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TWENTY-THIRD
AN EAL REPORT
OF THE
FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
Being for the Year 1904.
IN THREE PARTS.
Part I.—GENERAL REPORT.
. Part IIL—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
Parr III,—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
PART III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
Presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty.
GLASGOW:
PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE
By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS LIMITED,
Av ‘*THe Crrizen Press,” St. VINCENT PLACE.
OLIVER & BOYD, EprnsurcGH ; or
WYMAN & SONS, Lr., Ferrer Lane, E.C., and
32 Apinepon STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ; or
E. PONSONBY, 116 Grarron Street, DUBLIN.
1905.
[Cd. 2596.] Price 3s. 1d.
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CONTENTS.
GENERAL STATEMENT,
EE:
Trawling Investigations, :
The Hatching and Rearing of Food- Fishes,
The Growth and Age of Fishes,
The Life-History of the Lobster,
The Parasites of Fishes, .
The Marine Crustacea,
The Tay Sprat Fishery,
The Young of the Conger, :
The Spawning of the Cod in Autumn in the North Sea,
Investigations on the Herring in the Firth of Clyde,
General Index to the Scientific Reports,
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.
. Trawling Investigations. By Dr. T. Wemyes Fulton, F.R.S.E.,
Scientific Superintendent, ; ;
A Contribution to the Life-History of the Lobster (Homarus
vulgaris). By H. Chas. Williamson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine
Laboratory, Aberdeen (Plates I.-IV. i): :
Experiments in Lobster-Culture,
The Rearing of Lobsters,
The Larval Stages, ,
History of the Adult Lobster after “the Eggs had
Hatched,
Proportion of Berried Hens in the Catch of Lubsters, .
The Casting of the Lobster, é
The Rate of Growth, : as
The Behaviour of the Lobster, é :*
Examination of the Ovary, : :
Spawning,
Hatching,
Literature,
Description of Plates,
III. Observations on some Parasites of Fishes New or Rare in
Scottish Waters. By Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.LS., ete.
(Plates V. and VI.), ;
Preliminary Note,
Part I. Copepoda Parasita,
Part II. Trematoda,
TV. Report on the Operations at the Marine Hatchery, Bay of Nigg,
Aberdeen, in 1904. By Dr. T. meus Fulton, F.R.S.E.,
Scientific Superintendent, .
V. Zones of Growth in the Skeletal Structures of Gadidze and
Pleuronectide. By J. T. ey MeAG. HEZS:
(Plates VII.-IX.), : : :
1. Previous Investigations, :
2. General Description of Lines of Growth,
Literature, :
Description of Plates,
13
65
65
68
73
84
88
89
95
95
98
100
103
104
106
108
108
108
115
120
125
125
128
139
139
a
Contents.
\y I. On some New and Rare Crustacea from the Scottish Seas. By
Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S., ete. ea X.-XIIT. I),
Preliminary Note,
Sub-order Calanoida—
Fam. Pseudocyclopiide,
Sub-order Cyclopoida—
Fam. Cyclopidee,
Sub-order Harpacticoida—
Fam. Longipediide,
Fam. Stenheliide, .
Fam. Laophontide,
Fam. Cletodeidze,
Fam. Harpacticide,
Fam. Asterocheridie,
Fam. Nicothoidee,
Fam. Choniostomatidse,
Isopoda Valvifera—
Fam. Arcturide,
Description of the Plates,
VII. A Note on the Hatching of the Crab (Cancer Pagurus). By
vee
TX.
H. Chas. bicaacecs M.A., D.Sec., Marine Tan STNG
Aberdeen,
On the Tay Sprat Fishery, 1904-1905. By John Fletcher,
University College, Dundee, ; : -
General Index to the Scientific Reports of the Fishery Board
for Scotland, 1883-1904, with a List of the Papers contained
in them. Prepared by Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.5.E.,
Superintendent of Scientific Investigations, 5 :
X. Ichthyological Notes. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.S.E.,
Scientific Superintendent, .
The Young of the Conger (Leptocephalu 8),
The Anchovy (Engraulis OORT IS?
~The Catfish (Annarhichas lupus),
An Albino Plaice,
The es of the Cod in Autumn in the North
Sea,
TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.
TO THE MOST HONOURABLE
THE MARQUESS OF LINLITHGOW, K.T., G.C.MLG.,
His Majesty's Secretary for Scotland.
Orrick oF THE FisHEeRy Boarn
FOR SCOTLAND,
EpinsurGH, 30th June 1905.
My Lorp MARQUESS,
In continuation of our Twenty-third Annual Report,
we have the honour to submit—
PART IL—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
This part of the Twenty-third Annual Report deals with the
scientific investigations conducted by the Board in 1904 in con-
nection with the sea fisheries of Scotland, so far as these have been
completed, by means of the Parliamentary Vote vranted for the
purpose.
The scientific work has been carried out and the scientific report
prepared under the supervision of Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, the
Scientific Superintendent.
The researches have been made for the most part at the Board’s
Marine Laboratory at the Bay of Nigg, Aberdeen, which was
erected and equipped some years ago. The sea-fish hatchery is
also situated at the same place, and a statement as to its opera-
tions during the year will be found below. The provision of a
suitable boat in connection with the Laboratory would be of much
advantage in carrying on the investigations.
The investigations into the condition of the fishing grounds, more
particularly in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay, which were
begun five years ago by means of steam-trawlers, were continued
last year as frequently as circumstances allowed. One of the
chief objects of these trawling investigations is to ascertain as far
as possible the changes which may ozcur in the abundance of the
6 Part ITT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
food and other fishes on the grounds visited in different years and
at different seasons, but observations are also made on the repro-
duction of the fishes, their spawning, food, and on various other
questions connected with their life-history and habits, and at the
same time collections of the plankton, or floating organisms, are
obtained, and experiments made with large-meshed and small-
meshed nets.
Although the employment of ccmmercial vessels in these
investigations is associated with certain inseparable disadvantages,
it is possible with the large ship, the efficient trawl, and the
experienced trawlers on board, to make a much more thorough
examination of the bays than was formerly the case. From the
fact, moreover, that the trawling operations are carried on under
the same conditions as in commercial fishing, opportunities are
afforded for certain observations of importance, as the proportion
of the marketable and unmarketable fishes which are caught, the
relation between the sizes of the fishes captured and the dimensions
of the meshes of the net, and the amount of destruction of
immature fish that occurs on different grounds and at different
seasons.
For some years past, as mentioned in previous reports, by an
arrangement with the Technical Education Committee of the
County Council of Aberdeenshire, representative fishermen from
various parts of the coast of that county have visited the Labora-
tory and Hatchery in spring to receive demonstrations on various
aspects of the life-history and habits of fishes, such as may be of
interest and use to them in the course of their calling. The
fishermen have been much interested in the instruction they
received, and as it appeared to the Board advantageous to
encourage the desire for such knowledge on their part they issued
a circular to the other sea-board County Councils inviting them
also to send fishermen if they thought proper so to do, to attend a
similar series of demonstrations. This invitation was accepted by
the County Council of Argyleshire, a number of fishermen from
that shire subsequently visiting the Laboratory and Hatchery, and
it is under consideration by some of the others.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS.
In the course of the year the results of 91 hauls of the large
otter-trawl in the closed waters were recorded, of which 75 were
taken in the Moray Firth, 14 in Aberdeen Bay, and two in Sand-
side Bay, on the north coast. The examination of the grounds was
made in January, March, April, September, October, November,
and December, the localities in the Moray Firth which were most
thoroughly investigated being Burghead Bay and adjacent parts of
the south coast, the Dornoch Firth, and the grounds off the coast
of Caithness. Some hauls were also taken at Smith Bank and in
the deeper portions of the Firth at the so-called “witch-grounds.”
The aggregate number of fishes of all kinds caught in the
recorded hauls was 63,525, and of these 44,538, or 70 per cent.,
were marketable, the other 18,987, or 30 per cent., being thrown
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Ji
overboard as unmarketable, either because they belonged to species
that are unsaleable, or, more commonly, because though edible they
were too small to be taken to market.
The number of fishes captured in the various hauls and the pro-
portion of the marketable and unmarketable are given in the tables
appended to Dr. Fulton’s report on the subject. The greater
number of the marketable fishes consisted of plaice and haddocks,
the former constituting 58 per cent. and the latter 25 per cent. of
the total in this class ; the proportion of none of the others reached
three per cent. Among the unmarketable fishes, common dabs
formed 32 per cent. and haddocks 30 per cent. The total number
of turbot obtained was 54, and there were 394 brill, nine halibut,
and five goles, and all these were marketable. 40 catfish and 22
hake were caught, all of which were marketable.
The investigations in the Dornoch Firth at the end of March
were of interest from the discovery of a shoal of spawning cod on
the edge of the rough and rocky ground. Several scores of cod
were taken in each haul of the net, the largest number in a four
hours’ drag being 282. They were all spawning, eggs and milt
flowing freely from them, and they were all of large size, the
smallest females measuring from 33 to 35 inches and the smallest
males from 29 to 80 inches. It was judged that the vessel was
operating only on the fringe of the spawning shoal and that the
greater bulk of the cod were on the rocky ground. Besides the
cod, large numbers of spawning flounders were caught on this
ground, where few of this species are obtained except in spring, and
also spawning coalfish and plaice, in smaller numbers, and common
dabs ; very few haddocks were obtained and none of them were
spawning.
It is probable that this area, lying about three miles from the
shore in from 13 to 16 fathoms, is one of the important breeding-
grounds for the food fishes in the Moray Firth.
The experiments made with a small-meshed net fastened around
and outside the cod-end of the trawl confirmed the conclusions
come to previously, that, contrary to the general opinion of fisher-
men, a very large proportion of the small fish, especially round fish,
which enter the trawl as it is dragged along the bottom escape
alive through the meshes, which appear to be distended by the
resistance of the water.
THE HATCHING AND REARING OF FOOD-FISHES.
During last year the hatching of plaice was continued at the
Marine Hatchery, Aberdeen, the number of eggs of that species
collecte1 from the spawning pond amounting in the season to an
aggregate of about 39,600,000. The number of plaice-fry that
hatched out and were retained in the hatching apparatus until
approaching the post-larval stage was approximately 34,780,000,
or 88 per cent., and they were liberated off Aberdeen Bay at various
times in March, April, and May. The number was considerably
below the total in 1903, when it was estimated that 65,940,000
eggs were collected, the fry obtained numbering 53,600,000. The
8 Part IID.—Twenty-third Annual Report
principal reason of the decrease was the difficulty in obtaining
large adult plaice in the preceding autumn and winter to replenish
the breeding stock in the pond, plaice of the class required being
then exceedingly and unusually scarce on the grounds from which
they are obtained.
The floating eggs were observed in the water of the spawning-
pond about the middle of January, but they were then present in
very small numbers, and the first collection was made on the 26th
of that month, or three days later than in 1903. The last collec-
tion was on the 29th April, or more than a fortnight earlier than
in the previous year. This is, no doubt, partly to be attributed to
the smaller number of the spawners in the pond, as above
mentioned, but it appears to have been also owing to the relatively
greater intensity of spawning in the earlier part of the season in
1904, nearly 28 per cent. of the eggs being collected before the
end of February, as compared with 18 per cent. in the same period
in 1903. As usual, the greater number of the eggs were obtained
in March, viz, 55'7 per cent., the percentage in that month in the
preceding year being 56°2.
The duration of the period of development until hatching takes
place varies with the temperature of the water at the time. At
the beginning of the season, in January, when the temperatare is
low, the average time of incubation is about three weeks, while at
the end of the season, when the temperature is several degrees
higher, they hatch in about a fortnight. The larval fishes, after
issuing from the eggs, are retained in the apparatus for several
days until the yolk-sac is partly absorbed, and it is calculated that,
taking the two periods together—the time of incubation and the
period referred to subsequent to hatching—the eggs and larve are
protected in the apparatus for about half of the time from the
spawning of the egg until the young plaice is transformed and
assumes the form and habit of the adult.
Since the establishment of the hatchery, the total number of
plaice eggs dealt with amounts to 443,092,000, the fry lberated
numbering 363,250,000. The number of fry of other fishes
produced is as follows :—lemon soles, 5,727,000; turbot, 5,160,000:
cod, 4,010,000; and other kinds, 2,000,000.
Owing to the circumstance that the hatchery is worked in
conjunction with the Marine Laboratory, the expense of the
hatching operations at the Bay of Nigg is not large compared with
the number of fry produced, the annual expenditure in connection
with it being estimated at about £100. As previously stated, the
establishment was visited during the hatching season by represen-
tative fishermen from the shires of Aberdeen and Argyle, to whom
the various processes adopted, as well as the fertilisation of the
eggs and the development of the fish, were explained.
THE GROWTH AND AGE OF FISHES.
During the last few years a considerable amount of attention
has been given to the study of the age of fishes and the rate at
which they grow, and a number of papers dealing with the growth
and age of the plaice, cod, haddock, whiting, and other forms have
appeared in the recent reports of the Board. It is a subject that
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 9
has an important bearing on several problems connected with sea
fisheries.
One method by which the growth and age of fishes is determined
is by the tabulation of the measurements of large numbers taken
at the same time and place. From the fact that the spawning
season of a species, and, therefore, the rate at which a new genera-
tion makes its appearance, is usually limited to a few months of the
year, the range of the sizes and the average size of the different
generations or annual series differ from one another. By the
tabulation of large numbers of measurements it is thus possible to
distinguish different generations and to assign the range of size
and the age of the fishes belonging to them. With the earlier
generations this method is in most cases quite satisfactory, but
owing to the very different rate at which members of the same
generation grow, the larger of an earlier generation overtaking and
exceeding in size the smaller members of the next older generation
—a process which increases with age—it becomes difficult or im-
possible to separate the older generations from one another by this
method.
Another method that has of late been largely adopted consists in
determining the number of the zones or lines of growth in certain
of the hard parts of the body. Fishes do not grow continuously
throughout the year, their growth exhibiting a usually well-
marked periodicity in relation to the changes of the temperature of
the water, being as a rule, and in most places, rapid in summer and
slow in winter. This periodicity is indicated by lines or zones on
some of the skeletal structures, notably on the ear-bones, or
otoliths, the scales, and certain bones of the skeleton, the structure
which shows them best varying somewhat in different species. By
counting the lines or zones it is thus possible to tell the age of a
fish, just as by a similar method, and for a like reason, the age of a
tree may be discovered by the number of rings present in a section
of the trunk.
To the present report Mr. J. T. Cunningham contributes a paper
on this subject, dealing specially with the plaice and the cod. He
describes the structure and formation of the ear-bones and scales,
and the mode in which the lines or zones are produced. One of the
chief objects of the observations was to test the question how far
the lines of growth in the skeletal structures of fishes were trust-
worthy indications of age—whether the annual increments of
growth or deposit could be definitely distinguished and counted in
all cases. He shows that it is often necessary to test the indica-
tions of one structure by an examination of the others, though in
many instances the age of the fish may be well determined by the
examination of one of them alone.
The result in regard to the two species mentioned is to show
generally that they do not grow so fast or reach maturity so soon
as is commonly supposed. It was found that cod at two years of
age measure from ten to thirteen or fourteen inches in length, at
three years from seventeen to nineteen, and at four years about
twenty-seven inches, so that they would spawn as a rule in their
fifth year. Plaice from two-and-a-half to about four inches were
one year old, from about four to six-and-a-half inches they were
two years old, while those at three years measured up to 12 inches,
10 Part [11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
At 13 and 14 inches they were mostly four years of age,
while some in which the lines of growth indicated five years
measured 114, 143, and 18? inches, and one measuring 20 inches
was shown to be four years old.
The paper is illustrated by three plates showing the otoliths,
scales, and bones.
THE Lire-HIstory oF THE LOBSTER.
In the present report will be found a paper, illustrated by four
plates, in which Dr. H. C. Williamson gives the results of his
observations on the life-history of the lobster. An account is
furnished of the experiments on lobster-culture which were made
at the hatchery, the “berried” or egg-bearing females being kept
in a suitable tank, the larvee as they hatched being carried away in
the overflow to receptacles where they were retained. Hatching
was found to take place during the night, and the first young
lobsters were observed on 11th July.
The larval and early young stages which were reared at the
Laboratory are described and figured in detail. Certain dimorphic
forms of the zoéa were discovered among the larve, and they
attracted attention, since, so far as known, such forms have
not hitherto been recorded and described. Attention was directed
to the behaviour of the lobsters during the time they were kept in
confinement at the Laboratory, that is to say, three years in certain
cases. Among them only one was known to have spawned its
eggs. Casting occurred frequently, more frequently apparently
than normally occurs with lobsters in the sea, and the increase in
size immediately after moulting was found to be very small;
reproduction, moreover, seemed to be inhibited.
Various observations made on the condition of the ovary, the
periods of spawning and hatching, the number of eggs carried by
the female, the growth of the lobster, and on other points connected
with its life-history and habits, are incorporated in the paper.
Dr. Williamson also furnishes a further note on the life-history
of the edible crab, treating specially of the hatching of the young.
THE PARASITES OF FISHES.
Dr. Thomas Scott, who is still prosecuting his researches on the
parasites of fishes, contributes a paper on these organisms to the
present report, in which several species not previously recorded
from the Scottish seas are described, the descriptions being
illustrated by a number of figures. This paper contains descriptions
of seventeen species, twelve of which belong to the Crustacea and
five to the Trematoda.
One of the crustacean species described is found living in the
nasal fossze of several kinds of fishes, as the cod, haddock, whiting,
&e. Another was obtained in the mouth of a three-bearded rock-
ling, and others on a sturgeon, a porbeagle shark, and other fishes.
The Trematoda, which are leach-like in form, were obtained on
the gills of the grey gurnard, the ballan wrasse, and the bass
(Labrax lupus).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. tt
THE MARINE CRUSTACEA.
A paper, illustrated by four plates, is also contributed to the
present report by Dr. Thomas Scott on a number of marine
crustacea, obtained in collections made during various fishery
investigations, especially the trawling investigations in the Moray
Firth.
All the forms described are small; they are for the most part
free-swimming in their habits and belong to the Copepoda, a group
that constitutes a large proportion of the food of the edible fishes
in their young stages. Of these free-swimming crustaceans four
are new to science and are now described for the first time. A few
species that live as parasites on other crustaceans are also recorded.
They belong to the somewhat abnormal Choniostomatide ; two of
these are also new to science and are now described for the first
time in this report.
THE TAY SPRAT FISHERY.
A paper is included in the present report in which Mr. John
Fletcher gives an account of the bag-net fishing for sprats on the
Tay in the season 1904-1905. The methods and course of the
fishing and the situation of the ground where the sprats are taken
are described, but the chief part of the paper deals with the
composition of the catches. In forty-six samples examined at
various periods from October to February inclusive, comprising
43,871 fishes, the number of young herrings was found to be
26,037, the sprats numbering 16,992 ; there were also 581 specimens
of other food fishes, mostly whiting and cod, as well as 261
specimens of unmarketable and inedible forms. The herrings
measured from 12 inches to 7 inches in length.
The quantity examined represented about one-thousandth part
of the entire season’s catch. On the basis mentioned tables are
given showing the estimated composition of the catches throughout
the season, from which it appears that in the 1348 crans taken the
number of young herrings was approximately nearly 23} millions,
while the sprats numbered a little over 21 millions. The percentage
proportion of herrings increased gradually and steadily from the
commencement of the season in October, when it was 20°4, to
January, when it was 78:2.
THE YOUNG OF THE CONGER.
In last year’s report two specimens of the young of the conger
(Leptocephalus) at different stages were described, the earlier being
known as Leptocephalus Morrisii and the older as L. punctatus, and
both were taken in the Moray Firth. Last May another specimen
of L. punctatus was captured in Aberdeen Bay in from four to five
fathoms of water and brought alive to the Laboratory, as well as
the head part of a third specimen. They are described by
Dr. Fulton in the present report. Leptocephali are exceedingly
rare, and the capture of four in so short a time is of interest.
THE SPAWNING OF THE Cop IN AUTUMN IN THE NORTH SEA.
Dr. Fulton also describes further observations in connection with
the discovery that shoals of cod spawn in August, September, and
12 Part [II.—Twenty-third Annual Report
October on certain grounds lying off the coast of Norway, and
about 190 miles N. by E. of Aberdeen. The previous description
appeared in the bulletin (Publications de Circonstance) of the
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. The fact
that the cod, whose great spawning-time, as is well known, is in
spring, should also spawn in autumn is of interest. It has been
shown, moreover, that the temperature of the water at the grounds
referred to when spawning occurs is the lowest for the year.
INVESTIGATION ON THE HERRING IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE.
In connection with the winter herring fishing at Ballantrae
Bank, off the coast of Ayr, arrangements were made for an
investigation of the conditions of the fishing in relation to the
operation of the Bye-law, No. 18, by which the use of the seine for
the capture of herrings within a defined area there is prohibited. No
fishing however took place last year. Only one trial was made by
a single boat, and the catch was only about seven hundred small
herrings. The “appearances” of herrings were not favourable,
and the market prices, as given in the newspapers, were so low
that the men did not think it worth while to start the fishing and
give up the cod-net and line fishing. That there were herrings on
the Bank was shown by their presence in the stomachs of cod and
saithe, as reported by the Fishery Officer, and by the coating of
herring spawn on the cod nets.
An investigation is also being made on the herrings in other
parts of the Firth of Clyde, more especially in Lochfyne, where
monthly observations are made on the temperatures, the abundance
of herring-food, &c., and marking experiments have been instituted
to determine, if possible, the migratory movements of the herrings.
GENERAL INDEX TO THE SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.
A paper, prepared by Dr. Fulton, is given in the present report,
embodying a general index to the scientific reports of the Board
since the commencement of scientific investigations in 1882. The
reports are twenty-two in number, and as they embrace a great
variety of subjects connected with the sea fisheries in their
scientific aspects, it is hoped the index may be useful to those
engaged or interested in fishery investigations.
We have the honour to be,
Your Lordship’s most obedient Servants,
ANGUS SUTHERLAND, Chairman.
D. CRAWFORD, Deputy-Chairman.
D’ARCY W. THOMPSON.
W. R. DUGUID.
L. MILLOY.
D. MEARNS.
H. WATSON.
WM. C. ROBERTSON, Secretary.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.
I.—TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS. By Dr. T. Wemyss Futrton,
F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
INTRODUCTORY.
The investigations into the condition of the fishing grounds in certain
parts of the closed waters, particularly in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen
Bay, which were begun a few years ago by the employment of commercial
steam trawlers, were continued last year as frequently as circumstances
allowed. Trawlings were made in January, March, April, September,
October, November, and December, the total number of recorded hauls
in the closed waters amounting to 91, of which 14 were made in Aber-
deen Bay, 75 in the Moray Firth, and 2 in Sandside Bay, on the north
coast of Scotland. The localities in the Moray Firth which were most
thoroughly examined were Burghead Bay and adjoining parts of the
south coast, the Dornoch Firth, and the grounds off the coast of Caith-
ness. A few hauls were also taken on Smith Bank, and in the deeper
parts of the Firth, at the so-called ‘ witch-grounds,”
The aggregate number of fishes taken in the course of these trawlings,
so far as they were completely recorded, was 63,525, and of these 44,538
were taken to market, the remaining 18,987 being thrown overboard,
either because they belonged to species which are not edible, or, more
commonly, because they were too small to be marketable. The propor-
tions of the marketable and unmarketable in each of the recorded hauls
are given in the Tables appended.
Records were also made of a number of hauls of a steam trawler which
fished at the Farées in the month of May, and these are likewise
included in the Tables.
One of the chief objects of these trawling investigations is to ascertain
as far as possible the changes which may occur in the abundance of the
food and other fishes in the closed waters in different years and at
different seasons, but observations are also made on the reproduc-
tion of the fish, their spawning, food, &c., and on various other matters
connected with their life-history, while at the same time records
are made of the surface and bottom temperatures of the water on the
various grounds visited. The employment of commercial vessels for this
purpose is associated with certain disadvantages; but from the fact that
the actual trawling work is carried on precisely as it is when fishing for
market purposes, opportunities are afforded for a number of observations
bearing on this method of fishing, as, for example, the proportion of the
marketable and unmarketable fishes which are captured, the relation
between the size of the fishes taken and the size of the meshes of the
net, the vitality of the fishes, &c. Collections are also made of the floating
organisms, or plankton, and of fish eggs and larve, and experiments con- -
ducted with small-meshed nets with the view of procuring collections of
fishes of various sizes in connection with the study of their rate of
growth, distribution, &e,
B
14, Part III. —Twenty-third Annual Report
With the large commercial trawl, the efficient ship, and the experienced
trawlers in charge, it is possible to make a much more thorough and
extensive examination of the grounds than was previously possible.
The work has been sometimes carried on under difficulty, inasmuch as
since the reduction of the Vote for Scientific Investigations, when the
International researches were initiated, no assistance was available, and it
was impossible for me alone to conduct these experiments with the regu-
larity that was desirable. In autumn of last year, Dr. H. C. William-
son was re-appointed to the scientific staff of the Board, and I have to
thank that gentleman for his assistance in these investigations.
if
The first of the series of investigations in Aberdeen Bay and the Moray
Firth was made in January, from the 14th to the 23rd, the steam
trawler ‘“‘Ern” being employed, one of the objects being to obtain
a supply of large living plaice for the hatchery at the Bay of Nigg.
Besides Aberdeen Bay, the places visited were the grounds off the Ord of
Caithness and Lybster, Dunnet Bay, and Sandside Bay, these two being
situated on the north coast. Three hauls were made in Aberdeen Bay
on the 14th, a strong wind blowing from the south-west with rain. The
first was in from 5 to 20 fathoms, off Newburgh, for four hours and
five minutes, and the catch was small, comprising 387 fishes, of which
360 were marketable and 27 unmarketable. Haddocks and codling
formed the bulk of the catch, there being few plaice, and they were all
small. The other two hauls were also taken off Newburgh, in from 43
to 9 fathoms, and they were still less productive, the respective totals
being 218 and 293 fishes, the hauls lasting for four hours and four
hours and five minutes. Plaice were again very scarce, and haddocks were
not numerous, but a considerable number of codling were taken. Among
the fishes in the second haul were 14 herrings and 22 sprats. In the
three hauls, lasting for twelve hours and ten minutes, 898 fishes were
taken, of which: 783 were marketable and 115 unmarketable. The
numbers of marketable and unmarketable of the various species were as
follows :—
Cod, Codling. Haddock. Whiting. Plaice.
I 5 186 431 71
II 12 19 27
Com. Dab. R ier Dak Sprat. Herring. Starry Ray.
I 28
I i 4 22 14 16
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 15
While all the plaice were marketable, there were none of medium size,
and none large; all were small. The majority of the haddocks, on the
other hand, were large or medium, viz., 330 large, 109 mediums, and
54 small or thirds.
In the Moray Firth the first haul was made on the 17th, off Lybster,
in about 25 fathoms, a strong breeze blowing from the south-west.
The number of fishes obtained in the four hours’ drag was 352, of
which 206 were marketable and 146 unmarketable. The catch com-
prised 20 cod, 146 haddocks, and 128 plaice; all the haddocks
except 46 small were unmarketable, and most of the plaice were
also small. The next haul was made in rather deeper water, 34 to 36
fathoms, a little farther off, and a rather better catch was got, viz. 522
fishes, of which 330 were marketable. Haddocks and plaice were again
most numerous—315 and 162 respectively—and they were, as a rule,
larger, especially the plaice, 112 being either large or medium. Other
seven drags were taken off Lybster in from 23 to 35 fathoms, with as a
rule, poor results, though the weather had improved and the sea was
smooth. Omitting one of these, in which the net was split and only 108
fishes secured, the total number of fishes caught in the thirty-three hours
and ten minutes fishing was 3478, of which 2005 were marketable and
1473 unmarketable. The largest total number taken in any one haul
was 522; the largest number marketable in any haul was 330, and the
lowest 118. Haddocks and plaice formed the bulk of the fish caught,
the former numbered 1898, of which rather more than half were market-
able ; the latter numbered 875, all of which were marketable. The total
of the marketable haddocks and plaice according to size was as follows :—
Ist Ind 3rd 4th Total
Haddock 63 80 46 780 969
Plaice 118 387 342 28 875
The accompanying Table gives the particulars of the marketable and
unmarketable fishes of the eight hauls :—-
Cod. |Codling.| Haddock.| Whiting.| Coal-fish.|Cat-fish.| Brill. | Plaice.
I 29 67 969 : 2 2 2 875
1 - 58 929 204
Total 29 125 1,898 204 2 2 2 875
Long B
Da” | Witeh. | Come Hough j/ Herring, Starry | gkate. | Angler.
Ray.
if 39 2 - - - 3 12 3
Il, = - 254 7 1 - 11 9
Total 39 2 254 7 1 3 23 12
On the 18th, owing to the comparatively poor catches on the grounds
off Lybster, the vessel left for the north coast to try Sandside Bay, but
the wind in the Pentland Firth was so strong that it was forced to
return, On the following night Sandside Bay was reached and three
16 Part IT. —Twenty-third Annual Report
hauls were made there. The first was imperfect. being a ‘ foul” shot,
owing to a turn in the net, and only 127 marketable fishes were secured,
mostly plaice and haddocks ; the depth was from about 40 to 43 fathoms.
In the next haul on the same ground, in 40 to 43 fathoms, lasting four
hours and five minutes, 324 fishes were taken—169 being marketable and
155 unmarketable. Most consisted of haddocks and plaice ; there were
also 14 gurnards and 31 dog-fishes. A third haul for four hours and
ten minutes, in from 28 to 40 fathoms, was still less productive, the total
being 250 fishes, 175 being marketable and 75 unmarketable. The
numbers of haddocks and plaice of the various classes according to
size, in the two hauls were these :—
Ist Ind 3rd 4th Total
Haddock 5 56 10 62 133
Plaice 20 46 46 — 112
The following Table gives the marketable and unmarketable fishes
caught in the two hauls, the time of fishing being 8 hours and 15
minutes :
Cod, Codling. Haddock. Whiting. Gurnard.
I 2 4 1383 -
II 9 112 32 30
Total 2 13 245 32 30
ee LR SL A
Plaice Lemon Common Skate Dog-fish
; Dab. Dab. : oS
I 112 58 35 -
II 16 31
Total 112 58 35 16 31
Dunnet Bay was then tried, and a haul taken in 30 to 36 fathoms.
After towing for an hour and three-quarters the net caught, and on being
brought up it was found that the ground rope was broken, and a good
deal of the net missing ; what was left contained five marketable fishes.
The vessel accordingly returned to the Moray Firth and started fishing
south of Lybster, on the grounds off the Ord of ‘Caithness. The wind
was still from the south-west and very squally. The first haul, for 47
hours, was made in 23 and 24 fathoms, and 405 fishes were secured, of
which 170 were marketable and 235 unmarketable. Among the former
were 19 cod, 107 haddocks, and 78 plaice, as well as some lemon dabs
and common dabs. The second haul for the same time on the same
ground, in 23 to 25 fathoms, was slightly better, 446 fishes being taken—
169 marketable and 277 unmarketable. Haddocks, plaice, and dabs were
the chief fish represented. Other six hauls were taken on this ground,
the catches being under those described, and in one of the hauls the trawl
net was practically destroyed, nothing coming up but the ground rope.
In the seven hauls, the duration of which was 29 hours and 35 minutes,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 17
the aggregate number of fishes caught was only 2086-895 being market-
able and 1191 unmarketable—which was extremely poor fishing. The
numbers of haddocks and plaice of the various sizes taken in the hauls
were as follows :—
Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Total
Haddock 57 164 65 — 286
Plaice SE 186 192 18 487
The particulars as to the marketable and unmarketable in the seven
drags are these :—
Cod. | Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Cat-fish. COUBSE:
Common
Dab.
Lemon
Dab.
16
Il. 11 33
Total 487 27 33
The vessel then steamed to the so-called “ witch-grounds,” off Kinnaird
Head, and made two drags there on the 23rd. Owing to want of time
the unmarketable fishes in these drags, which were very numerous, were
not recorded. In the first, for four hours and fifteen minutes, in from
40 to 45 fathoms, 168 marketable fishes were obtained, chiefly haddocks
and witches; the offal, or unmarketable fishes, filled seven baskets, the
contents of one of which were counted, viz., 306 dabs, 183 long rough
dabs, 94 haddocks, and 42 whitings. In the second drag, in from 40 to
50 fathoms, 163 marketable fishes were secured, comprising 4 cod, 7
codlings, 62 witches, and 90 haddocks ; the offal or unmarketable fishes
filled three baskets, and were not enumerated. Small haddocks, too small
to be marketable, were numerous in this locality ; the numbers of the
various classes of marketable haddocks were, lst 35, 2nd 65, 3rd 68.
Another haul for an hour and ten minutes was made here in about 50
fathoms with the small-meshed net laced around the cod-end, in order to
catch the small fishes, as described in previous reports ; 2812 fishes were
taken, belonging to 18 species, as follow :—
Winds) 2? tan ae as alc Witch ene! pe a
Haddock, - - - 249 | Lemon Dab. - - 3
Whiting, - : - 122 | Common Dab, ~ - - 986
Poorcod, - : - 7 | Long Rough Dab, - 1048
Norway Pout, - - 250] Herring, - - = 2
Three-Bearded Rockling, 2 | Sprat, : - - 3
Four-Bearded Rockling, 5 | Lwmpenus, - . - 65
Grey Gurnard, - - 2 | Spotted Dragonet = - 15
Plaice, - - : 4 | Hagfish, - - - 3
18 Part ITT.— Twenty-third Annual Report
The quantity of fish landed at the end of the voyage, according to the
market returns, amounted to 99 cwt., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Ling. Saithe. Hake. Haddock. Whiting. Turbot. Halibut. Brill.
23 4 1 2h 1 16} t 3 g
Lemon Dab. Plaice. Witch. Megrim. Conger, Skate. Cat-fish.
3} 27 61 } } 3 4
II.
The second series of trawlings was made at the end of March and the
beginning of April, the steam trawler ‘Star of the Wave” being
employed. The first place visited was Burghead Bay, where several
hauls were taken, in from 4 to 16 fathoms, on 28th and 29th.
In the first, which was carried into water of 30 fathoms depth, 1202
fishes were taken—780 being marketable and 422 unmarketable. The
fishes most abundantly represented were common dabs, plaice, haddocks,
and witches ; there were also 24 brill and 19 lemon dabs, all marketable,
as well as 5 herrings. All the haddocks and most of the plaice were
small. The next three hauls were made nearer the shore, in water of
from about 4 to 16 fathoms. In the first of these 975 were secured—
574 being marketable and 401 unmarketable. Common dabs and
plaice were best represented, numbering respectively 360 and 325—
90 of the dabs and 302 of the plaice being marketable. The catch
also included 89 haddocks—all small, and 37 marketable—6 catfish,
20 lemon dabs, and 35 witches. The second haul brought up 698 fishes,
mostly plaice and dabs, the marketable fishes including 23 brill, 2
turbot, 10 lemon dabs, and 9 witches, as well as 18 haddocks, 3 cod, and
2 catfishes. The third haul, for five hours and twenty-six minutes,
yielded 2331 fishes, of which 1181 were marketable and 1150 unmarket-
able. The catch included 1116 common dabs, 576 plaice, 208 haddocks,
30 lemon dabs, 13 brill, and 2 turbot; there were also in this haul 28
anglers, 8 herring, and a lumpsucker.
The aggregate number of fishes in the three inshore drags referred to
was 4004, 2168 being marketable and 1836 unmarketable. The numbers
of haddocks and plaice of the various classes according to size were as
follows :-—
Ist Ind 3rd 4th Total
Haddock 16 = 204 — 220
Plaice 96 276 416 335 Lis
The details of the four hauls referred to are summed up in the
accompanying Table :—
‘ . Had- «4: | Coal- - | Gur- | Tur- «1, |Floun-
Cod. |Codling. dock, |Whiting-| 53, | fish. ard abet Brill. |" ger.
[ Continued.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 19
" Long
sis Lemon : Com. Thorn- . Lump-
Plaice. Fish. Witch. Dab. sie back. Herring. |Angler. Sucker.
I. 1,345 79 141 483 : 69 é 30
Il. 95 2 60 | 1,630 198 16 13 25 3
Total | 1,440 81 201 | 2,113 198 85 13 55 3
Some other hauls were made in this district, but in somewhat deeper
water. In the first of these off Burghead, in 44 to 45 fathoms, and
lasting four hours and twenty minutes, 1638 fishes were captured,
1280 being marketable and 358 unmarketable. The number of haddocks
increased to 817, most of them being small; plaice diminished to
twenty, mostly large and medium; there were also 269 witches, 106
lemon dabs, a megrim, a brill, and 8 cod. In the next haul, lasting
three hours and thirty-five minutes, in the same depth, 4030 fishes
were obtained, 2483 being marketable and 1547 unmarketable ; nineteen
species were represented. Haddocks were most abundant, numbering
1927 ; there were 1358 dabs, 282 witches, 251 whiting, 27 lemon dabs,
and 10 plaice. Ten Norway pouts, a herring, a bib, and 2 Lumpenus
were also taken, as well as 5 marketable hake. The next haul was
begun in the same place, the vessel towing towards Lossiemouth, where
the net was hauled in 16 fathoms. The drag lasted for two hours and
twenty-five minutes, and 1427 fishes were taken, comprising 837 had-
docks, 139 whitings, 40 plaice, 51 lemon dabs, 6 witches, as well as 4
cod, 2 ling, and a Norway pout.
In these three hauls in deeper water the total number of fishes
caught was 7095, 4846 being marketable and 2249 unmarketable, the
time of fishing being ten hours and twenty minutes. The sizes of the
haddock and plaice taken were as follows :—
lst 2nd 3rd Ath Total
Haddock 335 154 alia = 3502
Plaice a 44 14 = 75
The particulars are given in the following Table :—
Cod-
Cod. ling.
Hake.| Ling. | Had- | Whit-| Gur- | pin. |plaice, Le) witch
eaten 8+) dock. ing. | nard, ; | ;
i 1 a Na 23 SOON 5 80h ewks eA we Mah {ae age 2
Il. . 5 ; : 79), 12 8 - - | 8 | 128
Total | 19 15 22 2 |3,581| 542 25 5 75 =| 184 557
Lon Nor
- | Com. & | Thorn-| Grey x Her- | p- Lum-
Me Dab. over back. | Skate. Angler. Pour, ring, Bib. penus.
I 2 47 10
Mil - 257 | 1,720 10 2 5 11 1 i 2
Total 2 304 | 1,720 10 2 15 11 1 1 ve
20 Part LI1.—T wenty-third Annual Report
A haul for four hours was made in thirteen fathoms off Lossiemouth,
the vessel trawling around a dan, but the catch was very poor, the
number of marketable fishes secured being 191, and the unmarketable
79, a total of 270. There were 107 plaice, 36 haddocks, eight brill, a
cod, a catfish, and a lumpsucker in the catch.
The next place visited was the Dornoch Firth. On 30th March the
trawl was dropped in sixteen fathoms, with Dunrobin Castle bearing
N.W. and Tarbert Lighthouse about S.4E.; a sweep was made around
the bay into four fathoms and out again, the haul lasting for four hours.
The weather was fine and the sea smooth.
In the hauls made here a special cod-end with large meshes was used,
and the catches, especially of the unmarketable fishes, were therefore
smaller than would have been the case otherwise ; the records cannot
thus in this respect be compared with the foregoing.
The catch consisted of 400 fishes, of which 354 were marketable. The
plaice numbered 138, and there were 69 cod and 123 flounders. In the
next haul, in the same locality, 210 fishes were taken, the catch com-
prising 43 cod, 87 plaice, 38 flounders and 29 skates and rays. Other
four drags were made here, and the aggregate catch for the six hauls,
comprising twenty-four hours and five minutes fishing, was 1932 fish,
1837 being marketable.
The details of the catches are given in the adjoining Table; what is
stated above as to the mesh of the cod-end must be borne in mind.
Cod. | Codling.| ©! [Haddock.| Cat-fish.| Brill. | Plaice. ee
5 _ | Common 4 Thorn : Grey
Witch. | Flounder. Dab, Rough Gack Sprat. Sieate:
Dab.
I 15 235 57 5 92 5
II 32 17 3 11 2 23
Total 15 267 74 3 | 103 2 28
Large and medium-sized haddocks were present in the catches, the
numbers taken being—large 86, medium 80, small 130, fourths, 152;
many of the smaller haddocks would escape thrcugh the mesh of the
cod-end used.
The fishing in the Dornoch Firth on this occasion was of special
interest, for several reasons. Cod were taken in quite unusual numbers,
a shoal of spawning fish having been hit upon, and each haul of the
net was characterised by the large number of cod present. On hauling
the net, the cod-end, in which the fish were contained, could be seen
floating at the surface some distance away from the vessel; this is
always the case with large catches of the greater round fishes. The
greatest number of cod caught in one haul of four hours was 282, but in
each drag the net contained many scores. Owing to the weight of fish
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 21
the cod-end was not brought in to the deck at first in the ordinary way,
but a hole was cut in it as it lay alongside the vessel and the cod
removed by a ‘‘clip” and passed along to the fish-hold; then the net
was brought aboard. As mentioned, the cod were all spawning, eggs and
milt flowing freely from them, and I was struck with their large size.
There were no small cod among them. It was not possible to measure
them all, but the smallest and the larger were put aside and measured.
The smaller female fishes ranged from 33 to 35 inches; two males
measured 297 and 30 inches; among a few “codling” taken I found
one measuring 274 inches, quite immature. Several smaller-sized cod
were brought up in a state of decay, and had been lying on the ground
dead for some time ; whether these had been caught previously by some
other trawler, escaped from the net and perished, was unknown. The
skipper (S. Caie) stated that at Farée they sometimes get as many as
sixty score of cod (1200) in a single drag of three hours’ duration.
Besides the cod, several of the other fishes taken at this place were
ripe and spawning. Among the few coalfish caught I found a female,
measuring 404 inches, half spent, with the eggs flowing freely, and
several of the males were also mature. Most of the flounders, of which
267 were taken—235 of them marketable—were also spawning, and it
is evident from a comparison of the records at other times of the year
that shoals of flounders come out from the shallower waters—no doubt
largely from the stretch of brackish water west of Gizzing Briggs—at
this season in order to spawn. Spawning females were found from ten
inches upwards, and spawning males from a size of eight inches. Some
plaice were also found ripe and spawning, though the number of this
fish taken was relatively small, and still more were spent. Among the
common dabs the condition was not so far advanced, most of the larger
ones having the reproductive organ large and ripe, and a few were
just commencing to spawn.
On this ground, therefore, spawning cod, coalfish, flounders, plaice, and
common dabs were found on the 30th and 31st March. It lies about
three miles from the nearest land, on the edge of, and partly over, the rough
ground that under ordinary circumstances is avoided by trawlers, the
depths being from thirteen to fifteen or sixteen fathoms. It is possible,
I may say, to fish over the rough ground when cod or other round fishes
are present in large numbers, the trawlers explaining that the cod-end,
and perhaps most of the net, is buoyed up from the bottom by the fish.
The locality lies well within the Dornoch Firth, and I think it will be
found that there is some peculiarity about the currents here that tends
to distribute the floating eggs, the movement of the water being north-
wards, rather as an eddy.* From the small number of plaice got it is
not certain that they spawn on these grounds in any great numbers, and
the same remark may be made about the coalfish. Clearly, however,
cod and flounders spawn there in great numbers.
Before leaving the Dornoch Firth a haul was made for half an hour
with the small-meshed net around the cod-end, the trawl going into four
fathoms. The number of fishes taken was 1107, belonging to ten species,
as follows :—-
Codling, - - : 1 Plaice, - - 74
Haddock, : - 2 Flounder, - . 53
Whiting, - - 27 | Common Dab, - 46
Herring, - . 16 | Sprat, : - 870
Little Sole, - . 2! Common Pipefish, 16
* Vide Fulton, ‘‘The Currents of the North Sea and their Relation to Fisheries,”
Fifteenth Annual Report, Part IIT., p. 343.
22 Part L11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
The vessel then steamed to the south coast of the Moray Firth and
took a haul with the small-meshed net around the cod-end, between
Findhorn and Burghead, in 30 to 32 fathoms, the haul lasting for an
hour. The total number of fishes obtained was 1753, belonging
to eighteen species, as follows :—
Codling, - - 10 Plaice, - - 1
Coalfish, = “ 1 Lemon Dab, t 14
Haddock, - - 1) Common Dab, _ - 68
Whiting, cial adel avugeby Seen |
Norway Pout, - 3887]| Long Rough Dab, 516
Herring, - - 36 Megrim,~- - 1
Sprat, - - - 74 Flounder, - - 4
LTumpenus, - - 9365 Thornback, - - 1
Dragonet, - - 2 Angler, 7 z 13
Smith Bank was then visited, and a haul made there with the small-
meshed net for twenty-five minutes (the net catching on the bottom after
that interval and being hauled) in 22 fathoms. The number of fishes
caught was 1545, belonging to thirteen species, as follows :—
Codling, - 34 Plaice, - - 2
Haddock, - - 444 Lemon Dab, - 10
Whiting, - - §02 Common Dab, - 99
Ling, - - 1 | Long Rough Dab, 6
Poorcod, - - 436 Catfish, - - 3
Norway Pout, - 6 | Herring. - - 1
Gurnard, : - re] =
Before returning to Aberdeen a haul with the small-meshed net was
taken in Aberdeen Bay, in the northern part, but the net came up much
torn and no fishes were caught ; there was a heavy sea and a strong wind.
According to the market statistics, the quantity of fish landed
amounted to 2463 ewts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Saithe. Haddock. Whiting. Turbot. Brill. Lemon Dab. Plaice.
178? 3 17 24 3 4 24 214
Dabs. Witch. Skate. Cat-fish. Monk.
24 54 9 34 1
ITT.
The next series of trawlings was made at the end of September and
the beginning of October, the steam trawler “ Star of the Ocean” being
employed. The first place visited was the deep hole off Fraserburgh,
where a haul was made in 75 fathoms, a dan being put down in 70
fathoms. In sounding, a depth of 130 fathoms was got in the locality,
fine dirty sand being on the armature of the lead. The net became
fast and it was hauled in two hours in 35 fathoms, The catch
comprised 1177 fishes, of which 900 were marketable and 277 un-
marketable. Haddocks were best represented, the number taken being
825, but most of them were small. There were also 44 cod and 170
codling, 44 whiting, 11 gurnards, 18 lemon dabs, 11 megrims, and 1
witch, with some other fishes. No plaice or common dabs were caught.
Burghead Bay was then visited and a couple of drags made in from
5 to 12 fathoms. In the first, which lasted for four hours and ten
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 23
minutes, 597 fish were caught, 184 being marketable and 413 unmarket-
able. The catch was made up mainly of small haddocks and plaice,
together with common dabs. In the second haul, for four hours and ten
minutes, 1339 fishes were secured, of which 556 were marketable and
783 unmarketable. The catch was again chiefly composed of small
haddocks. In these two hauls, the time of fishing being eight hours
and twenty minutes, 1936 fishes were taken, of which 740 were market-
able and 1196 unmarketable. The haddocks numbered 1565, no less
than 999 of them being too small to be marketable. The numbers of
haddocks of the various classes were these :—
Ist. 2nd 3rd 4th Unmarketable Total
Haddock 2 48 49] a 999 1565
The plaice were also, asa rule, small, but the separate sizes were not
noted.
The details regarding the different species are as follows: —
| * 1 Long 7
Cod- Had-| Whit-) Gur- at Lemon |Common Thorn- Ang-
ling. | dock.| ing. | nard. Fipiee: Dab. Dab. hous back. | ler.
tee oS SOG oom 135 5 127 . 3 |
IL. » (999) 16 |. 87 8 - - 6 =arisinit 12
Total 4 |1,565} 43 37 143 5 127 6 3 2
A number of hauls were then taken between Burghead Bay and
Lossiemouth, in water from 7 to 12 fathoms deep. In the first,
which lasted for three hours and fifteen minutes, 498 fishes were caught,
287 being marketable and 211 unmarketable. The catch comprised 347
haddocks—nearly half of them too small to be taken to market—and 42
cod. In the second, for four hours and thirty-five minutes, 892 fishes
were caught, 458 being marketable and 434 unmarketable. Haddocks
again formed the bulk of the catch, numbering 587, of which less than
half were marketable, and there were also 145 plaice and seven cod.
Most of the other hauls made in this place were less productive, but in
one the number was considerably exceeded. It was for four hours and
five minutes, and 3157 fishes were captured, of which 972 were market-
able and 2185 unmarketable. The catch comprised 1425 haddocks, 879
being too small to go to market ; 358 plaice, all but 6 marketable; 1082
common dabs, 201 gurnards: (none taken to market), 51 codling, 4 cod,
2 turbot, 8 brill, and 5 lythe or pollack.
In the seven hauls between Burghead and Lossiemouth, the duration of
fishing being twenty-eight and a half hours, the total number of fishes
caught was 6637, or an average of 2328:9 per ten hours’ fishing ; the
marketable fishes numbered 2880, or an average of 1010-4 per ten hours,
the unmarketable numbering 3757, or an average per ten hours of
13183. Of 2871 haddocks caught rather more than half, viz. 1474,
were unmarketable, while of 1203 plaice only 7 were too small to be
taken to market. In one of the hauls 5 lythe were caught, in another
4 coalfish, too small to be marketable; and in another 4 fine black
soles, a fish which is very rarely caught in these waters. Of the 1397
haddocks, 96 were large, 204 mediums, and 1097 small or thirds; a
classification into thirds and fourths was not adopted on this occasion.
24 Part ITL.— Twenty-third Annual Report
The accompanying Table gives the particulars of the catches of the seven
hauls combined.
Cod. |Codling.| Had: Vee Coal- | tythe,| C™ | Turbot. | Brill
1. 61 90 | 1,397 | 38 5 4 17
IL. 21 | 1,474 | 46 4 . | 589
Total |(° 6le\" tal Az ales Faigle ame! 4 17
Lemon Black
: -, 1 | Common Thorn-
Plaice. Dake Sole Witch.
Tab. Angler. aul Wrasse.
I 1,196 37 4 2 26 7 1
Ue 7 1,527 86 3
Total | 1,203 37 4 2 | 1,553 86 10 1
A haul was also made on the usual ground off Lossiemouth, in 17
fathoms, for one hour and forty-five minutes. The catch consisted of
605 fishes, 405 being marketable and 200 unmarketable, all the latter
consisting of gurnards. There were 314 haddocks and 80 plaice ; about
half of the haddocks were large and mediums, and half small, while all the
plaice were large and mediums. In the hauls in Burghead Bay, and
between it and Lossiemouth, several hundred squids and a few edible
crabs were taken.
The vessel then steamed to the Dornoch Firth, where a drag with the
small-meshed net around the cod-end was made for an hour and five
minutes in from 10 to 12 fathoms. The catch of both nets num-
bered 1035 fishes, of which 697 were marketable, mostly of small
haddocks (‘‘thirds”). The numbers of the various species were as
follows :—
Codling, - - - 3 | Plaice, - - =<) 12
Haddock, - - 833 | Common Dab, - - 32
Whiting, - - 133 | Gurnard, - - =i 22
Another drag was made here, but the net had a twist on it, and only 133
fishes were caught in the four hours that the haul lasted, 56 being
marketable.
The grounds off Lybster were then visited on 3rd October, and a drag
taken for four hours and ten minutes in from 26 to 34 fathoms. The
catch comprised 991 fishes, 400 being marketable and 591 unmarketable.
Haddocks formed the bulk of the catch, numbering 811, of which only
340 were marketable ; there were also 60 gurnards, 23 codlings, aud 58
lemon dabs, as well as smaller numbers of other species. Two dog-fishes
were taken in the net, and also a number of squids.
The next place visited was Smith Bank, where a haul about the middle,
in 19 and 20 fathoms, was taken for an hour and ten minutes,
The cod-end contained an immense quantity of gurnards, which filled
fifteen baskets. One which was counted contained 178 of various
sizes, so that on this basis the total number would be about 2670. There
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 25
were also in the cod-end 79 haddocks, nearly all small, 13 plaice, and 76
common dabs. The contents of the small-meshed net filled six baskets,
one of which contained 348 small haddocks, 93 dabs, 4 whitings, 3
codlings, 103 gurnards, and 4 lemon dabs, so that the total number of
small fishes which had passed through the meshes of the cod-end would
number about 3300, mostly haddocks and gurnards.
Two hauls were then made in Aberdeen Bay in the neighdourhood of
Newburgh, in from 5 to 13 fathoms. In the first, for four hours
and ten minutes, 384 fishes were caught, of which 242 were marketable
and 142 unmarketable. Haddocks, plaice, whitings, and dabs formed
the greater part of the catch, most of the haddocks being unmarketable.
In the next drag 572 fishes were obtained, 274 being marketable, 5 of
which were turbot. The particulars of these two hauls, the time of fishing
being eight hours and fifteen minutes, are as follows :—
Had- | Whit-} Gur- Marhot!
; Long
= M Lemon |Common Rough | Angler.
dock.| ing. | nard ab
Plaice. Dab. Dab.
Ts 41 48 . 5 364 3 55
Il. 103 21 13 - - : 298 3 2
Total | 144 69 13 5 364 3 303 3 2
' The statistics showed that the total quantity of fish landed at the
market amounted to 653 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Ling. Hake, Haddock. Turbot. Brill. Luemon Dab, Plaice.
14¢ 3 18 4 214 4 2 18
13 2 t 4
8
Dabs. Witch Skate. Cat-fish,
Rady Siccbera hoe baked
LY,
Early in November another series of hauls was made in Aberdeen Bay
by the “Ocean Bride.” The first, for three and a quarter hours, was
between the ‘‘ Black Dog” and Newburgh, in 11 to 13 fathoms, and 689
fishes were caught, of which 422 were marketable and 267 unmarketable.
Haddocks numbered 185, all but 15 large enough to go to market ;
there were 73 plaice, 163 common dabs, 9 cod, 63 codling, 154
whiting, as well as a halibut and 3 turbot. Other five recorded
hauls were made in the same locality in from 43 to 13 fathoms,
and the total number of fishes taken in the twenty-one hours and
forty minutes of actual fishing was 2398, 1410 being marketable and 988
unmarketable. The particulars are given in the following Table :—
Cod. Codling. Had: Whiting, | Gurnard. Ling. Coal-fish.
I 62 181 685 69 1 2
II 9 66 298 ‘)
[ Continued,
26 Part 11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Common Long
Halibut. | Turbot. | Plaice. | ~ tough Skate. Angler.
Dab.
Dab.
Ue 2 3 346 59
IL. ; é 230 76 | = 298 12
Total 2 3 346 289 76 293 12
Vv.
The next series of trawling observations was made in the Moray Firth
in the latter part of November, the trawler employed being the “‘ Bracon-
hill.” Burghead Bay was first visited, and three hauls were taken there
on the 2lst-and 22nd in from 5 to 15 fathoms. In the first the
number of fishes secured in the three hours and fifteen minutes the drag
lasted was 462, of which 421 were marketable. The bulk of the catch
consisted of plaice, of which 405 were caught, mostly small and mediums.
Haddocks were scarce, only 28 being taken, and they were all unmarket-
able. Seven brill were also included in this catch. In the next haul,
for three hours and fifty minutes, 1385 fishes were obtained, 1145 being
marketable and 240 unmarketable. The number of plaice was large,
viz., 1072, and they were all marketable, chiefly small and mediums.
Four turbot and 12 brill were also caught in this drag, The other
two hauls on this ground were equally productive, the catches totalling
1307 and 1493 fishes respectively, the greater proportion being market-
able, and consisting chiefly of plaice.
The vessel then steamed to the so-called ‘‘ witch-ground,” off Cromarty,
and made a haul there in 27 to 30 fathoms for an hour and ten
minutes with the small-meshed net around the cod-end; there was a
strong breeze from the N.N.E., with snow showers and a rough sea,
The number of fishes in the cod-end was 310, of which 67 were market-
able ; they chiefly consisted of whitings, witches, and dabs. ‘The small-
meshed net contained the following fishes :—-
Codling, - - - 2 | Long Rough Dab, - 152
Haddock, . - 17} Common Dab, - - 94
Whiting, - . - 349 | Witch, - - - 21
Norway Pout, - - 83 | Gurnards, - - 4
Hake, - - 4
Two other hauls were taken in this locality, the catches of which were
not recorded; in the second the net was split and the ground rope
broken, and the vessel lay to till morning and then returned to Burghead
Bay, where a series of hauls were made. In the first of these, in
from 7 to 19 fathoms, for four hours and a half, 1139 fishes
were secured, of which 939 were marketable and 200 unmarketable. The
plaice numbered 917, and the haddocks 155, all of the latter except five
being too small for market; a turbot and 11 brill were also taken.
In the next drag 1049 fishes were taken in the four hours and ten minutes
it lasted, almost all marketable, viz., 998, and mostly plaice, which num-
bered 962. In the third drag, for four hours and fifteen minutes, 1283
fishes were captured, 1199 of which were marketable; and ina fourth
haul 1339 were taken, 1262 being marketable, plaice again forming the
greater portion of the catch, which also included 7 turbot 18 brill.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 27
The vessel then proceeded to the Dornoch Firth, where three hauls
were made. One of these was not recorded, and the first of the others
was a small-meshed drag, which lasted for one hour and was made in from
6 to 10 fathoms, a moderate breeze blowing from the W.S.W. with
rain, and the sea being smooth. In the cod-end there were 396 fishes,
284 of which were marketable and 112 unmarketable. Most of the
catch consisted of plaice, but there were also 57 large and medium had-
docks, a cod, and a few dabs. The contents of the small-meshed net
were as follows :— rf
Codling, - - - 26 | Long Rough Dab, - 1
Whiting, - - - 408 | Plaice, - = 2-0
Common Dab, - - 127 | Herring, - _ es bTS
Witch, + - - 1 | Sprat, : : Sah
The second drag, in about 8 fathoms for four hours, gave 1650
fishes, of which 1594 were marketable. The catch included 1252 plaice,
5 cod, 348 haddocks, a halibut, and 2 turbot. The two drags,
representing five hours’ fishing, yielded 2046 fishes, (878 being market-
able. In this total the plaice numbered 1481 and the haddocks 409,
The marketable and unmarketable fishes are as follows :—
| Coa, | Cod- | Had- | Whit-) Coal- | Hali- | Tur- Eee ‘Lemon | Com. | Thorn-
* | ling. | dock.| ing. | fish. | but. | bot. | ~~ ~~|} Dab. | Dab. | back.
i. 6 7 | 389 : ii 1 Zit lea fala wr 12
Il 10 20 31 24 80 3
Total 6 17 | 409 31 1 1 2 | 1,481 3 92 3
Both among the haddocks and the plaice the proportion of the small
fishes was inconsiderable compared with some other hauls. The numbers
of the different classes were as follows :—
Ist 2nd std 4th Unmarketable Total.
Haddock, 223 166 == — 20 409
Plaice, 4 AAG ates a0 24 1481
Before leaving the Firth some further hauls were made in Burghead
Bay on the 26th. In the first of these, in from 6 to 19 fathoms
and for four hours and a half, the number of fishes caught was 1017,
922 being marketable. Haddocks were sparingly represented, the bulk
of the catch consisting of plaice—857—and 2 turbot, 17 brill,
and 2 witches were also included in the total. In the next haul, in
16 to 20 fathoms, for four hours and twenty minutes, 1013 fishes
were taken, 909 being marketable; they consisted mostly of plaice.
The third haul was not completely recorded ; it included nine baskets of
plaice.
In the ten hauls made in Burghead Bay during this trip, the duration
of actual fishing being being forty hours and five minutes, the total
number of fishes obtained was 11,487, or an average of 2865°6 per ten
hours’ fishing the marketable numbered 10,038, the average per ten
hours being 2504'4, and the unmarketable amounted to 1449, the
28 Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
average being 361:2. The particulars are given in the accompanying
Table :—
sal | |
po eKE Had- | Whit- , Coal- Gur- . Tur- .
Cod. |Codling. dGek! ing. } fish. ar: Halibut. bot. Brill.
He 19 12 ily, - ais bi - 3 19 | 121
II 59 340 160 144
Total 19 71 352 160 i 144 3 a eA |
F Lemon | Black . Com. Long
Plaice. | “Dab, Sole. | Witch. | pap, Bonen Skate. | Angler.
I 9,404 20 ] 20 378 28
II 56 644 | 10 9 27
Total | 9,460 20 1 20 13022 10 oT 27
The number of haddocks, it will be observed, was very small, and the
remark is true indeed of round fishes generally. The ten drags yielded
only one dozen marketable haddocks, the same number of codlings, while
all the whitings were unmarketable. Flat-fishes, on the other hand, were
abundant. Nineteen turbot, 121 brill, 3 halibut, and 9404 plaice
were taken to market, as well as 20 lemon dabs, a black or common
sole, and some others. A considerable proportion of the plaice consisted
of mediums, as the following statement shows :—
Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Unmarketable Total.
Plaice, 9} 41105 650908) 13 56 9460
In Aberdeen Bay, on the 28th, a haul was taken with the small-meshed
net around the cod-end, in 19 to 21 fathoms, the drag lasting for one
hour and fifteen minutes. The catch was a very poor one, consisting of
only 18 marketable fishes and 61 unmarketable, in the cod-end, or
79 altogether, and it comprised 30 haddocks and 31 whitings, and only
6 plaice. The small-meshed net contained the following :—
Codling, - - 48 | Common Dabs, s 53
Haddock, - - 46 | Long Rough Dabs, - 1]
Whiting, : - 806 | Herring, - : al
been - - - 6
The total quantity of fish landed as a result of this trip amounted to
1833 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Haddocks Turbot. Halibut. Brill. Lemon Dab. Plaice. Dabs.
9f 1} 63 14 4 4 146} 33
Witch. Conger Skate.
BE 4 5
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 29
Wi;
In the early part of December another series of trawlings was made,
the steam trawler employed being the “Loch Lydoch.” In the Moray Firth
Burghead Bay was the first place visited. A haul there on the 6th, in
from 16 to 43 fathoms, but chiefly under 7, for four hours, gave
1007 fishes, of which 849 were marketable and 158 unmarketable.
Plaice formed the bulk of the catch; 747 were obtained, all
but 9 being marketable. There were ‘also 8 cod, 4 turbot, 21
brill, and 3 lemon dabs. Only 20 haddocks were taken, and they
were all unmarketable. The plaice amounted to nine level basketfuls,
five consisting of mediums, one of large, and the rest thirds. The
weather was fine, the sea calm, with a gentle westerly breeze.
The second drag, for four-and-a-quarter hours, was made in the same
place and in the same depths, and the catch amounted to 1082 fishes, 939
being marketable and 142 unmarketable. The number of plaice caught
was 853, all being marketable; 11 were large, 291 medium, and 551
small, Included in the catch were 18 cod, 2 turbot, 13 brill, and
a cat-fish. Haddocks were very scarce, only seven being taken,
one of which was marketable. In the same locality the third drag, for
four hours and ten minutes, in frora six to nine fathoms, yielded 1120
fishes, of which 950 were marketable and 170 unmarketable. There
were 860 plaice, all marketable, twelve being large, 318 medium, and 530
small. There were also ten brill, twelve cod, and thirty-two haddocks,
of which only six were marketable.
The next haul extended into deeper water, viz., twenty fathoms, but was
mostly about eight or nine, and in the four hours and five minutes it
lasted 953 fishes were taken, of which 897 were marketable and 56
unmarketable. The catch included 823 plaice, all marketable, two turbot,
nineteen brili, a cod, and a few dabs. There were twenty-one haddocks,
all unmarketable.
A drag for an hour with the small-meshed net around the cod-end of
the trawl yielded in the latter 208 fishes, plaice again predominating.
The small-meshed net contained 329 fishes, as follows :—
Codling, - - - 8 | Sand-eel, - - - 6
Whiting, - - - 134 | Herrings, - - =) N22
Common Dab, - =m 8n-Spratsy “= . =n QS
Long Rough Dab, - 1
The vessel then steamed to the Dornoch Firth, where a few hauls were
made. The first, with the small-:meshed net around the cod-end, lasted
for an hour, and was made in from 4 to 9 fathoms. The number of
fish taken was 213—178 being marketable and 35 unmarketable. The
eatch included 1 cod, 3 codling, 18 haddocks, all marketable, 156 plaice,
and a few others.
A few other hauls were made around a dan, placed in 12 fathoms.
In the first of these, the drag lasting four hours and twenty minutes, 934
fishes were secured, of which 811 were marketable. The catch included
737 plaice, 55 of which were unmarketable, and 117 haddocks, all but ten
of which were marketable. The next haul was not completely recorded ;
it included two baskets of medium and one of small plaice, one basket of
large and one of small haddocks. Another drag made in from 8 to
12 fathoms, and lasting for five hours, yielded 350 fishes, 742 being
marketable and 108 unmarketable. Plaice formed the bulk of the catch,
746 being taken, of which 33 were unmarketable ; only 7 haddocks
fy
30 Part LI.—Twenty-third Annual Report
were taken in this drag, all marketable. In the three recorded hauls, the
duration of fishing being ten hours and twenty minutes, 1999 fishes
were caught, 1733 being marketable and 266 unmarketable. The pro-
portion of large and small haddocks and plaice was as follows :—
Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Unmarketable Total
Haddocks, 4 18 110 — 10 142
Plaice, — 406 498 640 95 1639
The details as to the marketable and unmarketable are these :—
‘ Cod- | Had- | Whit-| Gur- -__|Lemon)| Meg- | Com. | Sole- |Thorn-
Cod. ling. | dock. | ing. | nard, Blaace, Dab, | rim. | Dab. | nette.) back.
Be ee Pe 2 le
lh 3 5 elelis2 i - 1,544 1 1 35 - 9
Il. . 26 10 25 3 95 - . 88 1 18
Total 3 31 | 142 26 3 | 1,639 1 25 1 27
Some further drags were made in Burghead Bay with, on the whole,
good catches of fish The depth was usually from 6 to 9 fathoms,
the length of the haul about four hours, and the aggregate number of
fishes for a haul varied from 631 to 1027. Plaice formed the greater
part of the catches, but there were also a good few cod, turbot, and brill,
while haddocks remained singularly scarce. The aggregate numbers in
the eleven recorded hauls here during the voyege—the duration of the
fishing being forty-two hours and twenty minutes—were 9253 fishes,
8032 marketable and 1221 unmarketable. The following Table shows the
proportion of marketable and unmarketable of each kind :—
ane Had- | Whit- | ~ Gur- Coal- =
Cod. |Codling. api ing. Cat-fish. sen fish. Halibut.
I 7] 37 42 1 1 1
II 172 137 148 15 -
Total 71 209 179 148 1 15 1 il
Lemon Common Long
|Turbot.| Brill. | Plaice. Da Witch. Dab, hes Flounder.
I 15 136 7,580 8 ui/ 530 - 2
II. - - 50 1 - 623 32
Total 15 136 7,580 9 17 1,153 32 2
ea ne Y |Sand Eel.| Sprat. | Angler. aeoud Herring.
I - i
II 6 16 1 il 41 1 11
Total 6 17 1 1 41 1 if
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 31
It will be observed that only 179 haddocks were taken, and of these only
42 were marketable, or a proportion of about one haddock per hour’s
fishing. None of the 148 whitings caught were marketable, while 37
out of 209 codlings were marketable. There were 15 turbot and 136
brill, all of them being marketable. The bulk of the marketable fishes
consisted of plaice, of which altogether 7580 were taken, all but 50
being marketable. The proportion of large and small among the plaice
was as follows :—
Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Unmarketable Total
62 3222 3854 394 50 7580
The vessel then steamed to Smith Bank, where a haul was made for
an hour with the small-meshed net around the cod-end in from 19 to 22
fathoms. In the trawl-net there were only 28 fishes, viz, a codling, a
brill, and 26 plaice, all marketable. The small-meshed net contained 1968
fishes, belonging to ten species, as follows :—
Codlings, - = - 53 | Sand-eel, - - 1
Haddock, - - - 4 | Armed Bullhead” - ]
Whiting, - - - 1861 | Liparis, - - 3
Gurnard, - - - 2 | Herring, - 5h 12
Common Dab, - = )627) |) Spraty *> - . 4
On the way to port a few hauls were taken in Aberdeen Bay, a strong
N.E. wind blowing, with a rough sea and heavyrain. ‘The first drag was
for an hour, in from 17 to 19 fathoms, in the northern part, off the
quarries, and the small-meshed net was used. The trawl contained 143
fishes, of which 103 were marketable. ‘The catch comprised 6 cod, 54
codling, all marketable, 41 plaice, and a few others. In the next drag in
the same locality, for four hours and five minutes, in from 17 to 19
fathoms, 182 fishes were caught, of which 136 were marketable and 46
unmarketable. Among the former were 19 cod, 24 codling, 2 halibuts,
and 78 plaice. In neither haul were any haddocks taken.
The following Table shows the proportion of the marketable and
unmarketable fishes :—
‘ hi . Long
Cod- | Whit- | Hali- : Com. Thorn-| Grey | Ang-
God ling. | ing. | but, Plaice.! Dab, Bode back, |Skate.} ler,
Il 25 78 - 2 119 12 - - 2 1
II 5 10 24 10 33 4
Total 25 83 10 2 119 36 10 30 6 1
The total quantity of fish landed by this vessel, as a result of its trip,
amounted to 1187 ewts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Haddock, Turbot. Halibut. Brill. Lemon Dab.
168 3 4 i 4 3 3
Plaice. Dabs, Skate, Catfish.
i 4
o2 Part III.— Twenty-third Annual Report
A Trip To THE FaERjE GROUNDS.
In April a trip to Faerde was made by Mr. W. Chalmers, on board the
steam trawler “Star of the Wave,” and records were taken by him and
the skipper, Mr. 8. Caie, which are here included. ‘The vessel left
Aberdeen on the morning of the 22nd and arrrived at Faerée early in the
morning of the 24th, the voyage occupying forty and a half hours.
Nearly all the fishing took place to the south-east of Fuglé, in deep water,
and the weather was stormy, the vessel being compelled to lay to for
twelve hours. The first haul was made about six and a half miles off,
Fuglé bearing N.W. ; the trawl was dropped in 55 fathoms and hauled
after four hours in 73 fathoms. The catch comprised 1048 fishes, of
which all but three were marketable. Here it may be said that the offal
or unmarketable fishes in the drags at the Faerde deep water grounds bear
a very small proportion to the marketable fishes, and offer a contrast to
what usually obtains in, say, the Moray Firth. In this haul the number
of codlings was very large, viz., 520, all of them marketable ; there were
5 cod, a ling, a tusk, 16 halibuts, 400 haddocks, mostly large and all
marketable, 30 lemon dabs and 9 plaice, as well as 21 cat-fish, and a few
others. In the next haul, onthe same ground, the net was split, and a
complete record was not made of the catch. It included, however, a
basket of codling, 1 cod, 906 haddocks (all but 1 marketable), 4 halibuts,
a ling, 11 cat-fish, 18 plaice, and 28 lemon dabs ; there were 15 offal fish.
The next drag, also on the same grounds, in from 53 to 57 fathoms, for
four hours, yielded 898 fish, all but 24 marketable. They consisted of
the same kinds, codling being less numerous, and the haddocks numbered
778, all of them being marketable.
A number of hauls were made on this ground on the 24th and 25th,
in some of which the net was split, and in one the cod-end (of single
twine on this occasion for experimental purposes) gave way and most of
the catch was lost. In one of the drags, for four hours, 15 baskets
of large haddocks, one of mediums, and one and a half of smalls were
taken, with about 200 cod, and a number of halibut, plaice,and ling. On
the afternoon of the 25th the weather was so bad that the vessel had to
run for shelter, and the next forenoon fishing was resumed about 15 miles
off Viderd in 60 to 67 fathoms, but with poor results, the net being split
and a gale blowing. In the evening, fishing off Fuglé was resumed, and
a number of hauls were taken in from 48 to 75 fathoms, haddocks, cod-
lings, and cod forming the bulk of the catches.
Altogether the vessel made 29 hauls in the Faerdese waters, leaving for
Aberdeen on the morning of the 30th, and arriving in the port early on
the morning of May 2. In some of the hauls the net was torn, and in
other cases the catch was not completely enumerated. In 17 recorded
hauls, the aggregate time of fishing being sixty-seven hours and twenty
minutes, 13,932 fishes were captured, of which 13,767 were marketable
and 164 unmarketable. The ratio per ten hours of fishing was 2069-2
fishes, the marketable being 2044°8 and the unmarketable 24-4 per ten
hours. The total number of the principal species taken in these hauls,
and the ratio per ten hours’ fishing, are given in the following Table :—
[ TABLE.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 393
; Cod- : Coal- Had- Whit- ogee Tiel
Cod. ling. Ling. fish. aie ing Cat-fish. Tusk.
INO?) 5s 538 | 3,275 12 77 8,846 5 175 3
Average} 79°77 | 486-4 1:8 Ti:4 || 1312:9: 0-74 26°0 0:44
Halibut. | Plaice. pens peur Turbot. | Megrim. | Angler.
INGOs us 165 191 bol 180 4 1 6]
Average 24°5 28°4. 49-0 27°0 0°6 0-15 9°0
The number of cod in any of the drags varied greatly—from nil to
160; the number of codling ranged from 50 to 520 and 484, and in
these hauls they were all marketable. The total of haddocks in the
different hauls varied from 242 to 1153, and they were all marketable.
Cat-fish were got in each of the 17 drags, their numbers varying from 4
to 21; halibut were taken in 16 of the hauls, the numbers ranging from
nil to 34 in the different hauls. Plaice were also got in each haul, the
numbers varying from 4 to27._ Among lemon dabs, also taken in each of
the drags, the numbers varied from 2 to 46.
At already stated, the proportion of the unmarketable fishes from these
grounds is small, and the sizes of the marketable are also large. The
sizes of the haddcecks and plaice taken were as follows :—
Ist Ind 3rd 4th Unmarketable Total.
Haddock, 5,999 535 1,944 — — 8,478
Plaice, 175 16 _ — = 191
The haddocks in one of the hauls referred to, 362 in number, were not
classified ; and among the “1st” in the above list are a number of “ extra
large.”
One haul was made for thirty minutes with a small-meshed net around
the cod-end, in from 58 to 63 fathoms, south-east of Fuglo. The catch in
the cod-end numbered 114 fishes, all marketable, comprising 1 cod, 48
codling, 49 haddocks, 2 cat-fish, 1 halibut, 2 plaice, 3 lemon dabs, 7
common dabs, and 1 thornback. Only 9 fishes were in the small-meshed
net, viz. 3 haddocks, 253, 257, and 271mm. ; 1 common dab, of 159mm.,
and 5 sand-eels.
Among the halibut were some small ones which were brought back and
measured ; they ranged from 220mm. to 312mm. (eight and three-quarter
inches to twelve anda quarter inches), and were 7 in number.
The cod were stated to be spawning, and the haddocks far advanced.
The quantity of the roes of haddocks and cod obtained and brought to
market was ten and a half boxes.
According to the market statistics, the total quantity of fish landed
from this voyage amounted to 3914 ewts., as follows :—-
Cod. Codling, Ling. Tusk. Saithe. Haddock. Halibut. Lemon Dab. Plaice.
1113 84 6 a 6 112 104 6 14
Dabs. Skate. Cat-fish. Monk.
3 2 26 2
34 Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
| Time Trawl
Temperature. Ue AW Fish Caught.
P Depth Down.
Place Date. © dg in < No No. Remarks.
2 g |Fms.| |; 2 Name taken to| ‘hrown| Total
= 5 6 Z a ‘ Market.| Over- | No.
< n =a) n a=] board.
1904,
1. Aber- |Jan.14.| .. 5h mee ade anonee (AO) ab tyay | Gfors se eB’ 2 ae 2
deen Bay, 20 | a.m./a.m. | Codling, .. ra 57 9 66
off New- Haddock (1), .. |123 a
burgh. yl (CA wicrye tall AS
” 5 54 pa
— 256 8 264
Whiting, .. i 5
Plaice (3), % 45 Be 45
Starry Ray, ce 5 5
360 27 387
2. A a 41°7 | 45°3 | 48°0 | 44 to | 11.30} 3.30 | Cod, i 5 1 me 1 Wind S.W. ; strong
9 |a.m.! p.m,| Codling, .. x 79 =e 79 breeze ; rain. |
Haddock (1), S., 20 ikl 31
Whiting, .. ee “= 18 18
Plaice (3), ae 20 fd 20
Com. Dab,. 28 1 29
Long Rough Dab, oe 4 4
Herring, .. ao 14 14
Sprat, 55 = 37 22 22
148 70 218
3. “5 5 as Ss ot 8tto | to-D5i)| e-0ll Oo. oe 2 aE 2
p-m./ p.m. | Codling, .. BE 50 3 53
Haddock (1), .. {187 ae 3G
» (Bh 50 | SL
—217 a 217
Whiting, .. “ + 4 4
Plaice (3), eS | ee ae a
» (4), eae as =
— 6 oF 6
Starry Ray, 35 a 11 il
275 18 293
4. Off Jan.17) . a 34 25 3.30 | 7.30 | Cod, as Ee 20 ne 20 | S.W. strong breeze.
Lybster. | a.m. | a.m.}| Codling, .. ae 12 3 15 ;
| Haddock (3), as 46 100 146
Whiting, .. ES +. 15 15
Plaice (1), S50 | 33 a “te
” 2), s 18
” (3), 83
» (4), 28
| —128 Se 128
Com. Dab,.. fs . 28 28 |
206 146 352
5. * 4 42°4 | 46°9 | 47:0 | 34 to} 10.0} 2.10 | Cod, a i 3 a3 3 | S.W. light breeze; 7
36 | a.m. | p.m.} Codling, .. a 4 on 4 sea smooth.
Haddock); 22/412:
” (2), =o LO
” (4), .» [185 -: -:
—157 158 315
Whiting, .. bie +: 24 24
Cat-fish, .. es 1 ss 1
Plaice (1), .. 0 [N86 ep 30
(2) 5 Oe a ; is hi
Bae (3)s ee .. | 50 as is t
—162 ae 162
Com. Dab, a 45 10 10
Starry Ray, > 3 Se
330 192 522 :
ed oe 8 eee ee eee
Date.
Place.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
’ TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Jan. 18.
Temperature. Hog Fish Caught.
Depth E ee
o a in a No.
g o | Fms. ; 2 No. |thrown| Total
s = 2 re) 3 Name. takento| Over- | No.
< s a 4 x Market.| board.
34to| 2.50| 7.0 | Cod, 1 1
35 | p.m.| p.m. | Codling, .. 7 7 14
Haddock (1), 4 *
” ’ 2 ber
a i 94 He Se
—100 104 204
Whiting, St 16 16
Coal-fish, .. 1 =F 1
Plaice (1), . pa os r Be
ETHOS oe 109 : i
” 9 °° 48 © 28
—195 ec 195
Witch, ae 2 Bs 2
Com. Dab,.. ’ 22 22
Skate, 5 ne 5
311 149 460
——eeE eee
a 7.30 | 11.30 | Cod, 1 Be itt
p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. 6 6 12
Coal-fish, .. 2 ws 2
Haddock (1), 9 Pe as
» (2), 14 -
is ‘ 168 Be ay:
—191 100 291
Whiting, : ric be: 14
Plaice (1), .- e 14 ae fe
0 (2) 61 ; -
een (B)E ek 32 5 -
—107 a5 107
Com. Dab,.. x ae 48 48
Skate, ne 3 / 10
Angler, : 3 Ac 3
313 175 488
», | 5.0 | 9.20] Cod, 2 2
am, | a.m. | Codling, 6 Bi 9
Haddock (1), 8 ae at
” 2), 14 a o.
B(OH . |140 Ee Ss
—162 92 254
Whiting, .. an 25 25
Plaice (1), .. 10 ae Se
mo (OOF nb 45 eS
” yee 73 . sa
—128 ee 128
Com. Dab,.. Se 238 28
Skate, 2 2
298 150 448
meee See Ge
41°4| 466 | 47:0 | 32to| 11.0 12 Cod, 1 if
34 |a.m.!noon.} Codling, .. 8 3
Haddock (1), 60 ac
” ’ 43 oa
—103 103
Plaice (2), .- 1 1
108 108
30
Remarks.
Net split.
Net all split.
Left for Sandside
Bay, but forced to
return ; too much
wind in Pentland
Firth.
36 Part I1.—Twenty-third Annual Report ;
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. oy ald Fish Caught.
Depth es
Place. Date Fy 3 in pa No. Remarks.
g 6 | Fms. : 2 No. | thrown
u | = zr) EI Name. taken to} Over-
a & ra a res Market.| board.
1904.
10. Off Jan. 18.) .. = .. |25 to! 4.30] 8.30} Codling, .. xe 12 17
Lybster. 26 | p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), .. | 10 e
i on (2), On 2 fe
3 (CU Reese re be
— 84 190
Whiting, .. 2s are 38
Brill, ae is if =e
Lemon Dab, Ne 33
Plaice (1), a8 7
32 (Oy, ab ee (Pea
— 38 bis
Com. Dab, a oe 72
! Long Rough Dab, 7
|
| 168 324
| Ds Jan,18] .. ae +E On 9.35 | 1.35 | Cod, a es 2 oh
i and 9. p-m. | a.m. | Codling, .. <ye 14 11
| Haddock (1), , 6 a
Oye SAS
{ ” (4), -- {145
—157 96
Whiting, .. Bs se 3
1f Plaice (1), .. ee os
TOR RSS :
(Sane .. | 40 ;
— 84 oe
Com. Dab,.. ; as 46
Skate, Ab 5c 4 ae
Angler, .. ae Se 8
261 191
Ue AS Jan. 19.| 44°4 | 46°7 | 46:0 | 23 to} 3.30 | 8.0 | Codling, .. at 6 11 17. | S.W. light breeze ;
| 24 |a.m.|am. | Haddock (1), .. | 14 = _. | sea smooth.
” (2), oe 30
” (4), ui 28 oo on
—- 72 89 161
Whiting, .. We ais 42 42
Brill, at ae 1 ste ib
Lemon Dab, a6 6 is 6
Plaice (1), .. ia 3 Fy
2» (2),.. =. | 14 a
P(E) ae eae 6 -
— 33 33
Herring, .. = ig 1 1
Skate, =. “J eg 2 2
Angler, 4 1 1
118 146 264
13. Sandside|Jan. 20.| .. <3 «» |40 to) 1.30} 5:35 |sCod, of oe 1 8 it
Bay 43 |a.m. |'a.m. | Codling, .. as 4 6 10
Haddock (1), 3 2
” (2), Oe 28
”» (4), : 53 ae
4. — 7 68 139
Whiting, .. =e fs 20 20
Grey Gurnard, .. e 14 14
Lemon Dab, af 30 a 30
Plaice (1), .. = 9 a
», (2),. 20
4 (Be 16
— 45 45
Com. Dab, 18 18
Skate, 16 16
Dog-fish, 31 31
169 155 324
14. Sand-
side Bay.
15. Off Ord
of Caith-
ness.
16.
”
Tf.
”
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
37
1904.
Jan. 20.
Jan. 21.)
Temperature.
Depth
a S in
g o | Fms
e = »
25), Boils
< v7) (ea)
45°1 | 47°5 | 47°7 | 28 to
40
42°1 | 48°2 | 46°5 | 23 to
24
|
23 to
25
|
23 to
24
|
|
Time Trawl
Down.
|
34
°
3
a |
6.10 | 10.20
a.m. | a.m.
o.L15 {+ 9.30
a.m. | a.m.
11.0 | -3.15
a.m, | p.m.
4.0 8.15
p.m. | p.m.
Fish Caught.
5 No.
No. |thrown
Name. ‘taken to} Over- tel |
Market.) board. ;
Cod, 1 a 1
Codling, .. rie 3 3
Haddock (1), 3 ote SE
* (2), 28 Ay Se
ine) 8 10 o- a
2) ae 21 ie re
\ — 62 44 106
Whiting, a 12 12
Grey Gurnard, é 16 16
Lemon Dab, 28 Bee | 28
Plaice (1), .. 11 oe
BONE 3 26 ste
” (3), we 30 a
— 67 67
Com. Dab,.. 17 17
175 75 250
Cod, 19 bs 19
| Codling, 4 12 | 16
| Haddock iD), 19 o ce
A 26 = ae
= 4 Gy 14 Wa ne
— 59 48 107
Whiting, oc 4 4
Lemon Dab, 10 26 10
Plaice (1), .. 11 a ae
aan ue) sutete 27 AG :
57 LIE 40 & ne
— 78 a 78
Com. Dab,. E E 128 128
Long Rough Dab, 27 Za
Angler, : 16 16
170 235 405
a ee SS POSES SE
Cod, 1 5 1
Codling, .. 3 2 5
Haddock (1), 2 oe 6c
» 2p 48 ss 32
ee NSE 10 os c+
— 60 78 138
Whiting, a 17 17
Cat-fish, rt Bic 1
Lemon Dab, 16 as 16
Plaice (1), 14 Bc Ap
+ (2). . 29 ste 5.0
ao 24 at -
» i re 2
| — 84 ES 84
Com. Dab,. 3 a3 146 146
Long Rough Dab, a 28 28
Skate, ae 4 6 10
169 277 446
Cod, 2 : 2
Codling, .. 6 2 8
Haddock (1), 1 . aA
a3 (2), | 12 : xs
pen 43! 10 Fi we
— 25 30 53
Whiting, ‘ 1 1
Lemon Dab, 7 ae i
Plaice (), cs 16 EG %
aa a 32 —_ 5
es Gy e 20 tx ae
— 68 Me 68
Com. Dab, Se 50 17 17
Angler, oe 5 5
106 55 161
Remarks.
Wind S.W. ;
squally at nights.
very
ih
38
Temperature.
Place. Date. 3 ;
Bie
Byles
ee = sa bear
1904.
18. Off Ord) Jan. 21
of Caith- | and 22.
ness.
19. ,, Jan. 22.
20s, Ad 41:0 | 48°7 | 45}:
| ar rh |
if
Part ITT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
23 to
24
24 to
25
1 23 to
25
Time Trawl F ee
Dawn. Fish Caught.
A 3 No. thrown
) 3 Name. taken to. Over-
3 = Market.) board
9.0 | 1.10 | Cod, ie
p.m, | a.m. | Codling, 8
Haddock (1), 4
” Ay ce
3),
” ( ees 58
Whiting, .. te Ac
Plaice (1), .. A als
” yore 30
” y se 22
— 69
Com. Dab, AE
Long Rough Dab, +
Skate, 3
Angler on
138
7.0 | 11.5 | Codling, 10
a.m. | a.m. | Coal-fish, .. 2
Haddock (1), 15
” 2), on
5 3
; @) a
Whiting, 36 ae
Cat-fish, .. ae 1
Plaice (1), .. Sees
” (2), oe 26
” > We Sh) a
” ’ aed 70
Com. Dab,. -
Long Rough Dab, .-
Skate, : 5
138
11.45 | 4.10 | Codling, ne
a.m. | p.m. | Coal-fish, .. 2
Haddock (1),
” (2), oe ae
” (3), ee pe
Whiting, 5
Cat-fish, 1
Conger-Eel, 2
Plaice (1), .. 11
” (2), = © 26
yy (3), «+ 2
” 2 se ses, 72
Com. Dab,. on
Long Rough Dab, a
Skate, 2
79
4.35 | 8.45 | Cod, 4
p.m | p.m. | Codling, .. i
Haddock (1), 16
” (2), 20
— 36
Whiting, ae
Plaice (1), .. 14
' ” (2), oe 22
| ” asi 10
— 46
Com. Dab,. 36
Long Rough Dab, .
Skate, 2
95 :
Remarks.
Wind N.W., strong |
breeze ; very dull. |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Depth
Place. Date. a a in
% 6 | Fms
s = 3
eae es eet ofa
1904.
22. Witch | Jan. 23. 40 to
Ground, 45
off Kin-
naird
Head.
Time Trawl
39
Fish Caught.
Down.
# 3 No.
° = Name. taken to
a x Market,
4,30 | 8.45 | Cod, 11
a.m.|a.m.| Codling, .. 1
Haddock (1), 20
” (2), 26
” (4), 32
-— 78
Whiting, a
Witch, 3 78
Com. Dab,.. ac ae
Long Rough Dab,
168
ey 0.
thrown
Over- sel
board. -
(658) is
(294)
(2,142)
(1,281)
(4,375)
Remarks.
“Offal” consisted
of seven baskets,
one of which was
counted,
40 Part IIl.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. une Trawl Fish Caught.
own. =
Depth
Place. Date. a ¢ in od No.
S iS |/msy| _; 2 No. | thrown Total
rs) e = 3 a Name. taken to Over- 3
~ | 7 AQ 7a 3 Market. board. 4
1904.
1. Burghead/Mar. 28.) .. a -. |9to 30) 4.30 | 8.30 | Cod, z2 oe 2 an 2
Bay. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. ae Sa 8 8
Coal-fish .. a 2 aD 2
Haddock (3), ts 200 20 220
Whiting, .. X 130 20 150
Cat-fish, .. Te 5 ne 5
Brill, oe as 24 Sc 24
Plaice (1), .. Boy | lets) aC Sc
a 0) eae taal 8 =
eh ay (GC) Bee .. |206 5c
——222 222
Lemon Dab (1), 19 ae 19
Witch(1),.... 112 19 131
| | Com. Dab,.. ee 53 313 366
Long Rough Dab, 4g 14 14
Thornback Ray, .. 11 6 iyi
| Angler, .. ae Ne 17 17
| Herring, .. ae Agee! 5 | 5
| | 780 | 422 | 1202
| |
} |
}
|
|
Dieta Mar23) oe) 05. -. |6to16) 855 | 12.55! Cod, 3 as 1 be 1
and 29. | p-m. am. | Codling, .. 4 10 10
| Haddock (3), ae 37 52 89
Whiting, .. ac 23 16 39
Cat-fish, .. oo 6 as 6
Brill, a Sc 40 Se 40
Plaice (1), .. Pairs) Se are
a YOee. ones te a me
=p) (Gh ee 70 se
mame (Aires 100 i re
— 302 23 325
Lemon ab, re 20 a 20
Witch, 40 ae 15 > 120 35
Com. Dab,.. Ay 90 270 360
| Thornback Ray, .. 33 8 41
| Angler, .. be if 2 9
| 574 401 975
|
|
| |
Brie 7. Mar. 29.| .. ee -. |4to10} 1-15 | 5.35 | Cod, a ae 5 3
a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. se 3 3
Haddock (1), BAtlas d ge
| 6 (3), Be |e ue
| |\—- 18 4 22
} Whiting, .. it 2 9
| Cat-fish, aa 2 ae 2
| Grey Gurnard, .. a 1 1
Turbot, a8 2 of 2
Brill, ae oe 23 ele 23
Plaice (1), .. -. | 45 36
| | 5 |, CAS Sb |) el) 3
| M(B) em cu ll20 Zs
—245 72 317
Lemon Dab, a 10 2 12
Witch, 36 a6 9 5 14
Com. Dab,. . ae 80 191 271
Long Rough Dab, By 4 4
Thornback, = 11 i 1D,
Angler, ee 55 1 a
Lumpsucker, 2 2
413 285 698
of the Fishery Board for Scotland,
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. agile Fish Caught.
Depibie. eases
Place. Date. o a in = No.
8 Ss |Fms.| |; ay No. | thrown] Total |
= = = ° 3 Name. taken to] Over- | No.
z a Fa] a a Market,| board.
1904.
. Burghead|Mar. 29.) .. be -. |4to16) 5.5u | 11.16] Cod, ae a 2 ae 2
Bay. a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. fs 16 9 25
Haddock (1), BB | jedi) te :
2 (3), .. {150 Le :
165 43 208
Whiting, .. 2 60 15 75
Cat-fish, .. Be dq Ar a
Grey Gurnard, .. 11 7 18
Turbot, .. He 2 2
Brill, ce rs 13 13
Plaice (1), .. Pepe al fers: Ka
re) . | 92
» (3), . 226
» (4),. 235
—576 Ee 576
Lemon Dab, ss 30 AS 30
Witch, He ee 5 16 21
Flounder, . ie Er 9 9
Com. Dab, . 260 856 1116
Long Rough Dab, Ae 180 180
Angler, OC 23 5 28
Herring, .. OF so 8 8
Thornback, Z 14 1 15
Lumpsucker, se 1 1
1181 1150 2331
5. Off Los- - ea ee - 13 | 1.35 | 5.35 | Cod, 1 1
siemouth. p-m. | p.m. | Codling, .. se 2 2 |
Lossiemouth | | | Iladdock (1), ae 2G a Ee
bearing W. oa (2), ut 0 ti at |
» (3) eet | 30) -:
— 36 oe 36
Whiting, .. .. 24 24
Cat-fish, .. Ee 1 me 1
Grey Gurnard, os 10 we 10
Brill, Ae 8 oe 8
Plaice (i), ae ae 9 a co
» (2). ae |f 28°
» (3),.. -. | 39
” (4), ee ve 16
—-107 An 107
Lemon Dab, ie 2 A 2
Long Rough Dab, ae 10 - 10
Com. Dab, . : ts 68 68
Lumpsucker, eS se 1 1
191 79 270
6. Off Mar. 30.) .. Be -- |44to]12.40] 5.0 | Cod, 3 se 8 8
Burghead. 45 | a.m.| a.m. | Codling, .. a 4 2 6
Hake, 5 a 5 ae 5
Haddock (1), bead eae a re
” (2), ~ aalees we
3 (3), . (693 ae
—-788 29 817
Whiting, .. er 146 6 152
Grey Gurnard, .. 3 1 4
Brill, : a 1 ss 1
Plaice Oe <a 5 5c
wee (2a Rep e Si
eG) hod rele a
— 20 ae 20
Witch, OF Ac 180 89 269
Lemon Dab, ae 105 1 106
Megrim, .. =a i rye 1
Com. Dab, . = 14 69 83
Angler, .. 5 2 7
Long Rough Dab, xe 150 150
Thornback, 2 << 9 9
es eee eee
1280 358 1638
—_——_—
Trawling round
4]
Remarks.
“Dan.”
SSS a ay Le (ee |
A2 Part I1l.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. AS Fish Caught.
Depth ers
Place. Date. a 3 in =) No. Remarks.
3 6 |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown} ota}
r 5 3 ro) EI Name. taken to) Over- No
z DD Q a fas} Market.| board -
1904,
7. Off Mar. 30, 44 to| 5.20 | 8.55 | Cod, if ; i
Burghead. | 45 | am.|a.m./ Codling, .. 3 e,'4) Saat
Covesea, Haddock (1), 138 ; PZ
S.W. by W. Py (2), 102 : we
a (3), 1658 ia Be
| —-1898 29 1927
| Whiting, 246 5 251
| Hake, aie 17 4 17
Grey Gurnard, 1 i
Brill, He 1 1
Plaice (1),.. 3 ar
5 PA ie 6 os
Ee Ce 1 x
— 10 10
Lemon Dab, 26 1 27
Witch, 245 37 282
Megrim, 1 He a
Com. Dab, 3 25 98 123
Long Rough Dab, os 1358 1358
Herring, : 33 1 1
Norway Pout, is 10 10
Angler, 3 ¥ 5
Grey Skate, = 2 2
Thornback, 1 1
Bib,. 1 1
Lumpenus, 2 2
} 2483 1547 4030
|
8. ” ” 16 to | 9.15 | 11.40; Cod, 4 4
44 | a.m.| a.m. | Codling, 3 3 6
Ling, 2 He 2
Haddock (1), 30 te es
<p 2), 24 y. 5H
” (3), 762 ie re
—816 21 837
Whiting, .. 138 1 139
Grey eumend, 13 7 20
Brill, 3 Se 3:
Plaice sre 9 aA a
Beer (2); 25 2 -
. » (3); 11 as as
— 45 # 45
Lemon Dab, 45 6 51
Witch, 4 2 6
Com. Dab,. } 8 90 98
Long Rough Dab, ; 212 212
| Angler, 2 2 1 3
Norway Pout, 1 1
| 1083 344 1427
9. Dornoch 5 5 to11) 3.30 | 7.30 | Cod, 69 69 | Weather fine; sea
Firth. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 1 1 smooth.
Coal-fish, 2 2
Haddock, .. uf i,
Cat-fish, 1 1
Plaice, 133 5 138
Lemon Dab, 7 R 7
Witch, 1 ¥ 1
Com. Dab, 30 6 36
Flounder, = : 95 28 123
Thornback Ray, . oe 8 4 12
Grey Skate, ES 3 3
354 46 400
ee
eee eRe.
Place.
Date.
1904.
10. Dornoch) Mar. 30.
Firth.
1
13.
14.
Mar. 31.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Air.
Surface
Bottom.
44-1 | 41°5
41°4
Depth
in
Fms.
5 to
16
10 to
15
10 to
16
5 to
10
7 to
15
Time Trawl
Down.
Fish Caught.
Hauled.
12.0
p.m.
1.0 | 5.0
a.m. | a.m.
5.55
a.m.
10.0
a.m,
10.50
a.m.
2.50
p.m.
5.25
p-m.
9,25
p.m.
Name.
Cod,
Cat-fish,
Plaice (1), ..
» (2)
ae Os
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Flounder, ., Be
Thornback Ray, ..
Grey Skate,
Sprat,
Cod, on
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock, ..
Plaice (1), ..
2
” (2), 0
Lemon Dab,
Witch, x
Thornback,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Cat-fish,
Brill, Bs
Plaice (1), ..
” (2); .
Lemon Dab,
Witch,
Flounder, ..
Com. Dab,
Thornback Ray, he
Cod,
Coal-fish, ..
Cat-fish,
Brill, fe
Plaice (1), ..
” (2), oe
Flounder, ..
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,.. : :
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
Cst-fish, ..
Plaice (1), ..
” (2 2 ee
” 9.08
Lemon Dab,
Watchs Sta:
Flounder, .. x
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
= 2 No.
o. |thrown
taken to} Over bs
Market. | board 2
43 F 43
2 a 2
16 5
14 Be
57 ae
— 87 ae 87
1 aa 1
6 2 8
36 pe 38
19 #3 19
5 5 10
2 2
199 11 210
282 982,
5 5
3 3
13 S
8
— 21 21
9 9
7 7
6 6
333 aa 333
259 : 259
1 1 2
1 ; 1
2 : 2
ae et: 2
31 3 :
14 0S
Cae Ee 45
(ele Le 7
a ee 6
4 2 6
a 4 5
24 if 31
352 14 | 366
43 43
2 2
2 2
2 2
15 is
31 a
73 es
. {147 Ba 5
—266 1 267
82 ae 82
1 Sie 1
20 5 25
20 a 20
6 6
438 12 450
58 % 58
3 ee 3
24 Be 24
5 a 5
11 Z ‘
13 ‘
5 ;
ee, p 29
8 on 8
1 a 1
18 ei 18
as 3 3
15 Be 15
‘ 9 9
161 12 173
Remarks.
44.
Part 111.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place. Date.
Findhorn
to off
Burghead.
2. Smith
Bank.
”
3. Deep
Hole, off
Fraser-
burgh.
4. Burghead Sept. 29.
Bay.
1904.
1. From off} April 1.
Sept. 28.
Time Trawl
Down.
Temperature.
Depth
3 a in
S 8 |Fms.| |;
x 5 3 r=
< n ia) n
41:3 | 41°8 | 30 to} 9.0
32 )) a.m.
22) 3220
p.m.
541 | 533 75 | 12.45
5 to 8} 1.20
a.m.
5 | Hauled.
(
a.m.
4.5
p.m.
1.45
5.30
a.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod,
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock (1),
” (2),
| 1):
Whiting,
Witch,
Megrim,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab, .
Long Rough Dab,
Flounder, oa
Thornback,
Angler,
Herring,
Norway Pout,
Lumpenus,
Sprat,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1, 2),
(3),
”
Whiting,
Cat-fish,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Cod,
Codling,
Ling,
Haddock (1),
» (2),
” (3),
Whiting,
Grey Gurnard,
Cat-fish,
Lemon Dab,
Witch,
Megrim,
Long Rough Dab,
Grey Skate,
Codling, ..
Haddock 3
”
Grey Gurnard,
SapphirineGurnar d,
Lemon Dab,
Plaice (3), ..
Com. Dab, .
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback,
Angler,
No.
No. | thrown
itaken to} Over:
Market.| board.
7
il
5
5
6
—- 16 1
17 3
165 10
1 58
9 ae
10 2
it il
1 3
1 :
13
27
40
12
3
229) 127
10 2
26 :
15 be
—— eek 1
3 1
3 c
2
6
65 4
44 ae
150 20
ac 1
110 50
99 a
421 Be
—— 630) 195
44 56
11
1 on
18 51
1 te
11 ae
44
1 6
900} 277
1 fe
7 te
3 55
61 ec
— 71| 300
5
1
2 re
108 8
D 92
6
2 3e
1
184, 415
Total
N
| a Sonate
o om syes ¢
si HK DOANANH aE
fe
Remarks.
Net caught on bot-
tom and was
hauled. Small-
meshed net ex-
periment.
Place. Date.
~ 1904.
5. Burghead|Sept. 29.
Bay.
6. Between xe
Lossie-
mouth and
Burghead.
4
eae 5 RS
8. Between|Sept. 29
Hopeman | and 30.
and Cove-
sea Light.
| Air,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Depth
© 5S in
3 eo | Fms.
Eales
mn ia)
6 to
11}
540 | 54:0 | 7 to
12
9 to
10
8 to 10
| e
pave Tew Fish Caught.
z a. ee
ap = oO. rown
P| a Name. ‘taken to] Over- Tot
wa q Market.| board. :
6.5 | 10.15| Codling, .. 2] oe 3
a.m, | p.m. | Haddock (1), 20 és “in
35 (2), 45 ore “fs
3 (3), 430 Be of
—-— 495 699 1194
Grey Gurnard, By) 32
Whiting, 27 16 42
Plaice (3), .. | | aie Be v2
Lemon Dab, 3 Ly 3
Com. Dab,.. 35 35
Thornback, 1 sia 1
Angler, | 1 1
556} 783 1339
11.15 | 2.30 | Cod, | 20ers 42
a.m.| p.m.} Codling, .. 15 bs 15
Haddock (1), 25 = on
” (2), 14 qe aia
a (3), 138 Ee ~
— 177} 170 347
Whiting, 33 6 39
Grey Gurnard, - 22 22,
Plaice, 11 52 11
Lemon Dab, 7 3 7
Witch, Ze e.3 2
Angler, 3 4 4
Com. Dab,.. 9 9°
287) 211 498
4.55 | 9.30 | Cod, 7 ie
p.m. | p.m, | Codling, .. 14 14
Haddock (1), 22 nS
” (2), 16 .
(3), 250 Ss AD
— 287} 300 587
Whiting, 18 18
Grey Gurnard, 2 28 28
Plaice, 145 tS 145
Lemon Dab, 5 Rts 5
Com. Dab,.. 55 55
Angler, , . 33 33
458 434 892
10.0 | 20 | Cod, 2 2
p.m. | a.m. | Codling, 9} 4. 9
Whiting, .. i 15 15
Haddock (1), 19 <
” (2), 33 “-
ia Gh 175 c
—- 227 e 227
Grey Gurnard, : 19 19
Brill, 3 Olt aes 3
Plaice 423 He 423
Lemon Dab, 4 5 4
Black Sole, 4 6 4
Com. Dab,.. 89 89
Angler, .. 42 42
Thornback, 4 5 4
Wrasse, 1 al
677); 165 842
45
Remarks.
46 Part III—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl]
Temperature. Fish Caught.
Down.
Depth i ee
Place. Date. Fi a in q No. Remarks.
3 S |Fms, : £ No. | thrown
nl ge $ ° a Name. taken to| Over: | pe
a al fa s x Market.| board, | :
1904.
9. Off Sept. 30.) .. 53°5 | 54:0 |7to9| 6.55 | 11.15} Codling, .. Se 6 1 7
Hopeman. a.m |/am., ates at is 3 ee
‘9 2), ne 5 Bs
Pan (3) ke od | el Bs
— 24 34 58
Grey Gurnard, .. Sy 123 123
Brill, ae ae 1 Be 1
Plaice (1),.. af 53 ‘
ee ete) ae 77 a
-— 130 Sie 130
Lemon Dab, ss 11 Eve 11
Com. Dab, sig 9} 144 153
Thornback, aie 1 i
182 302 484
10. Off My St e a 17 | 1.0 | 2.45 | Codling, .. é 2 ee 2
Lossie- p-m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), ie 97 - ae
mouth. Be 2), 4x 67
Se eet(S) eee 50 sa
—— 314 AG 314
Whiting, .. aa 9 ne 9
Grey Gurnard, .. as 200 200
Plaice (1),.. ts 30 bs ee
ay (eos ea 50
— 80 80
405 200 605
11. Between) ,, a8 oe .. | 7 to 9} 3.25 | 7.30] Cod, sf ae 3 : 3
Lossiemouth p.m.| p.m.| Codling, .. ae Oh Fee 6
and Haddock (2), 3 48 25 73
Burghead. Grey Gurnard, .. a 132 132
Turbot,. «. oe 1 Be 1
Brill, om BI Ts 3
Plaice (1), .. ae 14 ds :
Se (©) ae ae 31 Pe
— 45 Se 45
Lemon Dab, a 1 ds 1
Com. Dab,.. és 3 41 44
Angler, .. ae ae 2 2
Thornback, ae ae 1 1
110 201 311
19 = 2) Sept ao ee | bso it Gh ol Fito Noms 9) Be.) Wed: Me tee ir» 4 | A few crabs.
& Oct. 1 10 | p.m.|a.m.| Codling, .. ok 32 19 51
Lythe, Ss ais 5 ts 5
Haddock (1), J: 23 Fe
sa (2), a 80 $s
Fr (3), .. | 443 Zz os
-— 546, 879 1425
Whiting, .. is =f 7 7
Grey Gurnard, .. 4s 201 201
Turbot, 3 2 ra 2
Brill, 8 ee &
Lemon Dab, ste 7 ae 7
Plaice (1), .. aye) ee 33 a ae
wen(2)< .. | 209 is
— 352 6 358
Com. Dab,.. Bie 14; 1068 1082
Angler, .. es ae 3 3
Thornback, : 2 2 4
972) 2185 3157
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. A7
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. pee a Fish Caught.
Depth | _ e
Place. Date. ra I in 3 No Remarks.
z s |Fms.| |; £ No. thrown] motal
if : 3 8 5 Name takento Over- | Wo
=< n 2a) a ee) Market. board. i
1904 |
18. Between) Oct. 1. 7 to 10) 2.55 | 6.45 | Cod, Ps a 3 20 3
Lossiemouth a.m. | a.m. | Codling, . a 8 1 9
and Coal-fish, .. ae “ye 4 4
Burghead. Haddock (1), #0 4 te Bc
4 (2). oe 9 we
oH (3), pee tile be Sec ns
— 88 66 154
Grey Gurnard, | 64 64
Turbot, ae il a4 1
Brill ; ste PW ee 2
Plaice (1), .. Pee ee | ‘e ye
Rano e) aes. AS A: a
— 90 1 91
Lemon Dab, a 2 FA 2
Com. Dab. re a: 121 121
Angler, «. te ae 2 2
194 259 453
o_o Sea all
14. Dornoch oF 53°9 | 54:0 | 10to| 9.35 | 10.40} Codling, .. ie 3 we 3
Firth. 12 | a.m.| am. | Haddock(1), Bee |: ct 5s
” (2), .. | 83
(3), 506 ; ¥
—— 682 60 742
Grey Guinard, .. Pe 22 22
Plaice Be ae 12 op 12
Com. Dab, 56 fe 30 30
697, 112 809
eens (Se ee ee
15. ,, ” 6 to 10| noon.|4 p.m.} Cod, 3 3
| Codling, 6 6
| Haddock, .. ot 6 oe 6
Grey Gurnard, .. ri 20 20
Plaice (1), .. oe 15 ba fe
A AC) ck Bell ees Bs
— 40 45 85
Com. Dab, a ae 12 12
Thornback, ae 1 be 1
56 17 133
16. Off Oct. 3. 53°9 | 53°9 | 26to | 8.20 | 1230] Codling, .. st 2 21 23 | A quantity of squid.
Lybster. 34 | am. | p.m | Haddock(1), ae a nC aS
6 (2), to 32 oe ie
op (3), 305 Ae Se
— 340} 471 811
Whiting, .-. sc a oe 4
Grey Gurnard, .. an 60 60
Plaice aE a 8 1 9
Lemon Dab, a 44 14 58
Com. Dab,. . as BC 14 $
Long Rough Dab, 55 3 8
Thornback, a: 2 2 4
Dog-fish, .. a se 2 2
Angler, .. Be a 3 3
400 591 991
| SE a i
Remarks,
Small-meshed net
experiment. Tow-
ed S.S.W. and
back. Fifteen bas-
kets of gurnards ;
one counted con-
tained 178, large
and small.
N.W. good breeze ;
sea choppy.
N.W. strong
breeze.
48 Part I1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. aie drew) Fish Caught.
Depth ~ =
Place. Date. ry S in ro No.
3 © |Fms : 2 No. | thrown} motay
u = S ° 2 Name taken to| Over- N. :
2 = Ea a ce} Market. | board. e.
1904
17. Smith | Oct. 3. 53°8 |19to | 2.0 | 3.10 | Codling, 1). 1
Bank, about 20 |p.m. | p.m.| Whiting, .. il : 1
middle. een 8 : .
” (2), 4 . s
” (3), 67 . :
—— 79 ; 79
Plaice (1), ee 2 4 Be
” 2 fy il « -
— 13 4 13
Grey Gurnard, a (2670)
Com. Dab, 76 76
18. Aberdeen| Oct. 4. 6 to13) 12.20] 4.30 | Haddock (1), 4 . .:
Bay, N. of a.m. | a.m. . 2), 2 =e 3¢
Newburgh. 7 (3), 33 os 5%
— 39 103 142
Whiting, 48 21 69
Grey Gurnard, ; 13 13
Plaice (3), .. 99 ae 99
Lemon Dab, 1 1
Com. Dab, ‘ 55 55
Long Rough Dab, 3 3
Angler, 5 2 2
242 142 384
19. Aberdeen a 53°0 | 53:2 |5 to 13] 5.15 | 9,20 | Haddock, .. 2 oh 2
Bay. a.m.]a.m.| Turbot, .. Bi) B= D
Plaice (1), .. 36 she Be
SHC) yeas 98 -B Be
BOOB) ck 131 =
—— 265 AS 265
Lemon Dab, 2a ats 2
Com. Dab. ore 298 298
274 298 572
20. Aberdeen} Nov. 8.| 494 | 49°0 | 50°0 | 11 to| 11.45] 3.0 | Cod, C/I sc 9
Bay. 13 | a.m.| p.m | Codling, .. 56 7 63
Shot off Haddock (1), 43 its oe
Black Dog : (2), 25 a5 a
and trawled ; (3). 102 we ie
as far as — 170 15 185
Newburgh. Whiting, 51} 103 154
Grey Gurnard, 1 1
Halibut, 1 Ac 1
Turbot, 3 3 ic 3
Plaice (2), .. 31 AC -
rp § (GDS a8 42 55 Bs
— 73 60 73
Com. Dab, . 3 59} 104 163
Long Rough Dab, as 27 27
Skate, : : i 5 5
Angler, 0 5 5
422) 267 689
21.Aberdeen| __,, 7 to 12) 3.30 | 6.35 | Cod, 12 : 12
Bay. Off p.-m.| pm.| Codling, .. 13 c 13
Newburgh. Haddock (1), 51 : ad
a (BY 20 ks ae
—_ 71 10 81
Whiting, 26 26
Ling, 1 ie 1
Grey Gurnard, of 8 8
Plaice (2), .. 8 aS :
Sa (hae 7 3 =
15 36 15
Com. Dab,. F 33 33
Long Rough Dab, 12 12
Skate, . 46 46
Angler, 2 2
112 137 249
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE 1
pe eee
Temperature. Hamat
Depth
Place. Date. o : in ;
= 8 Fms “S| 3
ot |) ee 8 | 8
< mM fa) m q
1904.
22. Aberdeen| Nov. 8. 12 to} 7.10 | 10.15
Bay. 13 | p.m. | p.m.
23.Aberdeen| Nov. 8| .. bc 3: », | 10.45] 2.30
Bay. Off j|and 9, p.m. | am.
Collieston.
24, Aberdeen| Nov. 9. 5to10| 3.0 | 6.20
Bay. a.m. | a.m.
Between
Newburgh
and
Black Dog.
25.Aberdeen| _,, 47-0 | 49°0 | 50:0 | 42 to| 6.45 | 11.10
Bay. Off 12 | a.m. |} &m.
Collieston.
eemeraeen ry 74 to | 11.45} 3.50
ay. 12 | am. mM.
Between 3
Black Dog
and
Collieston.
Time Trawl
Fish Caught.
No.
No. | thrown
Name. taken to) Over- to
Market.| board. :
Cod, 13 ‘ 13
Codling, 9 : 9
Coal-fish, 1 : 1
Haddock (1), 8 5 Ae
is (2), 14 - m
— 22 3 25
Whiting, .. Ae 26 26
Plaice (2), .. 10 Be 3
Reet (3) 16 ee =
— 26 Se 26
Com. Dab, He 31 31
Long Rough Dab, 10 10
Skate, 79 79
Angler, z 2
71 151 222
Cod, 4 : 4
Codling, 18 : 18
Haddock, 17 14 31
Whiting, 18 53 71
Plaice (2), .. 15 : Me
eat (3) toe 12 #2
— 27 27
Com. Dab, ag 22, 22
Long Rough Dab, 9 9
Skate, , 46 46
Angler, 2 2
84 146 230
Cod, 3
Codling, .. 18
Haddock (1), 27
” (2), 18
” (3), 8
— 53
Plaice2), .. 11
1 (3); -- 17
— 28
Com. Dab,.. 13
115
Cod, 10 10
Codling, .. 57 57
Haddock (1), 190 Ne
” (2), 50 .
aan): 27 es in
——267 11 278
Whiting, .. na 47 47
Plaice (2), .. 64 iy: ac
(35 39 : ae
—103 AA 103
Com. Dab,. ae 20 20
Long Rough Dab, 13 13
Skate, 64 64
Angler, 1 1
437 156 593
Cod, 14 . 14
Codling, .. 28 2 30
Haddock (1), 104 i oy
~r (2), 34 : ie
—138 13 151
Whiting, .. os 38 38
Coal-fish, 1 ae 1
Halibut, .. 1 ns 1
Plaice (2), .. 73 ue. “te
of Sree 29 op ie
—-102 Be 102
Com. Dab,. xe 20 20
Long Rough Dab, 5 5
Skate, ] 53 53
284 131 415
49
Remarks.
Wind S. ; moderate
breeze.
Wind S., increasing
in force.
Offal not recorded.
Moderate breeze ;
sea choppy ; rain.
|
50 Part IIL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING. INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE 1.
ee eee
Temperature. Aine Draws Fish Caught.
Depth :
Place. Date. g 8 in = | z AS Remarks,
3S 3 Fms. 5 2 o. | thrown
“ = 2 rs) 5 Name. taken to] Over- i
2 5 Q a ism Market.| board. :
1904.
Burghead | Nov.21.| .. 48 50 |10to}]12.45] 4.0 | Cod, * ie 1 5c 1 | Wind and rain.
Bay. 15 | p.m. | p.m. | Haddock, .. a 36 28 28
Whiting; .2 e. _ 1 11
Brill. Ar a if ee 7
Plaice (1), .. ate 6 a
4p 2.) ers ay |e) ots
a (BS) ». | 220 cis
405 te 405
Com. Dab, aa 8 se 8
Skate, oe AG ye 2 2
421 41 462
¥ 2 e ne .. |7to25| 5.0 | 8.50 | Codling, .. 3B 50 8 8
p-m. | p.m. | Haddock, .. ad Se 20 20
Whiting, .. Ne Me 25 25
Grey Gurnard, .. a 31 31
Turbot, .. a 4 se 4
Brill, ae os | ee 12
Plaice (1), .. - Lf ae 6
Re TD). oy eta 8b,
oP (GS) ice .. | 7380
—1072 1072
Lemon Dab, ae i ss 7
Com. Dab, BC 34) 150 184
Skate, st ei 16 ms 16
Angler, .. ae 56 6 6
1145 240 1385
i
Ay INOVe Zl as A & 5 to 7| 9.15 | 1.20 | Codling, .. 3s a0 2 2
and 22. p-m. | a.m. | Haddock, .. 2 So 43 43
Whiting, .. oy ofa 33 33
Grey Gurnard, .. ns 40 40
Turbot, aE 2 2
Brill, a i 5 5
Plaice (2), .. ..) [eoOd Fi
Oy EA(S) ce gue al G0 By a
—1018 19 1032
Lemon Dab, ot 3 3 3
Com. Dab, i 2U 120 140
Skate, “a a6 5 a 5
Angler, .. ots 36 2 2
1048 259 1307
Burghead, |Nov. 22.) .. a aS 10 1.45 | 5.0 | Cod, es a6 3 ws 3
E.S.E. a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. xe xe 19 19
Grey Gurnard, .. ee 45 46
Halibut, a 1 Se 1
Brill, 50 : 13 . 13
Plaice (1), .. 6 8 se as
sy (2 ipae .. | 899 bs
= 2 (ee .. | 704 Ae sé
—1111 25 1136
Lemon Dab, sie 1 Ee 1
Watch.) iss Ble: 5
Com. Dab, op 61 200 261
Skate, wt sie a 3 3
Angler, ae ap 6 6
1195 298 1493
of the Fishery Bourd for Scotland. 51
Time Trawl
Fish Caught.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. iDavaire
Depth
Place. Date. 3 E in Gs
2 S |Fms.| |; 2
By els 2 | 3
<i/a|a a | w
1904.
Witch Nov. 23. 27 to | 11.30 | 12.40
Grounds, 293 | a.m. | p.m.
Off
Cromarty.
Burghead |Nov. 24. 48°0 | 50°0 |7 to 19) 8.10 | 12.40
Bay.
482
a.m. | p.m.
6 to 20) 1.5
p-m.
5.15
p.m.
50°4 |5to 19} 6.0 | 10.15
p.m. | p.m.
Name.
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Whiting,
Grey Gurnard,
Turbot,
Plaice (2), ..
Witch, :
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,.. ce
Long Rough Dab,
Skate, &.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock (2),
Whiting,
Grey Gurnard,
Turbot,
Brill,
Plaice (1), ..
” 2 eon
” (3), OS
Com. Dab,
Angler,
Codling, ..
Haddock (2),
Whiting,
Brill,
Plaice (1), ..
2
”
aie:
Com. Dab,
Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Grey Gurnard,
Halibut,
‘Turbot,
Brill, ee
Plaice (1), ..
a0 (2) 5
» (3), --
Lemon Dab,
Black Sole,
Witch, 92:
Com. Dab,.
Skate,
Angler,
. gia Remarks.
o. | thrown
taken to] Over- Teal
Market.| board. :
2 2 | N.N.E. strony
9 9 breeze; snow
21 21 showers ; sea
103 103 rough.
7 a
2 te 2
7 7
52 52
2 = 2
40 40
63 63
2 os 2
67 243 310
2 2
2 4 6
1 ae 1
5} 150 155
23 23
8 8
1 s 1
11 ae 11
14 a o0
458 x3 ae
445 3 “6
— 917 = 917
oe 14 14
ss 1 1
939} 200 1139
3 6 9 | Wind N:N.E. ;
7 10 17 strong breeze ;
13 13 sea rough.
6 fs 6
8 ae 5
445 ° 5c
509 AC i
— 962 a 962
20 20 40
2 2
998) 51 1049
We oe 4 | Ood end slightly
3 3 split. This haul
40 40 was mostly
5 5 worked in 5 to 6
1 : 1 fathoms.
7 . 2
28 5 28
14 ; os
503 3 oe
546 ; =o
—1063 te 1063
1 ty 1
1 BE 1
12 oe 12
85 29 114
| 4 6
3 3
1199 84 1283
Part [11.— Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place. | Date.
1904.
Burghead|Noy. 25.
Bay.
Dornoch
Firth. ny
Burghead|Noy. 26.
Bay.
| Air.
Temperature.
Sue tea
O° a
= £
5 io)
nD oa)
Depth
6 to
10
6 to 19
Time Traw]
Down.
| Shot.
3.45
a.m.
11 30
a.m.
5.0
p.m.
5.0
a.m.
12.30
p.m.
9.0
9.30
a.m.
Name.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock ..
Whiting,
Grey Gurnard,
Turbot,
Brill, ‘2
Plaice (1), ..
yy 2
fe §:
Lemon Dab,
Witch, ‘
Com. Dab,..
Angler,
Ced,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
> (2),
Whiting,
Plaice (2), ..
sot CB) ye
” (4), WO
Com. Dab,..
Thornback,
Cod,
Codling, ..
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock (1),
i)
” (2),
Halibut,
Turbot, 5
Plaice (1), ..
hn),
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Codling. ..
Haddock, ..
Whiting,
Grey Gurnard,
Turbot,
Brill, :
Plaice (1), ..
1) (2); 6.
»» (8), ..
” yee
Witch, :
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Skate,
Fish Caught.
| ape
1 8
32 =
25
57] 4
a 31
57 #
67 ;
89 e
2213/9 wile
12} 50
4 3
284, 112
5
6 2
1
191
141 56
—— 332 16
1 38
2
4
369
240
631
——1244 8
3 $9
30
1594 56
iG
15
22
1
2 ¢
17
12
417
385
43
—— 857
2
2 oie
37 50
5 26
922 95
No.
No. thrown
takento Over-
Market.) board.
Bi” Pes
7 2
19
14
7
a ie
18
10
595
528
1133
5)
1 S6
83 31
4
1262) {Hh |
Remarks.
W.S.W. gentle
breeze ; sea rough.
Wind W.S.W. ;
moderate breeze :
sea smooth ; rain.
Weather fine.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
53
Place. Date.
1904.
Burghead|Nov. 20.
Bay.
Aberdeen Noy. 28.
Bay.
Burghead
Bay.
Dec. 6.
Temperature.
3 a
° i=}
=
= = °
< nD ea)
43°5
45°0
45°3
16 to
6 told
19 to
21
41 to
16
Time Traw!] |
Down.
| Shot.
3.20
10.0 |
2.0 |
p.m.
Hauled.
7.40
12.30
a.m,
11.15
a.m.
6.0
p.m.
Fish Caught.
+ No.
o. | thrown
Name. taken to} Over- Total
Market.} board 2:
i]
Cod, 1 Aan 1
Codling, 2 8 8
Haddock, .. a 15 15
Whiting, .. ac 19 19
Grey Gurnard, ae 7 7
Halibut, 1 Be 1
Turbot, 1 3
Brill, = 4 4
Plaice (1), .. 12 A
=r): 418 i
3) @) 371 mie
san(4)s 70 bc
—-871 12 883
Lemon Dab, 1 are | 1
Com. Dab, . d 30 30 60
Long Rough Dab, ais 10 10
Angler, : 3 3
909 104 1013
Cod, 4 ra 4
Codling, a 3 3
Haddock, .. Be 23 23
Whiting, ac 10 10
Grey Gurnard, no M4 2
Plaice (Medium), | 7 bskts ¥ ,
», (Small), 5 = ;
9 bskts’ se ac
Com. Dab, : ee 41 41 |
Long Rough Dab, 7 7
Angler ; : 5 5
Codling, bg 11 11
Haddock, .. 11 19 30
Whiting, .. a 31 31
Plaice (2), 6 7 6
Lemon Dab, 1 1
18 61 79
Cod, 8 G 8
Codling, 6 27 33
Haddock, .. | 20 20
Whiting, : 18 18
Grey Gurnard, cic fi 7
Turbot, 4 | 4
Brill, a 21 aera 21
Plaice (1), .. 18 ao oe
ee (2)5 5. 272 iis
ea) et: 448 Bi iy
—-738 9 747
Lemon Dab, 2 1 3
Com. Dab. 70 57 127
Long Rough Dab, 9 9
Herring, 3s 5 5
Cottus scorpius, .. 1 1
Sandy Ray, 2 2
Angler, 2 2
849 158 1007
Remarks.
Worked mostly in
6 to 7 fathoms.
54. Part I11.— Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE L
Temperature. paue Trawl Fish Caught.
own.
Depth
Place. Date. Fy E in ae No. Remarks.
2 So |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown] potay
a 5 = ° zg Name. taken to) Over- | “yo
=< n Q Dn i Market. | board. 2
1904.
Burghead | Dec. 6. 44 to| 632 | 10.47 | Cod, 18 18
Bay. 16 Codling, 6 7 13
Haddock, .. 1 6 7
Whiting, .. aA 32 32
Cat-fish, il a il
Grey Gurnard, ‘ 7 7
Turbot, 2 se 2
Brill, ae 13 35 13
Phaice(1), .. 11 ae ate
ay (sem. 291 a 5.
(Eien 551 a, -
—853 43 853
Com. Dab,.. 45 89 | 134
Angler, an i il
939 142 1081
|
a Dees (ayer 6to9) 3.35 | 7.45 | Cod, 12 12
| a.m. | a.m, | Codling, .. 8 31 39
Haddock (2), 6 26 32
Whiting, se 12 12
Brill, Ha 10 ae 10
Plaice (1), .. 12 oe ze
RON ae 318 a ¥
E(B) ae 530 ie ss
—860 54 860
| Lemon Dab, 2 as 2
| Com. Dab,.. 56 51 65 116
Long Rough Dab, fe 12 12
Sandy Ray, 5 1 9 10
Herring, 1 1
Angler, 14 14
950 170 1120
” ” 7k to| 8.5 12.10 Cod, 1 ae 1
20 | a.m. | p.m. | Codling, 4 5 5
Haddock, . . 21 21
Whiting, : 7 7
Grey Gurnard, ifs 1 1
Turbot, 2 F 2
Brill, ae 19 5 19
Plaice (1),.. 5 ee ie
Pn) 321 = 4,
on = (Gos 497 as te
——823 ac 823
Lemon Dab, i 20 1
Witch, oat 5 me 5
Com. Dab, a 46 14 60
Long Rough Dab, ; 1 1
Sandy Ray, 3 3
Angler, 4 4
897 56 953
|
. E 38°3 | 44°2 | 45°5 | 74 | 1.43 | 2.43 | Codling, : 3 3 | Small-meshed net
p.m. | p.m. | Whiting, .. ae 2 2 experiment
Brill, BS 2 5c 2
Plaice (1),.. 2 50 os
yy (Oe 56 : si
(EG) Res 118 30 as
—176 46 176
Com. Dab, 2 14 16
Sandy Ray, 70 2 2
Herring, 5 5
Sprat, 1 1
Sand-eel, .. 1 1
180 28 208
1904,
Dornoch} Dee. 7.
Firth.
Burghead) Dec. 9.
Bay.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE L
ays)
Time Trawl
Temperature. Monat Fish Caught.
Depth +
g | ie od N Phe
3 io} ms. : 2 oO. rown
a = = 6 2 Name. taken to) Over- Tae
a a faa] 4 fen} Market.| board. 2
4 to9| 6.50 | 7.50 | Cod, 1 i 1
p.m. | p.m.| Codling, .. 1 2 3
Haddock (2), 18 : 18
Whiting, 1 12 13
' Plaice (2), .. 75 F oy
GS oa 74 zs ef
-—149 7 156
Lemon Dab, ne 2 6 8
Thornback Ray. . . 6 i 13
Solenette, .. : 1 1
178 35 213
8 to 12) 8.20 | 12.40} Codling, - 2 2
p.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), 2 : os
ss (3), 105 7 ee
——107 10 117
Whiting, So 4 4
Plaice (2), .. 171 oe sie
95 ae 197 ; -
% MEDS es 314 : oe
—682 55 737
Lemon Dab (1), 1 ae 1
Megrim (1), 1 me 1
Com. Dab,.. = 17 43 60
Thornback Ray, .. 3 9 12
811 123 934
—
5} to| 4.20 | 8.30 | Codling, . ae 27 27
9 p.m | p.m. | Haddock (1), 1 de xc
a 2), 5 eS Be
” (4), 9 . aie
— 15 Ae 15
Whiting, a 7 7
Turbot, 3 2 3
Brill, 13 13
Plaice (1), .. 2 as
an PDF 284 re
” (3), - 254 a
» @),- 67 .
-—607 6 613
Witch, 2 aa 2
Com. Dab, 60 97 157
Flounder, .. 1 oe 1
Thornback, . 1 1
701 138 839
6to9]} 8.40 | 12.45 | Cod, 4 ae a
p.m, | a.m. | Codling, .. 2 23 25
Haddock (1), 2 9 11
Whiting, ne 13 13
Brill, 9 35 9
Plaice (1), .. 3 a be
‘6 Oe 316
r Foe 278
Ar eee 17 af
-—614 ce 614
Com. Dab,.. 84 132 216
Angler, va 2 2
715 179 894
Remarks.
56
Place.
Burghead
Bay.
Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Date.
1904.
Dec. 19.
Temperature.
Air.
Surface
Bottom.
45°5
pime Draw! Fish Caught.
Depth >
in = No.
Fims. 3 2 No. | thrown Total
S 3 Name. taken to] Over- No
= or Market.| board :
4} to 8) 7.30 | 11.30] Cod, 3 3
a.m. / a.m. | Codling, 3 4 7
Haddock, a 8 8
Whiting, of iil 11
Brill, 2 8 iis 8
Plaice (1), .. 1 #3
eB): 250 S
x (Obs 260 a
» (4). 38 :
——549 4 553
Lemon Dab. 1 1
Com. Dab, 24 15 39
Flounder, .. 1 1
589 42 631
6 to9| 12.10} 4.30 | Cod, 7 7
p-m. | p.m. Codling, 2 3 5
Haddock, : 9 9
Brill, 3 12 ; 12
Plaice @):. 202 ot
arn) 103 ys
aan (sue 29 :-
—334 5 339
Com. Dab, 5 17 22
360 34 394
6} to9) 5.0 | 9.5 | Cod, 10 pis 10
p.m. } p.m. Codling df 15 22
Handock (2), 6 11 17
Whiting, 3¢ 31 31
Coal-fish, 1 ak 1
Halibut, 1 1
Turbot, 1 1
Brill, 16 16
Plaice (1), .. 4 ae
” (2), 28 328 ad
55, (BY 65 343 :
A Ado 104 a0
- 779 13 792
Lemon Dab, 2 sé 2
Com. Dab, 72 47 119
Long Rough Dab, ate 4 4
Angler, .. 3 9 9
Thornback, 2 2
895 132 1027
|
6 to 9] 5.40 }10.10 | Cod, 5 ar 5
p-m.} p.m. Codling, 2 Bl 13
Haddock, se 8 8
Whiting, ae 12 12
Brill, Sf 4 aa 4
Plaice (2), <2 230 be Ba
sn (Came 263 f a
a (COPS 109 32 Bes
—602 9 611
Com. Dab, 50 34 84
Long Rough Dab, : 1 1
Thornback, : 3 3
Angler, 5 5
663 83 746
ee
Remarks. —
Wind WS: We
light breeze ; sea
smooth. Net
split.
Net slightly split.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl
Temperature. Donn
Bottom.
12
a.m. | noon
8to12) 1.40 | 6.40
p.m. | p.t.
19 to
22
11.5
a.m.
12.5
p.m.
Bank.| Dec. 12.
17 to | 10.30 | 11.30
19
12.35 | 4.40
p.m. | p.m,
41°2 | 43:2 | 48°0
”
Fish Caught.
57
Brill,
Com. Dab, i
Long Rough Dab,
Angler, :
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (3),
Whiting,
Grey Gurnard,
Plaice (2), ..
(3), ..
” (4), oC
Com. Dab, é
Thornback Ray, . ae
”
Codling,
Brill, a3
Plaice(2), ..
Cod,
Codling,
Whiting, ..
Plaice (2), ..
” (3), ——
Com. Dab,. 3
Long Rough Dab,
Grey Skate, 5
Thornback,
Cod,
Codling,
Halibut,
Plaice (2), ..
(3), --
Com. Dab.. ;
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback, id
Angler,
No.
No.
taken to| Over-
Market.| board.
throw ) otal
No.
wont
746
55
2
850
3 on
1 16
12 19
Se 3
9 ae
4 Ap
354 =e
207 a
30 ce
—595 4
10 18
21 42
3 5
4
654 93
m2 ab
4 22
2 oe
5 se
— 7 3s
9
Ae 3
160 :
227
326 -
—-713 33
16 39
2
742 108
1
ut
26
28
6 Sr
54 36
oe 10
33 =e
8 ot
— 41 fa
ate 8
S0 1
2 4
3 17
103 40
19 a
24 5
2 oe
58 43
20 aa
—- 78 Ee
12 16
: 9
ec 16
1 ot
136 46
Remarks.
N.E. strong breeze;
rain ; sea rough.
Strong breeze from
N.E.
Small-meshed net
on cod end.
Small-meshed net
over cod end;
N.E. strong
breeze; sea
rough; and heavy
rain,
58 Part [1] —Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. aitne Tea! Fish Caught.
aoe 4 ___|Depth} _ cs a ee eee
Place. Date. ry a in = No. Remarks,
oO i 7 y
s Ss |Fms NS 2 No. | thrown Total
x rs 3 ° Bs Name. taken to} Over- NG
a S s 5 ee Market.| board. ?
1904.
Waerde. | Apr. 24.) .. ; .. |55 to} 4.20 | 8.20 | Cod, 5c Be 5 fe 5 | Stormy.
Fuglo, 73 | a.m.| a.m. | Codling, .. o 520 oe 520
bearing Haddock (1), .. {190 Z Ay
N.W. 7 (2), -- | 42 we
ae (3), .. |168 ne
—400 400
Ling, ae se 1 ate 1
Tusk, 35 30 1 ae 1
Cat-fish, .. A 21 B 21
Halibut, .. a 16 te 16
Plaice (1), .. sf 8 BA AA
ye ( C4) ee aa 1
— 9 a5 9
Lemon Dab, oe 30 oe 30
Com. Dab, 53 33 2 35
Long Rough Dab, Be 1 1
Thornback, as 8 se 8
Angler, .. 4 1 S32 1
1045 3 1048
Fuglo, cf oe a .. |53 to] 8.50 | 12.50] Cod, ake ae 1 55 1 | Stormy ; net spli
N.W. by W. 73 | a.m.|p.m.| Codling, .. om 1 biskt. a
Haddock (1), .. 1656 Bo
We (2) gee ek N49 :
” (3); 200 :
—905 1 906
Ling, 1 ‘5 1
Cat-fish, 11 11
Halibut, So + ze 4
Plaice (1), .. fs 18 be 18
Lemon Dab, AS 28 a8 28
Com. Dab, = 27 10 37
Long Rough Dab, be il 1
Thornback, i 3 1 4
Angler, .. =e 4 2 6
Fuglo, 5 7. A .. |53to| 1.40 | 5.40 | Cod, ae + 2 Be 2 | Stormy; tow-n
bearing 57 | p.m.| p.m.| Codling, .. a 50 un 50 torn to pieces.
N.W. by W. Haddock (1), .. |496 xe
” (2); .. | 41
i (3), .. *(241
—778 ue 778
Coal-fish, .. aS 1 ae 1
Cat-fish, .. 4a 11 ap 11
Halibut, S 6 ve 6
Plaice (1), .. es 7 ae 7
Lemon Dab, 46 15 a 15
Com. Dab, 1 23 24
Angler, 3 1 4
874 24 898
Fuglo, 3 ra ne nie 57 | 6.5 | 10.5 | Cod, Be & 86 es Stormy ; net spli
W.N.W. p-m. | p.m. | Codling, .. 36 9 biskts. S
Haddock (1), .. (595 a 5
* Oy es: } biskt.
| “5 (3), 103 30
Ling, 15
Tusk, 2
| Coal-fish, 6
| Cat-fish, 8
Halibut, we 12
Plaice (1), .. ae 51
Lemon Dab, Es a Es
Com. Dab, A) ae 9
Angler, .. Be ot 1
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. | 59
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I
Temperature. dire Daye Fish Caught.
__ |Depth! Een Pe ieee tec) Ee : a
Date. 3 a in | < No. Remarks.
= 6 |¥Fms. : 2 No. | thrown! motay
a = = 6 3 Name. taken to} Over- | “y a
2 i a a x Market. | board. :
1904,
Apr. 24] .. = =e 5a bo 2b||) B2bn | Cod, ae Ae Uf Ls 7 | Cod-end gave way;
and 25. 65 | p.m. | m Codling, .. ts 11 MG ual most of fish lost ;
Haddock (1), .. (106 ae Py no offal.
Bs (Qs ¥ a
of (3), spall) ze 33
—138 138
Coal-fish, .. an 1 1
Cat-fish, .. Rs 1 oe 1
Halibut, .. ies 5 ee 5
Plaice (1), .. a 3 a 3
Lemon Dab, oF 10 ae 10
176 fe 176
Faeroe. | Apr.25.| .. sf a 63 3.5 | 7.0 | Cod, ae a 200 s. Hy Strong wind;
a.m. | a.m, | Codling, .. ae 4 biskts. ae weather stormy;
Haddock (1), .. {15 bskts. : : split net.
” (2), OO 1 ”
” (3), iy ”
V7
Ling,
Coal-fish, 17
Halibut, .. bys 8 ae
Plaice (1), .. M 1} biskt.
” 1 3 is pes if 7.40 | 12 | Cod, 3 td 1 or 1 | Wind and snow.
a.m. |noon.| Codling, .. ue 146 ap 166
Haddock, .. ae 362 5D 362
Ling, ee ar 5 rs 5
Cat-fish, .. ae 10 By 10
Halibut, .. a 6 af 6
Plaice (1), .. is 7 - ats
» (2), 1 .
— 8 an 8
Lemon Dab, He 14 ge 14
Com. Dab, a BG 13 xg
Thornback, 2 1 3
Angler, 6 : 6
580 - 14 594
Fuglo, ” PY oe .. |63to| 12.40] 5.40 | Haddock (1), .. [1 bskt. |
N.N.W. 71 | p.m.| p.m. ‘ Bye aes
=e ”
Cat-fish, 5
Halibut, wa 3
Plaice (1), .. te 3
Lemon Dab, RE 5
F Angler, a
15 miles | Apr. 26.| .. Ee .. |60to| 11.30} 1.30 |} Cod, Pe oe 3 ee 3 | Heavy swell ; wind
N.W. 7 | a.m.| p.m. | Haddock (1), .. | 7 rs so N.N.W.; very
Viders. “s (2), a 2 ae ae stormy; net split. |
” (3), 4
— 18 13
Ling, 1 L
Com. Dab, 1 1
Angler, 1 1
|
19 ae 19
60
Place.
N.W.
Videro.
Fuglo,
bearing
N.W.
Fuglé, N.W.
Part L11—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. Fish Caught.
Depth a =
Date. 3 a in rd No. Remarks.
a o |Fme.| |; 2 No. | thrown) motq]
a & $ o 5 Name. taken to| Over- No
a = fat a | Market.| board. :
1904.
Apr. 26. 60 to | 2.15 | 6.15 | Haddock (1), 170 Se Strong wind and
69 | pm. | p.m. ” (3), 17 9 heavy swell,
—- 187 187 ‘
Ling, 2 2
Halibut, 4 4
Lemon Dab, 7 7
Angler, 2 2
202 cle 202
Apr, 26 48 to | 9.15 | 12.15 | Cod, 70 70 | Blowing a_ gale.
and 27, 49 | p.m. |a.m.| Codling, .. 264 264 from west.
Haddock (1), 168 oe
hag)! 21 -
oe 53 fr
; — 242 242
Coal-fish, .. 8 8
Cat-fish, 15 50 15
Halibut, .. 13 1 14
Plaice (1), .. 7 as ae
A (G2) ioe 1 oft or
-— Si =. 8
Lemon Dab, 11 3 14
Com. Dab,.. 7 if
Thornback, 2 1)
631 13 644
Apr. 27. 48 to | 12.50] 4.50 ; Codling, .. 52 | ea 152 | Very stormy.
59 | a.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), 198 Le x
” (2), 31 . .
mr (8)! 58 © as
— 287 ais 287
Coal-fish, . 15 55 15
Cat-fish, fc ae 7
Halibut, .. 10 aS 10
Plaice (1), .. 13 AO 13
Lemon Dab, 29 1 30
Com. Dab,.. iB 5
Starry Ray, 1 2 3
Angler, af 1
514 9 523
” 48 to| 5.15 | 9.15 | Cod, 3 ; 3 | Stormy.
63 | a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. 484 Se 484
Haddock (1), 1034 5 Ss
ae (2), 33 24 oe
03), 86 A: 2 “
—1153 ae 1153 'S
Coal-fish, 3 a 3
Cat-fish, 5 Se 5
Halibut, .. Bl sae 5
Plaice (1), .. 9 i 9
Lemon Dab, 7 ae 7
Com. Dab, . . 24 sje 24
Angler, 2 2
1693 2 1695 f
Place.
Fuglé,
bearing
N.W.
Date.
1904.
Apr. 27.
Apr. 28.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
o cI
Oo i=]
.|/ 48/3
f =
= =] 2
< n aa
63 to
75
65 to
73
Time Trawl
Down.
11.0
a.m.
3.0
p.m.
3.20 | 7.20
p-m. | p.m.
11.55
p.m.
7.55
p.m.
12.25 | 4.25
a.m, | a.m.
Fish Caught.
= as
o. | thrown
Name. taken to} Over- al
Market.| board “
Cod, 18 “ie 18
Codling, .. 148 be 148
Haddock (1), 902 i a
39 (2), 33 ay ac
” (3), 82 Ar oc
—1017 ae 1017
Coal-fish, 8 He 8
Cat-fish, 13 re 13
Halibut, 7 F 7
Plaice (1), .. 9 3 3
Poe (C4) ee 2 an ae
— ll ts ugk
Lemon Dab, 7 1 8
Com. Dab, 2 12 14
Thornback, 2 ae 2
Starry Ray, 1 Sc 1
Angler, 4 3 7
1238 16 1254
Haddock (1), 123 a
esiles'(3); 66 3 as
—189 At 189
Halibut, 1 se 1
Plaice (1), .. 1 3 1
Lemon Dab, 3 56 3
Com. Dab, at ae 3 3
Angler, .. Se 2 5 2
196 3 199
Cod, 29 29
Codling, .. 144 144
Haddock (1), 432 nc
a (2) 56
9 (3), 149 a
—637 637
Tusk, 1 1
Ling, 6 6
Whiting, 5 5
Cat-fish, 18 18
Halibut, 8 8
Turbot, - 4 4
Plaice (1), .. 21 AC
” (2), oe 2 ee
—— 23 23
Lemon Dab, 30 1 31
Megrim, 1 : 1
Com. Dab,.. : 12 12
Thornback, 6 17 23
Grey Skate, 2 ae 2
Angler, 5 2 a
919 32 951
Cod, 55 5 55
Codling, .. 108 : 108
Haddock (1), 957 j a5
” (2), 32 . es
5 (3), 49 5 Ane
—1038 é 1038
Coal-fish, .. 17 é 17
Oat-fish, .. 15 > 15
Halibut, 18 : 18
Plaice (1), .. Us 3 3
| MEME co 2 dc Se
— 9 AA 9
Lemon Dab, 28 4 32
Com. Dab, 13 6 19
Thornback, 7 9 16
Angler, 4 1 5
1312 20 1332
Remarks,
Stormy.
61
Stormy ; split net ;
two tow-nets at-
tached to warps.
Weather stormy.
62 Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl
Temperature. ipa Fish Caught. #
Depth ae f
Place. Date. 3 a in a No. Remarks. _
SI o |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown) moiay
Po 7 2 re) 5 Name. taken to. Over- No.
a 5 Ss a = Market.) board. :
.
1904.
Fuglo, Apr. 28. 65 4.55 | 8.55 | Cod, 4 4 Wind S.S.E.
bearing a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. 111 lll
N.W. Haddock (1), 154 7%
a 2), 1 & *
(3) 194 Zz :
—359 359
Coal-fish, .. 2 2
Cat-fish, 13 13
Halibut, 3 3
Plaice (1), .. 11 : 11
Lemon Dab, 15 se 15
Thornback, 1 Be 1
Angler, 1 1 2 wes
we
520 1 521
” ” 58 to} 9.50 | 10.20| Cod, it 1 | Heavy swell; smajl-
63 | am. |a.m.| Codling, .. 48 48 meshed net.
Haddock (1), 20 a
” (2), 7 . .
” (8); 22 .: |
—- 49 49 ;
Cat-fish, 2 2
Halibut, .. 1 1
Plaice (1), .. 2 2
Lemon Dab, 3 3
Com. Dab,.. 7 7
Thornback, 1 u
114 2 114
»” ” 63 to| 11.0] 30 | Cod, 160 160 | Heavy swell.
65 | a.m.|p.m.| Codling, .. 112 112
Haddock (1), 267 as
” (2), 71 3c
ef -(3)s 215 be
—553 553
Coal-fish, .. 5 5
olay 4 7
Halibut, .. 8 &
Plaice (1), 5 5 |
Lemon Dab, 5 5 .
Skate, 3 3
Angler, 4 4
862 862
” 7 54 to| 3.30 | 7.30 | Cod, 1 : 1 | Heavy sea running,
65 | p.m. | p.m.| Codling, 144 : 144 ‘
; - Haddock (1), 138 2 bd
3, 2), 25 ; af
ence), 238 i a
—-401 ; 401
Coal-fish, .. 3 z 3
Cat-fish, 7 4 7 ¢
“Halibut, .. 8 x 8
Plaice (1), .. 9 f oP
BME 6), =. 1 : is
3 —- 10 2 10
Lemon Dab, 16 i 16
Skate, 2 , 2
Angler, 4 2 6
596 2 598
bel
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 63
, TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS--TABLE I.
% Temperature. eer Fish Caught.
= Depth =
| Place. Date. | Fs E in rae | No. Remarks.
3 o |Fms aS 2 No. | thrown Total
3 rs) S ° 3 Name. taken to} Over- No
2 & & 4 es Market. | board. 5
1904.
Fuglo, |Apr.28| .. ce .. |54to] 8.15 | 12.15 | Cod, a aa 61 ss 61 | Very stormy ; wind
bearing | and 29, 62 | p.m.} a.m. | Codling, .. re 144 oe 144 S.E.; net split.
N.W. = Haddock (1), .. {190 Ne i
se 2), ric 88) ke os
He) (Spi eee hb x
—348 348
Tusk, 1 1
Cavt-fish, a 9 ats 9
Plaice, gt me 9 ne 9
Lemon Dab, ne 11 + 11
Angler, .. ws 2 2
585 585
Sualndepon |)osso 0) od, Pe Ae 55 : 55 | Blowing a gale.
a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. 3a 134 oe 134
Haddock (1), ao (202 ae
TD). at ell x,
” (3), 29 es
—s12 312
Coal-fish, 3 3
Cat-fish, 4 4
Halibut, 3 3
Plaice, A 4 4
Lemon Dab, sid 29 3 32
i Com. Dab, ae Ac 6 6
Angler, . Sc 3 3
Dog-fish, 4 4
544 16 560
54 to | 6.15 | 10.15} Codling, .. ah 3 hs 3 | Heavy swell.
75 |am.| am. | Haddock(1), . se ae ac
” 2 ee
6 (3), S05 hel 7
—114 114
Bo 10 10
Halibut, .. we 3 3
Plaice, 2 2
Lemon Dab, Sa 5 Ais 5
Dog-fish, .. a oe 8 8
Angler, a3 57 1 1
137 9 146
56 to | 10.40 | 2.40 | Haddock (1), at Nak: Ke Pe S.E. wind.
(oy |) aan ||pim: 39 (Die aaah ae! ue bs
» (spr. |
—~- 54 a 54
Coal-fish, .. AY 9 oD 9
Cat-fish, .. Br 7 a a
Halibut, .. At 1 1
Plaice (1), .. Se 7
Te) aoc Bh Zz
— 9 is 9
Lemon Dab, Re 3 oe 3
Starry Ray, : 1 as 1
Angler, iL is 1
85 = 86
55 to| 4.15 | 8.15 | Cod, oa oA 8 Ag 8 | Stormy.
60 | p.m. | p.m.]| Codling, .. ae 160 5 160
Haddock (1), .. /140 x 3s
” 2 o- 15 "
“e (3), .. | 88 aS
—243 243
Coal-fish, .. 2 2
Cat-fish, 5 5
Halibut, ws 3 3
Plaice (1), .. ad 6 6
Lemon Dab, 2 2
Angler, 1 1
430 430
64 Part T1I.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. tg Fish Caught.
Depth) aan
Place. Date. 3 FI in = No. Remarks,
8 So |Fms.| |; 2 No. |thrown) ota
s = 2 i} a Name. taken to} Over- | “xo
a 4 Ss a ies Market.| board. :
1904.
Fuglé, | Apr. 29 55 |. 8.50 | 12.50] Cod, 5 61 61
bearing and 30. p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. 264 264
N.W. Haddock (1), 163 i
(Oe seule as
» (3), 99 2
—-283 283
Coal-fish, 5 5
Cat-fish, 4 7 4
Halibut, 34 : 34
Plaice (1), - 27 : 27
Lemon Dab, 46 50 46
Angler, 4 4 8
728 4 732
45 Apr. 30 54 1.25 | 3.0 Cod, 9 Se 9 | Split net; stormy.
a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. 2 100 ate 100
Haddock (1), - 71 71
Coal-fish, .. 7 7
Cat-fish, a 1
Plaice (1), .. 4 i 4
192 a5 192
5 aS E 54 to} 3.30 | 7.30 | Cod, 5 5
56 | a.m.|a.m.]| Codling, .. 170 170
Haddock (1), 298 Ee
” (2), 19 a
” (3), 110 “-
~—427 427
Coal-fish, .. 5 5
Cat-fish, 11 11
Halibut, 16 16
Plaice(1), .. 16 ave
» (2), .- 6
— 22 22
Lemon Dab, ae 23 23
Com. Dab,.. 16 5 21
Thornback, ne 3 3
Angler, 2 3 2
697 8 705
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 65
IIl._—A CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE
LOBSTER (HOMARUS VULGARIS). By H. Cuwas.
Wiuuiamson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen.
(Puatrs I.-IV.)
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Experiments in Lobster-Culture, . : : : 65
The Rearing of Lobsters, . : : : : 68
The Larval Stages, . 73
History of the Adult Lobsters after the Eggs had Hatched, 87
Proportion of Berried Hens in the Catch of ersten, 3 88
The Casting of the Lobster, . : ; 89
The Rate of Growth, : : 2 : 95
The Behaviour of the Lobster, F : ‘ : 95
Examination of the Ovary, . . : : : 98
Spawning, . { : : : - : 100
Hatching, . : : : : : : 103
Literature, . ‘ : ; : F 104
Description of Plates, : é : : : 106
EXPERIMENTS IN LoBsTER-CULTURE.
In the summer of 1902 the Fishery Board instructed me to carry out
some experiments in the culture of lobsters and crabs. It was intended
that the young lobsters hatched out at the Laboratory should be liberated
on the north coast of Aberdeenshire, in the neighbourhood of Fraser-
burgh. In order to obtain a supply of larvee a number of berried hen
lobsters were procured from Girvan and Dunbar in June and July.
Eight were sent from Girvan and ten from Dunbar ; one was captured in
the Bay of Nigg. One of the Dunbar lobsters arrived on August 2nd.
The lobsters were conveyed by rail, packed, in some cases, in straw, in
other cases in dripping seaweed. The latter method was much the
better, the lobsters, after their eight to twelve hours’ confinement, being
unpacked i in a fresh and lively condition. Some of those packed in straw
succumbed. In 1904 the stock of berried lobsters were all packed in wet
seaweed, and none died in transit.
No special apparatus, with the exception of two tin boxes, was made
for the experiment. A temporary arrangement of the hatching apparatus
(Dannevig’s), used for the eggs of the “plaice, proved successful on the
whole. The eggs were already far advanced.
An attempt was made to hatch the eggs detached from the parent
lobster in one or two cases where the latter had died during transport to
Aberdeen. A sheet-iron box, which fitted into one of the compartments
of the hatching apparatus, and which was arranged with a perforated
bottom through which the water entered, to escape by the top of the box
through a erating, was employed ; but a considerable death-rate ensued,
and the eggs were attacked by a fungus. None of the eggs hatched out.
It was decided to allow the eggs to remain attached to the parent until
they hatched. All that was necessary then was to keep the adults in a
suitable tank and to make arrangements whereby the larve, as they
hatched out, could be captured and removed to suitable boxes where they
would be under control.
66 Part ITT. —Twenty-third Annual Report
Fullarton adopted the method of keeping the berried females in con-
finement, in an open pond, until the eggs hatched; but in his experi-
ments carried out in 1895 the larve were allowed to escape to the sea as
they were hatched. In the present case the young lobsters had to. be
retained. The arrangement was as follows The berried hens, fourteen
in number, were kept in a wooden tank measuring about 8 feet by 4 feet
6 inches by 2 feet deep. The water supply entered at the bottom of
the box, and the outflow took place from the surface of the water. The
overflow water was led into the hatchery and distributed into the hatching
apparatus. As the little lobsters hatched out they were carried down to
the hatchery and caught and detained in the hatching boxes.
In order that a large number comparatively of lobsters be kept in a
small area, it is necessary that they each be provided with a hole or pen
for shelter. The wooden tank in which the adults were confined
was prepared in the following manner. A plank of wood about 7
inches wide was hinged by means of large fencing staples to the side
of the wooden tank. When horizontal in position it was about 4
or 5 inches above the bottom. ‘The space beneath this shelf was
divided off by means of bricks set on edge into as many compartments
us were required; in this case seven. The shelf rested on the bricks,
and when the tank was filled it was kept down by a suitable weight,
some stones or bricks. One shelf was put on each long side. This
arrangement permitted of ready examination of the lobsters, as when
the superincumbent stones were removed the shelf floated up, revealing
the lobsters. They remained there, then, in apparently suitable con-
ditions. Each lobster stuck to its pen, its body hid by the shelf, and its
projecting antennz alone betraying its presence. Only one lobster died
from injuries received through fighting with the other inhabitants of the
tank. The large chelz were not tied.
The young hatched out in batches. The eggs of one female do not all
hatch simultaneously, but over a period. In two cases recorded by
Herrick, a week elapsed from the time the first larva appeared until all were
hatched out. Fullarton found the time necessary for hatching a single brood
varied from a week to three weeks, or even longer, The aeration of the
eggs attached to the abdominal feet of the female is assured in the
following manner. The lobster is seen every now and then with its
abdomen stretched out to its full extent and resting on the inturned edge
of the telson. The swimmerets are meanwhile gently waved backwards
and forwards, in this way aerating the eggs and tending to cleanse them.
When the eggs are ready to hatch this facilitates the escape of the larve.
This action was noticed by Coste. The hatching of the lobster eggs at
Brodick, Fullarton states, occurred in July, August, and September, with
a maximum in August.
The first young lobsters were observed in the Laboratory, Bay of Nigg,
on July 11th; they had then reached the hatching apparatus. They
apparently hatch during the night, as each morning there was a fresh
addition to the stock. The little lobsters were in the first zoéa stage
(fig. 66). They were kept in boxes having sieve bottoms, which were
placed in the top compartments of a hatching apparatus. They measured
about 1 foot by 1 foot by 1 foot, and were painted black. They received
light from above only. The number of larve kept in one box varied,
but not more than twenty were knowingly confined together. They were
kept in the top compartments in order that they might obtain a share of
the food that was being brought in by the water supply, e.g. copepoda,
diatoms, and larve of invertebrates. The water was not filtered. It flowed
into the box by a spout and out by the sieve bottom, the arrangement
which is followed in hatching the eggs of plaice and cod.
De ee ee eee re
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 67
The lobsters, immediately after being hatched, swam actively about,
chasing copepoda and any small white particles moving in the water.
The two species of copepods most common in the water were determined
by Dr. Scott. A red copepod was Z'emera longicornis ; a white one was
Eurytemera affinis. They were both small.
During the zoéa stages, when the lobster is wholly pelagic, that is to
say before the pereiopods function as walking legs, a period of, roughly,
three weeks, it swims with its body bent in a quadrant shape, having the
head and thorax lying horizontal, or inclined slightly downwards, and the
abdomen and tail directed downwards, If it spies a copepod beneath it
swims directly down for it in a circling, sort of corkscrew path, and
follows up its prospective victim, when it escapes with a smart dart off
for a distance of an inch or two. The pursuit may last for a little time,
and now and then the lobster catches and devours the copepod. When
the copepods are swimming above them they also detect them and swim
directly for them. They also notice them when in front of them and on
the same level. The copepods are to be seen on the side of the box, and
the young lobsters go poking about the side after them.
The larval lobster, when undisturbed, swims forward at a uniform
speed by means of the exopodites of the pereiopods, turning sharply to this
side or to that to seize any object that attracts its attention, and which it
will pursue till it loses sight of it or has its attention distracted by another
form. When surprised it jerks backward by means of its abdomen and
telson,
The young lobsters were usually close to the surface of the water. No
food was provided regularly for them, except what was brought in with
the water supply. On a few occasions a little of the liver of the crab
(Cancer pagurus) was supplied them, They pursued the little white
portions as they fell through the water, usually catching them before they
reached the bottom. They ate up the live zoée of Cancer pagurus when
these were poured into the box.
While the lobster in the zoéa stages no doubt eats dead organisms, as
Cunningham relates, it is much more active in the pursuit of living
animals, It follows, from the fact of its pelagic existence, that it must
feed on living forms.
The lobsters were kept for varying periods. When set free they were
mostly in the second and third stages ; some were in the first stage. A
few were reared to the megalops stage on the food in the water supply.
The total number set free was about 3000. They were distributed as
follows :—
August 6, 1902.—1000 larvee set free a little over 1 mile north of
Fraserburgh.
August 7, 1902,—1000 larvee set free about 3 mile off Cairnbulg
August 19, 1902.—1000 larve set free about 3 mile off St. Comts.
The fry were conveyed in large glass (sulphuric acid) carboys by rail
to Fraserburgh. All the lobster fry (1000) were on each occasion stowed
in one carboy. The number of fry in the first consignment was counted,
and from that datum the numbers in the subsequent lots were deduced.
No special cooling preparations were found to be necessary for the
journey. Experiments were made to test the effect of a possible rise in
the temperature of the water during the transportation. ‘The temperature
of the sea-water in the hatchery was 12°5° C. A few lobster fry were
put into a jar containing half-a-gallon (= 2 litre) of water. The jar
was heated slowly until the water reached a temperature of 20° C; i¢
was then allowed to cool. Next day the lobsters were, with two
exceptions, all lively ; two had succumbed.
68 Part I1].—Twenty-third Annual Report
For the journey to Fraserburgh the larve were packed at 3.15 p.m.,
and were set free at 7.15 p.m., at which time they were all quite lively.
The vitality of the young lobster under certain conditions is remark-
able. Herrick kept them alive in small flat dishes, without change of the
water, from one to four days at a time, or until they moulted to the
second stage. A case in point occurred at the Laboratory. After one of
the journeys to Fraserburgh a few larve had been left in the dregs of
water in one of the carboys. They were discovered 10 days later, and
were then alive and active. Two small crabs (Carcinus menas) were
kept for a week in a little glass cell without change of water, and
apparently suffered no ill-effects.
There was a considerable mortality among the larval lobsters when in
the hatchery. As has been so often noted, a proportion of the deaths
occurred during moulting. The dead lobsters were sometimes partly
eaten. No case was seen of one zoéa attacking and killing another, such
as Herrick witnessed. A case of cannibalism was noticed in the
megalops stage. One megalops was seen eating the tail of another which
was still alive. The telson and part of the abdomen had been eaten off
when discovered. A cause of considerable mortality is probably starva-
tion. It is difficult to supply suitable and sufficient food.
All the lobster eggs were hatched out by September 10, 1902.
THE REARING OF LOBSTERS.
There are two well-marked stages in the life of the lobster fry: these
are (1) the first swimming stage, when just hatched (fig. 66, pl. iv.),
and (2) the stage when it for the first time takes on the form, and, toa
certain extent, also the habits, of the adult (fig. 72, pl. iv.). The former
is the first zoéa stage, the latter is the megalops stage. Previous to the
first zoéa stage there is the protozoéa, a stage of short duration. The
lobster has been described as issuing from the egg as a protozoéa. This
condition was not observed by the writer. It moults very soon after,
and becomes a zoéa of the first stage. R. @. Couch was the first to
figure and describe the protozoéa. He wrote as follows :—‘“‘Several of
the ripest bunches of ova were taken off, and by gentle agitation many
of the young escaped and swam about very freely, like those of the
common crab, and some were artificially extracted to leave no doubt to
rest on their parentage. Their bodies are large, stout, and of a deep blue
colour, while the other parts are semi-transparent and dotted with red.
The eyes are large, sessile, situated on a festoon at the lower and anterior
margin of the dorsal shield, and marked at the circumference with radia-
ting lines. The interior margin of the shield is waved, and irregularly
prominent ; the posterior and lateral surfaces are more remarkably so,
and are rough, with minute papillary eminences ; and the lower margin is
marked with seven minute plaited folds, beneath the five central ones
are situated five claws on either side. They are jointed as in the adult,
and the anterior pair are shorter and stouter than the others, and ter-
minate in a pair of nippers. The tail is longer than the diameter of the
body, is extended and composed of five annulations. The termination is
forked, but the fork is composed of two flat fan-like expansions separated
by a fissure which extends nearly as high up as their articulation.”
Saville Kent and Fullarton also give drawings and descriptions of this
stage.
The megalops stage is one in which the lobster in its habits resembles
more a prawn (Palemon), as Saville Kent pointed out. The interval
which exists between the first zoéa and the megalops has been filled in
by a varying number of stages. Herrick, for the American lobster,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 69
makes the period one of three zoéa stages, and between hatching and the
arrival of the young at the megalops condition there elapses from eight
to eighteen days. Saville Kent said that the European lobster reached
the megalops stage at about the sixth cast, z.e. five stages precede it, viz.
the protozoéa and four zoéa stages. A month or six weeks are occupied
in arriving at the stage beyond the megalops, which I have denominated
the first young stage. My own observations lead to the conclusion that
the period just mentioned will very rarely be exceeded ; it is probably often
as short as one month. Certain larve which were in the zoéa condition
in October and November remained for five weeks in one stage, however.
Sars illustrates three zoéa stages. Chadwick has published a descrip-
tion of-the protozoéa, three zoéa stages, megalops, and first young stages.
The time occupied by each stage, with the exception of the protuzoéa, is
given as a week.
Rathke says the maxillipedes and pereiopods have a general resem-
blance to the legs of schizopods, viz., Mysis, but the resemblance is
lost in the fifth pereiopod. In the denomination of the larval lobsters
it has been customary, therefore, to refer to the early pelagic stage as
the ‘‘mysis” stage. ‘This is due to the fact that its pereiopods resemble
those of Mysis, in having setz-bearing exopodites. But this is an onto-
genetic, not a phylogenetic, character, as the name is apt to imply. The
main swimming organ of a zoéa is the exopodite, and the number of
setose exopodites is directly proportional to the size of the larva. The
little elongated zoéa of the shrimp (Crangon vulgaris) has three pairs of
exopodites in its first stage, but its increase in bulk in the third zoéa
stage demands additional swimming power, and a fourth pair of exopodites
appear, viz. attached to the rudimentary first pereiopod.* In this case
the exopodite is developed, and becomes functional in the third zoéa stage,
whereas the chela becomes functional for the first time on the megalops
stage, 2.e. the sixth larval stage. The exopodite of the chela at the same
time vanishes, while the other exopodites, those of the maxillipedes, are
reduced and function no longer for swimming. In the case of the
lobster larva we have to deal with a large form, which requires a
powerful swimming organ. That is secured by the development of
the exopodites on the pereiopods, but with this difference from the
shrimp, that the pereiopods themselves are also functionally developed
—in the form of maxillipedes. The zoéa of the lobster is provided,
then, with eight maxillipedes, each of which has a setose exopodite,
On the arrival of this form at the megalops stage the latter disappear or
are so reduced that they are no longer swimming organs. The quadrant
shape in which the body of the zoéa is bent, by concentrating the
weight of the animal, has a direct relation to its propelling organs. The
tiny zoéa of Carcinus menas has only two pairs of exopodites. It is bent
in an arc; thereby the weight is concentrated.
There, appears, then to be no valid reason for departing from the term
‘‘zoéa” for this period of the life of the lobster. And the term “ mega-
lops” is an appropriate name for the stage which is analogous as well as
homologous to the megalops of the Brachyura. It is a transition stage
between the zoéa and the adult.
In this country the rearing of lobsters has been carried out by Saville
Kent, Cunningham, Weldon, Fowler, and Chadwick. On the Continent
Captain Danuevig has done the most extensive work in this subject ;
lately Appellof has carried on rearing experiments.
Many difficulties meet the experimenter in lobster-culture. Questions
of the food, of the cannibalism of the larvee, and of the mortality which
* Vide Williamson,
70 Part I1.-—Twenty-third Annual Report
occurs during moulting all arise. Saville Kent kept the little lobsters in
jars and fed them with a little minced fish; the water was changed
every day. Receptacles on the intermittent syphon system were, he
considered, especially well suited for lobster-rearing. Weldon and
Fowler used for the food of the larve the yolk of a hard-boiled egg,
crushed crab (Carcinus menas, Portunus depurator), boiled liver, the
contents of the townet (at that period chiefly octiluca and
copepoda), and live shrimp larva ; they were all partially, none abso-
lutely, successful. Cunningham usually fed the larve with particles
obtained by crushing and pounding common shore-crabs, but he made
special and careful trials of live food. Living minute animals
caught in the sea in the tow-net were introduced, but none of the
larvae were seen to try to catch them. ‘Ihe fish larve and the larve
of a shrimp were not attacked. But the fish larve and little shrimps, if
killed before being put into the jar, were immediately seized. He
concluded that the young lobsters are naturally carrion feeders, devourers
of dead food, although inclined to cannibalism.
Mead found that the fry fed upon all sorts of minute organisms (cope-
pods, diatoms, etc.), and readily ate some kinds of flesh if it was chopped
into fine pieces and kept suspended in the water, where they came in con-
tact with it. The best food was the soft parts of clams (I/ya arenaria.)
Chadwick fed the lobster fry “‘ daily upon the finely-minced liver of the
shore-crab (Carcinus menas), and the edible crab (Cancer pagurus), and
for a time they appeared to thrive on it, but at the time of the ecdyses
or shell-castings many died, and comparatively few reached the ‘ lobster-
ling ’ [megalops] stage.”
Appelléf reared the young lobster over the larval stages till the age, in
one case, of seven months. A great mortality occurred owing to the
inability of the larve to get rid of the integument when moulting.
According to this zoologist, as soon as the third casting has passed, and
it has reached the fourth stage [megalops], it swims, but soon goes to
the bottom, and behaves like an adult. In the fifth stage the swimming
power goes ; they are then very sedentary.
Herrick describes a variety of food which he found in the stomachs of
lobster larvae, viz. (1) diatoms in abundance, chiefly Vavicula and the
long tangled ribbons of Yabellaria ; (2) remains of crustacea, probably
parts of young lobsters; (3) bacteria in large numbers; (4) cotton and
linen fibres, and parts of alge. ‘‘The food of the larval lobster must
necessarily consist, for. the most part, of minute pelagic organisms, such
as copepods and crustacean larve. When watched in confinement they
may now and then be seen giving chase to copepods, often without success.
The young lobster, however, shows little discrimination in its food. It
seems to snap up almost any moving object, living or dead, which it is able
to seize and swallow.” Herrick has stated that one difficulty arises in
raising the young of the lobster in close quarters, from the fact that the
young invariably preferred to feed on one another. The death-rate was,
however, he considers, due in part to other causes, In this connection,
an extract from the Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xvii.,
1897, p. 135, is interesting :—‘ During the spring and summer particular
attention was paid to the food, habits, and growth of the young lobster,
and mutch valuable information was obtained at Wood’s Hole, where
extensive experiments were conducted on the holding of fry during the
larval stages. The experiments indicate that, under natural conditions,
the young lobster is much less a cannibal than has been believed, eating
his fellows only when natural food is not available.”
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 71
LARV
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
The zoée are beautifully coloured in two preduminant tints. On the
dorsum, in the gastric region, the double luminous blue spot is con-
spicuous. Then generally all over they are pigmented blue on the dorsum
of the thorax and abdomen, and yellow or red on the sides, Certain
zoée, which to the naked eye have a slight bluish colouration, are seen,
on examination with transmitted light, to have a great quantity of yellow
pigment all over the body, the carapace, abdomen, and limbs, with the
dorsum of the thorax and of the abdomen blue. Others are to the naked
eye brilliantly coloured with dark red, which is seen by means of the
microscope to be distributed similarly to the yellow in the zoée just
described. There are different shades of yellow: some lighter, others
darker. Occasionally the colouration shows to the naked eye a mixture
of red with bluish purple. In 1904 most of the lobster zoée were red,
but others were green, showing no red to the naked eye. Some were of
a very pale green.
The young lobster, while it is still a zoéa, is, from its pelagic existence
during a period of at least three weeks, exposed to many dangers. Its
helpless condition, combined with its fairly large size, and conspicuous
colouration, will, no doubt, result in its extensive destruction. Its life
near the surface of the water will, however, give it, on the whole, probably
a better chance of escape from small fishes than if it were swimming
close to the bottom.
While it is a zoéa the lobster swims with its head bent downwards,
and it attacks the food usually from above. It sees a white piece of the
liver of the crab (Cancer pagurus) falling a good bit below it, and swims
down in a spiral till it reaches it. It, however, chases copepods on a level
with it, and also below it. When it is about to cast it seeks the bottom
of the box. Some which were put into a glass tank kept boring away
at the bottom in an endeavour to get down out of the strong light
apparently.
The keen sight of the zoéa is a remarkable contrast to the purblind
condition of the adult lobster.
In the megalops stage the young lobster for the first time crawls. It
also swims, but now it swims forwards by means of its pleopods, with
the two long chelz held extended straight in front, in this way protecting
its rostrum from any rude shock which collision with an object might
produce. It also swims and floats in a manner similar to that known as
“treading water,” when it tries to grasp anything near the surface, and
it turns round on its long axis after copepods at the surface of the water.
It can also dart backwards by means of a rapid stroke of its telson, after
the manner of the adult, but this in both stages usually follows surprise,
and is adopted for escape. It sinks whenever it ceases using its swim-
merets or telson. The megalops swims more than the later stages. It
seems to support itself more easily in the water than they do. Its
method of swimming is by means of its pleopods, that of a Crangon or
Palemon.
In this stage the antenne are short, and their length seems to vary a
little in different individuals. Certain megalopa have antenne which
reach just in front of the tip of the chela when it is stretched straight
out alongside the rostrum. Others have much shorter antenne, The
setose exopodites are only present in some of the examples of this stage.
The megalops is the homologue of the sixth stage of Crangon vulgaris,
in that it has practically the adult characters, save for its very short
antenne, It crawls about on the bottom of the box, and resists any wave
72 Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
motion of the water which would tend to float it away. It clings with
all its pereiopods to the silk cloth of the bottom until the wave motion
ceases, when it starts crawling again. Immediately the box is agitated,
again it halts and holds on.
In its ability to notice particles of food, the megalops appears to be as
keen-sighted as the zoéa. Mead contrasts the habits of the zoéa and
megalops.
The next, that is the first young stage, swims about after copepods, and
is to be seen swimming forward with the two chele extended together
straight in front. The antenne of this stage are longer than in the
megalops, and the following stage has still longer antenne.
The stages subsequent to the megalops are even more difficult to
distodge from the corner of the box. They cling tenaciously to the
bottom (silk gauze) until the water is withdrawn and they are left
stranded, Then they loose their hold to follow up the water. This fact
probably accounts for these stages never being met with in the tow-net.
They are really bottom forms, and in shallow water would require to be
able to stick well to stones or in crevices to prevent their being washed
away.
A young form will sometimes swim round the edge of the box with the
off antenna stretched out in front and the near one thrown back along
the body.
Appellof remarks regarding the first young stage that they hide in dark
corners or under stones. They are then very stationary. He draws
attention to the great caution shown by the young lobster, and considers
that, in consequence of that trait, a relatively large percentage of them
should survive,
On the approach of winter the little lobsters in the Laboratory became
very sluggish. In November and December 1902 they were rarely seen,
except when the boxes were lifted. They stuck to the darkest corner of
the box, and did not move about so much as they did earlier in the year.
During these months there were hardly any copepods in the water supply,
and this may have had something to do with their sluggishuess. The
increasing cold was, however, doubtless the main predisposing cause of
their inactivity.
One of the most noticeable features that accompanies the transition from
the zoéa to the megalops is the sudden change in the character of the
animal. The zoéa swims about in an aimless way, except for the
moments when it pursues a copepod. It paddles persistently, and when
it strikes against the side of the box it jerks away quickly. It is not
disturbed by noticing anything ; all it appears to see is the little particles
of food. It evidently sees short distances only. The main point is its
indifference to possible danger ; it does not attempt in any way to conceal
itself. In the zoéa stage the lobster had no fear or premonition; in the
megalops, it assumes with the adult garb the haunting fear of attack,
which leads it to hide itself in some protecting crevice. It comes to
rest in the darkest corner of the box, and while swimming about is
always on the alert for a possible foe. For everything, food and pro-
tection, it has to be completely self-dependent. The desire to hide
appeared with the necessity. The bottom life is, without doubt, a
dangerous one, possibly more so than the pelagic existence it had just
passed through. Its eye still enables it to pick up copepods ; it is large,
as in all the early stages of decopod crustacea. It no longer swims
aimlessly about, but simply occasionally on a foraging expedition.
All the larvze ate crab’s liver, and hunt it by sight as it falls. And in
the case of the megalops, when a little crabs’ liver was introduced into the
box, the lobster became very excited and rushed hither and thither,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 73
following the scent dispersed by the current of water flowing through the
box.
One little lobster took up its abode for a day or two in a Purpura
shell which lay on the sand that covered the bottom of the aquarium,
but when it attracted attention, it had excavated in the sand a hole
below the shell, and in it it lay. The hole was deep to the front, and
was a neat fit. The lobster pushed out a quantity of sand, two armsfull,
in front of it, and removed larger grains of sand and a little piece of
debris with its maxillipedes. When returning from a promenade round
its prison it carefully tested its lair before it backed into it. It was alone
in the aquarium. Now this lobster did not imitate an adult or any other
young lobster in taking up its abode in the shell, or in digging a cave in
the sand. When food was tumbled in it seemed to resent its approach.
It appeared to be attracted by the scent at first, and then it put some fresh
mussel that tumbled into its cavity out of the hole, while some mussel
that was apparently old was left in. It was noticed that the mussel stuck
to the pereiopods.
Another little lobster, in its wandering about among the sand and mud,
got its pereiopods and maxillipedes covered with fine debris which, no
doubt, consisted, in considerable part, of diatoms. It was observed to
pick off the debris and put it into its mouth. Sometimes the mud in
the aquarium was all punctuated as if it had been probed all over with
the legs of the lobster.
THE LarRvaAL STAGES.
In the lobster the zoéa is a much more specialised organism than in
certain of the other decapod crustacea, e.g. Crangon and Carcinus. One
important respect in which the former differs from the two latter is in
the possession of functional gills. The presence of the gills determines
the form of the appendages concerned in the respiratory function, viz.
the second maxilla, and the maxillipedes which are employed in securing
a circulation of water through the branchial chamber. The gills and
their arrangement being very nearly similar to the condition in the
adult, it follows that the function of the appendages is that which they
perform in the adult, and their form is therefore practically that cf the
adult. In Crangon and Carcinus the maxillipedes have no respiratory
function to perform in the zoéa ; they and the second maxilla are in form
quite dissimilar from the adult condition. The adult form of these
appendages are similar but not identical in the lobster and Crangon.
The stages which will now be described have not been determined by
following a lobster in its successive moults. They have been dis-
criminated from the general collection of larvee which were developing
in the hatchery. In the case of the higher stages, e.g. last zoéa stage,
megalops, first and second young stages, the casts connecting adjacent
stages were observed.
During the research it was found necessary to redissect this form
which has already been treated by Sars and others, while the American
species has been worked out by Smith and Herrick in elaborate detail, and
profusion of drawings.
The drawing in the present case represents the condition found in the
appendage examined. The opportunity did not occur to dissect several
zoée of the same stage with a view to determine the variation in each
limb, and from that to fix the normal condition. When a comparison
has been instituted between the limbs of different zoéz, variation in the
hair at Sera and in the nature of the hairs themselves, has been
noted,
74 Port I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
In the sketch the exact number and arrangement of the hairs, &c.,
has been attempted, except in the case of figs. 7 and 16, and the draw-
ings of the protopodite joints. The exact number of sete is not introduced
on the exopodites, pleopods, uropods, or, in certain cases, on the telson.
In the drawings of the complete larva the pereiopods are represented
semi-diagrammatically.
THe APPENDAGES OF THE First Zoka.
The appendages present in the first zoéa stage are—(1) the Eyes ; (2)
Antennules ; (3) Antenne ; (4) Mandibles ; (5) First Maxille ; (6) Second
Maxille ; (7) First Maxillipedes; (8) Second Maxillipedes; (9) Third
Maxillipedes ; (10) First Pereiopods ; (11) Second Pereiopods ; (12) Third
Pereiopods ; (13) Fourth Pereiopods ; (14) Fifth Pereiopods. It possesses
all the cephalic and thoracic appendages which the adult has. The
telson is triangular, The pleopods and uropods are not yet developed,
A detailed description is not necessary ; in addition to the drawing of
each appendage, short notes will be merely added here.
EygE, 0., fig. 4, pl. i.
The eye is large, and has a very short stalk.
ANTENNULE, @., fig. 2, 7b.
The antennule is crowned with three esthetascs, one of which is
specially large, and two hairs. A minute hair was found at the base of
the <esthetascs on the antennule of one side, but not on that of the other
side. A little short of the end of the antennule there is a little tubercle
surmounted by a short plumose hair, Jn Sars’ drawing of the appendage
the plumose hair is shown larger than in the form here described.
Herrick’s drawing of the antennule of the first stage of the American
lobster shows a more differentiated appendage.
Antenna, A., figs. 1 and 24, ib.
The endopodite or flagellum (fig. 24) is two-jointed. It bears on its
extremity four plumose sete. The antenna represented by Herrick has
a segmented or annulated endopodite.
The scale of one side had 23 sete; that of the other side had 25
sete.
Manp1siz, Mn., figs. 5, 6 and 18, 20.
The apparent joint in the mandible (fig. 5) above the origin of the
palp seems to be simply the edge of its jointing with the cephalon.
The two hairs on the palp (fig. 18) have their distal halves finely
serrated.
An enlarged drawing of the cutting edge of the mandible is shown in
fig. 6.
First Maxinua, 1m., fig. 27, 2b.
On the lower lobe the group of four hairs which have been, for con-
venience, represented as pointed downwards, should be directed upwards.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 75
Srconp Maxiua, 2m., fig. 9, 7b.
The second maxilla is really a maxillipede ; it forms with the maxilli
pedes a series of appendages which, in addition to subserving a feeding
function, also share the mechanical part of the respiratory process. This
is performed by means of the epipodites.
The epipodite of the second maxilla is the lower half of the scaphog-
nathite, while the exopodite is represented by the upper half.
The division of the second maxilla into joints is difficult to follow.
My interpretation of the arrangement is as follows: (1) a basal joint ;
(2) immediately above that a bi-lobed joint; (1) and (2) form the
protopodite, Above No. 2 there is a three-lobed joint, the endopodite.
The scaphognathite, which seems to be divided at its middle into two
joints, represents in its top half the exopodite, and in its lower half the
epipodite.
There are 81 plumose setz on the margin of the scaphognathite, and
four small hairs on the surface.
On the elongated top lobe of the endopodite the long hairs are
sparsely plumose ; they are stiff spine-like hairs, with short, stiff cilia
given off in pairs. The tips of the hairs are curved.
There are 20 hairs on the second lobe; they also have curved
extremities. They are, with three sparsely ciliated exceptions, plain
hairs; one hair only was distinctly serrated on its distal half.
The third lobe bears 13 hairs on the margin, and two on the under-
surface. They resemble those on the second lobe; only a few are
ciliated.
On the fourth lobe there are stout hairs sparsely furnished with stiff
cilia on their proximal halves, and serrations on their distal halves.
The fifth lobe has long, stiff plumose bristles.
Frrst Maxiuiipepe, Imp., figs. 7, 10, and 23, 7d.
The first maxillipede (fig. 7) has a large first protopodite joint bearing
a large epipodite. The upper lobe of the epipodite appears to be seg-
mented off. The second protopodite joint is a flattened lobe bearing a
large number of serrated spines on its margin (fig. 23).
The endopodite is two-jointed (fig. 10), and bears several long sparsely
plumose bristles,
Ssconp MAXILLIPEDE, 2mp., figs. 29, 14, and 19.
From the first protopodite joint there arises two processes, united at
their bases, one of which is a rudimentary gill, while the other is an
epipodite (fig. 14). Both are hollow. An interesting condition was
noticed in the gill, which may or may not be constant. The subject was
not investigated. In the side of the gill there was a pore opening into
a central cavity (fig. 14). The gill is not segmented. Between the
wall of this central cavity and the outer wall there is a space which
communicates with canals in the protopodite. The hollow of the
epipodite communicates with a canal in the protopodite. In the draw-
ing the canals are dotted ; the basement tissue is striated.
The exopodite and endopodite arise from the second protopodite joint
(figs. 29 and 19).
The exopodite, which is furnished with two terminal hairs and a little
terminal protuberance, has a long basal joint and a long flagellum in-
completely divided by two septa.
76 Part II].—Twenty-third Annual Report
The endopodite consisted of four joints ; that is one less than what it
has later, and which the first stage specimen dissected by Herrick had.
The first long joint in the present case showed a trace of division into
two.
The armature of the endopodite consists of serrated thorns resembling
those on the same appendage in the VI. and VII. stages of Crangon. So
far as was made out, they were, without exception, serrated. The serra-
tions are minute, except in the large thorns. In fig, 29 the teeth are
exaggerated,
THirRD MAXILLIPEDE, 3mp., figs. 8 and 16.
Two gills and an epipodite are attached to the first joint of the pro-
topodite. One of the gills is a podobranch, the other an arthrobranch
(fig. 16). On the edge of the epidodite there are three hooks, of which
the two larger are anterior. There is a second arthrobranch.
The exopodite had two terminal sete and ten on each side. The
annulations on the exopodite appear to be complete joints.
The endopodite has five joints. The spines are, almost without excep-
tion, serrated. Those on the under-surface (of the sketch) have two rows
at least of large teeth ; the other spines have small serrations, of which
there are two rows at least. The long terminal spine has very few ser-
rations.
PEREIOPODS.
The pereiopods drawn are all of the right side.
The pereipod consists of seven joints, viz. (1) first protopodite joint —
Coxopodite ; (2) second protopodite joint—Basipodite ; endopodite
joints, viz. (3) Ischiopodite; (4) Meropodite; (5) Carpopodite; (6)
Propodite ; (7) Dactylopodite.
The setose exopodite arises from the basipodite.
First Pereropon, Jper., figs. 11, 20, and 28.
There are four gills connected with this limb—a podobranch, two
arthrobranchs, one pleurobranch, and an epipodite.
The endopodite has five joints, but the distal limit of the ischiopodite
is shown by a line merely across the limb ; it is not a movable junction.
On the propodite the spines, almost without exception, are serrated ;
those on the same side as the dactylopodite have prominent serrations,
those on the opposite side very small serrations.
There were 22 or 24 sete on the exopodite.
Sreconp Prretopop, 2per., figs. 22, 21, 12, and 15.
As in the preceding, appendage the first joint on the endopodite is
marked by a line crossing what would otherwise be a first long joint of
this branch ; giving five joints in all. The hand has serrated spines ;
those on one side having larger serrations than those of the other side.
There are three teeth on the inner edge of the dactylopodite.
There were 24 sete on the exopodite.
Four gills and an epipodite are connected with this limb,
Turrp Pereropon, 3per., figs. 13, 17, 25, and 26.
The endopodite is incompletely segmented ; it has four joints.
The spines on the claw of the propodite have large serrations.
The exopodite had 24 (26) sete.
Attached to the appendage are four gills and an epipodite,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 77
FourtH Psreroron, dper., figs. 42, 52, and 45.
The endopodite shows five joints. On the propodite the spines have
very large serrations on their distal halves, and smaller teeth on their
proximal halves. On the other side the spines have small serrations.
There are two kinds of serration on the long spine of the dactylopodite.
At the base of this spine there is a tooth on the dactylopodite.
The exopodite had 24 (26) sete.
Four gills and one epipodite are connected with this limb.
Firta Pereropop, dper., figs. 42, 52, and 45.
On the endopodite there is a little tooth at the base of the terminal
spine.
The exopodite had 22 setze.
One gill, a pleurobranch, is connected with the fifth pereiopod.
LBRANCHIA.
The number and the arrangement of the gills of the first stage zoéa
are similar to the condition in the adult. Two of the gills, however, are
here rudimentary. In fig. 49, pl. ii, the branchial cavity is shown,
The gills are represented in the positions they occupy, but are shown
much more slender than they actually would appear. ‘They are packed
close together. The division of the gills into podobranchiz, arthro-
branchiz, and pleurobranchie is clearly shown in the case of the majority
of the gills, but some there are which, from their position, might be
regarded as pleurobranchs. In the adult, however, they are arthro-
branchs, and very probably are arthrobranchs in the larva. They are
the gills on the top row of the arthrobranchs in the following scheme.
The Table exhibits the arrangement of the gills in the first zoéa stage
(vide fig. 49). The gills are arranged in the branchial chamber in four
rows. The highest row consists of four pleurobranchs belonging to the
second to fourth pereiopods. The next row consists of five arthrobranchs
which are connected with the third maxillipede and first four pereiopods.
The third row comprises another set of five arthrobranchs attached to
the same appendages. The fourth row includes six prodobranchs, borne
by the second and third maxillipedes and the first four pereiopods. The
first and last of the series are rudimentary gills. Each of the above-
mentioned appendages, with the exception of the fifth pereiopod, has an
epipodite. On the coxopodite of the last pereiopod there is a small process
which may represent the epipodite.
Herrick says that in the American lobster there is no rudimentary gill
attached to the second maxillipede.
In Fig. 49 the following letters are used :— pl.-6r., Pleurobranch ;
ar.-br., Arthrobranch ; pd.-br., Podobranch.
| TABLE,
78 Part I[I.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Branchic of First Zoéa Stage.
lst Row - Pi. ge Pl, Pl.
2nd ,, - ie Ay. Ar, Ar. AY.) yAr™
Ord 45 - ce Ar, Ar, Ay. Ar. Ar.
Ath ,, - a Pd. Pd; Pd...) Gd.) eee Pd.
aia - Ep Ep Ep. | Ep Ep Ep
Appendage. | 5 per. | 4 per. | 3 per. | 2 per.| 1 per.| 3 mp. | 2 mp.
ABDOMEN.
On the dorsum of the abdomen there are three single spines and a pair
of hooks. The spines arise from the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal
segments, and the pair of hooks are situated on the hind border of the
sixth segment. In the larva of the American lobster there is a small
hook on the second segment also.
There are four pairs of rudiments of pleopods; they are paired
swellings projecting below the ventral line. Each is widely separated
from the other pleopod of the pair. The integument is apparently per-
forated for the outward growth of the appendage, in a manner similar to
the bud of a new limb, Inside, a fold can be seen.
In each segment there is a pair of nerve ganglia. In the examination
of the first stage of Carcinus the ganglia are noticed, but were not
recognised.t There is a little tooth on the side near the anus. On the
hind border of the telson there are 16 (17) little sete on either side of
the median spine. In the dorsal view of the abdomen and telson the
exact number of sete is not shown on the hind border of the telson.
Foop oF THE ZOEA.
he stomach of one zoea contained the integument of a copepod.
SUBSEQUENT STAGES.
As mentioned above, there has been some difference in opinion regard-
ing the number of stages into which the zoéa period is normally divided.
In the European lobster Sars distinguished three stages; Saville Kent
made out four distinct stages ; Chadwick has described three stages,
Herrick, for the American lobster, discriminated three zoéa stages only.
The difficulty arises from the fact that during the zoéa period the
different developing appendages do not proceed part passu; and while,
no doubt, there is normally a correlation between the crgans which results
in a certain stage of development in the one being usually associated
with another certain stage in the second appendage, still the variation
*The arthrobranch in the second row, connected with the third maxillipede,
is hidden by the adjacent arthrobranch of the first pereiopod.
+ Vide Williamson, The Larval and Early Young Stages of the Shore-Crab (Carcinus
menas), p. 157.
OTe
-f
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 79
is comparatively very large. How is the number of zoéa stages to be
fixed? The most direct method is to watch a zoéa in its development
from hatching till it reaches the megalops stage, when it changes its mode
of life and assumes the form of the adult. In the zoéa period every
moult ushers in a new stage. As will be shown later, however, the
megalops is not a fixed condition ; a large amount of variation occurs in
its structure. The development of a single example would not be
sufficient ; a number would be necessary. In the zoée of Crangon and
Carcinus variation was noticed, especially in the size of larvee of the same
developmental stage. These zoée are of very small size, whereas the
lobster larva is large. The variation, then, in the latter is of much
greater absolute size. The variation in size and in the development of
the appendages together result in a multiplication of forms. Causes
which are at present unknown—they may be food, temperature, salinity
of the sea-water, &c.—stimulate development in certain or all the
characters in some larvee, while apparently similar conditions of environ-
ment result in delayed development in other specimens. The method
adopted in the present case has been to group the zoée into as many groups
as they naturally fall into. Of these there are three. But the extent of
variation is sufficiently large to bring into prominence three other distinct
forms. In the first group of zoez there are two dimorphic forms, and it
might be inferred from that fact that we had simply to deal with two
parallel series, but that does not appear to be the case. One case at least
occurred where a larva belonging to one series passed by a moult
apparently into the other series.
The zoéa stages are very readily distinguished by the stage of develop-
ment of the pleopods. During the zoea period the pleopods develop and
become functional for the first time in the megalops. This occurred,
without observed exception, in the case of Crangon and Carcinus.
In Homarus the first zoea has the rudiments of the pleopods; they
do not project from the abdomen; they are merely paired swellings
on the posterior part of the under-surface of the abdominal segment. In
Stage II. the pleopods project as unjointed bifid processes. In Stage III.
they are large two-bladed appendages.
In the first zoéa the cornea of the eye is attached to the carapace ; the
eye is sessile. In the second and third stages it is quite free from the
carapace; the eye is distinctly stalked.
The telson in the first zoéa is triangular, its hind margin fringed with
plumose sete. No uropods are present. The uropods appear in Stage
FIT.
Tn each stage there is a marked variation in size, and the large indivi-
duals usuaily show considerable divergence in structure from the small
specimens of the same stage, in respect to the developing appendages.
In Stage I. one or two large specimens, Ia. (fig. 67), but not all,
showed a telson differently shaped from that of the smaller. But
between these two, some larve showed intermediate forms of the
telson. Then a difference in the size of the ventral swellings (pleopods)
on the abdomen was noticed, but the more prominent swellings were not
confined to zoée having the second form of telson.
In Stage II. (fig. 68) the outstanding difference between the larvee was
that of size; a dimorphic form was not noticed here.
In Stage III. (fig. 69) difference in the size and structure of the pleopods
is common. The dimorphic form of the third zoéa (fig. 71, pl. iv.) is
one which, in structure, is intermediate between Stage III. and the
megalops.
None of these dimorphic forms have, so far as I am aware, been
previously recorded and described. It is possible that their origin may,
80 Part IT. —Twenty-third Annual Report
in some measure, be due to the environment ; the conditions, favourable
and unfavourable, of their life in the Laboratory may have resulted in
stimulating these irregular forms. The lobsters were under the influence
of this environment for a month or so while in the egg, and afterwards
during the whole of their free existence. The parent lobsters were from
two widely separated localities, viz. the East and West Coasts of Scotland.
The young forms were mixed together in the hatchery. The different
origins of the parents might be accompanied by variation in development
of the larve.
It is convenient to discuss the stages in the order of their sequence.
Sracr I,—Saville Kent breaks up this stage into two stages, which he
separated by two characters :—
(1) Difference in size.
(2) Difference in the number of dorsal spines on the carapace.
Difference in size is not a character of value; and as regards the
second, I have not been able to discover this difference.
A very marked difference was found, however, between certain of the
first zoée, in the shape of the hind border of the telson. | In the majority
the hind margin makes with the hooks at the angles of the base a return
curve of comparatively small radius (fig. 30). In some of the larger speci-
mens Ia. (fig. 67) the telson is broader, the curve of the hind margin is a
much shallower one, the lateral hooks being directed posteriorly instead
of inwards (fig. 46). The setae on the hind border are very short, while
in the first described case the sete were fully half the length of the
median spine. Now, in Crangon vulgaris,* the second stage ditlers from
the first in having a telson of slightly different shape, accompanied by a
greater number of spines on the hind border. There is also a difference in
size, This fact would suggest the possibility of the two forms in Stage I.
being independent stages, but the length of the sete was found to be
variable, and cases occurred where it was impossible to say, from the
length of the setee, to which form the individual belonged. I have come
to the conclusion that there is not sufficient differentiation to warrant its
elevation to a separate stage.
The second zoea (fig. 68, pl. iv.) is the first stage in which the pleopods
project. They are unjointed bifid processes. They issue, by foramina
in the integument, from the posterior part of the under-surface of the
nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal joints. The telson (fig. 48, pl. ii.) has
16 little setee on either side of the median spine. On the outside of the
setee there is a little spine at the base of the lateral hook. The uropods
are not yet free, but may be traced through the integument of the telson.
Two zoea of this stage measured 10 and 12mm. respectively—a very con-
spicuous difference in bulk.
The third zoea shows a certain amount of variation, and between the
third zoea and the megalops, and in the megalops, variation is well marked.
The dimorphism was noticed in respect to two characters especially, viz.
those which are in process of development in the zoea period, e.g. the
antenn and the pleopods.
The third zoea (fig. 69, pl. iv.) is characterised by the possession of
uropods. The telson, which is square, is toothed along its hind border
(fig. 35, pl. ii.). There were 18 teeth on either side of the median spine
in the specimen examined. On one side there was a little setose hair.
Two or three short plain hairs were found on the dorsal surface of the
margin. The pleopods (fig. 37) are larger ; each consists of a thick stem,
bearing two paddle-shaped processes. They are constricted off from the
stem, but not by movable joints. The paddles are set across the abdomen,
* Vide Williamson.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 81
and are fringed on both edges of their distal halves with short, stout plain
hairs. The exopodite overlaps the endopodite on the anterior side of the
latter. In the third pair of pleopods of one larva there were 21 hairs on
the exopodite, viz. 13 on the outer side, 2 terminal, and 6 on the inner
side, 7.e. next the endopodite. The endopodite was somewhat smaller
than the exopodite, and bore 19 hairs, viz. 3 terminal and 8 on each side.
The endopodite extends as a continuation of the stem of the appendage.
There is a variation in this stage which is common ; it is the case wherein
the pleopod is furnished with rather longer fringing hairs, a proportion,
larger or smaller, of which are sparsely plumose. The pleopods apparently
function to a slight extent in this stage.
The two forms observed of the third stage then are:—IIla, zoée
having pleopods fringed with short plain hairs; IIIb, zoée having
pleopods fringed with rather longer hairs, which are in part sparsely
plumose (fig. 36, pl. ii.). It is possible that IIIb is the more common.
This was the structure of the pleopod in the III. zoea stage described by
Smith.
The most striking secondary form is one which partakes of the
characters of both zoéa and megalops. It will probably be more con-
venient, then, to define the normal or average megalops before proceeding
to discuss the intermediate variation.
The zoéa has certain prominent characters ; these are the dorsal hooks
on the abdomen, the purely maxillipede form of the pereiopods, the
swimming exopodites of the thoracic appendages, and the stumpy
antenne, which do not function as feelers. The pleopods in the zoéa are
not fringed with long plumose setz.
The megalops stage is marked by the antenne being long, minutely
jointed, and used as feelers. The pereiopods function for walking ; the
exopodites are greatly reduced. The pleopods are furnished with long,
densely plumose sete, and have become powerful swimming organs. The
dorsal hooks on the abdomen are absent.
The intermediate stage, which is, for convenience, labelled thus “ IV.”
in the plates, was quite common among the larvee that were reared. Fig.
71, pl. iv., represents the most common condition of this form ; for it also
varies. The antennule and the antenna are still not fully developed ;
the former is single, and bears at its extremity a bunch of hairs. The
antenna is longer than it is in Stage III.; it shows some segmentation,
and coming joints are indicated externally by the presence of little hairs ;
it is not a functional feeler. In other respects this form is a zoéa, The
spine and hook armature of the abdomen is that of the zoéa. The
pereiopods and their exopodites are in the zoéa condition. Drawings of
the first pereiopod are given in figs. 43, 44, and 38, pl. ii. The part of
the second protopodite joint which bears the exopodite is now segmented.
The epipodite is also segmented off from the first protopodite joint (figs.
44 and 38). The protopodite of the second pereiopod is represented in
fig. 39, pl. ii. The endopodite has five joints—a chelate tip.
It resembles a megalops in its pleopods, telson, and the hand of the
first pereiopod. The pleopods are large, and fringed with long plumose
sete. On the third pleopod (fig. 51, pl. ii.) there are on the exopodite
33 sete, and on the endopodite 30 sete. The exopodite overlaps the
endopodite on the anterior surface. The hand of the first pereiopod was
long, at that of a megalops rather than that of the zoéa (fig. 43,
pl. i1.).
The Stage ‘‘ IV.” varies to the extent of having its pleopods furnished
with comparatively short hairs, some of which at least are sparsely
plumose. This is the condition found in the modification of the third
stage zoéa, labelled IIIb. The largest specimens are usually furnished
82 Part 11. —Twenty-third Annual Report
with the pleopods of the megalops. The telson of the “IV.” stage,
which was drawn, had no median spine on the hind border ; in this
stage a median spine is usually present.
Stage “IV.” attracts attention from the fact that in general shape and
large size it resembles a megalops. The use of the pleopods for
swimming give it the characteristic megalops appearance. It swims
with the chele stretched straight out in front of it. It may be
regarded either as a backward megalops, or as a precociously developed
zoéa. From the point of view of the former, the antenne, which are so
prominently employed by the megalops, have developed more slowly
than the pleopods, We have, in fact, a megalops which has carried over
certain zoéa characters, viz. antennules, antennz, the purely maxillipede
form of the pereiopods, and the abdominal hooks. There are other cases
in which minor zoéa characters are carried over and exhibited in the
megalops; they will be referred to later. If the second view is adopted,
we are led to the interesting conclusion that an organ may by precocious
development become functional in a stage which is normally withont it.
Might not an unusually rapid growth of the zoéa in size necessitate the
earlier provision of swimming organs to assist the exopodites which were
sufficient in the smaller stages? Or might a lower salinity react by
stimulating the development of greater swimming power? The zoéa has
attained to the body of a megalops, and the result is the provision of the
means of moving it about.
Boas describes considerable difference in structure between the larvee
and adults of the fresh-water and sea-water forms of Palaemonetes
varians. The larva of the former is larger than that of the latter.
The megalops stage is illustrated by several figures. Fig. 72, pl. iv..
shows the lobster in this stage. The pereiopods are represented by figs,
60, 61, 62, and 58, pl. iii., while the abdomen and telson are shown in
figs. 57 and 63, pl. iii.
The exopodites of the pereiopods are present, and setose, though very
much reduced ; but variations in the exopodites are common. In the
stage following the megalops, viz. the first young stage, the exopodites
are reduced to little processes (vide figs. 59, 65, 70, pl. iv.).
While dissecting a megalops the first pereiopods broke off at the
junction between the basipodite and the ischiopodite. These joints, so
far as could be made out, were fixed, as they are in the adult. This is
the fracture plane of Fredericq. The broken limb showed a clean but
not very regular break (fig. 58, pl. iii.). The muscles in the ischiopodite
run right down and terminate at the proximal end of that segment. The
muscles of the exopodite may have something to do in effecting the
fracture.
The pleopods are similar to those of Stage “IV.” (fig. 51, pl. ii.). The
setee have long, stiff cila, and resemble generally the setz on the pleopod
of the megalops of Crangon vulgaris.
The telson of the megalops had a median spine on the hind border.
This spine is usually absent ; it is a zoéa character.
The chela resembles that of the first young stage (fig. 65), but the
tubercles on the meropodite are a little less prominent.
The first young stage resembles much the megalops (vide fig. 70, pl. iv.),
but is usually larger. The exopodites of the thoracic limbs are small
processes, no longer setose. The antennz are longer than in the megalops.
The pleopods are similar to those of the megalops. The rostrum is
bifurcate. On the whole, the lobster in the first young stage resembles
much in its habits the lobster in the megalops stage. It does not appear
to swim quite so much.
The first pereiopod of this stage is figured in figs. 65 and 59, pl. ili
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 83
The little hairs on the propodite and dactylopodite are probably sensory.
Fig. 64, 7b., gives a dorsal view of the telson.
VARIATION OF THE MEGALOPS.
A typical megalops may be described as follows. It walks about by
means of the pereiopods, which are now of the adult form, and it swims
by means of its large pleopods. The exopodites of the thoracic appen-
dages are present, but in varied structure. They may be setose, or
much reduced, and without sete. The antenne now project as far in
front as the chelze can reach, and are used, as in the adult, asfeelers. The
rostrum is bifurcate at the tip. The eyes, like those of the zoca, are
very large.
The megalops varies in several ways—the following were specially
noted :—
(1) It as often as not has one or more of the dorsal abdominal
hooks of the zoéa persisting.
(2) It may have the median spine on the hind border of the telson—a
zoea character.
(3) The exopodites may vary very much. Some or all of them may
be setose, or they may be reduced to little processes, as in the first voung
stage. The exopodite of the first pereiopod does not usually have any
setee.
The following Table gives an analysis of 12 megalopa with respect to
three characters. The sign + signifies the presence, and — the absence,
of the character ; if no sign is entered the character had not been noted.
Dorsal Hooks| Median | Exopodites—| Exopodites
on Spine on some reduced to
Abdomen. | Telson. Setose. small pro-
cesses.
4 Megalopa, + +
1 Megalops, + +
5 Megalopa, - +
1 Megalops, a
1 Megalops, +
Forms Resuitinc From THE Castine oF III. anp “IV.” Zoim,
Particulars were kept of various casts of the III, zoéa and of the
“TV.” stage. The resulting forms were observed, and are entered in the
following Table :—
| TABLE.
84 Part L11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
. Special Characters of
gs pee F Beoilting Form.
IIla. ays Pleopeds and Telson of Megalops.
Ila. =¢ Ns
Ila. Megalops. Short Antenne.
IIIb. EV | Pleopods of Megalors.
I1Td. Megalops.
ITTd. .
ITTd. _
ITTd. “a
el ig In some respects, e.g. Exopodites
of Pereiopods, resembled First
Young Stage.
ES ATEN
9 9? 3 ”
GROWTH OF THE YOUNG LOBSTER.
The larval stages of the American lobster have been fully treated by
Herrick, who followed its life-history from the time of hatching to the
tenth stage, when the animal is over one inch long and about three months
old. He says that the young lobster ceases to swim in the sixth stage.
In the Laboratory here the young lobsters have been kept for various
intervals up to ten months. Rearing experiments were carried on in the
summer of 1902 and the summer of 1904. In the case of the lobsters
which were kept for several months, it was not possible to tell in what
morth they were hatched, but as the greatest number of the fry hatched
out in August, the middle of that month has been taken as the date from
which to calculate the age of the young lobsters. The growth in the
cases here cited is possibly abnormally slow.
A. 1902 Brood—Hatched in August 1902.
1. September 28-30th 1902.—Megalopa issued from three specimens
of the large ‘TV ” zoéa.
», October 30th.—One megalops cast.
,, November 6th 1902.—Another megalops cast.
2. October 1st.—A zoéa cast into a zoéa of ‘IV ” stage.
5, November 7th.—The “IY ” zoéa was partly cast to megalops.
5, December 5th.—The megalops was dead ; 1-6cm.
3. October 2nd.—A zoéa cast ; a megalops issued.
4. November 7th.— A megalops cast.
5. November 21st.—-A first young stage lobster cast.
» December 4th.—The soft lobster, second: young stage, was found
dead ; 1‘4cm.
6. December 13th.—-A lobster of the second young stage died ; 1‘7cem.
7. January 15th, 1903.—A first young stage lobster died ; 1-7cem.
8. Fe 17th.— A first young stage lobster died ; 1:8cm.
9. » 27th.—A second young stage lobster died ; 1:7cm.
10. May 29th. —A second young stage lobster cast.
» dune 1lth.—The soft lobster, third young stage, died 18cm
11. May 3lst.—A second young stage lobster cast.
3 . . —The soft lobster, third young stage, died ; 22cm.
A.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 85
B. 1904 Brood—Hatched in August 1904.
12. October 27th 1904.—Young lobster, first young stage, cast.
», November 3rd.—The soft lobster, second young stage, died ; lcm.
13. 31st October.—Young lobster cast.
»» November 3rd.—Soft lobster died ; 2°5cem.
14, June 4th 1905.—One young lobster, the sole remaining, measuring
1°9cm , cast.
5 », 14th.—The young lobster died ; 2:lem.
Casting of zoée occurred as late as October and November and of
megalops and later stages in October, November, May, and June.
LENGTH OF DIFFERENT STAGES.
The iast zoéa stage lasted, in the case of No. 2, from October Ist to
November 7th, a period of five weeks.
The megalops stage lasted, in the case of two examples in No. 1, from
September 30th to October 30th and November 6th, ze. four and five
weeks respectively,
Appellof records that two lobsters in the same jar differed from one
another by a month in arriving at the sixth stage. Casting took place
also in winter.
Sizes of the young lobsters which died, and their approximate ages (from
hatching) at death :-—
Length Number in
Stage.* Age. in | preceding
Cms. List.
M 2 months | 1:6: 17 £4
M oat Ge 16 2
42 gu ine 17 12
" eat 2:5 13
+2 At gt 1-7 6
| Big eee TZ, akc 7
41 A bad: 1:8. ag 8
42 Bie Soc 1-7 9
+3 9 a 2-2 11
. ‘yr ogee 2] 4
+3 10 ” 18 10
* The following contractions are used in this column :—‘‘M,” Megalops; ‘‘ +1,”
first young stage, 7.c. stage immediately following Megalops; ‘‘ +2,” second young
stage, &c.
| TABLE.
86 Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Additional measurements of lobsters of different stages :—
Date. Stage. Measurements.
Mm.
Sept. and Oct.
1902. iVecZoea- 15 Abr aOR ee Go:
i M. 1521s Patel
1°67" 126:
Sept. 1902. +1 155i! 1-5ds, 62 dso
187 eA
DeEatTH oF THE Youna Lossters, First Youna Stace AND LATER,
The majority of the young lobsters reared at the Laboratory have died
shortly after casting. Asa rule, the death took place gradually, as if a
disease had seized them immediately on casting. ‘The lobster became at
once sluggish, moved about with difficulty, and simply ebbed away.
October 23rd (No. 3).—One of the young lobsters cast, but became weak
immediately after, and was hardly able to move a limb. It was removed
to a larger vessel with a good supply of water, and it seemed to be
reviving on the 28th. On October 31st it was livelier ; it could move
its pleopods, but seemed to be paralysed in the thorax ; a faint movement
of the antennules was noticed. It hada large swelling on its left side at
the hind part of the carapace. It was dead on November 3rd.
On October 31st (No. 5) a lobster that had not cast recently was seen
to be almost dead ; there was just a little movement detected in the last
pleopod. On November 3rd it was dead and covered with a fungoid
growth.
On November 3rd (No. 6) a lobster which was half-cast was found as
if dead. No movement was noticed. The lobster was torn asunder, and
it was then seen that life still remained, as vermiform movements of the
organs were detected, A puff of white fluid material was squeezed from
the anterior half of the body, and examined by means of the microscope.
It was seen to consist of great numbers of infusors of various kinds, the
majority being very small and roundish in shape; others were long,
pear-shaped. Some were progressing with an eel-like motion. Sporo-
spheres consisting of a mass of minute infusors were made out. The
water in which the lobster was had no infusors in it when a drop was
examined,
The death of the young lobsters is, without doubt, due to the rapid
development in them of these infusor parasites. It is possible that during
the casting process the infusors may gain admittance to the body, and
their rapid multiplication there results in the death of the host in a few
days.
One lobster, the largest reared, measuring 1 inch (2‘5cm.) in length,
reached that size by a cast on October 31st 1904. On November 3rd it
appeared to be dead. On examination a little movement was detected in
its limbs. It was removed to a large jar, but did not recover,
~
- >
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 87
Berriep Lopsters OF SuMMER 1902.
The parent lobsters from which the supply of larvee was obtained in
1902 were kept alive in the Laboratory after the hatching finished. Two
survived till the spring of 1905, ‘The history of these and of other
lobsters which were kept in confinement will now be detailed.
One lobster was found clean hatched on August 2nd 1902, and by
September 10th all but one had hatched out their eggs. The exception was a
lobster upon which a quantity of dead eggs remained attached to the swim-
merets. On September 22nd one lobster cast its shell; when examined
on October 14th the shell of this individual was not hardening quickly.
None of the others cast, and none spawned. If spawning actually
occurred none of the eggs became attached to the adult. The lobsters
were ten in number on January 16th 1903. None, so far as could be
made out, had spawned ; one had still a quantity of empty egg-capsules,
visible to the naked eye, attached to the swimmerets. The soft lobster
died on June 6th 1903.
On July 6th 1903 eight of the 1902 hatchers survived. During that
month six cast their shells ; one cast in August, and the eighth died in
July. Of the six which cast in July, three died in the process of casting.
The four soft lobsters had not spawned in October, in which month a
male lobster was introduced into the tank with them. On January 13th,
1904 the male lobster was still with them ; none had become berried.
One of the females was found cast on July 19th 1904, and it dicd
the following day. A second cast on July 29th. The third was
found dead on August 30th 1904. There were left at that date two
lobsters ; one of these had cast its shell in 1903, and also in 1904 ; the
other had cast in 1903. The male lobster remained with the latter.
Both females were still unberried on 21st October. Neither had spawned
by January 12th 1905. The lobster that cast in 1904 was found dead on
February 16th 1905, and the remaining specimen had died by April 6th
1905.
During the two years and nine months the majority cast their shells,
but none became berried.
A FEMALE THAT SPAWNED.
A marketable* female lobster arrived from Dunbar in December 1902.
It had a clean shell, and did not appear to have been berried. It cast
its shell on September 2nd 1903. When examined on the 12th
October following it measured 102 inches in length, It was not
berried on January 13th 1904, but on July 14th it was found to have a
small quantity of eggs attached to the swimmerets. The eggs were early,
just spawned. No male lobster was present when the eggs were spawned.
These appeared to be healthy, dark green in colour, with a clear dotted area
to one side. The lobster had lost all its eggs but two by October 21st
1904, and when examined on November 19th of the same year it was
clean. On the subsequent examinations, viz. January 12th, May 6th,
and June 19th 1905, the lobster was still clean. It moulted on July 2nd,
1905, and was killed then. This cast has not been entered in the table
on p. 90,
BerRRIED LogsterRs oF 1903.
Some berried lobsters, eight in number, were obtained from Dunbar in
September 1903. Two had well-developed eggs, and the eggs hatched
soon after arrival. By September 24th two more had hatched their eggs ;
a few eggs remained attached to ene lobster. The four others had black
* A lobster is marketable when it is eight inches, and over in total length of body,
88 Part III—Twenty-third Annual Report
eggs, which appear to have been freshly extruded. ‘They were not
retained at the Laboratory ; the clean-hatched lobsters were preserved
alive. During the winter that followed none, so far as was noticed,
spawned, and on January 23rd 1904, of the three that remained, none
was berried. One lobster cast on July 9th 1904. The cast shell was
clean ; the antennz which had been most exposed to the light had some
alge growing on them. It died on July 14th. The second lobster cast
on July 13th, and the third on July 25th.
By October 21st 1904 only one survived, and it was not berried. It was
examined again on November 19th 1904, January 12th 1905, May and
June 19th 1905, and on each date found to be unberried.
BerrieD Lozsters oF 1904.
A stock of berried lobsters, 20 in number, were obtained from Girvan
and Dunbar in June and July 1904. All but five hatched their eggs by
the end of August. These were still berried on October 12th 1904. Of
the others, one cast in August, one cast in September, four more had cast
by October 12th 1904, a seventh cast on October 29th 1904, and the
eighth was found cast on November Ist 1904. Of the fifteen which
hatched their eggs, eight cast their shells by November Ist. The
remainder, seven in number, were examined on December 15th 1904,
January 12th 1905, May 8th and June 19th 1905. None had become
berried. At the examination in May one had died.
Six of the soft lobsters had died by November 16th 1904; none of
them had spawned. On January 12th two were alive, but they had
succumbed by May 6th 1905.
When the berried lobsters were examined on October 12th 1904 the
external eggs showed, under the microscope, a considerable pink area at
one pole, wherein were to be made out the pigmented eyes and the rudi-
ments of the limbs. The great mass of the egg consists of black yolk.
The lobsters had probably spawned their eggs just before they were
captured in July.
On January 12th 1905 the reddish or amber-coloured area had increased
a little ; it extended well round the black yolk. The eye of the embryo
has a prominent black retina ; the limbs are distinct.
When examined on May 6th 1905 the eggs showed a further increase
in the red area; it extended aimost completely round the yolk, but was
still narrow in most of the eggs. At this date four lobsters remained ; of
these, one had got rid of its eggs. Two were clean on June 19th 1905.
The eggs of the two others were far advanced.
Proportion OF BgRRIED HENS IN THE CatcH OF LOBSTERS.
As to the proportional numbers of berried to unberried females cap-
tured by the fishermen, Herrick’s observations showed that in April
and May the largest percentage of berried females were captured in
Wood's Hole Harbour. In these months the berried females formed 40
and 36 per cent. respectively of the total number of female lobsters
taken.
Ehrenbaum found that at Heligoland the berried hens were taken in
largest numbers in July, August, and September, during which months, in
the period covered, the percentages were 35, 46, and 44 respectively of
the total females.
Cunningham’s statistics of the lobsters caught in the Cornwall district
show that in April, May, June, and July the berried females form a
considerable proportion of the total catch. In the three years 1895-
«.
— ee
et ee
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 89
1897 the proportion of berried hens during the months March to July,
amounted in some cases to 50 per cent. of the females captured. For
the four months April to July, at Cadgwith in 1899, out of a total of 443
females, 108 were berried hens.
Meek has published statistics of the catch of lobsters and crabs during
the past six years, 1899-1904, both inclusive. The monthly totals at
Seahouses and Beadnell are given for each year. The lobsters are classified
as hard, small, and bervied. The largest number of berried femaies were,
as in Cornwall, captured in April, May, June, and July. For the six
years the berried hens made up on the average in these months 28, 34,
32°7, and 22°8 per cent. respectively of the females captured at Sea-
houses.
THE CasTING OF THE LOBSTER.
The Male Lobster.
A male lobster obtained in October 1903 was kept in a tank along
with four soft female lobsters, On April 14th 1904 it was found to have
cast, and on July 14th following it was already hard. It was noticed that
it was an eager feeder. When examined on November 19th it appeared
to be soft to the touch, and on November 21st it had again moulted ;
that was after an interval of seven months only from the previous cast.
It was killed by the female lobster that was with it in the tank. It had
bled to death ; the injuries were not very extensive. It measured at its
death 114 inches in total length. .
Two male lobsters which were kept in confinement by Brook cast
twice in each of two successive years. One, measuring 71 inches in
length, cast in (1) May and again in (2) September 1883, and also in (3)
May and (4) October 1884. The size after each cast was (1) 712 inches,
(2) 842 inches, (3) 92 inches, (4) 93 inches. The second male lobster
measured 613 inches. It cast in (1) July and (2) December 1883, and
in (3) June and (4) November 1884. The size after each cast was (1)
7,3; inches, (2) 8 inches, (3) 82 inches, (4) 92 inches.
The Casting Periods.
The lobsters which moulted at the Laboratory did so in the following
months :—April, July, August, September, October, and November. All
these observations refer to adult lobsters 8 inches and over in length,
which were nearly all females. Most of the females were lobsters which
were berried when they arrived at the Laboratory. In the following
Table they are indicated by the letters e.h. (eggs hatched).
The Table which follows shows the date on which the lobster cast, its
length before casting, and sex. ‘The intervai of time that has elapsed
since the eggs were hatched is given in one column, and the interval
between two successive casts is shown in the three cases where it occurred.
The numbers indicate separate moults: the same lobster appears twice
in three cases.
| TABLE.
90
No.
OSOnNOoOF wD Re
Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Date.
April 14, 1904.
July
July
6, 1903.
i=
15, ”
28, 1902.*
August, 1905.
9?
Sept.
The total number of casts recorded above is 27.
months of April, July, August, September, October, and November.
1904.
, 1902.
1904.
2; 1903.
=F} ”
12, 1904.
AS er
(ks 9?
ZA
Size
before
Casting.
Inches.
11
[103]
113
11d
102
11
* Cast at Dunbar.
Sex.
.| 1 Year+
Go bo bo bo
Interval
between
Hatching
the Eggs
and
Casting.
YEAR.
99
1
il
]
1
1
1
LN 165
1
1
2 YEARS.
2
7
1 YEAR. |
1 month. |
eae |
ees
1 99
1 month
2 months.
29 |
|
Interval
from
Previous
Cast.
7 months.
Period
of
Captivity
before
Casting.
9 months.
1 YEAR.
+ Size of soft lobster.
summary of the casts is here introduced.
Was berried
inJuly 1904.
They occurred in the
A
[| TABLE.
Vv" of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 91
TABLE sHow1ne tHE NUMBER OF CASTS IN EACH MOonTH.
use |b = oe
EE by = Pm evo) 4] = ° >
o, as] = = 5 4 5 °
qe) Se shes | a a roe ey
es ee | Sal ae ———————
Number of Casts | 3 1 1 l
of each Sex 9 1h Wee 5 5 1
Total for month .. Te [et ea eral EZ 2 5 5 2
So far as the class of female lobsters here dealt with is concerned,
there are two fairly distinct casting seasons. One, which is at its maxi-
mum in July, claimed those females which were not berried during the
previous winter,* while the second is an autumn casting season, the
principal months being apparently September and October. In the
autumn season those females that were berried during the previous winter
and spring cast ;* that is to say if they cast at all during that year. The
two seasons overlap, however. On September 2nd one of the first class
of lobsters cast, and the list includes, for August, one of each class.
_ The two cases in which the lobsters cast two years in succession, Viz.
Nos. 11 and 12, are interesting, from the fact that the view has been held
that the adult lobster would not cast two years in succession, Appellof
maintains that view. The frequent castings of Brook’s specimens and of
the two males recorded above are important as indicating a possible
divergence in rate of growth from the female.
It certainly seems that in captivity the casting process becomes more
frequent than in the case of the lobster in the sea, The inactive existence
of the creatures, and the absence of any search or exertion on their part
in the quest for food, may have predisposed them to vegetate in place of
reproducing. The food supplied was not excessive in quantity ; it con-
sisted of shelled mussels (J/ytzlus edulis) and fish.
The Increase in Size on Casting.
One fact has been noticeable in connection with the moulting that
occurred at the Laboratory, and that is the small increase in size that has
followed the casts.
It is sometimes difficult to accurately measure the moulted shell, owing
to the rupture of the connection between the carapace and the abdomen
which oecurs during the change, but care was taken to replace the parts
as nearly as possible in their natural relationship before measurement.
In the following Table the sizes of the lobster before and after the moult
are set forth. Asa rule, the soft lobster was measured within a day or
two of the cast. All the lobsters in the Table are females. The lobster
is measured from the tip of the rostrum to the hind edge of the telson.
* There was one exception. One female which was berried during the winter cast
in the July following. Vide p. 87
92 Part LL1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Size (inches) of
Size Soft Lobsters. I 5: Length
: mmediate :
No.| Month. (inches) Increase of Time
; before | Measured | Measured a Si in
Casting.) just after | after an i ig Captivity.
the Cast. Interval.
Inch.
Pj¢ Saby, 123 122 13 0 1 Year.
2 F 124 123 123 z a
3 B: 102 10% Z Fs
4 As 123 13 z 2 YEARS.
5 BS 17 114 4 re
6 " 113 113 4 1 YEAR.
a, BS 112 112 3 of
8 A 12 122 4 m
9 Sept, 11 112 He 3 3
10 Ce 93 i» | 103 ae | month.
11 Oct. 112 12 | e = 1 Year.
12 é 1 11,3 - ah 2 months.
13 a: 114 z 2 ee
14 Nov. 11 11 0 oe
These figures indicate that there was no great increase in size just after
the cast, whatever may happen during the time that the shell is harden-
ing. Herrick found that the lobster grew considerably during that time.
While most of the lobsters mentioned in the Table had been in captivity
for a year or more, there are four cases in which the length of confine-
ment was only that of a month or two. In the case of one lobster, |
the increase in size nine mouths after the moult was one inch,
In the other short-period cases the increase was just as small
as with the lobsters which had been over a year in the Laboratory.
In two cases, in fact, the soft lobster was, as far as could be
ascertained, exactly the same size as the hard lobster, It was not
possible to separate all the soft lobsters and measure them subsequently
to see what increase took place during the hardening of the
shell. In the case of the first two lobsters, which were re-measured, after
intervals of two and one week respectively, an increase of $ inch in each
case took place. Ehrenbaum agreed with the earlier observations of
Herrick and Rathbun in noting the slowness in the growth of the older
lobsters. He instances a case where a lobster, measuring 40°2em. (16
inches) in length, only increased its length by a millimetre (; inch) on
casting. Vitzou gives measurements to show the increase that takes
place in different parts of the body after casting; he demonstrated the
fact that while the carapace aud abdomen increased in size at once, the
large claws only showed a marked increase 17 hours after the moult.
Salter describes in detail the operation of casting. The lobster cast in
July. Immediately after it had got rid of its shell it concealed itself
among a mass of seaweed that it had before casting collected in a corner
of the tank. Brook observed that a male lobster buried some food
before casting, and after another cast it partially buried its cast integu-
ment in the sand.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 93
THE’ HARDENING OF THE SHELL.
The shells of the soft lobsters hardened only very slowly, in this
respect differing from cases reported by other observers. A male lobster
that cast when in a box floating in Dunbar harbour in July 1902 was
33 days later hard. It had lost nearly all its pereiopods, and so had
difficulty in walking. It arrived at the Laboratory on September 30th,
and lived there until December 30th 1902. Herrick says that six to eight
weeks are required to complete the hardening process, a period also
given by Prince, Ehrenbaum gives a period of from three to four
weeks. Meek records a lobster that, having cast on September 12th,
regained its hardness of shell in one month,
The lobsters in the Laboratory were not eager for food immediately
after the moult. The food was shelled mussels usually, with fish
occasionally. The integument, once it became stiffened, remained for a
long time more or less pliable, as if the calcified layer of the shell were
poorly developed. Whether the slow hardening is due to the nature of
the food or of the sea-water is not known, ‘The shells, many months
after the cast, were deficient in lime and cut easily like brown paper.
The lobster that cast on September 22nd 1902 was still soft to the
extent that the integument is flexible and yields to pressure, when it
died, viz. on June 6th 1903. Another which cast about the midille of
August was fairly hard a fortnight later. Three lobsters which moulted
in July 1903, and one that moulted in August of the same year, were in
the following July 1904 still softish in the shell, They were in good
condition, for two of them cast during that month. The fact, then, that
their shells had not become as hard as that of the lobsters caught in the
sea, did not apparently constitute any weakness in the animals.
A female which cast on 19th October 1903 was fairly hard on December
30th 1903. One of the casters of 1904 was kept until April 2nd 1905,
when it was found dead. It was fairly hard, but the carapaces and
integument of the abdomen cut easily with a knife. On the shell there
was a considerable number of the shells of an annelid. The colour of
the carapace was a dull black. It is possible that the food supply is not
sufficiently varied to supply all the materials necessary for the building-
up of the shell.
One of the lobsters that cast in July 1903 was on October 21st 1904
not very hard. It was found dead on February 17th 1905, and it was
then hard.
A female lobster cast in July 1904; 0n May 6th 1905 it was still
rather soft.
The shell of a soft lobster, when put into alcohol, turns red ; the colour
of the hard shell—blue-black—is not affected by the alcohol.
INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING MOouLTING.
When the stock of lobsters was examined on 21st October 1904 one of
the lobsters, a female, that had hatched its eggs a month or two previously,
attracted attention. The carapace was raised posteriorly and separated a
little from the first abdominal joint ; the skin between the carapace and
the abdomen was bulged out. Ventrally the soft parts between the abdo-
minal segments were turgid. The absorption areas on the chela were a
deep bright blue, and yielded a good deal to pressure, showing that
absorption of the calcareuus layer had been going on there. The lobster
was separated from the others, and it cast on November Ist,
G
94 Part L11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
On 29th October 1904 a female cast. It had been isolated a short
time before. It was then very limp, and half dead in appearance. It
was swollen at the junction of the carapace with the abdomen, and some-
what dropsical in appearance. It was not at all smart with its chele.
Ehrenbaum says that the lobster merchant is able to distinguish a
lobster that is about to cast, by the softening of the ventral edges of the
carapace,
Tue Cast SHELL.
The colour of the dactyls of the chele is noticeable. The back edge of
the dactyl is clean and purple in colour, and the pores are well marked.
The cast stomach is empty. There isa glairy skin under the carapace,
and united to the membranous lining of the integument of the abdomen.
It ruptures easily, and is often found sticking out as a fold at the junction
of the thorax and abdomen Vitzou, who witnessed the moulting of the
lobster, describes this skin as a homogeneous, gelatine-like layer, which,
under the microscope, shows no cellular structure. It is, he says, a
secretion of the lower layers of the new carapace; it passes out by
endosmose to lie between the old shell and the new integument. Its
presence there facilitates the casting.
Tue Sorr LoBster.
The soft lobster, when just cast, is extremely soft and pliable ; the tip
of the chela can be made to touch the telson. The stomach is full of
little ossicles, which are derived from the breaking-up of the gastroliths.
The lobsters at the Laboratory very often failed to rid themselves of
their integument. A considerable number died from this cause.
A lobster that moulted on September 22nd 1902 was kept in one of
the compartments of a wooden hatching apparatus until October 14th
1902. When in the wooden box it had not eaten food (fish) at all
eagerly. It was at the latter date put into a tank, the bottom of which
was covered with sand and gravel. It began immediately to eat small
pebbles and gravel. Hard lobsters also have been occasionally seen
picking up coarse gravel with the pereiopods and putting it into their
mouths.
When a lobster casts in a tank in which there are other lobsters it is
usually attacked by them, sometimes before it has finished casting, and
it is sometimes fatally injured. A soft lobster occasionally bleeds to
death in consequence of what appear to be comparatively slight wounds.
On July 15th a lobster was found to have lost both chelz in moulting ;
it had been attacked and had cast off both claws. One chela was
shrivelled just as it is when it is first withdrawn from the shell, and
before it has swollen out. The other chela had swollen out to its full
size. Both claws were cast off at the fracture plane. Couch observed
that ‘“‘the rejection of the limb can be effected with the same ease
while the crust remains soft after exuviation.” This fact militates
against the view that strong rigid supports are necessary round the
fracture plane to permit of the defensive mutilation on the part of the
crustacean.
In another case a hard lobster had lost one chela, and the other bore
the scar of a bite. During moulting the scar prevented the withdrawal
of this limb, so it was thrown off at the fracture plane. A bud had
formed in place of the previously lost limb, and after the cast a diminu-
tive chela was present; the hand (propodite and dactylopodite) measured
24 inches long, while the normal-sized hand measures 4 to 5 inches. Brook
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 95
found that the lost smaller pereiopods were reproduced to their full size
after one cast,
Rate ofr GROWTH.
Coste* stated that the lobster begins to reproduce in its fifth year.
It casts from eight to ten times in the first year, five to seven in the second,
three to four in the third, and from two to three in the fourth. After
the fifth year the changes are only annual.
Recent researches on the rate of growth of the European lobster by
Appelléf are summarised in a recent number of the Fish Trades G'azette.t
A lobster, hatched in 1900, cast on 20th June and 5th September 1902,
and at the latter date measured 3} inches long. In the following year it
cast on 22nd June and 21st August, its length then being 44 inches;
it was then three years old. Another lobster, when caught in 1901,
measured 4? inches; it cast twice in 1902, and measured 7 inches. In
1903 it cast once, and was then 83 inches. Appellof concludes that the
lobster on the west coast of Norway takes six or seven years before it
reaches a length of 87 inches, that is to say, maturity. The number of
casts which have occurred up to that stage is 17 to 19. Meek concludes
that the lobster is 9-10 inches long when four to five years old.
Herrick considered that the American lobster when 10 inches long was
about 44 years old. In the 32nd and 35rd Reports of Commissioners of
Inland Fisheries of Rhode Island certain data are given bearing on the
rate of growth of that lobster. A method of rearing the larve in cloth
bags was found to be very successful, a whirling motion was maintained
in the water while the lobsters were in the zoea condition. Lobsters
were reared from the zoea condition and kept until over two years old.
The following are the average sizes at different ages :—
3 months old ¥ 12 inches long.
10 = av. 2 Bs
1 year pratets aged: ‘3
2 years oo a a 2 <
2 years + 4months ,, 43 5
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE LOBSTER.
‘The main motive of a lobster’s activity is defence—caution ; and, in
defending itself, a blind unrelenting vengeance is a fitting corollary. It
first procures a hole within which to lie waiting for its prey, and to which
it may retire after a foray. Any animal that appoaches it is a foe. No
animal, lobster or other, is safe to approach and make its presence known.
In this highly organised form, its keenness in attack, and relentless hold
when it once has gripped its antagonist, are due to its want of sight. The
want of sight, in its true sense, in the lobster and crab places a disability
on them, and reduces the effectiveness of animals which would otherwise
be powerful competitors of the smaller inhabitants of the sea. Herrick
says that the eye of the lobster is so sensitive to light that it
cannot bear strong light; strong light blinds it, One immediate
difficulty then which is experienced in keeping lobsters in confinement
is their tendency to fighting, which usually results in the loss of a
chela to one of the combatants, When a lobster is seized by its big
* Vide Buckland.
+ July 9, 1904,
96 Part LII.—Twenty-third Annual Report
claw it very often has to yield it up, whereupon the other unconcernedly
drops it. Lobsters which have been confined together show many traces
of the attentions that have been paid to one another. The chela is, in
many cases, missing, or, if it persists, has one or more scars of bites, which
had crushed through the shell. Very few of the lobsters have anything
but short stumps of their antenne, these organs having been snipped off
more or less close to the head by their companions. These accidents
usually happen when the lobsters are wandering about seeking for dark
corners and sheltering holes. After they have settled down in their holes
they stick to their habitations and do not come so much into competition
with one another. When they are first introduced into a tank it is well
to have the big claws tied, and by the time the claws work free their
owners will have settled down in their new quarters. If there is suffi-
cient accommodation in the form of holes of inviting darkness, they will
soon get peacefully distributed ; but at first a lobster will sometimes try
to evict one lobster from the hole which it has selected as its abode. One
lobster was seen to yield up the recess, which was immediately taken
possession of by the aggressor.
On each occasion when the tank is emptied for cleaning, and for the
purpose of examining the lobsters, it is usually necessary to disturb the
shelter-holes, which are formed with stones. When the tank is filled
again the lobsters do not seem to recognise one another at once. They go
cautiously about seeking shelter, on the watch for foes and ready to fight
any lobster they may meet. Under such conditions, then, it is not
surprising that chel are lost, or some other injury incurred, before they
are all satisfied as to hiding accommodation. When they settle down they
allow for one another’s presence and get on without quarrelling. This is,
of course, due to a healthy respect which they have for one another’s
fighting powers. The truce is nothing but an armed neutrality. If any
one of the lobsters loses its fighting power through casting its shell, it is
at once attacked. And that occurs in cases where lobsters have lived
together for months. Four lobsters were in a large tank undisturbed
for four months. When the tank was emptied each lobster was handled.
Two days after the tank had been refilled the chela of one of the inmates
was lying loose on the sand.
More especially do the lobsters take advantage of any one of their
number that casts its shell. Very seldom does the soft lobster escape
without serious injury. Female lobsters attack a soft female. The male
which cast in November 1904 was so injured by the female which was with
it in the tank that it bled to death. How a male would act towards a
female that cast in its presence was not indicated during the experiments,
as that case did not occur.
A female lobster that cast on July 13th 1904 had a hard male lobster
introduced into the box in which it was. The male did not appear to
mind the listless and inactive female; it certainly did not attempt to
grasp it or fight it. OnJuly 19th the female was found to have been
bitten in the cephalic region ; one chela had been lost and one or more of
the remaining pereiopods bitten off. This is very different treatment to
that meted out by the male crab to the moulted female. In the latter case
the male protects her,
The extremely defenceless condition of the soft lobster was especially
seen in one case. A female that moulted in August had lost both chele.
It was kept by itself until October, by which time it had become fairly
hard. A lobster that had just cast had both chele, but was very soft.
The two were put together into a small tank. In a few days the soft
lobster was found dead; its antenne, eyes, and part of one chela were
eaten off,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 97
Peculiar Action of a Group of Lobsters.
On October 29th the four female lobsters which cast during the
summer were very restless. They were walking about in the tank, or
standing, as it were, on tip-toes, and having the abdomen bent, with the
edge ot the telson close up against the fifth pereiopod. Occasionally they
extended the abdomen and moved the swimmerets backwards and forwards.
The male lobster which is with them was also out of his hole, standing on
tip-toes, with the abdomen extended straight out and moving his
swimmerets actively. The lobsters appeared to be quite friendly, and
did not attempt to bite one another. The supply of water running into
the tank was not very large at this time. Whether this had in any way
influenced the action of the lobsters is an open question. It had not
been observed before.
THE SENSES OF THE LOBSTER.
The lobster when it walks has the telson turned in on the abdomen,
and it marches on the “ points of its toes,” backwards as well as forwards.
It is practically blind; it sees nothing properly, at least that is the
case where it is exposed to the comparatively strong light which
during the day illumines the tanks in the Laboratory. It has
simply the sensation of light and shadow. It tests a shadow
with its antenne, or sometimes where a strong shadow is thrown
on it, it jumps at it with its chele outstretched and snapping. It
is dependent on its antenne for guiding it in safe places. It is
especially careful in testing any hole before it is satisfied with it. It
discovers the cavity by means of its antenna, which is waved well out
to the side and in front as it walks. It searches the innermost depths
of the hole with the antenna, and then inserts its chela. If the examina-
tion with the chela is also satisfactury, it immediately turns and backs
smartly into the hole. In feeding it is guided to the food by the
antennules. A piece of food which is dropped near a lobster may fall
quite unnoticed unless it happens to touch the antenna or the pereiopods.
tis not seen at all. But sooner or later, according as the distance is
short or great, the scent of the food, carried by the currents set up by the
exopodites of the maxillipedes, reaches the lobster. The lobster is
immediately excited, although previously it was lying quite inert in its
hole. It whips the water with its antennules in a staccato fashion, and
feels about with the antennz and chele ; at first without leaving its hole.
At once both antennules are seen to be whipping in the direction in
which the food is lying, and an active search is made with the antenne.
If they do not succeed in locating the bait, the lobster rather reluctantly
leaves its hole, but cautiously, feeling all round about with its antenne.
It goes off straight in the direction in which the food is lying, and if it misses
it with its antenne and chele, walks over it and gets it with its chelate
pereiopods; it usually picks up its food with the second pereiopod.
Meanwhile the expected feast has by association stimulated the maxilli-
pedes, which are actively working as if they were already masticating the
food. Once the food is seized it is conveyed to the maxillipedes, and the
lobster retreats to its hole, there to enjoy its meal. Two lobsters were
noticed to have stored up in one case some mussels, in the other a dead
sand-eel (Ammodytes tobianus), in the inner recesses of their caves.
Errect of CoLtp on LOoBsTERs.
In the winter the lobsters kept in the tanks of the Laboratory became
very sluggish, and ate very little if any food. When taken out of the
water and exposed to the frosty air they become very inert.
98 Part IT. —Twenty-third Annual Report
THE Errect oF THE ExposurRE oF THE LossTERS TO StTROoWG LicHT.
A number of lobsters have been kept out of doors, in tanks which were
without covering. In two of the tanks the bodies of the lobsters were
hidden by the wooden shelf which formed the common roof to their pens ;
one large concrete tank afforded them no cover whatever. In the former
the antennz of the inmates were exposed to direct daylight, and they
very often had pieces of seaweed and smaller ectozoa growing on them
during the summer. ‘Two females were kept in the concrete tank from
the autumn of 1902 till September 1903. At the latter date they were
completely covered and hidden by a prolific growth of seaweeds,
Laminaria sp., young mussels, &c., which completely occupied the
dorsum of each shell-fish (vide fig. 73, pl. iv.). The covering appeared
to be of some inconvenience to the lobster in walking. While the
growth of the seaweeds was, no doubt, directly due to the exposure to
daylight, it is probable that it was permitted by the host asa shelter in
the exposed tank. The shells of the pair were clean when they were
put into the tank. Herrick records examining a number of lobsters
which were adorned with more or less extensive collections of seaweeds
and other ectozoa. On none of the lobsters captured in the sea and sent
to the Laboratory was there any coat of seaweed. The ectozoa usually
consisted of tubes of Serpula sp., Balanus sp. One of the two cast its
shell on 19th October 1903, and a drawing has been made from the cast
shell (fig. 73, pl. iv.). It lived until May 1904. The other lobster did
not cast, but remained covered with seaweed during the winter ; it also
was found dead in May 1904.
Bopy Fuurp.
The body fluid of the lobster is richly albuminous. It is colourless
when fresh, but soon congeals on exposure to air to a clear jelly with a
slightly biown tint. Alcohol (94 per cent.) causes the blovd to
coagulate at once,
DIssEcTION.— EXAMINATION OF THE UVARY.
Almost without exception, the ovaries of the lobsters examined,
measuring 9 inches and over in total length, were found to contain eggs as
large, or nearly as large, as ripe eggs. When the eggs are large, yolked, and
approaching ripeness the ovary is black in colour ; the eggs themselves
are black, although the yolk is really a very dark-green colour. The
ovary turns red in alcohol.
The lobsters were broadly distinguished as (a) berried, (0) lobsters
which had lately hatched their eggs, (c) soft.
(a) Berried Hens.
(1) December 21, 1904.—A lobster (from Dunbar) measured
114 inches in length. The shell wasclean. The external eggs were black,
showing no pink-coloured part, simply a light-green formative part. The
eggs were evidently early. The ovary was white, but contained green
eggs measuring ‘4 and ‘5 mm. ‘The smaller green eggs contained simply a
core of green yolk, surrounded by a periphery of white yolk (by trans-
mitted light). The oviducts were filled with a greenish fluid.
(2) February 19, 1905.—In a lobster (from Dunbar) the external eggs
were well advanced ; the pink area was about one-fifth of the whole egg.
The ovary was large and black in colour.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 99
(b) Lobsters which were not carrying eggs, but which had HATCHED
their eggs in the summer preceding the date of examination.
(1) December 2, 1902.—Lobster 10 inches long. The shell was dirty,
encrusted with Serpula sp. The ovarian eggs were large, black, oval in
shape, measuring 1°5 x 1:3: 1:4 x 1:3:1°35 x 1:3:1:45 x 13mm.
There were also rows of white eggs between the large eggs. The ovary is
mottled here and there on the surface with yellow bodies, which appear
to be fat masses.
(2) December 1, 1902.—The ovary of another adult was all over
externally of a uniform dull black colour.
(3) December 28, 1902.—A lobster measuring 10? inches in total
length had been two days in formaline before it was examined. The
ovaries were large, black, with a tinge of green. There were some white
and some yellow small eggs scattered over the surface between the large
eggs, The large black eggs measured 1°45 x 1:35:1:32 x 1'3mm.
They were polygonal in shape, and stood out boss-like on the surface of
the ovary. The smallest yolked eggs were white, the intermediate in
size yellow ; even some very large eggs were yellow. The yellow colour
was probably due to the introduction of the green yolk into the white eggs.
From the burst eggs it was seen that the yolk consisted of minute green
corpuscles, and also a large quantity of colourless fat corpuscles. The
chorion of the egg is very thin and easily ruptures. There were a few
small eggs yellowish white in colour measuring ‘8 x ‘65mm. ‘The
yellow bodies in the ovary measured about 1 x ‘85mm. The outer
skin of the ovary is very thin.
(c) Soft Lobsters.
(1) A lobster that hatched its eggs in the summer of 1903 cast its
shell and died during July 1904. It appeared to be well nourished.
The ovary was large ; the eggs measured 1°75 x 14:17:165 x 14:
1‘5mm., &c. They were irregular in shape and very soft. A portion
of the ovary was cut out and flicked about in sea-water with a camel-hair
brush, and the eggs separated easily from the follicular tissue, in which
were the yeliow bodies noticed above,
(2) A lobster that hatched its eggs in the summer of 1904 cast its
shell in September 1904. It was killed by the other lobsters. The
ovary was large, dark-green in colour, and friable; the eggs readily
detached themselves from the delicate follicular membrane. They were
irregular in shape, and measured 1°35 x 1:15:1:15:1°9 x 15:14 x
1°35.:1:°35 x 1:25: 13mm.
(2-4) Three others which hatched their eggs in 1904 cast and died in
October 1904. In each the ovary was large and the eggs apparently ripe.
(5) Another hatcher of 1904 stock was found dead on October 23rd
1904. The ovary was large and full, each egg being sharply separated
off from the others. When viewed with a lens the surface of the ovary had
a honeycomb appearance. The eggs separate readily from the follicular
tissue.
(6) A sixth of this lot was found dead on November 16th 1904. The
ovary was large, black, with apparently ripe eggs.
(7) A 1902 hatcher cast in 1903 and also in July 1904; it died
immediately after casting. The ovary was to all appearance ripe.
(8) Another 1902 hatcher cast in 1903 and lived till August 1904,
when it was killed. On dissection it was found to be in apparently good
condition. The ovaries were large, and the eggs appeared to be ready for
spawning.
100 Part I11].— Twenty-third Annual Report
(9) A third specimen of the 1902 stock which had cast in 1903 was
kept until February 17th 1905, when it was found dead. The ovary was
-large and black. The eggs appeared to be ripe, and had at one pole a
clear green cap.
(10) The last survivor of the 1902 lot died on April 2nd 1905. It
had cast in 1903 and also in 1904. The ovary was large, black ; but
otherwise the lobster appeared to be poorly nourished.
Harp LosstTer.
A lobster which was not berried when captured was dissected on
December Ist 1903. It measured 11 inches in length. The shell was
clean, black, The ovary was black. The eggs were yolked, but only
about half the diameter of ripe eggs. The eggs separated fairly freely, and
measured 1 x ‘8: ‘72 xX 65:1 x ‘9mm. These were black yolked eggs.
There was also a considerable quantity of white eggs, all small and of
various sizes; the largest of those noticed was oval, and measured
45 x ‘3mm.
Meek records a lobster measuring 114 inches in length which hatched
its eggs in the beginning of July and lived till September 12th 1901.
The ovary was dark green, and was well developed. It exhibited no sigus
of preparation for casting.
SPAWNING.
Of all the adult female lobsters which have been kept at the Laboratory
during the past three years, only oue was known to have spawned. Some
of those which were from time to time dissected had ovaries which were
practically ripe. The lobsters were kept for longer or shorter intervals.
One batch of females which were berried in 1902, and which hatched
their eggs in the summer of that year, were represented at the Laboratory
till April 1905. No member of this group showed any eggs attached
externally. That they were not altogether unhealthy was shown by the
fact that they nearly all moulted once, in two cases twice, during the
period named. So it was with the other females ; they cast readily, but
did not succeed in spawning, or, if they spawned, the eggs did not
become attached. Moreover, none of those dissected had a spent ovary.
In the case of the adult crabs some spawned, but in one or two of these
only a few eggs became attached.
The lobster which became berried was received from Dunbar in
December 1902, at which time it was not berried. It cast its shell on
September 2nd 1903. On January 13th 1904, when it was examined, it
was not berried, but on July 14th a small quantity of eggs were found
attached to the swimmerets. The eggs were early and apparently just
spawned ; they were dark-green with a clear granular area on one side,
This lobster was not with a male lobster when it spawned. On October
21st 1904 there were only two eggs remaining attached, and when it
was examined on November 19th 1904 the remaining two had dis-
appeared.
As to the time when spawning takes place, Ehrenbaum gives the
period covering July, August, and probably September. Fullarton
obtained lobsters with very early eggs—yolk unsegmented—between
July 18th and August 25th. Herrick says, for the American lobster, that
the definite spawning season is the summer, July and August, but that a
minority extrude their eggs in the fall and winter, if not also in the
spring. Allen obtained females with freshly extruded eggs during the
latter half of July. Appellof agrees with the period announced by
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 101
Ehrenbaum, but extends it to the middle of October. Meek found newly-
spawned lobsters in July aud August. The lobster which spawned during
Cunningham’s experiments in Cornwall did so in October, and Scott’s
specimen extruded its eggs during the same month at Piel Laboratory.
There is thus indicated an extended spawning season, including the
months of July, August, September, and October. It may be that there
are here two distinct groups of spawners—summer and autumn spawners—
the first including lobsters that were not berried during the winter
immediately preceding, while the autumn spawners are those which were
berried during the winter, hatched their eggs in the summer, and extruded
another batch of eggs in the autumn.
The question whether or not the European lobster may carry external
eggs two years in succession does not arise, Cunningham’s observation,
confirmed later by Scott’s description of the process, having demonstrated
that possibility. As for the American lobster, Herrick maintains, in a
later work, the position taken by him on this question in 1895. He
founds his contention that the American lobster does not carry eggs
externally two years in succession on the condition of the ovary in various
lobsters which had lately hatched the eggs. He maintains that the ovary
requires two years to develop to ripeness.
The factors which determine the spawning of the lobster are obscure.
It is remarkable that only one lobster spawned in the Laboratory,
although in several cases the ovaries of specimens which were dissected
were apparently ripe. The rate of development ofthe ovary is dependent
on some factor that is not apparent. The ovaries referred to would
probably have been completely ripe in a short time. The complete
ripening seemed to be inhibited by some influence, which might have
been the absence or insufficiency of male lobsters. Even where a male
lobster was present with the female spawning did not take place, and
when the one lobster spawned no male was present. Otherwise the
lobsters, it may be inferred, were under comparatively suitable conditions,
for there was an uniformity shown in their history while in confinement.
Moulting was common. What is the reason for the abstention from
spawning? The artificially-supplied food may have induced growth
rather than reproduction.
The lobster may spawn the same year in which it has cast its shell.
Trybom’s experiments* in labelling lobsters in order to determine their
migrations indicated two females, measuring 84 inches long, liberated in
June, had in November cast their shells and spawned ; they then measured
a little over 9 inches in length.
ae actual modus of spawning has been described by Coste, Scott, and
others.
Ehrenbaum describes a condition of the lobster which follows when a
ripe lobster has been prevented from spawning. The eggs are absorbed
and the blood becomes dark green or black in colour. The dark blood
shows through at certain parts of the body and the lobster is known as a
black lobster. Lobsters in this condition are found among those con-
fined in floating boxes. The ovaries are much reduced in size, and the
majority of the eggs have lost the green yolk, and have become of a
yellowish colour.
The Ripe Egg and the Formation of the Perivitelline Space.
The ripe egg, newly spawned, was measured by Scott and found to be
1-8mm. in diameter.
*Fish Trades Gazette, July 30, 1904.
102 Port III. —Twenty-third Annual Report
During the examination of the ovaries of the lobster no case was found
in which the eggs showed a perivitelline space when in the ovary. Large
ovarian eggs, however, as a rule, develop a perivitelline space if left some
time in sea-water. A lobster that cast on July 9th 1904 died five days
-later. The ovarian eggs measured 1°75 x 1:4: 1°7: 1°65 x 1:4: 15mm,
The eges were teazed out in sea-water and two or three hours afterwards
showed considerable perivitelline spaces. The space usually shows more
on one side than on the other; it is clear and colourless.
A lobster that hatched its eggs in the summer of 1904 and cast
immediately afterwards was dead on October 23rd 1904. Some ovarian
egos were separated and put into sea-water. An hour afterwards the
eggs, in most cases, showed a more or less well-marked perivitelline space.
Next morning the eggs kept in the sea-water overnight had very large
perivitelline spaces. The eggs were yellow-—dead.
The egg of the lobster has two envelopes :—(1) Outside—the chorion.
(2) Within the chorion, and closely applied to the egg—the vitelline
membrane. This envelope is well seen sometimes when a perivitelline
space has been developed in sea-water.
The Haternal Eggs.
When the eggs are just spawned they are of a deep greenish black
in colour, with a little clear area at one pole. As development proceeds,
the clear area becomes pink in colour, and by the month of October in
some lobsters the future limbs and the black pigmented eyes were already
made out. The transparent pink area steadily grows larger at the
expense of the black yolk, until, when the eggs are nearly ready to hatch,
the black yolk may be reduced to half, or even much less, of the mass of
the egg. The black yolk occupies the cephalic and gastric regions in the
larva.
The external eggs measured on May 17th were of the following
dimensions :—2'2 x 2: 2:15 x 2:1: 2°1 x 2°05: 2:25 x 1°95: 225 x
22.215 xX 2: 21s 2:1: 1:95 x 1:9: 195mm. The eggs are, forthe
most part, oval. They were well developed, the pink area being about
one-fifth of the whole mass of the egg. In some of the eggs examined in
June the black yolk had disappeared ; most of the eggs showed a large
mass of black yolk.
When ready to hatch, the eggs are of various colours, viz. transparent
pink, transparent blue, transparent green, except for the black area
which marks the yet unused-up yolk. The largest eggs show the least
black area; in them the black has practically disappeared. The eggs
increase greatly in size before hatching, and at that time it is difficult to
dissect them off the swimmerets without rupturing the zona radiata.
The following measurements of various eggs were made in August 1902;
the eggs were, as a rule, distinctly oval in shape :—
Pink egg,* 2°5mm.; pink eggs, 2°8 x 1°95: 2-4 x 2°15: 2°35 x
2°25mm.
Egg, blue and yellow, 2°5 x 2°45: *3:2 x 2°55: *2:°9 x 2:4mm.
Egg, deep blue, 2°35 x 2°3mm.
Egg, red, 2°05 x 1:9: *2°9 x 2°6: *3:15 x 2:8: 2°38 x 2:6mm.
In the last egg the heart of the embryo was seen beating.
The Number of External Eggs.
Buckland calculated the number of eggs borne by a female. He first
counted the number on one foot and from that deduced the total.
This was 24,960 eggs. Ehrenbaum found that the larger the
* Zona ruptured.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 103
lobster the larger the number of eggs which it carried. A lobster 10
inches long had 8000 eggs, while oue 15 inches in length bore 32,000.
Herrick found in the American lobster that the number of eggs varied
from 3000 to 70,000. The eggs of two lobsters were estimated at the
Laboratory in the following manner:—They were snipped off the
swimmerets and dried in a water-bath. A small portion was detached
and weighed, the number of eggs in it was counted, and the total
number was got from the total weight. One measuring 114 inches in length,
11,309 eggs, while the other, 12} inches long, had the same number.
It is remarkable that so small a number of fry was obtained from the
parent lobsters kept in the Bay of Nigg. This is partly accounted for
from the fact that a greater or less quantity of the eggs is lost when the
berried hens are handled, and during transport. This does not, however,
seem sufficient to account for the whole of the shortage.
HAtTcHine.
Hatching occurred at the Laboratory during July, August, and Sep-
tember. The earliest larve appeared about the middle of July, the
majority hatched in August, and a few in September.
According to Coste* hatching takes place in March, April, and May.
Allen records that hatching took place in one instance in March. Fabre-
Domergue, and Biétrix f observed the hatching of the lobster, and
describe the process in detail. The larve issue early in the night.
The whole brood of any one female does not hatch out at once, but
over a period, the larvee issuing in two or more batches (vide Coste, Herrick,
and Fullarton). The incubation period, according to Ehrenbaum, Herrick,
and Fullarton, is about eleven months. During an incubation period so
extended it is to be expected that a certain variation will have occurred
in the point of development reached by different eggs. This would result
in spreading the hatching of the eggs over a period which probably does
not usually exceed a fortnight or three weeks, The first larval lobsters
were observed on July 11th, and one of the females was found to have
hatched all her eggs on August 2nd. The larve usually appeared in
the morning.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE LOBSTER.
Occasionally lobsters are measured by the length of their barrels, 2.e. of
the carapace, from the extremity of the rostrum to the hind border. In
several cases the relation between the total length and the length of the
barrel has been noted, and the data are entered below.
Total Length of Lobster, | Length of Barrel.
Q 94 inches. 4,3. inches.
2103, Ea Oe
: iat » ty 7
2 ” OTs ”
123 29 53 ”
eS er 5S oy
|
|
* Vide Buckland.
+ Fish Trades Gazette, Sept. 26, 1903.
104 Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
LITERATURE.
ALLEN.—‘‘ The Reproduction of the Lobster.” Journal of the Marine Biological
Association. N.S., Vol. IV., 1895-1897. P. 60.
APrrELLOF.—“‘ Mittheilungen aus der Lebensweise des Hummers.” J/ittheil. d.
Deutschen See-Fisherei—Vereins, Nr. 4. Berlin, 1899.
Boas.—‘‘ Ueber den ungleichen Entwicklungsgang der Salzwasser- und der Suss-
wasser-Form yon Palwmonetes varians.” Zoologischen Jahrbiichern
(Spengel). 4ter Band. s. 793.
Brook.—‘‘ Notes on the Reproduction of Lost Parts in the Lobster (Homarus
vulgaris),” Proc. Roy. Physical Society of Edinburgh. Vol. 1X,, 1887, P.370.
BuckLAND.—Blue-book.—Reports on the Crab and Lobster Fisheries of England
and Wales, of Scotland and of Ireland. London, 1877. [C. 1695.]
CHAbDWIck.—‘‘ Experiments on Lobster-Rearing.” Report for 1904 on Lancashire
Sea-Fisheries Laboratory, and the Sea-Fish Hatchery at Piel. Liverpool,
1905.
CoucH, JONATHAN.—‘‘On the Process of Exuviation and Growth in Crabs and
Lobsters and other British Species of Stalk-Eyed Crustacean Animals.” The
Eleventh Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytecanic Society. Fal-
mouth, 1843.
— ‘“‘A Particular Description of some Circumstances hitherto little known,
connected with the Process of Exuviation in the Common Edible Crab.” The
Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.
Falmouth, 1858.
—— R. Q.—‘‘On the Metamorphosis of the Decapod Crustacea.” The Eleventh
Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Socicty. Falmouth, 1843.
”
CUNNINGHAM.—“‘ Lobster Rearing.” Cornwall County Council Teclinical Instruction
Committee. Report of the Lecturer on Fishery Subjects for the Years
1897-1898, 1899-1900.
EHRENBAUM.—‘‘ Der Helgolander Hummer.” Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuch-
ungen, Kiel u. Helgoland, Neue Folge, 1 Band. Kiel u. Leipzig, 1894.
Ewart, and Fu,ron.—‘“ The Scottish Lobster Fishery.” Siath Annual Report of
the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1888. P. 189.
Faxon.—‘‘ Embryological Monograph—Crustacea.” Mem. Museum Compar. Anat.,
Vol. IX. No.1. Cambridge, U.S.A., 1882.
FuLLARTON.—‘ The European Lobster: Breeding and Development.” Fowrteenth
Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. I1I., pp. 186 e¢ seg. (Plates
V1.-VIII.). Edinburgh, 1896.
Hernick.—‘‘The American Lobster: a Study of its Habits and Development.”
Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1895. Washington, 1895. Pp. 1-252,
Plates 1-54,
— ‘‘The Reproductive Period of the Lobster.” U.S, Fish Commission Bulletin
for 1901. Washington, 1902. Pp. 161-166.
KorscHELT-HEIDER.—‘‘ Text-book of Embryology.” London, 1899.
Mayer, P.—‘‘Carcinologische Mittheilungen.” Mittheil. Zool. Stat. Neapel.
II. Bd. 1881.
Mrap.—‘‘ Habits and Growth of Young Lobsters, and Experiments in Lobster-
Culture.” State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Thirty-
Second Annual Report of the Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, made to
the General Assembly at its January Session, 1902. P, 35.
MEAD, and WiLirams.—‘‘ Habits and Growth of the Lobster, and Experiments in
Lobster-Culture.” State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Inland Fiskeries.
Providence, 1903. P. 57.
MEEK.—‘‘ The Crab and Lobster Fisheries of Northumberland.” Northumberland
Sea-Fisheries Committee. Report on the Scientific Investigations for the year
1904. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 105
Morrensen.—‘ Undersdgelser over Vor Almindelege Rejes (Palemon Fabricii,
Rtk.).”’ Kjébenhavn, 1897.
Prince.—‘‘ Natural History of the Lobster, with special reference to the Canadian
Lobster Industry.” Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Department of
Marine and Fisheries, Fisheries Branch. Ottawa, 1897.
Ratue, Hernr.—‘‘ Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Dekapoden.’
Vi. Jahre, EBd. P, 241.
Satter.—‘‘On the Moulting of the Common Lobster (Homarus vulgaris) and the
Shore Crab (Carcinus menas).” Jour, Proc. Linn. Society London. Vol. IV. .
Zoology, 1860.
Sars, G. O.—‘*On Hummereus postembryonale Udvikling.” Se/skabs Fordhand-
linger, pp. 1-28, tab. i., ii, Christiania, 1874.
SavittE Kent.—‘The Artificial Culture of Lobsters.” International Fisheries
Exhibition, London, 1883. The Fisheries Exhibition Literature. Vol. VI.,
Conferences, Part III. London, 1884. P. 327. 1 Plate.
Scorr.—‘‘On the Spawning of the Common Lobster.” No. XI. Report for 1902
on the Lancashire Sea-Fisheries Laboratory and the Sea-Fish Hatchery at
Piel. Liverpool, 1903.
Smiru, Srpney I.—‘‘ The Early Stages of the American Lobster (Homarus
Americanus, Edwards).” ‘Trans. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Vol. II. Newhaven, 1871-1873. P. 351.
Sreppinc.—‘‘ A History of Crustacea: Recent Malacostraca,
Series. Vol. LXIV. London, 1893.
Vitzou.—* Recherches sur la Structure et la Formation des tégumens chez les
Crustacés Décapodes.” “Archiv. de Zool, Expér. et Générale, t. x.,
pp. 451-576, Plates XXIII.-XXVIIT. Paris, 1882.
WELDON, and FowLEer.—‘‘ The Rearing of Lobster Larvie.” Journal of the Marine
Biological Association, Vol. I., N.S., 1889-1890. Plymouth, p. 367.
Witiramson, H. C.—‘‘On the Larval Stages of Decapod Crustacea—the Shrimp
(Crangon vulgaris, Fabr.).” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Fishery
Board for Scotland, Pt. I11., 1901. 6 Plates.
— ‘On the Larval and Early Young Stages, and Rate of Growth, of the Shore-
Crab (Carcinus menas).” Twenty-first Annual Report of the Fishery Board
for Scotland, Pt. III., 1903. 7 Plates.
— ‘Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible Crab (Cancer paqurus).”
Eighteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. I11., 1900.
— ‘‘Contributions to the Life-Histories of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus)
and of other Decapod Crustacea: Impregnation, Spawning, Casting, Distribu-
tion, Rate of Growth.” Twenty-second Annual Report of the Fishery Board
for Scotland, Pt. III., 1904, ’
Wiegm. Archiv.
”
International Science
_ LIST OF LETTERS AND FIGURES USED.
I., Ia., II., HL, ‘‘1V.”=First to ‘‘ Fourth” Zoéa Stages,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7=Joints of Limb, viz. (1) Coxopodite, (2) Basipodite,
(3) Ischiopodite, (4) Meropodite, (5) Carpopodite, (6) Propodite, (7) Dactylopodite.
a.—Antennule. 2m.—Second maxilla,
A.—Antenna. Mn.—Mandible.
ab.—Abdomen. mp.—Maxillipede.
en.—Endopodite. o.—Hye.
ep.—Epipodite. 1-5 per.—First-Fifth Pereiopods.
ex. —Exopodite. Pleo.—Pleopod.
lr.—Labrum. T.—Telson.
1lm.—First maxilla, T'h.—Thorax,
Part L1I—Twenty-third Annwal Report
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I,
All the Figures are of the First Zoéa.
1. Antenna and antennule, x » aay
2. Antennule, . ‘ x 157
3. Labrum, x 62
4. Hye and rostrum, een,
5. Mandible, x 38
6. Cutting edge of mandible, . : x20
7. First maxillipede, or
8. Third maxillipede, . x ANS3
9. Second maxilla, . K 57
10. Palp (2) of first maxillipede, x PLB
11. First pereiopod (chela), x 2G
12. First protopodite joint and gills of the second pereiopod, x 62
13. Third pereiopod, c c : alte)
14. Epipodite of second maxillipede, x. 11220
15. First protopodite joints and gills of the second pereiopod, x 162
16. Third maxillipede, . x 33
17. Propodite and dactylopodite joints of the third pereiopod, ume
18. Palp of mandible, . - x 120
19. Protopodite of the second maxillipede, : 1) | oe
20. Propodite and dactylopodite joints of the chela (first pereiopod), . Xt ae
21. Propodite and dactylopodite joints of the second pereiopod.
22. Second pereiopod, : <u
23. Edge of endopodite of the first maxillipede, ge les
24, Flagellum of antenna, ‘ x on
25. First protopodite joint of the third pereiopod, : ge
26. First protopodite joint of the third pees (second view), x 62
27. First maxilla, ‘ : x 62
28, Protopodite of the chela (irs pereiopod, : <i 3s
29, Second maxillipede, ; a Ge
PLATE II.
30. Abdomen, zoéa, first stage, ventral view, =ganglion, x Sew
31. Abdomen, 2nd and 38rd joints, zoéa, first ate side view, x 44
32. Abdomen, 2nd and 3rd joints, zoéa, stage la, side view, . fe il)
33. Abdomen, 5th joint, zoéa, second stage, ventral view, Me 1G)
34. Propodite and dactylopodite pes of the fourth Here ghOds 206a,
first stage, . (0)
35. Telson, zoéa, third stage, ventral view, <a
36. Cast 4th pleopod of zoéa, third stage, : x 33
37. Abdomen, 3rd and 4th joints, zoéa, third stage, . x alg
38, Protopodite joints of first ‘pereiopod, Hess “fourth” stage,
2a +2b=2nd protopodite joint, x 33
39. Protopodite joints of second pereiopod, zoia, “fourth” stage, ‘magnified,
40. First protopodite joint of fourth pereiopod, zoéa, first stage, magnified.
41. Sete of hind border of telson, zoéa, first stage, . . magnified.
42. Fifth pereiopod, zoéa, first stage, . . . . = Xe eLe
43, First pereiopod, zoéa, ‘‘ four th” stage.
44, Protopodite joints, first (1), second (2a + 2b), ope
ex—=exopodite, zoéa, ‘‘ fourth” stage, : x 33
45. Protopodite, first joint, fifth pereiopod, zoéa, first stage, . s aOR
46. Telson, zoéa, 1a stage, : : . OG eee
47. Abdomen, side view, zoéa, first stage, x Te
48, Telson, zoéa, second 'stage, a=anus, x 19
49. Side of thorax, z06a, first stage, showing ‘the arrangement of the
gills.
50. Abdomen, zoéa, first stage, dorsal aspect.
bie) Lhird pleopod, zoéa, ‘‘ fourth” stage, ; xe
52. Propodite and dactylopodite ious of fifth pereiopod, z0€a, first
stage, . x 62
53. Fourth ‘pereiopod, Zo8a, first stage, x as
54. First protopodite joint, fourth pereiopod, z08a, first stage, Pe ta ais an (8177
55. One of the serrated spines on propodite of fourth pereiopod, zoéa,
first stage.
56. Telson, zoéa, ‘‘ fourth” stage, ventral view, <a
OS a ee ee
= ayo: - Ta > rs a
PLATE |.
Homarus mdgaris.—Zoea, First Stage
ae
= se
Homarus vulgaris. —Zoea, 1.~"TV.” stages.
| 3 ; PLATE III.
Bek. 3: REPORT, 1905. ;
H. ©. W,
Homarus vulyaris.—Megalops, and First Young Stage.
FB. REPORT, 1905.
oS
a
—i@
“3A. H. Walker: cetera, H.C. W. Homarus vulgauris.—Zoéa, L-' TV" —Meyalops. and First Young Stage.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
PLATE III.
. Telson, megalops. All the sete are not filled in,
. Fracture end of first pereiopod, megalops.
. Protopodite joints of first pereiopod, first young stage,
. Protopodite joints of first pereiopod, first young stage (second
view),
. Fifth pereiopod (part of), megalops,
. Second pereiopod (part of), megalops,
. Telson, megalops, side view,
. Telson, first young stage, dorsal view,
. First pereiopod, first young stage,
PLATE IV.
. Zoéa, first stage,
. Zoéa, la stage,
. Zoéa, second stage,
. Zoéa, third stage,
. First young stage, .
. Zoéa, ‘‘ fourth” stage,
. Megalops,
. Adult lobster covered with growth of seaweeds, mussels, &e, is
107
x 19
x BB
2 33
x 33
x 33
x 19
x 15
x fs:
8.
x it
x 7a
x 7
x 7
x 7
x 7
x 7
reduced.
108 Part III —Twenty-third Annual Report
IIlL—OBSERVATIONS ON SOME PARASITES OF FISHES
NEW OR RARE IN SCOTTISH WATERS.
By Tuomas Scort, LL.D., F.LS., &c.
Plates V. and VI.
In Part III. of the Twenty-second Annual Report of the Fishery Board
for Scotland, I published a small paper on some parasites of fishes new to
the Scottish marine fauna. Since the issue of that paper several other
rare and interesting species have been examined, and these I now propose
to describe.
The species to be described belong for the most part to the Copepoda ;
but there are also five species belonging to the Trematoda. As these
parasitic Copepoda and Trematoda are quite distinct groups, my observa-
tions on them are, as in the previous paper, divided into two parts, viz.,
Part I. Copepoda parasita, and Part II. Trematoda.
I have been indebted for several of the species described here to Dr.
H. ©. Williamson; Mr. Bowman and Mr. Irvine have also obtained a
few interesting species for me. Canon A. M. Norman has also allowed
me the privilege to examine one or two rare Copepoda in his collection,
Edward of Banff.
My son, Andrew Scott, A.L.S., has prepared the drawings which
illustrate this paper.
PART I.—COPEPODA PARASITA.
FaMILy ERGASILIDS.
Genus Bomolochus, Nordmann (1832).
Bomolochus solew, Claus.
This species of Bomolochus has quite recently been obtained in the
nostrils of Gadus luscus, which adds another to the number of fishes now
known to harbour these Copepods in their nostrils. It was in the nostrils
of Cyclopterus lumpus that the first specimens were observed, early in
1900, but soon afterwards they were obtained in the nostrils of some other
fishes, and notably in those of the cod Gadus morhua, where they appear
to be of quite frequent occurrence. The fishes in whose nostrils the
copepods have been most commonly obtained are those belonging to the
gadide. The following are the names of the fishes :— Cyclopterus lumpus
L., the Lumpsucker. Gadus morrhua L., the Cod-fish. Gadus ceglefinus
L., the Haddock. Gadus merlangus L., the Whiting. Gadus luscus L.,
the Brassie. Gadus pollachius L., the Lythe. Molua molva L., the
Ling. Pleuronectes platessa L., the Plaice, and Pleuronectes jflesus L.,
the Flounder. Bomolochus solee was first found on the back of the
common Sole—Solea vulgaris, Quen.
sent to him many years ago from the Moray Firth by the late Thomas "
v
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 109
Fam. Caicipe&.
Genus Caligus, O. F. Miiller (1785).
*Caligus abbreviatus, Kroyer. PI, v., figs. 1-6.
1863. Caligus abbreviatus, Kr., Bidrag til Kundskab om
Synltekrebsene; Naturh. Tidsskr., 2R., 2B., p. 61, pl. iu.
fig. 3, a-k.
Description of the Female.—The Female represented by the drawing,
(fig. 1) measures 5mm. (1 of an inch). The cephalic shield is nearly
circular in outline, but is rather widest behind the middle; the width of
the frontal plate is scarcely half the width of the cephalic shield at the
widest part; lunule very clearly defined. Abdomen and furcal joints
very short, as represented in the drawing.
The antennules have the basal joints robust and broadly sub-triangular,
but the end joints are long and narrow (fig. 3).
The second maxillipeds are robust, and form powerful grasping organs
fig. 5).
The sternal fork, which is moderately stout, and the branches of which
are not greatly divergent, has a resemblance to the same appendage in
Lepeophthetrus Thompsoni, Baird (fig. 4).
The fourth pair of thoracic legs are elongated; the basal joint is
moderately stout and one-branched ; this branch is slender and composed
of two joints, and the end-joint is about twice the length of the first, and
is armed with a long, slender and claw-like terminal spine and a short
spine near the distal end of the outer margin; the first joint is also
furnished with a spine on the outer distal angle (fig. 6).
Habitat.—-On a Ballan Wrass, Labrus bergylta, captured in the Moray
Firth in October 1904, and on another fish of the same species captured
in the North Sea. Kroyer also obtained his specimens of the Caligus on
the Ballan Wrass.
A young specimen representing the Chalimus stage of this Caligus is
represented by figure 2, and was obtained along with the adult form. In
this specimen the siphon is still present, showing a somewhat dilated
and biarticalated base ; the antennules are composed of two short subequal
joints, the cephalic shield is elongate-ovate in outline, and the abdomen
is very short. The frontal plate slopes posteriorly, and the development
of the lunulz is cousiderably advanced.
Caliqus minimus, A. W. Otto.
1828. Caligus minimus, Otto, Nova Acta Acad. Ces. Leop.,
vol. xiv., p. 354, pl. xxii, fig. 7.
1840. Caligus minutus, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. iii.,
. 450.
1901. Caligus minimus, A. Scott, Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc.,
vol, xv., p. 349, pl. i, figs. 1-8.
Halitat.—On a Bass, Labrax lupus, captured above Queensferry on
February 4, 1903. This appears to be the first record of C. minimus
for the Forth district.
* This species closely resembles, and is probably identical with, Caligus cen trodonti,
Baird. (Cf. Brit, Entom., p, 272-3, Tab, xxxii., figs. 6, 7.)
H
110 Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Genus Pseudocaligus, A. Scott (1901).
Pseudocaligus brevipedis (Bassett-Smith).
1896. Caligus brevipedis, Bassett-Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (6), vol. xviii., p. 11, pl. iii., fig. 1.
1901. Pseudocaligus brevipedis, A. Scott, Trans. Liverpool Biol.
Soc., vol. xv., p. 350, pl. ii., figs. 1-4.
Habitat.—Found attached to the base of the tongue of a Three-bearded
Rockling, Onos tricirratus, captured at the mouth of the River Dee,
Aberdeen, November 23, 1904. Eight specimens of a Bomolochus,
probably B. onosi, were also found on the same fish adhering to the gills
and gill-arches.
Genus Lepeophtheirus, Nordmann (1832).
Lepeophtheirus sturtonis, Kroyer. PI. v., figs. 7-14.
1837. Lepeophtheirus stwrionis, Kr., Tidsskrift, i., Tab. vi., fig. 6.
Description of the female.—The female of this species has a general
resemblance to that of Caligus diaphanus, Nordmann, but is much larger,
being fully half an inch in length (about J4mm.).
The cephalic shield is nearly circular in outline, and the frontal plate,
which is not very prominent, is without lunule.
The last thoracic segment is considerably shorter than the cephalic
shield, and is only slightly longer than broad.
Abdomen moderately narrow and elongated, being equal to nearly
three-fourths the length of the last thoracic segment. Furcal joints very
short (fig. 7).
The basal joints of the antennules are considerably dilated, and the
end joints though short are also tolerably stout (fig. 8).
Antenne robust and armed with a large and strong claw, the distal end
of which is bent at nearly a right angle, as shown in the drawing (fig. 9).
The mandibles resemble those of LZ. pectoralis, O. F. Miiller.
The basal-joint of the second maxillipeds is moderately stout and
elongate, and armed with a short but strong terminal claw (fig. IL):
The “ palpi,” though slightly dilated at the base, have the sides nearly
parallel, and the two branches of the bifid extremity are tolerably
elongated (fig. 10); the small appendage at the bases of the palpi bear
each one moderately large spine and two small ones, as shown in the
drawing.
Sternal fork very stout and with triangularly divergent branches
(fig. 12).*
Fourth pair of thoracic legs stout, each with a single three-jointed branch ;
the outer distal angle of the first joint in each branch terminates in a
small tooth, a stout spine springs from the outer distal angle of the
second joint, while the end joint is armed with three terminal spines of
varying lengths (fig. 13).
The short furcal joints bear a few small apical sete or spines (fig. 14).
Habitat.—Taken from a Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, Linn., captured
about 16 miles S.E. by E. of Aberdeen, and landed at the Fish Market,
Aberdeen, on December 29, 1904. I am indebted to Mr. Bowman,
Aberdeen, for this: addition to the marine copepod fauna of Scotland.
* Kroyer in Naturh. Tidsskr. 1 Band (1837), Pl. vi., fig. 66, shows the ends of the
branches of the sternal fork slightly bifid; but the figure in Naturh. Tidsskr. 3 R.,
2 B. (1863), Pl. xvii., fig. 4, represents the sternal fork of another form bluntly pointed
at the ends, and with which our figure is identical.
Pa ae
“ase
:
3
i
.
:
3
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. ti
Fam. DICHELESTIID®.
Genus Dichelestium, J. F. Hermann (1804).
Dichelestium sturionis, Hermann. PI. v., figs. 17-24; pl. vi., figs. 1-6.
1804, Dichelestium sturitonis, Herm., Mem. Aptérologique, p.
125, Tab. v., figs. 7-8.
1837. Dichelestium sturionis, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr., 1st B.,
p. 299, Tab. ii, figs. 5 and 5a (Q).
Description of the Female.—The length of the female represented by
the drawing (pl. vi, fig. 1) is 17°8mm (nearly ¢ of an inch). Body
elongated and narrow ; cephalic segment nearly as broad as long, widest
behind the middle, sides angulated, truncate, and obscurely trilobed in
front. Thoracic segments four, first and second subequal, length equal to
about half the breadth, and narrowly rounded at the sides; third seg-
ment rather shorter than the one which follows, and each with a shallow
transverse suture that divides it into two slightly unequal portions.
Genital segment narrow, and about one and a half times the length of
the one which immediately precedes it ; the ultimate segment ovate, small,
being scarcely half the length of the genital segment. Furcal joints
short. Ovisac long and slender (pl. vi., fig. 1).
Antennules short, slender, and apparently composed of eight subequal
joints (pl. v., fig. 17).
Antenne robust, extremities chelate, and forming powerful grasping
organs (pl. v., fig. 18).
The mandibles resemble those of Caligus or Lepeoptheirus very closely,
but differ in having a stouter basal part, and in the long slender
rod-like portion being only three-jointed, the last joint being coarsely
serrated on the inner edge (pl. v., fig. 20).
Maxillee small, two-branched ; primary branch stout, tapering distally
and furnished with two slender apical sete ; secondary branch very small
(pl. v., fig. 21).
The first maxillipeds appear to be three-jointed. The first joint,
which is large and tolerably dilated, is about as long as the next two
combined ; the distal end of the second joint is fringed with short
bristles, and the end joint, which is very small, is furnished with a short
terminal claw, and a few small marginal spines are shown in the drawing
(pl. v., fig. 22).
The second maxillipeds, short, very robust and strongly chelate (pl. v.,
fig. 23).
The thoracic legs are short and stout. The first and second pairs are
two-branched. The branches of the first are indistinctly two-jointed, and
the outer branches are furnished with a small spine on the outer distal
angle of the first joint, while the end-joint bears five moderately stout
spines on its rounded extremity; the inner branches bear each two
terminal spines (pl. vi., fig. 3). The second pair are rather more dilated
than the first, and both branches are similarly armed (pl. vi., fig. 3).
The fourth pair is composed of a single uniarticulate branch in the
form of an elongated lamelliform plate which bears a few minute teeth
round the distal end (pl. v., fig. 24).
The male, which resembles the female, but is considerably smaller,
being scarcely half an inch in length, and the genital segment is also
proportionally shorter (pl. vi., fig. 2); there is also a difference in the
second and fourth pairs of thoracic legs, as shown in the drawing (pl.
vi., figs. 5 and 6). In other respects the male is very similar to the
female.
112 Part TWI.— Twenty-third Annual Report
Habitat.—Taken from a sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, captured about
16 miles S.E. by E. of Aberdeen and brought into the Aberdeen Fish
Market, December 29, 1904. The same species of Dichelestium has also
been found by my son, Andrew Scott, on the gills of a sturgeon
captured near Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire. I am indebted to Mr,
Bowman of Aberdeen for this further addition to the marine copepod
fauna of Scotland.
The structure of the mouth organs, and especially of the mandibles,
indicates a close relationship of Dichelestiwm with the Caligid,
Genus Anthosoma, Leach (1816).
Anthosoma crassum (Abilgaard). Pl. v., figs. 15 and 16.
1794. Caligus crassus, Abgd., Mém. de Copenhagen, Act. Soc.
Nat. Havn.
1837. Anthosoma Smithi, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr., 1st B., p.
295, Tab. ii., figs. 2 and 2a (9).
1850. Anthosoma Smithi, Baird, Brit. Entom., p. 296, pl. xxxiil.,
fig. 9.
1861. Anthosoma crassum, Steenstrup and Liitken, Bidrag til
Kundskab, p. 397, pl. xxii., fig. 24 (6).
This interesting species was found on a shark, supposed to be a
Porbeagle shark, Lamna cornubica, captured off the coast of Scotland by
one of the trawling steamers that make only short runs from Aberdeen.
The steamer, which captured the shark in October 1904, is one of those
belonging to Mr. Davidson, Aberdeen, and is locally known as a “ short
tripper.” Two specimens of the Anthosoma were obtained ; one of them
is a female with ovisacs, the other, which is smaller, is probably a male.
The drawings, figures 15 and 16 on plate v., represent a dorsal and
ventral view of the female. This specimen measured about 15 millimetres
exclusive of the ovisacs, and about 62 millimetres—nearly 24 inches—to
the extremity of these appendages.
The female, which is tolerably elongated, appears, when seen jrom
above to be of an ovate outline; it is narrow in front, and a brownish
horny shield, which gradually expands towards the posterior end, covers
the head and a considerable portion of the thorax ; an obscure constric-
tion marks the junction of the head with the thorax ; two large foliaceous
elytraform, circular plates, the inner margins of which partly overlap each
other on the dorsal aspect, cover entirely the remaining portion of the
thorax not covered by the dorsal shield, and also the abdomen and furcal
joints. These plates are ornamented by numerous minute scattered
punctures or depressions, as shown in the drawing (fig. 15).
The antennules are short, slender, and composed of six joints which are
very sparingly setiferous; but the antenne—described by Baird as the
first pair of footjaws—are strong and powerful ; they are longer than the
antennules and composed of three joints, and armed with strong, terminal,
hook-like claws.
The first maxillipeds are slender and feeble, and appear to consist of
three joints; they are provided with a small, terminal, claw-like spine.
The second maxillipeds are short, very stout and powerfully clawed.
The thoracic legs are in the form of thin and broadly foliaceous plate,
each having a distinct notch on the inner margin.
‘he abdomen is short and the furcal joints narrow and moderately
elongated, as in figure 16, which shows the ventral aspect of the
specimen, i
The shield is of a chitinous texture, of a brownish colour on the sides,
i ad pe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 113
but merging into blackish brown along the middle and towards the
‘proximal end ; the elytraform plates and thoracic feet, which also appear
to be chitinous, are whitish with a slight tinge of yellow.
I am indebted to Mr. Irvine for the opportunity of examining and
describing this interesting species.
Drs. Steenstrup and Liitken in the work referred to above give a
series of excellent figures illustrative of the structure of the male of
Anthosoma, and it would appear from the description and figures of these
authors that the large foliaceous and elytraform dorsal plates which cover
the posterior part of the female are absent in the male.
Fam. LERNZIDE,
Genus Pennella, Oken,
Pennella filosa (Linne).
1754. Pennatula filosa, Linn., Syst. Nat. et, Ameen. Acad., vol.
v.
Pennatula filosa, Linn., Syst. Nature, Ed. 12, vol. ii, pp.
—22.
1870. Pennella Orthagorisci, EK. P. Wright, Ann. and Mag., Nat.
Hist. (4), vol. v., p. 42, pl. 1.
The Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, to whom I am often indebted for
information and help in Natural History research, has, with his usual
kindness, permitted me to examine a specimen of this curious copepod
parasite which he received many years ago from the late Thomas
Edward of Banff, who found it on a short sunfish, Orthagoriscus mola, in
the Moray Firth. The species is recorded in Smiles’ Life of Edward,
among the many other Natural History rarities mentioned at the end of*
that work, under the name of Pennella jibrosa. Linneus in his 12th
Edition of Systema Nature, referring to the host of Pennella jilosa, says,
“ Habitat in M. Mediterranei Xiphiis.”
i
1767.
Genus Lernea, Linné (1767).
Lernea lusci, Bassett-Smith, Pl. vi., fig. 18.
1896. Lerncea lusci, Bassett-Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6), vol. xviii, p. 13, pl. iv., fig. 6.
1904. Lernea lusci, T. Scott, 22nd F.B. Rept., Pt. ITI., p. 277.
pl. xvii., fig, 12 and 13.
A Lernea apparently belonging to this species was found adhering to
a small Gadus luscus sent to the Laboratory from the fish market at
Aberdeen on January 12, 1905. The various species belonging to the
genus Lernea fix themselves to the gills or gill-arches of the fishes
infested by them, but the specimen now recorded had its head buried
in the flesh of the fish some distance behind the operculum, as shown in
the drawing (fig. 18). This is the first example of the kind I have met
with.
Fam. CHONDRACANTHIDA.
Genus Sphyrion, Cuvier (1830).
Sphyrion lumpi, Kroyer.
1863. Lestecra lumpi, Kr., Bidrag til Kundskab, Nat. Tidsskr.,
BR. 2 B., p. 325, Tab. xviii., fig. 5, a-g.
tZ
114 Part 11 —Twenty-third Annual Report
Sphyrion lumpi, T. Scott, 19th F.B. Rept., Pt. III., p. 128, vol.
vii., fig. 13.
A fine specimen, the most perfect I have seen of this curious species,
was presented to me by Mr, Irvine of Aberdeen ; it was obtained by him
on one of a number of catfishes, Anarrhicas lupus, landed at Aberdeen
Fish Market from a Norwegian trawler. The fishes were captured in |
about 200 fathoms, and therefore beyond the limits of the Scottish area.
An imperfect specimen was taken from a Lumpsucker captured in April:
1900 in the nets of the salmon fishers near the Laboratory at Bay of
Nigg, Aberdeen, and is described and figured in Part III. of the
Nineteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Genus Chondracanthus, De la Roche (1811).
Chondracanthus depressus, sp. n. Pl. vi., figs. 7-13.
Description of the Female.—This species resembles in its general
appearance the Chondracanthus flure of the Long Rough Dab, Drepanop-
selta platessoides, but it is more depressed. The cephalon, which is sub-
quadrangular, is scarcely as long as broad, the next two segments are also
wide and very short, while the last thoracic segment is distinctly con-
stricted in the middle and very depressed ; it is broader in proportion to
its length than the same segment in Chondracanthus flure, being about
as broad as it islong. The postero-lateral processes are somewhat narrow,
cylindrical, and sigmoid, and curved inward so as to approach close to each
other, and sometimes overlap (fig. 8). The abdomen is very short.
The specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 7) measures about 5 mm.
(4 of an inch), exclusive of the ovisacs, which are tolerably short and
thick.
The antennules are short and very robust ; they are simple in structure ;
and the distal extremity, which appears to be obscurely jointed, bears
scattered apical spinules (fig. 9).
The antennz are somewhat similar to those of Chondracanthus cornutus.
The mandibles, which are stout, moderately elongated, and strongly
curved, taper gradually to the attenuated distal extremity ; they are each
armed with a row of small but moderately stout denticles along each
margin, as shown in the drawing (fig. 10).
The first maxillipeds are greatly dilated at the base, and the terminal
joint, which is also stout, tapers to a blunted apex, the internal margin
is coarsely toothed on the distal half (fig. 11).
Thoracic feet two pairs, short, stout, and bifid, or with two rudi-
mentary branches ; both branches are stout, but the outer is shorter and
scarcely so much dilated as the inner. Though the first pair are as robust
as the second they are scarcely so long ; the two branches in both pairs are
covered more or less with minute prickles, as shown in the drawings (figs.
12 and 13),
Habitat.—On the gills of the Flounder, Plewronectes flesus, captured in
the Firth of Forth and St. Andrews Bay.
This form differs from any of the species previously described by the
very short anterior thoracic segments and by the last segment being
depressed and of a broadly quadriform outline, as well as by the structure
of the thoracic legs.
A form which appears to be a variety of the species just described, and
which has also been observed on the same kind of fish, differs in being
rather more elongated and less depressed. The antennules are larger,
with a slightly different armature ; the two pairs of thoracic legs are also
larger and more robust, and the inner branches more distinctly triangular
ae
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 115
in outline. Only one or two specimens of this form have yet been
observed, and as it resembles Chondracanthus depiessus in some respects
I record it for the present as variety oblongus of that species (see figs.
14-17, pl. vi.).
Fam. LERNAOPODID.
Genus Brachiella, Cuvier (1817).
Brachiella trigle, Claus
1901. Brachiella trigle, T. Scott, 19th F.B. Rept., Pt. IIL,
p. 133, pl. vii., figs. 24-29.
Halitat.—-Obtained on the gills cf a Streaked Gurnard, Zrigla lineata,
captured at Station VIII., Firth of Forth, in September, 1897, but only
now recorded. The Forth is a new station for this species.
PART II.
ON SOME SPECIES OF TREMATODA NOT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED.
The ecto-parasitic vermes of fishes are not uncommon, but as many of
them, and especially of the Trematoda, are of small size and more or less
flattened, and as their colour approximates closely to that of the fishes on
which they live, they are readily missed when the fishes are being
examined,
There is evidently a considerable variety of forms among these ‘re-
matodes. That some of them are elegant in outline as wellas in structure
is shown by the beautiful drawings in MM. van Beneden and Hesse’s
work, Recherches sur les Trématodes Marins.
In the following notes I record a few curious forms exhibiting some
peculiarities of structure which differ somewhat from those described in
previous papers on these organisms, published in Part III. of the Annual
Reports of the Fishery Board for Scotland for 1895, 1901, 1902, and
1904. I also give at the end of the present paper a list of all the species
recorded in these various Reports.
TREMATODA.
Fam. PoLysToMATID&.
Genus Phyllocotyle, van Benden and Hesse (1863).
Phyllocotyle gurnardi, van Beneden and Hesse. PI. vi., figs. 19 and 20.
1863. Phyllocotyle gurnardt, v. Ben. and Hesse, Rech. sur les
Trém., p, 103, pl. x., fig. 1-7 (not Phyllocotyle gurnardt, T.
Scott in Part III. of the 19th Report, p. 147, pl. viii,
fig. 23).
Under this name I record a species of Trematode found on the gills of
specimens of the Grey Gurnard (7'rigla gurnardus, Lin.) from the Moray
Firth.
The body of this Trematode is lanceolate, very flat, and moderately
slender at the anterior end, but becomes wider posteriorly ; the distal end
is rounded, and furnished on the ventral aspect with six marginal
suckers of moderate size and of a rather complicated structure—three
on each margin; an elongated process, slender and narrow, and with
116 Part III.— Twenty-third Annual Report
parallel sides, springs from the rounded end ; this process is armed at the
extremity with four hooked teeth, the two outer teeth are large and
strong, with an expanded base, but the other two are smaller and more
slender (fig. 20).
According to the authors of the Recherches, this species when extended
measures about 5 mm., but in the specimen represented by the drawing
(pl. vi., fig. 19, of this paper), the body is considerably contracted in
length, and is consequently wider, the peduncle at the posterior end,
which when fully extended is very slender and narrow, is also shortened
in the specimen figured. This peduncle is very fragile, and is therefore
occasionally incomplete, and for that reason, and also because it can be
folded back under the body of the animal, it may at times easily escape
being noticed,
Genus Plectanocotyle, Diesing.
Plectanocotyle Lorenzi, Monticelli.
1899. Plectanocotyle Lorenzit, Monticelli, Di una nova Specie del
genre Plectanocotyle ; Atti. R. Acad. delli Sci. di Torino,
vol. xxxiv., p. 1, pl. 1 (separate copy).
1901. Phyllocotyle gurnardi, T, Scott, 19th F.B. Rept., Pt. IIL,
p. 147, pl. viii , fig. 23.
A Trematode recorded by me under the name of Phyllocotyle gurnardt
in the Nineteeth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland
(1901), was afterwards recognised as belonging to a species described by
Dr. F_ BR. Sav. Monticelli two years previously under the name mentioned
above.
This Plectanocotyle had been obtained by Dr. Lorenz some years before
on a species of Gurnard, Z’rigla sp. The slender posterior peduncle, so
characteristic of Phyllocotyle gurnardi, is apparently absent in Plectano-
cotyle. The Scottish specimens from Trigla gurnardus were examined
by Dr. F. R. Sav. Monticelli, and recognised by him as belonging to the
species he had described in 1899.
As already pointed out, the peduncle in Phyllocotyle, being so slender
and fragile, is easily damaged, and when it gets torn off or folded under
the body, and when the body is shortened by contraction—a contingency
not uncommon when fishes infested by the parasites are preserved in
spirit or formaldehyde—the one Trematode may easily be mistaken
for the other.
Genus Microcotyle, van Beneden and Hesse (1863).
Microcotyle donavani, van Beneden and Hesse. PI. vi., fig. 21.
1863. Microcotyle donavanit, v. Ben, and Hesse, Recherches,
p. 114, pl. xii., figs. 1-11.
This species was found on the gills of a Ballan Wrasse (Labrus
bergylta, Ascan.), obtained by Dr. H. C. Williamson in the Moray Firth
on October 23, 1904, and also on a Ballan Wrasse captured in the
North Sea by Mr. Bowman.
The species is narrow and elongated, and at the posterior end there is
arow of small suckers along each margin ; the number of suckers in each
row appears to vary to a small extent. In the specimen represented by
the drawing (fig. 21) the number in each row is about thirty-four.
Microcotyle donavani does not appear to be a rare form; the authors
of the Recherches state that it has been found in abundance on the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 117
same species of Zabrus in the month of March. Several specimens were
found on the gills of the Zabrus from the Moray Firth and from the
North Sea, but none were very perfect. This species of Microcotyle is
not only very slender, but is also without consistence, and therefore
easily injured. The length of the specimen represented by the drawing
is 53mm. Figure 22 is a front view of one of the suckers seen under
a moderately high magnification.
Microcotyle labracis, van Beneden and Hesse. Pl. vi., fig. 21.
1863. Microcotyle labracis, v. Ben. and Hesse, Recherches,
p. 112, pl. xii, figs. 12-18.
This species has a general resemblance to WM. donavani, but differs in
possessing about double the number of suckers at the posterior end
(fig. 21). The structure of the wsophagian bulb also differs in the two
species.
The length of the specimen represented by the drawing is about 7mm.
Habitat.—On the gills of the Bass, Labrax lupus. I am indebted to
my son for specimens of this species,
Fam, GYRODACTYLID2.
Genus Diplectanum, Diesing (1858).
Diplectanum equans, Diesing. PI. vi., fig. 24.
1858. Diplectanum equans, Diesing, Revis. der Myzhelm., p. 77.
1863. Déuplectanum cquans, v. Ben. and Hesse, Recherches,
p. 122, pl. xili., figs. 9-22.
This Trematode is common on the gills of the Bass, Labrax lupus, but
being very small it is easily missed. The length of the specimen repre-
sented by the drawing (fig. 24) is about 2mm.
In Diplectanam cequans the head is armed with two moderately strong
hooked spines on each side of a deeply concave cleft ; this cleft is occupied
by a process thickly covered with minute prickles, as shown in the
drawing.
I am indebted to my son for this small but interesting species.
The following is a list of species belonging to the Trematoda that have
been described or recorded, and for the most part figured, in Part III. of
the Annual Reports of the Fishery Board for Scotland. The species now
recorded are included in the list. The names are arranged in alphabetical
order.
Annual Report where published,
Name of the Species. and Number of Plate where
figured.
Acanthocotyle monticellit, T. Scott, - | 20th Report; Pl. xiii.; 1902.
Anthocotyle merluccit, v. Ben.and Hesse, | 19th ,, Pl. viii. ; 1901.
Callocotyle kréyert, Diesing, - = ay Bi 5 3
Dactycotyle pollachii, v. Ben. and Hesse, | _,,
Diplectanum aequans, Diesing, - - | Present Report : Pl, vi. 3
Epidella hippoglossit, O. F. Miiller, - | 19th Report; no figure.
Heterocotyle pastinace, T. Scott, - =Fif, Sama ty ty, Pl. xvii. ; 1904,
°
f us
ty
Part L1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Name of the Species.
Mier ocotyle conavani,v. Ben.and Hesse,
” labracts, ” ”
Octobothrium alose (Hermann), - -
sf esmarkit, T. Scott, - -
* harengt, v. Ben.and Hesse,
‘5 scombrt, Kuhn, - - |
a merlangt, Kuhn, - -
Onchocotyle appendiculata, Kuhn, -
Phyllocotyle gurnardi, v. Ben. and pee
Phyllonella solew,
* Plectanocotyle lor enzt, J Monticelli, -
Pterocotyle morrhue, v. Ben. and Hesse,
- palmata, Leuckart, - -
Thaumatocotyle concinna, T. Scott, — -
Tristoma mole, Blanchard - -
Trochopus lineatus, T. Scott, - -
Udonella caligarum, Johnston, - -
Annual Report where published,
and Number of Plate where
figured.
Present Report; Pl. vi.
19th Report ; Pl. viii, ; 1901.
”
”
13th
19th
93
9
”
No ‘figure,
Pl. viii.; 1901.
PL. iv2; T89p:
Pl vill. -ag0e
Present Repert; Pl. vi.
19th Report; Pl. viii. ; 1901.
” ”
Pl. xvii. ; 1904.
Pl. vit ; 1900,
* Described in 1901 as Phyllocotyle gurnardi.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE V.
Caligus abbreviatus, Kriéyer.
. Female, dorsal view
Female, young
. Antennule
. Sternal fork
Second maxilliped
Foot of fourth pair
re}
ei
‘oe
Aan wWWe
Lepeophtheirus stwrionis, Kroyer.
Fig. 7. Female, dorsal view
Fig. 8. Antennule
Fig. 9. Antenna .
Fig. 10. One of the “ palpi”
Fig. 11, Second maxilliped
Fig. 12. Sternal fork :
Fig. 13, Foot of fourth pair
Fig. 14. Last segment of abdomen and fureal joints
Anthosoma crassum, Abgld.
Fig. 15. Female, dorsal view
Fig. 16. Female, ventral view
XK Kine ON OMT ON OR
for)
=
ou
x
o>:
PLATE V..
F. B, REPORT, 1905.
at. SS
SS
yy
Pa
A. Scorn, del. ad nat.
eal
Ul
a, pa ;
AF ety as
# Cine ae
ole ae
——r
teeta
=
Pa fa Pa a Pf ft
>
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=e
<=
—
a
, 1905.
PORT,
FB. RE
A. Scort, del. ad nat,
Fig.
Fig.
SO OY LO
go dltet
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Dichelestiwm sturionis, Hermann.
. Antennule, female
. Antenna, female .
. Antenna, male
. Mandible
. Maxilla
. First maxilliped, ‘female.
3. Second maxilliped, female
. Foot of fourth pair, female
PLATE VI.
Dichelestium sturionis, Herm.
. Female, dorsal view
Male, dorsal view
Foot of first pair, female
. Foot of second pair, female
. Foot of second pair, male
. Foot of fourth pair, male
Chondracanthus depressus, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view
. Posterior appendages of same
. Antennule :
. Mandible.
. First maxilliped .
2. Foot of first pair
. Foot of second pair
Chondracanthus depressus, var. oblongus.
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule
. Foot of first pair
. Foot of second pair
Lernee lusci, Bassett-Smith.
Gadus lucus with parasite in situ
Trematoda.
. Phyllocotyle gurnardi, v. Ben. and Hesse
. Extremity of peduncle of the same
. Microcotyle donavani, v. Ben. and Hesse
. The same—one of the posterior suckers
. Microcotyle labracis, v. Ben. and Hesse
. Diplectanum equans, Diesing
£19
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x 46:
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x 390.
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120 Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
IV.—REPORT ON THE OPERATIONS AT THE MARINE
HATCHERY, BAY OF NIGG, ABERDEEN, IN 1904. By
Dr. T. Wemyss Fuuron, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific
Investigations.
During the season of 1904 the operations at the Marine Hatchery
were continued in connection with the hatching of the eggs of the plaice,
as in previous years, and a number of lobsters were also dealt with.
The hatching apparatus and the various ponds in connection with the
establishment continue to perform the work for which they were
intended in a satisfactory manner. An account of these and of the
methods employed in the collection of the eggs and their treatment in
the hatchery has been given in some of the previous reports, to which
reference may be made for the detailed description.
It need only be said here that the adult fishes which act as the brood
stock are confined throughout the year in a large tidal pond, where
they are regularly fed, almost entirely with common mussels, and that
at the spawning-time the fertilised eggs, shed freely into the water, are
collected daily, or almost daily, by means of a large net of mosquito
netting, and are then transferred to the incubating apparatus in the
hatchery.
The duration of the period of development, until hatching takes
place, varies according to the temperature of the water at the time;
the period is longer at the beginning of the spawning season, when the
temperature is low, than towards the end of the season, when the
temperature has risen considerably. At the beginning of the work in
January the average time of incubation before the eggs hatch is about
three weeks, while at the end of the season they hatch in about a fort-
night. The larval fishes, after they are hatched from the eggs, are
kept in the apparatus for several days until the yolk-sac is partly
absorbed, and they are then transferred to the sea in appropriate ap-
paratus. Experience has shown that the best results are got by
liberating the fry before the yolk has been quite used up, and when
they are able to feed for themselves.
It is calculated that, taking the two periods together—the time of
incubation and the period referred to after hatching—the eggs and
larvee are protected in the apparatus for about half of the time from the
spawning of the eggs to the transformation of the post-larval fish, 2.e.
to the adoption of the adult form and habit, after which, owing to the
protection afforded by concealment in the sand, the natural mortality
is, relatively speaking, small.
In the season of 1904 the floating eggs were first observed in the
water of the spawning pond about the middle of January, but they
were few in numbers. The first collection was made on the 26th of
that month, about the same date, that is, as in the preceding year.
The last collection was made on the 29th April, or more than a fort-
night earlier than in 1903. This is probably partly accounted for by
the greater relative intensity of the spawning in the earlier part of the
season in 1904, but it is also, no doubt, connected with the fact that
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 121
the number of the adult fishes furnishing eggs, and therefore of the
eggs collected, was considerably under what it was in 1903. As pointed
out in previous reports, a certain number of the plaice confined in the
pond die each year, and this loss is ordinarily made up by a renewed
supply of living adult fishes in the autumn, which are obtained from
the trawlers employed for scientific purposes in Aberdeen Bay or the
Moray Firth, the vessels being provided with large tubs for the
collection of the fish, and a constant circulation of water maintained until
port is reached. In the autumn and winter of 1903 the same practice
was followed, but it was found that large adult plaice, suitable for the
hatchery, were exceedingly and unusually scarce, and thus the stock in
the pond was only partially replenished.
The total number of eggs collected from the spawning pend through-
out the season was 39,600,000, as compared with 65,940,000 in the
previous year. Most of them, as is usually the case, were obtained in
March, which is the chief spawning month of the plaice. The numbers
collected in the various months, and the percentages on the total
number, are given in the following table, which also contains for com-
parison the corresponding monthly percentages for the previous season
in 1903 :—
Number of Eggs Percentage, Percentage,
Collected. 1904, 1903.
January, . 660,000 16 0:3
February, - 10,320,000 26:1 18:0
March, - - 22,040,000 5D°7 56:2
April, - : 6,580,000 16°4 24:1
ay, - : a 1:3
Tt will thus be seen, as above indicated, that spawning was, on the
whole, a little earlier in 1904 than in 1903, nearly 28 per cent. of the
aggregate number of eggs being collected before March in the former
year, as compared with 18 per cent. in the same period in the latter year.
The estimated number of fry which were obtained from the eggs
amounted to 34,780,000, and they were liberated in seven lots at
various dates in March, April, and May, off Aberdeen Bay, a fishing
yawl being employed for the purpose.
Particulars as to the collection of eggs from the pond and the libera-
tion of the fry will be found in the tables which are appended.
The expense of the hatching operations as carried on at the Bay of
Nigg is small, compared with the number of fry produced. Thisis ~
owing to the fact that the hatchery is worked in conjunction with the
Marine Laboratory, for which pumping operations are required
throughout the year. The annual expenditure that may be ascribed to
the hatching work is about £100, the principal items being the main-
tenance of the apparatus, food for the fishes, and extra coals.
The hatchery was visited by delegations of fishermen sent for instruc-
tion by the County Councils of Aberdeenshire and Argyllshire, to whom
a series of demonstrations was given.
| TABLES.
122 Part LI1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TABLE I.—Showing the Daily Progress of the Hatching Operations,
and the Temperature of the Water, during the Hatching
Season 1904.
Numb f Tener
y umber 0 F of Water.
heey. Meee |. Baas | | MUmeT Of) Total Stock
Collected. found Dead put out. in Boxes.
eat Cent. | Fahr.
January 20 42°6
5 21 41°4
ne 22 42°8
»” 23 41°4
0 24 i
5 25 se Le sie hess 38°8
, 26 160,000 is 500 160,000 40°3
E 27 200,000 ay oe 360,000 42°8
6 28 ie ay af 360,000 41°7
Ff 29 300,000 4s nae 660,000 aa
5 30 an Ee Ped 660,000 5:4 | 41°7
Fs 31 ae bs : a 660,000 56 | 42-1
February 1 320,000 40,000 ae 940,000 5:4 | 41°7
a5 2 300,000 We. ae 1,240,000 5:2 | 4174
Hi 3 240,000 120,000 a 1,860,000 4°8 | 40°6
, ae a ae 1,360,000 4°6 | 40°3
. 5 400,000 140,000 1,620,000 5:0 | 41:0
5 6 400,000 ia 2,020,000 4:4 | 39:9
ae i oa aon bby 2,020,000 BS be
. 8 520,000 ang eee 2,540,000 46 | 40°3
5 9 Bs Ai 2,540,000 5:2 | 41°4
39 10 560,000 180,000 2,920,000 4°8 | 40°6
» iB ae nae 2,920,000 5:0 | 41:0
3 il ae Ree Bae 2,920,000 5:0 | 41:0
4 13 840,000 33 ae 3,760,000 6-1 | 43:0
5 14 San ae ae 3,760,000 4°8 | 40°6
% 15 By ape Bs 3,760,000 6:0 | 42°8
5 16 ae 200,000 na 3,560,000 56 | 42°71
a 17 1,200,000 =e a 4,760,000 5:33 | 4125
5 18 640,000 fe as 5,400,000 sa Se
a 19 58 160,000 a 5,240,000 32 | 37°8
- 20 560,000 Se ay, 5,800,000 4:6 | 40:3
5 21 ne ae see 5,800,000 46 | 40°3
= 22 760,000 a a. 6,560,000 5:0 | 41:0
7% 23 1,000,000 Rae Eh 7,560,000 5:2 | 41°4
3 24 840,000 160,000 mE 8,240,000 5:0 | 41:0
Fi 25 vit ah ee 8,240,000 4°38 | 40°6
55 26 960,000 ae se 9,200,000 4-4 | 39:9
Ss 27 the Spe aN 9,200,000 4:4 | 39:9
5 28 780,000 120,000 ce 9,860,000 4:6 | 40°3
+8 29 Be abs i 9,860,000 4:2 | 39°6
March 1 1,120,000 sie oe 10,980,000 4°4 | 39°9
$3 2 4 ste { 10,980,000 5:0 | 41:0
+f 3 1,020,000 at ae 12,000,000 5:0 | 41:0
- 4 if 180,000 Bd 11,820,000 5:2 | 41:4
< 5 11,820,000 58 | 42:4
55 6 bas aes oe 11,820,000 3°6 | 38°5
7 7 1,600,000 220,000 Bes 13,200,000 3°8 | 38°8
A 8 1,720,000 = aa 14,920,000 4°8 | 406
3 9 1,660,000 — ox: 16,580,000 5:0 | 41:0
“ 10 Ae Fe ca 16,580,000 6:4 | 43°5
a 11 1,200,000 < fe 17,780,000 6:8 | 44:2
5 12 1,400,000 220,000 ae 18,960,000 5:38 | 41°5
we eek} 800,000 ee a 19,760,000 5:4 | 41-7
4 14 ae 19,760,000 62 | 43:2
Date.
March 15
9 16
” 7
9 18
” 19
» 20
3 21
J 22
oi 23
e 24
S5 25
i ge'ay
? 28
a 29
” 30
9 31
April 1
” 2
» 3
+P) 4
” 5
” 6
3”? ‘
99 8
99 9
55 10
% 11
93 12
Fs 13
5 14
- 15
3 16
5 7
9 18
” 19
= 20
9 21
9 22
93 23
na 24
9 25
33 26
53 27
7, 28
” 29
” 30
May 1
” 2
” 3
” 4
Totals,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TABLE I.—continued.
Number of
Eggs
Collected.
880,000
1,740,000
840,000
1,060,000
1,600,000
860,000
760,000
1,100,000
840,000
1,200,000
640,000
760,000
680,000
1,000,000
520,000
480,000
680,000
560,000
440,000
840,000
400,000
200,000
20,000
39,600,000
Number of
Eggs
found Dead
in Boxes.
180,000
240,000
ae 000
140,000
160,000
300,000
240,000
220,000
180,000
220,000
300,000
160,000
1£0,000
120,000
160,000
80,000
~ 4,820,000
Number of
r
put out.
4,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
4,280,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
4,500,000
34,780,000
Total Stock
in Boxes.
16,640,000
16,460,000
16,460,000
18,200,000
18,800,000
18,800,000
19,860,000
19,660,000
21,260,000
21,980,000
17,530,000
18,680,000
18,680,000
19,220,000
20,420,000
20,820,000
20,820,000
17,580,000
17,360,000
18,040,000
17,860,000
18,860,000
18,860,000
19,160,000
15,360,000
16,040,000
16,040,000
16,300,000
16,140,000
16,140,000
16,580 000
16,580,000
10,400,000
10,400,000
11,240,000
11,240,000
11,120,000
11,120,000
11,520,000
11,520,000
11,720,000
4,560,000
4,560,000
4,500,000
123
Temperature
of Water.
Cent. | Fahr.
433
44-2
* 000% 00 mowmct
i
ts
Je)
: ONIN HD Ororv Or or
" CORN ONAQOOC
i
bo
[o"*)
“1™1 00 coo COmI OD
ADCO ANAMND KH WAS WKROOD
i
ts
Ne}
NINININICO COMNNNI O4I:
H
Ve} wo: Oo mona:
wm wo co 6S6Oa0'
124 Part ITI.—Twenty-third Annual Report
TABLE 1I.—Showing particulars in connection with the
Distribution of Fry.
EASELS Sak DOSS. eck AR enc Oe TEU ee aepereneiopenr as Fe
March J5| About 14 miles off Aberdeen Bay. 5:2 Fine. 4,000,000
» = 25 ohn. Veerp 53 ¥ 5:0 ns 5,000,000
April 1 NTR eben ea . oh ‘3 4,000,000
ie Bs he % i 55 56 2 4,280,000
mi. (LO Pe ee 5 - 6-0 ‘i 6,000,000
» 26 » 28 , i 55 a — 7,000,000
May 7 ee. Saree » 99 3 4,500,000 | ~
“ee cnn
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 125
V.—ZONES OF GROWTH IN THE SKELETAL STRUCTURES
OF GADIDA AND PLEURONECTIDA, By J. T. Cunnine-
Ham, M.A., F.Z.S, (Plates VII-IX.)
Previous In VESTIGATIONS.
The primary object of Reibisch’s investigations was to ascertain what
relations existed between the number of eggs produced by a plaice and its
size or age, whether if the number of eggs varied, it depended on the size
or on the age of the fish or on both. In describing his method of enume-
rating the eggs to be shed in the following spawning season, Reibisch
shows that he was not acquainted with my own paper on the develop-
ment of the ovarian egg in Teleostei in general and Pleuronectide in
particular published in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science in
1897. For he explains the opacity of the larger eggs in the ovary in
August as due to oil-drops—“durch die Aufnahme einer grossen Zahl
kleiner fett trépfchen zu erkliiren”—whereas I have shown that in
Pleuronectes ova there are no oil-drops, but only yolk granules, while in
the developing eggs of sole, mackerel, &c., both yolk granules and oil-
drops are present and are easily distinguished from one another,
Reibisch found great variations in the number of ripening eggs in
plaice, and these numbers could not be brought into correspondence with
either the weight or the length of the fish. He then found that the
various numbers formed three principal groups, between which few or no
numbers were found: thus there were large numbers of fish with eggs
from 50,000 to 170,000, or from 220,000 to 270,000, but searcely any
fish whose number of eggs lay between 170,000 and 220,000. It seemed
therefore probable that the groups of numbers corresponded to different
ages, and Reibisch sought for a method of ascertaining the age of the fish.
He rejects entirely the markings of the scales as indications of the age
in the plaice, stating that the lamination of the scale can be used for the
purpose in view in the carp, but that this is impossible in the case of the
plaice. The reasons he gives are that the presence of an annual lami-
nation (Jahresschichtung) is scarcely to be demonstrated in the simple
cycloid scales of the plaice, and further, that in almost all regions of the
latter there occurs a transformation of the cycloid to the ctenoid form.
But he seems to have misunderstood Hoffbauer’s work on the carp, for’
that author deduces the age, not from the lamellz, if such exist, but from
the varying distance between the concentric lines of the scale, and these
also occur in the scales of plaice. I have shown by my observations,
described below, that the distinction of the growth of successive years in
the scales of the plaice, from the different intervals between the concentric
lines, is not impossible, The remarks of Reibisch concerning the
transformation of the scales into the ctenoid form in the plaice refers
to the Baltic variety on which he worked, in which spinules on the scales .
are strongly developed, especially in adult males. But this does not affect
the anterior embedded part of the scale, and I have not noticed spinules
on the scales I have examined. The spinules are developed in adult males
in the North Sea, but they are usually confined to limited portions of the
I
126 Part ITI —Twenty-third Annual Report
skin, and I have not met with spinulated scales hitherto among those I
have examined for indications of age.
Reibisch therefore turned his attention, at Hensen’s suggestion, to the
otoliths. He describes the appearance of these structures as seen by
transmitted light. He states that the first year’s deposit consists of a
very dark, i.e. opaque, nucleus or kernel; this is surrounded by a narrow
transparent ring, then follows a broad dark zone, which is again sur-
rounded by a light zone, and this again is bounded by a dark contour.
He states that the nucleus and the first clear ring with part of the dark
zone are formed during pelagic life, the outer clear zone during the
sojourn in shallow water near the coast, while the dark contour is formed
only when the fish has migrated into deeper water, about January or
February. It will be seen that my results agree closely with those of
Reibisch, except in the last point, for I have not noticed that the dark
zone of the second year had begun to appear in specimens collected in
March and April, and it seems to me that it is formed in summer.
Reibisch figures the otolith of a specimen 11‘5cm. long taken at the end
of February, in which he believes the deposit of the second year had
begun and was visible at the anterior and lower side of the otolith. He
figures also an otolith from a specimen 16°5cm. long taken at the end of
February which similarly shows the beginning of the third year’s deposit,
and another from a specimen 23°5cm. which shows three complete years
and the beginning of the fourth. ‘This specimen was a ripe male taken
on the 9th March, and the deposit of the fourth year in the figure is
almost as wide in some parts as that of the third, Itseems to me difficult
to believe that this could have been formed ina few weeks, and more
probable that it represents the whole deposit of the previous year, so that
the specimen was four years old. It is in cases of this kind that the
difficulties of the method arise, and they can only be settled by ascertain-
ing with certainty at what time of the year the boundary line between the
annual zones is formed. Reibisch assumes that the new opaque deposit.
begins in January or February, while my own opinion at present is that
it does not commence till much later.
Reibisch concludes from his investigations that sexual maturity occurs
always at the end of the third year, and that the reason why the fish are
so different in size and weight at this period of life is that they were
hatched at different periods of the same season. In my experiments on
the rearing of flounders in captivity at Plymouth I also found that the
majority began to spawn at the end of their third year, but a few were _
ripe at two years of age.
Reibisch concludes that the darker layers in the deposit of one year
in the otolith corresponds to the lower temperature of the water in which
the plaice lives, and the more transparent layers to the warmer tempera-
ture. He also states that the excretion of carbonate of lime is weaker in
the first half of the year, when the temperature is low. According to his
reasoning therefore, the more opaque layers are those in which the |
proportion of carbonate of lime is least, and these are formed at the time
when the lower temperature of the surface penetrates to the deeper water,
which is usually from January to March. The annual period indicated
by a complete zone in the otolith would, on this view, coincide with the
calendar year and commence in January.
My conclusions, from my own observations so far as they have gone,
are not in harmony with those of Reibisch on the above points. In the
first place, it seems to me probable that the opacity would increase, not
diminish, in proportion to the amount of carbonate of lime present : this
is certainly the case in bone and calcified cartilage, and it is also the case
in the scales, where the radiating and concentric lines Lefween the sclerites
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. | 127
are very transparent. Secondly, I have not found that the external layers
in the otoliths of plaice killed between November and April were dark
opaque layers, but, on the contrary, in otoliths at this period the peri-
pheral layers were of the more transparent kind. Thirdly, the conclusions
of Reibisch seem to me to be in contradiction to the facts concerning the
first or central region of the otolith, and Reibisch excludes the deposit
of the first year from consideration on the ground that during this year
the young fish are exposed to very varying conditions of whose influence
on the organism we know next to nothing. I fail to see the force of this
remark ; it seems to me we have as much ground for reasoning about the
first year as about any other. Now, though the eggs are produced early in
the year, when the water is cold, the young plaice do not complete their
metamorphosis until May or June. ‘The first specimens which I received
this year from Dr. Fulton were caught at four to eight fathoms on May 10,
In these the only part of the otolith formed was the central kernel, and
apparently not the whole of that. Therefore, it is evident that the opaque |
portion of the first year’s zone, outside the nucleus, is formed in summer, not _
in winter, in warm water, not in cold; and the condition of the otolith
with only the first year’s zone, from fish caught in February or March,
equally proves that the more transparent zone is formed in winter, not
in summer.
This interpretation might seriously affect the conclusions of Reibisch
concerning the age of the fish which he examined, as it seems probable
that he has interpreted, in some cases, as the commencement of the fourth
year’s deposit, a zone which in reality represents a whole year of age.
Thus fish which he has taken to be three years old might in reality have
lived four years.
Jenkius investigated the determination of age from the otoliths in
herring and other Clupeidee. He finds that in the herring there are
layers in the otolith as in the plaice, but with some differences. The
central nucleus is always transparent, not opaque ; the opaque zones are
much broader in proportion than in the plaice, and separated by very
narrow transparent zones, which, according to Jenkins, are formed at the
beginning of the new year. It would seem more probable that, as in the
plaice, these form the end of the year’s deposit. Jenkins’ paper is illus-
trated by photographs of the object, in which the different zones are not
always very distinct. The structure could, I believe, have been shown
more satisfactorily by drawings. Jenkins finds that the herring of the
Western Baltic have the following lengths at successive years of age :—
Ist:year, .. : : : 11°3-12-1em.
2nd ,, : : : : ; 15°6-16°4em.
ordi}; ! ‘ ‘ : 19:0-19-8em.
4th ,, , ; ; i : 21:7-22'5cm.
5th 55 : : 3 : 23°7-24'5em.
Jenkins rejects the conclusion held by nearly all naturalists who have
investigated the herring, that two season-races can be distinguished, on
the ground that ripe or nearly ripe or spent herrings can be found in
the Western Baltic at all times of the year.
He has misunderstood a statement which he quotes from myself, that
two spawning periods have undoubtedly been observed in the same
neighbourhood, stating that it is in contradiction to Heincke’s assertion
that herring spawn is never found twice in the year on the same spot.
There is really no contradiction. Anyone acquainted with the subject
knows that spring or winter spawning herring and summer or autumn
spawning herring are captured by fishermen in large numbers in the same
128 Part ITL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
district, for instance, in the Western Baltic, where Jenkins studied,
but I have never stated that they use the same spawning grounds.
Jenkins finds that the herring becomes sexually mature in its third
year.
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LINES oF GROWTH.
One of the chief objects of my observations was to test the question
how far the lines of growth in the skeletal structures of fishes were trust-
worthy indications of age, whether the annual increments of growth or
deposit could be definitely distinguished and counted in all cases. The
most direct and satisfactory basis for the assumption that the age of
individual fishes can be ascertained by inspection of lines of growth in
certain structures would be an extensive study of such lines in fish whose
age was known by direct evidence, but hitherto such study has not been
possible to any great extent. All I have been able to do is to ascertain
the age of specimens of different sizes as indicated by the lines and zones
of growth, and to compare the conclusions so reached with those to be
derived from other sources, such as the season in which the specimens
were collected, their size, and the evidence available concerning the
rate of growth from experiments with fish reared in captivity.
Another object which was in view in the investigation was that of
discovering, as far as possible, the mode in which the lines of growth were
produced, what differences of structure caused the lines, and what was
the relation between the seasonal changes in external conditions and the
processes of growth taking place in the structures concerned.
In the plaice successive more or less parallel lines and zones are visible
in the otoliths, in the scales, in the coracoid element of the pectoral
girdle, which consists of calcified cartilage, and the surfaces of the verte-
bral centra bounding the conical depressions in their anterior and posterior
faces.
The otoliths consist of a number of thin layers deposited one over the
other around a common centre. ‘The structure may be described as a
concentric stratification, and, apparently, when once deposited a layer
undergoes no subsequent change. The otoliths are thin and flat, but
one surface is more convex than the other, and this more convex surface
is in the natural position within the ear-capsule directed inwards and
the flat surface outwards. I find the most convenient way to extract the
otoliths is to split the skull with a knife from behind forwards, the
ear-capsules being then exposed, as they are not separated from the
cranial cavity by bone. The otoliths have a longer and a shorter
diameter, and along the direction of the longer diameter there is a groove
on the central part of the convex side. They appear to be formed as
concretions excreted by the epithelium lining the sacculus of the
auditory vesicle.
Examined in water when freshly removed from the skull of the fish,
the otolith exhibits both concentric and radiating lines, so that its
structure resembles that of a scale, but the mode of formation is different,
the otolith being formed externally to the epithelium of the auditory
sac, which is derived originally from the epidermis (epiblast), while the
scale is formed within the derma (mesoblast). At first sight it might be
supposed that the successive deposits were formed only at the edge of the
otolith, but by examining a transverse slice of the object cut roughly
with a knife, it is seen that each successive layer extends over the whole
surface, but is exceedingly thin on the two flat surfaces and thicker at
the edge. The structure is such as would be produced if a sphere com
posed of concentric uniform layers of plastic material were very much
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 129
compressed so as to form a flat dise. The thin layers on the two faces
being translucent, the surfaces of contact between successive layers are
seen as lines approximately parallel to the outer edge. The layers are
thin and very numerous, but they are grouped into broader zones by
differences of opacity. Each zone is usually distinctly defined from that
which succeeds it externally, the line of division being due to a sudden
increase in opacity in the layers which form the commencement of the
next zone. By transmitted light the more opaque layers appear dark,
and she more transparent layers light. All my figures show the appear-
ance of the otoliths by transmitted light, the otoliths being examined in
water as transparent objects. When the light is shut off from below and
the object seen by reflected light, the appearances are reversed, the opaque
regions appearing white and the transparent dark. My observations
agree closely with Heincke’s description of the structure as seen by reflected
light, but I find that examination by transmitted light shows the structure
more distinctly. The central area or first zone shows minor subdivisions,
but the limits of these are not so distinct as the more external boundaries,
and the whole of this central area appears to be formed in the first year
of life. It consists of a central very opaque nucleus, followed sometimes
first by a transparent zone, then one more opaque, and then a broader
more transparent. But these minor zones are not always distinct,
while the limit of the whole central area is usually quite definite,
The radiating lines are due to narrow grooves on the surface termina-
ting in notches on the edge, and seem to be formed by folds in the
membrane of the auditory vesicle containing the otolith.
The scales of the plaice, like those of the cod, exhibit a number of
concentric lines formed by ridges on tke outer surface of the scale, but
these ridges are very much finer, closer together, and less regular than
in the scales of Gadide. In the anterior embedded portion of the scale
the ridges are divided up into short bars by radiating bands which appear
transparent by transmitted light, but in the posterior more superficial
part of the scale these radiating lines are absent, and the ridges appear as
continuous wavy lines. Separate sclerites cannot be distinguished as in
the cod, although doubtless the ridges and the radiating lines in the one
case correspond to those in the other. Successive zones can usually be
distinguished in consequence of the fact that the lines or ridges are closer
together in certain zones than in others. A complete zone may be con-
sidered to be the result of one year’s growth. Thesummer’s growth com-
mences with lines or ridges which are rather far apart, and after a certain
distance the lines become more closely crowded ; then the next summer's
growth is indicated again by lines farther apart (fig. 10, pl. viii.) The
transition from the crowded lines to those further apart on the outside is
somewhat sudden, so that the commencement of the new summer’s
growth is often fairly distinct. But in most cases the zones are somewhat
difficult to distinguish, and it would be by no means easy to form a con-
fident judgment of the age of the fish by examination of the scales alone.
The conclusion drawn from the scales must be confirmed or tested by
examination of the otolith.
I have not found any sufficiently distinct lines of growth in the oper-
cular bones, as Heincke states, but such lines are visible in the elements
of the pectoral girdle and in the concave faces of the vertebra. In neither
case, however, are such good indications given as in the otolith. I have
represented the appearance of a vertebra and of the pectoral elements in figs.
13, 14, pl. viii. The pectoral girdle of the plaice consists of a somewhat thick
ossified cleithrum, thicker and less expanded ventrally than that of the cod,
and a scapula and coracoid consisting chiefly of calcified cartilage. The
coracoid comprises two parts, a thin ossified ventral portion bordered by a
130 Part IIL —Twenty-third Annual Report
slender curved rod of bone, and a somewhat quadrate dorsal portion of
calcified cartilage. ‘The centre of growth is at the junction of the bony rod
with the cartilaginous plate, and at intervals there are lines parallel to one
another where calcification is more complete, and the cartilage conse-
quently more opaque. The scapula shows similar lines, and they are
parallel to the edges where the two elements meet. The basal elements
with which the fin rays articulate are represented by a small plate of
cartilage with three or four minute points of ossification.
The faces of the vertebrae show by reflected light opaque white bands
separated by darker, more transparent lines, and these are probably
annual increments of growth, but it is difficult to be sure of counting the
complete number, as the more central ones seem always doubtful and
indistinct.
In the cod the scales (fig. 15) exhibit concentric and radiating lines
as in the plaice, but the radiating lines occur all round the scale, and
the concentric lines are much more distinct and farther apart. Careful
examination shows that the two systems of lines are due to the fact that
the outer surface of the scale is made up of rings of separate elements,
which may be conveniently termed sclerites. Each sclerite consists of a
flat base with a projecting ridge, the ridges being placed in line with
those of the neighbouring sclerites of the same ring. The ridge is
situated near the outer border of the sclerite, and the edge of it is turned
towards the hilum or focus of the scale, so that there is a depression or
concavity on the inner side of the ridge. ‘These sclerites are evidently the
structures described by Marett Tims as scalelets in the passages quoted
from his paper by J. Stuart Thompson (Jowr. Mar. Biol. Assn., No. 1,
1904). He states, however, that each scalelet consists of a basal plate
with a minute spine projecting from its upper surface, a description which
he has apparently taken from the appearance presented in transverse
section, whereas the apparent spine is merely the section of a longitudinal
ridge on the sclerite, as I have stated. The ridges on the sclerites are also
identical with the rolls or cylinders which cover the surface of the scale,
according to Ussow’s description.
According to Marett Tims, the scalelets are covered with a delicate
epidermis. In my sections I find cell-nuclei both on the upper and lower
surface of the scale, and have no doubt that the scale is covered with cells,
to whose activity its formation is due. These cells or their nuclei are
particularly evident at the edges of the scale, where it increases
in extent, and where the new sclerites are successively formed. Nuclei
can also be seen in the concavity on the inner side of the ridge of
the sclerite, which agrees with Klaatsch’s statement “‘that the cells
arrange themselves on the surface of the scale in curved rows, and form
always in front of themselves the substance out of which the rolls are
made.” I find, however, that the new sclerites are formed only at the edge,
and that the above description of the cells and “rolls” or ridges applies
only to the upper surface of the scale. Fig. 17, pl. ix., shows the appear-
ance of a transverse section of the skin of a cod under a low power. The
epidermis is of considerable thickness, and consists of small cells whose
boundaries are not distinct in the preparation, but whose nuclei are seen
as dots. The lowest layer of nuclei are somewhat elongated in a direction
vertical to the lower surface of the epidermis. Beneath this lower layer
are seen large oval masses of black pigment, the sections of the chromo-
blasts. In the middle region of the epidermis are a number of rounded
cavities. The specimen from which the preparation was made was pre-
served with formaline, and I am unable to state whether these cavities
exist in the living skin or are the result of the action of the formaline. At
the surface of the epidermis are seen two minute somewhat fusiform
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 131
bodies composed of elongated cells: these are sense-organs, which in the
cod are freely distributed over the surface of the skin, in addition to the
special organs of the lateral line. The derma below the epidermis
consists of fine fibres having a horizontal direction, with numerous nuclei,
and in this occur the scale-pockets containing sections of the scales. Of
these, three layers at three different levels are seen in most sections, in
consequence of the fact that the scales are imbricated, and overlap one
another, so that portions of three different rows of scales are cut by one
section vertical to the surface. The relations of the sclerites to the lower
homogeneous portion of the scale are shown in the figure, but the cellular
investment of the scale is not represented, as it is not sufficiently distinct
under a low power.
The ridges on the scales are seen to be farther apart in some regions,
more closely crowded in others, so that zones may be distinguished. In
other words, the sclerites formed at some periods of the growth of the
scale are narrower than at others, so that their ridges are closer together.
There is good reason for believing that the narrower sclerites are formed
in winter, when the temperature is low. In the cod I find that the end
of a year’s growth is usually indicated by one or two markedly narrow
rings, while the gradual narrowing of the sclerites as this boundary is
approached, though it can be made out, is not at first obvious. In these
points my observations agree generally with the descriptions and cenclu-
sions of Mr. J. Stuart Thompson, who, however, though he studied
several species of Gadide, did not investigate the cod. In larger and
older specimens several annual zones can be distinguished, each termi-
nated by a winter zone, between which and the summer growth there is
often a distinct contrast. The distinction however, is not so obvious as
in the earlier or inner zones, and it would be very difficult, from the scales
alone, to form a decided conclusion as to the age of a cod.
Dr. Heincke has pointed out, in his paper in the Report of the Inter-
national Investigations, shortly to be published, that lines of growth are
more or less distinctly visible in various bones of fishes, while the lines
and zones of the otolith have previously been investigated in the plaice
and herring. In the cod I have examined the bones of the pectoral
girdle, of the operculum, of the skull, and of the vertebral column.
The pectoral girdle differs from that of the plaice in several particulars.
“The cleithrum (the large superficial bone behind the branchial cavity,
formerly known as clavicle) is thinner, and only the scapula is directly
attached to the posterior and inner aspect of the cleithrum. There is a
long and strong post clavicle. The cleithrum is ossified, but the scapula
and coracoid consist of calcified cartilage. There is no scapular foramen.
There are four distinct and partially ossified fin-supports, instead of one
cartilage, as in the plaice. The form of the parts is shown in fig. 20, pl. ix.
I could not satisfactorily make out annual zones in any of these structures,
On the thin transparent part of the cleithrum there are sometimes visible
some lines parallel to the edge, but they are very indistinct. Also in the
coracoid there are slightly opaque lines parallel to the edge, but still less
distinct, and no definite conclusions as to the age of the fish can be drawn
from them. I am unable, therefore, to agree with Heincke, who states
that the age of cod can be determined from the coracoid and scapula.
I have found the bones of the operculum and skull equally unsuitable
for the purpose here in view. In the vertebral column of a specimen of
some size, parallel lines are distinctly visible in almost every part and on
every process, including the walls of the anterior and posterior cavities,
the neural spines, and the transverse processes, but I have found it
impossible to use them as satisfactory indications of age. On the walls
of the conical hollows of the centra numerous concentric lines appear,
132 Part III. —Twenty-third Annual Report
lines of greater opacity appearing white by reflected light, and these lines
are arranged in bands separated from each other by bands of darker,
more transparent bone. Each of these bands may indicate a year’s
growth, being the summer growth separated from that of the next
summer by a band where there is less calcareous matter. But it is
difficult to decide exactly how many such annual zones are present.
Even when one or two of the outer zones seein distinct, the number of
the central earlier zones cannot be distinguished with certainty. One
may count three at one time, and at the next attempt there seem to be
four or five, and the total number always remains doubtful and uncertain.
The otolith in cod and other Gadide is large and opaque, and by
examining it as a whole nothing can be ascertained of its internal
structure. It is therefore, according to Heincke, useless for the purpose
of determination of the age of the fish. I have found, however, that the
successive lamine of which it is composed can be seen quite distinctly
in transverse slices simply cut from the central region of the otolith with
a scalpel. Such slices are, of course, rather thick, and their surfaces are
rough and irregular. Nevertheless, when they are placed in water in a
watch-glass and examined with a low-power objective, they are sufliciently
transparent to show the successive lamine of which the otolith is
composed, and the laminz in certain zones being much more opaque than
in the zones Letween these, the whole section is distinctly divided into
regions which I believe to indicate the annual increments, and which,
therefore, show the age of the fish.
The otolith (¢.e. the sagitta or largest otolith) of the cod is somewhat
elliptical in outline, with rather pointed ends, and two surfaces, one
convex and rather smooth, the other concave and more irregular. The
convex surface is turned inwards, ¢.e. towards the brain, and somewhat
downwards, the concave outwards and upwards. The convex surface is
marked by a shallow longitudinal groove, into which fits the ridge of
sensory epithelium, called the macula acustica of the sacculus. The edge
of the otolith is divided by radial grooves into lobes which are chiefly de-
veloped on the concave surface, and the central part of the concave surface
projects slightly as a convexity. Fig. 16, pl. viii., shows the appearance
by transmitted light of a transverse slice as above described. ‘There is a
central opaque nucleus surrounded by successive lamin which are thicker
in the parts corresponding to the edges of the otolith than in those
scrresponding to the surfaces. The nucleus is nearer to the convex
surface than to the concave. ‘The nucleus is surrounded by a number of
opaque lamine, and these are succeeded by a number of more transparent
ones, Then comes another zone of opaque lamin, while the most external
are again more transparent. According to my interpretation, the opaque
zone represents the deposit of one summer, the transparent that of one
winter, so that the two zones together represent the result of cne year’s
growth and indicate one year of age. The fish from which the otolith
figured was taken was therefore two years old.
For practical purposes, to determine the age of a number of specimens
quickly, I find the best method is to examine a few scales in water,
noting the number of winter zones, and the age apparently indicated,
and then to extract an otolith by splitting the skull in the median
plane, and to cut a transverse slice of the otolith in the manner described
above. In this way the conclusions drawn from the scales can be tested
and confirmed or modified. It may be asked why I have not prepared
thinner and more perfect transverse sections of the otolith by grinding
down thick slices. I have tried this method in the plaice, and not found
it very successful. The piece to be ground down, after one surface has
been ground smooth, must be fixed on a glass slide with Canada balsam in
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 135
order to grind the other surface. After the operation the section is
opaque from the scratching of the surface, and if it is clarified and
mounted in balsam it becomes too transparent, so that the contrast
between the opaque and transparent zones is largely lost. I have not yet
tried the method for transverse sections of the cod’s otolith, but doubt
if it would be suitable, and in any case the time required makes it useless
for practical purposes.
The following are the details of my observations on specimens of
Plaice, Cod, and other species :—
Youne PiLatce AND DABS COLLECTED BY SHRIMP-NET IN ABERDEEN
Bay 1n May 1904.
The plaice in this sample ranged from 5°5 to 87cm. in length,
and there were very few of them. Unfortunately, they were pre-
served in formaline, and when I came to examine them I found that
the action of this reagent had altered the otoliths so that the lines of
growth could not be distinctly seen. Formaline has a decalcifying
action, and although in these specimens the otoliths were not destroyed,
they were rendered quite opaque and granular, so that the usual structure
was scarcely visible. It seemed probable, however, that they had the
characters of the central deposit of the first year, without any sharp
dividing lines separating distinct zones. In this case there can be little
doubt that the fish were one year old, as the new brood of the current
year are still, in May, in the pelagic stage, and it is unlikely that fish so
small should be more than one year old.
The scales are apparently not affected by the formaline as the otoliths
are; that is to say the characteristic concentric lines are quite distinct.
The posterior or embedded part of the scale consists of five radiating
rows of sbort curved lines, not regularly parallel but irregular, separated
by plain bands, while the anterior part of the scale is marked by con-
tinuous successive lines approximately parallel to the edge of the scale
(fig. 1). There is no division of these series of lines into zones, and
the whole may be regarded as the growth of one year.
Youne Puaice rrom SoLtway FIRTH, coLLecTeD ABouT Aprit 17, 1905.
The results of examination of the otoliths in these specimens are as
follows, males and females being given separately :—
MALES, IMMATURE,
(1) 6-Gem. in length.—Only one central area visible. It contains a
central opaque nucleus, the part around which is slightly more opaque
than the external zone. Concentric lines of lamination faint (fig. 4).
(2) 6:9em. in length.—Only one central area.
(3) 71cm. in length.—Only central area, concentric lines of lamina-
tion around the opaque nucleus.
(4) 7-Lem. in length.—Central area only as in other cases, but near the
outer edge a distinct transparent band with an opaque band outside it at
the extreme edge. This might possibly be. the commencement of the
second year’s deposit.
(5) 9:8em.—Only one zone.
(6) 9:9cem.—Two zones.
(7) 10:5em. in length.--Two distinct zones, that is to say a distinct
zone outside the central area. The central area is ‘95mm. in the shorter
diameter, the total transverse diameter of the otolith being 1:92mm.
134. Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
(8) 10:Scm.—Two zones quite distinct.
(9) 13°2cem.—Shows three zones.
FEMALES, IMMATURE.
(1) S*9em. in length.—Only central area present.
(2) 9:2em. in length.—Otolith shows two distinct zones, the external
one being defined by a sharp boundary line, and commencing with
several laminz of very opaque deposit (fig. 8, pl. vii.).
(2) 10-5cm. in length.—Two zones visible, the central area small and
not quite’so sharply defined as usual—12-Ocm.
(4) 15-5em. in length.—Two zones rather less distinct than usual,
central area showing distinct lamination.
(6) 15°9em.—Shows three distinct zones.
According to these results, therefore, males from 6*6cm. to 9°8cm. in
length are one year old, and at 10‘5cm., or 41 inches, are two years old,
Females may be one year old up to 8-9cm., or very nearly 4 inches,
while others from 9:2cm. to 15:5em., or 4 to 6 inches, are two years
old, and one of 15-9cm., or about 62 inches, is three years old.
According to Heincke, in the Report of the International Committee,
vol, tii., the plaice at the Sylt are from 10cm. or less to 14cm. at one
year of age, 10cm. to 19cm. at two years, and 13cm. to 28cm. at three
years. These sizes are taken from specimens collected in March, and
therefore comparable with those from the Solway Firth examined by me.
The results therefore agree, but Heincke’s observations have the defect
that males and females are not distinguished in them.
SPECIMENS OF PLAICE RECEIVED FROM ABERDEEN ON May 8, 1905,
AND CAUGHT A FEW DAYS BEFORE.
These specimens, of which 14 were carefully examined, ranged in length
from 4:8cm. to 11:4cem., and only one was identified as a female. The
others were either male or their sex could not be determined. They must
be considered as belonging to last year’s brood, as the young plaice of
the current year have but just completed their metamorphosis.
(1) 48cm, long.—Sex not determined. One zone only in otolith,
transparent ring next to the nucleus not seen. One year old.
(2) 4:8em. long.—Sex not determined. One zone only in otolith ; but
there was a narrow, more transparent zone next to the nucleus, as in
Reibisch’s description of the first year’s growth. Onc year old.
(2) 5¢e.m. long.—Apparently male. One annual zone only in otolith, a
broad region of somewhat opaque layers round the central nucleus, more
transparent narrower zone at outer edge, that is the transparent region
next to the nucleus as described by Reibisch, was not visible. Con-
centric single layers distinct in the middle zone.
(4) 5:7em., probably male.—One zone in otolith.
(5) 5:7em., probably male-—One zone in otolith.
(6) 6:7em., female.—One zone only.
(7) 7:2cem., probably male.—One zone only.
(8—10).—Three specimens, 85cm. long, apparently male, all showing
one zone only.
(11) 9:'Gem., male.—One zone only.
(12) 9:'8cem., male.—One zone only.
(13) 10:3cm., male.—One zone only.
(14) 11-4em, male.—One zone only.
ee ee
lcd
ott
Or
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. ha
PLAICE RECEIVED FROM ABERDEEN, Aprit 1, 1905, sND COLLECTED
JUST BEFORE THAT DATE.
MALE,
(2) 15*1em., immature.—Otolith shows two zones, the third of the
current year may have begun, but shows no distinct contrast with the
second zone. The scales also show two zones, but not so easily dis-
tinguished.
FEMALES.
(1) 12cm. long, immature.—Only one zone, or central area ; fish,
therefore, one year old (fig. 9, pl. vii.).
(2) 14em., immature.—Otolith shows only one undivided area, may be
considered one yearold. Scales also show no division into zones.
(3) 15em., immature.—Two distinct zones in otolith, outer zone
sharply defined from central region, indicating two years’ growth.
(4) 15em., immature.—Two distinct zones in otolith; the central
region is much smaller than the whole otolith of (2), and does not show
distinct lamination as that does. The calcified cartilage of the coracoid
also shows two zones, but the boundary line is rather faint.
(5) 16°7em., tmmature.—Otolith with central region and one outer zone
separated by distinct boundary line. On the outer border there are a few
opaque layers, which may be the commencement of this year’s deposit,
but they are not defined by a distinct boundary from the second zone.
(6) 20-7em., immature.—Otolith shows four distinct zones, It seems
difficult to believe that this fish, not quite 84 inches long, and quite
immature, should be really four years old, in which case it would be
at least five years of age before it spawned for the first time.
(7) Plaice, 22:9em., immature.—Only one distinct boundary, with very
dark and opaque layers outside it. Several fainter lines in the central
area, but, these I regard as all occurring in the first year’s growth.
With the exception of (7), (2), and (6), therefore, all these specimens
were two years old and at the commencement of their third year.
LarGerR PuLaIce, CAUGHT 21 miLEs 8.S.E. or ABERDEEN, ABOUT
Marcu 8, 1905.
MALE,
(1) 26-7em., immature.—Testes a mere narrow band along the anterior
interspinous bone at posterior border of body cavity. Otolith shows
three complete zones, with no distinct indication of the beginning of the
fourth. May be taken to be three years old.
FEMALES.
* (1) 29em. long, inmature.—Five distinct zones in otolith. It would
appear, therefore, that this fish would be at the end of its sixth year when
it began to spawn.
(2) 34:7cem., immature.— Ovary very small, without yolked eggs. Four
complete zones in otolith, last one scarcely as wide as the others, but still
too wide to be considered the deposit of the season now commencing.
(3) 37-5em., immature.—Otolith shows five distinct zones, including,
of course, the central area, The fish, therefore, five years old. The fifth
zone is not quite so wide as the fourth. In the scales also five zones can
be distinguished, but not so certainly or clearly as in the otoliths.
136 Part ITL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
In the coracoid four complete zones are visible, and an outer fifth,
which is narrower. In the sub- and inter-operculum I can make out
no distinct zones or boundary lines,
(4) 50cm. (ubout 1 ft. 8 in.) mature, with ripe ovaries.—In the
right otolith six complete zones visible and a peripheral seventh. I was
in some doubt whether this last was the seventh annual growth in pro-
gress, or whether it was really complete in the preceding winter and the
eighth about to commence. The latter view seems more probable, so
that this fish is seven years old. As it is far beyond the limit of size
for immature plaice, it may have spawned either once or several times
previously.
The zones in the scales were rather difficult to distinguish, but there
were apparently seven, including the central region and the extreme
external zone. In the coracoid also there were visible six complete zones
and a seventh at the periphery. The latter was narrower than the
others, and opague, like the commencement ofa year’s growth. At present
I do not know when the new growth commences, but in examining other
specimens subsequently I have assumed that the outermost zone in
specimens collected in March and April represents the last complete
year, and not the commencement of the new annual growth.
Heaps aNp PectoraL Reaions or PLAICE SENT FROM ABERDEEN, 161TH
DeceMBER 1904: SEX NOT STATED,
(1) 26:2cem. (104 inches actual measurement).—Otolith shows three
zones, that is to say central area, complete second zone, and external
zone. The fish is therefore in its third year; the third year would be
completed some time in the commencement of next year.
(2) 3L-2em. (123 inches actual measurement).—Otolith shows same
condition, indicating that the fish is in its third year. If I understand
him aright, this would be placed by Heincke in the second group, plaice
which have lived two complete years and are in their third. In this
case, the fish is larger than the maximum for this age of plaice on the
Sylt grounds off the German coast (fig. 12).
(3) 35cm. (14 inches actual measuwrement).—Otolith shows four com-
plete zones, and a fifth at the margin. Same number could be made out
in the scales, in the coracoid, and in the conical hollow on the faces of the
vertebree (pl. viii., fig. 11 otolith, fig. 10 scale).
(4) 37-5em. (15 inches actual measurement).—The otolith shows
seven zones, including both the central area and peripheral zone. Accord-
ing to this, the fish was in its seventh year (pl. vii., fig. 5). The first three
zones are strongly separated, but the fourth and sixth boundary lines were
much less distinct, and it seemed possible that they might be accidental
and not annual lines, In this case, however, the fourth and fifth zones
would be of disproportionate width, so that it seems more probable that
the fish is really in its seventh year and not in its fifth.
(5) 46°8em, (1S¢ inches actual measurement). — The otolith Be
five zones, including the peripheral one. In this specimen I examined
the hollow of the vertebral centra and the coracoid, and have figured
them (fig. 14). In these also five zones can be distinguished, though the
central area of the vertebral surface is scarcely visible, that is to say it is
difficult to make out its boundary line.
I also examined a large plaice 50 5cm. long, bought at a fishmonger’s
in London last autumn. The otolith showed six zones. The fish was a
mature female, and was therefore in its sixth year.
—————— rl eel er
a |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 13
Cop rrom ABERDEEN, CAUGHT OcroBEeR 1900.
Length of fish 8°6cm. (32 inches). Length of scale from side of body
‘94mm., breadth ‘46mm. Number of concentric lines on scale 10 or 11.
No winter zone. Age six or seven months.
Specimens or Cop From ABERDEEN, CAUGHT NovemBer 10, 1904.
Of the following four specimens only parts of the skin and pectoral
girdle were examined, so that only the scales give indications of age.
(1) Length of jish 47:Oem. (1 ft. G4 in), 9, immature.—Length of
scale 24mm. ‘Two winter zones distinguished Within the first winter
zone 9 or 10 rings, from first to seconl 19 or 20, outside the second
6 or 7. Age inferred two years and about six months. The rings
in this and other cases are counted on the posterior part of the scale, as
they do not all seem to extend round the whole scale.
(2) Length of fish S4em. (1 ft. 92 in.), 3, tmmature.—Number of
lines in first annual zone 9 or 10, in second 13, in third 10, beyond 9.
Probable age three years six months. I was not quite certain in this
case about the number of winter zones in the outer part of the scale ; the
total number of complete annual zones may have been two or three, but
three seemed more probable.
(3) Length of fish G4em., (2 ft. 12in.), 2, immature.—First zone 10 lines,
secoud 12 to 14 lines, third 12 lines, outside 8 or 9. Some doubt as in
previous specimens, Age of fish three years six months, or possibly two
ears six months.
(4) Length of fish 73cm. (2 ft. 54 in.).—¢ with large testes but not
ripe, probably mature. First zone 10 lines, second 12 to 15, third 12 to
15, beyond 4 or 5, Probable age three years six months,
SPECIMENS OF CoD CAUGHT aT ABERDEEN ABOUT Marcu 9.
(1) Length of fish 24:3cem. (i0 in.).—Otolith shows two annual
zones. Scale also shows two zones; number of rings in first 13 or 14.
Age inferred two years.
(2) Length of fish 30-5cm. (121 in.).—Both scales and otolith indicate
two annual zones. Inferred age two years.
(6) Length of fish 30-Tem. {12} in.).—In the scales a single winter
boundary zone is quite evident. It is also evident that the ridges are
close together at the edge of the scale, showing that the winter growth
was nearly or quite finished when the fish was killed. Inferred age two
years. A transverse section of the otolith also showed two annual zones
(pl. viii., fig. 16).
(4) Length of fish 53-5em. (152 in.).—In scales one complete annual
zone and another outside it. It seemed as if the two or three outermost
rings belonged to the commencement of the new summer's growth, but I
was not sure of this. Number of rings in first annual zone 14-15, in
second 16, beyond 3. ‘Transverse section of otolith also showed two
complete annual zones. Both in scales and otoliths a slight interruption
was visible in the first summer’s growth, but this did not seem to be a
definite winter zone. Such an interruption might occur probably enough
occasionally from unfavourable conditions. Age inferred two years.
The following specimens of cod were obtained at the same time, and
the heads were sent to me, with labels indicating the size and condition
of the fish :—
(1) Length of fish 44°3em. (172 in.), 12 lbs. weight. —Q with small
ovary, probably immature. Otolith in transverse sectio shows three
annual zones. Inferred age three years,
138 Part II1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
(2) Length of fish 45°6em. (183 in.), 2} lbs. weight.—Scales behind
head show two winter zones besides the external edge, in other words
three annual zones. First zone 12 rings, second 17 to 19, third about 13.
Otolith also shows three annual zones quite distinctly. Inferred age
three years.
(3) Length of fish 67-dem. (2 ft. 3 in.), 8 lbs. wetght.—g with
small ovary, apparently immature. Scale from pectoral region shows
three winter zones besides the outer edge, in other words four annual
zones complete. The first zone contains 14 rings, the second 20, the
third 16, the last only 7. It might be supposed that the last zone was
only the commencement of the present season’s growth, or, on the other
hand, the fourth winter zone might not be complete, as the water is still
cold in March. I thought it most propable that the fish was four complete
years old. In the transverse section of the otolith four complete zones
were visible. In this specimen I examined the pectoral girdle and the
concave faces of the vertebre. In the coracoid I could with difficulty
make out three boundary lines in addition to the outer edge, but they
were very indistinct, and would be untrustworthy without the other
indications. In the hollows of the vertebra there were numerous con-
centric lines, -but the boundaries of annual zones were net distinct.
According to these latter results, the cod at two years of age is 10 to 13
or 14 inches in length, at three years 17 to 19 inches, at four years 27
inches ; but of course it would require the examination of a large number
of specimens to ascertain the average and range of sizes at these ages.
SPECIMENS oF Cop FROM EXPERIMENTS DESCRIBED BY Dr. FULTON IN
TWENTY-SECOND Report OF THE Board (For 1903).
In the last Report Dr. Fulton, in his paper on ‘‘The Rate of Growth
of Fishes,” described certain experiments on the influence of temperature
on the growth of cod and other fishes, experiments which were carried
out in tanks in the Board’s Marine Laboratory at Aberdeen. Several of
the specimens which formed the subjects of these experiments were sent
to me by Dr. Fulton, and I have examined them with the following
results. Some of the specimens were from Tank I., in which the water
was of the natural temperature, not artificially heated. Dr. Fulton does
not give any dates in connection with these experiments, but I presume
that the codling were put into the tank in the autumn of 1903. They
were then from 12cm. to 15cm. long, or six inches and less. It is not
certain, but seems most probable, that they were then in their first year.
They were killed on August 4, 1904, and then sent to me.
(1) Cod, Tank I., 20-4em. long.—The otolith in transverse section
shows two annual zones, 7.e. a central opaque region, then a zone of more
transparent lamin, then a-zone of opaque laminz again. The trans-
parent zone corresponds to the previous winter, andthe specimen supports
the view that the opaque lamine are deposited in summer, as they
extended almost to the edge, showing that they were being formed when
the fish was killed in August. The specimens were preserved in formaline,
and the skull bones were rather soft, but the layers of the otolith were
not obscured. In the scales also a winter zone was visible, the ninth to
twelfth rings being narrower and closer together.
(2) 24:8em.—In this also I made out two annual zones in the otolith,
though the winter zone was not quite so transparent. In the scales the
winter zone included rings 15 to 21 and was quite distinct, beyond it
were only seven or eight rings.
These specimens, therefore, were in their second summer, according to
ee ene
i ne
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 139
the structural indications, and this conclusion seems to be in accordance
with the actual age.
Whiting from Tank I., 24'8em. long.—Otolith shows one complete
year and commencement of second, 2.e. dark central region, then trans-
parent zone, then dark external zone. The scales also show a distinct
winter zone ; there are 14 summer lines, then 12 winter lines, ending in a
very distinct boundary of one or two very narrow rings; outside this
houndary the new summer growth shows only seven or eight rings.
Evidently the growth of the year is not very large even at the beginning
of August. These whiting were 14cm. to 20cm. long when put into the
tank, and it might be thought that they must then have been in their
second year, but the structural indications are that the fish were only in
their second year when killed.
Cod from Tank No. 4, length 36-Gem. ; killed November 5, 1904.—
I only received one specimen from this tank, which was kept artificially
warm during the winter 1903-04. This, however, had not prevented the
appearance of the boundaries between the annual zones of growth, for the
transverse slice of the otolith distinctly showed two annual zones, and
showed also a transparent zone externally in addition to the layers seen in
the specimen killed in August. The scales also showed one winter zone
at rings 15 to 20, and outside this 19 rings. To anyone who refers to
Dr. Fulton’s paper this will not seem surprising, for his tables show
that, in spite of the artificial increase of temperature in the tank
in winter, the cod grew nearly twice as fast in the last 55 days of the
experiment than in the first 100. The growth was therefore slower in
the winter, and the reduction of growth is shown by the winter zone in
otolith and scales,
LITERATURE.
THomson, J. SruartT—‘‘ Periodic Growth ot Scales in Gadidze as an Index of
Age.” Jour. Mar. Biol. Ass., Vol. xii., No. 1, 1904.
REIBISCH, JOHANNES—‘‘ Ueber die Eizahl bei Pleuronectes platessa und die
Altersbestimmung dieser Form aus den Otolithen.” Wissenschaftliche Unter-
suchungen Komm. deutsch. Meere, Bd. iv., Abt. Kiel, 1900.
Jenkins, J. T.—‘‘ Altersbestimmung durch Otolithen bei Clupeiden.” bid, Bd.
vi,, Abt. Kiel, 1902.
Funton, T. W.—‘‘The Rate of Growth of Fishes.” Twenty-second Annual
Report, Fishery Board for Scotland, Part IIL., 1904.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Scale of Plaice, 8*7em. long, caught near Aberdeen, May 1904. Zeiss
a, Oc.3 camera.
Fig. 2. Otolith of Plaice, 5‘6cm. long, hatched in the spring of 1903, reared in
small tank, and killed Noy. 5, 1904. Zeiss a, Oc.2.
Hig. 3. Scale of same specimen, actual length "29mm. Zeiss A Oc.3.
Fig. 4. Otolith of Plaice, 6-6cm. long, g, from Solway Firth, caught April 1905.
Fig. 5. Otolith of Plaice, 37°5em. (15 inches) long. Zeiss a, Oc.2. Shows
seven zones, indicating apparently seven years of age.
Fig. 6. Otolith of Plaice, 12-2cm. long, from Solway Firth, caught April 1905.
Zeiss a, Oc.2 camera. Shows two annual zones.
Fig. 7. Otolith of Plaice, 22-9cm. long, caught near Aberdeen, April 1, 1905.
Zeiss a, Oc.2 camera.
Fig. 8. Otolith of Plaice, 92cm. long, 2 immature, from Solway Firth, April
1905, Zeiss a, Oc.2 camera,
Part ILIL.—Twenty-third Annual Report i
Otolith of Plaice, 12cm. long, 2 immature, caught near Aberdeen, April
1, 1905. Shows only one year’s growth.
PLATE VIII.
. Scale of Plaice, 35cm, long (14 inches), from Aberdeen. Zeiss A Oc.2.
Shows five annual zones of growth.
. Otolith of same specimen. Zeiss a, Oc.2. Shows also five zones of
growth, with slight irregularity in fourth zone.
2. Otolith of Plaice, 31-2em. long (124 inches), from Aberdeen. Shows
vf
three annual zones.
. One of the anterior vertebrze of Plaice, 182 inches long, from Aberdeen,
showing the zones of growth in the concave face of the vertebra.
. Coracoid and scapula of same specimen, showing five zones of growth.
. Seale of Cod from Dr. Fulton’s experiments, killed August 1904, in its
second year. Zeiss A Oc.2 camera. Shows two annual zones.
. Cod, 30°‘7em. long, caught near Aberdeen, March 1905. Transverse
section of otolith, showing two annual zones of growth.
PLATE IX. *
. Transverse section of skin of Cod from Dr. Fulton’s experiments. Pre-
served with formaline. Zeiss A Oc.3.
. Portion of same section under higher power, to show nuclei on upper
and lower surfaces of scale, and at edge.
. Surface view of scale of Whiting under higher power, showing nuclei
on upper surface and their relation to the ridges of the sclerites.
. Pectoral girdle of Cod. C/.=Cleithrum (clavicle). Co. =Coracoid,
S. =Scapula.
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| of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 141
VI. —ON SOME NEW AND RARE CRUSTACEA FROM THE
SCOTTISH SEAS.
By Tuomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S., ere.
(Plates X.—XIII.)
Previminary Note.
The Crustacea mentioned in the following notes were obtained for the
most part in collections made during various Fishery investigations
carried out under the direction of Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, Scientific
Superintendent of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Several of the forms described appear to be new to science, others have
not before been recorded from the Scottish seas, and one or two belong
to a curious parasitic group of minute Copepoda found usually in the mar-
supium of Crustacean species belonging to the Amphipoda, Sympoda, and
others of the smaller Malacostraca.
The following are the species described :—
Pseudocyclopia giesbrechti, Wolfenden—male described for the
first time.
Euryte longicauda, Philippi, var. minor—new variety.
Longipedia coronata, Claus—new to Scottish fauna.
Stenhelia pygmea, Norman and Scott—new to Scottish fanna.
Ameira elegans, sp. n.
Laophonte longiremis, sp. n.
Cletodes say'si, sp. n.
Dyspontius curticaudatus, sp. n.
Spheeronellu. aore, sp. n.
™ vararensis, sp. N.
eS minuta.
" At eval
ie sp. from Hemilamprops rosea.
Arcturella dilatatu—now first recorded from the Forth estuary.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES,
SUB-ORDER CALANOIDA.
Fam. PsEvuDOcYCLOPIID&.
Genus Pseudocyclopia, T. Scott (1892). *
Pseudocyclopia Giesbrechti, Wolfenden. PI. x., figs. 1-9.
1902. Pseudocyclopia Giesbrechti, Wolfenden, Journ. Mar. Biol.
Assoc., Plymouth, vol. vi. No. 3, January, 1902, p. 370,
pl. iv.
* The Tenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, ITI., p. 246 (1892).
K
142 Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
The female of this species was described and figured by Dr. Wolfenden
in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association for January, 1902,
but the male appeared to be unknown.
The male specimen (fig. 1), which I now propose to describe, agrees so
closely with Dr. Wolfenden’s definition and figures of the female that,
after making allowance for sexual differences, I have no hesitation in
ascribing it to the same species.
The cephalothorax is robust, and appears to be composed of only four
segments, but the fifth is so small as to be almost entirely obscured by”
the fourth ; the abdomen is slender and much shorter than the body ;
rostrum not much produced. The length of the specimen figured is
about ‘8mm. (about 31, of an inch).
Antennules (fig. 1) moderately slender, except towards the proximal
end ; they are shorter than the cephalothoracic segment, and composed of
seventeen joints ; the basal joint is large and stout and rather more than
half as long as the entire length of the remaining joints, which are all
short—the tenth, fourteenth, fifteenth and last are, however, rather
longer than any of the other twelve. The formula shows approximately
the proportional lengths of all the joints :—
Proportional lengths of the joints, 58:5°6'4:3:4°4:7:7°9'6:6:7°9:12°8-10
Numbers of the joints, - : - 1°23 45° 6 7° 8 9 10 TT 1243 Meaioetomay,
Posterior antennz, outer ramus scarcely so long as the iuner one, and
composed of five joints—the third and fourth joints are very smail and
sparingly setiferous (fig. 3).* Mouth appendages similar to those of the
other described species.
All the four pairs of swimming feet (figs. 4-7) are also similar to those
of the other described species, except that they are rather more hispid, but
especially the inner branches of the fourth pair, and the outer branches
also to some extent. In this pair the joints are more or less covered
with minute prickles, as shown in the drawing (fig. 7), and the same
character distinguishes the fourth pair in the female described and
figured by Dr. Wolfenden.
Fifth pair are elongated and unequal on the two sides; the left leg
is long and slender, for though the first and second joints are short,
the other is of considerable length, and is probably longer than the
drawing shows it, as the extremity is apparently slightly damaged; a
dense fringe of small delicate hairs extends along part of the proximal
half of the inner margin of the slender end joint, and terminates distally
at a small hook-like process (fig. 8). The right leg is considerably dilated
at the proximal end of the second joint, but becomes attenuated towards
the distal extremity ; the third joint is narrow, and terminates interiorly
in one or two finger-like processes ; while the end joint, which is very
slender, and tapers gradually to a pointed apex, is furnished with a small
process exteriorly near the proximal end, as shown in the drawing (fig. 8.).
The abdomen is composed of five moderately short segments, and the
furcal joints are also short (fig. 9).
Habitat.—Firth of Forth, west of Queensferry. Dredged Nov. 17,
1893, but only now described and figured.
Remarks.—One of the characters peculiar to the genus Pseudocyclopia
is the presence of a long, moderately stout spine which springs from the
inner distal angle of the first basal joint of the third pair of legs and
reaches to about the end of the inner branch, as shown in figure 6.
* Dr. Wolfenden describes the posterior antenne as one-branched, but the outer ramus
so characteristic of the Pseudocyclopiide as of the other Calanoida had probably become
accidentally detached, aud had thus given to the posterior antenne an appearance some-
what unique among Calanoids,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 143
SUB-ORDER CYCLOPOIDA.
Fam. CycLopipa.
Genus Huryfe, Philippi (1843),
Huryte longicauda, Philippi, var, minor. PI. x., figs. 13 and 14.
Huryte longicauda is a moderately common species, and has already
been recorded from the Firth of Forth and other places. Two forms, a
smaller and a larger, have occasionally been observed, but they appear to
differ very little from each other except in size. Figures 10 and 13 on
plate x. show a female of the usual size and one of the small variety.
The first measures about 1:2mm. and the other ‘8mm. in length ; the
drawings of them are similarly enlarged. But though they differ so
distinctly in size, there appears to be scarcely any structural difference
between them: for convenience sake, however, the small form might be
distinguished as var. minor. The fifth foot in this variety is slightly
different in shape and armature from that of the other, as shown by
figures 12 and 14. Both of the forms represented here are from South
Bay, Firth of Forth.
SUB-ORDER HARPAC rICOIDA,
Fam. LonGIpepips
Genus Longipedia (1863),
Longtpedia coronata, Claus. PI. x., figs 15-17,
Prof. G. O. Sars has shown that the Longipedia usually recorded from
Scottish waters as Longipegia coronata, Claus, was not the species
described by him under that name, but another and quite distinct form
to which he has given the new name of Longidepia Scotti.* The true
L. coronata, Claus, appears to be moderately rare in our seas, and is pro-
bably limited to moderately deep water. I have only observed it in two
distal end of the basal joints of the outer and inner branches (fig. 15),
The fifth pair of feet, though similar to those of L. Scotti, are slightly
different in form and armature (fig. 16); while the last segment of the
abdomen bears two short stout spines on each side of the prominent
medium spine on the posterior dorsal margin (fig. 17).
Habitat.—Moray Firth, off Fraserburgh, September 29, 1904,
collected by Dr. H. ©, Williamson, to whom I am indebted for the
specimens, The same species was also obtained in one of the “ Gold-
seeker ” gatherings, and is recorded in the Bulletin of the Council of the
International Bureau for N ovember, 1904,
*Sars’ Crustacea of Norway, vol. y., p. 11, pl. y., fig. 1 (1904),
144 Part I1I.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Fam, STENHELIID#.
Genus Stenhelia, Boeck (1864).
Stenhelia pygmea, Norman and Scott.
1905. Stenhelia pygmea, N. and S., Ann. and Mag. Nat. His. (7),
vol. xv., p. 284.
This small species has recently been noticed in a gathering of Crustacea
collected at Station II., Firth of Forth, on December 26, 1894.* It
was described by Norman and Scott from a specimen dredged near
Eddystone Lighthouse by Rev. Canon A. M. Norman.T
S. pygmeea is one of the smaller species belonging to this genus, and
measures only about 7, of an inch in length ; it appears to differ from
other described species by the peculiar structure of the antennules and of
the first pair of swimming feet, and by the form and armature of the fifth
pair.
Genus Ameira, Boeck (1864).
Ameira elegans, sp. 0. PI. x., figs. 18 and 19; pl. xi., figs. 1-9.
Description of the Female.—The body, which is moderately elongated
and slender, has a general resemblance to Canthocamptus palustris, but
it is rather less robust and somewhat smaller; the specimen figured
measured only ‘7mm. (nearly zy of an inch) in length (pl. xi., fig. bby
Antennules moderately elongated, eight-jointed, and sparingly seti-
ferous ; the second joint is considerably longer, and the fifth and seventh
smaller than the others (pl. xi., fig. 2). The formula shows the lengths :—
Proportionate length of the joints, 18 + 23 * 14° 165,00: 770 save
pte aa
Number of the joints, - . Sipe Bh Settee ear 8
The antenne (posterior antenne) are moderately large, and are each
furnished with a small uniarticulate outer ramus bearing a few apical
sete (pl. xi., fig. 3).
Mandibles narrow, oblong, masticatory end obliquely truncated. and
armed with small teeth ; mandible palp small, the basal part furnished
with two sete at the extremity—one being stout and spiniform, and one
plumose—and a small uniarticulate branch bearing a few set is
articulated to the distal half of the basal part (pl. xi., fig. 4).
The second maxillipeds are stout, and armed with a moderately long
terminal claw (pl. x., fig. 18).
The swimming feet resemble those of Canthocamptus palustris, but
differ in a few minor particulars, as shown by the drawings. In the first
pair, which are moderately stout, the first joint of the inner branches
reaches to slightly beyond the end of the outer branch, the next two
joints are short, but the end joint is rather longer than the other ; in the
outer branches the middle juint, which is slightly longer than the first or
third has asmall spine on the inner distal angle; all the three joints have
the usual marginal spines— one on each of the first and second joints, and
three spines and two sete on the lower half of the outer margin and end
of the third joint (pl. xi., fig. 5).
In the second, third, and fourth pairs the inner branches are all shorter
than the outer. The middle joint of the second pair bears a single setz
on the inner distal angle ; but the end joint, which is rather longer than
* This gathering was only partially examined at the time it was collected, and it has
not even yet been exhaustively dealt with.
+Cf. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. for March, 1905, p. 284,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 145
the other two, is provided with two sete on the inner margin, two spines
on the outer margin, and also with two long spines of unequal length and
a long seta at the apex ; the inner branches have the outer edge of each
joint fringed with minute bristles, and a moderately long seta springs
from the distal angles of the first and second joints and from the lower
half of the third joint ; the third joint is also armed with a terminal
spine and two long terminal sete (pl. xi., fig. 6).
The armature of third and fourth pairs is similar to that of the second,
except that there are two sets instead of one on the lower half of the
inner margin of the last joint of the inner branches (pl. x., fig. 19, and
ple x1; fic.,.7);
The fifth pair resembles, to some extent, the same appendages in female
specimens of Canthocamptus palustris, but the inner portion of the
primary joints, which are broadly sub-triangular, have the apex more or
less distinctly truncated rather than rounded. The armature of the inner
portion of the primary joints consists of five apical sete, of which the
three inner ones and the outermost are only of moderate length, but the
other—the second from the outside—is greatly elongated. The secondary
joints are oblong, with the outer and inner margins nearly parallel, the
length being equal to about twice the width at the broadest part ; outer
margin nearly straight, inner slightly convex, apex obliquely truncate and
furnished with six sete ; the second from the inside is very long, while
the second from the outside is short ; the others are of varying lengths, as
shown in the drawing (pl. xi., fig. 8). Furcal joints very short (pl. xi.,
fig. 9).
Habitat.—West of Dunbar, near low water, collected by hand-net
Ocober 16, 1894, as well as in a collection from Musselburgh collected
the same year ; rare.
Remarks.—Though this species resembles Canthocamptus palustris in
some respects, the difference in the proportional lengths of the joints of
the antennules and of the outer and inner branches of the first pair of
swimming feet, and also in the form of the fifth pair, and especially of the
secondary joints of that pair, is sufficient to distinguish it.
Fam. LAOPHONTIDA.
Genus Laophonte, Philippi (1840).
Laophonte longiremis, sp. n. Pl. xi., figs, 10-20.
Description of the Female.—Body slender, and somewhat similar to
Laophonte thoracica in general appearance. The cephalothoracic segment
is equal in length to the next three taken together, gibbous on the under
side, the ventral margins boldly rounded, the depth being nearly equal to
the length of the segment ; the remaining segment short. Furcal joints
about equal in length to the last abdominal segment. Length of the
specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 10) ‘6mm. (about , of an
inch).
Antennules long, slender, and composed of seven joints (fig. 11); first
and second joints subequal, considerably longer than the first, the next
three small, but the end joint is nearly as long as the combined lengths of
the three preceding joints, as shown in the formuls :—
Proportional lengths of the joints, Gi 2a 2a fueel Gas g 16
Number of the joints, - - - Se a 2 wid: weed OES GOLF
A long, slender, sensory filament springs from the upper distal angle
of the fourth joint, as shown in the drawing.
146 Part III—Twenty-third Annual Report
The posterior antenne are moderately slender and elongated, aud the
end joint is armed with a hook-like process on the outer distal angle in
addition to the usual terminal sete (fig. 12); outer ramus small, uniarticu-
late, and provided with two marginal and two terminal setz.
Mandibles small and armed with a few bluntly-rounded teeth on the
biting edge; palp small and furnished with a minute uniarticulated
branch (fig. 13),
Maxille and first maxillipeds as in L. thoracica.
Second maxillipeds also similar to those of that species, the terminal
claw being long and slender (fig. 14).
In the first pair of natatory legs the inner branch has the joint slender
and nearly twice the length of the entire outer branch, and it bears a few
minute bristles on the inner margin ; the end joint is small and armed
with a moderately stout and elongated claw. The outer branches are
composed of three subequal joints, but the last is rather smaller than
either of the other two (fig. 15), Outer branches of the second, third,
and fourth pairs all three-jointed, elongated, and slender, and bearing long
slender spiniform marginal sete and very long terminal bristles, as shown
by the drawing (figs. 16-18); inner branches short, two-jointed, and
scarcely reaching to the second joint of the outer branches; first joint
considerably shorter than the second, and each furnished with a single
seta near the end of the inner margin ; the end joint of the inner branches
of the second and fourth pairs has a single seta on the lower half of the
outer margin, two on the inner margin, and two at the apex; but in the
third pair there are three sete on the inner margin of the end joint of the
inner branches.
Moreover, a single seta springs from near the widdle of the inner
margin of the end joint of the outer branches of the second pair, and two
from the inner margins of the same joints of the third and fourth, but
otherwise the armature of the outer branches of the second, third, and
fourth pairs is much alike.
Fifth pair of moderate size, primary joint broadly oblong ; the inner
distal angle slightly produced, and furnished with three sete on the inner
margin—one being near the middle aud two near the distal end; the
produced part bears one seta also on its inner margin and three others of
small size and unequal length at its apex. ‘The primary joint also carries
a slender spiniform seta on the outer distal angle ; the secondary joint is
narrow and elongated, the length being equal to fully four times the
width at the broadest part ; it is provided with about four sete on the
outer margin, one on the inner margin, and one on the produced and
narrow apex (fig. 19).
Habitat.—In an old quarry at Granton, Firth of Forth, which is open
to the sea; collected August 25, 1894; rare. This species differs
from any other known to me; no male has yet been observed.
Fam. CLETODEIDA.
Genus Cletodes, Brady (1872).
Cletodes Sarsi,* sp. n. Pl. xii., figs. 1-9.
Description of the Female.—This species is somewhat intermediate
between Cletodes neglecta and C. longicaudata, but differs from C. neg-
lecta in having longer fureal joints, and from C. longicaudata in the
fureal joints of that species being still more elongated (fig. 1). The
length of the specimen figured is about ‘5mm. (35 of an inch).
* Named in compliment to Herr Professor G. O. Sars, the eminent Norwegian
carcinologist.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 147
The antennules (fig. 2) are very short, and composed of five joints ; the
length of the second joint is about equal to that of the last, but the pen-
ultimate joint is very small, as shown by the formula :—
Proportional lengths of the joints, - 5°13°9°*2:°18
Number of the joints, - - = Pele Dee She. D
The posterior antenne are of moderate size, the end joint has the inner
margin fringed with minute bristles, while two short setz spring from
the distal half of the same margin; the outer rami is very small and uni-
articulate, and furnished with two or three setz (fig. 3).
The mandible, maxille, and first maxillipeds are similar to those of
C. neglecta. The second maxillipeds are very small, the end joint has
the inner margin fringed with fine bristles and bears a long and very
slender claw (fig. 4).
All the four pairs of swimming feet are moderately short, and are some-
what similar to each other in structure ; the outer branches are three-
jointed and bear moderately long, slender spines or set ; the end joints of
the outer branches of the first and second pairs are each provided with
four terminal sete, but the third and fourth pairs have five sete round
the end of the last joint; these joints of the third and fourth pairs also
differ from those of the first and second in that they become gradually
and distinctly broader towards the distal extremity, as shown in the
drawing (figs, 7 and 8); the inner branches are all two-jointed, short, and
narrow ; tke first joint is very small, but the second is elongated ; the
inner branches in the first pair scarcely reach beyond the end of the
second joint of the outer branches, while in each of the second, third,
and fourth pairs the inner branches are slightly shorter than those of the
preceding pair ; the inner branches of the first and secoud pairs are each
furnished with two, and the others with three, terminal setz (figs. 5-8).
The fifth pair are small ; the primary joint, which is very short, is pro-
duced interiorly into a narrow plate, which becomes somewhat wider
towards the distal end, and is furnished with a short and moderately elon-
gated spine, which is articulated to a notch near the middle of the inner
margin, and also with a stout and moderately long spine and an elongate
seta on the truncate apex ; the secondary joint is long and very narrow ;
a short seta springs from near the middle and another from near the
distal end of the outer margin. Moreover, a moderately long and spini-
form seta springs from near the distal end of the inner margin of the
secondary joint, and there is also a slender apical seta (fig. 9).
The furcal joints are rather longer than the combined lengths of the
last two abdominal segments, and they each bear a small bristle on the
upper half of the outer margin and another on their dorsal aspect.
Halitat.—Firth of Forth, 1901 ; rare.
Fam. HaARPActIcID».
Genus Harpacticus.
Harpacticus uniremis, Kroyer. Pl. x,, fig. 20.
This species, which is so fully described and figured by Professor G, O.
Sars in the new volume of his Crustacea of Norway now in course of pub-
lication, has been observed in one or two places round the Scottish and
English coasts —I have even obtained it in material washed from the
filters in use at the hatchery at the Bay of Nigg.
_In this species the limbs are strongly hispid, and it is otherwise quite
distinct from the other described species belonging to the genus found on
148 Part ITI.—Twenty-third Annual Report
our shores. Figure 20 in plate x. shows one of the fifth pair of thoracic
feet of a female specimen.
Fam. ASTEROCHERIDA,
Genus Dyspontius, 'Chorell (1859).
Dyspontius curticaudatus, sp.n. Pl. xiil., figs. 1-10.
Description of the Female.—Length ‘8mm. (about ,!; of an inch) ;
somewhat similar to Dyspontius striatus in general appearance, but con-
siderably smaller, except that the abdomen is also distinctly shorter, and
the cephalosome rather more distinctly triangular in front. The
abdomen and furcal joints are very short, and are together scarcely longer
than the combined lengths of the preceding segments of the metasome
(fig. 1).
The antennules are short, moderately stout, sparingly setiferous, and
composed of eight joints; second and last joints subequal and longer
than any of the others; the fourth is short, being only about half the
length of the joint on either side, as shown in the annexed formula :—
Proportional lengths of the joints, 14 * 25-10°5:10° 8+: 10° 23
Numbers of the joints, - - = MLS RO Oe 4a ee ene
A short sensory filament springs from about the middle of the end joint
(fig. 2).
ae antennz (posterior antennz) are moderately elongated, four-
jointed, and armed with three moderately stout terminal spines, the
middle one being considerably elongated and the outer very small; the
outer ramus is rudimentary (fig. 3). The siphon reaches to about the end
of the cephalosome.
The mandibles are very slender, and a small portion of the distal end
of the inner margin is coarsely dentate, as shown in the drawing (fig. 4).
The maxille are somewhat similar to those of Dyspontius striatus,
but are rather stouter, and the inner ramus is proportionally scarcely so
elongate, being only slightly longer than the outer ramus; the terminal
setee of the outer and inner rami are also similar to those of that species
(fig. 5).
The first maxillipeds resemble those of Dyspontius fringella, Giesb.,
very closely ; they are furnished with a small fringe of sete near the end
of the second joint ; the terminal claw is moderately short (fig. 6).
The second maxillipeds have the second joint elongated, but the third
and fourth, which are subequal in length, are together not much more
than half the length of the second joint ; the terminal claw is stout and
moderately short, and about equal to the combined lengths of the two
preceding joints (fig. 7).
The swimming feet resemble those of Dyspontius striatus. In the first
pair neither of the two branches bear terminal spines; the first joint of
the outer branch, which is nearly twice as long as the next, carries a short
seta on the distal angle of the outer margin, and another on the lower
half of the inner margin ; the second joint bearsa short spine on the outer
angle anda seta on the inner margin, while the last joint is furnished
with two small spines on the outer margin, two sete on the inner margin
and two more set at the apex ; the first joint of the inner branches bears
one and the second two sete on their inner margin, while the third carries
three on the inner margin, one small seta on the outer margin, and two of
moderate length at the apex, as shown in the drawing (fig. 8) ; the second
pair, which were somewhat similar to the third, were damaged and no
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 149
drawing is given of them. In both branches of the third pair the armature
of the first and second joints resembles that of the same joiuts in the first
pair, but in the third joint of the outer branches there are three short
spines on the outer margin, five setee on the inner margin, besides a
moderately stout terminal spine; while that of the third joint of the
inner branches has three setz on the inner margin, a small seta on the
outer margin, and a stout spine with a seta in front of it at the apex
fig. 9).
In ie fourth pair the outer branches only are developed, and resemble
the outer branches of the third pair; the inner branches are represented
by a minute digitiform process (fig. 10).
The fifth pair very minute.
Habitat.—Dredged in the vicinity of Culross, a few miles above
Queensferry, Firth of Forth.
This form is in some respects similar to Dyspontius striatus, but it
differs in having only eight-jointed antennules and in the abdomen being
very short. The male is unknown. .
Fam. NIcorTHoiIps.
Genus Nicothoé, Aud, and M. Edw., 1826.
Nicothoé astact, Audouin and M. Edwards.
1826. Nicothoé astaci, Aud. and M. Edw., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ist
ser., vol. ix., p. 345, taf. 49, figs. 1-9.
Dr. H. C. Wiiliamson, while examining a lobster sent to him from
Dunbar, observed this curious parasite adhering to one of the gills and
kindly handed it over to me. This is the first specimen of Vicothoé I
have seen from the Forth district. The distribution of this species, so
far as concerns the British Islands, appears to be coextensive with its
host.
Fam. CHONIOSTOMATIDA,
Genus Spheeronella, Salensky (1868).
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott. Pl. xii., fig. 18; pl. xiii, fig. 16.
This small form—parasitic on the Amphipod Perioculodes longyumanus
(Spence Bate)—was described in Part III. of the Twenty-second Annual
Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, published in 1904 (pl. xv., figs.
11-15). One or two more specimens of Perioculodes infested with the
same species of Sphwronella were recently observed in gatherings of
small Crustacea collected in the Moray Firth by Dr. H. C. Williamson,
to whom I am indebted for the specimens. Figure 18, plate xii., shows a
Perioculodes with a parasite in situ, and figure 16, plate xiii, shows an
enlarged drawing of an adult female bearing two ovisacs, each of which
is about as large as the parasite itself.
Spheronella minuta, var. valida. PI. xiii., fig. 17-20.
This form, which was obtained in the marsupium of an amphipod,
Melamphopus cornutus, Norman, resembles Sphweronella minuta so closely
except in size, that I can only regard it as a large variety of that species.
The female, which is represented by the drawing (fig. 17, pl. xiii.),
measures ‘72mm. in length, or about one and a half times the size of
S. minuta. The body is globular in form and the appendages, so far as
150 Part I1I.—Twenty-third Annual Report
they could be made out, appeared to be closely similar to the correspond-
ing appendages in S. minuta. No males have yet been observed. The
Amphipod was obtained in a gathering of small Crustacea collected off the
east side of Inchkeith, Firth of Forth, in May, 1901.
Spheronella aorw, sp. n. Pl. xii., figs. 10-17.
Female moderately large ; 1ts outline, when seen from above, had an
obscurely quadrate appearance and was about as long as broad; the head
forms a small rounded protuberance in front ; length ‘86mm. (about =), of
an inch) ; ovisacs large (fig. 10).
Antennules apparently four-jointed, but the end joint is very small;
the penultimate joint, which is equal to about one and a half times the
length of the one that precedes it, is furnished with a number of short
sete (fig. 12).
The first mexillipeds are uniarticulate, very robust, and armed with a
stout terminal claw (fig. 14).
The second maxillipeds are moderately stout, elongated, and four-
jointed ; the second joint is as long as the third and fourth combined,
while the third is narrower than the second and rather longer than the
ultimate joint ; terminal claw short and stout (fig. 15).
The male, which measures about :28mm. has a somewhat close
resemblance to the male of Spheronella chinensio, H. J. H.* The
cephalo-thoracic plate is widest posteriorly where the breadth is about
equal to the length ; the sides, which are nearly straight, converge towards
the proximal end, which is trilobed, the median lobe being larger than
that on either side, abruptly truncate in front and produced slightly
beyond the lateral lobes, which are bluntly rounded. Posterior portion
of the body short, semicircular in outline, and covered with short
bristles (fig. 11).
The antennules of the male differ slightly from those of the female ;
they are rather shorter and stouter (fig. 13).
The second maxillipeds differ considerably from those of the female ;
the second joint is moderately stout, but comparatively shorter than in
the second maxillipeds of the female, and furnished with two or three
transverse rows of short bristles ; the two end joints are slender, the
ultimate one being very small and bearing a moderately stout claw (fig.
16).
The thoracic legs appear to be uniarticulate and armed with one long
and one short terminal seta (fig. 17).
Habitat.—In the marsupium of Aora gracila (Bate), from a townet
gathering collected in the Dornoch Firth by Dr. H. C. Williamson,
which he kindly handed over to me for examination.
Spheronella vararensis, sp. n. Pl. xiii, figs. 12-15.
This Spheronella was found in the marsupium of an Amphipod,
Megaluropus agilis, Norman, captured in Burghead Bay, Moray Firth, by
Dr. H. C. Williamson, on Dec. 12, 1904, and kindly handed over to
me along with some other interesting things. One or two females of this
parasite were observed, but 10 males. The females are of an ovate form,
widest in the middle, and nearly one and a half times longer than broad;
head somewhat produced and broadly truncate in front. The specimen
represented by the drawing measured ‘53mm. (about = of an inch) and
carried two ovisacs, each nearly as long as the parasite itself; the ovisacs
were ovate in form, broadly rounded on the outer, but flattened on the
“The ‘‘ Choniostomatide,” by H. J. Hansen, pp. 106 and 112, Pl. II. and Pl. III.
Mi » PP
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 151
inner aspect (fig. 12), The female as seen from the side is moderately
and evenly rounded on the dorsal aspect and somewhat flattened below,
as shown in figure 13.
The antennules appear to be four-jointed, but the end joint is very
small, while the penultimate joint is nearly as long as the preceding two
joints taken together (fig. 14).
The second maxillipeds are mcderately large and composed of four
joints ; the first and second joints are robust, and the second is consider-
ably more elongate than the next two joints combined, which are short
and narrow, and furnished with a short terminal claw (fig. 15). This
form does not agree with any species known to me. No males were
observed.
(?) Spheronella sp. from a Hemilamprops rosea (Norman).
A moderately large Spheronella, bright red in colour, was quite
recently obtained in the marsupium of a specimen of Hemilamprops rosea
(Norm.) captured in Loch Fyne by Dr. Williamson. So far as I am
aware no Choniostomaton has yet been recorded from this species of the
Lampropide.
ISOPODA VALVIFERA.
Fam. ARCTURID&.
Genus Arcturella, G. O. Sars, 1897.
Arcturella dilatata, G. O. Sars. PI. xiii., fig. 11.
1897. Arcturella dilatata, G. O. Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol.
ii, Pp. 92, ph. Xaceviil.
A male specimen of this species was obtained in some material dredged
off St. Monans on May 22, 1901. The species appears to be widely
distributed, but moderately rare. The late Dr. Robertson has recorded
this species from the Firth of Clyde, and I have observed one or two
specimens in gatherings dredged off Fair Island in October, 1900.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE X.
Pseudocyclopia giesbrechtt, Wolfenden.
Diam.
Fig. 1. Male, side view . sc a0:
Fig. 2. Antennule x 260.
Fig. 3. Antenna , x 260.
Fig. 4. Foot of first pair . x 260.
Fig. 5, Foot of second pair x 260.
Fig. 6. Foot of third pair x 260.
Fig. 7. Foot of fourth pair x 260.
Fig. 8. Foot of fifth pair. x 260.
Fig. 9. Abdomen afd furcal joints x 195.
EHuryte longicauda, Philippi.
Fig. 10. Female, dorsal view : : j : : Fae aoe sale
x
—
v=)
oe
Fig. 11. Antennule ; : 4 : : :
Fig. 12. Foot of fifth pair ; : < : : ixgodO.
-
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
. 20.
10.
ile
OWI OUR 99 LO
SO ID OB G9 PO
Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Huryte longicauda, var. minor.
. Female, dorsal view
. Foot of fifth pair
Longipedia coronata, Claus.
. Foot of second pair, female
. Foot of fifth pair, female ;
. Last segment of abdomen and furcal joints
Ameira elegans, sp. n.
. Second maxilliped, female
. Foot of third pair
Harpacticus uniremis, Kroyer.
Foot of fifth pair
PLATE XI.
Ameira elegans, sp. n.
. Female, side view
Antennule
Antenna .
Mandible.
Foot of first pair
Foot of second pair
Foot of fourth pair
. Foot of fifth pair
. Last segment of abdomen and furcal joints
Laophonte longiremis, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Antennule
. Antenna .
. Mandible.
. Second Maxilliped
. Foot of first pair.
. Foot of second pair
. Foot of third pair
. Foot of fourth pair
. Foot of fifth pair
. Last segment of abdomen and furcal joint
PLATE XII.
Cletodes Sarsi, sp. n.
Female, dorsal view
Antennule
Antenna. .
Second maxilliped
Foot of first pair
Foot of second pair
. Foot of third pair
. Foot of fourth pair
. Foot of fifth pair
Spheronella aore, sp. n.
Female, dorsal view
Male, dorsal view
x
x
x
x
x
x XX XK XK KK XK XK
xX KX XK XK KK XK XK K XK
xX xX XX XK XK XK X
x
90.
x 390.
90.
. enlarged.
195.
780.
260.
. enlarged.
180.
780.
780.
780.
780.
780.
780.
780.
780.
60.
180.
Songs
we ihihis a ME
Ba SS eee
A. Scort, del. ad nat.
PLATE XI
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PLATE Xil.
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PLATE Xill.
§ OTT, del. ad nat,
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fie.
Fig.
Wig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
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Fig
Ss:
18.
—
11.
16.
PO Wr Or 99 PO
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
. Antennule, female
. Antennule, male. F
. First maxilliped, female
. Second maxilliped, female
. Second maxilliped, male
. Foot of ? second pair
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott.
Perioculodes longimanus with the Spheronella in situ, .
PLATE XIII.
Dyspontius curticaudatus, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule
Antenna .
. Mandible.
Maxilla :
First Maxilliped
Second maxilliped
Foot of first pair
. Foot of third pair
. Foot of fourth pair
Arcturella dilatata, Sars.
Male, dorsal view
Spheronella vararensis, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view
. Female, side view
. Antennule j
. Second maxilliped
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott.
Female, with ovisacs
Spheronella minuta, var. valida.
. Female, dorsal view
. Female, side view
. Antennule
20.
Second maxilliped
XxX XXXX
PKK, OK DEER ae POSS OC
x X XK XK
x XX X
20°6.
90.
120.
780.
780.
154 Part IT1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
VII.—A NOTE ON THE HATCHING OF THE CRAB (CANCER
PAGURUS). By H. Cas. Wititamson, M.A., D.Se., Marine
Laboratory, Aberdeen.
In the summer of 1902 a quantity of the fry of the edible crab was
distributed in the sea off the coast of Aberdeenshire.
Nine berried crabs (breester, pea-parten) were obtained chiefly in the
neighbourhood of Aberdeen. They were kept in two concrete tanks
until the larve hatched out. Shelter was afforded the crabs in cavities
formed by building stones up on the sand-covered bottom of the tank.
When the fry hatched out it was attracted to the glass front of the
tank, from which side the light entered, and when present in quantity
the fry formed a thick white cloud. The young crabs were drawn off
into the carboys by means of a syphon. All the fry of the crab
deposited near Fraserburgh and Findochty was in the first zoéa stage.
The crab fry was disposed of as follows :—
August 6, 1902.—About 1 million set free about 1 mile norch of
Fraserburgh.
August 7, 1902.—About 2 millions set free about 3 mile off
Cairnbulg.
August 19, 1902.—About 1 million set free about # mile off St.
Combs.
September 15, 1902.——About 3 million set free about ? mile north of
Findochty.
The method of estimating the numbers of crab fry was as follows.
The fry that was set free was provided by nine berried crabs, and at the
low average of half a million eggs to each crab, should number
41 millions. The proportion of this total set free at each of the four
above-mentioned places was apportioned approximately by the number of
carboys required for the consignment.
The crabs hatched out in August, September, and October. The
vitality of the crab fry was tested in the following manner. Crab fry
were crowded into a glass jar. The water was heated to 174° C., and
then allowed to cool. Next forenoon the majority was alive and lively.
On one of the journeys the water in one of the carboys was cooled to
about 7° C. The crab fry in this carboy did not, at the end of the
journey, appear to be in any better condition than those which had been
filled with water at the temperature of the hatchery.
The crabs which furnished the fry were kept alive when the hatching
was finished, and some lived until the spring of 1905. The history of
the members of the 1902 group throws some light on certain of the
problems of the life-history of this species. It has been already outlined.*
In January 1903 two of these crabs were dissected; one had died,
the second was killed. In the former the ovary was white, with a very
slight pink tinge. ‘There were a few red eggs in a bunch near the
oviduct. The eggs were degenerating ; they were disorganised internally.
* Vide Williamson. ‘‘Contributions to the Life-histories of the Edible Crab (Cancer
pagurus) and of other Decapod Crustacea, &c.”—Twenty-second Annual Report of the
Fishery Board for Scotland, Part IIT., 1904.
>
— =
—-~s
SN EEEE——eEeEE—EE—E——EEEeEaeEeee
—
swe ee
a a ¥
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 155
One spermatheca was empty ; the other had a large quantity of sperms
in it. The swimmerets had still some empty egg-capsules attached. In
the crab which was killed the ovary was the colour of the external eggs.
It was friable, The spermatheca contained a good quantity of sperms.
The endopodites of the swimmerets were clean.
In October 1903 two of the crabs spawned. One which was killed
had an ovary that appeared to be ripe ; the eggs measured *37 and ‘4mm.
in diameter. There was a copious supply of sperms in the spermatheca.
On January 13th 1904 another crab was found to have spawned. On
February 14th 1904 two of the non-berried crabs were dead. In one,
measuring 6 inches across, the ovary was small and white, but mottled toa
considerable extent here and there with red eggs. This crab had evi-
dently spawned this season, although the eggs had not remained attached
to the swimmerets. There was a small quantity of sperms in each
spermatheca. The second crab measured 7% inches across. The ovary
was dropsical. There was a large quantity of sperms in both spermatheca.
There were lots of empty egg-capsules on the endopodites of the
swimmerets.
On October 31st 1904 there were five crabs remaining of the 1902
batch. One was berried. On November 19th 1904 two of the crabs were
berried. In December 1904 and January 1905, three crabs were found
dead. On January 12th 1905 two crabs remained ; one of these was
berried. Both crabs were found dead on May 6th 1905. During the
whole period not one of the crabs cast.
Castinc.—I'He ABSORPTION AREAS ON THE CHELA.
In a previous paper I described the absorption which takes place on
the three proximal joints of the chela at the time when the crab casts,
whereby the withdrawal of the chela from the shell is facilitated. I was
not aware at that time that a detailed description accompanied by drawings
had been published by J, Couch.*
*J. Couch. ‘‘ A particular description of some circumstances hitherto little known,
connected with the process of Exuviation in the Common Edible Crab.” Twenty-sixth
Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 1858.
fe
156 Part ITI —Twenty-third Annual Report
VIIL—ON THE TAY SPRAT FISHERY,
1904-1905.
By Joun Fuetcuer, University College, Dundee.
The sprat fishing during the past season has been exceptionally poor.
Only 1348 crans of sprats, including young herrings, were taken out of
the river this season, as against 14,966 crans during the season of
1883-1884.
The 1348 crans consisted of somewhere abovt 44 million young
herrings and sprats, of which some 52 per cent., or 23 million, were
young herrings measuring from 4°3 centimetres to 17°5 centimetres in
length, and the other 21 million, or 42 per cent., were sprats measuring
from 4 centimetres to 15 centimetres.
Of the 1348 crans, some 894 crans were sold as fresh fish and sent off
to the markets of London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, and other
English towns; and some 454 crans (containing over 7 million young
herrings) were sold to local farmers for manure.
The 894 crans of fresh fish brought to the fishermen a sum of some-
where about £220, and the 454 crans of manure brought in only some
£20.
A certain number of young herrings and sprats were also destroyed
while the men were engaged at the sparling fishing further up the river.
During October, November, and December, 1904, the number of sprat
boats engaged at the sparling fishing varied from 5 to 20, and each net
brought up along with the sparlings from 1 to 6 buckets of young
herrings and sprats per day. During the latter half of January 1905 the
number of boats varied from 10 to 26, and these were getting from 3
buckets to 14 crans of young herrings and sprats. Very few were
caught during the month of February.
The young of other fishes are also annually destroyed by the sprat and
sparling fishermen, but apparently not in any great quantities. The
useful forms include the young of the whiting, cod, plaice, dab, flounder,
and sparling, while among the inedible kinds were young and adult
agoni, cotti, liparis, lumpsuckers, sand-eels, sticklebacks, &c.
The Broughty-Ferry winter herring fishermen and the sprat fishermen
strictly observed the line of division suggested at the Local Enquiry of
January 1904, viz.:—a line drawn between Broughty-Ferry and Tayport,
the sprat fishers being restricted to the part of the river above that line,
and the Broughty-Ferry men never going beyond it.
During the course of this season’s investigations 46 samples of mixed
sprats, young herring, and other fish were bought and examined. The
46 samples consisted of :—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 57
Young Herring, . 26,037
Sprats, : i 16,992
Young Whiting, 317
e. | od, 136
5). Llaice, 68
5, Sparlings, 26
» Flounders, 18
. Dabs; 15
a Auythe, 1
43,610
Agonus cataphractus, - 168
Sand-eels (Ammodytes tobianus ), 40
Viviparous Blennies, . : : 10
Lumpsuckers. Cyclopterus lumpus, 9
Gobius minutus, . s F : 9
Butter-Fish. Centronotus gunnellus, 9
Liparis montagui, p 8
Pipe-fish, Syngnathus, sp., . 5
Fifteen-spined Stickleback, 2
Three-spined Stickleback, 1
261
In most cases, also, the sprats and herrings were carefully measured
with a view to determining the rate of growth of the species and the
probable growth of the fish caught.
with on another occasion.
These measurements will be dealt
NUMBER OF Sprats MEASURED.
October,
November,
December,
January,
February,
NuMBER oF HERRING MEASURED.
October,
November,
December,
January,
February,
The 43,000 sprats and young herring examined represented about
one thousandth part of the entire season’. *atch. The catch was carefully
inspected on every day when fish were landed throughout the season, but
on some days no large samples were counted, a rough estimate only
being made of the proportion of sprats and herrings which made up the
catch. By these two methods the following Table has been drawn up,
showing the approximate composition of the catch throughout the season.
An asterisk denotes the days when the estimate was only a superficial one,
L
La
158
Part LIL—Twenty-third Annual Leport
Estimated
Total No, of
Fish.
50,400
115,200
43,200
115,200
122,400
446, 400
Estimated
Total No, of
Fish.
432,000
993,600
3,600
57,600
115,200
232, 860
4,924,800
86,400
86,400
662,400
907,200
1,670,400
1,878,400
10,800
43,200
676,800
1,411,200
475.300
2,260,800
698,400
504,000
936,000
338,400
309,600
OcTOBER.
Date. No. of Crans. Ne ur ete Near ee
Herring.
1904,
October 20 12 2,520 47,880
» 24 | 4 39,168 76,032
a7 | 14 12,960 30,240
5 62s | 4 3,456 111,744
ATOR | 43 33,048 89,352
ae: Soh Die aio pa Rts
NOVEMBER.
| ;
Date. | No. of Crans, | No of ee 23h 228
| Herring. No. of Sprats.
i edhe oe See | lat Reet LR ts Se age
1904.
November 1 15 30, 240 401,760
E. 2 34h 59,616 933,984
h 3 1 288 3,312
; 4 2 19,584 38,016
% be A 34,560 80,640
7 6 58,215 174,645
= alo 9 | 49,248 4,875,552
Po Sie 3 | 17,280 69,120
1 3 17,280 69,120
suet 23 331,200 331,200 |
Pe Ape 312 272,160 635,040 |
16 58 668,160 1,002,240
17* 303 404,064 1,474,336 |
18% 3 3,240 7,560 |
| 19* res 12,960 30,240 |
ae 23h 257,184 419,616 |
22s 49 987,840 423,360
tO) das 163 456,192 19,108 |
Sees oA 783 1,768,424 497,376
> Oe 244 558,720 139,680
26" , 174 403,200 100,800
sp atiees 32h 664,560 271,440
29% 113 236,880 101,520
it a0 103 275,544 34,056
«4858 ~—S«|«7,581,689 | 12,183,721 |
\
19,715,360
1904.
159
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
DECEMBER.
| No, of Crans. | No. of Tatts Ropers Total No, of
Herring. Fish.
|
3 69,120 17,280 86,400
12 20,160 30,240 50,400
664 896,760 1,011,240 1,908,000
684 982, 300 982, 800 1,965,600
94 191,520 82,080 273,600
4s 90,720 38,880 129,600
231 534,672 142,128 676,800
9 150,336 108,864 259,200
24 45,360 19,440 64,800
Fi 6,696 504 7,200
| 5 100,800 43,200 144,000
| 50$ 876,960 584,640 1,461,600
| 354 613,440 408,960 1,022,400
| 74 116,928 91,872 208,800
| 35 504,000 504,000 1,008,000
243 211.680 493,920 705,600
17 141,984 347,616 489,600
| 27 233,280 544,320 777,600
| 13 112,320 262,080 374,400
| 5 43,200 100,800 144,000
[408 | 5,942,786 | 6,814,864 | 11,787,600 _
160 Part ITL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
JANUARY.
Date. No, of Crans. No of” ane Retr ria Total No. —
| Herring. Fish,
1905. |
January 4* Sah 8? 151,200 100,800 252,000
| Beis Aa Rene: 19 377,568 169,632 | 547,200
| Ae UNE Pots 9 155,520 103,680 | 259,200
| i Lane | 43 78,336 44,064 | 122,400 |
Seat Fe eek: 19 | 383,040 | 164,160 547,200 |
eS Be he 974 2,212,632 588, 168 2,800,800
pias Ves eat 22 506,880 | 126,720 633,600
SURG thes oes 4g 117,936 11,664 129,600
nett ig aE eM 11 34,560 8,640 43,200
PT ae, Wicd ye 423 861,840 369,360 1,231,200
| tks es Beane! 64 | 1,474,560 368,640 1,843,200
| aay ee eee 664 1,602,720 | 305,280 1,908,000
OF ch, ee 40 967,680 | 184,920 1,152,000
Oe My ae 212 532,440 93,960 | 626,400
oat 24 57,600 14,400 72,000
(oohechae dor cmean 4 | 87,552 27,648 | 115,200
| Pero: Line rie 2 | 46,080 11,520 57,600
| “A eth a 3 6,048 | 1,152 7,200
| | 4283 9,654,192 | 2,698,808 | 12,348,000
FEBRUARY.
Date. | No. of Crans. | N 7 arvoune Ne of Speats otal Nov of
Herring. Pat Fish.
19085.
February 1 3 5,472 1,728 7,200
ae r 10,080 4,320 14,400
ui ee kt ea 1 14,976 13,824 | 28,800
Pe peat: a 32 51,480 42,120 93,600
Steep eee S| 2g 49,896 29,304 79,200
TO ene! 3 6,480 4,320 10,800
aa | rt 3,024 4176, |. 7200
Peseieas 2. 4 3,600 3,600 | 7,200
mS) 3 17,064 4,536 | 21,600
5, SO Te abe 3 5,112 2,088 | 7,200
oy aca | Saeigy | ae
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 161
1904-1905.
| | Kotimated |
| Estimated | Estimated | Estimated Estimated | tak cee
| > 7 7 ge |
Months. _ No. of (No.of Young! No. of — Total No. of | “o¢ Young |
| Crans. | Herring. Sprats. | Fish. Herring.
a ¥ —| js beh | ee
October, . - | 154 91,152 355,248 446,400 20°4
November, . : | 4853 7,581,639 | 12,133,721 | 19,715,360 38°5
December, . a 408} 5,942,736 | 5,814,864 | 11,757,600 50°5
January, 428% 9,654,192 2,693,808 | 12,348,000 78°2
February, . ssa 98 167,184 110,016 | 277,200 60°3
al es eee ee ee =e sc Pai Beate ae
|
| 1,847% 23,436,903 | 21,107,657 | 44,544,560 504
It will be observed that the percentage of herring gradually and
steadily increased from the commencement of the season until January,
and was still at a high level when the fishing closed.
Tay Sprat Fisninc INvestiGations—1904-1905,
Causes of Fatlure of the Fishing.
This season’s sprat fishing has been one of the poorest for many years,
great distress prevailing amongst the fishermen during the first half of
the season, or from October till the end of December.
During that time both fishermen and buyers were losing money, and,
at most, the fishermen were only able to pay for the wear and tear of
gear, dock dues, and victualling.
The principal causes of complaint were :—
(1) The scarcity and poor quality of the fish.
(2) The low prices obtained for the fish.
(3) The alleged excessive railway rates,
The mild open winter, want of south-easterly gales, and almost total
absence of spates may have something to do with the scarcity of fish in
the river, but, so far, I have not been able to prove that such causes have
any influence upon the movements of the fish.
As the bag-net captures all sizes and every kind of fish that enters the
river, it follows that the very large numbers of young sprats and young
herring, together with the usually considerable numbers of young cod,
whiting, Agoni, shrimps, &c., all go to make up the so-called rubbishy
stuff sent from Dundee to the English markets.
This mixture of fish has no chance beside the prime sprats sent from
Inverness, where the fishing is carried on by means of drift-nets.
The railway companies charge from 6s. to 10s. per barrel for fish sent
to the English markets. This rate is doubtless a severe handicap on the
trade considering the small value of the produce, though it can scarcely
be deemed high considering the bulk of the goods and the distance from
Dundee to the great English towns
General Account of the Fishing.
By common agreement among the fishermen, the Tay sprat fishing
begins on the 25th of September and ends on the 25th of February.
162 Part L17.— Twenty-third Annual Report
This year’s regular fishing, however, did not begin until the 20th of
October, owing to the scarcity and poor quality of the fish.
The fishing boats are small yawls or smacks, from 38 to 48 feet along
the keel, and manned by two, three, or four of a crew, the usual number,
however, being two during poor seasons and three or four when fish are
very plentiful. Each boat is valued at somewhere about £70, the net
alone costing £12.
Some 29 boats are registered at the ports of Dundee and Perth, but the
majority of these belong to Newburgh, St. Andrews, Easthaven, Car-
noustie, Tayport, and Broughty-Ferry.
The boats go out either in the morning or afternoon, according to the
abundance of fish or state of the tide, and fishing is continued throughout
the night.
The fish are brought into the Dundee tidal-basin in the morning and
are usually sold by auction, the auctioneer getting 34 to 4 per cent. of
the gross return.
The fish are caught by means of a huge conical bag-net, which
measures from 40 to 52 yards in length, with a mouth of from 21 to 24
feet square. I measured one as it lay stretched out on the quay and
found it to be some 42 yards in length, with a mouth 23 feet square.
The mouth of the net is attached to two booms, an upper boom, 23 feet
in length, which floats on the surface of the water, and a lower boom of
the same length, weighted with iron, which sinks to various depths
according to the strength of the tide.
The net consists of four parts, each part with a size of mesh smaller
than the preceding part.
The first part attached to the two booms was 13 yards long, with a
mesh of 14 of an inch from knot to knot, or, according to the fishermen,
of 36 rows of meshes to the yard.
The second part is known as the “enter”; it measured 10 yards in
length and had a mesh of + of an inch from knot to knot, or, according
to my informant, of 52 rows of meshes to the yard.
The third part of the net is known as the sleeve; it was 3 yards in
length, with a mesh of 2 of an inch, or 64 rows of meshes to the yard.
The fourth part of the net is known as the sprat-end ; it measured 19
yards in length and had a mesh of 5% of an inch from knot to knot, or,
according to the fishermen, it contained 110 rows of meshes to the yard ;
the last three yards of the sprat-end were used as a tail end for hauling
the net on board.
The Tay sparling fishing begins and ends at the same time as the sprat
fishing, and is engaged in by the same men, who use the same boats and
bag-nets but attach a small meshed herring-end or tail to the nets in
place of the usual sprat end.
The sparling fishing is usually carried on when sprats and herring are
not very plentiful in the river, and is usually confined to the upper parts
of the estuary or from four to twelve miles above or west of the Tay
Bridge.
The majority of the sprat and sparling boats are too old and rickety
for any other kind of fishing except river-fishing. Their deck construc-
tion, accommodation, and gear are quite unsuited for winter herring
fishing outside the river. A good many winter herring, however, are
caught in the river along with the sprats and young herring during the
months of January and February.
The sprat and sparling fishermen take part in various occupations
during the summer time. Some of the men take part in the Tay
salmon fishing; a few work on board the_river passenger steamers, sand
of the Fishery Bourd for Scotland. 163
boats, &c.; a few are tradesmen (masons, &c.); while the rest are
general labourers.
Tay Sprat-Fishing Grounds.
The Tay sprat-fishing grounds are included in that part of the estuary
extending from Invergowrie and Balmerino, some 3 miles above or
west of the Tay Bridge, down to, or a little beyond, Tayport and
Broughty-Ferry, between 4 or 5 miles east of the Tay Bridge.
From Broughty-Ferry, the estuary increases uniformly in width as far
as 3 miles above the Tay Bridge, where it is 2? nautical miles wide.
At Dundee it is 1} nautical mile in width, and at Broughty-Ferry,
some 47 miles below the Tay Bridge, the estuary is only ? mile across.
Many sandbanks extend over this particular part of the estuary,
which are dry 4 to 7 feet at low water, the width of the navigable
channel being about 3 mile.
Sandbanks also exist in the main channel itself, composed of cleaner
and coarser sand than most of the surrounding siandbanks. Contrary to
expectation, the sandbanks of the Tay are found to vary very little in
form from one year’s end to another. Extensive flats and sandbanks are
present on either side of the main channel above or west of the Tay
Bridge.
Abreast of Invergowrie and Ninewells, the main channel is marked off
by two red and two black buoys, and forms here a very important sprat
and herring fishing ground.
About opposite the west end of Dundee an important sandbank exists,
some 150 yards in width at low water. The deep channel on the south
side of it formed the principal ground for this and last year’s sprat and
herring fishing. This particular sandbank is known as the Middle Bank,
and its narrow east end is marked off by the Chequer buoy.
A somewhat variable and extensive shoal projects from the southern
shore of the estuary, about half-way between Newport and Tayport ; it
is called the Newcome Spit, and consists of a mass of clean sand and
shells six times as coarse as the Middle Bank. The neighbourhood of
the Newcome Spit is also a favourite sprat and herring fishing ground.
At Broughty-Ferry there are no sandbanks, and the river here is fully
10 fathoms deep at low water.
Seaward of broughty-Ferry the estuary widens rapidly, and the
bottom consists largely of coarse sand full of rounded water-worn stones.
At Monifieth Bay this material is said to form a suitable spawning
ground for winter herring.
Tides.
Spring tides flow up the river Tay as far as two miles above the city
of Perth, and sprats and herring are got by the sparling fishermen as far
up as Newburgh, but only in very small quantities.
Low water of ordinary spring tides at Dundee Harbour is 7:5 feet
below ordnance datum, and high water of ordinary spring tides is
163 feet above that level. The extreme range of high water at Dundee
varies between 19 feet 6 inches and 3 feet 7 inches, and extreme low
tides sometimes fall 1 foot 5 inches below low water of ordinary spring
tides.
The tides have an important bearing upon the quantity of fish caught
in the river, and also restrict the fishing to those parts of the river
where the currents are strong enough to open the bag-nets.
During the flood of neap tides the currents are too weak to open the
nets, and fishing can only take place then during ebb-tide, while during
164 Part L17.—Twenty-third Annwal Report
the height of spring tides the currents in the neigh bourhood of Craighead
and Newcome Spit are too strong, and occasionally damage or carry the
nets away altogether.
Fishing is also entirely stopped for a short time, extending from half-
an-hour to three-quarters of an hour, during the slack water between
tides.
Many of the fishermen are of opinion that most of the fish enter the
river during spring tides and make their way to the sea again as the
tides slacken ; this, however, was not borne out by the daily returns of
the fishing during the past season.
The main mass of the flood tidal current, after sweeping through
between Broughty-Ferry and Tayport, flows in the direction of West-
Ferry Bay and the Stannergate, then south-west between the Chequer
Buoy and the Newcome Spit. It next flows west between the Middle
Bank and the Fife shore, then north again in the vicinity of the Tay
Bridge to Ninewells and Invergowrie Bay. The returning ebb tide flow-
ing in the opposite direction passes over much the same course.
All the important sprat and herring fishing-grounds lie in the above
course, and the fish when not very plentiful in the estuary appear to
always follow more or less these main tidal currents on their way from
and to the sea. When the fish are very plentiful, on the other hand,
they are caught in all parts of the estuary.
The presence of the flood tide is perceived on the north side of the
estuary in several ways. First, the saltness of the water at spring tides
upon the north shore is between 10 and 25 per cent. greater than that
upon the south shore till the ebb tide has fairly commenced. Secondly,
the current of the flood tide is so strong in the vicinity of Dundee as to
give an inclination to the surface of the water, so that at half flood the
i¢vel is 2 to 3 inches higher than it is on the opposite side of the
estuary.
The deeper parts of both tidal currents are much salter and, during
the coid months, warmer, than the surface waters ; but there is generally
a greater difference in salinity and temperature between the surface and
bottom layers of water upon the flood than upon the ebb, these layers
tending to intermix somewhat less upon the flood-tide than upon the ebb.
At the Abertay Lightship stationed at the mouth of the Tay, the salt-
ness of the surface water, near low water and during heavy land floods,
is sometimes as low as two-fifths of that of sea-water.
The normal ratio, however, of sea-water to land-water in the estuary
is such that at the middle of its length—at Dundee—there is just as
much fresh water as salt, and at the Pile Lighthouse, 4} of a mile below
Tayport, the quantities of sea-water and land-water are, on the average,
as 2 to 1. The ratio of the land-water to sea-water at Dundee usually
fluctuates between one-fifth and four-fifths.
So far as I can make out meanwhile, the movements of the sprats and
herring in the river are not influenced to any marked extent by variations
in temperature, although both kinds of fish appear not to wander very far
from the slightly warmer water of the main flood tidal currents.
Some Notes on the Natural History of the Sprat and Winter Herring.
Sprats and winter herring frequent bays, inshore waters, and estuaries.
They usually ascend the estuaries of rivers in large numbers during the
months of October, November, December, January, and February. The
main shoals appear to remain in the Tay estuary for short periods,
extending from two to five or more days at a time, and then gradually
make their way to the sea again.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 165
Sprats and immature herring are amongst the most timid and restless
of all fishes. They swim usually in separate shoals, but in the estuary of
the Tay, where the main channel is so shallow and narrow, they very
often mix and swim together.
Hardly any two fish in the sea have so many and varied enemies as
the sprat and herring. This incessant persecution by numerous enemies,
and consequent restlessness, may possibly partially account for the pre-
sence of both fish in such large numbers in the estuaries of rivers.
The fishermen, in trying to explain the presence of the fish in such
large numbers iu the Tay estuary, believe that the sprat and herring
have a liking for brackish waters, and some scientists are under the
impression that the fish seek the colder waters.
Several} considerations, however, seem to be against such ideas. Both
fish, while in the estuary, appear to remain in the main tidal currents,
where the water is somewhat warmer than the surrounding waters.
Experiments also show that in very cold waters fishes give up feeding
altogether, probably because the ferments upon which digestion depends
do not act, or at anyrate very slowly.
The fishermen also believe that the fish ascend the estuary to feed on
the small organisms in the water, but this is also more or less erroneous.
The majority of the herrings’ stomachs examined were found to be empty ;
only a few contained a very small quantity of crustacea, while the sprats’
stomachs were invariably found to be quite empty. Moreover, iu the
river at this season, the fish would get little or no food material to
swallow, as careful examination of samples of water have shown.
Fishermen are also of opinion that the state of the tides is related to
the quantity of fish in the river, that during spring tides the fish are
more plentiful than during neap tides ; but after carefully comparing the
daily catches with the state of the tide, I am unable to show a close con-
nection. Certainly on several occasions the best fishing was at or near
the spring tides, e.g., November 23, December 7 and 22, and January
17-21 ; but there was fairly good fishing during neap tides about Novem-
ber 1 and 15, December 27, and very good about January 12.
They, again, believe that rough weather, especially strong south-easterly
gales, drive the fish into the river, but this also I am unable to prove.
During the great scarcity of fish in the month of November, I
questioned many of the fishermen as to the state of the water in the
river. Onze and all believed that they had never seen such a lot
of fire (phosphorescence) in the river as during that time. This
phosphorescence, along with the clearness of the water, enabled
the fish to see the nets and thus avoid them. This I believe to be
partially true, for if the fish swim in small, narrow, separate shoals, as they
appear to do when not very plentiful in the river, then they might
conceivably take fright at the glowing anchor and the chain, &c., and
thus at the same time swim clear of the open mouth of the bag-net.
Against this idea, however, is the fact that very seldom were the nets
brought up absolutely empty, while nearly every boat managed to
capture from 4 to 3 crans of fish. During the daytime, however, it is a
fact that little or no fish are caught if the water is very clear and the fish
not very plentiful in the river. The fish avoid the light and swim at a
much lower level, and thus avoid the open mouth of the bag-net.
166 Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
IX.—GENERAL INDEX TO THE SCIENTIFIC REPORTS OF
THE FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND, 1883-1904,
WITH A LIST OF THE PAPERS CONTAINED IN THEM.
Prepared by Dr. THomas Wemyss Futon, F.R8.E., Superin-
tendent of Scientific Investigations.
For some years it has been felt as a want, both by the staff of the
Board and by those engaged elsewhere in fishery investigations and
research, that there existed no general index to the numerous scientific
papers contained in the Annual Reports of the Fishery Board. These
reports now number over a score, extending back to the year 1882, and
they necessarily contain a large amount of matter dealing with marine
biology and physics, and relating to fisheries and fishery problems. 1
have endeavoured to supply the want referred to by the compilation of
the index and list of scientific papers printed in the following pages.
In the index the numbers referring to the various reports are
enclosed within brackets; from the sixth report onward, that namely
for 1887, the reference is to Part III. of the Annual Report, the
reports since the year named being divided into three parts, the third of
which is that devoted to scientific investigations. In the list of papers
the figures in brackets refer to the year of publication.
List or PAPERs.
Barrett, Dr. W. H.
Note on the Liver of a Haddock in which a Sand-eel was partly
Embedded. 8, p. 70, Pls. I1I.-V. (1885).
Beard, Dr. J.
On the Development of the Common Skate (/iaqja baits). 8, p. 300,
Pls. [X.-XI. (1890).
Brady, Professor G. S.
1. Notes on Entomostraca. 5, p. 328, Pl. XTX. (1887).
2. Description of a new series of Cyclops. 6, p. 232 (1888).
Brook, George.
land 2. On the Development of the Herring. 8, p. 32, Pl. J.
(1885); 4, p. 31, Pls. I., 11. (1886).
3. Note on some of the specimens sent in by the Officers of the
Board. 8, p. 67 (1885).
Report on the Herring Fishery of Loch Fyne and the adjacent
districts during 1885. 4, p. 47 (1886).
. Report on the Food of the Haddock. 4, p. 128 (1886).
. Report on the Food of the Cod. 4, p. 134 (1886).
. Ichthyological Notes. 4, p. 222, Pl. IX. (1886).
. The Spawning-period of the British Food-fishes. 4, p. 242
1886).
9. ee on ue Food of Young Gadide. 5, p. 326 (1887).
10 Notes on the Spawning of the Pike. 5, p. 347 (1887).
i
(oo orm)!
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 167
Brook, George, and W. L. Calderwood.
Report on the Food of the Herring. 4, p. 102 (1886).
Brook, George, and Dr. Thomas Scott.
List of the Marine Fauna collected at the Tarbert Laboratory
during 1885. 4, p. 231 (1886).
Calderwood, W. L.
1. Notes on the Copepods of Loch Fyne. 4, p. 147 (1886).
2. Notes on the Greenland Shark (Lemargus microcephalus). 4,
p- 228, Pl. X. (1886).
3. Notes on an Intra-uterine specimen of the Porbeagle (Lamna
cornubica). 6, p, 263 (1888).
Clarkson, Dr. R. D.
On the Nutritive Value and Relative Digestibility of Fresh Fish.
dD, p. 221 (1887).
Cleve, Professor P. T.
Report on the Phyto-plankton collected on the Expedition of
H.M.S. “ Research,” 1896. 15, p. 297, Pl. VIII.
Cunningham, J. T.
Zones of Growth in the Skeletal Structures of Gadide and
Pleuronectide. 28, p. 125 (1905).
Daniel, Dr. Alfred.
Abstract of a Report on the Fishery Statistics of Scotland. Lis
p. 178 (1889).
Dannevig, Harold C.
1 to 5. Reports on the Hatching Operations at Dunbar Marine
Hatchery during the Spring Season, 1894, 12, p. 210
(1894); 1895, 18, p. 123 (1895); 1896, 14, p. 150 (1896) ;
1898, 1'7, p. 205, Pl. VIII. (1899); 1899, 18, p. 330
(1900).
6. The Influence of Temperature on the Development of the
Eggs of Fishes. 18, p. 147, Pl. I. (1895).
7. On the Rearing of the Larval and Post-larval Stages of the
Plaice and other Flat-fishes. 15, p. 175, Pl. IV. (1897).
8. Report on the Operations at Dunbar Marine Hatchery for
the period July 1896 to December 1897, with some Notes
on Rearing Experiments with Flat-fishes. 16, p. 219 (1898).
9. On the Rate of Growth of Plaice. 1'7, p. 232, Pl. LX. (1899).
10 and 11. Reports on the Hatching Work at the Marine
Hatchery, Bay of Nigg, Aberdeen, during the Spring
Season, 1900, 19, p. 229 (1900); 1901, 20, p. 440 (1902).
Day, Dr. Francis.
Note on a new Blenny (Lumpenus lampetreformis). 2, p. 78,
Pl. X. (1884).
Dickson, Dr. H. N.
1, Report on Physical Investigations carried out on board
H.M.S, “Jackal,” 1893-94. 12, p. 336, Pls. XVI.-XTX.
(1894).
168 Part L11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Dickson, Dr. H. N.—continued.
2. Report on Physical Investigations carried out on board
H.M.S. ‘“ Research” during August 1896. 15, p. 280
(1897).
Duthie, Robert.
The Fisheries of Shetland. 10, p. 202 (1892).
Edington, Dr. Alexander.
1, An Investigation into the Nature of the Organisms present in
“Red” Cod, and as to the cause of the Red Coloration.
6, p. 207, Pis, VL. VIL. (1888).
2. On the Saprolegnia of Salmon Disease and Allied Forms.
'7, p. 368, Pl. EX. (1889).
Ewart, Professor J. Cossar.
1. Natural History of the Herring. 2, p. 61, Pls. 1V.-IX. (1884).
2. Note on some of the specimens forwarded by the Officers of the
Board. 2, p. 79, Pls. XI.—XIII. (1884).
3. Observations on the Spawning of Cod. 8, p. 52 (1885).
4. Report on the Progress of Fish-culture in America. 3, p.78 (1885).
5. Are Herring Ova likely to Develop Normally on the Deep
Offshore Fishing Banks? 4, p. 43 (1886).
6. On the Artificial Hatching and Rearing of Sea-fish. 5, p. 230,
Pls. VII.—X. (1887).
7. Notes on the Nature of “ Red” Cod. 6, p. 204 (1888).
Ewart, Professor J.C.,and Sir J. R. G. Maitland, Bart.
1, Report on the Trawling Experiments on the Kast Coast.
d, p. 43, Pls. I-III. (1887).
2 and 3. Reports on the Trawling Experiments of the “ Garland,”
and the Statistics of the East Coast Fisheries. 6, p. 25,
Pls, I.~V. (1888); '7, p. 15, Pls. L., IT. (1889).
Ewart, Professor J. C..and J. Duncan Mathews.
On the Nature of Thames and Forth Whitebait. 4, p. 98 (1886).
rer Professor J. C..and Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton.
The Scottish Lobster Fishery. 6, p. 189 (1888).
2, Report on the Spawning of the British Marine Food-fishes.
'7, p. 186 (1889).
Fletcher, John.
On the Tay Sprat Fishery, 1904-1905. 28, p. 156 (1905).
Fryer, C. E.
y The Preparation of Sprats and other Fish as Sardines. 5, p. 218
(1887).
Fullarton, Dr. J. H.
1. Solway Shrimp and Flounder Fishings. '7, p. 175 (1889).
2. On the Habits of Pecten, and on the Clam Beds of the Firth of
Forth. ‘7, p. 341, Pl. VIII. (1889).
3. Report on Bait Experiments. "7, p. 352 (1889).
4. The Cockle Beds of Barra, 8, p. 211, Pl. TV. (1890).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 169
Fullarton, Dr., J. H.—continued. .
5. Oyster-culture in France and Holland. 8, p. 220 (1890).
6. On the Development of the Scallop (Pecten opercularis, L.). 8,
p- 290, Pls. V.-VIII. (1890).
7. On the Suitability of Scottish Waters for Oyster-cullture. 9,
p. 184 (1891).
8. On Bouchét Mussel-culture and the Bouchdt Experiments at
St. Andrews. Q, p. 212 (1891).
9 and 10. On the Development of the Plaice. 9, p. 311, Pls.
VIL-IX. (1891); 11, p. 274, Pls. XIII.—XVI. (1893).
11. The Clyde Mussel Beds. 10, p. 194, Pl. V. (1892).
12. On the Oviposition and Growth of the Lesser Sand-eel
(Ammodytes tobianus, L.). 12, p. 318 (1894).
13. On the History of Mussel-culture at Montrose during the past
Six Years. 18, p. 137 (1895).
14. On the Larval and Post-larval Development of the Brain of
the Lesser Sand-eel. 18, p. 276, Pls. XI.—XITI. (1895).
15. The European Lobster, Breeding and Development. 14,
p. 186, Pl. VI.-VIIT. (1896).
Fullarton, J. H.,and Dr. Thomas Scott.
Mussel-farming at Montrose. '7, p. 327, Pl. VII. (1889).
Fulton, Dr. T. Wemyss.
1. An Account of the Contemporary Work relating to Fisheries,
including Abstracts of the more important Papers. 6,
p. 276 (1888).
. Reports from Her Majesty’s Diplomatic and Consular Officers
Abroad on the best means of Increasing the Demand in
Foreign Countries for Scotch-cured Herrings and other
Fish. '7, p. 158 (1889).
3. Abstract of Reports by Mr. Thomas Scott on his Special
Investigations on board Steam Trawlers. '7, p. 171 (1889).
4, Abstract of a Report by Dr. Alfred Daniell on the Fishery
Statistics of Scotland. '7, p. 178.
5. Inquiries into the Nature of the Food, the Spawning, Habits,
&e., of Marine Food-fishes, '7, p. 182 (1889).
6 to 18. Report on the Trawling Experiments of the “Garland,”
and on the Statistics of East Coast Fisheries. 8, p. 22, Pls.
ELE (1890); 9 ip. 21, Pls) FET. ‘(189 RyS FO. sp: 23.
Piss rand: UW, (1892) = BAe p23 SPE T. (Ve92) ot Si: 23
(1894); 1S, p. 17 (1895); 14, p17 (1896); 15, p. 17
(1897); 16, p. 17 (1898); 1'7, p. 17 (1899); 18, p. 19
(1900); 19, p. 17 (1901); 20, p. 17 (1902).
19. The Distribution of Immature Sea-fish, and their Capture by
various Modes of Fishing. 8, p. 157 (1890).
20. The Spawning and Spawning Places of Marine Food-tishes.
8, p. 257 (1890).
21. The Proportional Numbers and Sizes of the Sexes among Sea-
fishes. 8, p. 348 (1890).
22. Notes and Memoranda. 8, p. 351 (1890).
23. Notes on Contemporary Work relating to Fisheries in this and
other Countries. 8, p. 359 (1890).
24, The Chief Fishing Grounds on the East Coast of Scotland, with
Charts showing their Position and Extent. 9, p. 177, Pls.
Hi, TV. (18907:
25. mt Capture and Destruction of Immature Sea-fish. 9, p. 201
1891).
bo
170 Part L1T.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Fulton, Dr T. Wemyss—continued.
26. The Comparative Fecundity of Sea-fishes. 9, p. 243 (1891).
27 to 31. An Account of Contemporary Scientific Fishery Work
and Fisheries in this and other Countries. 9, p. 388
(1891); 10, p. 327 (1892); 11, p. 486 (1893); 12, p. 383
(1894); 18, p. 332 (1895).
32, On Over-fishing of the Sea and the Culture of Sea-fish. 10,
p. 171, Pls, 101. -195 (1892).
33. Observations on the Reproduction, Maturity, and Sexual
Relations of the Food-fishes. 10, p. 232, Pl. VI. (1892).
34, An Experimental Investigation on the Migrations and Rate of
Growth of the Food-fishes. 11, p. 176 (1893).
35. An Account of the Sea-fish Hatchery at Dunbar. 12, p. 196,
Pl. I. (1894).
36. The Capture and Destruction of Immature Sea-fish. The
Relation between the Size of the Mesh of Trawl-nets and
the Fish Captured. 12, p. 302 (1894).
37. The Capture and Destruction of Immature Fish. The Relation
between the Size of Hooks and the Size of Fish Captured.
18, p. 1383 (1895).
38. The Relation of Marine Currents to Offshore Spawning Areas
and Inshore Nurseries. 18, p. 153, Pl. II. (1895).
39. Review of the Trawling Experiments of the ‘‘ Garland” in the
Firth of Forth and St. Andrews Bay in the years 1886-1895.
14, p. 128, Pls. I., II. (1896).
40. The Past and Present Condition of the Oyster Beds in the
Firth of Forth. 14, p. 244, Pls. X., XT. (1896).
41, The Currents of the North Sea and their Relation to Fisheries.
15, p. 334, Pls. X., XI. (1897).
42. On the Growth and Maturation of the Ovarian Eggs of
Teleostean Fishes. 16, p. 88, Pl. I. (1898).
43. The Ovaries and Ovarian Eggs of the Angler or Frog-fish
(Lophius piscatorius) and of the John Dory (Zeus faber’).
16, p. 125, Pls. II., IIT. (1898).
44. On the Migratory Movements and Rate of Growth of the Grey
or Common Gurnard. 1'7, p. 210 (1899).
45. Report of an Inquiry on the Action of the Herring Seine-net.
18, p. 242 (1900).
Additional Note on the Surface Currents of the North Sea.
18, p. 370 (1900).
47. Investigations made on board Steam Trawlers. 19, p. 58
1901).
48. ete Ne of Growth of the Cod, Haddock, Whiting, and
Norway Pout. 19, p. 154, Pls. IX.—X VI. (1901).
49 to 53. Ichthyological Notes. 19, p. 282 (1901); 20, p. 539
(1902); 21, p. 228 (1903); 22, p. 281, Pl. XVITT. (1904) ;
28, p. 250 (1905).
54. North Sea Investigations. 20, p. 73, Pls. IIIT. (1902).
55. Rate of Growth of Sea-fishes. 2O, p. 326, Pls. XIV.-XXI.
1902).
56. ae on the Abundance, Distribution, and Migration
of the Food-fishes. 21, p. 15, Pl. I. (1908).
57 to 59. Reports on the Operations at the Marine Hatchery, Bay
of Nigg, Aberdeen. 21, p. 180 (1903); 22, p. 262 (1904);
28, p. 120 (1905).
60. The Distribution, Growth, and Food of the Angler. 21,
p. 186 (1903).
61 and 62. Trawling Investigations. 22, p. 13 (1904); 28, p. 15
(1905).
46.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 17]
Fulton, Dr. T. Wemyss—continued.
63. On the Rate of Growth of Fishes. 22, p. 141, Pls. VI.-XII.
(1904).
64. General Index to the Scientific Reports of the Fishery Board
for Scotland, 1883-1904. 28, p. 166.
Fulton, Dr. T. Wemyss, and Dr. J. H. Fullarton.
Notes on Contemporary Work relating to Fisheries in this and
other Countries. '7, p. 384 (1889).
Gibson, Dr. John.
1. Report on the Physical Observations made for the Fishery
Board for Scotland during the Autumn of 1883 in the
Moray Firth. 4, p. 189, Pls. VI., VIT. (1886).
2. Report on Observations relating to the Physics and Chemistry
of the North Sea during 1888 and 1889, and including a
Review of the Analytical Work hitherto undertaken for the
Fishery Board for Scotland. '7, p. 409, Pls. X.-XTIT. (1889).
Gibson, Dr. John, and Dr. H. R. Mill.
1. Report on the Apparatus required for carrying on Physical
Observations in connection with the Fisheries. 6, p. 309,
Pls, LX.,X. (1888).
2. Report on a Physical and Chemical Examination of the Waters
in the Moray Firth, and the Firths of Inverness, Cromarty,
and Dornoch. 6, p. 313, Pls XI.—XIV. (1888).
Gray, David.
Notes from Personal Observations on the Habits of the Greenland
Whalebone Whale. ‘7, p. 365 (1889).
Greenfield, Professor W.S., and Dr. John Gibson.
Further Report on the Examination of River Waters for Micro-
Organisms. 5, p. 331 (1887).
Greenfield, Professor W. S., and Dr. G. Sims Woodhead.
Further Report on the Examination of River Waters for Micro-
Organisms. 4, p. 176 (1886).
Halliburton, Dr. W. D.
On the Blood of Vephrops norwegicus. 4, p. 171 (1886).
Heincke, Professor Friedrich.
The Natural History of the Herring. 1'7, p. 274 (1899).
Herbertson, Dr. Andrew J.
Report on the Physical Observations carried on by the Fishery
Board for Scotland during 1893. 18, p. 302 (1895).
Hoyle, Dr. William E.
Report on the Biological Investigations on the Sea to the West of
Lewis during July and August 1887. 6, p. 215, Pl. XV.
(1888).
Kyle, Dr. Harry M.
1. Report on the Pelagic Ova, Larve, and Young Fishes procured
by the s.s. “Garland” during the greater part of 1896,
15, p. 246 (1897).
172 Part [I1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Kyle, Dr. Harry M.—continued.
2. Note on the Reproductive Organs of a Hermaphrodite Ling.
15, p. 396 (1897).
3. On the Post-larval Stages of the Plaice, Dab, Flounder, Long
Rough Dab, and Lemon Dab. 16, p. 225, Pls. X., XT.
1898).
4, hone towards the Natural History of the Plaice. 18,
p. 189, Pls. IX., X. (1900).
5. The Classification of the Flat-fishes (Heterosomata). 18, p. 335,
Pls. Xi, XIE. (1900).
Lawrence, George.
Note on a Tumour found attached to the Stomach of a Saithe.
13, p. 236 (1895).
M‘Intosh, Professor W. C.
1 to 5. Reports of the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. Q, p. 47
(1884) ;°'S, p.°55, Pl. TT. (1885);° 4, -p. 201, Plvaien
(1886) ; 5, p. 354 (1887); 6, p. 265 (1888).
6 and 7. On the Pelagic Fauna of the Bay of St. Andrews during
the months of 1888. '7, p. 259, Pls. III.-VI. (1889); 8,
p. 270 (1890).
8. Report on the Pelagic Ova, Larval, and Young Food-fishes
procured by the ‘‘Garland.” 8, p. 270 (1890).
9. Further Observations on the Life-histories and Development of
the Food and other Fishes. 9, p. 317, Pls. X.-XIII.
(1891).
10 to 15. Contributions to the Life-histories and Development of
the Food and other Fishes. 10, p. 273, Pls. XVI., XVII.
(1892); 11, p. 239, Pls. VIII.XII. (1893); 12, p. 218;
Pls, IT.-IV. (1894); 18. p..221, Pls. V1I.-VIIE (18955
14, p. 171 (1896); 15, p. 194, Pls. V—VII. (1897).
16. The Pelagic Fauna of the Bay of St. Andrews. 11, p. 284
1893).
ge ace on Trawling. 12, p. 165 (1894).
Maclagan, Nellie.
List of Edible British Fishes, with their English, Latin, French,
Italian, and German Synonyms. Q, p. 74 (1884).
Maitland, Sir J. R. G., Bart.
Note on the Intercrossing of Members of the Genus Salmo. 7,
p. 382 (1889).
Masterman, Dr. Arthur T.
1, General Report on the Pelagic Eggs, Larval, and Young Fishes
procured by the “Garland” in 1892 and 1893. 11, p. 250
(1893).
2. On the See of the Tunny. 12, p. 272, Pls. XI., XII.
(1894).
3. On the Rate of Growth of the Marine Food and other Fishes.
13, p. 289 (1895).
4. On Hermaphroditism in the Cod. 18, p. 297, Pl. XTV. (1895).
5. On the Rate of Growth of the Food-fishes. 14, p. 294,
Pls, XIT., XIII. (1896).
6. A Review of the Work of the ‘‘ Garland” in connection with the
Pelagic Eggs of the Food-fishes (1890-96). 15, p. 219
(1897),
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 173
Matthews, J. Duncan.
1. Report on the Sprat Fishing during the Winter of 1883-84.
2, p. 48, Pl. IIT. (1884).
2 and 3. Report as to Variety among the Herrings of the Scottish
Coasts. Part I. 4, p. 61 (1886); 5, p. 295 (1887).
4, Note on the Ova, Fry, and Nest of the Ballan Wrasse (Zabrus
maculatus). 5, p. 245, Pl. XT. (1887).
5. On the Structure of the Herring and other Clupeoids. 5, p. 257,
Pls. XV.—XVIITI. (1887).
6. The Food of the Whiting (Gadus merlangus). 5, p. 317 (1887).
Mill, Dr. Hugh Robert.
1. On the Physical Conditions of the Waters of the Firth of Forth.
5, p. 349, Pls. XX.—X XITT. (1887). .
2. Report of Physical Observations on the Sea to the West of
Lewis during July and August 1887. 6, p. 349, Pls. XV.—
XVIT. (1888). !
. Report on the Physical Observations carried on by the Fishery
Board for Scotland in the Firths of Forth and Tay, and in
the Clyde Sea Area. Q, p. 353, Pls. XVI., XVII. (1891).
. Report on Physical Observations bearing on the Circulation of
the Water in Loch Fyne in April and September 1896.
15, p. 262 (1897).
Mill, Dr. Hugh Robert, and Dr. Andrew J. Herbertson.
Report on the Physical Observations carried on by the Fishery
Board for Scotland in the Firths of Forth and Tay, and in
the Clyde Sea Area, as well as the Observations made on
board the cruisers “Jackal” and “ Vigilant” round the
Scottish Coasts. 11, p. 395, Pl. XVITI. (1898).
Se)
i
Milroy, Professor T. H.
The Physical and Chemical Changes taking place in the Ova of
certain Marine Teleosteans during Maturation. 16, p. 135
(1898).
Murray, Dr. George.
Report on Observations on Plant-plankton. 15, p. 212 (1897).
Murray, J.
The Fishing Grounds of the Stonehaven District. 6, p. 223 (1888).
Norman, Rev. Canon A. M.
On a Crangon, some Schizopoda, and Cumacea new to or rare in
the British Seas. 4, p. 155 (1886).
Pearcey, Frederick G.
The Echinoderms of the Moray and Cromarty Firths. 20, p. 304
(1902).
Prince, Professor E. E.
1. Notes on the Development of the Angler Fish (Lophius
piseatorius). Q, p. 343, Pls. XIV., XV. (1891).
2. Some Features in the Egg and Larva of the Skulpin (Calliony-
mus lyra). Q, p. 349, Pl. XIIT. (1891).
M
174 Part I1I—Twenty-third Annual Report
Prince, Professor H. E., and Dr. J. Lindsay Steven.
On two Large Tumours in a Haddock and a Cod. 10, p. 323,
Pl. XVII. (1892).
Sandeman, George.
1. On the Multiple Tumours in Plaice and Flounders. 11, p. 391,
Pl. XVII. (1893).
2. On a Tumour from a Tunny. 11, p. 392, Pl. XII. (1893).
3. Parasitic Skin Disease in Montagu’s Sucker. 11, p. 393,
Pl. XVIT. (1893).
4, A Cod with one Eye. 11, p. 394 (1893).
5. Notes on the Physiology and Pathology of Fishes. 12, p. 291
(1894).
Scott, Dr. Thomas.
1. Notes on the Contents of the Stomachs of Herring and
Haddocks. 6, p. 225 (1888).
2. Description of a new Copepod. 6, p. 232 (1888).
3. A Revised List of the Crustacea of the Firth of Forth. 6,
p. 235 (1888).
4. Notes on Interesting Fishes. 6, p. 264 (1888).
5. Some Additions to the Fauna of the Firth of Forth, with Notes
of some Rare East Coast Forms, '7, p. 311 (1889).
6 to 12. Additions to the Fauna of the Firth of Forth. 8, p. 312,
Pls. XII., XIII. (1890); 9, p. 300 (1891); 10, p. 244,
Pls, VII.-XITT. (1892); 11, p. 197, Pls. II.-V. (1893) ;
12, ‘p. 231, Pls. VizXi(1894)518) p.2165, Pls. 111 TVG
(1895); 14, p. 158, Pls. III.—IV. (1896).
13, The Invertebrate Fauna of Inland Waters. Report on
Loch Coulter and the Coulter Burn, Stirlingshire. 8,
p- 334 (1890).
14 to 20. The Invertebrate Fauna of the Inland Waters of Scotland.
9; p.269,.Pls, V., VL. (1891); 11; p.. 220; Pls VL ave
(1893); 12, p. 284 (1894); 18, p. 237, Pls. IX., X. (1895);
14, p. 167 (1896); 15, p. 316, Pl. IX. (1897); 16, p. 248
1898).
Qe a ee Fishes and Invertebrates of Loch Fyne. 15,
p. 107, Pls. I-III. (1897).
22. Notes on the Animal-plankton from H.MS. “ Research.” 15,
p- 305 (1897).
23. On the Distribution of Pelagic Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth
of Forth and its vicinity during the seven years from 1889
to 1895, both inclusive. 16, p. 153, Pls. 1V.—VII. (1898).
24, Some Additions to the Invertebrate Fauna of Loch Fyne. 16,
p. 261, Pls. XILT.—XV. (1898).
25, The Invertebrate Fauna of the Inland Waters of Scotland.
Report on Special Investigation. 1'7, p. 132, Pl. VII. (1899).
26. Notes on recent Gatherings of Micro-crustacea from the
Clyde and the Moray Firth. 1'7, p. 248, Pls. X.-XIII.
(1899).
27. Notes ie some Crustacean Parasites of Fishes. 18, p. 144,
Pls. V.-VIIT. (1900).
28. The Fishes of the Firth of Clyde. 18, p. 272 (1900).
29. Notes on some Gatherings of Crustacea collected for the most
part on board the Fishery steamer ‘‘Garland,” and ex-
amined auring the past year (1899). 18, p. 382, Pls.
XITIT.-XITV. (1900)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 175
Scott, Dr. Thomas—continued.
30 and 31. Notes on some Parasites of Fishes. 19, p. 120, Pls.
VIL, VIII. (1901); 20, p. 288, Pls. XII., XIII. (1902).
32. Notes on Gatherings of Crustacea collected for the most part
by the Fishery steamer ‘‘ Garland,” and the steam trawler
“St. Andrew,” of Aberdeen, and examined during the year
1900. 19, p. 235, Pls. XVII, XVIII. (1901).
33, Notes on the Gatherings of Crustacea collected by the Fishery
steamer ‘‘ Garland,” and the steam-trawlers ‘‘ Star of Peace”
and “Star of Hope,” of Aberdeen, during the year 1901.
20, p. 447, Pls. XXII.-X XV. (1902).
34. Observations on the Food of Fishes. 20Q, p. 486 (1902).
35. On some New and Rare Crustacea collected at various times in
connection with the Investigations of the Fishery Board
for Scotland. 21, p. 109, Pls. I1.—VI. (19083).
36. Some further Observations on the Food of Fishes, with a Note
on the Food observed in the Stomach of a Common
Porpoise. 21, p. 218 (1903).
37. Notes on some Rare and Interesting Marine Crustacea. 22,
p. 242, Pls. XITI.-XV. (1904).
38. On some Parasites of Fishes new to the Scottish Marine
Fauna. 22, p. 275, Pl. XVIT. (1904).
39. Observations on some Parasites of Fishes new or rare in
Scottish Waters. 23, p. 108, Pls. V., WI. (1905).
40. On some New and Rare Crustacea from the Scottish Seas. 23,
p. 141, Pls. X.—XIT1. (1905).
Scott. Dr. Thomas, and Mr. Robert Duthie.
1 and 2. The Inland Waters of the Shetland Islands. 18, p. 174»
PIs -(159)); 24, p. 229, Pl. EX. (1896).
3 and 4. An Account of the Examination of some of the Lochs af
Shetland. 15, p. 327 (1897); 16, p. 253 (1898).
Smith, W. Anderson.
1. West Coast Fauna of “Garland” Expedition. 9, p. 297 (1891).
2. Report on Spanish Sardines. 10, p. 160 (1892).
3. The West Coast Expedition of the “Garland” during July and
August 1892. 11, p. 167 (1893).
4, On Rete Resemblance in the Lumpsucker. 11, p. 390
1893).
Smith, Dr. W. Ramsay.
1 to 4. On the Food of Fishes. '7, p. 222 (1889); 8, p. 220
(1890); 9, p. 222 (1891); 10, p. 211 (1892).
5. A Case of Hermaphroditism in a Haddock. Q, p. 352 (1891).
Stewart, Professor Charles Hunter.
Note on the Carbonic Acid and Micro- -organisms in the Air at
various Stations during the cruise of H.M.S. “Jackal.”
'7, p. 472 (1889).
Stirling, Professor William.
1. On the Chemistry and Histology of the Digestive Organs of
Fishes. 2, p. 31, Pls. I., II. (1884).
. On Red and Pale Muscles i in "Fishes. 4, p. Cao, Pls: EEL Vv.
(1886),
176 Part I11.-—Twenty-third Annual Report
Stirling, Professor William-—continued.
3. Some Economic Products from Fish and Corresponding
Vegetable Products. 4, p. 256 (1886).
Tosh, Dr. James R.
1, List of some of the Pelagic Ova, Larve, and Young Fishes
obtained off the East Coast in May, &e., 1904. 12, p. 300
(1894).
2. On the Rate of Growth of certain Marine Fishes. 12, p. 333
(1894).
Wallace, William.
List of some of the Pelagic Ova, Larvee, and Young Fishes collected
by the ‘“‘Garland” during the latter half of 1895. 14,
p. 223 (1896).
Williamson, Dr. H. Charles.
1. On the Rate of Growth of certain Marine Food-fishes. 11,
p. 265 (1893).
2. List of some of the Pelagic Ova, Larve, and Young Fishes
obtained by the s.s. “Garland” and boat “ Dalhousie” in
1894. 12, p, 298 (1894).
3. On the Anatomy of the Pectoral Arch of the Grey Gurnard
(Trigla gurnardus), with Special Reference to its Innerva-
tion. 12, p. 322, Pls. XTII—XV. (1894).
. On the Reproduction of the Eel. 18, p. 19% (1895).
. List of the Pelagic Ova, Larve, and Young Fishes procured
by the ss. “Garland” and boat ‘ Dalhousie.” 18, p. 258
(1895).
6 On the Variation in Size of certain Pelagic Ova. 18, p. 271
1895).
de Note on ae points in Teleostean Development. 16, p. 211,
Pls. VLE EX. (1898):
8. On the Pelagic Fish Eggs and Larve of Loch Fyne. 177,
p. 79, Pls. 10.—VI-(1899).
9. Contributions to the Life-histories of the Edible Crab. 18,
p. 77, Pls. I-IV. (1900).
10, On the Mackerel of the East and West Coasts of Scotland.
18, p. 294 (1900).
11. On the Larval Stages of Decapod Crustacea. The Shrimp
(Crangon vulgaris, Fabr.). 19, p. 92, Pls. 1—VI. (1901).
12. A Comparison between the Cod, the Saithe, and the Lythe in
respect to certain External and Osteological Characters.
20, p. 228 (1902).
13, On the Larval and Early Young Stages and Rate of Growth
of the Shore Crab, 21, p. 136, Pls. VII.—XIIT. (1903).
14. Contributions to the Life-histories of the Edible Crab (Cancer
pagurus) and of other Decapod Crustacea. 22, p. 100,
Pls. I.—V. (1904).
15. On the Post-larval and Early Young Stages of the Witch.
22, p. 270, Pl. XVI. (1904).
16. A Contribution to the Life-history of the Lobster (Homarus
vulgaris). 28, p. 65, Pls. I-IV. (1905),
17. A Note on the Hatching of the Crab (Caneer pagurus). 28,
p. 154 (1905).
OU >
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Wilson, Dr. John.
177
1 and 2. Report on the Cees. of the Common Mussel.
4, p. 218 (1886); 5
Wilson, Peter.
The Solway Fishing. 4, p.
, p. 247, Pls. XIL.-XIV. (1887).
255 (1886).
Woodhead, Professor G. Sims.
Note on Caseous Tumours found in the Muscles of the Hake.
p. 76 (1885).
3,
GENERAL INDEX.
A
ABERDEEN Bay, bye-law closing, against
beam- trawling, (5) 44, (6) 26.
larval fishes of, (8) 289; (11) 264;
(14) 225.
—— pelagic eggs of fishes in, (8) 289
(11) 264 ; (12) 300 ; (14) 225.
= iF sical conditions of, (5) 65.
, (8) 289 ;
(11),
264 ; (14) D5,
trawling experimentsin. Se
land.”
trawling investigations in.
Trawling investigations.
SO trawling stations in, (5) 65.
—— young fishes of, (8) 289; (1
(14) 225.
Aberdeen district, fish landed by net and
line boats and steam- trawlers, (6) 155.
— monthly ‘‘takes” of fish in, from
April to December, 1887, (6) 97.
statistics of fish landed by net and |
line boats and trawlers, (6) 160.
Aberdeenshire, fishing arounds off, (9)
181.
Abra alba, (15) 128,
prismatica, (15) 129.
Acanthias vulgaris. See Dog-fish, picked.
Tee sordidus, (9) 291; (11)}
232.
Acanthocotyle elegans, (20) 301.
lobiancoi, (20) 300.
—— monticellii, (20) 300.
oligoterus, (20) 301.
Acanthodoris pilosa, (15) 116.
Acantholeberis curvirostris, (13) 245, 250 ;
(14) 239 ; (15) 330, 333; (16) 250, 252 ;
(17) 141, 144, 145, 184, 200.
Acanthonotus owenti, (8) 328.
testudo, (8) 328.
Acartia, distribution of, in the Firth of
Forth, (16) 186.
a bifilosus, ( (10) 244 ;
454,
e ‘*Gar- |
See
1) 264;
(19) 239; (20)
—. Parr (12) 235 ; (15) 147, 305, 306,
; (16) 177, 182 ; (17) 252 ; (19) 239;
on 504.
Acurtia discaudatus, (9) 300;
(19) 239.
177.
setiger, (9) 301.
sp., (16) 210.
Acera bullata, (15) 116.
Acerina vulgaris. See Ruff.
(10) 245 ;
(16)
5, (10) 244 ; (11) 203 ;
Aceros phyllonyx, (19) =, 261 ; (20) 510.
Acidostoma obesum, (12) 262; (19) 258 ;
(20) 497, 510 ; (22) 257.
Acipenser sturio. See Sturgeon.
Acheus cranchii, (15) 130.
Achirine, (18) 351, 352, 358.
Achirus, (18) 358.
Achy-Lochy, Argyle, invertebrate fauna
of, (15) 318.
Aclis supranitida, (15) 120.
Acmea testudinalis, (15) 122.
Acontiophorus elongatus, (12) 26! ; (16)
278.
ornatus, (20) 449, 472.
—— scutatus, (6) 242.
Acroperus harpe, (8) 339; (9) 273, 277,
292 ; (11) 232; (12) 286 ; (13) 188, 245,
250; (14) 168, 239 ; (15) 321, 333 ; (16)
252, 260; (17) 140, 145, 149, 150.
—— leucocephalus, (9) 292.
nanus, (9) 298 ; (11) 233.
Acteon tornatilis, (15) 115.
Action of light on larvee, (5) 246.
Actinia equina, (15) 163.
Actinie, larval, parasitic, cn Hydro-
medusee, (6) 281.
Actinozoa of Loch Fyne, (15) 163.
as food for haddocks, (4 129
Actheres percarum, (19) 132.
Adamsia palliata, (15) 163.
Adeorbis subcarinatus, (15)
§22.
Mga bicarmata, (15) 135.
monophthalma, (18) 180.
stromii, (18) 180.
tridens, (18) 180.
Lyirus punctilucens, (15) 116.
Asopia cornuta, (18) 359.
Etidius armatus, (15) 307, 311, 313; (19)
238 ; (20) 451.
120; (20)
178
Aflalo, Mr F. G., (18) 280.
Age of cod, (19) 228.
common dab at maturity, (20) 371
haddock, (19) 214.
at maturity, (20) 410.
—— plaice, (17) 238 ; (20) 357.
at maturity, (20) 359, 360.
sardine, (8) 374.
—— sharp-tailed Lumpenus, (22) 208.
sprat, (22) 180.
—— whiting, (19) 186.
at maturity,
, (22) 195.
Aglaophena myriophyllum, (15) 164.
Aglaia complanata, (5) 328 ; (8) 320.
Agonus cataphractus. See Armed bull-
head.
Alaska, fisheries of, (9) 401.
Alauna rostrata, (6) 253.
Albino plaice, (22) 286 ; (23) 252.
Alcyonium digitatum, (15) 163.
Alcyonicola fusiformis, (14) 164.
—— palmatum, (7) 347.
Alderia modesta, (8) 331 ; (15)
Alexia bidentata, (15) 117.
Alkalinity of Firth of Forth, (5) 35
Allorchestes nilssoni, (6) 246.
Alona affinis, (14) 168, 239; (15) 321,
333 ; (16) 252, 260; (17) 140, 149, 155,
160, 164, 173, 179, 180, 184.
(20) 400.
Wb ef
2
me
costata, (9) F453) 9 (IL) PBR StU] 3) 188,
189, 250 ; (14) 168; (15) 321; (1 7) 140,
184.
exigua, (16) 260.
— falcata, (11) 234.
— guttata, (9) 275, 293; (11) 233; (12)
286 ; (13) 188, 190, 245, 250; (14) 168,
939 ; (15) 321, 333; (17) 140, 145, 150,
155, 160, 164, 168, 173, 184.
—— intermedia, (13) 188 ; (14) 239; (
330, 333 ; (16) 252 ; (17) 145, 150, li
178, 184, 200.
5)
3,
Part I11,—Twenty-third Annual Report
Alteutha depressa, (6) 241 ;
152 ; (16) 177, 210.
interrupta, (6) 241; (15) 152.
purpurocincta, (6) 241 ; (19) 250.
Alvania abyssicola, (15) 120.
cancellata, (15) 119.
—— carinata, (15) 120.
reticulata, (15) 119.
Amathia carino-spinosa, (7) 321.
Amathilla homari, (15) 140; (16) 170,
177, 210 ; (19) 263, 271 ; (20) 500, 519,
DID E22 257:
sabint, (7) 321.
Ameira ambigua, (21) 114.
elegans, (23) 144
exigua, (12) 243.
exilis, (12) 242.
longicaudata, (10)
AY Tila,
longipes, (8) 318 ; (19) 248 ;
—— longiremis, (12) 241, 242; (
propinqua, (20) 449, 460.
—— pusilla, (21) 114.
reflexa, (12) 240 ; (20)
tenwicornis, (20) 449 45
Ammodiscus charoides, (
—— gordialis, (8) 314 ; (
—— tmcertus, 7) 314.
—— shoneanus, (16) 275.
Ammodytes lanceolatus.
greater.
—— tobianus. See Sand-eel, lesser.
Ammopleurops lacteus, (18) 359.
Aminotrypane aulogaster, (15) 159.
Ampelisca equicornis, (6) 248.
— — assimilis, (11) 214; (20) 477, 503,
510, 516, 523.
——- belliana, (11) 214.
—— brevicornis, (19) 259;
523, 524.
—— eschrichtii, (15) 138.
—— levigata, (6) 230, 248; (11) 214; (15)
(8) 320; (18)
250; (15) 149;
(21) 114.
15) 149.
See Sand-eel,
(20) 478, 491,
leydigvi, (9) 292. 138 ; (17) 264.
neglecta, (13) 188, 189, 245, 250, 255; | —— macrocephala, (6) 248; (19) 259;
(14) 239 ; (16) 259, 260. (20) 510, 516, 520, 523, 529.
quadrangularis, (9) 2738, 293; (11) | —— spinipes, (11) 214, 215; (15) 138;
233 ; (12) 286, 288 ; (13) 188, 245, 250 ; (17) 264; (19) 259 ; (20) 477, 496, 516,
(14) 239%" (1d) 3215 S801 0(16), 2525 260i) v1.9) (22) 257.
(17) 140,'150, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173,
184 ; (20) 505,
rustica, (13) 188, 189, 245, 255; (15)
318; 321,326; a00)5 (lO ea0n eae (ly,
140, 145, 155, 173, 184, 200.
—— tenuicauda,, (9) 275, 292 ;
184, 200.
Alonella excisa, (9) 293.
exigua, (9) 273, 293; (11) 233; (13)
188, 190, 245, 250 ; (14) 168; (15) 321,
333 ; (17) 140, 145, 150, 155, 164, 173,
184, 200.
—— nana, (9) 273, 277, 293, 296; (11)
233 ; (13) 188, 245, 250 ; (14) 168, 239;
(15) 821, 323; (17) 141, 145, 150, 155,
164, 173, 184.
—— pygmea, (9) 293; (11) 233.
Alonopsis elongata, (9) 273, 292, 293 ; (11)
232 ; (12) 286, 288 ; (13) 188, 190, 245,
250 ; (14) 168, 239; (15) 321, 333 ; (16)
252, 257, 260; (17) 140, 145, 149, 150,
153, 155, 164, 173, 177, 184.
(17) 168,
)]
| Amphilochoides boeckii, (14
—_— tenuicornis, (6) 248 ;
138.
—— typica, (6) 248 ; (15)
sp., (16) 210.
Amphidotus cordatus, (20) 510.
) 159.
(19) 236, 260 ;
a7)
(12) 263°; (17)
(11) 214; (15)
138 ;
(20) 525.
—— intermedius,
(20) 478, 510.
—— odontonyx, (11) 215; (14) 159;
265 ; (19) 260 ; (20) 510.
—— pusillus, (11) 215;
265.
Amphilochus manudens, (6) 246 ;
215; (15) 188 ; (20) 510.
—— sabrine, (8) 326.
—-—- tenuimanus, (17) 265; (2!
516, 523.
Amphioxus lanceolatus. See Lancelet.
Amphipoda of Lochs and Inland Waters.
See Fauna, Invertebrate.
—— of Firth of Forth, (16) 170.
—— of Loch Fyne, (16) 262.
(14) 159 ;
(31)
0) 478, 491,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Amphithde littorina, (6) 249.
—— podoceroides, (6) 248.
—— rubricata, (15) 141.
Amphithopsis latipes, (8) 328.
Amphiura balli, (20) 312.
chiajii, (15) 161 ; (20) 314, 319, 324.
—— filiformis, (15) 161; (20) 314, 319,
324.
—— elegans, (15) 162; (20) 312, 319, 324.
Amphora ovalis, (9) 274.
Amymone nigrans, (18) 389.
spherica, (4) 150 ; (6) 239 ; (15) 149.
Anapagurus chiroacanthus, (15) 131 ; (20)
510
—— hyndmanii, (6) 258 ;
496.
—-— levis, (6) 258; (15) 1381; (20) 516,
522.
(15) 131; (20)
Anarrhichas lupus. See Cat-fish.
Anceus maxillaris, (7) 321; (15) 135.
Anchialus agilis, (18) 404.
Anchorella brevicollis, (19) 135.
—— emarginata, (18) 176.
—— ovalis, (19) 133.
—— rugosa, (9) 306 ; (18) 176.
—— scombri, (19) 135.
—-— stellata, (18) 178; (19) 133.
—— uncinata, (9) 306 ; (15) 155; (18) 177.
Anchovies, fisheries for, (8) 352.
—— migration of, (13) 333.
—— in English Channel, (8) 362.
—— in Scottish waters. (8) 15, 351.
Anchovy, embryo of, (16) 214.
fishing, relation of temperature to,
(9) 415.
life-history and development of, (6)
306.
—— larva of, (16) 215, 216, 217.
—— occurrence of, at Aberdeen, (20)
539.
—— occurrence of, in Firth of Forth,
(20) 539.
occurrence of, in Wigton Bay, (23)
252,
—— researches on, by Marion, (8) 353,
372.
—— spawning period of, (4) 252; (6)
306
Ancylopsetta, (18) 356.
Ancylus fluviatilis, (8) 338, 340, 341;
(13) 244, 249; (16) 251.
—— lacustris, (15) 320.
Anderson, M. J. G., (12) 24.
—— Mr J. M., (12) 218.
Anemonia sulcata, (15) 163.
Anemophila peltata, (21) 129.
Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, (4) 227; (18)
292.
—— occurrence of, (20) 541.
—-— parasites of, (20) 295.
Angler, monk, or frog-fish (Lophius
piscatorius), (18) 276; (19) 138.
—— age at maturity, (21) 194.
—— change of volume of eggs of, during
maturation, (16) 142.
—— character of yolk in, (16) 118.
—— development of, (9) 15, 343.
—-— distribution of, (21) 186.
—— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 176.
179
Angler, eggs of, (10) 297 ; (16) 150; (21)
189.
—— fecundity of, (9) 251.
—— food of, (7) 231, 236, 237, 240, 252 ;
(8) 232, 245, 249, 251, 256 ; (9) 232,
239, 240 ; (10) 229; (20) 486, 492 ; (21)
186, 195.
—— growth of, (21) 186, 189.
—— intraovarian eggs of, (16) 100.
—— larvex of, (21) 189.
—— maturation of eggs of, (16) 127.
mature and immature, (8) 166.
—-—- method of preparing, for market,
(20) 101.
—— migration of, (21) 189.
—— ovaries and ovarian eggs of, (9) 245;
(16) 125.
—-— parasites of, (9) 306; (18) 157, 181 ;
(19) 138 ; (22) 277.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349 ; (10) 239.
—— size at maturity,
194.
—— spawning of, (7) 197 ; (21) 189.
—— young, measurements of, (21 )187.
—— —— scarcity of, (8) 177 ; (21) 187.
Anguilla vulgaris. See Eel, common.
Animal colouring matters, (7) 386.
Ankerkuil fishery in Holland, (6) 307.
Annelid parasites of Sagitta, (14) 165.
Annelids and other forms as bait, (6)
298.
—— as food of cod, (4) 136, 145.
—.— as food of haddocks, (4) 129.
—— as herring-food, (4) 126.
Anodonta cygnea, (9) 271 ; (17) 159, 185.
Anomalocera patersonii, (4) 150 ; (6) 238;
(15) 147; (16) 177, 188, 189, 210 ; (17)
252 ; (19) 239.
Anomia ephippium, (7) 347 ; (15) 1238.
—— patelliformis, (15) 123.
Anonyx ampulla, (7) 320; (11) 212.
—— denticulatus, (8) 326.
—— edwardsii, (6) 246.
—— holbolli, (6) 230; (8) 326.
—— longipes, (7) 320.
—— nugax, (11) 212 ; (19) 258; (22) 243,
256.
Anstruther district, fish landed by net,
line, and steam-trawl boats in, (6) 136.
—— monthly ‘“‘ takes” of fish in, (6) 117.
—— monthly ‘‘take” of line and net
boats from inshore grounds, (6) 168.
—— statistics of fish canght in, (6) 117.
—— total quantity of white fish landed
by net and line boats in 1884, 1885,
1886, 1887, (6) 187.
Antedon bifida, (15) 161.
—— rosacea, (6) 230.
Anthocotyle merluccii, (19) 148.
Anthosoma crassum, (23) 112.
smithi (23) 112.
Anurea aculeata, (9) 280.
—— cochlearis, (9) 280.
Aora gracilis, (6) 248; (15) 140; (20)
523.
Apherusa bispinesa, (15) 139; (16) 170,
210; (20) 516.
—— borealis, (12) 264; (16) 170, 210;
(19) 262; (20) 491, 516, 527.
(10) 238; (21)
180
Aphoristia ornata, (18) 359.
Aphrodite aculeata, (15) 160.
—-- sp., (6) 230.
Aphya pellucida, spawning period of, (4)
245.
Apionichthys, (18) 358.
Aplysia punctuta, (15) 116.
Aporrhais pes-pelicani, (15) 118.
Apstein, Dr, (17) 100.
Arachnactis, sp., (15) 307, 308, 310.
Arca pectunculoides, (20), 449.
Archer, Mr Walter, (12) 294, 297.
Arcturella dilatata, (19) 236, 271; (20)
497 ; (23) 151.
Arcturus gracilis, (6) 252.
-—— intermedia, (6) 252.
—— longicornis, (6) 252.
Area of closed waters in Firth of Forth
and St. Andrews Bay, (14) 130.
Arenicola. See Lobworm.
Argentina silus. See Smelt, greater
silver.
Argentina sphyrena.
silver.
Argillecia cylindrica, (7) 319 ; (15) 142.
Argina pescata, (7) 341.
Argissa hamatipes, (11) 213, 214; (16)
170, 177, 210 ; (17) 265 ; (18) 401 ; (19)
259 ; (20) 513, 516, 527.
—— typica, (11) 213.
Argulus foliaceus, (18) 179.
Armed bullhead or pogge (A gonus cataph-
ractus), (4) 282 ; (9) 310; (15) 110; (18)
276; (21) 74; (23) 157.
—— age when first mature, (21) 77.
——— eggs of, (3) 60.
—— distribution of, (21) 74.
— — distribution of adult and immature
of, (8) 177.
—— fecundity of, (9) 250.
—— food of, (20) 486, 492,
—— growth of, (12) 334 ; (21) 76.
—— mature and immature, (8) 177.
—— parasites of, (18) 162 ; (19) 141.
—— post-larval forms, (7) 308.
— — proportion of sexes in, (21) 74.
—— relation of length to weight, (22)
239.
—— size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— spawning of, (7) 197 ; (13) 230; (21)
74
See Smelt, lesser
—— vitality of eggs of, (13) 230.
Arnoglossus grohmanni, (18) 357.
laterna. See Scald-fish.
megastoma. See Megrim.
Arpacticus nobilis, (21) 130.
Artificial hatching and rearing of sea-fish.
See Hatching.
—— baits, (7) 352.
Artotrogus boeckii, (6) 242 ; (11) 210.
—— magiiceps, (4) 154 ; (6) 233, 242,
—— normani, (6) 232 ; (20) 473.
—— orbicularis, (15) 154 ; (16) 272 ; (18)
400.
—— papillatus, (6) 232, 233, 234, 242;
(17) 262, 263.
Ascidia intestinalis, (9) 301.
—— mentula, (15) 114.
Ascidicola rosea, (6) 239; (15) 149; (20)
525.
Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Ascidiella scabra, (15) 114.
virginea, (15) 114.
Ascomyzon echinicola, (11) 210.
—— ornatus, (20) 472.
—-— simulans, (16) 270.
Ascroft, Mr R. L., (11) 489.
Asellopsis hispida, (8) 318.
Asellus aquaticus, (13), 249; (17) 139,
167, 168, 186.
Aspidiscus fasciatus, (10) 258.
Aspidoecia normani, (16) 279 ; (17) 268 ;
(20) 480; (22) 254.
Aspidophryxus peltatus, (15) 169; (18)
403
Astacilla, sp., (20) 497.
—— gracilis, (6) 252.
intermedia, (6) 252; (19), 271.
—— longicornis, (6) 252; (15) 136.
Astacus gammarus, (15) 131.
Astarte compressa, (15) 125.
-—— elliptica, (15) 125.
—— sulcata, (15) 125.
—— triangularis, (15) 125.
Asterias glacialis, (15) 161.
—— murray?t, (15) 161; (20) 111, 319, 324.
—— rubens, (15) 161; (20) 311, 319, 326.
—_— —-— spawning period of, (4) 216.
var. attenuata, (20) 311, 319,
324.
Asterionella formosa, (9), 274, 282.
Asterocheres echinicola, (16) 270; (18)
399.
——- lilljeborgi, (16) 270.
—— violaceus, (16) 270; (20) 472.
Asteromphalus atlanticus, (15) 297.
—— heptactis, (15) 297, 298.
—— ralfsianum, (15) 297.
Asterope marie, (8) 825 ; (15) 145 ; (20)
497, 511, 517.
—— teres, (5) 328 ; (15) 145.
Astronyx lovent, (20) 318, 319.
Astropecten irregularis, (20) 307, 319,
324.
—— limicola, (7) 113 ; (15) 165.
Astrorhiza arenaria, (19) 236, 257.
Atelecyclus heterodon, (6) 257.
-—— septemdentatus, (6) 257 ; (19) 279.
Athelges pagurt, (6) 251; (15) 136.
Atheresthes stomias, (18) 352.
Atherina hepsetus, eggs of, (9) 419.
—— fishery for, in France, (9) 419.
—— presbyter. See Smelt, sand.
Atlantic water in North Sea, (12) 352.
Attheyella crassa, (12) 286, 288 ; (13) 188,
244, 249; (14) 168, 239 ; (15) 320, 332;
(16) 252, 260 ; (17) 140, 145, 148.
—— cryptorum, (11) 225, 227, 228, 229,
236.
—— cuspidatum, (16) 260.
——— duthiei, (14) 239, 241 ; (17) 159, 164,
183, 189.
—— macandrewe, (13) 249, 253; (14)
168, 169.
—— propinqua, (11) 227, 236.
pygmea, (12) 286; (13) 188, 244,
249 ; (14) 168, 239 ; (15) 330, 331, 332 ;
(16) 252, 260 ; (17) 140, 145, 150.
spinosa, (9) 272, 276 ; (11) 225, 227,
229, 236.
—— zschokket, (13) 188, 244, 249; (14)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
239 ; (15) 320, 332 ; (16) 252, 260 ; (17)
140, 145, 159, 164, 168, 173, 183.
Atwater, Professor: Experiments on the
digestibility and composition of fish,
(5) 222.
Atylus bispinosus, (6) 247.
—— swammerdamit, (6) 247.
—— vedlomensis, (7) 321.
Aurelia aurita, (15) 136; (16) 210.
Auriculina insculpta, (15) 121.
——- obliqua, (15) 121.
Austria as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 168.
Autumn spawning of cod, (23) 253.
Autonoe longipes, (14) 161 ; (20) 503.
Axinus croulinensis, (15) 127.
—— ferruginosus, (15) 127.
—— flewuosus, (15) 127.
Azevia, (18) 356.
B
Bacillus flavus gelatinosus, (6) 210.
—— punctiformans, (6) 210.
—— rubescens, (6) 205, 212.
Bacteria, forms of, observed in river
water, (4) 177, 183; (5) 331.
—— in living fish, (6) 287.
in water of Tay, (4) 187.
Bacteriastrum delicatulum, (15) 298.
varians, (15) 214.
Bacterium innominatum, (6) 210.
rubiginosum, (6) 208.
Bag-net fishing, destruction of young
fishes by, (4) 206 ; (8) 190; (23) 156.
for sprats, (4) 205; (23) 161.
Bag-nets, (10) 172; (23) 161.
Bain, Mr Walter, (8) 23, 257;
177 5 (AO) 23); (LL) 24:
Baird, Professor Spencer, (5) 234; (6)
14, 301.
Bairdia complanata, (15) 142.
inflata, (8) 321 ; (16) 263; (19) 256.
Bait, annelids as, (6) 270.
—— artificial, (7) 352, 353 ; (8) 362.
Buccinum undatum as, (7) 347, 352,
356.
bullock’s liver as, (7) 354,
clam as, (7) 352, 354, 356.
cockle, (7) 328, 352, 354, 356.
—— crabs as, (18) 140.
cuttle-fish as, (7) 354.
deficiency of, (6) 11, 12, 22.
earthworms as, (7) 354, 356.
enquiries into the supplies of, (7) 11.
experiments on preserving mussels
for (5) 358.
experiments on the value of different
baits, (7) 352.
fisheries, (9) 17; (10) 16.
—— Helix aspersa as, (7) 356.
nemoralis as, (7) 356.
—— herring as, (7) 352, 354, 356.
limpet as, (7) 352, 354, 356.
ling as, (7) 356.
—— lugworm as, (7) 352, 354, 356.
—— lumpsucker ova as, (6) 273.
—— mussel as, (7) 354.
—— mussels preserved in boracic acid
as, (7) 354.
(9) 21,
181
Bait, Nephrops norvegicus as, (7) 356.
—— shell-fishes as, (4) 217 ; (6) 273.
—— snails as, (7) 354.
Solen siliqua as, (7) 352.
—— squid as, (7) 352, 356.
— whelk as (7) 354.
Baited hooks, injuries to, (4) 203.
Balani, (6) 262 ; (16) 201, 202, 208.; (20)
Ooo:
Balanoglossus, (7) 387.
Balanus (Cypris stage), (20) 489, 492, 495,
500, 501, 503, 505, 507, 511, 517, 520,
521.
balanoides, (6) 236, 251; (15) 155.
crenatus, (6) 237 ; (15) 155.
— hameri, (6) 237 ; (15) 155.
—— porcatus, (6) 236 ; (15) 155.
tintinnabulum, (6) 237.
Ballan wrasse. See Wrasse, ballan.
Ballantrae Bank, alleged injurious action
of herring seine at, (18) 259.
herring spawning ground at,
(2) 65.
as spawning ground for Loch
Fyne herrings, (18) 253, 260.
—— —— herring fishery, statistics of,
(18) 261.
herring fishing at, (4) 57.
—— seine-net fishing at, (11) 5; (12) 18;
(13) 13; (14) 14.
Baltimore Fishery School, (6) 301.
Barra, cockle-beds of, (8) 19.
mackerel of, (12) 17; (13) 18.
Barrett, Dr W. H., (3) 70.
Basking shark. See Shark, basking.
Bass (Labrax lupus), (6) 275 ; (21) 229;
(23) 109, 117.
spawning period of, (4) 244.
Bateson, Mr W., (7) 385; (8) 362.
Bathyporeia norvegica, (11) 213;
259 ; (20) 477, 516, 535.
—— pelagica (11) 213.
—— pilosa, (6) 246 ; (11) 213.
robertsonit, (11) 213; (15) 137.
—— sp., (16) 210.
Bay of Biscay, statistics of catches of
trawler at, (20) 135.
Beam-trawl, action of, on eggs of herrings,
(3) 58. :
efficiency of, compared with otter-
trawl, (20) 118, 123, 124, 125; (21) 30.
--— vitality of fish caught by, (8) 183.
nets, new inventions, (7) 29.
Beam-trawlers, fish landed by, (10) 13;
Gn 22) Ise
—— illegal operations of, (9) 3, 4, 6.
statistics of, (9) 89; (12) 177.
Beam-trawling. See also Trawling.
(7) 2s (10) TO} 16} 18t 5 (LL) 9; TO:
area of water closed to, (12) 8.
capture of immature fish by, (8)
179; (9) 29.
— effect of, on eggs of fishes and
young fishes, (12) 193.
— effect of, on invertebrate fauna and
fish-food, (12) 184.
—— enquiry on influence of, (14) 10, 17.
influence of, (15) 8; (8) 8; (12) 8.
—— in Ireland, enquiry on, (8) 361.
investigations of, (13) 11, 17.
(19)
182
Beam-trawling in relation to the fishing
grounds and fishes, (12) 176.
(9)
24, 25.
—— regulations of, in Ireland, (12) 388.
—— regulations regarding, (1 9) 9.
-—— report on, (9) 21; (10) 23.
result of closure of inshore waters
to, (12) 167.
Beard, Dr John, (8) 15, 300.
Beaumont, Dr, experiments on digesti-
bility of fish, (5) 2238.
Bela trevelyana, (15) 118.
turricola, (15) 118.
Belgium as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 165.
destruction of immature fish
(8) 374.
—— enquiry on the destruction of im-
mature fish in, (9) 416.
fishery enquiries in, (9) 416.
Bellia arenaria, (10) 264.
Belone vulgaris. See Garfish.
Beneden, Professor van, (9) 416.
Bergylt.. See Haddock, Norway.
Berry, Mr, Danish Consul-General, (13)
IME
Bib, brassie, or
luscus), (18) 282.
caught by bait, (7) 356.
eggs of, (4) 212; (8) 28; (16) 91,
114, 115; (17) 82-84, 93, 94, 96, 104, 106.
fecundity of, (9) 256.
food of, (6) 240; (8) 251; (20) 486,
Ses (21) 22
— in Loch Fyne, (4) 232; 15, 111.
mature and immature, (8) Wide
in,
whiting-pout (Gadus
parasites of, (19) 141 ; (22) 278 ; (23)
108, 1lé
proportion of males to females,
(8) 349
question of specific distinction from
poor-cod, (4) 208.
sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
spawning of, (7) 197; (8) 268.
spawning period of, (4) 247 ; (
Liddulphia, sp., (15) 213.
Biétrix, M., (9) 418.
Biloculina depressa, (7) 312; (15) 16
(20) 510, 537.
' (7) 812; (1
—— oblonga, (20) 510.
ringens, (7) 312; (15) 165.
subrotunda, (20) 510.
Bimaculated sucker (Lepadogaster bima-
culatus), (15) 257, 259 ; (17) 126.
development of, (14) 178.
eggs of, (3) 60.
Binnie, Mr F., (9) 311, 389.
Biological station at Puffin Island, work
of, (9) 393.
Black Loch, Argyllshire,
fauna of, (15) 318.
Black-mouthed dog-fish.
black-mouthed.
Black sole. See Sole.
Blanchard, Dr R., (9) 421; (13) 165.
Blennius pholis. See Shanny.
Blenny, sharp-tailed. See Lumpenus,
sharp-tailed.
17) 98.
~
55
5) 165.
invertebrate
See Dog-fish,
Part LI1I.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Blenny, viviparous (Zoarces viviparus),
(18) 280.
, (4) 213.
—— —— embryo of, (3) 57.
—— food of, (20) 486, 501.
—— —— food of young of, (3) 58.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— spawning period of, (4) 245.
young of, (3) 57.
Yarrell’s (Chirolophis galerita), (4)
213, 222, 232; (6) 276; (8) 358; (15)
110; (18) 280.
Blood of Nephrops norvegicus, (4) 171.
Blue shark. See Shark, blue.
Boar-fish (Capros aper), spawning period
of, (4) 245.
Boeckia arenicola, (10) 262
Bodotria arenosa, (6) 253 ;
scorproides, 20, 510.
Bohuslin, fisheries of, (9) 408.
Bolivina dilatata, (7) 315 ; (16) 276.
levigata, (16) 276.
plicata, (16) 276.
—— punetata, (7) 315 ; (16) 276.
Bolocera tuediw, (15) 163.
Bomolochus onosi, (20) 288 ;
solew, (11) 212; (18) 146;
(20) 288 ; (23) 108,
zeugopterr, (20) 290.
Bonito (Thynnus pelamys), (18) 2 ee:
belted (Pelamys sarda), (18) 2 ‘
Boopsetta, (18) 361.
Bopyroides hippolytis, (17) 266.
Boracie acid, curing of dried fish with,
(6) 212.
Boreophausia inermis, (7) 3
; (18) 399.
(19) 273.
(23) 110.
(19) 121;
raschii, (4) 157; ae 34, 2553; (7)
324 ; (8). 330)34(15)/ 13357 6) 158, 160,
209; (17) 267.
—— —— as herring-food, (4) 123, 124.
Borgers, M. Auguste, (9) 207, 416.
Boring worms, (4) 217.
Borodine, Dr N., (12) 404.
Bosmina longirostris, (9) 273, 280, 282,
291 ; (12) 286, 288; (18) 188, 245, 250;
(14) 168, 239 ; (15) 321, 333 ; (16) 252,
258, 260; (17) 138, 140, 145, 149, 155,
164, 168, 173, 184; (20) 505.
—— longispina, (9) 282, 291; (11) 231;
(14) 168, 239; (16) 260 ; (17) 138, 140,
148.153, 164. Vales.) diGsemes
179, 181, 182, 184.
Boston fish bureau, report of, (13) 338.
Botachus cylindratus, (15) 148.
Bothine, (18) 351.
Bothriocephalus latus, (9) 273.
Bothus maximus. See Turbot.
rhombus. See Brill.
Botryllophilus ruber, (18) 388 ; (19) 242.
Bottemanne, Mr C. J., (10) 350.
Bouchét system of mussel culture, (7
331, 3345 (8))17.5 (9) 212:
cost of, (9) 218.
mussel culture and the Bouchot
experiments at St. Andrews, (9) 16,
AAR
Boulenger, Mr, (18) 335.
Bounty system in Canada, (12) 391.
Bourne, Mr Gilbert C., (6) 298: (7) 384,
387 ; (8 ) 361.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Brachiella bispinosa, (19) 132.
impudica, (18) 169.
imsidiosa, (18) 175.
—— merluccit, (18) 175.
—— ovalis, (19) 133.
—— pastinace, (22) 275, 278.
rostrata, (18) 174.
trigle, (19) 133; (23) 115.
Brachiopoda of Loch Fyne, (15) 129.
Brachypleura, (18) 361.
Brackish water, crustacea of, (15) 317.
Brady, Sir Thomas, (8) 21; (9) 20.
Professor G. S., (5) 328 ; (6) 29, 232;
(9) 269 ; (10) 244.
oo elegans, (13) 166; (15) 149; (19)
247.
—— fusca, (13) 166.
hirsuta, (13) 166 ; (17) 253 ; (19) 247.
—— minor, (13) 166; (21) 113.
similis, (15) 149; (19) 248.
—— typica, (13) 116; (17) 253; (19) 247;
(20) 503, 517.
Bradyidius armatus, (16) 264; (17) 248,
270; (18) 383; (19) 238 ; (20) 451.
Bradypontius chelifer, (17) 262.
magniceps, (15) 154; (20) 473.
normani, (15) 154; (20) 473.
papilatus, (17) 262.
Brain of sand-eel, development of, (13)
276.
Brama rau. See Bream, Ray’s.
Branchiostomalanceolatum. See Lancelet.
Brand, herring, complaints regarding
trustworthiness of, (7) 170.
Brassie. See Bib.
Bream, black sea (Cantharus lineatus), (4)
244; (20) 540.
common sea- (Pagellus
dontus), (4) 244 ; (18) 274.
Ray’s (Brama raiz), (18) 277.
Brill (Rhombus levis, Bothus rhombus),
(18) 257, 285 ; (21) 51.
development of, (9) 317; (10) 294.
—— distribution of, (21) 51.
distribution of adults and immature,
(8) 172.
—— distribution of eggs of, (15) 242.
—— distribution of young, (10) 280.
—— eggs of, (16) 91, 114, 115; (17) 88,
93
centro-
—— fecundity of, (9) 262.
food of, (7) 240 ; (21) 52.
growth of, (9) 391 ; (11) 195.
—— mature and immature, (8) 172.
—— migrations of, (21) 51.
—— parasites of, (18) 154; (19) 141.
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 307.
sexual proportions of, (8) 349; (10)
239.
size at maturity of, (10) 238.
size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
— spawning period of, (4) 250; (7)
192 ; (8) 265; (10) 232, 234 ; (15) 243;
(17) 98.
young of, (11) 246.
Brissopsis lyrifera, (7) 316; (15) 162;
(20) 317, 319, 324.
Brodick lobster pond, (18) 119; (12) ;
(14) 14, 190.
185
Brook, Mr George, (3) 32; (4) 31, 128,
134, 222, 231, 242 ; (5) 326, 347 ; (8) 363.
Brosmius brosme. See Tusk.
Brown, Dr H. Reynolds, (12) 297.
Buccinum undatum, (15) 118 ; (20) 507,
Sa
as bait, (7) 347, 352, 356.
egg cases of, (7) 337.
Buch, Mr, (6) 16.
Buchan Deep, (9) 181.
Buckhaven haddock and cod line fishery,
(6) 95, 96 ; (7) 95 (8) 29; (9) 28; (10)
29 ; (11) 30; (12) 31; (14) 23.
Buckland, Mr F., (10) 178.
Buywa turbinata, (15) 156.
Bulimina elegans, (8) 315.
—— elegantissima, (8) 316 ; (16) 276.
Susiformis, (8 :
marginata, (15)
—— pupoides, (7) 31
Bulla utriculus, (6) 265 ; (15) 116.
Bullhead, Norway (Cottus lilljeborgit),
(18) 275.
Burbot (Lota vulgaris), (4) 249.
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, (6) 301.
Burghead Bay, deep-water fishes present
im, (21) 35.
trawling investigations
Trawling investigations.
Butter-fish. See Gunnel.
Byblis gaimardi, (6) 248 ; (19) 236, 260.
Bye-law closing the Firth of Forth, St.
Andrews Bay, and Aberdeen Bay to
beam-trawling, 1886, (5) 44.
Bye-laws concerning trawling, (5) 44; (6)
22655 ( 7) 55) (8) 22's (923:
Byrne, Mr W. L., (20) 541.
Bythocythere constricta, (7) 318;
144.
recta, (8) 324.
simplex, (6) 244; (15) 145; (20) 503,
511, 520, 523.
—— turgida, (8) 324; (15) 144; (20)
497, 511, 520.
Bythotrephes cederstromi, (9) 295.
— longimanus, (9) 273, 280, 295 ; (11)
234; (12) 286; (14) 168; (17) 138,
144, 148, 153, 163, 171, 176, 177, 178,
179, 181, 182, 185, 201.
in. See
(15)
C
Cecum glabrum, (15) 119.
Cadulus subfusiformis, (20) 449.
Caine, Mr W. 8., M.P., (12) 287.
Caithness, hauls off, (21) 18.
Calanus elongatus, (18) 383.
—— finmarchicus, (6) 228, 237 ; (10) 246 ;
(15) 145, 305, 306, 387-312; (16) 177-
180, 207, 210; (17) 114; (20) 491, 494,
500, 504, &e.
—— —— as herring-food, (4) 125.
—— —— distribution of, in Firth of
Forth, (16) 180.
—— ——- pelagic eggs of, (8) 363.
—— hyperboreus, (20) 450.
—— parvus, (17) 248; (18) 383.
Calderwood, Mr W.L., (4) 102, 147, 228;
(5) 45; (6) 263; (7) 183; (9) 331, 391 ;
(11) 490.
184
Caligus abbreviatus, (23) 109.
brevipedis, (20) 291; (28) 110.
crassus, (28) 112.
—— curtus, (18) 148.
—— diaphanus, (9) 304; (18) 149.
—— isonyx, (9) 310; (18) 149.
—-—- mulleri, (9) 805 ; (18) 148.
minimus, (23)
minutus, (23) 109.
—— normamni, (18) 151.
—— obscurus, (18) 153.
—— productus, (19) 124.
-—— rapax, (9) 305; (15) 155; (16) 177,
190, 210; (18) 148.
——- scombri, (19) 124.
Caligidiuwm vagabundum, (20) 473.
Calocaris macandrei, (6) 265; (15) 131;
(20) 448, 480.
Callianassa subterranea, (19) 278.
Calliaxis adriatica, (18) 405.
Callicotyle kroyeri, (20) 299, 536.
Calliobdella lophii, (19) 138. -
Callionymus lyra. See Dragonet, gem-
meous.
maculatus. See Dragonet, spotted.
Calliope jingalli, (8) 328.
—— ossiant, (8) 328.
Calliopius bidentatus, (6) 247.
—— leviusculus, (6) 247 ; (20) 500.
—— rathkei, (14) 160.
Callisoma crenata, (7) 319 ; (15) 137 ; (16)
170, 176, 210; (18) 181; (20) 516.
Callista yigantea, (7) 341.
Campbell, Captain R., (11) 24; (12) 24;
(13) 18, 165.
Campanularia verticillata, (15) 164.
Camptocercus macrurus, (11) 232; (12)
286 ; (13) 245; (15) 330, 311, 333.
rectirostris, (17) 140, 155, 171, 173,
179, 184, 200.
Campylaspis affinis, (8) 330.
costata, (15) 135 ; (19) 236, 276.
—— rubicunda, (8) 380; (15) 1385; (16)
167, 209 ; (17) 267 ; (18) 403 ; (19) 236,
276; (20) 510.
Campylodiscus costatus, (9) 274.
Canada, enquiry regarding the cure of
herrings, (8) 364.
—-—- fisheries of, (12) 390.
—— fishery work in, (8) 364; (9) 396;
(10) 334; (11) 493 ; (12) 390.
—— lobster fisheries of, (6) 192.
—— money spent on fisheries in, (12)
—— statistics of fisheries of, (9) 396.
Cancer mawillaris, (7) 321.
—— pagurus. See Crab, edible.
Cancerilla tubulata, (11) 211; (20) 449,
473.
—— tubulosa, (19) 236
Cancerina confusa, (19) 236, 252; (20)
481.
Candace pectinata, (8) 317; (10) 246;
(16) 177, 189, 210; (17) 251, 270; (19)
239; (20) 517, 5382 ; (21) 113.
Candona acuminata, (8) 338, 339, 340,
341, 344; (9) 286; (17) 140, 184, 190.
—— ambigua, (9) 277, 296.
—— candida, (8) 322, 336, 337, 339, 340,
341, 343; (9) 273, 276, 282, 283, 284,
Part III —Twenty-third Annual Report
286, 288 ; (11) 230; (12) 286 ; (13) 188,
245, 250, 255 ; (14) 168, 239; (15) 318,
321, 333 ; (16) 252, 257, 260 ; (17) 140,
145, 150, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173, 184.
Candona compressa, (15) 321, 326; (16)
252; (17) 140, 164, 184.
—— detecta, (8) 343.
—— diaphana, (8) 344.
—— fabeformis, (8) 341, 344; (9) 277,
284 ; (17) 149, 160, 168, 184.
—— hyalina, (9) 277, 284, 288 ; (15) 318,
321 ; (16) 250, 252 ; (17) 140, 145, 150,
173, 184, 191.
—— kingsleit, (5) 328 ; (8) 336, 337, 339,
340, 341, 344; (9) 273, 277, 282, 284,
286, 288; (11) 230; (13) 245; (14) 168 ;
(15) 821 ; (16) 252 ; (17) 145, 150, 155,
160, 164, 168, 173, 184.
—— lactea, (8) 339, 340, 343; (9) 273,
276, 282, 286, 288 ; (12) 286; (15) 318,
321; (16) 252; (17) 160, 164, 184.
—-— lucens, (8) 3438.
—— pubescens, (9) 273, 276, 282,
288, 296 ; (13) 245.
—— reptans, (8) 342.
—— rostrata, (8) 336, 337, 340, 341; (9)
276, 284; (17) 160, 168, 173, 184.
—— similis, (8) 342.
Cantharus lneatus, spawning period of,
(4) 244.
Canthocumptus brevipes, (11) 235, 236.
——- crassus, (11) 235, 236 ; (20) 505.
—— cryptorum, (11) 225.
—— cuspidatus, (15) 319, 320, 323, 330,
331, 332 ; (16) 258.
—— hirticornis, (13) 188, 244, 251; (14)
162, 293 ; (15) 317, 330;/33157332)55(16)
951, 252, 257, 260; (17) 140, 183, 189.
—— imus, (20) 457.
—— inconspicuus, (18) 390; (21) 117.
——- mmornatus, (15) 319, 320, 323; (16)
250, 252 ; (17) 144, 145, 150, 155, 159,
161, 168, 183, 188.
—— minutus, (8) 338, 339, 341; (9) 272,
276, 282, 284 ; (14) 239 ; (15) 318, 320;
(16) 252, 257, 260; (17) 140, 145, 150,
155, 159, 164, 168, 173, 183, 188; (20)
505.
—-— palustris, (9) 302; (14) 289; (15)
317
286,
-—— parvus, (14) 162; (21) 117.
—— pygmeus, (11) 235, 236.
—— schmeilii, (16) 250, 252; (17) 140,
141, 164, 172, 173, 183, 188.
—— staphylinus, (13) 249; (14) 167, 168,
239 ; (15) 320, 332; (16) 252, 260; (17)
140, 145, 150, 155, 159, 164, 168, 173,
183; (20) 505.
zschokkei, (20) 505.
Canu, Dr, (11) 16, 345; (14) 151.
Canuella perplewa, (11) 201; (18) 389;
(19) 245 ; (20) 525.
Capelin (Madllotus villosus) as food for
cod, (4) 134.
attacked by squids, (3) 68.
Caprella acanthifera, (6) 250; (15) 141.
linearis, (6) 250; (15) 141; (18) 402.
—— lobata, (6) 250.
—— septentrionalis, (18) 402; (19) 267,
271 ; (20) 507, 519.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Caprella tuberculata, (6) 250.
typica, (6) 250.
Capros aper. See Boar-fish.
Capture of immature fish.
immature.
Capture and destruction of immature
fish, (13) 133.
Capture of immature fish by different-
sized hooks, (13) 133.
Capulus hungaricus, (15) 120.
Caranx trachurus. See Horse-mackerel.
Carcharias glaucus. See Shark, blue.
Carcinus menas, (6) 257 ; (15) 130; (20)
507, 533, 534.
—— development of, (21) 142.
effect of cold on movement of, (22)
125;
—— eggs of, (21) 138.
—— external sexual characters of, (21)
160.
—— hatching period of, (21) 137.
—— impregnation in, (22) 101, 107.
—— larval stages of, (21) 139.
—— megalops of, (21) 139.
—— moulting of, (21) 173.
—— rate of growth of, (21) 163.
—— sizes of the different stages of, (21)
162.
—— spawning of, (21) 138, 174; (22) 118,
120
See Fish,
—— zoéa of, (21) 139.
Cardium, (6) 231 ; (20) 503, 507, 510
—— echinatum, (15) 126 ; (20) 527.
—— edule, (15) 126.
—— exiguum, (15) 126.
—— fasciatum, (15) 126.
—— nodosum, (8) 330; (15) 126.
—— papillosum, (15) 126.
See also Cockle.
Carelophus ascanii. See Blenny, Yarrell’s.
Caridion gordoni, (15) 132; (19) 278.
Carp (Cyprinus carpis), spawnirg period
of, (4) 252.
Caryophyllia smithii, (15) 163.
Caseous tumours in muscles of hake, (3)
76.
Cassidulina crassa, (16) 276.
Casting of edible crab, periodicity of,
(22) 121.
of lobster, periodicity of, (23) 89, 95.
Cat-fish (Anarrhichas lupus), (21) 63.
—— distribution of, (21) 63.
—— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 176.
—— early stages of, (8) 286.
—— eggs of, (3) 58; (5) 356;
(16) 91; (23) 252.
—— fecundity of, (9) 253.
(9) 253 ;
food of, (7) 448 ; (8) 231, 244, 251 ;
(9) 232, 235, 239, 240 ; (10) 229; (20)
312, 486, 500 ; (21) 24),
hatching period of, (8) 286.
mature and immature, (8) 176.
—— migration of, (21) 64.
minimum size at maturity, (8) 161,
162, 163.
on deep-water grounds, (21) 23.
ovaries of, (3) 58.
parasites of, (9) 306; (18) 176;
140 ; (23) 114.
(19)
185
Cat-fish, proportion of males to females,
(8) 349 ; (LO) 239.
rarity of small specimens of, (21) 64.
size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— spawning period of, (4) 245; (7)
197 ; (8) 269; (21) 64; (23) 252.
young of, (4) 213.
Cecrops latreillii, (9) 305 ; (18) 157 ; (19)
126.
Cellaria fistulosa, (15) 156.
Cellepora avicularis, (15) 156.
—— pumicosa, (15) 156.
ramulosa, (15) 156.
Centrolabrus exoletus, (4) 223, 232; (15)
111; (18) 282.
Centronotus gunnellus. See Gunnel.
Centropages hamatus, (4) 149; (6) 237;
(15) 146 ;
532, 533.
(16) 177, 210; (19) 238;
a(4) R25:
—— typicus, (4) 149; (6) 237; (15) 146,
305, 306, 308, 311, 314; (16) 177, 210;
(17) 250 ; (19) 238 ; (20) 494, 513, 521.
Cephalopods eaten by anglers, (21) 199.
eaten by king-fish, (21) 219.
Cepola rubescens. See Red Band Fish.
Cerapus abditus, (6) 249.
crassicornis, (11) 215.
difformis, (6) 249.
Cerataulina bergonii, (15) 214, 298.
Ceratium, sp., (15) 213.
Jurca, (15) 298, 301.
— fusus, (15) 298, 301.
longicorne, (9) 280.
tripos, (15) 298, 301.
Ceratoneis arcus, (9) 274.
Cerebratulus angulatus, (12) 265.
Cerianthus lloydii, (10) 266.
Ceriodaphniu laticaudata, (13) 250 ; (15)
321; (17) 160, 168, 184, 191.
—— punctata, (9) 282, 290, 296.
quadrangulata, (13) 188, 245, 250;
(15) 330; (16) 252; (17) 167, 168, 184,
191.
— reticulata, (9) 277, 283, 289; (13)
250 ; (17) 158, 184.
rotunda, (15) 321.
Cerithiopsis tubercularis, (15) 119.
Cervinia bradyi, (17) 252 ; (19) 250.
Cetacea, development of, (6) 302.
Chabry, M., (9) 418.
Cheetoceros atlanticus, (15) 298.
—— borealis, (15) 214, 298.
commutatus, (15) 214,
—— constrictus, (15) 214.
contortus, (15) 214.
— criophilus, (15) 214, 298.
— currens, (15) 298, 299.
—— curvisetus (15) 214, 298.
—— debilis, (15) 214.
—— decipiens, (15) 214, 298, 299.
— diadema, (15) 214.
didymus, (15) 214.
—— peruvianus, (15) 298, 299.
—— scolopendra, (15) 214.
—— septentrionalis (15) 214.
Chetopterus variopedatus, (15) 159.
Charopinus dalmanni, (9) 310; (18) 169,
170 ; (19) 180.
—— dubius, (18) 170 ; (19) 130.
(20)
186
Charopinus ramosus, (18) 171; (19) 130.
Charts showing areas of North Sea in
connection with trawling statistics, (20)
137.
Chascanopsetta, (18) 361.
Cheirocrates assimilis, (14) 160; (15) 140;
(19) 264 ; (20) 478.
—— intermedius, (14) 160; (15) 140; (18)
402 ; (20) 492, 496, 527.
—— sundewalli, (14) 160; (15) 140 ; (20)
478, 523.
Chemical composition of water of the
North Sea, (7) 448.
Cheraphilus echinulatus, (15) 132.
—-— nanus, (16) 156, 157, 209.
—— neglectus, (4) 155; (15) 182; (19) 278.
Chicago Exhibition, fishery exhibits at,
(13) 338.
Chimera monstrosa, (21) 224.
Chirolophis galerita. See Blenny, Yar-
rell’s,
Chiton, (6) 231 ; (20) 527.
cinereus, (15) 122.
—— fascicularis, (15) 122.
—— marginatus, (15) 1238.
—— marmoreus, (15) 128.
—— ruber, (15) 123.
Chittenden and Cummins, experiments on
the digestibility of fish, (5) 222.
Chondracanthus annulatus, (18) 164.
—— clavatus, (18) 165.
—— cornutus, (9) 306 ; (18) 164.
depressus, (23) 114.
—— flure, (18) 166.
— — limande, (18) 167.
—— lophii, (9) 306; (18) 167.
—— merluccit, (10) 262 ; (18) 166.
—— ornatus, (18) 168; (19) 129;
298.
-—— sole, (18) 165.
—— trigle, (18) 163.
—— xei, (10) 262 ; (18) 167.
Choniostoma hanseni, (22) 254.
mirabilis, (22) 254.
Chydorus barbatus, (13) 188, 190, 245,
250; (14) 168, 2389; (15) 321, 333;
(16) 252, 260; (17) 140, 145, 150, 155,
164, 173, 185 ; (20) 505.
—— celatus, (16) 252; (20) 505; (17)
140, 145, 150, 155, 168, 173, 185, 201.
—— globosus, (9) 280, 282, 295 ; (13) 188,
250 ; (14) 239 ; (15) 330, 331, 333; (16)
252 ; (17) 140, 155, 185, 201.
—— latus, (14) 168,°239; (17) 145, 155,
185, 201.
miillert, (11) 234.
— ovalis, (13) 188, 190; (15) 321; (17)
164, 185, 201.
sphwricus, (8) 339, 341 ; (9) 273, 277,
982, 284, 295; (11) 234; (12) 286,
288 ; (13) 188, 245, 250; (14) 168, 239;
(15) 321, 333 ; (16) 250, 252, 260; (17)
140, 145, 149, 150, &e. ; (20) 505.
Cingula trifasciata, (15) 120.
Ciona intestinales, (15) 114.
Circe minima, (8) 331 ; (15) 126.
Circulation of water in Loch Fyne, (15)
262.
Circulatory system in teleostean embryos,
(16) 213.
Part ITI. —Twenty-third Annual Report
Cirolana borealis, (18) 180; (19) 270.
spinipes, (15) 135.
| Cirratulus, sp., (15) 158.
| Citharichthys, (18) 355, 356.
| —— sordidus, (18) 356.
Citharus, (18) 355, 356.
—— linguatula (18) 356.
City of Edinburgh, oyster beds of, (14)
IBY ay ;
Cladocera of Duddingston Loch, (17)
167, 168.
—-—- of Firth of Forth, (16) 177.
—— ot Lochs and Inland Waters.
Fauna, invertebrate.
Clam or scallop (Pecten), development of,
(8) 15, 290.
Clam-bait beds, (7) 341; (9) 17.
Clam-beds of the Firth of Forth, (7) 11,
341; (14) 269.
—— yield of, (10) 17.
Clark, Mr W. Eagle, (13) 165.
Clarkson, Dr R. D., (5) 22).
Classification of flat fishes, (18) 335, 351.
Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, (6) 204.
Clathurella linearis, (15) 117.
—— purpurea, (15) 117.
— — reticulata, (45) 117.
—— teres, (15) 117.
Clausia cluthe, (18) 396.
—— elongata, (6) 237.
Clavella cluthe, (20) 292.
—— hippoglossi, (18) 159; (19) 126.
—— labracis, (19) 127 ; (20) 292.
Cleethorpes, fish-hatching at, (8) 361.
Cleland, Professor, (4) 211.
Cleta horrida, (10) 255.
—— lamellifera, (6) 240.
-—— lata, (10) 257 ; (21) 191.
—— minuticornis, (10) 255.
—-— serrata, (8) 318.
—— similis, (6) 239.
Cletodes curvirostris, (12) 250; (15) 151.
—— hirsutipes, (15) 171; (19) 249.
—— irrasa, (12) 250 ; (19) 249.
—— limicola, (6) 240; (8) 319; (21) 120.
—— linearis, (11) 204; (15) 151; (19)
See
—-—- longicaudata, (8) 319 ; (15) 151 ; (20)
465, 503.
—— monensis, (19) 249.
—— neglecta, (21) 120.
—— perplexa, (17) 257; (19) 249.
—— propmnqua, (6) 240; (21) 121.
sarsi, (23) 146.
—— similis, (13) 168 ; (16) 268.
—— tenwipes, (15) 170; (17) 256.
—— tenuiremis, (11) 204.
Cleve, Professor P. T., (15) 297.
Clio borealis, (7) 325.
—— pyramidata, (19) 236.
—— retusa, (7) 325.
Clione borealis, (6) 280; (7) 325; (16) 155,
209 ; (22) 256.
Close time for crab fishing, (18) 140.
Closed areas, physical characters of, (14)
130.
Closure of waters to beam-trawling,
results of, (14) 12, 133.
Closure of areas offshore, (14) 148.
Clupea alosa, See Shad, allis.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Clupea finta.
harengus.
See Shad, twaite.
See Herring.
pilchardus. See Pilchard, sardine.
sprattus. See Sprat.
Clupeoids, structure of, (5) 257.
Clyde mussel-beds, (10) 17, 194.
Clymene amphistoma, (15) 158.
gracilis, (15) 158.
Clypeoniscus hansent, (14) 165.
Coal-fish, green-cod or saithe (Gadus
virens), (18) 283 ; (21) 59.
anatomical differences of, from cod
and pollack, (20) 250.
comparison between, and cod and
pollack, (20) 228, 244.
development of, (12) 19.
distribution of, (21) 59.
esti : &
— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 176.
distribution of eggs of, (15) 243.
eggs of, (10) 287; (11) 242; (14) 171;
(16) 91, 114.
eggs of, in Firth of Clyde, (15) 249 ;
(17) 82, 83, 84, 93, 96, 103, 106.
fecundity of, (9) 257.
food of, (20) 313, 487, 517; (2
food of young of, (5) 327; (8)
—— habitat of young of, (5) 326 ;
—— in Loch Fyne, (4) 233; (15)
—— mature and immature, (8) 1
migrations of, (21) 60.
— osteology of, (20) 228, 251.
—— parasites of, (18) 180.
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 307.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— spawning areas of, (15) 243.
a in Dornoch Firth, (23) 20.
——- —— period of, (4) 247; (7) 195;
(8) 268 ; (10) 232 ; (15) 243; (17) 97.
specific description of, (20) 248.
specimens of, stranded on beach, (4)
209.
tumour on stomach of, (13) 236.
Cobbler. See Scorpion, sea-.
Cocconeis pediculus, (9) 274.
scutellum, (9) 274.
Cochlodesma pretenue, (15) 129.
Cockle-beds of Barra, (8) 211.
Cockle as bait, (7) 328, 352, 356.
and its habits, (8) 212.
Cockles, (8) 19, 215.
Cod (Gadus callarias), (18) 282 ; (21) 54.
age of, (19) 228.
anatomical differences from coal-fish
and pollack, (20) 250.
—— artificial fertilisation of eggs of, (3)
Bo:
carbo-hydrates in liver of, (2) 39.
comparison between, and coal-fish
and pollack, (20) 228, 244.
composition of, (5) 228.
cystic tumour in head of, (4) 215.
—— digestibility of, (5) 228.
digestion in, (2) 39.
distribution of, at various stages,
(21) 54.
—— distribution of adults and immature,
(8) 173.
—— distribution of eggs of, in Firth of
Clyde, (15) 249.
187
Cod dried, in Spain, (10) 170.
—— eggs of, (3) 53 ; (7) 305; (8) 284; (15)
249 ; (16) 91, 114, 115; (17) 82-84, 93,
96, 103, 106. -
—— —— Sars’ discovery that they float,
(16) 88.
in Firth of Forth, (15) 221.
—— fecundity of, (9) 254.
fishery at Iceland, (13) 346.
—— —_— at Lofotens, (13) 339,
--._— —— in Newfoundland, decline of,
(13) 336.
—-— feeding on herring, (4) 135.
—— feeding on herring-eggs, (4) 135.
—-— food of, (4) 184; (7) 227, 234, 235,
237, 239, 240, 247, 257; (8) 231, 239,
249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256; (9)
235, 237 ; (10) 215, 224; (20) 307, 308,
312, 313, 486, 505.
—— food of, seasonal change in, (4) 135.
—— food of young of, (5) 326 ; (8) 254.
—— fungoid growths on preserved, (6)
204.
—— growth of, in tanks, (5) 235; (7)
404 ; (19) 228.
—-— growth, rate of, (5) 243: (11) 195;
(15) 176; (19) 154, 214; (23) 128, 1380,
137.
—— habitat of larve, (15) 194.
—— habitat of young of, (5) 326, (15)
194.
—— hatching of eggs of, (2) 47; (13) 9,
123.
—— hatching of, in America, (3) 84; (9)
401; (12) 394; (13) 337.
—-— hatching of, in Newfoundland, (8)
365 ; (9) 398 ; (13) 335.
—— hatching of, in Norway, (5) 235;
(6) 305 ; (8) 3745; (12) 398; (13) 339;
(17) 208.
—— hermaphroditism in, (13) 297.
——- influence of temperature on hatching
of, (5) 242.
influence of temperature on growth
of, (22) 159, 164, 170.
—— life-history of, (15) 194.
lines of growth in otoliths of, (23)
128.
lines of growth in scales of, (23) 130.
—— mature and immature, (8) 173.
—— migrations of, (11) 189; (15) 375.
—— migrations of, in relation to food,
(4) 135.
—— minimum size at maturity, (8) 161,
162, 163.
—— nature of ‘‘ red,” (6) 204.
—— observations on spawning of, in
tanks, (3) 52.
—— osteology of, (20) 228, 251.
-_— parasites of, (18) 180, 181 ; (19) 121,
149; (23) 108.
—— post-larval, (7) 307.
—— proportion of immature, landed by
trawlers, (22) 19.
—-— proportion of males to females, (8)
9.
—— rearing of, (7) 404.
relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 148, 229.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
138
Cod, size of, at first-maturity, (19) 228 ;
(22) 158.
—~- size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
spawning at Faerie, (23) 33.
—— spawning grounds of, (7) 195; (8)
266 ; (15) 194, 223 ; (23) 20, 253.
in Dornoch Firth, (23) 20.
spawning of, in autumn in North
Sea, (23) 253.
—— spawning period of, (4) 246; (7)
195; (8) 266; (10) 232, 234; (15) 222 ;
(17) 97 ; (19) 227; (23) 253:
—— specific description of, (20) 248.
—— tumour in, (10) 324.
—— varieties of, (7) 404.
—— voracity of, (4) 134.
—— with one eye, (11) 294.
young, caught by bag-net fishing,
(23) 157.
—— young, not common on deep-water
grounds, (19) 289.
Ceelenterata, pelagic, of Firth of Forth,
(16) 194.
Cold, influence of, on fishes, (9) 420.
Coleoptera, (8) 339; (9) 273.
Collocheres gracilicauda, (19) 252.
Colour, change of, in fishes, (3) 69.
Comber. See Serranus cabrilla.
Common dab. See Dab, common.
eel. See Eel, common.
gurnard. Sce Gurnard, grey.
— mussel. See Mussel, common.
sole. See Sole.
Comparative abundance of young and
old fish at different seasons, (6) 8.
Comparative growth of round fishes and
flat fishes, (20) 334.
Comparison of amounts of fish landed by
line fishermen and beam-trawlers, (6) 7.
Composition of flesh of salmon, (5) 222,
228, 229.
Conchecea elegans, (20) 476, 517.
Conchoderma auritum, (6) 236.
—— virgata, (6) 236.
Configuration of the sea on the north-
west of Scotland, (6) 350.
Conger-eel (Conger vulgaris), (15) 113;
(18) 288.
—— eggs of, (9) 392.
—— fecundity of, (9) 243.
—— food of, (20) 308, 313, 487, 534.
—-—- parasites of, (18) 160, 180; (19) 127.
—— reproduction of, (9) 392; (10) 236.
—— spawning period of, (4) 253 ; (9) 392.
—— young of, (22) 281 ; (23) 251.
Conger niger. See Conger-eel.
Congericola pallida, (18) 160; (19) 127.
Coniothecium bertherandi, (6) 205.
Contemporary fishery work, (6) 276; (7)
384; (8) 359; (9) B88; (10) 326; (11)
486 ; (12) 383; (13) 332.
Co-operation in mussel-growing, (7) 340.
Copepoda as food for herrings, (4) 102,
124,
—— of young lobster, (23) 67.
—— effect of variations in salinity on,
(17) 118.
—— eggs of, (8) 363.
—— food of, (15) 216.
Part TIT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Copepoda of Loch Fyne, (4) 147; (15)
145 ; (16) 264.
—— of Loch Fyne, seasonal abundance
of, (4) 147; (17) 114.
—— of Loch Fyne, vertical distribution
of, (17) 116.
—— of Lochs and Inland Waters. See
Fauna, invertebrate.
—— of the English Channel, (7) 335.
—— parasites of fishes, (18) 145, 179;
(19) 121.
—— parasite of lobster, (19) 255.
—— parasitic, (20) 288 ; (23) 108.
—— relation of temperature to abund-
ance of, (17) 114.
—-~— volumetric determination of, (17)
112.
o
Corbula gibba, (15) 128 ; (20) 503, 510.
Coregonus pollan. See Pollan.
—— vandesius. See Vendace.
Corella parallelogramma, (15) 114.
Corethron hystrix, (15), 298, 299.
Coris julis. See Wrasse, rainbow.
Cornuspira foliacea, (7) 311; (15) 165.
tnvolvens, (16) 274.
—— planorbis, (7) 311.
striolata, (7) 311.
Cornwall Sea Fisheries Committee, (13)
10.
Corophium affine, (19) 266 ; (20) 479, 511.
bonellu, (6) 249 ; (15) 141.
—— crassicorne, (6) 230, 249; (14) 161;
(15) 141.
grossipes, (6) 249; (19) 266; (20)
492, 507, 525, 527.
—— longicorne, (6) 249.
spinicorne, (6) 249.
tenuicorne, (6) 249.
Coryceus anglicus, (14) 163; (18), 397;
(19) 251.
Corystes cassivelaunus, (6) 257 ; (18) 404.
Coscinodiscus anguste-lineatus, (15) 299.
— — concinnus, (15) 214.
—— curvatulus, (15) 299.
—— excentricus, (15) 214,
—— minor, (15) 299.
—— oculus iridis, (15) 300.
—— radiatus, (15) 214.
Cottus, young stages of, (9) 323.
—— long-spined (Cottus buhbalis), (4) 232;
(15) 110; (18) 275.
eggs of, (16) 91.
—— fecundity of, (9) 249.
—— size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— spawning period of, (4) 244,
—— hiljeborgu. See Bullhead, Norway.
—— scorpius. See Scorpion, sea-.
Couch’s whiting. See Whiting, Couch’s.
Couper, Mr Wm., (8) 23; (9) 21, 177;
(10) 23, 188 ; (11) 24.
Crab and Lobster Act, (18) 139.
Crab as bait, (18) 140.
digestibility of, (5) 228.
—— edible (Crangon pagurus), (6) 256;
(15) 130 ; (20) 534.
—— —— berried females, (18) 79.
—— —— casting of, (18) 83, 104.
—— —-— changes in carapace of, (22) 136.
—— —— characters of mature female,
(18) 79.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Crab, edible, contributions to life-history
of, (22) 100; (23) 154.
—— —— description of eggs of, (18) 88.
—— —— description of swimmerets of,
(22) 110.
—— —— development of ovary of, (18)
al.
—-— —— distribution of, (18) 113; (22)
122.
—— —— effect of cold on movements of,
(22) 125.
—— —— external sexual characters of,
(18) 99.
—— —— exuviation in, (18) 104.
—— —— frequency of casting in, (18)
109.
—— —— fry of, (23) 154.
—— —— fry, vitality of, (23) 154.
—— —— hard and soft, (18) 102, 105.
—— hatching of, (21) 181 ; (23) 154.
impregnation in, (22) 101.
—-— —— increase of size in casting, (18)
110.
—— -—— life-history of, (18) 77.
—— —— migration of, (18) 119, 125;
(22) 135.
—— —— mode of attachment of eggs in,
(22) 108, 115.
—— —— muscular system of, (22) 103.
—— —— number of eggs of, (18) 89.
—— —— periodicity of spawning and
casting in, (22) 121.
—— —— period of hatching of eggs of,
(18) 88.
—— —— process of fertilisation in, (18)
82.
—— —— process of hardening in, (18)
107.
proportional numbers of the
sexes in, (18) 99.
rate of growth of, (18) 113;
(22) 125.
——- —— regeneration of limbs in, (18)
111.
—— —— regulation of fishery for, (18)
77, 134.
—— —— relation of migrations of, to
temperature, (18) 124.
—— —— repair of injuries in, (18) 111.
—— —— tipe eggs of, (22) 112.
—— —— size of, at maturity, (18) 79.
—— —-— spawning of, (18) 85, 88; (22)
108.
—— —— spermatheca of, (22) 105.
—— —— statistics of fishery of, (18) 134.
—— —— z0éa of, (18) 88.
—— shore. See Carcinus menas.
Crangon allmanni, (6) 260 ; (15) 132; (16)
156, 210; (20) 489, 491, 510, 513, 516,
520, 522, 523, 524, 525, 535, 536.
—— bispinosus, (6) 460.
—— fasciatus, (4) 156; (9) 309.
—— nanus, (6) 260; (20) 480, 522.
—— neglectus, (4) 155; (9) 309.
—— vulgaris. See Shrimp.
Crania anomala, (15) 129.
Crenilabrus melops. See Goldsinny.
Cressa dubia, (10) 262; (15) 139;
265.
—— schiodtei, (10) 262.
Ni
(17)
189
Cribella oculata, (20) 310.
—— —— madreporite of, (6) 280.
—— spawning period of, (4) 216.
Cribropontius normant, (20) 472.
Crisia denticulata, (15) 157.
eburnea, (15) 157.
Cristatella muceda, (14) 239, 242; (15)
318.
Cristellaria calcar, (7) 314.
—— crepidula, (7) 314; (15) 166.
—— rotulata, (7) 314; (15) 166.
Cromarty Firth, echinoderms of, (20) 304.
— — physical and chemical examination
of the water of, (6) 313, 320, 336.
—— trawling investigations in, (20) 93.
Cromarty, trawling investigations off, (21)
17; (22) 215 43) 47.
Cross-fertilisation of fish, experiments in,
(8) 358.
of grey gurnard with whiting, (8)
58
—— of lemon dab and turbot, (8) 358.
of lumpsucker with flounder, (8) 358.
Cross-fish. See Asterias rubens.
Cruise of the ‘‘ Jackal,” (7) 412.
Cruisers, duties in reporting vessels fish-
ing, (20) 89.
Crustacea as food of cod, (4) 136, 146.
—— as food of haddocks, (4) 129.
—— decapod, life-history of, (22) 100.
—— —— mode of attachment of eggs in,
(22) 116.
—— —— of Firth of Forth, (16) 156.
—— —— relation of yolk to size and de-
velopment of zoéa, (19) 114, 115.
from Clyde and Moray Firth, (17)
248.
—— larval stages of decapod, (19) 92.
—— larval and young of Firth of Forth,
(16) 197.
—— notes on, (18) 382.
—— of brackish water, (15) 317.
—— of Firth of Clyde, (16) 277.
—— of Firth of Forth, (6) 235.
—— of Loch Fyne, (15) 129; (16) 292.
— of Loch Lomond, (17) 139.
— — of plankton collected by ‘‘ Garland,”
(16) 156.
—— parasites of, (22) 250, 254.
—— pelagic eggs of, (17) 114.
—— significance of metamorphosis in the
higher, (19) 115.
Crustacean parasites of fishes, (18) 144;
(19) 120 ; (20) 288.
Cryptothiria balani, (6) 2513 (15) 136.
Crystallogobius in Clyde, (15) 252.
—— in Moray Firth, (15) 257.
—— nilssonit, post-larval form of, (13)
©
“aon.
Ctenolabrus rupestris.
Jago’s.
Ctenophora of Firth of Forth, (16) 194,
196
See Goldsinny,
—— of Faerée-Shetland Channel, (15)
307, 308, 309, 310.
Cuckoo ray. See Ray, cuckoo.
Cucumaria frondosa, (20) 306, 319, 321.
—— fucicola, (20) 306, 319, 324.
—— hyndmama, (15) 162.
—— lactea, (20) 306, 319, 324.
190
Cucumaria pentactes, (15) 162.
Culture of sea-fishes, (10) 15, 326, 333,
336, 340, 342, 348, 346.
Cuma bella, (4) 165.
—— cercaria, (4) 165.
—— edwardsii, (6) 253; (18) 403.
—— pulchella, (8) 329 ; (17) 267 ; (19) 236.
—— trispinosa, (6) 253.
Cumella pygmea, (15) 135 ; (17) 267; (18)
403 ; (19) 274; (20) 480.
Cumopsis edwardsii, (18) 403.
—— goodsirt, (6) 253; (16) 167, 209.
—— longipes, (18) 403.
Cunningham, Mr J. T., (6) 298; (7)
385, 386; (8) 351; (9) 243, 319, 390,
392; (10) 162, 169, 211, 238, 327; (11)
194, 196, 239, 265, 489 ; (23) 125.
Currents and the transport of pelagic
eggs, (14) 16 ; (15) 337, 367.
—-— and their relation to spawning areas,
(15) 337, 374.
—— cause of movements of surface, (15)
356.
—— direction of, in Moray Firth, (15)343.
--— direction of, on east coast of Scot-
land, (15) 346.
—— direction of surface, in Shetland-
Orkney area, (15) 340.
—— effect of, in drifting pelagic eggs,
(17) 119.
---— effect of wind on surface, (15) 356.
-——— effect of tides on surface, (15) 360.
— — influence of, in transporting fish
larvee, (15) 368.
—-— of Faerée-Shetland Channel, (15)
287, 340.
—— of North Sea, direction and rate of,
(12) 351; (15) 11, 334, 338.
—— of North Sea, reversal of, (15) 361.
—— of North Sea, seasonal variations of,
(15) 355.
—— rate and depth of surface, in North
Sea, (15) 364.
—— relation of, to migrations of fishes,
(15) 375.
—— surface, relation of, to fisheries, (15)
367.
Cuspidaria abbreviata, (15) 129.
-—— costellata, (15) 129.
—— cuspidata, (15) 129; (16) 155, 209.
Cuttle-fish, damage to fish by, (10) 208,
299.
Cyclichna alba, (20) 510.
Cyclocypris globosa, (8) 336, 337, 340-
342 ; (9) 282; (11) 230; (12) 286; (13)
250; (14) 168, 169; (15) 321; (16)
252: (17) 140, 145, 150, 155, 173, 183.
levis, (15) 321, 333; (16) 252; (17)
140, 145, 150, 155, 164, 168, 183.
—- serena, (15) 317, 321, 326, 333; (16)
252; (17) 140, 145, 150, 155, &e.
Cyclogaster liparis. See Sea-snail.
montagut. See Sucker, Montagu’s.
Cyclopicera gracilicauda, (6) 242; (10)
262 ; (11) 209, 210.
—— lata, (11) 210.
nigripes, (4) 154; (6) 242; (10) 267;
(11) 209, 210; (17) 262.
purpurocinta, (11) 209, 210; (17)
262 : (18) 400.
Part I].—Twenty-third Annual Report
Cyclopina elegans, (12) 237.
—— gracilis, (12) 237; (15) 148; (18)
386 ; (19) 240.
— littoralis, (6) 238; (15) 148.
longifurcata, (19) 236, 240.
Cyclops wquoreus, (6) 238; (9) 288; (15)
317.
—— affinis, (9) 275, 276; (12) 288; (13)
244, 249; (15) 320, 332; (17) 141, 150,
183, 187.
—— albidus, (14) 168, 169 ; (15) 320, 332;
(16) 251, 257, 260; (17) 188, 189, 144,
145, &c. ; (20) 505.
—— bicolor, (16) 250, 251.
-——— bicuspidatus, (13) 188, 244; (14)
168, 169 ; (15) 317, 320; (17) 140, 150,
155, 159, &e.
Cyclops bisetosus, (15) 317, 320; (16) 250,
251; (17) 140, 145, 155, 164, 168, 173,
183.
—— brevicornis, (18) 389.
—— crassicornis, (8) 338, 339; (9) 272,
276, 282, 283, 284.
—— dybowskii, (17) 140, 141, 183, 186.
—— ewartii, (6) 232, 238; (11) 223.
—— fimbriatus, (11) 225; (12) 286; (13)
188, 244, 249; (14) 168, 239; (15) 320,
332 ; (16) 251, 260; (17) 140, 144, 145,
148 ; (20) 505.
—— fuscus, (16) 251 ; (17) 145, 150, 155,
173, 183.
—— gigas, (8) 336.
—— kaufmanni, (11) 224.
—— languidus, (17) 173, 183, 186.
—— leuckarti, (15) 320, 322; (17) 188,
139, 158, 183, 186.
—— macrurus, (12) 286; (13) 249, 251;
(14) 168, 169 ; (15) 320; (17) 144, 145,
164, 183, 186.
—— magnotavus, (12) 286.
—— nanus, (17) 172, 173, 183, 186.
—— phaleratus, (9) 276; (13) 249; (15)
320; (17) 159, 168, 183, 187.
—— pulchellus, (8) 338.
—— serrulatus, (8) 341; (9) 272, 276,
282-984, 286; (11) 223; (12) 286, 287;
(13) 244, 249 ; (14) 168, 239; (15) 320,
332; (16) 251, 260; (17) 140, 145, 149,
150, &c. ; (20) 505.
—— signatus, (12) 286, 288; (13) 188,
244, 249,
—-— strenwus, (8) 336; (9) 272, 279, 283 ;
(12) 286 ; (13) 188, 244 ; (14) 168, 239;
(15) 320, 3382; (16) 251, 257, 258, 260;
(17) 188, 139, 144, &e.
—— tenuicornis, (9) 276, 282, 283.
—— thomasi, (9) 276, 279, 284 ; (12) 288 ;
(13) 249, 251.
—— varicans, (15) 319, 320, 322.
—— vernalis, (14) 168, 169; (15) 320;
(16) 251, 258, 260; (17) 140, 150, 155,
&e.
—— viridis, (9) 276, 283, 286, 288 ; (11)
223 ; (12) 286, 288 ; (13) 188, 244, 249;
(14) 168, 239 ; (15) 320, 382; (16) 251;
(17) 138, 139, 144, 145; (20) 505.
Cyclopsetta, (18) 356.
Cyclopsina lucinulata, (17) 251.
Cyclopterus lumpus. See Lumpsucker.
Cyclostrema nitens, (15) 121.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Cyclotella operculata, (9) 27+.
Cycnus pallidus, (18) 160 ; (19) 127.
Cylichna cylindracea, (15) 115.
— nitidula, (9) 309.
Cylindroleberis marie, (8) 325.
Cylindropsyllus fairliensis, (17) 258.
—— levis, (8) 320; (10) 258; (15) 151;
(20) 468.
minor, (10) 260; (18) 394.
Cymatopleura solea, (9) 274.
Cymbasoma rigida, (7) 316; (8) 332;
304; (22) 248.
Cymbella anglica, (9) 274.
—— cistula, (9) 274.
—— cymbifornus, (9) 274.
Cynoglossine, (18) 351, 352, 358, 359.
Cynoglossus semileevis, (18) 359.
Cynthia armata, (4) 162; (7) 323.
flemingii, (4) 162; (6) 255.
Cypria exculpta, (8) 338, 340, 341; (9)
272, 276, 284, 286; (15) 321; (17) 155,
159, 164, 173, 183, 189.
—— levis, (9) 276, 283, 286, 288; (13)
188, 249 ; (16) 260.
—— ophthalmica, (8) 336, 337, 338. 340-
342 ; (9) 272, 276, 282-284, 286, 288 ;
(11) 230 ; (13) 188, 245, 249; (15) 321,
333 ; (16) 252 ; (17) 140, 145, 150; 155,
159, 164, 168, 183 ; (20) 505.
—— serena, (8) 336, 337, 340-342; (9)
272, 275, 276, 282-284, 286-288; (11)
229, 230 ; (12) 286 ; (13) 188, 245, 250 ;
(14) 168; (16) 259, 260.
Cypridina marie, (8) 325.
Cypridopsis aculeata, (9) 283, 286; (13)
245 ; (15) 318.
—-— newtoni, (17) 160, 183.
—— obesa, (8) 343.
vidua, (8) 339-341, 343; (9) 272,
276, 282, 283, 286 ; (13) 188, 245, 250 ;
(14) 239.
—— villosa, (8) 336, 337, 339-341, 343 ;
(9) 272, 276, 282-284, 286, 288; (13)
188, 245 ; (14) 239 ; (15) 321, 333; (16)
252, 260 ; (17) 140, 160, 164, 173, 183.
Cyprina, sp., (20) 527.
—— islandica, (7) 317, 341; (15) 126.
Cyprinotus prasimus, (15) 318.
Cyprinus carpio. See Carp.
Cypris acuminata, (8) 344.
—— ajffinis, (8) 342.
—— browniana, (5) 328, 330.
—— candida, (8) 343; (11) 230.
—— cinerea, (5) 328 ; (8) 342; (11) 230.
—— compressa, (8) 342, 344; (11) 230.
——- elongata, (8) 343.
—— exsculpta, (8) 341.
—— fabeformis, (8) 344.
Suscata, (9) 286; (13) 245, 250 ; (17)
164, 173, 183.
—— gibba, (8) 344.
—— globosa, (8) 342; (11) 230.
—— granulosa, (8) 341.
-—-— mcongruens, (9) 282;
(9)
(17) 159, 183,
—— jurinit, (5) 328 ; (8) 343.
—— levis, (8) 342; (11) 230.
—— obliqua, (9) 276, 280, 282 ; (14) 168;
(16) 252 ; (17) 140, 155, 183, 189.
—— ornata, (8) 343,
191
Cypris prasina, (9) 285, 286, 288.
—— pubera, (9) 276; (17) 159, 161, 167,
168, 183, 189.
—— reticulata, (8) 339, 340, 342; (9)
284; (15) 319, 321.
—— reptans, (8) 342.
—— sella, (8) 343.
—— serena, (8) 342; (11) 229.
—— striolata, (8) 341.
—— strigata, (8) 342.
—-— tessellata, (8) 342.
—— tumefacta, (5) 328 ; (8) 343.
—— vidua, (8) 343.
—— virens, (5) 328; (9) 286; (14) 168,
239; (17) 164, 183.
—— virens, var. monolifera, (5) 329.
—— westwoodit, (8) 343.
Cyproidia brevirostris, (18) 401.
—— damnoniensis, (15) 138; (18) 401.
Cyprois flava, (17) 168, 183, 190.
Cyrianassa elegans, (4) 164.
Cyrtophium tuberculatum, (19) 266.
Cythere albomaculata, (6) 243; (15) 142.
—— angulata, (6) 243 ; (15) 148.
—— antiquata, (6) 243; (15) 143; (20)
497.
—— aurantia, (7) 318.
—— castanea, (7) 317.
—— cluthe, (5) 328 ; (11) 142.
—— concinna, (6) 243; (15) 148; (20)
503, 523.
—— confusa, (7) 317 ; (9) 288; (15) 142;
(20) 527.
—— convexa, (6) 243; (15) 142.
—— crispata, (6) 243; (15) 142.
cuneiformis, (7) 317.
—— cyamos, (6) 243.
dunelmensis, (6) 243; (16) 263; (20)
508, 511, 523.
—— emaciata, (16) 263; (20) 503.
—— emarginata, (16) 263.
—— finmarchica, (8) 321 ; (20) 503.
—— gibbosa, (9) 288, 307 ; (15) 142, 318.
——- impressa, (7) 317.
—— inflata, (19) 256.
—— jonesii, (6) 243 ; (15) 148; (20) 537.
—— limicola, (6) 248; (20) 523.
—— lutea, (6) 242; (15) 142; (20) 520.
—— marginata, (15) 142.
—— minna, (19) 257.
—— mytiloides, (7) 316.
—— navicula, (7) 317.
—— pellucida, (6) 242 ; (7) 317; (9) 286,
288 ; (15) 318 ; (20) 525.
—— porcellanea, (15) 142,
—— pulchella, (8) 325.
—— quadridentata, (6) 243; (16) 263.
—— robertsoni, (6) 243 ; (15) 142.
—— semiovata, (8) 321.
—— semipunctata, (5) 328 ; (7) 317; (15)
142.
—— tenera, (6) 242; (16) 263.
—— tuberculata, (6) 243 ; (15) 148; (20)
503, 511, 517.
—— ventricosa, (7) 317.
villosa, (6) 243 ; (15) 148.
—— viridis, (6) 243 ; (8) 321.
—— whitei, (8) 321 ; (16) 263.
Cythereis whiter, (8) 321.
Cytherella abyssorum, (19) 257.
(20) 503, 517.
192
Cytherella beyrichi, (19) 257.
—— scotica, (19) 257.
Cytheridea elongata, (6) 248.
—— lacustris, (9) 272, 273; (13) 188;
(14) 239 ; (15) 330, 333 ; (17) 140, 164,
184, 191.
—— papillosa, (6) 243; (15) 143; (20)
497, 503.
—-— punctillata, (7) 317 ; (15) 148; (20)
503.
—— subflavescens, (5) 328; (15) 148.
—— torosa, (9) 288 ; (15) 318.
Cytherideis subulata, (5) 328; (6) 245;
(20) 503.
Cytherois fischeri, (8) 324 ; (16) 264.
Cytheropteron alatum, (15) 144.
——angulatum, (5) 328; (7) 318; (15)
144,
—-- arcuatum, (16) 264.
—— cdepressum, (7) 318.
—— humile, (12) 262;
oli
——- inflatwm, (15)-144.
—-- latissimum, (6) 244; (15) 144; (20)
497, 511.
——- multiforum, (8) 321.
—— nodosum, (6) 244 ;
—— punctatum, (8) 32
—— subcircinatum, (7)
Cytherura acuticostata, (6) 244; (8) 323 ;
(15) 144.
——- affinis, (8) 322.
—— angulata, (6) 244; (15) 144.
—— bodotria, (8) 322.
—— cellulosa, (6) 244; (15) 144.
—— clathrata, (6) 244 ; (16) 264.
—— cornuta, (8) 322 ; (15) 143.
—— cuneata, (6) 244.
—— flavescens, (6) 244.
—— fulva, (8) 323.
—— gibba, (8) 322; (9) 288 ; (15) 143.
—— insolita, (6) 244.
—— lineata, (8) 322.
—— mucronata, (8) 323.
—— nigrescens, (9) 288 ; (15) 144.
—— producta, (7) 318; (15) 144.
—— quadrata, (6) 244.
—— robertsoni, (8) 322.
—— sarsvi, (8) 323.
—— sella, (15) 144.
—— similis, (7) 318; (15) 144 ; (20) 501.
—— simplex, (8) 323 ; (16) 263.
—— striata, (6) 244; (15) 144.
—— undata, (6) 244 ; (15) 144.
(15) 144; (20)
D
Das, common (Plewronectes limanda), (15)
112 ; (18) 286.
—— age of, at maturity, (20) 371.
—— distribution of, (21) 44.
-—— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 170.
—— distribution of eggs of, (15) 238.
distribution of post-larve and young
of, (16) 244.
—— duration of pelagic stage of, (20)
361.
—— eggs of, (7) 304; (8) 285; (16) 91,
114; (17) 82-84, 93, 96, 104, 106.
Part IIL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Dab, common, eggs of, in Firth of Clyde,
(15) 250.
—— eggs of, intraovarian, (16) 96.
—— egg resembling that of, (11) 2438.
—-— embryo of, (16) 215.
—— fecundity of, (9) 205.
—— food of, (7) 225, 232, 235, 236, 237,
238, 239, 243, 253, 257; (8) 2380, 235,
246, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256; (9)
224, 233, 236, 238, 241 ; (10) 213, 218,
221, 230; (20) 306, 312, 313, 487, 526.
—— growth of, (11) 194, 265; (20) 335,
360, 370.
—— growth, relative, of females and
males, (20) 371.
— — increase in numbers of, (14) 146.
—— mature and immature, (8) 170.
—-— migrations of, (11) 187.
—— minimum size at maturity, (8) 161,
162, 163.
—— on deep-water grounds, (21) 45.
—— parasites of, (18) 150, 167.
—— post-larval stages of, (7) 307; (16)
225, 228.
—— proportion of immature, landed, (22)
18
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349
—— relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 212.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
sizes of, (14) 143.
—— size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
—— spawning areas of, (7) 189 ; (15) 238;
(23) 20.
—— spawning period of, (4) 251; (7)
189; (10) 234; (15) 238; (17) 98; (20)
360; (21) 45.
—— young, date of appearing of, (16) 244,
—— young, diagnostic characters of,
(16) 228.
Dab, lemon (Plewronectes microcephalus),
(15) 112; (18) 353; (21) 46.
—_— cross-fertilisation of, with turbot,
(8) 359.
—— decrease of, (14) 12, 146.
—— development of, (9) 327.
— — distribution of, (21) 46.
—— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 168.
—~-— distribution of young of, (21) 47.
—— duration of post-larval stage of, (22)
271.
—— dwarf mature specimens, (21) 48.
—— eggs of, (8) 285; (16) 91, 114, 115;
(17) 83, 84, 93, 96, 106.
—— experiments in breeding of, (14)
151.
—— fecundity of, (9) 264.
—— food of, (7) 224, 234, 238, 239, 242 ;
(8) 280, 234, 249, 250, 252, 258, 255,
256; (9) 223, 235, 236, 238-241; (10)
313, 220; (20) 306, 313, 525.
—— growth of, (11) 195, 271.
—— hatching experiments with, (16) 219.
—-— hatching of, (12) 11; (14) 151.
—— mature and immature, (8) 168.
—— migrations of, (11) 187 ; (21) 46.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Dab, lemon, minimum size at maturity,
(8) 161, 162, 163.
—— on deep-water grounds, (21) 46.
—— parasites of, (18) 165, 180.
—— post-larval stages of, (16) 225, 236.
—— proportion of immature, landed by
trawlers, (22) 19.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349.
rearing of larvee and post-larve of,
(16) 223.
—— relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 208.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— sizes of, (14) 148.
—— size of, at maturity, (10) 238.
—— sizes of, on deep-water grounds,
(21) 47.
—— size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
—— spawning period of, (4) 251; (7) 188,
387 ; (8) 261; (10) 234; (17) 98; (21)
48.
—— specific gravity of eggs of, (7) 386.
Dab, long rough (Drepanopsetta plates-
soides), (18) 285.
—-—abundance of, on deep-water
grounds, (19) 64, 290; (21) 223.
distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 170.
—— eggs and larvee of, (13) 14, 220.
—— eggs of, (8) 285; (9) 319, 320; (16)
91, 114: (17) 82-84, 96.
—— eggs of, in Firth of Clyde, (15) 248.
—— fecundity of, (9) 261.
—— food of, (7) 225, 232, 236, 237, 239,
244, 254; (8) 231, 236, 247, 250, 251, |
952, 253, 254, 255, 256; (9) 225, 234,
236-238, 241; (10) 214, 218, 222, 230;
(20) 311, 313, 487, 521; (21) 223.
—— growth of, (16) 245; (20) 372.
—— growth of, comparison of rate in
different regions, (20) 385.
——— in Loch Fyne, (15) 112; (18) 352.
—-— increase in numbers of, (14) 146.
—— maximum sizes of, (20) 380, 381,
386.
—— minimum size at maturity, (8) 161,
162, 163.
—— parasites of, (18) 166.
—— post-larval stages of, (16) 225, 235.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349 ; (10) 239.
—— relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 198, 222.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— size at maturity, (10) 239.
—— sizes of, (14) 143.
—— spawning areas of, (7) 172, &e.
—— spawning period of, (4) 250; (7)
172, 191 ; (8) 264; (10) 234; (17) 98.
Dactyliosolen antarcticus, (15) 298, 300.
—— mediterraneus, (15) 298, 300.
Dactylocotyle pollachii, (19) 149.
Dactylopus brevicornis, (9) 303; (21) 128.
—— coronatus, (12) 255; (20) 468; (21)
128.
—— flavus, (9) 302; (11) 205, 206; (15)
152; (21) 128.
-—— littoralis, (21) 124.
193
Dactylopus longirostris, (21) 126, 127.
—— minutus, (9) 303 ; (17) 258 ; (21) 126.
—— mixtus, (21) 126.
—— parvus, (21) 128.
—— pectinatus, (16) 269.
—— rostratus, (11) 205.
—— similis, (15) 152.
—— stromit, (12) 254; (15) 152; (21) 127.
—— tenwiremus, (9) 302; (17) 258; (21)
127.
— —- tisboides, (4) 149; (6) 240; (9) 303 ;
(15) 152; (20) 532.
—— vararensis, (21) 125.
Danaia dubia, (10) 262.
Daniell, Dr A., (7) 178.
Danish Fishery Association, (13) 340.
Dannevig, hatching apparatus of, (5) 238.
—— hatching experiments by, (5) 241.
—— Captain G. M., (5) 235; (6) 15, 276;
(7) 384, 402; (8) 21; (9) 19, 409; (10)
9, 190, 346, &e.
—— Mr Harald, (12) 9, 208, 210; (13)
15, 128, 147; (14) 9, 150, &e.
Daphnella brachyura, (9) 273, 275, 277,
289 ; (13) 245, 250; (14) 168; (15) 321;
(16) 252, 260 ; (17) 163.
—— wingit, (9) 289.
Daphne erystallina, (9) 289.
—— mucronata, (9) 290.
—— pulex, (9) 290.
—-— vetula, (9) 290.
Daphiia cucullata, (9) 291.
—— falcata, (17) 148.
—— galeata, (13) 245; (17) 150, 153, 176,
177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184. :
—— jardinii, (9) 280, 290, 296 ; (12) 286;
(13) 250; (14) 168; (15) 316, 321.
—— lacustris,(16) 250 ; (17) 1388, 140, 157,
158, 160, 163, 164, 167, 184.
—— longispina, (9) 273, 280, 283, 287,
290; (138) 188, 189; (14) 239, &c.
—— mucronata, (9) 290.
—— nasuta, (17) 170, 171, 173.
—— pulex, (8) 336; (9) 273, 277, 283,
284, 288, 290; (13) 250, &e.
—— reticulata, (9) 289.
—— sima, (9) 290.
| —— vetula, (8) 336; (9) 290.
Daphniz of fresh-water lochs, (17) 192.
Darwinella stevensoni, (9) 281, 282.
Darwinia compressa, (7) 320.
Darwinula stevensoni, (13) 245, 250; (15)
319, 321, 326; (16) 250, 252; (17) 140,
184, 191.
Dasychone argus, (15) 158.
Dawson, Mr Robert A., (11) 493.
Day, Dr, (7) 388.
Daylight fishing for herring, (4) 58.
Decalcifying action of formaline, (23) 133.
Decapod crustacea, iarval stages of, (19)
92.
—— —— of Plymouth, (7) 385.
—— larval, as herring-food, (4) 126.
Decipula ferruginosa, (15) 126.
Dee, bacteria in water of, (5) 335.
Deep-water grounds compared with in-
shore grounds, (20) 117.
—— — — plaice on, (21) 41.
—_— —— trawling investigations on, (20)
114; (21) 19, 27.
194
Delavalia wmula, (11) 204; (17) 254; (21)
116.
—— giesbrechti, (17) 254.
—— mimica, (15) 150; (17) 254.
—— minutissima, (21) 116.
—— palustris, (11) 203, 205 ;
—— reflewa, (11) 204; (12) 244;
-—— robusta, (11) 204 ; (15) 150 ;
Delphinus. See Dolphin.
Dendrophrya erecta, (8) 317 ; (16) 274.
—— radiata, (8) 317; (16) 274.
Denmark, administration of fisheries in.
(7) 406.
——as a market for
herrings, (7) 166.
—— biological station in, (8) 374.
depredations of seals i in, (9) 412.
Denmark, fisheries of, (12) 399 ; (13) 340.
aa fishery regulations i in, (9) 411.
— — Fishery Society of, (6) 305; (7) 406.
— — fishery work in, (6) 305; (7) 405;
(8) 374; (9) 410; (10) 347; (11) 499;
(12) 399; (15) 342.
(8) 374.
—— loans for boat-building in, (6) 305.
—— nature of scientific fishery investiga-
tions in, (9) 412.
—— oyster fishery of, (7) 406.
—-— plaice fishery in Cattegat, (7) 407.
—— regulations regarding immature fish,
(9) 411.
—— seine-trawling for plaice in, (7) 406.
—— statistics of fisheries of, (9) 411.
—— steam-trawling in, (9) 411.
—— survey of fisheries of, (9) 410.
system of insurance for fishing boats,
(9) 412.
—— trawling in, (7) 406.
Density observations, (12) 339.
——- —— report on, (13) 302.
——of water, effect of wind on, (15)
264.
—— variations in, of water of Loch Fyne,
(15) 263.
Dentalina legumen, (7) 314.
Dentalium entalis, (15) 123.
Dentex vulgaris, spawning period of, (4)
244,
Dentronotus frondosus, (15) 117.
Depletion of fishery grounds, (1
Dercothe punctatus, (6) 249.
Dermatomyzon gibberum, (12) 260.
nigripes, (15) 154; (16) 177, 190,
210; (17) 262.
Dayeloneene and life-history of the food-
fishes, (6) 265 ; (10) 20.
of brain in lesser sand-eel, (13) 15,
276.
of Carcinus meenas, (21) 142.
— of common mussel, (4) 218 ; (5) 247.
—— of eggs of fishes, duration of, (15)
370.
(15) 317.
(21) 116.
(21) 116.
Scottish-cured
0) 8.
influence of temperature on,
(13) 15, 147.
—- of food fishes, (11) 18, 239 ;
218 ; (18) 15, 1473 (14) 171.
—— of herring, (4) 31.
—— of ovary, oviduct, &c., in certain
osseus fishes, (6) 281.
(12) 19,
Part L111 —Twenty-third Annual eport
Development of pollack, (14) 171.
Dexamine spinosa, (6) 247 ; (16) 140.
—— sp., (16) 210.
—-— thea, (14) 160 ; (15) 140; (19) 262.
vedlomensis, (7) 321.
Diaphana hijalina, (15) 115.
Diaphanosoma brachyurwm, (17) 177, 179,
184, 191.
Diaptomus castor, (8) 336 ; (16) 259, 260.
gracilis, (9) 272, 276, 279, 282, 288 ;
(11) 223; (12) 286 ; (13) 249; (14) 168;
(15) 320; (17) 138, 139, 143, 144, 148,
150, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 163, 164,
167,. 168, 171, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182;
184.
hircus, (16) 249, 251 ; (17) 148, 177,
179, 181, 182, 183, 188.
(17) Li0saaae
(13) 188, 244 ;
—— laciniatus, (16) 249 ;
183, 187.
—-— serricornis, (12) 288 ;
(14) 239.
—— wierzejskii, (15) 316, 319, 320, 331,
332 ; (16) 249, 257, 259 ; (17) 155, 156,
183, 188.
Dias longiremis, (4) 148; (6) 237 ; (9) 287,
288, 300; (10) 244.
——- as herring-food, (4) 126.
Diastopora obelia, (15) 157.
Diastylis biplieuta, (15) 134.
——- cornutus, (19) 236, 274 ; (20) 510.
—— lucifera, (6) 253 ; (19) O74 ; ; (20) 480,
516, 523.
—— rathkir, (6) 253; (15) 134;
—— rostrata, (20) 479, 5163 (22
— rugosa, (4) 165; (6) 253 ; (8) 329,
330 ; (15) 134 ; (16) "167, 209 ; (20) 510.
strigata, (4) "165.
—— tumida, (19) 274; (20)
Diastyloides biplicata, (20) 510.
Diastylopsis resima, (19) 236,
Diatoma tenue, (9) 274.
—— vulgare, (9) 274.
Diatoms as food of copepods, (15) 216.
—— as food of fishes, (15) 216.
—— as food of marine animals, (15) 215.
—— as food of young fishes, (16) 244.
—— discolouration of sea by, (15) 216.
—— distribution of, (15) 212.
—— from Faerde-Shetland Channel, (15)
297.
marine, (15) 15.
—— reproduction in, (15) 217.
—— seasonal abundance of, (15) 212.
—— vertical distribution of, (15) 213.
Dichelestium stwrionis, (23) 111.
Dickson, Dr. H. N., (12) 21, 336; (15) 280.
Dictyocha fibula, (15) 302.
—— speculum, (15) 302.
Didymus-plankton, characters of, (15) 302.
Diffiugia acuminata, (14) 243.
—— corona, (9) 274.
—— globularia, (9) 274.
—— marsupiformis, (9) 274.
—— pyriformis, (9) 274.
Digestion in fishes, (2) 31 ; (22) A
Digestive organs, chemistry of, (2) 3
histology of, (2) 31.
Digestibility of fresh fish, (5) 221.
of Whitefish (Coregonus
Sormis) (5) 228.
274.
clupei-
of the Fishery Board for Scotland,
Diminution of flat fishes, (12) 9.
Diminutive sucker. See Sucker, Mon-
tagu’s.
Dinematura coleoptrata, (18) 156; (19)
125.
—— producta, (18) 156 ; (19) 124.
Dinemoura alata, (18) 156.
—— lamne, (18) 156.
—— serrata, (19) 125.
Dinophilus metameroides, (7) 385.
Diosaccus tenuicornis, (15) 151.
Diphasia fallax, (15) 164.1
Diphys campanulifera (15) 310, 311.
Diplectanum cequans, (23) 117.
Diplodonta rotundata, (8) 330.
Diplozoon paradoxum, (4) 215.
Discorbina globularis, (15) 167.
—— orbicularis, (16) 277.
—-— rosacea, (15) 167.
Diseases of fish, cysts in eyes of Norway
pout from Clyde, (19) 284.
—— of fishes, (3) 66; (4) 214; (11) 20,
391, 392.
Distribution of edible fishes, (6) 33; (18)
113 ; (22) 122.
-—— of eggs of ling, (15) 244.
— — of food fishes, (21) 40.
—— of food fishes, value of statistics
thereanent, (21) 38.
——— of pelagic eggs, (13) 15, 258 ; (15) 13.
—— of pelagic invertebrate fauna of the
Firth of Forth and its vicinity, (16)
153.
vertical, of pelagic fish eggs, (15) 250.
Ditylum Brightwellii, (15) 214.
Dog-fish, black-mouthed = (Pristiwrus
melanostomus), (4) 226; (15) 113, 168;
(18) 291.
—— larger spotted (Scyllium catulus),
(18) 291.
—— lesser spotted (Scylliorhinus cani-
cula), (15) 168.
—— food of, (21) 226.
picked (Acanthias
227 ; (15) 113'; (18) 290.
—— —— food of, (21) 221.
parasites of, (20) 297.
Dog-fishes, (4) 227 ; (10) 207.
Dog Hole, trawling investigations at,
(21) 17, 45, 46, 49, 52, 55.
Dolphin, — white-beaked
(Lagenorhynchus)
rence of, (29) 541.
Dolphins, use of fire-arms against, (7)
398.
Dornoch Firth, physical and chemical
examination of the water of, (6) 313,
318, 336.
—— spawning of cod, &c., in, (23) 20.
trawling investigations in.
Trawling investigations.
Doris johnstoni, (15) 116.
repanda, (15) 116 ; (16) 155, 209.
tuberculata, (15) 116.
Doropygus gibber, (18) 386.
norman, (9) 301; (20) 455.
—— porcicauda, (15) 148; (18) 386.
pulex, (18) 386.
Dory. See John Dory.
Dosinia exoleta, (15) 126,
—— vulgaris),
(4)
(Delphinus
albirostris), occur-
See
195
Dosinia lincta, (15) 126.
Doto coronata, (16) 155, 209.
Doull, Mr John, (9) 177 ; (10) 188.
Dragonet, gemmeous (Callionymus lyra),
(3) 68 ; (4) 232; (7) 356; (15) 110; (18)
278 ; (20) 535.
— change of colour in, (3) 69.
colour of sexes of, (3) 69.
——— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 177.
— eggs and larva of, (9) 349; (15) 250.
—— eggs of, (4) 212; (8) 285; (14) 223;
(16) 91-114 ; (17) 82-84, 93, 99, 103,
106.
—— eggs of, in Firth of Clyde, (15) 250.
fecundity of, (9) 252.
—— food of, (8) 256; (20) 486, 495.
mature and immature, (8) 177.
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 309.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349.
reproduction of, (10) 243.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— spawning of, (4) 212; (7) 197; (8)
269 ; (17) 99.
spotted (Callionymus
(18) 279 ; (19) 288.
—— —— eggs of, (19) 288.
—— —— food of, (20) 487, 496.
—— —— parasites of, (18) 162,
(19) 129; (20) 298.
Drechsel, Capt. C. F., (7) 384; (8) 21,
BERG AU) Ue Garg GEIS: (UC) Buel E
(11) 21, 486; (13) 16.
Drepanopsetta elassodon, (18) 352.
platessoides. See Long rough dab.
Drepanothrix dentata, (13) 188, 245, 250;
(14) 168, 289 ; (15) 330, 331, 333; (16)
250, &c. ; (17) 141, &e.
Dried fish cured with boracic acid, (6) 212.
Drift-bottle experiments on surface cur-
rents, (15) 334.
Dryope crenatipalmata, (6) 249.
Duddingston Loch, amphipoda of, (17)
168.
cladocera of, (17) 167, 168.
copepoda of, (17) 167, 168.
invertebrate fauna of, (17) 165.
—-— isopoda of, (17) 167, 168. ;
— mollusea of, (17) 169.
-—— ostracoda of, (17) 167, 168.
temperatures of, (17) 166.
Duff, Mr W., (10) 23; (11) 24.
Dulichia falcata, (6) 250; (15) 141; (20)
479, 492, 501, 503, 511, 517, 520, 523,
527.
monocantha, (16) 277 ; (19) 236, 267 ;
(20) 4:79) SIN a1 7.523;
porrecta, (9) 308 ;
479, 492, 501, 511, 523.
—— sp., (16) 210.
Dunbar, creeks at, (12) 202.
hatchery, description of, (12) 10,
96.
maculatus),
168 ;
(19) 267; (20)
—— —— work at, (11) 14; (12) 10, 210;
(14) 150.
—— Marine Laboratory, (8) 8 ; (9) 5, 6,
Les COV 7s (EL) 8;
Dunbeath, trawling investigations off,
(20) 94.
196
Duncker, Dr, (16) 228 ; (18) 226.
Duration of reproductive life, (10) 238.
Durham, Mr Herbert E., (6) 280.
Dusky Perch. See Serranus gigas.
Dutch fisheries, (6) 15, 307.
fishermen, (10) 209.
Duthie, Mr Robert, (9) 177, 181; (10)
202, 288, 289 ; (11) 242, 246; (12) 17,
187, 218; (13) 15, 174; (14) 15, 229,
&e. :
Dyopedos porrecta, (9) 308.
Dyspontius curticaudatus (23) 148.
normant, (20) 473.
striatus, (6) 232.
E
Eartu worms as bait, (7) 356.
East Coast fisheries, development of, (10)
16.
Ebalia cranchit, (6) 257.
—— tuberosa, (6) 257 ; (15) 130 ; (20) 536.
Echinocardium cordatum, (15) 162; (20)
317, 319, 324.
—— flavescens, (20) 317, 319, 324.
Echinocyamus pusillus, (6) 230 ; (20) 316,
BIO o24, O10, b2i7s
Echinoderms of Cromarty Firth, (20) 304.
—-— of Loch Fyne, (15) 160.
—— of Moray Firth, (20) 304.
—— as food of cod, (4) 136, 145.
as food of haddocks, (4) 129.
Echinopleura aculeata, (19) 236, 272.
Echinus acutus, (20) 315, 319, 324.
—— esculentus, (7) 324; (15) 162; (20)
316, 319, 324.
—— miliaris, (6) 230; (15) 162; (20) 315,
319, 324.
—— norvegicus, (20) 315, 319, 324.
—— sphera, (7) 347.
Echiurus owyurus, (8) 332.
Echthrogaleus coleoptratus, (18) 156; (19)
125 ; (20) 292.
Ectinosoma armiferum, (13) 166.
—— atlanticum, (9) 301, 302; (15) 149,
307, 315 ; (20) 532.
—— curticorne, (13) 166; (15) 149; (17)
253 ; (21) 113:
—— erythrops, (8) 318 ; (16) 267.
gracile, (13) 166; (17) 253; (18) 389;
(21) 113.
herdmant, (13) 166; (15) 149; (17)
253 ; (21) 118.
longicorne, (13) 166.
— melaniceps, (8) 318 ; (15) 149; (20)
457, 492.
— normani, (13) 166.
propinquum, (13) 166.
pygmeum, (13) 166 ; (15) 149.
—— sarsi, (15) 149; (20) 503, 511.
—— spinipes, (6) 239.
—— tenuicorne, (13) 166.
—— tenuipes, (13) 166.
Edington, Dr A., (6) 207 ; (7) 12, 368.
Edwardsia callimorpha, (15) 163.
—— carnea, (15) 163.
Eel, common (Anguilla vulgaris), (15)
113; (18) 288.
—— composition of, (5) 228.
—— digestibility of, (5) 228.
Part LIT.— Twenty-third Annual Report
Kel, eggs of, (8) 356.
—— external differences between males
and females, (13) 203.
—— fecundity of, (8) 356.
—— female reproductive organs of, (13)
—— food of, (20) 487, 533.
——— larve of, (13) 333:
—— male, (13) 202.
—— male, reproductive organs of, (13)
198.
—— migration and reproduction of, (8)
354; (13) 206.
—-— migrations of, (8) 354.
— — oil-globules in intraovarian eggs of,
(16) 98.
—— pathological changes in, (12) 295.
problems remaining to be solved,
(13) 218.
——- reproduction of, (13) 14, 192.
—— ripe eggs of, in June, (4) 212.
—— spawning period of, (4) 253.
—— young of, (3) 63; (13) 2138.
—— -pout. See Burbot.
Fel, conger. See Conger eel.
Iftect of hooks of liners on fish-food, (12)
19.
Egeon fasciatus, (16) 156, 157, 209.
Eggs of fishes, absorption of water in
maturation of, (16) 116.
—— —— absorption of yolk in, (16) 2f1.
—— —— artificial hatching of, (7) 403.
—— —— attached to zoophytes, (3) 69.
—_—- —— change in specific gravity of,
at maturity, (16) 115.
—-— —— change in volume in demersal,
during maturation, (16) 141.
—— —— change in volume in pelagic,
during maturation, (16) 141.
changes in constituents of,
during maturation, (16) 146.
—— —— changes in percentage of water
in, during maturation, (16) 143.
—— —— changes in specific gravity of
pelagic, during maturation, (16) 142.
—— —— character of yolk in demersal,
(16) 132.
—— —w— characters of embryo from
demersal and pelagic, (16) 90.
—— —— characters of protoplasm of,
(16) 136.
——- —— chemical composition of ger-
minal vesicle, (16) 137.
—— —— chemical composition of yolk
of, (16) 136.
—— —— chemical composition of vitel-
line membrane, (16) 137.
collected by ‘‘ Garland,” (10)
300, &e.
~ — —— comparison of those of herring
and sprat, (6) 304.
—— —— comparison of yolk in demersal
and pelagic, of teleosteans, (16) 89,
—— —— demersal, modes of attachment
of, (16) 93.
—— —— development of, in ovaries, (12)
386.
—— —— different character of yolk in
demersal and pelagic, (16) 98, 99.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Eggs of fishes, difficulty of diagnosing,
when preserved, (15) 246.
——-—— distribution of pelagic, (10)
201 ; (13) 15, 258 ; (15) 219.
—— --— duration of development of
embryo, (15) 370.
—— —— effect of currents in drifting
pelagic, (17) 119.
—— —— germinal vesicle of, (16) 106,
121,
—— —— growth of yolk in, (16) 116.
—— —— haddocks feeding on, (4) 133.
—— —— hatched at Dunbar, (13) 8,
9, 123.
—— —— histological changes at matura-
tion of, (16) 120.
—-—- —— identification of, (17) 81.
—— —— in relation to trawling, (7) 401.
—— —— increase in volume of, at matu-
rity, (16) 112, 114.
—— —-— influence of light on develop-
ment of, (15) 178.
—— —— influence of salinity on, (7) 403.
intraovarian, (16) 100.
— — intraovarian, of common dab, (16)
96.
—— —— of angler, (16) 125.
—— —— of grey gurnard, (16) 96.
—— —— of haddock, (16) 96.
—— —— of John Dory, (16) 102.
—— —— of Norwegian topknot, (16) 97.
—— —— of torsk, (16) 118.
in small plaice, (20) 356.
—— -—-— maturation of, (16) 126.
—— —— membranes of, (16) 104.
—— methods of determining specific
gravity of, (16) 138.
—— —— methods of preserving, (14) 223.
——- —— natural destruction of, (5) 231.
—— —— oil-globules in, (16) 97.
—— —— oil-globules in intraovarian of
eel, (16) 98.
—— —— physical characters of yolk,
(16) 136.
—— —— primitive circulation in, (16)
211.
—— —— rate of diminution of yolk in
plaice, (16) 223.
—— —— reaction of yolk, (16) 137.
relation between oil-globules
in, and oil in fish, (7) 386.
—-— —— relation of character of yolk to
time taken in development, (16) 123.
—— —— relation of yolk to size and
development of zoéa in crustacea, (19)
114, 115.
—— —— remarks on, (3) 61.
—— —— report on, procured by ‘“‘ Gar-
land,”’ (15) 246.
—— —— role of phosphorus in matura-
tion of, (16) 150.
—— seasonal abundance of, in Loch
Fyne, (17) 94.
—— —— specific gravity of, (16) 142.
—— — — specific gravity of demersal,
(16) 142.
—— —— specific gravity of pelagic, (17)
116.
—— — — teleostean, maturation of, (16)
88.
197
Eggs of fishes, total volume of, produced
by various fishes, (16) 123.
unidentified, (11) 245, 246.
——-—— variation in buoyancy
pelagic, (17) 117.
—— —-— variation in size of, (13) 15, 271.
—— —— variation in specific gravity of
pelagic, (16) 114.
—— —— weight of, (16) 145.
—— —— zona radiata of, (16) 104.
Eggs of fishes, pelagic, cause of buoyancy
of, (16) 112.
—— —— carried by currents, (8) 258;
(15) 337 ; (16) 238.
—— —— cause of floating of, (16) 90.
—— —— change of volume in, during
maturation, (16) 142.
—— —— character of yolk in, (16) 118.
—-— —— devoured by crustacea, (9) 395.
—— ~——— direction of drift of, (15) 374.
—— —— distribution of, (15) 13.
—— —— distribution of, vertical, (15)
250.
—— —— distribution of,
Loch Fyne, (17) 108, 116.
drift of, in Loch Fyne, (17) 121.
—— —— eaten by herring, (17) 119.
—— —— estimate of the number in Loch
Fyne, (17) 109.
—— -—— from Aberdeen Bay, (8) 289;
(11) 264 ; (12) 300.
—— --— from Firth of Clyde, (9) 335-
336 ; (15) 247, 251.
—— —— from Firth of Forth, (8) 286,
288; (9) 336-349; (10) 304-315; (11)
257 ; (13) 260-263, 269 ; (14) 226 ; (15)
221, 247, 251.
—— —— from Loch Fyne, (17) 79.
—— —— from Montrose, (8) 287; (11)
254; (12) 300; (14) 225.
—— —-— from Moray Firth, (8) 287 ; (9)
340 ; (11) 254; (12) 300; (13) 268, 270;
(14) 224 ; (15) 255.
—— —— from Orkney, (18) 269.
—— —— from St. Andrews Bay, (8)
286, 287 ; (9) 340; (11) 263; (12) 298,
299, 301; (13) 260, 261, 264; (14) 225.
from Stonehaven, (12) 300.
——--—-— in Loch Fyne, comparison of
number with number of copepods, (17)
112:
—— --— in Loch Fyne, stage of develop-
ment of, (17) 100.
—— of angler, (21) 189.
—— of armed bullhead, (16) 91.
—— of Atherina hepsetus, (9) 419.
—— of ballan wrasse, (5) 245.
—— —— vitality of, (5), 246.
—— of bib, (16) 91, 115; (17) 94.
—- of brill, (10) 279; (16) 91, 114, 115.
—— of Carcinus menas, (21) 138.
—— of cat-fish, (5) 356 ; (16) 91 ; (23) 252.
—— of coal-fish, (10) 287 ; (11) 242 ; (12)
218; (13) 273; (16) 91, 114.
—— —— distribution of, (15) 243.
—— —— in Firth of Clyde, (15) 249.
—— of cod, (13) 272; (14) 223; (16) 91,
114, 115.
—— ——- distribution of,
Clyde, (15) 249.
of
vertical, in
in Firth of
198
Eggs of cod, occurrence of, in Firth of
Forth, ( (15) 221.
——- —-— Sar’s discovery that they float,
(16) 88.
—— of common dab, (13) 274 ; (14
(15) 238 ; (16) 91, 114.
distribution of, in Firth of
Clyde, (15) 250.
—— of conger, (9) 392.
—-~- of copepoda, (8) 363.
——- of crustacea, (17) 114.
——of decapod crustacea,
attachment, (22) 116.
— of diminutive sucker, (16) 91.
—— of dragonet, (14) 223 ; (16) 91, 114;
(17) 99.
—— —-— in Firth of Clyde, (15) 250.
—— of edible crab, characters of, (22) 112.
—— —— description of, (18) 88.
mode of attachment of, (22)
108, 115.
—— —— number of, (18) 89.
—— —— time of hatching of, (18) 88.
—— of eel, (8) 356.
—-— of four-bearded rockling, (16) 91,
115.
—— of five-bearded rockling, (13)
—— of flounder, (13) 274; (14) 223 ;
91, 114.
——- —-—- distribution of, (15) 231.
——- distribution of, in Firth of
Givde. (15) 250.
—— of gadoids, difficulties in diagnosis
of, (17) 81.
223 5
mode of
273.
(16)
——of Galathea dispersa, mode of
attachment of, (22) 117.
of grey gurnard, (14) 223; (16) 91,
114, 115.
, (15) 239.
distribution of, in Firth of
Clyde, (15) 249.
of gurnard, red, (16) 91, 114, 115.
— of haddock, (1: 3) 271; (i 6) 91, 114,
115.
— distribution of, (15) 224.
distribution of, in Firth of
Clyde, (15) 249.
duration of development of,
according to temperature, (19) 211.
of hake, (12) 224; (17) 93.
of halibut, (4) 224; (10) 285
242 ; (16) 91, 114.
of herring, (16) 91.
change i a of, during
maturation, (16) 1
duration S development of,
3 (11)
(6) 306.
— of horse-mackerel, (15) 205.
of Jago’s goldsinny, (17) 94.
— of John Dory, (16) 125.
characters of mature, (16) 133.
maturation of, (16) 131.
—— of king-fish, (19) 290.
of lemon dab, (16) 91, 114, 115.
specific gravity of, (7) 386.
of lesser sand-eel, (16) 91.
—— of lesser silver smelt, (16) 9
286.
of lesser weever, (16) 114.
of ling, (16) 91, 114, 115.
3 (19)
Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Jes of lobster, mode of attachment of,
(22) 117; (23) 101, 102.
—— of long rough dab, (16) 91, 114.
in Firth of Clyde, (15) 248.
—— of long-spined cottus, (16) 91.
—— of lumpsucker, (10) 243 ; (16) 91.
volume of, (16) 141.
of mackerel, (16) 91, 114; (17) 93.
specific gravity of eggs of, (7)
386.
of megrim, (10) 292 ;
91, 114.
of megrim in Firth of Clyde, (15)
250.
of mollusks, (4) 217.
of Muller’s topknot, (17) 94.
—— of Munida rugosa, (22) 116.
of Nephrops norvegicus, mode of
attachment of, (22) 118.
— of Norway haddock, (19) 288.
topknot, (12) 228 ; (16) 91.
of Phrynorhombus unimaculatus,(17)
(12) 224; (16)
94.
—— of pike, (5) 347.
ae pipe-fishes, development of, (13)
— of plaice, (13) 273 ; (16) 91, 114, 115.
——-—change in volume during
maturation of, (16) 141.
distribution of, (15) 229.
distribution of, in Firth of
Clyde, (15) 248.
drifted into Firth of Forth,
(15) 230.
of pollack, (10) 288; (17) 93
— of poor-cod, (11) 239; (14) 223.
of rockling, (14) 223.
—— of rocklings in Firth of Clyde, (15)
250.
of sand-eel, (12) 313.
of sardine, (8) 373; (9) 418, 420.
of scaldback, (17) 94.
of sea-scorpion, volume of, (1
141.
— of sharp-tailed Lumpenus, (19) 287 ;
(22) 2038.
of shore-crab, (22) 119.
of shrimp, (19) 93.
—— ——- mode of attachment of,
118.
of smelt, (16) 91.
of sole, (16) 91, 114, 115.
in Firth of Clyde, (15) 250.
of solenette, (16) 91, 114, 115.
specific gravity of, (7) 386.
—— of spotted dragonet, (19) 288.
of sprat, distribution of, (15) 234.
6) 91,
(22)
—— ——distribution of, in Firth of
Clyde, (15) 249.
of teleostean fishes, changes at
maturation of, (16) 89, 110.
—---- changes which render them
pelagic, (16) 89
—— —— characters at maturity of, (16)
110.
—— —— chemical composition of, (16)
135.
—-— —— distension of, in maturation,
(16) 89.
—-— —— formation of yolk in, (16) 98.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Eggs of teleostean fishes, growth and
maturation of, (16) 88.
—— —— nature of, (16) 88, 89.
—— —— physical and chemical changes
in, during maturation, (16) 1385, 138.
-—~- significance of the yolk in,
(6) 280.
——- of thickback, (22) 286.
— Tomopteris onisciformis, (6) 282.
of turbot, (10) 274; (12) 223; (13)
14, 224, 274; (15) 187; (16) 91, 114.
change in specific gravity in
development, (15) 188.
distribution of, (15) 242.
of tusk, (10) 288; (16) 91, 114.
of whiting, (13) 272; (16) 114.
distribution of, (15) 223.
— of witch, time taken to hatch, (16)
91, 114, 115; (22) 186.
Kgypt, fisheries of, (13) 347.
Ehrenbaum, Professor, (9) 406; (10) 343;
(11) 21, 487 ; (13) 16; (16) 227; (18)
339 ; (19) 92.
EHiscladus longicaudatus, (10) 265.
Ekstrém’s topknot. See Topknot, Nor-
way.
Electric light, value of, in tow-netting,
(7) 387.
—— use of, in deep-sea research, (7) 395.
—— use of, in fishing in Spain, (8) 370.
ee are *” organ in skates, the, (6)
217.
Electric ray. See Torpedo.
Lledone, sp., (21) 199.
Elysia viridis, (15) 117.
Emarginula crassa, (15) 122.
—— fissura, (15) 122
Embryology of the retina of teleosteans,
(6) 280.
Emigration of amceboid corpuscles in the
star-fish, (6) 28C.
Enchelyopus (Zoarces), viviparus.
Blenny, viviparous.
Encyonema cespitosum, (9) 274.
Engraulis encrasicholus. See Anchovy.
Enhydrosoma curvatum, (8) 319; (15)
152 ; (21) 122, 123.
gracile, (21) 122.
—— minutum, (21) 123.
Ensatella americanna, (7) 341.
Enterocola eruca, (9) 301.
—— fulgens, (9) 301; (18) 386.
Enteropsis vararensis, (19) 241.
Entomostraca, notes on, (5) 328.
—-—of lochs and inland waters.
Fauna, invertebrate.
Holis coronata, (20) 511.
—— papillosa, (15) 117.
sp., (16) 209.
Eopsetta, (18) 352.
Ephimedia eblanc, (15) 169.
Epibdella hippoglosst, (19) 142.
Epimeria cornigera, (8) 328; (15) 139;
(18) 401; (19) 236, 262; (20) 510, 516.
ree ae ae (15) 169; (17) 265; (18)
Epithemia sorex, (9) 274.
turgida, (9) 274.
Ergasilus gasterostei, (18) 146.
-—— nanus, (19) 122.
See
See
199
Ergasilus sieboldiz, (19) 124.
Erichthonius abditus, (6) 249; (15) 141;
(18) 402.
—— deformis, (6) 249 ; (20) 501, 523.
—— hunteri, (14) 161 ; (19) 265; (20) 501.
Erpetocypris olivacea, (9) 282.
—— reptans, (8) 340, 341, 342; (9) 272,
276, 282, 283, 284, 286, 288; (13) 188,
245, 250.
—— robertsoni, (9) 281, 282.
—— strigata, (8) 336, 337, 341, 343; (9)
272, 284.
—— tumefacta, (8) 336, 337, 339, 340;
(9) 272, 282, 284, 286.
Erythrops elegans, (15) 134; (17)
(18) 403, 404 ; (20) 491.
—— goésii, (7) 322; (16) 158, 160,
(20) 448, 480, 516, 520, 522.
—— —— distribution of, in Firth of
Forth, (16) 161.
—— pygmea, (4) 158 ; (7) 322.
—— serrata, (7) 322; (8) 330; (15) 169;
(16) 262 ; (17) 268; (18) 404; (19) 236,
277; (20) 510, 528, 524.
Escaroides rosacea, (15) 157.
Esox lucius. See Pike.
Etropus, (18) 357.
Hucalanus crassus, (15) 307, 312;
382 ; (19) 236, 237 ; (21) 110.
—-— elongatus, (15) 305, 307, 309, 310, 311,
312; (18) 383; (19) 236, 237; (21) 110.
Eucamvia grenlandica, (15) 214.
zodiacus, (15) 214.
Eucanuella spinifera, (19) 236, 245 ; (20)
456.
Eucheta norvegica, (15) 146, 305, 307, 308,
309, 310, 311, 314; (17) 113, 248,
ELucythere anglica, (6) 244.
argus, (6) 244.
declivis, (6) 244; (15) 143.
Hudactylina acanthii, (20) 296.
—— acuta, (20) 293 ; (22) 277.
—— minuta, (22) 275.
similis, (20) 295.
Hudendrium rameum, (15) 164.
Hudorella deformis, (8) 329.
emarginata, (20) 516.
tnermis, (7) 322.
marginata, (17) 267.
truncatula, (7) 822; (15) 184; (16)
167, 299 ; (17) 267 ; (20) 503, 510, 516.
Hudorellopsis deformis, (8) 329 ; (17) 267;
(19) 274 ; (20) 510; (20) 243, 258.
EHugyophrys, (18) 357.
Eulima bilineata, (15) 121.
incurva, (15) 121.
intermedia, (15) 120.
—-- polita, (8) 831; (15) 120.
KHulimella acicula, (15) 121,
—— scille, (15) 121.
Humenia jeffreysi, (15) 159.
Eunice norvegica, (15) 159.
Hunicicola clausvi, (20) 481.
Huonyx chelatus, (19) 236, 258.
LHupagurus bernhardus, (6) 258 ; (15) 130;
(20) 511, 516, 535.
—— cuanensis, (6) 258 ; (20) 522, 527.
—— prideaux, (15) 130.
—— pubescens, (6) 258 ; (15) 131; (20) 507.
—— sculptimanus, (6) 258 ; (15) 130.
268 ;
209 ;
(18)
200
Euphausii raschii, (4) 157.
Lupogebia deltura, (19) 278. .
Hurycercus lamellatus, (8) 339 ;
277, 283, 291; (11) 232
188, O45, 250, &e.
Hurycope phalangium, (15) 135.
Hurydice achata, (20) 493.
—— pulchra, (6) 251; (15) 135;
210 (19) 271.
Hurynome aspera, (6) 256.
Hurynotus tnsolens, (16) 279 ; Fell ae
Hurystheus e -ythrophthalmus, (6) 2
Huryte longicauda, (23) 143.
Eurytemora affinis, (10) 245 ;
(18) 385 ; (19) 238; (23) 67.
—— clausti, (13) 249, 251.
—— hirundo, (10) 245,
—— lacinulata, (15) 317;
—— velox, (18) 384;
527, 532, 534.
Husirus longipes, (15
402 ; (19) 262.
Euthemisto conupressa, (10) 265, 26
170, 176, 210.
Evadne nordmannii, (6) 245; (15) 141,
306, 308, 309, 310, 311; (16) 210; (20)
532, 533.
Ewart, Professor J. C., (5) 43; (6) Y5,
189, 203, 277, 282, 287, 289, 295; (7)
9, 182, 384; (8) 351; (9) 320
Bo of Forth oyster-beds, (14) 13,
260.
Exocetus volitans. See Flying-fish.
Expense of fish-hatching, (21) 181 ;
UPA
Experiments in cross-fertilisation of fish,
(8) 358.
——on currents and the transport of
pelagic eggs, (13) 153.
—— on mesh of nets, (1%) 302.
—— on migrations of fish, (15) 375.
— — with small-meshed nets, (21) 40.
(9) 273)
; (12) 286; (13,
(16) 168,
(11) 203 ;
(17) 251, 270.
(20) 495, 507, 525,
) 139; (17) 2653 (18)
6; (16)
(23)
F
Facelina drummondii, (15) 117.
Faerée, trawling investigations at,
SP
Faerée-Shetland Channel, animal plank-
ton of, (15) 305.
—— currents of, (15) 287.
——- diatoms from, (15) 297.
— — direction of surface currents in, (15)
340.
—— physical observations in, (15) 280.
—— salinity observations in, (15) 282.
—-— temperature observations in, (15)
282.
Father-lasher.
(23)
See Scorpion, ea-.
Fauna of Firth of Forth, 7 311; (9)
145 1300)s (LO) Ss G1) 7, 19713842)
231; (13) 15, 167 ; (14) 15, 158.
—— West Coast, of ‘‘ Garland” expe-
dition, (9) 13, 297.
invertebrate, of inland waters of
Scotland, (8) 334; (9) 269; (11) 220;
(12) 284; (13) 237 ; (14) 167 ; (15) 316;
(16) 248.
-—-——of Duddingston Loch, (17)
132, 165.
Part WL—Twenty-third Annual Report
Fauna, invertebrate, of Loch Achnacloich,
(9) 269.
-——— —— of Loch Doon, (17) 1382.
of Loch Coulter and Coulter
Burn, (8) 334.
—— —-— of Loch Garry (Ailsa Craig),
(16) 251.
——-—— of Loch Leven, (Lj) maz
—— —— of Loch Lomond, (17) 132.
—_—— —— of Loch Strathbeg, (9) 269.
of Lochs in vicinity of Glas-
gow, (13) 237.
—— —— of Lochs of Pal ree (9)
269; (12) 289; (15) 316; (16) 251.
—— -—— of Lochs of Bute, (15) 316 ; (16)
Does
—— —— of Lochs of Caithness, (9) 269.
—— —— of Lochs of Fifeshire, (9) 269.
—— —— of Lochs of Forfar (15) 316;
(17) 182.
—— — — of Lochs of Inverness, (9) 269 ;
(11) 220; (17) 132.
gc Sap ihoeherot Orkney, (9) 269.
—— —— of Lochs of Outer Hebrides,
(13) 237.
of Lochs of | Perthshire,
284 ; (13) 237; (14) 167; (17) 182.
—_— —-__ of Shetland lochs; (13))74;
(14) 229; (15) 316, 328, 329 ; (16) 248.
—— — — distribution of pelagic, in Firth
of Forth, (16) 153.
Favorinus albus, (15) 117.
Fecundity of sea-fishes, (9) 12, 243; (10)
190 ; (15) 370.
—— of fishes with demersal eggs, (15)
376.
—— —— with pelagic eggs, (15) 376.
—— proportional number of ova pro-
duced by different species, (9) 248.
—-— variation of, in individuals of same
species, (9) O48.
Fedderson, Mr A., (6) 16, 276.
Fierasfer, sp., larv al, from North Sea, (22)
283.
(12)
Fifteen- spined stickleback. See Stickle-
back, fifteen-spined.
Filigrana implexa, (15) 157.
Firth of Clyde, condition of fishing
grounds in, (6) 5.
—— crustacea of, (16) 277; (17) 248.
—— description of trawling stations in,
(18) 20.
—— fishes of, (18) 272.
—— importance of investigations in, (14)
—— larval fishes of, (9) 335, 336; (15)
251.
—— methods of fishing for herrings in,
(18) 249.
—— migrations of gurnards in, (17) 216.
—— pelagic eggs of, (9) 335-336; (15)
247, 251.
—-- pelagic fauna of, (15) 71.
—— physical observations in, in 1896,
(15) 94.
—— post-larval fishes of, (9) 335, 336
(14) 227 ; (15) 251.
—— trawling experiments in, (6) 32
(12) 12; (14) 11, 21; (15) 22; (16) 22;
(17) 23; (18) 20; (20) 29.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Firth of Clyde, young fishes of, (9) 335,
336 ; (15) 251, 259.
Firth of Forth, alkalinity of, (5) 352.
—— amhipoda of, (16) 170.
—— as a nursery for young fish, (5) 48.
-—— bye-law closing, against trawling,
(5) 44.
—-— cladocera of, (16) 177.
—— copepoda of, (16) 177.
—— crustacea, revised list of, (6) 235.
—— ctenophora of, (16) 194.
—-— cumacea of, (16) 167.
- — decapod crustacea of, (16) 156.
—— dependence of, on eggs spawned
offshore, (15) 230.
—— distribution of Acartia in, (16) 186.
——— distribution of Calanus finmarchicus
in, (16) 180.
——- distribution of Erythrops goésii in,
(16) 161.
distribution of Euphasiide in, (16)
159.
—— distribution of Mysidae in, (16) 163.
distribution of Parathemisto in, (16)
173.
—— distribution of peiagic invertebrate
fauna of, in 1889-1895, (16) 153.
-—— distribution of Sagitta in, (16) 190.
—— distribution of Schizopoda of, (16)
164.
distribution of Temora longicornis
in, (16) 183.
fauna of, additions to, (7) 311; (8)
312 ; (9) 300; (10) 244 ; (11) 197 ; (12)
231 ; (13) 165; (14) 158.
—— fisheries of, (9) 178.
—— former productiveness of, (5) 47.
—— hydromedusz of, (16) 194.
-—— isopoda of, (16) 168.
larval and young crustacea, dis-
tribution of, in, (16) 197.
larval fishes in, (8) 286, 288 ; (9)
336 ; (10) 304 ; (11) 257 ; (13) 260, 263,
269 ; (14) 226; (15) 250, 251.
—— migrations of gurnards in, (17) 210.
—— oyster-beds of, (14) 13, 244, 265;
(15) 14.
—— pelagic ceelenterata of, (16) 194.
—-~~ pelagic eggs of fishes in, (8) 286, 288;
(9) 336-340 ; (10) 304-315 ; (11) 257;
(13) 260, 261-3, 269; (14) 226; (15)
221, 247, 251 ; (16) 203.
—— pelagic fauna of, (15) 64; (16) 153.
—— pelagic vermes of, (16) 190.
—— physical conditions of, (5) 50, 349.
—— physical observations in, (15) 89.
post-larval fishes of, (8) 286, 288 ;
(9) 336-340 ; (10) 304-315 ; (11) 257 ;
(13) 260, 261-3, 269 ; (14) 226 ; (15) 251.
salinity of, (5) 350.
— schizopoda of, (16) 158.
—— temperature observations in, (5) 353.
—— trawling experiments, comparison
of periods, (14) 146; (20) 21.
trawling experiments, decrease of
plaice and lemon dabs in, (14) 146 ; (20)
23, 26, 28.
trawling experiments, increase of
common dabs and long rough dabs in
closed area, (14) 146 ; (20) 25, 26, 28.
201
Firth of Forth, trawling investigations
in,” (6)°27 = (12) 13, 177243 (14) 128;
(20) 20.
-—_— trawling stations in, (5) 52; (14) 131.
—— use of seine in sprat fishery in, (18)
244, 7
—— young fishes of, (8) 286, 288 ; (9)
336-340 ; (10) 304-315 ; (11) 257 ; (13)
260-263, 269 ; (14) 226 ; (15) 251.
Fish, application of the term
mature,” (8) 192.
artificial hatching of, (5) 230.
—— as food of cod, (4) 136, 146.
—— as food of haddocks, (4) 131.
—— bacteria in living, (6) 287.
—— circulatory system in teleostean
embryos, (16) 213.
—— Commission of United States, work
of, (3) 79, 80.
—— composition of (5) 221.
-—— observations on, (15) 190.
Fish-culture in America, progress of, (3)
78.
—— in Canada, (12) 392.
in France, (12) 403.
—— in Lancashire, (13) 334.
——— in New South Wales, (12) 393.
—-— in the United States, (12) 394.
Fish, definition of ‘‘ large ” and ‘‘small,”
caught by line, (8) 187.
—— destruction of, in Australia by
Peridina, (9) 400.
difficulties of diagnosis of young
flat, (16) 226.
—— digestibility of,
beef, (5) 223.
—— distribution of young gadoids, (19)
289.
—— economic products from, (4) 256.
——elasmobranch, cranial nerves of,
(7) 385.
—— excretory products in the gut in
embryo teleosteans, (16) 217.
—— experiments on digestibility of, (5)
223.
—— experiments on vitality of, caught
by trawl, (8) 184.
—— extracts of, (4) 257.
fat in muscles of, (5) 226.
——feeding during spawning period,
(4) 101.
—— fresh, digestibility of, (5) 221.
—— fresh, nutritive value of, (5) 221.
Fishes, growth of. See Growth.
Fish-hatching at Howietoun, (5) 230.
—— conditions of, (5) 237.
—— Dannevig apparatus for, (5) 238.
—— expense of, (21) 181.
—— in Newfoundland, (13) 335.
——in Norway, (5) 234; (7) 403; (17)
208.
—— jar for adhesive eggs, (5) 238.
—-— principles of, (5) 231.
——report on, (17) 205.
Hatching.
Fish, hybridism in, (7) 382.
—— immature, biological definition of,
(8) 160.
—— —— their distribution and capture
by various modes of fishing, (8) 157.
“¢im-
compared with
See also
202
Fish, immature, capture and destruction
of, (7) 53 (9) 201 ; (12) 18, 302.
—— capture by bag-net or stow-net
fishing, (8) 190; (23) 156.
—— —— capture of, by hooks. (8) 378 ;
(13) 14, 133.
—— —— capture of, by liners, (8) 187.
—— —— capture of, by lines and beam
trawls, (9) 29.
—— —— capture of, by shrimp nets, (8)
185; (9) 206.
—— —— capture of, by trawling, (8)
179, 195.
— — —— capture of, in North Sea, (13)
332.
—— —— comparison of territorial and
extra-territorial waters regarding, (8)
177.
—— —— comparative destruction of, by
trawl and hook, (6) 3.
—— —- — conference on the destruction
of, (8) 360; (9) 201, 389 ; (10) 345.
—— —— definition of, (8) 160, 163.
——- —— destruction of, (8) 362.
destruction of, by seines, (8)
—— --— destruction of, by weirs, (8)
—— —— distribution of, (8) 10, 157;
(13) 333.
—— —— distribution of, according to
depth and distance from shore, (8)
166, 167, 169; (10) 338.
—— —--- distribution of, in inshore and
offshore waters; (8) 163.
—— —— distribution of, offshore, (9)
4, 182, 391, 395, 406.
—— —— enquiry as to destruction of,
in Belgium, (9) 416.
—— —— enquiry as to destruction of,
in Holland, (9) 412, 413.
—— —— enquiry as to presence of, in
deep water, (9) 391.
—— --— enquiries regarding, (8) 159.
—— —— escape of, from otter-trawl,
(20) 327.
—— —— experiments on vitality of, (12)
387.
—— —— investigations on, in Denmark,
(13) 340.
—— —— legal sizes for, in Denmark, (8)
374.
—— — — legal sizes for, in Italy, (8) 375.
legislation for the protection
of, (8) 157.
—— —— limits of, (22) 18.
—— —— limits suggested for sale of,
(12) 385.
—— —— minimum sizes fixed for, (8)
158.
—— —— nurseries of, (9) 4.
—— —-—- official enquiries regarding des-
truction of, (8) 159.
—— —— practical difficulty of enlarging
mesh of trawl-nets for protection of,
(8) 196.
—— —— principles of the protection of,
(8) 192, 196.
—— —— proportion of, to adults taken,
(8) 164.
Part 11 —Twenty-third Annual Report
Fish, immature, protection of flat fish,
(14) 148.
—— —— proportion of, landed by line
fishermen, (8) 378.
—-- —— proportion of, landed by trawl-
ers, (22) 16.
—— —~— regulations proposed regarding,
in England, (9) 393.
—— — — regulations regarding, in Bel-
gium, (9) 416.
—— —— regulations regarding in Den-
mark, (9) 411 ; (10) 247.
regulations
France, (9) 202.
regulations regarding, in Hol-
land, (9) 413 ; (10) 350.
—— —— regulations regarding, in Italy,
(9) 202.
—— —— regulations regarding, in New
South Wales, (9) 399.
—-— —— size of, among different species,
(22) 17.
—— —— their distribution and capture
by various modes of fishing, (8) 157.
—— ——- used for manure, &ce., (8) 158.
—— importance of accurate measure-
ments of, (20) 326, 330.
— — influence of cold on, (9) 420.
—-— landed, imperfection of statistics of,
(20) 76.
—— lateral sense organs of, (16) 216.
—-- limit of size dividing mature from
immature, (8) 161, 163.
—— -meal, (6) 297.
—— method of determining solids of,
(5) 222.
—-— method of preparation of, in tins, (5)
20
“
a gees regarding, in
methods of rearing larvee of, (15) 177.
migrations of, in relation to
currents, (15) 375.
—— notes on teleostean development,
(16) 211.
—— numerical
seasons, (6) 36.
—— nurseries of young, (8) 177.
—— -oils, (4) 258.
—— preservation of, (4) 259; (6) 289.
—— proportion of mature and immature,
caught by trawling, (8) 180.
—— relative abundance of, (6) 91.
—— relative proportion of small, cap-
tured, (6) 36.
—w— rearing experiments with flat, (16)
219.
“=
variation at different
—— rearing post-larval plaice, (16) 223.
—— reproduction and development of
teleostean, (7) 386.
—— respiration of teleostean embryo,
(16) 213.
—— supply on German coast, diminution
of, (9) 405.
transport of live European, to
America, (8) 363.
—— weight and sizes of, brought to
Aberdeen market, (22) 89.
Fisher Bank, catches from, (21) 38.
— — plaice on, (21) 41.
—— statistics relating to, (21) 38.
—— trawling investigations on, (21) 25.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Fisheries in extra-territorial waters,
international conference on, (9) 389.
—— of Denmark, (13) 340.
-——- of England and Wales, (9) 393 ; (12)
380.
—— of France, (8) 372; (9) 420.
—-— of Holland, (13) 340.
—— of North Sea, question of regulation
of, in Germany, (9) 405.
—— of Shetland, (10) 202.
—-— of Solway, (4) 255.
Fishermen, decline in number of, (10) 8.
—— technical instruction to, (22) 264.
Fishery Commission of 1883, recom-
mendations of, (5) 43.
—— regulations, (10) 189.
—— statistics. See Statistics, fishery.
Fishes, change of colour in, (3) 69.
comparison of embryos from
demersal and pelagic eggs of, (16) 90.
comparison of larve of, from
demersal and pelagic eggs, (16) 123.
copepod parasites of, (18) 145.
crustacean parasites of, (18) 144.
description of measuring tables for,
(20) 330.
development of teleostean, (6) 302.
different rate of growth of sexes of,
(20) 338.
diseases of, (3) 66.
— feed little at low temperatures, (22)
162, 171.
food of. See Food.
growth and maturation of the eggs
of teleostean, (16) 88.
influence of temperature on growth
of, (22) 159.
influence of temperature on rapidity
of digestion in, (22) 171.
larve of, transported by currents,
(15) 368.
larval, of Aberdeen Bay, (8) 289;
(11) 264 ; (14) 225.
—— —-— of Firth of Clyde, (9) 335, 336 ;
(15) 251.
—— —— of Firth of Forth, (8) 286, 288;
(9) 336-346 ; (10) 304-315; (11) 257;
(13) 260-263, 269; (14) 226; (15) 251.
—--—— of Loch Fyne, (15) 254; (17)
121.
—— —— of Moray Firth, (8) 287; (9)
340; (11) 254; (13) 268, 270; (14) 224;
(15) 255.
—— —— of Montrose, (8) 287 ; (11) 254;
(12) 300; (14) 225.
—— —— of Orkney, (13) 269.
—— —— of St. Andrews Bay, (8) 286;
(11) 263 ; (12) 299, 301 ; (13) 260, 261-
264 ; (14) 225.
—— marine, of Loch Fyne, (15) 107.
—-~ marking experiments with, methods
employed, (8) 354.
—— migrations of, in relation to tem-
perature, (20) 336.
—— mode of capture of, by liners, (4)
201.
—— natural destruction of eggs of, (5)
“~
—— nature and composition of ovarian
fluids of, (16) 149,
203
-Fishes, nature of eggs of teleostean, 16
89.
—— of Firth of Clyde, (18) 272.
| —— of Loch Fyne, list of, (4) 232.
—— old ideas as to spawning places, (8)
164.
-—— on lines, injuries to, (4) 203.
—— ovaries of teleostean, (16) 92.
—— parasites of, (19) 120; (20) 288 ; (22)
275 ; (23) 108.
—— parasites on young plaice and
flounders, (16) 242.
—— physical and chemical changes in
ova of teleostean, during maturation,
(16) 135, 138.
post-larval, of Aberdeen Bay, (8)
289; (11) 264; (14) 225.
—~—- —— of Firth of Clyde, (9) 335, 336;
(14) 287 ; (15) 251.
of Firth of Forth, (8) 286, 288 ;
(9) 336-340; (10) 304-315; (11) 257;
(13) 260-263, 269 ; (14) 226; (15) 251.
—— —— of Loch Fyne, (15), 254; (17)
of Montrose, (8) 287 ; (11) 254;
(12) 300 ; (14) 225.
——-—--of Moray Firth, (9) 340; (11)
' 954; (18) 268, 270; (14) 224; (15) 255.
—— —— of Shetland, (14) 227.
—— —— of St. Andrews Bay, (8) 286,
287 ; (11) 263 ; (12) 299, 301 ; (13) 260,
261, 264; (14) 225.
—— —— vertical distribution of, (17)
127.
—— proportion of marketable to un-
marketable, taken by trawlers, (22) 13.
—— rate of growth of. See Growth.
—— relation of length to weight, (22)
142.
—— relative sensitiveness of, to sudden
changes in temperature, (22) 162.
remarks on growth of, (3) 64.
—— respiration of teleostean embryo,
(16) 213.
—— sense organs and perceptions of, (8)
362.
—— spawning periods of. See Spawning
periods.
—— specific gravity of ovarian fluid of,
(16) 138.
—— synonyms of British, list of, (2) 74.
—— unmarketable, description of, (22) 14.
—— with demersal eggs, fecundity of,
(15) 376.
—— with pelagic eggs, fecundity of, (15)
376.
—— young, distribution of, in Moray
Firth, (15) 257.
—— —— in Loch Fyne, proportion of
food fishes, (17) 127.
= of Aberdeen Bay, (8) 289; (11)
264 ; (14) 225.
—— —— of Firth of Clyde, (9) 335, 336 ;
(15) 251, 259.
—— —— of Firth of Forth, (8) 286, 288 ;
(9) 336-3840; (10). 304-315; (11) 257 ;
(13) 260-263, 269; (14) 226; (15) 251
—— —— of Loch Fyne, (15) 254,
at Montrose, (8) 287; (9) 341;
(10) 304; (11) 254; (12) 300; (14) 225.
204
Fishes, young, of Moray Firth, (8) 287 ;
(9) 340; (10) 304; (11) 254 ; (13) 268,
270; (14) 224; (15) 255.
of St. Andrews Bay, (8) 286,
287 ; (11) 263; (12) 299, 301; (13) 260,
261, 264 ; (14) 225.
—— —— on deep-water grounds, (19)
189.
Fishing, capture of immature fish by
various methods of, (8) 179.
gear, amount of, (10) 179.
grounds, extension of, (10) 188.
method of ascertaining produc-
tiveness of, (21) 38.
ot Firth of Clyde, (6) 5.
—— —— of Stonehaven district, (6) 222.
on the east coast of Scotland,
(9) 11, 177.
Five-bearded rockling.
five-bearded.
Flat fishes, arrangement of muscles in, (4)
168.
classification of, (18) 335.
— comparison of nasal organ in, (18)
338.
— decrease in supply of, (11) 9, 10, 11,
12, 24, 27; (12) 9, 384.
—— decrease of, in closed areas, (14) 12,
146.
—— diagnostic characters of, (13) 333.
—— diminution of, (10) 8.
—— fluctuations in abundance of, (14)
136, 138.
—— geographical distribution of sub-
families of, (18) 362.
growth of, compared with round
fishes, (20) 334.
landed by trawlers at Aberdeen,
(20) 77.
—— mature and immature, (8) 166.
—— most important characters in classi-
fication, (18) 348.
numbers and sexes of, (8) 348.
—— olfactory organ of, (18) 338, 349,
363.
—— origin of, (18) 362.
probable migratory movements in
winter, (6) 8.
proportion caught by trawlers which
are marketable, (22) 15.
proportion of immature, landed by
trawlers, (22) 16.
rearing experiments with, (16) 219.
—-— relative importance of external
characters of, (18) 335.
relative quantities caught by line
fishermen and beam-trawlers, (6) 7.
size of mouth in, as a character in
classification, (18) 336.
spawning of, (8) 260. See Spawning.
value of hypural elements of, in
classification, (18) 346.
—— value of pectoral arch and ventral
fins in classification of, (18) 340.
value of sinistral or dextral
character, (18) 336.
variability in asymmetry of, (18) 363.
vertebral column and alimentary
canal of, in regard to classification,
(18) 343.
See Rockling,
Part IIIT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Flemingia zetlandica, (15) 120.
Fletcher, Mr J., (23) 156.
Flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), (18) 286.
cross-fertilisation of, with lump-
sucker, (8) 358.
date of appearance of young, in
harbours, (16) 246.
—— digestibility of, (5) 228.
—— distribution of, (21) 42.
distribution of eggs of, (15) 231.
eggs of, (2) 47 ; (7) 304 ; (8) 285 ; (16)
91. 114; (17) 82-84, 93, 96, 104, 106.
—— eggs of, in Firth of Clyde, (15) 250.
—— fecundity of, (9) 265.
—— fishing in Solway, (7) 175.
—— food of, (7) 226, 234, 240; (8) 231,
238, 249, 250; (9) 227, 235, 238; (10)
215, 223 ; (20) 487, 527.
—— growth of, (9) 391.
~-—-— growth of, in tanks, (7) 405.
in Loch Fyne, (15) 112; (18) 353.
-—— mature and immature, (8) 172.
—— migrations of, (21) 42.
-—— minimum size at maturity, (8) 161,
162, 163.
multiple tumours in, (3) 66 ; (4) 214.
—— parasites of, (18) 150; (19) 121 ; (23)
108
—— post-larval stages of, (16) 225, 236.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
348, 349 ; (10) 239.
relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 214.
sexual proportions of, (10) 237.
-—— sinistral and dextral forms of, (7)
326 ; (18) 363.
size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— spawning areas of, (7) 190; (8) 263 ;
(15) 232 ; (21) 43; (23) 20.
—— spawning period of, (4) 251; (
190; (8) 263; (10) 234; (15) 232; (1
98 ; (21) 43.
Fluctuations in the abundance of the
food fishes, (14) 134.
Fluke, sail. See Megrim.
Flying-fish (Hxocetus volitans), (18) 288.
Food, diatoms as, (16) 244.
fishes, classification of marketable,
by trawlers, (21) 40.
—— —— development of, (8) 15; (13)
14, 220; (14) 15, 171.
—_— development and _ life-history
of, (6) 265; (9) 317.
—— —— distribution of, (21) 38, 40.
—— effects of closure of waters on
size of, (14) 142.
—— —— eggs of, (14) 223.
—-— —— fluctuations in abundance of,
(14) 134.
—— —— general remarks on post-larval
forms, (6) 269.
—— —— habits of young of, (4) 214.
——\ —— hatched at Dunbar, (13) 8, 9,
7)
7)
123.
—— —— hatching and rearing of, (13)
8, 123.
—— —— hatching of, (14) 8, 150; (15)
10.
—— —— life-histories of, (14) 15, 171.
—— —— migrations of, (21) 40.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Food fishes, rate of growth of, (13) 15,
289.
—— of allis shad, (20) 533.
—— of cat-fish, (20) 312, &c.
—— of coal-fish, (20) 313, &c.
—— of cod, (4) 134; (20) 307, &c.
-—— of common dab, (20) 306, &c.
—— of common eel, (20) 533.
—-— of conger, (20) 308, &c.
—— of cuckoo ray, (20) 536.
—— fifteen-spined stickleback, (20)
505.
—-— of fishes, (6) 11, 225; (7) 9; (9) 1
222; (10) 18, 211; a 333 ; (21) ae
—— of fishes, report on, (4) 100; (20)
486.
—— of five-bearded rockling, (20) 519.
—— of food fishes, (8) 12, 230.
—— of Fuller’s ray, (20) 535.
—— of great pipe-fish, (20) 534.
, (20) 520.
—— of grey mullet, (20) 504.
—— of gurnard, (22) 28.
——- of haddock, (4) 128; (6) 2
(20) 306, &e.
, 280 ;
» (8) 255.
— of hake, (7) 240.
—— of halibut, (20) 308, 312, &c.
—— of herring, (4) 102; (6) 225.
—— of lemon dab, (20) 306, &c.
of lesser silver smelt, (20) 528.
of long rough dab, (20) 311, &c.
of Macrurus levis, (20) 501.
of marine animals, diatoms as,
215.
—— of minnow, (17) 174.
—— of plaice, (20) 306, &c.
—— of pollack, (19) 267.
— of porbeagle shark, (19) 290.
—— of post-larval plaice, (15) 180, 181,
183 ; (16) 224.
—— post-larval turbot and lemon dabs,
(15) 188, 189.
—— of sand-smelt, (20) 504.
—— of sardine, (7) 390; (8) 37
—— of scal]d-fish, (20) 524.
—— of sheil-fishes, (13) 333.
—-—- of shrimp, (9) 406.
—— of sole, (9) 390.
—— of straight-nosed pipe-fish, (20) 534.
—— of three-spined stickleback, (20) 504.
—— of tope, (4) 213.
—— of turbot, (20) 312, 313, &e.
—— of twaite shad, (20) 533.
—— of viviparous blenny, (20) 501.
—— of whiting, (5) 317.
—— of young coal-fish, (5) 327.
of young cod, (5) 326.
—— of young flat fishes, (12) 387.
—— of young Gadide, (5) 326.
of young lobster, (23) 69, 70.
Foraminifera of Loch Fyne, (15) 165;
(16) 273.
—— of West Coast lochs, (9) 197.
Foreign countries, demand for Scottish
fish in, (7) 8.
—— trawlers fishing in closed waters of
Moray Firth, (20) 19.
—— in Moray Firth, quantity of
fish landed by, at English ports, (20) 19.
QO
(15)
| Formaline, decalcifying action of,
205
Forfar Loch, amphipoda of, (17) 159.
—— cladocera of, (17) 160.
—— copepoda of, (17) 158, 159.
—-— invertebrate fauna of, (17) 156.
—— mullusca of, (17) 159.
—— ostracoda of, (17) 159.
—— temperatures of, (17) 157.
Forfarshire, fishing grounds off, (9) 180.
| Forkbeard, greater (Phycis blennoides),
(3) 69; (4) 224; (7) 326.
a lesser, or tadpole hake, (Raniceps
raninus), (2) 80; (15) 111; (18) 284.
—-—- very young stages of, (15) 209.
(23)
133.
Fox shark. See Shark-thresher.
| Fragilaria construens, (9) 274.
| Gadiculus argenteus.
| Gadidee, food of young, (5) 326.
| Gadus eglefinus.
—— mutabilis, (9) 274.
—— striatula, (15) 214.
—— virescens, (9) 274.
France as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 164.
—— fishery work in, (7) 389; (8)
(9) 418 ; (12) 402; (13) 347.
—— mussel-growing in, (7) 392.
shrimp fisheries of, (7) 394.
Frog-fish. See Angler.
Fry from hatchery, method of trans-
porting, (14) 156.
—-— —— transported to West Coast,
(14) 10, 155.
Fryer, Mr ©. ns
Fullarton, Dr
BvAle
(5 Tiare (6) 191.
a) l De kool
352, 384; (8) 1s i 18, 19, 23, &e.
Fuller’s ray. See Ray, Fuller’s.
Fulton, Dr T. Wemyss, (6) 189, 276;
(7) 8, 9, 158, Ajde U82)5 2005 352,. 304,
387; (8) 7, 11, 13, 21, &e:
Fultonia hir suta, (20) 449, 466.
Fusus retroversus, (7) 325.
G
See Pout, silvery.
lines of growth in skeletal struc-
tures of, (23) 125.
young, as herring-food, (4) 127.
See Haddock.
See Pout, silvery.
See F orkbeard, greater,
See Cod.
—— argenteus.
—— blennoides.
—— callarias.
esmarkit. See Pout, Norway.
— luscus. See Bib.
—— merlangus. See Whiting.
—— minutus. See Poor-cod.
—— morrhua. See Cod.
pollachius. See Pollack.
—— poutassou. See Whiting, Couch’s.
virens. See Coal-fish.
Galathea andrewsii, (6) 259.
dispersa, (6) 259 ; (15) 131; (18) 403.
—— dispersa, mode of attachment of
eggs in, (22) 117.
—— intermedia, (6) 259; (15) 131.
—— nexa, (6) 259; (15) 131.
squamifera, (6) 259; (15) 121.
——- strigosa, (6) 259 ; (20) 507.
Galeus canis. See Tope.
Galvina farrant, (15) 117.
206
Galvina picta, (15) 117.
Gammarus cornigera, (8) 328.
—— duabeni, (13) 188, 244, 249; (14)
160, 239, 242; (15) 318, 320, 322, 331,
302); (16) 250, 251, 257; 259). (19) 2638:
—— edwardsii, (7) 321; (8) 332.
—— elegans, (8) 327.
—-— locusta, (6) 248 ; (8) 332; (15) 140,
317; (20) 492, 493, 495, 500, &c.
—— marinus, (10) 265 ; (15) 140.
——- pulex, (8) 338; (9) 272, 276, 285,
289; (12) 288; (14) 239 ; (15) 320, 330,
&e. 3 (16) 257, 259 ; (17) 139, 150, 159,
&e.
—— sabini, (7) 321.
—— spinosus, (10) 264.
sp., (16) 210.
Gammaropsis erythrophthalma, (6) 248 ;
(15) 141; (16) 170. 177, 210.
—— maculata, (20) 510.
—— nana, (14) 161; (20) 510, 520.
Gannets, destruction of herring by, (4)
58.
Garfish (Belone vulgaris), (18) 287.
—— spawning period of, (4) 252.
‘‘Garland,” comparison of catches of,
with those of trawlers, (19) 19.
—— crustacea collected by, (18) 382;
(19) 235.
—— description of, (5) 44; (11) 7;
7, 125.
—— description of net of, (8) 179.
—-— detection of illegal trawling by, (9)
(14)
inability of, to carry on the investi-
gations in Moray Firth, (12) 8, 15; (13)
8; (14) 8; (19) 8, 9; (20) 17.
— Out oney of, for the work, (8) 8;
(9) 4 A seter 1) 7, 83 (12) 8, 15;
8; (15) 7, 8; (16) 7,
3) dp a, (UW )75, De
(20) 7, 17, 09, Wie
—— invertebrate fauna collected by,
(16) 153, 155.
—— invertebrate fauna taken in trawl-
net of, (7) 10; (8) 14, 67; (9) 13, 40;
(10) 18, 41; (11) 17, 415 (12) 20, 45;
(13) 15, 73; (14) 78; (15) 15, 79; (16)
15, 57.
—— investigations of, into the distribu-
tion, &c., of immature fishes, (7) 5, 15;
(8) 157, 189; (9) 9, 201; (12) 19, 302;
(13) 14, 133.
investigations of, on the food of
fishes, (7) 8, 222; (8) 12, 230; (9) 12
222: (10) 18, 211.
investigations ef, on migrations of
fishes, (8) 14, 353; (10) 18; (11) 16,
176 ; (17) 14, 210.
investigations of, on oyster-beds,
(9) 13, 16, 184. (U1) G5: (14) a3,
244,
—— investigations of, on the spawning
and epeyuune erounes of fishes, (7) 4,
9, 186; (8) 9, 12, 257 ; (10) 18, 232.
—— list of pelagic eggs, larval, and
young fishes collected by, (8) 287 ; (12)
298 ; (13) 258; (14) 15, 223.
—— pelagic fauna collected by, (7) 10;
(8) 14, 67 ; (9) 18, 40 ; (10) 18, 41 ; (11)
Hs
uo oP
; (1
(2
Part IIL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
17, 41; (12) 20, 45;
63 ; (15) 15, 64.
‘‘Garland,” pelagic ova, larve, and
young fishes procured by, (11) 19, 250;
(13) 14, 15, 258; (15) 219, 246.
—— purchase of, (5 5) 44.
—— review of trawling experiments of,
from 1886-95, (14) 128.
—— sale of, (21) 7
—— temperature and_ physical obser-
vations by, in Aberdeen Bay, (5) 55;
(6) 31; (7) 97; (8) 109; (9) 115; (10)
116; (11) a2 (12) 116; (18) 88; (14)
96 ; (17) 6
— er th of Clyde, (6) 81 ; (9) 133;
(14) 98; (15) 94 ; (16) 74; (17) 65 ; (18)
59 ; (20) 57.
—— —— Firth of Forth, (5) 71; (6) 55;
(7) 87; (8) 41; (9) 40; (10) 41; (11)
23, 41, 416, 470; (12) 7, 45; (13) 82;
(14) 89 ; (15) 89 ; (20) 53.
— Montrose, (8) 107; (9) 113;
(10) 115; (11) 121; (12) 113; (13) 88.
—— —— Moray Firth, (6) 70; (7) 100;
(8) 116 ; (9) 121; (10) 120; (11) 126;
(12) 128; (18) 89; (14) 96; (15) 91;
(16) 72; (17) 61; (19) 43; (20) 52.
—— —— Orkneys, (8) 119 ; (9) 132 ; (13)
92.
—— —— St. Andrews Bay, (5) 77; (6)
1; (7) 77; (8) 91; (9) 945; (10) 100;
(11) 100; (12) 98; (13) 86; (14) 94;
(15) 90.
—— trawling ge of, (5) 48; (6)
225 50(T)ias los (syis 22; (9). 65-218;
(10) 7, 10, 23; (11) 9, 23; (12) 12, 23.5
(13) Da Lis) 10; 17; (5) SSilve-
ce) 8, 17 ; (v7) Up 17; (18) 8, 19; (19)
8, 17; (20) 8,
—— —-—- Abeciee Bay, (5) 55, 67;
(6) 31; (7) 18, 97; (8) 25, 109; (9) 6,
D4 115s (10) A633 (9: 122 ; (12)
13, 55, 116; (14) 54; (17) 42.
Firth of Clyde, (6) 5, 32, 81;
(9) 6, 24, 183; (12) 28; (13) _ (14)
21,59; (15) 22, 44, 54; (16) 22, 34,
49; (17) 10, 23, 44, 55; (18) 8, 20, 33;
(20) 29, 45.
—— —— Firth of Forth, (5) 438, 46, 61,
Tibis=1(6)i25 27h ads Gas” fos) lees
(8) 23, 41; (9) 6, 22, 40; (10) 11, 24,
41 ; (11) 9, 24, 41; (12) 13, 24, 45 ; (13)
11, 18,375) (14) 11; 18;° 355215) esa
(17) 11, 24; (20) 10, 11, 12, 20-29, 38.
—— —— Montrose Bay, (7) 15, 18, 97;
(8) 25, 107; (9) 6, 24, 113; (10) 115;
(11) 121 ; (12) 18, 118; (18) 54; (14)
lee
—— -——— Moray Births3(6) Ss 70s)
15, 100; (8) 25,116; (9) 6, 24, 121;
(10) 120; (11) 9, 126; (12) 13, 23, 27,
123 ; (13) 12, 20, 56; (14) 20, 55; (15)
18, 38, 53; (16) 18, 29, 48 ; (17) 8, 18,
35, 53; (19) 18, 28; (20) 18, 44.
—— trawling experiments of, Orkneys,
(8) 25, 119; (9) 132; (13) 62.
Andrews Bay, (5) 54, 65,
2, 29,61, 67, 783 (7) 185 775
(9) 6, 23, 94; (10) 11, 25,
(12) 13, 25, 98 ;
(13) 15, 64 ; (14)
—— —— St.
dag (6)
(8) 23, 91;
100; (11) 9, 25, 100;
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
(13) 11, 19, 50; (14) 11, 19; 49; (15)
36 ; (17) 1], 24.
**Garland,” west coast expedition of,
(11) 167.
—— work of, in connection with the
natural history of fishes, (6) 26, 33, 36;
(7) 4, 8. 15; (8) 7, 23; (9) 11, 21; (10)
Tel Migs LO2ON2 Sim (Uh pls: 95.23:
2h TON 20 I2S A Ss) iaedlos La 7
(14) 7, 15, 17; (15) 7, 18, 14, 15, 16;
CGA LT) 7loe Wass (LS) nia 85.19:
Garry Loch, Ailsa Craig, invertebrate
fauna of, (16) 250.
Garstang, Mr W., (8) 361.
Gasterosteus aculeatus. See Stickleback,
three-spined.
—— spinachia.
spined.
Gastropsetta, (18) 356.
Gastrosaccus spinifer, (6) 254; (16) 158,
160, 209 ; (19) 277; (20) 510, 518, 516,
535.
Gaudryina filiformis, (8) 315.
Gemellaria loricata, (15) 156.
Germany, fishery work in, (6) 303; (8)
375; (9) 403; (10) 343.
as a market for
herrings, (7) 167.
—-— Fishery Association of, (6) 203; (9)
403.
— — fishery expedition of the ‘‘ Holsatia”
in the Baltic, (9) 407.
—— fishery expedition of ‘ Sophie,” (9)
405, 406.
—— fisheries, development of, (9) 404.
—— —— diminution of catches, (9) 405.
—— fishery statistics of, (9) 403.
—— imports of herring into, (9) 406.
—— Kiel Commission, work of, (6) 14,
303 ; (9) 407.
——— minimum legal sizes for fishes in, (6)
303, 304.
Gibbula cineraria, (15) 122.
—— magus, (15) 122.
—— tumida, (15) 122.
—— umbilicata, (15) 122.
Gibson, Mr James, (9) 177.
Dr John, (4) 189; (5) 331; (6) 309;
(7) 409.
Giglioli, Professor H., (6) 276, 308; (7)
401; (8) 353, 375; (9) 422; (10) 353;
(11) 487; (18) 16.
Gilt-head. See Pagrus auratus.
Gitana sarsi, (8) 325; (17) 265; (20) 478.
Globigerina, (15) 306, 308, 310; (20) 510.
Globigerinide, (7) 311, 315; (15) 167.
Globulina gibba, (7) 315.
Glutinous Hag. See Hagfish.
Glycera tesselata, (15) 159.
Glycimeris generosa, (7) 341.
Glyptocephalus, (18) 353.
Gnathia maxillaris, (16) 168, 210; (18)
180 ; (20) 510, 516.
Gobin, M., (9) 420.
Gobius. See Goby.
—— ruthensparri, (4) 232; (15) 110.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 245.
—— sp., (17) 125.
er black (Gobius niger), (15) 110; (18)
«-({S.
See Stickleback, fifteen-
Scot tish-cured
207
Goby, Jeffrey’s (Gobius jeffreysiz), (18) 278.
—-— parasites of, (19) 138.
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 309.
—— post-larval form resembling a, (13)
232:
—— spotted or speckled (Gobius minutus),
(4) 232; (15) 110; (18) 278; (20) 516.
——- —— food of, (20) 487, 494; (23) 157.
—— —— parasites of, (18) 162 ; (19) 128.
—— two-spotted (Gobius flavescens), (18)
278.
Goldsinny (Crenilabrus melops), (18) 281.
Jago’s (Ctenolabrus rupestris), (4)
932 + (15) 111; (U8) 281.
—— eggs of, (4) 223; (17) 83, 93, 94, 96.
—— parasites of, (20) 292.
—— spawning of, (4) 223.
Gomphonema acuminata, var., (9) 274.
—— capitatum, (9) 275.
—— intricatum, (9) 274.
olivaceum, (9) 274.
Goniodoris nodosa, (15) 116.
Gonoplax angulata, (15) 168.
Gotch, Mr Francis, (6) 279.
Gourret, Dr Paul, (9) 419.
Grantia ciliata, (15) 164.
—— compressa, (15) 164.
Graptoleberis reticulata, (11) 233.
—— testudinarius, (11) 233; (12) 286, 288;
(13) 188, 245, 250; (14) 239; (15) 330,
3383 (17) 145, 173.
Gray, Mr D., (7) 365.
Grayling (Thymallus vulgaris), parasite
of, (18) 179.
—— spawning period of, (4) 252.
Greater argentine. Sce Smelt, greater
silver.
—— forkbeard.
—— silver smelt.
silver.
weever. See Weever, greater.
Greece as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 163.
Green, Rev. W. Spotswood, (9) 394.
Green-cod. See Coal-fish.
Greenfield, Professor W. 8., (4) 176; (5)
soles(6))21
Greenland shark. See Shark, Greenland.
-—— whale. See Whale.
Grey gurnard. See Gurnard, grey.
—— mullet. See Mullet, grey.
—— skate. See Skate, grey.
Grounds, effects of change of, on fishery
statistics, (21) 38.
Ground seines, fishing by means of, (8)
190.
Growth of fishes, (9) 327, 328 ; (10) 7, 282,
283, 328: (11) 19%, 265, 490; (12) 333;
(13) 289 ; (20) 326; (22) 141.
—— —— coalescence of sizes of older
generations, (20) 333.
—— —— comparative, of round and flat
fishes, (20) 334.
— — description of small-meshed
net used in collecting fishes, (20) 327.
different in males and females,
(20) 333.
—— —— in relation to locality, (20) 336.
—— —— lines of, in opercular bones, (23)
129,
See Forkbeard, greater.
See Smelt, greater
208
Growth of fishes, lines of, in otoliths, |
(23) 128.
—— —— in skeletal structures, (23) 125.
——rate of, in relation to season,
(17) 239.
—— —— influence of temperature on,
(20) 335 ; (22) 159.
—— -—— methods of determining, (20)
326.
(22) 142.
—— — — remarks on, (3) 64.
—-— —— researches on, in
(13) 340.
—— —— tank experiments on, (17) 232.
—— of ovarian eggs of teleostean fishes,
(16) 88.
variability, at 8) 212.
—— a angler, (21) 186, 189.
—— of armed ‘bullhead, (21) 76.
—— of brill, (9) 391 ; (11) 195.
—— of cat- fish, (11) 271.
—— of cod, rate of, (11) 195; (15) 176;
(19) 154, 214; (23) 128, 130, 137.
young, (5) 243,
tanks, (5) 235; (7) 404;
Denmark,
—— —— in
(19) 228.
—— of Carecinus menas, (21) 163.
—— of common dab, (11) 194, 265; |
335, 360, 370.
—— —— relative of male and female, |
(20) 371.
——of edible crab, rate of, (
(22) 125.
—— of five-bearded rockling, (1!
—— of flounder, (9) 391.
—— ——in tanks, (7) 405.
—— of grey gurnard, (17) 210, 228 ;
267.
—— of haddock, (5) 48; (
154, 190 ; (20) 334, 401.
—— of halibut, (2% er
(20) |
18) 113; }
5) 208.
(il
15) 198; (19
)
)
—— of herring, (4) 48 4c ee ; (14) 294.
—— of lemon dab, au) 405 oy
—— of lesser weever, (21) 71.
—— of ling, (11) 269.
—— of lobster (23) 85, 95.
——of long rough dab,
372.
—— —— comparison
regions, (20) 385.
—— of Norway pout, (19) 154, 155 ; (22)
195.
—~— of plaice, (11) 192; (20)
334, 337 ; (23) 125, 133.
—— —-— comparative rate of, in Scot-
land and Denmark, (17) 246.
—— —— comparative, of females and
males, (20) 356.
in Solway Firth, (20) 346.
—— —— on East Coast, (20) 347.
relation of temperature to, (20)
(16) 245 ; (20)
of, in different
(17) 232 ;
342,
—— —— results of Dr
servations on, (17) 239.
—— of small plaice arrested in winter,
(20) 342.
— of sardine, (8) 374.
—— of sharp-tailed Lumpenus, (22) 202,
—— of sole, (9) 391,
Petersen’s ob-
Part III—Twenty-third Annual Report
vrowth of sprat, (22) 171.
—— of starry ray, (21) 230.
—— of turbot, (11) 195.
—— of whiting, (8) 175; (11) 196; (15)
204 ; (19) 154, 166 ; (20) 335, 386.
—— —— in different regions compared,
(20) 399.
—— of witch, (22) 186.
Guerne, Baron Jules de, (11) 21, 487;
(13) 16.
Guernia coalita, (8) 326; (17) 265; (19)
262 : (20) 478.
Guinardia flaccida, (15) 214.
Gunenotophor us globularis, (18) 387.
Gunn, Dr R. Mareus, (6) 280.
'Gunnel (Pholis gunnellus), (4) 2326
110; (18) 280; (23), 157.
(15)
| —— food of, (20) 486, 500.
| —— parasites of, (20) 298.
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 309.
-—— spawning time of, (4) 213.
—— young stages of, (9) 326.
Gurnard, cuckoo. See Gurnard, red.
grey (Trigla gurnardus), (4) 232;
(9) 306, 310 ; (15) 110.
—— —— abnormal egg of, (9) 322.
—— —— age at maturity, (17) 231.
—. anatomy of the pectoral arch
of, (12) 322.
—— caught chiefly by day, (17) 220.
cross-fertilisation of, with
whiting, (8) 358.
distribution of adult and im-
mature, (8) 176.
distribution of eggs of, (15) 239.
—- distribution of eggs of, in Firth
of Clyde, (15) 249.
eggs of, (2) 47; (7) 305; (8)
285; (16) 91, 114, 115; (17) 82-84, 93,
96
Beet aad fecundity of, (9) 249.
food of, (7) 227, 233, &c. ; (8)
231, 238, 247, 250-256 ; (9) 227, &e. ;
(10) 215, 224, 230; (20) 486, 490; (21)
219 ; (22) 29.
i , (16) 96.
— — —— mature and immature, (8) 176.
—— —— migrations of, (17) 210.
migration of immature, (17)
227.
minimum size at maturity, (8)
161, 162, 163 ; (17) 223.
on deep-water grounds, (21) 24.
—— —— parasites of, (18) 150, 163, 169,
180, (19) 1382, 134, 147 ; (23) 115, 116.
proportion of males to females,
(8) 349.
rate of growth of, (17) 211, 22
relation of length to weight,
(22) 235.
relation of migrations to repro-
duction, (17) 222.
seasonal distribution of post-
17) 229.
sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— —— size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— —— spawning areas of, (15) 241.
spawning of, (7) 193 ; (8) 268.
spawning period of, (4) 244;
(10) 234; (15) 240 ; (17) 222,
larval, (
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Gurnard, Lanthorn (Vvrigla obscura),
spawning period of, (4) 244.
red or cuckoo (7’rigla cuculus), (4)
206 ; (18) 275.
eggs of, (16) 114, 115; (17) 93.
—— —— food of, (20) 487, 489.
——— —— on Hast Coast, (20) 540.
—— —— parasites of, (19) 143.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 244.
—— Sapphirine (7'rigla hirundo), (2) 80;
(4) 206 ; (18) 276; (19) 143.
food of, (20) 487, 489.
—— —— parasites of, (20) 299.
-— —— spawning period of, (4) 244.
— streaked (Vrigla lineata), (4) 232;
(15) 110; (18) 275.
—— parasites of, (19) 133, 143 ; (23)
115.
spawning period of, (4) 244.
Gut-poke in herring, (4) 49.
Gymnachirus, (18) 359.
Jasciatus, (18) 358.
Gymnomera, (11) 234.
Gypsina inherens, (15) 167.
H
Happock (Gadus wglefinus), abundance
of small, (18) 282 ; (21) 32.
—— age of, at maturity, (19) 214; (20)
410. r
—— arrangement of muscles in, (4) 168.
average size at, maturity, (22) 153.
—— digestibility of, (5) 228.
digestion in, (2) 40.
dispersal of, after spawning, (21)
’ Ds
—— distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 174.
—— distribution of eggs of, (15) 224.
duration of development of, accord-
ing to temperature, (19) 211.
eggs of, (7) 306; (8) 284; (16) 91,
114, 115 ; (17) 82-84, 93, 96, 103, 106.
— eggs of, in Firth of Clyde, (15) 249. |
20
=
—— fecundity of, (9) 255.
—— feeding on fish-eggs, (4) 133. |
— feeding on herring-eggs, (4) 133. |
—— food of, (4) 128; (6) 225, 230; (7) |
229; 233; &c.; (8) 231, 241, &e. ; (9)|
299, 235-242 ; (10) 216, 226, 231; (20) |
306, 486, &e. |
growth of, (5) 48, 240; (15) 198, |
199 ; (19) 154, 190; (20) 334, 401.
habitat of young of, (15) 196.
—— habits of young, (4) 208.
— hatching of, in U.S.A., (13) 339.
—-~ hermaphroditism in, (9) 352.
intraovarian eggs of, (16) 96. |
large old specimens of, inshore, (21)
35.
— large specimen of, (6) 265.
—— larval and post-larval stages of, (19)
yA) ie
life-history of, (15) 194.
—— mature and immature, (8) 174. |
—— mental activity of, compared with |
whitings and codlings, (22) 163. |
—— minimum size at maturity, (8) 161, |
162, 163.
209
Haddock, on deep-water grounds, (19)
289.
parasites of, (18) 177; (19) 121, 135;
(23) 108.
pelagic habit of young, (20) 401.
proportion of immature, landed by
trawlers, (22) 19.
proportion of males to females, (8)
349 ; (10) 239.
proposals for hatching of, (5) 240.
relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 145, 226, 241.
rises from bottom after spawning,
(19) 289.
-—— sand-eel embedded in liver of, (3) 70.
scarcity of very small, on bottom,
(19) 289.
sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
size at first maturity, (10) 238 ; (19)
2138.
sizes of, (14) 144.
size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
/—— spawning period of, (4) 246; (7)
193 ; (S) 265; (10) 282, 234 ; (17) 97 ;
(19) 211; (21) 20, 21, 28.
tumour on, (10) 323.
young, different habitat from young
cod and whiting, (8) 174.
Norway or Bergylt, (Sebastes nor-
vegicus), (4) 222; (19) 288; (22) 20,
QE 230 23.029)
food of, (20) 489; (21) 218.
spawning period of, (4) 244.
Haddon, Professor A. C., (6) 281; (7)
387.
Haeckel, Professor, on plankton investi-
gations, (9) 407.
Hemobaphes ambiguus, (18)
298.
cyclopterina, (9) 310 ; (18) 162; (20)
298.
Hemopsis vorax, (9) 275.
162; (20)
| Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), (8) 177, 379 ;
(18) 293.
caught on lines, (3) 66.
| —— eggs of, (3) 66.
— food of, (8) 255.
—— mature and immature, (8) 177.
— reproductive organs of, (3) 66.
spawning of, (8) 269.
structure of tail of, (4) 211.
Hake (Merluccius vulgaris), (10) 262;
(15) 111 ; (18) 283 ; (21) 62.
caseous tumours in muscles of, (3)
in eraGs
—— distribution of, (21) 62.
| —— eggs of, (17) 93.
— food of, (7) 240.
——— mature and immature, (8) 177.
—~—— parasite of, (18) 166, 175, 178; (19)
135, 148.
spawning period of, (4) 248 ; (7) 195.
young of, (8) 177; (21) 63.
Halecium muricatum, (15) 164.
Halia trispinosa, (6) 2538.
Halibut (Hippoglosus vulgaris), (8) 265 ;
(15) 112 ; (18) 284, 352 ; (21) 53.
— composition of, (5) 228.
=
| —- digestibility of, (5) 228.
210
Halibut, distribution of, (21) 53.
eggs of, (4) 224; (10) 285 ; (11) 244 ;
(16) 91, 114 ; (17) 82, 83, 96.
fecundity of, (4) 224; (9) 261.
food of, (20) 308, &e.
general size of those caught by
trawl, (21) 53.
growth of, (22) 287.
nursery of young of, (9) 182.
—— parasites of, (18) 151, 159,174; (19)
106, 140, 142.
relation of length to weight, (22)
220.
ripe eggs are pelagic, (4) 224.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— spawning period of, (4) 249; (7)
192 ; (10) 234,
—— young specimens of, (4) 209 ; (10)
285.
Halichondria albescens, (15) 165.
panicea, (15) 165,
Halimedon miilleri, (10) 263.
parvimanus, (10) 263; (15) 189; (20)
491, 503, 510, 513, 523.
Halirvages bispinosus, (6) 247.
Halisarca dujardinit, (15) 165.
Halliburton, Dr W. D., (4) 171.
Halosphora viridis, (15) 298, 302.
Halosydna gelatinosa, (15) 160.
Haminea hydatis, (15) 116.
Hansen, Dr, (22) 251.
Haploops setosa, (15) 138.
—— tuhicola, (12) 263 ;
478; (20) 523.
Haplophragmium canariense, (8) 322; (15)
166.
—— pseudospirale, (7) 313; (15) 166.
Harmer, Mr 8. F., (8) 361.
Harpacticus chelifer, (4) 152;
(15) 152; (20) 505.
—— flexus, (8) 319 ; (16) 269.
.—— fulvus, (6) 241.
—— nobelis, (6) 240.
—— obscurus, (18) 170.
uniremis, (23) 147.
Harper, Mr Donald, (9) 177.
Harpina crenulata, (17) 264.
—— plumosa, (6) 246.
Harpinia crenulata, (20) 491.
—— neglecta, (15) 138 ; (20) 497, 503, 510,
BIG, 523:
—— pectinata, (22) 248, 257.
Harporhynchus falcatus, (11) 234; (13)
188, 245, 250; (14. 168, 239; (15) 333 ;
(16); 252, 258, 260; (17) 140, 185, &e. ;
(20) 505.
Harvey, Rev. Mr, (11) 21.
Hatcheries for sea-fish, (8) 7.
SS hey URSh G5 (US BBVe
—-— proposals for, in Firth of Forth, (5)
240.
Hatchery, collection and acclimatisation
of the spawners, (13) 124.
—— difficulties with spawning fishes, (16)
229.
—— distribution of the fry, (13) 129.
—— Dunbar, space insufficient
spawners, (13) 9.
—— erected at Dunbar, (10) 9, 192.
—— expense of, (21) 181; (23) 8, 121.
(17) 264; (20)
(6) 240;
for
Part III.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Hatchery, experiments with lemon soles,
(Qs\i3r
—— fishes in the pond, (13) 125..
—— filtration of water at, (13) 123.
— — for sea-fishes at Dunbar, (13) 7, 123.
—— for sea-fish at Dunbar, account of,
(12) 196.
—— for Lancashire Sea Fisheries Com-
mittee, (13) 334.
—— French, at St. Vaast la Hougue,
(13) 345.
—— hatching process at, (13) 127.
—-— irregular spawning at, (13) 126.
—— numbers hatched at, (13) 130.
—— proposed for Cromarty Firth, (5) 241.
—-— report on operations at Bay of Nigg,
(19) 229; (20) 440; (21) 180; (22) 262;
(23) 120.
——- report on operations at Dunbar, (12)
210; (14) 150; (16) 219; (17) 205; (18)
330.
—— specific gravity of the water at, (13)
ef
——— temperature of water at, (13) 128.
Hatching and rearing of food fishes, (10)
oy) (UB) tse
—— of cod, (12) 11.
—— —— in America, (3) 84.
—— —— in Norway, (17) 208.
—— —— results of, in Newfoundland,
(13) 335.
—— of crabs, (21) 181; (28) 154.
—— of food-fishes, (12) 8; (14) 8, 150.
— — of lemon soles, (12) 11, 207; (14) 9,
151.
—— of lobsters, (12) 11; (21) 181; (23)
65
—— of plaice, (12) 10, 204, 210; (14) 9,
152; (16) 219; (18) 330; (19) 229; (20)
441; (21) 180; (22) 262.
—— of sea-fish, (5) 230; (11) 13.
—— —— best conditions for, (9) 391.
= ——— Giscussion ons\(o) Zac
_-— —— need of, (9) 4, 5.
—— ——~ in Canada, (9) 396; (13) 498.
—— —— in Denmark, (9) 412.
—__ —— in France, (9) 420.
—-— —— in Newfoundland, (9) 398 ; (11)
13, 495.
in Norway, (9) 409 slaps:
496.
—— —— in United States, (9) 401, 402.
——— of soles, (12) 11, 205.
== of turbot; (12) T5206); (is) tale:
(14) 10, 150; (16) 219.
Haustorius arenarius, (10) 264.
Heape, Mr W., (6) 298.
Hebridean smelt. See Smelt, lesser silver.
Hebrides, fauna of lochs in, (13) 237.
Heincke, Professor F., (9) 405; (10) 343,
345; (11) 21, 487; (138) 16; (17) 274;
(18) 335 ; (23) 129.
on the characters of sprats and
herrings, (2) 53.
Helcion pellucidum, (15) 122.
Heligoland in relation toGerman fisheries,
(9) 404.
Helix nemoralis and H. aspersa as bait,
(7) 356.
FHelleria coalita, (8) 326.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Hemidiscus cuneiformis, (15) 300.
Hemilamprops assimilis, (4) 154.
cristata, (4) 164.
—— rosea, (4) 164; (15) 134; (17) 267;
(19) 274 ; (20) 510, 513, 522.
—— uniplicata, (4) 165; (15) 134.
Hemimysis lamorne, (15) 133 ; (16) 158,
162, 209 ; (17) 268.
Hemirhombus aramaca, (18) 356.
Henricia sanguinolenta, (15) 161; (20)
310, 319, 324.
Hensen, Professor V., (6) 304; (9) 177,
407; (17) 100. .
Herbertson, Mr A. J., (11) 20, 395; (13)
15, 302.
Herdman, Professor W. A., (7) 384; (8)
362 ; (9) 392; (11) 492; (12) 387.
Hermea bifida, (15) 117.
Hermanella arenicola, (16) 270; (18) 399.
——- rostrata, (12) 259.
Hermaphroditism in a haddock, (9) 352.
in the cod, (13) 297.
Hermione hystrix, (15) 160.
Herpetocypris reptans, (14) 239 ; (15) 318,
321, 333 ; (16) 252; (17) 140, 159, 164,
167, 168, 183.
—— strigata, (15) 321; (16) 252; (17) 164,
168, 183, 190.
—— tumefacta, (14) 165; (17) 159, 164,
183.
Herring (Clupea harengus) (18) 288.
acclimatised to fresh water, (4) 210.
——-acclimatised to fresh water killed
by sea-water, (4) 210.
—— action of putrifying fish on move-
ments of, (2) 66.
action on deposited herring spawn,
(18) 263.
—— as bait, (7) 352, 356.
—— attacked by squids, (3) 67.
— ‘bank herring ” of Baltic, (17) 284.
—— carbo-hydrates in liver of, (2) 38.
caught in bag-nets fishing for sprats,
(23) 157.
in otter-trawl, (21) 65.
in trawl-nets in deep water in
North Sea, (19) 288.
in deep water in Loch Fyne,
(18) 253.
— — characters of sexes of, (4) 93.
—— close-time for, (4) 59.
—— coast-, or spring-spawners, (17) 281.
—— collection of statistics of, in Clyde,
(4) 61.
—— composition of, (5) 228.
—— condition of ripe ovaries in, (4) 96.
—— daylight fishing for, (4) 58.
—— description of maties, (4) 75.
—— destruction of, by gannets, (4) 58.
—— —— of young of, in kui/ or bag-nets
in Holland, (8) 366, 367.
of young of, by bag-nets, (2)
58; (4) 98; (23) 156.
—— development of, (3) 32; (4) 31.
—— —— of embryo of, (3) 44.
—— devoured by skates, (4) 103.
—— devours pelagic eggs, (17) 119.
—— difference of larval, from larval
sprat, (6) 304.
digestibility of, (5) 228,
214
oe
Herring, digestion in, (2) 36, 37.
—— digestive organs of, (2) 33, 41.
—— distinctions from sprat, (2) 48.
distinctions from sprats
young, (4) 100.
——- distribution on bottom, (21) 65.
—— eggs of, (3) 32, 35, 58; (16) 91.
action of beam-trawl on, (3) 59.
artificial fertilisation of, (2)
68 ; (3) 36.
—— -——— change of volume in, during
maturation, (16) 141.
—-— —— development of,
water, (4) 43.
devoured by cod, (4) 135.
——— —— devoured by haddock, (4 133.
—— —— duration of development of,
(6) 306.
—— —— size of, (4) 96.
—— embryo of, (3) 47.
——- enemies of, (4) 58; (18) 269.
—— enquiry as to occurrence of ripe, in
eastern part of North Sea, (9) 405.
--— enquiry in Canada regarding the
cure of, (8) 364.
—— enquiry on action of seine-net in
fishery for, (18) 243.
—— fecundity of, (4) 95; (9) 267.
~. — feeding in ripe condition, (4) 95.
discrimination in, (4) 103.
on fish-eggs, (4) 127.
—— —— on herring eggs, (4) 127.
— -— —— on sand-eels, (4) 127.
—— —— on young herrings, (4) 126.
—-— —— on young sprats, (4) 126.
—— feeds chiefly between spawning
periods, (4) 103.
——— fins of, (5) 270; 272.
—— Fishery Acts, review of, (18) 242.
—-- fishery, disputes between seiners and
drifters, (18) 246.
—— —— in Firth of Clyde, method of
fishing, (18) 249.
—— —— in Loch Fyne, (4) 47; (18) 252.
—— ——in Loch Fyne, statistics of,
(18) 256.
—— —— in Loch Fyne and Kilbrennan
Sound, statistics of, (4) 56.
—— — 1n Holland, (13) 340:
——- —— in Sweden, (12) 396.
——-——in Sweden, adoption
Scottish methods in, (9) 408.
regulations regarding use of
seine in Loch Fyne, (18) 242.
Royal Commission of enquiry
as to use of seine, (18) 245.
signs of the presence
herrings, (18) 255.
—— use of small-meshed nets in,
(6) 295.
—— food of, (2) 35; (4) 48, 102, 105;
(6) 225, 228 ; (20) 487, 529.
in Loch Fyne, (4) 125.
—— —— on East Coast, (4) 127.
—— —— on West Coast, (4) 128.
—— —— young, (3) 50.
——- functions of pyloric appendages in,
(2)37-
—— growth of, (3) 50; (5) 235; (14) 294 ;
(23) 127. .
when
in deep
of
of
Herring, growth of, in Loch Fyne, (4) 48.
—— —— larval, (14) 15, 294.
—— sut-poke in, (4) 49.
—— Iceland, race of, (17) 282.
— — influence of mesh on size of takes,
(4) 66, 75.
-—_— —— of temperature on spawning of
herring, (6) 306.
—— investigation on development of
Zuiderzee, (6) 306.
lines of growth in otoliths of, (23)
127.
—— local form or race of, (17) 279.
—— maturity and immaturity of, (4)
68 ; (8) 187.
—— migrations of, (2) 62; (4) 52, 68;
(11) 191; (17) 286.
—— —— experiments on, (10) 173.
—--— minimum size at maturity, (4) 96.
——— Meyer’s experiments on growth of,
(3) 49.
—— natural history of, (17) 274.
natural history of winter, (23) 164.
—— nets, description of, (18) 250.
—— ‘* Northern Bank,” (17) 283.
-—— of White Sea, (17) 285.
-—— of Zuiderzee, (8) 366, 367.
—— parasites of, (19) 145.
—— percentage ripe in various months,
(4) 95.
—— proportion of, in ‘‘ whitebait,” (4) 98.
taken in sprat fishing, (23)
157.
—-— Ol sexes (Ol, (4) 95% 1(S)noo0);
(10) 239.
—— qualities of Loch Fyne, (4) 49.
race of autumn-, or sea-, of southern
North Sea, Skagerak, and Kattegat,
(17) 283.
autumn- or sea-, of southern
North Sea, (17) 284.
autumn- or sea-, of Baltic, (17)
284.
—— at Ballantrae, (17) 283.
coast, of northerly North Sea, |
(17) 283.
in English Channel, (17) 2
in Firth of Forth, (17)
in Loch Fyne, (4) 48, 53.
——of southern North Sea and}
West Baltic, (17) 283.
—— —— spring-, at Bohusliin, (17) 288. |
ses spring-, of Norway, (17) 282.
—— races of, considered, (4) 61 ; (17) 275.
racial distinction of winter and |
summer fish, (5) 300. |
——-relation between characters of |
*‘races” of, and environment, (17) 285. |
relation of, to abundance of cope- |
poda, (17) 115. |
——— -_—- to ** bank waters,” (17) 286.
—— —— length to weight, (22) 144, 148,
236.
of size of, to salinity of water,
(17) 286.
of fishery at Ballantrae to Loch
Fyne fishery, (4) 57.
—— retention of vitality in ova and milt
of, (4) 32. -
ripe milt of, (3) 33.
Part 1I1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Herring, Scottish-cured, Austria as a
market for, (7) 168.
Belgium as a market for, (7)
165.
— Denmark as a market for, (7)
166.
—— —— France as a market for,
— Germany as a market for, (7)
167.
——— Greece as a market for, (7)
163.
—— —— ltaly as a market for, (7) 165.
——- Montenegro as a market for,
(7) 163.
Netherlands as a market for,
(7) 165.
Norway and Sweden as a
market for, (7) 166.
‘
Roumania as a market for, (7)
164.
—— ——— Russia asa market for, ‘7) 167.
—— —— Servia as a market for, (7) 163.
—— Spain and Portugal as markets
for, (7) 163.
Switzerland as a market for,
(7) 166.
—— —— Turkey as a market for, (7)
164.
—— —— United States as a market for,
(7) 169.
—— sea-, or autumn-spawners, (17) 281.
—— seine-net fishing for, (15) 14.
seine-net, alleged injurious action
. (18) 253, 255.
sexual maturity of, (4) 94.
size of, (4) 65, 69, 72, 753; (5) 319.
skeleton of, (5) 257.
skull of, (5) 274.
‘* Southern Bank,” (17) 284.
spawning ground at Ballantrae, (2)
64.
—— spawning grounds of, (9) 11, 178.
spawning of, in Loch Fyne, (4) 50;
(18) 253.
spawning of, question of bi-annual,
(4) 51, 95.
spawning period of, (2) 62, 63, 66,
67 ; (4) 50, 94, 253.
spawning period of, in
Channel, (6) 299.
spawning places of, (17) 279.
spawning process in, duration of, (4)
Knglish
95
spring-, of eastern Baltic, (17) 284.
spring and autumn spawners, (17)
280.
“*streamlings ”
Baltic, (17) 283, 254.
—_— structure of, (5) 257.
vavieties of, (2) 61 ; (4) 61; (5) 295.
or strémlings of
| —— weekly close-time for, (4) 59
—— winter-spawning of, (4) 94.
young of, (3) 59.
—-—. —— caught in trawl, (8) 177.
—-— —-— in fresh water, (3) 65.
Hersiliodes littoralis, (11) 203.
| Herwig, Dr, (9) 404; (13) 16.
Heterocotyle pastinace, (22) 278.
Heteromysis formosa, (7) 323; (16) 158,
160, 209; (19) 276.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Heteromysis microps, (7) 323.
Heteropsyllus curticaudatus, (12) 252.
Heterosomata. See Flat fishes.
ies Me phrygiana, (20) 308, 319,
24.
Hippocampus antiquorum.
horse.
Hippoglossina, (18) 352, 356.
Hippoglossine, (18) 351, 352, 358.
Hippoglosso-rhombine, (18) 352, 354.
Hippoglossoides limandoides. See Long
rough dab,
Hippoglossus vulgaris. See Halibut.
Hippolyte andrewsii, (6) 260.
—— barleei, (6) 260.
——- cr anchii, (6) 260.
—— fascigera, (6) 260;
156, 157, 209.
—— gaimardii, (7) 324.
— — pandaliformis, (7) 324.
—— prideauxiana, (15) 168.
—— pusiola, (6) 260.
—— securifrons, (6) 260.
—— spinus, (6) 260.
—-— thomsonz, (6) 261.
-—— varians, (6) 260 ;
157, 209.
Hippomedon denticulatus, (16) 210 ;
516, 523, 535.
—— holbolli, (8) 326.
Hippothoa distans, (15) 156.
Hirudinea, (19) 137.
Hirudo hippoglossi, (19) 142.
History of mussel-culture at Montrose,
(13) 137.
Hjort, Dr Joh., (17) 115 ; (23) 253.
Hoek, Dr P. P. C., (6) 15, 16, 276, 305;
(7) 384 ; (8) 21; (9) 10, 19, 202, 412;
(10) 189, 349 ; (11) 21, 487, 500, 501,
503 ; (12) 400, 401 ; (13) 1 16, 341.
Hoffmann, Prof. C. K., (6) 306 ; (13) 341.
Holibut. See Halibut.
Holland, ankerkuil fishery in, (6) 307.
— Fishery Board of, (6) 308.
See Sea-
(15) 132 ;
(15) 132 ; (16) 156,
(20)
—— fishery work in, (6) 305 ; (7) 399; |
(8) 365; (9) 412; (10) 349; (11) 500;)
(12) 400 ; (13) 340
fisheries of, (7) 399; (9) 415; (12)
400 ; (13) 340. |
== State Commission for Sea Fisheries,
(6) 305.
— wonderkuil fishery in Zuiderzee, (6)
306 ; (8) 366.
Holopedium gibberum, (9) 280, 289 ; (11)
231; (13) 250 ; (17) 148, 184, &e.
Holothuria phantapus, (20) 307.
raphanus, (20) 307.
Holt, Mr E. W. L., (9) 327, 395; (10) |
211, 233, 237, 276-280, 286, 288, 294,
296, 328; (11) 244, 247, 488 ; (12) 205,
302 5 (13) 332, 333 ; (16) 226.
Homarus gammarus, (6) 259.
vulgaris. See Lobster.
Homeoscelus mediterranea, (22) 254.
minuta, (22) 254.
Homelyn ray. See = homelyn.
Homologyra atomus, (15) 119.
Hoplonyx cicada, (15) 137 ; (22) 243, 256.
Horse-mackerel or scad (Caranx trach-
urus), (8) 357.
(16) |
213
| Horse-mackerel or scad, eggs of, (15) 205.
food of, (20) 486, 494.
reproduction of, (13) 333.
—— spawning period of, (4) 245.
#— young stage resembling
205.
a, (lo)
| Horse-mussel, (4) 219.
Howes, Professor G. B., (18) 297; (18)
SB
| Howietoun, fish-hatching at, (5) 230.
Hoyle, Dr. Wm. E., (6) 215.
Hubrecht, Professor, (6) 306.
Huntemannia jadensis, (17)
395.
Hutchison, Mr W., (18) 79.
Huxley, Professor, (9) 416 ;
Hyale lubbockiana, (15) 137.
nilssoni, (6) 246; (20) 519.
Hyalodaphnia berolinensis, (9) 291.
Hyas araneus, (6) 255, 261 ; (15) 129.
— coarctatus, (6) 256 ; (15) 130;
536.
Hyalinecea tubicola, (15) 159.
Hybrid between Californian trout (S.
irideus) and Salmo fario, (7) 383.
—— between hybrid parents in sal-
monide, (7) 384.
between Lochleven trout and hybrid
of Howietoun salmon par and Loch-
leven trout, (7) 584.
between Lochleven trout and hybrid
of S. salar (male) and Lochleven trout
(female), (7) 384.
between Lochleven trout and sal-
mon, (7) 383.
255; (18)
(10) 173. =
(20)
between salmon and _ Lochleven
trout, (7), 383.
between turbot and brill, (13)
333.
—— of poor-cod, (11) 241.
Hybridism in fish, (7) 382.
—— among salmonide. (7) 382
among sea-fish, (8) 16.
Hydractinia eehanatan (15) 164.
Hydrobia stagnalis, (15) 120.
ulvee, (7) 882 ; (9) 287, 288.
| Hydrographic changes in North Sea, (12)
21.
—— research in the Baltic and North
Sea, (13) 339.
—— survey, (11))s
Hy rdromeduse of Fir th of Forth,
‘194.
Hydrozoa as food of cod, (4) 136.
as food of haddocks, (4) 129.
of Loch Fyne, (15) 163.
Hyperammina arborescens, (16) 274.
HAyperia galba, (6) 249, 251; (15) 136 ;
(16) 170, 210; (17) 264 ; (18) 401 ; (20)
500, 513, 519.
- as herring food, (4) 104, 123,
—— gracilipes, (10) 265.
medusarum, (6) 228, 249 ; (22
256.
oblivia, (6) 250 ; (10) 265.
—— tauriformis, (9) 310.
Hyperiide, (6) 228, 229, 249; (10) 265
(15) 136 ; (18) 401.
Hyperoche tauriformis, 136; (16)
170, 171, 210; (17) 264; (18) 401.
(16)
) 245,
(15)
(18)
I
IcELAND, race of herring at, (17) 282.
— statistics of catches of trawlers at,
(20) 135. ®
Tchthyobdella anarrhiche, (19) 140.
hippoglossi, (19) 140.
marina, (19) 140.
sanguinea, (19) 140.
Ichthyological notes, (4) 222; (19) 282;
(22) 281 ; (23) 251.
—- research, committee on, (21) 38.
Idothea baltica, (16) 168, 210; (20) 489,
505, 5195 525, 527:
emargeata, (6) 252; (16) 168, 169,
» 210; (19) 271 ; (20) 500, 519. 525.
granulosa, (20) 479.
linearis, (6) 252 ; (16) 168, 169, 210;
(19) 2715 (20)519:
—— marina, (6) 252; (14) 165.
neglecta, (22) 243, 257.
pelagica, (6) 252; (15) 135; (19)
271; (20) 500, 519, 533.
tricuspidata, (6) 252 ; (15) 135.
Idya cluthe, (17) 259 ; (19) 250.
Surcata, (4) 153; (6) 241; (15) 153;
(20) 511.
gracilis, (13) 171 ; (15) 153.
longicornis, (15) 153; (19) 251.
minor, (15) 153 ; (19) 251.
Tlyocryptus sordidus, (9) 273, 291; (11)
232 ; (12) 286; (13) 188, 245, 250; (14)
239; (15) 321, 330, 333 ; (16) 250, 252 ;
(17) 141, 184, &e.
Ilyocypris biplicata, (15) 321, 326, 330;
(16) 252 ; (17) 160, 164, 168, 184.
gibba, (8) 341, 344; (9) 273, 277,
282, 283, 286, 288 ; (13) 188; (15) 333.
Ilyodromus olivacea, (17) 160, 168, 190.
robertsont, (15) 321, 326; (17) 173,
190.
violacea, (17) 161.
Ilyopsyllus coriaceus, (18) 396.
Immature fish. See Fish, immature.
Impoverishment of fishing grounds, neces-
sity of improved statistics to deter-
mine, (20) 82, 86.
of fishing grounds, system of statis-
tics to determine, (20) 75.
Inachus dorsettensis, (6) 255; (15) 129;
(20) 537.
leptochirus, (20) 510.
Inadequacy of present limit of territorial
waters, (12) 12.
Industrial fishing school, (6) 301.
Influence of locality on growth, (20) 336.
of temperature on the development
of fiskes' eggs, (13) 15, 147.
Infusorian parasite, (15) 172.
Injuries to food-fishes, (10) 207, 299.
Inland waters of Scotland, invertebrate
fauna of. See Fauna, invertebrate.
Innervation of free rays in gurnard, (12)
328.
Inopsetta, (18) 358.
Inshore waters, spawning of fish in, (7)
183.
Intensity ef fishing, as shown by marked
fishes re-caught, (15) 375.
Intercrossing in the genus Salmo, (7) 12.
Part IIT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
International conference on fisheries of
extra-territorial waters, (9) 389.
Investigation Committee, statistics
for, (21) 38.
physical investigations, (15) 280.
Intraovarian eggs of common dab, (16)
—— fluid in teleosteans, nature of, (16)
93.
Inverness Firth, physical and chemical
exanination of the water, (6) 313, 318,
336.
Invertebrate fauna of inland waters of
Scotland. See Fauna, invertebrate.
Investigations made on board steam-
trawlers, (19) 58; (20) 92; (22) 13;
(23) 13:
— —- offshore desirable, (13) 8.
Iphimedia minuta, (12) 264; (15) 139;
(22) 257.
—— obesa, (6) 247; (15) 1389; (16) 170,
177, 210.
Iphinoé gracilis, (6) 253.
—— serrata, (19) 273; (20) 479, 510.
—— trispinosa, (15) 134 ; (16) 167, 209.
Ireland, Congested Districts Board of,
(12) 389.
—— decline of oyster fishery in, (6) 300.
—— enquiry on beam-trawling in, (8)
361; (9) 395.
-— fisheries of, (6) 300 ; (12) 388.
—— fishery work in, (9) 394; (10) 331.
—— instructions in fishery matters in,
(12) 389.
—— investigation of marine fauna of
south-west of, (7) 387.
—— survey of the fishing grounds on
south and west coasts of, (9) 394.
Treneus patersonii, (6) 238.
Ischyrocerus anguipes, (19) 236, 264.
—— minutus, (14) 161; (18) 402; (19)
264.
Isias clavipes, (17) 251; (18) 384.
Isle of Man, Fishery Committee of, (13)
3a0:
Isle of May, eels of, (12) 295.
Isocardia cor, (8) 332.
Isopoda of lochs. See Fauna, inverte-
brate.
Italy, fishery work in, (6) 308; (7) 401;
(8) 375 ; (9) 422; (10) 353.
-—— as a market for Scottish-cured her-
rings, (7) 163.
—— beam-trawling in, (7) 401.
—_— department of fisheries in, (6) 308.
— — legal sizes for immature fish in, (8)
375.
—— Royal Commission of Fisheries in,
(6) 14.
—— statistics of fisheries of, (9) 423.
—— stocking of lakes and rivers in, (8)
375.
Ito, Mr K., (6) 308.
Ttunella tenwiremis, (15) 151.
J
“‘ JacKAL,” H.M.S., (12) 21, 301.
—— cruise of, in the North Sea, 1888,
(7) 412.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Jeera albifrons, (6) 251; (15) 317.
nordmanni, (6) 252; (15) 136, 330.
Jamieson, Mr Peter, (7) 183, 188; (8)
257 ; (9) 244, 311.
Janassa capillata, (6) 249.
Janra maculosa, (6) 252 ; (15) 136 ; (16)
169, 210.
Japan, fisheries of, (6) 307, 308; (11)
503 ; (13) 347, 349.
—~- fishery investigations in, (13) 348.
fishery statistics of, (13) 348.
Jassa falcata, (19) 265.
—— pusilla, (19) 265.
Saxena nocturna, (18) 404 ; (20) 480.
Jenkins, Dr Travis, (22) 181.
John Dory (Zeus faber), (4) 232; (15) |
110; (18) 278.
: characters of mature eggs of, (16)
133.
—— eggs of, (16) 125.
—— intraovarian eggs of, (16) 102.
—— maturation of eggs of, (16) 131.
—— mature and immature, (8) 177.
—— parasite of, (18) 167.
spawning period of, (4) 245.
young of, (8) 177.
Johnston & Sons, Messrs Joseph, (9) 21.
Mr James, (8) 9, 17, 23.
Jonesiella fusiformis, (16) 267 ; (18) 390.
hyene, (11) 202, 203.
—— spinulosa, (9) 301; (15) 150; (20)
495, 503, 525.
Jordan, Professor, (6) 302.
K
Kellia nitida, (7) 324.
Kidston, Mr R., (9) 269.
Kiel commission for scientific investiga-
tion of the sea, (6) 14, 303; (9) 407.
Kincardineshire, fishing grounds off, (9)
180.
King-fish or Opah (Lampris luna), (2) 80;
(21) 228.
food of, (21) 219.
— occurrence of, (20) 541.
—— ovaries and eggs of, (19) 290.
—— parasites of, (19) 136.
Kinnaird Head, trawling investigations
off, (22) 37.
Kisbinouye, Dr K., (13) 347.
Krithe bartonensis, (8) 322; (15) 143; (20)
503, 511.
Kréyera altimarinus, (6) 246.
arenaria, (7) 320.
brevicarpa, (10) 263.
Kréyeria haplocheles, (10) 263.
Kyle, Dr H. M., (15) 246 ; (16) 225 ; (17)
274; (18) 189, 335.
L
Labidocera wollastoni, (17)
(21) 113.
Labrax lupus. See Bass.
Labrus, post-larval forms of, with re-
marks on colour of pelvic fins, (6) 268.
maculatus or bergylta. See Wrasse,
ballan.
mixtus.
251 ; (18) 385;
See Wrasse, striped.
215
Lacuna divaricota, (15) 119.
—— pallidula, (15) 119.
Lemargus microcephalus.
Greenland.
muricatus, (9) 305.
Letmatophilus armatus, (19) 266.
tuberculatus, (19) 236, 266.
Letmonice filicornis, (15) 159.
Levicardium norvegicum, (15) 126.
Lafoéa dumosa, (15) 164.
Fruticosa, (15) 164.
Lafystius sturionis, (7) 320.
Lagena costata, (16) 276.
globosa, (15) 166.
gracilis, (16) 276.
gracillima, (15) 166.
hexagona, (7) 314; (15) 166.
jeffreystz, (15) 166.
— levigata, (16) 276.
—— levis, (15) 166.
lagenoides, (16) 276.
lineata, (16) 276.
—— lyella, (16) 276.
marginata, (15) 166.
melo, (8) 316 ; (15) 166.
orbignyana, (16) 276.
pulchella, (8) 316.
semistriata, (16) 276.
squamosa, (7) 314; (15) 166.
striata, (15) 166.
sulcata, (15) 166.
williamsoni, (16) 276.
Lagenula marginata, (7) 312.
Lake fisheries in America, (12) 391.
Lamellaria perspicua, (15) 120.
Lamippe alcyonii, (14) 164.
duthiersiz, (14) 164.
Forbes, (19) 256.
—— proteus, (14) 164; (19) 256.
—— rubra, (14) 164.
Lamna cornubica. See Shark, porbeagle.
Lampern (Petromyzon fluviatilis), spawn-
ing period of, (4) 254.
Lampris luna. See King-fish.
Lamprops cristata, (4) 164.
—— fasciata, (4) 163, 164 ; (6) 253 ; (15)
134; (17) 266; (19) 274; (20) 492,
495, 510.
Lamps used to attract fish, (7) 399.
Lancashire Sea Fisheries Committee, (11)
8, 13 ; (12) 205, 386 ; (138) 10, 333.
Lancelet (Amphioxus lanceolatus), (7)
386 ; (18) 293.
Lankester, Professor E. Ray, (13) 338.
Luophonte curticauda, (6) 240, 242 ; (20)
119, 464.
—— denticornis, (12) 246 ; (19) 248 ; (21)
119
See Shark,
—— depressa, (12) 245 ; (15) 151.
—— gracilis, (21) 119.
—— hispida, (8) 318 ; (15) 151 ; (21) 119.
horrida, (4) 151 ; (10) 255, 256 ; (15)
151.
—— inopinata, (10) 256 ; (21) 119.
—-- intermedia, (13) 168 ; (19) 248 ; (21)
119.
lamellifera, (4) 151; (6) 240; (15)
151 ; (21) 119.
—— littorale, (12) 247 ; (21) 119.
—— longicaudata, (8) 318 ; (16) 268
216
Laophonte longiremis, (238) 145.
— — mohammed, (1d) 317.
| —-— pollachit, (18) 153 ;
—~— serrata, (8) 318 ; (15) 151; (17) 256;
(21) 120.
—— similis, C ) 151; (6) 239; (10) 256 ;
(15) 151 (2
ee simulans, (12) 248 ;
—— spinosa, (18) 393.
—— thoracica, (6) 240;
256 ; (21) 119.
Laophontodes typicus, (12) 249 ;
Laphistius sturionis, (18) 181.
Large and small fish captured by beam-
trawlers and line fishermen, (8) 30.
Large and small fish, distribution of, (7)
Ae (1O) FO}
Lark swallowed by cod (4) 134.
Lane of angler, (21) 189.
- obtained by ‘* Garland,” (13) 258
- of cod, habitat of, (15) 194.
TOT lobster (23) 69.
—— of plaice, rearing of, (15) 175.
—— of shrimp, description of stages of, |
(19) 94.
—— ~-— development of appendages of,
(19) 96.
—— —— moulting of, (19) 94.
—— —— movements of, (19) 93.
Larval fishes, (8) 14; (12) 298 ; (18) 250.
——in ¥irth of Clyde, (15) 250,
251.
= ne Eithor ehoruheea.)
251.
—-—, post-larval, and young fishes, (8)
286.
forms of food-fishes, (7) 301.
—-- and young crustacea, (16) 197.
—— stages of Carcinus menas, (21) 139.
ee — of decapod crustacea, (19) 92.
of four-bearded rockling, (8)
(15) 151.
(15) 151 (17),
(21) 120. |
250,
of lobster, (23) 73
of the shrimp, (19) 92
Laswa rubra, (15) 125.
Latchet. See Gurnard, sapphirine.
Lateral sense organs of fish, (16) 216.
Lathonura rectirostris, (17) 155, 156,
172, 173, 184, 199.
Latona setifera, (11) 230; (18) 188, 250 ;
(14) 239; (15) 330, 331, 333 ; (16) 258,
260.
Lauderia annulata, (15) 214.
Launce. See Sand-eel.
-larger. Sce Sand-eel, larger.
-—— lesser. See Sand-eel, lesser.
Lawrence, Mr George, (15) 286.
Leachia gracilis, (6) 252.
—— intermedia, (6) 252.
Leda minuta, (15) 125.
Leeches, parasitic, on fish, (19) 137.
Lemargus muricatus, (18) 158.
Lemon dab. See Dab, lemon.
—— sole. See Dab, lemon.
Lenticulites rotulata, (7) 314.
Lepadogaster bimaculatus.
lated sucker.
gouantt. See Sucker, Cornish.
Lepas anatifera, (6) 236.
Lepeophtheirus hippoglossi, (1
—— nordmanm, (18) 151.
See Bimacu-
8) 151.
0) 464.
| Lepidactylis arenarvus, (
Lepidonotus squamatus, (
| Lepidopsetta, (18) 361.
| ——.- hilineata, (18) 353.
Part JIT—Twenty-third Annual Report
Lepeophtheirus obscurus, (18) 153.
—— pectoralis, (9) 305; (15) 155;
150.
(18)
(20) 291.
—_—— strémi, (18) 152.
sturionis, (23) 110.
—— thompsoni, (9) 305 ;
(18) 152.
10) 264.
—— dlytiscus, (10) 264.
Lepidepecreum carinatum, (12) 262.
—— longicorne, (19) 236, 258.
15) 160.
_ Lepidorhombus boscii, (18) 357.
—— whiff.
See Megrim.
| Leprailia cruenta, (15) 156.
| Leptocephalus, description of,
| Leptocheirus pilosus, (15) 140 ;
Leptognathia brevimana, (
| —— breviremis, (17) 2
| Lepton nitidum, (7) 324 ;
| Leptopsyllus herdmani, (18) 394.
/—-— pallasiana, (15) 156.
_ Leptaspidia brevepes, (9) 308 ;
(15) 136.
Leptocaris minutus, (17) 259.
(22) 281;
(23) 251.
—— morrisii, (22) 283; (23) 251.
punctatus, (22) 282; (23) 251.
(18) 402 ;
(20) 497.
Leptocylindrus danicus, (15) 214.
Leptodora hyalina, (9) 272, 273,
(11) 235 ; (12) 286; (15) 321, 326;
138, 185. -&e.
296 ;
(17)
(19)
(20)
17) 266 ;
9
66 ; (19) 269;
503, 510.
—— longiremis, (19) 2689.
Leptomysis gracilis, (7) 323; (15) 133; (16)
158, 209 ; (17) 268 ; (18) 403 ; (19) 277.
in (4) 159: (6) 254; (15)
(16) 158, 162, 209; (17) 268.
(15) 126.
133 ;
—— minor, (18) 393.
—— typicus, (12) 254.
| Leptopontia curvicauda, (20) 449, 463.
Leptorhynchus falcatus, (11) 234.
| Leptostylis villosa, (19) 236, 274
Lernea asellina, (9) 306.
| —— branchialis, (9) 307 ; (18) 161.
—— cornuta, (9) 306; (18) 164.
| —— cyclopterina, (18) 162.
——- dalmannit, (18) 169 ; (19) 130.
—_— elongata, (18) 171; (19) 1 IS et
—— lumpi, (19) 128.
—— Jusci, (22) 275, 277 ; (23) 113:
—— minuta, (18) 161; (19) 128.
—— pectoralis, (9) 305 ; (18) 150.
—— spratia, (9) 306 ; (18) 161 ; (19) 127
—— uncinata, (9) 306 ; (18) 177.
Lernwenicus spratte, (18) 161 ; (19) 127
Lernwopoda cluthe, (18) 173.
—— elongata, (4) 228; (18) 171, 172,
173; (19) 132.
—— galet, (18) 172.
Lernentoma asellina, (9) 306; (18) 163.
cornuta, (9) 306 ; (15) 155 ne 164.
—— lophii, (9) 306 ; (15) 155; (18) 167.
Lerneonema monillar as, (9) 306.
—-— spratta, (2) 5 ; (9) 306 ; (18) 161.
Lesser forkbeard. Bo Forkbeard, lesser.
sand-eel. See Sand-eel, lesser.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Lesser spotted dog-fish.
lesser spotted.
weever. See Weever, lesser.
Lesteira lumpi, (19) 129; (23) 113.
Lestes lumpi, (19) 128.
Lestrigonus kinahani, (6) 249.
spinidorsalis, (10) 265, 266.
Leucon cercaria, (4) 165.
deformis, (8) 329.
—— nassica, (6) 253 ; (20) 503, 510, 522.
—— nasicus, (15) 134; (16) 167, 209;
(17) 267 ; (19) 274.
Leucothoé lilljeborgii, (12) 264 ; (15) 139 ; |
(19) 261; (20) 491, 503, 516, 523,
527
See Dog-fish,
—— spinicarpa, (8) 327; (15) 139.
Leucothoidee, (12) 264.
Leydigia quadrangularis, (9) 276, 277, |
292, 296 ; (15) 250 ; (17) 160, 161, 184, |
200.
Liachirus nitidus, (18) 359.
Lichenopora hispida, (15) 157.
Lichomolgus agilis, (10) 264.
—— albens, (16) 269.
—— arenicolus, (10) 260, 262.
concinnus, (10) 261.
— forficula, (11) 208 ; (15) 153.
—— fucicolus, (6) 241 ; (11) 211; (15) 153;
(19) 252; (21) 131.
Surcillatus, (9) 304 ;
470. |
—— hirsutipes, (11) 206 ; (20) 470, 501. |
insignis, (11) 207.
—— liber, (10) 261; (20) 470.
littoralis, (10) 260, 266.
maximus, (15) 154.
poucheti, (11) 207.
thorelliz, (10) 261; (18) 399.
Life-histories and development of the
food-fishes, (11) 239; (12) 218; (13)
220; (14) 171.
Life-history of cod, (15) 194.
edible crab, (18) 77.
— haddock, (15) 196.
—— lobster, (23) 65.
whiting, (15) 201.
Ligia oceanica, (6) 252.
Light, influence of, on development of
fish-eggs, (15) 178.
action of, on larvee, (5) 246.
—— effect of, on lobsters, (23) 98.
LAlljeborgia kinahani, (16) 262; (18) 402;
(19) 264; (20) 479.
Lima hians, (15) 123.
loscombi, (15) 123.
subauriculata, (15) 123.
Limacina retroversa, (15) 115, 305, &e. ;
(16) 155, 156, 209; (22) 256.
Limanda aspera, (18) 358.
limanda, (18) 358.
Limapontia nigra, (7) 324.
Limnea palustris, (9) 272; (15) 320; (17)
139, 159, 185.
peregra, (8) 336, 337, &e. ; (9) 272,
276, &e. ; (13) 188, 244, 249; (14) 168,
239 ; (15) 320; (16) 251, &c. ; (17) 139,
155, 156, 159, 185.
—— truncatula, (8) 336, &c.; (9) 272,
276, &c. ; (18) 244, 249; (15) 320, 332;
(15) 153; (20)
/—— and the destruction of
(17) 139, 185,
217
Limnicythere inopinata, (9) 273, 277, &c.;
(13) 188, 245; (15) 518, 321; (16) 252;
(17) 140, 160, &e.
sanctt-patrici, (9) 272, 273 ; (15) 321;
(17) 164.
Limnoria lignorum, (4) 217 ; (6) 252 ; (15)
135.
Line-fishing, description of method of,
(4) 201.
—— definition of ‘‘large” and ‘‘small”’
fish caught by, (8) 187.
experiments of ‘Garland’ on, (8)
189.
in territorial waters, (9) 24, 25, 26,
29,
immature
fish, (8) 187.
Lines of growth in skeletal structures of
fishes, (23) 125,
Lineus marinus, (15) 160.
Ling (Molva vulgaris), distribution of, (4)
233 ; (15) 111 ; (18) 284 ; (21) 62.
distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 176.
—— eggs of, (4) 212; (8) 284; (16) 91,
114, 115 ; (17) 82, 83, 84, 93, 96.
eggs, distribution of, (15) 244.
fecundity of, (9) 258.
food of, (8) 251; (20) 487, 519.
mature and immature, (8) 176.
parasites of, (19) 122, 149 ; (20) 288 ;
(23) 108.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349 ; (10) 239.
spawning period of, (4) 248 ; (7) 195,
(8) 268 ; (10) 232; (15) 244; (17) 99
young of, (3) 62; (4) 209.
Lioglossina, (18) 352, 356.
Lniopsetta, (18) 352, 353.
Liparis montagui. See Sucker, Mon-
tague’s.
vulgaris. See Sea-snail.
Liriope balani, (6) 251.
Liriopsis balani, (6) 251.
List of common and scientific names of
fishes, (8) 40; (10) 40.
of pelagic ova, &c., obtained by the
“Garland,” (8) 287; (14) 223.
Liston Bank, (8) 200; (17) 210.
Lithodes maia, (6) 258 ; (15) 130.
Little sole. See Sole, little.
| Littorina litorea, (7) 328, 337; (15) 119.
obtusata, (15) 119.
rudts, (15) 119.
Lituola findens, (8) 314.
Liverpool Biological Society, work of, (9)
392; (13) 335.
Lobster (Homarus vulgaris), casting of,
(23) 89, 92, 95.
| —— copepod-parasite of, (19) 255.
development of, (14) 186.
| —— digestibility of, (5) 228.
diminution in size of, (6) 190, 192.
| —— distribution of, (6) 195.
effect of cold on, (23) 72, 98.
—— —— of strong light on, (23) 98.
—— eggs of, (23) 101, 102.
—— embryonic stages of, (14) 207.
—-— experiments in breeding of, (14)
190,
218
Lobster, experiments in hatching and
rearing of, (8) 362; (23) 65.
— fishery, (6) 9, 189.
at Bognor and Selsey, (6) 300.
at Heligoland, (9) 405.
in Canada, (6) 192.
in Newfoundland, regulations
regarding, (13) 336.
in Scotland, (6) 189.
in United States, (6) 192.
—— food of the zoéa of, (23) 78.
fry of, (7) 403 ; (23) 68, 69.
—— growth of, (23) 85, 95.
hatching of, (9) 5, 391, 396, 398, 402;
(10) 10; (12) 11; (14) 196; (21) 181;
(23) 65.
in Canada, (9) 396; (12) 393.
in Newfoundland, (8) 365; (9)
398 ; (13) 335.
in Norway, (7) 405.
in United States, (8) 364.
imports of, (6) 191.
larval stages of, (14) 207; (23) 67,
69, 73.
——- legislation regarding, (6) 198.
life-history of, (6) 195; (23) 65.
of American, (9) 402.
—— megalops stage of, (23) 68, 83.
methods of fishing for, (6) 196.
mode of attachment of eggs in, (22)
Tze
—— mysis stage of, (23) 69.
—— Norway. See Nephrops norvegicus.
—— Norwegian exports of, (6) 193.
—— pond at Brodick, (14) 14, 190.
—— ponds in Spain, (13) 347.
price of, (6) 197.
—— proportion of ‘‘berried” hens, (23)
88
—— rate of growth of embryo of, (14)
190.
—— rearing experiments with, (9) 391.
—— semses of, (23) 97.
—— sexual maturity of, (14) 202.
—— signs of approaching moulting in,
(23) 93.
—— spawning of, (6) 196, 299 ; (14) 199;
(18) 86; (22) 117; (23) 100, 101.
—— young, food of, (23) 67, 69, 70.
—— —— vitality of, (23) 67.
—— z0éa of, (23) 67, 74, 78.
Lobworm (Avenicola piscatorium) as bait,
(7) 352, 356; (15) 159.
reproduction of, (4) 217.
Lochs and inland waters, invertebrate
fauna of. See Fauna, invertebrate.
Loch Fyne, amphipoda of, (16) 262.
—— —— chemical conditions of water
in, (15) 266.
—— —-— circulation of water in, (15)
262
—— —— comparison of spawning season
in, with East Coast, (17) 99.
—— —— copepoda of, (4) 147; (16) 264.
—— —— crustacea of, (16) 262.
—.— —-— density of water of, (15) 263.
distribution, vertical, of eggs
in, (17) 116.
—— —-- drift of pelagic eggs in, (17)
Part IIT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Loch Fyne, estimated number of pelagic
eggs in, (17) 109.
—— —— fauna of, (4) 231.
—— —— food of herrings in, (18) 252.
| ——- —— foraminifera of, (16) 273.
—— —— herring fishery in, (18) 252.
—— —~— herring fishery statistics of,
(18) 256.
—— —— herrings in deep water in, (18)
253.
—— —— invertebrate
261.
—-— —— invertebrates of, (15) 107.
—— —-— isopoda of, (16) 262.
—— —— larval and post-larval fishes
of, (15) 250, 254 ; (17) 121.
—— —~— marine fishes of, (15) 107.
migrations of gurnards in, (17)
fauna of, (16)
216.
mixture of herring shoals in,
(18) 253.
—— —— ostracoda of, (16) 263.
—— —— pelagic fish-eggs of, (15) 244,
247 ; (17) 79.
—— physical conditions of, (15) 262.
——-—w— physical observations in, (15)
262 ; (17) 128, 130.
—— plaice fry put into, (14) 155;
(17) 207.
proportion of young food-fishes
to others in, (17) 127.
—-— —-— relation of herring to copepoda,
(17) 115.
—-— -—— schizopoda of, (16) 262.
—— —— seasonal abundance of copepoda
in, (17) 114.
—~—-—— seasonal abundance of pelagic
eggs in, (17) 94.
—— —— spawning of herrings in, (18)
253.
——— --—_ spawning seasons of fish in,
(17) 96.
—— —— tidal observations in, (15) 268.
=~ ——_ Vermes, Of.1(16)) ies
—— —— vertical distribution of cope-
poda in, (17) 116.
—— —— volumetric determination of
copepoda in, (17) 112.
—— young fishes in, (15) 254.
Loch Leven trout, spawning period of,
(4) 252.
—— temperature observations in. See
Temperature.
Leops, (18) 361.
Lofoten Isles, cod fishery at, (13) 339.
Loligo, sp., (3) 67.
—— sagittata, (6) 264.
—— vulgaris, as bait.
Long rough dab. See Dab, long rough.
Long-spined Cottus. See Cottus bubalis.
Longipedia coronata, (6) 239; (10) 249 ;
(11) 198, 201; (15) 149; (20) 492, 495.
—— minor, (15) 149; (19) 245; (20) 503.
—— paguri, (11) 201, 202.
Lophius piscatorius. See Angler.
Lophonectes, (18) 361.
Lophophorus insignis, (20) 46.
Lossiemouth, trawling investigations off,
(25) 93, 101; (22) 26, 28, 47; (23) 20,
24, 46.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Lota vulgaris. See Burbot.
Loxoconcha elliptica, (8) 321.
—— fragilis, (8) 325.
—— guttata, (6) 244; (15) 143.
—— impressa, (7) 317; (15) 148;
520.
Loxoconcha multifora, (8) 321; (1
—— pusilla, (8) 325.
--— tamarindus, (6) 244;
523.
—— viridis, (8) 321 ; (13) 188.
Lucina borealis, (15) 128.
—— spinifera, (15) 128 ; (20) 505.
Lucinopsis wndata, (15) 127.
Inidia ciliaris, (20) 308, 319, 324.
sarst, (20) 308, 319, 324.
—— savignit, (20) 308.
Lumbriconereis nardonis, (15) 159.
Lumbricus terrestris as bait, (7) 356.
Luminous organs in the British pearl-
sides, (6) 281.
Lumpenus,_ sharp- tailed (Zumpenus
lampetreformis), description of, (2) 78 ;
(12) 22
—— age of, (
(20)
5) 143.
(15) 143; (20)
22) 203.
—— at Aberdeen, (4) 210
—-— distribution of, (19) 287.
(12) 296 ; (19) 287; (22)
—— eggs of,
203.
food of, (20) 486, 502 ; (21) 220.
—— in Firth of Clyde, (15) 167.
—— in Firth of Forth, (7) 326.
—— in Loch Fyne, (15) 110; (18) 280.
—— in North Sea, (19) 287; (21) 29, 35.
—— in stomach of anglers, (21) 198.
in stomach of picked dog-fish, (19)
287.
—-~ mature and immature, (8) 177, 357.
—— rate of growth of, (22) 202.
— — relation of length to weight, (22)
238.
— — spawning period of, (19)
203.
287; (22)
Lumpsucker Rene ae in
Loch Fyne, (4) 232; (1
—— caught in trawl- net.
—— colour changes in, (10) 243.
—— cross- fertilisation of, with flounder,
(8) 358.
— Eg of, (3) 60; (7) 306; (10) 24
(14) 1
—— —— as bait, (6) 273.
—— —— volume of, (16) 141.
—— fecundity of, (9) 253.
—— food of, (3) 60 ; (20) 486, 497.
comparative absence
stomach of female, (20) 499.
—_—— large specimen of, (3) 69.
—— oviposition of, (9) 244,
parasites of, (19) 121, 128, 129; (23)
108
lumpus),
5) 110.
in
—— power of adhesion of, (4) 212.
—— protective resemblance in young of,
(11) 390.
—— rate of growth of, (12) 333.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— size at maturity, (10) 238.
—— spawning of, (7) 197; (8) 269.
—— young, mode of distribution of, (17)
219
Lunan Bay, trawling investigations
(20) 96.
Lunatia pulchella, (15) 120.
—— sordida, (15) 120.
Lundberg, Dr. Rudolf, (7) 405; (9) 20,
408 ; (18) 16.
Lutraria elliptica, (15) 127.
Lybster, trawling investigations off. See
Trawling investigations.
Lynceidee, (11) 232.
Lynceus acanthocercoides, (9) 292.
—— affinis, (9). 293.
— costatus, (9) 293.
— elongatus, (9) 286, 292.
excisus, (9) 286, 293.
—— exiguus, (9) 293 ; (11) 233.
— globosus, (9) 295.
— guttatus, (9) 277, 293.
harpe, (9) 292 ; (11) 232.
levis, (9) 294.
— lamellatus, (9) 291.
leucocephalus, (9) 292.
—— longirostris, (9) 291.
macrurus. (9) 292 ;
nanus, (9) 293.
—— quadrangularis, (9) 277, 282, 292,
293 ; (11) 233.
—— sphericus, (9) 295 ; (11) 234.
— — tenuicaudis, (9) 277, 292.
—— testudinarius, (11) 233.
—— trigonellus, (9) 294.
—— truncatus, (9) 294; (11) 234.
uncinatus, (9) 294.
Lyonsia norvegica, (12) 265 ;
Lysianax coste, (15) 137.
Lythe. See Pollack.
(11) 232.
(15) 129.
M
Macherina subulata, (20) 503.
tenuissima, (15) 145; (20) 497, 520.
M‘Donald, Col. Marshall, (8) 21.
M‘Intosh, Professor W. C., (4) 201; (5)
354 ; (6) 265, 279, 281 ; (7) 259, 387;
(8) 8, 14, 21, 270, 283; (9) 211, 244,
269, 317, &c.
Mackay, Captain, (7) 188.
Mackerel (Scomber scomber), (4) 232; (6)
A (15) 110; (18) 277; (21) 30, 33,
- 68.
arrangement of muscles in, (4) 168.
—— attacked by squids, (3) 68.
—— caught in deep water in winter, (21)
caught in otter-trawl, (21) 68.
composition of, (5) 228
—— curing of, (12) 388.
—— digestibility of, (5) 228.
—— eggs of, (16) 91, 114; (17) 82, 83, 84,
93, 96, 106.
—— enquiry respecting Scottish, (12) 17 ;
(33:
—— fecundity of, (9) 252.
—— fishing, (13) 13.
in Ireland, (9) 396 ; (12
—-— —— at Kinsale, (12) 390.
in United States, (12) 393, 395.
—— food of, (20) 486, 493.
—— larval and post-larval, (17) 125.
—— life-history of Mediterranean, (8)372,
) 388.
220
Mackerel of east and west coasts of
Scotland, (18) 294.
—— parasites of, (19) 124, 135, 146.
—— question of racial differences among,
(18) 294.
question of
among, (18) 312.
sizes and sex of, (18) 302.
spawning period of, (4) 245; (17)
98 ; (18) 327.
specific gravity of eggs of, (7) 386.
— weight of ripe and unripe, (18) 328. |
Mackie, Mr R., (10) 286.
Maclagan, Nellie, (2) 74.
MacMunn, Dr A. C., (7) 386, 387.
Macrocypris minna, (19) 236, 257.
Macromysis flexuosa, (15) 133.
Macropodia longirostris, (15) 130.
—- rostrata, (15) 130; (16) 156, 209.
Macropsis slabberi, (6) 254 ; (8) 332 ; (16)
158, 162, 209 ; (19) 277 ; (20) 532.
Macrostylis spinifera, (19) 236, 272.
Macrothrix hirsuticornis, (14) 239, 242.
laticornis, (11) 231,
Macrurus levis, food of, (20) 501.
occurrence of, (20) 541.
Mactra elliptica, (15) 127.
-—— stultorwm, (6) 231.
—— subtruncata, (15) 127.
Madreporite of Cribella oculata, (6) 280.
Mera batei, (14) 160.
grossimana, (6) 247 ; (7) 327.
lovent, (7) 327 ; (19) 264; (20) 478, |
516, 520.
othonis, (6) 247 ; (15) 140; (18) 402 ;
(19) 264.
Mair, Mr Wilham, (8)
244; (10) 23, 29; (11
22, 56.
Maitland, Sir J. Ramsay-Gibson, (5) 43 ;
(6) 25 ; (7) 12, 382 ; (10) 192, 331.
Maldane biceps, (15) 158.
Mallotus villosus. See Capelin.
Malm, Dr, (9) 408 ; (10) 344 ; (138) 16.
Mancopsetta, (18) 361.
Mangelia attenuata, (15) 118.
leevigata, 15) 318.
Maraénobiotus vejdovskei, (14) 168, 169 ;
(16) 249 ; (17) 172, 178, 183, 189.
Margarita helicina, (15) 122.
Marginuina glabra, (16) 277.
Marine Biological Association of the
U.K., (6) 298; (8) 361; (9) 390; (12)
385 ; (13) 332.
laboratory, Plymouth, (6) 15,
298 ; (7) 385.
station at Puffin Island, (8) 362.
currents, transport of fish eggs by,
(13) 18, 185; (14) 15.
diatoms, (15) 15.
—— Fisheries Society, (6) 300; (8) 161.
— fishes of Loch Fyne, (15) 107.
food-fishes: food, spawning,
habits of, (7) 182.
—— laboratory at Arcachon, work of, |
(7) 392.
——- at Boulogne-sur-mer, work of,
(7) 390.
— at Concarneau, work of, (7)
sexual differences
257 ; (9) 21, 177,
) 24, 29, 30; (14)
and |
| Marketable
389 ; (8) 373; (9) 418.
Part ITL.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Marine laboratory at Helder, (9) 413.
at Heligoland, (9) 405.
—— —— at Marseilles, work of, (7) 392;
(8) 371; (9) 418.
—— —— at St. Andrews, (6) 279; (13)
(3) 55.
—— pisciculture, practical results of, (13)
10.
Marion, Professor, (7) 384, 392; (8) 21,
371; (9) 389, 418; (10) 160. 189, 294,
352 ; (11) 21, 239, 487 ; (18) 16.
and unmarketable fishes,
classification of, (21) 40.
Marking fish by labels, (7) 406.
Mar! deposits in Loch Doon, (17) 174.
at St. Andrews, description of,
| Mars Bank, (9) 181.
Masterman, Dr, A. T., (11) 250; (12)
AE (18) 289, 279; (14) 294; (15)
293
Matthews, J. Duncan, (5) 245, 257, 295 ;
(6) 25 ; (9) 381 ; (17) 274.
Maturation of eggs. See Eggs.
Maturity, average size of haddock at,
(22) 153.
average size of plaice at, (18) 190;
22; 156.
average size of whiting at, (22
150.
minimum size of grey gurnard at,
(17) 223.
of edible crab, size at, (18) 79.
—— of fishes, (10) 18.
—— of plaice, variation of size at, in
different regions, (20) 358.
sexual, in sturgeon, (6) 303.
—— size at which fishes reach, (10) 236.
of cod at, (19) 228 ; (22) 158.
of edible male crab at, (18) 97.
of female edible crab at, (18)
79.
—— —— of haddock at, (19) 213.
of Norway pout at, (19) 164.
—— —— of plaice at, (20) 357.
—— —— of sprat at, (22) 181.
—— -—— of whiting at, (20) 399.
of witch at, (22) 195.
Maurolicus pennantii. See Pearl-sides,
| Mazocres alose, (19) 145.
Measurements of fish, importance of, (20)
326, 330.
Measuring-table for fishes, (20) 330.
Medusidee interfering with trawling
operations, (20) 94, 95, 103.
Meek, Mr Alex., (17) 117; (22) 186.
Megaluropus agilis, (8) 326; (18) 402;
(20) 478, 491, 510; (22) 243, 257.
| Megamera othonis, (6) 247.
Megamphopus cornutus, (14) 161; (20)
479, 517.
Megrim (Lepidorhombus whiff), (7) 325;
(12) 224; (18) 286, 357 ; (21) 50.
—— abundant in deep water on north-
eastern grounds, (21) 50.
—— development of, (10) 292.
—— distribution of, (21) 50.
—— eggs of, (16) 91, 114.
—— egg resembling that of, (12) 224.
in Firth of Clyde, (15) 250,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Megrim, fecundity of, (9) 263.
—— food of, (7) 237, 240; (8) 254, 256;
(20) 523.
— mature and immature, (8) 172.
proportion of males to females, (8)
349 ; (10) 239.
size at maturity, (10) 238.
——- spawning of, (7) 192.
Melita dentata, (14) 160.
—— gladiosa, (6) 247.
—— obtusata, (6) 247; (15) 140; (20)
501, 510.
—— proxima, (6) 247.
Melosira orichalcea, (9) 274.
—— varians, (9) 274.
Melphidippa spinosa, (10) 264.
Melphidippella macera, (16) 170, 177,
210 ; (17) 265; (19) 263.
Melville, Mr John, (9) 177, 343.
Membrantpora flemingii, (15) 156.
—— pilosa, (15) 156.
Meridion circulare, (9) 274.
Merluccius vulgaris. See Hake.
Merry-sole. See Lemon dab.
Mesh of trawl-net, (8) 182.
—— —— experiments on influence of,
(12) 306 ; (19) 62.
—— —— influence of size of, on fish
caught, (19) 62.
—— —— relation between, and the fish
captured, (12) 306; (19) 62.
Mesochra lilljeborgii, (6) 239; (11) 228,
——- macintosht, (13) 167 ; (20) 461.
—— propinqua, (14) 162.
—— robertsoni, (11) 228, 229.
—— spinicauda, (13) 167; (18) 391.
Methods of fishing for herrings in Clyde,
(12) 18.
—— of fishing in relation to statistics,
(20) 79.
—— of rearing fish larvee, (15) 177.
Metopa alderi, (7) 319; (16) 170, 177,
210 ; (20) 516, 527.
—— borealis, (19) 260 ; (22) 243, 257,
—— bruzelii, (14) 159.
—— nasuta, (14) 159.
—— norvegica, (19) 261.
ra pollexiana, (6) 246; (17) 265; (20)
78.
——- propinqua, (12) 263.
—— pusilla, (20) 478, 516.
—— robusta, (17) 265.
—— rubrovittata, (19) 260 ; (20) 510, 527.
Metopella nasuta, (19) 261 ; (20) 497, 510.
Metopina robusta, (19) 236, 261.
oo armaia, (4) 148 ; (9) 300; (15)
147.
—— as herring-food, (4) 126.
—— hibernica. (15) 146, 307, 308, 309,
310, 311, 314; (16) 177, 189, 210; (17)
251, 270.
—— longa, (20) 454.
—— lucens, (18) 385 ; (19) 239 ; (20) 454,
511, 513, 517, 532; (21) 113.
M icrochirus minutus, (18) 359.
variegata, (18) 359.
Micrococcus albus translucens, (6) 208.
—— calyciformis, (6) 209.
——- rotundus magnus, (6) 210.
P
221
Micrococcus spongiosus, (6) 209.
Microcotyle donovani, (23).
labracis, (23) 117.
Microcrustacea from Clyde and Moray
Firth, (17) 248.
Microdeutopus anomalus, (15) 140.
damnoniensis, (15) 140.
Microjassa cumbrensis, (19) 265.
Microniscus calani, (15) 172, 309, 311.
Micro-organisms, determination of num-
ber in water, (4) 178.
—— inriver-water, (3) 73; (4) 1763; (5)
331.
in river-water, methods of detect-
ing, (3) 73.
Microporella impressa, (15) 156.
Microprotopus maculatus, (14) 161; (18)
402 ; (20) 527.
Microstella atlantica, (9) 301.
Microstomus (18) 353.
Midwater net, description of, (5) 356.
Migrations of brill, (11) 189.
—— of cod, (11) 189; (15) 375.
—-- of dab, (11) 189.
— of edible crab, (18) 119, 125;
135.
—— —— relation of, to temperature,
(18) 124.
of fishes, (10) 19.
in relation to currents,
(22)
375.
value of statistics in connec-
tion with, (11) 16, 176; (21) 38.
of grey gurnard, (17) 210.
adults and immature together
(15)
(17) 228.
(17) 222.
of grey skate, (11) 191.
of gurnard, relation of, to changes
in temperature, (17) 216. ra
of herring, (10) 173; (11) 191; (17).
286.
of immature gurnards, (17) 227.
of lemon sole, (11) 187.
— of plaice, (11) 175 ; (15) 375.
in relation to maturity, (8)
in relation to reproducticn
168.
— of thornback ray, (11) 191.
—— of turbot, (11) 189.
Migratory movements of sea-fishes, (8)
14, 353.
Miliolina agglutinans, (7) 313; (8) 313;
(9) 288 ; (15) 165.
—— auberiana, (16) 274.
— bicornis, (7) 313 ; (16) 274.
contorta, (15) 165.
—— ferussacit, (7) 313; (15) 165.
—— fusca, (8) 313; (16) 274.
— labiosa, (16) 274.
-— oblonga, (7) 312; (16) 274.
secans, (7) 312; (15) 165.
—— seminulum, (7) 312; (15) 165; (20)
497, 510, 527.
subrotunda, (9) 288 ; (15) 165.
tricarinata, (8) 313; (15) 165.
trigonula, (7) 312; (8) 313; (15)
165.
—— venusta, (16) 274.
Miliolites ringens, (7) 312.
222
Mill, Dr H. R., (5) 349; (6) 309, 313,
349; (7) 409; (9) 18, 353; (10) 330;
(11) 8, 20, 395 ; (12) 336; (15) 262.
Miller, Mr Donald, (8) 23, 257 ; (9) 21.
Milliken, Mr A., (9) 177; (10) 202.
Milroy, Professor T. H., (16) 135.
Minnows, food of, (17) 174.
Misophria pallida, (12) 2387; (195)
(17) 253.
Mitchell, Professor J. C., (13) 347.
Mobianus gyrans, (19) 237.
Mobius, Dr, (4) 102.
Modiola modiolus, (15) 124.
Modiolaria discors, (15) 125 ; (20) 510.
marmorata, (15) 124.
Modiolicola insignes, (12) 259.
Molleria costulata, (15) 121.
Mollusca as food of cod, (4) 136, 146.
as food of haddocks, (4) 130.
as herring-food, (4) 127.
—— of Loch Fyne, (15) 114.
of lochs and inland waters.
Fauna, invertebrate.
— — of plankton, (16) 155.
Molluses as bait, (6) 273.
—— development of, (8) 15.
—— eggs of, (4) 217.
Molua molwa. See Ling.
Molva vulgaris. See Ling.
Monaco, H.H. Prince of, scientific in-
vestigations of, (7) 384, 395; (8) 399,
373 ; (11) 21, 487; (13) 16, 153.
Monima fimbriata, (19) 125.
Monk. See Angler.
Monochirus hispidus, (18) 359.
Monoculodes affinis, (8) 326.
—— carinata, (8) 326; (15) 139; (20)
491,
—— longimanus, (6) 246 ; (8) 326.
—— packardi, (15) 139 ; (17) 265.
—— stimpsoni, (8) 326.
—— tuberculatus, (15) 169.
Monoculus ophthalmicus, (8) 342 ; (11)
(9)
—— pediculus, (9) 295 ; (11) 234.
—— pulex, (9) 290.
—— quadricornis, (11) 228.
—— reticulatus, (9) 289.
—— villosa, (8) 343.
Monolene, (18) 357.
Monospilus dispar, (9) 295 ; (13) 245;
(17) 140, 141, 155, 156, 164.
tenuirostris, (9) 272, 273, 295, 296 ;
(17) 185, 201.
Monrich Bank, (9) 181.
Monstrilla anglica, (22) 242, 246.
dan, (15) 153 ; (17) 261 ; (18) 398;
(22) 246.
— dubia, (22) 242, 247.
gracilicauda, (22) 242, 245,
grandis, (22) 242, 243.
— helgolandica, (16) 190.
longicornis, (22) 242, 244.
longiremis, (20) 449, 469 ; (22) 244.
rigida, (9) 304; (16) 190; (22) 248.
sp., (16) 20.
Montacuta bidentata, (15) 125; (20) 496,
497, 503.
— ferruginosa, (20) 527.
substriata, (15) 125 ; (20) 317.
148 ;
See
Part L1L-—Twenty-third Annual Report
Montacuta, tumidula, (15) 126.
Montagua alderi, (7) 319.
—— dubia, (10) 262.
marina, (7) 319.
Montaguwi monoculoides, (6) 246.
pollexiana, (6) 246.
Montagu’s sucker. See Sucker.
Montenegro as a market for Scottish-
cured herrings, (7) 163.
Montrose, larval fishes at, (8) 287; (11)
254 ; (12) 300 ; (14) 225.
pelagic eggs of fishes at, (8) 287 ; (11)
254; (12) 300; (14) 225.
—— post-larval fishes of, (8) O87 eh)
254; (12) 300; (14) 225.
young fishes at, (8) 287; (9) 341 ;
(10) 304; (11) 254; (12) 300; (I4) 225.
Moraria anderson-smithi, (11) 228; (14)
168, 239; (15) 302, 318, 330, 332; (16)
250, 252; (17) 140, 145, 183, &e.
—— brevipes, (15) 320, 325 ; (17) 155, 159,
161, 173, 189.
—— poppet, (15) 319, 320, 325.
Moray Firth, fishing grounds in, (9)
182.
—— closure of, (11) 9, 23; (12) 14.
—— crustacea of, (17) 248.
—— direction of currents in, (15) 343.
—— echinoderms of, (20) 304.
_-— fishing by foreign trawlers in closed
waters of, (20) 19.
—— importance of investigations in, (14)
18, 25.
—— invertebrate fauna in trawl-net, (15)
81.
__—— larval fishes of, (8) 287; (9) 340; (11)
254; (13) 268, 270; (14) 224; (15)
5p:
migrations of gurnards in, (17) 210.
—— pelagic eggs of fishes in, (8) 287 ; (9)
340; (11) 254; (12) 300; (13) 268, 270;
(14) 224; (15) 255.
—— pelagic fauna of, (5) 67.
—— physical and chemical examination
of water, (6) 313, 318, 336.
—— physical observations in, in 1896,
(15) 91.
—— post-larval fishes in, (8) 287 ; (9) 340;
(11) 254; (13) 268, 370; (14) 224; (19)
257.
—— statistics showing the quantities of
fish caught by line fishermen in, (14)
23.
——- temporary opening of, to trawlers in
1896, (20) 126.
—— trawling experiments in, (2.276
(13) 12; (14) 11, 20; (15) 18; (16) 185
(17) 18; (19) 18; (20) 18; (22) 195 (28)
13, 14, 26.
—— trawling stations, description of, (19)
18.
—— young fishes of, (8) 287 ; (9) 340; (10)
304; (11) 254; (13) 268, 270; (14) 224;
(15) 255.
Morocco, fisheries on
(9) 421.
Mortimore, Mr Thomas, (12) 21.
Motella cimbria. See Rockling, four-
bearded.
—— mustela. See Rockling, five-bearded.
Atlantic coasts of,
oe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Motella, tricirrata. See Rockling, three-
bearded.
Mugil chelo. See Mullet, lesser grey.
—— capito. See Mullet, grey.
Muller’stopknot. See Topknot, Muller’s.
Mullet, grey (Mugil capito), (18) 281.
—— food of, (20) 486, 504.
—— lesser grey (Mugil chelo), (6) 276.
food of, (21) 221.
—— —— parasites of, (19) 123.
—— red (Mullus barbatus), (18) 274.
—— —— occurrence of, at Aberdeen, (20)
540.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 244.
—— thick-lipped grey. See Mullet,
lesser grey.
Mullus barbatus. See Mullet, red.
surmuletus. See Mullet, red.
Multiple tumours in plaice and flounders,
(3) 66.
Munida banvffica, (6) 259.
rondeletit, (6) 259.
—— rugosa, (6) 259;
266.
(1d)s 23s) 7)
—— —— eggs of, (22) 116.
Munna boecki, (17) 266.
kroyeri, (6) 252; (17) 266.
Murray, Dr George, (15) 212.
——- Mr J., (6) 223.
—— Sir John, (8) 23, 257; (9) 177, 178,
244; (10) 23; (11) 24; (17) 114, 236.
Muscles, arrangement of, in teleosteans,
~ (4) 167.
—— colour of, (4) 167.
—— of fishes, red and pale, (4) 166.
—— of fish, fat in, (5) 226.
—— —— histology of, (4) 169.
Mussel bait, (8) 16.
—— common (Mytilus edulis), (7) 328,
387, 356, 349 ; (15) 124.
—— —— age at maturity of, (4) 221.
—— —— artificial fertilisation of eggs of,
(5) 250.
cultivation of, (4) 222.
—— —— development of, (4) 218; (5)
247.
—-- —— development of eggs of, (5)
249,
—— —— development of genital glands
of, (5) 248,
—— —— eggs of, (5) 249, 250.
--— ——- embryos of, (5) 253.
—— —— growth of, (4) 222.
—— —— habits of, in early stages, (5)
255.
—— ——— reproduction of, (3) 56 ; (4) 219.
sperms of, (5) 250.
— culture, (12) 387.
at Montrose, history of, (13)
137.
—— —— in Northumberland, (9) 394.
—— farming at Montrose, (7) 11, 327.
at Montrose, common bed, (7)
335.
at Montrose, description of the
mussel-beds, (7) 331.
- beds at Montrose, fauna of the
beds, (7) 336, 337.
—— -——at Montrose, Ferryden and
Usan Society’s beds, (7) 331.
223
Mussel-beds at Montrose, Messrs John-
ston and Son’s beds, (7) 333.
—— at Montrose, method of cultiva-
tion, (7) 320.
— — fisheries in Holland, (9) 415.
Mussels, (6) 21, 22; (10) 16.
—— decline in, (9) 17.
——— experiments on the preservation of,
for bait, (5) 358.
—— poisoning by, enquiry on, (7) 393.
—— sale and consumption of, in France,
(7) 392.
Mya arenaria, (7) 341; (9) 287, 288; (15)
128 ; (20) 527.
—— truncata, (15) 128.
Myology of pectoral arch in gurnard, (12)
325.
Myside, distribution of, in Firth of Forth,
(16) 163.
Mysidion abyssorum.
commune.
Mysidopsis angusta, (4) 158 ; (7) 323; (9)
308 ; (15) 133 ; (16) 158, 162, 209 ; (17)
268 ; (18) 403; (20) 480.
—— didelphys, (7) 322; (15) 133; (16)
158, 161, 209 ; (17) 268; (19) 276.
—— gibbosa, (4) 158; (6) 254; (15) 133;
(16) 158, 161, 209; (17) 268; (18)
403.
hispida, (7) 323.
Mysis arenosa, (4) 159.
aurantia, (4) 161; (6) 255.
chameleon, (6) 254.
cornuta, (4) 159.
didelphys, (7) 322.
erythrophthalma, (7) 322.
—— flexuosa, (6) 254.
gracilis, (7) 323.
griffithsic, (4) 162.
tnermis, (4) 159; (6) 255.
— lamorne, (4) 159; (6) 255.
ornata, (6) 255; (7) 324.
rostratus, (4) 162.
spiritus, (6) 255.
truncatula, (4) 159.
vulgaris, (6) 255; (9) 285; (13) 244.
Mysis stage of lobster, (23) 69.
Mytilus edulis. See Mussel, common.
modiolus, (4) 218; (7) 347, 352, 356;
(11) 208.
Myxine glutinosa,
See Hagtish,
N
Names of fishes, common and scientific,
(7) 36.
Nannastacus unguiculatus, (15) 135; (18)
403 ; (19) 276; (20) 480.
Nannopus palustris, (12) 253 ; (18) 394;
(20) 466 ; (21) 124.
Naples, zoological station at, (6) 308.
Nassa incrassata, (6) 231 ; (15) 118.
—— pygmea, (15) 118.
—— reticulata, (15) 118.
Natica alderi, (20) 496, 497, 503.
—— grenlandica, (19) 236.
National Sea Fisheries Protection As-
sociation, (8) 360.
Natural history of the herring, (17) 274.
Nature of ‘‘red” cod, (6) 10, 203, 207.
224
Nautilus wmmonoides, (8) 317.
—— calcar, (7) 314.
—— crepidula, (7) 314.
—— crispus, (7) 315.
—— inflata, (8) 315.
——- linearis, (7) 314.
Navicula fusiformis, (15) 300.
—— gastrum, (9) 274.
—— gibba, (9) 274.
—— limosa, (9) 274.
—— membranacea, (15) 214.
—_— mesolepta, (9) 274.
—— pusilla, (9) 274.
—— radiosa, (9) 274.
—— reinhardtt, (9) 274.
-—— snuthii, (9) 274.
—— viridula, (9) 274.
Nebalia bipes, (15) 141.
Nematocelis megalops, (10) 267.
Nematode parasite, (15) 172.
Nematops, (18) 361.
Nematopus elegans, (4) 158.
—— goesti, (7) 322.
—— pygmea, (4) 158.
serratus, (8) 330.
Nemertea, (15) 160.
Nemertide, (12) 265.
Neobradya pectinifer, (10) 249 ; (21) 117.
Neomenia carinata, (15) 159.
Neomysis vulgaris, (13) 188; (15) 133;
(16) 158, 163, 209 ; (18) 403 ; (20) 532.
Neopontius angularis, (16) 271; (17) 262.
Nephelis octoculata, (9) 273; (15) 318.
Nephrops norvegicus, (6) 259; (7) 356;
(16) 198; (20) 507, 516; (21) 225;
—— blood of, (4) 171.
mode of attachment of eggs in, (22)
118.
Nephthys ciliata, (15) 160.
hombergi, (15) 159.
Neptunae antiqua.
Nereicola concinna, (20) 449, 455.
Nereis dumerilii, (15) 159.
pelagica, (15) 159.
____ swarms of sexual form, (12
Neritina fluvialilis, (9) 288.
Nerophis cwquoreus. See Pipe- fish,
straight-nosed.
_—_ lumbriciformis. See Pipe-fish, worm.
Nest of ballan wrasse, (5) 245.
Net, Petersen’s, for the capture of young
fishes, (20) 329.
——— small-meshed, for collecting small
fishes, (20) 327.
Nets, experiments with small-meshed,
(21) 40.
for the capture of post-larval and
young fishes, (20) 328.
Netherlands as a market for Scottish-
cured herrings, (7) 165.
Newfoundland, administration of fish-
eries in, (8) 360.
— — fishery work in, (8) 365; (9) 398;
(10) 336; (11) 495; (13) sByi-
—— hatching of cod in, (8) 365.
— ~— hatching of lobsters in, (8) 365.
-— physical observations at banks of,
(9) 420.
New South Wales, fisheries of, (9) 399 ;
(10) 341; (12) 393.
Part LI7.—Twenty-
third Annual Report
New South Wales, fishery administration
in, (9) 398.
New Zealand, fisheries of, (9) 400; (13)
336.
__ introduction of European fishes to,
(9) 401.
Nicothoé astaci, (19) 254 ; (23) 149.
Nielsen, Mr A., (8) 359; (10) 3365 (U1
21, 487, 496; (13) 16, 335.
Nika edulis, (9) 309 ; (15) 1382, 168; (20)
491, 523, 524, 535, 537.
Nitzschia closterium, (15) 300.
fraudulenta, (15) 300.
—— lineola, (15) 300.
migrans, (15) 300.
seriata, (15) 298, 300.
sigmoidea, (9) 274.
thermalis, (9) 274.
Nodosaria communis, (15) 166.
obliqua, (16) 277.
—— pauperata, (16) 277.
—— perversa, (16) 277.
pyrula, (7) 314; (16) 276.
scalaris, (15) 166.
Nonionina asterizans, (15) 167.
depressula, (9) 288 ; (15) 167.
—— elegans, (8) 317.
orbicularis, (16) 277.
scapha, (16) 277.
Normal Company, factory of, (4) 297.
Norman, Canon A. M., (4) 155, 231 ; (10)
244,
Normanella attenuata, (20) 449, 464.
dubia, (12) 250; (15) 151.
Normanion quadrimanus, (17) 264 ; (19)
258.
North-Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee,
(13) 10.
North Sea, absence of alge on large areas
of bottom of, (9) 406.
__ eause of the movement of the sur-
face currents in, (15) 356.
—— currents in, (12) 351.
____ eurrents of, in relation to fisheries,
(15) 11, 334.
_ direction and rate of currents, (15)
338.
____ division into areas for statistical
purposes, (20) 87.
__ effect of tides on surface currents
in, (15) 360.
—— investigations, (20) ie
__ movement of Atlantic water into,
(15) 339.
over-fishing in, (10) 170.
—— physics and chemistry of, (7) 13.
——- prevailing winds in, (15) 360.
rate and depth of surface current
in, (15) 364.
relation of surface currents in, to
fisheries, (15) 367.
____ reversal of surface current in, (15)
361.
___ geasonal variations of currents of,
(15) 335.
special fishery statistics of,
(21)
37.
_ surface currents of, (18) 370.
Northumberland Sea Fisheries Com-
mittee, (13) 10.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 22
Or
Norway and Sweden as a market for | Octocotyle truncata, (19) 146.
Scottish-cured herrings, (7) 166.
Norway, artificial fertilisation of ova in,
(7) 403.
Association for the Promotion of
Norwegian Fisheries, (9) 304.
bullhead. See Bullhead, Norway.
—— fish-culture in, (5) 234; (13) 339.
fisheries of, (6) 304; (7) 402; (9)
—— fish-hatching in, (7) 403 ; (17) 208.
409 ; (10) 346; (11) 496; (12) 398; (13)
34].
— haddock. See Haddock, Norway.
hatching of cod in, (6) 305 ; (8) 374;
(9) 409.
-— hatching of flat fish in, (7) 405.
—— hatching of lobsters in, (7) 405.
—— lobster. See Nephrops norvegicus.
—— pout. See Pout, Norway.
— — rearing of cod in, (7) 404.
—— scientific fishery work in, (6) 304.
Norwegian topknot. See Topknot, Nor-
wegian.
Notes and memoranda, (8) 351.
Nothria tubicola, (15) 159.
Notodelphys agilis, (6) 288; (7) 326; (15)
148.
—— allmanni, (6) 288 ; (15) 148.
prasina, (15) 148; (18) 386.
Notodromas monacha, (9) 276, 282.
Notodelphys ceerulea, (7) 326.
Notopterophorus papilio, (15) 148.
Notosema, (18) 356.
Nucula nitida, (15) 125.
nucleus, (15) 125.
sulcata, (15) 125.
tenuis, (15) 125; (20) 503.
Nudibranchiata, (8) 331; (15) 116.
Numerical variations of fish at different
seasons, (6) 36.
Nummulinide, (7) 311 ; (8) 317; (15) 167.
Nurse hound. See Dog-fish, larger
spotted.
Nutritive value of fresh fish, (5) 221.
value of pale and dark muscles of
fish, (5) 225.
Nyctiphanes, (6) 226, 227, 229, 262 ; (10)
267 ; (20) 494.
—— norvegica, (4) 15
324 ; (8) 330; (15)
(20) 510.
—— as herring-food, (4) 123.
73 (6) 254, 255 5 (7)
132; (17) 113, 268 ;
O
OBSERVATIONS made at trawling stations
(14) 133.
— on the life-histories and develop-
ment of the food and other fishes, (9)
14, 317.
Octobothrium alose, (19) 145.
esmarkvi, (19) 147.
— harengt, (19) 145.
—— lanceolatum, (19) 145.
merlangt, (13) 172; (19) 146.
palmatum, (19) 149.
scombri, (19) 146.
Octocotyle harengi, (19) 145.
scombri, (19) 146.
Octodactylus inherens, (19) 149.
Octopus vulgaris, (15) 114 ; (20) 534.
Octostoma merlang?, (19) 146.
scombri, (19) 146.
Odostomia acuta, (45) 121.
conspicua, (15) 121.
—— pallida, (15) 121.
unobilicaris, (15) 121.
unidentata, (15) 121.
@diceros norvegicus, (7) 320.
parvimanus, (10) 263.
Offshore fishing grounds, investigations
of, (9) 21, 388.
— waters, spawning of fish in, (7) 183.
work, importance of, (14) 8.
Oidium morrhue, (6) 205.
Oikopleura cophocerca, (6) 279 ; (15) 114.
flabellum, (15) 114.
Oil-globules, formation of, in eggs of
fishes, (16) 97.
Oithona setager, (9) 301 ; (20) 454.
similis, (15) 148, 305, 306, 307, 308,
S09} SLO Sy olor: (1G) elie LOO;
210.
spinifrons, (4) 150; (6) 238; (20)
504,
spinirostris, (6) 238 ; (9) 301.
Old-wife. See Cantharus lineatus.
Olsen, Mr O. T., (8) 359; (9) 177, 589.
Ommastrephes, sp., (3) 67.
todarus, (6) 264.
Onchocotyle appendiculata, (19) 149.
Oncidiwm celticum, (15) 117.
Oncopterinz, (18) 360.
One-spotted topknot.
spotted.
Oniscus arenarius, (10) 364.
Onoba striata, (15) 120.
Onos. See Rockling.
Opah. See King-fish.
Operculina ammonoides, (8) 317; (15)
167.
incerta, (7) 314, :
Opercular bones of fishes, lines of growth
in, (23) 129.
Ophiactis ballii, (15) 163 ; (20) 312, 319.
Ophiocamptus brevipes, (13) 249.
sarsi, (18) 188, 244, 249,
Ophiocoma minuta, (15) 163.
nigra, (15) 162; (20) 312, 319, 324.
punctata, (20) 314.
Ophioglypha albida, (6) 230.
Ophiopholis aculeata, (6) 230, (15) 162 ;
(20) 312, 319, 324.
Ophiothrix fragilis, (15)
319, 324.
pentaphyllum, (6) 230.
Ophiura affinis, (15) 161.
albida, (15) 161 ; (20) 814, 319, 324,
327.
— ciliaris, (15) 161 ; (20) 313, 314, 319,
324.
robusta, (20) 314, 319, 324.
Oralien asellinus, (18) 1638.
Orbiculina wniversa, (20) 510.
Orbis foliacea, (7) 311.
Orbulina universa, (7) 315; (15) 167.
Orchestia gammarellus, (6) 246.
littorea, (6) 246 ; (15) 137 ; (17) 264.
See Topknot, one-
162; (20) 313,
226
Orchestia mediterranea, (17) 264.
Orchomene batei, (12) 262; (15) 137.
= humilis, (19) 258.
serrata, (6) 246 ; (7) 327.
Orchomenella minuta, (15) 137.
nana, (20) 516.
Orcynus thynnus.
finned.
Organisms present in ‘‘red” cod, (6)
204, 207.
Orkney, fishing grounds off, (9) 182.
— larval fishes of, (13) 269.
pelagic eggs of fishes at, (13) 269.
Orthagoriscus mola. See Sun-fish.
Osmerus eperlanus. See Smelt.
Osseous fishes, development of ovary
and oviduct of, (6) 281.
significance of the yolk in the
eggs of, (6) 280.
Ostracoda as herring-food, (4) 126.
of lochs and inland waters.
Fauna, invertebrate.
Ostrea edulis, (15) 123.
Otoliths of cod, lines of growth in, (23)
128.
—— of fishes, lines of growth in, (23)
126, 128.
ioe herring, lines of growth in, (23)
12
“=
See Tunny, short-
See
2 mare plaice, lines of growth in, (23)
Otter-trawl, efficiency of, compared with
beam-trawl, (20) 118 ; (21) 30.
— escape of small fishes from, (20)
27.
—— extent of bottom swept by, (20) 122.
influence of introduction of, (20)
84
introduction of, (20) 118.
—— relative proportion of flat fishes and
round fishes caught by, (20) 123.
—— statistics of catches with, compared
with beam-trawl, (20) 123.
— width and height of mouth of, when
fishing, (20) 121,
Ova. See Eggs.
Ovarian eggs of teleostean fishes, matura-
tion of, (16) 88.
—— fluid, nature and composition of, in
teleosteans, (16) 149.
specific gravity of, (16) 138.
Ovaries of teleostean fishes, (16) 92.
of teleostean fishes, fluid of, (16) 93.
Ovary and oviduct in osseous fishes,
development of, (6) 281.
Over-fishing and its remedies, (11) 12.
— how to deal with it, (10) 188.
of the sea and sea-fish culture, (10)
Ap ilyple
Oxyethira, sp., (14) 243.
Oyster-beds of Firth of Forth, (14) 13,
244 ; (15) 14.
—— of Forth, cause of exhaustion of,
(14) 262.
comparison of, with productive
beds, (14) 273.
condition of, (14) 265.
investigation of, (14) 265.
—— —— remedial measures proposed,
(14) 275.
Part IT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Oyster-beds, statistics regarding, (14)
261, 262.
temperature and salinity of
water on, (14) 271.
Oyster-culture, (12) 387.
in France and Holland, (8) 220.
in Holland, (9) 415.
in United States, (9) 402.
in Zealand, investigation of, (6)
306.
suitability of Scottish waters for,
(9) 184.
Oyster fishery, decline of Irish, (6) 300.
in Canada, (9) 397.
in Denmark, (7) 406.
in New South Wales, (9) 399.
in New Zealand, (9) 400.
research on worm disease in Austra-
lian, (9) 400.
Oysters, (8) 17.
—— exported from Holland, (13) 341.
P
Pachydesma crassatelloides, (7) 341.
Pagellus centrodontus. See Bream, com-
mon sea-.
Pagrus auratus, spawning period of, (4)
244,
Pagurus bernhardus, (6) 230, 236, 258 ;
(11) 202, 206.
Sorbesii, (6) 258.
—— hyndmanni, (6) 258.
lewis, (6) 258.
— thomsoni, (6) 258.
ulidianus, (6) 258.
Palemon squilla, (6) 261.
Palinurus, spawning period of, (6) 299.
vulgaris, (7) 885; (15) 131.
Palimnipes membranacea, (8) 3382.
—- placenta, (20) 309, 319, 324.
Pandalina brevirostris, (19) 279; (20)
501, 516.
Pandalus, spawning period of, (6) 299.
annulicornis, (6) 261.
brevirostris, (6) 261; (15) 132; (16)
156, 157, 209.
marginata, (18) 403.
—— montagui, (15) 182; (16) 156, 157,
209 ; (17) 266; (18) 403; (20) 480, 489,
491, 500, &c.
Pandarus bicolor, (18) 157.
Panthalis erstedi, (16) 273.
Paracalanus hibernicus, (9) 300 ;
147 5 (17) 27a.
—— parvus, (12) 235 ; (15) 307, 308, 310.
311, 312; (17) 248; (18) 383.
Paracypris polita, (15) 142.
Paradoxostoma abbreviatum, (6) 245.
affine, (8) 325 ; (15) 145.
—— arcuatum, (8) 324, 325.
ensiforme, (6) 245 ; (16) 264.
—— fischeri, (8) 324.
—— flexuosum, (6) 245 ; (15) 145.
hibernicum, (8) 324.
— hodgei, (8) 325; (15) 145.
obliquum, (5) 328; (8) 324; (16)
64
(15)
— normani, (16) 264.
—— pulchellum, (15) 145.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Paradoxostoma sarniense, (8) 324.
vartabile, (8) 324; (15) 145; (20)
492, 511.
Parajassa pelagica, (19) 265, 271 ; (20)
507, 519.
Paralichthys, (18) 352, 356.
maculosus, (18) 356.
Paramesochra dubia, (10) 252.
Paramisophria cluthe, (15) 147;
385 ; (19) 239.
Paramphithoé assimilis, (12) 264.
bicuspis, (6) 246.
—— fucicola, (6) 247.
—— monocuspis, (12) 264 ; (19) 262; (20)
491, 501, 510, 527.
Paramuna bilobata, (16) 262; (17) 266;
(19) 236, 272; (20) 510.
Paranthessius dubius, (21) 130.
Parapontellabrevicornis, (4) 149 ; (6) 238 ;
(15) 147 ; (16) 177, 189, 210; (17) 252;
(21) 113.
Parartotrogus richardi, (11) 210, 211;
-(18) 401.
Parasites, crustacean, of fishes, (18) 144;
(19) 120; (20) 288.
of fishes, (19) 120; (20) 288; (22)
275; (23) 108.
of allis shad, (19) 145.
of angel-fish, (20) 295 ; (22) 2
of angler, (18) 167, 181; (19)
— of armed bullhead, (18) 162
141.
of ballan wrasse, (19) 139; (23) 109,
116.
— of bass, (23) 109, 117.
——— of bib, (19) 141; (22) 277, 278. (23)
108, 113.
of black goby, (19) 138.
of brill, (18) 154; (19) 141.
—— of Calanus finmarchicus, (15) 172.
— of cat-fish, (18) 176; (19) 140.
—— of coal-fish, (18) 180,
— of cod, (18) 180, 181 ; (19) 121, 149;
(23) 108.
of common dab, (18) 150, 167.
of common trout, (19) 132.
of conger, (18) 160, 180 ; (19) 127.
copepod, of fishes, (18) 145, 179;
(19) 121.
of crustacea, (22) 250, 254.
— of cuckoo ray, (18) 170; (19) 130.
— of fifteen-spined stickleback, (18)
141.
of flounder, (18) 150 ; (19) 121; (23)
108.
—— cf four-bearded rockling, (19) 122;
(20) 289.
—— of Fuller’s ray, (18) 174.
—— of grayling, (18) 179.
—— of grey gurnard, (19) 147 ; (23) 115,
116
(18)
ide
138.
3 (19)
of grey skate, (18) 156, 164, 170,
171, 180; (19) 130, 151.
— of gunnel, (20) 298.
of gurnards, (18) 150, 163, 169, 180;
(91) 132, 134; (23) 115, 116.
— of haddock, (18) 177 ; (19) 121, 135;
(23) 108.
— of hake, (18) 166, 175, 178; (19)
135, 148.
227
) Parasites of halibut, (18) 151, 159, 174;
(19) 126, 140, 142.
—— of herring, (19) 145.
—— of homelyn ray, (19) 130.
——of Jago’s goldsinny (Ctenolabrus),
(20) 292.
— of John Dory, (18) 167.
of king-fish, (19) 136.
of lemon dab, (18) 165, 180.
—— of lesser grey mullet, (19) 123.
of ling, (19) 122, 149 ; (20) 288 ; (23)
108.
of lobster, (19) 255.
of long rough dab, (18) 166.
of lumpsucker, (19) 121, 128, 129;
(23) 108.
of mackerel, (19) 124, 135, 146.
— of Muller’s topknot, (20) 290.
of Norway pout, (19) 147.
of picked dog-fish, (20) 297.
of pike, (19) 139.
—— of plaice, (18) 150, 163, 164; (19)
121 ; (23) 108.
of pollack, (18) 153 ; (19) 121, 150;
(20) 291 ; (23) 108.
of porbeagle shark, (18) 156, 171;
(19) 125, 132; (20) 292; (23) 112.
of red gurnard, (16) 143.
—— of Sagitta, (14) 15, 165.
— of salmon, (18) 152, 172.
—— of sapphirine gurnard, (19) 143; (20)
299.
— of sea-scorpion, (19) 138, 139.
short sun-fish, (18) 151, 157, 159;
(19) 126, 144.
of skates, (19) 141.
—- of sole, (18) 146, 165; (19) 121, 139,
142 ; (23) 108.
of speckled goby, (18) 162; (19)
128.
— of spotted dragonet, (18)
(19) 129; (20) 298.
— of sprat, (18) 161 ; (19) 127.
—— of starry ray, (20) 295, 299.
— of sting-ray, (22) 275, 276, 278, 279.
—— of streaked gurnard, (19) 133, 143.
of striped wrasse, (19) 127; (20) 291,
293.
—— of sturgeon, (23) 110.
— of thrasher shark, (19) 125.
— of three-bearded rockling, (20) 289,
291 ; (23) 110.
of three-spined stickleback,
147, 179; (19) 122.
of thornback ray, (18) 156, 171;
(19) 130, 151; (20) 299, 300.
of tope, (18) 157, 172.
— of torsk, (18) 180.
of turbot, (18) 152, 165; (19) 137,
143.
—— of twaite shad, (18) 176 ; (19) 145.
of whiting, (18) 178; (19) 121, 146,
149 ; (23) 108.
— of Muller’s topknot, (19) 122.
on young flat fishes, (16) 242.
Parasitic copepods, (20) 288.
larval actinie on hydromedusz, (6)
281. .
—— skin disease in Montagu’s sucker,
(11) 393.
162, 168 ;
(18)
228
Parasitic worms on fish, (19) 137.
Parastephos pallidus, (21) 111.
Paratachidius gracilis, (6) 239.
Paratanais batei, (19) 269.
Sorcipatus, (6) 251.
Parathalestris clausti, (9) 303.
Parathemisto, distribution of, in Firth of
Forth, (16) 173.
compressa, (10) 265.
gracilipes, (10) 2653; (15) 305, 306,
309, 310, 311, 315.
oblivia, (6) 227, 228, 250, 251; (10)
265 ; (16) 170, 171, 1738, 179, 210; (18)
401 ; (20) 513, 516, 533.
Paratylus falcatus, (14) 160; (20) 527;
(22) 243, 257.
swammerdami, (15) 140; (16) 170,
210 ; (19) 271; (20) 492, 510, 516, 519.
uncinatus, (14) 160 ; (19) 262.
vedlomensis, (15) 140.
Pardachirus pavoninus, (18) 359.
Pariambus typicus, (15) 141; (16) 170,
177, 210 ; (20) 527, 529.
Park Loch, Cantyre, invertebrate fauna
of, (16) 250.
Parophrys cornuta, (18) 353.
Parthenia interstincta, )15) 121.
rufescens, (15) 121.
spiralis, (15) 121.
Pasiphwa sivado, (15) 1382, 162 ; (20) 480.
Patella vulgata, (15) 122.
—— as bait, (7) 352, 356.
Patellina corrugata, (8) 317; (15) 167.
Pathology of fishes, notes on, (12) 291.
Paton, Dr Noél, (12) 297.
Peachia hastata, (4) 216; (6) 279.
Pearcey, Mr F. G., (17) 248 ; (20) 17, 304.
Pearl-sides, British (Maurolicus pen-
nantit), luminous organs of, (6) 281.
Pecten maximus, (15) 123.
opercularis, (15) 124,
as bait, (7) 352, 356.
—— See Clam.
—— pes-lutre, (15) 124.
—— pusis, (15) 124, '
similis, (6) 231; (15) 124.
--— striatus, (15) 124.
—— tigrinum, (6) 231 ; (15) 124.
varius, (15) 123 ; (20) 496, 497.
Pectenaria belgica, (15) 158.
— tomopteris, (20) 529.
Pectoral girdle of fishes, lines of growth
in, (23) 131.
Pediastrum selena, (9) 282.
Pediculus salmonis, (18) 173.
Pelagic eggs of fishes. See Eggs, pelagic.
and larve found far from
shore, (9) 392.
as guide to spawning seasons,
(15) 220.
devoured by crustacea, (9) 395.
—— —— distribution of, (18) 258 ; (15)
13; 219:
larval, and young food fishes
collected by the ‘‘ Garland,” (8) 283 ;
(9) 334 ; (11) 254 ; (12) 298 ; (13) 258.
occurrence of, as guide to
spawning areas, (15) 219.
preservative solutions for, (11)
253.
Part L11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Pelagic eggs, report on, (11) 18, 250.
unknown forms of, (9) 320-321.
—— fauna of St. Andrews Bay, (6) 274;
(7) 10, 259 ; (8) 270; (11) 17, 284.
ae in relation to the food of fishes,
(6) 281.
Pelamys sarda. See Bonito, belted.
Pelonaia corrugata, (8) 382.
Pelosina variabilis, (16) 274.
Peltidium depressum, (4) 153 ; (6) 241.
interruptum, (4) 153; (6) 241.
—— purpureum,(5)328; (15) 152; (19) 250.
Peltoguster carcini, (6) 236.
paguri, (6) 236 ; (15) 156.
Peltorhampus, (18) 360.
Penella fibrosa, (23) 113.
filosa, (23) 113.
orthagoriscus, (23) 113.
Pennatula filosa, (23) 1138.
Pennell, Mr Cholmondeley, enquiry on
Forth oyster-beds by, (14) 258.
Peracantha truncata, (9) 276, 277, 294;
(11) 234 ; (13) 245, 250 ; (14) 168; (15)
321; (17) 141, 145, 150, 155, 173, 185.
Perch (Perca fluviatilis), spawning period
of, (4) 244.
Peridiniee, (15) 213.
Peridinium, injurious effects of shoals of,
on fish, (9) 400.
divergens, (15) 298, 302.
dabulatum, (9) 280.
Perioculodes longimanus, (15) 139; (16)
170, 177, 210; (20) 491, 503, 516, 523.
Perissias, (18) 357.
Perrierella audouiniana, (15) 137; (19)
258.
Petalomera declivis, (11) 215.
Petalosarsia declivis, (16) 167, 209 ; (19)
236, 274; (20) 510.
Petersen, Dr C. G. Joh., (7) 384; (8) 21;
(9) 20, 389, 412; (10) 348; (11) 21,
487, 500 ; (12) 302, 400; (13) 16, 340;
(16) 226 ; (17) 239.
on growth of plaice, (17) 239.
Petersen’s net for the capture of young
fishes, (20) 329.
Petromyzon fluviatilis. See Lampern.
marinus. See Sea-lamprey.
Pettersson, Professor Otto, (11) 8; (12)
236 ; (13) 339 ; (18) 374.
Phenna zetlandica, (20) 449, 453.
Phascolosoma strombi, (15) 160.
Phasianella stylifera, (7) 324.
Pherusa bicuspis, (6) 246.
Sucicola, (6) 247.
Philine catena, (15) 116.
pruimosa, (15) 116.
—— punctata, (15) 116.
scabra, (15) 116 ; (20) 510, 527, 529.
Philomedes brenda, (15) 169.
interpuncta, (6) 245 ; (15) 145 ; (20)
503, 511, 517.
Photis longicaudata, (10) 265; (17) 265 ;
(19) 264 ; (20) 511, 523.
tenuicornis, (20) 501, 510.
Phoxocephalus fultoni, (8) 327 ; (19) 259.
holbolla, (15) 138 ; (20) 510.
oculatus, (19) 259 ; (20), 477.
Phoxus holbolli, (7) 320.
— plumosus, (6) 246.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Phrynorhombus wumaculata.
See Topknot, one-spotted.
Phryxus abdominalis, (6) 251 ; (18) 403 ;
(19) 272 ; (20) 510.
pagurt, (6) 251.
Phtisica marina, (15) 141 ;
B23) (20)oll.
Phycis blennoides.
greater.
Phyllocotyle gurnardi, (19) 147 ; (28) 115.
Phyllonella solew, (19) 142.
Physa fontinalis, (9) 272, 276; (13) 249
(15) 320 ; (17) 139, 159, 185.
Physical and chemical changes in eggs of
teleostean fishes during maturation,
(16) 135.
characters of closed areas, (14) 130.
— conditions of water of Firth of
Forth, (5) 50, 349.
of Loch Fyne, (15) 262.
of St. Andrews Bay, (5) 54.
configur: ation of Loch Fyne, (15) 26
investigations, (11) 8, 20, 395; (1
302.
(19) 267 ; (20)
See Forkbeard,
2.
3)
in Sweden, (13) 339.
international, (15) 280.
on board H.M.S. ‘‘ Jackal,”
(12) 21, 337.
observations, (7) 13, 409, 412; (8)
19 ; (9) 18, 188, 353; (10) 7; (14) 8
— chemical condition of water in
Loch Fyne, (15) 266.
in connection with the fish-
eries, (6) 309.
in Faerée-Shetland Channel,
August 1896, (15) 280.
in Firth of Clyde, 1896, (15)
94.
— in Firth of Forth, 1896, (15) 89.
—_— in Loch Fyne, (15) 262; (17)
128, 130.
— in Moray Firth, 1896, (15) 91.
= in St. Andrews Bay 1896, (15)
90.
— report on, (4) 189.
—— —— report on those made on
H.M.S. ‘‘ Research” during August
1896, (15) 280.
—work done on board H.M.S.
“ Jackal,” July and August 1887, (6)
359.
Physiology of fishes, notes on, (12) 291.
Phyto-plankton collected by H.M.S.
“* Research,” report on, (15) 297.
Picked dog-fish. See Dog-fish, picked.
Pike (Zsox luctus), digestibility of, (5) 228.
eggs of, (5) 347.
—— parasites of, (19) 139.
—— rate of deposition of eggs of, (5)
349.
saury (Scomberesox saurus), (18) 287.
spawning of, (5) 347.
spawning period of, (4) 252.
Pilchard (Clupea. pilchardus),
161.
(10) 14,
development of, (12) 386.
from Moray Firth, (22) 284.
skeleton of, (5) 289.
—— spawning period of, (4) 253.
— See also Sardine.
229
Pilidium fulvum, (15) 122.
Pinnotheres pisum, (6) 230, 257.
Pionocypris vidua, (15) 321, 326;
252 ; (17) 140, 155, 164, 167, 183.
Pipe-fish, broad-nosed (Stphonostoma
typhle), (15) 113 ; (18) 288.
deep-nosed. See Pipe-fish, broad-
nosed.
great (Syngnathus acus),
(18) 288 ; (23) 157.
—— —— fecundity of, (9) 268.
(16)
(15) 113 ;
; | —— ——- food of, (20) 487, 534. |
—— straight-nosed (Nerophis wquoreus),
(15) 118; (18) 289.
—- food of, (20) 487, 534.
worm cs erophis lumbriciformis).
(15) 113 ; (18) 289.
Pipe- fishes, development of eggs of, (13)
333.
Piscicola scorpiz, (19) 139.
Pisidium amnicum, (8) 336.
fontinale, (8) 336, 338 ; (9) 271, 276,
284, 285 ; (13) 244 ; 17) 139, 185.
nitidum, (8) 336, 338, 340; (9) 271,
276, 284; (13) 188, 244; (17) 139, 159,
185.
—— pusillum, (8) 336, 337, 338, 339, 340;
(9) 271, 276, 281, 283, 284; (12) 285;
(13) 188, 244, 249; (14) 168, 239; (15)
320, 332; (16) 259; (17) 155, 159, 185.
roseum, (8) 341; (9) 288; (15) 320.
Place of fishing of Aberdeen trawlers in
1901 and 1902, (21) 38.
of fishing, necessity of ascertaining,
for statistics, (21) 38.
Placopsilina bulla, (19) 286, 257.
Plagusia marmorata, (18) 359.
Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), (18) 286.
abnormal specimen of, (10) 298.
age of, (20) 357.
age of, at maturity,
360.
age-groups of, (
— albino, (22) 286 ; (23) 251.
classification of, (18) 353.
conditions affecting abundance of
small, on beaches, (17) 233.
date of settling of young, on beach,
(16) 241.
decrease of, (1
(20), 359,
17) 238.
4) 12, 146.
— development of, (9) 14, 311; (10)7;
(11) 18, 274.
ae of post-larvee of, (15) 179.
diagnostic characters of young, (16)
28
difficulty of distinguishing immature
from spent, (18) 19
distribution of, (21) 21, 24, 26.
of immature, (14) 148.
of, near shore, (20) 347.
— of post-larvee of, (16) 238, 240.
of, regular, according to depth
and size, (8) 166.
of, vertical, according to size,
(17) 242.
of young and adult, (21) 40.
duration of pelagic stage in, (20) 339.
eggs of, (7) 303; (8) 284; (16) 91,
114, 115 ; (17) 82, 83, 84, 93, 96, 103,
106.
230 Part LII.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Plaice, eggs of, change of volume during | Plaice on Fisher Bank, (21) 41.
maturation, (16) 141. parasites of, (18) 150, 163, 164; (19)
eggs, distribution of, (15) 229. 121 ; (23) 108.
distribution of, in Firth of | —— peculiarly coloured, (13) 234.
Clyde, (15) 248. percentage of mar ed, recovered,
retention of, byfemale, (18) 330. (15) 375.
in small, period of greatest growth of, (17)
(20) 356. 239.
embryo of, (16) 215. post-larval stages of, (16) 225, 228.
fecundity of, (9) 263. — proportion of males to females, (8)
food of, (7) 223, 231, 236, 237, 288,/ 348, 349; (20) 357.
239, 241, 252; (8 ) 230, 232, 245, 249, Wee proportion z immature, landed by
250, 251, 252, "953. O58, 256 ; 51 1(9), 222,
233, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241; (10) 212,
217, 219, 229 ; (20) 306, 487, te
—— food of post-larve, (15) 180; (16)
224. 223.
— food of small, (20) 524. relation of distribution of, to depth
—— growth, rate of, (11) 192; (13) 289; of water, (20) 347, 352.
(17) 2325) (20) S84, 337-3) (2: 3) 125, 133. relation of length to weight, (22)
growth of, in Solway Firth, (20) 346. 144, 145, 205, 240.
growth of, on East Coast, (20) 347. relation of spawning period of, to
growth, comparative, at Dunbar temperature, (15) 248.
and in Denmark, (17) 246. relation of temperature to growth of,
growth, comparative, of females (20) 342.
and males, (20) 356. relation of temperature to spawning
growth of small, arrested in winter, } of, (20) 344.
(20) 342. reversed action of gill-cover in, (22)
hatching of eggs of, (12) 10; (13); 287.
9, 123 5 (14) 152°; (16) 220; (17) 205; sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
(18) 330; (21) 180; (22) 262. size and age of, at maturity, (17) 246.
immature, abundance of, in shallow size-limit between mature and im-
water, (22) 28. mature, (22) 18.
non-migratory, (8) 168. size-limits, various, proposed, (18)
—— at Grimsby, (12) 386. 190.
landed at Grimsby, (13) 332. size of, on deep-water grounds, (21)
large hauls of, (20) 107.
larve of, (12) 168, 215. sizes, maximum, of maleand females,
larval and post-larval stages of, (15) (20) 357.
trawlers, (22) 1
quantity of srl taken in shallow
water by otter trawl, (22) 28.
—— rearing of post-larval, (15) 14; (16)
175. sizes of, (14) 143.
—— lines of growth in otiliths of, (23) small, difficulty of preserving, alive
126, 133: on trawlers, (20) 107.
—_. -—-__ jn seales of, (23) 125. spawning of, influence of change of
—— mature and immature, (8) 166. temperature on, in confinement, (20)
maturity, minimum size at, (8) 161, 441.
162, 163. spawning grounds of, (8) 259; (15)
maturity, average size at, (18) 190;| 2380; (23) 20.
(22) 156. — spawning period of, (4) 250; (7)
maturity, average size at, in north- 171, 187 ; (8) 260; (10) 234; (15) 230;
ern North Sea, (18) 199. (17) 97; (20) 338.
maturity, average size at, in North spawning period, duration of, in
Sea, Kattegat, and Baltic, (18) 199. large tank at hatchery, (22) 262.
maturity, average size at, in south- special distribution of young, on
ern North Sea, (18) 197. beach, (17) 235.
maturity, size at, (10) 238 ; (20) 357. stage at which larvee begin feeding,
maturity, size at, in different regions, (16) 224.
(20) 358. tenacity of life in, (23) 252.
measurements of young, (17) 236. variability of, (18) 201.
migrations of, (7) 406; (11) 179; |—— varieties of, (20) 336.
(15) 375; (21) 40. —— young, caught in bag-net fishing,
migrations of, experiments on, (9) (23) 157.
412. Plankton in fresh-water lochs, distribu-
—— migrations of, extent of, (21) 42. tion of, (17) 133.
—— migrations of, in relation to matur- of Forth, (16) 155.
ity, (8) 168. method of collecting, (15) 212.
movement of, in inshore waters, (11) notes on animal, collected by H.M.S.
16, 185. “* Research,” (15) 305.
—— movement, rate of, (21) 42. —— plant, (15) 212.
— multiple tumours in, (3) 66; (4) 214. didymus-, characters of, (15) 302
— mutilated specimen of, (21) 229. —— phyto-, report on, (15) 297.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Plankton, sira-, characters of, (15) 302.
—— styli-, (15) 303.
—— tricho-, characters of, (15) 302.
tripos-, characters of, (15) 302.
Planorbis albus, (8) 336; (9) 271, 276,
281, 285 ; (13) 249; (15) 320, 331, 332;
(16) 251 ; (17) 139, 155, 159, 185.
contortus, (8) 336, 341; (9) 271, 276,
281, 284, 285 ; (13) 249; (15) 320, 330,
soz (L7 155, 159; 185.
—— glaber, (13) 244 ; (15) 330, 332; (17)
139, 185.
nautileus, (9) 271, 276, 288; (13)
188, 244; (14) 239 ; (15) 320, 332; (16)
2515 257, 259); (7) 159), 185.
var. cristata, (13) 244.
nitidus, (9) 284; (13) 249 ; (15) 320
(17) 1389, 159, 185.
spirorbis, (8) 339 ; (9) 283, 284.
vortex, (9) 285.
Planorbulina mediterranensis, (15) 167.
Platichthys stellatus, (18) 353.
Platophrys, (18) 357.
laterna. See Scald-tish.
Platybdella sole, (19) 139.
Platychelipus littoralis, (11) 203, 205 ;
(15) 317.
Platypsyllus minor, (20) 449, 455.
Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides,
3De:
Playfair, Sir Lyon, (10) 173.
Piectanocotyle lorenzii, (23) 116.
Pleonexes gammarodes, (15) 141.
Pleurobranchus plumula, (15) 116.
Pleurogonium merme, (17) 266 ; (19) 236,
272.
rubicundum, (17) 266.
spinosissimum (17) 256; (19) 272.
Pleuromma armatum, (15) 147.
Pleuronectes cynoglossus. See Witch.
—— flesus. See Flounder.
—— limanda. See Dab, common.
megastoma. See Megrim.
microcephalus. See Dab, lemon.
— platessa. See Plaice.
Pleuronectid, B., eggs and larve of, (9)
319.
Pleuronectide, (18) 351, 352; and see
Flat-fishes.
Pleuronectids, (7)
306.
— remarks on young, (10) 274.
young, specimens of, (11) 246.
Pleuronectinz, (18) 351. 352, 353, 358.
Pleuronichthys, (18) 353.
Pleurophyllidia lovent, (7) 325.
Pleurosigma acuminatum, (9) 274.
spencerit, (9) 274.
Pleurotoma septangularis, (20) 522.
trevelyana, (20) 522.
turricola, (20) 522.
Pleuroxus hamatus, (9) 294.
— hastatus, (9) 294.
levis, (9) 277, 294; (13) 250; (15)
321.
trigonellus, (9) 273, 277, 283, 294 ;
(12) 286 ; (13) 245, 250; (14) 168; (15)
321, 331, 333; (17) 140, 150, 155, 185,
&e.
truncata, (9) 294.
(18)
post-larval forms,
231
Pleuroxus uncinatus, (9) 273, 275, 277,
294; (13) 250; (15) 321; (17) 140,
160, 164, 185.
Pecilopsetia, (18) 361.
Podatlirius typicus, (6) 250, 274.
Podoceropsis excavata, (15) 141 ; (20) 501.
rimapalma, (6) 248.
sophia, (6) 248 ; (15) 141.
Podocerus capillatus, (6) 249.
cumbrensis, (16) 262.
—— falcatus, (6) 249.
—— Herdmani, (14) 161; (16) 262.
— palmatus, (17) 266.
pelagicus, (6) 249.
—— pulchellus, (6) 249.
pusillus, (14) 161 ; (15) 141 ; (17) 265.
Podon intermedius, (15) 142, 305, 306,
307, 308, 310, 311, 315; (20) 476.
— leuckariti, (20) 476, 532, 533.
attacking post-larval fish, (22)
279.
—— polyphemoides, (9) 308; (15) 142;
(16) 210 ; (20) 476, 477.
Podopsis slabbert, (6) 254.
Pogge. See Armed bullhead.
Poisoning by raw fish, (7) 408.
Pole-dab. See Witch.
Pollan (Coregonus pollan),
period of, (4) 252.
Pollack (Gadus pollachius), (18) 283.
anatomical differences from cod and
coal-fish, (20) 250.
comparison between, and cod and
coal-fish, (20) 228, 244.
development of, (14) 171.
distribution of, (21) 60.
— eggs of, (10) 288 ; (14) 171; (17) 82,
83, 93, 96.
food of, (7) 240; (8) 251 ; (19) 267 ;
(20) 517.
habits of young of, (4) 209.
hatched in United States, (13) 337.
in Loch Fyne, (4) 233 ; (15) 111.
migration of, (21) 61.
osteology of, (20) 228, 251.
parasites of, (18) 153 ; (19) 121, 150;
(20) 291 ; (23) 108.
proportion of males to females, (8)
spawning
—-- quantities landed by trawlers, (21)
61.
—— spawning period of, (4) 248; (7)
194; (8) 268; (11) 246; (17) 99; (20)
251; (21) 61.
specific description of, (20) 248.
Polycarpa rustica, (15) 114.
Polycera quadrilineata, (15) 116.
Polycirrus aurantiacus, (15) 158.
Polycope compressa, (7) 318, 319.
orbicularis, (7) 319 ; (8) 325; (15) 145.
punctata, (15) 145.
Polydora, (4) 217.
(Leucodore) ciliata, (9) 400.
Polymima nasidensis, (15) 158.
nebulosa, (15) 158.
Polymorphina compressa, (8) 316; (16)
277.
gibba, (7) 315; (15) 167.
— lactea, (7) 315; (15) 166.
lanceolata, (16) 277.
232
Polymorphina oblonga, (7) 815; (16) 277.
rotundata, (15) 167.
sororia, (16) 277.
tubulosa, (15) 167.
Polynoé squamata, (15) 160.
Polyphemus oculus, (9) 295 ; (11) 234.
pediculus, (9) 273, 277, 280, 295;
(11) 234; (12) 286 ; (13) 188, 245, 250 ;
(14) 168 ; (15) 333 ; (16) 252, 260 ; (17)
138, 140, 144, 145, 185, &c.
Polyprion americanus. See Stone basse.
cernium. See Stone basse.
Polystoma appendiculatum, (19) 151.
Polystomella crispa, (7) 315 ; (15) 167.
striato-punctata, (15) 167.
umbilicatula, (9) 288.
Pontella brevicornis, (17) 252.
wollastoni, (17) 251; (18) 385; (21)
LS:
Pontobdella muricata, (19) 141.
Pontocrates altamarinus, (6) 246; (15)
139; (20) 491, 492, 510, 529.
arenarius, (20) 516, 523, 525.
haplocheles, (10) 263.
norvegicus, (7) 320.
Pontocypris acupunctata, (8) 320.
mytiloides, (7) 816; (15) 142.
trigonella, (8) 321 ; (15) 142.
Pontophilus spinosus, (15) 13
Pontopolites typicus, (12) 251 ; (15) 151.
Poor-cod (Gadus minutus), (
eggs and larve of, (1
82, 83, 84, 94, 96.
in Loch Fyne, (4) 282; (15) 111.
— peculiar example of, (11) 241.
question of specific distinction from
bib or whiting-pout, (4) 208.
spawning period of, (17) 98.
Porania pulvillus, (15) 161 ; (20) 309, 319,
324,
Porbeagle. See Shark, porbeagle.
Porcellana longicornis, (6) 258 ; (15) 180;
(16) 198 ; (20) 489.
platycheles, (6) 257.
Porcellidium fasciatum, (10) 258.
Jimbriatum, (4) 158; (6) 242;
304; (15) 153.
Porella conupressa, (15) 156.
Porpoise, food of, (21) 226.
Porpoises, damage to fisheries by, (7) 394.
Portugal as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 163.
Portumnus latipes, (6) 257.
variegatus, (6) 257.
Portunus arcuatus, (19) 280.
depurator, (6) 256 ; (15) 180.
holsatus, (6) 256 ; (20) 489, 507, 511,
535, 537.
marmoreus, (6) 256; (15) 130.
—— puber, (6) 256 ; (15) 180; (19) 279.
— pusillus, (6) 256, 265 ; (15) 130; (20)
507, 526.
Post-larval fish attacked by Podon, (22)
279.
—— fishes, distribution of, in Moray
Firth, (15) 257.
forms of food-fishes, (6) 269; (7)
306 ; (14) 223.
and young fishes,
capture of, (20) 328.
(9)
nets for the
Part LI1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Post-larval plaice, rearing of, (15) 14.
Potamocypris fulva, (5) 328; (9) 272,
276, 282, 284, 286, 288 ; (13) 245; (15)
321, 330, 333; (16) 252 ; (17) 160; 183;
194.
Potter, Mr M. C., (8) 361.
Pouchet, Professor G., (7) 389; (8) 21,
373 ; (9) 19, 389; (10) 160, &e.
Pout, Norway (Gadus esmarkiz), (18) 282.
abundance of, in northern part of
North Sea, (19 ) 282.
— abundance of, on deep-water
grounds, (19) 64; (21) 20, 25, 30, 35.
age of, (19) 166.
as food for other fishes, (19)
166.
cysts in eye of Clyde speci-
mens of, (19) 284.
distribution of, in North Sea,
(19) 282, 283.
food of, (20) 486, 5113; (21)
22e
—— —— growth of, (19) 154, 155 ; (22)
195.
maximum sizes of, (19) 166.
occurrence of, on East Coast,
(20) 539.
—— —— parasites of, (19) 147.
relation of length to weight,
(22) 234.
reproductive organs of, (22)
200.
—— —— size of, at first-maturity, (19)
164.
spawning period of, (19) 164.
silvery (Gadus (Gadiculus) argen-
tews), (19) 284.
occurrence of, at Aberdeen, (4)
210 ; (20) 540.
Praniza, (16) 242.
Praunus flexuosus, (16) 158, 162, 209 ;
(20) 492, 507.
inermis, (15) 1383; (16) 158, 163,
209 ; (18) 403 ; (20) 493, 516, 525.
neglectus, (15) 1338.
Preservation of fish, (6) 289.
Priapulus caudatus, (8) 332.
Prince, Professor E. E., (4) 211; (6)
280; (8) 8; (9) 15, 318, 343, 349; (10)
Pay eves) > (113) WEY
Prince Albert of Monaco.
Pristiurus melanostomus.
black-mouthed.
Productiveness of fishing grounds,
method of ascertaining, (21) 38.
Proportion of fish caught in a given area,
(14) 146.
Proportional numbers and sizes of the
sexes among sea-fishes, (8) 348.
Protective resemblance in young lump-
suckers, (11) 390.
Protella phasma, (6) 250; (16) 263 ; (18)
402 ; (19) 267; (20) 501.
Proteonina fusiformis, (8) 314.
pseudo-spiralis, (7) 313.
Proto goodsiri, (6) 250.
pedata, (6) 250 ; (20) 492.
ventricosa, (6) 250.
Protomedeia fasciata, (6) 248; (20) 479,
491, 503, 517, 520, 523.
See Monaco.
See Dog-fish,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Protomedeia hirsutimana, (6) 248.
Psammobia ferrensis, (15) 127.
tellinella, (6) 231.
Psammodiscus ocellatus, (18) 357.
Psammosphera fusca, (8) 314; (19) 236,
257.
Psettine, (18) 351.
Psettichthys melanosticus, (18) 352.
Psettodes, (18) 354, 356.
erumet, (18) 356.
Pseudanthessius gracilis, (12) 260.
liber, (12) 258 ; (15) 154; (20) 470.
sauvager, (12) 260.
thorellii, (12) 259 ; (18) 399.
Pseudione affinis, (17) 266 ; (18) 403.
crenulata, (17) 266.
hyndmanni, (15) 136.
Pseudocalanus as herring-food, (4) 125.
armatus, (15) 146; (16) 264; (17)
248 ; (20) 451.
elongatus, (4) 148; (6) 237; (10)
246 ; (15) 146, 305, 306, &c. ; (16) 177,
188, 210; (20) 450, 494, 503, &c.
Pseudocaligus brevipedis, (20) 291; (23)
110.
Pseudocuma bistriata, (4) 165.
cercaria, (4) 165 ; (6) 253 ; (15) 134 ;
(16) 167, 209 ; (19) 236 ; (20) 491, 503, |
510, 513, &e.
pulchella, (20) 480.
simulis, (19) 274;
243, 258.
Pseudocyclopia caudata, (12) 236; (16)
267 ; (20) 451.
crassicornis, (10) 246 ; (16) 267.
giesbrechti, (23) 141.
minor, (10) 247.
Pseudocyclops crassiremis, (12) 237.
obtusatus, (8) 317; (20) 454; (21)
112.
Pseudocythere caudata, (7)
145.
Pseudolaophonte aculeata, (18) 393.
spinosa, (18) 393.
Pseudomesochra longifurcata, (10) 449,
462.
Pseudophenna typica, (21) 112.
Pseudopsyllus elongatus, (20) 449, 471 ;
(21) 130.
Pseudorhombus, (18) 354, 356.
a russelliz, (18) 356.
Pseudosiriella frontalis, (4) 163.
Pseudotachidius coronatus, (16) 267 ; (17)
256 ; (20) 461.
(20) 480; (22)
SLi (Ld)
Pseudotanais forcipatus, (6) 251; (19)
270.
Pseudothalestris major, (13) 170; (19)
250.
pygmea, (13) 170.
Pseudowestwoodia andrewt, (12) 257.
Psolus phantapus, (15) 162; (20) 307,
319, 324.
change of colour in, (4) 216.
Psyllocamptus fairliensis, (17) 254.
Pterinopsyllus insignis, (12) 238; (19)
240 ; (20) 461.
Pterocotyle morrhue, (19) 149.
palmata, (19) 149.
Pterygocera arenaria, (10) 264.
Ptilocheirus hirsutimanus, (6) 248.
233
Puffin Island Biological Station, work of,
(7) 387.
Pulvinulina auricula, (16) 277.
Puncturella noachina, (15) 122.
Purpura lapillus, (7) 337 ; (15) 118.
Pyrophacus horologium, (15) 298, 302.
Q
Quinqueloculina agglutinans, (7) 313.
bicornis, (7) 313.
—— ferussacit, (7) 313.
secans, (7) 313.
R
RACE-VARIABILITY, (18) 220.
Races of herring, (5), 295 ; (17) 275.
Rae, Dr J., (9) 269.
Raeffele on the eggs of fishes in relation
to trawling, (7) 401.
Raia. See Skate, ray.
batis. See Skate, grey.
blanda, (13) 332.
circularis. See Ray, cuckoo.
— clavata. See Ray, thornback.
fullonica. See Ray, Fuller’s.
macrorhynchus. See Skate, flapper.
maculata. See Ray, homelyn.
oxyrhynchus. See Long or sharp-
nosed skate.
radiata. See Ray, starry.
Raniceps raninus. See Forkbeard, lesser.
trifurcatus. See Forkbeard, lesser.
Rate of growth of fishes. See Growth.
of movement of plaice, (21) 42.
Ramuluria, (18) 356.
Ray, cuckoo (Raia circularis), (6) 277 ;
(15) 113 ; (18) 293.
food of, (20) 536 ; (21) 224.
parasites of, (18) 170 ; (19) 130.
proportion of sexes in, (21)
230.
electric. See Torpedo.
—— Fuller’s (Raia fullonica), (6) 277 ;
(18) 292.
—— —— abnormal specimen of, (4) 210.
food of, (20) 535.
—— —— parasite of, (18) 174.
proportion of sexes in, (21) 230,
homelyn (Raia maculata), (15) 113;
(18) 293.
parasites of, (19) 130.
sandy. See Ray, cuckoo.
shagreen. See Ray, Fuller’s.
—— spotted. See Ray, homelyn.
starry (Raia radiata), (6) 278.
food of, (20) 487, 536.
growth of, (21) 231.
parasites of, (20) 295, 299.
—— -—— proportion of sexes in, (21) 230.
size at maturity, (10) 238.
sting (Zrygon pastinaca),
Moray Firth, (22) 283.
parasites of, (22) 275, 276, 278,
from
279.
— thornback (Raia clavata), (15) 113;
(18) 293.
food of, (20) 487, 535.
—— —— migrations of, (11) 191.
234
Ray, thornback, parasites of, (18) 156,
171 ; (19) 130, 150; (20) 299.
i (21)
230 ; (22) 28,
“purses” of, (4) 212.
size at maturity, (10) 238.
Rays, relative number of sexes among,
(21) 236.
size of males and females, (21) 230.
Rearing fish larvee, methods of, (15) 177.
of larval and post-larval stages of
the plaice, (15) 175.
of young food-fishes,
in, (13) 333.
Red band fish (Cepola rubescens),
280.
“*Red cod,” nature of, (6) 10, 204, 207,
organisms present in, (6) 204, 207.
Red and pale muscles in fish, (4) 166.
Regulation of fisheries, (11) 13 ; (18) 140.
Reibisch, Dr J., (23) 125.
Relation of size of mesh to the size of fish
captured, (12) 306.
Relative quantity of fish taken by line
and by trawl, (6) 47; (7) 20; (12) 28.
proportion of small fish captured by
the ‘‘ Garland,” (6) 36.
Remigulus tridens, (19) 251.
Reophax deflugiformis, (16) 275
findens, (8) 314.
—— fusiformis, (8) 314; (1
—— moniliforme, (16) 275.
nodulosa, (8) 314.
scorpiurus, (15) 166.
scottit, (16) 275.
Report on the apparatus required for
carrying on physical observations in
connection with the fisheries, (6) 309.
from the Fishery Board’s inarine
station at St. Andrews, (6) 265, &e.
on the biological investigations
carried out on board H.M.S. ‘‘ Jackal,”
(6) 215.
on physical and chemical examina-
tion of the water in the Moray Firth,
(6) 313.
on physical observations bearing
on the circulation of the water in;
Loch Fyne, (5) 262. i
on physical observations on the sea
to the west of Lewis, (6) 349.
Reproduction in diatoms, (15) 217.
of fishes, (10) 18.
of the eel, (13) 14, 192.
Reproductive organs of fishes, weight of,
(10) 241.
‘* Research,”
collected by, (15) 305.
physical observations
board of, (15) 280.
report on phyto-plankton collected
by, (15) 297.
Respiration of teleostean embryo, (16)
213.
Retina of teleosteans, embryology of,
(6) 280.
Review of the trawling experiments of
the ‘‘ Garland” in the Firth of Forth
and St. Andrews Bay in the years
1886-95, (14) 128.
experiments
(18)
6) 275.
made on
H.M.S., animal plankton !
Part TT.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Rhamphistoma. See Garfish.
Rhina squatina. See Angel-fish.
Rhincalanus gigas, (19) 236, 237; (20)
450.
Rhizosolenia alata, (15) 298, 300.
pungens, (15) 214.
semispina, (15) 300.
—— setigera, (15) 214.
shrubsolii, (15) 214.
stolterfothii, (15) 214, 301.
styliformis, (15) 298, 301.
Rhizothrix curvata, (8) 319; (21
Rhoda raschii, (20) 480.
Rhodine lovéni, (15) 158.
Rhombine, (18) 352, 357, 358.
Rhomboidichthys, (18) 360.
mancus, (18) 357.
Rhombosolea, (18) 360.
Rhombus levis. See Brill.
meeoticus, (18) 357.
—— maximus. See Turbot.
—— norvegicus. See Topknot, Norway.
Rhynchomyzon purpurocinctum, (17) 262;
(18) 400; err 472.
Richard, M. , (13) 16.
Rigor mortis in fish and its relation to
putrefaction, (6) 282.
Rissoa parva, (15) 119.
violacea, (15) 119.
River-water, micro-organisms in, (3) 73
(4) 176; (5) 331.
Robb, Mr James, (20) 136.
Robertson, Mr John, (9) 177.
Roberisoni tenuis, (6) 239; (17) 254; (20)
508, 517, 523.
Roché, Dr, chief inspector of French
fisheries, (13) 10, 16, 345.
Rockling, five-bearded (Motella (Onos)
mustela), (4) 233; (8) 357; (15) 111;
(18) 284.
» (9) 259.
food of, (20) 519.
growth of, (15) 208.
—— post-larval and young, stages
of, (15) 206.
——— reproduction of, (3) 66.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 249.
four-bearded (Motella (Onos) cim-
bria), (4) 222; (8) 357: (18) 284.
eggs of, (16) 91, 115.
fecundity of, (9) 258.
—— ——— food of, (21) 222.
—— —— larval stages of, (8) 363.
parasites of, (19) 122; (20) 289.
three-bearded (Motella (Onos)
tricirrata), (4) 224; (8) 3857; (18) 284.
food of, (8) 255.
—— —— parasites of, (20) 289, 291 ;
110.
spotted (Onos maculatus), (18) 284.
Rocklings, eggs of, (7) 306; (8) 284; (14)
223.
) 123.
(23)
in Firth of Clyde, (
— larval, (8) 284.
post-larval forms of, (7) 308.
spawning period of, (17) 99.
Roperia tessellata, (15) 214.
Rosie, Mr D., (9) 177.
Rossia macrosoma, (15) 115.
oweni, (15) 115.
15) 250.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
tale beccarit, (15) 167; (20) 497, 503,
nitida, (8) 316; (15) 167.
Rotalina inflata, (8) 315.
ochracea, (8) 315.
Rothesay Aquarium, (6) 16, 20.
Rough hound. See Dog-fish,
spotted.
Roumania as a market for Scottish-
cured herrings, (7) 164,
Round fishes, fluctuations in abundance
of, (14) 137, 140.
growth of, compared with flat fishes,
(20) 334.
mature and immature, (8)
numbers and sexes of, (8)
spawning of, (8) 268.
Royal Commission on Trawling, (14) 128.
ot Fisheries in Italy, (6) 14.
Ruff (Acerina vulgaris), spawning period
of, (4) 244.
Runcina coronata, (15) 116.
Russia as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 167.
fisheries of, (7) 408 ; (12) 404.
fishery work in, (12) 404.
Ryder, Professor J. A., (6) 302, 330.
SS)
lesser
Sabella pavonia, (15) 158.
penricillus, (15) 158.
Sabellaria alveolata, (20) 312.
Sabelliphilus sarsi, (12) 258.
Saccamina sphera, (19) 236, 257.
Sacculina carcini, (6) 236; (15) 156.
triangularis, (6) 236.
Sagitta as herring-food, (4) 126.
distribution of, in Firth of Forth,
(16) 190.
parasites of, (14) 165.
bipunctata, (15) 160, 306, 307, 309,
311; (16) 190, 196, 207 210; (20),
513, 516,
Sagrina dimorpha, (16) 275.
Sail-fluke. See Megrim.
St. Andrews Bay, bye-law closing,
against beam-trawling, (5) 44.
larval fishes of, (8) 286, 287 ; (11)
263 ; (12) 299, 301; (13) 260, 261, 264 ;
(14) 225.
migratory movements of gurnards
in, (17) 215.
pelagic and other fauna of, (6) 274.
— pelagic eggs of fishes in, (8) 286,
288 ;(9) 340; (11) 263; (12) 298, 299,
301 ; (13) 260, 261, 264 ; (14) 225.
fauna of, (15) 66.
— physical observations in, in 1896,
(15) 90.
—— —— conditions of, (5) 54.
—— post-larval fishes of, (8) 286, 287 ;
(11) 263; (12) 299, 301; (13) 260, 261,
264 ; (14) 225,
—— trawling See
** Garland.”
—— —— stations in, (5) 55.
—— young fishes of, (8) 286, 287; (11)
263 ; (12) 299, 301 ; (13) 260, 261, 264 ;
(14) 225.
experiments in.
235
St. Andrews, Fishery Board’s Marine
Laboratory at, report from (4) 201 ; (5)
354 ; (6) 265, 279; (8) 8; (9) 6; (10) 7;
(11) 8, 18.
Saithe. See Coal-fish.
Salenskya tuberosa, (20) 449, 474; (22)
225.
Salinity, effect of, on fish eggs, (5) 241.
--— in relation to size of herring, (17)
286.
—— influence of, on variability, (18) 259.
—— observations in Faeride-Shetland
Channel, (15) 282.
—— of Firth of Forth, (5) 350.
Salmo fario. See Trout, common.
—— fontinalis, spawning period of, (4)
252.
—— levenensis. See Loch Leven trout.
—— salar. See Salmon.
—— trutta. See Sea-trout.
Salmon (Salmo salar), (18) 287.
composition of flesh of, (5) 222, 228,
229,
—— digestibility of, (5) 228.
—— disease, (4) 178.
—— fecundity of, (9) 267.
—— food of, (12) 292.
—— parasites of, (18) 152, 172.
Salmon, seasonal changes in viscera of,
(12) 291.
—-— spawning period of, (4) 252.
—— of Rhine, spawning of, (6) 307.
Salmon-trout. See Sea-trout.
Salpa vulgaris, (15) 307, 310, 311.
Samaris, (18) 361.
Sand-eel embedded in liver of haddock,
(3) 70.
greater (Ammodytes
(4) 233 ; (15) 112.
—— —— eggs of, (9) 332.
—— —— fecundity of, (9) 259.
—— —— food of, (20) 487, 520.
—— —-— mature and immature, (8) 177.
——- —— spawning period of, (4) 249.
—— lesser (Ammodyles tobianus), de-
velopment of brain in, (13) 276.
—— —— eggs of, (12) 313.
—— —— fecundity of, (9) 259.
—— —-- growth of, (12) 313,
—— —— larve of, (12) 315.
—— —— oviposition of, (12) 313.
—-— —— reproduction of, (3) 66.
—— -—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—-— —— spawning period of, (4) 249.
Sand-eels as food for herring, (4) 127.
— —.- egg and early stages of, (9) 331.
—— post-larval forms, (7) 309.
young of, (3) 66.
Sandeman, Mr George, (11) 391, 392,
393, 894 ; (12) 21, 291.
Sanderson, Professor Burdon, (6) 279.
Sand-fluke. See Megrim.
Sand-smelt, See Smelt, sand-.
Sandy ray. See Ray, cuckoo.
Sapphirine gurnard. See
sapphirine.
Saprolegnia of salmon disease and allied
forms, (7) 12, 368.
Sarcina litoralis, (6) 204.
—— ventricult, (6) 204.
lanceolatus),
Gurnard,
236 Part [11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Sarcodictyon catenata, (15) 163.
Sardine. See a/so Pilchard,
—— age of, (8) 374.
—— development of reproductive organs
of, (8) 373.
—— eggs of, (8) 373; (9) 418, 420; (10)
161.
—— fecundity of, (9) 418.
—— fishery in Gulf of Marseilles, (9)
419.
—— food of, (7) 390; (8) 372.
—— growth of, (8) 374.
—— movements of, (10) 161.
—_— researches on, (9) 418, 420.
—— Spanish, report on, (10) 160.
—— spawning of, (8) 372.
—— trade of, in Galicia, (8) 371.
Sars, Professor G. O., (6) 15; (19) 92.
—— on development of cod, (3) 53.
—— discovery of the floating eggs of the
cod by, (16) 88.
Sarsiella capsula, (20) 475.
Saury pike. See Pike, saury.
Sauvage, Dr H. E., (7) 384, 390; (9)
7s (3) UG:
Saxicava rugosa, (6) 231; (15) 128; (20)
496.
Saaicavella plicata, (15) 128.
Sead. See Horse-mackerel.
Sceurgus cirrhosa, (15) 114.
Scalaria, (20) 510.
Scaldback. See Scald-fish.
Seald-fish (Arnoglossus (Platophrys)
laterna), (17) 94; (18) 286, 357.
eggs of, (17) 83, 84, 94, 96, 106.
food of, (20) 487, 524.
in Scottish waters, (21) 511.
Scales of fishes, lines of growth in, (23)
125:
Scallop. See Clam.
Scaphander lignarius, (15) 115.
Scapholeberis cornuta, (9) 275, 290.
mucronata, (9) 277, 290, 296; (13)
250; (14) 239, 242; (15) 321; (17) 141,
160, 184, 191.
Schistocephalus solidus, (9) 273.
Schistomysis arenosa, (15) 134.
ornatus, (15) 134; (16) 158, 209 ; (17)
268 ; (20) 491, 516, 522, 536.
spiritus, (16) 158, 163, 209 ; (20) 491,
493, 516, 519, 523.
Schizopoda as herring-food, (4) 123.
of Firth of Forth, (16) 158.
distribution of, (16) 164.
of Loch Fyne, (16) 262.
Schizoporella wnicornis, (15) 156.
Schizotherus nuttalli, (7) 341.
Sclerochilus contortus, (6) 245; (15) 145.
Scolecithrix abyssalis, (15) 310, 311, 313.
brevicornis, (20) 449, 452.
hibernica, (15) 146; (17) 248; (19)
238 ; (20) 451.
pygmea, (17) 249.
Scomber scomber. See Mackerel.
Scombresox saurus. See Pike, saury.
Scopelocheirus crenatus, (7) 319.
Scopthalmus norvegicus. See Topknot,
Norway.
unimaculatus. See Topknot, one-
spotted.
Scorpion, sea- (Cottus scorpius), (4) 212,
232; (15) 109.
eggs of, (3) 59; (4) 206.
—— eggs and young of, (14) 181.
fecundity of, (9) 248.
—— feeding on sprats, (4) 206.
food of, (20) 486, 489.
— rate of growth of, (12) 333.
parasites of, (19) 138, 139.
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 309.
—— spawning period of, (4) 244 ; (7) 197.
volume of eggs of, (16) 141.
Scotland, direction of currents on east
coast of, (15) 346.
Scott, Mr Andrew, (9) 269, 281; (10)
244; (11) 197; (12) 231; (18) 165, &e.
—— Dr Thomas, (4) 231; (6) 225, 232;
(7) 11, 171; 183, 222);°(8)) Tales 2s;
230, &e.
Scottia browniana, (9) 281, 282.
Scottish Fishery Acts, (10) 172.
lobster fishery, the, (6) 9, 189.
mackerel fishing, (12) 16.
Scottocheres elongatus, (16) 278.
Scottomyzon gibberum, (15) 155.
Scrobicularia piperata, (7) 328.
prismatica, (20) 510.
Scutellidium fasciatum, (4) 154; (10)
258 ; (15) 158.
tisboides, (10) 258 ; (18) 396.
Scyllium canicula. See Dog-fish, lesser
spotted.
catulus. See
spotted.
Sea-birds, destruction of fish by, (8) 20.
Sea Fisheries Committee of Lancashire,
(14) 8.
Parliamentary Committee on, (12)
384,
—— (Scotland) Amendment Act, (5)
43.
Sea-fowl swallowed by cod, (4) 134.
Sea-horse (Hippocampus antiquerum),
(18) 289.
Sea-lamprey (Petromyzon
spawning period of, (4) 254.
‘«Sea-mouse ” (Aphrodite), (6) 231.
Sea-ponds at Dunbar, (10) 10.
Sea-Scorpion. See Scorpion, sea-.
Sea-snail, common, or sucker (Cyclogaster
liparis), (4) 232; (15) 110; (18) 279.
change of colour in, (3) 69.
Sea-trout. See Trout, sea-.
Sea-water, methods for determining the
specific gravity of, (4) 192.
Sea, west of Lewis, physical observations
in, (6) 349.
Seals, damage. to fisheries by, in Den-
mark, (9) 412.
Seasonal changes in fishes, (12) 291.
Sebastes marinus. See Haddock, Norway.
norvegicus. See Haddock, Norway.
Seine-net, action of, in herring fishery,
(18) 242.
in herring fishery, introduction of,
(18) 242.
—— fishing for herrings, suppression of,
(18) 243.
fishing for herrings at Ballantrae,
(11) 15; (12) 18; (13) 18; (14) 14.
Dog-fish, larger
marinus),
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Seines, destruction of immature fish by,
(8) 190.
Selache maxima. See Shark, basking.
Selioides bolbroét, (20) 481.
Semele decisa, (7) 341.
Sense-organs of fishes, (8) 362.
Senses of lobster, (23) 97.
Sepia officinalis as bait, (7) 352.
Sepiola rondeletiz, (15) 115.
Sergestes atlanticus, (15) 310, 311.
Serpula bicornis ventricosa, (7) 313.
coniortuplicata, (15) 157.
triquetra, (15) 157.
vermicularis, (15) 157.
Serranus cabrilla, (2) 79 ; (4) 222.
spawning period of, (4) 244.
gigas, spawning of, (4) O44.
hepatus, embryo of, (16) 214.
Sertularella fusiformis, (15) 164.
rugosa, (15) 164.
Sertularia abietina, (15) 164.
argentea, (15) 164.
—— filicula, (15) 164.
pumila, (15) 164.
Servia as a market for
herrings, (7) 163.
Séve, M., (9) 416.
Sex, relative numbers of malesand females
among skates nd rays, (21) 229.
Sexes, numbers and size of, among sea-
fishes, (8) 348.
of plaice, maximum size of, (20)
357.
Sexes, proportional number of, in edible
crab, (18) 99.
proportion of, among plaice, (20)
357.
Sexual characters in crab, (
characters, external,
meenas, (21) 160.
colouration in fishes, (10) 242.
differences among mackerel, ques-
tion of, (18) 312,
proportions in witch, (22) 195.
relations of sea-fishes, (10) 18, 239.
Sex-variability, (18) 207.
Shad, artificial Pues. of, (3) 8
allis (Clupea alosa), (8) 258.
food of, 487, (20) 533.
SEN of, (19) 145.
twaite (Clupea finta), occurrence of,
on East Coast, (20) 540.
food of, (20) 487, 533.
—— —— parasites of, (18) 176;
skeleton of, (5) 287.
spawning period of, (4) 253.
Shagreen ray. See Ray, Fuller’s.
Shanny (Blennius pholis), (4) 208 ;
279.
Shark, basking (Se/ache maxima), (18)
291.
Scottish-cured
18) 99,
of Carcinus
(19) 145.
(18)
— blue (Carcharias glaucus) (18) 290.
— Greenland (Lemargus microce-
phalus), (2) 80; (4) 227, 228; (21) 80.
caught in trawl, (4) 227.
cranial nerves of, (7) 384.
dissection of, (4) 228.
food of, (4) 228.
—— —— parasites of, (4) 228.
— — skull of, (7) 385.
Q
237
Shark, porbeagle (Lamna cornubica), (19)
290.
food of, (4) 210 ;
487, 537.
intra-uterine specimen of, (6)
(19) 290; (20)
263.
—— —— parasites of, (18) 156, 171;
125, 132; (20) 292; (23) 112.
—— thresher (Alopias vulpes), (18) 290.
parasites from, (19) 125.
Shell-fishes used as bait, (4) 217.
Shetland Isles, fauna of lochs of, (13)
174.
(19)
fisheries of, (10) 202.
—— —— fishing grounds off, (9) 182.
post-larval fishes at, (14) 227.
Shaw-Lefevre, Mr, (10) 173.
Shore-crab. See Carcinus menas.
Short-spined cottus. See Sea scorpion.
Shrimp, common (Crangon vulgaris), (6)
259 ; (15) 131; (20) 491, 492, 507, 511,
519, 528, 535, 536.
—— association of, with young plaice,
(17) 235.
— description of larval stages of, (19)
94
development of appendages in larvee
of, (19) 96.
ear of, (19) 97.
—— eggs of, (19) 93.
feeding on larval
smelts, (9) 406.
fisheries, trap used in France in, (7)
394.
—— fishing, (8) 185.
—— capture
by, (9) 206.
—— —— in Solway, (7) 175.
—— food of, (9) 406.
—— larval stages of, (19) 92.
—— life-history of, (9) 406.
—— mode of attachment of eggs in, (22)
118.
morphological significance of origin
of gills in, (19) 114.
—-— moulting of larvee of, (19) 94.
— — movements of larvee of, (19) 93.
—— net, description of, (8) 164.
—— origin of gills of, (19) 113, 114.
—— rearing of larvee of, (19) 93.
—-— spawning period of, (6) 299;
06.
herrings and
of immature fish
(9)
—— trap, description of French, (9)
209.
—~— trawling in France, (9) 210.
—— trawling in Thames, immature
fishes caught by, (4) 205.
—— trawl-net, (7) 16, 29.
—— zoéa of, (19) 114.
Shrimping and the destruction of imma-
ture fish, (8) 185, 194.
Sida brachyura, (9) 389.
—— crystallina, (9) 275, 277, 289; (12)
286 ; (13) 245, 250 ; (14) 168; (15) 318,
321 ; (16) 252; (17) 138, 144, 184, &e.
Sigmoilina tenuis, (16) 274.
Significance of the yolk in the eggs of
osseous fishes, (6) 280.
Silicoflagellates, (15) 302.
Silvery pout. See Pout, silvery.
238
Sim, Mr Geo., (4) 102, 210.
Simocephalus vetulus, (9) 277, 282, 283,
290 ; (13) 245, 250; (15) 321 ; (16) 252 ;
(17) 138, 140, &e.
Simpson, Capt. R. E., (9) 8, 21, 184, 269 ;
(10) 7, 23, 244.
Sinclair Bay, trawling investigations in,
(20) 94.
Sipho gracilis, (15) 118.
Siphonodentalium lofotense, (15) 123 ; (19)
236.
Siphonostoma typhle. See Pipe-fish, broad-
nosed.
Siphonecetes colletti, (8) 328 ; (19) 266;
(20) 511.
—— crassicornis, (11) 215.
—— typicus, (8) 328.
Sira-plankton, characters of, (15) 302.
Siriella armata, (4) 162; (7) 323; (15)
134; (16) 158, 160, 209; (18) 404; (19)
277; (20) 480 ; (22) 257.
—— brooki, (4) 162; (15) 134.
—— clausii, (4) 160; (15) 134; (18) 404.
—— crassipes, (4) 161; (6) 254, 255.
—— jaltenses, (16) 158, 160, 209.
-—— norvegica, (4) 161; (7) 3273 (15)
167 ; (17) 268.
Sixerns, boats, (10) 204.
Size of mature and immature fish, (8) 163.
Skate, blue. See Skate, grey.
—— digestion in, (2) 40.
—— flapper (Raia macrorhynchus), (15)
168; (18) 292.
grey or common, (Raia batis), (9)
306, 310; (18) 292.
——— —— cranial nerves of, (7) 384.
—_— —— development of, (8) 15, 300.
—_— —-— “‘electric” organs in, (6) 277.
a= = food of, (20) 4 8i,¢080:
migrations of, (11) 191.
—— —— parasites of, (18) 156, 164, 170,
171, 180; (19) 130, 151.
proportion of sexes in, (21)
230.
size at maturity, (10) 238.
long or sharp-nosed (Raia oxyrhy-
nchus) (18) 292.
Skate-leech, (19) 141.
Skates, breeding and spawning periods
of, (8) 301.
“electric”? organs of, (6) 277.
—— feeding on herrings, (4) 103.
food of, (7) 231, 234, 236, 237, 239,
251; (8) 231, 244, 249, 250, 251, 253,
255, 256; (9) 232, 235-237, 239-241 ;
(10) 228, 231.
mature and immature, (8) 172.
—— parasites of, (19) 141.
—— relative number of sexes in, (21) 229.
Skates and Rays, distribution of adult
and immature, (8) 172.
—— —— proportion of males to females,
(8) 349.
Skeletal structures of fishes, lines of
growth in, (23) 125.
Skeletonema costatwm, (15) 213, 214.
Skenea planorbis, (15) 119.
Skulpin. See Dragonet, gemmeous.
Small-meshed net around trawl-net,
description of, (19) 60.
Part W1—Twenty-third Annual Report
Smelt or sparling (Osmerus eperlanus),
(18) 287.
—— attacked by squids, (3) 68.
—— eggs of, (16) 91.
—— fecundity of, (9) 267.
—— greater silver (Argentina silus),
occurrence of, in North Sea, (19) 286 ;
(20) 540 ; (21) 27.
—— spawning period of, (4) 252.
—— —— food of, (21) 224.
—— Hebridean. See Smelt, lesser silver.
—— lesser silver (Argentina sphyrena),
(18) 287 ; (19) 285.
—— —— eggs of, (19) 286.
—— —— food of, (20) 487, 528 ; (21) 223.
— spawning period of, (19) 286.
—— sand- (Atherina presbyter), (4) 232;
(15) 110; (18) 280.
—— —— food of, (20) 486, 504.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 245.
Smith, Mr Anderson, (7) 384, 385, 392 ;
(8) 17, 360; (9) 13, 16, 187, 268, 269,
297, &c.
—— Dr W. Ramsay, (7) 9, 222; (8)
12, 23, 230; (9) 12, 21, 177, 222, 352 ;
(10) 18, 23, &e.
Prof. Sidney J., (6) 302.
Smith Bank, (11) 9.
--—— spawning plaice on, (8) 259.
— trawling investigations at.
Trawling investigations.
Smittia reticulata, (15) 156.
Smooth dab. See Dab, lemon.
Socarnes vahli, (14) 158.
Soft lobster, characters of, (23) 94.
Solaster endeca, (15) 161; (20) 310, 319,
324.
—— papposus, (7) 347; (15) 161; (20)
310, 319, 324.
Sole, common or black (Solea vulgaris),
(48) 286.
Cunningham on, (9) 390.
—— —— on east coast of Scotland, (21)
32, 54, 229.
= distribution of, (15) 2 eis)
359 ; (21) 54.
eggs of, (7) 304 ; (16) 91, 114, 115.
—— —— in Clyde, (15) 250.
—— fecundity of, (9) 266.
—— food of, (7) 236; (9) 390; (20) 528.
—— growth of, (9) 391.
—— hatching of, (12) 11.
—— natural history of, (9) 390.
—— parasites of, (18) 146, 165 ; (19) 121,
139, 142; (23) 108.
—— pathological conditions of, (12) 294.
—— rearing of, in ponds, (9) 391.
—_— spawning grounds of, in Irish Sea,
(13) 334.
—— —— period of, (4) 251; (7) 190,
385; (8) 265; (9) 390.
—— —— period of, at Marseilles, (8)
372.
——lemon. See Dab, lemon.
—— little, or solenette (Solea lutea), (18)
287.
distribution of, (21) 53.
—— specific gravity of eggs of, (7) 386.
—— ——- eggs of, (14) 223; (16) 91, 114,
115 ; (17) 82, 83, 93, 96.
See
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
239
Sole, common or black, egg resembling |] Spawning of flat fishes, (14) 147.
that of, (10) 295.
—— —— food of, (8) 455.
—— —— mature and immature, (8) 172.
—-— —— minimum size at maturity, (8)
161, 162, 163.
—— —— proportion of males to females,
(8) 348.
—— —— relation of length to weight,
(22) 144, 216.
—— —— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— —— size of, at maturity, (8) 172;
(10) 238.
—— spawning period of, (7) 191; (17)
99
—— witch. See Witch.
Solea impar, (18) 359.
—— hleinii, (18) 359.
—— lascaris, (18) 359.
—— lutea. See Sole, little.
—— ocellata, (18) 359.
—— variegata. See Thickback.
—— vulgaris. See Sole, common.
Soleatalpa, (18) 359.
unicolor, (18) 358.
Soleidee, (18) 258, 351, 358.
Soleinz, (18) 351, 352, 359.
Solei-pleuronectinz, (18) 352, 360.
Solen, (20) 496-497, 510.
ensts, (15) 127.
pellucidus, (15) 127.
siliqua, (15) 127.
as bait, (7) 352.
Solenette. See Sole, little.
Solway, fisheries of, (4) 255; (7) 175.
shrimp fishing, (7) 175; (8) 185.
Sophrosyne robertsoni, (15) 137.
Spain, administration of fisheries in, (7)
396.
fisheries of, (12) 403; (13) 347.
fishery work in, (7) 396; (8) 368;
(9) 421; (10) 350; (12) 403; (13) 348.
imports of fish into, (9) 422.
—— oyster-culture in, (7) 397.
salting and preserving establish-
ments in, (8) 369.
sardine fishery of, (7) 399.
submarine light in fishing, (7) 399.
—— trawling in, (8) 370.
whales on coast of, (8) 370.
Spain and Portugal as markets for Scot-
tish-cured herrings, (7) 163.
Spanish sardines, report on, (10) 14, 160.
Sparling. See Smelt.
Spatangidium ral fsianum, (15) 297.
Spatangus purpureus, (15) 162; (20) 317,
319, 324.
Spawn-collector, floating, (12) 207.
Spawners at hatchery, difficulty with,
(14) 152.
Spawning areas offshore, (14) 15.
areas, relation of currents to, (13)
13; (15) 374.
— — of cod in autumn in North Sea, (23)
253.
— of cod, &c., in Dornoch Firth, (23)
20
— of edible crab, (18) 85, 88.
—— of fishes, males ripe before and after
females, (8) 257.
—— offshore, (10) 236.
of grey gurnard, of
migrations to, (17) 222.
of lobster, (6) 299; (18) 86; (22) 117;
(23) 100.
of mackerel, (18) 327.
—— of pike, (5) 347.
— —- of plaice at Hatchery, (23) 120.
of plaice, relation of temperature
to, (20) 344.
of salmon in Rhine, (6) 307.
—— of shore-crab, (22) 118, 120.
—— of sprat, (21) 67.
period in Loch Fyne compared
with East Coast, (17) 96.
of anchovy, (4) 252; (6) 306.
—— —— of angler, (7) 197; (8) 269;
(21) 189.
of Aphia pellucida, (4) 245.
—— —— of armed bullhead, (7) 197;
(21) 74.
—— —— of Asterias rubens, (4) 216.
—— —— of ballan-wrasse, (4) 246.
—— —— of bass, (4) 244.
—— —— of bib, (4) 247; (8) 268; (17)
98.
—— —— of boar-fish, (4) 245.
—— —- of brill, (4) 250; (7) 192; (8)
265 ; (10) 2382, 234; (15) 243, 370; (17)
98.
relation
—— —— of burbot, (4) 249.
—— —— of Cantharus lineatus, (4) 244.
— of Carcinus menas, )21) 138,
174.
—— —— of carp, (4) 252.
—— —— of cat-fish, (4) 245 ; (7) 197 ; (8)
269 ; (21) 64.
—— —— of coal-fish, (4) 247; (7) 195;
(8) 268 ; (10) 233; (15) 243, 370; (17)
9
—— —— of cod, (4) 246; (7) 195; (8)
266 ; (10) 233, 234 ; (15) 222, 370; (17)
97 5; (19) 227 ; (23) 20, 252.
Spawning period of common dab, (4)
251; (7) 189; (8) 262; (10) 234; (15)
238, 370; (17) 98; (20) 360; (21) 45.
—— —— of common eel, (4) 253.
—— —— of conger-eel, (4) 253; (9) 392.
——- —— of Couch’s whiting, (4) 247.
—— —— of Cribrella oculata, (4) 216.
—— —— of Dentex vulgaris, (4) 244.
—— —— of five-bearded rockling, (4)
249,
—— —— of flounder, (4) 251; (7) 195;
(8) 263; (10) 234; (15) 232, 370; (17)
88.
—— —-— of garfish, (4) 252.
—— ——of gemmeous dragonet, (7)
197 ; (8) 269; (17) 99.
—— —— of Gobius ruthensparri, (4)
245,
—— —— of grayling, (4) 252.
of greater weever, (4) 244.
—— —— of grey gurnard, (4) 244; (7)
196 ; (8) 268 ; (10) 234; (15) 370; (17)
222.
—— —— of haddock, (4) 246; (7) 195;
(8) 265 ; (10) 232, 234; (15) 370; (17)
97; (19) 211.
Spawning period of hagfish, (8) 269.
of hake, (4) 248; (7) 195.
of halibut, (4) 249; (7) 192;
(8) 265; (10) 233.
of herring, (4) 50, 51, 95, 253 ;
(18) 253.
—— —— of herring in Channel, (6) 299.
—— —— of horse-mackerel, (4) 245.
of John Dory, (4) 245.
—— —— of lampern, (4) 254.
of lanthorn gurnard, (4) 244.
—— —— of larger sand-eel, (4) 249.
of lemon dab, (4) 251 ; (7) 188,
386 ; (8) 261; (10) 234, 370; (17) 98;
(21) 48.
—— —— of lesser sand-eel, (4) 249.
—— —— of lesser weever, (4) 244; (21)
70.
—— —— of ling, (4) 248; (7) 195; (8)
268 ; (10) 233; (15) 244, 370; (17) 99.
—— —— of little sole, (7) 191; )17)99.
of lobster, (23) 101.
_ —— — of Loch Leven trout, (4) 252.
of long rough dab, (4) 250; (7)
191; (8) 264; (10) 284; (15) 370; (17)
98.
—— —— of lumpsucker, (7) 197.
— —— of mackerel, (4) 245; )17) 98;
(18) 327.
—— —— of Norway pout, (19) 164.
—— —— of Pagrus auratus, (4) 244.
of Palinurus, (6) 299.
—— —— of Pandalus, (6) 299.
—— —— of perch, (4) 244.
—— —— of pike, (4) 252.
—— —— of pilchard, (4) 253.
—— —— of plaice, (4) 250; (7) 187; (8)
260 ; (10) 234; (15) 370; (19) 97; (20)
338.
—— —— of plaice, observations in large
tank in hatchery, (22) 262.
—— ——of plaice, relation
temperature, (15) 249.
—— —— of pollack, (4) 248; (7) 194;
(8) 268 ; (17) 99; (20) 251.
—— —— of pollan, (4) 252.
—— —— of poor-cod, (17) 98.
—— — — of red gurnard, (4) 244.
—— —— of red mullet, (4) 244.
—— —— of rockling, (17) 99.
—— —— of Salmo fario, (4) 252.
—— —— of Salmo fontinalis, (4) 252.
= —__ of salmon, (4), 252.
—— —— of sand-smelt, (4) 245.
—— —— of sardine, (8) 372.
of sea-lamprey, (4) 254.
—— —— of sea-scorpion, (4) 244.
—— —— of sea-trout, (4) 252.
—— — of Serranus cabrilla, (4) 244.
—— —— of Serranus gigas, (4) 244.
—— —— of sharp-tailed Lumpenus, (19)
287 ; (22) 208.
i of short-finned tunny, (4) 245.
—— —— of shrimp, (6) 299; )9) 406.
—— —— of smelt, (4) 252.
= === Of PSolenn(4)) Zol sti macosis)
265 ; (9) 390.
—-—- —— of sole at Marseilles, (8) 372.
~~ -— --— of sprat, (4) 253 ; (15) 234, 370;
(21) 673 (22) 172.
of, to
Part I11.— Twenty-third Annual Report
Spawning period of stone bass, (4) 244.
—— —-—- of streaked gurnard, (4) 244.
—— —— of sturgeon, (4) 254.
—— —— of surmullet, (4) 244.
—— —— of turbot, (4)250'; (7) 192 (8)
264 : (10) 233, 234; (15) 242, 3703 (17)
98.
—— —— of tusk, (4) 249; (7) 197; (9)
259 ; (10) 233.
--— —w— of twaite shad, (4) 253.
of vendace, (4) 252.
—— —— of viviparous blenny, (4) 245.
—— —— of whiting, (4) 247; (7) 194;
(8) 267; (10) 233, 234; (15) 370; (17)
97; (19) 185.
—— —— of witch, (4) 251; (7) 190; (8)
263 ; (10) 234; (17) 99; (22) 186.
—— —— of Zeugopterus punctatus, (4)
250.
—— —— of Zeugopterus unimaculatus,
(4) 250.
relation of duration of, to num-
ber of eggs, (16) 124.
relative intensity of spawning
at different times of, (17) 99.
—— and spawning places of marine food-
fishes, (7) 171, 182; (8) 13, 257, 258;
(10) 232.
—— —— of angler, (8) 269.
—— —— of bib, (8) 268.
—— —— of cat-fish, (8) 269.
—— —— of coal-fish, (7) 195; (8) 268;
(15) 243.
——- —of cod, (7) 195; (8) 266; (15)
194; (23) 252.
—— —— of common dab, (7) 190; (8)
262 ; (15) 238.
--— —~— of fishes, (7) 4; (8) 258; (10)
31, 32, 235; (14) 12. i
—— —— of flounder, (7) 190; (8) 263;
(15) 232; (21) 44.
of food - fishes,
determining, (8) 258.
—— —-— of food-fishes, old ideas on, (8)
164.
conditions
of gemmeous dragonet, (8) 269.
—— —— of grey gurnard, (7) 196; (8)
268 ; (15) 241 ; (17) 222.
—— —— of haddock, (7) 193); (8) 265.
——— == OMbakem (7) Moo:
—-— -——— of halibut, ('7)/1927;. (8)!26a:
—— —— of herring, (17) 279.
—— —— of lemon dab, (7) 189; (8) 261.
of ling, (7) 195; (8) 268.
—— —— of little sole; (7) 191.
of long rough dab, (7) 191; (8)
264.
—— —-—- of lumpsucker, (8) 269.
—— —— of plaice, (7) 187; (8) 259, 260.
—— —— of pollack, (7) 194.
—— -—— of sprat, (15) 235; (21) 67;
(22) 172, 176.
—— ——- of turbot, (7) 192; (8) 265.
—— —— of whiting, (7) 194; (8) 267
(15) 227.
of witch, (7) 190; (8) 263.
— relation of bottom to, (8) 258.
—— -pond, (21) 181.
—-— process, duration of, in individual
fishes, (17) 227.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Specific gravity observations, (7) 429.
gravity of pelagic eggs, (17) 116.
Sperms of common mussel, (5) 250.
Spey Bay, trawling investigations in,
(20) 104.
Spherium corneum, (8) 336; (9) 271, 285 ;
(15) 320; (17) 159, 185.
lacustre, (8) 338; (9) 276.
Spheroma curtum, (15) 135.
—— rugicauda, (8) 329; (15) 317.
Spheronella abyssi, (22) 254.
acanthozonis, (22) 254.
—— affinis, (22) 254.
anmyphilocht, (22) 242, 253.
aore, (23) 150.
antillensis, (22) 254.
argisse, (22) 254.
atyli, (22) 225.
bonnieri, (22) 225.
caliopit, (22) 225.
callisome, (22) 242, 252.
capensis, (22), 255.
chinensis, (22) 225.
cluthe, (22) 242, 252.
curtipes, (22) 253.
danica, (22) 253.
decorata, (22) 253.
dulichie, (22) 253.
elegantula, (22) 253.
Srontalis, (22) 253.
giardii, (22) 253.
gitanopsidis, (22) 253.
holbolli, (22) 253.
imsignis, (22) 253.
intermedia, (22) 253.
irregularis, (22) 253.
leptocheira, (22) 253.
longipes, (22) 253.
margimata, (22) 253.
messinensis, (22) 253.
metopee, (22) 253.
microcephala, (22) 253.
minuta, (22) 242, 251 ; (23) 141.
munnopsidis. (22) 253.
—— paradoxa, (22) 242, 251.
—-— pygmed, (22) 242, 253.
vararensis, (23) 141.
Sphyrion lumpi, (19) 128 ; (28) 113, 114.
Spirialis retroversus, (7) 3265.
Spirillina arenacea, (7) 314.
—— foliacea, (7) 311.
—— vivipara, (8) 316.
—-- perforata, (8) 316.
Spirling. See Smelt.
Sptroloculina canaliculata, (15) 165.
—— limbata, (15) 165.
—— planulata, (16) 274.
Spirontocaris cranchii, (15) 132.
—— gaimardii, (15) 132.
—— pusiola, (16) 156, 157, 209 ; (17) 279;
(20) 480.
—— securifrons, (15) 132; (18) 403; (19)
278 ; (20) 516, 535, 537.
Spiropagurus hyndmanni, (6) 258.
—— levis, (6) 258.
Spirorbis borealis, (15) 157.
Spisula solidissima, (7) 341.
Spongilla fluviatilis, (17) 156.
Spotted ray. See Ray, homelyn.
Sprat (Clupea sprattus), (18) 288.
WEEE
aera [aa
241
Sprat, age of, (22) 180.
and winter herring,
natural history of, (23) 164.
as food for herrings, (6) 228.
—-—- as food for turbot and brill, (21)
52.
—— as ‘“‘ sardines,” (10) 162.
—— in trawl-net, (8) 177; (21) 67.
—— destruction of young herring in
fishing for, (2) 57; (23) 156.
—— difference of larval, from larval
herring, (6) 304.
—— distinctions from herring, (2) 48;
(4) 100.
distribution of, (21) 67.
—— distribution of eggs of, (15) 234.
of eggs of, in Firth of Clyde,
(15) 249.
—— eggs of, (6) 304; (7) 305 ; (8) 285.
—— eggs of, Hensen’s observations on,
(6) 304.
—— fecundity of, (9) 268; (22) 28.
—— food of, (20) 532.
—W— fishery in Firth of Forth, regulation
of use of seine in, (18) 244.
in Firth of Tay, (25) 156.
tishing, (2) 57; (4) 205.
proportion of young herring
taken in, (23) 157.
—— growth of, (4) 100; (22) 171.
—— mature and immature, (8) 177.
—— maturity of, (2) 55, 56.
—— method of preparation
** sardines,” (5) 218.
—— on coast of France, (10) 162.
—— parasites of, (18) 161; (19) 127.
preyed on by herrings, (4) 126.
-—— proportion of, in ‘‘ whitebait,” (4)
notes on
of; 2 as
relation of length to weight of, (22)
144, 148, 238.
—— ripe ovaries of, (22) 285.
—— size at maturity, (22) 181.
—— skeleton of, (5) 291.
—— spawning period of, (2) 56; (4) 253;
(15) 234 ; (21) 67; (22) 172.
spawning places of, (15) 235.
Squids, capelin attacked by, (3) 68.
herrings attacked by, (3) 67.
—— injuries to hooked fishes by, (4) 204.
— mackerel attacked by, (3) 68.
—— note on an extra large specimen of,
(6) 264.
sparling attacked by, (3) 68.
Star-fish, emigration of amzboid cor-
puscles in, (6) 280.
Star-fishes, depredations of, (4) 204.
—— injurious to line-caught fish, (10)
299.
Starry ray. See Ray, starry.
Statistics, fishery, charts showing pro-
portional distribution of fish, (20) 89.
—— —— comparison of drags of trawl
from different grounds, (20) 80.
--— —— comparison of, for different
areas of North Sea, (20) 82.
discussion on, (20) 75.
—— —— imperfections of, (20) 75.
— — influence of change of ground
on, (20) 83.
242
Statistics, fishery, information regarding
the place of fishing necessary, (20) 88.
in relation to method of fish-
ing, (20) 79.
—— in relation to place where fish
caught, (20) 80.
— — —— necessity of ascertaining dura-
tion of fishing operations, (20) 90.
—— necessity of ascertaining place
of capture of fish, (20) 80; (21) 38.
—— necessity of dealing with
catches of individual vessels, (21) 38.
new system of, described, (20)
75.
—— —-- report on, (7) 178.
—— of Buckhaven haddock line-fishing,
(5) 130.
of East Coast fisheries, (6) 18, &c.
of fish caught by forty-three East
Coast fishing boats, 1887, (5) 132.
—— of fish caught by line and net boats
in inshore grounds, (5) 82.
—— of fish caught by line-fishermen,
(14) 21.
of fish caught by line-fishermen and
beam-trawlers, (7) 19; (8) 26; (9) 24;
(12) 28, 179.
—— of fish caught by line-fishermen in
the Moray Firth, (14) 23, 120.
of fish caught by trawlers, (20) 74.
of fish caught in Aberdeen district,
(6) 97.
of fish caught in Anstruther district,
(6) 117.
—— of fish caught in Leith district, (6)
124.
—— of fish caught in Montrose district,
(6) 108.
of fish caught in Stonehaven district,
(6) 100.
of fish caught within the area
restricted from trawling in Anstruther
district, (5) 131.
—— of fishermen and boats, (10) 12.
—— of fishing boats, (7) 27.
--—of fishing boats and fishermen
engaged, (9) 8.
——of fish landed, Act empowering
collection of, (20) 78.
of fish landed, imperfection of, (20)
76.
—--of fish landed in Leith district in
1884, 1885, and T886, (5) 217.
of fish landed by net and line boats
and by steam beam-trawl boats,
1886-7, (5) 206.
——of ‘‘flounder, plaice, and_ brill,”
analysis of, (20) 77.
of great-liners, (20) 86.
of line-caught fish from territorial
waters, (12) 30; (14) 21.
of North Sea fisheries, (21) 37.
of Scottish fisheries since 1809,
(10) 15, 174.
—— of Tay sprat fishery, (23) 157.
Stauroneis anceps, (9) 274.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., (10) 244.
Stegocephaloides aurates, (15) 138.
christianiensis, (15) 138; (17) 265;
(20) 478.
Part IIT —Twenty-third Annual Report
Stegoplax brevicornis, (20) 510.
—— brevirostris, (19) 260.
— — longirostris, (18) 401.
Stenhelia blanchardi, (18) 390.
confusa, (20) 449, 458.
denticulata, (12) 240.
— dispar, (12) 239.
hirsuta, (12) 239; (20) 457.
—— hispida, (12) 239; (15) 149; (19)
248 ; (20) 457.
—— ima, (6) 239; (8) 318; (15) 149; (20)
457; (21) 114.
—— intermedia, (15) 169; (19) 248 ; (20)
457.
pygmeda, (23) 144.
—— reflexa, (13) 167.
Stenorhynchus phalangium, (6) 256.
—— rostratus, (6) 256.
Stenothocheres egregius, (22) 242, 250.
sarsi, (22) 225.
Stenothoé marina, (7) 319; (15) 138; (16)
170, 177, 210; (17) 265; (20) 516, 527,
529.
—— monoculoides, (6) 246; (15) 138.
—— pollexiana, (6) 246.
Stephanopyxis turris, (15) 214.
Stephos fultont, (16) 266; (18) 383.
—— gyrans, (15) 146; (19) 237 ; (21) 110.
——- minor, (16) 266 ; (20) 450.
—— scotti, (20) 450; (21) 110.
Steven, Dr J. Lindsay, (10) 323.
Stewart, Dr C. Hunter, (7) 412, 472.
Sthenometopa robusta, (20) 478.
Stichaster rosews, (15) 161; (20) 809, 319,
324.
Stickleback, fifteen-spined, (Giasterosteus
spinachia), (18) 281 ; (23) 157.
—— fecundity of, (9) 254.
—— —— food of, (20) 486, 505.
—— —— in Loch Fyne, (4) 232; (15) 111.
—— —— nest of, (4) 212.
—— —— parasite of, (18) 147.
—— three-spined (Grasterosteusaculeatus),
(18) 281 ; (23) 157.
food of, (20) 486, 504.
—— —— parasites of, (9) 273; (18) 147,
179; (19) 122.
Stilifer turtont, (7) 324.
Stiliger modestus, (8) 331.
Sting ray. See Ray, sting.
Stirling, Professor W., (2) 31; (4) 166,
256.
Stomatopora granulata, (15) 157.
Stomphia churchie, (15) 163.
Stone bass (Polyprion americanus), (18)
274.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 244.
Stonehaven, pelagic eggs of fishes off,
(12) 300.
Storms, effect of, on marine fauna, (4)
215.
Stow-net fishing and the destruction of
immature fish, (8) 190.
Streaked gurnard.
streaked.
Streblocercus minutus, (17) 141, 184, 199.
Striped wrasse. See Wrasse, striped.
Strongylocentrotus droébachiensis, (20)
316, 319, 324.
Sturgeon (Acztpenser stwrio), (18) 289.
See Gurnard,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Sturgeon caught in trawl, (21) 228.
—— parasite of, (23) 110.
——— sexual maturity in, (6) 303.
——— spawning period of, (4) 254.
Styelopsis grossularia, (15) 114.
Styli-plankton, (15) 303.
Stylophorus hypocephalus, (18) 169.
Suberites domuncula, (15) 165.
—— ficus, (15) 165.
Succinea putris, (9) 285; (17) 159, 184.
Sucker, Cornish (Lepadoyaster gouanit),
(18) 279.
Montagw’s (Cyclogaster (Liparis)
montagut), (4) 212, 232; (6) 269; (15)
110; (18) 279.
eggs of, (3) 60; (16) 91.
— —— fecundity of, (9) 253.
—— —— post-larval forms of, (7) 309.
post-larval condition of, (6) 269.
—— —— rate of growth of, (12) 334.
——-- —— variety of, (3) 64.
Suitability of Scottish waters for oyster-
culture, (9) 16.
Sulcator arenarius, (10) 264.
Sunamphithoé hamatus, (6) 249.
—— hamulus, (6) 249,
Sunaristes pagurt, (11) 201, 202.
Sun-fish, short (Ovrthagoriscus
(18) 289.
parasites of, (18) 151, 157, 159 ; (19)
126, 144; (23) 113.
Surface-currents of North Sea, (18) 370.
Surface-drift in North Sea, direction of,
(15) 339.
Surirella biseriata, (9) 274.
—— linearis, (9) 274.
——- ovalis, (9) 274.
Surmullet. See Mullet, red.
Sutherland, Mr A., (9) 177.
Sweden, fisheries of, (12) 395 ; (13) 338.
—— —— of Bohuslin, (9) 408.
—— fishery work in, (7) 405; (9) 407;
(10) 344; (11) 498; (12) 395; (13) 340.
Swedish fishermen, (10) 209.
Switzerland as a market for Scottish-
cured herrings, (7) 166.
Sympleustes latipes, (19) 262.
Synapta digitata, (15) 162.
Synaptura pectoralis, (18) 359.
Synatiphilus luteus, (19) 251.
Synchelidium brevicarpum, (15) 139 ; (17)
265 ; (20) 491, 510, 516.
Syngnathus acus. See Pipe-fish, greater.
Syrrhoé hamatipes, (11) 213,
-
mola),
Tabellaria flocculosa, (9) 274.
Tachidius brevicornis, (9) 302; (10) 250;
(18) 380.
crassicornis, (10) 250; (11) 203.
—— discipes, (9) 302.
—— littoralis, (15) 317; (19) 248.
Tadpole hake. See Forkbeard, lesser.
Talitrus locusta, (6) 245; (15) 137.
Tanais tomentosus, (15) 135.
—— vittatus, (6) 251.
Tanaopsis laticaudatus, (15) 135; (17)
266 ; (19) 269.
Tapes pullastra, (15) 126.
243
Tapes virginea, (15) 126.
Tarbet Ness, trawling investigations off,
(21) 37; (22) 27.
Tauria medusarum, (9) 310.
Tay, bacteria in water of, (4) 187.
—— sprat fishing in, (23) 156,
Tealia crassicornis, (15) 163.
Technical instruction to fishermen, (22)
264 ; (23) 6.
Tecnitella lequmen, (16) 274.
Telene rotundata, (8) 330.
Teleostean development, notes on, (16)
PAN
—— fishes, sense organs of, (7) 385, 386.
Tellina-halthica, (7) 228 ; (15) 128.
——~ crassa, (15) 128.
—— fabula, (15) 128.
—— prismatica, (20) 529.
—— tenuis, (15) 128; (20) 510, 522.
Temora affinis, (10) 245; (18) 385.
—— longicaudata, (6) 237.
—— longicornis, (4) 148; (11) 203; (15)
146, 305, &c. ; (16) 182, 183, &e. ; (20)
494, 500, 503, &e.
—— —— as herring-food, (4) 125.
—— —— distribution of, in Firth of
Forth, (16) 183.
—— velox, (6) 237; (18) 384.
Temorella velox, (6) 237.
Temperature of bottom water on east
coast of Scotland, (15) 371.
—-— of surface water on east coast of
Scotland, (15) 371.
—— of water, influence of wind on, (15)
264.
— — influence of change of, on spawning
of plaice in confinement, (20) 441.
low, on feeding of fishes, (22)
162 V7.
low, on movements of edible
erab, (22) 125.
—— —— low, on lobster, (23) 72, 98.
—— —-—-on movements of shore crab,
(22) 125:
— -—— ondevelopment of fish, (15) 178.
—-—- —— on duration of development of
fish eggs, (13) 15; (15) 370.
on growth of fishes, (20) 335;
(22) 159.
— — ——-on growth of lobster embryos,
(14) 14.
—-— ——on hatching of cod eggs, (5)
242.
—— —— on migrations of gurnard, (17)
216.
—— ——on rapidity of digestion in
fishes, (22) 171.
—— —— on spawning of herring, (6) 306.
— — —— variations of, on movements of
fish, (13) 339.
—— in relation to the Dutch anchovy
fishing, (9) 415.
—— migrations of fishes in relation to,
(20) 336.
—— range of, in shallow water, (20) 336.
—— relation of, to copepoda, (17) 114.
—— relation of, to growth of plaice, (17)
239 ; (20) 342.
—— relation of, to spawning of plaice,
(20) 344,
244
Temperature, relative sensitiveness of
fishes to sudden changes in, (22) 162.
— — observations, (7) 431 ; (12) 338.
—— —— of sea and ponds, Dunbar, (17)
205.
—— ——in
“* Garland.”
——-—-—in Faerdée-Shetland Channel,
Aberdeen Bay. See
(15) 282.
——- —— in Firth of Clyde. See
‘* Garland.”
———— in Firth of Forth. See
“* Garland.”
in Loch Achray, (17) 152.
in Loch Arklet, (17) 142.
in Loch Doon, (17) 170.
——-—--in Duddingstone Loch, (17)
166.
in Forfar Loch, (17) 156.
— — —— in Loch Katrine, (17) 147.
——-—w— in Loch Leven, (17) 161.
—— —— in Loch Lochy, (17) 180.
in Loch Lomond, (17) 136.
in Loch Ness, (17) 175.
—-- —— in Loch Oich, (17) 178.
—— —— in Montrose Bay. See ‘ Gar-
land.”
in Moray Firth. See ‘‘Gar-
land.”
See
—. in St. Andrews Bay.
“* Garland.”
—— —— report on, (13) 15, 302.
Tenacity of life in plaice, (23) 253.
Tephritis, (18) 354, 356.
—— sinensis, (18) 356.
Terebellides stroémii, (15) 158.
Terebratulina caput-serpentis, (15) 129.
Territorial waters, deliverance of Parlia-
mentary Committee respecting, (12)
-—— —~— deliverance of Institute of
International Law respecting, (12) 12.
—_— —— fish caught in, (10) 13, 28; (12)
30.
—— —— inadequacy of present limit of,
(11) 18; (12), 1, 12, 385:
—— —— limits of, (11) 13; (12) 11.
Tetragoniceps bradyi, (10) 253.
—-— brevicauda, (18) 392.
consimilis, (12) 244; (16) 268.
-—— incertus, (10) 254, 260; (21) 117.
—— macronyx, (10) 253 ; (17) 256.
—— maleolata, (10) 252, 258, 254; (18)
391.
—— pygmeus, (21) 117.
Textularia gramen, (8) 315; (16) 275.
—— pygmea, (15) 166.
—— sagittula, (8) 315; (15) 166.
—— trochus, (16) 275.
—— variabilis, (8) 315.
Thalassiosira gravida, (15) 214.
— — nordenskioldii, (15) 214. :
Thalassvothrix longissima, (15) 214, 301.
Thalestris clausii, (4) 152; (9) 803; (15)
152; (21) 180.
— forficulotdes, (12) 255 ; (15) 152.
—— harpactoides, (10) 257, 258 ; (11) 203.
helgolandica, (9) 308 ; (17) 258.
—— longimana, (4) 152; (6) 240; (15)
152; (16) 177, 210.
Part III—Twenty-third Annual Report
Thalestris mysis, (4) 151 ; (13) 170; (15)
152
peltata, (16) 269 ; (21) 129.
rufocincta, (6) 240; (10) 257; (16)
269 ; (21) 130.
rufo-violascens, (9) 303.
serrulatus, (8) 319; (9) 302; (16)
177, 210.
Thaumaleus claparedii, (22) 248.
rigudius, (22) 242, 248.
rostratus, (22) 242, 249.
thompsoni, (20) 449, 470; (22) 242,
zetlandicus, (22) 242, 249.
Thaumatocotyle concinna, (22) 278.
Thelepus circinatus, (15) 158.
Themisto brevispinosa, (6) 255.
compressa, (10) 265.
longispinosa, (6) 255.
Thersites gasterostei, (18) 146; (19) 122.
Thickback (Solea variegata), (18) 287.
in Moray Firth, (22) 286.
—— eggs of, (22) 286.
Thick-lipped grey mullet. See Mullet.
Thomson, Mr George M., (13) 336.
Thompson, Mr J. C., (8) 363.
Mr J. Stuart, (23) 130.
—— Mr Lindsay, (11) 21, 487.
—— Professor D’Arcy, (18) 361; (19)
114, 125.
Thorellia brunnea, (8) 318; (15) 148.
Thornback ray. See Ray, thornback.
Thoulet, Professor M. J., (9) 420; (18)
345.
Thracia papyracea, (15) 129.
—— villosiuscula, (15) 129.
Three-bearded rockling. See Rockling,
three-bearded.
Three-mile limit of territorial waters
in relation to fisheries, (11) 138; (12)
IVE
Thresher shark. See Shark, thresher.
Thurso Bay, trawling investigations in,
(20) 95.
Thymallus vulgaris. See Grayling.
Thynnus pelamys. See Bonito.
Thyone raphanus, (15) 162; (20) 307,
319, 324.
—— fusus, (15) 162; (20) 307, 319, 324.
Thysanoéssa borealis, (10) 267.
—~ — neglecta, (16) 158, 160, 209; (17) 268 ;
(18) 403.
nana, (4) 157.
—— norvegica, (4) 157; (6) 254.
—— raschit, (4) 157; (6) 254.
Thysanote impudica, (18) 169; (20) 299.
Tidal observations in Loch Fyne, (15)
268.
Tides affecting sprat fishing in Tay, (23)
163
Tides, influence of, on surface drift, (15)
360.
Tomopteris onisciformis, (6) 282 ; (15) 157,
307, 311; (16) 210.
—— —— ciliated organs of, (6) 282.
eggs of, (6) 282.
Tope (Galeus canis), (18) 290.
— — food of, (4) 213.
—— parasites of, (18) 157, 172.
Toper. See Tope.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Topknot, Muller’s (Zeugopterus punc-
tatus), (4) 226; (8) 285; (21) 229.
eggs of, (7) 304; (17) 83, 93.
—— —— in Firth of Forth, (8) 357.
in Loch Fyne, (15) 112; (18)
357.
—— —-— on East Coast, (21) 229.
parasites of, (19) 122 ; (20) 290.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 250.
—— —— young stages of, (13) 333.
--— Norway (Zeugopterus (Scophthal-
mus, Rhombus) norvegicus), (12) 19,
227 ; (18) 285, 357.
—— eggs of, (16) 91.
—— —-— intraovarian eggs of, (16) 97.
—— one-spotted (Zeugopterus unimacu-
latus), (18) 285.
—— eggs of, (17) 83, 93, 96.
— habits of, (4) 225.
—— —— in Loch Fyne, (15) 112.
—— —— ripe eggs of, (4) 226.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 250.
Topknots, young of, (11) 246.
Tornatina mamillata, (15) 115.
—— nitidula, (15) 115.
— obtusa, (15) 115.
— truncatula, (15) 115.
umbilicata, (15) 115.
Torpedo (Torpedo nobiliana), (2) 79 ; (19)
290.
Torpedo marmorata, (2) 79.
Torsk. See Tusk.
Torula morrhuce, (6) 205.
Tosh, Dr J. R., (12) 19, 20, 300, 333.
Trachelifer, (17) 269.
Trachelobdella lophii, (19) 138.
—-— punctata, (19) 138.
striata, (19) 138.
Trachinus draco. See Weever, greater.
——vipera. See Weever, lesser.
Trawlers, flat fishes landed by, (20) 77.
—— observations made on commercial,
(20) 73.
—— routine work on board, (19) 58.
—— statistics of fish caught by, (20) 74.
Trawl-net, influence of mesh on size of
fishes caught, (19) 62.
invertebrate fauna taken by. See
** Garland.”
—— relation of size of mesh to capture
of immature fish, (8) 182; (12) 302;
(19) 64.
—— used by ‘‘ Garland,” description of,
(14) 129, 130.
Trawl-nets, mesh of, (13) 334.
—— relation between size of mesh and
fish captured, (12) 302.
Trawling, action of net on bottom in, (8)
360.
— and the fisheries, observations on,
(12) 15.
area of fishing extended, (20) 83.
areas frequented by Aberdeen
vessels in 1891 and 1901, (20) 140.
at Iceland, statistics of catches at,
(20) 135.
capture of immature fish by, (6) 3;
(8) 179, 195.
— change of grounds by Aberdeen
trawlers, (20) 126.
245
Trawling, comparative experiments with
otter-trawl and beam-trawl, (20) 118.
comparative productiveness of
different areas in North Sea, (20) 138.
comparison of adjacent closed and
unclosed areas, (7) 22.
comparison of amounts of fish landed
by beam-trawlers and line-fishermen,
(6) 7.
comparison of catches of trawlers
from different parts of the North Sea,
(20) 135.
effect of change of grounds in 1891
and 1901 on statistics, (20) 141.
enguiries of Government
missioners regarding, (6) 17.
enquiries of committee, (6) 2, 17.
extension of fishing to north-eastern
parts of North Sea, (20) 126.
for herring. See Seine-net.
grounds at first frequented by the
Aberdeen trawlers, (20) 127.
in Australia, (9) 400.
in Bay of Biscay, statistics of
catches, (20) 135.
in France, (9) 419.
— in Holland, investigations on, (13)
341.
in Ireland, enquiries regarding, (9)
395.
—— in ltaly, enquiry regarding, (7) 401.
in Japan, investigations on, (13) 348.
—— in Spain, enquiries regarding, (7)
396, 398 ; (13) 346.
limits of closed waters, (8) 370.
regulations regarding, (13) 346.
increase of abundance of fish in
protected waters, (6) 18.
—— increase of small fish in protected
waters, (6) 2.
influence of size of mesh of net on
fish caught, (19) 62.
in relation to eggs of fishes, (7) 401.
—— method of treating information as to
place of fishing, (20) 137.
necessity of regulating, in Firth of
Clyde, (6) 5.
on beach, effect of clear water on
result of, (17) 233.
on deep-water grounds, (19) 60.
—— place of fishing, how ascertained,
(20) 136.
proportion of marketable and un-
marketable fishes, (19) 60, 61.
records as to place of fishing, (20)
135.
regulations closing waters against,
(20) 128.
relation of mesh of net to fish caught,
(8) 182. *
result of successive hauls on same
ground, (21) 34, 36.
small-meshed net used for collecting
small fishes, (20) 327.
—— speed at which net is towed, (20)
122.
statistics of catches for a period of
years, (20) 126.
vessels, changes in, (12) 169.
—— vitality of fish caught by, (8) 183.
com-
246
Trawling experiments of ‘‘ Garland.” See
“Garland.”
—— —— at Orkney. See ‘‘ Garland.”
—— —-— description of, (14) 133.
in Aberdeen Bay. See
**Garland.”
—- in Aberdeen Bay, description
of stations, (5) 55.
——- —— inClyde, description of stations,
(18) 20.
—— —— inefficiency of ‘‘ Garland” for,
(20) 29.
See ** Gar-
in Firth of Clyde.
land.”
-— in Firth of Forth.
land.”
—— —---in Firth of Forth, description
of stations, (5) 52.
—— —— in Firth of Forth, comparison
of periods, (20) 21.
—— —— in Forth and St. Andrews Bay,
conclusions from, (14) 144.
—-— —-— in Montrose Bay.
land.”
—— —— in Moray Firth.
land.”
——- —— in Moray Firth, description of
stations, (19) 18.
in St. Andrews Bay. See ‘‘Gar-
See ‘‘ Gar-
See ** Gar-
See ‘* Gar-
land.”
—— —— in St. Andrews Bay, descrip-
tion of stations, (14) 130.
—— origin of, (14) 128.
—— —— review of results of, (14) 11,145.
investigations by steam-trawlers,
(19) 58; (22) 18; (23) 13.
—_— —— by steam-trawlers at Faerée,
(23) 31-33, 58-64.
—— by steam-trawlers in Aberdeen
Bay, (19) 68, 79, 85; (20) 92, 95, 96,
98, 99, 102-106, 109, 110, 112; (22) 19;
(23) 18, 14, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 48, 49,
53, 57.
—— —— by steam-trawlers in Burghead
Bay, (20) 93, 97, 98, 101, 104, 111, 113;
(23) 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 42, 44,
45, 50-57.
by steam-trawlers in Cromarty
Firth, (20) 93.
—— —— by steam-trawlers in Dornoch
Firth, (20) 94, 97, 101, 104, 107, 110;
(23) 20, 21, 24, 26, 29, 42, 43, 47, 52,
55, 57.
—— —— by steam-trawlers in Dunnet
Bay, (23) 16.
—— —— by steam-trawlers in Lunan
Bay, (20) 96.
by steam-trawlers in Moray
Firth, (19) 18, 69, 80, 88; (20) 18; (22)
19; (23) 13, 14, 26.
by steam-trawlers in North
Sea, (20) 73.
—— —— by steam-trawlers in Sandside
Bay, (23) 15, 36, 37.
—— —— by steam-trawlers in Sinclair
Bay, (20) 94.
—— by steam-trawlers in Spey Bay,
(20) 104.
—— by steam-trawlers in Thurso
Bay, (20) 95.
Part IIT—Twenty-third Annual Report
Trawling investigations by steam-
trawlers off Dunbeath, (20) 94.
—— by steam-trawlers off the Firth
of Forth, (22) 48.
by steam-trawlers off Lossie-
mouth, (20) 93, 101; (23) 20, 24,
41, 46.
by steam-trawlers off Lybster,
(20) 106, 112, 114; (23) 15, 24, 34, 35,
36, 47.
—— —— by steam trawler off Ord of
Caithness, (23) 15, 37, 38.
by steam-trawlers on deep-
water grounds, (19) 67, 71 ; (20) 114.
by steam-trawlers on Smith
Bank, (20) 95, 96, 106, 114; (21) 18;
(22) 25, 30, 36, 43, 45; (23) 13, 22, 24,
31, 44, 48, 57.
—— —— by steam-trawler on ‘‘ Witch
grounds,” (23) 13, 17, 26, 39, 50.
Trebius caudatus, (9) 306; (18) 155.
Tremadota parasita, (19) 137 ; (20) 299 ;
(22) 278 ; (23) 115.
Tricho-plankton, characters of, (15) 302.
Trichopsetta, (18) 356.
Trichotropis borealis, (15) 119.
Triforis perversa, (15) 118.
Trigla cuculus. See Gurnard, red.
gurnardus. See Gurnard, grey.
hirundo. See Gurnard, sapphirine.
—— lineata, See Gurnard, streaked.
—— lucerna. See Gurnard, lanthorn.
obscura. See Gurnard, lanthorn.
Triglops murray?, (18) 165; (16) 8; (18)
276.
Triloculina brongniartii, (7) 313.
oblonga, (7) 312.
Triopa clavigera, (15) 116.
Tripos-plankton, characters of, (15) 302.
Tristoma coccineum, (19) 144.
—— mole, (19) 144.
Triteta gibbosa, (14) 160; (19) 262.
Tritonia hombergi, (15) 117.
Trivia europea, (15) 118.
Trochamina inflata, (8) 315, 322; (16)
275.
—— macrescens, (8) 315.
—— ochracea, (8) 315.
—— plicata, (16) 275.
—— robertsoni, (16) 275.
—— squamata, (15) 166.
—— squamata-gordialis, (8) 314.
Trochopus lineatus, (19) 143.
Trochus granulatus, (15) 168.
—— lyonsii, (8) 331.
—— montacuti, (8) 331.
tumidus, (6) 231.
—— zizyphinus, (8) 331.
Trophon muricatus, (15) 118.
—— truncatus, (15) 118.
Trophonia glauca, (16) 158.
Trout, catarrh of gills of, (12) 294.
—— common, parasites of, (19) 132.
—— sea- (Salmo trutta), (18) 287.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 252.
Truncatulina lobatula, (9) 288 ; (15) 167.
—— ungeriana, (16) 277.
Tryblionella angustata, (9) 274.
Trygon pastinaca. See Ray, sting.
Tryphana malmi, (22) 243, 256.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 247
Tryphosa ciliata, (7) 327.
—— horringii, (14) 158.
—— longipes, (7) 320; (22) 257.
—— nanoides, (22) 256.
—— sarst, (15) 137.
Tryphosella horringit, (19) 258 ; (20) 523.
Tryphosites longipes, (15) 137.
Tub-fish. See Gurnard, sapphirine.
Tubifex rivulorum, (9) 273.
Tumour attached to stomach of a saithe,
(13) 236.
Tumour, cystic, in head of cod, (4) 215.
—-— from a tunny, (11) 392.
Tumours, caseous, in muscels of hake,
(3) 76.
— in haddock and cod, (10) 323.
—— multiple, in plaice and flounders,
(3) 66; (4) 214; (11) 391.
Tunny (Orcynus thynnus), (18) 277.
description of one caught in Firth
of Forth, (4) 206,
—— parasites of, (4) 207.
—— skeleton of, (12) 272.
—— spawning period of, (4) 245.
Tupper, Sir Charles, (8) 359 ; (6) 192.
Turbo politus.
Turbonilla rufa, (15) 121.
Turbot (Rhombus maximus), (15) 112;
(18) 285, 357.
—— abnormal specimen of, (2) 80,
—-— cross-fertilisation of, with lemon
dab, (8) 358.
—— development of, (13) 14, 224.
—— distribution of, (21) 51.
——- distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 171; (21) 51.
—— distribution of young, (10) 279.
—— eggs and larvee of, (12) 19, 222.
—— eggs of, (7) 304; (8) 285; (10) 274;
(13) 14, 224; (14) 151, 172; (15) 187;
(16) 91, 114; (17) 82, 83, 84, 93, 96,
104.
—— eggs of, distribution of, (15) 242, 250.
—— experiments in breeding of, (14) 150.
fecundity of, (9) 262.
—— food of, (7) 234, 240; (8) 249, 250,
252, 253, 255 ; (20) 312, &c. ; (21) 52.
——- growth of, (11) 195.
—— hatching of, (12) 11; (13) 9, 131;
(14) 150 ; (16) 219.
—— larve of, (13) 14, 244.
—— mature and immature, (8) 380.
-—— migrations of, (11) 189; (21) 51.
—— minimum size at maturity of, (8)
161, 162, 163.
— — parasites of, (18) 152, 165 ; (19) 137,
143
—— post-larval forms of, (7) 307.
—— proportion of males to females, (8)
349.
relation of length to weight in, (22)
144, 216.
—— remarks on gravid forms at Dunbar,
(13) 244.
—w— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
size-limit between mature and
immature, (22) 18.
—— spawning period of, (4) 250; (7)
192; (8) 264; (10) 232, 236 ;=(15) 242;
(17) 98. é
Turbot, spawning places of, (7) 192; (8)
264
—— young of, (11) 246.
Turkey as a market for Scottish-cured
herrings, (7) 164.
Turner, Sir William, (20) 541.
Turritella, (7) 3847 ; (20) 497.
—— terebra, (15) 119; (20) 522.
Turtonia minuta, (15) 125.
Tusk (Brosmius brosme), (10) 260 ; (21) 63.
—~—- development of, (10) 289.
eggs of, (10) 288; (16) 91, 114, 115.
—— fecundity of, (9) 259.
—— parasite of, (18) 180.
—— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
—— small size of testes of, (10) 240.
spawning period of, (4) 249 ; (7) 196.
Tweed, micro-organisms in water of, (4)
179, 184; (5) 382.
Typhlotanais brevicornis, (19) 268; (20)
479.
U
Udonella caligorum, (19) 144.
Unciola planipes, (17) 265 ; (19) 266 ; (20)
479, 511, 520.
Undinopsis brady?, (18) 384; (20) 451.
United States as a market for Scottish-
cured herrings, (7) 169.
—— fishery work in, (6) 301; (7) 388;
(8) 363; (9) 401; (10) 342; (12) 393;
(13) 336.
—— money spent on fisheries in, (12)
9
—-— piscicultural work in, (9) 402; (13)
336.
—— report on fishery industries of, (7)
388.
— work of Fish Commission, (6) 14,
16, 30; (8) 363; (12) 393 ; (14) 8.
Uraster rubens, (7) 347.
Urothoé elegans, (8) 327.
—— marina, (14) 159 ; (15) 138; (18) 401.
norvegica, (15) 138.
—— pulchella, (14) 159.
Use of small-meshed nets in the herring
fishing, (6) 295.
Utriculus obtusus, (20) 510.
Uvigerina angulosa, (8) 316; (16) 277.
Vv
VAARSILD, (17) 282.
Vaginulina legumen, (16) 277.
——- linearis, (7) 314.
Valvata cristata, (9) 271, 284, 288; (15)
320; (17) 159.
—— piscinalis, (8) 336; (9) 271, 276,
281, 285 ; (12) 285 ; (138) 249; (15) 320;
(17) 139, &e.
Valvulina austriaca, (16) 275.
Variability of characters in species, (18)
294,
various forms of, (18) 207.
Variation in the size of fishes’ eggs, (13
15, 271.
—— of lobster megalops, (23) 83.
Variations, method of treating, (18) 201.
Varigny, M. de, (12) 297.
248
Vaunthompsonia cristata, (14) 158; (15)
134.
rosea, (4) 164.
Vela, Senor R. Gutierran, (8) 21, 353;
(9) 389, 421; (11) 487; (12) 403.
Velutella flewilis, (15) 120.
Velutina levigata, (15) 120.
Vendace (Coregonus vandesius), spawning
period of, (6) 252.
Tenilia gracilis, (6) 253.
Venus casina, (15) 127.
—— fasciata, (15) 127 ; (20) 527.
gallina, (15) 127.
—— minima, (8) 331.
ovata, (15) 127.
Verasper, (18) 352.
Vermes of Loch Fyne, (15) 157; (16) 273.
pelagic, of Firth of Forth, (16) 190.
Vermiculum bicorne, (7) 313.
oblongum, (7) 312.
Verneuilina polystropha, (16) :
Verrucca stromia, (6) 237 ; (15)
(23) 130.
Vertebralina striata, (7) 312.
Vertigo antiveitigo, (14) 168, 169.
Vesicularia spinosa, (15) 157.
Virbius fasciger, (6) 260.
varians, (6) 260.
Virguaria mirabilis, (15) 163.
Virgulina schreibersiana, (7) 315; (16)
276.
Vitality of eggs of ballan wrasse, (5)
2
a
of fishes caught in trawl-nets,
of young lobsters, (23) 67.
Viviparous blenny. See Blenny, vivi-
parous.
Volvox globator, (9) 275.
Volvula acuminata, (15) 115.
W
WappineTon, Mr H. T., (22) 125.
Walker, Mr A. O., (10) 244.
Wallace, Mr William, (14) 223.
Walpole, Sir Spencer, (10) 173.
Wattel, M. Raveret, (7) 384; (8) 21; (11)
21, 487; (13) 16.
Weber, Prof. Max, (6) 306.
Webster, Mr H. A., (7) 384.
Weever, young stages of, (9) 324.
greater and lesser, question of
specific distinction of, (4) 207.
reater (Tvrachinus draco), (4) 207 ;
(7) 326; (8) 357.
— spawning period of, (4) 244;
(7) 197.
lesser (Z’rachinus vipera), (4) 207;
(18) 277 ; (21) 69.
eggs of, (14) 223; (16)
(17) 83, 93, 96.
— — embryo of, (16) 214.
—— —— fecundity of, (9) 251.
food of, (20) 486, 493.
larger on East Coast than on
West, (21) 71.
migration of, (21) 70.
proportion of sexes in, (21) 70.
114;
Part IIl—Twenty-third Annual Report
Weever, lesser, size of males and females,
(21) 70.
spawning period of, (4) 244.
Weirs, destruction of immature fish by,
(8) 190.
fishing by means of, (8) 190.
Weldon, Mr W. F. R., (6) 299; (8) 361.
West Coast expedition of ‘‘ Garland,”
(11) 15, 23, 167.
fishing ground on, (7) 5.
of Scotland, vertebrate fauna of, (7)
385.
Westwoodia carinata, (8) 326.
nobilis, (4) 152; (6) 240; (15) 152;
(21) 130.
Westwoodilla ceecula, (10) 263.
hyalina, (10) 263.
Whale, notes on Greenland whalebone,
(7) 365.
Whales in Spanish waters, (8) 370.
Whelks, injuries to hooked fishes by, (4)
204.
Whiff. See Megrim.
Whitch. See Witch.
White, Dr P., (7) 385.
Whitebait, (22) 171.
nature of, (4) 98.
Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis), com-
position of, (5) 228.
digestibility of, (5) 228.
Whiting (Gadus merlangus), (18) 282.
age of, at first-maturity, (19) 189;
(20) 400.
arrangement of muscles in, (4) 168.
cross-fertilisation of, with grey
gurnard, (8) 358.
distribution of adult and immature,
(8) 175.
—— distribution of eggs of, (15) 225.
eggs of, (7) 306; (8) 284; (16) 91,
114; (17) 82, 83, 84, 93, 96, 103, 106.
fecundity of, (9) 256.
food of, (5) 317; (7) 230, &c. ; (8)
231, 243, 249, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256 ;
(9) 230, 235, &e. ; (10) 217, 227, 231;
(20) 486, 513.
growth of, (8) 175; (11) 196;
204; (19) 154, 166; (20) 335, 368.
-— growth of, comparative, in different
regions, (20) 399.
immense shoals of young, in Firth
of Forth, (8) 175.
in Loch Fyne, (4) 232; (15) 111.
—— larva of, (16) 215.
—— life-history of, (15) 194.
mature and immature, (8) 175.
—— parasites of, (18) 178; (19) 121, 146,
149; (23) 108.
pelagic habit of young, (20) 387.
post-larval forms of, (7) 308.
proportion of immature, landed by
trawlers, (22) 19.
proportion of males to females, (8)
349.
relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 148, 224.
sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
size, average, at maturity, (22) 150.
size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
(15)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Whiting, size, minimum, at maturity, (8)
161, 162, 163.
size of, at first-maturity, (19) 189;
(20) 339.
sizes of, (14) 144.
spawning areas of, (15) 227.
spawning period of, (4) 247 ; (7) 194;
(8) 267 ; (17) 97; (19) 185; (21) 20.
—— vertical distribution of early stages
of, (19) 187.
—— young, caught in bag-net fishing for
sprats, (23) 157.
on deep-water grounds, (19)
289.
Couch’s (Gadus poutassou), (18) 283;
(19) 284.
occurrence of, in Firth of Forth,
(20) 539.
—— —— spawning period of, (4) 247.
pout. See Bib.
Widegren, (4) 102.
Wigton Bay, occurrence of anchovy in,
(23) 252.
Williamson, Dr H. Chas., (11) 17, 265,
490 ; (12) 19, 298, 322; (13) 14, 15, 192,
258, 271; &c.
Wilmot, Mr S., (9) 396; (10) 335; (11)
493.
Wilson, Dr John, (4) 218; (5) 247.
Mr Peter, (4) 255.
Wind, annual resultant of monthly means,
(15) 356.
effect of, in changing density of
water in Loch Fyne, (15) 264.
effect of, in changing temperature of
water in Loch Fyne, (15) 264.
effect of, on surface currents, (15)
356.
Winds, prevailing, in the North Sea, (15)
360.
Witch (Pleuronectes cynoglossus), (15) 112;
(18) 286, 353 ; (21) 49.
abundant in Moray Firth, (21) 49.
age of, (22) 195.
— distribution of, (21) 49.
—— distribution of young of, (22) 190.
duration of post-larval period, (22)
270, 271.
eggs of, (16) 91,
83, 84, 93, 104.
time taken by, to hatch, (22)
114, 115; (17) 82,
186.
fecundity of, (9) 264.
food of, (7) 226, 238, 239, 246; (8)
231, 237, 250, 254; (9) 226, 238, 342;
(10) 214, 223 ; (21) 223.
—— growth of, (22) 186.
mature and immature, (8) 172.
—— post-larval, (22) 187.
post-larval and early young stages
of, (22) 270.
post-larval and young, (22) 270.
proportion of immature, landed by
trawlers, (22) 19.
proportion of sexes among, (8) 349;
(22) 195.
—— rarity of young, (21) 49.
relation of length to weight, (22)
144, 210.
— sexual proportions of, (10) 239.
249
Witch, size-limit between mature and im-
mature, (22) 18.
size, minimum, at maturity, (8) 161,
162, 163.
size of, at maturity, (10) 238; (22)
195.
spawning period of, (4) 251 ; (7) 190;
(8) 263 ; (10) 234; (17) 99; (22) 186.
sole. See Witch.
Wolf-fish. See Cat-fish.
‘*Wonderkuil” fishery in Zuiderzee, (6)
306 ; (8) 366.
fishing-net, (8) 157.
Wondyrchroum, ancient trawl-net, (8)
BYE
Wood’s Holl Station, U.S., Fish Com-
mission, (6) 302.
Woodall, Mr John, (12) 205.
Woodhead, Professor G. Sims, (3) 76;
(4) 176.
Worms, parasitic, on fish, (19) 137.
Wrasse, ballan (Labrus maculatus), (4)
232; (15) 111; (18) 281.
food of, (4) 210.
larvee of, (5) 246.
ova, fry, and nest of, (5) 245.
—— —— parasites of, (19) 139; (23)
109, 116.
spawning period of, (4) 246.
small-mouthed. See Centrolabrus
exoletus.
— rainbow (Coris julis), (18) 282.
striped (Labrus mixtus), (4) 232; (15)
111; (18) 281.
food of, (21) 221.
—— —— parasites of, (19) 127 ; (20) 291,
293.
xX
Xantho hydrophilus, (18) 404.
imcisus, (18) 404.
Xanthocalanus borealis, (20) 449, 452.
Xestoleberis aurantia, (7) 318; (15) 148.
depressa, (6) 244; (15) 148.
Niphichilus tenuissimus, (6) 245.
Xylophaga dorsalis, (14) 158 ; (15) 128.
Xystreurys, (18) 352, 356.
Y
YARRELL’s blenny. See Blenny.
Yolk of teleostean eggs, chemical com-
position of, (16) 136.
of teleostean eggs, physical charac-
ters of, (16) 136.
See Eggs.
Young fishes, destruction of, by sprat
and sparling fishermen, (23) 156.
—— lobsters, food of, (23) 69, 70.
—— —— vitality of, (23) 67.
Z
Zaus goodsiri, (8) 319; (16) 269 ; (19) 250.
oralis, (8) 319.
spinatus, (4) 153; (6) 241; (15) 152;
(16) 258, 260.
Zeus faber. See John Dory.
250
Zeugopterus megastoma. See Megrim.
norvegicus. See Topknot, Norway.
—— punctatus. See Topknot, Muller’s.
unimaculatus. See Topknot, one-
spotted.
Zippora membranacea, (15) 119.
Zizyphinus millegranus, (15) 122.
montagur, (15) 122.
zizyphinus, (15) 121.
Zoarces viviparus. See Blenny, vivi-
parous.
Zoéa of Carcinus menas, (21) 139.
of edible crab, (18) 88.
Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
Zoéa of lobster, (23) 67.
of shrimp, (19) 114.
Zoantharia, (10) 266.
Zones of growth i in skeletal structures of
fishes, (23) 125.
Zonites radiatulus, (14) 168, 169.
Zosime fusiformis, (18) 390.
spinulosa, (9) 301.
—— typica, (11) 202;
248.
(15) 149; (19)
Zuiderzee as a nursery for plaice, (9) 414.
fisheries in, (8) 366; (9) 414.
—— fishes which spawn in, (8) 368.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 251
X.—ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES.
By Dr. T. Wemyss Fuuron, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific
Investigations.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
The Young of the Conger (Leptocephalus), - = - - 251
The Anchovy (EZngraulis encrasicholus), - - - - 252
The Catfish (Anarrhichas | ee, - = - 2 = e252
An Albino Plaice, - - ae 252
The Spawning of the Cod in Apeaan i in the North Sea, - - 253
THe YOUNG OF THE ConcER (Leptocephalus).
In last year’s Report I described and figured two specimens of
Leptocephalus,* both taken in the Moray Firth, one in December and
the other in February. On 4th May last the Laboratory attendant,
while using a small trawl of very fine netting, fitted on an iron frame,
like a dredge-frame, for the capture of newly-transformed flat-fishes,
caught a third specimen, and part of another. The drag was made in
Aberdeen Bay, opposite the Bathing Station, in from four to five
fathoms of water, and the fish in the net were brought ashore alive and
placed in a tank in the tank-house at the Marine Laboratory. Next
morning, on examining the tank, the Leptocephalus was discovered
alive, concealed in a chink. Besides this living specimen, the head part
of another of apparently the same stage and dimensions was found
adhering to the net; it had been cut off about a centimetre behind the
head, probably by the action of the edge of the iron frame dragged
along the bottom. Other similar hauls in the same locality were made
on succeeding days, but no other specimens were secured.
The living specimen was transferred to a large glass basin, on the
bottom of which sand was strewn, and a stone with sea-weed growing
on it was placed in the centre. Tow-nettings and also collections of
crustacea from the beach, as well as minced mussels latterly, were
placed in the tank. Here the young conger lived and thrived until
13th June, when it disappeared. It was observed by the attendant in
the morning, but was missed a few hours later. ‘The overflow was
carried away by two S-shaped glass tubes, acting as syphons, and
removing the water at a little distance below the surface. The bore of
these tubes was about four millimetres in diameter, and it is not easy to
understand how the Leptocephalus could have made its exit through
either of them.
As it was desired to rear it if possible, it was not removed from the
vessel for examination. So far as could be judged, it was about five
inches in length and about a centimetre in breadth, and corresponded
closely to the second of the two forms described last year, and identified
as L. punctatus, of Kaup. The myotomes and the median row of black
dots could be seen distinctly, but none were observed on the ventral
margin. It was slightly whitish, but translucent and almost trans-
* Twenty-Second Annual Report of the Fishery Board jor Scotland. Part III., p. 281.
252 Part II1.—Twenty-third Annual Report
parent, and its eyes were the only conspicuous part of it, the silvery lustre
contrasting with the intense black pigment, of which there was also a
somewhat triangular patch on the upper surface.
At first it habitually lurked in concealment under the overhanging
edge of the stone, only its head being visible. On being disturbed its
first movement was to withdraw the head also, but if the disturbance
continued, it came out from its lair and swam slowly round the vessel,
close to the sand, with an undulatory or serpentine movement, stopping
every now and again and swaying its head to one side or the other as if
examining the bottom, which it occasionally tapped suddenly with its
snout. Later, it took up a position on the top of the stone, among the
weeds, with its body entwined among the stems.
In the part of the other specimen, examined later after preservation
in formaline, the depth behind the head was 6mm. and the thickness
3mm., the diameter of the eye being 15mm. The lower jaw was con-
spicuously longer than the upper, projecting considerably beyond it;
minute dots of dusky pigment existed on the tip of the snout, and _ still
more markedly on and around the tip of the lower jaw, extending
backwards under it. The tissues had a solid consistence. This speci-
men thus appears to differ somewhat from the one I described last year.
THe Ancuovy (Zngraulis encrasicholus).
In some previous reports I have described the occurrence of the
anchovy in Scottish waters.* Ou 29th June, last year, a specimen was
taken in a sparling (or smelt) net, near Creetown, Wigton Bay, and
was sent by Mr. W. Poole, of that place, to Mr. R. Duthie, the Fishery
Officer of the district, whom I have to thank for the specimen. Com-
pared with other Scottish specimens that have come into my hands, it
is unusually large. The end of the tail is damaged, and its length, as it
is, is 178mm., or 7 inches, but when perfect it probably measured about
184mm. According to Day, the anchovy rarely exceeds 64 inches, but
he mentions that Dunn has obtained specimens off the Cornish coast
measuring eight inches in length.
THe Catrisu (Anarrhichas lupus).
The spawning period of this fish has not yet been well determined;
it may therefore be worth while recording that on 6th August last,
among a number which were caught by a trawler in 49 fathoms, six
miles north-west of Foula Island, which lies to the westwards of the
Shetlands, some of the females had the eggs well advanced. The fish
were opened by Captain Samuel Caie and the eggs were sent in bottles to
the Marine Laboratory. In three cases the eggs measured from 3mm.
to 4mm. and were obviously immature, but in one instance they were
fully mature, measuring 6mm., and they were isolated and separate, and
apparently ready for extrusion.
M‘Intosh and Masterman * are probably right in supposing that the
main spawning time of this fish is from November to January, with a
margin on either side; but the existence of a fully ripe female at the
beginning of August shows that spawning may begin much earlier than
November.
An ALBINO PLAICE.
I am indebted to Mr. James Robb for a specimen of an albino plaice
* Kighth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 351 ;
Twentieth, ibid., p. 539
+ British Marine Food Fishes, p. 201.
.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 253
which was caught by the steam trawler “Chinkiang,” 25 miles 8.-E. by
E. from Aberdeen in March last, and which was received alive at the
Marine Laboratory. It was 14 inches in length and was everywhere
destitute of pigment, except on the upper surface of the head and gill-
cover and at the root of the ventrals, where a small patch existed. The
ocular side was as white as the blind side. The fish was put into a tank
along with other flat-fishes and was exceedingly conspicuous as it lay on
the bottom. It lived for over two months and was found dead on 19th
May.
in the Report for last year * I described another albino plaice, so
that they are not extremely rare. |
The specimen above described was interesting also as giving an
example of the tenacity of life in this species. It was caught by the
“ Chinkiang” about two in the morning, put with the other plaice and
brought to market; it was being packed in a box in the usual way about
ten o'clock, when it was discovered by Mr. Robb, who sent it to the
laboratory in fresh water as preferable to the impure water of the
harbour,
THE SPAWNING OF THE Cop IN AUTUMN IN THE NortH SEA.
Under this title, I contributed last year to the Publications de
Circonstance (No. 8, 9) of the International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea, a paper in which I described the occurrence of shoals of
spawning cod in autumn, on a ground known as the “ Reef,” lying
about 180-190 miles E. by N., or E. by 3-N., from Aberdeen, that is to
say, close to the deep water of the Norwegian Channel, and about
seventy or eighty miles from the coast of Norway. <A few additional
observations on the subject may be here mentioned.
Last year the fishing on this ground was begun about the middle of
July by one of the steam liners (the “ Vigilant”), and later by others,
and it was continued till late in the year. . Mr. Forbes, the skipper of
this vessel, informed me that the grounds on which they were fishing
were situated 195 and 196 miles E. 3-N. from Aberdeen in 55 and 56
fathoms of water. He states that there is another patch of rough
ground about 50 miles to the northwards where they also get spawning
cod in autumn. In August I noticed the ripe cod in the fish-yards and
traced them to the “ Reef” grounds, and I got Mr. Forbes to keep a
tally of the cod taken on two of his voyages. The first occasion was
30th August and the position was 165 miles E. 2?-N., the depth being
56 fathoms. The number of cod caught was 18 score, or 360 fish, and
the number from which the milt or eggs were observed to be running
as they were brought on board was 37 males and 28 females, or nearly
19 per cent. On this occasion, I was informed, the vessel was not quite
on the proper grounds; they were a little too far north and, owing to
fog, they were unable to see the sun to determine their position. When
on the right ground, they say that practically all the cod taken are
either spawning or full, or spent. The next occasion was the 14th
September, the position being nearly the same, viz., 196 miles E. 2-N.,
and the depth 55 fathoms. Forty-one score of cod, or 820 fish, were
taken, and the number observed to be “running” was 83 females and
67 males, or again nearly 19 per cent. One or two ling were also found
to be spawning, but as a rule they were beginning to “fill up.”
It is of interest to note that the largest average catches of cod
obtained by the Aberdeen steam-liners are taken from the area in
*Page 286,
254 Part I11.—Twenty-third Annual Report
which these grounds are situated. The statistics of the vessels in 1903,
for which I am indebted to Professor D’Arcy Thompson, show the
following, in ewts. per 100 lines used, for Square XX., in which the
“ Reef ” lies :—
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April.| May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
Cod, - - a oc 30 30°0 | 60°6 | 69°6 | 92°8 | 114°8 |161°1 |143°1 |109°6
Codling, - : oc oe ac | 50 5°75 | 2°6 46 | 375] 5:24) 4°69) 6:2
And the complete statistics for the various Squares in the North Sea,
in which the vessels fished in the last five months of the year are
these :—
l
XIII. | XVI.| XVII.| XVIII.| XX. |XXI.| XXII.) XXIIL| XXIV.) XXV.|XXVI|XXVIIL |XXIX.
August, - - ae Ss a me ala Gh) ss Ue as ote Ae bs 63°7 Sa 08
September, - 75 161°1 13°3 35 06
October, - =a it Js Ae ae 143A) ce 42 31°9 50 FAD exe ee 39°5
November, - Me ae 40°9 23°6 | 109°6 20:2) |) 63°5 44°6
December, -! 833] .. | 69° 31°8 42°4 | 54 341 | 5471
Square XXV., it may be said, lies to the south of XX., contiguous
with it.
Dr. Hjort, of the Norwegian Fishery Board, who visited the grounds
in the ‘‘ Michael Sars,” the Norwegian investigation steamer, last
August, has pointed out as an interesting fact that the temperature at
the place where the spawning cod are found in autumn is the lowest
for the year in the locality, while on the coastal banks, where the
spawning takes place in spring, the temperature is also at the lowest
during the spawning time.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
INDEX.
ABERDEEN Bay, trawling investigations
in, 13, 14, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 48, 49,
53, 57.
Acipenser sturio. See Sturgeon.
Albino plaice, description of, 252.
Ameira elegans, 144.
Anchovy (Kngraulis — encrasicholus),
occurrence of, in Wigton Bay, 252.
Annarhichas lupus. See Cat-fish.
Anthosoma crassum, 112.
smithi, 112.
Arcturella dilatata, 151.
Autumn spawning of cod, 253.
BaG-NET for sprat fishing, description
of, 161-162.
Barret, Dr W. H., 166.
Basse (Labrax /wpus), parasites of, 109,
inl7g
Beard, Dr J., 166.
Behaviour of lobsters, the, 95.
Bib (Gadus luscus), parasite of, 108, 113.
Body fluid of lobster, 98.
Bomolochus onosi, 110.
—-—- sole, 108.
Brachiella trigle, 115.
Brady, Professor G. S., 166.
Brook, George, 166, 167.
Burghead Bay, trawling investigations
in, 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 42, 44,
45, 50-57.
CALDERWOOD, W. L., 167.
Caligus abbreviatus, 109.
—— brevipedis, 110.
—— crassus, 112.
—— minimus, 109.
minutus, 109.
Casting, increase in size of lobster on,
95.
—— of lobster, 89.
Cat-fish (Annarhichas lupus), eggs of,
252.
—— parasite of, 114.
—— spawning time of, 252.
Causes of failure of the Tay sprat fishery,
161.
Chondracanthus depressus, 114.
Clarkson, Dr R. D., 167.
Cletodes sarsi, 146.
Cleve, Professor P. T., 167.
Coal-fish, spawning of, in Dornoch Firth,
0.
Cod (Gadus callarius), lines of growth
in otoliths of, 128.
—-—- lines of growth in scales of, 130.
—-— parasite of, 108.
Cod, spawning of, at Faerée, 33.
—— —— in autumn in North Sea, 253.
in Dornoch Firth, 20.
Cold, effect of, on lobsters, 72, 98.
Conger, young (Leptocephalus), specimens
of, 251.
Contribution to life-history of the lobster,
65.
Conveyance of young lobsters, 68.
Copepoda, as food of young lobster, 67.
parasita, 108.
Crab, eggs of, 154.
fry of, 154.
—-- —— vitality of, 154.
Crabs, hatching of, 154.
Crustacea, new and rare, from the Scot-
tish seas, 141.
Cunningham, J. T., 167.
Dags, common, spawning of, in Dornoch
Firth, 20.
Daniel, Dr Alfred, 167.
Dannevig, Harold C., 167,
Day, Dr Francis, 167.
Decalcifying action of formaline, 133.
Description of bag-net for sprat fishing in
Tay, 161-162.
—— of larvee of lobster, 71.
Destruction of herring and sprats by bag-
nets, 156.
—— of young fishes by sprat and spar-
ling fishermen,
Dichelestium sturionis, 111,
Dickson, Dr H. N., 167.
Diplectanum cequans, 117.
Dornoch Firth, spawning of cod, etc., in,
20,
—— trawling investigations in, 20, 21,
24, 26, 29, 42, 43, 47, 52, 55, 57.
Dunnet Bay, trawling investigations in,
16.
Duthie, Robert, 168, 175.
Dyspontius curticaudus, 148.
EpineTon, Dr Alexander, 168.
Eggs of cat-fish, 252,
—— of crab, 154.
—— of lobster, 101, 102.
—— external, of lobster, 102.
—— ripe, of lobster, 102.
Engraulis encrasicholus.
Euryte longicauda, 143,
Eurytemora affinis, 67.
Ewart, Professor J. Cossar, 168.
Expense of hatching operations, 121.
External eggs of lobster, 102.
See Anchovy.
256
Fanroer, cod spawning at, 33.
—— grounds, small _ percentage of
unmarketable fish at, 33.
—— trawling investigations at, 31-33,
58-64.
Fishes, parasites of, 108.
—--— young, destruction of, by sprat and
sparling fishermen, 156.
Fletcher, John, 168.
Flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), parasite of,
108.
Flounders, spawning of, in
Firth, 20.
Food of young lobsters, 69, 70.
Formaline, decalcifying action of, 133.
Fry from hatchery, liberation of, 124.
Fryer, C. E., 168.
Fullarton, Dr J. H., 168.
Fulton, Dr T. Wemyss, 168, 169, 171.
Dornoch
GADID&, zones of growth in the skeletal
structures of, 125.
Gadus luscus. See Bib.
General Index to the Scientific Reports,
166.
Gibson, Dr John, 171.
Gray, David, 171.
Greenfield, Professor W. 8., 171.
Grounds of Tay sprat fishery, 163.
Growth of lobster, 85, 95.
—— zones of, in the skeletal structures of
fishes, 125.
Gurnard, grey (Trigla gurnardus), para-
sites of, 115, 116.
—— streaked (T'rig/a lineata), parasite
of, 115.
Happock (Gadus ceglefinus), parasite of,
108.
Halliburton, Dr W. D., 171.
Hard lobsters, 100.
Hardening of the shell in lobster, 93.
Harpacticus uniremis, 147.
Hatchery at Bay of Nigg, operations at,
120.
—— —-- scarcity of adult plaice for, 121.
Hatching of crabs, 154.
—— of lobster, 65.
—— operations, expense of, 121.
Heincke, Professor Friedrich, 129, 171.
Herbertson, Dr Andrew J., 171.
Herring, lines of growth in otoliths of,
127.
Herrings, proportion of young, taken in
sprat fishing, 157.
Homarus vulgaris. See Lobster.
Hoyle, Dr William E., 171.
IcutTHyoLocicaL Notes, 251.
Index to Scientific Reports, 166.
JENKINS, Dr J. T., 127.
Kye, Dr Harry M., 171.
Labrax lupus. See Basse.
Labrus bergylta. See Wrasse, ballan.
Lamna cornubica. See Shark, porbeagle.
Laophonte longiremis, 145.
Larval stages of lobster, 69.
Lawrence, George, 172.
Part I11.— Twenty-third Annual Report
Lepeophtheirus sturionis, 110.
Leptocephalus morrisii, 251.
—— punctatus, 251.
Lernea lusci, 113.
Lesteira lumpi, 113.
Liberation of fry from hatchery, 124.
Lines of growth in opercular bones, 129.
—— —-- in otoliths, 126, 128.
—— in pectoral girdle, 131.
—— —— in scales of cod, 130.
—— — — in scales of fishes, 125, 129.
—— ——- in scales of plaice, 125, 129.
on in skeletal structures of fishes,
—— —-— in vertebrz of fishes, 130.
Ling (Molua molva), parasite of, 108.
Lobster (Homarus vulgaris), appendages
of the first zoéa, 74.
—— behaviour of, 95.
—— body fluid of, 98.
—— cast, shell of, 94.
—— casting of, 89.
—— contribution to life-history of, 65.
—— conveyance of, 65, 68.
description of larvee of, 71.
—— effect of cold on, 72, 98.
—— effect of the exposure of, to strong
light, 98.
—— eggs of, 101, 102.
—— external eggs of, 102.
— — food of the zoéa, 78.
—— forms resulting from the casting of
. 20éa, 83.
—— fry, stages in life of, 68, 69.
—— growth of, 85, 95.
—— hard, 100:
—— hardening of the shell in, 93.
—— hatching of, 65.
—— increase in size of, on casting, 95.
—-— indications of approaching moulting
in, 93.
— — larval, description of, 67.
—— male, description of, 89.
—— measurements of, 103.
~-— megalops stage of, 68.
—— ‘‘mysis” stage of, 69.
—— ovaries of, 98.
—--— protozoéa stage of, 68.
—— ripe egg of, 102.
senses of the, 97.
—— size of, before and after casting, 92.
—— soft, characters of, 94.
—— spawning of, 100, 101.
—— variation of the megalops of, 83.
—— young, copepoda as food of, 67.
a inline, 8) (70.
—— —— vitality of, 67.
—~—— zoéa stage of, 67.
Longipedia coronata, 143.
Lossiemouth, trawling investigations off,
20, 24, 41, 46.
Lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus), para-
site of, 108.
Lybster, trawling investigations off, 15,
24, 34, 35, 36, 47.
Lythe. Sce Pollack.
M‘Inrosu, Professor W. C., 172.
Maclagan, Nellie, 172.
Maitland, Sir J. R. G., Bart., 168, 172.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Masterman, Dr Arthur T., 172.
Matthews, J. Duncan, 168, 173.
Measurements of the lobster, 103.
Megalops stage of lobster, 68.
Methods adopted in hatching lobster, 65.
Microcotyle donavani, 116.
—— labracis, 117.
Mill, Dr Hugh Robert, 171, 173.
Milroy, Professor T. H., 173
Moray Firth, trawling investigations in,
13, 14, 26.
Movements of larval lobster, 67.
Murray, Dr George, 173.
—— Mr J., 173.
**Mysis” stage of lobster, 69.
Natura history of the sprat and winter
herring, notes on, 164.
Nicothe astaci, 149.
Norman, Rey. Canon A. M., 173.
Notes on the natural history of the sprat
and winter herring, 164.
OPERATIONS at the Bay of Nigg hatchery,
120. :
Opercular bones, lines of growth in, 129.
Ord of Caithness, trawling investigations
off, 15, 37, 38.
Otolith of cod, lines of growth in, 128.
—— of fishes, lines of growth in, 126, 128.
—— of herring, lines of growth in, 127.
——-of plaice, lines of growth in, 126,
133.
PARASITE of ballan wrasse, 109, 116.
of basse, 109, 117.
—— of bib, 108, 113.
—— of cod, 108.
—— of common sole, 108.
—-— of flounder, 108.
—— of grey gurnard, 115, 116.
—— of haddock, 108.
—— of ling, 108.
—— of lumpsucker, 108.
—— of plaice, 108.
—— of pollack, 108.
—— of porbeagle shark, 112.
—— of streaked gurnard, 115.
—— of sturgeon, 110.
— — of three-bearded rockling, 110.
—— of whiting, 108.
Parasites of fishes, 108.
Pearcey, Frederick G., 173.
Pectoral girdle, lines of growth in, 131.
Penella fibrosa, 113.
—— filosa, 113.
orthagorisci, 113.
Pennatula filosa, 113.
Period of Tay sprat fishery, 161.
Phyllocotyle gurnardi, 115.
Plaice, albino, description of, 252.
(Pleuronectes platessa), lines of
growth in otoliths of, 126, 133.
—— lines of growth in scales of, 125,
— —- otoliths of, 126, 133.
parasite of, 108.
-—-— spawning of, in Dornoch Firth, 30,
—— tenacity of life in, 252,
Plectanocotyle lorenzii, 116.
Pleuronectidz, zones of growth in the
skeletal structures of, 125.
257
Pollack (Gadus pollachius), parasite of,
108.
Prince, Professor EK. E., 173.
Proportion of berried hens in the catch
ot lobsters, 88.
Protozoéa stage of lobster, 68.
Pseudocaligus brevipedis, 110.
Pseudocyclopia giesbrechti, 141.
RarLway ratesfor fish from Dundee, 161.
Reibisch, Dr J., 125.
Rockling, three - bearded (Onos tricir-
ratus), parasite of, 110.
SANDEMAN, George, 174.
Sandside Bay, trawling investigations
min, 15, Boy eve
Scales of fishes, lines of growth in, 125,
129.
Scarcity of sprats in Tay, 156.
Scientific papers in annual reports, list
of, 166.
Scott, Dr Thomas, 167, 169, 174.
Senses of the lobster, 97.
Shark, porbeagle (Lamna
parasite of, 112.
Size of the lobster before
casting, 92.
Skeletal structures of fishes, zones of
growth in the, 125,
Smith, Dr W. Ramsay, 175.
—— W. Anderson, 175.
Smith Bank, trawling investigations on,
13, 22, 24, 31, 44, 48, 57.
Soft lobster, characters of, 94.
Sole, common (Solea vulgaris), parasite
of, 108.
Spawning cod, etc., in Dornoch Firth, 20.
—— of cod in autumn in the North Sea,
253.
—— of lobsters, 100, 101.
—— of plaice at hatchery, 120.
Spheronella aore, 150.
—— minuta, 149.
-—— vararensis, 150.
Sphyrion lumpi, 113, 114.
Sprat and herring, destruction of, by
bag-nets, 156.
—— and winter herring, notes on natural
history of, 164.
—— fishing in Tay, 156, 163.
—— —— in Tay, tides affecting, 163.
—— --— in Tay, proportion of herrings
taken in, 157.
Sprats, low prices of, in Tay, 161.
—— poor quality of, in Tay, 161.
—— scarcity of, in Tay, 156.
Statistics of Tay sprat fishery, 157.
Stenhelia pygmac, 144.
Steven, Dr J. Lindsay, 174.
Stewart, Professor Charles Hunter, 175.
Stirling, Professor William, 175.
Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), parasite of,
110.
Sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola), parasite of,
113.
cornubica),
and after
Tay sprat fishery, 156.
—— —— fishery, period of, 161.
—— sprat fishing grounds in, 163,
258 Part ILL. —Twenty-third Annual Report. _ 4
Temora longicornis, 67.
Tenacity of life in plaice, 253.
Thompson, Mr J. Stuart, 130.
Tides affecting the Tay sprat fishery, 163.
Tosh, Dr James R., 176.
Trawling investigations, 13.
—_—- —— at Faeroe, 31-33, 58-64.
_.— —— in Aberdeen Bay, 13, 14, 22,
25, 28, 31, 34, 48, 49, 53, 57.
—— in Burghead Bay, 18, 19, 22,
26, 27, 29, 30, 42, 44, 45, 50-57.
—— —-— jin Dornoch Firth, 20, 21, 24,
26, 29, 42, 43, 47, 52, 55, 57.
—— — in Dunnet Bay, 16.
—— —— in Moray Firth, 13, 14, 26.
—— -—— in Sandside Bay, 15, 36, 37.
—— —— off Lossiemouth, 20, 24, 41, 46.
—— --— off Lybster, 15, 24, 34, 35, 36,
pees era off Ord of Caithness, 15, 37,
—___ ——‘on Smith Bank, 13, 22, 24, 31,
44, 48, 57.
—__ —. 9n “witch-grounds,” 13, 17;
26, 39, 50.
Trematoda parasita, 115.
Trigla gurnardus. See Gurnard, grey.
—_— lineata. See Guruard, streaked.
VaRIATION of the megalops of lobster,
83.
7
Vertebre of fishes, lines of growth in,
130.
Vitality of crab fry, 154.
—-—~ of young lobster, 67.
Wa ace, William, 176.
Whiting (Gadus merlangus), parasite of,
108.
Wigton Bay, occurrence of anchovy in,
252.
Williamson, Dr H. Charles, 176.
Wilson, Dr John, 177.
—— Mr Peter, 177.
‘* Witch-grounds,” trawling investiga-
tions on, 13, 17, 26, 39, 50.
Woodhead, Dr G. Sims, 171, 177.
Wrasse, ballan (Labrus bergylta), para-
sites of, 109, 116. °
Youne fishes, destruction of, by sprat
and sparling fishermen, 156.
—— lobsters, food of, 69, 70.
—— —— vitality of, 67.
—— of the conger (Leptocephalus), 251.
ZobA, lobster, the appendages of the
first, 74.
—— stage of lobster, 67.
Zones of growth in the skeletal struc-
tures of fishes, 125.
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