 
la,  £i.ata 


J