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The Scotch-Irish in America.

•.. .■ *

PROCEEDINGS AND ADDRESSES

OF THB

EIGHTH CONGRESS,

HARRISBURG, PA., JUNE 4-7, 1896

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF

The Scotch-Irish Society op America.

NASHvn.M:, Tknn.
Barbee c<: Smitr, Agents.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIH.

PART I.

Frontispiece — Engraving of Mr. John McIlhexny. Page

Officers of the Society 1

Executive Committee o

Life Members 4

Constitution and By-laws o

Local Committees i^

Eighth Scotch-Irish Congress. By A. O. Floyd 11

PROCEEDINGS,

First Session op the Congress.

. Opening exercises 20

Mavor Patterson's address of welcome 20

Dr. Macintosh's response 21

President Bonner's letter of resignation 26

Mr. Long's letter... 28

First Business Meeting.

Report of Executive Committee 33

Financial Report ; : . . 36

Meeting at Deruy.

Mr. A. Boyd Hamilton's paper on Den y read 36

Mr. Samuel Evanses paper on Donegal read 37

Meeting at Paxtang.

Mr. W. F. Rutherford makes an address 38

Dr. N. G. Parke makes an address 38

Second Session of the Congress.

Governor Hastings's address of welcome 39

Vice President Greneral's response 42

Dr. Egle delivers an address 4:>

Dr. Henry C. McCook introduced and makes an address 44

Synopsis of Dr. Hall's address 44

Second Business Meeting.

Dr. Macintosh's report concerning President Bonner 45

Report of the Nominating Committee 47

Resolution to continue Mr. Bonner in the Presidency .... 48

Princeton's Offer to the Society 49

Washington and Lee's Offer 49

(iii)

IV THE SCOTCH-IRISU IN AMERICA.

Third Session of tub Cong h ess. Pa ok

Dr. George Macloskie introduced 53

Mr. Robert McMeen introduced i 53

^ Mr. B. M. Nead introduced 53

Mr. E. W. S. Parthemore introduced 53

Thibd Business Meeting.

Meeting of the National Council and Election of the Executive Com-
mittee 54

Honorary Members Elected 55

Fourth Session of the Congress.

Hon. W. H. Hunter presented and reads a paper 55

Major W. C. Armor's Letter to Dr. Macintosh 55

Mr. Grier Hersh introduced and reads a paper. 56

Mr. J. F. Meginnes presents a "J)aper . ,,,, 57

Fifth Session op the Congress.

Chancellor McCiacken introduced and delivers an address 57

Dr. James D. Moffatt presents an address 57

Dr. George Norcross introduced and reads a paper 58

Last Session of the Congress.

Dr. Macintosh delivers an address 58

The Chairman's remarks at the close of the Congress 58

Resolutions adopted 60

Dr. George B. Stewart's response j 61

Members Received at Harrisburg.. . 63

Invitations.

Invitation from Denver 65

Detroit's Invitation 66

Invitation from Nashville 66

From St. Louis 67

From San Jose, Cal 67

PART II.
ADDRESSES.

Landmarks of Early Scotch-Irish Settlement in Pennsylvania. By

William Henry Egle, M.D., Harrisburg, Pa 71

Scotch-Irish Women Pioneers. By Rev. Henry C. McCook, D.D.,

S.C.D., Philadelphia, Pa 83

The Changes of a Century; or, Ulster as It Was and as It Is. By

Prof. George Macloskie, LL.D., D.S.C, Princeton, N. J 95

The Scotch-Irish of the Juniata Valley. By Robert McMeen, Esq.,

Mifflinton, Pa 110

The Scotch-Irish Movement in the Cumberland Valley of Pennsyl- —

VANiA. By Benjamin Matthias Nead, Esi)., Harrisburjir, Pa 130

Early Ferries on the Susquehanna among the Scotch-Irish. By E.

W. S. Parthemore, Esq., Harrisburg, Pa 137

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII. V

Faok
Scotch-Irish Influknxe on American Journalism. By Hon. W. H.

Hunter, Steuben ville, O.. 142

The Scotch-Irish of the Upper Susquehanna Valley. By John F.
Meginne?, Esq., Williamsport, Pa 159

What Manner of Man Was and Is the Scotch-Irish American? By
Rev. Dr. Henry M. MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University. 170

Pioneer Educators in Washington County, Pa. By Rev. James D.
Moflfatt, D.D IftO

The Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland Valley. By Rev. George Nor- ^
cross, D.D., Carlisle, Pa 188

Scotch-Irish Settlement of Donegal, Lancaster County, Pa. By Sam-
uel Evans, Esq., Columbia, Pa 212

OiJ) Paxtano Church. By Hon. W. F. Rutherford, Harrisbnrg, Pa — 219

Personal Knowledge op the Scotch-Irish. By Rev. N. G. Parke, D.D.,
Pittsto n , Pa 227

History op Hanover Church and Congregation, Dauphin County,
Pa. By Judge J. W. Simonton, Harrisburg, Pa 231

Scotch-Irish Bibliography of Pennsylvania. By Maj. William Craw-
ford Armor, Harrisburg, Pa 253

Reminiscence op the Last Two Moderators, Young and Craig, and
THE Washington Gavel. By Col. Thomas M. Green 290

Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland Valley. By John M. Cooper, Esq.,
Chambersburg, Pa 296

The Scotch-Irish in York and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania. By
Grier Hersh, Esq., York, Pa.. 319

Old Derry Church. By Hon. A. Boyd Hamilton, Harrisburg, Pa 380

Closing Exercises of the Congress 392

IN MEMORIAM,

James Macnamee 400

Judge William Gilmore 400

James Geddes Craighead, D.D 401

William C. McBride 401

Obituary Notices 402

List of Members 403

Supplemental List of Members 418

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

PART I.

OFFICERS OF THE SCOTCH-IBISH SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

President
Egbert Bonniir, New York City.

Vire President General.
SxY. John S. MaoIntosh, D.D.^ Philadelphia, Pa.

First. Vice President at Large.
T. T. Weight, Nashville, Tenn.

Second Vice President at Large.
Ebv. J. H. Bryson, D.D., Huntsvilie, Ala,

Secretary.
A. C. Floyd, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Treasurer.
John McIlhenny, Philadelphia, Pa.

Vice Presidents for States and Territories,
Massachusetts. — John A. Aiken, Greenfield.
Connecticut. — Hon. D. S. Calhoun, Hartford.
New Hampshire. — Hon. Leonard A. Morrison, Canobie Lake.
New York. — ^Dr. John Hall, New York City.
Pennsylvania. — Col. A. K. McClure, Philadelphia.
New Jersey. — Hon. Thomas N. McCarter, Newark.

2 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Ohio, — Hon. W. H. Hunter, Stoubenville.

Illinois. — ^HoN. J. M . Scott, Bloomington.

Iowa, — Hon. P. M . Cassady, Des Moines.

Florida. — Dr. George Troup Maxwell, Jacksonville.

Alabama,- — Irwin Craighead, Mobile.

Michigan. — Hon. B. M. Cutcheon, Grand Eapids.

Texa^. — Hon. Sam P. Cochran, Dallas.

Minnesota. — Hon. S. J. K. McMillan, St. Paul.

Maine. — Hon. Josiah H. Drummond, Portland.

Indiana. — Hon. J. B. White, Port Wayne.

Nebraska. — Hon. W. H. Alexander, Omaha.

California. — Rev. Frank P. Thompson, Redwood.

Virginia.— Ro^. William Wirt Henry, Richmond.

West Virginia. — Mr. Jame^ Archer, of Brooke County j Post

OflSce, Steubenville, O.
North Carolina. — Hon. S. B. Alexander, Charlotte.
Georgia. — Col. G. W. Adair, Atlanta.
Mississippi. — Rt. Rev. Hugh Miller Thompson, Jackson.
Louisiana. — Hon. William Preston Johnston, New Orleans.
Kentucky. — ^Dr. Hervey McDowell, Cynthiana.
Oregon. — Rev. Thomas McClelland, Forest Grove.
Canada. — Rev. Stuart Acheson, Toronto.
Ontario, Canada. — Hon. A. T. Wood, Hamilton.

State Secretaries.

New Jersey. — Prop. George Macloskie, LL.D., Princeton.

Kentucky. — Helm Bruce, Louisville.

Texas. — W. Hugh Hunter, Dallas.

Iowa. — ^Mr. W. H. Fleming, Des Moines.

Ohio. — Tod B. Galloway, Columbus.

Michigan. — James B. McKay, Detroit.

Alabama. — Frank P. Glass, Montgomery.

West Virginia. — Hon. John Frew, Wheeling.

New York. — John Sinclair, No. 1 Broadway, New York City.

Indiana. — C. A. Carlisle, South Bend.

Illinois. — Rev. Howard A. Johnston, D.D.,* Chicago.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

SoBERT Bonner, President.

Dr. John S. MacIntosh, Vice President Qenercd.

} ex officio members.
A. C. Floyd, Secretary.

John McIlhenny, Treasurer.

Prof. George Macloskie, Princeton, N. J.

Mr. M. W. McAlarney, Harrisburg, Pa.
Dr. John W. Dinsbiore, San Jose, Cal.
Dr. J. H. Bryson, Huntsville, Ala.
Prof. H. A. White, Lexington, Va.
Mr. Helm Bruce, Louisville, Ky.
Mr. W, Hugh Hunter, Dallas, Tex.

LIFB MEMBEBS.

Mb. Robert Bonner, New York City.
Rev. Dr. John Hall, New York City.
Hon. a. T. Wood, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Prop. A. L. Perry, Williamstawn, Mass.

■

CoL. W. A. Herron, Pittsburg, Pa.

Dr. William C. Shaw, Pittsburg, Pa.

Mr. J. King McLanahan, Hollidaysburg, Pa.

Rev. John S. Macintosh, D.D., Philadelphia, Pa.

Prof. George Macloskie, Princeton, N. J.

CoL. Thomas T. Wright, Nashville, Tenn.

CONSnTDnON AND BYLAWS AS AMENDED AND

ADOPTED AT PITTSBURG.

Constitution.

Article 1,

The name of this Association shall be the Scotch-Irish Society of

America.

Artide II,

The purposes of this Society are the preservation of Scotch-Irish
history and associations, the increase and diffusion of knowledge re-
garding the Scotch-Irish people, the keeping alive of the characteris-
tic qualities and sentiments of the race, the promotion of intelligent
patriotism, and the development of social interQOurse and fraternal

feeling.

ArHde III.

Any person above the age of twenty-one years, who is of Scotch-'
Irish descent, shall be eligible to membership in this Society.

Artiels IV.

The officers of the Society shall be a President, Vice President
Genera], two Vice Presidents at large, a Secretary and a Treasurer,
with Vice Presidents for each State, Territory, and Province, and the
District of Columbia.

Article V.

The President, Vice President General, Vice Presidents at large.
Secretary and Treasurer, shall be elected by ballot at the annual ses-
sions of the Congress. The Vice Presidents for the States, Territories
and Provinces, and the aforesaid District, shall be chosen in such man-
ner as each Congress shall direct

Artide VI.

There shall be a National Council of the Society, composed of
the officers named in Article IV.

ArHde VIL

Durincc the Congress at which their terms of office begin, the Na-
tional Council shall choose an Executive Committee,^ to consist of the
President. Vice President General, Secretary and Treasurer, and seven

other members of the Society.

(5)

6 THE SCOTGH-IBISH IN AMEBIOA.

Artide VIIL

* The annual Congress of the Society shall be held at Bach time
and place as may be determined by the Executive Committee..

Article IX,

This Constitution may be altered, amended or repealed only by a
majority vote of the members of the Association present and voting
at the annual Congress, or at a special meeting called for that purpose
after twenty days* notice in writing to the members.

Artide X,

The Executive Committe shall have authority to establish by-laws,
rules and regulations for the government of the Society, subject to the
revision of the annnal Congress.

By-Laws.

Section I,

1. Any person eligible to membership may send his application to
the Secretary with suitable reference and annual dues, and, upon a
fiivorable report of the Membership Committee, shall become a mem-
ber of the Society.

2. The annual dues up to January 1, 1891, shall be $2.00, but
thereafter shall be $3.00, for which each member shall be entitled to
the annual volume and other publications of the Society.

3. The payment at one time of $100.00 shall constitute a life
member, who shall be exempted from all annual dues.

4. The financial year of the Society shall end the 3l8t day of
March of every year. Any member whose subscription shall remain
unpaid at that date, no satisfactory explanation being given, may be
dropped from the roll after thirty days' notice. Such members shall
be restored upon fresh application and the payment of all sums due
the Society.

5. The Executive Committee may, by a two-thirds vote of their
number, suspend for just cause, or remove altogether any person'from
the roll of the Society.

Section II,

1. A majority of the members who shall have reported their ar-
rival to the proper officer at the place of meeting, shall constitute a
quorum for the transaction of the business of the Congress,

CONSTITUTION AND BT-LAW& 7

Section 111,

1. 'The President, or, in his absence, one of the national Vice
Presidents, in the order named, shall preside at all meetings ; but
should all these officers be absent, or from any reason be unable to act,
a Chairman shall be chosen for the special occasion.

2. The Vice President General shall be especially charged with
-the duty o( extending ihe membership and influence of the Society,
and organizing branch Societies under the direction of the Executive
Committee.

8. The Vice Presidents at large shall assist the Vice President
General in the discharge of his duties, and coK)perate with the Secre-
tary $Lnd Treasurer to the utmost of their ability in the fulfillment of
their respective duties.

4. The Vice Presidents for States, Territories and Provinces shall
act as the official heads and representatives of the Society in their re-
spective territories, and shall use their official influence in furthering
its interests therein. I

5. The Secretary shall keep an accurate roll of the members of
the Society ; preserve a record of all its proceedings ; conduct its gea-
eral correspondence ; collect its funds ; keep its seal and valuable pa-
pers ; present at each Congress a necrological report, and see that its
orders are properly carried put. His salary shall be fixed each year
by the Executive Committee.

6. The Treasurer shall have custody of the funds of the Society ;
they shall be deposit^ in some bank to the credit of the Society, and
shall be drawn thence only on the Treasurer's check for purposes of
the Society. Out of these funds he shall pay such sums as may be
ordered by the Congress or the Executive Committee. He shall keep
a true account of receipts and expenditures, and render report of the
same at each annual meeting of the Congress, when his accounts shall
be audited by a committee appointed for that purpose.

Sectlan IV.

The Executive Committee shall carefully carry out all the direc-
tions issued by the Congress ; they shall have full powers in the afiairs
of the Society, not disposed of at the annual meeting ; they shall ap-
point whatever committees deemed necessary; they shall, in conjunc-
tion with the Vice Presidents for the States and Territories, and also
with' the Secretaries of branch organizations, industriously seek out
and carefully preserve all historical materials interesting and valuable

y THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

to our Society, and, so far as ability and means will allow, spread
information concerning the past achievements and present aims and
condition of the Scotch-Irish race.

Section V.

1. Branch organizations whose objects are in harmony with
thoso of this Society may become and remain affiliated with the
same by the annual payment of one dollar for each paying member
of said branch association.

2. Installments of this sum may be sent at any time by said
branch organization to the Secretary of this Society, who shall at
once forward for every dollar so paid one of our annual volumes to
such persons as said branch society may designate.

3. Such branch organizations shall each year furnish a list of
their paid-up members to the Secretary of this Society before the
annual Congress, and this shall constitute the basis of representation.

4. Every branch organization complying with the foregoing
conditions shall be entitled to one delegate in the annual Cobgress
for every five of its paid-up members.

Section VL

No official correspondence shall be carried on nor any invita-
tions issued on behalf of the Society except through the regular
officers or the Executive Committee of the Scotch-Irish Society of
America.

COMMITTEES OF THE LOCAL OEGANIZATION HOLDING
THE SCOTCH-IRISH CONGRESS AT HAERISBURG, PA.

INVITATION COMMITTEE.

Matthias W. MoAlarney, Chairman;

J. MONTQOMERY FoRSTER, W. FrANKLIN EuTHERFORD,

Samuel J. M. MgCarrell, Robert Snodqrass,

Col. Henry MoCormigk, Rev. G. B. Stewart, D.D.

ENTBRTAIN,MBNT COMMITTEE.

Gilbert M. MgCauley, Chairman;
William J. Adams, Dr. Robert H. Mopfitt,

David Fleming, J. Addison Rutherford,

Henry B. McCormigk, J. Q. A. Rutherford,

Ehrman B. Mitghell, James R. Walker.

transportation committee.
Thomas L. Wallace, Chairman;
James Clarke, Edgar C. Felton,

George W. Creighton, Thomas T. Wierman.

MUSIC committee.
Rev. G. S. Chambers, D.D., Chairman;
Lucius S. Biglow, Edward Z. Gross,

William J. Caldee, Henry A. Eelker,

David E. Crozier, James MgCormick, Sr.,

George R. Fleming, Benjamin M. Nead,

John B. Patterson.

reception committee.
Spencer C. Gilbert, Chairman;
Levi B. Alrigks, Rev. George S. Duncan, D.D.,

Charles H. Bergner, Dr. William H. Egls,

Hon. James Donald Cameron, Joshua R. Elder,
Meade D. Detweiler, Rev. C. H. Forney, D.D.,

Casper Dull, Louis W. Hall,

(9)

10 THE SCOTOH-IBISH IN AMEBIOA.

De. Hugh Hamilton, Harey MgCormick, Jr.,

Henry L. Harris, Andrew S. McCreath,

Gov. Daniel H. Hastings, Benjamin F. Meyers,

Gabriel A. Heister, E. W. Scott Parthemorb,

Edward W. Jackson, William Pearson,

Col. Francis Jordan, Thomas H. Eedmond,

George Kunkel, J. Edmund Eutherford,

William B. Lamberton^ James A. Stranahan,

Egbert B. Mateer, J. Q. A. Stuart.

FINANCE COMMITTBB.

Marlin E. Olmsted, Chairman;
William K. Alrices, Jambs M. Cameron,

Edward Bailey, Lyman D. Gilbert,

John Y. Boyd, Lane S. Hart,

A. J. Dull, Vance McCormick,

John H. Weiss.

printing committee.
John G, Orr, Chairman;
F. AsBURY Awl, H. Murray Graydon,

John W. German, Ellib L. Mumma.

decoration committee.
Samuel W. Fleming, Chairman;
William C. Armor, W. Orville Hiceok,

Samuel H. Garland, William A. Kelker,

Donald C. Haldeman, A. Wilson Norris.

CONTEIBUTOES TO THE EXPENSE FUND.

All of the funds required for the entertainment of the Congress
were furnished by the Scotch-Irish people of Harrisburg, but their
names are not mentioned because they objected to any publicity on
this account.

THE EIGHTH SCOTCH-IRISH CONGRESS.

BY A. a FLOYD, CHATTANOOGA, TENN,

Pennsylvania received the first considerable waves of eml-
gratioD from North Ireland to the new wo;'ld. Manj of the
immigrants passed through to other colonies, either at once
or after a short residence, but a majority of them remained
and made up the bulk of the original settlers of "Penn's
woods." Some of them remained on the eastern border with
the Quakers. Most of them pushed forward into the interior
and settled the middle and western parts of the State. Dauphin
County, of which Harrisburg is the capital, contained some of
the chief settlements of the race in those early days; and her
old churches, some of them still standing, were the centers of
Scotch-Irish influence. Harrisburg is, therefore, not only the
capital of the State, but the fountain head of Scotch-Irish
tradition and power.

To present to the world the true strength of this influence
in striking and complete form was the object which certain
prominent citizens of Harrisburg had in view when they in-
vited (lie Scotch-Irish Society of America to hold its Eighth
Amiu«il Congress in their city. Some idea of the historic as-
sociations of the race clustering around Harrisburg may be
gathered from the following editorial extract from the Har-
risburg Patriot:

Few communities in this country know so much of the virtues, valor,
and patriotism of the Scotch-Irish as this.

Hore, in what is now Dauphin County, the first of these peaceful in-
vaders from the green fields of Ulster settled along Swatara and Fishing
Creek, and at Harris's Ferry, from 1726 to 1736; they crossed the Susque-
hanna to settle along the Conodoguinet and about the great springs
which abound in the Cumberland Valley and up along the Conoco-
cheague, with its several branches, in the vicinity of what Is now Cham-
bersburg and Mercersburg. "In 1740," says Dr. Erskine, "there were in
Cumberland and Franklin Counties about one thousand families of this
people: in 1850 there were in these two counUes four thousand and

12 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

«ight7-nine farms, the greater part of which were still in the hands of
the descendants of the original Scotch-Irish settlers."

This vicinity is rich in memories of these early settlers. A dozen
miles west of us, at Silver Spring, we have the first Scotch-Irish Pres-
byterian church organized west of the Susquehanna. Near Highspire
stands the home of Col. James Burd, erected by him in 1767, and in the
Middletx)wn graveyard the hero and patriot sleeps. All around we see
living testimony to the worth of the descendants of this remarkable
race. Our city is part of their thrift and enterprisa

The invitation was extended to the Society at its meeting
in l^exington, Va., through Hon. W. F. Rutherford and Hon.
M. W. McAlarney. It was presented in the name of the Gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania and the representative organizations
of Harrisburg. The initial step in the moveilient which led
to the invitation was taken by Hon. W. F. Rutherford, who
was one of the first to join the Society after it was organized
and who has always taken the most active interest in its wel-
fare. As he is a prominent member of old Paxtang Church,
so fully described in this volume, and as he is descended from
its celebrated founders, it was entirely natural and appropri-
ate that he should take particular interest in securing the
meeting of the Society in his section.

Joined with him from the beginning was Mr. M. W. McAlar-
ney, editor of the Harrisburg Telegraph, and one of the most
respected and most popular public men of his city. Mr. Mc-
Alarney acted at Lexington as spokesman for his townsmen
in extending their invitation to our Society, and was the lead-
ing spirit in the arrangements made for the entertainment of
the Congress after the invitation was accepted.

Denver, Colo., and San Jos6, Cal., also presented invitations
at the same time as Harrisburg, but the Executive Committee,
lo whom the decision of the place was left, decided with little
hesitation in favor of the latter city. Indeed, the decision was
rendered and announced before the adjournment of the Lex-
ington meeting. The decision of the committee met with the
hearty g^nd general approval of the membership of the Society.
In due time local Committees of Arrangement were formed
to provide for the success of the Congress, with Judge J. W.
Simonton as General Chairman and Mr. J. W. German as
General Secretary. The following were the chairmen of the
various committees:

THE EIOHTH &COTCH-IRIBH CONGBESS. 13

Hon. J. W. SiMONTON, General Chairman.

Executive Committee.

John B. MoPherson, Chairman.

Mathias W. McAlauney, Chairman Invitation Committee.

Gilbert M. McCauley, Chairman Entertainment Committee.

Thomas L. Wallace, Chairman Transportation Committee.

Rev. George S. Cuambers,D.D., Chairman Music Committee,

Spencer C. Gilbert, Chairman Reception Committee,

AFarlin E. Olmsted, Chairman Finance Committee.

John G. Orr, Chairman Printing: Committee.

Samuel W. Plbming, Chairman Decoration Committee.

They are all leading men of Harrisburg, occupying the most
Iirominent and honored positions in their respective vocations.
The same may be said of all the committeemen, all of whose
liames are given at another place in this volume.

Though they conferred with representatives of the National
Society, the arrangements were practically all left to the lo-
cal committeemen. They chose all the speakers, assigned .'11
the subjects, arranged matters of transportation, sent out the
invitations, and settled all details of entertainment. It was
recognized as largely a local affair, and the speakers and
subjects were chosen with reference to bringing out local his-
tory as extensively as possible. The subjects were so distrib-
uted as not to conflict with or overlap each other; and the re-
sult, as seen in this volume, proves that the assignments were
wisely made. Partly for this reason and partly because the
historic mines from which they drew are exceptionally rich,
the combined material gathered at this Congress is the most
valuable and the most extensive that we have yet been able to
secure from any particular locality.

Not only were the literarv features of the occasion of rare
interest, but the social side was looked after with especial
care. Two excursions and two receptions, one of them at the
Governor's mansion, were the formal entertainments tendered
us, aside from the regular sessions of the Congress, but all
the hospitality and attentions shown visitors can neither be
numbered nor described. Nothing that a highly cultured and
hospitable community could do to make the visit enjoyable was
left undone. On the df ternoon of the first day of the occasion

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

all the members and visiting friends were the guests of the
local committee on an excursion to old I'axtang and JJerry
Churches, which are respectively four and thirteen miles out
of the city. The journey thither was taken on the Philadel-
phia and Beading road. Several special coaches were en-
gaged for the excursionists, and the ride to and from the
churches was most enjoyable. Nothing could have been more
interesting to the Society than these old Scotch-Irish churches,
founded before the Revolutionary War and redolent with mem-
ories of Scotc* -Irish heroes and their great achievements for
God and country. Inside the walls that once sheltered the
pioneer Christians and patriots, and wandering among the
graves that contained their dust, their descendants and the
kinsmen of their descendants found themselves at the generic
spot of racial and national greatness, and by an easy exercise
of the imagination could conceive themselves present in time
with the Revolutionary sires. The addresses there delivered
give the stories of these cradle spots of the noblest types of
American manhood, and this sketch is merely intended to re-
cord such incidents as those papers do not hand down to histo-
ry. A striking feature of the meeting at old Derry Church was
the liberal collection taken to assist in its preservation. There
are only four members left in this congregation, the families
of nearly all the original members having moved away. These
faithful four, however, with the assistance of friends, have
succeeded in erecting a new stone structure on the old site
and in keeping the grounds and the kirkyard in good order.

Old Paxtang, some miles above, is in good condition and has
:i considerable congregation. Here generous arrangements
had been made to receive the visitors. We were told the
story of the church by Hon. W. F. Rutherford and Rev. Dr.
N. G. Parke, whose addresses we publish. A fuller descrip-
tion of the visit is reproduced below from the Hanishurg Tel-
egraph:

Derry and Paxtang.

The members of the Scotch-Irish Congress, now In session in this
city, made a delightful trip to Derry and Paxtang yesterday afternoon
on a special train over the Reading railroad. They had been thinking
a good deal about this little journey, for in and around Derry, Paxtang.
and Donegal their ancestors first settled, when religious intolerance
drove them to the new world. The weather yesterday was charming.

THE EIGHTH SOOTCH-IBISH COl^GBESS. 15

and the ride to Derry was soon made. Here the party was soon scat-
tered through the elegant new church that has taken the place of the
ancient and historic structure that was built in 1730 and taken down
In 1883. The Scotch-Irishmen and their ladies reveled in the memories
of the past. Rev. Dr. Chambers, alert, with his handsome face aglow
with interest, led the party into the new church, where still remain the
original heavy silver communion tiinkard and cup, bearing date of 1738,
and a quaint collection box on a long handle, which, at the suggestion
of one of the visitors, was "passed around" for the sake of the church,
and filled to the top with coin of the realm, aggregating $25.05.

The church inspected. Dr. Chambers conducted the party to the old
burying ground, with its old gravestones, its long, green grass, fra-
grant from the odorous plants among it; the many graves, and the
bright sun glinting everywhere. To these Scotch-Irish visitors they
seemed to be among old friends. There was no heavy thought of death
there. This little ''city of the dead" was redolent of living memories,
of the times when history was made, of the beginning of the Scotch-
Irish race in the United States.

Near the graveyard is still standing the little log building, to enter
which the big form of Dr. Hall, of New York, was compelled to bend,
and which was known by the impressive designation ''pastor's study"
and the "session's house." This structure holds about fifteen people
comfortably. The exercises in the church were interesting. Dr. Mac-
intosh, of the Chicago University, called the gathering to order; and Dr.
Hamilton read a paper, written by his venerable father, of this city, A.
Boyd Hamilton, on "Derry." Very interestingly Mr. Hamilton described
the position and the trials of the Covenanters in the old world, gave a
rapid sketch of the Protestant settlements at Ulster on lands granted
by the king, and described the progress and Importance of Ulster when
peace reigned there. Then Mr. Hamilton continued by describing the
Scotch-Irish settlements in the valleys east and west of the Susque-
hanna River. Dery ground, said the writer, is hallowed ground, for it
was in r&llty from there and Paxtang and Donegal that the great ram-
ifications of the Scotch-Irish to all parts of the country were made.

Dr. Hall, after the reading of the paper, brought to the attention of
the visitors the fact that Derry Church needs aid, and Dr. Maclntoeh,
after a motion that the matter should be properly considered, suggested
that a list of pastors of the ancient church, with dates of their pastorates
and death, be added to the Hamilton paper.

Then Rev. David Conway, pastor of Donegal Church, read a paper on
* Donegal," written by Mr. Samuel Evans, of Columbia. This was an-
other intereeting addition to the data of the early history of the Scotch-
Irish. The writer described how the early settlers came to this State,
and, taking from two hundred to three hundred acres of land each at
Donegal, organized their community and their Presbytery. They or-
ganized their church in 1721, and Donegal township In 1722. Next the
writer told of the trade between the settlers and the Indians, a trade

THi: h^yji 'jR-:3LZiss zs

lur ^i«^ HKCmSi vairc. Tte '«^

tf^K. «b4 tli*r ft^Xt Vtf kj^SfK V^ ifJT r

iMTvi^ )*^ ^ ti«e 90iud vxii ttrJL," Tut

7TM^. a ef/«ak€r's «ua4, 9-^ docoTKCad witJb Uxiiad Scarfs sa£
iuiftt^^^ &ie9; kivt titer eureaacs v«re b«M ia tke ciiErc±. t^e istierior of
v'tr^'Jb ba4 Ums ii^autifcilr maodeied. Ho« Dr. McCvrvil. m
pemtihvJX, d^hv«r*3d a praj«r. a&d Hr. W, Fnaklxa Rsdka-ford
mom itit0a'f:MfAitj^ axi4 TaxcuU^kr pai^er oa ^PaxTaag " Mr.
f4i<i<«7 dealt witi) tJbe rfrr b€c:$azufi^ of tke Seott^IrisSi
4«tt«:r1b<btf tJ^(r ipxnrtb^ th« , Btaanera of tlte people, aad tbe
ffui^«; at Faztaz)!^ Her. N. G. Parity, D.D., also ipokCL

At 5:W KM. tb* rieiT<Ma retaraed to Ha jittbuTR , pi
tt^^s9u$*jr«r arftji a ^^i^^iXSuX little ymrwef and the mf<

Tf*** «f''rir»i<)0 ti> OHrtvjtbnrg, some laxtj miles awaj, tte
mitr^nui trHnupifrtHtlou and carriagf«. a^ well as tbe dinner
at f h/f hotel, iMfin^ ftjrDiHbed to all members at the exp^ne of
th^' UMisfil iupmmllit-tfn, wan tbe mo^t nniqae and in manr re-
u\ti^i'An the l^mhutpm^fnt entertainment that baa ever been ^ren
in honor of tbe Con^n^nti anvwhere. The ma^ificent scenerr
f firoii^b whU:h tbe route lay, tbe impressive view of tbe battle-
ff^'ld, and tbe deseription as given bv tbe noted guide who was
^'uv^y^i^ Up ejmduct as over tbe arena of tbe decisive struggle
of tfie Civil War, and the untiring efforts of our hosts to make
I fie ihty pb-a^ant, ran never tie for«rotten by those who were for-
ji»n;«te <'noii(,(h to be with tbe excursion.

The I'i'ception given by the Hon. and Mrs. Louis W. Hall on
Mie m*amA day of tbe Congress was a most elegant affair and
WHM greatly apjireciated and enjoyed by the Society. The fol-
lowing mention of tbe delightful function is taken from the
llarriHlmrtj Patriot:

ThA rocpptlon given to tbe delegates to the Scotch-Irish Congresif by
Hon, 1/>u1h W. and Mrs. Hall, at Second and South Streets, yesterday
Utixn n to 6:30 v.M.» was one of the roost charming functions to which
ths dHegates have been bidden since their stay in Harrisburg, and was
Httirnded by about two hundred persons, including men prominent in all

THE EIGHTH SCOTOH-IKIBH CONGRESS. 17

valks of life who are attending the Congress. Mr. and Mrs. Hall were
assisted in receiving by Judge John W. and Mrs. SImonfeon, Mr. and
^ Mrs. M. W. McAlamey, Mrs. A. J. Dull, Miss Mary Espy, Miss Sergeant,
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Bailey, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. Robert Snodgrass,
Mrs. Thomas M. Jones, and Mrs. Charles L. Farley, of Atlanta, Ga. The
dining room was presided over by Mrs. Francis Jocdan, assisted by
Miss Heily and the Misses Grace and Eleanor Hall.

On the last evening of the Congress the social honors that
had been so lavishly showered upon ns culminated in an official
reception tendered the Society by Gov. and Mrs. Hastings at
the Executive Mansion. Their social graces are in thorough
keeping with their exalted station. The spacious and magnif-
icent halls of the stately mansion were brilliantly lighted and
decorated, and the scene was one of rare social brilliance. No
more cordial nor flattering entertainment has ever been ten-
dered us. Gov. Hastings is himself a magnificent specimen of
the Bcotch-Irish race.

The exercises of the Congress proper were held in the prin-
cipal opera house of Harrisburg. It is an elegantly appointed
audience hall situated in the heart of the city and looking out
upon the beautiful grounds of the famous Statehouse of the
Keystone Commonwealth. The following article, taken from
the Daily Telegraph of June 4, gives an excellent description of
the interior arrangements:

The Congress meets amidst pleasant surroundings. Inside the Opera
House and outside the brilliant American flag mingles with the somber-
hued ]3anner of the old Covenanters. There is tastefully arranged bun-
ting alofQg the galleries, above the stage, and on the stage. Shields of
the states in which the Society has met since its organization in 1889
are on the walls, and the great seal of the Society hangs In fine contrast
with the coat of arms of Pennsylvania. Beautiful plants and flowers
add a brighter touch, for beauty and harmony have a place in the minds
of Scotch>Irish savants. Milesian sprightliness by the intermingling of
the two races long ago chased the gloom from the Scot's brow, and the
result is a type of stalwart, cheery, and progressive American manhood.
Two banners, the green of Ireland and the blue of Scotland, pendent on
either side of the stage, attracted much attention and aroused memories
of stirring and tumultuous days. The blue banner, across the top of
which was the word "Scotland" in large letters, contained in addition
. the names of such revered early leaders as John Knox, Andrew Melville,
Patrick Hamilton, Earl of Sutherland. George Wishart, Douglass Bailie,
and Chalmers, Wallace, Douglass, Bruce. Cameron, Cargill, and then
the names of towns and localities of glorious memories, as Bannock'^

18 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

bum, Edinburgh, Kirk of Shalts, Ayr, Drumclog, Greyffiars. and Gal-
loway. At the bottom of the banner are these old-time lines:

It ^fts a' for our rightfu' klnff

We left fair Scotland's strand;
It was a' for our rightfu' king

We e'er saw Irish land.

On the green banner, headed with the word ** Ireland," among other
names were those of Londonderry, Belfast, Downpatrick, Enniskillen.
Lome, Coleraine, and Six Miles Water. Then followed the noted names
of Walsh. Caldwell, Blair, Livingstone, Finlay, Cooke, Murray, and Ed-
gar. Beneath them is this epitome of heroic and dreadful days:

Plantation of Ulster.
Siege of Derry.
Siege of Enniskillen.
The Test Act.
The Black Oath.
The Rack Rents.
Famine of 1728.
Exodus to America.
The Volunteers.
Evictions of 1763.
Hearts of Oak.

The local committees, of which Judge Simon ton Is General Chairman,
and John W. German, General Secretary, were indefatigable in their
efforts to make comflortable arrangements, and according to the ex-
pressions of satisfaction of the visitors, they succeeded entirely.

The decorations were under the immediate direction of Mr.
S. W. Fleming, chairman of the Decoration Committee, and
to his good taste and care much of the pleasure of the occasion
was due.

The exercises of the Congress proper were all well attended,
and the papers read were exceptionally well prepared and in-
teresting. As these papers are all printed at another place in
the present volume, the reader is referred to them for proof of
their excellence, and comment on them here is unnecessary.

The addresses and other exercises of the Congress were in-
terspersed with appropriate music rendered by the Steeltou
Band and by the best vocal talent of the city. The Covenanter
services on Sunday afternoon at the Opera House were con-
ducted by Rev. John S. Macintosh, D.D., assisted bv local
ministers. His sermon to the great audience there assembled

THE EIGHTH SCOTCH-IBISH CONGBESS.

was grandly inspiring, and made an impression for good be-
yond calculation. It was, as usual, the most striking and in-
teresting feature of the Congress.

On the whole a more pleasant and profitable gathering of
the Scotch-Irish people has not yet been held, and our mem-
bers who were in attendance left for their homes much grat-
ified with their visit and with unstinted praises for their hosts.

The work of the Society during the year proceeded upon the
same lines as heretofore pursued and with constantly increas-
ing effect. The extent and character of this work is set forth
in the report of the Executive Committee. A perusal of it will
prove gratifying to all who take an interest in the work of
the Society.

The present year should mark great improvements in our
plans, and we trust that all members will assist in perfecting
them. The constant effort of our present members is needed
to keep up the interest and standing of the Society and to in-
sure its progress in the great work that it has before it.

PROCEEDINGS.

The eighth annual Scotch-Irish Congress was called to or-
der at 10 o'clock A.M., June 4, 1896, in the Opera House,
Harrisburg, Pa., by Judge John W. Simonton, President of
the local Scotch-Irish Society:

Judge Simonton said:

The day and hour fixed for the eighth Congress of the Scotch-
Irish Society of America having arrived, the Congress will come to
order.

Dr. John Hall, New York:

Mr. Chairman: To our very great regret, our beloved President,
Mr. Bonner, is, by a slight illness, prevented from being with us to-
day. This he regrets, as do we all; and, as has been arranged by
the Executive Committee, in harmony with your local committee,
the duties of his office will be transferred to the Eev. Dr. Macin-
tosh, Vice President General, who will now take the place and as-
sume the duties of our President.

Dr. Macintosh said:

In accordance with the arrangemontft made, we shall be led in
prayer by the Eev. Dr. George S. Chambers, of ibis city.

Dr. Chambers then led in prayfer.

The Hon. John D. Patterson, Mayor of Harrisburg, being
introduced, made the following address of welcome:

Mayor John D. Patterson's Address.

Mr, President and Members of the Scotch-Irish Society: It is emi-
nently fitting that your Society should have chosen as its place of
meeting the city of Harrisburg. Many of the early settlers in this
immediate vicinity were Scotch-Irish, or their descendants. The de-
velopment of this section of the State is largely due to that ener-
getic race. Finding here a barren waste, their energy and perse-
verance wrought a speedy transformation. To-day we see around
us, in our own county of Dauphin, and in the beautiful Cumberland
(20)

PBOGEEDINGS. 21

nnd other surrounding valleys, prosperous towns and well-tilled
fields; in a great measure the work of Scotch-Irish hands. Then,
too, the march of progress, led by them, has produced a higher civ-
ilization and aided the growth of liberty. As statesmen, as soldiers,
as lawyers, and workers in every department of life, the descend-
ants of Scotch-Irish have been in the vanguard. Study the history
of this country, and you will find that such has been the case with
«ach successive generation. We of Harrisburg feel a conscious
pride when we realize that some of the leading men of the nation
were the children of our city and had coursing through their veins
the blood of Scotch-Irish ancestors. Many of our representative
men of to-day, as in the past, are Scotch-Irish. When I look over
the list of members of your Society from Harrisburg I notice the
names of those who, as judges and lawyers, are among the most
prominent of our citizens, men distinguished fpr their ability and
integrity. I see the names of physicians who are loved in many a
family, skilled in their profession and of deservedly high reputation.
I observe the names of journalists, of bankers, of artisans, and
many others, i^ho are respected by their fellow-citizens. Your en-
tire membership is without doubt a representative body. The uses
of your organization are apparent. Not only do you encourage a
just pride in the good works of a Scotch- Irish citizen and keep
alive the memories of those who have passed away, but you set an
example to men of other ancestries, of other races who make up
our population. No set of men, of whatever ancestry, should hesi-
tate or be ashamed to emulate the Scotch-Irish. Their sterling
qualities will ever continue to leave their impress ujx)n history;
their vigor would ever force them into positions of power. Where
the Scotch-Irish lead others can safely follow. Our city throws
open wide its gates to receive you. May your sessions be pleasant,
profitable, and productive of still closer friendship. We are proud
of your Society and are glad of the opportunity to honor its mem-
bers. Welcome, then, members of the Scotch-Irish, thrice welcome,
to our goodly city of Harrisburg, and to its hospitable homes.

The Chairman responded to Mayor Patterson's address of
welcome in the following words:

Dr. Macintosh's Response to Mayor Patterson.

Honored sir, Mayor of this historic city, seated so beautifully on
the banks of its broad and flowing stream, in the name of our Na-
tional Society, eminently patriotic among the patriotic societies of

22 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBRIOA.

this broad land; in the name and in the place of our honored Pres-
ident, whose infirmity and weakness we all so deeply regret on this
occasion, I beg leave to return to you our heartfelt thanks for the
characteristic address of welcome to which we have just listened.

In coming into this busy legislative and judicial part of our great
state we feel that we are indeed-coming homeward, and it only
requires one to cast his eye around this significant attendance to
see whatyOur homes indeed are in the thou&^hts and hearts of Har-
risburg and Dauphin County, and of all the Scotch-Irish race. For,
as we see, following upon Lexington, Ya., the city of Harrisburg,
Pa., as our present place of assembly, have we not at once pointed
out to us the great historical trend through the valley which
poured its tide of sturdy pioneer life through the West and down
into the South? Is it not BUggested to us the fact that we are
largely, all of us, the children, not only of the old Keystone state
generally considered, but every one largely of this particular part
of the state, where, through your gracious invitation, Ve are now
called together, and where we have already commenced to appre-
ciate your warm hospitality? It is a happy thing to be received
by the chief magistrate of this historic city; and on the part of
the Society, with which it is no small honor to be associated, I de-
sire to make acknowledgment this morning.

I may be permitted to say, not only for myself, but for the Ex-
ecutive Committee, that the only source of regret on this occasion
is that this response should not be made by him who, in the past
years, has signalized himself by the appropriateness of his re-
sponses and the variety of thought he has thrown into each brief
but comprehensive reply. And yet there is, I think, one source of
satisfaction which we may find amid this broad field of strong re-
gret; and that is this, that because of his absence an opportunity is
presented of saying of him and for him what no one knowing him
as intimately as some of us do would venture to say in his presence,
lest we should trespass upon that exquisite sensitiveness and manly
reserve which so mark the President of this Society, Eobert Bon-
ner.

It is only fitting to say here that we have many trophies to
point to in the past history of our race; and we thank God in the
present hour that we are not wanting in monuments to which we
may turn, not so much with pride of heart as with thanksgiving to
God, who has made our race what it has become, and who has edu-
cated the sons and daughters of that race into that wonderful stur-

PBOGEEDINGS. 23

diness and self-reliance which mark them wherever they are found.
Among these many and varied monuments we direct our eyes with
thanks and without hesitation to our absent President, who by
reason of his wonderful combination of the characteristic features
of our race in the past and in the present; whose qualities of ster-
ling character, and wbose firm facing of early difficulties and heroic
struggles against opposition brought victories over all opposing
forces; and who has lifted himself high into the esteem of his fel-
lows and the hearts of his friends, through, integrity of character
and submission to the high laws of duty, sought by him, not only
in the form of humanity, but also in the court of the Most High.
I take pleasure to say that I know no man who could have more
fittingly received the words of a very eminent New York journal,
which called him " a typical Scotch-Irishman." . That New York
journal placed him side by side with the historic Andrew Jackson;
and I take it, sir, that we have this day afforded to us an opportu-
nity of saying from this platform, and in the name of this Society,
that Robert Bonner is honored by our Society as few other men
can be honored — ^the honorable citizen, the friend who never deserts
a friend, the trusty man of simple truth, the typical Scotch-Irish-
man.

We feel that it is our duty from our hearts to make kindliest
responses to your address of welcome, and we will, before leaving
your city, strive to add some little honor to it. We cannot pre-
sume to compete with the members of the great power that sits
upon the hill; nor can we presume to place ourselves in rank with
those distinguished jurists who have lifted still higher the fame of
the Pennsylvania bench and bar ttian it was in the past ; but we shall
strive so to conduct our proceedings, and so to demean ourselves,
that you may feel that those who have at least appreciated your
kindness and recognized the dignity of your city have been in your
midst. We all feel your kindness; we hope in some manner to be
worthy of the great occasion.

The Chairman :

I might be permitted by the Congress at this point to turn its
attention to what I think is one of the most admirable statements
concerning our race, and one of the most remarkablewpresentations
of facts concerning us that I have ever heard or read. The leading
journals of our country, such as the New York Snn^ New York TimeSy
New York Tribune^ and the Chicago Tribune^ have referred to us in

2i THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA. ^

terms which they have been pleased to use, and which we ought to
recognize. The benefit of this recognition, and the courtesy that lies
behind it, is apparent. But without forgetting or overlooking any
of these statements, or the benefits they carry with them, I desire
to read an article which appeared this morning in one of the very
best and most fearless journals of this land; and if I may be per-
mitted, I should like to have it included in the published record of
this meeting. I refer to an article which appears in the Public
Ledger, of Philadelphia, this morning, which reads as follows:

TuK Scotch-Irish Conorbss. •

Pennpylvania welcomes the Scotch-Irish Congress to its capital. No
stite in the Union is under stronger bonds to make that welcome large
and hearty than this commonwealth; for perhaps a greater proportion of
the descendants of Northern Ireland are to be found within our bounds than
in any other state. During the< first three decades of the last century Phil-
adelphia was the metropolis of the American colonies, and the port to which
a great part of European commerce tended. Moreover, Penn's traditional
policy of religious toleration encouraged those who were sufiering from re-
ligious intolerance to seek the rich valleys and wooded hills of Pennsylvania.

For these reasons great numbers of emigrants from Ulster came to our
city gates during the years preceding the American Revolution. The close
of the war for indepeiKlence brought another large influx of Scotch-Irish
to our shores. From the port of Philadelphia they were distributed to all
parts of the new Union, but a very considerable portion pushed westward to
the Susquehanna and along the valleys of the Juniata and Cumberland, and
joined their kindred and countrymen in settling the region around the
head waters of the Ohio. It thus happened that they and tlieir descendants
became a most influential factor in the making of our commonwealth.

Outside of these local considerations, there are strong reastms why we
should welcome this national gathering of descendants of Scot<'h-Iri8li pio-
neers. They have been, in a large degree, the path finders in American
progress. They were to a man, and we may add to a woman, devcited par-
tisans of independence during the Revolutionary War. They brought with
them from their native land an enthusiastic love of religious liberty, which
was vitalized and strengthened by the hard experiences which they were
compelled to face under the persecuting laws which prevailed during the
first half and middle of the last century. It is significant that many of
these Scotch-Irish exiles belonged to the United Irishme'n, having joined
with their Roman Catholic fellow-countrymen in a gallant but fruitless
struggle for their rights.

More than %uy other element, with the exception perhaps of the New
England Puritans, they formed a sentiment for independence and recruited
the Continental army. To their valor, enthusiasm, and dogged persistence
Americans are largely in<lebted for their national gbvernment. They
formed a protective wall between the settlements of the seaboard and tlie

PBOCEEDINGS. 25

Indians of the far West The history of pioneer seltlements, and the roll
of the famous foresters and Indian hunters beyond the Alleghenies and
along the Ohio River, show a long list drawn from this Scotch- Irish stock.
Wherever these people went they carried with them the Church, the
shorter Catechism, and the parish school. In the midst of their rude set-
tlements they established log academies, like that of Tenneut on the
Neshaminy and of McMillan in Washington County, where they taught the
learned languages and divinity, in order that they might raise up ministers
for their virgin settlements in America's vast forests. Their descendants
have been distributed throughout the entire West and Southwest, and have
enriched all the branches of the Christian Church, furnishing some of
the most eminent men in the ministry and many of the leading laity of
our American denominations. In all departments of business, in the secu-
lar professions, in civil leadership and administration, and in the ranks of
war, a large proportion of the successful and distinguished men of the
United States has sprung from the virile emigrants from the Ulster
plantations.

I take the liberty, Mr. Chairman, of suggesting that this most
Admirable leading article should be included in the forthcoming
volume; and I should be happy if I were intrusted with the duty
of saying to my friend, Mr. Clark Davis, the eminent chief editor
of that journal, that we appreciate not only the form, but the facts
and the spirit that are presented to us in that form.

. I therefore move that our President be requested to convey these
views to Mr. Clark Davis, as representing the sentiment of this
-Congress, and that this resolution be spread upon the minutes of
this Congress.

The motion was secouded by Dr. Macloskie, and was unan-
imously adopted,
The Chairman :

I would be very glad to have the Association appoint a tempo-
rary Chairman for a short time, in order that I may submit a let-
ter which I have received from our President, Mr. Bonner.

On motion of Dr. Hall, Dr. John H. Bryson, of Alabama,
was chosen Chairman pro tempore.
Dr. Macintosh :

Mr. Chairman: I have been from time to time charged with du-
ties that are painful, and the performance of work which could
.only be to me a source of regret; but among these few have been
more sorrowful than that which is now laid upon me by the posi-
tive order of our President, Mr. Bonner. On the receipt of this
•communication I immediately went over to see him, and conferred

26 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

with him in vegard to it; but he insisted that I shonid Rubmit it to
the Society, and in now doing so I fulfill his command.

Mr. Bonner's Letter.

No. 8 West Fifty-bixth Street, New Vork, Jane 1, 1896.

Dear Dr. Macintosh: As you are aware, I was su fieri ng from an attack of
rlie'imatifim on Wednesday when you were her^. It has left ine in such a
weak condition that I was not able to go to church yesterday. AHer the
service Dr. Hall called to see me, and he will tell you just how I am. My
physician Fays I will be all right in the course of a week, but that in the
meantime I must keep (perfectly quiet, and on no account think of going
to Harrisburg. I am obliged, of course, to follow his directions. I need
hardly tell you how much I regret to be absent for the first time from any
of our annual meetings, and to be deprived of the privilege of meeting so
many old friends. Since the formation of our Society I have had the very
high honor of being annually elected President, as you know% without any
effort on my part. Two years ago I wanted to resign, but Dr. Hall and oth-
er friends, including yourself, would not hear of it; but now that I am in
my seventy-third year, I must insist on not having my name presented for
reelection; for, with advancing yeari! and declining health, I could not under*
take to serve again.

In the absence of the President it becomes your duty, as the next high-
est officer, to preside; and I wish, through you, to thank all the members
of our Society for their great kindness to me.

V^y sincerely yours, Robert Bonner.

Mr, Chairman : I beg leave to move that this letter be referred
to the Executive Committee, so that they may consider it, and de>
cide what action shall be taken; and their decision can be in due
time presented to the business meeting of the Society. In making
this motion, I wish onco more to repeat what I am sure is in the
heart of every member of this Society: tho sincere regret that we
feel in hearing this letter, and knowing what lies behind it. Our
most earnest hope is that some proper way may be discovered by
which we may avoid what I cannot but think of as a calamity to
the Society, and what, through the wisdom of our Executive Com-
mittee and our business meeting, may possibly be avoided: the re-
tirement of Mr. Bonner.

The motion was unanimously agreed to. •

The Chairman :

I should now like to ask whether the local committee has any
suggestions to make in regard to the conducting of business and
the programme to be followed.

PBOCEEDINQS. 27

Judge Siraonton:

Mr. President: It is proper that we should state at this time
that we expected to have with us this morning our honored Gov-
ernor, that he might address some words of welcome to this Con-
gress on behalf of the state. An imperative call came to him this
morning to attend the funeral of his^ friend, the late Mayor Fittler,
of Philadelphia, and in consequence of that he cannot be with us
now. He will, however, be with us this evening, and will at that
time say to the Congress what is in his mind and heart.

Arrangements were made contemplating an excursion to Berry
Church and Paxtang this afternoon. The condition of the weather
threatens to prevent such an excursion. It will be for the Congress,
however, to determine what shall be done in that behalf, and we
submit that matter to your wisdom.

Another matter, Mr. President, to which I would like to refer is
that there are a large number of papers and addresses promised
daring the sessions of the Congress, more than can be\delivered un-
less there is great economy of time. It has been thought proper
by the local committee that we enjoin upon the presiding officer a
strict performance of the duty of confining each of the speakers to
thirty minutes, at most, and any gentleman who chooses to stop
before he reaches that limit of time, I have no doubt, will receive
the thanks of the officers and the audience. Any papers that are
longer than that will of course appear in the printed volume, but
it will be impossible to allow any one speaker to consume more
than that length of time.

The Chairman :

I may say on behalf of the presiding officer of this meeting that
he recognizes that he is under bond, and from the immediate re-
sponse on the part of the audience he will say that he will hold
himself to the strict letter of the contract; and being thus put un-
der bond, and intrusted with this responsibility of time, he will
strive to be what every presiding officer should be, the obedient
servant of the whole audience. He hopes, therefore, that when
there is heard the fall of this instrument of presidential despotism
[the gavel] there will be that characteristic obedience which has
always been the mark of our people; for those who command must
first learn to obey.

I am exceedingly sorry to have in my hand a telegram, just re-
ceived from Philadelphia, from several of the leading officials of the

28 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Pennsylvania Eailroad Company, who had expected to be with us
to-day. Arrangements had been made according to which they
were to have joined us by noon, and gone with us on our visit to
the old historic churches; but the duty which detained the Gov-
ernor in Philadelphia has also detained these gentlemen, and in this
telegram I have been asked to ma^o apologies for them. I desire
also to be permitted to apologize for the absence of my old friend,
Col. A. K. McCIure, who desired me to express to the Congress
that, although he is not present, his interest in the Society is con-
tinued and unabating.
Nominations for membership are next in order.

A number of nominations were made, and all named were
elected to membership. A complete list of all that were
nominated during all the sessions of the Congress will be
found in the report of the last day's proceedings.

Mr. McAlarney read letters from Hon. Joseph F. Johns-
ton^ of Alabama; and Mr. William S. Long, of Haddonfield,
N. J.

A resolution was passed instructing the Publication Com-
mittee to incorporate Mr. Long's letter in this volume. It is
as follows:

Mr. Long's Letter.

Haddonfield, N. J., May 18, 1896.

To the Prepident and Members of the Scotch-Irish Society of America.

Will you permit one who is descended from thirteen Scotch -Irish
families to offer a suggestion for the good of the order? We be-
lieve, as becomes the sons of the Land of the Leal, that our ancestry
equals the best of any land or nation; for is it not so stated in all
the chronicles of the Scot in Ulster, and in the hegira of the Scotch-
Irishman to America? Unfortunately in this respect we are re-
stricted to statements on general principles, as the absence of
records prevents us, as families, from showing to incredulous gene-
alogists much basis for these claims, and the time is drawing near
when proof of all family traditions will be demanded.

In one respect it is a misfortune that we have Presbyterian for-
bears, for they were a people negligent of records, and it is there-
fore difficult for us to derive any assistance from the Church of our
early love. The same thing is true of the Baptist and the Met ho-

PliOCEEDINQS. 29

dist, but not so of the Quaker, the EpiBcopalian, nor the various
branches of the German churches. It is a great pleasure to search
for an ancestry in a Friend's family. How accurately are the Min-
utes kept and pi^eserved! What quaint certificates from the ances-
tral meetings were brought over by the immigrant founders of
their families! Each marriage, birth, and death, carefully noted.
All seeking admission, or dismissal to other meetings, are registered
with brevity, yet in such manner that the member may be easily
traced. And when one of their demure maidens, whose tranquil
ways, plain, straightforward speech, and beautiful vestments, so
beloved of Charles Lamb, married one of our Ulster ancestors, bow
surely was she visited by the elders and admonished, " but not ap-
pearing disposed to make satisfaction," how inexorably followed
the act of disownment, which was tenderly worded if the marriage
ceremony was performed by a magistrate, and not by a hireling
minister. Such care is taken of these records that when the Eng
lish Government collected the ancient records from all the parishe.*-
of England into the Devonshire House in London for safe-keeping,
the highest meed fell to the Friends for the best consecutive serie^
of registers from the time of George Fox to the present. During
this time they passed through bitter persecution, and what the}*
accomplished our Presbyterian Elders or Session might have done
equally well.

The German-American has oftentimes the privilege of sending a
small fee to his ancestral Church, on the Neckar or the Ehine, and
generations arise marshaled before him in orderly procession for his
delectation. The terrible warfares of Wallenstein and the dragon-
nades of Louis ilY. destroyed many of the old churches and their
records, but the systematic training of the old German impelled
him to begin anew his records of baptisms, marriages, and burials,
and to preserve them as of almost sacred trust. In this countrj^
behold the splendid volumes of records of the Dutch Eeformed
Church in New York.

In Scotland much valuable material for family history is pre-
served in the offices of the Registry, and a beginning is now being
made toward their compilation in £orm to be available to all. In
each quarterly issue of the Scottish Antiquary^ there are about fif-
teen pages of abstracts from " Protocol Book of the Burgh of Stir
ling." The April abstracts bear date from April, 1478, to 1482, and
convey much valuable data. At the la;St annual meeting of thu
Scottish Historical Society, the President, Lord Roseberry, after

30 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

stating that four hundred was a suitable number for membership,
strongly advised against increasing it, as he said: "Opening the
gates to those who are panting to enter." The Society's publica-
tions, which I understand are quite valuable, are issued only to
the members. How restricted must be its work compared with
what it might be were the gates opened, and an active, enthusias-
tic society replace the present very respectable, extremely con-
servative, management!

It has been Ireland's misfortune to have had for two hundred
and fifty years, with rare exceptions, a most vicious system of gov-
ernment, which alternately despoiled the people and crushed them
by brutal force when no longer able to bear the robbery and
oppression of their rulers, both civil and ecclesiastic. Their mis-
guided uprisings, without concert and leaderloss, degenerated after
a time into a guerrilla warfare, in which many Scottish settlors in
Ulster were murdered, and which resulted in a deep hatred of the
two branches of the Celtic race for each other. Many churches
and church records were destroyed in these troublous times, and
great breaks occurring in the church registers are usually ascribed
to the ravages of the Irish Wood Kern, as the outlaws were called.
I believe that the cruel persecutions which the Scottish settlers en-
dured, together with a lack of system in the church officers, and
gi*oss carelessness of custodians, have more to" do with the absence
of records than the feuds with the former owners of the soil. In
the few instances where a consecutive record from 1700, or even
1675, exists, they must have been under the care of the Beity, who
watches over drunken men and babes. They have run the gant-
let of moths and house cleaners, of children, and the irresponsible
seeker after genealogic lore. The latter frequently believes that
the easiest way to make up his family record, is tear out a page, or
even monopolize an entire register.

To-day there is a wave of historic and genealogic research per-
vading all English-speaking lands, and societies for research and
for compilation of ancient records — ecclesiastical, manorial, and
legal — with the result that many volumes of records, invaluable to
the student of family history, are added to our libraries each year,
and the destruction of the original records are not to be deplored
as irreparable.

Is the Scotch-Irish Society to do anything besides eating its an-
nual dinner and listening to eloquent words of self-praise, based on
glittering generalities? The New Englander does the same, and

PB0CEEDING8. * 31

does it equally well; but "back of his feast and eloquence is the
most thorough research in his pedigree. There is hardly a hamlet
to be found in all New England but has its local historian, and its
libKaries abound in valuable records of a i*ace that delights to honor
its ancestry. The Eegistries of Old England are continually being
searched by the descendants of the Pilgrims, and monumental
works are issuing from its presses, just as eloquent in praise of
New England as are the Storrs, Beechers, and Abbotts, at any
New England feast. Cannot our Scotch-Irish Society do some-
thing toward preserving the memory of its forefathers? A great
race, whose members are too often nameless, issued forth from
their adopted home in Ulster to work in a new world that freedom
denied them in the old. Here they became the avant-couriers of
xiivilization, pushing ahead of all other nations, founding homes in
the fertile limestone valleys of the Genesee, the Susquehanna, the
Shenandoah, the Catawba, and the Ogeecbee. Froude, in speaking
of them, says: ^* Men of energy and spirit refused to remain in a
country where they were held unfit to hold the rights of citizens.
. . . The resentment they carried with them continued to burn
in their new homes; and, in the war of independence, England had
no fiercer enemies than the grandsons and great-grandsons of the
Presbyterians who held Ulster against Tyrconnel." Those stern,
noble-minded men, uncompromising for the truth as they under-
stood it, exercised a great influence in the formative period in our
-country's history, where was laid, broad and deep, the foundation
of our civil and religious liberty. The memorials of this race are
fast vanishing from Donegal, Derry, and Antrim. Every year wit-
nesses the destruction of some of these priceless records. The chil-
dren deserve little of the honor bestowed upon them by such an
ancestry, for they have neglected ta preserve the annals of the,
fathers, and allowed them, as individuals, to sink into an unmerited
oblivion. Cannot the Society, single or in conjunction with some
historical society, employ agents to collect the memorials of the
Scottish race in Ireland, issuing a quarterly magazine to members
and subscribers? Making the annual fee five dollars, the surplus
might be devoted to research, and thus awaken an interest in a new
field of historic and genealogic importance, one that has received
little attention from historians largely because of the neglect of its
own children.

Most faithfully yours, William Sumneb Lono.

32 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Dr. Macintosh:

This is a terrible indictment as contained in Mr. Long's letter;
but, unfortunately, we have to plead guilty to many of the charges,
and I have hopes that this earnest presentation of the case on the
part of Mr. Long, who has devoted years to investigation, will
emphasize what has been from time to time declared from this
platform : the importance of the members of the Society guarding
the memoranda in their possession, and seeking to gain such docu-
ments and information from their friends and neighbors. It is, in-
deed, high time that investigation should begin.

Some discussion here arose as to whether the proposed
trip to Paxtang and Derry Churches should be abandoned
on account of the threatening aspect of the weather. Dr.
Hall said; ^

Mr. President: I am but a poor judge of the weather; but as I
look out at these open windows it seems to me that the rain has
ceased, and that the sun is beginning to shine. I don't think that
we ought to miss this journey. Some of us came from the Green
Isle where, it is said :

The girls forever smile, and the skies forever weep.

The rain upon the grass will not hurt us, and I trust that the local
committee will kindly carry out their programme.

Dr. Hall's proposal was adopted.
Mr. McAlarney :

Mr. President: I desire to offer the following resolution:

Resolved, That the Secretary be directed to have printed with the pro-
ceedings of this Congress the addrt^ss of Rev. T. V. Moore, D.D., delivered
at Carlisle in 1859, if such addreB-* can be procured.

The resolution was again read, and was unanimously
adopted.

Judge Simonton :

Mr. President: 1 have in my hand the invitation of welcome

from the trustees of Derry Church, which I ask shall be read to

the convention :

Derby Chubch, Pa., June 4, 1896.

The Trustees of Derry Church, on behalf of the congregation, welcome
with great pleasure this visit of the Scotch-Irish Congress, and Mends who
are with it.

PBOCEEDINGS, 33

The Congress adjourned, to meet at Derry Church at 2 p.m.

BUSINESS MEETING.
Report of the Executive Committee, and Action Thereon.

The business meeting of the Society was called to order
in the Opera House, at 12 m., by the Vice President General
The meeting opened with prayer by Dr. Macloskie.

Nomination of Members.

(See last day's proceedings.)

Secretary Floyd read the report of the Executive Commit-
tee as follows :

On the platform of our Congress at Lexington last year, repre-
sentatives of Harrisburg and Dehver extended invitations to our
Society to hold its eighth annual' meeting in their respective cities.
The inducements held out by the Western city were of the most
flattering character, and the cordial terms in which its hospitality
was extended were exceedingly gratifying; but there was little
hesitancy on the part of our Executive Committee in making their
choice in favor of Harrisburg.

Before the Committee loft Lexington their decision in favor of
Pennsylvania's capital city was announced, and it was ratified by
the Congress.

Geographically and historically the claims of Harrisburg upon
our Society are surpassed by no city in the land. It is as near the
center of our membership, perhaps, as any other place of impor-
tance. It is tho capital of a great Scotch-Irish State, easy of, ac-
cess from all directions, and in a section where the Society has
never before met. Historically it is the very fountain head of in-
terest to the Scotch-Irish people. As Mr. McAlarney said, in pre-
senting the invitation of Harrisburg at Lexington, ^'Dauphin
County is the cradle of the race in America."

This country and the region surrounding were the center from
which scions of the sturdy stock went forth to all parts of the na-
tion to become leaders in every sphere of life. Old Paxtang
Church, almost within the limits of the city, is itself so rich in the
traditions of the race that a visit to it is alone worth the journey
hither. Its history, together with that of other places of its kind,
is a record of the most stirring and patriotic events of pioneer days
and the first years of the Great Republic.

To bring out the record of those days, and the subsequent achieve-
3

34 THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN AMEIUCA.

menlB of the race in this section, is one of the princij)al objects of
our meetin(]r here.

From year to year we hold our annual gatherrngft in different
sections of the United States, in order that we may bring out the
story of the Scotch-Irish in localities where we meet, and arouse a
widespread interest in our Society and its work. For this reason
the CoDgress is always largely a local affair, and this year it is
more so than usual. The selection of practically all the speakers,
and all the arrangements for the Congress, have been left almost
entirely to the local committees at Harrisburg. The officers and
chairmen of these committees are as follows:

President Judge J. W. Simonton, General Chairman.

John VV. German, General Secretary.

Executive 'Committee.

Judge John.B. McPherson, Chairman.

Mathias W. McAlarney, Esq., Chairman Invitation Committee.

Mr. Gilbert T. McCaulet, Chairman Entertainment Committee.

Mr. Thomas L. Wallace, Chairman Transportation Committee.

Kev. George S. Chambers, D.D., Chairman Music Committee.

Mr. Spencer C. Gilbert, Chairman Reception Committee.

Marlin E. Olmstead, Esq., Chairman Finance Committee.

Mr. John G. Orr, Chairman Printing Committee.

Mr. Samuel W. Fleming, Chairman Decoration Committee.

These gentlemen deserve the gratitude of our Society for the pains
that they have taken to entertain us, and the exertions that they
have made to insure the success of this Congress. Credit is due to
all the committeemen, and their names will all be given in our next
volume. Another gentleman who is entitled to special thanks it)
Hon. W. F. Rutherford, who has been an influential member of
the Society from its beginning, and who took the initiative step to-
ward inviting the Society to Harrisburg. He was associated with
Mr. McAlarney in presenting the invitation at Lexington. The splen-
did hospitality of these committeemen, and of the Harrisburg Scotch-
Irish people in general, is too well attested by the kindne88 which
they have showered upon us to need further comment. The Execu-
tive Committee desires also to express their acknowledgment of the
many kindly services rendered by Rev. George B. Stewart, D.D.
They have proved that socially, as well as geographically and his-
torically, this city is second to none in the land as a meeting place
for our Society.

FBOCEEDINGS. 35

The work of the Society during the year has been conducted aft-
er the methods which experience has demonstrated to be best
adapted to the accomplishment of our ends.- The good effects of
our unique methods of gathering and preserving historical facts
are becoming more and more apparent. Not only has our Society
given the Scotch-Irish their merited prominence in the life of the
nation, but it has stimulated active inquiry into all the sources of
American greatness. Tt has served as the model for other historic
and patriotic organizations, and has given impetus to the wide-
spread activity now manifested in the investigation of all that per-
tains to colonial, revolutionary, and pioneer days.

In its own particular province it is constantly expanding and im-
proving. Our last annual publication (Vol. VII. of the Scotch-Irish
in America) is decidedly the largest and handsomest of the se-
ries. It contains more papers on. more different subjects than any
of the previous volumes, and a larger number of illustrations. Nat-
urally, therefore, it took more time to prepare it for publication
and delivery, and it was more expensive than any of our preceding
publications.

Our membership has remained about the same that it was last
year. The new members brought in just about offset those who
dropped out by reason of death, resignation, or failure to pay dues.
As the Society is now constituted, the only means that we can rely
on to secure recruits is through the recommendation or personal
solicitation of old officers and members. With a few exceptions,
our officers have not been active in swelling our membership list.
It is nothing more than the simple truth to say that no association
in the country represents more worth and distinction in proportion
to its numbers than the Scotch-Irish Society of America, and from
its very nature it will perhaps always be noted more for its quality
than its numbers; but it is highly desirable that its enrollment
should be at least twice as great as it is now.

With that increase we should not only have twice the influence
that we now have, but it would put the organization upon a satis-
factory financial basis. With the present membership our income
from regular sources has not usually met our necessary expenses^
and generous members have been called upon to meet the deficit by
special contributions. Last year our regular receipts met our ex-
penditures; but this year, owing to the increased cost of our annu-
al volume, there is a deficit of about four hundred dollars.

We suggest that this Congress makes another effort to devise

36 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMKKICA.

plans which will increaso our memberBhip, so that our ordinary in-
come shall be safely and surely more than necessary expenditures.
The receipts for th* present year which htive come into the hands
of the treasurer are:

Balance from last year $ 49 11 '

Memberehip dues 1,098 25

Books... 313 60 ,

Lafayette McWilliamB 3 00

Interest 26— 11,464 22

The total expenditures were:

Barbee & Smith, for publishing |675 00

Horn & Co., maps 113 00

Secretary on salary for this year 500 00

Dr. Macintosh, etc 13 53

Expense of stenographer 25 00

Expenses of Secretary for traveling, job work,

stationery, stamps, etc 132 00 — 1,458 53

leaving a balance of cash in the hands of

the Treasurer of $ 5 69

But debts outstanding to the amount of about 400 00

Tlie Society has on hand about six hundred cloth-bound volumes, woiHi
about 1550; and one hundred and fifty paper-covered volumes, worth $100,
making a total of $650.

On motion of Dr. Bryson, the report was adopted, and or-
dered to be spread upon the minutes.

AFTERNOON SESSION

The Congress was called to order in Derry Church at 2 p.m.,
June 4, 1896, by Vice President General Macintosh, who said:

As we are met in the house of God, it is proper that our proceed-
ings shall be opened by a short prayer j 1 will, therefore, ask Dr.
McCurdy to offer that prayer.

Dr. McCurdy led in prayer.
The Chairman :

I have now the pleasure of introducing Dr. Hamilton, of Harris
burg, who, I understand, takes his father's place and will read u,
paper prepared by his father, Mr. A. Boyd Hamilton, on "Derry."

Mr. Hamilton's paper will be found elsewhere in this
volume.
Dr. McCook:

PROCEEDINGS. 37

Mr, President : 1 move that the thanks of this audieDce be given
to the author and reader of the paper just read, and that it be
printed at length m our annual volume.

The motion was seconded by Dr. Hall, and unanimously
adopted.

Dr. McCook:

Mr, President: Eight in this connection, let me say that in front
of this pulpit there is an old collection box, which, I understand,
was in use long before we were born. I would like to have the
pleasure of dropping something into that old box for the benefit of
this historic church. I suggest that one of the ladies pass the box
around, and let us all give something, if it's only a quarter, for the
benefit of this church.

The collection was taken up by Mrs. M. E. Hershey.
The Chairman :

It has been suggested that a paper prepared by Mr. Samuel
Evans, of Col^imbia, on " Donegal," which was to be read at Pax-
tang, shall be read now ; and with your permission I will introduce
the Eev. David Conway, of Donegal, who will read Mr. Evans's
paper.

The paper prepared by Mr. Evans will be found elsewhere
in this volume.
Dr. George B. Stewart, Harrisburg :

Mr. President : Before we conclude this portion of the exercises
I would like to say that Mrs. Hershey, who has passed this very
historic collection box, has had as much to do with the work at
Der^ Church as any man -or woman, and more than all of us have
actually done. We owe a great deal to her for her sei^vices, and it
is proper that we make recognition now.

Dr. Macloskie:

Mr. President : I move that the paper just read by Dr. Conway
be printed in our volume, and that the thanks of the Congress be
tendered the author of that very interesting and historic paper.

The motion was unanimously agreed to.
The Chairman :

We will now take a recess and proceed to Pax tang, where addi-
tional exercises will be held.

38 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The Congress reconvened at 4 o'clock p.m. in the Paxtang
Chufch, where the proceedings were opened with prayer by
Rev. Dr. McCarrell.

The Chairman :

The address now to be delivered is one by Mr. W. Fi'anklin
Eutherford, and our friend Mr. iiutherford is to be congratulated
upon the success of the meeting at this place, as he was the first
person to suggest holding the Congress at Harrisburg.

Mr. Rutherford read the paper referred to. It will be
found elsewhere in this volume.

The Congress was then addressed by the Rev. N. G. Parke,
D.D.

Dr. Parke's address is published at Another place in this
volume.

EVENINO SESSION.

The Congress was called to order in the Opera House
Thursday evening, June 4, 1896, at 8 o'clock, p.m., by the
Vic^ President Oeneral. The Rev. George S, Duncan, of
Harrisburg, led in prayer.

The Chairmail announced that he had appointed as the
Nominating Committee, under the resolution adopted in the
business meeting held this morning. Dr. George B. Stewart,
W. H. Rodgers, and Dr. John Hall.

The Chairman :

Since the morning session I have received the greetingB of the
Society formed in the State of Illinois and of the Executive Com-
mittee in the city of Chicago, which I shall ask be incorporated in
the printed annals of our proceedings. I also have in my hand a
letter, which I will not take up the time of the meeting with read-
ing, from the Rev. Howard Agnew Johnson, D.D., of Chicago, in
which he personally and in behalf of the Society of Illinois expresses
gratification at the holding of the Congress in this historic city of
Harrisburg, and which I also ask ahall be incorporated in the print-
ed minutes of the Society.

The Chair is now prepared to hear nominations for membership.

(See last day's proceedings.)

On motion of Dr. Stewart, of Harrisburg, the Nominating

PBOC££DINOS. 39

Committee was given permission to sit during the meetings
of the convention, in order that they might prepare and pre-
sent their report.

Judge McPherson here made some announcements con-
cerning the trip to Gettysburg.

The Chairman :

It is with extreme pleasure, and with feoh'ngs of gratitude on the
part of the Scotch-Irish Society of America, that I make the an-
nouncement that the Hon; Louis W. Hall and Mrs. Hall will be
glad to receive the members of the Society and their visiting friends
on Friday evening from five to half-past six o'clock at their home,
at the corner of Second and South Streets, in this city.

Judge Simonton : .

Mr. President : The address of welcome to yourself and your So-
ciety will now be delivered on behalf of the State of Pennsylvania,
by our Governor, Hon. Daniel H. Hastings.

Gov. Hastings's Address.

Ladies and Gentlemen: I welcome the representatives of the
Scotch-Irish Society of America to Pennsylvania and to her Capital
city. The welcome I give you is sincere, cordial, and hea^t3^ I
myself am one of you, and, therefore, from a personal as well as a
representative standpoint my words should imply a double wel-
come.

You are welcome because you are Scotch-Irish, and you are
doubly welcome because you are American citizens of Scotch-Irish
descent. You have come to a State within whose borders the
Scotch-Irish emigrant was among the first to find a foothold; among
the first to let the neighbors know what he was here for, and what
views he entertained in regard to civil and religious government.
When the Scotch-Irish first viewed the Pennsylvania side of the
Delaware, they concluded that that country was good enough for
them, and from 1720 to 1730 they arrived in larpre numbers. The
first impression was so favorable that they moved on toward the
interior. They followed the emigrant wagon and the sound of the
woodman's ax until they reached the Swatara, the fertile land
along whose bank they quickly appropriated. They were so well
pleased with the great Cumberland Valley that their descendants,
still living there, will be here to see you and to welcome you.
When they crossed the Susquehanna and moved on to the foothills

40 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

of the AUeghanies they were still in love with the wilderness, the
mountain and stream. There must have been a similarity of soil,
climate, and rugged hill that appeared homelike to them, because
while our great founder, Fenn, and his followers and the English
omigrants were swelling the population of the eastern portion o^
the province, the territory lying west of the Susquehanna and exJ
tending across the AUeghanies was an unbroken wilderness, inhab-
ited only by wild animals and the Indian tribes whose names and
nom-enelature still identify their hunting grounds. This great ter-
ritory and its wild inhabitants offered no terrors to the Scotch-Irish-
men. They cut their pathway along the Juniata and over^the
mountains through to the Ohio. They hunted in the forests; they
fished in the streams; they selected the best soil and-mdde the first
permanent settlement in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna.

The Irishman and the German, together with the representatives
of other nations, were rapidly swelling our population; but along
the southern border to the Susquehanna and thence through Cen-
tral and Southern Pennsylvania, the smoke from the Scotch-Irish
immigrant's cabin was the first to rise above the tree tops, and the
early traveler to the West found rough but hearty hospitality and
sjife conduct to the next cabin along the line of his journey.

No one has yet had the hardihood to deny that the Scotch-Irish-
man brought his national characteristics with him. The persever-
ance, energy, ambition, sturdy stubbornness — or " dourness," as thfey
called it at home — and blunt speech all came along over in the same
vessel and remain with him and his descendants even unto the
present generation.

When the Kevolutionary struggle came, the Scotch-Irishman
turned his attention to statesmanship and combat. His ancestors
had fought through centuries for civil and religious liberty, and
here was an opportunity for another fight. John Witherspoon is
said to have given virility and point to many of the eloquent and
diplomatic sentiments which Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of
Independence. The patriot army had its full share of Scotch-Irish
representation, and, true to the memory of Bruce and Wallace, gave
among many others to the cause of freedom an Alexander, a Mac-
intosh, a McDouggall, and a Hugh Mercer, the minute man, who
received from the city of Philadelphia a medal for bravery. No
history of Pennsylvania or of the country will ever be complete
without the record of the achievements of such Scotch-Irish Penn-
sylvania patriots as Cadwallader and Sullivan and Anthony Wayne.

PBOCE^DINQS. 41

Through the years that have intervened from those pioneer days
to the present, the Scotch -Irish character and characteristics have
been so largely interwoven with our growth, development, and his-
tory that the catalogue must be classified and tabulated in order to
disclose all the fields of usefulness which they have so successfully
trodden. Out of all their impress has come nothing that stands out
so prominently as the Scotch-Irish effort in behalf of the moral and
intellectual development of the people. The Scotch-Irish preacher
and schoolmaster have been abroad in our State. The private
school, the academy, and the college in Pennsylvania, which traces
its history more than half a century backward, generally finds a
Scotch-Irish teacher with ferule and gown, presiding over the orig-
inal seat of learning. What of their a,fter fruit? Behold the
•churches, the schoolhouses, the academics, the colleges, the moral
atmosphere, the mental culture, the steady habits, the Bible study,
and the Christian- Sabbath.

In only one other line will I dare to venture. Let him who
ticeks to minimize the Scotch-Irish character in Pennsylvania listen
to the roll call of the Scotch-Irish citizens who have been elected to
the highest ofiSce within the gift of the State.

Thomas McKean, a Scotch-Irishman, one of the signers of the
Declaration of Independence, Governor of Pennsylvania from 1799
to 1808. ' . '

William Findlay, the fourth Governor of Pennsylvania under the
<Jonstitution of 1790, and descendant of those who in 1566 took
part in the famous siege of Derry.

David Porter, another Governor of this commonwealth, was the
grandson of that sturdy Scotch-Irishman, Robert Porter, who set-
tled in Montgomery County early in 1760.

James Pollock, Governor from 1855 to 1858, was proud of the
Scotch-Irish blood that flowed in his veins. His paternal and ma-
ternal ancestors emigrated from the North of Ireland to America
as early as 1760.

The next Scotch- Irish Governor we had was the war Governor,
Andrew Gregg Curtin.

John W. Geary, the illustrious soldier, and afterwards Governor,
was also proud of his Scotch-Irish descent.

But the most significant fact is that, with the coming and com-
mingling of the hardy Scotch-Irish, the intrepid, fearless, and gen-
ial Irish, the phlegmatic, stolid, and patriotic German, the honest
and conservative sons of the land of Burns, the God-fearing and

42 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA*

maa-loving Quaker, and the Ibyal types of all other nationalities
that have arrayed themselves under the emblem, of liberty, they
have by perseverance, courage, and industry contributed to the
•creation and construction of this the greatest, grandest, and best
of all commonwealths in the galaxy of American States.

Gov. Hastings's address of welcome was responded to by
the Vice President General in the following words:

Dr. Macintosh's Response.

Your Excellency: I need not become the mouthpiece of this audi-
ence to acknowledge heartily our appreciation of your presence, of
your sympathy, and of your brotherhood in the household of our
race. That appreciation has been already given in the eloquent
attention of the audience and the hearty answers that have come
to your thrilling periods and your historic references.

And yet, sir, it is only fitting that I, as the representative officer
of this Society on this occasion, should return to you in the name
of the Society our most heartfelt thanks for your presence, for
your official welcome, and for your authoritative throwing open to
us of all the hospitality of this great center of the commonwealth,,
and for the acknowledgment inade by you — and by none could it
have been made better — that all that is required in this great com-
monwealth for the attainment of the highest distinction of citizen-
ship is that a man should become a Scotch-Irishman.

Surely, ladies and gentlemen, we could have no better illustra-
tion of that truth than the honored and distinguished citizen him-
self who has so strikingly exemplified it in presenting to this com-
monwealth those combined virtues and excellences that gave the
man the proud distinction of being an eminently representative
American citizen; the distinguished military administrator, whose
patient care and military skill were so strikingly evidenced in his
continuous work upon the national guard, that when it passed in
review before the eye of that man who was born a soldier, and
who proved his wonderful power upon many a field, Gen. Sheridan,^
he said, ^^That is splendid, and I have seen nothing finer in our
regular troops;'* the man who in the hour of danger showed that
he had a -cool head and knew what was proper to do among the
disasters of fire and flood, who had also that big Scotch-Irish
American heart that made him take his place in the hour of
danger and organize and systematize the work for those thousands
of sufferers, and who has stood for months the representative of the

PBOCEEDINQ&

finest traditions and noblest impulses which have made this govern-
mental seat of Pennsylvania the highest in our land.

There is no one, 1 am sure, whom the Scotch-Irish Society will
HO gladly receive as a welcomer as our distinguished and honored
Governor, whose words have cheered and stimulated us.

I remember, some years ago, talking with a distinguished Brit-
ish jurist in regard to some of our institutions. Said he: " Will
you tell ^ne how it is that that great state of Pennsylvania has
attained such remarkable distinction among the states of the
Union? I have marked two prominent excellencies in that state,
its judiciary and the wonderful persons who have occupied the
chair of government." "Yes, sir," I said; "I can answer that
question. Our jurisprudence and our government are the outcome
of Scotland and Ulster, and it is the product of the finest Scotch-
Irish genius, and of those whom we rejoice to call Friends, and of
those whom we know as the Pennsylvania Dutch."

I think that I can tell the secret of the success of our two associ-
ates on the right hand and on the left. * There would have been very
few left of those sweet Quaker sisters if it had not been for the
Scotch-Irish brothers, who stood between them and the Indians.
There would have been very few left of the Pennsylvania Dutch,
if they had not found the blooming lassies that belonged to the
Scotch Irish families. The Scotch-Irish welcomed the sweet sisters
in the families of the Friends, and in those same Scotch-Irishmen
sturdy Germans found their strongest allies.

With heartiest thanks and greatest kindness of heart we ac-
knowledge the presence and the words of greeting of our Goy- *
ernor.

I am requested to announce, on the part of Governor and
Mrs. Hastings, that there will be a reception tendered to the Socie-
ty and visiting friends on Saturday evening, from seven to eight
o'clock.

The first paper of the evening will be " Landmarks of Early
Scotch-Irish Settlement in Pennsylvania," to be presented by Dr-
William H. Egle. It would be impertinent on my part to introduce
Dr. Egle to either a Harrisburg or a Pennsylvania audience. His
^orks are too well known to require me to say anything.

The paper read by Dr. Egle will be found elsewhere in this
volume.

Miss Epsy sang " My Hame Is Where the Heather
Grows.**

44 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The Chairman :

1 now have the pleasure of presenting Dr. McCook, of Philadel-
phia^ who will show characteristio gallantry to the <' Scotch-Irish
Pioneer Women."

Dr. McCook's paper will b^ found elsewhere in this vol-
ume.

Miss Lily Coyle Hench sang "I'm Wearing Awa' to the
Land o' the Leal."

The Chairman :

Neither at any convention of the Scotch-Irish Congress, nor at
any public meeting in this land, is it necessary for any presiding
officer to make introduction of the next speaker. Dr. John Hall, of
New York, will now address the Congress on the " Duties of Scotch-
Irishmen."

Synopsis of Dr. Hall's Address.

Dr. Hall spoke extemporaneously, but the stenographer,
thinking that the address was in manuscript form, did not
take notes; therefore only a synopsis of it taken from the
Harrisburg Telegraph is ariven. Dr. Hall, much to the regret
of the Publication Committee, could not reproduce the ad-
dress in full. The synopsis is as follows:

Dr. Hall made the closing address on the " Duties of Scotch-
Irishmen." He referred briefly to the absence of President Bon-
ner. In taking up his subject Dr. Hall said that it was a fitting
thing that a clergyman should, be chosen to talk on such a subject
as had been assigned him, and bring the duties of Scotch-Irishmen
before the audience that he was to address. His task was to indi-
cate the duties, and not to dwell upon doctrines. The first duty, he
said, was for Scotch-Irishmen to make themselves acquainted with
the history of their race. He said in this connection that when
they came to study the movements and difficulties of their fore-
fathers they would get some lessons that would be valuable in life.
He went on to speak of the Church as a great contributor to the
agencies employed in the work of spreading the knowledge of the
kingdom of Christ, and of the part that the race had taken in this
great undertaking. The second duty, he said, was for Scotch-
Irishmen to do all that they can for those of their race with whom
they are brought in contact. The third duty was for them to

PROCEEDINGS. 45

try to perpetuate the forces that have made the race what it is
described to be. ^^The forces that have made our people what
they are, are abiding forces. Let us keep them for the generations
coming after as." The fourth duty, he said, was for Scotch-Irishmen
to be conscientious, straightfor^^ard, and intelligent, so as to be able
to promote the best interests of their country. He was loudly ap-
plauded as he took his seat.

MORNING SESSION.

Friday, June 5.

The business meeting of the Society, according to notice,
was called to order at 9 a.m. at the Opera House, and was
opened with prayer by Dr. Bryson, of Huntsville, Ala.

The Chairman:

Before calling for the report of the Nominating Committee, 1

beg leave to state that Mr. Bonner, our President, authorized and

directed me to take charge of any mail matter that might come to

him at Harrisburg ia the capacity of President of the Society. One

letter was received from Mr. Eobert Mortland, which I will now

read :

Dubuque, Ia., June 2, 1896.
Bobert Bonner, Esq., President Scotch-Irish Convention, Han'isbnrg, Pa.

Dear Mr. Bonner: To my great dieappointment, I find that it will be im-
possible for me to get through with my business in time to attend the con-
vention at Harrisburg. This I regret very much; but, as ^'the best-laid
schemes of men and mice gang aft aglee/' I must content myself by wishing
you all a very pleasant time, which I have no doubt that you will have.

I would feel much obliged to you iCyou would nominate for membership
—or, in case that you have too much to attend to, ask Mr. George Frey, of
Springfield, 0., to do it for me— the following gentlemen, whose names
would do honor to any association : Robert McAfee, Esq., Director of Pub-
lic Improvements, Allegheny City, Pa.; David B. Oliver, Esq., iron manu-
facturer, Allegheny City, Pa.; David Carlisle, Esq., linen importer, New
York City, N. Y.

Hoping that you will have a delightful time, and with kind regards to
yourself and the whole convention, I am very truly yours,

RoBBBT Mortland,

The Chairman:

I might be permitted to say — and I desire to do so before the
report of the Nominating Committee is received — that on the re-
ceipt of Mr. Bonner's letter to me I immediately went to New
York to see him. I took upon myself the privilege of talking over

46 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IX AMEItlCA.

the situation with him; and while I found, in the first instance,
that he had with great deliberation, and after advisement with his
physician and his family, written his letter to me, explaining his
necessary absence from our meeting here, and tendering his resig-
nation, which, to use his own wOrds, he would insist upon; and
after conversing with him a little time on the situation, I obtained
from him this concession: that on my arrival in Harrisburg I
should call into consultation with myself Dr. flail, Dr. Macloskie,
and Mr. Mcllhonn}-, and that if we could agree upon a line of policy
which he could favorably entertain, he would do so. "Although,"
he said, " I still reserve to myself the liberty of final detei^mination,
after consultation with my family and my physician."

These three gentlemen have discussed the matter with me care-
fully. TVe found that we agreed exactly on a line of action. Oui
suggested course seems satisfactory to all ; for, conversing with my
friend, Judge McLaughlin, and various other members of our Soci-
et}'^, I have been gratified to find a singularly unanimous agreement
of opinion, without any sort of consultation. I think that the high
value that we all attach to Mr. Bonner s services, and the feelings
which obtain in every member's heart, will be my justification for the
statement that lam about to make. There was, I have said, a strong
accord in regard to what we might do in the premises. The agree-
ing opinion has been this: That Mr. Bonner's resignation should,
with all respect, be laid upon the table; that the Society should, in
the meantime, respectfully decline to receive it; and that, if it
should be the opinion of the Society, we ought to agree to have
him placed in nomination and elected once more as our President,
joining with that election this very explicit declaration — namely,
that we should formally say to Mr. Bonner that we hold him free
to divest himself of all the duties extending to his oflSce, or po much
of the obligations connected with the presidency as he himself
shall choose to lay aside; that we shall not hold him responsible
for the consideration of these duties, or the discharge of any of
them; and that we shall, by resolution, relieve him of all responsi-
bility in connection with any or all correspondence that might
hereafter arise by reason of his holding the oflSce of President, and
that he be authorized formally to transfer all such communications
to the Secretary, or to such other members of the Society as may
be agreed upon, for attention. If this course should commend it-
self—and I make this statement with all proper and due recogni-
tion of the rights of the members of the Society — and, if we should

PBOCEEDINQS. 47

BO unanimously resolve, there are strong hopes — and I express this
after conference* with Dr. Hall on the subject — that Mr. Bonner
may consent to remain at the head of the Association. So much I
state as a matter of fact and officially.

Now if you will bear with me in a personal statement for a mo-
ment, I should like to say, and have it go on record, that for the
last five years Mr. Bonner has held in his hands a letter of resigna-
tion on my part, written each year, which has not been insisted upon
by myself because Mr. Bonner insisted that I remain in my position,
and do what I could in assisting him >7ith his work. I am quite
sure that, under all these circumstances, Mr. Bonner will agree to
leave his name at the head of the Association; and I know that
whatevc|: he can do for the benefit of the Association, without in-
jury to himself, he will gladly do.

Having made these remarks, I now call upon the report of the
Nominating Committee.

Dr. George B. Stewart :

Mr. President: The Nominating Committee held a meeting last
evening, and, after due and careful consideration, decided that it
was quite to the advantage of the Society to retain Mr. Bonner as
President, and to insist upon his continuing to hold that office. We
did not consider the question of his resigning his duties, as outlined
by you just now, that not being before us, and upon that we have
nothing to roport.

We beg leave to report our unanimous decision that Mr. Bon-
ner's resignation should not be accepted, but that he be retained as
the President of the Scotch-Irish Society of America.

We accordingly report the following nominations:

(See the list of officers on the first pages of this volume.)
Judge McPhefson in the chair.
Judge John M. Scott:

Mr. Chairman : I would like to suggest as the State Secretary
for Illinois our friend. Dr. Howard A. Johnston, of Chicago. I am
heartily in favor of all the nominations except one. At Springfield,
O., I tried to resign my office as Vice President for Illinois. I then
made a statement of my reasons, and I do not intend to repeat
them now; but I do wish to say that more effective work can be
done in Illinois by taking in a younger man. We have a great
work to do in our State. We do not feel that we are right in our

48 TRB 8COTCH-IBISH IN AllKBICA.

bi«»toiical information. There is a ^^eat desire for it, and that de-
mre ought to be ealtivated, and the work there done ought to be
preserved in oor general record. It is a melancholy reflection for
tho^e who are advancing the work in Illinois and who, however
much they want to, cannot do the work they wish to; and it is for
that reason that I wish to suggest that in my stead they appoint
the gentleman that I have named.

Dr. Macintosh :

Mr. Chairman : As one member of this Society I hope that no
other name will be mentioned here. We cannot do without Judge
Scott, and certainly last year he was more useful to us than any
other man, with the exception of our President.

Dr. Macintosh :

Mr, Chairman: Dr. Howard Agnew Johnston, of Chicago, has
been one of the most intelligent and enthusiastic members of this
Society for several years. When, last year, it was mj privilege in
Chicago to meet a number of members of our brotherhood, it would
have been impossible for me to have accomplished the purposes
that I then had in view bad I not bad the support and wise coun-
sel of Judge Scott, and the assistance of Mr. McClellan and l^r.
Howard Agnew Johnston. Among the papers that I hold in m3'
hand is a letter received yesterday, stating what has already been
done in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois, which I will
refer to this convention. We could not have a more active, hearty
worker than Dr. Johnston, and therefore I very heartily second
his nomination as State Secretary for Illinois. Yet we could not
think for a moment of allowing Judge Scott to retire; and, from a
conversation with him, I am sure that this gentleman will give to
to the Society, and to Judge Scott in particular, just as much serv-
ice as if he were in office. We will therefore pass that portion of
Judge Scott's remarks, and proceed to the consideration of the nom-
ination of Dr. JohnHton as Secretary for the State of Illinois.

Dr. Johnston was unanimously elected.
Dr. Macloskie:

Mr. Chairman : I desire to offer the following resolution.

The resolution was read by Mr. Floyd, the Secretary, as
follows:

Resolved, That we request Dr. Macintosh to convey our respects

PROCEEDINGS. 49

to Mr. Bonner, stating how deeply we have regretted his absence,
i\nd our earnest sympathy and prayer that he may be soon restored
to his wonted health and strength. We would take this occasion
of assuring him of our appreciation of the valuable services ren-
dered by him to the Scotch-Irish Society, and through it to our
race; and our hope and urgent request are that he will consent to
continue in the office to which we have unanimously reeleqted him;
and we pledge ourselves to take all possible measures to relieve
him of unnecessary pressure while he is pleased to continue in the
position of our chief.

Dr. Macloskie:

Mr, Chairman: Dr. Hall had written a resolution something like
this, but in his hurry- — he is going abroad — ^I think that he took it
with him. It was very much better prepared than this one; but
this, I believe, conveys the general intent of his resolution.

The resolution was unanimously adopted.
Dr. Macloskie:

I understand that there is in the hands of one of our members
an important communication from the University of Princeton ^
which I think now is the proper time to read.

Dr. George B. Ste^vart :

Mr. Chairman : It is with very great pleasure that I submit this
communication to you. It does not come officially, but it has of-
cial sanction, and I think that I can speak with authority on the
subject. It is the result of a conversation of three of the Trustees
— ^Mr. J. Bayard Henry and Mr. Pine and mypelf — ^and this letter
is from the chairman of the Committee on Buildings, which is the
first committee before which this matter will properly come. It
suggests that our Society shall make Princeton its headquarters;
and, before reading the letter, I desire to state that the New Jersey
Historical Society has already done this. With your permission I
will read the letter.

Dr. Stewart read the letter, whose tenor is above indicated.
Judge William McLaughlin :

Mr. Chairman: It is hard to run against Princeton, but we real-
ly would like to have these records and the headquarters of this
Society at Lexington, Ya., where the Convention met last year.
We have a good place to keep these records, and the custQidian of

CO THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

the buildiDg is a genuine Scotch-Irishman, and would give to this
matter ceaseless and untiring care. Our buildings will not cost
six hundred thousand dollars, as I understand Princeton's will, but .
I am satisfied that the records will be properly taken care of.

Judge John M. Scott :

Mr. Chairman : I have nothing to say against Princeton. The
offer it has made is a very generous and liberal one, and, if action
is to be taken by this meeting, it ought to be favorably considered.
^Notwithstanding all that, my affection is for Lexington, Va., the
home of my father and my people. If this question is to be dis-
posed of to-day, I am for Lexington.

Dr. Parke :

Mr, Chairman : Lexington is a very beautiful place, and I think
that we ought to feel very kindly toward it; but thei*e are reasons
which seem to me should decide us that this Society should be VBry
closely attached to Princeton. The Scotch-Irish element has made
Princeton, with all its beautifhl buildings and its great legacies.
The money that has made Princeton to-day the most elegant uni-
versity in the world came from the Scotch-Irish, and this good broth-
er who has written to Dr. Stewart I know something about. He takes
a deep interest in this matter, and the help that will come froxn him
if we accept his offer will be most beneficial to us. I think Lex-
ington, Ya., is a little too far away. Princeton is like the oak from
the acorn, in the very heart of the district of the old log college.

Mr. Mcllhenny :

Mr. Chairman : I move that the President appoint a committee
of three or five to take this matter into consideration, and report it
at another meeting.

Dr. Macloskie :

Mr. Chairman : It seems to me that the adoption of that motion
will hang the matter up for another year.

Dr. George B. Stewart :

Mr. Chairman : 1 would like to amend that motion so that it
will read that the matter be referred to the Executive Committee
with power to' act, and with the recommendation that if, in the
judgment of our Society, the way be clear, the invitation from '
Princeton to make that place the headquarters of the Society be
accepted.

PBOCEBDINGS. 61

Mr. Mcllhenny :

Mr, Chairman : I will aceept that amendmeat.

Dr. Bryson: . v

Mr. Chairman : I would prefer to see the motion made simply to
refer it to the Executive Committee with power to accept or reject
it, as the committee sees fit.

Judge John M. Scott:

Mr. Chairman: I would like to he informed whether the sug-
gestion of Judge McLaughlin to establish the headquarters at Lex-
ington, Ya., will also be considered by the Executive Committee
tinder the motion.

Mr. Mcllhenny :

Mr. Chairman : The motion that I first made had that in view —
that both propositions be considered.

The motion of Mr. Mcllhenny, as amended by Dr. Stewart,
was unanimously agreed to.
Dr. Macintosh :

.Gentlemen, there are a few matters of particular interest that
ought to come before our present meeting. I shall simply mention
them: The one is the necessity of making vigorous efforts to in-
crease our membership. There are now about six hundred names
on the roll If we could secure a membership of about one thou-
sand, it would largely relieve our difficulties, and I think that some
means should be adopted to brins^ our printed volumes before the
various historical societies of the country. This might be done by
exchanges, and I think that if the present business meeting would
direct the Executive Committee to adopt wise methods for the ex-
change of the records of our meetings with other societies of this
country it would be an exceedingly good thing. We want to make
our Society self-sustaining. The proposition has been suggested to
me several times that we ought to have a fund that would insure
us an annual income of four or ^yq hundred dollars. That we
ought to consider in due time, but the pressing matter is to increase
our membership to at least one thousand active members. I re-
spectfully submit these matters to the consideration of the business
meeting of the Society.

Judge John M. Scott:

52 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Mr. Chairman : I move that the subjects referred to by Dr. Mac-
intosh be referred to the Executive Committee.

The Tnotion was unanimousjy agreed to.

The Secretary then submitted a number of letters inviting
the Society to bold its next annual Congress in various cities
of the country. Those letters will be found further along in
this volume.

Dr. Macintosh :

I have had several communications from my friend, Dr. Dins-
more, now in San Jose, Cal., in which he asked me the question
whether our Society would contemplate with favor an invitation
from California. I replied to him that I believed that it would,
but that I had no ground for giving an answer until our meeting
at Harrisburg, when I would bring the subject before the conven-
tion. Since then I have received two additional letters, and he,
with a nuftiber of members of our Society in California, desires to
have the name of San Francisco or some other central point in Cal-
ifornia presented to you as the place for next year's convention.

With respect to the invitation received from St. Louis, and which
WHS read a moment ago, I think that it would be eminently fitting
for this convention to direct the Secretary to write a letter ex-
pressing our thanks for the invitation, ancj our sympathy to the
citizens of that city in their recent suffering.

I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the different invitations be re-
ferred to the Executive Committee. ^

The motion was unanimously adopted.
Dr. Bryson :

Mr. Chairman : I have a matter which I desire to lay before the
meeting: As some of the members are aware, I last year delivered
a lecture on " The Heroes of King's Mountain.'* On my way home,
and while in the mountains, I met a gentleman, and spoke to him
with reference to the desinibility of having a map prepared which
would show the lines and different locations in King's Mountain.
This gentleman said that he was greatly interested in this matter,
and that he had prepared a map of all this mountainous country in
North Carolina, and he said: " If you will give me time, I will make
a map showing the movements of the King's Mountain men
through the different parts of King's Mountain, where the decisive
battle which assured American independence was fought.'' Here,

PBOGEEDINGS. 63

Mr. Chairman^ is that map. Every moyement is marked, every
camp is marked, from the time that they started from their homes
up to the time of the hattle on King's Mountain. This I desire to
present to the Society on behalf of Col. Nimson.

Dr. Macloskie :

Mr, Chairman : I move that the Society accept the map, and that
it request Dr. Bryson to communicate our thanks to Col. Nimson.

The tnotioD was seconded and unanimously agreed to.
On motion, the meeting then adjourned.

Ebqular Session.

The regular session of the Congress was called to order at
10:15 A.M. in the Opera House by Dr. Macltitash, and was
opened with prayer by Dr. George B. Stewart.

The Chairman :

We shall now have the pleasure of listening to an address by Dr.
Oeorge Macloskie, of Princeton, N. J., on " Ulster as It Was and as
It Is."

Dr. Macloskie read the paper, which will be found else-
where in this volume.
The Chairman :

The next number on our programme is a paper on " Scotch-Irish
in the Juniata Valley,'^ by Robert McMecn, Esq., of Mifflintown,
Pa., which will now be read.

Mr. McMeen's paper will be found elsewhere in this volume.

The Chairman :

We will now be favored with an address by B. M. Ncad, Esq., of
this city, on "The Scotch-Irish Movement in the Cumberland Val-
ley of Pennsylvania."

The paper read by Mr. Nead will be found elsewhere in this
volume.

The Chairman :

We will now have an address by Mr. B. W. S. Parthemore, of
this city, on "Early Ferries on the Susquehanna among the
Scotch-Irish."

Mr. Parthemore's paper will be found elsewhere in this
volume.

64 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Business Meeting.

Immediately after adjournmeut a business meeting was held.
Dr. Macloskie presiding.
Mr. Mc Alarney :

Mr. Chairman : I desire to offer a resolution.
The resolution was read by the Secretary, as follows:

Resolved^ That, the poem read by the Rev. David X. Junkin at
Oakville, Pa., in 1875, be printed in the forthcomiDg volume of the
proceedings of this Society.

The resolution was seconded and was unanimously
agreed to.

A meeting of the National Council of the Scotch-Irish So-
ciety of America was held in the Opera House at 1 p.m., Dr.
Macintosh presiding.

The Chairman:

Gentlemen : Under the provisions of our Constitution, it becomes
the duty of the National Council to choose an Executive Commit-
tee, to consist of the President, Vice President Greneral, Secretary,
and Treasurer, and seven other members of the Society.

Dr. Bryson :

Mr. Chairman : I move that the chairman of the Committee on
Resolutions be instructed to cast our ballot for the members of the
Executive Committee.

The motion was seconded and was agreed to.
Mr. Cochran:

Mr. Chairman : 1 ask that the names of the present members of
the Executive Committee be read.

The Secretary read the list of the names of the members of
that committee.

After some discussion the following persons were duly elect-
ed members of the Executive Committee: Prof. Qeorge Mac-
loskie, Princeton, N. J.; M. W. McAlaruey, Harrisburg, Pa.;
Dr. John W. Dinsmore, San Jo86, Cal.; Dr. John H. Bryson,
Huntsville, Ala.; Dr. H. A. White, Lexington, Va.; Mr. Helm
Bruce, Louisville, Ky.; and Mr. W. Hugh Hunter, Dallas,
Tex.

Dr. Macloskie :

PROCEEDINGS. 65

Mr, Chairman : There was an arrangement made at Springfield
when we met there that we could elect to honorary membership
gentlemen who have done special service for the cause in which we
are interested. We have been extremely careful in this matter,
and up to this time no one has been elected in that way. We huve
now the unanimous vote of the Executive Committee favoring the
election of the gentlemen whose names I will hand to the Secretary
to honorary membership. I wish to call this matter to the atten-
tion of the Council before it adjourns.

The Secretary read the names proposed for honorary mem-
bership as as follows :

HONORART MSMBERS.

William H. Bgle, M.D., Harrisburg, Pa.

Mr. William Gray, Belfast, Ireland.

Eev. George HUI, Belfast, Ireland.

Rev. William T. Latimer, Belfast, Ireland.

Bt. Hon. Thomas Sinclair, P. C, Belfast, Ireland.

Bobert Young, Esq., C. E., Belfast, Ireland.

Keqular Session.
The Chairman :

I now have the pleasure of introducing Mr. W. H. Hunter, of Steu- '
benville, 0., who will read a paper on *^ Scotch-Irish Influence on
American Journalism."

Mr. Hunter read the paper, which will be found elsewhere
in this volume.
The Chairman :

One of the papers to have been presented this afternoon was hy
Maj. W. C. Armor, of Harrisburg, on " Scotch-Irish Bibliography
of Pennsylvania.'' My friend, Maj. Armor, has been kind enough
to put into my hands the following letter:

Harrisburg, June 5, 1896.

My Dear Dr. Macintosh: On account of the crowded condition of the pro-
gramme I have gladly yielded my place and time on. it to others whose
papers will be much more interesting than mine could have been to the
audience, but you can depend upon me to have ready for the printed an-
nual of the Society the "Scotch-Irish Bibliography of Pennsylvania."

It will embrace the titles of all our county histories; Presbyterian

66 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Church histories; newspaper articles; centennial celebrations; family re-
unions; Bevolution records; marriage records; tombstone records; and, in
fact, everything bearing upon the race, that I can find, which may be
useful to tlie historian or those in search of family history. It will also, I
trust, be a help to alt in carrying out the duty laid upon us by our honored
Dr. Hall, to stud^ the history of our race. V

In this connection pl6ase allow me to suggest a thought that has come
to me in my researches so far. The State Library and the Pennsylvania
Historical Society at Philadelphia are the custodians of the largest number
of works in the state relating to the subject in hand, but to the majority
of the Society's members they are practically inaccessible. Therefore, is it
not the prerogative of the Scotch-Irish Society of America to arrange for a
library of its own, where everything relating to the race can be gathered,
and be at the call of her large constituency? It would include not only
what could be gathered in the American home of the race, but everything
bearing on ancestral lines that might be gleaned from Dunnet Head to Mull
of Galloway in Bonnie Scotland, and in ''good ould Ireland" from Ballycastle
to Bantry Bay. For the consummation of this a Carnegie's liberality could
be invoked, and be not the least of his noble benefactions.

Cordially yours, W. C. Armor.

Mr. McAlarney and our other Harrisburg friends know that
when Maj. Armor writes what is written in this letter he means
what he says; and we thus have an opening to one of the most im-
portant and valuable services yet rendered to our Society and to
our country. Now, if I might be permitted, I would suggest that
* by applause we recognize and thank Mr. Armor for his willingness
to undertake this extreme labor on the part of the Society. The
work will be done with that thoroughness which those of us who
know him can testify to. [Applause.]

It is now my pleasure to introduce, and it will be your privilege
to hear, Mr. Grier Hersh, of York, Pa., who will read a paper on
" The Manor of Maske." Mr. Hersh has been selected by those who
knew him best for this particular work. He is a graduate of Prince-
ton, a man who has been busily engaged in successful banking, m
well as in historic research, and I am sure it will be a valuable
paper for our Society to hear.

Mr. Hersh read the paper, which will be found elsewhere in
this volume.

The Chairman :

The paper on "Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland Valley " has been
prepared with great care by Dr. John M. Cooper, of Martinsburg,
Pa., a well-known journalist, who for many years has given partic-

FBOGEEDINa^. 67

ular attention to big particular part of the state, bo far as our race
is concerned. Mr. Cooper is not present, but his paper has been
presented to the committee, and 1 am informed has been passed
over for publication. We recognize Mr. Cooper's kindness' In pre-
paring this valuable document.

Mr. Cooper'a paper will be found elsewhere in this volume.
The Chairman :

The closing paper for this afternoon will now be presented by
one who will be recognized by all not only as an ardent Scotch-
Irishman, but the historian of the Upper West Branch Valley, Mr.
John F. Meginness, of Williamsport, Pa. His subject is " Scotch-
Irish in the Upper West Branch Valley." ,

Mr. Meginness r^ad the paper, which will be found else-
where in this volume.

The Congress then adjourned to meet at 8 p.m.

EVENJNO SESSION,

The Congress was called to order at 8 p.m. in the Opera
House, and was opened with prayer by Dr. Bryson.
The Chairman:

We shall now have the pleasure of listening 'to one who is a dis-
tinguished orator, and who, because of his work in the western
part of this great commonwealth, requires no introduction in Penn-
sylvania. He is now known as Chancellor McCracken, of the New
York University.

Dr. McCracken read the paper, which will be found else-
where in this volume.

Miss Lily Coyle Hench sang "Annie Laurie.**
The Chairman :

There are three prominent Scotch-Irish colleges in this land, old
Nassau (or Princeton), Washington and Jefferson, and Washington
and Lee. Among these three our own Pennsylvania institution is
not the least, especially when you consider the contributions made
by her to the ministry of our Church. My beloved friend. Presi-
dent Moffat, of Washington and Jefferson College, will now speak
to us on "McMillan " and other pioneers of education in Washing-
ton County.

Dr. Moffat's paper will be found elsewhere in this volume.

68 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Miss Derr sang " Bonnie Sweet Bessie, the Maid o* Dundee.*'
The Chairman;

To introduce to a Harrisburg audience my friend and brother,
Dr. George Norcross, would be unnecessary. If there is any man
who understands the Cumberland Yalley from end to end better
than Dr. Norcross, I should like to know who he is. We shall now
hear from Dr. Norcross on " The Influence of the Scotch-Irish in
the Cumberland Valley."

Dr. Norcross read the paper, which will be found elsewhere
in this volume.

The Congress then adjourned to meet at 8:30 Saturday
evening.

EVENING SESSION

The Congress was called to order in the Opera House at
8:30 P.M., and was opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. D. M. Gil-
bert, of Harrisburg.

The Chairman :

I have"" received a letter from President Robert Thomson, who
was to have addressed us this evening, giving the reasons for his
absence. I will pass the letter over to the Secretary.

I have a letter ^Iso from one of our most interested members,
Mr. Frey, of Springfield, O,, regretting his absence, and expressing
his earnest wishes for the success of our meeting in Harrisburg.

The Euterpe Quartet sang " Softly Now the Light of Day,^
Judge Bimonton :

When the Congress met last year at Lexington, Va., one of the
addresses was entitled, <^A Night in a Log College." That address
was received with very great favor and approval and delight by
those who heard it, and its fame has since spread to^uch an extent
that its writer was specially requested to repeat it at this time and
to this audience, as it had unfortunately been omitted from last
year's volume. I am sure that you will be delighted that we have
reserved at least some of the best wine for the last.

I have now the pleasure of introducing, for the purpose of deliver-
ing this address, our worthy Vice President General, Rev. John S.
Macintosh, D.D.

The Chairman:

Members of the Scotch-Irish Congress, the sweet, sad hour of

PROCEEDINGS. 59

parting has come, and it is becoming that I, who, through a some-
what unhappy necessity, have been occupying at these meetings
the place that we have so ardently desired to see filled by our es-
teemed President, Robert Bonner, should now make an acknowl-
edgment of what are the strong convictions and the deep feelings
of all those who occupy executive positions in this Society and of
all its members.

Before, hbwever, I proceed to present the resolutions which are
only fitting for us to adopt on this occasion, there are two or three
remarks which it is thought desirable for me to make, in order that
the sentiments may be in some way embodied in our proceedings.

The first is this: That the power and influence of our Scotch-
Irish Society is never to be measured by the number of members
convened at any one point. Our members are scattered from the
gates of the Atlantic to the quiet waters of the Pacific, from the
lakes to the Gulf, and they are influential wherever they are. On
entering, I looked with wonder and though tfulnesa on the meeting
somewhat hastily called in the great metropolis of the Northwest
but a few weeks ago. Looking around the room in Chicago where
we were assembled, I found that the man who was at the head of
one of the largest enterprises of that commercial city, the man who
was thetshairman of the Produce Exchange, was one of our most act-
ive members; the man most influential in the real estate association
of that city; the most influential underwriter, and the head of one
of the most successful banking concerns; the man who was at the
head of a great institution of learning, and three of its professors;
the man who was at the head of the great reform of prison admin-
istration ; the man who was at the head of the largest pubjic con-
cern of the Northwest, were all active, influential members of the
Scotch-Irish Society. So it is wherever we go. The influence of
our Society is not to be gauged by the number of those who at any
one point convene together.

We are not averse to looking our faults in the face. We do not,
deny that we have faults. We believe that we have something to
do in the future, as. our fathers had to do in the past; and we be-
lieve' that we have it in our souls and in our wills to make ourselves
bigger, better, and more usefbl Americans every day that we live.
We do not profess to be a society living simply in the recollections
of the past ; but we do avow ourselves to be a society whose mem-
bers, recollecting what we have received from our ancestors and
from their ancestors, recognize the heavy responsibility that rests

60 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Upon US to do good unto all meu, and especially unto the household
that we call our own.

Now^ Mr. Chairman and fellow-members, with these two or three
remarks I want to saj that in the hearts of the members of this
Society there is one strong feeling of grateful acknowledgment to
every one in Harrisbui^ and the neighborhood for unwearying
thoughtfulnesB through weeks of preparation, for untiring care and
attention during the sessions of the Congress, and for unbounded
generosity, liberality, and kindness in their treatment of us while
we have been here. And therefore while, of course, resolutions
. must carry -with them a certain formality to be proper and worthy
of acceptance, I want the various committees and citizens of this
great capital city to understand that behind the formal resolutions
there are hearts of gratitude, and that after we are scattered there
will remain sweet memories and deep of the many favors received.
Mr. Chairman, I beg leave to offer the following resolutions:

Resolutionb.

In dlosing its eighth aniyial Congress the Scotch-Irish Society records
its sincere thanks to every one of tlie many friends who have helped to ren-
der its assembly successful. We especially tender our thanks to his Excel-
lency, Gov. Daniel H. Hasting;*, and to Hon. John P. Patterson, the Mayor
of Harrisburg, for giving us a welcome to the^capital cit^ of the Keystone
State of our great American commonwealth; to Hon. Judge Simonton and
the citizens' local committee, Hon. Judge McPherson and their Executive
Committee, and Mr. M. Wilson McAlarney, for their careful arrangements
and assistance; to Hon. Louis W. Hall and Mrs. Hall and Gov. and Mrs.
Hastings for the delightful social features of the Congress), and to the Dau-
phin County Historical Society and the cler^rymen of Harrisburg for their
countenance and courtesy ; to the Euterpe Quartet and the soloists and the
Steelton bands for appropriate and skillful music; to the gentlemen of the
press, both of Harrisburg and throughout the country, who have greatly
iielped our cause by faithful reports, and by a friendly attitude toward our
Society in its efforts to perpetuate the memories and to stimulate the good
of our race, and to make Scotch-Irishmen good Americans. While we
gladly acknowledge the achievements of other component factors of our
Atneri(ran nationality, we see with special pleasure the rewards of industry
and patriotism which are everywhere visible in this center of the Scot<h-
Irish race.

And over and above all, we renew our tribute of humble and hearty
thanks to God, who has preserved us in the past, and has enabled so many
of us to meet in happy brotherhood ; and we would also renew our pledges
of hearty loyalty to this free commonwealth in which citizens from many
lands are able to enjoy equal rights as members of one great American
family.

PROCEEDINGS. Gl

Mr. Floyd :

Mr. Chairman : It gives me great pleasure to second those reso-
lutions. .

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

The Euterpe Quartet saiig '* I Lay My Sins on Jesus."

The Chairman :

Mr. Chairman: I desire through you, as the special representa-
tive of the people of Harrisburg and vicinity, to convey to you very
heartily these our thanks for your patient work before our coming,
for your unwearied attentions while we have been here, and for
the unmeasured generosity and liberality with which you have
striven to make our stay both delightful and profitable.

Dr. George B. Stewart: •

Mr, President : I am called upon quite suddenly, but I respond
as cheerfully to the request to 8ay a word in reply to these resolu-
tions. I can assure you, sir, that the citizens of Harrisburg, the
members of the Scotch-Irish Society residing' in Harrisburg, and all
the good Scotch-Irish people who have assisted us in our eiforts to
make your stay here delightful and profitable, have considered it a
])lcasure to. do so. Your coming has inspired in us a larger esteem
for you and for the Society which you represent, and a larger hope
for our country and for the institutions so dear to us; for we are
assured in our minds that such worthy sons of such worthy sires
are safe persons into whose hands we can intrust our civil institu-
tions, and all the deep and precious sources of our lives. We have
learned of the many virtues of your race. It is possible that a few
have escaped mention ; we are not so sure. We have a lurking sus-
picion that our fathers had some faults. If so, their faults were on
the same magnificent scale, and in the same imposing proportions,
as their virtues. But be that as it may, we have not been disposed
to give truth and effect to those most untruthful words that the
good that men do is ofl interred with their bones, while the evil
lives after them. The good that the early Scotch-Irish did will not
be suffered to lie in forgetfulness so long as the National Scotch-
Irish Society has its being. We have enjoyed your stay with us.
We hope that you may come again. We are glad on this occasion
to assure you that what little we have been able to do to make
your stay among us comfortable has been done with great hearti-
ness, and we are quite sure that your words of praise are far be-^
yond that which we deserve.

62 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

If my responso is brief, it is due to the lateness of the hoar and
the suddenness with which I have been called upon to speak to
you. If there is "any lack of heartiness on our part in bidding you
Godspeed in your great work of acquainting this land of 'ours with
the noble deeds of our fathers and with the high purposes of their
sons and with the blessed heritage that we hope to transmit to our
children, it is to be charged not to the coldness of our heart, nor to
the insensibility of our spirit, but to the feebleness of our tongue.
. With large anticipation of pleasure and profit, we bade you,
^^ Welcome;" with those anticipations fully realized, and in all
sincerity, we now say, " Farewell."

After the pronouncing of the benediction by Dr. Stewart
the Congress adjourned.

MEMBERS RECEIVED AT HARRISBURG.

Thb following persons were nominated and elected to mem-
bership in the Scotch-Irish Society at various times daring
its Congress at Harrisburg :

William C. Armor, Harrisburg, Pa.

Levi B. Alricks, Harrisburg, Pa«

James Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa.
. John Yeomans Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa.

Dr. J. M. BrowD, Harrisburg, Pa.
. James £. Barnett, Washington, Pa.

Miss M. B. Barnett, Washington, Pa. i

Mrs. Mary A. Bradbury, German town. Pa.

Oliver Bradm, 117 North Twenty-first Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Spencer F. Barber, Harrisburg, Pa.

James T. Barnett, Harrisburg, Pa.

Rev. William P. Bryan, Pastor Church of the Covenant, Chicago, 111.

Thomas H. Bellas, 1634 Prairie Avenue, Chicago, 111.

D. fruman Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa.

James Wasson Cochran, 990 Hoyden Road, Columbus, O.

Dr. Joseph N. Qark, 1111 North Third Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

Rev. George S. Chambers, D.D., Harrisburg, Pa.

Rev. David Conway, Mt. Joy, Pa.

George W. Creighton, Harrisburg, Pa.

John Donaghey, Providence, R. I.

James W. Davidson, Box 644, Washington, D. C.

Daniel M. Dull, Harrisburg, Pa,
, John P. Elkin, Indiana, Pa.

Miss Liliat) S. Evans, Columbia, Pa.

Dr. John W. Elder, Clarion, Pa.

Rev. J. S. Elder, D.D., Clarion, Pa.
• Mrs. Joseph Fenner, 406 Chestnut Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

S. W. Fleming, 104 South Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

Maj. R. H. Forster, Harrisburg, Pa.

Wilson M. Gearheart, Danville, Pa.

Charles K. Greddes, Williamsport, Pa.

Bertram G. Galbraith, Harrisburg, Pa.

Capt. John C. Harvey, Harrisburg, Pa.

A. Boyd Hamilton, Harrisburg, Pa.

Hugh Hamilton, Harrisburg, Pa.

Mrs. James Hackett, Germantown, Pa.

(63)

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEIUCA.

Rev. Thomas C. Hall, D.D., 468 North State Street, Chicago, 111.

Daniel Coyle Herr, Harrisburg, Pa.

Edwin Wallace Jackson,, Harrisburg, Pa.

Edgar L. King, Harrisburg, Pa.

Mrs. E. €L Kunkel, Harrisburg, Pa.

8. T. McCravy, Spartanburg, 8. C.

J. M. McCarrell, Harrisburg, Pa.

Robert McMeen, Mifflintown, Pa.

Judge John B McPherson, Harrisburg, Pa.

Rev. R. A. McKinley, D.D., Ph.D., Steubenville, O.

Prof. L. E. MeGinness, Steelton, Pa.

Rev. Henry C. McCook, 3700 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

John F. Meginne8S,^Williamsport, Pa.

James Addison Moore, Camp's Hill, Pa.

William H. Middleton, Harrisburg, Pa,

Joseph Montgomery, Harrisburg, Pa.

Mrs. Mary McCord Martin, Springfield, O.

Rev. S. A. Martin, President; of Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa.

Edwin E. Meginness, Steelton, Pa.

Rev. George Norcross, Carlisle, Pa.

W. M. Oglesby, Harrisburg, Pa.

Miss M. Jjtf. Prince, Slatington, Pa.

W. G. Parke, Scranton, Pa.

Robert Patterson, Uniontown, Pa.

George W. Rogers, 127 North Ludlow Street, Dayton, O.

J. E. Rutherford, Harrisburg, Pa.

W. S. Rutherford, Steelton, Pa.

James Ralston, Mechanicsburg, Pa.

John F. Robertson, Steubenville, 0.

Robert A. Richard, Carlisle, Pa.

Mrs. Jane Stuart Smead, Carlisle, Pa.

Charles H. Smiley, New Bloom 6eld, Pa.

Rev. William Simonton, Emmettsburg, Pa.

Robert Snodgrass, Harrisburg, Pa.

Dr. George Stewart, Harrisburg, Pa.

Hon. J. W. Simonton, Harrisburg, Pa.

William H. Scott, Harrisburg, Pa.

Frank P. Snodgrass, Harrisburg, Pa.

John H. Walker, Faunettsburg, Pa.

William A. Wallace, Harrisburg, Pa.

Hon. Robert E. Wright, Allentown, Pa.

INVITATIONS.

The following invitations are self-explanatory. They were
read before the Congress at Harrisburg and referred to the
Executive Committee of the Society for final decision as to
the place of meeting, but at the time this is written no
definite conclusion has been reached by that body on the
subject.

INVITATION FROM DENVER

Denver, Colo., September 4, 1896.
A. 0. Fix>TD, Esq., Secretary, Scotch-Irish Society of America, Chattanooga,
Tenn.:

Dear Sir : In behalf of the Denver Chamber of Commerce and
Board of Trade, an organization with a memberfihip of five hundred
and fifty of Colorado's most influential citizens, we hereby extend to
your association a most cordial invitation to hold your annual con-
vention of 1897 in Denver.

All things being considered, Denver is perhaps the most desirable
city in the Union for the holding of conventions. Her ample and
splendid hotel accommodations are unsurpassed, and while the most
luxurious tastes can be satisfied, persons of moderate means can always
procure what they desire at reasonable rates. The acceptable manner
in which Denver entertains her guests is well kpown throughout the
country. Her ability to entertain was thoroughly tested at the
Knights Templar Conclave in 1892, when one hundred and fifteen
thousand people arrived in this city within three days, and all were
comfortably cared for. Experience has demonstrated that, as a rule,
people gather in larger numbers at conventions held in Denver than
in other cities, because of her excellent fiEicilities for entertaining
visitors, and the great number of attractions she offers. The work of
a convention being done, visitors and delegates can leave the city by
the different lines of railroad in the morning, spend the day viewing
the grandest mountain scenery in the world, and return to the city by
six or eight o'clock in the evening. It is but true to say that there is
no city on the continent where the attractions of a metropolis and the
grandeur of mountain scenery are in such close proximity to each
other.

Should you decide to come, we will do all in our power to make
5 (65)

C6 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

your convention a succees, and your stay with ub as pleasant as po^
sible.
. Very respectfully yours, M. C. Jackson, Secretary,

We heartily join in the above invitation and pledge you a cordial
reception. A. W. McIntyre, Governor of Colorado ;

Charles L. Burpee, Acting Mayor of Denver.

DETROITS INVITATON.

Detroit (Mich.) Convention League, | «

March 30, 1896. |

A. C. Floyd, Secretary, Chattanooga, Tenn.:

Dear Sir : I would like to enter the name of Detroit for the 1897
convention of the Scoth-Irish Congress of America, and ask you to
bring the matter before your body at their meeting in Harrisburg,
May 1-7. Detroit has become one of the leading convention cities of
the country, has special ^cilities for entertaining guests, and can al-
ways assure them a good time. If you will furnish me the names of
any Detroit or Michigan members I will take the matter up locally,
and any favors you can extend, or information furnish in regard to
this matter, I can assure you will be gladly received. I will furnish
you further information regarding Detroit, and her convention ac-
commodations, just before your ctoming session.

Yours truly, Milton Carmichabl, Secretary.

INVITATION FROM NASHVILLE.

Nashville, Tenn., May 16, 1896.

Mr. a. C. Floyd, Secretary Scotch-Irish Society of America, Chattanooga,
'Penn.:

Dear Sir : Will you kindly inform me at what place your associa-
tion decided to meet next year in annual convention, and if it is possi-
ble for you to meet in Nashville during our Centennial year, 1897?

The inclosed literatulre will give you some idea concerning bur Ex-
position. We propose making this Exposition one of the greatest ever
held in this country, the World's Pair alone excepted. We would be
very glad to have your association meet here during the year 1897.
If we can in any way bring this about, I would be glad to hear from
you upon the subject.

Yours very truly, A. W, Wills, Commissioner OeneraL

FBOOEEDINa^. 67

ular attention to big particular part of the state, so far as our race
is concerned. Mr. Cooper is not present, but bis paper has been
presented to the committee, and 1 am informed has been passed
over for publication. We recognize Mr. Cooper's kindness' In pre-
paring this valuable document.

Mr. Cooper's paper will be found elsewhere in this volume.
The Chairman :

Mr. Meginness r^d the paper, which will be found else-
where in this volume.

The Congress then adjourned to meet at 8 p.m.

EVEN IN O SESSION.

The Congress was called to order at 8 p.m. in the Opera
House, and was opened with prayer by Dr. Bryson.
The Chairman :

Dr. McCracken read the paper, which will be found else-
where in this volume.
Miss Lily Coyle Hench sang "Annie Laurie."
The Chairman :

There are three prominent Scotch-Irish colleges in this land, old
Nassau (or Princeton), Washington and Jefferson, and Washington
and Lee. Among these three our own Pennsylvania institution is
not the least, especially when you consider the contributions made
by her to the ministry of our Church. My beloved friend. Presi-
dent Moffat, of Washington and Jefferson College, will now speak
to us on " McMillan " and other pioneers of education in Washing-
ton County.

Dr. Moffat's paper will be found elsewhere in this volume.

68 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Miss Derr sang " Bonnie Sweet Bessie, the Maid o' Dundee.*'
The Chairman:

To introduce to a Harrisburg audience my friend and brother,
Dr. GFeorge Norcross, would be unnecessary. If there is any man
who understands the Cumberland Valley from end to end better
than Dr. Norcross, I should like to know who he is. We shall now
hear from Dr. Norcross on " The Influence of the Scotch-Irish in
the Cumberland Valley."

Dr. Norcross read the paper, which will be found elsewhere
in this volume.

The Congress then adjourned to meet at 8:30 Saturday
evening.

EVENma SESSION.

The Congress was called to order in the Opera House at
8:30 P.M., and was opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. D. M. Gil-
bert, of Harrisburg.

The Chairman :

I have^received a letter from President Robert Thomson, who
was to have addressed us this evening, giving the reasons for his
absence. I will pass the letter over to the Secretary.

I have a letter ^Iso from one of our most interested members,
Mr. Frey, of Springfield, O., regretting his absence, and expresl^ing
his earnest wishes for the success of our meeting in Harrisburg.

The Euterpe Quartet sang " Softly Now the Light of Day.^
Judge Simonton :

When the Congress met last year at Lexington, Va., one of the
addresses was entitled, "A Night in a Log College." That address
was received with very great favor and approval and delight by
those who heard it, aud its fame has since spread to^uch an extent
that its writer was specially requested to repeat it at this time and
to this audience, as it had unfortunately been omitted from last
year's volume. I am sure that you will be delighted that we have
reserved at least some of the best wine for the last.

I have now the pleasure of introducing, for the purpose of deliver-
ing this address, our worthy Vice President General, Rev. John S.
Macintosh, D.D.

The Chairman :

Members of the Scotch -Irish Congress, the sweet, sad hour of

PROCEEDINGS. 59

parting has come, and it is becoming that I, who, through a some-
what unhappy necessity, have been occupying at these meetings
the place that we have so ardently desired to see filled bjr our es-
teemed President, Bobert Bonner, should now make an acknowl-
edgment of what are the strong convictions and the deep feelings
of all those who occupy executive positions in this Society and of
all its members.

Before, however, I proceed to present the resolutions which are
only fitting for us to adopt on this occasion, there are two or three
remarks which it is thought desirable for me to make, in order that
the sentiments may be in some way embodied in our proceedings.

The first is this: That the power and influence of our Scotch-
Irish Society is never to be measured by the number of members
convened at any one point. Our members are scattered from the
gates of the Atlantic to the quiet waters of the Pacific, from the
lakes to the Gulf, and they are influential wherever they are. On
entering, I looked with wonder and though tfulness on the meeting
somewhat hastily called in the great metropolis of the Northwest
but a few weeks ago. Looking around the room in Chicago where
we were assembled, I found that the man who was at the head of
one of the largest enterprises of that commercial city, the man who
was theXihairman of the Produce Exchange, was one of our most act-
ive members; the man most influential in the real estate association
of that city; the most influential underwriter, and the head of one
of the most successful banking concerns; the man who was at the
head of a great institution of learning, and three of its professors;
the man who was at the head of the great reform of prison admin-
istration ; the man who was at the head of the largest public con-
cern of the Northwest, were all active, influential members of the
Scotch-Irish Society. So it is wherever we go. The influence of
our Society is not to be gauged by the number of those who at any
one point convene together.

We are not averse to looking our faults in the face. We do not,
deny that we have faults. We believe that we have something to
do in the future, as. our fathers had to do in the past; and we be-
lieve' that we have it in our souls and in our wills to make ourselves
bigger, better, and more usefbl Americans every day that we live.
We do not profess to be a society living simply in the recollections
of the past; but we do avow ourselves to be a society whose mem-
bers, recollecting what we have received from our ancestors and
from their ancestors, recognize the heavy responsibility that rests

60 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

upon U3 to do good unto all men, and especially unto the household
that we call our own.

Now* Mr. Chairman and fellow-members, with these two or three
remarks I want to saj that in the hearts of the members of this
Society there is one strong feeling of grateful acknowledgment to
every one in Harrisburg and the neighborhood for unwearying
thoughtful ness through weeks of preparation, for untiring care and
attention during the sessions of the Congress, and for unbounded
generosity, liberality, and kindness in their treatment of us while
we have l;>een here. And therefore while, of course, resolutions
, must carry with them a certain formality to be proper and worthy
of acceptance, I want the various committees and citizens of this
great capital city to understand that behind the formal resolutions
there are hearts of gratitude, and that after we are scattered there
will remain sweet memones and deep of the many favors received.
Mr. Chairman, I beg leave to offer the following resolutions:

Resolutions.

In dlosing its eighth annual Congress the Scotch-Irish Society records
its sincere thanks to every one of the many friends who have helped to ren-
der its assembly successful. We especially tender our thanks to his Excel-
lency, Gov. Daniel H. Hasting.-*, and to Hon. John P. Patterson, the Mayor
of Harrisburg, for giving us a welcome to the.-capital cit^ of the Keystone
State of our great American commonwealth; to Hon. Judge Simonton and
the citizens' local committee, Hon. Judge McPberson and their Executive
Committee, and Mr. M. Wilson McAlarney, for their careful arrangements
and assistance; to Hon. Louis W. Hall and Mrs. Hall and Gov. and Mrs.
Hastings for the delightful social features of the Congress, and to the Dau-
phin County Historical Society and the clergymen of Harrisburg for their
countenance and courtesy ; to the Euterpe Quartet and the soloists and the
Steelton bands for appropriate and skillful music; to the gentlemen of the
press, both of Harrisburg and throughout the country, who have greatly
iielped our cause by faithful reports, and by a friendly attitude toward our
Society in its efforts to perpetuate the memories and to stimulate the good
of our race, and to make Scotch-Irishmen good Amiericans. While we
gladly acknowledge the achievements of other component factors of our
American nationality, we see with special pleasure the rewards of industry
and patriotism which are everywhere visible in thi« center of the Scotch-
Irish race.

PROCEEDINGS, 61

• Mr. Floyd :

Mr. Chairman : It gives me great pleasure to second those reso*
lutions. .

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

The Euterpe Quartet saiig ''I Lay My Sins on Jesus."

The Chairman :

Dr. George B. Stewart: •

Mr. President : I am called upon quite suddenly, but I respond
as cheerfully to the request to say a word in reply to these resolu-
tions. I can assure you, sir, that thQ citizens of Harrisburg, the
members of the Scotch-Irish Society residing in Harrisburg, and all
the good Scotch-Irish people who have assisted us in our efforts to
make your stay here delightful and profitable, have considered it a
pleasure to. do so. Your coming has inspired in us a larger esteeni
for you and for the Society which you represent, and a larger hope
for our country and for the institutions so dear to us; for we are
assured in our minds that such worthy sons of such worthy sires
are safe persons into whose hands we can intrust our civil institu-
tions, and all the deep and precious sources of our lives. We have
learned of the many virtues of your race. It is possible that a few
have escaped mention; we are not so sure. We have a lurking sus-
picion that our fathers had some faults. If so, their faults were on
the same magnificent scale, and in the same imposing proportions,
as their virtues. But be that as it may, we have not been disposed
to give truth and effect to those most untruthful words that the
good that men do is oft interred with their bones, while the evil
lives after them. The good that the early Scotch-Irish did will not
be suffered to lie in forgetfulness so long ak the National Scotch-
Irish Society has its being. We have enjoyed your stay with us.
We hope that you may come again. We are glad on this occasion
to assure you that what little we have been able to do to make
' your stay among us comfortable has been done with great hearti-
ness, and we are quite sure that your words of praise are far be-
yond that which we deserve.

62 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

If my responso is brief, it is due to the lateness of the hoar and
the suddenness with which I have been called upon to speak to
you. If there is^ny lack of heartiness on our part in bidding you
Godspeed in your great work of acquainting this land of ours with
the noble deeds of our fathers and with the high purposes of their
sons and with the blessed heritage that we hope to transmit to our
children, it is to be charged not to the coldness of our heart, nor to
the insensibility of our spirit, but to the feebleness of our tongue.

With large anticipation of pleasure and profit, we bade you,
"Welcome;" with those anticipations fully realized, and in all
sincerity, we now say, " Farewell."

After the pronouncing of the benediction by Dr. Stewart
the Congress adjourned.

MEMBERS RECEIVED AT HARRISBURG.

Thb following persons were nominated and elected to mem-
bership in the Scotch-Irish Society at various times daring
its Congress at Harrisburg :

William C. Armor, Harrisburg, Pa.

Levi B. Alricks, Harrisburg, Pa.

James Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa.
. John Yeomaos Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa,

Dr. J. M. BrowD, Harrisburg, Pa.
. James £. Barnett, Washington, Pa.

Miss M. B. Barnett, Washington, Pa. t

Mrs. Mary A. Bradbury, Germantown, Pa.

Oliver Bradin, 117 North Twenty-first Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Spencer F. Barber, Harrisburg, Pa.

James T. Barnett, Harrisburg, Pa.

Eev. William P. Bryan, Pastor Church of the Covenant, Chicago, 111.

Thomas H. Bellas, 1634 Prairie Avenue, Chicago, 111.
. D. 7*ruman Boyd^ Harrisburg, Pa.

James Wasson Cochran, 990 Royden Boad, 'Columbus, O.

Dr. Joseph N. Clark, 1111 North Third Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

Rev. George S. Chambers, D.D., Harrisburg, Pa.

Rev. David Conway, Mt. Joy, Pa.

George W. Creighton, Harrisburg, Pa.

John Donaghey, Providence, R. I. ^ *

James W. Davidson, Box 644, Washington, D. C.

Daniel M. Dull, Harrisburg, Pa.
, John P. Elkin, Indiana, Pa.

Miss Lilial) S. Evans, Columbia, Pa. »

Dr. John W. Elder, Clarion, Pa.

Rev. J. S. Elder, D.D., Clarion, Pa.
* Mrs. Joseph Fenner, 406 Chestnut Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

a W. Fleming, 104 South Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

Maj. R. H. Forster, Harrisburg, Pa.

Wilson M. Gearheart, Danville, Pa.

Charles K. Geddes, Williamsport, Pa.

Bertram G. Galbraith, Harrisburg, Pa.

Capt. John C. Harvey, Harrisburg, Pa.

A. Boyd Hamilton, Harrisburg, Pa.

Hugh Hamilton, Harrisburg, Pa.

Mrs. James Hackett, Germantown, Pa.

(63)

64 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEKIOA.

Rev. Thomas C. Hall, D.D., 468 North State Street, Chicago, 111.
Daniel Coyle Herr, Harrisburg, Pa.
Edwin Wallace Jackson^ Harrisburg, Pa.
Edgar L. King, Harrisburg, Pa.
Mrs. E. CI Kunkel, Harrisburg, Pa.
S. T. McCravy, Spartanburg, S. C.
J. M. McCarrell, Harrisburg, Pa.
Robert McMeen, Mifflintown, Pa.
Judge John B McPherson, Harrisburg, Pa.
Rev. R. A. McKinley, D.D., Ph.D., Steubenville, O.
Prof. L. E. MeGinness, Steelton, Pa.

Rev. Henry C. l^cCook, 3700 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
John F. Meginnes8,^William8port, Pa.
James Addison Moore, Camp's Hill, Pa.
William H. Middleton, Harrisburg, Pa,
, Joseph Montgomery, Harrisburg, Pa.
Mrs. Mary McCord Martin, Springfield, O.

Rev. S. A. Martin, President of Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa,
Edwin £. Meginness, Steel ton, Pa. ^

Rev. George Norcross, Carlisle, Pa.
W. M. Oglesby, Harrisburg, Pa.
Miss M. M. Prince, Slatington, Pa.
W. G. Parke, Scranton, Pa.
Robert Patterson, Union town. Pa.

George W. Rogers, 127 North Ludlow Street, Dayton, O.
J. E. Rutherford, Harrisburg, Pa.
W. S. Rutherford, Steelton, Pa.
Jam^ Ralston, Mechanicsburg, Pa.
John F. Robertson, Steubenville, O.
Robert A. Richard, Carlisle, Pa.
Mrs. Jane Stuart Smead, Carlisle, Pa.
Charles H. Smiley, New Bloom 6eld, Pa.
Rev. William Simonton, Emmettsburg, Pa.
Robert Snodgrass, Harrisburg, Pa.
Dr. George Stewart, Harrisburg, Pa.
Hon. J. W. Simonton, Harrisburg, Pa.
William H. Scott, Harrisburg, Pa.
Frank P. Snodgrass, Harrisburg, Pa.
John H, Walker, Faunettsburg, Pa.
William A. Wallace, Harrisburg, Pa.
Hon. Robert E. Wright, Allentown, Plu

INVITATIONS.

Thb following invitations are self-explanatory. They were
read before the Congress at Harrisburg and referred to the
Executive Committee of the Society for final decision as to
the place of meeting, but at the time this is written no
definite conclusion has been reached by that body on the
subject.

mVITA TION FROM DENVER.

Denvek, Colo., September 4, 1896.
A. 0. Floyd, Esq., Secretary, Scotch-Irish Society of America, Chattanooga,
Tenn.:

Dear Sir : In behalf of the Denver Chamber of Commerce and
Board of Trade, an organization with a membership of five hundred
and fifty of Colorado's most influential citizens, we hereby extend to
your association a most cordial invitation to hold your annual con-
vention of 1897 in Denver.

All things being considered, Denver is perhaps the most desirable
city in the Union for the holding of conventions. Her ample and
splendid hotel accommodations are unsurpassed, and while the most
luxurious tastes can be satisfied, persons of moderate means can always
procure what ihey desire at reasonable rates. The acceptable manner
in which Denver entertains her guests is well kpown throughout the
country. Her ability to entertain was thoroughly tested at the
Knights Templar Conclave in 1892, when one hundred and fifteen
thousand people arrived in this city within three days, and all were
comfortably cared for. Experience has demonstrated that, as a rule,
people gather in larger numbers at conventions held in Denver than
in other cities, because of her excellent facilities for entertaining
visitors, and the great number of attractions she ofi^ers. The work of
a convention being done, visitors and delegates can leave the city by
the different lines of railroad in the morning, spend the day viewing
the grandest mountain scenery in the world, an^ return to the city by
six or eight o'clock in the evening. It is but true to say that there is
no city on the continent where the attractions of a metropolis and the
grandeur of mountain scenery are in such close proximity to each
other.

Should you decide to come, we will do all in our power to make
5 (65)

C6 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

your convention a succees, and your stay with us as pleasant as pee-
sible.
. Very respectfully yours, M. C. Jackbon, Secretary.

We heartily join in the above invitation and pledge you a cordial
reception. A. W. McIntyre, Governor of Colorado ;

Charles L. Burpee, Acting Mayor of Denver,

DETROIT'S INVITA TON.

Detroit (Mich.) Convention League, |

March 30, 1896. |

A. C. Floyd, Secretary, Chattanooga, Tenn.:

Dear Sir : I would like to enter the name of Detroit for the 1897
convention of the Scoth-Irish Congress of America, and ask you to
bring the matter before your body at their meeting in Harrisburg,
May 1-7. Detroit has become one of the leading convention cities of
the country, has special facilities for entertaining guests, and can al-
ways assure them a good time. If you will furnish me the names of
any Detroit or Michigan members I will take the matter up locally,
and any favors you can extend, or information furnish in regard to
this matter, I can assure you will be gladly received. I will furnish
you further information regarding Detroit, and her convention ac-
commodations, just before your doming session.

Yours truly, Milton Carmichabl, Secretary.

INVITATION FROM NASHVILLE.

Nashville, Tenn., May 16, 1896.

Mr. a. C. Floyd, Secretary Scotch-Irish Society of America, Chattanooga,
"Penn.:

The inclosed literature will give you some idea concerning our Ex-
position. We propose making this Exposition one of the greatest ever
held in this country, the World's Fair alone excepted. We would be
very glad to have your association meet here during the year 1897.
If we can in any way bring this about, I would be glad to hear from
you upon the subject.

Yours very truly, A. W, Wills, Commisnoner OeneraL

INVITATIONS. 67

FROM ST, LOUIS.

St. Lours, Mo., May 6, 1896.

Hon. a. C. Flotd, Secretary, Sootch-Irish Society of America, Harrisbarg,
Fenn.:

sir: I have been hoping to attend this meeting of the Society, with
the intention of extending an invitation for the next convention to be
held in this city. There are so many worthy representativcB of the
Scotch-Irish race in and near the city that I feel confident a cordial
welcome would be extended and the interests of the society greatly ad-
vanced if there should aasenlble here such a distinguished body of men
as your annual convention attracts.

If the convention should not definitely select the place of the next
meeting, I shall be pleased to forward to the Executive Committee
such a formal invitation as will be a guarantee of open hospitality.
Hundreds of those having in their veins the best strains of Scotch-
Irish blood would welcome you aU as brothers, and the prospect of the
honor of having the convention here would stimulate the formation of .
a strong State organization.

Please put St. Louis in line for future favors.

Sincerely, etc., ' Breckinridge Jones.

FROM SAN JOS]^, CAL.

San Jo8£, Cal., June 29, 1896.

Dear Mr, Floyd: It was an occasion of real regret that I cQuld not
be present at the Congress. I hear that the meeting was a very good
one. If there is any probability that the Congress can come to Cali-
fornia, I would have heart to work up a strong sentiment in that be-
half. I rather think that a large city is not the best place for the
meeting; smaller cities take more interest, and do more to make it a
success. This is one of the most beautiful cities, in the world; in a
magnificent valley, an hour and a half from San Francicso, with many
good hotels, and one very fine one ; the surroundings are specially at-
tractive and the place is within easy reach of all California. If there
were any encouragement, I would try my hand in getting a boom for
the Congress here. I do not want to fuss about it if there is no chance
of its coming. It is a long distance, but there are very many of our
race in this part of the land, and many of our people from the East
are constantly coming here anyhow. Perhaps it might be a good
thing.

Sincerely yours, John W. Dinsmore.

.'. T"!

PART II.

The following addreeses are published as they were delivered, and we do
not assume any responsibility for the views of the speakers.

Robert Bonnxr,
John S. Macintosh,
Qeobgk Macloskib,
A, 0. Floyd,

Publishing CommilUt,
r69)

LAI^DMAEKS OP EAELY SCOTCH-IEISH SETTLEMENT

IN PENNSYLVANIA,

BY WILLIAM HENRY EOLE, M.D., HARRI8BUBG, PA.

Ladies and Gentlemen : With all due reverence, I firmly believe
that the Scotch- Irish people were particularly chosen by the Al-
mighty to do a distinctive mission for God and man in the early
settlement of this country. Their strange story, and the stranger
story of the new empire in this western world, which they have
greatly assisted in founding — in privations and pain, and self-en-
durance — seem to me only coherent on the theory that the Scotch-
Irish race, above all others, was from the first called and chosen
to a (Characteristic achievement by the Almighty. It is true
that the first settlers in Pennsylvania have been branded by bigot-
ed and false historians as the '* ignorant German and the turbulent
Irish;" to the latter you belong; among the former, thank God! I
am to be classed. As to the Pennsylvania-German this is neither
the time nor the place to laud his praises — I am not here for that
purpose, r have come up to offer my meed of praise to that class
of Pennsylvania's early settlers who feared God, hated tyranny and
oppression, and acted noWy, intelligently, and patriotically in every
crisis of affairs. To the origin of these people it is not my province
to refer, save in general terms — 'that they were the descendants of
the Scotch and English Protestant settlers in the North of Ireland.
That they were an especially good and saintly race does not follow.
Men use rough instruments, sometimes a buzz-saw ; God uses rough
instruments too, and it is ill to meddle with buzz saws, human or
divine.

The term "Scotch-Irish " was one of reproach in the early settle-
ment of Ponnnylvania; and Parson Elder, of pious memory, com-
plained bitterly of the language used by the Quaker pamphleteers in
referring to the emigrants from the North of Ireland as Scotch-
Irish, it being an "ill-mannered name." It was to the Land of
Penn that the Scotch-Irish chiefly came. The founder, actuated
by a " purpose," urged the Enniskillen men to come to his province.
What that purpose was, we can only divine.

Prior to Penn's coming, the Swedes and the Hollanders vied
with each other in supremacy on the Delaware. The capture of

(71)

72 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

the Dutch colonies by the English made Pennsylvania subject to
the crown of Great Britain. Securing feudal rights over what
subsequently became the province of Pennsylvania, Penn invited
those peoples persecuted for religion's sake to his asylum in the
wilds of America. The English and Welsh Quakers came with
him, followed shortly after by the German and the Swiss. On the
confines of this early civilization was the savage of the wilderness
— always bloodthirsty, ever treacherous. With the non-combative
settlers, consisting of the placid Quaker and the no less amiable emi-
grant from the Palatinate, it was found necessary to surround the
abodes of these peoples with a race resolute, energetic, fierce people
if yon will, but with the instinct of order and government in them,
and justice, as something to be aimed at with all its power in this
blind, rough world; and so these Enniskillen men came to Pennsyl-
vania. It is out from this hive that the great historic families of
Scotch-Irish have swarmed, and become the path findei's in the
world*s progress.

Let us now glance briefly at the various landmarks in these ear-
ly Scotch-Irish settlements of Pennsylvania, so that you may know
somewhat of the homes of your ancestors of almost two centuries
agone. As a general thing the emigrants from the North of Ireland
landed at New Castle, now in the state of Delaware, and from
that point found their way up chiefly through the branches of va-
rious rivers and the portages connected with them to Brandywine
and Fagg*8 Manors in Chester County, to that of Octorara and Pe-
quea Valley, and Donegal, now Lancaster County, and to the local-
ities now known as Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover, then ia the
county of Lancaster. Probably the only emigrants who came in
through New York were those of the so-called " Irish Settlement "
at the forks of the Delaware, in Allen Township, Northampton
County, and, as this is the most eastern portion of the State where
the Scotch-Irish settled, I will give a brief resume^ passing rapidly
on to the landmarks of other settlements in Pennsylvania. The
first settlers were the families of Craig, Wilson, Gray, Kalston,
Hays, and McNair, who had come from the Scotch-Irish settlement
in Londonderry, New Hampshire, where, owing to the rigorous
climate, they could not be induced to remain. Shortly other fami-
lies settled in the same neighborhood, although in 1740 the " Irish
Settlement" was thus distinctively known, and a church organiza-
tion made. It grew but slowly, and reached its height by the year
1756. when most of the descendants of the first settlers passed

800TCH-IBISH LANDMARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 73

on toward the Susquehanna and down the Cumberland Valley. It
id true that in the French and Indian wars, as well as during the
Revolutionary struggle, their children were active participants for
the protection of their homes and the independence of the colonies.
In that section today few remain, for their descendants are to be ^
found scattered over many states in the Union.

As early as 1720 there was a characteristic settlement of Scotch-
Irish on the waters of the Keshaminy, in Bucks County. The settle-
ment was widely scattered, however, but it eventually became one
of the greatest landmarks of that race in the history of our couur
try. I refer especially to the founding of the Log College, so cele-
brated in the reUgious educational history of the United States, an
institution which will hand down to remotest generations the learn-
ing, the religious enthusiasm, and the saintly character of the Ten-
nants and the Blairs. Representative families of this section
were the Griers, the Harts, the Longs, the McKinstrys, Snodgrasses,
Scotts, Simpsons, Ramseys, and Wilsons; with a host X)f others,
goodly names, reprei^entative people in this as well as in far-off
states.

At Fagg's Manor, at Octorara, at New London, and at Brandy-
wine Manor, within the confines of Chester County, were several
distinctive Scotch-Irish settlements. These commenced as early as
1710, and formed the nucleus for subsequent emigration for at least
forty years, when they too began to decline, by removal to other
sections of Pennsylvania and to the colonies in the South. Per-
chance there are no more interesting facts connected with the his-
tory of Scotch-Irish emigration than those relating to the settle,
ments to which I have just referred. It was at the church at
Fagg's Manor that, when the Whitefield furore had upset all the
ohurches of the Scotch-Irish settlements in America, the Rev.
John Roan, to whom I may refer again, ably combated with White-
field, what he termed the dangerous delusions of that apostle of the
New Side Doctrine.

Prior to 1730 there were large settlements of pioneer Scotch-
Irish in the townships of Coleraine, Pequea, and Leacock, in now
Lancaster County. Just exactly when those sturdy pioneers
wended their way into these several localities has not been accu-
rately ascertained In the absence of the assessment lists prior to
the formation of Lancaster County, and subsequent thereto, no def-
inite time can be fixed for the several settlements. It is more than
probable that the oldest of these was that of the first-named town-

74 THB SCOTCH-IBIfiH IN AMBRrCA.

ship, Qoleraine, from the fact that the Octorara churches on both
sides of the stream from which they took their names were or-
ganized before the year 1720. Among the warrantees of land prior
to 1740 were emigrants from Coleraine, Ireland, and hence the name
which was given to the township by the early settlers there. We
find the names of Allison and Anderson, Guthrie, McKee and Mc-
Connell, Stewart, McCuUough, Clark, McGown, Hastings, McCorkle,
and others — Scotch seed from Irish soil, transplanted to the prov-
ince of Pennsylvania.

; On the Pequea was a noted Scotch-Irish settlemejit prior to
1720. It was in this locality where the saintly Dr. Bobert Smith
served the people so long and faithfully, and it was from this
nursery of Scotch-Irish stock there sprang up those great lights
of the Presbyterian Church in America: Dr. Samuel Stanhope
Smith, of Princeton College; and Dr. John Blair Smith, of Union
College. It is true that but few of the descendants of the original set-
tlers remain in the neighborhood, but the influence for good which
has gone out from thence will only be revealed when time shall
be no more.

In Leacock, another Scotch-Irish settlement, there yet remain
a few of the descendants of the early settlers. The Church organ-
ization established as early as 1724 remains to the present day,
and the graveyard, hoary with age, in which lie the bones of the
patriotic and goodly pioneers who made the wilderness blossom as
a rose one hundred and seventy years ago. Of the representative
families of Leacock there were the Scotts and Hamiltons, the
Crawfords and Wallaces, the Whitehills and others, of distinctive
Scotch-Irish lineage, who make up a history of the Leacock set-
tlement scarcely equaled by any other in the country.

Passing over these important footprints of the Scotch-Irish, we
come to that section of country in the midst of which we are now
standing. Within a radius of twenty-five miles are those venera-
ble landmarks of that great emigration from Ulster, known re-
spectively as Donegal, Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover; so named
from the churches in their midst and from the various townships
in which these settlements were made. If the garden of Eden
were located in America, we would be led to believe that these set-
tlements were placed in its midst. For fertility of soil, for wood
and stream, with graceful undulation of hill and vale, protected by
the Blue Mountains on the north and the South Mountain range
on the south, the canopy of heaven outstretches over no fairer or

SCOTCH-IRISH LANDMARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 75

more glorious section of land than that emhraeed within the early
settlements of Donegal, Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover. ^ In what
year the Scotch-Irish emigrants trod the soil of now Donegal town-
ship we have no accurate knowledge; but prior to 1715 the early
pioneers, on wending their way to the Octorara and the Pequca,
spied a goodly land lying on the Susquehanna toward the Swatara
region, and moved farther westward. The first comers were called
"intruders" by the provincial authorities, as they simply squatted
upon the land and built their cabins, the original mark of settle*
ment. Some of the first of these heralds of civilization were re-
moved, and their log cabins destroyed by the Quaker authorities;
however, the latter finding that they had a different element to
deal with, they were at last allowed to remain and take up lands
for their future homes. Others of the Scotch-Irish, like an ad-
vancing army, moved on and up the Swatara, occupying what were
afterwards the townships of Paxtang and Derry and Hanover.
Originally these frontiersmen were all termed " Donegallians."
Complaints were made by Logan and others to the proprietaries
that these people had seated upon the choice lands in the province,
and had refused to pay for the same, claiming that they were there
upon the invitation of the proprietary. About this time William
Penn died in England, and the land office was closed for a period
of twelve or thirteen years. During that interim the Scotch-Irish
came in swarms, and the provincial authorities were not only very
much alarmed, but annoyed and perplexed, at the conduct of "these
turbulent Irish," who possessed themselves of the best land in the
province. However, when the land office was again opened, and
overtures made to them, they readily agreed to pay the terms for
the land, including interest from the date of actual settlement, but
absolutely refused to pay any quit rent. They had left Ireland for
this very reason, and they had come to Pennsylvania upon the invi-
tation of the founder himself, and Secretary Logan and others might
have called them impudent, yet they were willing to purchase the
land in fee simple. Th« wrongs that they had endured in Ireland
were not to be repeated in America. To tell the truth, notwith-
standing the overtures made to the Enniskillen men, they were not
particularly well treated when they came to Pennsylvania. Nev-
ertheless, an Ulster man always knows how to take care of him-
self, and the history of all the Scotch- Irish settlements in Pennsyl-
vania shows that they forged ahead, manifesting the same zeal and
ardor and combativeness in civil as well as in ecclesiastical affairs.

76 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

After their religious organization they began to take an actit^e
part in political matters, and before the Quaker authorities were
aware of it the Scotch-Irish of Lancaster County in 1731, two
years after the formation of that county, elected one of their own
number to the Provincial Assembly. This was to the amazement
and disgust of the peaceable Quaker. Yet from that period to the
close of the struggle for independence the Scotch-Irish element
in Lancaster County was the dominating one. One hundred and
sixty years ago they began to fill the political offices in the prov-
ince, and it is not remarkable that they have continued in that of-
fice-struggling career even to the present time.

The settlement of Donegal fhrnished the French and Indian
War, as well as the other wars, down to that of the great rebellion,
many prominent officers and men — men who made their mark in
public affairs, and left their impress, not only upon the State, but
upon the Federal Union fh>m its first establishment.. The Allisons,
Buchanans, Campbells, Mitchells, McFarlands, Gralbraiths, Stew-
arts, Cunninghams, Sterretts, and Wilkins were the leading fami-
lies for nearly a century. Scarcely a descendant of one of these re-
mains in the old settlement of Donegal.

The settlements at Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover were simply
the result of the pressing forward, on beyond the frontiers of civil-
ization, of the Scotch. Irish migration. The story of these three lo-
calities — ^yea, I may say, of the four: Donegal, Paxtang, Derry, and
Hanover — is that of a remarkable people, whose representatives are
now scattered throughout every state of the American Union.
From these settlements, which as early as 1740 contained twice or
thrice the number of inhabitants that they do to-day, a constant
stream of pioneers wandered on down through the Cumberland
Valley, across the Potomac, down through Virginia, into the Caro-
linas and Georgia, and there for a century they have lived, people
of the same surname as those found upon the early assessment lists
of the Scotch-Irish settlements surrounding us. From thence, too,
they passed over the AUeghanies into the " State of Franklin," and
into the "dark and bloody ground" of Kentucky — representative
families all of them. The majority of the signers of the Mecklen-
berg Declaration, the hero of King's Mountain, and those who won
victory at the Cowpens: the Pettigrews, the Calhouns, the Polks,
and the Johnsons, all of the Southland, were descended from the
early Scotch-Irish settlers of Pennsylvania. Ulsterraen of the
South and the West, you have a noble lineage! I would love to

BOOTCH-IBISH LANDMARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 77

dwell Upon the historic families, the pioneers of which first pressed
the sod of this locality, but that I leave to others for another day
and on another occasion; and yet, in all sincerity, permit me to ask,
what would the Cabells of the "First Families of Virginia" be
without the Breckenridges, or the Dabneys without the Stewarts,
and as with them so with the scores, of other families who have
risen to immortal fame.

Down through Central Virginia, into Western North Carolina^
into Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky — ^aye, into the far, far West,
* reaching the Pacific Slope— as has just been said, you have the same
historic surnames as those appearing in the early records of these
Scotch-Irish settlements; and in the graveyards of old Donegal
and Faxtang and Derry and Hanover are interred, if not the an-
cestors of those representative families, at least those of the ^amo
stock. The tumble-down church buildings with scarcely a half
score of worshipers, where a century ago there were hundreds
crowding into the sacred (Bdifices, with the ancient God's acre filled
up to its fullest capacity with the remains of the hardy pioneers,
are all that are left of these early landmarks of Scotch-Irish settle-
ment in Pennsylvania.

To-day you have visited old Derry, where the loving remem-
brance of many whose parents and grandparents worshiped in the
old log church have erected a memorial of that celebrated land-
mark. Within the shadows of that church rest the remains of the
God-fearing William Bertram, and that other Scotch-Irish divine^
the God-serving John Eoan, of saintly memory. About the time
that the Log College was established Boan taught theology, and
under his tuition were instructed those educational pillars of the
gospel of Christ: William Graham, Samuel Eusebius McCorkle, and
Joseph Montgomery, with other shining lights in the Presbyterian
fold. The Kerrs, Wilsons, Campbells, Kellys, and others were ear-
ly settlers.

You visited Paxtang, venerable in years — ^the old church of more
than a century and a half ago — and have seen the sacred inclosure^
within the shadows of that old church, where rest all that is mor-
tal of Eev. John Elder, of Maclay, and of Simpson, of Stewart, of
Crouch and Eutherford and of others; names moQt dear, as being
typical Scotch-Irish in the early history oT this distinctive Ulster
locality.

Of the Hanover settlement little more can be said than of the
others, save this: that the silent churchyard, with its numerous tab-

78 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

lets denoting whose dust lies there enshrined, is all that we have to-
day to remind us of one of the grand old landmarks of Scotch-Irish
settlement. Here Sankey, McMordie, Woods, and Snodgrass min-
istered, the first of whom with forty families of his flock went into
the Virginia valleys long before the Eevolution. For fifty years
the godly Snodgrass held the people until he was almost the sole
survivor. Central Ohio and Indiana chiefiy preserve the names of
the early settlers: the Aliens, Barnetts, Todds, Harrisons, Eodgers,
and many others. Old Hanover I How bravely she bore the brunt
of Indian marauds and savage scalping knife in the darkest era of '
American history! Many of her sons won distinction in the pro-
vincial service, and left honored names to their descendants, now
scattered far and wide. Old Hanover! from whence emanated
those firm I'esolves of June 4, 1774, which have thundered down the
century, " that in the event of Great Britain attempting to force
unjust laws upon us by the strength of arms our cause we leave to
Heaven and our rifles." The sequel: on every battlefield of the
contest for independence the men of Hanover shed their blood.

I feel confident that you now believe that we have here a Scotch-
Irish history nowhere equaled this side of Ireland itself: a history
to be prized, a history to be gathered up, and preserved for the cen-
turies to come.

The overflow of the Scotch-Irish emigration went from this lo-
cality into the Cumberland Valley, and then passed on, as I have
stated. The historic families of that noble valley, like those of
other sections of Scotch-Irish settlement, remain to be written.
Their prowess and their good deeds of one hundred and sixty years
ago conclusively prove that the representative people of a century
agone have always been the representative people. Now and then
some hitherto unknown family rises up; yet it is a remarkable fact
that in all sections of our Union the descendants of the leading and
prominent pioneers in the early settlement 6f Pennsylvania, who
made the landmarks of the Scotch-Irish what they are, are the
leaders of thought and opinion to-day. To go back to what I said
at the outset of my address, the Almighty brought them into
America for a purpose as his chosen people. They mold public
opinion ; and I, for one, although not of your race and lineage, am
free to confess all the marvelous characteristics of the Scotch-Irish.

It may possibly be expected that I should touch upon that im-
portant episode in our provincial history in which were concerned
some of the brave men of the Scotch-Irish settlers around us. I re-

SCOTCH-IRISH LANDMARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 79

fer to the So-called " Paxtang Boys " insurrection. That story is a
long one. It was an era when Quaker political pamphleteers, head-
ed by Benjamin Franklin, sought to traduce and vilify the Scotch-
Irish Presbyterians. I feel confident that there is not a man pres-
ent here, of Scotch-Irish descent or any other descent, who would
not under the same circumstances have exterminated the murder-
ous savages harborcd-at Conestoga and Lancaster. There is a " rod
in pickle" for these vilifiers of your race and ancestry, but not now.

In rehearsing the story of the Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania I
cannot help but refer to her as the grandest commonwealth in the
Union of States. Peculiarly settled, and hence difficult to under-
stand her history thoroughly, few historians have made any efforts
for wise and conservative views in regard to the ethnological fea-
tures of her settlement. Affected by a mental strabismus, they
have never done justice to Pennsylvania. Everything is viewed
from a Quaker standpoint, as if no one save the Society of Friends
had ever accomplished anything in Pennsylvania. Fortunately,
the destinies of this State have been wisely ordered, and the Al-
mighty has had a glorious purpose in view* from its very founda-
tion down to the present era. Neither Quaker nor Moravian,
Scotch-Irish nor German, much less the New England settlers in the
Wyoming Valley, are individually responsible for the greatness of
this State. No State has been more conservative, no people have
been more purely American. It is a goodly heritage. No like area
in all the Union of fair and fertile plain, of hill and valley, of
mountains rich in ore — a land of wealth and health — where human
effort brings rich reward. We have here free men, men emanci-
pated from all the terrors of men just emerged from the victory of
free faith and a free law, with an heroic history behind them, and
names of fathers which ring like clarion notes through time. Un-
der God, this result has been brought about through the intelli-
gence, the far-sightedness, and the indomitable spirit and energy of
the Scotch-Irish, with the industry and thrift, as well as the reli-
gious ardor and conservatism, of the Pennsylvania-German.

A resume of the stand that Pennsylvania has taken in the fore-
front of affairs may be interesting to you who have come up to the
capital of the State to learn somewhat, possibly, of the homes of
your ancestors, of their faith, and of tbeir works in the glorious
past. In the French and Indian War the province of Pennsylva-
nia took the lead in defending itself from the encroachments of the
French and their murderous ally, the red Indian; and it was upon

80 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

the soil of PenDsylvania that the decisive battle, which culminated
in the withdrawal of the French forces beyond the Great Lakes,
took place. I refer to the battle of the Loyalhannon. The hero
who gained that battle was a Scotch-Irishman, Col. James Burd, of
the Augusta Provincial Eegiment, while more than four-fifths of
all the troops under him were Scotch-Irish from the province of
Pennsylvania. Greater than the victory on the plains of Abraham,
of Wolfe over Montcalm, was this, the decisive stroke which
crushed out forever the hopes of France of extending her empire
along the Ohio. A number of the officers and men who served in
that campaign have been claimed by recent writers as Irish. The
Milesian Irish were Boman Catholics, the Scotch and English Irish
were Protestants, and in the French and Indian War no Eoman
Catholics were allowed to volunteer or enlist in the service, it be-
ing supposed that their sympathies would be with Eoman Catho-
lic France.

, To the events which led up to the Eevolutionary struggle, to the
patriotic course taken by the fathers when English oppression be-
came unbearable, I will give only a passing glance. If one were to
read American history as it is written and taught in our schools, it
would be imagined that the country would have gone to the ^^ bow-
wows " had it not been for the Now England Puritan ; but I say
here, without fear of contradiction, that had it not been for the out-
l^pokon words, the bravery, and the indomitable spirit of the
Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and t-he Carol inas, there
would have been no independence, and the now glorious Union
would be but an English colony. The Scotch-Irish never swerved
from their duty, and during that eight years' struggle for liberty
these descendants of the early settlers of Pennsylvania, with their
brethren of German and Swiss blood, made independence an assured
fact. It was in Pennsylvania that the Scotch-Irish signers made
the Declaration possible; and it was the trials and sufferings of
Pennsylvania soldiers, chiefly Scotch-Irish, at Valley Forge that
proved to the British commanders that they had no trifling foe to
contend with, and which eventuated in the various successes which
crowned the arms of the patriots, under the great and good Wash-
ington, all the way from Trenton to Yorktown.

And here again I feel called upon to deny the impudent assertion
that the Pennsylvania Line was composed of two-thirds Milesian
Irish and the balance Pennsylvania-German. The Milesian Irish
were few in Pennsylvania prior to the Revolution. That emigra-

SCOTCH-IRISH LANDMARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 81

tion came afterwards; but the Irish who fought under Wayne and
Irvine and Miles and Magaw and Thoinp:*on were the people of
wfcom I have spoken this evening, and who^e pieans I would have
ringing in your ears. Far be it from me to belittle the services of
any class of men in the severe struggles or crises of affairs in this
country. It was the same race of people who, when peace came
and independence was acknowledged, formed the advance guard of
Western civilization. The winning of the West was due more to
the Scotch Irfsb, the landmarks of whose early settlement have
been brought before you this evening, than to any other race or
class of men.

In the " Second War for Independence," so named by our ances-
tors, the Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania still held sway, and the great
victory of Lake Erie was accomplished chiefly by the Scotch-Irish
sailors of Western Pennsylvania, while Perry's flagship, the "St.
Lawrence;" was built by Scotch-Irish laborers from Scotch-Irish
wood, grown in Pennsylvania, -fho flag upon which were inscribed
for the gallant Perry the dying words of Lawrence, " Don't giv6 up
the ship," was made by the Scotch-Irish t^omen of Erie.

In the struggle with Mexico two regiments composed chiefly of
descendants of the Scotch-Irish went from Pennsylvania. Of the
recent struggle for the Constitution and the Union I have little td
say, and that little may be summed up in these words : That wher*
ever the stars and stripes were unfurled there were gathered the
Scotch-Irish heroes.

My friends, I am admonished that it is time for me to close, but
I cannot do that too abruptly. The pessimist says that we stand
among grave perils. Far from it! It is true that America to-day
is receiving the pauper and criminal outcasts of Europe, but it is
some consolation to know that their grandchildren will not be for-
eigners. Water may be a great solvent, and crossing the Atlantic
Ocean may have a wonderful eflcct upon the peoples of all coun-
tries, by Americanizing them, yet still I would not have " the asy-
lum for the oppressed of all nations " transformed into a poorhouse,
penitentiary, or lunatic asylum for "all nations.** And still I have
no fear for the result. I thoroughly believe in saving grace — ^and
that through the Scotch-Irish. The Lord leads his chosen people,
and, whatever the crisis, the Scotch-Irish will be in the forefront
of battle. Some months ago, when the startling story was flashed
over the wires — these always come thick and fast — that the north
pole had been discovered, I doubted the assertion from the fact that
6

82 TfiB SCOTCH-IRISH IK ▲.MEBICA.

it wa« not by a Scotch-Irishman. In the world's progress, in
America's grand success, it is the Scotch-Irishman — leavened with a
little early German and Swiss, if you please — who will be America's
leaders and deliverers. ^Foreordained for the purpose, this nation
through them can^only be America; and these be the lessons that
I would have you learn through the landmarks of early Scotch-
Irish settlement in Pennsylvania. Good night.

SCOTCH-IEISH WOMEN PIONEERS.

BY HSNBY C. McCOOK, DJ>., 8C.D., OF PHILADELPHIA.

History is continually busy with the valiant and virtuous deeds
of our forefathers. Occasionally this monotony is broken by stories
of the heroic and helpful lives of the mothers of nations. Woman's
voice is rarely raised to protest against this seeming injustice; for
with that unselfish love which loses itself in the deeds of father,
husband, and son, she is content to remain in the background, or

m f

even in obscurity, if so be a brighter crown of honor may cotae to
those she loves. It is the more fitting, therefore, that the men of
this Scotch-Irish Congress should declare the parity of womankind
with mankind in the service, sufferings, and success of pioneer life.

Undoubtedly the Scotch-Irish have been eminent path finders of
American civilization. The majority of those who pushed the ad-
vance columns of civilization into the wilderness southward, south-
westward, and westward were sprung from the stock that settled
the Scotch Plantations in Ulster. They are not entitled to the ex-
elusive honor of this service, for those of other races and blood were
to be found in the van of frontier civilization. Yet the bulk of
these founders and pioneers are to be classified as once was " Fran-
ciscus Mackemius" in the University of Edinburgh, as "Scoto-
Hibernius."

But men of whatever race were not alone in these advances and
adventures. Side by side with them, woman walked the forest
trail, floated over the lonely river in canoe or flatboat, and in the
clearings amidst primeval forests reared the cabin home, the cabin
school, the cabin church, and planted the roots of our widespread
prosperity and civilization. All honor to the pioneer mothers, the
women of our Scotch-Irish stock! We ask it not in the name of
courtesy, but in the name of justice; not because it is a graceful
thing for men to speak in complimentary terms of women, but be-
cause it is the honest thing for the truthful historian to declare the
facts of national beginnings. When the honors of history are being
served out, truth and justice, which are the soul of chivalry, require
us to remember that "neither is the man without the woman, nor
the woman without the man."

The Scotch-Irish race has given America some of her noblest
founders and heroes. From Francis Mackemie and Philip Embury,

(83)

84 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

from John McMillan and Peter Cartwright, to Bishop Simpson and
Bishop John Hall; from James Caldwell, the famous "fighting
chaplain" of the First New Jersey Brigade of Continentals, to
Chaplain Bishop McCabe; from Gov. Mifflin, Pennsylvania's first
chief magistrate, to Gen. Hastings, her last governor; from Alex-
ander Hamilton to James G. Blaine; from Andrew Jackson to
Ulysses S. Grant; from Patrick Henry to William McKinley, the
Ulster Scots of America have led in the advance columns of West-
ern civilization. But call them up before you and question them:
'* Who are the person^ to whoih you owe the largest debt for the
nurture of those virtues and qualities that enabled you so highly to
serve your country? " As with thp voice of one man they will re-
ply: "My mother! ""My wife!"

Yes; it is said truly tHat the " hand that rocks the cradle rules
the world." But it would seem a just and pleasant thing if that
hand could sometimes feel the grip of the scepter and the touch of
the laurel crown upon the fair brow of her womanhood. Let those
who dispense the world's coronation favors bear this in mind.

Personal Appearance of Pioneer Women.

What manner of persons were these women founders of the re-
public? Let your imaginations take a century flight into the past
and look in upon a group of pioneer women. They are fine speci-
mens of womanhood, above the medium height for the most part;
strongly and some of them stoutly built; with fair complexions,
eyes of various shades of gray and blue, round heads well shaped,
full faces with generous lips, cheeks ruddy and with high bones,
broad and high foreheads with brows well overhung and wide be-
tween the eyes. Faces they are which indicate a thoroughly warm
heart, an intelligent and courageous stock, a race worthy to be and
likely to be the mothers of a noble progeny.

Stalwart of frame no doubt they were, with muscles hardened
under the strain of toil ; hale and hearty, vigorous and strong, able
to wield the ax against the trunk of a forest monarch or the head
of an obtruding savage; to aid their husbands and fathers to plow
and plant, to reap and mow, to rake and bind and gather. They
could wield the scutching knife or hackling comb upon flaxen
stocks and fibers, as well as the rod of rebuke upon the back of a
refractory child. They could work the treadle of a little spinning
wheel, or swing the huge circumference of the great one. They
could brew and bake, make and mend, sweep and scrub, rock the

BCOTOH-IRISH WOMEN PIONEERS. 85

cradle and rule the household, including often the sovereign lord
thereof himself. Every one of them could do with her one pair of
hands what a half score of women in these days would think them-
selves overtasked to attempt.

Is it strange that under such discipline as this the hands of our
pioneer ancestress should have been wider and browner and her
feet less dainty than those that our fin de Steele woman can squeeze
into A 1 French kids? Surely we will not think the swart and
size gained by these women founders of the nation less worthy
than if gotten in the sports of a summer holiday. Eather we will
count the ruggeder muscles and sturdier limbs and browner skin
the honorable trophies of a service which even the kingiiest soul
should delight to honor.

Dress of th^s Women Pioneers.

One would not look for elegant toilets in such a gathering as we
have fancied, but the dresses would at least be suitable to the era
and environment. Newcomers to the settlement wore woolen
frocks which pioneer life had not yet had time to fret into tatters;
many had linsey or linen gowns, all home-made; and a few had
found the art of using dressed deerskins, especially for jackets and
slip-ons. The white linen folder over the breast was common ; and
hoods and plaited sunbonnets covered the heads, and the elders
clung to the full-frilled cap. Of shoes there was a great dearth,
though some of these folk did own such articles, for Sunday use,
however; on ordinary occasions they were shod with home-made
cloth shoes known as shoe packs, or Indian moccasins of deerskin.
Here and there a relic of the old land and life, a trinket, ring, pin
or brooch, garnished the homely toilets; but for the most part fal-
lals of every sort were wanting. The Sunday dress differed little
from their workday uniform, with somewhat more carefulness, of
course, to be trim and trig, and that they were. A sweet and whole-
some company, honest and true to the core of their kindly hearts,
lusty and supple, and ready to go merrily to work and devoutly to

worship.

The Pioneer Women's Work.

What was the service that filled up the life measure of these her-
oines of the frontier? To begin with, they must be got to the bor-
der settlements. They were not aborigines. Many of them were
not born on American soil. They were exiles, fugitives from ihe
oppressive laws and hard conditions that injustice, bigotry, and un-

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

wisdom had laid upon their life in Ulster. Equally with their male
friends they suffered the bitterness of persecution, and even more
than they the keen pain of parting with one's native land and kin-
dred. Then followed the miseries of the long passage a-shipboard,
in the wretched little craft that then crossed the Atlantic. At last
they landed in Philadelphia. They were strangers in a strange
land. Many remained in the City of Brotherly Love and contribu-
ted the largest factor to the making of her prosperity. Many
drifted southward. A great company took up their line of march »
westward, and filing northward «»nd southward settled the rich val-
leys of Pennsylvania. Still westward pushed the incoming streams
of Ulster emigrants. The fij-ontiers of civilization were left behind
them. The wooded heights of the AUeghenies rose before them.
Eude wagon roads were lost in Indian trails. Pack horses were the
vehicles of transportation. The children were swung in willow
creels across the horses* backs, and the women, too, sometimes
found rest in the same rough carriages. Oftener they trudged the
narrow trail, forded rivers, threaded dark and tangled mountaia
paths, traversed vast forests within whose depths lurked the real
perils of savage beasts and savager men ; and which enfolded crea-
tures of imagination no less terror-striking and tormenting to the
mind. Who can adequately depict the bodily fatigue and pain and
the mental tortures of that long, tedious, and perilous journey
from the seacoast to the frontier which our pioneer grandmothers
endured?

If one were simply to consider the point of personal suffering to
body and to mind, caused by the peculiar conditions of frontier set-
tlement, he must give the meed of praise to women. There was
an excitement about the dangers of frontier life, and an engross-
ment of mind and affections which had strong attractions to a male
organization, and gave large compensation for physical hardships
endured. A journey on horseback through several hundreds of
miles, making bivouac in the open air, was not a serious trial to a
man; but was a sore affliction to a woman with a babe at her
breast. To face the mysteries of the wilderness; to listen to the
strange night cries of wild animals; to cower under the ever pres-
ent yet ever unseen terrors of the lurking savage foe; to endure
the weariness of body which pack horse traveling involves to an
inexperienced rider, and bear the fret and anxiety of caring for
helpless children — all this bore with especial hardship upon the
women.

SCOTCH-IRISH WOMEN PIONEERS. 87

Home Making in the Wili^erness.

Arrived on the frontier, the hard work of homo making began.
Home? There was no home I Not a house, often, for miles
around. The foxes had holes, the birds of the air had nests, the
insects were housed in their snug habitats of paper or silk, of wood
or clay ; but our Scotch-Irish women in that border wildernees
literally had not where to lay their heads. A wooded knoll hard
by a spring, or a sheltered rock of bottom land by a 'jreek side,
would be chosen for the site of the new home. There, in lairs of
dry leaves they bivouacked under the trees and stars until a rude
log cabin could be put together. A one-roomed hut with a mud
floor and a mud chimney I But it was a paradise ^o a woman after
the damp ground and the open air.

The "Old Log Cabin " home, the home of the women pioneers!
the norm of American civilization, the evolutionary germ of the
Rplendid social structure that rises around us to-day in this capital
city of the Keystone Commonwealth I What poet shall sing its
glory, the glory of lofty service in the progress of humanity?
The log cabin home, the log cabin school^ the log cabin church —
these are the true symbols of the heroic era of our country's gen-
esis, and the presidjng and guiding spirit thereof was the pioneer
woman!

In these humble log huts began the work of home building, con-
structing that prime factor of all strong and good social order, the
family. The family is the unit of society, the true basis of the
best civilization; and in pioneer family building woman was the
chief architect. The husband indeed must fend and fight for wife
and weans, for steading and glebe ; he must shoot game, and chop
down trees, and clear up fields and plant grain ; but the duty and
burden of home making fell upon the wife and mother. And well
our Scotch-Irish pioneers did their woik.

Pioneer Women's Home Plenishino.

What sort of plenishing had these frontier heroines for their
new cabin homes? Let us take a sample from a journal of one of
these emigrants, written nearly one hundred and twenty years
ago:

There was neither bedstead nor stool nor chair nor bucket; no
domestic comfort but such as could be carried on pack horses
through the wilderness. Two rough boxes, one on the other,
served as a table; two kegs for seats; "and so," said the journal-
ist, "having committed ourselves to God in family worship, we

88 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

spread our bed on the floor and slept soundly until morning. The
next day, a neighbor coining to our assistance, we made a table and
stool, and in a little time had everything comfortable about us.
Sometimes, indeed, we had no bread for weeks together; but we
had plenty of pumpkins and potatoes, and all the necessities of life."
Pumpkins and potatoes I Necessities of life! Such was the
home welcome of the Scotch-Irish bride of a Scotch-Irish minister
who became one of the most eminent men in our histoty. Dr. John
McMillan. However, the journalist adds: "Such luxuries we were
not much concerned about. We enjoyed health, the gospel and its
ordinances, and pious friends. We were in the place where
we thought God would have us to be, and did not doubt that he
would provide everything necessary, and, glory be to his name! we
were not disappointed."

The original settlers, of course, did not even have the luxuries of
** pumpkins and potatoes," to begin their culinary duties therewith.
They had, in sooth, to invent a cuisine. Everything must be be-
gun anew. The wild fruits, wild berries, and wild game and the
fish of the Now World ^were utilized. Indian corn was a new ce-
real to these Ulster housewives; but it had to be wrought into the
primitive menu, mush and milk! It was a novel sort of porridge
for our grandams, but they learned to make it. Can you make it,
O colonial dames and daughters of the Kevolution, who owe all or
a goodly moiety of your right to wear the badges of these patriotic
orders to the Scotch-Irish heroines who sent their husbands and
sons into the ranks of Washington's colonials. If not, make haste
to learn, for the Pennsylvania Scotch-Irish Society has adopted
mush and milk, or " pioneer porridge," for the typical racial dish,
as our New England brethren have adopted baked beans and
brown bread! Ah! some of us can yet behold in vision of child-
hood the golden yellow paste bubbling and puflSng in the great pot,
and the rosy-cheeked Scotch-Irish dame, with a frill of white
hairs around her broad brow, stirring the sputtering, savory mess
with a big wooden spoon, or serving it out into bowls of creamy
milk. O mush and milk! Pioneer porridge for aye! Next morn-
ing, fried mush with wild honey from a near-by bee tree! Or pone
bread, or Johnnycake, or Indian meal griddle cakes! That was
not all of the new cereal, for — O ye gastronomic divinities! — there
were roasting ears and succotash!

Can an Irishwoman do without her " cup o' tay ? " Go ask your
"kitchen ladies," ye descendants of the pioneers. But how got our
ancestress " tay " in that wilderness ? She extemporized a tea plant

SC0T0H-IBI8H WOMEN PIONEERS. 89 ,

from the root of sassafras, and over its steaming pungency dreamed
of the savory herb of far Cathay, and imagination did the rest !
As to sugar, she had discovered the sugar maple, and her sugar
plantation and sirup refinery were in the adjoining grove. |Let this
suffice: from a few dishes learn all I Not the least claim which
our Scotch-Irish ancestress has to a substantial and permanent
fame is that she invented a new and delectable system of cookery!
Doubtless if this fact can be surely fixed in the convictions of the
lords of creation, they will straightway build the woman pioneer a
monument, and will garnish it with carved and bronze cooking
utensils. For, is it not known (among womenkind at least) that
" the dearest spot " in " home, sweet home," that " dearest spot on '
-earth" to most of us, is to the average male — the dinner table I

Cooking was not the only sphere that solicited her creative fac-
ulty. The pioneer woman had to invent a pharmacopoeia. Wounds
and sickness came, and must be cared for. The forest was full of
healing "yarbs," if she could only find them. And some of them
she did find — and perhaps our octogenarian members still have rec-
ollections of ginseng and snakeroot teas, and slippery elm poultices,
and the like. The woman pioneer had to be physician and sur.
geon, trained nurse and apothecary, all in one, and often supplied
the patient, too, in her own person.

In times of personal sickness, and during the illness of children,
the strain upon women thus situated must have been intense.
Such a life indeed developed self-reliance, fertility of resources^
strong and independent characters; but many fell under the griev-
ous strain, and thus became veritable martyrs of civilization.
" They died without the sight." They lie, like the heroes who died
on many a foughten field for liberty and human rights, in "un-
known graves." But their works do follow them. They are the
nameless heroines of history, like the Syrophenician woman, and
the widow of Sarepta, and the widow who gave the mites unto the
treasury, and the " other women" which did minister unto Jesus.
We know only their deeds, the rich fruitage of their lives. Their
names are hidden from the eyes of history, but they shine in eternal
luster upon the recording angel's book of benefactors of mankind.

Not only were the ordinary household cares in woman's hands,
but to her belonged the duty of providing the household wearing
apparel. " She sought wool and flax and wrought willingly with
her hands." In many cases, almost all the clothing, both for men and
women, for feet and head as well as for body, were manufactured in

. 90 THB SOOTGH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

these log cabins, by the hard-working pioneer women. Our grand-
mothers began the century as our children and grandchildren are
ending it — ^at the treadle of a wheel! Our end-of-the-eentury girl
glides over smooth roads on the silent bicycle; the beginning-of-the-
century girls made forest cabins hum with the music of the spinning
wheel.

In the temples which we rear to Jehovah the adornments of the
cai*ver are placed only upon those stones that form the outer
courses, and these alone are open to the eye and win the admira-
tion of the observer. But behind these, hidden from sight, are the
inner courses of rock; and beneath these the foundation stones of
all, buried within the ground. Yet they serve no less useful pur-
pose and form no less important part' in making and maintaining
the sanctuary of the Most Holy. It is even thus with the pioneer
woman's work in upbuilding the home, the school, and the Church
in the wilderness. Her service has rarely been thought of, more
rarely uncovered by the historian's researches, and still less often
set in winning form before after generations. JNTone the less, her
.work has been essential to the final triumph of religion, society,
and civilization. In the day when all unseen l^ibors of love ishall
be made known, the infinite Spirit of justice and truth will recog-
nize the toils and tears, the trials, suiferings,^and martyrdoms of the
women builders of Ohurch and State. In the house of eternal
glory in the heavens these daughters of the Lord shall verily be
as polished stones "after the similitude of a palace." No doubt
they had their faults and failings. Yet, in sincere piety, genuine
kindliness, cordial hospitality, cheerful submission to hardships;
in fidelity to country, to liberty, to home, to children, and to hus-
band; in energy of character, patient endurance, unswerving faith
in God, loving attachment to their Church, earnest support of
God's ministers; in courage, presence of mind, and even prowess in
times of imminent peril, the world has produced few women who
have excelled these Scotch-Irish handmaids of the Lord, who helped
their husbands, fathers, brothers, and sons to redeem the American
wilderness to civilization.

The Premises op a Pioneer Home.

Would you have a glimpse of the outer premises of one of these
pioneer homes, in which your Scotch-Irish ancestress reigned su-
preme? A clearing around the cabin was given up to a field of In-
dian corn and pumpkins, a patch of potatoes and a small planting

BC0T0H-IRI8H WOMEN PIONEERS. 91

of flax. Beyond this the high timber was " girdled " or ringed
around the butt with an outchopped belt to kill leaves and cut off
shade and thus allow the plants to grow bet weep, time and help
being too scant to permit full clearing at first. A sty close by held
a sow and litter of pigs. Other porkers w.ere running wild in the
woods, feeding upon the rich mast. Beechnuts, hickory nuts, pig-
nuts, and acorns were abundant in their season, not to speak of
other lush morsels which swine affect.

"But what good could they do," you ask, "running wild that
way in the woods? " What good? Had they not guns? Ay, and
the mistress of the cabin was by no means dependent upon the
master thereof, for she could take her own rifle from the buckhorn
bracket over the fireplace, and shoot a wild porker or other wild
beast for that matter.

It would have been ill housekeeping in the wilderness had it not
been for that humble beast. To say nothing of its flesh in various
forms of ham, sausage, side meat, souse, and spareribs, the bristles
helped vastly in the rude sewing in vogue, through the use of loath-
em and deerskin clothing; brushes too came of them, though noj
as serviceable as might be. Moreover, and the cabin housewife
thought this no small matter you may be sure, pigs were the ene-
mies of rattlesnakes and copperheads. Oh! these were the terror
of her life, next to the savage foe. She trembled not for herself
alone, but for the children, and never knew when they might be
poisoned unto death. Blessed Ireland, where no snakes ever har-
bored ! %

Another occupation of the pioneer housewife was the care of the
garden and the cow. There is no visible connection between the
two objects, except the fact that the Scotch-Irishmen always had a
strong antipathy to gardening and milking. What may have been
the origin of this prejudice might be hard to determine, but many
of you will bear witness that it had invincible lodgment in the
minds of Scotch-Irish masculines, and exists even to the present
day. There was nothing for it then, but that the women folk
should do what was held to be woman^s work: take care of the
little garden patch, and look after the cows.

Within the Virginia rail inclosure, one could hear in the early
morning or evening the pleasant note dropped ever and anon upon
the quiet air from the instrument tied about the throat of the bell
cow. The forestry was so thick round about the humble settle-
ment that the cows need stray but a short way to be out of sight.

92 THE SOOTGH-IIilSH IN AMERICA.

Then, whether morning or evening, the housewife knew just where
to go to bring them in.

And oh, it was a comely sound I the tink, tink, tinkle of the bell as
the beast walked along and nipped the grass; or the sharper rink^ tink,
ring-cUing as she swung her head back to whLsk off the gnats and
flies. Ever in the morning that was the first sound listened for
through the mist; and when she had near-by neigh bora, and the herds
got together, so nicely did her ear get tuned to the sound of her
own cow bell, that she could tell it amid all the clamor of the rest,
as she could the voice of her own child in the hullabaloo of a score
of romping children.

When the children were small she would tie thetn in bed to hin-
der them from gadding off, and to fend them from the fire and
from snakes; and, taking trail by the tinkling of the bell, make her
way through the rank growth, all beaded with dew, to where the
beasts grazed; and so back to get the breakfast, with drabbled
skirts, and moccasins wet and clammy to the feet. Your deerskin
shoes might be pretty, and all that, but In wet weather they were
only a respectable way of going barefoot. How she missed the
stout leather shoes and warm woolen clothing of dear old Ulster!
Ah, well! she could console herself with the reflection that she had
a lordly domain of her own, the half of whose acreage would be a
barony in the " auld country."

In addition to these and other cares was the ever present dread
of an Indian attack. At times an alarm would be sounded through
the settlements by riders hastening in hot speed to the scattered
cabins, and then with the utmost expedition wife and children, and
such household belongings as the exigency required, were hurried
away to fort or blockhouse built at some convenient point in the
settlement. Here for days, often for weeks, these congregated
families must abide, suflFering great inconveniences from their
cramped suiToundings, and haunted continually by fear of attack,
or the dread that husband and father, who had gone off to meet
the foe, might fall a victim to tomahawk or scalping knife. One
need not be told that the chief sufferers through the wear and tear
and fret and anxiety of these trying occasions were the women.

If ever the t>aying that " a good wife is from the Lord " was ver-
ified, it was in the case of the Scotch-Irish matron. Providence
had fitted her for the important duties of her mission, and, with
cheerful alacrity, ready sympathy, and never-failing courage and
ability, she discharged her own onerous duties, and supported her

BCOTCH-IKISH WOMEN PIONEERS. 93

husband in his. If Wordsworth has truly lironed the character of
a perfect woman, we can affirm that in most of the qualities which
enter into his pattern the Scotch-Irish matron was riot lacking:

The reason firm, the temperate will,
Endurance, foresight, j-trength, and skill;
A perfect woman, nobly planner I
To warn, to comfort, and command;
And yet a spirit still, and bri<;ht
With something of an angel light.

"To command;" no doubt our ancestral dames could do that.
They were masterful spirits, and they had need to be. Men do not
make marble statues of heroines out of putty or soft soap. Such a-
splendid historic structure as the American republic was not to be
reared on sand hills and daubed with untempered mortar. Those
Scotch-Irish pioneers had good backbones, straight and well stiff-
ened with Scotch granite and the " Shorter Catechism." As to that
'* something of an angel light" of which the poet speaks, one needs,
perhaps, to pause apd query. The artists have uot yet depicted
angels shod in moccasins and woolen shoe packs, robed in pUiid flan*
nel petticoats and linsey-woolsey aprons and sacks, and capped
with a plaited poke suubonnet. But if the ideal angel of the celes-
tial host be one who sei'ves, who stands in the world's retrospective
vista as one whose life function was " not to be ministered unto, but
to minister," and to give her life for many, then our Scotch-Irish
women-founders were veritable Angels, and written with a capital
"A" at that. We might place in her laurel crown the three plumes
of the Prince of Wales, for to her also belongs the princely motto^
Ich dien — I serve.

In the case of numbers of our Scotch-Irish heroes the obligation
to woman was not limited to the wife. The fathers were, with
scarcely an exception, men of scant means, and often straitened
for money to pay for their sons* education. The expenses had to
be pinched from the necessities of the household, and even the sis-
ters in many cases wrought in the fields that their brothers might
be kept at school. We have known examples of women who la-
bored with their own hands, denying themselves the ordinary com-
forts of Ijfe; who submitted to what was even worse, to come ta
womanhood without the coveted advantages of education for them-
selves, in order to support a brother in academy or college, and
thus attain for him the sacred ministry. Ay, we could tell of
women also who, to win for their brothers this distinction, denied
themselves the gift of loving companionship with strong and loyal
spirits who wooed them to wifehood^ and so lived and died volun-

94 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA. ,

taiy celibates ^or the glory of God and the honor of their family
" Old maids " you have heard them called. Be it so. Nothing can
quench the halo of glory that shall forever play around a name
over and against which such deeds may be recorded.

But back of that the pioneer's obligation to woman began where
debt and duty begin with us all, at the source of eartbly love:
Motherhood. It must have been the mother's spirit that animated
the household to its sacrifices, and the mother^s hand that guided
home industries to the common end. How much self-educated men
owe to their mothers! And how much does the world owe them
' for the gift of their sons! Abraham Lincoln was a self-educated
man, but it was his mother who first gave him the impulse toward
education and the first training; for she taught him the rudiments
of writing, and encouraged him to persevere against opposition and
discouragement in his purpose. Alas I one of the first efforts of his
faltering pen was writing a letter to an itinerant preacher, an
old friend of his mother, to come and deliver a* sermon at her grave.
Many a pioneer mother, like Lincoln's, did not live to see her sons
attain the object of her holy ambition, but survived long enough to
make that purpose sure. Of such a mother children and children's
children can say, as Cowper said of his mother:

My boast is not that I deduce my birth
From loins ♦enthroned and rulers of the earth;
But higher far my proud preteneions rise —
The sou of parents passed into the skies.

' The life of the pioneer mother lives in that of her children. It
was denied to her to know on earth how far beyond her highest
hopes God had answered her prayers and rewarded her self-denial;
but in that world where mother and children have long been united
surely she has learned it all. Her spirit is not dead, but throbs to-
day in the bosoms that feel, and speaks in the words that utter, the
high and virtuous and beneficent achievements of her djsscendants.
Out of the past century her hand has been reached — the hand that
rocked the cradle in the rude log cabin — >and has laid its potency
on this vast assembly to draw us to this Congress, whose purpose is
to honor and perpetuate the memory of the pioneers of our ances-
tral stock. Tes, her work lives here, and shall traverse the ages,
interblended with the work of her children.

This record is not solitary ; it is the type of a changeless law.
On that imperishable tablet where Honor's hand inscribes the
deathless names of the just and wise and good, the highest and
fairest there are only Mother, written large.

-- \

THE CHANGES OF A CENTURY: OR, ULSTER AS IT WAS

AND AS /IT IS.

BT PROF. GEORQR MACLOSKIE, LL.D., D^SC., OF PRINCETON, N. I.

Froudb's "English in Ireland" presents a vivid picture of the
Ireland of last century j and the work on "Ulster as It Is," by
Thomas MacKnight, gives a good sketch of the present condition
of our brethren in the North of Ireland. I am in possession of two
useful supplements to these works, one being the manuscript note-
book of Rev. James Harper, a North of Ireland clergyman of last
century, who came near its close to end his life at Lexington, Va.
This notebook was presented to me at our Congress of last year,
and will be deposited in the library of Princeton College. The
other is a manuscript written at my request by an Irish gentleman,
whose name I am not at liberty to publish, but who is recognized
for his patriotism and wisdom in all the great movements in mod-
em Ulster. I shall offer his paper in full to the forthcoming vol-
ume, and meanwhile I take advantage of its valuable information
in attempting to compare the Ulster of our day with th^t of the
" good old times."

The Harper manuscript contains many personal memoranda: a
table of shorthand, notes of purchases and their prices, notes of his
engagements at first in teaching and afterwards in preaching, of his
hiring servants, thus engaging Betty Sampson from November 1,
1779, to May 1, 1780, for the wages £0 18s Od ($4.50) for the half
year; and Ned O'Brallaghan, whose wages for the summer half
year were on a more liberal scale, being £1 lOs 7}d; whilst the la-
bor of William Mar for the winter was to be remunerated by 4d
per day.

Much of the book is occupied with copies of very interesting let-
ters, especially from his elder brother, Hugh Harper. The origi-
nal home where Hugh resided seems to have been at MoUusk, a
rural place a few miles north of Belfast, near the bounds of Carn-
money congregation. In my childhood I cherished the kind friend-
ship of the Harpers, who lived somewhere in the same region. Ar-
ranging the memoranda of the book chronologically, I find that its
author antedated myself by exactly a century, having a not very
dissimilar experience, aj^d, like myself, winding up as an emigrant

(95)

96 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

to the New World. First, we have, bearing date May 17, 1754, a
certificate from the Rev. John Thompson, of Carn money, that
"James Harper, a single person, hath resided several years in this
congregation, behaving himself soberly and Christianly, and the
time he taught school here was to the advantage of those that were
under his care.*' This testimonial raises a difficulty. Rev. John
Thompson, of Carnmoney, was an eminent man; but his ministry
is set down as having begun in 1767, thirteen years after this testi-
monial*

After a few years of employment as a teacher James Harper be-
came a Presbyterian minister. No college in Ireland being open to
a man of his faith, he studied mathematics, Greek Testament, and
other Greek and Latin books^ and other subjects privately; and be-
came minister of Knockloughrim Presbyterian (Secession or Bur-
gher) Church. The Irish Burgher Presbytery of Dorry was estab-
lished as a secession movement in 1777, and included four minis-
ters: Mr. Harper being one, Rev. Joseph Ker, of Ballygony, an-
other, and two others farther away (some of these congregations
starting earlier as Seceders). Sand holes and Boveedy were after-
wards added, as stated in the manuscript. The first of the congre-
gations named was within two miles of Castle Dawson, my birth-
place; and I was ordained to the pastorate of the second almost
exactly a century after Mr. Harper seems to have begun his minis-
istry (about 1761). Hip notes speak of his attending Presbytery
and assisting at communion in my old church of Ballygony; and
at every turn I find him going over the well known pathways in
which I used to follow him. The whole presents a photograph
with pen and ink of the Ulster Scotch-Irish of last century, so like
in fundamentals what they still are; and yet their surroundings
and methods have greatly changed.

The letters copied in the notebook are quite impressive for their
spirit of prayerfulness and for their faith in an ever present Provi-
dence. Much reference is made to attending church, to communion
seasons, to profitable sermons, to the prevalence of sin, and the need
of humiliation. Though Missions and Sunday schools and the oth-
er great Christian movements of our day were unknown, the estab-
lishment of secession churches, after the principles of the Erskines,
was a powerful spiritual movement; and if you want to know how
the Christians of that day thought, read the set of queries to be put

*I find, however, that there were two ministers of the eame name in
Carnmoney; and it was the first of these who w/-ote the testimonial.

THE CHANQEB OF A CENT0BY. 97

to young oommunicants written in the manuscript. Thr^e of these
are: "Do you approve and see the necessity of a testimony for
truth lifted by seceders? Do you carefully avoid punning about
Scripture texts? Do you use spells or charms of any kind, or have
you recourse to these for the cure of yourselves or cattle when dis-
eased ? " Then follow a series of searching questions about personal
piety. Another glimpse is^ in the list of his books, some of which
Mr. Harper occasionally lent among his friends. Besides Latin and
Greek grammars, lexicons,, and authors, he had Watts's " Logic,"
Owen on the " One Hundred and Thirtieth Psalm " and on " Com-
munion," Boston on "The Covenant," "Grospel Sonnets," Brown^s
"Metaphors," McBwen on "The Types," Brskine's "Sermons,"
Nisbet on " Bcclesiastes," Welwood's " Glimpse of Glory," " Pil-
grim's Progress," "Confession of Faith;" books which contain the
marrow of true divinity. , Another indication is the constitution of
a praying society in Alexander Dobbin's in March, 1763. 1 knew
of such a society coming down from old times, and I regarded its
chief supporter, old Mattie Drennan, as one of the brightest Chris-
tians of my experience.

In our own century Ulster has been the blessed scene of great
religious movements, which have transformed its characteh In
the great Methodist movement of last century Mother Heck was
one of us. We will only refer to the political changes which affect
all Ireland, and have removed every badge of religious ascendency,.
as Catholic emancipation in 1829, then the tithe commutation aet^
and lastly disestablishment and disendowment of the Episcopalian
and Presbyterian Churches respectively. The other movements
were the union of the Presbyterian branches into the one general
assembly (1840), the establishment of Home and Foreign Missions,,
the great revival of 1859, a year of grace, which has been succeed-^
od by a series of awakenings rich with spiritual fruit. My friend
writes, " There is no religious disability whatever before the law
affecting any Irishman. Eeligious equality before the law was
thoroughly established by the disestablishment and disendowment
of 1869." He adds that, whilst these changes have not entirely re-
moved social or sectarian barriers between the several sects, they
have done this as between Presbyterians and Methodists and other
non-Episcopal denominations, and have proved with all a stimulus
to religious activity.

A curious picture of the times is given in the Harper book by
the memoranda of buying whisky, also sixpence half-penny for one-
7

98 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

half pound of tobacco, and- a few other tobacco entries. Froude
informs us that the Irish Parliament attempted in 1771 to check
intemperance by limiting the drinking shops, which were then
ruining the Irish peasantry and the workmen; but the English
' Government n'joct(.d the bill because they were unwilling to spare
the tax levied upon di.>tilieries. The Harper MS. gives such items
in its early entiius, as: (

Cash for drink, CoajU'h 06

And again frequently 3J

To liquor in Ste wartstown 3

To pumps, stockings, and whisky .* . 8 2J

At later dates whisky was bought in larger quantities for the uwe of
the reverend clergyman and his guests. Thus in 1771 several quarts
are bought at lOid a quart, and kegs of whisky at seven shillings
each J and' in June, 1773, eleven quarts of spirits were purchased,
and once more eleven quarts; then one lind a-half gallons of proof
whisky at four shillings and two pence per gallon; also single bot-
tles. And in 1781 about fifteen gallons are provided for home con-
sumption. Afterwards we have the more pleasing sight of entries
for purchase of tea and loaf sugar (some of the tea had perhaps
turned back from its voyage toward Boston; and on it we may b^
sure the Irish were compelled to pay stamp duty or taxes, espe-
cially as we find it charged at the high figure of ^vo shillings and
two pence per pound). Proude tells us that the Irish Parh'amcnt
then had a quarrel over the sugar with the British Government.
The Irish wanted to levy a protective duty on the British loaf su-
gar, but this the English refused to sanction.

This whisky question long continued to be the bane of Ireland;
and one of the bright spots of our history is where the good priest
Father Theobald Mathew (1838) led on a great crusade in which
Protestants and Roman Catholics joined hands in seeking to secure
sobriety for the whole country. Alas! that this work did not go
on in the same spirit among all Irishmen; but among our kinsmen
in Ulster there has been progress. My friend writes that in that
province there is an extremely active temperance sentiment, and
remarks that " it is a curious thing that in Belfast, at all events, by
far the greatest proportion of the retail liquor trade is in the hands
of Eoman Catholics.'*

On the subject of education the Scotch-Irish of that day were
under political disabilities; no primary schools save such as were
supported by private subscriptions; the middle schools that once

THE CHANGES OF A CENTURY. 99

belonged to them had been plundered from them by an unjust Irish
Protestant Parliament, and the only college of that day in Ireland
kept its doors closed against all who did not join the dominant sect.
Now all this has been changed; even some of the stolen schools
have been restored as an act of justice by the Imperial Parliament;
and an excellent system of primary, intermediate, and higher edu-
cational institutions has been provided. My friend, in speaking of
this, refers to attempts to render the national education sectarian ;
but states that " both the Gladstonian Chief Secretary and the
Unionist Chief Secretary stood firm on this subject (for Ireland)
and refused to tamper with our present system, which forbids that
any child should be taught any religion of which his parent does
not approve." The stimulus given by the provisions for interme-
diate and also for university education has been felt by Eoman
Catholics as well as Protestants; but as the Eoman Catholic au-
thorities still oppose the Eoyal University (of which, however, many
of their people are taking advantage), " there is a tendency in the
present government to meet them in this respect."

The Harper manuscript contains, so early as February 24, 1760,
a. letter referring to public troubles as chastisements from God; es-
pecially mentioning "the threatened stroke. If it is over, it has
been almost confined to the town of Carrickfergus." This stroke
was the capture and sacking of Carrickfergus by a French fleet in
November, 1759; whicb fleet was soon afterwards itself captured
by the British, and its admiral (Thurot) killed near the Isle of Man.
A worse cloud than the fear of invasion was the public hardship
because of oppressive laws against which the people "had to strug-
gle, preventing the woolen trade and otherwise repressing Irish
industry. A letter is copied from William Carmichael, written in
1756, when Harper was very young, and advising him to continue
as he was till times grew somewhat easier, and is full of kind en-
couragement. James's elder brother Hugh writes in 1757 :

Since father-in-law's death we have had some contentions, bat I have
bargained with Squire Rowley's agent for fifteen acres of land. And John
Kelly and John Parker, being dissatisfied with assent's procedure, set off to
Dublin this morning to get it overturned by the landlord.

With what result we know not; but here we have the system of
rack-renting, and imposing renewal fines, and of oppression by
agents of absentee landlords and of evictions, which Froude de-
scribes as the source of bitterness, and as carried across the ocean
to create a feeling of antipathy against Britain among the Scotch-

100 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Irish of America; a system of oppression which continncd up to
our own times, antil it was first arrested by Mr. Gladstone, ai^d
now it promises to be forever abolished.

In these hardships Ireland being close at hand waf unable to
fight; and had to suffer to the last. Two movements were made
indeed for deliverance, the volunteer movement, of 1780, and the
rebellion of 1798. Mr. Harper's MS. betrays the fact that its
author was beginning to take an interest in politics ; thus in 1778
he became a subscriber to the Belfast Newsletter^ which would in-
form him of the struggle of the American colonies; and in Julyr
1781, he paid Mr. Forrester for the use of the Volunteer Company
£4 17s Old, a veiy large subscription from a mnn in his condition.
After the failure of Grattan*s Irish Parliament came the fearful
uprising of the Bebellion in 1798. This ended in failure so soon as
the Ulster people learned that in the south it had developed into a
warfare for exterminating the Protestants. But prior to that news
the most steady people of Ulster were in sympathy with it or ac-
tively engaged. William, the eldest son of Eev. James Harper,
was implicated in it, and for this his property was confiscated, and
I think he made good his escape to Amenca, as the MS. has an
entry of his marriage in 1806, apparently written in America.
Magbera was a local center of the trouble near Harper's place, and
* an attempt was made to prove that the old clergyman himself was
concerned in the rebellion. He was tried by court-martial at Magh-
era for high treason, and was acquitted, after which he left the
country, sailing to America, and in his old age going to Lexington,
in Virginia, where he died in 1803. His younger son, called by
his own name, and also a clergyman, followed him to Virginia,
where he died in 1815. My wife, whose ancestors belonged^ to
their neighborhood in County Derry, informs me that in her child-
hood she heard much of Maghera as a hotbed of rebellion, and
that one of the leaders, named Church, turned traitor and betrayed
the others. She says that in our own old neighborhood her great-
grandfather and Mr. Newton, of Coagh, were the only men who
took the oath of allegiance. Her granduncles were all enrolled
among the United IriBhmen ; and all the ladies of that section were
United " Irishmen," wearing green scarfs bearing the harp with-
out the crown, in which disloyal garb they attended Coagh Presby-
terian Meetinghouse^ Her mothers uncle, having been betrayed
for the sake of a reward by an old dependent to whom the family
had shown kindness, sought refuge in my own old meetinghouse

■*•• ••• • *

• : •

• «

• • • • •

THE CHANGES OF A OENTUBT. 101

of BallygODj, where he lay concealed for six weeks, till he succeed*
ed in making his escape to America. Dr. McCook's ancestors were
implicated and flod the country.

These memories and traditions are perhaps more powerful among
the old Scotch-Irish immigrants of America than in Ireland itself,
as our brethren in America fancy that the Britain of to-day is the
old despotic, intolerant kingdom of George III. But however ter-
rible Britain may now appear to her enemies, she has learned bet-
ter ways in dealing with Jier own remaining colonies, and with her
children at home. She grants autonomy to her colonies, and i8
endeavoring to train even the Hindoos to the arts of self govern-
ment. She paid a hundred millions of dollars for purchasing fVee-
dom for her West Indian slaves, a bargain which America might
at one time have prudently imitated, even if it had cost us a thou-
sand millions. She has secured fair election laws, unlearning her
old prejudices against Americanisms, and copying and improving
our American ballot with most complete safeguards. She has
opened her ports to the trade of the world, and has con^plete civil
iservice reform. She and America have both the same spirit as
leaders in freedom and in civilizing the nations ; and there is small
reason to doubt that this Venezuela trouble will end in a plan
which will render European encroachment upon small American
states forever impossible.

Our Scotch-Irish Society in the United States bears its only al-
legiance, under God, to the star-spangled banner, and we want not
to be half British, but entirely American; but we dearly love the
friends and scenes that we have left behind us; we love the old flag
of England all the more because it has ceased to be a symbol of
civil and religious injustice, and is now known to symbolize civil
equality, complete civil reform, and political liberty everywhere
over the whole world.

As to the effect of the ballot in Ulster, my trieni says that it has
broken down the power of the " oflBce " — sc, the tyranny of land-
lords, agents, and bailiffs, which we remember so well ; and he re-
peats what Eoman Catholic judges have said in condemning the
abominable interference of priests at the polls.

The effect of the changes in agriculture amounts to a Yovolution,
and this was brought about by the British Parliament as a result
of peaceable agitation against inveterate abases. There is no more
possibility of rack-renting, and a process is now working that
promises to convert all the occupiers into owners of their farms:

102 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

the government will lend a tenant farmer money to buy out his
holding, the immediate effect being to reduce his rent twenty-five
per cent, and to secure the farm, free of rent, to his children in less
than fifty years. Thus Gladstone and the Conservatives, from op-
posite sides in Parliament, have united to restore the old Jewish
institution of the jubilee in Ireland. Even in the south of the
island this system is stimulating people to greater industry and
providence.

The focus of Irish trade and manufactures is Belfast, which in
half a century has advanced in population from seventy thousand
to three hundred thousand, and which now in property valuation
is the chief city of Ireland, and in commerce and inland revenue
ranks third in the United Kingdom, being surpassed only by Lon-
don and Liverpool. The beautv of its surroundings, and of its spa-
cious streets and fine buildings, always surprises strangers. Mac-
Knight reports the colloquies overheard by him in the early morn-
ing between Glasgow excursionist workmen, who had just landed in
Highstreet by the steamer. One says to his fellow, " Belfast is
very like Glasgow, man;" and the reply comes, "1 think it looks
finer." Mr. Harper's manuscript has fores had o wings of coming
prosperity in notes about farm work and marketing. While most
of the farm work was on potatoes and oats, we find under date 1795
a significant entry: By the premium on flax, £0 7sOW; and in
1791, "Sold flax to James Kenned}^, £1 14s l^dj" also in 1796,
"Sold flax, Widow Nelson, in pecks, £4 lis Od;" followed by six
similar sales to James Kennedy, William Brown, and others.
These entries are for large sums, including a great deal of market-
ing about cattle and other farm produce ; but they are on loose
sheets, coming up to 1797 (the eve of the rebellion), and one entry,
"5th June, 1795, settled an acct. with Willy, and he owes me £1
12s 2Jd," suggests that it was not the reverend and venerable fa-
ther, but the adventurous son, whose commercial dealings are here
recorded ; all of which were terminated in the following year by
the confiscation of the son's property by his treason and flight to
America. A loose slip bearing date " february 4th, 1806," is a re-
' ceipt of money "from Mr. William Harper, oiii^ht pounds five shil-
lings and five pence in full of all acts to this Date. James Long,"
which seems to belong to his American history. After these times
the linen trade became the great staple of Ulster, and especially of
Belfast and Neighboring parts, and so continued until recently: in
the older days by hand looms, more recently with machinery and

THE CHANGES OF A CENTUBY. 103

steam. Thus has been produced a contrast between that section
and the rest of Ireland similar to, that between Lower Canada and
MassachusettB, saving that in Ireland the advantages of good soil
and fine climate are with the south, and Ulster was always dispar-
aged as a cold and bleak part of the island. It is not better water
for flax that favored Ulster, any more than it va« better water for
whisky that helped Islay, or better water for straw that helped
Dunstable. Such arguments have no scientific soundness. But
the difference is connected with the varying characters of the peo-
ple for enterprise, for steady industry, and for business integrity.

Of the present state of business ray friend writes that the north-
eastern parts of Ulster, having all the advantages of British fiscal
arrangements, and the people being of the same race as the Eng-
lish and Scotch, have planted industries and commerce which are
thriving and prosperous. In addition to the linen trade they have
now large iron shipbuilding interests in Belfast, and these yards
seem to keep busy wheil those in England and Scotland are com-
plaining of want of work.

The determined attitude taken by Ulster in opposition to Home
Eule, as contrasted with their participation in the rebellion of 1798,
finds its explanation in the conviction that the attitude of the Brit-
ish Government has changed for the better, while any independent
government which the majority of the Irish voters Would be able
to establish would be a change greatly for the worse. They have
observed the methods of the Pamellites and anti-Parnellites under
circumstances which should have elicited self-denial, caution, and
true patriotism ; they have observed the sort of statesmanship ex-
hibited by some of our Irishmen in the great cities of America ;
after they have, by long and peaceful struggles, shaken off the tyr-
anny of landlordism over their votes as well as their property, and
the more galling tyranny of ecclesiasticism over their consciences,
they are determined not to permit the reestablish ment of a worse
ascendancy by a majority who have shown no sympathy with the
spirit or prosperity of the northern province. Their intense loyal-
ty to England's crown and constitution, as now represented, is the
strongest argument for this determined stand. My friend, who
thoroughly understands the situation, believes that Home Eule is
now, and for a long time to come, a dead issue * He says that the

*It should be ex])lained that personally I have not taken sides either for
or against Home Rule, as I believe that it is my duty as an American citi-
zen not to intermeddle in the politics of other countries.

104 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

English Home Eule party is very sick of the question. It found
at the last general election that the English people would not tol-
erate that an Irishman should first settle his own affairs, and then
come over to England and have a casting vote in English affairs;
and he hints that even the Irish Home Eule representatives,
though probably ti\ey will keep up their cry, are beginning to ap-
preciate the situation, and that, as they are already deserting their
English friends in favor of sectarian education in lingland, they are
not likely to be irreconcilable on behalf of the one issue. Some
grievances still require attention on behalf of the XJl>ter people,
but there is a prospect of early attention to these. The obvious
comment on all this is that the strength of the British system of
our time is found to lie in w.hat must always be the greatest
strength of governments, not piddling with small matters, but rem-
edying great wrongs without waiting for the display of public dis-
order. Both political parties have done this, though the Liberal
party has been usually foremost in adTnitting that there were
wrongs to be remedied, and in attempting a cure, white it has
sometimes been left to the Tories to overcome the stubbornness of
the House of Lords, and successfully complete the good work
which their rivals began.

I append the valuable paper, written at my request by an Irish
gentleman, on the present social, material, political, and religious
condition of Ulster. The writer's statements carry weight in the
old country, but his name is withheld, partly in deference to his
modesty, and partly because he wishes the statement of opinion to
be impersonal.

NOTES ON STATE OP ULSTER AND IRELAND.

In reply to queries:

I. Agriculture. The North of Ireland is suffering the same de-
pression as in other parts of the United Kingdom, owing to compe-
tition of foreign nations. The Ulster farmer has got some relief in
the shape of reduction of rent through the operation of the land
courts. These courts settle rents for periods of fifteen years, and
the Ulster tenant receives reductions by force of law, which in En-
gland and Scotland depend upon the good will of the landlord.
There is considerable movement in Ireland in the direction of farm-
ers purchasing their own lands, and the government is giving facil*

THE 0HANOE8 t>V A OENTUBT. 105

ties towards this, in the shape of advances of purchase money, to
be repaid, at a low rate of interest. The operation of this gives the
farmer an immediate relief in the redaction of his rent. For ex-
ample, if a farmer pays £100 of rent, and purchases his holding at
eighteen years' rental, he borrows £1,800 from the government at
the rate of 4 per cent per annum, at once reducing his rent from
£100 to £72. Part of the 4 per cent is applied to a sinking fund by
means of which his payments cease at the end of forty-nine years,
and he becomes the absolute owner of the farm. Whenever the
farmer purchases his holding he immediately, whatever his disposi-
tion toward agitation may have been previously, becomes a law-
abiding citizen and a power for law and order in the country. In
the South of Ireland farmers have adopted cooperative methods in
establishing creameries and also in buying jointly their seeds and
manures from wholesale dealers at wholesale prices. The districts
whicji adopt these methods are finding them very effective in en-
abling them to meet foreign competition.

II. You are awar'e that a vast proportion of the business, manufac-
tures, and commerce of Ireland is to be found in the northeast portion
of Ulster, and Ireland being subject to exactly the same laws as
England and Scotland, Ulstermen have all the advantage of British
fiscal arrangements, and the people being of the same race as the
English and Scotch, have planted industries and commerce which
are thriving and prosperous. In addition to the linen trade, we
have now large iron shipbuilding interests in Belfast, and these
yards seem to keep busy when those in England and Scotland are
<;omplaining of want of work. The prosperity of these industries
is well illustrated by the growth of the population of Belfast, which
in 1840 was somewhere about 70,000, and is to-day between 280,000
and 300,000.

III. The people of Ulster are remarkably law-abiding, and the
agitation even of tenant farmers as to their alleged grievances, is
conducted in the most orderly and constitutional way. The aver-
age of crime, both ordinary and agrarian, is very low; in fact, it may
be said there is no agrarian crime in Ulster. What is known as party
spirit — I. c, hatred between Protestants and Eoman Catholics —
has undoubtedly mitigated greatly within my memory, and the 12th
of July, which is the Orange anniversary, is now regarded very
largely as a public holiday, and it is only in remote country districts
that opposing parties come into collision. In the struggle for the
union during the last ten years, the Orange leaders have been

106 THE SGOTCH-IRifiH IN AMERICA.

brought more into joint action wit]i the Liberal Unionist party,
and I have no doubt that the moderate views of the Liberal
Unionists have had a moderating effect upon the Ultra Protestant
party. As to intemperance, I do not think that there is any increase
bf intemperance in Ulster. There is, as you know, an extremely ac-
tive temperance sentiment in the province, and it is a curious thing
that in Belfast, at all events, by far the greater proportion of the
retail liquor trade is in the hands of Eoman Catholics; but Belfast
and the North of Ireland compare very favorably, in respect to in-
temperance, with any other part of the country.

IV. The effect of the ballot on elections has been entirely to
break down what in your days in Ireland was known as the power
of the "office." The tenant farmer can now vote wholly independ-
ently of the wishes or orders of his landlord or land agent, and the
consequence has been that a strong tenants' representation has been
returned to the House of Commons during the last twenty-five
years. This tenants' party has been rather weakened through the
lowering of the franchise, which brought in astvoters on the Prot-
estant side a large number of extreme Orangemen, and on the
Catholic side a large number of strong Nationalists, and between
these two extremes the moderate liberal party fell behind. The
necessities of the Unionist question, ho)vever, have forced the
Orange party in certain constituencies to support Liberal Unionists,
who sympathize with the tenants' aspirations. The influence of
these men was strongly felt at the general election last year, and
they secured a pledge from the present government that legislation
would be ifttroduced which would remedy all causes of complaint
which tenants have with the present state of the land laws. It should
bo remarked that through the means of the illiterate vote in
Nationalist districts the priest has notorious influence. The priests
attend largely in the polling booths as personation agents. They
know all the voters; and where they are doubtful of how any man
is going to vote, it is very customary for them to make him declare
himself illiterate, and thus he has to vote openly, and he is thus
very often forced to vote as they wish. It is a remarkable fact
that more than one in five who went to the polls in Ireland in the
last general elections voted illiterate. The proportion of illiteratcK
in Scotland is almost nominal. As to the present condition of the
Home Rule agitation among the different parties, I would say that
the English Home Rule party are very sick of the question. They
found at the last general election that the English people would

THE CHANGES OF A CENTUBY. 107

not tolerate that an Irishman should under Mr. Gladstone's last
scheme first settle his own affairs, and then come over to England
and have the casting vote in English affairs, and I think that there is
no doubt that such an outrageous proposal will never be made again
by any responsible statesman. The Irish members are at present
disgusting the English Liberals by deserting them on the educa-
tional bill before Parliament, and I think from the point of view
of disgust of the English party with home rule, that the prospects
of its becoming a burning question are pretty remote. The Irish
people took the defeat of Mr. Gladstone's bill in 1893 with perfect
calmness, and they now see that their leaders are quarreling among
themselves and simply promoting personal objects. They find that
the present Unionist admin-ist ration is anxious to promote the
material well-being of the country ; and although wh«n it comes to
a general election they will vote for Home Eule candidates, still
they are not going to be irreconcilable if the "predominant party"
refuses to grant them home rule. You are aware that the
Nationalist party now consists of the Redmondites, who are the
legitimate successors of the Parnell party and number nine mem-
bers in Parliament; then there are about seventy-two Anti-Parnell-
ites, of whom a majority follows John Dillon and a strong minority
follows Timothy Healy, and these two sections of the Anti-Parnell
party fight each other like Kilkenny cats, and their conduct is dis-
gusting to the English and Irish Home Euler alike. With regard
to any political disabilities and grievances which still need amend-
ment, I would say that Ireland should have a system of county gov-
ernment, the same as England and Scotland have; and there are a
few points of the land laws which need reform, such as that a tenant
should not be charged rent on his own improvements, but both
these and some other minor questions are certain to be dealt with
by the present administration. The Irish tenant farmer has legal
advantages which no tenant farmer in the world possesses.

V. You yourself are thoroughly familiar with the system of
primary education in Ireland. There has been a strong attempt to
denomi nationalize ;this. The Christian Brothers were made the
ostensible means of attempting this, and a strong party of the Board
of National Education, led by the Protestant Archbishop of Dublin
(a most excellent man, but wrong" headed on this subject), tried to
alter the Board rule so as to admit the Christian Brothers; and
had his views been carried, the present system of time table con-
science clausei which protects minorities in all parts of Ireland,

lOS THB SOOTOH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

would have been destroyed. Both the late GladBtoDian Chief
Secretary and the present Unionist Chief Secretary, however, stood
firm on this subject and have refused to tamper with our present
system, which forbids that any child should be taught any religion
of which its parent does not approve. The intermediate system of
education gives large prizes to teachers and pupils of intermediate
schools; and although it undoubtedly cultivates cramming a good
deal, it has given considerable stimulus to secondary education ; and
the Catholic schools take a very high place in these examinations.
There is a strong feeling among many people in Ireland that the
Eoman Catholics should have a university of their own in some
kind of proportion to Trinity College, Dublin, and I believe it is
the intention of the present administration to establish such a
university. The Catholics have consistently reAised to avail them-
selves of the Queen|s University, which was founded on nondenomi-
national principles, and at present their own self-supported denom-
inational colleges can only obtain degi*ees through an examining
board called the Koyal University; and although the professors of
the Catholic colleges draw large sums from fellowships in this Eoyal
University, the Catholics are not content, and they claim to be put
upon an equality with Trinity College, and, as I said, the tendency
at present of the Unionist government is to meet them in this re-
spect. It is certainly an open question whether such an expedient
will satisfy them.

VI. There is no religious disability whatever before the law af-
fecting any Irishman. Religious equality before the law was thor-
oughly established by the disestablishment and disendowment of
1869. There is no fraternity existing between the Koman Catholic
Church and any of the Protestant denominations. There is good
feeling and interchange of pulpits between Presbyterians, Metho-
dists, and the other nonconformist denominations, which are very
small bodies in Ireland. As to public or formal fraternizing be-
tween Presbyterians and Episcopalians, it has been less increased
since disestablishment than one would have expected. The Epis-
copalian minister clings to his historic Episcopate and claims his
Church to be the legitimate successor of the Church of St. Patrick,
and thus in effect he unchurches all other denominations. There
are, however, individual clergy who fraternize all they can with
other denominations, in Y. M. C. A. work, religious conventions,
Bible and colportage work, etc., but they do this " off their own
bat." The Archbishop of Dublin, Lord Plunket, is a conspicuous

/ I

THE CHANGES OF A CENTURY. 109

example of frieDdly feeling toward other Churches, but he is al-
most the only bishop who publicly shows such disposition. I
should say that all the Protestant Churches are exceedingly active
in Ireland. The popular polity adopted by the Episcopal Church
after disestablishment has been an unspeakable benefit to them.
The Episcopal laity are more fraternal than the clergy.

YII. 1 djo not think there is dnythinfjr else that I need add. Since
the defeat of the Home Eule Bill a heavy nightmare has been lift-
ed up from the minds of the people; and if we are just let alone
and allowed to carve our own way as an integral part of the Brit-
ish Empire, the tJlster people will always keep the position well in
the front rank, which they have ever maintained.

In a second communication my friend continues:

I was thinking since I wrote you before about the open field there is for
Irishmen in the public service of Great Britain, and as living instances
would mention Lord Dufierin, who is now holding the Embassy at Paris,
the blue ribbon of English diplomatic posts. In the British army the com-
mander in chief is Lord Wolneley, an Irishman whose career yon know,
and who arose to his present poieition from being a Commoner. The com-
mander in chief in Ireland is Lord Roberts, of whom the same may be said.
The Commander in chief of India is Sir George White, a County Antrim
man. In the legal profession the Lord Chief Justice of England is Lord
Russell, an Irish Catholic [a Scotch-Irish Catholic, I believe], who com-
menced life by practicing as an attorney in the police court in Belfast. On
the English Court of Apjieals thtre is Lord MacNaghten, a County Antrim
man, and Lord Morris, a Galway Catholic. On the English Bench I recalf
Justice Matthew, an Irish Catholic, and Justice Kennedy, an Irishman.
You yourself remember the number of your fellow-students who rose to
the top in India. On^ of them, Sir David Barbour, who is now retired, fin-
ished up as Financial Secretary at Calcutta. The late Archbishop of York,
Dr. Magee, was Irieh. It is no harm that Americans should kn9w that the
Irish have a perfectly fair field in every department of the British service.

To this list of eminent Scotch-Irishmen it is proper to add the
name of one who has resisted all inducements to draw him from a
business career, and who, in respect of scholarly ability, public
spirit and eloquence, is second to none of these great Irishmen, the
Eight Honorable Thomas Sinclair, of Belfast, whom the queen has
recently called to a seat in the Privy Council

THE SCOTCH-IRISH OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY.

BY ROBERT McMCEN, ESQ., OF MIFFLINTON, PA.

The Juniata Kiver has her highest and farthest soHrcea in the
eastern slopes of the Allegheny Mountains in Western Pennsylva-
nia, and flows by one of her two main branches in an easterly
course until it is met at Huntington, Pa., by the other, which has
come to the point of confluence trom the southwest. The latter of
these streams is known as the Kaystown Branch; the former, as
the Frankstown Branch. From this point of confluence the river
— thence known as the Eiver Juniata — flows in a generally easterly
course until it empties into the Susquehanna at a point a few miles
to the north of Duncannon, Pa., and thence its waters find a way
to the Great Bay of the Chesapeake and to the open sea beyond.
Many large creeks discharge their waters into the river and her
main branches; notably on the north, going up the river; the Co-
colamus, the Delaware, the D. O., the Lont Creek, the Jacks Creek,
the Kishacoquillas, Standing Stone Creek, Spruce Creek, Little Ju-
niata, Frankstown Branch; and on the south, the Buflalo, the
Eaeeoon or Wild Cat, the Tuscarora, the Licking Creek, Auchwick,
Kaystown Branch. Mountain ranges crossing the State from
southwest to northeast, and, as it seems, at almost right angles to
the Great Allegheny System as their base — Tussey's, Jack^s, Seven
Mountains, Shade, Black Log, Tuscarora, etc., have been tora asun-
der in many places to let through the main river or its tributaries.
And thus by ntieam and crag is rudely but beautifully outlined and
imprinted upon the southern central portion of our state the fair
valley of the Juniata, paralleled on the south by Sherman's Valley
and the Great Cumberland Valley, and on the north by Penn's Val-
ley and Bald Eagle Valley. It resembles in contour an inverted
cornucopia, the funnel oeing represented by the junction of the
Juniata River with the Susquehanna where the valley, having a
frontage of not more than tifteen miles, is narrowest; its greatest
width, by a line dropped over Huntingdon north and south, being
one hundred miles or thereabouts. The main river from Hunting,
don to the junction is ninety miles in length, and each of the two
main branches is much longer.

The word " Juniata '* means " Standing Stone/' and is of Iroquois
(110)

THE SCOTCH-IRISH OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY. Ill

origin. Tho journals left by Jesuit missionaries among the Hurona
and Iroquois refer to expeditions of those Warhke tribes to the
southward about 1620, and after they got possession of firearms
from the Dutch. It is reasoned by historians that in some of these
raids these northern tribes fell upon the Andastes dwelling upon
the Juniata, and exterminated them.

At the seat of these Andastep, near Huntingdon, Pa., stood one
or more natural stone columns, and the exterminating northern
named the place and the people that he destroyed as Oneniote — the
projecting stone or people of the projecting standing stone, the ini-
tial "J" in Juniata being merely an introductory starting sound —
the Iroquois having no labials.

It is said that the forests upon the cornfields of these destroyed '
Andastes was only partially grown when the first white settlers
came to the valley one hundred and ten or more years afterwards,
and beings in this condition were in some cases mistaken for barrens.
It is a valley fair to look upon throughout; diversified of wild
mountain woodland and hollows in her rifted hills, of grotto, copse,
and tarn, of wide fertile vales and plains, and lovely limestone
coves, and is well watered everywhere, even as the garden of
the Lord. The counties of Juniata, Mifflin, Huntingdon, Blair, parts
of Bedford, Gambia, Center, Fulton, and Perry, are within its bor-
ders. It has a population of 200,000 souls, dwelling in 40,000
homes — a settled population, inclined to walk in the old paths and
to stand upon the ancient ways, observing them well and not given
unto change; a thrifty, healthy, intelligent, and prosperous people,
willing to earn the dollar, and, having acquired it, knowing right
well what use to turn it to.

The great Pennsj-lvania railroad traverses the very middle of
the valley from the river's mouth to one of- its highest sources at
Cressdn on the Alleghany Mountains. Telegraph and telephone
lines are also erected through her area; and by all these and many
other means her people are in close contact and interest with the
great moral, commercial, industrial, and political conditions which
move the world.

The service of setting forth somewhat in particular the history
of the first settlement of this valley of the Juniata by the Scotch-
Irish has been assigned to me by your committee. Into this rich
harvest field many reapers have heretofore thrust their sickles ; and
yet each reaper cut but a single swath — that which best suited his
mind, or his lineage, or it may have been his profit — and while

112 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

many valuable facts have thus been preserved to as,, the symmetry
of the whole has thas been somewhat marred. The veritable his*
toiy of the settlement of the valley of the Juniata remains to be
written. Nor must it be expected that this paper will fully supply -
it; for he who would thoroughly perform that task must turn his
back to both the location and the immediate subject, and look far
away in both time and space to other physical and social conditions. ~
It is impossible to rightly read or write history from a view of facts
standing at present before tha writer. Present conditions are in
all things the effect of causes not apparent, and past; in many in-
stances so long past as tg bo beyond discovery ; and yet, following
the lead of well-known facts to the times of the earliest settlement
of whites on the Carolina Coasts, on Long Island, and on the Del-
aware, we easily discover when and where and how those dreadflil
conditions and causes had their creation, which afterwards, in 1756
and 1763, 1777 and 1780, produced their direful fruitage in the pil-
lage and jbloody massacres that were enacted on the banks of the
far-flowing Juniata.

' To this end I have given heed to the recitals of the historians of
those earlier times, in which is detailed how, on the one hand, the
Indians of the South, who dwelt under a salubrious climate at
peace from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to the falls of the Po-
tomac, were murdered and enslaved by the first white settlers, and
the choicest of their young men captured, shipped away, and actu-
ally sold to slavery to the settlera on the Delaware, and, if I mis-
take not, at Long Island also ^ and how, on the other hand, the five
nations on the north, with their seat about the Great Lakes, and
ranging in their occasional occupation of the territory south to the
headwaters of the Susquehanna, and north to the shores of Hud-
son Bay, were cajoled and cheated out of their lands about Long
Island, and, as the white population in these parts increased, far-
ther and farther inland.

These things; let us understand, took place in the very earliest
times. But let us look at the territory indicated at the time of the
first appearance of the whites.

The Tuscarora Indians of tlie south had some vague notion that
far to the north — the " cold country,*' as they said — a race of men
great of stature and very fierce existed. Similarly, the five nations
had a tradition that far away in the Land of the Sun a people
like themselves lived without shelter. A neutral zone of sunless
woodlands intervened between these two great peoples, solitudes

THE 8COTOH-IBI8H OP THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 1125

80 vast that no allurement of the chase or taste for conquest could
incite either to pass.

Wherever you road of man in a state of nature you will find him
surrounding himself with this condition of a wild country which
he does not need, nor does he essay to occupy, and from which no
creature of his kind ventures to approach him.

The text of the old Scriptures is constantly speaking of these
natural boundaries between tribes as ^ the wilderness/* and Caesar
relates that the Suevi and Germans were proud of the isolation
they enjoyed by reason of the wide solitudes composing their fron-
tiers; and many barbarous nations, even to this day, have them-
selves so located that much unoccupied land surrounds their
territory.

Such a neutral zone, well up to the close of the seventeenth
century, was the country extending approximately from the west
branch of the Susquehanna, on the north, to the falls of the Poto-
mac, on the south, and bounded on the east by the Susquehanna
River, and on the west by the Great, or Allegheny, Mountains. In
the very depth and midst of this district lay the valley of the
Juniata.

The disturbance of the southern Indians, as already indicated^
was the cause of much bloodshed; and they, becoming much deci-
mated in numbers and unsettled in life, drifted northward, and
slowly scattered about from the Lower Chesapeake to the Delaware
Bay. At the same time the French in the far north had unsettled
the five nations, and they, finding their way to the Susquehanna
River, made incursions southward; and in this condition of unrest
and turmoil were all the Indian tribes, north and south, at the time
that the proprietary agents negotiated with them for the purchase
of territory. So that the Delawares had as good a title to the
lands purchased in 1754 as had the five nations, but in that case,
as in many others, the matter was determined on a basis of physic-
al prowess; and, when the five nations declared that the Delawares
had no right to sell lands, all that was left for the proprietaries to
do was to buy it again from the five nations, and for no other or bet-
ter reason than that they chose to repudiate the sale made by the
weaker Delawares. Subsequently, and, as it seemed, through the
connivance of the whites, the five nations took the Delawares into
their federation, and the Indians of the whole country were there-
after known as the Six Nations; but it seems that the Delawares,
which included the Tuscaroras, never were, after all, recognized
8

114 THE SCOTCH-IRISH. IN AMERICA.

fully in tho operations of the confederacy. They were always in a
sort of vassalage, and finally a portion of them, particularly the
Tuscaroras, settled in the valley which bears that name, and else-
where in the valley of the Juniata.

By this time the Tuscaroras had become desperate as to the
whites, and reckless as to their own future ; and one promise made
to them they chose to remember and exact the Ailfillment of —
namely, that, having given up to the whites the great valley now
known as the Cumberland Yalley, they should never be disturbed
or encroached upon in their hunting grounds beyond the endless
hills — that is, in the country north of the Cumberland Yalley,
which is indeed the valley of the Juniata.

In the hundred years which preceded the purchase of 1754 very
many similar promises had been made in respect to the cession of
other territory farther east, and both north and south, every one
of which promises, if kept to the ear by the proprietaries and their
agents, was broken to the hope by the man in the field in search
of a choice location.

Thus, then, driven from his home in the Land of the Sun, and
from his big hunting ground in the north, the saddest of his tradi-
tions being the perfidy, murder, and slavery by which the sup-
planter (the white man) had driven him forth; smarting under a
realization of promises broken, seeing the country settling up with
the '< palefaces '' in every direction, and with a mind susceptible to
wrong impressions and influences, and that mind crowded with the
malignant teachings of French traders and interpreters, the Indian,
retired and intrenched in the valley of the Juniata, became at once
not a savage merely, but a mid beast at bay.

Within the confines of this valley of the Juniata, so occupied, did
our Scotch-Irish ancestors venture to obtrude themselves, A.D.
1749. Doubtless there had been scouts and pioneers and traders
through the lower parts of the valley during the ten years or
thereabouts preceding this date, but the first effort at actual settle-
ment was made, so far as history informs us, in this year (1749).
The valley was not settled by the course of the river. The hardy,
venturesome fellows who undertook the task were of those who
were then settling the Cumberland Yalley, and crossed at Crogan's
(now Sterrett's) Gap, in the mountains north of Carlisle, Pa.

Later, and as the Cumberland Yalley filled up with settlers
somewhat, the settlement of the upper parts of the valley of the
Juniata, on the main branches and lateral tributaries, was made

THE SGOTOH-IBISH OF THE JUNIATA YALLET. 115

from settlers in the western end of the Cumberland Yallej, going
out by Path Yallej and into the Great and Morrison's Cove (Little
Cove), and into the valleys of the Little Juniata, Haystown Branch,
Frankstown Branch, Auchwick, and other farther districts.

Until A.D. 1683 the settlement by the whites along the Delaware
had been wanting in form and consistency. There was also lack-
ing any sense of homogeneity or of central government.

Directly William Penn himself took control of the government
he laid out the city of Philadelphia, established courts and councils,
appointed judges and puisny officers, and set the £Eiith of his fa-
thers in religious domination.

The colony increased rapidly in population, and made progress
in settlement farther inland. The rapacity of many of these white
settlers, of even this peaceable stock of Friends, was the subject of
open condemnation by the provincial government, for they bought
the lands from the Indians, paying for them in intoxicating bever-
ages and trinkets to such an extent that it became necessary to
have the councils pass laws as early as 1685 prohibiting the buying
of land from the natives.

The wave of Quaker settlement finally spent its force on the line
of the Conestoga Creek, in Lancaster County, approximately.
When the Scotch and Irish arrived in considerable numbers they
were permitted to settle beyond that line. It is difficult to be-
lieve that as late as 1731 what was called an official map was pub-
lished fixing the river Susquehanna as the extreme and final western
boundary of the province of Pennsylvania.

That bold mountain which is seen running east from the point
where the great Central Pennsylvania railroad bridge spans the
Susquehanna Eiver at Eockville, seven miles north of Harrisburg,
was then (1683 to 1730) called the Kittatinny Mountain.

This range had always been insisted upon by the Indians as an
ultima thule northward, and no whites wore beyond it. Going,
then, generally by the Kittatinny Mountains as a northern bound-
ary, and by the Conestoga as the eastern, and by the Susquehanna
Biver, as it wound, for the other boundaries, there was inclosed a
country fair and lovely enough to excite the cupidity of either
Scotchman or Quaker.

In this desirable region the Scotch and Irish Protestants made
their first homes in the province of Pennsylvania. The people
along the Delaware and in the now thriving town of Philadelphia
had no use for either the Indians or the Irish, as they denominated

116 THE SCOTOH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

the Scotch and Irish. They were therefore at liberty to go to the
wilds of the western confines of the province, and work out results
with the natives. There was nothing common to the Scotch-Irish
and the Quaker except a capacity to disagree with each other.

The Quaker dreaded the rapid and turbulent temper of the
Scotch-Irish, and the Scotch- Irish abhorred the temporizing, non-
combative disposition of the Quaker. The Hessians, left in the
country by the disbanding of the foreign forces at the close of the
Kevolutionary War, were ever held in reprobation by the Scotch-
Irish. To mention the name of a Quaker or Hessian in their hear-
ing was sure to produce a shrug of the shoulders and a shake of
the head, and the remark made in deprecation: ''His grandfather
was a Quaker [or Hessian]/' So that to the Scotch-Irish the Qua-
ker was Anathema, and the Hessian Anathema Maranatha. It was
the hardening of an old and well-founded sense of wrong into an
unyielding prejudice.

Let me protest that a better acquaintance with the facts has en-
abled the present generation to see good citizenship and loyalty to
our common country among all these people.

Between A.D. 1690 and 1730 the Scotch-Irish had succeeded in
driving out the natives from the country outlined, and had made
for themselves extensive and valuable locations of lands. Further
east in the older settlements of the province a sort of unwritten
law was extant to the effect that the owners should not sell landd
to these turbulent Irish. In 1729 Lancaster County was organized,
covering the territory indicated, and the first list of grand juries
contains the names of many Scotch-Irishmen. Germans and Quak-
ers had always dwelt peaceably together in the eastern portions of
the province, and those parts settling up, these Germans came into
the western parts of Lancaster County and began to buy the fine
lands by Mount Joy, Chickes, Swatara, Donegal, Paxtang, etc.,
from the Scotch-Irish.

Our ancestors had not only driven back the Indians from this
section; they had also made for themselves locations of lands, es-
tablished their homes, had formed religious congregations, and
had erected churches which, until this day, bear the names they
gavo them. As these milder-mannered Germans and an occasional
Quaker family again came into proximity, disagreements on sub-
jects of government, religion, the management of the Indians, and
kindred matters again showed themselves; so much so that it is re-
corded that one of the provincial governors — Thomas, I think —

THE 8COTCH-IBI8H OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 117

when the country west of the Susquehanna Eiver wan about to be
thrown open for settlement, applied to th^ proprietaries, then in
England, for an order to settle the country to the southward, which
was to be named in honor of the Duke of York, with Germans; and
the country north, which was to be named ia honor of the Duke of
Cumberland, with Scotch-Irish, he then vouchsafing the reason for
the request that he could not keep the Germans and the Scotch-
Irish living at peace with each other in the settled country east of
the river, and he hoped to separate them in location west and thun
effect peaceable conditions in the beginning of occupancy of the
new purchase.

The fact is, the territory was settled somewhat in that general
plan, the Scotch and Irish going to the Cumberland Yalley. Many
of the choice lands in the Cumberland Valley were preempted by
persons prominent and in favor with the proprietary government;
and as a result of this the poorer Scotch-Irish emigrants from east
of the Susquehanna were forced to take more retired locations.
This again aggravated the minds of these pioneers, and they pressed
their settlement quite beyond the Cumberland Valley, going the
unwarranted extent of the valley of the Juniata to the northward
and into the Great Cove to the westward.

The protection of the proprietary government had always been
extended — if not reluctantly, certainly tardily — to the new set-
tlements, beginning as far back as the Conestoga; and while this
course may have been right as a matter of statecraft, all things
considiared, it was dreadfully unsatisfactory, provoking, injurious,
and unjust to the defenseless settlers on the frontiers.

It has been said that the most difficult kind of history to write
is that which is intended to depict the feelings of the people, and I
therefore leave to the thoughts and imaginations of such as may
peruse this the task of realizing the comfortable domestic surround-
ings of the citizens in the eastern parts of the province, and their
consequent indifference to the hardships of those on the frontiers on
the one hand ; and, on the other, the feeling of reprobation and dis-
trust which the frontiersman came to entertain toward the man in
the east, who experienced nothing of his hardships. No unification
of effort and confidence was possible under such conditions, and
none certainly existed until the war of the Revolution had been
ended.

It is now difficult to realize that at the time the population on
the Delaware were living in comparative luxury and in perfect se-

118 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

curity, and when some merchants of the thriving town of Phila-
delphia were growing rich by a doubtful system of commerce, and
when institutions of learning — ^the pride and glory of our State un-
til this day, anu of growing strength — wore being founded under
the proprietary control and system of government, the sworn rep-
resentatives and officials of that same government were parceling
out the finest of the lands beyond the Susquehanna among them-
selves and their favorites, the Indians were murdering the settlers,
and these same officials (with these same murdering Indians look-
ing on, and at their instance) were pulling other settlers out of
their rude cabins, burning their cabins, and conveying these settlers
to jail at Carlisle — all this within a distance of one hundred and
fifty miles, and nearly or quite a century after the settlement had
been made ol the Delaware; yet such is a fact.

Col. John Armstrong, the manliest man of them all, has left be-
hind one letter on this subject, which, being interpreted in the dis-
passionate light of justice to all, i\)veals the oppressiveness of the
situation; and he who runs may read in plaintive truthfulness the
disheartening experience of those settlers with the government m
the answers that they made to the question iisked them at the
time of their arrest as to why they ventured so far beyond the
settled parts of the province.

Repeatedly the provincial government had been memorialized to
furnish defense for the frontiers, but the first really valuable re-
sponse made to these appeals was not until in 1756, when the line
of forts was erected. Before that the blood of the mansacrod
Mitcheltrees, Hendersons, Elliotts, Robinsons, Nicholsons, Whites,
and others had festered in the green vales of the Juniata between
the Little and the Long Narrows.

A blush as of roses,
Where roses never grew,
Great drops on the bunch-grass,
But not of the dew ;
A taint in the sweet air,
For wild bees to shun,
A stain that will never
Bleach out in the sun.

Seven years passed from the time the court of the new county
of Cumberland arrested the pioneers on the Juniata and in the
Great Cove and at some intervening points and burned their cabins,
notably at Burnt Cabins, in Huntingdon County, a place known
for that cause by that name until this day, before the government

THE BCOTCH-IBISH OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 119

of the province put up this line of forts; and even after they were
erected and manned examination of official correspondence of the
officers in command discloses complaints of insufficiency of force,
inadequacy of military supplies and provisions, and, indeed, in-
adequacy of the establishment.

Fort Granville, at Lewistown, was nothing more nor better than
a death trap; and in the very first attack made upon it a few
French and Indians tore the side out of it, fired and destroyed it)
as children might demolish a playhouse built of corncobs.

The mind lingers a moment at that scene of carnage to realize
the heroic action of Lieut. Armstrong, the officer in command of the
fort. The French and Indians had fired the fort. The Lieutenant
and his command were doing their utmost to extinguish the flames.

A French soldier of the garrison, hearing his mother tongue
spoken among the attacking party without, asked leave to converse
with them, saying he might be able to persuade them to desist.
Armstrong answered fiercely: " The first word of French you utter
in this engagement I'll blow your brains out," and fell wounded,
mortally. This word of Armstrong at Fort Granville represents
the reenforcement that may be gained from hope; yet it suggests the
awful cry of Cambronne at Waterloo, which represents the resolu-
tion of despair.

Three unsuccessful efforts were made to settle the valley of the
Juniata: that of 1749, in which the settlers were taken out by
process of law instead of being promptly defended in their settle-
ments, being the first; the second being in 1756, at which time the
first Indian war broke out, and such of the settlers as were not
massacred fled; and the third effort being made in 1763, in which
the Indian war known in history as the Eevolution of Pontiac
drove the settler, at the time of corn planting, to the forts Carlisle
(Le Torte), Hamsburg (Paxtang), Sunbury (Augusta), etc.

The brave men who came to our frontier in 1756 were not the
same who had been dragged away from it in 1749 under pretense
of legal authority, as a matter of philanthropy to save them from
destruction, but which could have had no other real cause except the
indifference, coldness, and parsimoniousness of the proprietaries to-
ward the enterprise of settling the country west of the Susquehanna.

The men who came in 1763 were not those who had been mur-
dered or driven out in 1756 in the first Indian outbreak. No, the
rigon* of poverty, the privations of life in the wilderness, the heart's
courage and the hopes that live or die with it, destroyed — caused

120 THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

the generations of men to pass rapidly in those troublous times,
" and on them all had haggish age crept on and worn them out of
act." And so, just "after the planting of the corn in 1763, the In-
dians," to quote from the deposition of one of these brave men,
" broke out on our defenseless frontier and the settlers fled, and did
not return for some years;" and all this for want of a reasonable
measure of friendly interest and assistance on the part of the gov-
ernment in the effort to settle this desirable region. The rude
cabins of the settlers, the rough clearings, the Presbyterian Church
at Cedar Springs raised of logs to the heighth of one story but not
yet completed, the planted crops not yet germinated, were in one day
abandoned to prowling wild beasts and Indians, to be absorbed by
the voiceless solitudes surrounding them.

The situation recalls the pathetic stanza of one of the earlier poets
on a kindred subject:

bloodiest picture in the book of Time,
Barmatia fell unwept without a crime;
Found not a generous friend, a pitying foe,
Strength in her arms, nor mercy in her woe.

The men who fled in 1763 returned almost to a man in 1766 and
1767, at the close of the Indian war known as Pontiac's Eevolution,
or the war of the Six Nations. The resettlement was at once larger
and stronger in numbers than the settlement was at the last exodus.
During the war we can easily conceive that emigrants from Ireland
and Scotland had been coming in and settling temporarily among
friends or people of the same nationality east of the Susquehanna,
and in the secure parts of the Cumberland Valley.

As soon as peace was established the former settlers returned to
their former locations, and in their wake came the new man from
abroad, and men who had sold their locations east of the Susque-
hanna and in the Cumberland Yalley. At about this date the set-
tlement of the farther parts of the valley of the Juniata was again
taken up actively, and throughout all its arable extent land war-
rants were located and actual occupation effected.

The wild man and the wild cattle, a sort of buffalo it is said, in-
cluding the elk, have become extinct. The pheasant still drums in
the echoing copse, and the wild turkey feeds on the mountain mast;
but the beaver no longer rasps the smooth beech nor burrows in
the tarn; the ranging bear still skulks in back mountain wilds, but
the prowling wolf has disappeared.

The plowboy as he winds his team in the rich loams of tlie val-

THE SCOTCH-IRISH OP THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 121

ley, himself reclining on the cross rung, looking back along the
furrow, occasionally* spies the flint arrowhead; more rarely, a
strangely shapen stone, in which .he would never detect the much-
worn az or pestle of the man of the Stone Age; and more rarely
still, a piece of rude crockery.

These relics are found in proximity to the streams, the places
richest in arrowheads being where tradition teaches that the beaver
made his dams. These indifferent things the plowboy values not;
but the time is coming in the which they and their meaning will
be clearly read as in a book, and when through them shall be set
forth at length the history of the races of men, who drew the trem-
bling bowstring and swung the whistling tomahawk in days of yore.

The first efibrt to establish a place of religious worship was made
by Presbyterians in the early part of 1763, and the place was near
Cedar Springs, in Fermanagh Township, Cumberland (now Juniata)
County. There must have been organization among the settlers
prior to this; but finding themselves without any house of worship
they met on a day in springtime and put up a structure of logs
30x30 feet to the height of one story, and quit in the evening,
arranging to resume the work as soon as they should have their
corn planted. The Indian war breaking out as soon as the corn was
planted, the country was abandoned, as has been said, and the
building was found not large enough when the settlers returned in
greater numbers in 1765 and 1766, and they then erected another
of logs 30x40 feet.

The first official notice of the Cedar Springs congregation is in
the records of the Presbytery of Donegal, and bears date October 1,
1768. Application was then made for supplies; Eev. Mr. Cooper
was appointed. In 1769 joint application was received by the same
Presbytery from Tuscarora and Cedar Springs, and Mr. Cooper was
again appointed. In the summer of 1766 Bevs. Charles Beatty and
Oeorge Duffield were appointed by the Synod of New York and
Philadelphia to make a missionary tour through all this section.

By the journal of Eev. Charles Beatty we find that they came
over the mountains from Carlisle, preached in Tuscarora Yalley in
the woods near what is now Academia in August, 1766, and also to
the Cedar Springs congregation August 22, 1766, and lodged Au-
gust 23 with Capt. James Patterson, who was a leading man and
prominent Presbyterian. These missionaries journeyed farther west
along the Juniata River, visiting all the settlements and assisting in
organizing religious societies.

122 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The Presbytery of Carlisle was organized in A.D. 1786, and the
Presbyterians of the valley of the Juniata came under its jurisdic-
tion. The Presbytery of Huntingdon was organized A.D. 1795,
and the churches in the valley of the Juniata River above the
north line of Periy County passed to its domination.

These settlers and their descendants cultivated in their hearts,
along with their stalwart religious belief, a love for old times and
old things. In one family can be found the chest in which the
Act of Parliament repealing the Stamp Act was shipped across the
ocean, and John Knox's clock, which i^eeps time correctly, as it
has done for more than three hundred years; and Bibles and psalm
books of an age antedating the occupation of the valley by the
whites are passed reverently from generation to generation; and
there are rosebushes abloom in our valley to-day, the forbears
whereof were brought by our great-grandmothers from Eapho
Township, Lancaster County, in A.D. 1767.

The settlors on the main river were never again actually driven
out by the Indians, although they were often in great terror of at-
tack; and as late as 1780 they found it necessary to organize the
men able for military service, who were not then, as very many of
them were, in military service and war of the Revolution, into
militia, agreements being signed by them " to grant some assistance
to our frontier," and actually making details from their number
for that purpose.

Such an agreement signed by men then living in Fermanagh
Township, in old Cumberland (now Juniata) County, is as follows:

Terms proposed to the freemen of this company for granting some assist-
ance to our frontier, as follows — viz., that four men be raised immediately
and paid by this company in grain or other value thereof at three pounds
old way per month during the time they shall be in actual service and also
provisions. The time they shall engage to serve is one month, and the
method for raising the men aforesaid shall be by levying a proportionate tax
on all and singular, the taxable property of each person residing within the
bounds of Capt. Minteer's company; and if any person shall so far forget his
duty as to refuse complying with his brethren in the aforesaid necespary
))roposals, he shall be deemed an enemy of his country, and be debarred
from the privilege of a subject of this state, by being excluded from the
benefit of all tradesmen working for him, such as millers, smiths, and such
like.

We, the subscribers, do approve of the above proposals and bind ourselves
by these presents to the performance of and compliance with the same.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands on this 21st day of
May, 1780. N. B. — Wheat to be 51, rye and corn 31 cents per bushel.

THE 8C0TGH-IBISH OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY.

123

We also agree that Capt Minteer's company shall meet on Wednesday
next at William Sharron's.

Albxandbr Armstkomq,
James Arhstrono,
Jambb Banks',
William Brown,
Charles Blair,

ROBBRT CaRNAGHAN,

William Carnaghan,

William Cunningham,

James Dickey,

Andrew Douglas,

John Gill,

George Green,

Epenetas Hart,

William Harris,

James Harris,

John Henderson, Sr.,

John Henderson, Jr.,

William He]«^derson,

Thomas Howard,

Jambb Patterson,

Jambh Patterson,

John Purdy,

Thomas Pali (Pawley),

Jambb Purdy,

John Riddle,

Samuel Sharron,

Hugh Sharron,

William Stkeph (Stretch),

William Stuabt, Jr.,
To receive the grain or shoes or shirting cloth for the marching paity:
John Purdy, at his mill; Robert Nelson, at his house; Hugh McAlister, at
his house ; William Mc Alister, at his house.

An agreement made by the undernamed persons — viz., that they will
serve as militia volunteers along the frontiers for the space of one month,
commencing from Monday the 29th instant, to meet at David Nelson's on
said day and to march from thence. Given under our hands this 24th day
of May, 1780. James Taylor, Thomas Wiley,

James Harris, James Purdy,
Epenetas Habt, James Armstrong.

This agreement AirniRbes much study for a thoughtful mind.
Two thoughts at once present themselves. It intimates that some
Tory sentiment had crept into the community; and it presents a
severe declaration of boy cot against such as might be affected with
that sentiment.

Christian Lintneb,
Hugh McAlister,
William McAlister,
Hugh McCormick,
John McCartney,
William McClay (McCay),
Robert McDowell,
James McIlwainb,
Thomas McEli^oy,
Hugh McElroy,
Robert Mc^eer (Minteer),
Henry MArrsoN,
William Martin,
George Moore,
Samuel Mitchell,
Andrew Neubon,
Robert Nelson,
David Nelson,
James Nelson,
Matthias Stull,
Jambs Smith,
Jambs Taylor,
Anthony Trimmer,
WiLi^iAM Ulton,
David Walker,
John Watson,
Thomas Wiley,
William Wiley,
William Wright.

124 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

In the farther parts of the valley, however, incursions by hostile
Indian tribes to the north and west actually took place as late as
1777, and probably as late as 1780.

With comfortable surroundings, possessed of leisure as we are,
and with our curiosity excited, we are inclined to think that if we
were possessed of some runic spell by which we could recall the
Indian warrior who ranged the back lands of the valley of the
Juniata from the happy hunting grounds to which he has repaired,
we would work out of his nearly speechless intelligence all the
mystery that totem stone, which he once worshiped at Hunting-
don, whispered to him. Most and last of all we would hope to thus
learn why he so long continued to harry the farther parts of our val-
ley's frontier? For myself I rather like the notion that to him it was
not alone a Mecca, but that he conceived the spiritual part of his
nature to be in some way incorporated in and with it, and that he
thus became an autochthon or bound to the very earth of the par-
ticular locality or valley.

Distress from Indian invasion was not the only trouble with our
settlement of the Eaystown Branch. A much mooted question of
lines and territory between the proprietaries and the agents of Lord
Baltimore gave some unrest to the settlers, but the general estab-
lishing of the line between the province and Maryland settled that.

A mild way of describing the conduct of our Scotch-Irish ances-
tors in the settlement of the Juniata Valley would be to say that
they were calmly self-reliant ; a plain way of stating it would be
to say that they were stubbornly so. The friends of the provin-
cial government defended her lassitude with the declaration that
the first effort at settlement was premature.

As to the second and third attempts the apologists pleaded want
of funds by the government or other necessary employment for
such funds as the government may have had. However these
things may be, to us considering the matter at this distance of time,
it is apparent that in the all-creating womb of time events were
maturing which rendered further delay impossible.

It will never be pretended that the Scotch-Irish did not sniff the
Revolutionary War from afar. Indeed, it is difficult to estimate
how much longer, but for their open and avowed denunciations of
the oppressions of the mother country, all the provinces might
have continued in subjection. The provincial government of
Pennsylvania was more British than Britain herself.

The Assembly would recommend or adopt measures which the

THE SCOTCH-IBISH OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 125

British Ministry were little inclined to demand. There was at
times, certainly, a servility on the part of the provisional manage-
ment that was abject. At every opportunity — indeed, at all
times — the Protestant in the province, of whatever nationality,
gave his voice against this policy. He knew perfectly by the his-
tory of his religious faith that he would finally have to fight for
his rights, and thus, without fully realizing the consequences of his
acts in pressing into the frontiers, he was assisting destiny.

Enjoying as we do the blessing of the peace our Scotch-Irish an-
cestors risked everything to compass for us, their posterity, and
with our dispositions mellowed by a quiet flow of circumstances,
we are inclined to regard the conduct of our ancestors as reckless^
yet it served to penetrate the deep forests, to remove a wild man
who could not be taught any principle of right conduct, and to be-
gin the fii*st processes of preparing an almost unpeopled domain
for the occupation of a posterity which we have the arrogance to
believe is, and which they in their magnanimity hoped would be,
improved. They explored the land and set down in rude charts
the mountain passes and the fordings of the rivers. They had few
domestic comforts, and inevitably of their progeny only the fittest
survived. Their vicissitudes were extreme, and made them at last
utterly implacable toward the Indian in the forest beyond them,
and scarcely less than that toward the Tory sentiment behind
them. It was their mission to break into and to break through
the deep solitudes which extended from the Susquehanna to the
Ohio, so that even as early as the date of Col. Boquet's expedition
in 1764, that district was not entirely a terra incognita.

What with erecting a cabin of logs, clearing a few acres and cul-
tivating these with the rudest means of husbandry, watching the
Indian on the frontier, assisting in the military service during the
war of tho Revolution, the first settlers in our valley passed their
lives. Not more than thirty acres on an average to the location of
one hundred and fifty of our best lands were put under cultivation
by the first settlers. This generation died out in the decade pre-
ceding 1800. The second generation cleared land extensively, aug-
menting the acreage put under tillage in their day to about ninety
acres on an average to the one hundred and fifty.

They built larger dwellings still of logs, and made larger barns,
planted orchards and carried forward the building of roads. A few
books, mostly of a religious character, could be had by this time,
and such as had means purchased these. One book — the Bibl<

126 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEUICA.

their fathers had brought with them; it being a tradition that the
first white man who saw the valley of the Juniata from the top of
the Tuscarora Mountain carried a flintlock rifle and a Bible. They
kept up religious and military organizations, took part in the war
of 1812, fertilized the lands, and made improvements in schools.
The third generation made improvements in all the lines of indus-
try in which the fathers had engaged their lives and energies, and
most of all in furnishing facilities for the schooling of the poor,
under our benign common school system.

The fourth or present generation is engaged in bettering its con-
dition along the lines set out by those who have gone before. It
will be almost exactly correct to say that each generation has built
its own dwelling and made all such improvements as domestic com-
fort or husbandry required ; that each generation built for itself a
church in each community, and a schoolhouse, and had its own war
to fight.

The first men had the Indian wars and the war of independence;
the second men had the war of 1812; the third had the Mexican
War in 1847; and the fourth or present generation now passing
away or forced to second place, all too fast, had the great war of
the rebellion from 1861 to 1865, of bloody memory.

In each and every one of these important wars the men of oar
race, in the great valley of the Juniata, turned at the trumpet's
call from peaceful occupation to defend the country's flag; and
their names and their prowess and the glorious deeds which they
did, behold, are they not bound up in the hearts of their country-
men and written in the chronicles and archives of a grateful com-
monwealth ?

When Phoebus gave Phadton commission to drive the chariot of
the Sun, he accompanied it with this admonition: << Do not drive
too far to the right, or you will fall in with the constellation of the
Bear ; nor too far to the left, or you will there fall in with that of
the Serpent. Do not drive too low, or you will reduce the earth to
ashes; nor too high, or you will consume the heavenly mansions.
Keep in the middled

If our Scotch-Irish ancestors could have governed themselves
by this standard in their settling of the valley of the Juniata, they
would doubtless have fared better ; but that great ancestor of ours
was, it must be admitted, an extremist, and he could and would
brook no restraint. Being a Protestant and very religious — indeed,
religious even to bigotry, wo would say — he yet trusted in Provi-

THE 8COTCH-IBI8H OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 127

dence, but he invented the addenda^ and kept his powder dry. At
the very time when he, on our frontier, was imploring aid to help
him to drive the savage away he was also urgins^ with nearly equal
earnestness that the colony separate herself from the mother country.

At the time when the provincial government was temporizing
with the Indians on the one hand, anS conducting the govern-
ment in the spirit of servility to the king on the other, these
Scotch-Irish people back here in the wilderness attended divine
service, rifle in hand, and heard sermons by the Eev. George Duf-
field, Logan, and others from the text in Hosea: '^The Lord is a
man of war." In the abstract he prayed sincerely for the peace of
Zion ; but when the blast of war blew in his ear, he picked his flint
and marched away to the front. If his demand upon others for
good faith and vigilance was unyielding and exact, it may be said
in truth that he held himself to the same standard. His mind and
temper were too exact, and every cause that he espoused was per-
haps temporarily injured by his over strength.

The milder, quieter German followed him into the valley of the
Juniata, as he had followed him into the valley of the Conestoga,
the Swatflra, the Tellow Breeches, aud the Canadoguinnett. A
portion of his people in every generation emigrated first across the
Alleghany Mountains into Western Pennsylvania, into Ohio, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and beyond the Mississippi.

As he is today in his habitat in the valley of the Juniata, he is
modified and changed. The great and grave questions which one
hundred and forty years ago filled and overfilled his mind, and
made him impatient of restraint and delay, turbulent and even
irascible against constituted authority, when that authority was
conservative — have ail been long settled, and settled his way.

In these weak, piping times of peace, that great, distinguishing
quality of his nature which always showed him superior to all
compeers in every trial finds its best employment in the even tenor
of a citizenship of intellectual culture and domestic social good
neighborhood. In other words, he tries his hand at this and that
as occasion or opportunity ofibrs, and abides results as his neighbor
does, philosophically. One important difference remains between
him and his neighbor of other nationality; he has a most clear
knowledge why he thinks or acts thus and thus, and his self-reli-
ance is phenomenal, and amounts to a faith with him. Therefore
he is successful, therefore he is contented, therefore he is prosper-
ous, and therefore his mind enlarges quickly to an intelligent and

123 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

just comprehension of every sabject. It means indeed, however, I
believe, the passing of the picturesque Scotch-Irishman of old In-
dian days.

Poetry, in years to come, will claim the glorious record of his
deeds upon the frontiers of the valley of the Juniata, as her own;
and will sing to the children of future generations of that brave
spirit, which, beaten back again and again, was like the brave
hearts of the three who kept the bridge in the days of old.

And yet how could it be otherwise than that these pioneers
should be a great people, sprung, as they were, from ^a people
broken and peeled, a people terrible from their beginning hither-
to," a people driven back to the Pent land Hills at every incursion of
the Roman? during hundreds of year.-*, and finally attempted to be
walled in those fastnesses by the Wall of Hadrian, still visible; a
people of whom the proverb came to be trite in England that if
they hoped to defeat France in any war they must begin with
Scotland — not that it was ever pretended that Scotland was in any
Rcnne an ally of France — ^a people who deemed it right that the
Douglas should convey the heart of the Bruce, by sea and land,
through the dominions of hostile nations and bury it in the Holy
J.and by the sepuleher of Christ.

There was in these great pioneers — however much it may be
wanting in their progeny, the present possessors of the dear herit-
n^ft that thoy strove so hard to make safe for us — that quality of
irun<ci'T)<\cui fineness and strength which caused their ancestors on
a faraway September afternoon to form themselves into a circle
ahouf. th^Mr young and reckless king at Fiodden Field, and keep
(J)(;ir blood soaked ground from mid afternoon until the darkness of
ni^bt let down her curtain, ending the combat; the same quality
wifb wbi^h that splendid regiment of Scotch infantry received on
fixrd lances in hollow square the whock of the great charge of the
cnirn-^^^Jcrx at Waterloo; the same quality which was seen in the
mrtprh of /favolock's heroic men to the relief of Lucknow. This
S^ot^h frisbman has never been the Issachar, the "strong ass
r/»iK binj^ down between two burdens," who " saw that rest was good
snd the land that it wns pleanant; and bowed his shoulder to bear
«r»d become a servant unto tribute;" but, on the contrary, the Zeb-
hUpU snd Nnpbfbftli \a ho, "a people that jeoparded their lives unto
tbe d^Hfb in the bJt(h places of the field." The new man in the val-
ley of tbe Juniata, begotten of the commingling of the German with
tUfy ^reat Meofcb-lri^h stock, may gain something in roundness of

THE SCOTCH-IRISH OF THE JUNIATA VALLEY. 129

thought as well as form, in easiness of temper under conditions not
always agreeable, and in a greater alacrity in adapting himself to
environment, as it is said ; but I conceive he will have to watch
himself closely, or he will be the weaker in all great essentials, for
the loss of that one transcendent, omnipotent, indefinable quality,
which may be likened to the enchanted bow in the Arabian story
that took its vigor from the arm that drew it: which in the child's
hand was a toy to shoot at pigeons; which in the hand of the war-
rior sent its battle bolt through shield and cuirass; and which, when
drawn by the arm of the giant, sent aloft a shaft that kindled with
its own exceeding swiftness and left a track of fire amongst the
stars.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH MOVEMENT IN THE CUMBEilLAND

VALLEY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

BT BENJAMIN MATTHIAS NEAD, ESQ., HARRISBUBG, PA,

Potent considerations have impelled the limitation of the original
scope, and a change to some extent in the theme of this address.
However pro^table and pleasing, and withal worthy . the effort
might have been, the task of following and reviewing the situation
along the many paths which radiate from this great commonwealth
of ours, and particularly cerj*ain localities therein, as a central
source of civilization and intelligence, to the remotest bounds of our
great Western and Southern country, and the predominating part
which the Scotch-Irish character played in that march of progress,
lack of available time for the honest investigation, which the subject
deserves, carries sufficient warning to forbear from any attempted
presentation of it on this occasion. Yet there may be something
both of prolSt and interest in a review of some of the salient points
in the history of this particular section of country, the delightful
land *' west of Susquehanna," which seems to have been selected by
divine design as a natural field wherein the peculiar idiosyncrasies
of the Scotch-Irish character might have the widest scope and de-
velop the grandest achievement^.

It has been said, and forcibly said, that civilization has ever tak-
en its most rapid strides when general movements among the peo-
ple were in progress. The advance made by civilization immedi-
ately following the Crusades (than whiqh no movement of earlier
times was more general) is cited as illustrative of the truth of this
proposition.

With equal propriety the period of religious persecution incident
to the close of the sixteenth and the earlier years of the seven-
teenth centuries may be cited as the prime cause of a revolution of
the most general character; and the proposition may not be suc-
cessfully controverted that the civilization of the whole world re-
ceived an impetus from it of the most marked character; and its
fruit, the peaceful migration to a new world, has been fittingly char-
acterized as '^ forceful and equal in numbers with the warlike mi-
grations of the Middle Ages.'' Not to one Continental nation alone,
(130)

SCOTCH-IRISH MOVEMENT IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 131

not to a single isle of the sea was this movement confined, but
wherever the Divine Spirit having breathed upon men (Anglo-Sax-
on, Celt, Teuton, or Norseman) and awakened them to a true sense
of the priceless value of liberty of conscience and the sacredness of
freedom of thought, and the unhallowed trammeling of persecution
began to be felt, the movement took shape.

It was a quickening of a heterogeneous mass of humanity, differ-
ing in language, with diverse temperaments, of different national
characteristics, with conceptions of governments and the relation
of the individual thereto at widest variance. The New World was
the natural objective point. Just as naturally for reasons which
were plain, but which it boots not to discuss here, Pfennsylvania^
with conditions and concessions of toleration and liberty, guaran-
teed by her broad-minded founder, with her gates standing wide
open in welcome, became " the heart of the migration.'* The suc-
cess of the "holy experiment" of Penn, his demonstration of the
possibilities that grow out of the universal brotherhood of man in
a government whose chief foundation stones are 'liberty of con-
science and Christian forbearance with charity, is to-day the won-
der of the world.

However much the virtues of the predominating nationalities,
which are represented in the people of Pennsylvania, may in turn
be extolled, to no particular one of them alone can the wonderful
success and rapid advancement of its government in earlier times
be attributed. The Quaker English brought to its founding a gen-
eral respect for constituted authority, religious toleration, and
Christian charity. The conforming English brought a suggestion
of the chilvalric spirit, a wholesome modicum of religious formal-
ism, and the spirit of trade. The Germans came as preservers,
bringing sobriety, thrift, and industry, with a love of agricultural
pursuits, but touched to a greater or less degree with the servile
idea in government, the outgrowth of the Old World absolutism.

The Scotch-Irish came first as defenders, and qualified by the pe-
culiar character of their experience with the intolerance and op-
pression of two centuries, became subsequently the best exponent
of the Anglican idea of civil liberty which Lieber has defined to bo
"a guaranteed protection against interference with the interests
and rights held dear and important by large classes of civilized
men, together with an effective share in the making and adminis-
tration of the laws which secured that protection." This was the
underlying principle of the American Eevolution, and to the ad-

132 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

vancement of the idea none lent grander or more effective aid tban
the Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania.

After the founding of the Home for Hunted Sects, under the gov-
ernment of Penn, for a brief space the actnal occupation of the
land was confined chiefly to the territory lying toward the south
and between the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers; but the active,
aggressive, and venturesome spirit of a true pioneer of civilization,
like the Scotch- Irish man, could not long remain content with pos-
sessions easily attained, but with limitations, whilst the limitless
possession of an almost boundless territory could be had for the
achievement.

As has been said, the great Kittochtinny (or Cumberland) Yalley
seemed designed by nature as a field of operations for the Scotch-
Irish people in the peculiar work which was theirs to perform, in
the advancement of civilization, and the implanting of the seeds of
civil liberty in the New World. It was the gateway to the main
pathways through an otherwise trackless wilderness leading to the
great Western and Southern country.

In the shadows of its sentry mountains lay greensward and wood-
land, in extent and richness unequaled; in fertility and beauty of sit-
uation beyond the wildest conception of the newcomer; jeweled with
springs, natural points of settlement; traversed by miniature rivers
which,/ set like mirrors of silver in frames of emerald, flashed forth
at every point promises of their future usefulness. What though
a savage and treacherous foe lay hidden in every mountain fast-
ness, or lurked in the shadow of every woodland? What though
the foot of the white man had as yet scarcely trodden the virgin
soil? What though the natives believed the land to be their own,
under the proprietary's guarantee of their right thereto ? No one
had ever accused the " Ulster Scot '* of a physical fear that would
daunt him in meeting any enemy or danger, seen or unseen, and in
the little matter of uncertainty as to the right to go in and possess
the land there was a suggestion of the halcyon times of King
James I., and a pleasant reminder of the advantages which had ac-
crued to their forefathers at Ulster under the benign influence of
the doctrine of " squatter sovereignty " at that day.

In this great valley, opening into the unknown, were the natural
outposts of civilization. The defenders were at hand. A late
writer (Fisher) says: "Fighting had become part of the religion of
the Scotch-Irish, as peace was part of the religion of the Quakers,
and they used the rifle to settle difficulties with the Indians which

SCOTCH-IRISH MOVEMENT IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 133

the Quakers settled by treaty." It is very much to be feared that
if such pioneers as Chambers, at remote points, as the Big Spring,
the Middle Spring, and the Conococheague, had defended them-
selves -with "Quaker guns," and fought only with treaties, the
state of Pennsylvania to-day might in fact be, what oftentimes the
too enthusiastic Quaker City partisan seems in his imagination to
believe it to be, simply coextensive with the city of Philadelphia.

Yes, it demanded the indomitable Scotch-Irish spirit to brave the
dangers of that valley, and to successfully carry out a mighty,
mission, the grand results of which we are now enjoying. True it
is that the Scotch-Irish advanced rifle in hand, but they carried
also the Bible and the hornbook, the representatives of religion and
her handmaiden, education.

It is not my duty on this occasion to enter into the detailed his-
tory of the grand work which 'these people accomplished in this
territory, divinely dedicated to their uses, in the advancement of
the true Anglican idea, as I take it, of civil liberty. Along every
line of intelligent action which fosters and advances true liberty
they wore active and energetic, because born to it. As the settle-
ments at Donegal and Derry and at Paxtang were left behind to
the eastward, in the rapid ebb and flow of the tide of emigration
to the west of the river, which marked the boundary between the
securely attained territory and that which was to be attained by
bravery and perseverance, Silver Spring, Big Spring, Middle
Spring, Rocky Spring, Sulphur Spring, West Conococheague, Moss
Spring, the settlements at Shippensburg, Carlisle, and other
points rapidly succeeded each other in activity and importance.

The "Churches of the Valley" — for a church was the nucleus of
each settlement (adverted to lo-day with pride and veneration)—
grew one after another, each becoming like a sweet oasis for the
refVeshment of soul, body, and mind in a desert where only, as yet,
the early morning rays of the sunlight of Christianity had pene-
trated for the enlightenment of the native people.

By the side of the church stood the school ; at the door of each
stood the rifle for defense. Is it strange, therefore, that after such
a seedtime as this a harvest of wonderful fruitfulness in every line
of the implanting has been, and is being, reaped? By the very
force of circumstances these seeds have been scattered broadcast
over this nation. As the tide of civilization moves westward
Penn*s original county of Chester gives birth to Lancaster, and
Lancaster to "Mother Cumberland," the valley county. She is

134 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

" Mother Cumberland," and so called advisedly; five counties to the
80uth and westward of her are her children. Seven more are her
grandchildren. Proper statisticj* will show that natives of these
counties, or their descendants, may be found in all the chief states
and territories in the Northwest, West, and Southwest.

By him who will undertake to write the history of the churches
and schools of the Cumberland Valley, from the standpoint of it»
real imj)ortance, will be performed a service to the general historj-
of this nation of incalculable value, and will be revealed a situation
which Bancroft hinted at, but concerning which the text-books of
American history are otherwise silent.

The Scotch-Irish were born soldiers. Hfld they not been, no set-
tlements distant from the chief settlement in Pennsylvania couUl
ever have withstood the almost half-century of continued warfare
which preceded the Kevolution. What a preparation, too, for that
mighty struggle for civil liberty which Time was preparing! How
greatly it is to be regretted that the failure to preserve our govern-
mental records of earlier times has deprived the Eevolutionary sol-
diers of Pennsylvania, and particularly of the Cumberland Valley,
of their proper and just meed of praise for the important part per-
formed by them in that epoch of our country's history.

I would that it were possible that the representatives and de-
scendants of the Scotch-Irish of the Eevolutionary period could
read the story that is written, or should be written, upon the modest
tablets, or over the grass-grown mounds that mark scores of graves
in as many ancient and humble burial places in the Cumberland
Valley; for alas! they are the only places where it is properly
written.

It would certify to you strange, and, in the higher order of
American history, unheard of things relative to every battle of the
Revolution, from Lexington to Yorktown. It would speak through
Capt. William Hendricks of his fii'st company of Pennsylvania
Continental soldiers, marching to service while the guns of Lexing-
ton were still sounding; through Gen. Robert Magaw of the weary
days of battle on Long Island, and of the fearful siege of Fort
Washington, the important but ill-fated post that he commanded;
through Gen. James Chambers of the gallant services of the First
Pennsylvania Regiment, of which he was the first commander;
through Col. William Thompson of the battalion of expert riflemen
which won glory under him as their commander; through Gen.
William Irvine of the brave old Seventh, and the true story of

SCOTCH-IRISH MOVEMENT IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 135

*'MolIieTitcher,^' the heroine of Monmouth; through > Mollie her-
self, who sleeps her last sleep not far from him, her old master and
commander, how she married her Scotch-Irish husband, John
Hays, and went with him to the war; through Gen. John Armstrong
how he ran away from Princeton College, and won for himself the
highest rank; through Col. Ephraim Blaine (the ancestor of the
late James G. Blaine) how he managed the first pack horsa lines
in the valley in pioneer days, and afterwards, as quartermaster
general of the Continental army, saved Washington's army from
stiirvation at Valley Forge by the timely loan of four hundred
thousand dollars, which he raised chiefly by his own exertions;
through Col. Thomas Butler how he received the thanks of the
commander in chief at Brandy wine, and afterwards wds court-
martialed by Gen. Wilkinson at New York for refusing to obey an
order to cut off his cue when cues were no longer deemed fitting
appendages of army officers, thus furnishing the versatile Wash-
ington Irving an opportunity subsequently to make use of Gen.
Wilkinson as the original for his Von Poflenberg, and Col. Butler
for his Keldermeister, in the famous "Knickerbocker History of
New York;" through James Wilson how he signed the Declara-
tion of Independence; and so on, from a score of others, tale upon
tale of interest that history tells not of.

It has been said of the Tower of London that it is an epitome of
English history. I venture the assertion here — and who acquainted
with the facts will wish to contradict it? — that the town of Carlisle,
the old-time " Valley Shire- town," is an epitome of frontier history
through the period of the earlier Indian wars and the Eevolution,
and no ^ean participant in the events of most importance in later
years. It should be a Mecca for the Scotch-Irish of America.

It may also be properly ciaitned for the people of the Cumber-
land Valley that they were the pioneers in trade and industrial un- -
dertakings. From Harris's Feiry through the valley ran the pack
horse lines which weru the conuecting links between the Susque-
hanna and points South; and in that trade with the far West,
which was carried on from "thiladelphia by way of Fort Pitt, down
the Ohio River on bateaux^ thence up the Mississippi to where St.
Louis now is, thus enabling Ponn's "Free Society of Traders " to
shake hands with Law's "Company of the Mississippi," though a
thousand miles of unbroken wilderness lay between. Natural lines
of travel, the first artificial roads were constructed along their
courses. The Cumberland Valley Bailroad, which now links to-

136 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

gethcr the Susquehanna and Potomac Eivers, has the honor of be-
ing the first flat-grade railway constructed and in successful opera-
tion in the country.

The earliest iron works, utilizing the vast wealth of minerals,
were also found in this locality. Slitting mills, cut nail works, and
many forges were in active operation at an early day. It was near
Middlesex, in the Cumberland Valley, that William Denning, the
patriot blacksmith of the Continental army, made the first wrought-
iron cannon ever made in America. No sum of British gold or
promise of preferment were potest enough to tempt this hero from
his allegiance to the American cause.

In civil life the people of the Cumberland Valley have proved
themselves preeminent. It would be utterly impossible in a per-
formance of this scope to mention even a tithe of the men of mark
who have done honor to the old valley as the place of their nativi-
ty. They have adorned the public service in every capacity from
President and X7nited States Senator down to honorable service in
humbler capacities. The record is most Remarkable in eyerj line
of professional and civil life. The field open to investigation in this
respect is rich with an unreaped harvest.

As the people of the Cumberland Valley had large share 19
achieving the liberties of this country and in their defense, it may
have been but a fitting sequel that in these latter days, when the
Union trembled in the balance, a goodly section of this historic
valley should have been called upon to sacrifice itself to preserve
the institutions purchased at such a cost.

It has been a long journey from the elm tree at Shackamaxon
to the national monument at Gettysburg, but the people of the old
Cumberland Valley of Pennsylvania have never faltered nor lingered
by the way. With civil and religious liberty, with patriotism, they
have been steadfastly amici usque ad aras.

EARLY FERRIES ON THE SUSQUEHANNA AMONG THE

SCOTCH-IRISH IN THIS REGION.

BY E. W. 8. PARTHBMOBB, ESQ., HARRI9BUR0, PA.

Ladies and Gentlemen^ Members of the Scotch-Irish Society: I am
somewhat surprised at myself this morning in occupying this posi-
tion. Having been a reader of your proceedings each year as they
have appeared from the press, I feel as if I were no stranger to you.
I am reminded of what the chief executive at that time of this com-
monwealth said^at your annual meeting at Pittsburg when he
stated that he was a vScotch-Irishraan through his children; although
this does not apply to me, as there is no other trace of blood in my
veins but the German. Tet I have often felt that I was akin to
Scotrh-Irish. The house that I was born in was next to the house
of Robert Wilson, an Irishman from the County Down, and when
ho came to this country became a communicant at old Paxtang
Church. The land on which my native town was plotted adjoined
the farms of Col. James Burd and Capt. James Collier, both of the
line of the Revolution, and their surnames are indicative of good
Scotch-Irish blood.

I have always resided in this vicinity — on the banks of the river
which is the dividing line between the Scotch-Irish east and west
of the river — hence I am a Scotch-Irishman by environment, and
have always recognized in this race their sterling qualities and de-
cision of character. But to my subject, "Early Ferries of the Sus-
quehanna among the Scotch-Irish in This Region."

As to the ferries of this region we will only refer to those on both
sides of the Susquehanna, beginning on the south from this city at
Wright's Ferry, and, to the north, ending at the Mohantonga.

Wright*s Ferry was located where the town of Columbia, Lan-
caster County, is situated, and was established in the year 1730 by
John Wright, an Englishman who came to this country in 1714.
He served as a member of the General Assembly many terms, was
one of the justices of Lancaster County. While he was not of
Scotch-Irish blood, his son James, born in this country, married
Rhoda Patterson — a good Scotch name. John Wright, Jr., son of
John, established the ferry on the west bank of the Susquehanna,
opposite his father's ferry, where Wrightsville is located.

(137)

138 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

As we proceed up the stream from Wright*s Feriy, opposite to
where Marietta, Pa., is located was established Anderson's Ferry,
about the year 1725, by James Anderson; at Richard Peters, Sec-
retary of the province of Pennsylvania writes to the proprietors^
sayingj^ "James Anderson's petition for a ferry charter was pre-
sented to Thomas Penn, and he gave orders to have it made out.*'
This ferry was used very extensively during the period of the pro-
vincial wars. After his success at Saratoga in the capture of Gen.
Burgoyne, Gen. Gates crossed the river at Anderson's Ferry while
on his way to Congress, then in session in York, Pa. Opposite,
on the east bank, Alexander Lowry owned the land, and this may
properly be called " Lowry'a Ferry." Here the general referred to
tarried for the night with Col. Lowry, who was of pure Scotch-
Irish blood, having descended from Lazarus Lowry, who was bom
in Ireland, and was one of the early Scotch-Irishmen to settle in
Donegal, locating there about the year 1729. James Anderson
came from the North of Ireland.

On proceeding up the river on the west bank the next early ferry
north of Anderson's is above the mouth of the Fishing Creek, where
Goldsboro is situated, and some distance from where the ferry
known as "Middletown" is located. Here Nathan Hussey, a
Quaker from New Castle, Del, established a ferry in the year 1738,
before the road was opened from the ferry to Walnut Bottom, in
Cumberland County, through Fishing Creek Yalley. Mr. Hussey
was an Englishman; and while no blood of the Scoj;ch-Irish coursed
through his veins, his ferry was located almost ©pposite the large
plantation of Col. James Burd, and within sight of the residence of
the brave Scotchman of Tinian. No doubt, by reason of the Hussey
Ferry on thewest bank of the river, caused the necessity of estab-
lishing Skeer's Ferry on the east bank, it having been established
already in the year 1790, and located at or near where the present
White House is situated. The road which runs by this place was
the, southern boundary of Col. James Burd's plantation. Who
Nathan Skeer was is not known, and all record of him is entirely
obliterated, but we presume that he was from the North of Ire-
land.

As we journey northward to the next ferry we approach the
early Scotch-Irish settlers, and are within sight of the first ferry
established across the Susquehanna; but before we arrive at Cham-
bers's Ferry we are to pass a village not near so old as the location
that we are speaking of, and its history has not been made, savo

EARLY FERRIES ON THE SUSQUEHANNA. . 139

the name, Highspiro, whore in Rpringtime and in summer, long
atler the aborigines had gone to their happy hunting ground, and
the early Scotch-Irishmen, too, and where ii^ autumn's radiant beauty
and in the dreary winter were spent our earliest hopes and purest
joys. No^ the Scotch-Irish may sing in raptures of the blue Juni-
ata and chant in praise the stories of the settlements in the Cum-
berland Valley, the Scotch-Irish settlements of Virginia and Ten-
nessee, and wander along the wavy bluegrasB region of Kentucky;
but let me meditate upon the recollections of the scenes of my own
childhood in the valley of the Susquehanna and among the de-
scendants of the early Scotch-Irish settlera of Paxtang while I lead
you to Chambers's Ferry, located on the east bank of the river,
where Steelton now is. The old frame, red-painted ferry house
stood until a few years ago, and was about opposite where the
Fothergill schoolhouse stands. It was established by one, the mere
mention of whose surname is synonymous of Scotch-Irish. Cham-
bers's Ferry was established at a very early period, and became the
route for traverse from Philadelphia to Fort Pitt, now Pittsburg.
During the early days upon the French maps it was designated as
" Guy-de Carli^*le." On the west side of the river, opposite, it is
known as Simpson's Ferry. Here, in a large stone mansion (only
destroyed by fire in 1883), resided Gen. Michael Simpson, a son of
Thomas, an early Scotch-Irish settler in Paxtang. Michael was
born 1740, and marched with Gen. Forbes in his expedition in 1755,
when only fifteen years of age, as an ensign. In 1775 he became
lieutenant in Capt. Mathew Smith's company, which marched to
Boston and there soon after joined Gen. Arnold's expedition against
Quebec. After returning he was made a first lieutenant under
Gen. Hand, of the First Pennsylvania Line, and commanded the
Company at the battle of Long Island. December 1, 1776, he was
commissioned Captain, and afterwards showed great bravery as
commander in the battles of Princeton, Brandy wine, Trenton, Ger-
mantown, and White Plains. He served continually during the
war of the Kevolution, and soon after purchased from William
Chesney, a Scotch-Irishman and a soldier in the Revolution, the
place just spoken of, and removed there, where he continued to re-
side until his death, 1813. He served the people in York County
as a justice of the peace under the constitution of 1790. He died
June 1, 1813. Here he entertained, October 23, 1794, Gen. George
Washington when he returned from Fort Pitt, whither he had gone
to quell the Whisky Insurrection. His sister Mary was the

140 . THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

second wife of Rev. John Elder, or Parson Elder, who served the
Scotch-Irish so long in the pulpit in the ancient days.

We now come to Harris's Ferry, named for the Indian tracer-
Our city derives the name from his son John Harris, who founded
the town. The John Harris who established the ferry lies buried
hard by where the ferry on the banks of the river stood ; and his
son, the founder, was interred at old Paxtang Presbyterian Church,
It is proper here to mention the above, a^ most persons confound
the settler with the founder. On the opposite side of the river to
the south of the Cumberland Valley railroad bridge, the old ferry
house is still standing, and is the oldest building in the Cumberland
Valley, having been erected by Joseph Kelso, a Scotch-Irishman.
Where the city water pumping station is located was established
Maclay*s Ferry at a very early day by William Maclay. On the
opposite side of the river it was named Montgomery's Ferry, after
a Scotch-Irishman by that name, and afterwards long known as
Wormley's, the person who gave the name to the village on the op-
posite side of the river — Wormloysburg. At Coxestown, formerly
Estherton, Dr. John Cox, of Philadelphia, an Englishman, was the
founder. On the west bank of the river, near the foot of the first
ridge or mountain, was a ferry established long ago by a German
by the name of Wolf, from which ran a road leading to Carlisle.
We are now north of this city, at the gap where the river runs
through between the Kittatinny Mountain, and why proceed, as
the story already told of the ferries established, with a small ex-
ception, were started by the Scotch-Irish pioneers, and to press far-
ther on would only be giving you one ferry after another estab-
lished by the progressive frontiersmen, who have alwaj'^s been fore-
most, not only in establishing ferries, but in whatever has been he-
roic and patriotic in the annals of our country. Suffice if I only
give location and owner.

After passing through the gap at Rockville and pushing beyond
Fort Hunter, we come to Dauphin, formerly Greensburg, where
Col. Timothy Green, born of Scotch ancestry, established a ferry
at a very early period.

At the base of Peters Mountain, on the east bank of the river,
in the year 1785 Daniel Clark owned the ferry, but it was long be-
fore that period that Marcus Huling established the ferry across
the river to the mouth of Juniata.

Eeed's ferry lay between Clark's and Clemson's. Eeed was a de-
scendant of the Scotch-Irish family of that name in the Hanovera.

EABLY FERRIES ON THE SUSQUEHANNA. 141

Where Foii; Halifax stood, above the present town of Halifax, was
a ferry eBtablisbed by a Scotch-Irishman, Clem son.

A little below where Millersburg is located, and south of the
mouth of the Wiconisco, at the base of Berry's Mountain, was the
ferry by Morhead, then owned by Montgomery, and afterwards
by Lytles, all of Irish or Scotch ancestry. Above Millersburg the
ferry on the east side of the river was called Miller's, and opposite,
on the west bank, Pfoutz's. As we are now traveling on the east
bank of the Susquehanna, we are in Northumberland County, and
pas8 the ferries there located, and arrive at the ferry where Sun<
bury is located and in early days known as Fort Augusta.

SCOTCH-IEISH INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN

JOURNALISM.

BY HON. W. H. HUNTER, 8TEUBENVILLE, O.

Inasmuch as representatives of our race have been from the
dawn of letters leaders in the learned professions, to the student of
ethnology it is not surprising that our people hold a preeminent
place in what newspaper men flatter themselves in calling the
Fourth Estate. Therefore, I was not to make bricks without straw
when invited to prepare an address for this Society, giving in some
detail account of the influence put forth by the Scotch-Irish people
along the line of American journalism. In my research I found
myself so emban-assed with voluminous data that I am over-
whelmed, with the further embarrassment coming in the fact that
I have but thirty minutes in which to tell the story that includes
the history of the newspaper.

The Scotch-Irish have been so intimately associated with the
business of making newspapers from the very genesis of the art of
printing — have so aided by their genius in the development of the
force of the great moral engine, in its mechanical perfection as
well as in its progress along all other lines — that it can be truthfully
said that had it not been for the resourceful brain of our people
the modern newspaper with its wonderful prowess would not have
been; the cheap literature, whether in newspaper or book form,
would not now be the forceful factor in civilization that it is.

The discovery of the use of movable types to express thought
really had no more relation to the printing of to-day than had the
primitive sickle relation to the reaper of the noted Scotch-Irish son
of Virginia. The types of Gutenberg of themselves did very little
toward multiplying books, for the making was yet so slow a proc-
ess, and the product consequently so costly, that for years after his
discovery literature was as a closed book to the masses. The prog-
ress of printing was not rapid, as we understand the term, until
after Ged, the Scotchman, invented a process of stereotyping which
revolutionized the art to the degree that rapid duplication of the
printed page was made possible. Before that man of noble Scotch
blood, David Bruce, invented the type-casting machine, type mak-
ing was as primitive as mowing with a scythe, and all accounts of
(142)

scotch-ir;sh influence on American journalism. 143

the history of printiog giveT3ruce the credit next to Gcd for cheap-
ening the printed page in the hands of the reader. James Ronald-
son and Archibald Binney, both Scotch, established the first Amer-
ican type foundry at Philadelphia, in 1796, and it is a fact worthy
of note in this connection that one of the type faces cut by Eon-
aldson is the most popular employed in book printing to-day. We
must not neglect to also note the vast part played in type making
by the MacKellars, the Smiths, and the Allisons; for their manifes-
tation of the spirit of enterprise led the world in the progress along
this line, and to them are we indebted for the perfection of type
making that has really given the printer facilities that place print-
ing among the fine arts.

Without the steam of Watt and the engine of Stevenson — with-
out the wonderful printing presses of Scott, of Campbell, of Bul-
lock, of Gordon, printing fifty thousand perfect papers an hour, the
great newspaper of to-day would be an expensive luxi^ry if it were
at all possible to produce it, instead of the cheapest thing one can
buy— P-the printing press that is the real acme of master genius;
and yet when we know what our race has done, we look forward
with the belief that the active brain and deft fingers of the Scotch-
Irish will even surpass the achievement of the marvelous perfect-
ing press. ' The student of our race characteristics is not surprised
at all this, but looks farther and sees that Morse^ the inventor of
the electric telegraph, was of our blood, and that William Thomp-
son, who made the electric cablegram possible, was also a Scotch-
Irishman, making the newspaper an absolute necessity as the cheap
vehicle by which the people can reach the information fiashed un-
der the sea and through the air from all climes.

With these achies^ements alone our people could rest their hon-
ors, and be sure in the possession of the greenest laurel wreath
bestowed upon the race most eminent in the production of letters;
but we do not rest here. As Erskme, whose conspicuous states-
manship placed him among the immortals, was a Scotchman in ev-
ery fiber, the most eloquent of British jurists, the courageous de-
fender of constitutional liberty, the ablest legist born on British
soil, gave England her free press, so was Jefferson, who gave Amer-
ica her free press, a Scotchman. He was the Jefferson who said
in his battle against the sedition laws that he would rather have a
monarchy with a free press than a republic in which the press,
only through which the plain people could be reached, hampered.
Jefferson had confidence in the people to a fuller degree perhaps

144 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

than the other statesmen of his day; they had confidence in him,
and his battle for a free press was only in line with his efforts to
give America a real republican form of government, knowing as he
did that without freedom of thought and its free expression free
people could not be.

The first English Bible printed in Roman characters was done in
Edinburgh by Bassenpyne. The first American newspaper was the
Boston News Letter^ published as early as 1704, by John Campbell,
who was of our blood. The first patent medicine advertisement in
an American newspaper was inserted in a Kew York^publication in
1733, and by a Scotchman. I note this fact because the patent
medicine advertisement has much to do with the influence of the
newspaper; for if it were not for th^ sustaining influence of the
patent medicine advertisement newspapers could not exist in the
smaller towns. The first American newspaper advocating republi-
can principles — urging the colonist to take up arms that a republic
might follow — was edited by a Scotch-Irishman named Anderson,
his paper being the Continental Oazettey of New York. Anderson
was the father of Alexander Anderson, the first American en-
graver, and the inventor of the tools used to-day by the followers
of that fascinating art, and as well that great factor in the produc-
tion of the attractive modern newspaper, adding to its influence
twofold. The first paper issued north of the Ohio Biver was estab-
lished at Cincinnati, O., in 1792, by William Maxwell, a Scotch-Irish-
man of great force as well as confidence in the fUture of our new
country.

Alexander Hamilton was a voluminous contributor to the press,
this great Federalist statesman appreciating this medium of reach-
ing the plain people, and I believe that most of the papers in his
day leaned toward Federalism in contradistinction to Eepublican-
ism or Jeffersonianism. The first paper of any consequence to ad-
vocate the principles evolved by Jefferson was the Aurora^ pub-
lished in Philadelphia the latter part of the eighteenth century, by
William Duane, also of our blood. It was a powerful vehicle of
opinion, and its influence reached the confines of the country, even
beyond the frontier. Duane's power continued after he retired,
one of his pupils, James Wilson, starting the Western Herald and
SteubenviUe Gazette in my city, in 1806, which paper it is claimed
was the second in Ohio. This Scotch-Irishman continued the
Duane influence and maintained the force that has always been
displayed by the Scotch-Irish editor. A partner of James Wilson,

SCOTOH-IBISH INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN JOUHNALISM. 145

John Miller, is distinguished in history as the leader of the most
daring achievement in the last war with England, having led the
sortie from Fort Meigs that rushed out under British fire and drove
files into the touchholes of the English cannon and won the most
notable battle foaght on land during that war.

Of all the many prominent men of our race who have held the
throttle of the great moral engine, Horace Greeley stands alone,
without question the most noted American journalist. This posi-
tion is given G-reeley rather because of his picturesque personality
than for great scholastic attainment, as shown in his literary work,
and yet ^his work stands the test and grades with that of the col-
lege graduate, whom he could not tplerate and of whom he said
that of all horned cattle at large in a community he was the least en-
durable. Greeley came in on a wave of personal journalism when
the editor's personal influence was as great as that of the paper,
and his influence was personal ; yet were he the editor of the Trib-
une today it would still hold the place it held at the time that he
was the very dictator of his party. The New York Tribune wtks known
as Greeley and Greeley was known as the Tribune, and thus far re-
moved from the period of his activities can one mention the TrUh
une without thinking of Horace Greeley? His paper had a wider
circulation among the adherents of his party than that of any
other paper. He had the confidence of his readers; they believed
implicitly in a sincerity on his part that was never betrayed, al-
though seemingly so. What Horace Greeley said was gospel; the
Tribune was one paper permitted read on the Sabbath in Scotch-
Irish homes after the catechism had been repeated and a psalm
committed. His influence in his party was supreme. I doubt if
there ever existed another party organ exerting as great influence
among the masses as that exerted by Greeley's Tribune. Greeley
was an enigma to many. He seldom erred in judgment as to great
questions from party standpoint, and yet he was continually being
deceived by adventurers in business matters. He was stubborn in
the advocacy of what he thought was right, and mere policy did
not swerve him from the path of duty as he saw the path of 'duty
to party and patriotism. While he was seemingly austere, his
heart was ever on his sleeve, and he kept himself poor by his con-
tinuous acts of charity. Greeley's character was tuned by a heart
that was ever warm, and it was this that made some of his actions
seem inconsistent. It was not with a burning ambition to be great that
he accepted the Democratic nomination for the Presidency after he
10

146 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

had abused this party as no other man had derided it. Greeley was
then a greater man than the President. He was not in need of
fame. He was, however, the only editor ever nominated by any
great poh'tical party for this high office. There was a principle at
issue, and he represented that principle more fully than any other
man: the war was over, and he was for amnesty to the fullest de-
gree. That he died of a broken heart, caused by the manifestation of
ingratitude, no one is now surprised. He fought the sectional battles
on the Northern side with a bitterness that seemed irreconcilable.
When the clash of arms had ceased, with a patriotism that entitles
him to a monument of eternal granite on either side of Mason and
Dixon's Line, and in tbe showers of insolent derision hurled at him
by bitter partisans, with beautiful magnanimity and moral courage
worthy a Wallace, he signed the bail bond and released from prison
the man that he looked upon as the representative of the Confed-
eracy. What Greeley did at that supreme hour in his career was
not appreciated at the time, but the influence of that act did much
to heal the wounds cut by the sectional quarrel. And more, he
phowed the Southern people that the North was not made up of
auutere Yankees whose blood was cold as ice, without a single im-
pulse that had a heart as the motive power. That. act did more
than all else to bring the people of the two sections together in
cordial relationship. It brought them to understand each other^
with the result that they both discovered that each was wrong in
its estimate of the other. When Greeley went South, and b}' his
magnanimous act preached the gospel of peace, and when that other
great editor of our blood, the matchless Grady, came North and
preached the gospel of good will, there was soon discovered in the
South that all Northern men were not descendants of the Hound,
heads, austere and cold of blood; and in the North it was soon
found that all the South was not of the Cavalier civilization, where
men did nothing but go about booted and spurred, taking delight
only in beating negro slaves. It was discovered that there was red
Scotch-Irish blood on both sides of the line, and that this blood
was pumped by hearts as warm as love. In successful efforts in
bringing about a united country that never could have been so
closely joined without the marriage of sword and fire, the part
played by these two noble Scotch-Irishmen should forever be a
source of pride to our race. How beautiful are the feet of them
that preach the gospel of peace and bring glad tidings of great
things!

SCOTCH-IRISH INFLUENCE ON AMEBIOAN JOURnJLlISH. 147

Bofore the war the Southern man was repreaented in the North
with a bowie knife in his belt and a whip in his hand ; in the South
the Northern man was represented as a Puritan boring a hole in a
Quaker's tongue with a red-hot poker. The war changed all this,
and it was God's purpose that these two journalists should stand
Hponsors at the wedding of the New South and the New North.
At this point it is interesting to note a statement made by that
other great Seoteh-Iriah journalist, Henry Watterson, in a recent
lecture before the New England Society of New York. I have ob-
served that when the New England Society wants a good speech
it secures a Scotch -Irish man to make it. In speaking of race char-
acteristics, North and South, he disabused most thoroughly the old-
time notion of Puritan North and Cavalier South, declaring that
Stonewall Jackson was the very incarnation of the ideal Puritan
and Phil Sheridan the ideal dashing, dare-devil Cavalier. And this
race study has gone far enough to discover that Gen. Grant and
Jefferson Davis were from the same Scotch family of Simpson, and
that in Gen. Lee's veins coursed the blood of Bruce.

Greeley's career from a poor bqy to the position of the most noted,
editor in the world filled other poor boys with inspiration, and his
achievement urged them along the hampered way to success; and
if editors now in the full flush of their power were to speak, it
would be shown that Horace Greeley's influence on American jour-
nalism goes on and on " like the wave made by a pebble thrown
into the sea." Neither holding office nor the attainment of riches
gave him his preeminence. He did not have to live in Paris, own
fast horses, or print sensational news to win his place at the top.
\le attained his position and held it by moral force alone. Greeley
has been reproached for so-called weaknesses, which, viewed ensem-
bUj were really the keynote of his warmth of heart — manifestation
of kindly feeling for his fellows. His personal character was with-
out blemish, unless his employment of profanity instead of euphe-
mistic expression in his oral deliverances may be considered evi-
dence of uncleanness; but his profanity was picturesque, never
wicked. He hated shams of whatever nature; he abhorred intem-
perance and slavery as twin evils, and was an enemy of corruption.
There are victories of peace as well as of war, and the achievement
of this magnanimous man, whose destiny was as manifest as Lin-
coln's, was as great as Lincoln's in his sphere. Greeley's death was
tragic, but he was not called before he won his chaplet.

The first newspaper — this is to say, the first publication devoted

148 * THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN ^EBrCA.

to the dissemination of information of events transpiring in the
world of activity rather thfin to editorial expression, for dissemina-
tion of light rather than of sweetness-— was started by James Gordon
Bennett, who never in all newspaperdom found his match in news
gathering. W^hile Greeley devoted his paper largely to political es-
says, Bennett published the news, paying very little attention to
comment, for his editorial columns were not controlled by either
consistency or precedent. He organized the most complete news
service possible, and no end of the earth at all available was too
remote for him to encompass. He would expend fortunes in tele-
graphic service, and his triumphs of news gathering were marvels
of the age. Before the electric telegraph became the great factor
of newspaper making he employed the fastest vehicles then avail-
able for the conveyance of news, and thus he was the pioneer in
keeping the people in touch with the world's information. James
Gordon Bennett was a Scotchman ; but I refer to him here because
I follow the precedent of those who place Patrick Henry, Thomas
Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Madison, Monroe, Witherspoon,
,Knox, Stark, and Grant in our ranks. They were all Scotchmen;
and if we erase their names from our galaxy, we wipe out the
noblest names that we celebrate. Besides, we really are Scots. If
we have a nationality outside America, if we have a fatherland, if
we have a brogue, they are Scotland and Scotch. We celebrate
Wallace rather than Brien Boru; we sing Burns rather than Moore;
we cling to the thistle rather than to the shamrock; our traditions
are of the kale yard rather than of the potato patch. If not Scotch,
why are the most illiistrioiis names in our pantheon those of men
who never saw Ireland except as they looked across the water?

When I thus throw down the bars — and it is not a difficult
process — I admit one of the most notable men in American history
to the Scotch-Irish fold. Simon Cameron, the most illustrious na-
tive of this great commonwealth, was a newspaper man of vast
power, bnt he was a man who would have been prominent in any
career, and was eminent in many lines of human endeavor. He
was one of the few editors of any race honored by recognition of
true worth in appointment to high office; and no other Pennsyl-
vanian, not even the President of the Eepublic who was a native
and a Scotch-Irishman, has been honored as was Simon Cameron.
Men do not reach the altitude in official lii'e in a republic reached
by this man without merit. No man ever lived in this state who
exerted influence equal to that of Simon Cameron. A national fig-

BCOTCH-IRISH INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN JOURNALISM. 149

are always, a power in politics, n force ill commerce, a factor in
railix>ading and banking, a cabinet officer whose wise counsel was a
staff upon which his superior leaned, a statesman of broad views
and comprehensive grasp, and all the outcome of native ability and
stability, for he, like Lincoln and Greeley, had few other opportuni-
ties for becoming so preeminent a figure in our country's affairs.
His was a most active life, for he lived in the cloud-burst of political
strife and bitterness, and he did not escape the stinging lash of the
slanderer's tongue. He was a leader with followei*s who admired
him for the prowess that comes of safe judgment and successful
generalship. He was a leader' of men because his acute discern-
ment of character led him to know men, and he seldom made an
error in his judgment as to lieutenants. He was not alone a states-
man ; he was a business man and a prodigious worker whose thrift
and sagacity are evidenced on every hand in your beautiful city.

Simon Cameron's great grasp of public affairs was not for him-
self alone; he had pupils, and none more apt and none of whom I
speak with greater safety as to sincerity than my good friend. Col.
M. W. McAlarney, the editor of the Harrisburg Telegraphy whose
name would admit him to our council^ even if his hair were not of
the proper brand. Col. McAIamey's character and attainments
need no eulogv from me to give him place in this community where
he has gone in and out before you for years, and where he stands
before you without a blemish, as good as gold. An editor with a
conscience, who always takes the moral side of questions up for
discussion; a gentleman whose manly attnbutes, whose companion-
able nature, whose gentle manner endear him to all; a scholar, a
keen politician, a good citizen, who has given his best energies to-
ward the material as well as moral betterment of this city; such
is Mr. McAlarney. Is a man like this without influence as a jour-^
nalist? And as a journalist, how much greater are his opportunities!
!No one can exert a more lasting influence than an editor who has the
courage of his convictions, if his convictions be the result of moral
training and are founded on true principle. One man's achieve-
ment may be the accumulation of millions; but does such achieve-
ment compare, when one views life from the standpoint of the
sociologist, with the work of the editor who day after day, silently
but surely, exerts a moral force in a community? Do we appreci-
ate as we should the great labors, oftencr given without compensa-
tion than for payment, of the one when placed side by side with the
attainments of the other? There are other Scotch-Irish newspaper

150

TBES SCOT0B-IRI8H IN AMEBIOA.

men in Harrisburg. The Orrs, of the Patriot^ are thoroughbreds
and full registered. Their names are among the most noble of old
Ulster, and in America they are invariably good plants, solid as the
rook-ribbed hills that are eternal.

Jackson appreciated the influence of the press in molding pub-
lic opinion, and that noble Scotch-Irishman, Francis Preston Blair,
had the distinguished honor of being invited by him to edit his or-
gan, the Washington Globe^ which position he filled for fifteen
years with an ability never since attained in Washington journal-
ism. ,

Thomas Benton was an editor, but was distinguished rather for
his remarkably full political career, being a supporter of Jackson
and Yan Buren, and serving Missouri for thirty years in the United
States Senate, a leader worthy the honors bestowed by an appre-
ciative constituency. However, his editorial work was marked by
wonderful force, which influenced the whole country.

Charles Hammond, a pioneer editor of Ohio, attracted wide at-
tention as early as 1812 to his great ability as an editorial writer,
although at that time his publication was issued in an obscure
village, but nevertheless his influence permeated the whole republic,
and* his articles on the Federal Constitution, published in the
National Intelligencer in 1820, were complimented by Jefferson. In
1828 he became the editor of the Cincinnati Gazette^ and his biog-
rapher says of him that he was the ablest man who ever wielded
the editorial pen in the history of Ohio. His power lay in exact-
ness of statement, sincerity of purpose, and simplicity of expression,
never using words to befuddle the reader. He was a power in the
days of personal journalism. He was ever on the side of moral
right, regardless of the expediency that directs the course of so many
editors, even of the Scotch-Irish blood. He believed the newspaper
the greatest agency on earth to educate the public in either virtue
or vice, and he sought by this medium to lift the moral as well as
the political tone of the community.

The other editors of Cincinnati who have won fame as the mak-
ers of great newspapers, all of them known outside the limits of
the groat Ohio city, being Scotch-Irish in blood and distinguishing
characteristics — "Washington McLean and son John E. McLean,
Bichard Smith and Murat Halstead. The McLeans made the first
western newspaper, this is to say, a newspaper after the New York
Herald example, spending large sums of money in gathering news
from all points of the compass j but the editorial department was

800TCH-IBISH INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN JOUBNALISM. 151

not neglected, and the Cincinnati Enquirer to-day is one of the most
valuable newspaper plants in America, and no other paper in the
Middle West exerts the fullness of influence that it does. The en-
terprise of its gifted editor has heon marked by many wonderful
achievements in the field of news gathering and political conflict.
Murat Halstead as editor of the Commercial gained an international
reputation as the most prolific writer of editorial and news matter
in the country. He can and does furnish more good copy ready
for the printer than any other one man in the profession; and while
one of the older men at the desk he has more vigor than many
much younger. He is not only an editoral writer of wonderful pow-
er, his expressions being so apt and trite and comprehensive that he
that runs and reads can understand, but he is a reporter of events
whoso descriptions are full of life, and his display *of humor shows
a talent that is the envy of newspaperdom. Halstead has half a
dozen sons who have made their individual marks in t^e profes-
sion, any one of whom could fill the father a place with credit to
him and with honor to the profession, in any department of news-
paper work from oounting to editorial rooms. Eichard Smith, for
many years the editor of the old Gazette, and now of the Commer-
cial Gazette, has won a high place in the fourth estate, and there is
not a child in all Ohio who does not know of the truly good' Dea-
con Eichard Smith, so called by the other editors of the city be-
cause he always took the moral side of all local questions at issue,
and in this way built up a constituency similar to that which was
the pride of Horace Greeley, and it was not considered a very great
sin to read the Gazette on Sunday. His influence was wide, and
to-day the consolidated papers are not the old Gazette in moral
tone. One cannot mention the name of Eichard Smith without asso-
ciating him with the paper that never flunked in its duty in right-
eous causes.

In that Puritan colony of Cleveland which located thirty years
before a church was built, but having a full-force distillery as the first
manifestation of enterprise, has long been noted for its excellent
newspapers, but they have been edited by Scotch-Irishmen, from
the day Joseph Medill, now the veteran Chicago editor, had charge
of the Leader to the present with Col. Morrow at the head of Ihe
Scpnlican organ of the Western Eeserve. Samuel Mcdary was at
one time the editor of the Flaindealer, while William Armstrong
was in the editorial chair of this great Democratic exponent for
yeara, followed until a few years ago by the gifted Gilbert W.

152 THE SGOTGH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

Henderson, whose scholastic attainments placed him at the very
head of his profession in Ohio, an encyclopedia, statistical, political,
religious, industrial, but he was called from earth at the threshold ^
of his career. If the Puritan blood is so potent, as we ever hear it is,
why should the Scotch-Irish take the lead in the editorial profes-
sion invthe Puritan country? It is a fact worthy of mention in
this connection that James G. Blaine, that nobleman of Scotch-
Irish lineage, was the most noted editor in all New England.

The marvelous papers of Pittsburg have gained their power
through the enterprise and sagacity of men of our race. We asso-
ciate the Commercial Gazette with an Allison, the Post with the
Barrs, while the Dispatch was established tifty year^ ago by a
Foster, and the Post was made a daily paper by Lecky Harper, a
Washington County Scotch-Irishman, whose wonderful physical
and mental endowments gave him the vigor to fill acceptably an
editorial chair for more than fifty years.

As I have said, England is indebted to Erskine for a free press,
and America to Jeffernon for the repeal of the sedition laws, we are
indebted to the martyrdom of that noble Scotch-Irish Huguenot,
Clement L. Yallandigham, an Ohio editor, for maintaining the con-
stitutional right of free speech; and the attempt to enforce the
obsolete sedition laws died in his case. A man of unsullied moral
character, the son of a Presbyterian minister whose classical schoor
gave the country the distinguished McCooks, of our race, a giant in
intellect, a writer of perfect English, he was worthy the pride of our
blood. In his defense of the right of free speech his writings and
oral utterances were among the ablest ever penned or spoken, and
to-day, thus far removed from the heat of that awful conflict, we
wonder why a mild-mannered, intellectual manof Yallandigham 's no-
ble character should be dragged from his home and people into the
lines of the enemy with whom he had not the slightest relation be-
yond citizenship of the same country. But he had the courage of
his convictions, and his vindication came in the love of his own
people, among whom his influence as statesman and editor was po-
tent up to the hour of his tragic death.

I spoke of Samuel Medary as the editor of a Cleveland paper.
From that capital of the Ohio Puritan settlement he went to Co-
lumbus, where he gained a national eminence as the editor of the
Crisis, one of the ablest papers in the state during the war, in
which he took the position maintained by the Peace Democrats,
and as I, a boy, was for peace, I read this journal with much inter-

8C0TCH-IKI8H INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN JOURNALISM. 153

est as well as profit. Joseph Medill weat from Cleveland to Chi-
cago, and became the editor of the Tribune, and for the forty-one
years of his management it has been one of the most forceful papers
in the West, the home of great newspapers, Joseph Medill is rec-
ognized throughout the land as a most richly endowed editor,
whose counsel is ever sought'by men of affairs in the Republican
party, and he is certainly one of the most conspicuous figures in
the most remarkable city in the republic. Story, his contempo-
rary of the Chicago TitneSy was also a Scotch-Irishman. He was to
the West what Bennett was to the Bast: the maker of the greatest
newspaper of his time. Chicago has always been a great journal-
istic center, and its papers are models in editorial ability, in news
matter, and in the mechanical beauty of the sheets, being superior
along all lines to the New York journals.

Perhaps the most talented Chicago editor was the late James
W. Scott, who died in young manhood, just as he had become the
editor and owner of both the Times and the Herald^ and was pre-
paring to make the consolidation the greatest newspaper in Amer-
ica, and of course the world. With business tact and with a richly
endowed intellect, had he lived he would have reached the zenith
of his ambition; but it was not to be so. As he was a close fViend
of Col. Wright, the founder of this Society, it becomes Ine, as also a
friend, to speak of him on this occasion with expression of tender-
est love and high appreciation of true worth, for I want to keep
green in my heart the memory of one who was an honor to my
profession and a credit to the human race; a man of profound at-
tainments, the result of his own endeavors, inspired by the most
wholesome ambition; a man whose prowess was great, obtained
not by the sword on the field of strife and blood, but by his gentle
persuasive nature that belongs to a character whose strength comes
of love of fellow-men. James W. Scott was a greater factor in the
community than that which belongs to the functions of a mere
editor who seeks to lead public opinion with his pen; he had the
ftillest appreciation of the duties of the citizen as the unit in a com-
munity, and he performed them with the same sincerity of purpose
that characterized all of his labors that had for their object the up-
lifting of his fellow. He was an earnest man. He took life serious-
ly, yet as a philosopher who could realizes the impossibility of raising
the whole people to a high moral plane. He strove to better the
condition of his fellows, but there was no sniveling cant manifested
in his sentiment. His work in this direction was not considered

154 THB SCOTGH-IBIBH in AMERICA.

ample by him afler he had written an editorial article calling at-
tention to the needs of those he sought to better; he labored per-
sonally to the end that their condition might be bettered. He wa»
an honest man; he hated the shams of society/ he detested hypoc-
risy, nor could he tolerate the Pharisee. He was sincere in all hia
efforts. He hated wrong because he believed in the right. He was
loved by his friends and respected by his enemies; he had no ene-
mies excepting those whose enmity made him friends. His virtues
are worthy the emulation of all. If all Scotch-Irishmen were as
James W. Scott, the world would be a happier one.

The activities of Alexander K. McClure, the one Philadelphia ed-
itor known in every State and over the sea, have encompassed the
most marked events in American history. A contemporary of
Greeley, of Bennett, of Washington McLean, he is still fresh with
the vigor of virile Scotch-Irish blood. A reporter, an editor, an au-
thor, an orator, and master of all is McClure. As a reporter he has
a facile pen whose ubiquity gives evidence of wonderflil faculty of
close observation of men and things, whose fluency and compre-
hensiveness have kept others in easy touch with the world. As an
editor he is terse, forcible, keen, convincing; his expressions of
opinion being clean-cut, alwaj'^s to the point, independent in
thought, broad in view. As an author his books, particularly hia
last work on the political notables of war times, gave the world
much inside history that could have been written only by him, and
in its publication he performed a patriotic duty. He has written
much of political history, for he has been in and of it, and his own
great personality has had much influence on the events that have
marked the most notable epoch in American annals. As an orator
he is a credit to his blood, and to him should have been given the
task laid upon me on this occasion, for with the vast fleid of mate-
rial he would have enraptured this audience with his forensic pow-
ers, and thrilled us with his eloquent relation of Scotch-Irish edito-
rial achievement. A. K. McClure is admired in the South for his ef-
fective work in behalf of emancipation during the days when the
shackles of carpetbag rule galled the limbs of every white man in
the states marked for further plunder by the hyena politician ; and
in the North he is admired, and hated too, for his independence of
political action, for he is a man of broadest views, whose expression
of opmion has the widest influence. While in the South two years
ago his whole course of travel was an ovation, his reception being
the most hearty ever given a newspaper man.

BCOTCH-IBISH INFLUENOE ON AMEBIOAN JOUBNALISK. 155

But of all the editors of Scotch-Irish lineage, where is there one
who stands out in bolder relief before the American public than the
Star-eyed Goddess of Eeform? Henrj Watterson stands to-day,
where he has stood for years, the most prominent, as well as the
most influential, editor south of the line that divides the two sec-
tions. No editor in America to-day is better known, and his prom-
inence does not rest alone oti his greatness as a newspaper man.
He is an orator without a match, his magnificent lecture on Lin-
coln being the masterpiece of American oratorical effort, electrify,
ing thousands of our people as if the speaker were moved by di-
vine power to thrill an audience with sublime words beautiftilly
spoken, in description of the great character of America's most re-
markable man. Watterson's influence has been great; it is great
to-day, and it will grow with the years, for he will be one of the
Scotch-Irish editorial immortals.

Col. John A. Cockerill, lately deceased, dying while in Japan,
was of Virginia Scotch-Irish blood, his people being among the
early settlers of the Southern Ohio counties, and there is no name
more worthy of a high place in the galaxy of Scotch-Irish editors.
A man of such wonderful reserve force that it seemed he had no
end of resource in his work that was accomplished without appar-
ent eflCbrt or mental strain. He had been one of the strong men of
the Cincinnati press, always manned by the Scotch-Irish. From
Cincinnati he went to St. Louis, where his career warS notable; from
there to Washington and Baltimore, taking with him to his paper
the talent that made him influential and his emploj^er money. In
New York his career was marked by his wonderful achievement in
making the World newspaper one of the greatest on the earth,
gaining for it the largest circulation enjoyed by any newspaper in
this country of great newspapers; and never, since he left the
World, has it had the influence or character that were its power
while he was in charge. It has been well said of him by a fellow-
worker that "no man in this country — the country in which the
newspaper has achieved the highest degree of evolution — has been
more responsible for the present excellence of American journalism
than Col. Cockerill. Endowed with high intellect, clear foresight,
and unusual energy, this man brought to his journalistic labors a
. conception of legitimate enterprise, before which the inadequate
and primitive methods of former days were forced to surrender or
retreat. Meanwhile Col. Cockerill continued to grow, his ideas
continued to expand, and his efforts were redoubled. He was nev-

156 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

er in the r^ar of the procession. His last achievements were his
best." The same writer also asserts, and with much basis of truth,
that " Col. Cockerill was one of the half dozen greatest figures in
the newspaper world, and his influence will go on forever/*

It is fitting, that I should speak here of Joseph B. McCulIagh,
the Scotch-Irish editor of the St Louis Globe-Democrat, for he dis-
covered in Col. Cockerill as a young man the elements of greatness,
and placed him in line for his wonderfhl editorial career. McCul-
lagh is an editor of wide influence as well as a publisher, whose sa-
gacity has made his paper one of great power as well as a magnifi-
cent business enterprise. McCullagh is the man who defined jour-
nalism as the art of knowing where hell was going to break loose
next, in order to have a reporter on hand to furnish the details, and
if slightly modified, there could be no better definition, and those
who know McCullagh appreciate the fact that it describes his
grasp on the work of a newspaper man with charming accuracy.

In my effort to show something of the influence that the Scotch-
Irish have had in American journalism I think that I have pre-
sented the names of editors who stand on the heights above all
others of whatever race. They are matchless in influence exerted,
in ability, in gi-asp of issues, in prominence in the afl^irs of the
country, in the part that they have taken in making history; and
yet there are a hundred others that I might mention if my time
were not limited to thirty minutes. I have not mentioned John
Frew, of the Wheeling Intelligencer (the most influential paper in
West Virginia), a man of noble impulse, and a member of this Soci-
ety; nor his partner, Archibald Campbell; nor have I mentioned
John Birney and Gamalia Bailey, the pioneer editors of papers de-
voted to the agitation of abolition of negro slavery, and whose in-
fluence is marked in the attainment of their hope and ambition;
nor have I mentioned Thomas Hichie, the founder of the Richmond
Examiner^ and for forty' years its editor, wielding an influence on
the politics of his state never since attained by any man; the
founder, and for many years the editor of the Union, the Polk or-
gan at Washington; nor have I mentioned John Eussell Young, a
Tyrone Scotch-Irishman, who rose from the position of office boy
of the Philadelphia Press by his own irresistible force to the high
place of chief editor, and who afterwards became the managing ed-
itor of the New York Tribune, accompanied Gen. Grant on his tour
around the world, and did much good work in every department of
journalistic literature; nor bave I mentioned Whitelaw Reid, who

SCOTCH-IRISH INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN JOURNALISM. 157

managed the Tribune during the Greeley political campaign, and
succeeded the grand old man at his death; nor^h&ve I mentioned
the journalistic career of Senator Quay, the most noted and with-
out doubt the most influential politician in the Keystone state;
nor have I mentioned Gen. Steadman, the hero of Chickamauga, as
great and powerful as an editor as he was brave as a soldier; and
there, was Eichelieu Robinson, known throughout the land as the
editor-Congressman, who never lost opportunity to jerk the tail of
the British lion; but to mention all the noted Scotch Irishmen in
the profession that has " forever " as its motto would make this au-
dience weary. I speak only of newspapers — ^the political newspa-
pers, if you please — the editor wliose field of battle is the arena of
political strife, and it is. not out of place at this time to call atten-
tion to the fact that the men who have been given the largest
space in news and editorial columns the past six months are most-
ly of our blood: McKinley, Quay, Allison, Morrison, Cameron, Car-
lisle, perhaps Eeed, Brice, Stewart, Bryan, Teller, Campbell, Mor-
ton, Gov. Johnston, of Alabama, and that wonderful manager of
the McKinley campaign, Mark Hanna. There is one editor preemi-
nent in his profession, and most forceful in his influence, whom I
hoped to put in the list, basing my surmise that he is a Scotch-
Irishman on many of his distinguishing characteristics and on the
fact that he was born in the Scotch-Irish state of New Hampshire;
but Charles A. Dana, one of America's most intellectual men, in-
forms me that he is sorry to say that there is not the slightest
trace of our blood in his veins, his people being Italian, leaving It-
aly after the edict of Nantes, and settling in New Hampshire.

In my enthusiastic maintenance of the prowess of the Scotch-
Irish race, I do -not hold the opinion that obtains among some of
our folks that from a moral point of view the Scotch-Irish editor is
better than his fellow. I have known editors of this blood to even
be expert at making circulation affidavits, and blackmailers are not
unknown among those of our people who conduct newspapers.
One was recently sent to prison for giving space for the publicity
of vile advertisements, and another with a noble name is in a Kan-
sas City prison for circulating obscene literature. There are Scotch-
Irish editors who are after the dollar with greater energy of pur-
pose than they hustle for the moral welfare of the community. I
only hold that by reason of their forceful strain of blood the
Scotch-Irish editors have more influence, good or bad, in the aflairs
of the country than have editors of other races. They have exert-

158

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMITRIGA.

ed a greater measure of controlling power in directing public mat-
ters, and have called the attention of the public to their personali-
ty by their very marked characteristics. Withal I believe that our
race could rest its/ honors with the editors and win a full measure
of credit as the producer of men of preeminent force in intellectual
and moral effort.

NoTB.— It is worthy of note to add that the only three newspaper men
ever honored by nomination for the highest place in the gift of the Ameri-
can people, by either of the two great political parties, are of Scotch-Irieh
blood : Horace Greeley, James G. Blaine, and William J. Bryan.

W* o., H«

THE SCOTCH-IEISH OP THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA

VALLEY.

BT JOHN F. MBQINNESB, ESQ^ WILLIAM8PORT, PA.

Mr, President^ Ladies and Oentlemen : A few weeks ago, to use a
journalistic term, I was "assigned" by my esteemed friend, 'M.j^W,
McAlarnoy, Esq., editor of the Harrishurg Telegraphy to prepare an
address on the Scotch-Irish settlers in the Upper Susquehanna
Valley. To note all of these. settlers and refer briefly to their ex-
ploits is not an easy task, on account of their number; only a few,
therefore can be referred to in the limits of a single address, and
from the nature of the subject my discourse must therefore be
largely biographical and descriptive.

That portion of the province of Pennsylvania embraced in the
purchase of 1768 became the theater of active operations early in
1769, when the land office was opened. Reports of the beauty and
fertility of the country attracted the attention of the Scotch-Irish
who had found a temporary lodgment in the counties of Bucks,
Chester, Lancaster, and Cumberland, and there was a rapid move-
ment to the " New Purchase " to acquire homes therein. The post
of the hardy sons of Ulster was always at the front. They were
the advance couriers of civilization on the frontiers, and their trail
can be followed across the Alleghenies to Western Pennsylvania
and Tennessee, and southward to Virginia and the Carolinas.
They built churches and schoolhouses and laid the broad and solid
foundation on which the corner stone of the republic rests. They
were not only brave, hardy, and adventuresome, but they were im-
bued with an intense love of liberty; and smarting under the cruel
treatment which their ancestors had been subjected to in the land
beyond the sea, they were always ready to resent wrong and stand
in defense of justice and right.

The purchase line of 1768 was the north side of the West Branch
of the Susquehanna River from Lycoming Creek westward, while
the eastern line, running northeastwardly, was the creek already
named. In this northwestern corner of the province of Pennsylva-
nia was an immense territory, covered at this day by the counties
of Bradford, Tioga, Potter, part of Clinton, Cameron, Elk, McKean,
and part of Warren, belonging to the Indians. The seat of the

(159)

160 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA,

powerful tribe known as the Senecas was just north of this terri-
tory, which they claimed as their favorite hunting ground. And
as such it remained in their possession until the treaty and pur-
chase of 1784, at Fort Stanwix.

That portion of the purchase of 1768 lyiiig in the valley of the
river westward from the city of Williamsport to the city of Lock
Haven, was exceedingly fertile and attractive to pioneers; it was
walled in by mountains on two sides, and the scenery was pictur-
esque and charming in the extreme.

Among the advance Scotch-Irish pioneers who pushed up the
river and occupied these lands may be mentioned William Dunn.
He settled on what is known as the " Great Island," lying in the
river just east of the present city of Lock Haven. This island,
which contains over three hundred acres, is composed of a rich
alluvial soil, and it was a favorite place of resort for the aborigines.
Dunn settled there in 1770 and commenced making improvements,
and in course of time obtained a patent for the land from the state.
In 1786 he laid out a town on the mainland, on a tract which he
had purchased, and called ii Dunnstown, after himself; and in 1795,
when the contest for the location of the county seat of Lycoming
was going on, he offered a lot for the county buildings; but as he
was on the extreme western limit of the settlement, his offer was
not entertained. Like all the Scotch-Irish settlers in the valley,
Dunn took part in the Kevolution, and did what he could toward
securing liberty. He died in 1806, and was buried on his own land.

Following Dunn came other bold Scotch-Irish pioneers, notably
among them being the McCorraicks, the Flemings, Kobert Love,
Maj. James Crawford, John Jackson, Robert Hamilton, Benjamin
Walker, John Walker, the Hughes brothers, Brattan CaldiWell, the
Grreer brothers, and many others; and as they located on Indian
land they were regarded as " squatters," and the good Quakers who
dwelt securely between the Delaware and the Schuylkill became
greatly alarmed because they feared that their trade relations with
the Indians might be disturbed by the presence of these intruders.
The Quaker cared more for barter with the Indians than he did for
the liafety of those who risked their lives on the frontier. The In-
dians complained and demanded that their Quaker friends should .
call for the removal of these advanced settlers from the lands.
This caused John Penn to issue his famous proclamation of Sep-
tember 20, 1773, warning the settlers to abandon these lands or
they would be arrested and severely punished.

800TCH-IBISH OF THE UPPEB SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY. 161

This proclamation led to the organization by the settlers of. a
local form of government known as the Fair Play system. Living
as they were outside of the province, they could not appeal to its
laws for protection ; consequently they formed a compact for their
own protection. Three commissioners were appointed to serve for
a stated time. Before this tribunal all complaints were heard.
Evidence was given by the parties in dispute, and from the decision
of the court there was no appeal. Violent offenders were banished
by being placed in a canoe and sent adrift down the river. One of
the rules of the court was that a settler absent six weeks from his
claim lost his right. Those serving. in the fievolutionary army had
their claims protected until their return. Tradition says that jus-
tice was administered wisely and well. One of the most active of
these Fair Play commissioners was Brattan Caldwell. He was a
native of Ireland, an ardent patriot and hater of oppression. He
died in 1810 on the tract of land which he had preempted forty
years before.

Another distinguished Scotch-Irish settler was Capt. John Brady.
He had settled at Muncy perhaps as early as 1770, on a part of a
manor which had been reserved by the Penns, built a log house
and stockaded it for the protection of his family. Of the patriot-
ism and valor of Brady and his illustrious sons it is unnecessary to
speak, for their history is known to all readers. On the breaking^
out of the Eevolution John Brady raised a company and entered
the Continental army. He was in the battle of Brandywine and
was wounded. The Indians paving become troublesome on the
frontier, he was sent home with others to assist in guarding the
defenseless inhabitants. The savages feared and hated him. While
returning to his home from Fort Muncy on the 11th of April, 1779,
he was waylaid by three Indians and shot from his horse almost in
sight of his home. Thus perished at the early age of forty-six one
of the bravest of the brave. His burial place was almost in the
shadow of Fort Muncy, iind there his ashes still repose.

When a hundred years had rolled away a cenotaph was erected
to his memory in the cemetery at Muncy, the money for which
was mainly solicited by J. M. M. Gernerd, the well-known local his-
torian, publisher, and antiquarian. The oration at the unveiling of
the cenotaph was delivered by Hon. Joha Blair Linn, himself of
Scotch-Irish lineage, and he paid an eloquent tribute to the gallant
Brady and his distinguished descendants, closing wi^h these words:
"In private life, in public oflSce, at the bar, in the Senate of Penn-
11

162 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Bylvania, in the Houso of Bepresontatives of the United States, in
the ranks of battle, Capt. John Brady's sons and grandsons and
great-grandsons have flung far forward into the future the light of
their family fame."

I need not refer to the daring deeds of his son, Capt. Sam Bra-
dy, of the Eangers, whose strong arm sle^w many savages and fear-
fully avenged the death of his noble father; of Gen. Hugh Brady,
of the United States army, who died at Detroit in 1851, after a
long and brilliant career in the military service.

That great defensive work erected at what is, now Sunbury in
colonial days, and known as Fort Augusta, was commanded during
Bevolutionary times by Col. Samuel Hunter, a sturdy Scotch-Irish-
man, who was bom in 1732. Soon after coming to America his
military career began. As early as 1760 he was employed in fight-
ing Indians, and he was continued in that service until the close of
the Revolutionary struggle. He was chosen county lieutenant of
North dmberland in March, 1777, and by virtue of his position be-
came commandant of Fort Augusta. During his long military ca-
reer he was subjected to many severe trials. With the British in
Philadelphia and the Indians in the rear, the inhabitants of North-
umberland County were in constant danger. At that '' nest of all
villainy," Fort Niagara, were hatched the most cruel, the most in-
famous schemes by the British to harass the rear of the settlements
on the Susquehanna. Under promises of British gold the Indians
were induced to descend upon the settlement and indiscriminately
murder and scalp men, women, and children. It was at this the
darkest hour in our history that the Scotch-Irish displayed their
greatest deeds of heroism and valor.

Before the descent upon Wyoming Col. Hunter learned through
his spies that the Indians were preparing to make a raid into the
West Branch Valley, for the purpose of butchering the inhabitants
and laying it in waste. The moment was of supreme peril. What-
ever was to be done must be done quickly; every available man
was with Washington; there was no garrison at Fort Augusta; he
must act quickly or all would be lost. Messengers were dispatched
up the river to warn the inhabitants to fly for their lives. Then
occurred that remarkable and exciting event in our history known
as the Big Runaway. A panic followed the warning. The settlers
hurriedly abandoned their cabins and fled down the river in canoes,
on rails, flatboats, or whatever could be improvised to carry the]
women and children, while the stock were driven by armed men

SCOTCH-IRISH OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY. 163

on shore. The scenes which followed this memorable flight were
described at the time as most exciting and distressing. Although
nearly all fled from Fort Augusta, the brave Col. Hunter re-
mained at his post and by his presence induced many men to halt
and remain with him, while their families continued down the river
to Paxtang, Lancaster, and other points. This great flight took
place in the closing days of June, 1778.

The Indians came, and, maddened at the escape of the inhabit-
ants, laid the valley in waste with a ruthless hand. The sky was
reddened at night by the reflection from burning cabins; fences
were overthrown and fields of waving grain trampled down and
everything destroyed. But the vandal horde feared to attack Fort
Augusta.

For precipitating the Big Runaway and saving the defenseless
women and children from the tomahawk and scalping knife, Col.
Hunter was for many years roundly abused by those who fled the
farthest from danger; but as the years gradually rolled away and
the reasons for his hun'ied action came to be better understood,
criticism steadily weakened, and ere a century had passed his course
Was generally approved; and it is now apparent to all impartial
historians and investigators that if he had failed to warn the set-
tlers of their impending danger they would have met the fate
which afterwards befell hapless Wyoming.

Col. Hunter died April 10, 1784, at the fort which he had so
bravely defended, but , Divine Providence permitted him to live
long enough to know that independence and liberty had been
achieved. He T^as buried in a private lot in one of the angles of
the great fort, and there hh grave may still be seen, covered with
a marble slab, which briefly tells the story of his life. The fort has
long since been leveled to the ground, and not a vestige remains to
mark its site, save the underground magazine and the grave of its
heroic defender.

The Ulster hero of Fort Augusta is deserving of a monument to
more distinctly mark his resting place, with a tablet to commemo-
rate his noble deeds and perpetuate his name. The distinguished
Capt. John Brady, through the self-sacrificing eflbrts of a single in-
dividual, has had a beautiful cenotaph erected to his memory. Jus-
tice will not be done until the descendants of the Scotch-Irish of
Sunbury and the lovely valley of the West Branch erect a monu-
ment over the grave of Col. Hunter on the site of Fort Augusta.

During the progress of the Bevolution the Fair Play men were

164

THB SCOTOH-IRIBH IN AMBBIGA,

not idld. At one time or another every man able to bear arms took
part in the struggle for liberty. They not onily showed their pa-
triotism in the field, but gave expression to it in various ways at
home. When they learned that the question of declaring the eolo-
nies independent of Great Britain was under discussion in Con-
frresBy they resolved on giving an expression of their sentiments to
encourage that body. Consequently, a public meeting was called
for July .4, 1776, on the plains of Pine Creek. The place was on
the Indian land, and in the center of the Fair Play settlement.

Tradition informs us — for no records were left by these patriots
— that the meeting was formally organized and its object stated by
the chairman. The question of independence was discussed in pa-
triotic addresses, when a resolution indorsing a formal declaration
of independence was introduced and unanimously adopted. The
most singular part of this extraordinary meeting was that it took
place about the same time that the Declaration was being signed
in Congress. It was a remarkable coincidence — remarkable for
the fact that at the moment that the Continental Congress was
signing the immortal document, the Scotch-Irish squatter sover-
eigns, in convention assembled on the upper waters of the Susque-
hanna, were declaring by solemn resolution for freedom and inde-
pendence at the same time. More than two hundred miles inter-
vened between the two points. There was no telegraphic commu-
nication at that time ; neither party had any knowledge of what
the other was doing. It was purely a coincidence, and as such it
stands without a parallel in the history of our country.

Only the names of a few of those who took part in this meeting
have come down to us — viz., Thomas, Francis, and John Clarke; Al-
exander Donaldson, William Campbell, Alexander Hamilton, John
Jackson, Adam Carson, Henry McCracken, Adam De Witt, Robert
Love, and Hugh Nichols. There were others, no doubt, but their
names have been lost. Several of these patriots afterwards per-
ished at the hands of the savages. It was such men, and the
example which they 'set, that aided largely in securing the liberty
that we now enjoy, and their names are worthy of being immor-
talized in song and story and inscribed on tablets of marble and
granite.

After the purchase of 1784 an attempt was made by land specu-
lators to secure the land on which these patriots had settled and
made improvements; but on petitioning the Legislature, that body
passed an act, December 24, 1784, which stated that on account of

800T0H-IBISH OF THE Ul'PEB SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY. 165

their resolute stand and suffering during the war they were al-
lowed the right of preemption, and all who applied received pat-
ents for the land on which they had made improvements. By this
righteous act the Fair Play men were fairly and honorably treated
by the commonwealth.

There were many Scotch-Irish settlers in and about Sunbury.
One of the most prominent was the celebrated William Maclay.
He made the first survey of lands in the West Branch Valley in
1769, was commissioned the first prothonotary of Northumberland
County in March, 1772, and in the same year assisted John Lukens
. in laying out the town of Sunbury. ' He was a man of marked indi-
viduality of character, strong in his convictions, and fearlessly and
ably maintained them. Although he was the agent for the Penns,
when the war broke out he at once identified himself with the strug-
gling patriots, and was present at the battle of Trenton. He w as sent
to the Assembly from Northumberland County in 1785; in 1786 he
became a member bf the Supreme Executive Council; and in Janu-
ary, 1789, he was chosen th^ first United States Senator from Penn-
sylvania, and served to the 3d of Maroh, 1791, his colleague (Bobert
Morris) having drawn the long term. While in the Senate he took
issue with the leaders of the Federal party, opposed the presence
of Washington on the floor when administrative questions were
being discussed, and became the advocate of the principles of a
true Democracy. The principles which he laid down took root,
and resulted in the overthrow of the Federal party in 1800. The
credit for the formation of the party which has always been
accredited to Jefferson rightly and honestly belongs to Hon. Wil-
liam Maclay. Jefterson was out of the country when these discus-
sions were going on, and had no part in them. But on account of
his greater personal popularity he was given the credit for found-
ing a party which belonged to another. Mr. Maclay married Mary
Harris, a daughter of the founder of Harrisburg, and there he died
in April, 1804.

His brother, Samuel Maclay, who resided in Buffalo Valley, near
the present flourishing borough of Lewisburg, was also distinguished
as a surveyor and public man. He was sent to the State Senate in
1802, and soon after he was elected to the United States Senate.
He resigned in 1809, and died in 1811. Samuel Maolay married a
daughter of Dr. William Plunkett, a famous Scoteh-Irishman who
died at Sunbury in 1791, aged about one hundred years.

Another distinguished representative of the Ulster line was

166 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Hon. WilliAm Hepburn. Bom in Ireland in 1753, he came to
America with his brother James in 1773. The house of Hepburn
, wasyof Scotch origin, and its history dates back far into the misty
past. An early ancestor, James Hepburn, but better known in
history as the Earl of Bothwell, married Mary Queen of Scots
after the assassination of Darnley.

Soon after landing in this country the Hepburn brothers has-
tened to the Upper Susquehanna Yalley. William at once took an
active part in the defense of the frontier against the Indians, and
became the commander of a company of militia, and did valuable
service. James located at Northumberland town, and became a
great merchant for the time. William was sent to the State Senate
in 1794, and it was mainly through his efforts that the county of
Lycoming was set off from North umberlai;id in 1795. Gov. Mifflin
appointed him one of the four associate judges of the new .county,
and when they organized he was chosen president, a position which
he held for ten years. Judge Hepburn was in several respects a
remarkable man. As merchant, legislator, judge, and farmer he
was successful. James died in 1817, and William followed him in
1821. Both left numerous descendants. At the time of their de-
cease they left six hundred acres of land lying in what is now the
heart of the city of Williamsport. They were thrifty, progressive,
and acquisitive, and, like all the Scotch-Irish of that region, were
strong adherents of the Presbyterian Church.

I need but refer to Col. William Cooke, who commanded the
Twelfth Pennsylvania Eegiment of the line, which was largely
recruited on the upper waters of the Susquehanna. His major was
James Crawford, one of the early settlers in the Pair Play district;
and among the captains we find John Brady, who afterwards fell
at the hands of the savages. Col. Cooke was of pure Irish origin,
although born in Donegal township, Lancaster County, and died
at Northumberland town in 1804. He was a leading representa-
tive man, served as first sheriff of Northumberland County from
1772 to 1775, and he was a delegate to the Provincial Conferences
01 June, 1775, and June, 1776, and to the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1776. In the battle of Brandy wine his regiment was so
badly cut up that its officers and men were assigned to other com-
mands or mustered out.

In a much neglected grave near the center of the valley of
White Deer, county of Lycoming, lie the remains of Matthew
Brown, who died in April, 1777. His parents, who came from

/ .

SCOTCH-IRISH OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA YALLEY. 167

Scotland in 1720, settled near Middletown, Pa., and there Matthew-
was born in 1732. Before 1775 he had married and settled in
White Deer Valley, and at once assumed a leading position among
the settlers. In 1776 he was ckosen a member of the Committee
of Safety for Northumberland County. In June of the same year
he was a delegate to the Provincial Convention at' Philadelphia;
and in July of the convention which framed our state constitution,
and he signed it on the 28th of September. Joining the Conti-
nental army, he contracted camp fever in the autumn, which com-
pelled him to return home on sick leave. He did not recover, but
lingered until the following spring, when he died. Thomas, one of
his eight children, became a distinguished Presbyterian clergyman,
and was President of Jefferson College from 1822 to 1845. He
died in Pittsburg in 1853.

This address would be incomplete without reference to Gen.
James Potter, who located at Sunbury soon after the purchase of
1768, and in 1772 was appointed one of the justices of Northum-
berland County. He had seen much hard service in fighting Indi-
ans on the frontier, having accompanied Col. John Armstrong to
Kittanning as ensign in a, company of which his father was cap-
tain. After leaving Sunbury he settled on the west side of the nv-
er, a short distance above the present borough of Milton, where he
resided until the spring of 1774, when he removed to Penn's Val-
ley, near Bellefonte, and built what was known as Potter*s Fort,
one of the most advanced posts on the frontier. He took an active
part in the Eevolution, commanded a battalion of Northumberland
militia at Trenton, was in the engagement at Princeton, rose to the
rank of brigadier general, commanded a brigade at Brandywine,
and was with Washington at Valley Forge, engaged in outpost
duty. In 1778 he was engaged in fighting Indians on the West
Branch. . Late in 1780 he became a member of the State Council,
Vice President of the state in 1781, and in 1782 he was elected to
the office of major general. He died in the latter part of 1789.

Charles Huston, the eminent lawyer and memher of the supreme
court, was descended from a revolutionary sire. Locating at Wil-
liamsport in 1795, he became one of the three first lawyers at the
bar of the infant county. Eemoving to Bellefonte in 1807, he at-
tended to his enormous law practice until he was appointed presi-
ident judge by Gov. Findley. Charles Huston was born in or near
the famous Scotch -Irish settlement in Bucks County in 1771, and
before he was elevated to the bench was recognized as the greatest

168 THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN AMERIOA.

land lawyer of his time. In 1826 he was appointed hy Gov. Shiilze
one of the justices of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and he sat
upon the bench for nineteen years, retiring in 1845. This distin-
guii»hed jurist died at Bellefonte in 1849.

Col. John Patton, born in Ireland in 174^, emigrated to Phila-
delphia and jsiitered the Bevolutionary army as major of Col. Miles's
battalion in 1776. In 1776 he was promoted to colonel of a regi-
ment, and served with distinction. Soon after the war he located
in Mifflin (now Center) County, engaged in the iron business, and
died in 1804. Gen. John Patton, of Curwinsville, is a grandson.
He has twice represented his district in Congress, is an active busi-
ness man, and well maintains the high character of his illustrious
ancestor.

Eoland Curtin, another prominent Center County man, was bom
in Ireland in 1764. In 1797 he settled in Center County, and soon
afterwards engaged in the manufacture of iron. Sometime in 1800
he married Margery, a daughter of John Gregg, of Cumberland
County. She died in 1813, when he married, secondly, Jane, daugh-
ter of Andrew Gregg, of Bellefonte. Of his children by the first
wife, we have Andrew Gregg Curtin, the illustrious " War Governor
of Pennsylvania," the story of whose patriotism and resplendent
deeds will not grow dim while memory lasts.

The Greggs too were of Scotch-Irish origin, and noted for their
intellectual strength and valor in war. In modern times the repu-
tation of the family was nobly maintained by two distinguished
genferals in the late war. Hon. Andrew Gregg, grandfather of
Gov. Curtin, entered Congress in 1791, and served for sixteen
years, when, in 1807, he was elevated to the United States Senate*
and served until 1813. In 1820 Gov. Heister appointed him Secre-
tary of the commonwealth. His death occurred in May, 1835, at
the ripe age of eighty years. ' '

About 1775 Seth, James, and Thomas McCormick settled in
White Deer Valley, Lycoming County. Their father, Hugh Mc-
Cormick, was born in the Province of Ulster in 1725, emigrated to
America, and died in Cumberland County in 1777. He was a man
of local prominence in the early years of the Revolution, and was a
delegate to the convention in 1776, which framed the first consti-
tution of Pennsylvania. Of the three sons who came to White
Deer, Jame^ went to Virginia; Seth and Thomas remained. The
former had a son also named Seth, and he became the father of the
present distinguished attorney-general of Pennsylvania.

SCOTCH-IRISH OF THE UPPEB SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY. 169

In more modern times the famous John Binns was for many
years a resident of Northumberland town. He was born in Dub-
lin December 22, 1772, and when he attained manhood expressed
such an intense hatred of the British Government, on account of
its oppression of the people of Ireland, that he was arrested for
treason, imprisoned, tried, and acquitted. Soon after his liberation
he was again arrested, but on promise of leaving the country he
was discharged. He came to this country in 1801, and in 1802 set-
tlec^in Northumberland. He took strong grounds against the Fed-
eral party, and in 1802 established in his adopted town a paper
that he called the Republican Argus, with the motto: *< Equal and
exact justice to all men, of whatever sect or persuasion, religious or
political." Politics ran high in those days. Binns became distin-
guished as a political editor, and dealt his opponents hard knocks.
So severe were his criticisms of Samuel Stewart, the first sheriff of
Lycoming County, that the latter assaulted him at Sunbury, and
Binns challenged him to fight a duel. The meeting took place at a
point on the river opposite the present borough of Lewisburg on
Sunday morning, December 16, 1805. Shots were exchanged, when
a reconciliation took place. Stewart's second was Andrew Kenne-
dy^ editor of the Northumberland Gazette, a violent Federalist pa-
per. Binns had for his second Charles Maclay, son of Samuel
Maclay, then a United States Senator. After the reconciliation
Stewart and Binns became fast friends, and so remained. This duel
was one of the last fought on the soil of Pennsylvania, and on ac-
count of the prominence of the actors caused the passage of the act
of March 31, 1806, forbidding dueling in the state.

In 1807 Mr. Binns removed to Philadelphia, and on the 27th of
March of that year established the Democratic Press, bearing the
defiant motto: "The tyrant's foe; the people's friend." It was the
first paper published in the United States and the world under the
title of Democratic. He died in Philadelphia, June 16, 1860, in the
eighty-ninth year of his age.

But why continue the list? Enough has been given to show
that the Scotch-Irish settlers of the Upper Susquehanna Valley
were men of mark, and left descendants who became prominent as
lawyers, judges, journalists, physicians, theologians, politicians,
statesmen, and soldiers. They have not tarnished the record of
their ancestors; but have ably, brilliantly, and honorably main-
tained it through the friction of politics, the clash of war, and the
sunshine pf peace.

WHAT MANNBE OF MAN WAS AND IS THE SCOTCH-

lEISH AMERICAN?

BY REV. DR. HBNBT K. MAOCBACKBN, CHANCELLOB OF NEW TOBK UNIVEBSITT.

I GREET Pennsylvania, the hospitable refuge of my persecat;ed
forefathers. Two centuries ago free soil in America meant chiefly
Pennsylvania. New England was not free enough to attract great-
ly the oppressed Scotch-Irish ; neither was New York nor Virginia.
As Dr. Schaff well says, "Persecution Is inseparable from the
union of Church and State." In aknost every colony, the citizen
who differed in his reh'gion from the majority was restricted or
burdened. Thrice welcome, then, to the Presbyterian immigrant
were the wild woods of Pennsylvania, where each man was in re-
ligious matters reckoned by the law as good as his neighbor. My
subject for this half hour is: "What Manner of Man Was and Is
the Scotch-Irish American?"

The Scotch-Irishman was a martyr for conscience's sake. May
I present as illustrations two men oflny own name. I select them
simply because I know their stories. Both belonged to the last
century. Alexander MacCracken, whose story is scattered through
one hundred pages of Reid's " History of the Church in Ireland,"
was the pastor of Lisburn. Upon its being ordered that every
minister should take a certain oath, he refused to subscribe, yet of-
fered * every assurance that he was a loyal and good subject. ^It
was made the law that none should hold office who would not take
the sacrament in the Episcopal Church. Finally, in 1711, the gov-
ernment took MacCracken into custody; but he escaped over the
channel to Scotland, thence he got to London, and gained a hear-
ing from the government, which promised not to prosecute. Qn
this assurance he returned to Ireland, but found the magistrates
resolved to take him in spite of the London pledges. He appealed
again to the government, but got no help. Again he escaped to
Scotland, and went again to London. He was told that the gov-
ernment could not arrest the law, but would seek to prevent harm
to him. He returned to Belfast after two years of wandering. Said
a friend after his return: "Mr. MacCracken thought that he had
(170)

WHAT MANNER OF MAN WAS AND IS HE? 171

s .

made all sure, but last Lord's day he was obliged to leave his pul-
pit, a justice of the peace having sent a constable to arrest him.
Soon after, when he was coming from a visit to one of his elders,
who was sick, he met the high sheriff. This man, one of our per-
secutors," says the story, " meeting Mr. MacCracken on the high-
way, did with his servants apprehend him, though without any
warrant, and brought him to Lisburn, and kept him here a close
prisoner, denying him the use of pen, ink, and paper." In court
no counselor would move against him, all being aware that the per-
secution was malignant. But the law left no discretion. He was
fined £500 and sent to gaol, there to stay until he took the oath.
He writes from Carrickfergus gaol: "I am liable, if I refuse the
oath, to forfeit all my goods and be confined for life. But 1 thank
God none of these things move me." After two years and a half
in gaol he wfites: "What may come next I know not, only I find
mind and body fast failing me," He was liberated, to be, he said,
a prisoner to infirmity thenceforth; and such he continued till the
day of his death. So much for a Scotch-Irish martyr to liberty,
only a century and a half since. ^

For an Irish exile, whose lot in the forest of America may stand
for that of his class, I turn to one who went to America not long
after the .death of the former. Henry MaqCracken, I find by a
manuscript in my possession, went early in life to the banks of the
Susquehanna. From thence, when he was well on in life, came the
following memorial, which is printed in the archives of Pennsylva-
nia:

To the Honorable the Supreme Executive, Council of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania in Lancaster— Wee, your humble petitioners the inhabi-
tance of Bald Eagle Township, on the West Branch of Susquehanna, North-
umberland County, <&c., <&c., humbly sheweth: That, whereas we are Driven
By the Indians from our habitations and oblidged to assemble ourselves to-
gether for our Common Defence have thought to write to acquaint you with
our Deplorable condition. We have for a month by past endeavored to
maintain our ground with the loss of near fifty murdered and made Cap-
tives still expecting relief from Coll Hunter. But wee are perreuaded that
the Gentleman has done for us as mutch as has layed in his power. We
are at lenth surrounded with great numbers on every side, and unless Our
Honorable Council Does grant us some assistance wee will Be obbliged to
evaquate this frontier; which vi^ill be great encouragement to the enemy
and Be very injuripus to our Common Cause. Wee therefore humbly re-
quest that you would send us as many men as you may judge suficient to
Defend four small garrisons and some ammunitions ; and as we are very ill
provided with arms we Beg that you would afford us some of thim. For

172 THB SCOTOH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

particulars we refer to the Bearer, Robert Fleming, Esq., and bege leave to
conclude Your humble petitioners, as in Dyty Bound, shall ever pray.

Signed: Alexander Hemilton, Samuel Horn, Henry MacCracken, and
forty-four names following : MacMichaels, and MacGormicks, MacFaddens,
and Bairds, Flemings, Jacksons, and the rest

This was June 21, 1778. Nine days after, upon the East Branch
of t^ho same river, in the valley of the Wyoming, befell that mas-
sacre celebrated in history, and by Thomas Campbell in his ** Ger-
trude of Wyoming."

No poet hag celebrated the forty-seven Scotch-Irish on the !Bald
Eagle branch of the Susquehanna, nor do I know of any record of
their fate, save the old manuscript in my possession, which simply
tells how Henry MacCracken was there cruelly slain by the sav-
ages. Thus on yon side of the ocean it was for Scotch-Irishmen
persecution, imprisonment, and impoverishment for freedom's sake;
on this side it was peril in the wilderness for freedom's sake, com-
parative poverty, and often painful death.

. It is true that other causes besides persecution for religion's sake
impelled Scotch-Irishmen to cross the ocean. Mr. Froude, in his
"History of Ireland," says: "Twenty thousand left Ulster on the
destruction of the woolen trade. This was about 1700. Many more
were driven away by the passage of the Test Act in 1704. In 1732,
on the failure to repeal the Test Act, recommenced the Protestant
emigration which robbed Ireland of the bravest defenders of Eng-
lish interests and peopled America with fresh flights of Puritans.
Until the spell of tyranny was broken fifty years later, annual ship-
loads of families poured themselves out of Belfast and London-
derry." Froude says of about the year 1779: "England had bro-
ken the linen compact." Thus jealousy and modern landlordism
had combined to do their utmost against the Ulster settlement. In
the two years which followed the Antrim evictions, 1772, thirty
thousand Protestants left Ulster for a land where there was no le-
gal robbery and where those who sowed the seed could reap the
harvest." Thus far Mr. Froude.

Reid says of about the year 1725 : " Large exactions of rents to-
ward the second quarter of the last century discouraged farmers
exceedingly." " It was computed," he adds, " that in 1773 and the
five preceding years, the North of Ireland by emigration to the
American settlement was drained of one-quarter of the trading
cash, and a like proportion of its manufacturing population."

Walpole adds his brief record that the British Legislature ruined
Irish manufacturers and Irish farmers.

WHAT MANNEB OF MAN WAS AND IS HE? 173

But even had they heen untrammeled in business, they would
have emigrated for the sake of their religion. No man could hold
an office above that of constable, unless he took the sacrament in
the Episcopal Church. Presbyterians were turned out of office as
aldermen and judges. They could not even be schoolmasters.
Froude and Walpole agree that " men were prosecuted as fornica-
tors for living with their own wives," because they were married
by other than Episcopal ceremonies. Froude and Eeid record that
Presbytei'ians were prosecuted for teaching school; were arrested
for riot for meeting to organize congregations; were forbidden to
occupy ground, which they might use for everything else, for
building a place of worship.

Nor were the laws which thus virtually shut Presbyterians out
from the commonest rights of citizens removed from the statute
book till after three-quarters of a century, or the breaking out of
our Revolutionary War. To use the summing up of Mr. Froude,
whom I count here an impartial witness, " When the Calvinists of
Derry won immortal honor for themselves and flung over the
wretched annals of their adopted country a solitary gleam of true
glory, even this passed for nothingi They were still Dissenters,
and no sooner was peace established than spleen and bigotry were
again at their old work. Vexed with suits in the ecclesiastical
courts, forbidden to educate their children in their own faith, treat-
ed as dangerous in a state which but for them would have had no
existence, the most earnest of them at length abandoned the un-
thankful service. If they intended to live as freemen, speaking no
lies and professing openly the creed of the Eeformation, they must
seek a country where the long arm of prelacy was still too short to
reach them." A chief force which thrust the Scotch-Irish out Uy
America was the same that thrust Christ out to Calvary — an office-
holding, priestly Sadduceeism, that cared more to have its bishop-
rics and incomes than to have innocence from the blood of the just.

The Scotch-Irishman was usually a Presbyterian. Some years
since I took much pains to find out how far the early Presbyte-
rians were Scotch-Irish. The following figures may be relied upon:
In the first half century of the Presbyterian Church (1706-1758)
there were 193 ministei*. Of these the lineage of 168 is known,
namely: From New. England, 47; old England, 6; the Continent,
3; Wales, 9; Scotland, 26; Middle States, 12 ; the North of Ireland,
60. Adding a fair proportion of those born in America to the
Scotch-Irish, they are one-half of the entire number. Sprague's

174 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

"Annals," a respected authority, gives of distinguished minis-
ters of the Presbyterian body in the colonial period, 94. Of
these there are of New England origin, 14; New York and New
Jersey, 3; Pennsylvania and the South, 10; Wales and England, 5;
Scotch, 12; Scotch-Irish, 48. A clear majority of the eminent men
of the first century are Scotch-Irish. One hundred and fifty-eight
are named as eminent in the National period. Of New England
origin, 33; New York and New Jersey, 30; Pennsylvania and the
South, 34; Welsh and English, 11; Scotch, 17; Scotch-Irish, 42.
Again, add a fair proportion of the American-born to the last, and
you have half the number Scotch-Irish. The nativity of one thou-
sand one hundred and seventy-three ministers of the United Pres-
byterian body are given in ScouUer's "^Manual." Of these, 305 are
of foreign birth — namely, from Canada and the Continent, 17, or 5
per cent; from Scotland, 121, or 40 per cent; from the North of
Ireland, 167, or 55 per cent. It is safe to apportion the lineage of
this Church according to these proportions.

The Keformed Presbyterian body in America was first organized
in 1774 by the meeting of a Scotch minister with two Scotch-Irish,
and finally reorganized in 1798 by two Scotch -Irish men alone.

Not content with continuing the old churches, the American
Scotch-Irish have been leaders in the establishment of a new Pres-
byterian denomination. The Cumberland Presbyterians rank
eighth among American religious bodies, claiming two thousand
churches and about two millions of population. The most eminent
leader of this body, according to the late Dr. Beard, of Tennessee,
was Robert Donnell, who was by blood Scotch-Irish.

It is safe, therefore, to say that the Scotch-Irish form five-tenths
of the Presbyterians in America. Another tenth, perhaps, are de-
scended from pure Scotch, transported direct from their native
quarries, without the attritions of a century in Ireland, to give
them new shape and polish.

The American Scotchrlrish have largely chosen to enter new de-
nominations outside the Church of their fathers. In the great
Methodist Church, out of thirty prominent men in their early his-
tory, I find a good proportion of Scotch-Irish, among them Mac-
Closkey, MacIIenry, and MacKendree, the last named, MacKen-
dree, being the apostle of the Southwest, for whom it may justly be
claimed that he still stands chief and foremost of all American-born
leaders of the Methodist Church down to the present date.

The celebrated leader of the denomination known as the Disci-

WHAT KANNEB OF MAN WAS AND IB HE? 175

pies of Christ was the Scotch-Irishman, Alexander Campbell, born
within an hour's ride of Belfast. No other proof that Campbell
was a very great man is needed save the fact that he did what no
other power ever did : he led Scotch-Irish bj thousands to accept
of baptism by immersion. \

What tribe of Israel Can be named in which we may not find
Scotch-Irish? The volume entitled "History of the Kentucky Re-
vival, and Its Attainment of Perfection in ShakeriRm," was written
by a Scotch-Irish preacher, who attained note in Kentucky eighty
years ago by his encouraging the so-called "jerks,*' until, with several
brother ministers and many parishioners, he danced over into the sect
of the Shakers in Ohio, becoming known as the "Shaker Asaph."

In 1718 one hundred Scotch-Irish families founded Londonderry,
in New Hampshire. That one town, I find, contributed in the per-
sons of three men, bearing the title " Mac^" one-thirtieth of the
eminent Congregational ministers of the colonial period.

In the Episcopal Church I find Scotch-Irishmen among the early
leadei*s, especially MacSparran, who is credited with a large part in
the first organization.

The Scotch-Irishman, whether Old Light or New Light, whether
Presbyterian, Methodist, or Disciple, was and is by nature and
choice a theologian.

A thousand years ago John called Scotus Erigena, an Irish
Scotchman, thought literature worthy of his attention only for the
sake of philosophy, and philosophy only for the sake of religion.
And Scotch-Irish thinkers in America have been largely of like
opinion. The stout Calvinist, drilled in the "Shorter Catechism,"
is profound in metaphysics. He has a philosophy which is a training
of the mind, and, wrought out in theology, lifts the soul to such
heights and revelations, shows such depths and mysteries that the
thinker is initiated, as it were, into the very arcana of the Godhead.
For such the so-called mysteries of renowned fhtternities and their
ranks and titles are merest toys. The degree that he thinks of was
bestowed on the elect from eternity I The society and rank which
he values is older than time. The only superior for whom he has
an utterly enthusiastic self-forgetful homage is God. Near God he
stands in how many moments of rapt contemplation. Although
nature and the universe under the lens of recent science are a
thousandfold greater to him than they were to the Hebrew of
old time, he is as free and bold as he, in close, familiar, loving, but
reverent filial approach to the I Am.

176 THE SCOTOH-IRISH IN AMBBICA.

The thought of his life in its depths is such thought as I read
but a few weeks since on throe Scotch-Irish tombs in a cemetery in
a far city of Ohio, a city planted and populated largely by a Scotch-
Irish people, who moved thither in whole congregations to escape
slavery in Kentucky and the Carolinas. There, visiting the graves
of friends, my eyes were attracted by three tombs over the Cov-
enanter Gilbert Mc Master and his two Presbyterian sons, all emi-
nent doctors of the Church j and on the iSrst I read, "God, thou art
my God j" on the second, "Jehovah-Jireh; " on the third, " I will go
unto God, my exceeding joy;" and that is Calvinism in the warm
heart and the educated brain of the Scotch-Irish. God is his God.
He trusts Him to provide everything and to solve mysteries. Ex-
istence is an eternal friendship, an approaching nearer and more
near to his exceeding joy.

The Scotch-Irish in America from the beginning have been build-
ers of schoolhouses.

An American writer of frontier sketches, with a brilliant pen,
organizes his typical community thus: A Presbyterian pa^^tor as
reserve guard, a Methodist circuit rider as vanguard, and an Irish
schoolmaster. If the Yankee schoolmaster has been abroad in'
America, the Scotch-Irish pedagogue has taught in the next dis-
trict. If Noah Webster's spelling book has taught tens of millions
to spell, McGuffey's system of eclectic readers have done even more
important work, and have taught them to read words .that shaped
both mind and heart. To these men, and to such as they, America
owes it lat*gely that, like the earth before Babel, she is of one lan-
guage and one speech. It was a matter of course that the peo-
ple who had approved of John Knox and the rule of Edinburgh
Assembly of 1642, that " every parish should have a reader and a
school where children are to be bred in reading, writing, and
the grounds of religion," should stand by common schools in Amer-
ica. They began with the Scottish system of a school by every
church.

My earliest educational recollection is of my father building in
a comer of his own yard in a frontier town a house for school and
church together. The Scotch-Irish have ever been ready to join
with Christians of every name to set up schools for the people.
They are less willing to give over higher education to the state.
A quarter hundred academies and colleges were founded by Scotch-
Irishmen before 1800; and they are still disposed to cling to the
rule that since Christian men must nourish and largely pay for the

WHAT kANNEB OF MAN WAS AND IS HE? 177

higher learning, they should also govern it, and not leave it to bo
governed by ill- chosen politicians.

The American Scotch-Irishman was and is a builder of the gov-
ernment and the nation. Bancroft*8 "History of the Constitution"
says that the chairman of the committee of five who drafted the
Constitution was Rutledge, and adds: *'Eutledge was by anceslry
Scotch-Irish. On July 26 Rutledge received the resolutions. On
August 8 he gave every member the draft of the Constitution,
opening with these words, heard for the first time in the world in
the founding of governments: *We, the people, do ordain, declare,
and estabhsh this Constitution for the government of ourselves and
our posterity.' "

When the Constitution was submitted for adoption, the. three
states first to adopt it were the middle states of Delaware, Penn-
sylvania, and New Jersey, so largely settled by the Scotch-Irish.
Of Pateraon, of the last state, Bancroft says: "One of its foremost
statesmen, of Scotch-Irish descent, brought from Ireland in infancy,
he was a Federalist of the Federalists."

With these two let me name, as a third " mighty man," McEean,
of pure Scotch -Irish by both father and mother; the only man who
was, without intermission, a member of the Congress of the Revolu-
tion from its opening in 1^74 till its close in 1783. Also, he was a
President of Congress, serving at the same period as Chief Justice
of Pennsylvania. Three besides McEean of the signers of the
Declaration of Independence were natives of the North of Ireland,,
while no less than nine out of the fifly-six signera were of Irish
lineage. Remembering that the Scotch-Irish had become a consid«
erable element within only fifty years, it is surprising to find such
a large proportion of the signers Scotch-Irish. It is less astonish-
ing to find them soldiers and leaders in the Revolutionary army. •

A long list of Revolutionary generals from the North of Ireland
is chronicled by history: Richard Montgomery, the first one to fall
in the struggle, with fourteen major generals and thirty brigadier
generals.

Of the ninety-three individuals and firms that formed the Bank of
Pennsylvania to sustain the army, onethird are credited by Bagenal
with Ulster parentage, and with subscribing half a million dollars.

Why have the Scotch-Irish so wrought in our nation? Why
have one-fourth of our Presidents come of the Scotch-Irish race
which numbers hardly one eighth of our population? The answei
to this question is:
12

178 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

First, the Scotch-Irish from the beginning were citizens of
America only. They had long ago lost hold of Scotland, they had
been denied a place in Ireland; when they reached America they
said at once: " This is our home."

Secondly, the American Constitution, according to Chief Justice
Tilghman, "was greatly indebted to the standards of the Presby-
terian Church." This gave our fathers a government after their
own pattern.

Thirdly, the sundering. of Church from State, to which the
Scotch-Irish had grown, was soon adopted in every state of the
American Union.

Fourthly, the desire and love of education and the establishment
of colleges by Scotch -Irish men led a large proportion of* their sons
to go to school and thus be fitted for leadership.

Fifthly, their habits of thrift gave them a stake in the country,
and gave a fair portion of them means and leisure to care for
politics.

Sixthly, their mingled Teutonic and Celtic blood formed them a
race peculiarly fond of polities and peculiarly fitted for it.

Seventhly, their morality and religion kept their blood clean,
pure, and strong, and furnished motive; and so long as Scotch*
Irish blood flows clean and full and strong their children will still
be heard of as leaders of the state among the threescore millions
between the two great oceans.

The Scotch-Irish had a part in founding America. They have
had a part in maintaining and governing America. I must not
shun to say also that they had a large part in dividing America.
It needs no proof here that from Calhoun to Stonewall Jackson the
Scotch-Irish furnished men as able to speak and bold to fight for
secession as any; nor that from Andrew Jackson to TJ. S. Grant
the same blood was ready to flow for one united nation.

The system of American slavery was never more boldly supporterd
than by the Scotch-Irish Alexander Stephens, who said: " Our new
government's corner stone rests upon the truth that slavery is the
negro's natural and normal condition." "This stone, which was re-
jected by the first builders, is become the chief stone of the corner
of the new edifice." On the other hand, I have heard of no race
in America of which whole townships moved from South to North
to escape slavery except the Scotch-Irish. I know one such town-
«hip well, which is named "Israel," and its villages "Fair Haven"
:and "Morning Sun; " for the people fled from bondage like IsraeFs,

WHAT MANNER OF KAN WAS AND IS HE? 179

though not from being held as slaves, but from holding slaves, and
when they reached a free state and found their fair haven, they
greeted the dawhing of their new morning. The first Church in
America that went to the extreme of forbidding slaveholders com-
munion was the Beformed Church, in 1806, made up mostly of
Scotch-Irish.

Abraham Lincoln described the Scotch-Irish in the war when he
said, "Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and
each invokes His aid against the other; " for no two men can, by
logic plus passion and self-interest, get farther apart than two
Scotch-Irishmen. But to-day this is all over.

This Scotch-Irish Society seeks oneness among our people. Its
highest end is a moral end. Its iustification is not its gathering of
historic materials, nor its social enjoyments, nor its handling of grate-
ful memories. Its higher mission is to bind closer together the
eight millions of Scotch-Irish-Americans, North and South, East
and West, whom I have shown distinguished for conscience, devo-
tion to Church and school, to culture and country. We must use
our natural clan spirit, which comes to us by heredity, as a vantage
ground and help to our serving one another. If by my preaching
as the next thing to a Scripture precept this commandment, "As
we therefore have opportunity let us do good to all men, but espe-
cially to those that are of the household of the Scotch-Irish," I can
help four millions of Scotch-Irish north of Mason and Dixon line to
love better four millions south of that line, however they may dif-
fer on the negro question ; and the five millions east of the Missis-
sippi to love better the throe millions west of the Mississippi, how-
ever they may differ on the silver question, then, in the name of
God, I will preach this Scotchilrish gospel, because it is a true part
of the gospel of Jesus Christ. This Scotch-Irish Society is an ex-
pression of the true oneness of our people.

PIONEER EDUCATORS IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, PA.

BT BSV. JAMBS D. MOFFAT, D.D., PRESIDENT OF WASHINOTON AND JET-

FKRSON C0LLE09-

In the first Congress of thb Society Prof. Macloskie, in his address
on the Scotch-Irish in America, very accurately described Ojne of the
best traits in the character and history of the race when he said:
''Above all other public institutions they loved the Church and the
school. With them religion and education were inseparable; no reli-
gion without the training of the intelligence, no education divorced
from piety. The school was always planted near the church, the
schoolmaster was often^the pastor or a candidate for the ministry or
one of the pillars of the church." I suppose that every section of our
country settled in large part by the Scotch-Irish could furnish illus-
tration and proof of the statements made by Prof. Macloskie. Cer-
tainly Washington County of this state, settled almost exclusively by
the Scotch-Irish, b no exception to the general rule. So important to
the welfare of any people is the principle that religion and intelli-
gence should ever go hand in hand, that I need no other apology for
giving you an illustration of the principle, additional to several previ-
ously presented before the Society, by sketching the pioneer educators
of Washington County, and tracing the results of their labors as these
have appeared in later years.

The first ministers to enter the county were both the pioneer
preachers and the pioneer educators of Western Pennsylvania, and
they were nearly all Scotch-Irish. The leader, both in his time of set-
tling in the county and in the prominent place that he ever afterwards
occupied, was Rev. John McMillan, D.D. He was the son of Scotch-
Irish parents, William McMillan and Margaret Rea McMillan, who
came from the North of Ireland in 1742, and settled in Fagg's Manor,
Chester County, Pa. Their son John was born November 11, 1752,
and after being graduated from Princeton College in 1772, under the
presidency of John Witherspoon, he studied theology with Rev. Dr,
Robert Smith at Pequea, Lancaster County. His first trip into West-
ern Pennsylvania was made in 1775, when he was but twenty-three
years of age, and on the fourth Sabbath of August he preached the first
sermon in the county.

When, three years later, he came permanently into the county with
his family it was with the purpose fully formed not only to preach, but
to inaugurate educational work. This purpose was due to the sugges-
tion of his theological instructor, the Scotch-Irish Dr. Robert Smith,
(180)

PIONEER EDUCATORS IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, PA. 181

who eDJoined it on him to look out pious young men in the new country,'
and educate them for the future ministry of the country. This sug-
gestion met his own approval, and as soon as possible he built a log
schoolhouse, and gathered into it a number of young men, whom he
taught Latin and Greek. The exact date of the opening of this
school cannot now be determined with certainty, but it was not later
than 1782, and possibly as early as 1780. It was certainly the earli-
est school of a classical grade opened west of the mountains in this
state* Dr. McMillan not only provided the house and gave the tui-
tion gratuitously, but he also boarded a number of men \yho after-
wards became useful ministers, for which he received no compensation,
one of them later paying Mrs. McMillan forty dollars.

The second minister who settled in the county was not exactly a
Scotch-Irishman, unless his mother or some maternal ancestors were
Scotch-Irish; but he was certainly imbued with the Scotch-Irish
spirit This was Rev. Thaddeus Dod. He was of New England
stock, his great-great-grandfather having come from England to Con-
necticut In 1642. He was bom in New Jersey, and was graduated
from Princeton College at the somewhat advanced age of thirty-three.
His first visit to Washington County was in 1777, although he did not
finally settle there until 1779, when he made the fort at Ten Mile
{now called Amity), ten miles southeast of Washington, his home.
The Indians ^ere yet so numerous and dangerous in that part of the
country that no church could be erected, the people occupying for
safety the two forts, in which Mr. Dod preached regularly. But just
as soon as it was safe enough for him to put up a cabin for his family
he proceeded at once to erect another cabin for a school for teaching
the boys of the neighborhood the elements of Latin and Greek and
mathematics. This school was beyond doubt opened in 1782, as we
' have the testimony of one of the first pupils, who was afterwards
known as Rev. Jacob Lindley, D.D. Dr. Lindley describes this cab-
in as ** BufSciently large for three or four beds, with room for tables,"
etc. ; and, giving the names of thirteen students, states that they all
boarded with Mr. Dod. This school was conducted for about three
and a half years, when it was closed on account of Mr. Dod's moving
on to another farm ; and the students generally entered another school
just opened at Bufialo, six miles west of Washington, by the third
minister who settled in the county. Rev. Joseph Smith.

To illustrate the devotion of Mr. Dod to the cause of education, and
•especially his estimate of the importance of a thorough education as a
preparation for preaching the gospel, even in those wilds, I may men-

182 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

tion the fact that an independent presbytery had been formed in New
Jersey whose members believed it wise to license young men who had
but a limited education, so that the demand for ministers might be met
more speedily. Several of these hastily licensed young men remain-
ing uncalled for some time, Mr. Dod was asked if some of them could
not be profitably taken to Western Pennsylvania. Mr. Dod replied
iu a kind of a parable, saying that Western Pennsylvania was a
very rough, hilly country, and that the roots of trees still green re-'
quired a very strong, well-trained team to break up the ground, and
he did not think that two-year-old steers would answer. ^

The Rev. Joseph Smith, also a graduate of Princeton College, was
as deeply inter^tcd in the work of education as' his copresbyters,
McMillan and Dod, although he opened a school a few years later
than they did. This school was also held in a log cabin, which had
b^n erected as an addition to his own residence, and was designed to
be used as a kitchen. But his wife generously gave it up to school
purposes, and with restricted facilities for cooking undertook the task
of boarding a considerable addition to her family. The young men
in these schools had not only to be taught and boarded at the expense
of their teachers, but they needed also to be clothed. But the Scotch-
Irish women of the country were equal to the task, and cheerfully un-
dertook it. One of them, Mrs. Irwin, giving her recollections years
afterwards, tells how the women of five congregations made summer
and winter clothing for the students, ^* coloring linen for summer wear
in a dye made of new-mown hay, and sending woolen cloth by mer-
chants, east of the mountains to be fulled and dressed, and brought
back with them on their return."

Thus it is certain that the three ministers who first settled in the
county were all deeply interested in the work of education, and took
active part in the teaching, regarding this as a most important part of '
their mission. Their schools were not rival schools, nor does any one
of them seem to have supposed that his school would be a permanent
one, supplanting the others and growing into something higher. It is
reasonable to suppose, from all we certainly know, that these three
men had a tacit understanding that they must take turns in bearing
the burdena of teaching. After Mr. Dod had taught for three years,
his pupils went to Mr. Smith, and then later the same students are
found in Mr. McMillan's schooL

But the noteworthy fact is that such schools should be found in the
midst of such surroundings. As the late Prof Patterson expressed it,
'*It reflects the highest honor on these illustrious men that scarce

PIONEER EBU0AT0B8 IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, PA. 183

thirty years were sufiered to elapse after the first daring adventurer
had penetrated a hitherto pathless wilderness — thirty years, not of
prosperity, but of painful vigilance and struggle, of unexampled hard-
ships and heroic endurance — until the poetry and eloquence o^' Greece
and Rome, the truths of modern science and of sacred learning, had
found three bumble halls, three devoted instructors, and a score of as-
siduous pupils, though the war whoop of the retreating savage still
echoed within the surrounding valleys, and his council fires still
blazed upon the hills." Dr. Carnahan, who was a student in Canons-
burg Academy, and afterwards President of Princeton College, writing
in 1848 his personal recollections of the early life, says that ifi the
whole of what was then Westmoreland County, embracing Washing-
ton, *' there was not, in 1781, a single stone or brick or frame house.
AH the inhabitants lived in log cabins " — with earthen floor or rudely
hewn boards, and for windows, a small square hole cut in between two
logs, and closed with oiled paper or linen. There was a lack of all
those conveniences which we regard aa simple necessities. Dr. McMil-
lan says that when he and his wife began housekeeping in their first
cabin, they " had neither bedstead, nor table, nor chair, nor stool, nor
pail, nor bucket We placed two boxes on each other, which served
us for a table, and two kegs served us for seats, and having committed
ourselves to God in family worship, we spread a bed on the floor and
slept soundly until morning. Sometimes we had no bread for weeks
together, but we had plenty of pumpkins and potatoes, and all the
necessaries of life; and as for the luxuries, we were not much con-
cerned about them." Dr. Ralston, referring to the same period, or a
little later, writes: "Our wives and daughters were industrious, and
made much homespun, and we wore jit. I did not buy a coat for
thirty or thirty-five years." And Dr. Junkin tells a story of a certain
blue cloth coat, which somehow found its way into that country, and
as it was the only dress coat in the whole section it was made to do
duty at nineteen weddings, nineteen bridegrooms in succession secur-
ing by purchase or loan the use of it, for the one occasion in even a
pioneer's life when he wants to appear well dressed.

And yet Latin and Greek could be learned in the schools of these
Bcotch-Irish pioneers wanting nearly all the conveniences of oivilized
life I And to show you how these outwardly rude people appreciated
the educational eflbrts of their pastors let me read a few names from
an old subscription list, bearing the date of 1794, which exhibits the
liberal gifts of the people toward the academy, the results of their
own labor in the field and at the loom: "James Ewing, five bushels

184 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

wheat, @ 2d ; Robert Moore, two bushels wheat ; John Logan, two
bushels wheat; James Laird, four bushels wheat; Samuel Riddle, 7s 6d;
John McMillan, $1; Joseph Patterson, S6 ; Mrs. Vallandingham, six
yards linen; A. Nesbit, three yards linen; Widow Riddle, three yards
linen; her daughter Mary, three yards linen; James McBride, three
bushels rye;" and one subscription was payable in wbisky, which,
coming from an old-fashioned Scotch-Irishman, represents, I think, a
good degree of self-denial.

It might be thought by some that these three preachers were inter-
ested only ii\ securing helpers and successors in the work uf the minis-
try, and not in the general cause of education ; but this would be do-
ing them injustice. Their views were broad and their sympathies
wide. Seeing clearly that their own labors were restricted, and that
all they could do as mere teachers would fall short of securing to the
whole community the benefit of liberal culture, they united with others
to secure the founding of a permanent academy at the county seat.
The Washington Academy was chartered September 24, 1787, and the
state gave a donation later of five thousand acres of land. The first
meeting of the trustees was held in Philadelphia November 15, 1787.
Benjamin Franklin was interested in this backwoods academy, coun-
seled with the trustees, and gave the first gift toward a library — fifty
pounds, which were expended in the purchase of books. Among the
early trustees we find the names of the following ministers: Messrs.
McMillan, Dod, Smith, Clark, Henderson, and Gorbly, all who were
then settled in the county. Thaddeus Dod was the Principal, and the
upper rooms of the courthouse were occupied until the courthouse was
burned, in 1791. The difficulty of finding another place caused the
suspension jof the academy, and the discouragement of the ministerial
mem hers of the Boar^ of Trustees. Col. Canon, the princi pal proprietor
of the town of Canonsburg, now ofiTered a lot and the advance of money
needed tc erect a good stone building. His ofiTer was promptly accept-
ed, and the ministers of the county immediately transferred their alle-
giance to the new academy as promising to realize their hopes more
surely and quickly. Thus the academy at Canonsburg was started on
a career of prosperity so great and steady that in 1802 a college char-
ter was procured for it under the name of Jefferson College.

In considering the temporary suspension of the Washington Acade-
my fairness demands that we should take note of the fact that the
trustees had little else than a charter on which to found an academy.
At that time the five thousand acres of land were only promised ; they
were not yet located, and of course no use could be mlule of them.

PIONEER EDUCATORS IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, PA. 185

Moreover, while it was true that there was in Washiogton considerable
iadifierence towarfl education, it was also true that there was a like
indifference toward religion. A ^church was not yet organized in the
town, although it had for ten years been the county seat The suc-
cessful founding of the academy at Canonsburg 4iroused in Washing-
ton the Scotch-Irish trait which causes us to rebel against taking the
second place, and so they started the academy again, but it never got
fairly on its feet as a rival academy until there was religion enough
developed in the place to justify the organization of a church. Canons-
burg, on the other hand, was in close proximity to Dr. McMillan's
church, and its academy waff opened with solemn religious exercises.
For Scotch-Irish development religion must be intelligent, and intelli-
gence must be religious. Indifference to one causes in time deteriora-
tion in the other.

Now what effected the needed change in Washington so that there
should be the necessary interest in both religion and education? It was
the coming into the place of a Scotch-Irish minister who combined these
two qualities, and possessed them in the highest degree, the Rev. Mat-
thew Brown, who becaine at once the pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church and the Principal of the academy. ,

John Brown, a native of Ireland, of Scottish descent, came to
this country about 1720, and settled in Pennsylvania. His son Mat-
thew was the father of the Matthew Brown of whom I speak. His
father dying when he was two years old, he was adopted by his uncle
William Brown, who as one of the commissioners of this (Dauphin)
county assisted in laying out this town of Harrisburg. He was also
a member of the Legislature and a member of the Constitutional Con-
vention of 1790. He ifl said to have been the first to propose the
gradual emancipation of the slaves within the commonwealth. His
nephew was in due time educated at Dickinson College, and, after
teaching and preaching for a few years, was called to the pastorate of
the First Church and to the principalship of the academy in Wash-
ington in 1805.

I cannot forbear to remark that this double call was not merely
because both institutions wanted the same man, but was the result of
the adoption of the principle of which I have spoken, the common
interest of the school and church.

In 1804 the board became convinced that the academy must form
a kind of alliance with the church. The Presbyterians were using the
academy and depending on it, and now the academy must use the
Presbyterians if it is ever to do any good. It is probable, too, that by

Iii6 THE SCOTCIMUISH IN AMEUICA.

this time the trustees had become identified with the church. At buj
rate, I find a resolution on the minutes of the board that might just as
well have been ofiered in a congregational meeting; and it seems not
improbable that it was first passed in a congregational meeting, and
then ofiered to the board.

To show you how completely the academy and the church were be-
confing blended, I must read the resolution just as it is recorded. No-
vember 24, 1804, " Moved and seconded that it would be unwise and
imprudent to have any person established aa the pastor of this congre-
gation who is not fully qualified to superintend as well the afiTairs of
the congregation as those of our academical institution ; therefore re-
solved that it be earnestly recommended to the members of tliis board,
and all others, to make use of every exertion to have some person
of suitable qualifications and competent talents established in this place
as the pastor of this congregation and the Principal of our academy."
"This was passed unanimously, and a few months later Rev. Matthew
Brown was called to the pastorate, and the board of trustees of the
academy voted him a salary of £100 per year.

8o great and rapid was the progress the academy made under Dr.
Matthew Brown, that in 1806 a charter was obtained for Washington
College. The history of the development of the academy into the
college illustrates the importance of the alliance between education
and religion, at least in that early day.

It is not my purpose to give a history of the progress of education
in Washington County, and so I forbear to trace now the development
of these two colleges (Washington and Jefierson), and of the one
which has grown out of their union. My purpose has been to give a
brief account of the pioneer educators as illustrating the best of all
Scotch-Irish traits, the combined love of religion and education. But
the facts already presented will fail to produce their iuU efiect if I do
not say something of the results of these pioneer labors.

Washington County, principally because of its devotion to Christian
education, very early became the center of all missionary efibrt over the
country farther west. The records of the Presbytery of Redstone show
that its ministers were sent as missionaries and supplies northward as far
as Mead vi lie and Erie, and westward into Ohio to Steubenville, New
Lisbon, St. Clairsville, Youngstown, Gallipolis, Cadiz, Chillicothe,
Canton, Newark, Hudson, and other points, and even as far away as
Detroit. Had the pioneer preachers of Washington County not been
educators as well, how different might have been the religious history
of Western Pennsylvania and Ohio and West Virginia I

PIONEER EDUCATORS IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, PA. 187

Moreover, whatever good may have been accompliahed by the grad*
uates of WashiDgton County colleges is also to be included among the
results of the labors of the Scotch-Irish pioneer educators. Over
three thouBand seven hundred graduates, and probably three thousand
more partially educated men, have gone from the walls of the two col-
leges which trace their origin to McMillan and Dod. Over sixteen
hundred of these have carried the Scotch-Irish devotion to a combined
religion and intelligence to the highest degree, and have entered the
ministry. And, lest any one should suspect that these have been
largely poor preachers, let me say that no less than eighteen of them
have reached the highest office within the gift of their respective de-
nominations, and have been Moderators of Assemblies, if I may in-
clude in the eighteen Bishop McLaren, of Chicago, whose position as
bbhop may be said to correspond in prominence to that of Moderator.

The representation of the college in the Episcopal Church is nat-
urally very small, but it includes one bishop and two others who have
been prominently named as likely to become bishops (Rev. Dr. Greer,
of New York, and Rev. Dr. 8. D. McConnell, of Brooklyn). About
seventy have presided over colleges and universities, and one hundred
and seventy have been professors in institutions higher than academies.

Among the nine hundred lawyers have been men no less distiu-
guished. Of these, fully one hundred became judges, over twenty
reaching the highest bench in their own states. Among those who
have occupied the supreme bench in our own state in recent years, I
may mention Chief Justice Mercur and Chief Justice Sterrett and
Justices Clark and Dean. To these may be added our representation
in the Superior Court, ex-Gov. Beaver and Judge Orlady.

Taken mainly from the nine hundred lawyers have been over two
hundred Legislators, about seventy Congressmen, and eleven United
States Senators, including Hon. James Hoss, the first representative of
this commonwealth in the United States Senate, who was .a pupil and
assistant of Dr. McMillan, and our latest representative, Hon. M. S.
Quay. Four men have served in the President's cabinet: Hon. T. M.
T. McKennan, who was Secretary of the Interior in 1850; Hon. Hen-
ry Stansbury, Attorney-general in 1866-68; Hon. B. H. Bristow, Sec-
retary of the Treasury under Grant; and Hon. James* G. Blaine, who
twice filled with so much ability the Secretaryship of State.

If such a record as this does not prove the wisdom of our taking an
active and earnest interest in Christian education and in educated re-
ligion, then there is no truth in the saying that the tree is to be judged
by its fruits.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY.

BY BBV. GEORGB MOBCROSS, DJD., PASTOR OF THE 8E0OND PRBBBYTEIUAN CHURCH,

CARIJ8LE, PA.

I HAVE beeu asked to tell the story of the Scotch-Irish in the Cum-
berland Valley.

Though the theme is rather trite in this region, it has received so
far no attention in the many able papers which have been published
by this Society.

The Cumberland Valley extends from the Susquehanna to the Po-
tomac, a distance of about sixty miles, with an average width of from
ten to twenty miles. This beautiful valley is set in a rustic frame of
mountains, on*which the eye rests with peculiar pleasure. The region
received its present name after the formation of Cumberland County,
in 1750. Previous to this it had been known by it» Indian name as the
'' Kittochtinny Valley," though the early settlers in York County called
it the " North Valley." Blessed with a salubrious climate, a fertile soil,
and abounding springs of water, it has long been celebrated as one of
the richest agricultural regions of the country.

When first invaded by the white man the valley seems not to have
been covered by a dense forest, as generally supposed, but much of it
was open '' barrens," with scattering trees, while thick groves of pri-
meval forest shaded the water courses. At this time it was not occu-
pied by the Indians in any great numbers. Wandering parties
crossed the region in pursuit of game, but the permanent lodges of the
aborigines were then farther north and west.

The Cumberland Valley is not large, but it is so situated as to have
had a peculiar influence on the early settlement of our race in this
country. It was open for settlement when the largest wave of emigra-
tion from Ulster set in, and it became a seed plat from which many
plants have been transferred to all other parts of this continent, and
sven to the ends of the earth. The generous invitation which Wil-
liam Penn extended to tlie oppressed of all nations brought our ances-
tor to this friendly colony, where this man was making, as he de-
clared, *' a holy experiment " in the interest of civil and religious liberty.

They were a hardy race, born and bred in the school of adversity.
They cherished the memories of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart,
John Knox, and the martyr heroes of the Grass Market in old Edin-
(188)

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBEBLAND VALLEY. 189

burgh. They knew the history of Bothwell Brig and the battle of the
Boyne equally well, for they had learned them both at a mother'^
knee. When they came to this country they had been " harried " out
of two kingdoms, and cherished sacred and awful memories of them
both. They sought freedom to worship God according to the plain
teaching of His word, but they also sought a place where they might
lay the hearthstone and build up the sacred shrine of family life be-
yond the reach of a bishop's court and the hated stigmas of its cruel
edicts. They were willing to cross the stormy deep, and make a home
in '' Penn*s Woods/' taking all the risk that was involved in such an
enterprise, if they might be free from those despotic methods in both
Church and State to which they had so Ipng been subjected.

In speaking of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, Mr. Bancroft says:
'' Their training in Ireland had kept the spirit of liberty and the read-
iness to resist unjust government as fresh in their hearts as though
they had just been listening to the preachings of Knox or musing over
the political creed of the Westminster Assembly. They brought to
America no loyal love for England; and their experience and their
religion bade them meet oppression with resistance." *

This heroic people generally landed at Newcastle or Philadelphia^
and when they began to come their numbers were such as to cause
some dismay to the gentle Friends. James Logan wrote in 1729: ''It
looks to me as if Ireland is to send all its inhabitants iiither ; for last
week not less than six ships arrived." f He adds: ''The common fear
is that, if they continue to come, they will make themselves proprie-
tors of the province." This fear was not without some warrant, for
they did continue to come. Dr. Baird, in his " History of Religion
in America," states that " from 1729 to 1750 about 12,000 annually
came from Ulster to America."

It is true that these did not all come to Pennsylvania, but it is safe
to say that the majority passed into this province. Other colonies
were encumbered with State establishments in religion. The people
of Ulster had experienced enough of that, and all they wanted was
liberty. The word had crossed the sea that such freedom was to be
fouud in Penn's Arcadia in the wilderness, and to this land of prom-
ise they set their faces. Some remained in the eastern part of the
province, but the more resolute and determined pushed out to the
frontier, and the ground on which we stand to-day was the very out-
post of that frontier early in last century.

* History, U. S., Vol. III., p. 29.
t Rupp's " History."

190

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Several reasonB might be mentioned aa contributing to this move-
ment' toward the front The best land had been taken up at the east
end of the province, and manj of the Scotch-Irish emigrants were too
poor to bu J the improved farms of the East, though it' must not be
supposed that the early settlers in the Cumberland Valley were all
poor. Those who came about the middle of last century had just
clo^ out leases in the old country on such favorable terms that they
could not retain their farms without paying more, and it is fair to pre-
sume that many of them brought quite a competence with them.

Then as a matter of fact they did not care to settle down among a
people so alien in language as the Germans or so peculiar in religious
belief as the Friends. They were said by their enemies to be '* clan-
nish ; " and if loving one's own race and religion deserves that epith^,
then we must allow that the charge was just Besides all this, when
once the stream set in, the crowd was so great that an overflow to the
frontier was inevitable.

Naturally the unoccupied parts of what* is now Lancaster and Dau-
phin (bounties were first appropriated. Here came those *^ Pazton
Boys," §0 feared and hated half a century later. For a time the blue
waters of the Susquehanna formed the western boundary of even
Scotch-Irish audacity; but this natural limit was so6n overpassed, and
hardy, adventurous spirits began to pour into the beautiful region be-
yond, and to exercise those rights of *' squatter sovereignty " so well
known and oft repeated on the American frontier.

It must be confessed that the frank and rather forward manners of
our ancestry did not exactly please the serene amiability of our Qua-
ker friends. It is to be feared that they were sometimes sorely tempt-
ed to regret that their leader Penn had been so very liberal in his in-
' vitation to the oppressed in all lands to come and share in the bless-
ings of his " holy experiment" When that great and good man had
passed away, and the business of his descendants had passed into the
hands of their scheming agents, who had their own plans for personal
aggrandizement, it is not strange that criminations and recriminations
were frequent between the two parties.

James Logan himself, the agent of the Penns« was of the Scotch-
Irish race, but he had accepted most of the principles held by the
Quakers, and in the letter already quoted he says, without disguise,
that the people from Ulster were "not wanted" in this province.
With such a reception as he would accord them, it is not strange that
they wished to move on and take possession of the unoccupied wil-
derness.

THE 800T0H-IBI8H IN THE OUMBERLANP VALLEY. 191

But who was this people thus depreciated, if not despised ? To an-
swer this question in this presence would be like "carrying coals to
Newcastle^' or petroleum to Oil City. We are all pledged to the opin-
ion that they were about the grandest people that ever lived. They
were strenuous asserters of civil and religious freedom. They were
intelligent and patriotic. They were thrifty and hardy. It has been
well said of them : " They were always contented with little, though
happy with more." But they were not a luxurious people; they had
not slept EToflly or fared sumptuously for many generations.

Though on religious principle they were law-abiding, yet for near-
ly two hundred years the law had generally been against them. They
brought to this country an indignant sense of outraged rights and per-
secuted piety. They never claimed to belong to the ^* non-resistant
party;" for they had been trained in the school of John Knox, who
taught what another had so felicitously expressed, that ^* resistance to
tyrants is obedience to God."

" This was the class of people," says Dr. Wing, * " by which the
county of Cumberland was at first settled, and for more than forty
years afterwards there was scarcely a mingling of any other in its
population."

Only a narrow river, the Potomac, separates the Cumberland from
the great valley of Virginia, the Shenandoah. After a short stay in
the Cumberland Valley many passed on into Virginia, and thence
spread over the South and West. As soon as the western part of the
province was opened up to emigration by the purchase' from the In-
dians of that region then known as the Westmoreland country, the
tide of emigration set in that direction, and many families that had
remained for a generation in the Cumberland Valley sought to im-
prove their condition by going west. The witticism of Charles Dick-
ens, that ** an American would not accept a place in heaven unless he
were allowed to move west," has never found a better illustration
than in the Scotch-Irish race.

But now the question may be asked : *' What did these peopledo
that is worthy of record? " I propose to consider

I. The Influence of the Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland Val-
ley ON THE History of Eeliqion in this Country.

A recent writer on the " Making of Pennsylvania," who seems to
bave inherited the prejudices of the last century, quotes with evident
gusto the saying of Winthrop Sargent that "the Scotch- Irish always f

* " History of Cumberland County, Pa.," p. 15.
t"The Making of Pennsylvania," p. 181.

192 THK SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

dothed themselves with curses as with a gariuent." The saying is a
very happy introduction to several profane anecdotes with which the
writer has been pleased to disfigure his book, but it certainly does the
race injustice. It is not the memory which has come down to us from
the pious men who founded the churches of the valley.

While it is certainly true that the race have not all been saints, yet
as a class they were a truly religious people. They had suffered much
for the sake of their religious principles. They brought the Bible, the
Confession of Faith, and the Psalm Book with them, and the chain of
churches which they founded in the Cumberland Valley is proof of
their devotion and religious zeal. The organization of these churches
is not a matter of record. It is a curious fact which illustrates weU
the religious spirit of these people that as soon as we find any trace of
their settlements in the valley their churches are there as a part of
their very existence.

The earliest notice of ministers visiting the valley is in 1734, when
the Presbytery of Donegal ** ordered Mr, Alexander Craighead to sup-
ply over the river two or three Sabbaths in November." The next year
Thomson, Bertram, and Craighead were sent to supply the people in
the same region.

These early churches of the valley are well worthy of more notice
than we can give them in a short paper. They have been the pride
of our people from the very beginning. As their names indicate, they
wer^ generally located by the natural springs so abundant in this lime-
stone region. *

Let us pass up the valley, glancing hastily at each of these early
. churches founded by the fathers. Taken in order, from east to west,
the first is the

Silver Spring Church ( Lower or East Pennsbard),

This venerable church still exists, and is a sturdy witness for the truth,
though it has divided its original territory with the church in Mechan-
icsburg. The first pastor was Rev. Samuel Thomson, who was or-
dained and installed (1739) the same day over both East and West
Pennsboro. The early meetinghouse was built of logs, but in
1783 the congregation erected a more substantial structure of stone,
which is still standing. This noble work was accomplished in the ear-
ly pastorate of Rev. Samuel Waugh, ** the first American pastor '* of
this congregation. This church stands near a beautiful spring, which
derives its name from James Silvers, who in 1735 took out a warrant
for the land on which the spring rises. Though the name doubtless

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 193

yfBB derived from the^ origiDal proprietor, yet the corporate name of
the church is Silver Spring.

First Churchy Carlisle ( Upper or WeM, Pennsbard),

Passing up the valley, the next one of the early churches was located
at Meeting House Springs, on the banks of the Connodoguinet Creek,
near to Carlisle. Though farther west, it was founded quite as early
as the church at Silver Spring. Since 1833 it has shared' the .field
with the Second Church of the same denomination. The first pastor
at the Meeting House Springs was Rev. Samuel Thomson. The house
that he preached in was undoubtedly a log structure, but no relic of
this ancient sanctuary remains; for soon after the town of Carlisle
was laid out (1751) the congregation decided to build within the bor-
ough limits.

During the time of division intQ " New Lights" and " Old Lights"
two churches were built in Carlisle, one under the pastoral care of
Rev. George Duffield, who^ at a later day, was chaplain of the Conti-
nental Congress in Philadelphia; the other was served by Rev. John
Steel, ^ho showed his fitness for work in the Church militant by both
fighting and preaching. During the Indian Wars he was commis-
sioned by the governor as a captain of militia. He served his day and
generation well, and then went home to the land of rest and peace
(1779) during the Revolutionary War, for which he was duly en-
rolled as " Rev. Capt. Steel.'* *

This man, whose name will ever be held in grateful remembrance
in the Cumberland Valley, was born in Ireland, and licensed to
preach by the Presbytery of Londonderry. He came to America in
1742, and most of his ministry was spent in this valley. During all
the Indian wars he miilistered to a people with rifles in their hands,
while his own gun was standing in the pulpit beside him.

The gentle and amiable Dr. Robert Davidson began his pastorate
at Carlisle in 1785. It was early in his ministry that the two congre-
gations in Carlisle were happily united, and the venerable stone
church on the public square (which was begun under the ministry of
Steel) was finished by the addition of a gallery. This edifice remains
to this day a solid memorial of the men who laid its massive founda-
tions in 1769.

The Church of Big Spring (Hopewell). -^--^ -

Passing up the valley, we find the next of these early churches at

* " Centennial Memorial, Presbytery of Carlisle," Vol. I., p. 195. See also
" First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle," by Rev. Dr. C. P. Wing.
13

/ / ■

194 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Big Spring (now Newville). Though the first call which appeared in
Presbytery from any of these churches was fnom the congregation at
Meeting House Springs (Carlisle) for the services of Rev. Samuel
Thomson (1737), yet the first pastor actually instated was Rev.
Thomas Creaghead,^ called '* Father Creaghead " in the minutes of
the Presbytery.

This venerable man was the son of Rev. Robert Creaghead, who
was in the siege of Londonderry, and the father of Rev. Alexander
Creaghead, who afterwards removed to the region of Mecklenburg,
N. C, where his advanced political views bore fruit after his death
(1766) in the -Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence (1775).
This apostle of civil and religious liberty was the first man to preach
in this valley; and he, by the appointment of Presbytery, installed his
own father, Rev. Thomas Creaghead, pastor of the church at Big
Spring, October, 1738.t

Thomas Creaghead, the first pastor of Hopewell Church, was an
able preacher, and greatly beloved by his people. Under his impas-
sioned sermons his audience was frequently melted to tears, and some-
times was unwilling to disperse at the close of the service. On one of
these occasions (in April, 1739) he became exhausted, and hastened
to pronounce the benediction. Waving his hand, he exclaimed,
" Farewell I " and sunk down and expired in the pulpit. There is a
tradition that his remains were buried beneath the pulpit in the old
church in which he died.

•

The Middle Spring Church.

The next meeting place of the Presbyterians up the valley was at
Middle Spring, about three miles north of Shippensburg. This con-
gregation was at first a part of the Big Spring charge. On the min-
utes of the Presbytery they share the name Hopewell. After the sep-
aration of Middle Spring from Big Spring the former was called for a
time Upper Hopewell, and the latter Lower Hopewell.

The first house of worship here was built of logs, and was erected
about 1737. The congregation increased so rapidly that a larger
house was found necessary, and again the material used was logs. In
1781 a stone church was built on higher ground, near the site of the pres-
ent church. This building stood until 1848, when it gave place to the
present substantial brick structure.

*The name is now generally spelled Craighead.

t" Craighead Genealogy," p. 39; "Centennial Memorial, Presbytery of
Carlisle," Vol. II., p. -4.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY, 195

This congregation has always been strong and influential, though
for many yeam it has divided the field with the flourishing church of
Shippensburg. The church in town was originally Associate Re-
formed, but since 1825 it has belonged to the presbytery of Carlisle.
From 1765 to 1854, a period of nearly one hundred years, the church
of Middle Spring had but two pastors, Bev. Robert Cooper, DJ},, and
Rev. John Moodey, D.D., both men of mark and power. In times of
peace and war its pastors and people have played no unimportant
part in the affairs of Church and State.

The Rocky Spring Church.

The next beacon light for the early Presbyterians, passing up the
valley, was at Rocky Spring. It is generally agreed that its organi-
zation occurred about 1739.*

One of its earliest and most distinguished pastors was Rev. John
Blair, who served the three churches, Rocky Spring, Middle Spring,
and Big Spring. He was a strenuous supporter of the " New Light "
party of the last century, and was never connected with the Presby-
tery of Donegal. Hence we have very little record of the church in
those early days. His pastorate b supposed to have lasted from 1742
to 1755, when the whole frontier was devastated by the Indians, and
he retired to the east with many of his people, j" Mr. Blair never re-
turned to Rocky Spring, but on the decease of his brother, Rev. Sam-
uel Blair, he accepted a call to be his successor at Fagg's Manor in
1757.

Rev. John Craighead, who lived and died on the field, was the sec-
ond pastor of the Rocky Spring Church. He was the heroic pastor
who in the dark days of the Revolution led his people to the tented
field and fought bravely under Washington for American independ-
ence. In this arduous struggle his neighbor. Rev. Robert Cooper,
D.D., pastor of the Middle Spring Church, was his companion.

One story oft repeated has come down to us which well illustrates
the spirit of the men and the age. As they were going into battle one
day a cannon ball struck a tree near Mr. Craighead and dashed ofi* a
huge splinter which nearly knocked him down. "God bless me I"
exclaimed Mr. Cooper, "you were nearly knocked to staves!" Well,
yes," was the ready reply of his jocular friend; " and though you are
a cooper, you could not have set me up."

♦"Centennial Memorial, Presbytrry of Carlisle," Vol. I., p. 209.
t" Centennial Memorial, Presbytery of Carlisle," Vol. I., pp. 198, 209;
also " The Log Cc^lege," p. 197.

196 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

These worthy men, however, never forgot their high calling as am-
bassadors for Christ. When in camp they acted as chaplains to their
soldiers, and labored with commendable zeal for their moral and spir-
itual improvement, and when independence was secured they returned
to the valley and resumed the usual functions of the sacred ministry.

Falling Spring Church, Chamber shurg.

One of the earliest settlements in the valley was made where Cham-
bersburg now stands. Here Benjamin Chambers, the youngest of four
brothers who had emigrated from County Antrim, Ireland, was al-
lowed by the proprietaries in 1730 to ^'s, his claim. He was on friendly
terms with the Indians, and suffered no molestation from them until
the beginning of the French and Indian war. The settlement was
known by the name of Falling Spring until 1764, when the town of
Chambersburg was laid out and named after the proprietor.

By appointment of the Presbytery the Revs. Samuel Thomson and
Samuel Caven supplied " the people of Conococheague " much of the
time during the years of 1737 and 1738. By this general description
was meant the people at the various settlements along the Conoco-
cheague creek. The churches have generally gravitated to the towns
and are now known severally as the Mercersburg, Greencastle, Robert
Kennedy Memorial, and Falling Spring Church, Chambersburg.

The first pastor at the Falling Spring Church was Rev. Samuel
Caven, who was ordained and installed November 16, 1739, but his
pastorate here terminated in 1741. He was afterwards pastor of the
Silver Spring Church, where he died November 9, 1750.

It has been the good fortune of the Falling Spring Church, Cham-
bersburg, to remain where it was first planted. It has one of the most
beautiful locations in all the valley, and as we wander through its
ample grounds and its quiet churchyard, where now rest the sacred
dust of many generations, we are reminded of the refined taste of the
man. Col. Benjamin Chambers,* who, January 1, 1768, deeded the
ground to the congregation for '* the yearly rent or consideration of one
rose if required."

The present church edifice is a substantial stone building which
passed unscathed through the fires of invasion in 1863, and still re-
mains a sacred memorial to the taste and piety of those who built its
massive walls in 1803.

The Mercersburg Church (JJpper West Conococheague),
The earliest date assigned for the organization of the church in this

*Neviii'8 "Churches of the Valley," p. 141.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 197

region is 1738. There seems to have been several difierent preaching
places for these " Conocogig " people, as the congregation embraced
ail the region afterwards occupied bj the churches of Welsh Run,
Loudon, and St. Thomas — a region al>out fourteen miles square.

The first meetinghouse was a rude log building erected at " Church
Hill," a place about two and one-half miles from the present town of
Mercersburg. Owing to the perils connected with the Indian wars,
the church was surrounded by a stockade. Their first pastor, Rev.
John Steel, who was afterwards pastor of the church in Carlisle, was the
leader of his people in war as well as peace. The people went to the house
of God on the Sabbath day all armed and ready for any emergency.

In 1819 the old log church gave place to a stone building, and as
the rough walls were covered with plaster, it was- known as the
*• White Church.' It was occupied until 1855, shortly after which it
was torn down, and services were confined to the church in town.

The town of Mercersburg was laid out in 1786. To meet the wants
of the population which soon collected here, a house of worship was
erected in 1794. The stone church which was then built, having been
thoroughly renovated, is still occupied by the congregation, though
very little remains of the original structure either in plan or app^r-

ance.*

Greencastle Church (East Conococheague),

The greater part of Franklin County is watered by the Conocochea-
gue Creek. It is divided into two branches known as the east and west
creeks of that name. This general region appears on the minutes of
the Donegal Presbytery as the "Conococheague Settlement," of "the
People on the Conococheague." The flood of Scotch-Irish immigra-
tion was so great that settlements were made almost simultaneously
throughout the entire length of the Cumberland Valley. The Presby-
tery of Donegal " sent supplies to the people of the Conococheague
almost as soon as to the people of the Conodoguinnet"

As early as 1738 the congregation of East Conococheague was di-
vided.f The clerk of the Presbytery describes the region in rather
vague terms, but the record is plain as to the fact that the congrega-
tion had agreed to divide, and that the Presbytery consented to the
division while expressing the opinion that the people had acted some-
what hastily in separating without the consent of the Presbytery.

* Dr. Thomas Creigh's " Historical Discourse in Nevin's Churches of the
Valley," and Rev. William A. West in ** Centennial Memorial of Carlisle
Presbytery," I., 205.

t Nevin's " Churches of the Valley," page 162.

198 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The eastern part of the congregation thus divided embraced that re-
gion which is now known as the town of Green castle and its vicinity,
but which was then called " East Conococheague."

We would naturally suppose that the other part of this divided con-
gregation was the church on the west branch of the Conococheague
and now known as the church of Mercersburg. But this wajB not the
case. Besides these two centers, which still remain strong congrega-
t;ions, there was another located between them which was "New Light '^
in its sympathies, and which kept up a separate existence until about
the beginning of this century. It will come into notice again in tbc
sketch of Welsh Run (Lower West Conococheague), with which it was
associated for years under the ministry of Rev. Thomas McPherrin.

The first building used- as a place of public worship within thcv
bounds of the East Conococheague congregation was probably a lo^
house, and was greeted near a spring on the lands of William Rankin,
about three-quarters of a mile east of Greencastle. About the middle
of last century a better house was erected, which became historic as
the ** Old Red Meeting House.*' This church building is quite mi
nutely described in Nevin's " Churches of the Valley." It was a
frame building and painted red. During the ministry of Rev. Robert
Kennedy the church was enlarged by an addition of twelve feet to the
front. The "Old Red Meeting House" was occupied until 1828,
when it was torn down and a plain brick church 50x60 feet was erect-
ed in the town of Greencastle. This building, which has been greatly
improved,' is still occupied by the congregation.

The Church at Greencastle was strengthened by the addition of an-
other congregation in 1825. As far back as 4783 the Rev. Matthew
Lind settled at Greencastle as pastor of the Associate Reformed con-
gregation. In 1791 the congregation erected what was known as the .
" White Church." This plain little building became historic. Here
the Associate Reformed Synod met in 1799, when the standards of
that Church were adopted. Here the first General Synod held its
sessions in 1804. Her Dr. John M. Mason made his celebrated
defense of open communion. Rev. Matthew Lind was pastor of this
Church, 1783-1800; John Young, 1800-1803; John Lind, 1804-1824.
In 1825 the congregation placed itself under the care of the Presby-
tery of Carlisle, and the Rev. Matthew Lind Fullerton became its
pastor. After Mr. FuUerton's death, in 1833, the " White Church"
and the "Red Church" people were united under the pastorate of
Rev. James Buchanan, who, though greatly beloved, was compelled
by failing health to resign his charge in 1839. This congregation.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 199

under a succession of worthy pastors, has still remained united and
prosperous.*

Robert Kennedy Memorial Church (^Lower West Conoco :heague\

Welsh Run,

This Church had its origin in the divided state of the Church at
large during the New Light and the Old Light controversy of last
century. In 1741 it was organized as a New Side Church, and was
closely associated with the New Side branch of East Conococheagqe
congregation, which was mentioned in connection with the Greencastle
Church. For a time these people were served liy a Rev. Mr. Dunlap,
and afterwards by the Rev. James Campbell, a member of the Presby-
tery of New Castle. The labors of the latter were s^nt on this field
for several years about the middle of last century. In 1774 the Rev.
Thomas McPherrin became pastor of the congregations of East Cono-
cocheague (New Side branch). Lower West Conococheague, and Jeru-
salem (Hagerstown). He continued pastor of at least part of this
charge ^until 1799. Rev. Robert Kennedy, a roan of keen intellect
and scholarly tastes, became pastor in 1803. In this region he spent
forty years of ministerial service, which has been commemorated by
giving his name to the church. ^

The first house of worship at Welsh Run was a log structure, which
was burned by the Indians in 1761. A second building was erected in
1774. It was constructed of logs, which were covered with weather-
boards. This sanctuary was of the ancient model with high pulpit, a
stately sounding board, and high-backed pews. This building served
the congregation as a place of worship nearly a century, when it was
torn down in 1871 to give place to the present Robert Kennedy Me-
morial Church, which was erected by Mr. Davidson Kennedy, of Phil-
adelphia, in memory of his father.

But time would fi&il me to tell the story of all the congregations
that were closely affiliated with these "churches of the valley." It
was the same sturdy race of men who planted the first churches up
the Susquehanna and alon^ the blue waters of the Juniata, who "held
the fort " in Sherman's Valley f and set up their standards in the Path
Valley region, who planted old Monaghan in the edge of York Coun-
ty, spread out through the " Barrens/' and built the stone churches on
the Great Conewago and Marsh Creek. They not only sent their mis-
sionaries down into the Valley of Virginia, but furnished most of the

* Rev. W. A. West, in " Centennial Memorial, Carlisle Presbytery," L, 199.
t Robinson's Fort, where Center Church now stands.

200 THE SCOTOH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

pioneers for the Westmoreland region, which in that early day in-
cluded almost everything toward the land of sunset.

The status of the churches in Cumberland Valley has been altered

■r

somewhat by the changes which have gradually come over the race
elements of our population. Many families of the original settlers
have passed on the wave of emigration to the West, and their places
have been taken by worthy people of the German stock. But most
of these original churches continue strong and prosperous, notwith-
standing the racial changes which have gone on around them. The
strength of the origiual congregations is evinced not only by their
present healthy condition, but by the strong colonies which they have
sent out. These young churches have in some instances quite equaled
their parent hives, and almost all are showing the aggressive power of
a pure gospel by gathering into their communion many who were not
originally of Presbyterian families.

Our people are generally true to the traditions of the fathers; for
though devoted to his *' Confession of Faith," the Ulsterman was able
to criticise it. The authority in matters of religion which it had con-
ceded to the civil magistrate, he was no longer willing to admit. &e
had learned something in the school of affliction, and on this point he
had growti wiser than his teachers. In an ideal Christian state, where
all men had accepted one interpretation of Scripture, it might be a
very beautiful system ; but in such a very imperfect world as this, with
its conflicting qpinions as to the claims of God, the powers of the
Church, and the needs of the soul, the Ulsterraan had found to his
sorrow that the civil magistrate could not be safely trusted with the
question of heresy.

The freedom which he claimed for himself he conceded to others.
The outward uniformity in religion which the Westminster fathers
had hoped might be secured in Great Britain and Ireland, he saw was
a Utopian dream which he renounced forever.* He revised his " Con-
fession of Faith " (1788) so as to limit the powers of the civil magis-
trate to secular concerns, and left the Church free in its own prov-
ince. On this whole question the Presbyterians of Pennsylvania were
greatly in advance of the New England Puritans and the Churchmen
of the South.

The restless spirit of enterprise in the Scotch-Irish race has caused
the children of many of these early settlers in the Cumberland Valley
to seek their fortunes in distant parts of the land, but the churches

* "History of the Presbyterian Ciiurch," Hodge, 408; ''American Pres-
byterianism," Briggs, 364.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY, 201

which they planted remain the sacred monuments of their religious
principles. Other races have come in to swell the population of their
beautiful valley, but the day must be far distant when their memo-
rials shall have perished from the land which they at first consecrated
to liberty and religion by toil and sacrifice in tears and blood.

11. The li^FLijENCE OP THE Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland
Valley on the History of Education in This Country.

The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians have always been conspicuous in
their maintenance of education, both higher and lower. Their zeal in
this matter finds expression in their " Directory for the Public Wor-
ship of God/' where all ** not disabled by age or otherwise " are ex-
horted " to learn to read/' The schoolhouse was generally built be-
side the church, and quite frequently the pastor was the head of a '* log
college," where the young people learned at least the elements of a
higher education, and many were thus fitted for the highest positions
both in Church and State.

The right and duty of private judgment, on which the Scotch-Irish
Presbyterian has always strenuously insisted, involves by the bonds of
an invincible logic the importance of popular education. If the peo-
ple must decide for themselves in matters of religion, they must learn
to read and think for themselves. Therefore, wherever these reforma-
tion principles have prevailed the schoolhouse has been planted under
the shadow of the church.

But another principle of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterian which
wrought to the same end was the place which he gave to the laity in the
government of the Church. The ruling elder in the Presbyterian
Church sits in judgment upon the qualifications of the young candi-
date for the ministry. He must weigh the obscure, erratic, or misr
taken views of the heretical teacher. He must approve or reject the
new measures which, in the providence of God, are constantly emer-
ging in the history of the church ; he must be '^ wise to know what Is-
rael. ought to do" in every new crisis; and all this is impossible unless
this representative of the people be a reading, thinking man.

But after all, the most potent influence demanding the appliances
of a higher education among our ancestors was the deep and unchange-
able conviction which prevailed among them that the ministry of the
church can never be safely intrusted to unlearned and ignorant men.
This principle, which finds expression in the written constitution of
the Church, has had all the force of an unwritten law grounded in the
elementary prejudices and traditions of our race. Dr. Alexander, in

202 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

his " Log College," doubtless tells the exact truth when he says: "The
first Presbyterian ministers in this country were nearly all men of lib-
eral education. Some had received their education in the universities
of Scotlai^d, some in Ireland, and others at one of the New England
colleges. And, though there existed such a destitution of ministers in '
this new country, they never thought of introducing any man into the
ministry who had not received a college or university education, ex-
cept in very extraordinary cases; of which, I believe, we have but one
instance in the early history of the Presbyterian Church."*

A recent writer, who shows no love for the Scotch-Irish, or for their
religion, confesses : " The Presbyterians of Pennsylvania, whether
Scotch-Irish, or English, always showed a stronger leaning toward the
best sort of education than either the Quakers or the Germans." f
The reason is not far to seek. The whole Quaker movement was a re-
action against the institutional religion of England. It was an appeal
from outward authority to '' inward light/' and religion was thus
made a matter of inner conscience and direct spiritual suggestion.
It was in -many respects a noble protest of manhood and Christian con-
sciousness against the lying pretensions of sacerdotalism, and as such
may we never forget to honor it; but the "inner light" alone proves
to be a mere will-o'-the-wisp, and those who try to " walk in the light"
of " the sparks " which they " have kindled " either end in a very
meager spiritualism, or wander off into a dreary rationalism. It is not
safe to give up the light of God's word or the guidance of his Church.

The minor sects of Germans were, in their way, quite kindred to
the Friends in much of their religious thinking. They made little or
no appeal to authority. In their mystic thought there was little need
of books and libraries. They believed that educated men were gener-
ally rascals. They had left their native land to escape from the au-
thority of a Church and a State that seemed to be always against them.
They associated books and education with the men who had been
their oppressors, and they wanted no more of them. They did not
wish an educated, professional ministry. They even resisted the free
school system when it was at first proposed. Of course this was not
true of all the Germans. Men of the Muhlenberg or Schlatter type
were always friendly to the higher education. But the common
" boors of the Palatinate," as Franklin called them, especially those
who had gone dafl on the subject of religion, had no high ambitions in
the way of education, scientific or classical. Their divisions on minor

* " The Log College," p. 10.

t"The Making of Pennsylvania," by Fisher, p. 184.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 203

points of religious opinion were endless, but they were pretty general-
ly united in their contempt for " book learning."

Now, in marked contrast to all this, the religion of the Scotch-Irish
Presbyterian was the religion of a book, and that book was th& Word
of God. The exposition of that book was found in another volume,
which he called his " Confession of Faith." It not only contained the
Calvinistic system, as set forth in the ''Confession of Faith" proper,
but the " Larger " and the " Shorter Catechisms," with proof texts,
the " Directory for the Public Worship of God," and the " Form of
Presbyterial Church Govern mept." To these were added " The Na-
tional Covenant" (1580), the "Solemn League and Covenant" (1643),
the "Sum of Saving Knowledge," and several historical papers.

As I write, I have a well-wt)rn copy of this ancient volume lying
before me, which some one of the early fathers brought to the Cum-
berland Valley. It is safe to say that the young man who had thor-
oughly digested that volume, with his Bible in hand, had already se-
cured a liberal education. The memorization of the " Shorter Cate-
chism " and its proof texts in childhood laid the foundation ; the
study of the rest of the book in later years erected the superstructure
of a noble Christian manhood.

All this cultivated a strenuous intellectual life, and made the race
ambitious to obtain as much education as possible. But there wtis an-
other principle at work among our ancestors which wrought powerful-
ly in the same direction: they all held to a high theory of inspiration.
To expound the Book of God properly it must b.e read in the original
tongues; hence the Ulsterroan always insisted on having an educated
minister, and it was his fondest wish thnt at least one of his sons might
be chosen of God for the sacred office. This high and generous aim in
the matter of education has gradually weaned our people from the
farm, and sent them into the professions.

The desire to secure the benefits of the higher education, and espe-
cially to provide suitable pastors for the churches springing into exist-
ence in all the new settlements, had led to that holy venture, the " Log
College" at Neshaminy, Bucks County, Pa., where the elder Tennant
trained a generation of young men who were noted for their fervent
zeal in the work of the gospel ministry. Out of this noble experiment
grew Princeton College and all that the name of Princeton stands for
to^ay.

Tennant set the example; it was soon followed by others, and about
1760 a classical school was organized in Carlisle, with Rev. Henry Mo-
Kinley as Principal. This school was broken up in 1776, when the

204: THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Priucipal and most of the students enlisted in the patriot army. But
the ideal did not pass away; and as early as 1781, before the close of
the war, we find John Montgomery, Robert Miller, Samuel Poetle-
thwaite, Dr. Samuel McCoskry, William Blair, and others, as trus-
tees, asking the Presbytery of Donegal for a conference concerning
the interests of this schooL Their request resulted in their securing
the patronage of the Presbytery; and, though the trustees at Carlisle
had only thought of an academy under the care of the Presbytery,
their action led up to the founding of Dickinson College in 1783.

It would be a labor of love to dwell on the several classical schools
which for more than a century were maintained at various pointa in
this region.^ The devoted and laborious preceptor was generally a
minister of the gospel, who taught " the humanities " all the week and
filled the sacred desk on the Sabbath. Most of these " log colleges "
have ceased to exist, but they did a noble work in their day, and kept
the torch of liberal studies burning through dark and troubled times.
Much of this work culminated in the founding of Dickinson College,
though many classical schools continued to do a work of liberal edu-
cation for the people far into this century.

The gifted and brilliant Rev. Charles Nisbet, D.D., of Montrose,
Scotland, was persuaded to become the first " Principal " of the college.
Rev. Robert Davidson, D.D., of Philadelphia, was his honored coad-
jutor in the college, and also in the pastorate of the Presbyterian
Church in Carlisle. James Ross, LL.D., author of a Latin grammar,
was made Professor of Latin and Greek, and these worthy men had at
least one assistant in the English department of the young college.

It is almost pathetic to see this heroic people, while still panting in
the awful struggle against the despotic claims of the Old World, brave-
ly setting themselves to provide for that higher education which was
essential to their divine ideal, a free Church in a free state. They
had the profound conviction that they could not attain to this Canaan
of their hopes unless they were guided by that pillar of cloud by day
and fire by night which is furnished by a generous Christian culture.

As a race, our people have often been charged with a lack of reli-
gious charity, but the history of Dickinson College is a complete refu-
tation of the charge. For fifty years it was conducted under Presby-
terian auspices, but never under the care of Synod or Greneral Assem-
bly. So liberal was the management that the college was lost to the
Presbyterian Church, though it has still received the liberal benefac-
tions of her people.

*"CentennUl Memorial, Presbytery of Carlisle," Vol. L, p. 342.

THE S00T0H-IBI8H IN THE CUMBEBLAND VALLEY. 205

III. As TO THE Influence of t^e Scotch-Irish of the Cumber-
land Valley on the Political History of This Country.

No race element in the early eettlement of this country brought
with them more decided convictions on the subject of civil and reli-
gious liberty than the early fathers of Cumberland Valley. The duty
of passive obedience had been preached to them for more than a hun-
dred years. They had heard the doctrine from the minions of the
Stuarts in Scotland, and they had heard it again from the prelates of
Ireland, but it never really commanded their assent For a little
while, during the prevalence of the commonwealth and the ascendency
of their party in England, the Presbyterians may have been tempted
to use it themselves; but when the heavy hand of Cromwell's mili-
tary despotism wa^ laid on the Kirk, they were compelled to review
and correct some of their former principles. •

During their sojourn in Ulster they were subjected to a rough
schoolmaster, who set them again to the study of that hard question,
the proper relation between Church and State.* All the saintliness
of Jeremy Taylor's " Holy Living*' and " Holy Dying'* could not rec-
oncile them to the cold-blooded despotism of his prelatical demand
that the Presbyterian ministers in his diocese should either submit to
Episcopal ordination or to the deprivation of all authority as minis-
ters of religion. And if this was the tender mercy of the man who, in
the day of adversity had written " On the Liberty of Prophesying,"
what could be expected of the rest? The story has been told so often
that it need not be repeated here, in one of the papers read this
evening Mr. Froude has been aptly quoted on this subject of the hard-
ships which the Presbyterians of North Ireland were compelled to en-
dure at the hands of the Established Church.

It may seem unfortunate in these halcyon days of peace to recall
the mistakes and hardships of former generations, but the veracity ot
history requires us to painfully traverse these

** Old, unhappy, far-oflf things,
And battles lonjr ago."

It is only in this way thai we can arrive at any proper understanding
of the men and the motives which combine to make our American
history.

The right of the people to a voice in the government of both Church
and State has always been a fundamental principle with the Scotch-

*Reid'8 " History of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland;" "Scotch and
Irish Seeds in American Soil," by Rev. J. G. Craighead, D,D.

206 ' THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Irish Presbyterians. The contemptuous disregard of this principle by
the lords temporal and spiritual of Great Britain sent these men across
the stormy Atlantic in the pursuit of freedom, civil and religious.
They had borne much in the Old World without making armed re-
sistance; for a long time they showed the same spirit in the New
World; but a time came when the smoldering fires of their discontent
burst out in the flames of indignant rebellion, which swept the last
vestige of British domination from the land.

The patriotism of our ancestors was put to the test first in the
French and Indian wars, and afterwards in the long and weary con-
flict for independence.* In both these trials they came through the
fiery test with distinguished credit.

The first conspicuous service performed by the Scotch-Irish was
their defense c^ the frontier of the colony against the savage invasion
ot the Indians, who were instigated by the French to harass the Eng-
lish settlements, and thus stay the tide of British colonial enterprise.
The spirit which aniibated the French was not only patriotic, but reli-
gious. Those who are familiar with the heroic eff )rts of the Jesuits to
convert the red men of the lake and the forest know that it was the
religion of the " Most Christian King " and his people, quite as much
as their colonial ambition, that actuated the French in all their ef-
forts to capture the New World.f It was a conflict 'between the Ro-
manism of France and the Protestantism of Great Britain.

The Scotch-Irish of the Cumberland Valley were foremost among
the provincial troops durinnj the whole French and Indian War.
From the Potomac to the St Lawrence they left their mark in patriot
l>lood on every battlefield. In their own province they were a wall
of fire between the murderous savage of the wilderness and the men of
peace by the Delaware, who were out of harm's way.

Whatever may have been the motive which prompted the proprie-
taries and their agents to push the Scotch-Irish back to the frontier,
the fact is undeniable. It may have been, as some suggest, to prevent
quarreling between them and the Germans; or, as one intimates, to pre-
vent intruders from invading the valley under Lord Baltimore's ti-
tle;;]; or, as our fathers came to believe, to put a sturdy fighting race
between the non-resistants of the east and the danger which lurked on

the frontier. In either case the result was the same: the Scotch-Irish

* —

* Loudon's " Indian Wars," Carlisle, Pa. ; Breed's " Presbyterians and the
Revolution."

t Parkman's works throughout, especially the '* Jesuits in North America."
X Day's " Historical Collections," p. 263.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBEKLAND VALLEY. 207

performed a faithful picket duty on the front for the defense of the
whole colony, and yet were blamed for everything that they did in
self-defense.

The Quakers might lift up their hands in holy horror at the
promptness with which our fathers defended their families and them-
selves against the murderous attacks of those roaniiug bands of sav-
ages; but these men of peace were not only largely responsible for put-
ting the Scotch-Irish in the position where they were compelled- to
bear the brunt of the Indian war, but they did not blush to revile the
men who were defending every hearthstone in the colony at the peril
of their lives.

The pitiful story of Braddock's defeat in 1755 is indelibly im-
pressed on the memory of our people.* The disaster itself was not
more unfortunate than the ill-advised retreat of the British army be-
fore an enemy weaker in numbers and resources. Gov. Morris was at
Carlisle when the first news of the disaster reached him. He had
come to the frontier for the purpose of sending on supplies, i^d to en-
courage the people in the midM of the general alarm.

The need was greater than he or any one else had imagined. £ven
before Braddock's defeat, and when that general with his army had
gone only thirty miles from Fort Cumberland, a party of one hundred
Indians, under the notorious Shingas, came to the Big Cove, in what is
now Fulton County, killed and took prisoners about thirty people, and
drove the remainder from their homes. Rumors of contemplated at-
tacks came upon the people in quick succession, and actual massacres
were reported at various points along the frontier.

A general sense of security and| hopefulness had possessed the Eng-
lish colonies. An army of British regulars was thought invincible.
When the news of the great disaster reached the valley, all was panic
and confusion. The fugitive wagoners who brought the first report
did not spare abundant exaggeration of the danger. The Governor
called the Assembly to meet in Philadelphia to devise means to defend
the frontier. At the earnest request of the people, he gave directions
for the building of two stockade forts, one at Carlisle and the other at
Shippensburg. He promised arms and ammunition, but advised the
people to form associations for their own defense. Four companies of
militia were organized, and he seems to have done what he could in
the way of supplying these companies with powder and lead.

* Parkman's " Montcalm- Wolfe," I., pp. 187-233, and Wing's " History of
Cumberland County."

208 THE 6C0TGH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

It was hoped that the remnant of the army, under Col. Dunbar,
would be allowed tc camp in the Cumberland Valley for the winter.
The position was central; it was on the frontier; it was just ^here the
army was most needed ; it was in the section which had^made the greatest
sacrifices for the support of the expedition ; these and many other con-
siderations seemed to demand that here the remnant of the broken
army should go into winter quarters. But the northern frontier was
menaced, and Maj. Gen. Shirley, who now had the control of the
American forces, decided that the troops in Pennsylvania should be
sent north, and that Pennsylvania must take care of herself.

Great was the consternation in this region wh^n the inhabitants
saw all the troops, arms, and ammunition passing through the valley
and hurrying away to the northern frontier. It was with the saddest
forebodings that our people saw themselves left to the tender mercies
of every skulking band of savages who might be tempted to invade
their settlements for scalps and plunder. Their worst fears were soon
to be realized in a reign of terror scarcely ever equaled in the history
of this country.

While the Governor and Assembly were wrangling over the ques-
tion as to whether the lands of the proprietaries should be taxed, and
the Quakers were insisting that no money should be voted for the sup-
port of a war against the Indians, the Scotch-Irish of Cumberland Val-
ley were left to shift for themselves as best they could, and thus they
sustained that " storm of blood and fire " which the cowardly retreat
of Dunbar had unfortunately invited.*

And now came the darkest period in the history of our people. The
defeat of Braddock left the whole Cumberland Valley exposed to the
stealthy and murderous incursions bf the savages, and it is impossible
for us to imagine the terror in which the people lived. Up to this
time their relations with the Indians had been so peaceful that they
were not prepared for the conflict. They had built no forts. They
were almost destitute of arms and ammunition. Their log cabins were
widely separated in a new and wilderness country. The attack was
sudden, unexpected, and deadly. No age nor sex was spared. When
their natural protectors were slain, women and children were often
carried away into captivity. Many of the inhabitants were for the
time driven back into the eastern part of the province; but enough
remained to man the forts now hastily constructed, and to keep the
enemy at bay.

* Parkman's " Montcalm and Wolfe." I., p. 233; Wing's " History of Cum-
berland County, Pa.," p. 44.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 201)

FiDally the expedition from Carlisle, under the command of Gen.
John Armstrong, which destroyed the Indian town of Kittanning,
broke the power of the enemy on our immediate frontier.* The evac-
uation of Fort Du Quesne by the French (1758) three years after the
defeat of Braddock, and its occupation by the English, pushed the out-
er line of defense farther back, but for several years after this the
whole frontier was subjected to frequent and murderous attacks from
the stealthy and savage foe. Even as late as during the Revolutionary
War the hardy men who stood at the fronts—and they were Scotch-
Irish with scarce an exception — still feared the tomahawk and the
scalping knife of the bloodthirsty savage.

The Scotch-Irish of Cumberland Vdlley were prompt to recognize
the principles involved in the War of Independence. To enter mi-
nutely into the history %f this struggle would be quite beyond the
scope of such a paper as this, but justice to the memory of our pa-
triot dead requires that we should not forget their service in ** the day
that tried men's souls." It is safe to say that not even among the Pu-
ritans of New England was the war for independence more popular
than among the Presbyterians of our valley. As a people they not
only knew their rights as British subjects, but all the traditions of
their race prompted them to resist every encroachment of royal op-
pression. The thought of a clash with the arbitrary domination of
England sent a thrill through all the settlements from Ulster. The
fierce conflicts of other days were recalled, and it was soon evident that
the average Scotch-Irish man had little love for the mother country.

The first news of the Boston massacre and the closing of the ports
in that region aroused the whole population of our valley as one man.
A meeting of '* freeholders and freemen " f was called on Tuesday the
12th day of July, 1774, in the stone church which still stands on the
square in Carlisle. John Montgomery, an elder of the congregation^
was chosen to preside over this meeting of patriots. Resolutions were
adopted declaring that Boston was- suffering in the common cause of
all the colonies, that every pr^deut measure ought to be adopted to
secure redress for the past and safety for the future, that a Congress of
Deputies from all the colonies would be a proper method for this pur-
pose, that the colonies ought to unite in refusing all commerce with
Great Britain or her dependencies until they have secured a redress
of grievances, that the inhabitants of this county will contribute to
the relief of their suffering brethren in Boston whenever it is neoes-

* Parkman's "Montcalm and Wolfe," I., p. 423.
t " Men of Mark of Cumberland Valley," p. 42.

210 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

bary, that a committee for this county be appointed to correspond with
similar committees of this or other provinces as to " the general wel-
fare of British America/' ancil that James Wilson, Robert Magaw,
and William Irvine be the deputies appointed to meet the other dep-
uties from this proviuce. at Philadelphia, on Friday next, "in order
t6 concert measures preparatory to the General Congress."

The language of these resolutions was loyal, but it was determined.
These men were making demands which were sure to be resisted.
They were commending as patriots the men whom the king and the
Parliament were treating as rebels; they were proposing to confeder-
ate with the other colonies for mutual defense; it is plain that .a col-
lision was inevitable.

But these fathers of American liberty did not quail when the
storm of battle came nearer. By May of the next year (1775) we
learn that "a county committee was organized, three thousand men
associated, five hundred men were taken into pay and drafted, to be
armed and disciplined and marched on the first emergency ; and for
this the county was drawn upon by a tax on all estate, real and per-
sonal, for twenty-seven thousand pounds."*

The preparations for the impending conflict went on persistently.
The committee of the county, writing from Carlisle July 14, 1776,
assures the President of Congress that " the spirit of marching to the
defense of our country is so prevalent in this town that we shall not
have left men sufficient to mount guard, which we think absolutely
necessary for the safety of the inhabitants and ammunition."

The spirit of the Pennsylvania Assembly was intensely conserva-
tive. They had instructed their delegates in the Continental Congress
to oppose every proposal of separation from the mother country. At
this juncture a petition from the people of Cumberland County was
presented to the General Assembly of the province, which among
other things declared : " If those who rule in Britain will not per-
mit the colonies to be free and happy in connection with that king-
dom, it becomes their duty to secure and promote their freedom and
happiness in the best manner they can without thai connection!' f

This petition concluded with the courteous but emphatic advice to
the Assembly, " that the last instructions which it gave to the dele-
gates of this province in Congress, wherein they are enjoined not to
consent to any step which may cause or lead to a separation from
Great Britain, may he withdrawn"

* Wing's " First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle," p. 110.
t "American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. VI., p. 860.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 211

This bold advice was taken. When the motion for independence
was finally acted upon in Congress, the weight of Pennsylvania was
carried in its favor by the casting vote of James Wilson, of Cum-
berland County. The overcautious delegates, whose patriotism was
never questioned, but who still hoped for some advantages by delay,
were rebuked by the failure of their reelection, and men from the in-
terior who were ripe for revolution were chosen by the people.

The published action of our people, therefore, in that critical pe-
riod between the closing of the port of Boston and the Declaration of
American Independence shows how prompt they were to demand a re-
dress of grievances or complete separation from the mother country.
When the time for action came such ministers of the gospel as Steel
and King, Craighead and Cooper, not only urged their people to enlist
for the war, but set them a glorious example of heroic sacriGce for the
good cause by joining the army of patriots under Washington.

On the eve of the departure of Magaw's Battalion from Carlisle,
March 17, 1776, the almost youthful chaplain, Eev. William Linn,
preached before it a sermon full of fire and enthusiasm. This pa-
triotic discourse so far agreed with the feelings of his hearers th^t a
copy of it was solicited for publication, and thus we see reflected in its
fiery periods the thought and spirit of the time. After recounting the
recent scenes at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, he exclaimed:
" Be of good courage, then, cherish this ardor, gather strength from
every excitement; and when the day of trial comes, the Lord make
you like Saul and Jonathan, ' swifter than eagles ' and ' stronger than
lions.' When you come to be drawn in battle array, let your breasts
rise high and your joints stand firm, let a generous indignation sparkle
in your eyes and flush your cheeks. If you have any mettle, if you
would not have your names damned to perpetual infamy, behave like
men and fight for your people and for the cities of your God."

Indeed, the War of the Revolution was begun and maintained for
principles peculiarly dear to Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. As they were
amoiig the first to declare themselves in favor of separation from the
mother country, so they were among the last to lay down their arms,
and that only when the great cause was won.

They were conspicuous in almost every battle of the great struggle;
and when the conflict ended in the triumph of their aspirations, it is
not strange that the free representative principles of their Church
government should have been adopted as the model for our Federal
Constitution. The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians at last had attained to
their ideal: a free Church in a free State,

SCOTCH-IRISH SETTLEMENT OF DONEGAL, LANCAS-
TER COUNTY, PA.

BY SAMUEL BYANB, ESQ., COLUMBIA, PA.

In the years 1718, 1719, and 1720 a large number of Scotch-Irish
from Donegal and Derry, in Ireland, arrived at New Castle, Del
They were all Presbyterians, and evidently had been well educated.
They were a stalwart race, and fitted to found a new settlement in the
wilderness of Pennsylvania.

They at once pushed forward to the Conestoga River, then the
frontier line. After arriving there they forced the line ten utiles far-
ther back into the wilderness, along Chicques Creek and the streams
running into it.

They selected from two to three hundred acres each, and immedi-
ately commenced the erection of log dwellings, after which the next
and most important of their acts was the organization of the infant
community into a Presbyterian congregation.

The following is the list of the settlers prior to 1722: James Oal-
braith, Sr., and his sons, Andrew, James, and John ; Robert Wilkins and
his sons, Thomas, William, Peter, and John; Gordon Howard and his
sons, Thomas and Joseph; George Stuart, Esq., and his son, John;
Peter Allen, James Roddy, and James and Alexander Hutchinson;
John and Robert Spear; Hugh, Henry, and Moses White; Robert
McFarland and his sons, \Robert and James; James Paterson, Rich-
ard Allison, Patrick Campbell, Robert Middleton, Thomas Bayly, Jo-
nas Davenport, James Smith, three Samuel Smiths, James Kvle.
James Mitchell, Thomas Mitchell, John Sterrett, Benjamin Sterrett,
Joseph Work, Ephraim Lytle, David McClure, Samuel Fulton, Al-
exander McKean, Robert Buchannan, Arthur Buchannan, James Cun-
ningham, William Maybee, William Hay, Henry Bailey, John Tay-
lor, William Bryan, John Karr, Malcom Karr, Edward Dougherty,
John Scott« and Hugh Scott These are the men who organized Don-
egal Church in 1721, and Donegal Township in 1722.

John Galbraith built the first grist and sawmill, located on Done-
gal Run.

James Roddy built a mill on Chicques Creek.

Patrick Campbell and John Galbraith erected the first ordinaries.
(212)

SBTTLKMENT OF DONEGAL^ PA. 213

The number of settlers who came from Donegal and Perry between
1722 and 1730 was very large.

There were several Indian towns within the limits of Donegal when
it was erected into a township in 1722, and in their vicinity were lo'
cated teveral French Indian traders, among whom were Bizallion, Le
Tort, Chartiere, and Marianda. ,

Our Scotch-Irish settlers sooiL discovered the possibilities of accu-
mulating a competency more rapidly than by farming: by engaging
in the Indian trade. The following are the names of those who em-
barked in this enterprise : Robert Wilkins, William Wilkins, Thomas
Wilkins, Peter Wilkins, John Wilkins, James Smith, two Samuel
Smiths, Gordon and Thomas Howard, Patrick Campbell, Jonas Day-
enport, James Paterson, John Galbraith, Thomas Harris, Lazarus
Lowrey, James Harris, John Kelly Thomas Mitchell, and Henry
Bailey. These men blazed their way across the nioun tains as early as
1727, to trade with the Indians along the Ohio. They and their sons
continued to carry on this profitable but dangerous business for many
years. They traveled from the lakes to the Mississippi, and south to
the Catawba Indians. They were the pioneers that led the way for
actual settlers.

The Pennsylvania traders became so numerous, and their influence
with the western Indians so great, that the French became jealoud of
their power, and finally incited many of the tribes to a war of exter-
mination against the English traders. Th^e traders of Donegal suf-
fered great losses, but many of them continued in the business and
grew rich.

Donegal Church was organized in 1721. Andrew Galbraith, one
of the elders, in August, 1721, rode to New Castle, on the Delaware,
and asked the Presbytery for a minister to supply the congregation.
They were so much impressed with the zeal manifested by Mr. Gal-
braith in behalf of his friends and neighbors that they sent Gillespie
and Cross. In 1722 Rowland Chambers, another elder, renewed tho
request for supplies, and Hutcheson and McGill were sent.

After the organization of the church these hardy pioneert peti-
tioned the court in Chester County to erect a new township, and in
the year 1722 Donegal Township was duly established.

James Mitchell and George Stewart were appointed justices of the
township. David Jones was appointed constable. There were two
overseers of the poor.

Civil, political, and Church affairs moved along rapidly. In 1725
the church obtained one-fifth of Rev. Adam Boyd's time, and in the

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

summer of 1726 Key. James Anderson was taken on trial, and on the
last Wednesday in August, 1727, he was regularly installed as their
pastor. '

One of the first things he did was to purchase the plantation of Pe-
ter Allen, which he traded in 1727 to William Wilkins (son of Robert)
for a farm along the river on the present site of Marietta.

In a few years Mr. Anderson established a ferry there, which be-
came famous in provincial times. This remarkable minister was in-
defatigable in building up Donegal Church and aiding in establishing
new ones in Cumberland and Virginia Valleys.

He never neglected an opportunity to aid the material wel&re of
the Donegal settlers, and 1 find tbat he made frequent visits to Phila-
delphia to confer with the Land and Loan Commissioners in their
behalf.

In October, 1782, Donegal Presbytery was organized, and became
a power in the erection of new churches along the frontier, extending
into Virginia.

Mr. Anderson was a Scotchman, and followed very closely the rig-
id discipline of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland and Ireland.
. In 1739 Whitefield came to Pennsylvania, and began to preach in
the open air. By his eloquence and fervency he collected immense
numbers of every faith to hear him. Presbyterians became very much
disturbed and distracted, and there was more or lees excitement in ev*
ery congregation. Mr. AYiderson perceived the danger to the Presby-
terian Churches then impending, and he made heroic but futile at-
tempts to stem the stampede. He first resorted to the press to reason
with the people ; but that did not bring the answer, and he concluded
to follow Whitefield, and speak from the same platform, in the hope
that he might bring his followers back to the old way. Whitefield
would not discuss the subject with him, and when Mr. Anderson at-
tempted to speak he was cried down and compelled to desist

Donegal Presbytery became the center of the storm raised by
Whitefield, and, they accepted the gage of battle in the church which
these enthusiasts flung in their face. And they kept up the fight for
twenty years with undaunted courage, and against tremendous odds,
until the pendulum swung back into the good old way of Presby-
terianism.

When on a visit to Opequon, in Virginia, Mr. Anderson was tak-
en sick, and, returning to Donegal, died at his home July 16, 1740.
He was in the prime of life and intellectual vigor, and in his death the
Church lost a most valued advocate and defender.

SETTLEMENT OP DONEGAL, PA. 215

Donegal continued to be supplied with ministers until November,
1742, when Hamilton Bell, a graduate of Log CoUege, was installed,
November 11, 1742, and dismissed in 1745.

The church waa again furnished with supplies until 1748, when
Rev. Joseph Tate was installed in November of same year. He re-
mained their pastor until his death, in October, 1774.

Capt. James Anderson, son of the former minister, married Mr.
Tate's widow; and Capt. James Anderson, son of the above, married
a daughter of Rev. Mr. Tate.

At this time patriotism and loyalty to the cause of human liberty
began to assert itself among Presbyterian settlers in Donegal, and they
commenced to organize volunteer companies in defense of their rights,
and against the King of England and his corrupt Parliament. And
when the tocsin of war sounded in Massachusetts Bay they were ready
to aid their patriotic brethren.

Early in the war and before the Declaration of Independence, on
the fourth day of July, 1776, many of these brave men declared in
favor of an independent government.

The Rev. Colin McFarquahr was called to the church in the fall
of 1775. He was a Scotchman, and had but shortly before that come
to this country. He did not fully sympathize with his congregation
in their hostility to Great Britain. He must have been greatly as-
tonished on the 16th day of June, 1777, when as he was holding serv-
ice an express arrived from Philadelphia to CoL Alexander Lowrey,
palling upon him to muster his battalion and march to the Delaware,
to aid in preventing the capital of the province from capture by Gen.
Howe and his army, who were supposed to be marching through
Jersey.

The congregation adjourned without waiting for the benediction, and
formed a ring around the old oak tree in front of the church, and
placing Mr. McFarquahr within the circle made him take off his hat
and shout for the success of the patriot cause. Joining hands, they
pledged their faith to each other in their determination to fight the
British to a finish. Mr. McFarquahr was a fine classical scholar, a
graduate of Edinburgh University. During his thirty years* pastor-
ate at Donegal he conducted a classical school and prepared young
men for college.

The Presidents of Washington College, Pa., and Princeton fre-
quently declared that Mr. McFarquahr's scholars were so thoroughly
prepared in the classics that they at once took a front rank in their
institutions. He visited the families of his congregation, which ex-

216 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

tended more than ten ihiles from the church. He catechised old
and young, and kept a complete roll of each family, and members of
the congregation. The list numbers five hundred. His seryices were
not short. It is said that some of his prayers were an hour long.

Schoolhouses were' erected at convenient points in the settlement.
One at Donegal Church, another on the plantation of Col. Alexander
Lowrey, erected as early as 1722, which stood near a spring, surrounds
ed by a forest of oak and hickory trees, now inclosed in Duffey's
Park, near Marietta. Another stood lilong the old Paxtang and Co-
nestogoe Road, near Chicques Creek, in the Paterson, Scott, Moore,
and Hays settlement; one at Conoy Creek, a<id another five miles
further north. ^

One of the first teachers was William Wright, who taught in the
schoolhouae on Col. Lowrey's farm.

Between the years 1722 and 1730 a very large number of settlers
came to Donegal from the North of Ireland, all Presbyterians, and of
the highest character and intelligence. They settled upon and selected
from two to three hundred acres of land each. Neighbors joined to-
gether and helped to raise dwellings and barns, which were at first
constructed of logs. Ditches were dug around the edges of the mead-
ows to carry water, which was turned upon the grass early in the
spring. (No grass was then grown upon high ground.) Not more
than one-third of the land was cultivated.

Herewith I reproduce a photographic copy of the petition of John
Gkdbraith to the Court in Chester County, in August, 1726, for a li-
cense to keep an " Ordinary," and to brew beer. The signatures to
this petition number forty. The penmanship of some of them is ex-
cellent,

Many traveled over the Wilderness Road to the Bduth. Some of
their descendants are no doubt with us to-day.

Prior to 1730 the following additional names of settlers in Donegal
is given, and I regret that time and space will not permit a sketch of
many that deserve an extended notice: Patrick, John, James, and
William Allison ; Rev. James Anderson and his sons, Thomas, James,
and Garland; Robert, William, and Arthur Buchannan; William
Bryan, Henry Bailey, Thomas Bayly, Andrew Boggs, Jeremiah Bing-
ham, Thomas and John Black, William Beach, Robert Brown, James
Brownlow, James Buey, James Cunningham, Joseph Cloud, Daniel
Clark, James and David Cook, James Dunlap, John Davison, Capt.
Thomas Ewing, John Doake, Samuel Fulton, John Galbraith (Indian
trader), John Gardner and Christian Gardner, James Harris, Peter

SETTLEMENT OF DONEGAL^ PA. 217

Hairstein; David, Patrick, and Arthur Hays; John and Williaiu
Kelly, John Kennedy; Lazarus Lowrey and his sons, John, James,
Daniel, Joseph, and Alexander; Abraham Lowrey; Thomas, Alexan-
der and William Mitchell; William Maybee, Alexander McKee;
Robert McFarland and his sons, James and Robert; Andrew Mays,
George Meyfort; Padens, John, Thomas, Hugh, Abraham, Samuel,
Alexander, and Josiah Scott; James Stevenson; Arthur Paterson and
his sons, James, William, and John; John Taylor; John and Robert
Spear and their sons, William, Robert, and Joseph Spear. William
Spear married a daughter of John Galbraith (Indian trader); and
William Patterson, of Baltimore, married their dayghter. The last
were the' parents of Mrs. Jerome Bonaparte. Gen. Samuel Smith, of
Maryland, who was bom in Donegal, also married a daughter of Wil-
liam Spear. There were two Karr families and four Wilson &m]lies,
David Craig, and Alexander McNutt. '

I must omit any further mention of names of settlers and close this
brief and imperfect sketch. They were all loyal to their Presbyterian
faith, and the cause of ^uman liberty. There were no Tories among
them. When their Church was without a regular pastor they sent up
a wail to Presbytery for supplies; and when the French incited the
savages to attack the frontier settlers, they were clamorous for firearms,
powder, and lead.

From the period of the organization of the township, these hardy
settlers entered the political field, and never gave up the fight until
the Quakers and the members of the Established Church were van-
quished in the Legislature and council of the province. At this period
no Presbyterian could hold an office in the province by appointment
from the king. Lancaster, Berks, York, and Cumberland Counties
were gerrymandered, and for many years were unjustly deprived of a
fair proportion of representatives in the Legislature.

In the fall of 1732 George Stewart, Esq., and Andrew Galbraith,
Esq., were candidates for the Provincial Legislature. The election of
both, the Quakers believed, would defeat one of their ablest and most
distinguished members, Judge John Wright. The canvass was bitter
and exciting; and when the election day arrive^^ Mrs. Galbraith
mounted astride of her good mare Nellie and rode around among her
Scotch-Irish friends in Donegal, and rallied them to the support of her
husband. After forming in procession she rode in front, fifteen miles,
to the county seat where the election was held, where she harangued the
voters and saw her friends put in a solid vote for Galbraith, who was
elected by half a dozen votes. Stewart was also successful. The lat-

218 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBRICA. '

ter died in Philadelphia during the session in January, 1733. This
mode of electioneering is given as a pointer to our political friends.

The Convention of Deputies that met at Carpenters' Hall, in
June, 1776, was controlled bj Presbyterians. Col. Alexander Low-
rey, a member from this county and one of the sturdy patriots of Done-
gal, was there.

On the 18th day of June, 1776, resolutions were passed in that body
instructing the members of Congress from Pennsylvania to vote for an
independent government; and in the fall of the same year another
convention, composed of many of those who were at Carpenters' Hall,
met in Philadelphia to frame i^ constitution of the new state of Penn-
sylvania. A majority of them were Presbyterians, and the -spirit of
independence and just law to all alike was the prevailing sentiment
which governed them.

United States Senator Samuel Smith and Simon Camerpn were
bom ixi Donegal,, and the ancestors of Senators Wilkins, Paterson,
Kyle, Allison, J. D. Cameron, and Kelly were of the same place.

During the Revolutionary War the township furnished the follow-
ing-named officers who ranked as colonels: Bertram Galbraith, Alex-
ander Lowrey, James Cunningham, Qeorge Stewart, John Kelley^
Hugh White, Wflliam Hay, John Wilkins, Arthur Buchannon,
James Galbraith, Jr., Abraham Scott, William Clingan, Samuel
Smith, Samuel Hughes, John Hughes, Daniel Hughes, and Ben-
jamin Mills. Stewart was then residing in Tuscarora Valley; John
Kelley, Hugh White, Scott, and Clingan, along the West Branch ;
Smith and the Hu^i^heses, in Maryland.

OLD PAXTANG CHURCH.

BY HON. W. r. BUTHSRFORD, HARBI8BURO« PA.

Mr. President and Members of the Scotch-Irish Society of America:
It is with great pleasure that I welcome you, in the name of the
people of Paxton, to this ancient stronghold of our race. It is emi-
nently 6tting that you should visit this place, and your feelings whilst
here should be of a filial nature; for the locality may with soroe pro-
priety, be called the native heath and starting point of the people
whom you represent Our ancestors, when they lived in Scotland,
were Scotchmen; transplanted to Ireland, they became ULstermen;
but it was only when they reached America that they became Scotch-
Irishmen (a term of reproach a century and a half ago), and nowhere
on the continent did there exist so good a school for the graduation of
Scotch-Irishmen as right here in old Paxtang. Whilst the general
characteristics of the race are the same in every age and country, yet
the Scotchman, the Ulsterman, and the Scotch-Irish American are
three distinct and separate characters because of the differences in
situation and environment. But I am not to talk here about the race,
but about the early history of Paxton Church; and yet we find that in
those days civil, religious, racial, and military affairs were so blended
and iningled together as to become inseparable, and so the early history
of the several old churches of this region is also the early history of this
portion of the state. I can, therefore, on the present occasion, do
little more than glance at the subject; and if by so doing I^can be the
means of causing farther investigation into our history, I shall feel
amply repaid. I said at the outset that this church is one of the an-
cient strongholds of the race, how old no one knows, and right here
before us is a striking illustration of one of the characteristics of our
people: that of making history and failing to record it

That there were white men here at the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury there can be little doubt William Penn was well informed con-
cerning the locality previous .to 1690, and in that year issued his pro-
posals for a city on the Susquehanna. In 1701 Isaac Taylor made
a map of the river and its branches. In 1705 John Harris took out
his license as an Indian trader, and shortly afterwards located in this
vicinity. In 1715 Rev. George Gillespie missionated, under the

(219)

220 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

direction of the Presbytery of New Castle, as far as Paxton. In the
adjoining graveyard there was still to be seen, within the meiuory of
persons yet living, a rough limestone marker with the date 1716. In
1720 Rev. David Evans missionated in Paxton and Derry. In 1724
Donegal, Paxton, and Derry came under the ministrations of Rev.
Adam Boyd, who was succeeded in the same charge by Rev. James
Anderson in 1726. From these dates we cannot be far wrong if Me
say that this spot has been used as a Presbyterian (and of course
Scotch-Irish) place for worship since the beginning of the eighteenth
century. It was not, however, until October, 1732, that Paxton and
Derry became fully equipped and regularly organized churches, under
the pastorate of Rev. William Bertram. Owing to the rapid increase
of population and other causes the two churches soon became too
heavy a charge for Mr. Bertram, and he retired from Paxton in 1736,
devoting his entire time thereafter to Derry. In 1738 the congrega-
tion at Paxton called the Rev. John Elder, who had, during the previ-
ous year and a half, supplied the pulpit This pastorate covers a
period of fifty-six years, the most trying and eventful in the history of
the Church or of the nation. Abont the time Mr. Elder began his
work here the rapid influx from Ireland alarmed the government at
Philadelphia to such an extent that it refused to sell any more land to
the newcomers east of the Conewaga hills. It also endeavored and in
many cases succeeded in ousting those who had already settled in tho
eastern portion of the State. The gentle Quaker, whose principles,
whilst living in England or Massachusetts, forbade his participation in
civil or military afikirs and condemned the use of force under all cir-
cumstances, had taken very kindly to poip^er in Pennsylvania, and
thought he saw a formidable rival in the enterprising and warlike^
Ulsterman! He therefore deemed it wise to place' this element where
it could do no harm, and take for neighbors the more conservative
Germans, especially those of the Mennonite and kindred persuasions.
This, together with the natural clannishness of the race, rapidly filled
up the country embraced within the limits of Paxton, Derry, and
Hanover, and caused large overflows into the Cnmberland and Buffalo
Valleys, and southward into Virginia and the Carolinas, and at a
later period into the country west of the Alleghanies. So that a large
proportion of the old families of our race now living North, South, or
West can trace their ancestry back to this locality. Mr. Elder had
scarcely began preaching in his new field when the old log church,
which had been in use from the beginning of the settlement, was found
to be too small to accommodate the congregation, and steps were im-

OLD PAXTANG CHURCH. 221

mediately taken for the erection of the present building, the corner stone
of which was laid in 1740. Judging from the remains of some of the
architecture, still Tisible in the loft, the plan for the inside was some-
what elaborate, and contemplated a semicircular ceiling.

The stones of which the walls are constructed are of a very inferior
qpality, and were collected from the fields around by the farmers of
the congregation, each contributing his share in labor or in money.
No papers concerning the matter have been preserved, but tradition
seems to point to John Harris and Thomas Mc Arthur as members of
the building committee. An incident connected with the construction
of the walls may serve to illustrate one of the prominent characteris-
tics of our race before we moved to Ulster, as well as the tact and wis-
dom acquired after coming to America : A company of masons, fresh
from Scotland, had been engaged to do the work. When they came
and examined the material, they positively refused to touch it, and, de-
claring such stone unfit for any wall, declined to risk their reputation
in the attempt. In this dilemma Tommie McArthur, who lived on
the adjoining property, was sent for, and informed of the situation.
Mr. McArthur immediately came down, armed with a very powerful
argument, in the shape of a jug of whisky, which he placed at the dis-
posal of the masons, remarking as he did so that he purposed replen-
ishing it from time to time as the work progressed. Nothing whatever
was said by either party about the character of the stones, and the
work was at once cheerfully begun, and as cheerfully completed, and
the reputation of the workmen as master masons has been constantly
growing aa the years go by.

Before the building waa finished the Old and New Side controver-
sy of 1741 reached Paxton, and so disturbed the community that all
work upon it ceased, and the interior remained in an unfinished condi-
tion until after the Revolution. When this controversy began Mr.
Elder was preaching at Paxton and Mr. Bertram at Derry. While
both congregations were much agitated, and stood ready for a change
at any moment, nothing occurred until 1745, when Mr. Bertram, who
was physically unable to work longer, resigned his charge. This fur-
nished an opportunity for a trial of strength between the Old and
New Side people of Derry. The New Side faction proving the stron-
ger, John Roan was called, and accepted the charge. At Paxton Mr.
Elder and the Old Side party, proving the stronger, held the prop-
erty, and the New Side people erected a church of their own, about
two miles east of this, and united with Derry in the call to Mr. Roan^
who b^an his labors in Paxton on the 16th of August, 1745, and con-

222 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

tinued without interruption (giving one-third of his time to this charge)
until his death, in October, 1775, after which no other pastor was
ever called, his people gradually returning to Mr. Elder, and in 1787
the building was sold and removed. A further sale of the two acres
of land belonging to the churdi was made in 1807, since when no ves-
tige of New Sideism remains in Paxton, save the small graveyard in
which some of the pioneers of the movement were buried.

The Old Side people of Derry secured at the same time a portion
of Mr. Elder's services, who continued to preach statedly to them un-
til Mr. Roan's death, in 1775, when the whole congregation united
under him, and he became sole pastor of Paxton and Derry, and
so remained the balance of his lifetime. Closely upon the heels
of the Old and New Side rupture followed trouble with the Indians,
incited partly by the &ct that the Scotch-Irish were settling up the
country faster than the Indian titles could be extinguished ; partly by
the French, who were rivals of the English for the possession of the
territory; and at a later day, when the Revohition broke out, by the
English themselves; so that from about 1745 down to the close of the
Revolution, comprising the lifetime of almost two generations of men,
the people of Paxton and neighboring congregations lived in constant
apprehension of danger, and were obliged to be ready at all times for
an encounter with the enemy. They were the advance guard of civ-
ilization, and stood ds a wall of 6 re between the savages, on the one
side, and the peace-loving Quakers and Meonouites, on the other.
During this long period of time the frontiersmen received little aid,
and no comfort, from the government at Philadelphia, the Assembly
there fearing that such help might hurt the feelings of the Indians;
and looking, as they did, upon the Presbyterians as a " pack of insig-
ni^cant Scotch-Irish, who, if they were all killed, could well enough
be spared," rather encouraged the Indian outrages. The government
did, however, commission Mr, Elder as colonel of the Paxton Rangers,
a body composed chiefly of the men of his own and of Hanover con-
gregations, upon whom rested for many years the safety of this portion
of the colony. Mr. Elder held this commission until after the so-called
massacre of the Conestoga Indians, in 1763, when Gov. Penn request-
ed his resignation, which was very cheerfully given in a communica-
tion which for keenness and power of expression approaches the cele-
brated letter of Sam Johnson to Lord Chesterfield.

Much was said aod written concerning the conduct of the Paxton
Boys on this occasion. Political excitement ran high; the party
which had so long ruled the colony was beginning to show signs of

OLD PAXTAXG CHUUCH.

223

weaknefls, and, like the drowning man, was ready to seize iipon any-
thing that might serve as a buoy ; and so the destruction of an import
tant outpost of the eneniy was represented as a barbarous massacre, in cold
blood, of innocent noncombatant^ and the subsequent exercise of the
right of petition by the Paxton Boys was distorted into an act of re-
bellion. The truth concerning these acta was well understood at the
time, as is proved by private letters of John Penn and Benjamin
Franklin, as well as by the public and private utterances of Parson
Elder, John Harris, and many others of like character. It is further
proved by the fact that the political chicanery thus used failed of its
object for lack of popular support. Subsequent events also showed
that when the Paxiou Boys attacked Conestoga they struck the nail
fairly upon the head, as no further Indian depredations ever occurred
in Paxton.

Much has also been said and written as to where the responsibility
for the destruction of Conestoga should rest. It is very pjain that, so
far as the people on the frontiers were concerned^ the removal of the
Indians was a military neces:)ity. This fact had be^u repeatedly ex-
plained to the government by men who^e opinions were entitled to re-
spect. The Conestogas were, in a very important sense, the wards of
the government, living on proprietary lands, and largely maintained
at the public expense. On the principle of *' like master, like man,"
they could not be expected to have a very great liking for the Scotch-
Irish frontiersmen, and doubtless felt that by aiding and abetting their
savage friends in the destruction of the settlers they were not only
pleasing their Q^uaker masters, but doing Gud*s service. They owe
their destruction, therefore, to those from whom they took their cue.
It is strange that this act of the Paxton Boys, after the lapse of almost
a century and a half, when the facts of the case and the causes thereof
are so easily accessible, should be held up in reprobation by respectable
historians, such as Mr. McMasters and others, designating the actors
as brutes and unprincipled men. Their statements, however, are so
obviously unjust, and so supremely absurd, as to scarcely merit any
refutation whatever, and I probably owe you an apology for alluding
to the subject. Prom this period (1763) down to the year 1773 noth-
ing occurred to disturb the tranquillity of Paxton beyond the usual ex-
periences of frontier life.

In that year (1773), however, a movement for the establishment of a
Covenanter Church in Paxton was started by William Brown, a man
of strong character fmd much intelligence, a grandson of John Brown,
" the pious carrier " of Muirkirk, Scotland, who was shot by Claver-

^24

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

house, in the presence of his family, in 1685, because of his refusal to
take the oath of conformity. Mr. Brown went over to Ireland for
ministers; and in the fall of 1773 returned, bringing with him from the
Covenanter Presbytery of Ireland Revs. Matthew Lind and Alexan-
der Dobbin, who, together with Rev. John Culbertson, organized at
Paxton, in the log church built by Mr. Brown on his farm, Marcfi^ 10,
1774, the Reformed Presbyterian Presbytery of America. Mr. Dob-
bin was sent to Marsh Creek, near Gettysburg, and Mr. Lind re-
mained in Paxton. After a fair trial, however, of possibly ten years,
the project^ was abandoned for lack of support because of the strong
hold Mr. Elder retained upon the affections of the people of Paxton.
There have been various expressions of opinion as to who, in America,
committed the first overt act of what would have been called treason
against the mother country, had the Revolution been unsuccessful.

The Scotch-Irish, from their habits of life and long training upon
the frontier, would naturally be expected to take the lead in matters
of this kind; and such doubtless is the truth ; John Penn, as early as
1764, in a letter speaking of the Paxton Boys, predicts that " their
next move will be to subvert the government and establish one of their
own." Early in the year 1774 meetings were held in the several
townships of Lancaster County, with this object in view. The pro-
ceedings of but four of them, however, have been preserved — that of
Hanover, June 4, 1774, and ]of Middletown, which . was within the
bounds of Paxton Church, June 8, 1774; Lebanou, June 25, 1774;
and Lancaster, July 9, 1774 — all setting forth the duty of opposition
to the oppressive measures of Parliament, advocatipg a union of the
colonies, and recommending an appeal to arms. Thus it will be seen
that the resolves of the people of Hanover and Paxton antedate the
celebrated declarations of their Mecklenburg brethren by almost a
whole year, and lead the 4th of July, 1776, by more than two
years. When war actually came, all the Scotch-Irishmen of Paxton
joined the Liberty Association and held themselves ready to march at
a moment's notice. Many entered the battalions of the line and served
continuously throughout the war; others served when needed, and it
has been said that there was not a man of suitable age and strength
counected with Paxton Church who had not campaigned more or less

during the long stru<;gle.* It must also be remembered that it was

' - - - — — —

* As stated in the text, all the able-bofHed men of Paxton Church were
soldiers, both during the French and Indian War and the Revolution. The
church furnished the following officers: Cols. Robert Eider, James Cowden,
Tiiomas Murray, James Burd, Joshua Elder, Matthew Smith, and Come-

•

t «

* •

t ■

■ ic '%' '■*■ »•/•■ ■^ ^■'^/^^^ft

OLD PAXTANG CHUttCH. 225

necessary throughout the Revolution to keep a watchful eye upon the
Indians on the frontier. With the return of pefce came also the close
of frontier life in Paxton, and many of her sons followed the advancing
lines of civilization, and to-day their descendants are to be found in
every state and in every walk of life ; and, as a rule, they are reflect-
ing credit upon their ancestry and upon their native heath. But I
must leave unsaid many things relating to the early history of Pax-
ton. I have made no mention of the celebrated school which flour-
ished here and was coeval with the Church, where knowledge was dis-
pensed to the sons and daughters of the neighborhood for more than a
century.* Nor have I even alluded to the heroic men and women who

lius Cox ; Majs. Stephen Forster, John Gilchrist, and John Murray; Capts.
James Collier, John Ratherford, Samuel Kearsley, James Murray, Jonathan
McClure, Samuel Cochran, William McClure, James Crouch, John Reed,
William Brown, Archibald McAllister, Michael Simpson, and John Harris;
Lieuts. Thomas McArthur, Henry McKinney, AVilliam Montgomery, George
Cochran, John Dickey, Samuel Rutherford, William Swan, Matthew Gil-
christ, Michael Whitley, Andrew Stewart, John Simpson, William Cochran,
and Thomas Foster; Ensigns Robert Gray, Thomas Foster, Samuel Sherer,
Joseph Simpson, Samuel Hutchison, and Henry Rennick; Court-martialmen
Greorge Espy, William lyicClure, Josiah Espy, Alexander McClure, John
Gallagher, John Hilton,,and Thomas Bell. I might add that of the thirty-
three men who have represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate
since the organization of the government, the territory comprising the
original bounds of Paxton congregation has furnished three of them: Wil-
liam Maclay, 1789 to 1791; Simon Cameron, three terms; and Donald Cam-
eron, now serving his fourth term. It has also furnished the government,
in the persons of the two last-named gentlemen, one Ambassador to the
Court of Russia, and two Secretaries of War.

* The records of this school have almost all been lost, especially those
relating to the period before the Revolution. From the meager data at
hand, however, we know that Francis Kerr and probably Joseph Hutchin-
son were masters of the school previous to 1775, and that Mr. Kerr, in addi-
tion to his professional labors, was Master of a lodge of Masons, whose tem-
ple was the old log schoolhouse. Immediately following the Revolution
Joseph Allen became master, and held the office for more than a quarter
of a century. His fame as an educator extended over severarcountiefl, and
his memory is still green in Paxton. His government was autocratic, and
many traditions concerning his use of the birch have come down to us.
Among the successors of Allen were John Armstrong, Francis Donley,
Thomas Hutchinson, James Cupples, Samuel S. Rutherford, Francis I),
Cummings, and at a much later day. Rev. John Macbeth, author of a book
on the Sabbath, and a friend of Edward Irving and Thomas Carlyle, who
gives a short sketch of Macbeth in his notebook, published since his death
by Mr. Froude. All these men were Scotch-Irishmen, and exerted a pow-
erful infiueme upon the community in which ttie school was located.
15

226

THE SCOTCU'IRISU IN AMERICA.

as individuak bore the heat and burden of the long conflict which
constitutes our early history; the biographies of many of whom would
be well worth our attention. These and a variety of other interesting
topics must be passed for the present, and we will close our sketch of
Paxton with the close of the life of the Rev. CoL John Elder, who died
July 17, 1792, at the ripe age of eighty-six, after having with signal
ability guided the helm of Paxton through many storms for more
than half a century. He was one of those remarkable characters met
with occasionally, who appear at the proper time and place, to guide
the people through some difficult pass in their history: a trusted lead-
er both in civil and religious affairs, a valiant soldier, a patriotic citi-
zen, a cordial hater of Tories, and in all things a fair representative
of the character and opinions of the Scotch-Irish pioneers of America.

PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE SCOTCH-IRISH.

BY REV. N. G. PARKE, D,D., PITTSTON, PA.

The churches of Derry and Paxtan^if, to which we are making a
pilgrimage to-day, are among the oldest Church organizations in this
part of Pennsylvania; and those who effected these organizations a
hundred and seventy-five years ago, as we have just heard from one of
their worthy representatives, William Franklin Rutherford, were from
Ulster, the prolific hive from which our Scotch-Irish fathers and
mothers swarmed during the early part of the last century. These
churches, with their pastors and the men who sustained them, have de-
servedly an honored place in the history of Pennsylvania and of our
nation; and there is something peculiarly befitting and inspiring in
this meeting of our National Scotch-Irish Society on this historic
ground, and in this house which our fathers and mothers erected for the
worship of God a hundred and fifty years ago, which stands close by
the old graveyard in which so many of them sleep, and among the
giant oaks that spread their arms toward heaven, and as the sun goes
down cast their shadows on the graves of our honored dead.

It should not be a difficult matter for a Scotch-Irishman, on an oc-
casion like this, to speak. There surely is inspiration in our environ-
ments. But personally, though claiming relationship to the Ruther-
fords and Elders and others of the Scotch-Irish ancestry, into whose
faces I look, I am somewhat at a loss just how to speak. I had sup-
posed that this was to be a kind of familiar "experience meeting," and
I have arranged what I have to say along that line.

Since the organization of the National Scotch-Irish Society, and the
publication of our annual, so full of personal and national Scotch-Irish
history, there is no excuse for ignorance on the part of the descendants
of the Scotch- Irish fathers, as to who these fathers were, where they
came from, their motives in coming here, their character, the part
they acted in the great Revolutionary struggle with the mother coun-
try that made ns a free nation, and the influence they exerted in shap-
ing the Constitution of the United States. The historical papers that
have been read from year to year before our Society and published
are already invaluable, and they will grow in interest as the years go
by. But there are some things we know in regard to the Scotch-Irish
that are not matters of history, and that could scarcely be woven into

(227)

228 THE SCOTCH-IRISH' IN AMERICA.

a dignified historical paper. They are matters of experience— ^ what
I'homas Carlisle would possibly call "smatterings of domesticity/'
We have lived with them, they nursed us, we ate at their tables, we
slept under their roofs, we can speak with confidence of what we have
seen and heard and felt, as well as of what has been told us. We
have eaten of their oatmeal that Dr. Johnson thought was only good
"for horses and Scotchmen,'' and their mush and milk, that never failed ;
on Sunday evening we have recited with them the " Shorter Cate-
chism," that they prize next to the fiible; on Sundays and on other
days we have committed and sung with them the Psalms of David
without the accompaniment of the organ or any other "chest of
whistles ; " we have listened to two long sermons in a day with only
a short intermission between, and stood up through the " long pray-
ers;" and bowed with them around the old family altar morning
and evening as long as we were under their roof; and felt the
rod they did not hesitate to use, that Solomon recommends, de-
signed to correct " the outbreakings of sin and folly." These Scotch-
Irish fathers and mothers in whose honor we are here to-day, and
whom some of us remember very distinctly and tenderly and lovingly,
were a religious people, K they were acquainted with the Hamil-
tonian philosophy, they took no stock in it They were strangers to
the spirit of agnosticism. They left Ulster and came to this land not
so much for bread as fpr liberty to worship God according to the dic-
tates of their own conscience. They believed that the Bible is the word
of God, and taught their children accordingly. They made no efiort
to eliminate from the Bible all that was supernatural, believing as they
did in an invisible and almighty Grod. While a student in college
and at home on a vacation I attempted to tell my mother some of
" the mistakes of Moses " as suggested by the " stone mason of Cro-
marty," Hugh Miller. She heard me through, and then said with
some emphasis: " I have heard enough of that kind of talk from you."
That ended the matter. These fathers and mothers who founded our
Church in this wilderness believed that the Bible was the word of God,
and taught their children accordingly. They built for themselves and
for their families sanctuaries in which to worship God. They took
their children with them to the sanctuary, sometimes two or three on a
horse, as Goldsmith tells us they did who attended on the services of
the "Vicar of Wakefield." They may have erred in the strictness
with which they insisted od the observance of the Sabbath and the
performance of other religious duties. We thought so when we were
children. We do not think so now. Confessedly they were the de-

PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OP THE SCOTCH-IRISH. 229

iermined friends of education. In their view the Church and the Bchool-
house could not be divorced. They did not find in this land of their
adoption universities in which their sons could be trained for the work
of the ministry, and sent them across the Atlantic for their diplomas.
Our colleges grew out of this feature of their character. It gave to
Pennsylvania the old log college and to New Jersey the " University
of Princeton." The same feature of character in the Puritans gave to
New England Yale and Harvard. With both the Puritans and the
Scotch-Irish a college training, or at least a knowledge of Greek and
Latin, was a sine qua non on the part of any one who aspired to the
position of a gospel minister.

There was one other feature of the Scotch-Irish character that some
of us have reason to know something about They (the Scotch-Irish)
were, from principle or from necessity, a very frugal people. They
did not give their children much money to spend at Christmas time, or
any other time. They were not festive in their habits, nor oetentatious
in their way of living. It was my privilege to be brought up in " the
manse." My father received his college diploma at Carlisle at the
same time that James Buchanan received his. He never had a theo-
logical diploma. The Presbyterian Church had no theological school
at that time. He ministered to one of the oldest, if not the oldest,
church organizations west of the Susquehanna River. Ninety per
cent of the ancestors of those composing the organization when I was a
boy came from Ulster. What my father's salary was I do not know.
It may have been fifty pounds. It did not exceed that amount. For-
tunately for the children, my mother had some property, and so did
^y father, and together they bought a farm near the church, on which
we lived; and this farm supplemented the salary. We had plenty to
eat always. It is possible to live without much money, and this the
Scotch-Irish pastors and people did. The yankees are almost always
ahead, and in the matter of economy in paying salaries to their preach-
ers they certainly were not far behind. Rev. Dr. Jonathan Edwards,
subsequently President of Princeton College, after being dismissed
from Northampton (in Massachusetts), was induced to accept a call
to the church of Stockbridge, on the banks of the Hoosatonic, at an an-
nual salary of £5 13s 4d. This was at a time when his daughters were
being sought in marriage, and among the accepted suitors was President
Burr, of Princeton College. Miss Edwards became Mrs. Burr; the
mother of Aaron Burr. How the father of the bride managed to
meet all the expenses incurred in furnishing '' the wedding outfit " only
a yankee can *' guess." Besides the salary of thirty-five dollars in law-

230 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

ful moDej Dr. Edwards was to have a hundred loads of wood. This
might suffice to keep his family warm if they were scant of clothing.
In my father's family, until the children were old enough to be sent
from home to school, the farm apparently furnished everything need-
ed for our comfort. We had no bills to pay for gas or electric light :
" tallow dips " furnished the house with light. We paid nothing for
matches: when our fires, that were carefully covered up on going to
bed, happened to go out, we could go to the neighbors for a few coals.
Waahbowh and pitchers in our sleeping rooms cost nothing: we could
wash at the pump, and dry our hands and faces on the long towel that
hung on a roller behind the kitchen door. Our bathtub was a mill pond,,
half a mile from home. The soap that we used was made from lye, ex-
tracted from wood ashes, that had some sort of affinity for grease. The
cows furnished us with milk and butter. The chickens provided us with
eggs. At butchering time we had a variety of meat laid by that
served us for the coming year. The sheep furnished us with very
much of our clothing. The price of coal did not concern us: we had
plenty of good hickory wood. We could lay in shad and herring
enough from the Susquehanna in the spring of the year, at a very
small cost, to last through the year. Our orcha,rds yielded all the
fruit that we needed for our table, and some for the cider mill and the
stillhouse. We had plenty of wheat and rye and corn and buckwheat.
The children were never sent hungry to bed, except as a punishment
for some type of mischief. It cost something to procure a swallowtail
coat to be married in, but such a suit lasted a long time when used
only as a Sunday suit. The firstborn son in the manse did not have
the advantage over the younger boys that he would have had in En-
gland, or that Esau should have had over Jacob*, but he did not have
to wear "outgrown" Sunday clothes that were handed down to him
from older brothers.

These Scotch-Irish fathers — to whom, under God, we owe so much,
and who believed in " the perseverance of the saints " — were not all
saints. They did not claim to be. The *' old Adam " cropped out in
them not unfrequently, as the history of their conflicts with their Ger-
man and Quaker neighbors in the early settlement of Pennsylvania
clearly shows; but they were industrious, frugal, intelligent, home-
loving, self-sacrificing, conscientious. God-fearing men, of whom we
have no reason to be ashamed, and in whose humble homes have grown
up not a few men and women who have greatly helped to give our
country her proud position among the nations of the earth, and whom
the nations of the earth delight to honor.

HISTORY OF HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION,

DAUPHIN COUNTY, PA.

BT JUDGE J. W. 8IMOMTON, HABRISBURG, PA.

The mountain range which stretches across the state of Pennsylva-
nia from the Delaware River, on its eastern border, and extends in a
southwesterly direction through the western part of Maryland and
Virginia into Tennessee, was named by the Delaware Indians " Keck-
achtany/' or " Kittochtinny," meaning, it is said, *^ endless hills/' a
very appropriate name, from the Indian point of view, for this long
and regular range of mountains.

Two huLdred years ago the region, bounded by this range on the
north, the Susquehanna River on the west, and the Swatara Creek on
the south and east, was a primitive forest, and had not jet been trod-
den by the feet of Europeans. It was more or less densely covered with
oak, hickory, maple, elm, and other hard-wood trees, with some pine
and cedar on the rougher hills; with intervals of open glades and
meadows, on which native grasses grew luxuriantly, furnishing ample
pasture for the numerous deer that here lived practically unmolested,
as it was but sparsely inhabited, and not much frequented by the In-
dians at the time of which we speak. The surface of the ground was
uneven, and in some places quite hilly, and the soil, except near the
Susquehanna and on some of the lowlands bordering upon the small-
er streams, was comparatively unproductive.

The bounds of the Hanover congregation, when formed, included
all of this territory except that which would be excluded by a line
drawn parallel to and about seven miles east of the Susquehanna
River. It was watered by three or four small streams, which had their
sources in springs at the base of the mountain, and one somewhat
larger stream, called in the earlier records " Monoday," and after-
wards *' Manada," Creek, which took its rise in the valley between the
first and second mountains of the range, and made its way through a
gap in the first mountain. All of these streams flowed in a southerly
direction until they reached the Swatara, at a distance of some nine or
ten miles from the mountain.

Into this region the Scotch-Irish emigrants from Ulster began to
penetrate about 1725. The causes which compelled them to migrate

(231)

232

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBBICA.

have beeo bo fully discussed in several admirable addresses, which will
be found in the volume containing this sketch, that they need not be
recounted here. No doubt these, in whole or in part, were more or
less present to the consciousness of many of the emigrants. But, strict-
ly speaking, these were rather the occasion than the cause of the move-
ment. The fundamental cause was that in the councils of Providence
the time had come when preparation for the march of civilization and
Christianity across this continent was to begin, and men r>f the stamp
and mold of these Ulstermen, and such as their sons would become in
their new environment, were needed on the frontier.

These newcomers were not looked upon with favor by the Quaker
proprietaries. They were not permitted to locate wherever they chose.
Those who settled on the manor of Conestoga were removed by force,
their cabins were burned, and they were -compelled to go beyond
the Conestoga and Swatara. At this time the Indian title to this land
had not been extinguished, and was not until 1736, when a convey-
ance was made by the Indians to the Penns of the lands which includ-
ed the part of then Lancaster (now Dauphin) County south of the
Kittatinny Mountains.

Owing to the death of William Penn in 1718, and the minority
of his sons until 1731, the land office was practically closed during the
interval, and land warrants could not be obtained. The practice was
for the intending settler to obtain from the secretary of the land office
a ticket authorizing him to make a location and settlement; but by
degrees it came to be considered of little consequence whether this
ticket were obtained or not. In a letter dated January 23, 1733,
from Thomas Penn to Logan, the secretary of the land office, he says
of these Scotch-Irish settlers : " 'Tis true that some of them applied to
the commissioners before their settlement, whereas others went without
thinking that formality necessary; but there they have been settled
twelve or fifteen years, have paid no consideration for that favor, neither
think that they ought."' From this, as well as from other data, which
we have not space to insert, we infer that the region which was after-
wards included within the bounds of the Hanover congregation began
to be settled, as we have stated, about 1725, and that the usual course
was for the immigrant to select his location, influenced by such con-
siderations as the existence of springs and streams, nearness of other
settlers, and, it would seem in many cases, last of all, by the character
of the soil ; for many of the early selections were by no means the best
in this respect.

Having made his choice, in some instances leaving hia wife and

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 233

daughters with friends, and sometimes taking them with him, he went
into the forest with his sons, if they were large enough to assist, and
began the work of making a home for his family and himself. His
first task was to cut away the timber from a small spot, almost always
chosen near a spring or stream ; and, with the larger timbers, build a
log cabin wkh perhaps two rooms, in one of which there was a large
fireplace, having an ample chimney built of stone outside of the cabin,
or, if stone could not be had, of blocks of wood covered with mortar.
The roof was niade of bark or split boards, on which were laid poles,
fastened down with hickory withes. As soon as this shelter for them-
selves had been made the smaller trees for some space were felled, and
the larger trees were girdled, and, at the proper season, potatoes and
corn were planted. Each year this operation was extended to a larger
space, and thus from scores of centers the areas of cleared land en-
croached upon the forest. When a sufficient space waa obtained,
wheat, rye, and oats were sown, as well as the fiax and hemp needed
to furnish the material with which to replace the garments brought
over the sea.

During the years from 1725 to 1735 the settlements had extended
from the Swatara to the mountains, and the number of settlers had
increased to such an extent that the need of a '' meetinghouse " north
of the Swatara became vQry pressing. Hence, when the Presbytery
of Donegal, which had been formed by the Synod of Philadelphia in
1732, and was the only Presbytery west of Philadelphia, met in Not-
tingham, Chester County, in 1735, the minutes state that "a suppli-
cation was presented from the people on the borders of the Swatara
<;ongregation, desiring the countenance of Presbytery in building a
new meetinghouse, in order to have supplies." When this supplica-
tion was read, the Rev. William Bertram, the pastor of the Swatara
(Derry) Congregation, reported that " his people desired him to sig-
nify to the Presbytery that they wished them to defer granting said
supplication until they be heard." The reason for this request no
<ioubt was that those who presented the " supplication " were assisting,
more or less, to support the pastor of Derry, and the Derry people did
not wish to lose their help in paying his salary. The matter was de-
ferred until the next meeting of Presbytery, and, at the next meet-
ing, held at the same place in October, 1735, was again deferred. At
this meeting the minutes of Presbytery state that '' Mr. Bichard
Sankey, a theological student from Ireland, presented his certificate
before members of Presbytery, and was ordered to make himself ac-
quainted with the members before the next meeting."

234 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

At the next meeting of Preebytery, held at Middle Octorara, Lan-
caster County, November 20, 1735, Lazarus Stewart appeared to pros-
ecute the supplicatipn of Manada Creek (afterwards Hanover) for a
new erection ; and the Rev. James Anderson and any brother whom the
standing committee of Presbytery Haight designate to act with him
were appointed " to perambulate the bounds and borders of the con-
gregation of Derry and the people of Manada sometime next spring ;
said brethren to take particular notice of the meetinghouse of Ma-
nada and its distance from the meetinghouse of Derry. They are
also ordered to fix the bounds of said people, and to determine con-
cerning the meetinghouse at Manada."

The duty thus enjoined upon these brethren does not seem to have
been attended to, for on May 25, 1736, when Presbytery met at Not-
tingham, the Rev. James Anderson and Mr. Galbraith and Mr. William
Maxwell, a ruling elder from Paxtang, were ordered to meet on Tues-
day before the next meeting of Presbytery at Derry, to be held on the
first Wednesday in September, in order to perambulate the bounds
between the people of Derry and Mauada.

When Presbytery met at Derry, according to appointment, Mr.
Anderson reported that the perambulation between Derry and Ma-
nada had been made, and gave in the statement of the committee in
writing; and the parties in favor of and against the report of the com-
mittee were heard at length. After consideration and debate, the
Presbytery resolved to erect the people of Manada into a distinct con-
gregation, and approved the place where they had begun to build as
the most suitable for a meetinghouse. Mr. Lazarus Stewart engaged
to the Presbytery that ''all persons who belong to, or wish to join
themselves to, the new erection, who are in arrears to Mr. Bertram,
shall pay up." On the next day it was agreed by the people of Ma*
nada and Derry, and ordered by the Presbytery, " that the people on
the borders of these two congregations — that is, between the meeting-
houses and beyond the Swatara — shall on or before the first of
November next declare in an orderly way — i. tf., before some elder^
or proper man in the congregation, which they make choice of,,
whether they will join the congregation of Derry or Manada; and
after said first of November, none who dwell in bounds shall be at
liberty to alter their choice, but by the concurrence of both the con-
gregations, or order of the Presbytery."

When Presbytery met at " Dunagal " on October 26, of the same
year, Mr. Lazarus Stewart reported that nothing had been done in
paying the arrears to the Rev. Mr. Bertram, because no list of arrears

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 235

had. been rendered, '' but that they are ready to act when an account
is rendered." At this meeting Mr. Sankey was licensed to preach the
gospel as a probationer ; and at the next meeting, on November 10, it
was ordered that Messrs.. James Gelston and Richard Sankey supply
Pe^uea and Manada by monthly terms alternately until the next meet-
ing of Presbytery. At the meeting of Presbytery, April 6, 1737, in
pursuance of the supplication from the people of Manada, Mr. Ber-
tram was ordered to supply that people on the last Sabbath of April,
and to convene the people on some day of the following week, in order
to moderate a call to Mr. Sankey ; and on June 22, 1737, a supplica-
tion and the call to Mr. Sankey were presented to Preftbytery by
John Cunningham and Robert Greer, commissioners from the con-
gregation of Hanover (Manada), by which the said commissioners
were empowered to promise toward Mr. Sankoy's support among
the people of Hanover, as their orderly pastor, the annual pay*
ment of sixty pounds — L e., one-half in cash and the other part in
commodities, such as flax, hemp, linen, yarn and cloth — together
with several gratuities mentioned in said supplication. Said call
was recommended to Mr. San key's consideration until the next
meeting of Presbytery, and he was appointed to supply Hanover
and Pax tang alternately. At the meeting of Presbytery, October
6, 1737, the people of Hanover asked that Mr. Sankey*s ordination
and installation be hastened. He was ordered to supply them until
the nextv meeting of Presbytery.

The people of Hanover had built their church, at least in part,
before September, 1736; for at the meeting held at Derry on that
date Presbytery approved "the place whore they had bc^un to
build as most suitable for a meetinghouse." No record or tradition
exists to tell us why the place selected was adjudged "most. suita-
ble." One reason, doubtless, was the existence of the large spring
which here bursts from a fissure in the limestone rock. Almost
without exception — ^Paxtang being the only one we know — the
early churches were erected near largo springs. The importance
of this will be realized when wo remember that there were usually
two services and serra'ons, with a recess, during which the wor-
shipers ate the luncheon brought with them and slaked their thirst
in the hot summer midday from the clear waters of the spring. A
somewhat minute acquaintance with the region in our earlier years
does not enable us to recall any other spring available that would
as well have fulfilled the conditions. Another reason which proba-
bly influenced the placing of the church at almost the extreme

236 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEBICA.

northern boundary of the congregation was that any place farther
south that could have been selected would have been felt by the
Derry congregation to be too near their church. There may also
have been other reasons of which, at this distance of time, we can
know nothing. '

It was certainly an ideal spot for a country church. It was
in a forest of oak, maple, hickory, walnut, and other trees.
It was near the base of the outlying spurs of the Kittatinny
Mountains on the north, which were covered with a dense for-
est many miles in extent. The oply road by which the church
was reached was from the south, and it ended at the church; for,
as we have stated, there was nothing north of it but mountain and
forest. The church was situated in a valley formed by the moun-
tain on the north and a ridge of hills running parallel on the south,
80 that one had to approach very close before he could see it. The
road, indeed, was for many years after the church was first built a
mere path through the forest, and hardly any one had occasion to
travel within a mile of the church, unless to go there. Except
when the congregation were assembled for worship, absolute silence
reigned; and when assembled there was nothing to attract their
attention from their devotions and from the sermon but the occa-
sional neighing of their horses, as they stood in the shade of the
trees in the summer, or covered with homemade blankets or robes
in the winter.

The Presbytery of Donegal met here for the first time on Au-
gust 30, 1738, by previous appointment, to ordain and install Mr.
Sankey. The ministers present were Thomas Craighead, Alex-
ander Craighead, William Bertram, James Anderson, Adam Boyd,
John Paul, Samuel Black, and John Thomson ; and the ruling elders
were Matthew Atchison, Edward Henderson, James Carothers,
John Christy, and Hugh Scott.

It would be exceedingly interesting if we had a record of the
route and the manner of travel of these Scottish university divines
— for such most, if not all, of them were — from their respective
congregations in the middle and southern part of Chester County
to Hanover Church on this occasion. But probably no such rec-
ord is in existence, and certainly none is known; and we are, there-
fore, left to conjecture. Of one thing we may be certain: they
traveled on horseback and over very primitive roads, which, how-
ever, at this season of the year would be in comparatively good
condition. Part of the way may have been upon the "high

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 237

road" that had recently been laid out "from the ferry of John
Harris on the Susquehanna, to fall in with the high road leading
from Lancaster Town at or near the plantation of Edward Kenni-
son, in the great valley in the county of Chester." Crossing the
Swatara, perhaps by a ferry, possibly by fording the stream, they
would make their way past the cabins of tho members of the new
congregation, many of whom they would meet and greet; and
some of whom would, perhaps, mount their horses and accompany
thein to the church. The greater part of the way would lie
through tho forest, and whenever they emerged into the open the
August sun would shine with a dull and yellow light, caused by
the volumes of smoke arising from the burning logs and brush-
wood in the many clearings.

What the church which they found on their arrival was like is
not known; though the writer might have learned this for the
asking when a youth, from his grandfather, the Eev. James Snod-
gniss, who had preadied in it for a short time after he was in-
stalled as pastor, in 1788. Doubtless it was built of logs; and if
there was any arrangement for heating, it was by a large fireplace
at one end, connected with a chimney built outside of the church.

In this primitive church in this frontier forest Richard Sankey
was, on the last day of August, 1738, ordained and installed the
first pastor of the Hanover congregation. The minutes of the
Presbytery furnish veiy little material for the history of the
church and congregation during Mr. Sankey's pa'fetorate. The first
reference to Hanover after his installation is in the minutes of the
meeting at that place, in June, 1745. As was customary with re-
spect to the church where the meeting of Presbytery was held, a
thorough examination was made into its afllairs. The Presbytery
first called the pastor in private, and questioned him about the
elders and the people; then they called the elders and questioned
them about the pastor and the people; and lastly, they called the
repi^csentatives of the people and questioned them, in private also,
about the pastor and the ciders. The pastoral relation between
Mr. Sankey and tho church was found to be in a satisfactory con-
dition, but the people were in arrears for salary.

The decade from 1745 was the first period of the Old Light and
New Light controversy, which, however, seems at this time to have
disturbed the Hanover congregation much less than the congrega-
tions of Derry and Paxtang and others farther south.

The minutes of Donegal Presbytery from 1750 to 1759, in-

238 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

elusive, have been lost, and we know nothing of the internal
affairs of Hanover Church during that period except that Mr.
Sankey continued to be its pastor. We do know, however,
much of the history of the time and the activities of the mem-
bers of the congregation. It was the period of the French and
Indian War, and this congregation was on the' frontier. Eealizing
their danger, a number of the principal inhabitants of Paxtang,
Derry, and Hanover, on July 22, 1754, applied to the governor of
the province, stating that they were ready to defend themselves, if
they were enabled to do so by being supplied with arms and am-
munition, which '^ many are unable to purchase at their own pri-
vate expense." The governor referred this application to the Pro-
vincial Assembly, which treated it with indifference and neglect.

In 1755 the Indians, emboldened by Braddock's defeat, began to
harass the settlers. On October 29, 1755, John Harris wrote to
the governor from Harris's Ferry : " We expect the enemy upon us
every day, and the inhabitants are abandoning their plantations,
being greatly discouraged at the approach of such large numbers
of cruel savages, and no sign of assistance. The Indians are cut-
ting us off every day." In November, 1755, the governor repox'ted
to the Assembly that the savages had entered the passes of the
Blue Mountains, and broken into the counties of Lancaster, Berks,
and Northumberland, committing murders, devastation, and other
horrid mischief. The Assembly, however, took no effective meas-
ures to protect the frontiers.

In 1756 a chain of rude forts, or blockhouses, was established
along the base of the Kittatinny Mountains from the Susquehanna
eastward to the Delaware, two or three of which were located
within the bounds of the Hanover congregation. The largest of
these was the fort at Manada Gap. Each was garrisoned by a
small detachment of rangers, and the manner in which they
guarded the frontier is indicated in a letter from Col. Weiser to
Gov. Morris, dated July 11, 1756, which states: "Nine men are
constantly stationed at Manada Fort, and six men who range east-
ward toward the Swatara and six men who range westward toward
the Susquehanna, and each party to reach the fort before night."
And in December, 1756, Capt. James Patterson, in his journal at
Fort Hunter, says: " I took with me nineteen men and ranged from
this fort as far as Eobinson's Fort, where I lodged, keeping a guard
of six men and a corporal on sentry that night." Kobinson's Fort
was a stockade near the fort at Manada. Most of these rangen

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 239

were young men of Paxtang and Hanover, who had come into the
settlements in childhood, or who had been born soon after the ar-
rival of their parents, and had now grown to early manhood, and had
added to their natural bravery and intelligence the experience in
woodcraft and skill in the use of th^ rifle which twenty or thirty
yeara on the frontier had given them. But notwithstanding the
efforts of these rangers and the other measures taken to defend the
frontiers, many atrocities were committed by the Indians upon the
settlers in llanover. The assessment list of Hanover Township for
the year 1756 furnishes strong confirmation of this statement. It
gives the names of several persons who had been killed and cap-
tured; and of one hundred and seventy-five persons whose names
are contained in the list, seventy had fled from their homes be-
cause of the attacks of the. Indians.

A letter from Col. Adam Eeed, who was one of the most promi-
nent members of the Hanover congregation and lived near its east-
em boundary, dated August 7, 1757, to Edward Shippen, of Lan-
caster, ends as follows: "We have almost lost all hopes of every-
thing, except to move off and lose our crops which we have cut
with so much difficulty."

In October of the same year the Indians murdered several fam-
ilies in Hanover under circumstances of much cruelty, killing and
scalping men and women. In a letter dated October 14, from Col.
Adam Eeed to Edward Shippen, he says:

The frontiersmen are employed in nothing^ else than in carrying off their
effects, so that some miles are now waste. We are willing but not able with-
out lielp; you are able, if you be willing— that is, including the lower parts
of the county — to give such assistance as will enable us to recover our lost
. lands. You may depend upon it that without assistance we, in a few days,
will be on the wrong side of you; for I am now on the frontier, and I fear
that by to-morrow night I will be left two miles. . . . Let us exert our-
selvesi and do Bomething for the honor of our country and the preservation
of our fellow subjects. I hope that you will communicate our grievances to
the lower part of our county, for surely they will send us help if they under-
stood our grievances.

And he adds:

Before sending this awav I have just received information that there are
seven killed, and five children scalped alive, but not the account of their
names.

On the 19th of August following fourteen people were killed
or taken from Mr. Sankey*s congregation ; and a letter from Han-
over Township, dated October 1, 1757, says:

240 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The neighborhood is almost without inhabitants, and several persons
have to-day and yesterday been killed by the savages in Hanover.

And an article in the Pennsylvania Gazette of the latter part of
1757 gives the names of many persons who were killed in Hanover,
and adds:

There is nothing but murder and capturing among them by the Indians.
Ninety-four men, women, and children were seen flying from their place in
one body, and a great many more in smaller parties, so that it is feared that
the settlement will be entirely forsaken.

This state of affairs continued until the capture of Quebec by
Wolfe, and the succeeding peace between England and France; but
the quiet was of comparatively short duration, and was broken by
the conspiracy of PoDtiac. Following this the frontier settlements
of Pennsylvania, as well as of Maryland and Virginia, were over-
run with scalping parties, "marking their way with blood and dev-
astation wherever they went, and all the examples of savage cruel-
ty which never fail to accompany an Indian warfare."

The Hanover congre^ication was still on the frontier, and the dan-
gers and outrages to which the settlers were exposed are thus stat-
ed in the "Apology of the Paxtang Volunteers," many of whom
were members of Hanover congregation:

The Indians set fire to houses, barns, grass, hay, in short, everything that '
was combustible, so that our whole country seemed to be in one general blaze,
and involved in one common ruin. Great nnmbers of the back settlers were
murderetl, scalped, and butchered in the most shocking manner, and their
dead bodies inhumanly mangleil; and none but those who have been spec-
tators or eyewitnesses of these shocking scenes can possibly have any ade-
quate idea of our suflfering.

Appeals were again made to the governor of the province for
protection, who, in reply, said that he could not give the frontiers-
nun any aid whatever, but commended their zeal, and urged them
to act with caution. The Assembly paid no heed to the supplica-
tions of the distressed inhabitants, and they were abused and
insulted by some of the members for asking protection. One, Na-
thaniel Grubb, of Chester County, referring to the " back inhabit-
ants," said : " They are a pack of insignificant Scotch-Irish, who, if
they were all killed, could well enough be spared."

We do not propose to enter into the history of the affair at Con-
cstoga. We leave this to others who have made it a special study;
but we are convinced that, when the truth is fully known, it will be
clearly established that there was very much to justify the action of
the ^o-called Paxtang Boys, who were members of the Hanover

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGUBGATION. 241

and Paxtang congregations. One thing is certain : their action put
an end to Indian outrages in that region, a result which milder
measures had failed to accomplish.

As we have seen, the minutes of Donegal Presbytery are want-
ing from 1750 to 1759. When they reappear, we find Mr. Sankey
still at Hanover. But in June of that year, having received a call
to the congregation of Buffalo, within the bounds of Hanover Pres-
bytery, in Virginia, he applied for and received his credentials from
the Pi'esbytery of Donegal, and soon afterwards removed to Buffa-
lo, in Prince Edward County, Va. It is probable that his removal
was due to the exposure of himself and the people of his congrega-
tion to the incursions of the Indians, more than to any other cause;
for there is no record or tradition of any want of harmony between
him and his congregation, and a considerable number of the fami-
lies belonging to the congregation removed with, or followed him
soon after, to the same place. It would seem that he became pas-
tor of two or three congregations in the region named, and he con-
tinued to serve them for about thirty years with an unblemished
reputation. It is said of him that in the war of the Revolution^
though advanced in years, he was decided for the liberties of hia
country. His name appears^ honorably on some papers prepared
by his Presbytery, of lasting interest to political and religious lib-
erty. While able to ride he attended the meetings of the judicato-
ries at. the church, and in his old age there are instances of tho
Presbytery holding their meetings in his church to accommodate
his infirmities. He was considered a superior Hebrew scholar, and
it is said that he often carried his Hebrew Bible into the pulpit,
and used it in his criticisms and quotations. Ho died in 1790 at a
good old age, having been bom in Ireland in 1712.

From 1760 to 1762 Hanover congregation was without a pastor,
and depended upon the Presbytery for supplies. In November,
1762, a call was presented to the Eev. Eobert McMordie, which he ac-
cepted. The congregation promised eighty pounds annually for
his temporal support, to be secured by bond. The Rev. Messrs. John
Elder and Joseph Tait were appointed to install him on the fourth
Sunday in November, 1762. There is no record of the installation,
but doubtless it took place at the appointed time.

The Old and New Light controversies seem to have*been again
troubling the churches, and causing dissensions and divisions in the
congregations, about this time. In April, 1763, a number of mem-
bers, whose names are not given, supplicated the Presbytery for a
16

242 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEIUCA.

dismissal frOm the Hanover Church, with liberty to join some
neighboring congregation. The matter was discussed, and deferred
from year to year. In June of the same year the Rev. Messrs. Rob-
ert McMordie, John Elder, John Steel, John Beard, Joseph Tait, and
Sampson Smith declined to sit in the Presbytery, bec'ause of dis-
sension and party spirit. They all belonged to the Old Light side
of the aontroversy.

In October, 1764, several members of the congregation who, doubt-
less, adhered to the New Light side, represented to the Presbyteiy
that they never consented to take Mr. McMordio for pastor, that the
call to him was made out irregularly, and they now request that
they may be allowed to join some other congregation. The mat-
tor was deferred, and came up again in February, 1765, but the
Presbytery took no action in the case. The j)etition6rs were, how-
ever, granted leave to go elsewhere and have their children bap-
tized, but they were not to dissolve their connection with the Han-
over Church. This did not end the controversy, however, and in
April the Presbytery met at Hanover to consider the troubles in
that church. Nothing was accomplished, and they met again in
May. At this time the Synod dissolved the Presbytery of Done-
gal, and the Presbytery of Carlisle was formed, consisting of the
ministers and churches west of the Susqnehanna. It existed but a
year, when the Presbytery of Donegal was restored to its original
bounds, and met at Carlisle. And soon afterwards the churches
and ministers of Donegal Presbytery east of the Susquehanna were
organized into the new Presbytery of Lancaster, Mr. McMordie,
with the Hanover Church, belonging to this Presbytery; but it,
too, survived but a year. About 1766 the pulpit of Hanover be-
came vacant; no record of Mr. McMordie's resignation exists, but
it was doubtless caused by the dissensions in his church. After his
departure the church continued in a distracted and enfeebled state,
depending for many years upon occasional supplies, having no set-
tled pastor, and, so far as we can learn, for some years seeking none.

Mr. McMordie had been ordained by the Donegal Presbytery in
1754 and installed pastor of Upper Mill Ridge Creek and Round Hill,
now Adams County, and continued pastor there until 1761 ; soon after
which, as we have seen, he was called to the Hanover Church. In
1768, after leaving Hanover, he was, with Elders Steel and Tait, at-
tached to the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, and by that Pres-
bytery was sent south the next year. In 1772 he was sent by the
Synod to Virginia and North Carolina; and in May, 1777, he was

HANOVBB CHUBGH AND CONGREGATION. 243

called to Tinkling Spring, Now Dublin, Eeedy Creek, and Fourth
Creek, in the south. He was a chaplain in the army during the Rev-
olutionary War, and in 1784 again went south. He was married
December 12, 1754, to Janet, second daughter of the Rev. Adam
Boyd, pastor of Octorara Church, and son-in-law of the Rev.
Thomas Craighead. He died in May, 1796.

The numbers of the Hanover congregation were greatly dimin-/
ished by the migration of some forty or fifty families, who accompa-
nied or followed Mr. ^ankey into Virginia, and the removal of about
as many others with Lazarus Stewart to Wyoming, as the result of
the persecution following the Conestoga affair. Judging from the
names signed to a petition against dividing the township of Han-
over, in 1759, it is probable that there were at that time about one
hundred families in the congregation.

In. 1772 a call was presented to Mr. William Thorn, who was
appointed Jby Presbytery as one of the supplies at Hanover, which,
however, he declined; and for the next seven years the Church de-
pended on occasional supplies. In 1779 a call was presented to Mr.
Joseph Henderson, which he declined; and the church was served
by supplies for two years longer, when, in June, 1781, a call was
presented to the Rev. Matthew Woods, promising him six hundred
bushels of wheat, or a sum of hard money equivalent thereto, and
also a gratuity of six hundred bushels. Mr. Woods accepted the call,
and was ordained and installed over the Hanover congregation
Juno 19, 1782. His pastorate was brief, and the only record which
remains of it is that on August 19, 1784, he reported to the Pres-
bytery that some disturbance had arisen in his congregation, occa-
sioned by the Rev. Mr. Hindman, who was formerly on trial before
Presbytery for some irregularities; and he asked the interposition
of Presbytery, which appointed a committee to attend to the mat-
ter; but, on September 13, 1784, Mr. Woods died, and was buried
in the Hanover churchyard, where a tombstone was erected to his
memory in 1789, by some of the members of the congregation.

This was the period of the Revolutionary War. When Gov. Penn
wrote to his brother in England an account of the conduct of the
Paxtang Boys at Conestoga and Philadelphia, he ended his letter
by saying: "Their next move will be to subvert the government
and establish one of their own.*' This was a shrewd, even if an
unconscious, prophecy; for it cannot be questioned that the indiflFer-
cnuu of the Provincial and the British Government to the suffer-
ings of these people on the frontier from the incursions of the Indians

244 THE SCQTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

and their refusal or neglect to ^take measures for their protection
as well as the obloquy heaped upon them for the measures they
took to protect themselves, affected the temper of the people and
their disposition toward the British Government. When to this
was added their natural love of liberty and hatred of tyitinny and
oppression of every kind, and the habits of self-reliance and fond-
ness for adventure which had been cultivated by their life on the
frontier, wo need not be surprised to find the people of Hanover
entitled to the credit of being the first to resent the action of the
mother country, and to suggest armed resistance. This was, in-
deed, the case; for on Saturday, June 4, 1774, a meeting of the in-
habitants of Hanover was held, probably at the home of the chair-
man on Manada Creek, ^^ to express their sentiments on the present
critical state of afiairs." Col. Timothy Green, who had seen much
active sprvice in the Indian wars, was chairman, and it was unani-
mously resolved: "First, that we resent the action of the Parlia-
ment of Great Britain as iniquitous and oppressive. Secondly,
that it is the bounden duty of the people to oppose every measure
which tends to deprive them of their just prerogatives. Thirdly,
that in a closer union of the colonies lies the safeguard of the lib-
erties of the people. Fourthly, that in the event of Great Britain
attempting to force unjust laws upon us by the strength of arms,
our cause we leave to hkaven and our rifles. Fifthly, that a
committee of nine be appointed, who shall act for us in our behalf
as emergencies may require."

As said by Dr. Egle, in his "History of Dauphin County," "The
foregoing declarations are worthy of perpetual record. They
struck the kejmote of the proceedings which eventuated in the
separation of the colonies from England. It is worthy of remark
in this connection that, while Philadelphia and the lower counties
were hesitating and doubting, the Scotch-Irish districts were firm,
yet dignified, in their demands for justice and in the denunciation
of oppression, tyranny, and wrong." These Hanover resolves pre-
ceded those of the Mecklenburg Convention, showing that the lib-
erty-loving Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania were the head and front
of the American rebellion of 1776. The historian Bancroft says
that " the first public voice in America for dissolving all connection
with Great Britain came not from the Puritans of New England,
the Dutch of New York, nor the planters of Virginia, but from the
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians," of Hanover, we may add.

On June 10, 1774, a similar meeting was held at Middletown, of

HANOVKK CHUUCU AND CONGREGATION. 245

which Col. James Burd was chairman, at which the above resolu-
tions were concurred in; and, not to be behind their Scotch-Irish
neighbors, the German inhabitants of Derry met on the 11th day
of June, Capt. Frederick Hummel being chairman, and resolved to
stand by the other townships in their action.

Dr. Egle says that " within forty-eight hours of the receipt of
the news of the battle of Lexington, the able-bodied men of this
entire region were organized for the defense of their liberties.
The performance of military duty was no new thing to men who
had been cradled amidst the clash of arms in the protection of the
frontiers made desolate for niany years by the ruthless savages."

We cannot enter into a history of the war, nor can we even
begin to record the names of those who distinguished themselves in
the service. We miist content ourselves with saying that, from the
time when the war began until its successful termination, the men
of Hanover were prompt in making good their words by their ac-
tions, and were found, with their Scotch-Irish and German fellow-
citizens, on almost every battlefield of the Eevolution.

During this time, of course, many of the men of the congrega-
tion were absent, and not a few who went to the field never re-
turned ; and, as has already been stated, the pulpit was, for most
of the time, vacant.

In 1786 a call was presented to Mr. Samuel Wilson, a young li-
centiate, which he declined. In 1787 the congregation was per-
mitted to prosecute a call to a probationer for the ministry, who
was under the care of the Presbytery of Philadelphia; and a call
signed by fifty members was presented to Mr. James Snodgrass.
They stated in the call that they had been " for some time past
destitute of a stated gospel ministry," and that they are "sensible
of the great loss that our tender offspring do sustain by our being
in such a destitute condition in this wilderness." They promised
to provide for his support " in a decent and comfortable manner; "
but the call did not state the amount of salary to be paid. It is,
however, probable from an entry in the trustees' book that the
amount was one hundred and fifty pounds. The call was accepted,
and on October 16, 1787, Mr. Snodgrass was received under the
care of the Carlisle Presbytery, from the Presbytery of Philadel-
phia, and supplied the people of Hanover until May 14, 1788, when,
at a meeting of the Presbytery at that place, he was ordained and
installed pastor of the Hanover Church, Thus was begun a pas-
torate which continued without interruption until the death of Mr.

246 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Snodgrass at a ripe old age, on the second day of July, 1846, more
than fifty-eight years after the date of his installation.

Fifty years ago there was a tradition in the congregation which
has since found its way into print to the effect that the tinistees
had convoyed to Mr. Sankey a farm belonging to the church, to
be held during his pastorate, and that he had sold it and applied
the proceeds to his own use. A careful investigation has convinced
us that there was no foundation for this tradition. The chui'ch
never owned a farm, or any land, except the few acres occupied by
the church and churchyard, and a small tract immediately adjoin-
ing. The farm which Mr. Sankey sold was purchased by him from
the proprietaries by a warrant dated July 2, 1743, which was some
years after he had settled on the land. He built upon it, and lived
in a log house near the spring already spoken of; and over the
stream issuing from this spring was built a spring house. When
Mr. Sankey removed to Virginia he sold his farm, and in 1793 it
was purchased by the Eev. Mr. Snodgrass, who soon thereafter
built a large and commodious stone house adjoining the log house
built by Mr. Sankey, which continued to serve as a kitchen until
about two years ago, when it was torn down.

From a Latin inscription upon a large stone which was built
into the wall at a considerable height from the ground about the
middle of one side of the church, we learn that the, second and
last church of this congregation was built in 1788, the same year
in which Mr. Snodgrass's pastorate began.

No record has been discovered of the names of the contributors
to the erection of this church, nor is there any tradition on the
subject, so far as we can learn. It was built of limestone, quaiTied
out of the adjoining hill, and the walls were vej'y thick and solid.
It was rectangular in form, with an aisle lengthwise through the
middle, with a door at either end of the aisle, and two cross aisles
at right angles to this and a door at the end of each aisle in the
side of the church opposite that at which the pulpit was placed.
The pulpit was the ordinary high, narrow pulpit of the times,
reached by a winding staircase; and in front of the pulpit was a
precentor's desk. There were forty-six pews, each of them large
enough to scat about eight persons; and it would seem, from a
plan of the church and pews containing the names of the pew hold-
ers, that about the year 1800, when it appears to have been made,
airthe pews were occupied, a number of them by two families each.
At a meeting of the congregation held April 6, 1797, "agreeable

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 247

to a notice from the pulpit on Sunday, a vote was taken to deter-
mine in what manner the money should be raised to build the
graveyard wall of said corporation in Hanover. It was carried by
a majority that the congregation should be sessed agreeable to
the duplicates of the county tax for this year, and that James Mc-
Creight, William Wilson, and John Todd' are appointed sessors for
the same." The assessment so made has been preserved, and con-
tains about one hundred names of the heads of families; enabling
us to form some idea of the size of the congregation at this time.
The graveyard wall spoken of was built of limestone, in a very
substantial manner; and is to-daj^ in excellent condition, having
been kept in repair by the descendants of former members of the
congregation who were interred within it.

Mr. Snodgrass kept a register of marriages and also of births
and baptisms for a few years after the beginning of his pastorate;
and the data contained in these registers may aid us to determine,
the size of the congregation. In the six years from 1788 to 1793
there were sixty-two marriages; and during the same period one
hundred and sixty-four children were baptized, and about seventy
persons were admitted to the Church. There was also a record
kept by the trustees of "contributors and members of Hanover
congregation" from 1787 to 1842, giving the years during which
each person named contributed. This assists us very much in
tracing the growth, as well as the decline of the congregation.
An analysis of this record shows that there was a constant move-
ment among the people of this congregation. It would seem that
they had not taken permanent root here, but rather that it was a
stopping place preparatory to migration farther South and West.
Thus, in the ten years from 1787 to 1796 inclusive there were one
hundred and six additions to the list of contributors and members,
all presumably adults, and most of them men; and during the same
period there were seventy-five who ceased to contribute. In the
next ten years there were one hundred and five added, and eighty-
nine who withdrew; in the next ten years, seventy-six were added,
and eighty-nine withdrew; in the next ten years, thirty-nine were
added, and fifty-four withdrew ; in the next ten years, twenty-three
were added and forty-six withdrew; and from 1839 to 1843 there
were fifteen added, and forty-three withdrew; leaving, at the
latter date, only fifty-five, nearly all of whom migrated before
1846. And thus it came to pass that the most definite thing
which can be said of the Scotch-Irish of Hanover is that there

248 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMKUICA.

are, and, for the last half century, have been, none of them in
Hanover.

As we have already stated, the lands in Hanover were rough,
hilly, and steriic; and most of those who settled there were in
very straitened circumstances, tenant farmers from Ulster who
brought with them Very fittle worldly substance. And while they
were hardy and strong, and able and willing to labor strenuously
when the occasion demanded it, they were not inclined to steady,
contmuous toil. They did not have the plodding industry of the
Germans, who succeeded them. A discussiot) of the last sermon, or
the latest news fVom the lower counties of Philadelphia, or from
over the sea, had more attraction for them than the dull, routine
work of the farm. Besides, they had hardly obtained a foothold in
the forest until the Indian wars and massacres were upon them,
and after these the War of the Eevolution. These took and kept
ihe men from home; and little progress was made in enlarging
their farms, by clearing from the surrounding forest. And when
the next generation, after the Eevolution, had grown up, they be-
gan to feel the impulse toward the West which has exerted such a
mighty influence on the destinies of our country; so that from
1820 onward, a steady stream of migration continued to flow, some
of it to the city of Harrishurg, but most of it westward, with the
result that by the year 1850 practically all the Scotch-Irish were
gone from the bounds of the Hanover congregation, and their de-
scendants are now to be found probably in every state west of
Pennsylvania.

The grandfather of the Rev. James Snodgrass migrated from the
North of Ireland about the year 1700, and settled in Bucks County,
Pa. Tradition tells that the vessel on which he embarked with
his wife and several children was driven out of its course by contrary
winds, and the weather was so tempestuous, and the voyage so pro-
tracted, that all of the family except himself and one child died before
the voyage was ended. James's father, Benjamin, the issue of a sec-
ond marriage, was born and lived near Doylestown, Bucks County.
In 1804 he drove from his home in a two-wheeled chaise, or "gig," to
visit his son; and when within less than a mile from the house he was,
in some manner, thrown from the gig, and injured so that he die^ a
few days thereafter, and was buried in the Hanover churchyard.
James was born in Bucks County July 23, 1763. He graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1783, and was, for a short
time, a tutor in that institution. He studied theology under the

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 24:9

direction of the Eev. Nathaniel Irwin, then pastor of the church at
Neshaminy, and was licensed to preach the gospel by the Presby-
tery of Philadelphia in December, 1785. After preaching about a
year and a half in destitute places in the central and northern part
of New York, he received a call from the Hanover congregation, in
May, 1787, which be accepted in October of the same year, and
supplied the church thenceforth until his ordination, May 13, 1788.
There is an authentic tradition that the Bev. James Snodgrass and
the Rev. Nathan Greer had, at the same time, invitations to preach
as candidates for the Hanover pulpit, and that, as they were inti-
mate friends, and each -unwilling to take precedence of the other,
they could not decide which should be the first to visit the church.
To relieve them of their embarrassment, an elder, named Greer,
at whose house the ministers of the part of Chester County in
which he lived were accustomed in those days to receive enter-
tainment, proposed to apply to the lot. To this they agreed;
whereupon Mr. Greer tossed up a penny, the fall of which decided
that Mr. Snodgrass should be the first to visit the congregation.
Thus a pastorate of fifty-eight years was determined by so trivial
an event as the tossing of a penny. Nevertheless, it was not acci-
dental; " the lot is cast into the lap ; but the whole disposing thereof
is of the Lord." (Prov. xvi. 33.)

The late Rev. John H. Greer, of Jersey Shore, Pa., who was a
son of the elder above mentioned, is our authority for this anec-
dote. ,

The following description of Mr. Snodgrass is given by his son,
Rev. Dr. W. D. Snodgrass, late of Goshen, N. Y.

In person my father was about five feet eleven inches in height. His
frame was erect and strong, and in every respect well built. His hair was
dark, and changed to iron-gray, though it never became white, even in his
last years. He was of a pleasant countenance and amiable disposition, re-
markably free from anything calculated to incur the dislike or displeasure
of those with whom he had intercourse ; fond of society, animated in con-
versation, and in every way agreeable to all around him. His bodily health,
daring the greater part of his life, was almost uninterrupted. He was tem-
perate, simple, and regular in his mode of living, and for years in succession
was not absent from his pulpit a single Sunday on account of sickness. As
a preacher he had the advantag:e of a good voice. He spoke distinctly, was
animates! and earnest, and drew the matter of his discourse directly from
the Bible. During a considerable portion of his ministry his Sabbath morn-
ing exercise was in the form of an exiwsition or lecture. He selected a
book, generally from the New Testament, and commented upon it from be-
ginning to end, selecting larger or smaller passages, as his judgment dicta-

250 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

ted, and closing with extended practical remarks. He was cleisir, logical, and
forcible in his statement of truth, and was regarded by his ministerial
brethren who knew him beat as an able, impressive, and profitable preacher.

His grandson, the Rev. Dr. William Simonton, giving his recollec-
tions of him, says:

He always preached memoriter. His sermons were written very compact-
ly, in a kind of shorthand, in which the vowels werp omitted. When com-
mitting them he paced the room. They were methodical, clear, scriptaral,
spiritual, and evangelical. My father once remarked that he had never
heard grandfather use an ungrammatical expression in the pulpit. He
was discriminating and accurate in his statements, and in the delivery of
his discourses he never hesitated nor recalled a word. His voice and accent-
uation were good, though he used but a few notes of the scale. There was
not, therefore, as much variety in his tones as is desirable in a public
speaker. His manner was solemn and impressive. His gestures, as I re-
member them, were confined, for the most part, to the hand, which peered
out from long coat sleeves. The gestures were made with the forearm rest-
ing upon the Bible or pulpit. His " principal prayer " was long, systematic,
and comprehensive. It embraced the parts of prayer given in the directory!
for worship.* He believed in the divine control of nature's operations, and,
in times of drought, he prayed foi " seasonable and refreshing showers ; "
nor did he omit to give thanks for the same when the sheaves of the hus-
band in en were filled. '

I remember hearing him say that punctuality ought to have a place
amon^ the cardinal virtues. He exemplified this virtue by beginning his
service from ten to fifteen minutes before the appointed time. This was his
habit. He took an interest in public affairs, and entered heartily into con-
versation upon the topics of the day, but habitually interjei!ted serious re-
flections, and suggested a spiritual improvement of the subject, without in-
terrupting the flow of thought, or turning it into a channel distinctly reli-
gious. He had a very happy faculty* of this kind, which he used with effect
in impressing the minds of the young, without giving offense to any class
of the thoughtless and indifferent. In this respect his conduct came nearer
to that of the ideal minister than that of any I have ever known.

It is said of Rev. James Snodgrass in Sprague's "Annals: "

He continuetl in the active discharge of his office until May 25, 1845,
when he was disabled by disease. The only service that he attempted aft-
erwards was in May, 1846, at the funeral of his son-in-law, as well as his
friend and physician. Dr. William Simonton. After the coffin had been
lowered to its flnal resting place he addressed the people for a few minutes,
" leaning on tlie top of his staff." He then sat down upon a tombstone, and,
having remained there a short time to recover his strength, attempted to
walk the distance of a few hundred yards to his house; but, arriving at the
gate, he found it impossible to proceed farther. He was carried to his bed.

*•• Directory for the Public Worship of God," p. 6.

HANOVER CHURCH AND CONGREGATION. 251

and from this time he gradually declined until the 2d of July, when, in the
fbll possession of his mental foculties, and a beautiful hope of a better life,
he gently fell asleep, in the eighty-fourth year of his age.

The Rev. Dr. William D. Snodgrass, his son, was an eminent minis-
ter of the Presbyterian Church. After his graduation at college and
Princeton Theological Seminary he was for some years pastor of
a church in Charleston, S. C. ; afterwards of a church in New York
City; then in Troy, N. Y.; and afterwards, for many years, in Go-
shen, N. Y. The Rev. Dr. Prime, some years ago, writing for the New
York Observer of the ministers in attendance upon the Greneral As-
sembly at Sai^atoga, said of Dr. Snodgrass:

I cannot see that the signs of old age appear on him any more than the
fire on Abednego. Fresh, active, firm, and strong, he preaches twice or
three times on the Sabbath without weariness to himself or his hearei-fi.
Yet two full generations have passed away since he began to preach the
word, and it would not be strange if he should survive another, his bow
abiding in strength. His usefulness is undiminished, and his hold on the
afiections of his people increases from year to year.

Dr. Snodgrass died at Goshen not many years ago, at a very ad-
vanced age.

The first wife of the Rev. James Snodgrass, and the mother of his
children, was Martha Davis, of Philadelphia, a lady of more than
ordinary intelligence, culture, and literary attainments. One of
their daughters, Martha Davis Snodgrass, was the mother of five
sons. She was a model Scotch-Irish mother, and might have sat
for the portrait so beautifully drawn by Dr. McCook.* By her
industry and economy and wise discretion she assisted very much
each of her five sons in obtaining a college education; and, as
Dr. McCook said with respect to the Scotch-Irish mother, she
had an earnest desire that one or more of her sons might enter
the ministry. This desire was gratified, her eldest becoming a min-
ister. Her youngest son was, in accordance with her wish, bap-
tized by the name of a distinguished divine of the Presbyterian
Church at that time,t *^^ ^^ givi^^g ^™ ^^^^ name she gave out-
ward expression to the wish laid up in her heart that this son, also,
should become a devoted and u&eful minister of the Church. When
he grew up his own inclination and sense of duty accorded with her
wish, and when the time came she gave him up with her prayers,
though not without tears, to the foreign missionary work, in which
he laid down his life after a very efficient service of about nine years.

* Page 83 of this volume.
tThe Rev. Ashbel Green, D.D.

262 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Her husband, long an elder in the Derry Church, was Dr. William
Simonton; and, so long as the writer lives, he will thank God that
he was permitted to call her his mother.

It is a noteworthy fact that Mr. Snodgrass was the only settled
pastor who occupied the pulpit of the church which was built in
the year he was installed. After his death (in 1846) it gradu-
ally feirinto decay, and about twenty years ago it was demolished,
and the few acres of ground connected with it were sold and the
proceeds were invested by trustees appointed by the court of Dau-
phin County, under the authority of an act of the Legislature, thus
assuring a small fund to keep the graveyard in proper condition
and repair.

Note. — The writer does not claim originality for this sketch. Its sources
are the "History of Dauphin County/' by Dr. W. H. Egle; the several vol-
umes of " Notes and Queries " edited by him, and published by the Harris-
burg Publishing Company; and the "Early History of Old Hanover
Church," by the Rev. Thomas H. Robinson, D.D., published by the Dauphin
County Historical Society, free use of wliich has been made, and from which
all the extracts from the minutes of the Presbytery were obtained. In this
history are printed a number of tax lists, marriage records, a register of
births and baptisms, a " list of contributors and members of Hanover con-
gregation from 1787 to 1842," and other lists, which are valuable for the his-
tory ^nd biography of the church and its members. Dr. Robinson has, how-
ever, fallen into a serious error in giving currency, on the authority of the Rev.
Dr. William DeWitt, to a tradition that the Rev. James Snodgrass was at one
time elected constable by his German neighbors. Nothing of this kind ever
occurred, as the writer personally knows, and as the records conclusively
prove; and any person who understood Mr. Snodgrass's relations with all
his neighbors, whether German or Scotcii-Irish, during his long residence
among them would, on the slightest reflection, have known that it could
not have occurred. The tradition has been expanded and embellished by
the Rev. Dr. Ebenezer Erskine, in Volume II., page 447, of the " Centennial
Memorial of the Presbytery of Carlisle."

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PBNNSYLVAI^IA.

BY MAJ. WILLIAM CRAWFORD ARMOR, HARRI8BUBG, PA«

This attempt at a Scotch-Irish bibliography of Pennsylvania
was undertaken at the request of a prominent member of the
American Society, whose zeal and gifts mark him as the future his-
torian of the race. Having the need of it made apparent to him,
the compiler was prompted to begin the work, and the result is
here given for what it may be worth as an aid to the annalist or
the anxious seai'cher in quest of family records.

The classification by counties has been deemed best, having in
view the use of the list to be made by those engaged in tracing
their ancestry.

Many of the titles given yield no hint of the ample store of
Scotch-Irish annals within the volume. Annotations would have
illumined and made more useful this catalogue, but lack of time
precluded any added labor.

The volumes cited are such as contain either Scotch-Irish sur-
names or material deemed useful to the historian. All histories of
^counties known to me have been registered, although some may
contain but little on the subject. County atlases are noted, as they
contain names of 'Original landowners not to be found in print else-
where. Histories of Presbyterian Churches and Presbyteries will
be found most useful for the records that they contain of the early
Scotch-Irish settlers, and I have aimed to make the list of them as
complete as possible.

The state library contains most of the volumes recorded, but not
the least of its treasures are the county historical serapbooks, fro^
which I have copied the titles of clipped newspaper articles, cover-
ing family reunions, local histories, and centennials of towns and
churches. These embody data not accessible elsewhere, and are in
shape for easy reference.

This record being unavoidably incomplete, the cooperation of all
interested is earnestly solicited to supply any omissions noticed.
Copies of title-pages, with size and paging of all pamphlets, and
volumes bearing on the Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania, if sent to the
writer, will be arranged for publication in the future.

(253)

254 the scotch-irish in america.

Miscellaneous.

List of Subscribers in "Volume II. of " Sermons by Hugh Blair, D.D."
Printed at Gettysburg, Pa., 1805.

Poems on Different Subjects, [with] a Descriptive Account of a
Family Tour to the West in the Year 1800. By Sallie Hastings.
"Lancaster, 1808. l6mo, pp. 220. Contains the list of subscrib-
ers in Adams, Allegheny, Bedford, Center, Chester, Cumberland,
Dauphin, Erie, Franklin, Huntingdon, Lancaster, Mifflin, Phila-
delphia, Washington, and York Counties.

The Western Gazetteer; or. Emigrant's Directory. With an Ap-
pendix. Sketches of Some of the Western Counties of Pennsyl-
vania. Auburn, 1817. 8vo, pp. 360.

Hazard's Eegistcr of Pennsylvania. Edited by Samuel Hazard.
Philadelphia. Volumes I. to XVI., .1828-1886. See biograph-
ical notices.

Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania. With Descrip-
tions of Every County in the State. By Sherman Day. Phila-
delphia, 1843. 8vo, pp. 708.

Biographical Sketches of the Founder and Principal Alumni of the
Log College. By A. Alexander, D.D. Princeton, N. J., 1845.
12mo, pp. 369.

Old Redstone; or. Historical Sketches of Western Presbyterianism.
By Jo^seph Smith. Philadelphia, 1854. 8vo.

A Tribute to the Principles, Virtues, Habits, and Public Usefulness
of the Irish and Scotch Early Settlers of P^jnnsylvania. By
George Chambers. Chambersburg, Pa., 1856. • 8vo, pp. 171.

A History of the Presbyterian Church in America. By Rev. Rich-
ard Webster. Philadelphia, 1857, 8vo, pp. 720.

History of Jefferson College. By Joseph Smith, D.D. Pittsburg,
1857. 12mo, pp. 433.

Incidents of the Insurrection in the Western Parts of Pennsylvania,
in the Year 1794. By Hugh H. Brackenridge. Philadelphia,
1795. 8vo, pp. 154. Reprint, Pittsburg, 1859. 8vo, pp. 336.

Atlas of the Oil Regions of Pennsylvania. By F. W. Beers, C.E.
New York, 1865. Folio.

Class of 1835, Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa, By Rev. J. M.
Stevenson, D.D. 1866. 8vo, pp. 66.

The Presbyterian Historical Almanac and Annual Remembrancer
of the Church. By Joseph M. Wilson. Philadelphia, 1858-
1868. Ten volumes. 8vo. Illustrated.

BCOTOH-IRlSH BIBLIOOBAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 255

History of the Presbytery of Huntingdon. By William J. Gibson,
D.D. Bellefonto, Pa., 1874. 8vo, pp. 362.

Historical Sketch of the Synod of Philadelphia. By Eev. R M.
Pattei'son, D.D. And Biographical Sketches of Distinguished
Members. By Eev. Eobei t Davidson, D.D. Philadelphia, 1876.
16rao, pp. 128.

Centenaiy Memorial of the Planting and Growth of Presbyterian-
ism in Western Pennsylvania and Parts Adjacent. Containing
the Historical Discourses Delivered at a Convention of the Syn-
ods of Pittsburg, Erie, Cleveland, and Columbus, Held in Pitts-
burg December 7-9, 1875. Pittsburg, 1876. 8vo, pp. 445.

Kotes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of
Virginia and Pennsylvania, from 1763 to 1783. By Joseph Dod-
dridge. New Edition, Albany, 1876. 12mo, pp. 331.

Presbytorianism and the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1876. 8vo,
pp. 14.

Lives of the (iovernoi's of Pennsylvania, with the Incidental His-
tory of the State. By William Crawford Armor. Philadelphia,
1872. 8vo, pp. 528. Second Edition, 1874; pp. 557. Third Edi-
tion, 1876; pp. 575.

The Craighead Family: a Genealogical Memoir of the Descendants
of Rev. Thomas and Margaret Craighead. 1658-1876. By Rev.
James Giddes Craighead, D.D. Philadelphia, 1876. 12mo, pp.
173.

Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Harrieburg,
Pa., 1877. History of Education in Pennsylvania in Reports of
County Superintendents. 8vo, pp. Ixiv., 967,

Minutes of the Presbytery of Redstone. September 19, 1781, to
December, 1831. Cincinnati, 1878. 8vo, pp. 424. ,

History of the Big Spring Presbytery of the United Presbyterian
Church, and Its Territorial Predecessors. 1750-1879. By Rev.
J. B. Scouller. Harrisburg^ 1879. 8vOj pp. 126. Bears upon
"the history of Scottish Presbyterianism between the Susque-
hanna River and the Alleghany Mountains."

Lakeside: A Memorial of the Planting of the Church in North-
western Pennsylvania. By S. J. M. Baton, D.D. Pittsburg,
1880. 16mo, pp. X., 306.

The History of the Morison (or Morrison) Family, with Genealog-
ical Sketches of the Morisons Who Settled in Pennsylvania. By
Leonard A. Morrison. Boston, 1880. 8vo, pp. 468.

Centennial Celebration of the Presbytery of Redstone, at Union-

256 THE SCOTCH-IRIBH IN AMERICA.

town, Pa. 1781-1881. HiPtorical Address by Rov. W. P, Ham-
ilton, D.D. Address by Prof. S. F. Wilson, D.D., on the " Growth
and Influence of Presbyterianism West of the Alleghanies Dur-
ing the Past Century." 8vo, pp. 64.

The Pennsylvania College Book. 1832-1882. Philadelphia, 1882.
8vo, pp. 475.

History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Including His-
torical Descriptions of Each County in the State. First Edition,
1876. By William Henry Egle, M.D. Bicentennial Edition.
Philadelphia, 1883. Imperial 8vo, pp. vi., 1204.

Historical Register : Notes and Queries, Historical and Genealogic-
al, Relating to Interior Pennsylvania. Edited by William H.
Egle, M.D. Harrisburg, 1883-1884. Two Volumes. 8vo, pp.
318, 318.

Encyclopaedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of
America. Including the Northern and Southern Assemblies.
Alfred Nevin, D.D., LL.D , Editor. Philadelphia, 1884. Royal
8vo, pp. iv., 1248.

The Marshall Family. By W. M. Paxton, Platte City, Mo. Cin-
cinnati, 1885. 8vo, pp. 415.

Journal of Samuel Maclay, While Surveying the West Branch of
the Susquehanna, the Sinnemahoning, and the Alleghany Riv-
ers, in 1790. Published by John P. Meginness. Williamsport,
Pa., 1887. 8vo, pp. 63.

Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution. [With Sketches of
Members of the Convention.] Edited by John Bach McMasters
and Frederick D. Stone. Philadelphia, 1888. 8vo, pp. vi., 803.

A Selection of Narratives of Outrage^ Committed by the Indians in
Their Wars with the White People. By Archibald Loudon.
Carlisle, 1811. 16mo, pp. 301, 357. Reprint, Harrisburg, 1888.

History of the Presbyteiy of Philadelphia, and of the Philadelphia
Central. By Rev. Alfred Nevtn, D.D., LL.D. Philadelphia,
1888. 12mo, pp. viif., 401, 195.

Hietory of the Presbytery of Brie. Embracing in Its Ancient
' Boundaries the Whole of Northwestern Pennsylvania and North-
eastern Ohio. By S. J. M. Eaton, D.D. New York, 1868. 12mo,
pp. 463. Supplement, Franklin, Pa., 1888. 12mo, pp. 29.

History of the Presbytery of Washington. Including a Brief Ac-
count of the Planting of the Presbyterian Church in Western
Pennsylvania and Parts Adjacent. Philadelphia, 1889. 8vo, pp.
viii., 450.

8C0TCH-IBISH BIBLIOOBAPHY OF PENNBTLYAKIA. 267

A Biographical Album of Prominent PennsylvanianB. The Amer-
ican Biographical Publishing Company, Philadelphia. First Se-
ries, 1888, pp. 446. Second Series, 1889, pp. 364.

Biographical Annals of the West Branch Valley of the Susque-
hanna. By J. F. Meginness. Williamsport, Pa., 1889. 8vo, pp.
272.

Otzinatchson; or, A History of the West Branch "Valley of the
Susquehanna. By J. F. Meginness. Philadelphia, 1857. Be-
vised Edition, Williamsport, Pa., 1889. 8vo, pp. 702, v.

The Centennial Memorial of the Presbytery of Carlisle. A Series
of Papers, Historical and Biographical, Belating to the Origin
and Growth of Presbyterianism in the Central and Eastern
Parts of Southern Pennsylvania. 2 volumes. Harrisburg, 1889.
8vo, pp. 461, 475.

The Presbytery of the Log College; or. The Cradle of the Presby-
terian Church in America. By Thomas Murphy, D.D. Phila-
delphia, 1889. 8vo, pp. 526.

Biographical and Historical Catalogue of Washington and Jefferson
College. 1802-1889. Cincinnati, 1889. 8vo, pp. 526.

Bncyclopeadia of Contemporary Biography of Pennsylvania. 4to,
Vol. I., 1889, pp. 317. Vol. II., 1890, pp. 284.

The Sherrard Family, of Steubenville [O.]. By Bobert Andrew
Sherrard. Edited by Thomas Johnson Sherrard. Philadelphia^
1890. 8vo, pp. vii., 409. Contains the Sherrard, Gamble, Cath-
eart, Kithcart, Johnson, and Hind man family records.

Genealogy of the McKean Family of Pennsylvania. By Eoberdeau
Buchanan. Lancaster, Pa., 1890.. 8vo, pp. xiv., 273. [Contains
pedigrees of the families of McKean, Finney, Borden, Buchanan,
Bayard, Coale, Cunyngham (Scotland), Lloyd (of Maryland),
Petit, Peters, and Eoberdeau.]

The Scotch-Irish of Western Pennsylvania. Address by Hon. John
Dalzell, of Pittsburg, Pa. See Volume II. of " Proceedings of
Scotch-Irish Congress, 1890."

The Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania. Address by ex-Chief Justice
Daniel Agnew, of Beaver, Pa. See Volume II. of "Proceed-
ings of Scotch-Irish Congress, 1890."

The Scotch-Irish in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Address by S. T.
Wiley. See Volume III. of "Proceedings of Scotch-Irish Con-
gress, 1891."

A Synopsis of the Eecords of the State Society of the Cincinnati of
Pennsylvania. Including a List of Its Original Members and
17

258 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Their Successors, Brought Down to July 4, 1891. Philadelphia.
8vo, pp. 102.
The MoDongahela of Old; or, Historical Sketches of Southwestern
Pennsylvania to the Year 1800. By James Veech. For Private
Distribution Only. Pittsburg, 1858-1892. 8vo, pp. [2] 17, 259.

The Ancestry of Benjamin Harrison, President of the United
States (1889-1893), and Notes on Families Eclated. By Charles
P. Keith. Philadelphia, 1893. 8vo, pp. 96. Contains Irwin,
McDowell, and Eamsey family histories.

The Old and New Monongahela. By John S. Van Voorhis, A.M.,
M.D. Pittsburg, 1893. 8vo, pp. 486.

Major General Wayne and the Pennsylvania Line in the Conti-
nental Army. By Charles J. Stille. Philadelphia, 1893. 8vo,
pp. vi., 441.

A Record of the Searight Family [also written " Seawright "], Bs-
tablished in America by William Seawright, Who Came from
Near Londonderry, in the North of Ireland, to Lancaster Coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, about the Year 1740. With an Account of
His Descendants as Far as Can Be Ascertained. By James A.
Searight. Uniontown, Pa., 1893. 8vo, pp. 228.

The St. Clair Papers. By Hon. William Henry Smith. Cincin-
nati, 1882. 2 volumes. 8vo, pp. viii., 609, 649.

The Old Pike. A History of the National Boad, with Incidents,
Accidents, and Anecdotes Thereon. By Thomas B. Searight.
Uniontown, Pa., 1894. 8vo, pp. 384.

The Historical Journal. Devoted Principally to Northwestern
Pennsylvania. By John F. Meginness. 2 volumes. Williams-
port, 1888-1894.

Scotch-Irish Conflicts. Address by Col. John H. Keatley. See
Volume VI. of " Proceedings of Scotch-Irish Congress, 1894."
[Refers to Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania.]

The Constitution of the Society of Sons of the Revolution, and By-
laws and Register of the Pennsylvania Society. Philadelphia,
1891. 8vo, pp. 199. 2 Register. Philadelphia, 1895. 8vo, pp. 62.

The Maclays of Lurgan, and the Journal of Senator William Mac-
lay. By Edgar S. Maclay. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1889. 4to, pp. 80.

The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Philadel-
phia, 1877-1896. Volumes I. to XX. Numerous References,
which see.

The Making of Pennsylvania. By Sydney George Fisher, B.A.
Philadelphia, 1896. 12mo, pp. 364.

BC0TGH-IBI8H BIBLIOQBAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 259

Beport of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts
of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, 1896. 8vo, pp. 627, 636.

ftecords of Eev. John Casper Stoever, Baptismal and Marriage,
1730-1779. Harrisburg, 1896. 8vo, pp. 77. [Contains a record
of many baptisms and marriages of Scotch-Irish in the Lebanon
and Cumberland Valleys.]

Pennsylvania Genealogies; Chiefly Scotch^Irish and German. By
William Henry Bgle, M.D., M.A. Harrisburg, 1886. Svo. Ee-
print, 1896, pp. 798.

Sketches in Crude Oil. By John J. McLaurin. Harrisburg, 1896.
8vo, pp. 406. [Historical and biographical.]

Notes and Queries: Historical, Biographical, and Genealogical.
Edited by Wijliam Henry Egle, M.D. Harrisburg. 4to. Orig-
inal Series, 1879, pp. 166. First Series, 1881, pp. 208. Second
Series, 1883, pp. 342. Third Series, 1887, Volume I., pp. 688;
1891, Volume II., pp. 552 ; Volume III., pp. 565. Eeprint, Harris-
burg, 1894-1896. Beyond all others the most important publi-
cation relating to the Scotch-Irish in America.

Adams County.

Conewago: A Collection of Catholic Local History. By John T.
Eeily. Martinsburg, W. Va., 1885. 8vo, pp. 220 [3]. [See " His-
tory of Dauphin," etc., 1846; "History of Cumberland and Ad-
ams," 1886.]

The Story of the Creation of Adams County, Pa., and of the Selec-
tion of Gettysburg as Its Seat of Justice. By Hon. Edward Mc-
Pherson. Lancaster, 1889. 8vo, pp. 50.

"Historical Collections," by Joseph S. Gitt; "Hance Hamilton,"
by A. Boyd Hamilton; "Manor of Maske," by Edward McPher-
son; "List of Subscribers in the Constitution of the United
States," etc., published at Gettysburg, 1811; "Register of Mar-
riages, Baptisms, and Membership in the United Presbyterian
Congregation, Gettysburg, Pa., 1814-1840, by Rev. Dr. Charles
G. McLean ; " The Old ' Hill ' Church ; " " Early Marriages," list
of, by Rev. Mr. Dobbin, Article by Edward McPhei-son; several

articles on "Early Public Roads," by Edward McPherson.

Adams County Scrapbook, State Library.

Allegheny County.

Pittsburg in the Year 1826, and a Directory of the City. By S.

Jones. 12mo, pp. 154,
Harris's Pittsburg Business Directory for the Year 1837. [Con-

260 THE SOOTGH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

tainiDg Brief History of Pittsburg, with Sketches of Principal
Towns in Western Pennsylvania.] Crown 8vo, pp. 340.

Early History of Western Pennsylvania. With Topographical De-
scription of Westmoreland, Washington, Fayette, Allegheny,
Somerset, Greene, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, and Clarion. By
I. D. Kupp. Harrisburg, 1846. Svo, pp. 352, 406, vi.

The Olden Time. A Monthly Publication, Relative to the Early
Settlement and Improvement of the Country around the Head
of the Ohio. Edited by Neville B. Craig. Pittsburg, 1846-47.
Reprinted. Cincinnati, O., 1876. Two volumes. Svo, with in-
dex; pp. 582, 580.

The History of Pittsburg. With a Brief Notice of Its Facilities of
Communication. By Neville B. Craig, Esq. Pittsburg, 1851.
12mo, pp. 312.

A Chronological Table of the Judges and OflScers of the DiflTerent
Courts of Allegheny County, Pa., Since the Organization of the
Court in 1788 to the present time. By John H. McFadden, Stu-
dent at Law. Pittsburg, Pa., December 1, 1858. 8vo, pp. 22.

History of Allegheny County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1876. Folio, pp.
242.

The Judiciary of Allegheny County. By J. W. F. White. Phila.
delphia, 1883. 8vo, pp. 51.

Centennial Volume of the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburg,
Pa., 1784-1884. Pittsburg, 1884. 8vo, pp. 259.

Thomas Mellon and His Times. Part I. Family History. Part II.
Autobiography. Printed for His Family and Descendants Ex-
clusively. Pittsburg. 1885. 8vo, pp. 656.

Recollections of Seventy Years, and Historical Gleanings of Alle-
gheny, Pa. By Judge John E. Parke. Boston, 1886. 8vo, pp.
xi., 385.

The French in the Allegheny Yalley. By T. J. Chapman, M.A.
Cleveland, 1887. 16mo, pp. 209.

Allegheny County. Its Early History and Subsequent Develop-
ment from the Earliest Period till 1790. By Rev. A. A. Lamb-
ing, LL.D. From 1790 till the Present Time. By Hon. J. W.
White. Pittsburg, 1888. 8vo, pp. 176.

Sketches of Prominent Lawyers of the Allegheny County Bar of
the Last Century and Earlier Yeare of This. By Hon. Dan-
iel Agnew, LL.D. Philadelphia, 1888. 8vo, pp. 60.

History of Allegheny County, Pa., in Two Parts. Chicago, 1889.
4to, pp. 758,790. -

S0OT0H-IBI8H BIBLIOQRAPHT 07 PENNSTLYANIA. 261

Fort Pitt and Letters from the Frontier. Edited by Mary Carson
Darlington. Pittsburg, 1892. 4to, pp. 312.

Art Work of Pittsburg. Chicago, 1893. Plates.

Lights and Shadows of Sewiekley Life ; or, Memories of Sweet Val-
ley. By Agnes L. Ellis. Philadelphia, 1893. 8vo, pp. 308.

The Story of a Hundred Years of Pittsburg's Corporate Life.
Pittsburg, 1894. 8vo, pp. 50.

** Oak Alley Eeformed Presbyterian Church ; " " Sharpsburg Semi-
centennial;" "A Great Estate," Denny; "Historic Document;"
" Settlement of New Madrid, Miss.," by Col. George Morgan ;
"An Old-time Christmas," with picture of Bev. John Andrews,
editor of the first religious paper in the United States; "Fort
Mcintosh;" "First Indian Agent," Col. George Croghan; "Old
Sharon Church ; " " Pittsburg's Beginning ; " " Pittsburg One
Hundred Years Ago;" "Honor to Heroes," movement to erect
a monument on Braddock's Field; "Old Bull Church," centenni-
al September 7, 1894; "A Brief History of McKeesport ; " "The
Fourth Street Road," Pittsburg; "An Historic Mansion," home
of Gen. Neville; "Our Primitive Woods;" "One Hundred
Years," centennial of Elizabeth November 4, 1887; "A Century
Old," the one hundredth anniversary of the Union United Pres-
byterian Church, Eobinson Township, October, 1894. — Allegheny
County Scrapbookj State Library.

Abmstkonq County.

« Twenty Yeara^" roll of the dead of Freeport Church ; also "His-
torical Sermon," July 2, 1876, by Rev. John Junkin Francis.
— Armstrong County Scrapbook, State Library,

History of Armstrong County, Pa. By Bobert Walter Smith, Esq.
Chicago, 1883. Folio, pp. 264.

See History of Western Pennsylvania, 1846; Biographical and His-
torical Cyclopedia of Indiana and Armstrong Counties, 1891.

Beaveb County.
[See History of Western PenDBylvania, 1846.]

An Account of Beaver City. By M. T. C. Gould. Philadelphia,
1836. 8vo, pp. 36.

Illustrated Historical Atlas of Beaver County, Pa. By J. A. Cald-
well. Condit, O., 1876. Folio, pp. 172.

History of Beaver County, Pa. Chicago, 1888. 4to, pp. 908.

Fort Mcintosh and Its Times. By Daniel Agnew, LL.D. Pitta-
burg, 1893. 8vo, pp. 40.

262 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

«Log8town;" "Fort Mcintosh;' by J. Fraise Richard; "Taking

Leave of the Old Brick Presbyterian Church of Beaver;"

"Good-bye, Old Church." — Beaver County Scrapbookj State Jji-

hrary.

Bedford County.

[See History of Dauphin, etc., 1846.]

History of Bedford, Somerset, and Fulton Counties, Pa. Chicago,
1884. 4to, pp. 672.

Bedford in Ye Olden Time. By Dr. Charles N. Hickok. Bedford,
1886. Sm. 4to, pp. 46.

Beminiscences and Sketches, Historical and Biographical. By
William M. Hall. Harrisburg, 1890. 12mo, pp. vi., 269.

"Ancient Buildings" of Bedford; "History of the Town of Bloody
Run," by Dr. Charles N. Hickok; "History of Bedford," by
William M. Hall; "Bedford in Winter," by J. T. M.; "Capt.
Charles Taggart," roll of company in Revolution ; " Lecture on
the Early History of Bedford County," by Dr. Charles N. Hick-
ok. — Bedford County Scrapbook, State Library.

Berks County.

History of the Counties of Berks and Lebanon, Pa. Containing a
Brief Account of the Indians. By I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster,
1844. 8vo, pp. 619.

Officers of Berks County for Bach Year from 1762 to 1860. By
Amos K. Strunck. Reading, 1859. 16mo, pp. 124.

Political Handbook of Berks County, Pa., from 1752 to 1883. By
Morton L. Montgomery. Reading, 1883. 8vo, pp. 104.

History of Berks County. By Morton L. Montgomery. Philadel-
phia, 1886. 4to, pp. X., 1204.

The War Record of Berks County. By Morton L. Montgomery,
Esq., of Reading. MS. in hands of author.

History of Berks County m the Revolution, from 1774 to 1783.
By Morton L. Montgomery. Reading, 1894. 8vo, pp. 295.

History of Lodge No. 62, F. and A. M;, from 1794 to 1894. Edited
by Morton L. Montgomery. Reading, 1894. 8vo, pp 250.

Blair County.
[See Hietory of HuntiDgdou and Blair, 1883.]

History of the City of Altoona and Blair County, Including
Sketches of the Shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
Edited by James H. Ewing and Harry Slep. Altoona, 1880.
8vo, pp. 262.

8COTCH-IBI8H BIBLIOGBAPHT OP PENNSTLYANIA* 268

Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County. Edited by
Samuel T. Wiley and W. Scott Garner. 1892. 4to, pp. 602.

Art Work of Blair County. Historical Sketch. By Charles N.
Clark. Chicago, 1893. 4to.

"Hollidaysburg History;" "Historical Address," by Hon. John
Dean." — Blair County Scrapbook, State Library.

"Names of First Settlere," Blair and Huntingdon. — Cambria Coun-
ty Scrapbook, State Library.

Bbadfoed County.

Historical Discourse of the Wyalusing Presbyterian Church, De-
livered September 5, 1869. By the Pastor, Bev. D. Craft. To-
wanda, 1870 8vo, pp. 127.

Early Times on the Susquehanna. By Mrs. George A. Perkins.
Binghampton, 1870. 12mo, pp. 288.

History of Bradford County, Pa. By Rev. David Craft. Phila-
delphia, 1878. 4to, pp. 492, ix.

History of Monroe Township and Borough, 1779-1885. By C. P.
Heverly. Towanda, 1885. 12mo, pp. vi., 226.

History of Albany Township, 1800-1885. By C. P. Heverly. To-
wanda, 1885. 12mo, pp. 130.

History of Overton Township, 1810-1885. By 0. F. Heverly. To-
wanda, 1885. 12mo, pp. 82.

History of the Towandas, 1776-1886. By C. P. Heverly. Towan-
da, 1886. 12mo, pp. vi., 362.

History of Bradford County, Pa., with Biographical Selections.
By H. C. Bradsby. Chicago, 1891. 4to, pp. 1320.

" The Spencer Family," Reunion August 29, '94.— Bradford County
Scrapbook, Staie Library.

Bucks County.

Historical Sketches of Bristol Borough, in the County of Bucks,
Anciently Known as Buckingham. By William Bache. 1853.
12 mo, pp. 60.

History of Bucks County. By William J. Buck. To Which Is Ap-
pended a History of the Township of Wrightstown. By Charles
W. Smith, M.D. Doylestown, 1855. 8vo, pp. 118, 24.

The History of Bucks County, Pa., from the Discovery of the Del-
aware to the Present Time. By W. W. H. Davis, A.M. Doyles-
town, 1876. 8vo, pp. 875 [54].

History of Neshaminy Presbyterian Church. 1726-1876. By Rev.
D. K. Turner. Philadelphia, 1876. 8vo, pp. x., 370.

264 THB 8COTGH-IAIBH IN AMBBIGA.

The Cutelossa, and Its Historical Associatioas. By William J.
Buck. Chapters I.-XXII., Scrapbook. 1880.

A Concise Account of Pennsbury, in Bucks County. By G. W. B.
1881. 12mo, pp. 24.

Backs County Bicentennial Celebration, Held at Doylestown, Au-
gust 31, September 1 and 2, 1882. By Henry C. Michiner.
Doylestown, 1882. Imperial 8vo, pp. 39.

History of Bucks County, Pa. By J. H. Battle. Philadelphia
1887. 4to, pp. 1176.

"Log College Again," by Samuel Evans; "Bits of History,'* by W.
W. H. Davis; "The Snodgrass Farm and Family;" "The Dun-
gan Family;" "TheDoyles;" " Senator Quay's Chester County
Farm ; " " The Plantation of Clement Doyle ; " " The Enrollment
of Buckingham in the Revolution," by B. M.; "The Enroll-
ment of Hilltown in the Revolution," by E. M.; "Some Bucks
County Family Names," by Charles F. Jenkins; " The Enrollment
of Plumstead in the Revolution," by E. M. ; " The Enrollment
in Warrington in the War for Independence," by E. M.; "The
Beatty Family," by Rev. D. K. Turner, of Hartsville; "New
Britain Graveyard," with list of interments, by H. F. Jacoby;
" Backhouse's Cannon Ball Factory; " " McVeagh's Early Life; "
"Early Settlers of Durham," by William J. Buck; Early Con-
gressmen," by Rev. D. K. Turner; "An Old Burying Ground"
[Marshall] ; " The Hughes Family of Bedminster." — Bucks Coun-
ty Scrapbook, State Library.

Butler County.
[See History of Western Pennsylvania, 1846.]
History of Butler County, Pa. Chicago, 1883. 4to, pp. 454.

Cambria County.
[See History of Dauphin, etc., 1848.]

Scanderberg, or the Cambria Court, containing an Account of the
Trials and Acquittals of Mary Beaty . . . and of Jacob
Bosley, . . . together with some account of the Squabbles
between a Scotch Judge and a Bedford Lawyer. By Henry
Hunlock, of Conemaugh. Beulah, 1811. 12mo, pp. 45.

The Valley of the Conemaugh. By Thomas J. Chapman. Altoo-
na, 1865. 16mo, pp. 202.

The World's Charity to the Conemaugh Valley Sufferers, and Who
Eeceived It? 16mo, pp. 192.

Throu<yh the Johnstown Flood. By a Survivor. A Thrilling,

800TCH-IBISH BIBUOGBAPHT OF PENNSTLYANIA. 265

Truthful, and Official HiBtory of the Most Appalling Calamity
of Modem Times. By Eev. David J. Beale, D.D. Philadelphia.
1890. 8vo, pp. 424.

The Story of Johnstown; Its Early Settlement, Eise and Progress.
Industrial Growth and Appalling Flood on May 31, 1889. By
J. J. McLaurin. Harrisburg, 1890. 8vo, pp. 380.

Illustrated Historical Atlas of Cambria County, Pa. By J. A. Cald-
well. Philadelphia, 1890. Folio, pp. 194.

^*The Awful List;" "The Bead of the Flood;' "The Last of the
Indians;" "Tales of a Hotel Register from 1849 to 1855;" "W.
J. Eose's Gallery ... of Pictures of Johnstown People." —
Cambria County Scrapbook, State Library.

Cameron Countt.

[See History of McKean, Cameron, etc., 1890.]

<* History of Emporium." — Cameron County Scrapbook, State Library.

Carbon Countt.
[See History of Northampton, 1845; History of Lehigh and Carbon, 1884.]
Patriotism of Carbon County, Pa., and What Her People Contrib-
uted During the War for the Preservation of the Union. By J.
D. Lacier. Mauch Chunk, 1887. 8vo, pp. viii., 120.

CsNTER County.

[See Hifltory of Northumberland, etc., 1847.]

Industries and Institutions of Center County, Pa., with Historical

Sketches of Principal Villages, etc. By D. S. Maynard. Belle-

fonte, 1877. 8vo, pp. 340, 16, 2.
Historical Sketches of the Snowshoe Hegion, Center County, Pa.

By James Giliiland. Washington, D. C, 1881. 8vo, pp. 34.
History of Center and Clinton Counties, Pa. By John Blair Linn.

Philadelphia, 1883. 4to, pp. x., 672.
^'Historical Notes," by Hon. John B. Linn; " Presbyterianism," by

Hon. John B. Linn; "One Hundred Years;" "Potter's Mills

Centennial;" "A Grand Gala Day;" Millheim's Centennial, July

25, 1888, with Hon. John B. Linn's Historical Address. — Center

County Scrapbook, State Library.

Chester County.

Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Borough of
West Chester, Pa. By the Oldest Inhabitant. West Chester,
1857. 8vo, pp. 60.

Porks of Brandy wine Presbyterian Church, Chester, Pa. Address

266 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

by Rev. John N. C. Grier, D.D., Sermon by Eev. J. Grier Ral-
ston, D.D., November 24, 1864. 8vo, pp. 34.
History of the Presbyterian Church of the Great [Chester] Valley.

By Robert N. Patterson. Philadelphia, 1869. 8vo, pp. 52.
Historical Discourse ... on Occasion of the One Hundred

and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Upper Octorara Presbyterian

Church, . . . September 14, 1870. By J. Smith Futhey.

Philadelphia, 1870. 8vo, pp. 184.
Annals of Phoenixville and Vicinity, from the Settlement to 1871.

By Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker, Esq. Philadelphia, 1872.

8vo, pp. 295.
History of the Presbyterian Church of Fagg's Manor, Chester

County, Pa., 1730-1876. By Rev. W. B. Noble, pastor. 8vo,

pp. 46.
New London Presbyterian Church, Chester County, Pa., June 22,

1876. One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary. Discourse by

Rev. Robert P. DuBois, pastor. 8vo, pp. 28.
Downingtown Presbyterian Church, an Historical Address by Rev.

Francis J. Collier, D.D. Downingtown, 1876. 8vo, pp. 28.
History of Chester County, Pa. By J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert

Cope. Philadelphia, 1881. 4to, pp. 782 [xliv.].
Twenty Years of Church Life in Downingtown, Pa., 1861-1881.

Historical Sketch of the Central Presbyterian Church, by Its

Pastor, Rev. Francis J. Collier. 8vo, pp. 23.
Breon's Official Series of Farm Maps of Chester County. Phila-
delphia, 1883. Folio, pp. 265.
History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neigh-
boring Counties of Pennsylvania. By R. C. Smedley, M.D.

Lancaster, 1883. 12mo, pp. 407.
Historical and Biographical Sketches, by Samuel W. Pennypacker.

Philadelphia, 1883. Large 8vo, pp. 416.
History of the Presbyterian Church in the Forks of Brandywine

from 1735 to 1885. By James McClure, LL.D. Philadelphia,

1885. 8vo, pp. 273.
Our Kindred — The McFarland and Stern Families, Chester County,
Pa., and New Castle, Del. The McFarland and Heald Chronicle,
and the Stern and West Record. Ancestral and Genealogical.
By Cyrus Stern. West Chester, 1885. 4to, pp. 179.
Sketch of the Life and Character of the Rev. James Latta, D.D.
By Rev. Robert P. DuBois. Albany, 1887. 8vo, pp. 11. [Also
in Annals of American Pulpit.]

8COT0H-IBISH BIBLIOGBAPHT OF PENNSTLYANIA. 267

West ChoBter, Pa., the Most Important Suburb of Philadelphia.
West Chester, 1888. 8vo, pp. 51.

Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Chester County, Pa., Com-
prising an Historical Sketch of the County. Bichmond, Ind.,
1893. 4to, pp. 879.

Historical Collections of Chester County. By J. Smith Futhey and
Gilbert Cope. 159 Articles Published in American Republican,
West Chester.

Pastoral of the Presbyterian Church, Coatesville, Pa. Issued an-
nually, V. d.

"James Fitzpatrick, the Outlaw;" "Bits of Local History;" the
originals of some of the places and people in "The Story of
Kennett; " " Chester County Citizens Who Were Slaveholders in
1780;" "Fifty Years Ago," by Isaac Martin; "Revolutionary
Heroes," list of Chester Countians who drew pensions in 1840;
" Forsythe Reunion; " " The Forsythe Family," with list of those
present at reunion of; " The Dampman Family," intermarried
with Wilson; "Upper Octorara Church," six articles. — Chester
County Scrapbook^ State Library.

Clarion County.

[See History of Western Pennsylvania, 1846.]

Illustrated Historical Atlas of Clarion County, Pa. By Henry

Cring. Condit, O., 1877. Folio, pp. 230.
History of Clarion County, Pa. By A. J. Davis. Syracuse, 1887.

4to, pp. 663 [Ixiv.].
History of Clarion County. By W. W. Barr, Esq. — Clarion County
Scrapbooky State Library,

Clearfield County.

Illustrated Historiciil Atlas of Clearfield County, Pa. By J. A.
Caldwell. Condit, O., 1878. Folio, pp. 218.

History of Clearfield County, Pa. By Lewis Cass Aldrich. Syra-
cuse, N. Y., 1887. 4to, pp. 731.

Pioneer Life in the Alleghenies, fifteen articles, from Religious Tel-
escope, Dayton, O. — Clearfield County Scrapbook, State Library.

Clinton County.

[See History of Northumberland, etc., 1847 ; History of Center and Clinton,

1883.]

Journal of Travels, Adventures, and Remarks of Jerry Church.
16mo, pp. 72. [History of laying out town of Lock Haven and
formation of county of Clinton.]

268 THB SCOTCH-IRIS]^ IN AMERICA.

Historical View of Clinton County, Pa., from Its Earliest Settlement

to the Present Time. By D. S. Maynard. Lock Haven, Pa.,

1875. 8vo, pp. 228.
Historical and Biographical Work, or Past and Present of Clinton

County. By J. Milton Furey. Williamsport, 1892. 8vo, pp.

417 [2].
^*The Dunnstown Centennial Celebration;" "A History of Danns-

town." — Clinton County Scrapbooky State Library.

Columbia County.
[See History of Northumberland, etc, 1847.]
History of Columbia County, Pa., from the Earliest Times. By

John G. Freeze. Bloomsborg, Pa., 1883. 8vo, pp. 572.
History of Columbia and Montour Counties, Pa. Chicago, 1887,

4to, pp. 542.
^<More Old History for the Young," by J. W. Hartman. — Columbia
County Scrapbook, State Library,

Crawford County.

Oazette of Crawford County for 1874. By Hamilton Child. Syra-
cuse, 1874. 8vo, pp. 353.
History of Crawford County, Pa. Chicago, 1886. 4to, pp. 1186.
Centennial Edition of the Daily Tribune, Eepublican, May 12, 1888,

with Historical and Biographical Sketches. Meadville. 4to, pp.

168.
^* Meadville Early History ; " " Hundredth Anniversary " of arrival

of Gen. John Dick in Meadville. — Crawford County Scrapbooky

State Library.

Cumberland County.

[See History of Dauphin, etc., 1846.]

Churches of the Valley, or. The Old Presbyterian Congregationa

of Cumberland and Franklin Counties. By Kev. Alfred Nevin.

Philadelphia, 1852. 12mo, pp. 338.
The Olden Time of Pennsboro' Township. By I. Daniel Hupp.

Chapters I .-XXI. [1866]. [In Scrapbook.]
Men of Mark of the Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania, 1776-1876.

By Alfred Nevin, D.D., LL.D. Philadelphia, 1876. 8vo, pp. vii.,

450 [2].
Middle Spring (Pa.) Presbyterian Church, and the War of the Eev-
olution. Centennial Services, June 16, 1876. Historical Dis-
course, by Eev. J. Jay Pomeroy. 8vo, pp. 17.

. SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PENNBTLYANIA. 269

History of Cumberland County, Pa. By Conway P. Wing and
others. Philadelphia, 1879. Folio, pp. 272 [v.].

1734-1884. Sesqui-Centennial Anniversary of the Silver Spring
Presbyterian Church. Historical Discourse by the Pastor, Rev.
T. J. FergUBon. Harrisburg, 1885.

History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pa. Chicago, 1886.
4to, pp. 516.

Alumni Eecord of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. By J. B. Lip-
pencott, D.D., and O. B. Super, Ph.D. Harrisburg, 1886. 8vo,
pp. 240.

A History of the First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle, Pa. By
Rev. Conway P. Wing, D.D. Carlisle, 1877. 8vo, pp. 263.

"The First Recorded Will in Cumberland County," by A. Boyd
Hamilton; "Bold Mollie of Monmouth," by B. M. Nead; "Cum-
berland Valley — Scotch-Irish Donegal Settlers," by Samuel
Evans; "Pen and Ink Pictures" (poem), by R. J. CofTey; "The
Great Indian Treaty," held in Carlisle in October; 1753; "His-
torical School houses," by J. Zeamer; "School Reminiscences," by
D. R. ; " Historical " Houston Family. — Cumberland County Scrap-
book, State Library,

Dauphin County.

The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin,
Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties, Pa. With an Appendix.
By I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster, 1846. 8vo, pp. xii., 25, 602.

The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin,
Bedford, Adams, Perry, Somerset, Cambria, and Indiana Coun-
ties, Pa. With an Appendix. By I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster,
1848. 8vo, pp. xii., 25, 598 [60].

Annals. Comprising Memoirs, Incidents, and Statistics of Harris-
burg: By George H. Morgan. Harrisburg, 1858. 8vo, pp. 400.

Addresses Delivered before the Dauphin County Historical Society
in the State Capitol July 4, 1876. " Ecclesiastical History," by
Thomas H. Robinson, D.D.; "Revolutionary Soldiers," by A.
Boyd Hamilton; "Historical Review," by William Henry Bgle,
M.D. Harrisburg, 1876. 8vo, pp. 85.

The Settlement, Formation, and Progress of Dauphin County, Pa.,
from 1785 to 1876. By George H. Morgan. Harrisburg, 1877.
8vo, pp. 239.

Contributions to the History of Dauphin County. Nos. 1 and 2.
By A. Boyd Hamilton and William H. Egle, M.D. Harrisburg,

■ 1876. 8vo, pp. 43, 34, 18.

270 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBRIOA.

Historical Sketch of Old Hanover Church. By Rev. Thomas H.
Robinson, D.D. The Conewago Congregation of Presbyterians,
Londonderry Township, Daaphin County. 1730-1796. New
Side Presbyterian Graveyard, Lower Paztang Township. By A.
Boyd Hamilton. Published by the Dauphin County Historical
Society. 1878. 8vo, pp. 59.

Middletown-on-Swatara. By A. Boyd Hamilton. Harrisburg,
1879. Imperial 8vo, pp. 47.

History of the County of Dauphin, in the Commonwealth of Penn-
sylvania. Biographical and Genealogical. By William Henry
Egle, M.D. Philadelphia, 1883, 4to, pp. iv., 616.

Centennial Memorial of the Erection of the County of Dauphin,
Pa., and the Founding of the City of Harrisburg. Edited by
William Henry Egle, M.D. Harrisburg, 1886. 8vo, pp. 397.

History of the Sesqui-Centennial of Paxtang Church, September 18,
1890. Edited by Mathias Wilson McAlarney. Harrisburg, 1890.
8vo, pp. 343.

Biographical Encyclopedia of Dauphin County, Pa. Harrisburg,
1896. In press.

"Centennial of Halifax," "At Old Derry Church," "Pax ton
Church." — Dauphin County Scrapbook, State Library.

Delaware County.

History of Delaware County, Pa. By George Smith, M.D. Phil-
adelphia, 1862. 8vo, pp. viii., 581.

History of the Second Presbyterian Church of Chester, Pa., from
February 16, 1866, to October, 1891. By Rev. Joseph Vance
D.D., Pastor. 8vo, pp. 84.

Media, Pa., Delaware County, Presbyterian Church. Twenty-fiflh
Anniversary. Discourse by Eev. James W. Dale, D.D. 1870.
8vo, pp. 24,

History of Delaware County, Pa., for the Past Century. By Hon.
John M. Broomall. Media, Pa., 1876. 8vo, pp. 24.

Chester and Its Vicinity. By John Hill Martin, Esq. Philadel-
phia, 1877. 4to, pp. vi., 530.

Atlas of Delaware County, Pa. By Benjamin H. Smith. Philadel-
phia, 1880. Folio, pp. 10, maps 10.

History of Delaware County, Pa. By Henry Graham Ashmead.
Philadelphia, 1884. 4to, pp. x., 764 [4].

Historical Sketch of Chester on Delaware. By Henry Graham
Ashmead. With Maps and Illustrations. Also a Full Account

SOOTCH-IBIBH BIBLIOaSAPHT OP PENNSYLVANIA. 271

of the work of the General Committee of the Fennsylvania Bi-
centennial Association of Chester, etc. By William Shaler John-
son. Chester, Pa., 1885. 8vo, pp. 336.
"Eeunion at Middletown " Presbyterian Church; "An Historic
Building, One Hundred and Seventy-fifth Anniversary of Middle-
town Presbyterian Church, September 18, 1895;" "Middletown
Church." — Delaware Covnty Scrapbook^ State Library.

Elk County.
See History of McKean, etc., 1890.

Erie County.

History of Brie County, Pa. Chicago, 1884. 4to, pp. 1,006 [239],
History of Erie County, Pa. By Laura G. Sanford. Philadelphia,

1862. 8vo, pp. 347. New Edition, Erie, 1894. 8vo, pp. 458.
" Erie Fifty-eight Years Ago; " "An Important Event." — Brie Coun-
ty Scrapbook, State Library.

Fayette County.
[SeeTIistory of Western Pennsylvania, etc., 1846.]

The Monongahela of Old ; or, History of Fayette County, Pa. By
Freeman Lewis and James Veech. Pittsburg, 1860. 8vo, pp.
245.

History of Fayette County, Pa. With Biographical Sketches. Ed-
ited by Franklin Ellis. Philadelphia, 1882. 4to, pp. 841.

Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Fayette County, Pa. By
Samuel F. Wiley. Chicago, 1889. 4to, pp. 602.

The Scotch-Irish of Fayette County, Pa. Address by Paoli S. Mor-
row. See Volume V. of " Proceedings of Scotch-Irish Congress,
1893."

"The Cook Mansion ; " **Our LocalJudiciary;" "Reminiscences;"
"Alexander McClean;" "Old-time Statesmen;" " Uniontown Fif-
tv Tears Ago." — Fayette County Scrapbook, State Library.

Forest County.
iJaee tliBtory of McKean, Elk and Forest, 1800.]

" History of Forest County," by Samuel D, Irwin. — Forest County
Scrapbookf Stale Library.

Franklin County.
[See History of Daaphln, etc., 1846.]

Chambersburg in the Colony and the Eevolution. A Sketch. By
Lewis H. Garrard. Philadelphia, 1856. 8vo, pp. 60.

^73

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Historical Sketch of Franklin County, Pa. By I. H. McCauley.
Harrisburg, 1878. .8vo, pp. 294. New Edition. Illustrated.
Chambersburg, 1878. 8vo, pp. 322.

Becollections of College Life at Marshall College, M ercersburg, Pa.
By Eev. Theodore Appel, D.D. Beading, 1886. 12mOy pp. viii.,
348.

History of Franklin County, Pa. Chicago, 1887. 4to, pp. 968.

Centennial Anniversary of Franklin Eepository. Pomeroy Bros.,
Publishers. 1790-1890. Folio, pp. 20.

Medical Society of Franklin County: Its History, and Sketches of
Early Practitioners of the County. By John Montgomery, M.D.
Chambersbnrg, 1892. 8vo, pp. 62.

Proceedings at the Celebration of the One Hundred and Sixtieth
Anniversary of the Falling Spring Presbyterian Church, Novem-
ber, 1894. Eev. Harris E. Schenck, Editor. Chambersburg,
1894. 8vo, pp. 192.

Eecord of a Visit to the Old Presbyterian Church at Eocky Spring.
By William H. Bgle, M.D. Harrisburg, 1894. 8vo, pp. 16.

"A Eare Old Church," Eocky Spring; "The Seceder Church and
Graveyard," Chambersburg; "An Historic Old Town;" "Th^
Centennial of Eocky Spring " Church; "Falling Spring Church's
Centennial." — Franklin County Scrapbook, State Library.

Fulton Countt.

[See History of Bedford, Somerset, etc, 1884.]

Directory and Handbook of Fulton County, Pa. Historical, Busi-
ness, Political. By J. E. Dannes. McConnelsburg, 1890. 16mOy
n. p.

Old McConnelsburg.— i^/fon County Scrapbooh, State Library,

Greene County.
[See History of Western Pennsylvania, 1846.]
Illustrated Historical Atlas of Greene County, Pa. By J. A. Cald-
well. Condit, O., 1876. Folio, pp. 154.

History of Greene County, Pa. Containing an Outline of the State ■
from 1682 to 1781. By Kev. William. Hanna. Waynesburg,
1882. 8vo, pp. 350.

History of Greene County, Pa. By Samuel P. Bates. Chicago,
. 1888. 4to, pp. XV [7], 17, 898. • ,

" Greene County History." — Greene County' Scrapbooky State Library.

8C0TCH-I3I8H BIBLIOGBAPHY OF PENNSYLYANIA. 273

Huntingdon County.
[See Hiatory of Northumberland, etc., 1847.]
History of Huntingdon County, Pa. By Milton Scott Lytle. Lan-
caster, 1876. 8vo, pp. 361.
History of Huntingdon and Blair Counties, Pa. By J. Simpson

Africa. Philadelphia, 1883. 4to, pp. vi. [4], 500, iv., 261.
"Names of First Settlers" [Huntingdon and Blair]. — Cambria
County Scrapbooky State Library.

Indiana County.

[See History of Dauphin, etc., 1848.]

History of Indiana County, Pa. Newark, O. 1880. Folio, pp. 542.

Biographical and Historical Cyclopedia of Indiana and Armstrong

Counties. Philadelphia, 1891. 4to, pp. 636.
A Brief Biographical Sketch of the Medical Profession of Indiana
County. By William Anderson, M.D. Indiana, Pa. n. d.

Jefferson County.

History of Jefferson County, Pa. Edited by Kate N. Scott. Syr-
acuse, N. Y., 1888. 4to, pp. 753.

A Histgry of Reynoldsville and Vicinity. By W. C. Elliott. Eey-
noldsville, 1894. 16mo, pp. 58.

My First Eecolleetions of Brookville, Pa. By W. J. McKnight,
M.D. Brookville, 1895. 8vo, pp. 32.

"A Chapter of the Past," with list of marriages. — Jefferson Countyf
Scrapbooky State Library.

Juniata County.

[See History of Northumberland, etc., 1847; History of the Susquehanna

and Juniata Valleys, 1886.]

History of the Early Settlement of the Juniata Valley. By U. J.
Jones. Philadelphia, 1856. 8vo, pp. 380. Reprint, Harrisburg,
1889, with supplement. 8vo, pp. 429.

"The First Church in Mifflintown," with list of subscribers. — Ju-
niata County Scrapbooky State Library.

Lackawanna County.

[See History of Luzerne, etc., 1880.]

Contributions to the History of the Lackawanna Valley. By H.

Hollister, M.D. New York, 1857. 12mo, pp. 328.
History of the City of Scranton, Providence, 'Dunmore, Waverly,
and Humph roysville, with authentic accounts of the origin and
present condition of the various railroads; also Directory for
18

274 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

1867 and 1868. By Andrew B. Galatian. Scranton, 1867. 8vo,
pp. xviii., 416.

Memorial Services. Twenty -fifth Anniversary ... of the
First Presbyterian Church of Scranton, Pa. Scranton, 1873,
8vo, pp. 105 [3].

History of the Lackawanna Yallcy, with illustrations. Second
edition entirely rewritten. By H. Hollister. Scranton, 1875.
8vo, pp. 442. Third edition, 1875.

Eeminiscences of Carbondale, Dundaff, and Providence, Forty Years
Past. By J. E. Durfee. Philadelphia, 1875. 12mo, pp. 150.

The Wyoming Valley, Upper Waters of the Susquehanna and the
Lackawanna Coal Region. Edited by J. A. Clark. Scranton,
1875. 8vo, pp. viii., 236.

Memorial of. the Erection of Lackawanna County in the State of
Pennsj'lvania. By Robert H. McKune. Scranton, 1882. 4to.
pp. 115.

Publications Lac£:awanna Institute of History and Science. Scran-
ton, 1887r-89. 8vo, Yol. I. and II., special bulletin.

Reminiscences of the Early History of Dark Hollow, Slocum Hol-
low, Harrison, Lackawanna Iron Works, Scranton ia, and Scran-
ton, Pa. By J. C. Piatt. Scranton, 1889. 8vo, pp. 79.''

History of Scranton, Pa. Dayton, O., 1891. 4to, pp. 583.

A Half-century in Scranton. By Benjamin H. Throop, M.D.
Scranton, 1895. 8vo, pp. 355.

Lancaster County.

History of Lancaster County and Brief Sketch of Pennsylvania.
By I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster, 1844. 8vo, pp. 524.

History of the Cedar Grove Presbyterian Church and Congrega-
tion, of East Earl Township; A Colony from the Church of Pe-
quea. By Rev. John Leaman, M.D. Philadelphia, 1853. 8vo,
pp. 43.

Bridgen's Atlfts of Lancaster County. Philadelphia, 1864. Folio,
pp. 49.

Authentic History of Lancaster County. By J. I. Mombert. Lan-
caster, 1868. 8vo, pp. viii., 617. Appendix pp. 175.

A Brief History of the City of Lancaster, Pa. By Francis Kilburn.
Lancaster, 1870. 8vo, pp. 40.

Biographical History of Lancaster County, Pa. By Alex Harris,
Lancaster, 1872. 8vo, pp. 638.

BOOTCH-IBISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OP PENNSYLVANIA. 275

New Historical Atlas of Lancaster County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1875.
Folio, pp. 107.

The Three Earls: An Historical Sketch and Proceedings of the Cen-
tennial Jubilee, Held at New Holland, Lancaster County, Pa.
By Frank E. Diffenderfer. New Holland, 1876. 12mo, pp. 115.

History of Donegal Church, and Sketches of a Few of the Most
Notable Members Thereof. By Samuel Evans, Esq. Columbia,
1880. 4to, pp. 89.

History of Lancaster County, Pa. By Samuel Evans and Frank-
lin Ellis. Philadelphia, 1883. 4to, pp. viii., 1101.

Sketch of the Bariy History of Lititz, 1774-1775. By H. A. Brick-
enstein. Nazareth, 1885. 8vo, pp. 34.

Portrait and Biographical Record of Lancaster County. Chicago,
1894. 4to, pp. 690.

"Half Century's Work,'' with sketch of Rev. P. J. Fimlow, pastor
Lacock, Bellevue, and Marietta, with record of marriages; "The
Valley of Pequea; " "Buchanan's Old Home;" "Local History,''
with list of petitioners for a school; "Buchanan's Religion;"
"An Old Church," West Nottingham, Cecil County, Md.; "The
Bailey Family," by Samuel Evans. — Lancaster County Scraphookf
State Library.

Lawrence County.

History of Lawrence County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1877. Folio, pp.

228.
Historical Review of the Towns and Business Houses, Including

Yaluable Local Information of Lawrence County. By Wick

W. Wood. New Castle, 1887. 8vo, pp. 132.
" History of Two Families," Henry and Allen, by Mrs. Mary Gard-

er. — Lancaster County Scrapbook, State Library.

Lebanon County.

[See History of Berks and Lebanon, 1844.]
County Atlas of Lebanon County, Pa., from Surveys of F. W.

Beers. Philadelphia, 1875. Folio, pp. 81.
History of the County of Lebanon in the Commonwealth of Penn-
sylvania, Biographical and Genealogical. By William Henry
Bgle, M.D. Philadelphia, 1883. 4to, pp. 360.

Lehigh County.
[See History of Northampton, etc., 1845.]
History of Lehigh Valley, Pa. By M. L. Henry. Easton, 1860.
8vo, pp. xii., 436.

276 THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN AMBBIOA*

Map of Lehigh County. By G. A. Aschbaugh, C.B. 1862.

New Illustrated Atlas of Lehigh County, Pa. Reading, 1876. Fo-
lio, pp. 72, vi.

History of Lehigh and Carbon Counties. By Alfred Matthews and
Austin 'N, Hungerford. Philadelphia, 1884. 4to, pp. xi., 802.

Portrait and Biographical Record of Lehigh, Northampton, and
Carbon Counties, Pa. Chicago, 1894. 4to, pp. 999.

Luzerne County.

A Sketch of the History of Wyoming. By the late Isaac A. Chap-
man, Esq. Wilkes Barre, 1830. 12mo, pp. 209.

Stories of Early Settlers in the Wilderness. By Josiah Priest. Al-
bany, 1837. 8vo, pp. 40.

History of Wyoming. By Charles Miner. Philadelphia, 1845.
8vo, pp. 488, 104.

History of Wyoming, Luzerne County, Pa. By George Peck, D.D.
New York, 1858. 8vo, pp. 432.

Annals of Luzerne County, Pa. By Stewart Pearce. Philadelphia,
1860. 8vo, pp. 554.

The Valley of Wyoming; The Romance of Its History and Its
Poetry; also, Specimens of Indian Eloquence. By Lewis H.
Miner. New York, 1866. . 12mo, pp. 153.

P6etry and History of Wyoming, Luzerne County, Pa. By Wil
liam L. Stone. Wilkes Barre, 1873. 8vo, pp. xxiii., 406.

Historical Sketches of Plymouth, Luzerne County, Pa. By Hen-
drick B. Wright. Philadelphia, 1873. 8vo, pp. 17, 419.

Chronology of the Wyoming Yalley. By [Stiles Williams].
Wilkes Barre, 1875. 18mo, pp. 19.

The Centennial Chronology of Luzerne County and Its Coal Fields.
By W. E. W. [William E. Whyte]. Wilkes Barre, 1876. 18mo,
pp. 65.

Pittston Gazette Centennial Handbook. 1778-1878. Pittston,
1878. 8vo, pp. 40.

Brief of a Title in the Seventeen Townships in the County of Lu-
zerne. A Syllabus of the Controversy between Connecticut and
Pennsylvania. By Henry M. Hoyt. Harrisburg, 1879. 4to,
pp. 145.

History of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and Wyoming Counties, Pa.
New York, 1880. Folio, pp. 540.

Wyoming Memorial. A Record of the One Hundredth Year Com-
memorative Observance of the Battle and Massacre, July 3, 1778,

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGBAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 277

to July 3, 1878. Edited by Wesley Johnson, Esq. Wilkes Barre,

1882. 8vo, pp. xi.
History of Hanover Township. Including Sugar Notch, Ashley,

and Nanticoke Boroughs. By Henry Blackman Plumb. Wilkes

Barre, 1885. 8vo, pp. 499.
Pi*ooeedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geo-
logical Society. Volumes I.-III. Wilkes Barre. 1868-1886. 8vo.
The First Indian Massacre in the Valley of Wyoming, October 15,

1763. An Address by William Henry Egle, M.D. Harrisburg,

1890. 8vo, pp. 47.
Families of the Wyoming Valley. Biographical, Genealogical, and

Historical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Luzerne County,

Pa. By George B. Kulp. 3 volumes. Wilkes Barre, 1886-1890.

8vo, pp. viii., vii., ix., 1423.
The Historical Reccfrd. Devoted Principally to the Early History

of Wyoming Valley. Edited by F. C. Johnson, M.D. Volumes

I.-IV. Wilkes Barre, 1886-1892. 4to.
History of Luzerne County, Pa. With Biographical Selections. '

Cl^icago, 1893. 4to, pp. 1509.
The Wyoming Massacre. By Milo M. Acker. Hornollsville, N.Y.,

1894. 8vo, pp. 20.

The Massacre of Wyoming. The Acts of Congress for the Defense
of the Wyoming Valley. With the Petitions of the Sufferers by
the Massacre of July 3, 1778, for Congressional Aid. With In-
troductory Chapter b}^ Rev. H. E. Hayden, M.A. Wilkes Barre,

1895. 8vo, pp. xxiv., 85.

**Yankee-Pennamite," massacre of 1763; "Historical Sermon," for-
ty-ninth anniversary of the pastoi*ate of the First Presbyterian '
Church, Pittston, by Dr. Parke; "Maj. John Garrett;" "Histo-
ry of the Church," First Presbyterian, Wilkes Barre; " Hanover's
Historical Associations," where Paxton Boys settled. — Luzerne
Count]/ Scrapbooky State Library.

Lycoming County.

History of Lycoming County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1876. Folio, pp.

13, 132.
Reminiscences of Eev. J. Hayes Grier.. By Tunison Coryell. Wil-

liamsport, 1876. 8vo, pp. 95.
Unveiling of the Brady Monument at Muncy, Pa., October 15,

1879. Muncy, 1879. 8vo, pp. 17.
The Historical Journal. A Monthly Eecord of Local History and

278 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Biography. By John F. Meginness. Vol. 1. Williamsport, 1888.
8vo, pp. iv., 396. Vol. II., pp. 304.

Otzinachson; or, A History of the West Branch Valley of the Sus-
quehanna. By J. F. Meginness. Philadelphia, 1857. 8vo, pp.
518. .ReTised Edition, 1889. 8vo, pp. 702 [v,].

Biographical Annals of Deceased Residents of the West Branch
Valley of the Susquehanna. By John F. Meij^inness. Williams-
port, 1889. Imperial 8vo, pp. 272.

The Now and Then. Edited by J. M. M. Gornerd. Miuncy, 1868-
1892. 3 volumes. 8vo.

Histor}'' of Lycoming County, Pa. Edited by John F. Meginness.
Chicago, 1892. 4to, pp. 1268.

Lycoming County: Its Organization and Condensed History for
One Hundred Years. By John F. Meginness. Williamsport,
1895. 8vo, pp. 82.

" Brief History of Muncy," with list of voters and taxables, 1827,
by D. B. Dykins; "Presbyterian Church," Muncy, by Rev. A.
Dean, D.Dr, '* Valuable Historical Library " of John F. Megin-
ness. " Thomas Family Reunion ; " " The Sword of Campbell ; "
"Centennial " of Lycoming County. — Lycoming CourUy Scrapbook,
State Library,

Merger County.

History of Mercer County, Pa. By Samuel W. Durand. Philadel-
phia, 1877. Folio, pp. 156.
History of Mercer County, Pa. Chicago, 1888. 4to, pp. 1201.

McKean County.

History of McKean, Elk, Cameron, and Potter Counties, Pa. Chi-
cago, 1890. 4to, pp. 1261.

History of McKean, Elk, and Forest Counties, Pa. Chicago, 1890.
4to, pp. 970.

Mifflin County.
[See History of Northumberland, etc., 1847.]

History of Mifflin County, Pa. By Joseph Cochran, A.M. Yol.'l.,
Harrisburg, 1879. 8vo, pp. 422.

History of That Part of the Susquehanna and Juniata Valleys Em-
braced in the Counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union, and
Snyder, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 2 volumes.
Philadelphia, 1886. 4to, pp. 7, 1602 [6].

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 279

Monroe County.

[See History of Northampton, etc., 1845; History of Wayne, etc., 1886.]
The Delaware Water Gap: Its Legends and Early History, By

Luke W. Brodhead. Philadelphia, 1870. 12mo, pp. 276.
" Centennial History of Monroe County," by William S. Eeee. —

Monroe County Seraphook^ State Library,

Montgomery County.

The History of Moreland from Its First Purchape and Settlement
to the Present Time. By William J. Buck. Philadelphia, 1852.
[Colls. Hist. Soc. of Pa.] 8vo, pp. 34.

History of Montgomery County, Pa., within the Schuylkill Yalley.
By William J. Buck. Norristown, 1859. 8vo, pp. 124 [iii.].

History and Directory of Norristown and Bridgeport, Montgomery
County, Pa., for 1860-61. By William Whitehead. West Ches-
ter, 1860. 12mo.

The Centennial Celebration at Pottstown, Pa., July 4, 1876, and
Historical Sketches. By L. H. Davis. Pottstown, 1876. 8vo,
pp. 80.

Historical Discourse at Abington Presbyterian Church, Montgomery
County, Pa. By Rev. L. W. Eckard, August 30, 1876. 8vo,
pp. 40.

Historical Sketch of the First Presbyterian Church at Norristown,
Pa. With Biographical Notes of Its Ministers, and Reminis-
cences of Oakland Female Institute. By J. Grier Ralston, D.D.
Norristown, 1876. 8vo, pp. 66.

Combination Atlas Map of Montgomery County, Pa. Philadelphia,
1877. Folio, pp. 107. History of Montgomery County. By
William J. Buck.

Local Sketches and Legends Pertaining to Bucks and Montgomery
Counties, Pa. By William J. Buck. 1877. 8vo, pp. 340.

Lives of the Eminent Dead, and Biographical Notices of Prominent
Living Citizens of Montgomery County, Pa. By M. Auge.
Norristown, 1879. 8vo, pp. 568.

Falkner Swamp. By Henry S. Dotterer. Schwenkville, 1879.
16mo, pp. 22.

Historical Collections Relating to Gwynedd, with Some Data Refer-
ing to the Adjoining Township of Montgomery. A Welsh Set-
tlement. By Howard M. Jenkins. Philadelphia, 1884. Svo,
pp. 7, 396.

The Centennial Celebration of Montgomery County^ Pa., at Norris-

280 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

town, Pa., September 9, 10, 11, 12, 1884. An OflScial Record of
Its Proceedings. Edited by F. G. Hobson, William J. Buck,
and Henry S. Dotterer. Norristown, 1884. 8vo, pp. xi., 467.

History of Montgomery County, Pa. By Theodore W. Bean. Phil-
adelphia, 1884. 4to, pp. X., 1197,

History of Franconia Township, Montgomery County, Pa. By
John D. Louder. Harleysville, 1886. 8vo, pp. v., 102.

History of Lower Salford Township, in Sketches. Commencing
with a History of Harleysville. By James Y. Heckler. Har-
leysville, 1888. 8vo, pp. 9, 456 [10].

Historical Sketches. A Collection of Papers Prepared for the His-
torical Society of Montgomery County. Volume I. Norris-
town, 1895. 8vo, pp. 416 [2 J.

Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Montgomery County. Ed-
ited by Henry Wilson Ruoff. Philadelphia, 1895. 4to, pp. 652.

"Simpson Homestead," where the mother of Gren. Grant was born;
**Abington Church Burned;" "An Old Assessor's List," Blockley
Township, 1783. — MorUgomery County Scrapbook^ State Library.

• Montour County.

Danville, Montour County, Pa. A Collection of Historical and Bi-
ographical Sketches. By D. H. B. Brower. ffarrisburg, 1881.
8vo, pp. 288.

History of Montour County, Pa. Edited by J. H. Battle. Chica-
go, 1887. 4to, pp. 220.

Northampton County.
[See History of Lehigh Valley, I860.]

An Excursion to Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania in, the
Year 1799. By John O. Ogden. Philadelphia, 1805. 12mo,
pp. 167.

History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Schuylkill, and Carbon
Counties. By I. Daniel Rupp. Harrisburg, 1845. 8vo, pp. xiv.,
568.

A History of Nazareth Hall from 1755 to 1855. By Bev. Levin T.
Reichel. Philadelphia, 1855. 16mo, pp. 159.

Hi>torical Sketch of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1869, with an Ac-
count of the Reunions of Former Pupils and Inauguration of a
Monument at Nazareth on the 11th of June, 1868. By William
C. Reichel. Philadelphia, 1869. 8vo, pp. 265.

A Red Rose from the Olden Time; or, A Ramble through the An-

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PENN8YLVANU. 281

nal8 of the Rose Inn on the Barony ^of Nazareth. By Maurice
C. Jones. 'Philadelphia, 1872. Small 4to, pp. 50.

The Crown Inn, Near Bethlehem, Pa., 1745. By William C. Reich-
el. Philadelphia, 1872. Small 4to, pp. 162.

Historical Sketch of Bethlehem in Pennsylvania, with Some Ac-
count of the Moravian Church. By John Hill Martin. Phila-
delphia, 1873. Imperial 8vo, pp. 191.

Brief Account of Murders by the Indians and the Causes Thereof in
Northampton County, Pa., October 2, 1763. By Joseph J. Mick-
ley. Philadelphia, 1875. 12mo, pp. 37.

History of the Allen Township Presbyterian Church and the Com-
munity Which Has Sustained It. By Rev. John 0. Clyde, A.M.
Philadelphia, 1876. 12mo, pp. 198.

History of Northampton County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1877. Folio,
pp. 293.

Friedensthal and Its Stockaded Mill. A Moravian Chronicle, 1749-
1767. By the Rev. William C. Reichel, and Contributed by
John W. Jordan. Nazareth, 1877. Imperial 8vo, pp. 36.

Genealogies, Necrology, and Reminiscences of the Irish Settlement.
By the Rev. John C. Clyde, A.M. 1879. 12mo, pp. 419.

History of Easton, from 1739 to 1885. By Rev. Ural W. Condit,
A.M. Easton, 1885. 4to, pp. 500 [1].

Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society. Three volumes.
Nazareth, 1858-1888. 8vo, v. p.

Northumberland County.

Ili&tory and Topography of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin,
Center, Union, Columbia, Juniata, and Clinton Counties, Pa.
By I. D. Rupp. Lancaster, 1847. 8vo, pp.* 570.

History of Northumberland County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1876. Fol-
io, pp. 109.

Reminiscences of the Rev. J. Hayes Grior, and the Pupils of His
Schools of Pine Creek and Jersey Shore, Pa., from 1818 to 1833.
The Kerr and Finney Schools of Milton, 1804-1808. By T. Cor-
yell. Williami»port, 1876. 8vo, pp. 96.

History of Northumberland County, Pa. By Herbert Bell. Chi-
cago, 1891. 4to, pp. 1256.

^* Warrior Run Church,'* by Rev. G. A. Marr; "Rev. George Jun-
kin, D.D.," at Milton. — Northumberland County Scrap Book, State
Library.

282 the scotch-irish in ambrica.

Perry County.

[Sne History of Dauphin, etc., 1846; History of the Sasquehanna and Jnni'

ata Valleys, 1886.]

History of Perry County, Pa. By Silas Wright. Lancaster, 1873.
12mo, pp. 290.

The History of Perry County, Conducted by the Philomathean So-
ciety of Bloomfieid. New Bloomfield, 1880-1882. 4to, pp. 146.

Philadelphia City.

Picture of Philadelphia. By James Mease, M.D. Philadelphia^
1811. l2mo, pp. xii., 376. [Contains List of Subscribers.]

History of Philadelphia. By Daniel Bowen. Philadelphia, 1839.
8vo, pp. vi., 200. [Contains List of Volunteers in War of 1812-
1814.]

By-laws, Muster Roll, etc., of the First Troop Philadelphia City
Cavalry, from November 17, 1774, to January 1, 1840. Phila-
delphia, 1840. 12mo, pp. 64.

A Brief Account of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick.
With Biographical Notes of Some of the Members. Philadel-
phia, 1844. 16mo, pp. 112.

Minutes of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed Septem-
ber, 1793, by the Citizens of Philadelphia, to Attend to and Alle-
viate the SufTerings of the Afflicted with the Malignant Fever.
Philadelphia, 1848. 8vo, pp. 243.

Ulustrated Guide to and through Laurel Hill Cemetery. With a
List of the. Lot Holders to April 1, 1852. By R. A. Smith.
Philadelphia, 1852. 8vo, pp. 147, 53.

A History of Philadelphia, from the Time of the First Settlement
on the Delaware^ to the Consolidation of the City and Districts
in 1854. By Thompson Westcott. Chapters I.-DCCCLXXVI.
— In Scrap Books, Eigldeen Volume$t State Library.

Old Pine Street Church. Manual of the Third Presbyterian
Church, in the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1859. 8vo,
pp. 64.

The Lives of Eminent Philadelphians Now Deceased. By Henry
Simpson. Philadelphia, 1869. 8vo, pp. 993.

Philadelphia and Her Merchants. By Abraham Ritter. Philadel-
phia, 1860. 8vo, pp. 223.

Biographies of Successful Philadelphia Merchants. Philadelphia,
1864. 8vo, pp. 245.

The Days That Are Past. By Thomas James Shepherd. Fourth

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OP PENNSYLVANIA. 283

Pastor of Philadelphia. N. L. First Presbyterian Church. Phil-
adelphia, 1864. 12mo, pp. xi., 191.

The Leaders of the Old Bar of Philadelphia. By Horace Binney.
Philadelphia, 1866. 8vo, pp. 120.

An Act to Incorporate the (carpenters' Company. With Reminis-
cences of the Hall. Philadelphia, 1866. 8vo, pp. 153. With
List of Members.

The Tercentenary Book. Account of the " Tercentenary Celebra-
s tion." ... by the Presbyterians of Philadelphia, November
20, 1872. Introduction by Rev. Henry C. McCook. Philadel-
phia, 1873. 12mo, pp. 232.

Historic Mansions of Philadelphia. By Thompson Westcott. Phil-
adelphia, 1877. 8vo, pp. 528. Revised Edition, 1895.

West Spruce Street Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia. Histor-
ical Discourse, June 5, 1876. By Rev. William P. Breed, D.D.,
Pastor. Philadelphia, 1876. 8vo, pp. 24.

Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time. By
John F. Watson. Two Volumes. Philadelphia, 1870. 8vo, pp.
xvi., 609, vi., 633 [7]. Volume III. By Willis P. Hazard. Phil-
adelphia, 1879. 8vo, pp. 524.

The Inscriptions in St. Peter's Churchyard, Philadelphia. Copied
and Arranged by the Rev. William White Bronson. Edited by
Charles R. Hildeburn. Camden, 1879. 12mo, pp. v., 585.

An Historical Catalogue of the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia.
1779-1881. Philadelphia, 1881. 8vo, pp. 104.

Bench and Bar of Philadelphia. By John Hill Martin. Philadel-
phia, 1883. 8vo, pp. xvi., 326.

History of Philadelphia from 1609-1884. By J. Thomas Scharf
and Thompson Westcott. Three Volumes. Philadelphia, 1884.
4to, pp. X., 2399 [vi.], [iv.].

The. Fiftieth Anniversary of the Roorganization of the First Re-
formed Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia,
1884. 8vo, pp. 47.

Ancient and Modern Germantown, Mt. Airy, and Chestnut Hill. By
S. F. Hotchkins, M.A. Philadelphia, 1889. 4to, pp. 538, 10.

The Philadelphia Magazines and Their Contributors, 1741-1850.
By Albert H. Smyth. Philadelphia, 1892. 12mo, pp. 264.

History of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and of the Hibernian
Society for the Relief of the Emigrants from Ireland. March
17, 1771-March 17, 1892. By John H. Campbell. Philadelphia,
1892. Royal 8vo, pp. 570.

284 • THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The York Road, Old and New. By Rev. S. F. Hotchkins, M.A.
Philadelphia, 1892. 4to, pp. 516.

The Bench and Bar of Philadelphia. An Illustrated Chronological
and Alphabetical Legal Directory. Compiled by William J.
Campbell. Philadelphia, 1893. 8vo, pp. 108.

The Bristol Pike. By Rev. S. F. Hotchkins, M.A. Philadelphia,
1893. 4to, pp. 410.

Makers of Philadelphia. An historical work giving portraits and
sketches of the most eminent citizens of Philadelphia from the
time of William Penn to the present day. Edited by Charles
Morris. Philadelphia, 1894. 4to, pp. 308.

Memorial History of the City of Philadelphia from Its First Settle-
ment to the Year 1895. Edited by John Russell Young. New
York, 1895. 4to, Yol. I., pp. xxxii., 568.

The Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. A camera and pen
sketch of each Presbyterian Church and institution in the city.
Compiled and edited by Rev. William P. White, D.D., and Wil-
liam H. Scott. Philadelphia, 1895. 4to, pp. xxiv., 311.

" Gilbert Tennent." By Rev. Dr. John S. Macintosh;— PAi/ade/;)Aia
Scrapbook, No. 6, State Library*

Pike County.
[See History of Wayne, etc., 1886.]

Potter County. '
[See History of McKean, etc., 1890.]

Schuylkill County.
[See History of Northampton, etc., 1845.]

Memorial of the Patriotism of Schuylkill County in the American

Slaveholders' Rebellion. By Francis B. Wallace. Pottsville,

1865. Crown 8vo, pp. 548, ix.
History of Schuylkill County, Pa. New York, 1881. 4to, pp. 390

[60].
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Schuylkill County, Pa.

By Samuel T. Wiley. Philadelphia, 1893. 4to, pp. 752.
Historical Sketch of Pottsville. By George Chambers. Pottsville,

1876. 8vo.

Snyder County.
[See History of the Susquehanna and Juniata Valleys, 1886.]

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 285

Somerset Cqunty.

[See History of Dauphin, etc, 1848 ; History of Western Pennsylvania,

1846; History of Bedford, etc., 1884.]
"Gen. Moses Andrew Ross;" "Hon. John Hanna;" "The First

Settlers/' first assessment list, 1772; "Historical Address," by
W. H. Koontz ; " The McLeans in Our Early History." — Somer-
set Covnly Scrapbookf State Library,

Sullivan County.
[See Egle's History of Pennsylvania.]

Susquehanna County.

Atlas of Susquehanna County, Pa., from Actual Surveys. [With

Historical Description.] Now York, 1872. Folio, pp. 45.
History of Susquehanna County, Pa. By Emily C. Blackman.

Philadelphia, 1873. 8vo, pp. x., 640.
Early Pastors in Susquehanna County. By Kev. Adam Miller.

1875. Pp. 120.
Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Ministry of Rev.

Adam Miller in the Congregational Church, in Harford, Pa.,

October 3, 1878. Amherst, Mass., 1879. 8vo, p. 144. [Contains

list of members from 1800 to 1878.]
Centennial History of Susquehanna County, Pa. By Rhamanthus

M. Stocker. Philadelphia, 1887. 4to, pp. x., 851.
Centennial of Susquehanna County, Pa. By James T. Dubois and

William Pike. Washington,. D. C, 1888. 8vo, pp. 138.
History of Ararat Township, Susquehanna County. By James C.

Bushnell. Chapters xxii. in the Transcript Susquehanna,

1886-88.
History of Brooklyn Township, Susquehanna County. By B. A.

Weston. Brooklyn, Pa. 1889. 8vo, pp. 300.
History of the Village of Clifford. By Joseph Seward Miller.

Clifford, 1884-91. 24mo, primers 1-8.
Pioneer Reminiscences of New Milford and Vicinity, Susquehanna

County, hy Jasper % Jennings. Chapters 1., in New Milford

Advertiser. 1887-91.
History of Gibson Township, Susquehanna County. Bj A. N.

Brundage, an address delivered July 4,* 1891.
Centennial History of Harford Township, Susquehanna County.

By W. L. Thacher. Chapters xl. in the Independent Republican.

1888-92.

286 the scotch-irish in ambrica.

Tioga County.

Supplement Elmira Gazette^ Containing Historical Sketches of Ti-
oga County, Pa. Bj John L. Sexton, Jr. Elmira, 1874. 4to.

Atlas of Tioga Cqunty, Pa. [Historical Sketch of County by John
L. Sexton, Jr.] New York, 1875. Folio, p. 109.

Old Tioga, and Ninety Years of Its Existence. By Maro O. Bolfe.
Tioga, 1877. Small 4to, pp. 116.

History of Tioga County, Pa. With Illustrations, Portraits, and
Sketches of Prominent Families and Individuals. By John L.
Sexton, Jr. New York, 1883. Folio, pp. 366 [35].

"A Hundred Years;" "The Presbyterian Church," in Elkland.—

Tioga County Scrapbook, State Library,

Union County,

[See History of Northumberland, etc., 1847; History of the Susquehanna

and Juniata Valleys, 1886.]

Annals of Buffalo Valley, 1755-1855. By John Blair Linn. Har-

risburg, 1877. 8vo, pp. 620.
Centennial History of Lewisburg, Union County. By I. H, Aian-

ser. Lewisburg, 1886. 8vo, pp. 154.

Venango County.

Petroleum : A History of the Oil Regions of Venango County, Pa.

Philadelphia, 1866. 12mo, pp. 299.
The History of Pithole. By Crocus [Charles 0. Leonard]. Pithole

City, 1867. 16mo, pp. 106.
Centennial Discourse: A Sketch of the History of Venango County,

Pa. By S. J. M. Eaton, D.D. Franklin, Pa., 1876. 8vo, pp. 48.
History of Venango County, Pa. Edited by J. H. Newton. Co-
lumbus, O., 1879. Imperial 4to, pp. 651.
Early History of Franklin. By John S. McCalraont. [Chapters I.

to XXXVII.] In Franklin Spectator. 1889.
History of Venango County, Pa. : Its Past and Present. Chicago,

1890. 4to, pp. 1164.
Souvenir of the Oil City Derrick, Illustrating the City of Oil City,

Pa., in the Year 1896. Oil City, 1896. 4to, pp. 1 10. [Historical

and Biographical.]
"Oil City Chroniclings," Chapters XIX., by W. E. Johns; "The

Franklin Centennial."-i— Venango County Scrapbook, State Library,

Wabren County.

History of Warren County, Pa. Edited by J. S. Schenk, assisted
by W. S. Bann. Syracuse, N. Y., 1887. 4to, pp. 692 [cxv.].

SCOTCH-IRISH BIBLIOGBAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 287

Washington County.

[See History of Western Pennsylvania, 1846.]

Upper Buffalo Prcsbytwrian Church. HiBtorical Diweourse, Janua-
' ry 22, 1860, by Eev. John Eagleson, D.D. Washington, Pa.,

1860. 8vo, pp. 27.
Cross Creek (Washington County) Presbyterian Church. Historical

Discourse, June 24, 1867, by Rev. John Stockton, D.D., Pastor,

on the Fortieth Anniversary of His Pastorate. 8vo, pp. 20.
History of Washington County from Its First Settlement to the

Present Time. By Alfred Creigh, LL.D. Harrisburg, 1871.

8vo, pp. 375 [132].
Chartier's Church and Its Ministers, in 1875. By Rev. Francis J.

Collier, D.D. 8vo, pp. 47.
Illustrated Centeonial Atlas of Washington County, Pa. Condit,

O., 1876. Folio, pp. 228.
Centennial Celebration of the Organization of Washington County,

Pa. Washington, Pa., 1881. 8vo, pp. iv., 109.
History of Washington County, Pa. With Biographical Sketches

of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Edited by Boyd

Crumrine. Philadelphia, 1882. 4to, pp. 1002 [1].
Historical Sketch of Center Presbyterian Church, Washington

County, Pa. 1828-1882. By Rev. Francis J. Collier, D.D.

1882. 12mo, pp. 12.
Quarter Century Reunion of the Jefferson College Class of 1858, at

Canonsburg and Washington, Pa., January 19 and 20, 1883. By

Rev. Francis J. Collier, D.D. 8vo, pp. 126.
Observer Annual. Published by Ernest F. Atcheson. Washing-
ton, 1891. 8vo. n. p.
Commemorative Biographical Record of Washington County, Pa.

Chicago, 1893. 4to, pp. 1486.

History of the Graveyard Connected with Cross Creek Presbyte-
rian Church. By James Simpson. Burgettstown, 1894. 8vo,
pp. 86.

" The Old Globe Inn ; '* " Quaint Old Canonsburg; " "Upper Stras-
burg [Franklin County] in Olden Time," with reference to the
Clark family; "In Radiance," centennial Monongahela City,
1892; "Centennial Celebration of West Alexander Presbyterian
Church," 1890; "Reunion of the Scott Family;" "Centennial
Celebration" of Mt. Pleasant United Presbyterian Church at
Hickory; "Claysville Celebration," seventy-fifth anniversary of

288 THE SOOTCH-IBISH IN AMBBIOA.

the Presbyterian Church at. — Washinffton County Serapbookj State

Library.

Wayne CofUNTY.

An Index to the Map of Wayne and Pike Counties, Pa. With

Map. By Jason Torrey. With N'ames of Original Warrantees.

Philadelphia, 1814. Svo, pp. 78.
History of Wayne County. By Phineas G. Goodrich. Honcsdale,

1880. 12 mo, pp. xiv., 409.
History of Mt. Pleasant, Wayne County, Pa. By Samuel Whaley.

New York, 1885. 8vo, pp. 96.
History of Wayne, Pike, and Monroe Counties, Pa. By Alft^d

Matthews. Philadelphia, 1886. 4to, pp. x., 128.

Westmoreland County.
[See History of Western Pennsylvania, 1846.]

Illustrated Atlas ot Westmoreland County, Pa. Beading, 1876.

Folio, pp, 82, iv.
History of the County of Westmoreland, Pa. With Biographical
* Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Edited

by George Dallas Albert. Philadelphia, 1882. 4to, pp. 727.
Biographical and Historical Cyclopedia of Westmoreland County,

Pa. By Samuel Wiley. Philadelphia, 189a. 4to, pp. 744.
** Homestead of the Johnstons." — Allegheny County Scrapbook, State

Library.
" Harmony [school] Reunion," Greensburg PresSy October 2, 1894.

— Butler County Scrapbook, State Library.
"William Findley;" "The Westmoreland Centennial;" Old Han-

nastown;" "Poke Run [Presbyterian Church] Centennial;"

"History of the Hoey Family;" "Indian War Incidents;"

"Old Time Sport," fox hunt in 1829, with names of citizens in

Deny, Salem, Unity, and Fairfield Townships. — Westmoreland

County Scrapbook, State Library.

Wyoming County.
[See History of Luzerne, etc., 1890.]

History of Nicholson Township and Borough. By J. L. Tifi^any.
Nicholson 1891-92. 18mo.

YoBK County.

History of York County from Its Erection to the Present Time.
By W. C. Carter and A. J. Glossbrenner. York, Pa., 1834.
12 mo, pp. 183 [30].

BCOTCH-IBISH BIBLIOaBAPHY OF PENNSTLYANIA. 289

History of York County. By I. Daniel Bupp. Lancaster, 1S4&.
8vo, pp. 228.

Historical Sketch. An Account of the Centennial Oelebration at
York, Pa., July 4, 1876. York, 1876. 8vo, pp. 156.

History of York County, Pa. By John Gibson [and J. K. Prowell].
Chicago, 1886. 4to, pp. 772 [207].

York's Centennial Memorial. Comprising a Detailed Description
of the Centennial Celebration. York, 1887. 8vo, pp. 226.

Art Work of York. [Historical Sketch by Edward Stuck.] Chica-
go, 1893. PI. 72.

« History of the York Rifles." — York County Scrapbook^ State
Library.
19

A EEMINISCENCE OF THE LAST TWO MODERATORS,
YOUNG AND CRAIG, AND THE WASH-
INGTON GAYEL.

BY THOMAS M, GREEN.

In referring to the Moderators of the General Assembly at Port-
land and at Washington, the papers have generally described them
as having been born in the same town and as graduates of the same
college and of the same seminary. This is scarcely accurate, as Dr.
Craig was born at " Craigland," his father's beautiful farm in Lin-
coln County, eight miles from Danville. The papers, too, omitted
the fact that Drs. Young and Craig were, in one of the lines of
their respective ancestry, of the name blood, being descended from
two half-sisters, daughtens of Col. Henry Willis, the founder of
Fredericksburg. The old Willis Mansion, in which these two women
were born, stood on what was known for nearly a centuiy and a
half as Willis' Hill, but which has since become historic as Marye's
Height. Its site was in front of the old Willis* private graveyard,
and not far from the present National Cemetery. On the summit
of the elevation, and at a little distance from the site of the old
Willis home, were placed the Confederate batteries; and at its base,
in a trench behind the stone wall which incloses the property, were
stationed the Confederate infantry, which made such wild work
with the Federal army of Gen. Burnside as it marched to the at-
tack directly in front over a plain of half a mile in width. Half-
way up the hill the gallant Thomas R. E. Cobb, who commanded a
Georgia brigade in the sanguinary conflict, and who was descend-
ed from another daughter of the same Col. Henry Willis, a half-
sister to both of the others, was slain. In this connection further
genealogical details may not be uninteresting to the general reader.
The first John Washington settled in Virginia in 1657. His
wife, whom he had married in England, dying, he married in Vir-
ginia a second time with Anne Pope, by whom he had two sons,
Lawrence and John, and a daughter who married Maj. Francis
Wright. To Lawrence, his elder son, he left, with other property,
his half for a patent of five thousand acres of land, which he held
in common with Oapt. Nicholas Spencer, and the description of
which identifies it with the estate of Mt. Vernon. Lawrence
(290)

A REMINISCENCE. 291

Washington married Mildred, one of the daughters of Col. Augus-
tine Warner, who was Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses
both before and immediately after the Bacon Eebellion, and who
was for years a member of the Eoyal Council, as his father, Capt.
Augustine Warner, had been before him. Lawrence and Mildred
(Warner) Washington had two sons, John and Augustine, and a
daughter named Mildred. Augustine was the father of the Gen-
eral. In his will Lawrence Washington left to his daughter Mil-
dred the tract of 2,500 acres above refeiTcd to. This daughter first
married a Lewis, who, it is believed, was a kinsman through the
Warners. After his death, without issue, she married a second
time with Roger Gregory, by whom she had three daughters,
Frances, Mildred, and Elizabeth, who married three brothers. Col.
Francis, Col. John and Eeuben Thornton. Of these. Col. Francis
Thornton had a daughter named Mildred, who married her cousin,
Charles Washington, the youngest brother of the General; while
the oldest daughter of Col. John Thornton, also named Mildred,
was the second wife of Samuel Washington, the oldest of the full
brothers of the General; and so it came about that the greater
number of the descendants of Augustine Washington (of the broth-
ers of the General) are also descended from the GeneraFs aunt.
In 1726 she united with her husband, Roger Gregory, in selling
what is now known as the Mt. Yernon estate to her brother Au-
gustine. Not long after this Roger Gregory died; for in 1732,
when she officiated as the godmother of her nephew, George Wash-
ington, and held him in her arms at the baptismal font, she was a
widow. In 1733 she married a third time, becoming the third wife
of Col. Henry Willis, of Fredericksburg. By Col. Willis she had
a son. Col. Lewis Willis, of the Revolution, and a daughter named
Anne. This daughter married Duff Green, the third of the seven
sons of Robert Green, who emigrated to Virginia in 1712, to whom,
with Joist Hite, Robert McKay, and his uncle, William Duff, was
granted the first patent of land in the Valley of Virginia, and who
finally settled in Culpeper, near what is now known as Brandy Sta-
tion. Robert Green was one of the first vestrymen of St. Mark's
Parish. The oldest son of Duff and Anne (Willis) Green went to
Kentucky in 1779, as a surveyor and on a contract to enter lands; his
name was Willis Green. In 1783 he represented Jefferson County in
the Virginia House of Delegates. In that year, while attending as a
member of that body, he was chosen Clerk of the Lincoln Court,
the county then containing one-third of all Kentucky. He held

292 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEUICA.

the position until his death, in 1813. He was a member of the first
convention held in Kentucky, in 1785, and a member of most of
the nine conventions during the long struggle for autonomy. In
1783 Willis Green married Sarah Beed, the oldest daughter of
John Eeed, one of the most intelligent and worthy of the early
pioneers. Her youngest brother, Thomas Buck Eeed, was the
eloquent United States Senator from Mississippi; while one of
her sisters was the mother of James Gillespie Birney, twice a
candidate of the Free Soil party for President of the United
States. Willis and Sarah (Keed) Green had twelve children,
seven of whom married, and six of whom left issue. Their
youngest son, Lewis Warner Green, was an eloquent pulpit ora-
tor, a man of varied and elegant scholarship, a theological pro-
fessor at Hanover and at Allegheny, a professor at Center CoIlege,^
and President of Hampden Sidney, of Transylvania University,
and of Center College. Dr. Lewis Warner Green was the father
of the wife of Adlai E. Stevenson, the Vice President of the United
States. The youngest daughter of Willis and Sarah (Reed) Green,
by name Martha or Patsy, married Dr. William Craig, and was the
mother of Eev. Dr. Willis Green Craig, the Moderator of the re-
cent General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which met in
Washington City, and a staunch upholder of the Presbyterian faith,
which is his by inheritance as well as by conviction. The papers
laid stress upon the fact that the gavel used by Dr. Craig upon
that memorable occasion was made from a cherry tree cut from
the Mt. Vernon estate. It may interest some to know, at any rate
it was a coincidence, that the estate from which the tree was cut
was, from 1697 to 1726, the property of Dr. Craig's great-great-
grandmother, and belonged to his kindred from 1660, when the first
patent was issued, until it passed into the hands of the ladies of
the Mt. Vernon Association; and that the beautiful city in which
the Assembly was held was named for an illustrious kinsman of its
Moderator. The paternal great-grandfather of Dr. Craig — John
Craig by name — ^an Irishman of Scotch descent, emigrated in early
youth to Augusta County, Va. In 1775 he brought a drove of cat-
tle to Lincoln County, Ky., then a wilderness. In 1776 he planted
com, and made a permanent settlement in that county. His oldest
son, William Craig, was one of the magistrates of the first court
ever held in Kentucky, in 1783. His youngest son, also named
John, settled in Kentucky in 1790. To the oldest son of this John
— William by name — his grandfather, the Irish emigrant, left the

A RBMINISCBNCB, 293

large estate of " Craigland," where the Moderator was bom. This
William Craig, the father of the Moderator, was a surgeon in the
war of 1812, a member of the Kentucky Legislature, and a man
who was universally esteemed for his high and Christian character
as well as for his strong mind and liberal attainments. He was an
elder of the Presbyterian Church, and a member of the first Board
of Trustees of Center College. These Craigs were all staunch Scotch
Presbyterians. The Irish emigrant, John Craig, was a cousin of
Rev. John Craig, of Augusta County, the pioneer Presbj^terian
preacher of the Virginia Valley, who preached to the soldiers as
they marched to the defeat of Braddock.

Elder William Brewster, the leader of the Leyden Pilgrims, had
s daughter named Fear, who married Isaac Allerton, whose son of
the same name graduated at Harvard, and then went to Virginia,
where he became a man of wealth, a colonel, a member of the Bur-
gesses, and otherwise distinguished. This second Isaac Allerton had
A daughter named Sarah Elizabeth, who became the second wife of
Hancock Lee, one of the seven sons of Richard Lee, the emigrant,
the ancestor of so many men of distinction in the history of Virginia
and of the South. (The first wife of Hancock was a daughter of
Col. William Kendall.) Hancock and Sarah Elizabeth (Allerton)
Lee had a daughter, Elizabeth, who married Zachary Taylor, and
was the mother of Hancock Taylor, who was killed by the Indians
in Kentucky in 1774, and of Col. Richard Taylor, the father of " Old
Rough and Ready." They had also a son named Hancock Lee,
who married (in 1733) Mary Willis, a daughter of Col. Henry Wil-
lis by his first wife, whose maiden name was Anne Alexander.
Hancock and Mary (Willis) Lee had many children, among them
three sons, named Hancock, Willis, and John. The first was with
Hancock and Richard Taylor when they went from the source of
the Ohio to the mouth of the Yazoo, in 1769. The second was
killed in Kentucky in 1776. The third was the gallant Maj. John
Lee, of the Revolution. He settled in Woodford County, Ky. His
wife, the widow Elizabeth Bell (nee Taylor), was his cousin. Their
oldest daughter, Sarah Lee, was the first wife of John J. Critten-
den, of Kentucky, Governor of the state. Senator in Congi'ess, and
Attorney-general of the United States. Cornelia Crittenden, one
of the daughters of the Senatof, was the wife of Rev. Dr. John
Clarke Young, President of Center College, and father of the Mod-
erator of the Portland Assembly. The latter is as certainly the
descendant of Elder William Brewster as he is of Senator Critten-

294 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA,

den, of the Lees, or of the Willises; but in all the list of his honor-
able ancestry there is no name more worthy of being perpetuated,
nor one which is more honored by all who knew him or knew of
him, than that of his father, a man who combined in a singular de-
gree high mental endowments, broad culture, and the purest char-
acter; who had at once the eloquence of an orator and the rare
gifts of an instructor, and who was as useful as he was brilliant.

The second wife of Col Henry Willis was also a Mildred Wash-
ington, the daughter of the second, and granddaughter of the first,
John Washington. She was a cousin of his third wife, and had
the same maiden name. She was also a widow (Brown) when she
married Col. Willis. They had a daughter who married Howell
Lewis, and went with him to Granville County, N. C, where the
husband was a Presbyterian elder, a member of the State Senate,
and a patriot in the Eevolution. Their daughter married John
Cobbs, and had a son who was baptized John Addison Cobbs, but
who dropped the terminal letter of his name, and became " Cobb.''
The latter was the father of Hon. Howell Cobb, the Georgia states-
man, and of Gen. Thomas K. E. Cobb, who fell at Fredericksburg.
Col. Lewis Willis (son of Col. Henry, and full brother of Anne, who
married Duff Green) had a son named John W. Willis, who was in
Kentucky with Hancock Taylor and Willis Lee when the former
was killed; with three others, he jumped into an Indian pirogue, and
in it descended the Kentucky, the Ohio, and the Mississippi to New
Orleans, and they were said to have been the first white men who
ever made the trip. Col. Augustus Warner, whose daughter Mildred
married Lawrence WaBhington, had also a daughter Elizabeth
who married John Lewis, a member of the Royal Council. This
Councilor John Lewis was the father of Col. Bobert Lewis, of Al-
bemarle, whose grandson, Merriwether Lewis, led the first explor-
ing expedition from the Mississippi to the Pacific, and who was
also of the same blood as Moderator Craig and President Wash-
ington.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY.

BT HON. JOHN. M. COOPER, CHAMBBRBBURG, PA.

The Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland Valley possessed in their
Aillest development the characteristics of their race. They were
hardy, active, intelligent, enterprising, ambitious and courageous.
Devoted to civil and religious liberty, they could tolerate no form
of tyranny over the minds of men. Worshiping God according
to the dictates of their own consciences, they conceded the same
heaven-born right to all. Setting a high value upon education,
they had the schoolmaster among them the moment they were
prepared to employ him. With equal promptness they called the
minister of their cherished religion and practiced much self*denial
to sustain him. Wherever the smoke of a score or two of scattered
cabins could be seen rising above the primeval forest, in the midst
thereof were to be found a schoolhouse and a church.

It is doubtful whether any other race of men could, in the same
time and under the same circumstances, have cleared up and im-
proved this valley as did the Scotch-Irish settlers. They found it
pathless and they covered it with a network of roads. Thej^ found
it an unbroken forest, producing nothing to sustain human life,
save in its most primitive condition, and soon they had it dotted
all over with clearings, in which ripening wheat waved graceflilly
in the summer wind and golden ears of corn shone in the mellow
glow of autumn. They found it without shelter, save such as the
forest afforded, and with such simple instruments as the ax, the
maul, the wedge and the hammer, they shaped and put together
the timbers that composed the walls, the floors and the roofs of
their first habitations. Such was their energy and such the progress
they made, that before the first generation had passed away not
only enlarged and improved log and frame houses were to be found
everywhere, but many stone and brick houses of considerable size
dotted the cheerful landscape. Sawmills and gristmills were built
towns and villages laid out, stores opened, and workshops and man-
ufactories established. Indeed, every plantation was a manufac-
tory on a small but still very important scale. There was flax in
the field, and spinning wheels and a loom in the house; and after
being pulled the flax was rotted, broken, hatcheled, scutched, spun,

(295)

296 THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

woven and bleached, and made into clothing and bedding, without
going off the premises. Wool was produced for clothing and bed-
ding in winter, and much of the work required to fit it for these
uses was done in the house.

Whilst a large majority of the early settlers were, from both ne-
cessity and choice, clearers of the land and tillers of the soil, some
of them, who were favorably situated, added other occupations to
their agricultural pursuits; and in so doing advanced their own
prosperity, provided conveniences for strangers coming in, and pro-
moted the general welfare. Hospitable as they were and freely as
they opened their doors to strangers, even when it required a day's
journey to take a bag of wheat to mill and return with a bag of
flour, the great influx that occurred when the beauty and fertility
of the valley became widely known made it necessary for farmers
along the roads to convert their habitations into wayside inns.
The charges for entertainment were low, but aflbrded a reasonable
profit; and the means thus acquired enabled many bright young
men of succeeding generations to obtain a liberal education. This
made many of them manufacturers, merchants, physicians, law-
yers and ministers — leaders in business, in politics, in religion and
in all the higher lines of life. And here several noteworthy facts
may be mentioned. One of these is, that more than a century ago
Cumberland Valley iron was carried on pack horses over the moun-
tains into what has since become one of the great iron manufactur-
ing districts of the world. Another is, that early in the century
now so near its close, and when the manufacture of cotton goods in
America was in its early infancy, and had not advanced much far-
ther in Europe, there was a cotton factory in this valley (at Cham-
bersburg). Still another is, that nine years before the great Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company was organized, and seventeen years be-
fore its road was completed, there was a railroad in operation in
this valley from Harrisburg to Hagerstown.

We obtain a striking illustration of the intellectual force of the
Scotch-Irish of the Cumberland Valley when we look over the list
of exalted public positions that they have filled. These run from
the Chief Magistracy of the United States down through nearly ev-
ery post of honor known to the country. Adverse circumstances
have prevented the writer of this paper from assuring himself that
his list is entirely full and accurate, but he believes the inaccuracies
to be few and the credit claimed to be too low rather than too
high. Omitting posts which have been filled by learned and prom-

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 297

inent men in all parts of the commonwealth, such as judges of
county courts and members of the popular branch of Congress
(when incumbents of these have filled no other public stations), of
which the Cumberland Valley has had her full fidiare, the following
may bo given as perhaps not quite a full list of public positions to
which a very limited number of men attain, but which have been
filled by residents of the two counties that cover the valley between
the Susquehanna Kiver and the Maryland line. Considering the
limited area of territory, and still more the limited number of in-
habitants, which could not have averaged much above fifty thou-
sand during the period covered, and does not now comprehend
more than the one-fiftieth part of the population of the state, it
must be conceded that the list is a remarkable one and carries with
it a strong tribute to the intellectual and moral force of the inhab-
itants of this valley.

This roll of honor, it will be seen, includes a Prc8ident of the
United States, eight United States Senators, four Governors, Min-
isters to four foreign courts, four judges of supreme courts, four
cabinet members, a commodore, a rear admiral, and a long list of
other persons and posts of distinction.

Cumberland Countt.

John Armstrong was one of the most distinguished early settlers
in the county. He came from the North of Ireland about the year
1745, and had charge of the work of laying out the town of Car-
lisle in 1751. In 1756, with the rank of colonel, he led a successful
expedition against the Indians at Kittanning, and in 1758 led the ad-
vance of Gen. Forbes's army against Fort Du Quesne. In 1776 he
was made a brigadier general by the Continental Congress and
sent to South Carolina, but resigned the following year and was
made major genei-al of Pennsylvania troops. He participated in •
the battle of Germantown and exercised his engineering skill in
the erection of works of defense on the Delaware, and was a mem-
ber of Congress from Pennnylvania in 1779 and 1787.

William Thompson was an early settler near Carlisle. He
served in the French and Indian wars, was commissioned colonel of
Pennsylvania militia in 1775 and brigadier general in 1776. He
was ordered to Canada early in the year last mentioned and was
captured by the British at Three Eivers on the day that the Dec-
laration of Independence was publicly announced at Philadelphia,
July 4, 1776. He was paroled the next year, but not exchanged

298 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBBICA.

till Ootober, 1780, and died in September, 1781, having thus had
but little opportunity to participate in the War of the Eevolution.

William Irvine settled at Carlisle in 1763. He was a physiciaD
and had been educated at the University of Dublin. He was a del-
egate to the Provincial Conference held at Philadelphia in July,
1774, and in January, 1776, was commissioned colonel of Pennsyl-
vania troops, and, being ordered to Canada, was captured at Three
Kivers. He was pfux>led soon after his capture, but not ex-
changed till May, 1778. In May, 1779, he was commissioned brig-
adier general, and in 1781 he was in command of the Western fron-
tier, with headquarters at Pittsburg. He was a member of the
Council of Censors in 1784, of Congress in 1786-88, and 1793-
95, and of the convention that framed the state constitution in
1790, and President of the " Pennsylvania Society of the Cincin-
nati."

Kobert Magaw, of Carlisle, was a major in Col. Thompson*s
regiment (the first); and near the close of the year 1775, when four
new regiments were formed, he became colonel of the fifth. Col.
Magaw and his whole force were captured on Long Island, N. Y.^
in Kovember, 1776. The Colonel was paroled, but not exchanged
till late in October, 1780.

(The leading military spirits of Cumberland County in the Revo-
lution were very unfortunate. This is not to be wondered at. The
expedition to Canada was weak and ill-advised; and Long Island,
which British ships could sail all around, was a dangerous place for
an officer to be cooped up in without an adequate force at his com-
mand.)

Samuel Brady, who was born at Shippensburg, was a noted scout
and Indian fighter, and rendered valuable services along our ad-
vancing frontier, from the Cumberland Valley to Eastern Ohio and
the Panhandle of Virginia, and in WcRtern New York. He served
in the Eevolutionary army and fought at' Princeton, Paoli and
Monmouth, being promoted to a captaincy at the latter. He led
the advance of Gen. Broadhead's expedition up the Allegheny in
1780, and with his rangers did effective work against the Indians
at the point on that river which has since been called ^' Brady's
Bend," where he is credited with killing the chief, Bald Eagle.

James Wilson, a native of Scotland, came to this country about
the year 1763, after receiving a thorough university education at
Glasgow and Edinburgh. Settling for a time in Philadelphia, he
studied law with John Dickinson, whose name is borne by the col-

THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VAI^LBY. 299

lege organized at Carlisle in 1784. Some time after the comple-
tion of his study of the law he located at Carlisle, but eventually
returned to Philadelphia. At a patriotic meeting held in Carlisle
on the 12th day of July, 1774, after the port of Boston had been
closed by the British, and at which a Congress of Deputies from
all the Colonies was declared for by resolution, James Wilson was
one of a committee of thirteen appointed to correspond with com-
mittees of the province of Pennsylvania or of the other provinces^
and at the same time he and Eobert Magaw and William Irvine
were appointed deputies to meet the deputies from other counties
of the province at Philadelphia, on the 15th of the same month, " in
order to concert measures preparatory to the General Congress.*'
He was a member of the Continental Congress when it met in 1775,
and a signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and a
leading member of Congress at and after the close of the Kevolu-
tionary War. He was also a member of the Convention of 1787,
and chairman of the committee appointed to draft a constitution
designed " to form a more perfect union," and was regarded as the
most learned lawyer in that body. President Washington appoint-
ed him a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States upon
its organization in 1789, and this exalted position he held till his
death, in 1798.

Ephraim Blaine, of Carlisle, is stated to have been " Commis-
sary Sergeant in Bouquet's campaign of 1764," and I have infor-
mation that he was afterwards Assistant Commissary General of the
United Colonies or of the United States. It has been claimed that
when the public credit was low he secured large supplies on his
own responsibility. Ho appears as a lot owner on a plat of the
town of Carlisle, drawn by Col. Armstrong and on file in the De-
partment of Internal Affairs at Harrisburg, and he is said to have
built two fine old brick houses still standing in Carlisle.

George Gibson served under Gen. Jackson in Florida in 1814,
and was for many years Commissary General of the United States.
He was born at the western foot of the North Mountain, on soil at
that time within the limits of Cumberland County, but now in
Perry. ' It cannot here be stated where he resided when he entered
the army, but the Gibson name and family were so long promi-
nently identified with Carlisle (principally through the residence
there of Gen. Gibson's brother, the eminent Chief Justice of Penn-
sylvania), that it may not be out of place to claim him for the
Cumberland Valley.

300

THE SGOTGH-IRIBH IN AMERICA.

Bobert McFeeloy, who was born at Carlisle, served with dis-
tinction under Gen. Grant in the southwest, and made so favorable
an impression upon the General that, when he became President
and opportunity offered, he appointed him Commissary General,
lifting him over the heads of a number of officers who were his
seniors, a marked tribute to his merits. He is now on the retired
list. (As there have been only five Commissary Grenerals up to the
present time, Cumberland County may be said to have had a very
full share of them.)

John Armstrong, son of the distinguished gentleman of the same
name first mentioned, was born at Carlisle in 1758. While a stu-
dent at Princeton College, and only seventeen years of age, he
enlisted in a Pennsylvania regiment and was appointed an aid to
Gen. Mercer. After the latter's death he served on the staff of
Gen. Gates with the rank of major, and was a sharer in his com-
mander's victoiy over Burgoyne at Saratoga, and in his subsequent
defeat in South Carolina. After the war he returned to Carlisle
and became Secretary of the Commonwealth in 1783, and afterwards
adjutant general. In 1789 he married into the celebrated Living-
ston family of New York, and settled on a farm in the Livingston
Manor in that state. In 1800 he was elected to the United States
Senate, and in 1804 appointed Minister to France, and subsequently
Minister to Spain. He was commissioned a brigadier general in
1812, and appointed Secretary of War in January, 1813, which of-
fice he resigned in September, 1814. In distinguiehed positions
filled by Cumberland Valley men. Gen. Armstrong stands next to
James Buchanan.

John Bannister Gibson, a Justice of the Supreme Court of Penn-
sylvania from 1816 till 1853, and its Chief Justice for twenty-five
years, was for a long period the most eminent resident of Carlisle,
and indeed of the Cumberland Valley. He was born outside of the
Valley, but within the lines of Cumberland County as they stood
at the time of his birth and for many yeare after that event. The
erection of Perry County in 1820 detached his birthplace from
Cumberland, but he belonged to her by nativity and to the Cum-
berland Valley by long residence. His judicial career began in
January, 1813, when he held the first session of court in the dis-
trict composed of Bradford and other counties organized at that
time, and he was continuously on the bench from that date down
to the end of his life, a period of forty years. It has been given
as a reason why he was not called to the Supreme Bench of the

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THB CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 801

United States, that PeDOsylvania was n^^ver willing to have him
taken from the Chief Justiceship of her own highest court.

Thomas Duncan, of Carlisle, was another eminent Justice of the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, to which he was appointed in
1817. Another member of this distinguished Cumberland County
family attained eminence on the bench in Mississippi.

Andrew Gregg was bom at Carlisle on the 10th of June, 1755.
He received a good education, and, after teaching in the Universi-
sity of Pennsylvania and engaging in mercantile pursuits in Dau-
phin County, married a daughter of Gen. James Potter and re-
moved (in 1789) to Penn Valley, then in Cumberland (but now in
Centre) County, where Gen. Potter owned a large body of fine land.
He was elected to Congress in 1790, and served in that body con-
tinuously for sixteen years, when he was elected United States Sen-
ator. He was elected to the Senate in 1807, and became its Presi-
dent pro tern, in 1809. His service in the two branches of Congress
covered twenty-two years. At the close of 1820 he became Secre-
tary of the Commonwealth, and in 1823 was the Federal candidate
for Governor, but was defeated.

Jesse D. Elliott, a native of Carlisle, was a lieutenant in the nav}^,
and second in command to Lieut. Perry at the battle with and cap-
ture of the British fleet on Lake Erie on the 10th of September,
1813. (Perry was promoted to a captaincy soon after.) Elliott
was one of the best-known commodores in our navy some yeurs be-
fore the close of the first half of the present century. Some unfa-
vorable comments were made upon his conduct in the action on
Lake Brie; but Perry wrote to him on the 19th of September, just
nine days after the battle: " I am indignant that any report should
be in circulation prejudicial to your character, as regards the action
of the 10th instant. It affords mo pleasure that I have it in my
power to assure you that the conduct of yourself, officers, and crew
was such as to meet my warmest approbation." This was too con-
clusive to justify further discussion, but the contention was contin-
ued by busybodies till it resulted in great bitterness between the re-
spective friends of the two heroes, and even came near involving them
in a misunderstanding which might have resulted seriously to one
or both, the reprehensible practice of dueling being then in vogue.

Eichard M. Crain, whose birthplace or residence was seven or
eight miles from Carlisle, was Auditor General of Pennsylvania
from December, 1808, till May, 1809, and State Treasurer from
1817 till 1820.

302 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Charles B. Penrose, of Carlisle, was Speaker of the State Senate
in 1838 and 1841, and in the latter year was appointed Solicitor of
the United States Treasury.

Charles McClure, of Carlisle, was Secretary of the Commonwealth
fipom 1843 till 1845.

Frederick Watts, a native of what is now Perry County, but from
an early period in his long life a resident of Carlisle, was eminent as a
lawyer, and filled the offices of Judge of the Cumberland and Perry
District and United States Commissioner of Agriculture. The lat-
ter has since been made a cabinet office, with the title changed
from Commissioner to Secretary. Judge Watts was President of
the Cumberland Valley Eailroad from an early period in its history
down to 1873.

William Wilkins was born in Carlisle in 1779 and educated at
Dickinson College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar
in his native town, whence he removed to Pittsburg about the be-
ginning of the present century, between 1800 and 1806. He was
appointed Judge by Gov. Find lay, was twice elected a member of
the United States House of Eepresentatives, and in 1831 a member
of the United States Senate. He was Minister to Kussia by ap-
pointment of President Jackson, and Secretary of War by appoint-
ment of President Tyler. In 1862, when eighty-three years of age,
he was elected to the State Senate, and served in that body with
his mind bright and his attenuated form erect and active. He was
one of the ablest men and one of the most polished gentlemen of
his time. At his hotel in the evening, while serving in the State
Senate, he was the charming center of a charmed circle of admir-
ers, who never tired of listening to his sprightly chat upon com-
mon topics, and his interesting and instructive reflections upon
great affairs. Judge Wilkins was a son-in-law of Alexander James
Dallas, of Philadelphia, and he and his brother-in-law, George Mif-
flin Dallas (who was Vice President from 1845 till 1849), were
elected to the United States Senate in 1831, death having created
a vacancy at the same time that a full term expired.

James Koss Snowden, a native of Carlisle, became a resident of
Yenango County and acquired a state reputation. He served in
the Legislature, and was twice elected Speaker of the House (in
1842 and 1844), and twice State Treasurer (in 1845 and 1846). Un-
der appointment from President Buchanan, he was Director of the
Mint fVom 1857 till 1861. He also for a number of years filled the
important office of Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of the state.

THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 303

John W. Davis, a native of Shippensbarg or its vicinity, where
be was born in 1799, achieved distinction in Indiana and was a
number of times elected to Congress from that state. He was
elected Speaker of the House in the twenty-ninth Congress, a fact
which bears strong testimony to his high standing in that body.
Other and higher honors might have fallen to him if he had lived
longer, but he died soon after the expiration of the Congress in
which he was Speaker, aged fifty-one yeare. He was a physician.

Edward M. Biddle, of Carlisle, was Adjutant General of Pennsyl-
vania from 1861 till 1862, and has been Treasurer of the Cumber-
land Valley Kailroad Company from a veiy early period in its ex-
istence, if not from its start.

Franklin County.

Benjamin Chambers, who came from the North of Ireland, is
generally held to have been the first permanent settler in Franklin
County, though settlements are claimed to have been made at two
other points in the county about the same time (1730) that he
located at the junction of the Conocochengue Creek and the Fall-
ing Spring. He was accompanied by his brother Joseph, who,
however, returned to their former location on the Susquehanna,
above Harrisburg. Benjamin remained and laid out the town of
Chambersburg in 1764. He had a prosperous career, and was a
man of note not only in the valley, but in the colony, though he
held no public office of distinction. When the stirring period of
the Be volution came on, with its privations and its opportunities,
he was too old to take an active part. His enterprise, courage and
force of character are attested by his bold advance into the wilder-
ness, where savages still lingered, his maintenance of his ground in
the face of great danger, and his resolute refusal to give up the
small cannon that he had mounted on his fort, which the provin-
cial authorities demanded from him, for fear that it might fall into
the hands of the Indians. Five generations of his descendants
have been bom on the soil on which he settled; and, including him-
self, members of six generations of his family rest in the grave-
yard of the Falling Spring Presbyterian Church.

James Potter, a native of Antrim Township, was a son of John
Potter, the first sheriff of Cumberland County, which, upon its
erection, covered nearly all of the province north of the South
Mountain and west of the Susquehanna. James was a lieutenant
in Col. Armstrong's battalion in 1756, and headed a party in pursuit
of the Indians who murdered a schoolmaster and ten children

304 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AliSRICA.

(leaving the eleventh child scalped and apparently dead, though it
revived and lived), three miles north of Greencastle in 1764. He
attained distinction in both military and civil life, being made a
brigadier general in April, 1777, major general in May, 1782, Vice
President of Pennsylvania in 1781, and member of the Council of
Censors in 1784. He was supported for President on one occasion,
but the vote resulted in a majority of one against him. At a date
unknown to the writer of this paper he removed from his native
county to a point on or near the West Branch of the Susquehanna,
a short distance above the town of New Columbia, in White Deer
Township, Union County. He probably went there about the
year 1765, or soon thereafter; for when Northumberland Coun-
ty was erected in that year, out of parts of Lancaster, Cumberland,
Berks, Northampton and Bedford, James Potter was one of four
commissioners appointed to run the boundary lines; and in 1766
surveys of land had been made for him in Centre County, which
(in the year 1800) was erected in part out of Northumberland. At
the time that these surveys were made Cumberland County cov-
ered that territory; and the earliest settlers in Penn's Valley, in
which Gen. Potter had, by the year 1782, acquired a total holding
of nine thousand acres of land, were from the Cumberland Valley.
Union County, which covers Gen. Potter's place of residence in the
Susquehanna region, was erected out of Northumberland in 1813.
As Gen. Potter is understood to have had a limited education, and
to have been low in stature and inclined to corpulency, the energy
and activity that he displayed in public service and in the pursuit of
his large private enterprises, prove him to have been a man very lib-
erally endowed by nature. Potter County was named in his honor.
He died in 1789, at or near his birthplace, during what was intend-
ed to be only a temporary sojourn in his native county, and was
buried in a graveyard established by the early settlers at Brown's
Mill, three miles northeast of Greencastle.

James Smith, of the neighborhood of Mercersburg, had an active
and diversified career, extending through the greater part of the
second half of the last century. When young, and while engaged
with others in cutting a road from Loudon, through Bedford, to
Wills Creek (Cumberland, Md.), over which to transport supplies to
Gen. Braddock in 1755, he was captured by Indians several miles
west of Bedford, and taken to Ohio and adopted into their tribe.
He escaped to Canada in 1759, and made his way to Montreal;
whence he got home in 1760. Three years later he was engaged

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 305

against the savages as a captain of rangers; then served as an en-
sign in the English provincial army; was a lieutenant in Gen.
Bouquet's expedition against the Indians in 1764; located in West-
moreland County abo^t the year 1773; was captain of a company
operating against the Indians in 1774; commanded a company of
Bangers attached to the Kevolutionary army in New Jersey in
1776; was a member of the Convention of Pennsylvania in the
same year; was elected to the Assembly in 1777, and a number of
years thereafter; raised and commanded a battalion of Bangers to
serve against the British; was commissioned colonel in 1778, and
sent against the western Indians, rendering valuable services. In
1788 he located in Kentucky, and served in the State Convention
and in the Legislature without intermission till 1799, very close to
the end of his life. From youth to old age his career was active
and crowded with stirring incidents, the merest reference to many
of which the writer is obliged to pass over for the sake of brev-
ity. Like Gen. Potter, he had no advantages of education, and yet
showed superior qualities in war and in peace.

James McCammont was born in Letterkenny Township, near
Strasburg, in 1739. He was remarkable for swiftness of foot
and for knowledge of woods, paths and mountain passes, and was a.
noted scout and Indian fighter, the settlers of his neighborhood al-
ways selecting him to lead them when they turned out to repe^
incui'sions of the savages. He served as a major in the Bevolution,.
and sustained a good reputation for bravery and skill. In civil
life he served four terms in the Legislature and twenty years on
the bench as associate judge, which shows that he was regarded as-
fit to make laws and' to aid in administering them.

Joseph Armstrong, an early settler in Hamilton Township, or-
ganized a company of Bangers in 1755; was a member of the Colo-
nial Assembly in 1756-57-58; commanded a company at the defeat
of the Indians at Kittanning; was colonial paymaster in the making
of the road from Fort Loudon to Fort Cumberland and to Port Du
Quesne, in connection with the expeditions of Braddock and
Forbes; and in 1776 raised and became colonel of a force of eleven
companies, and marched them to Philadelphia. They fought brave-
ly and suffered severely in various engagements.

John Bea, who was captain of one of the companies raised by

Col. Armstrong, afterwards became a brigadier general — sufficient

evidence of his capability and usefulness. John Bea was the first

coroner of Franklin County (in 1784); was six times elected to tho

306

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBRIGA.

House of Eepresentatives of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1785, and
ending in 1801, but only once elected two consecutive years (1800
and 1801); was a member of Congress from 1803 till 1811, and
from 1813 till 1815, and of the State Senate from 1823 till 1824,
when he resigned. But whether Gen. John Rea and Congressman
and State Senator John Eea were the same person, the writer has
found himself unable to determine.

James Johnston, of Antrim Township (where his father settled
about the year 1735), served in the Revolution as a colonel in com-
mand of troops from this county.

Thomas Johnston served as colonel in the same war^ and was
under Gen. Wayne at Paoli in 1777, when our troops were sur-
prised and roughly handled by the British.

Robert Johnston was surgeon to Col. Irvine's regiment, and
served throughout the war, being hospital surgeon at Yorktown
when Cornwallis surrendered (in October, 1781). President Wash-
ington appointed him Collector of Excise for Franklin County in
1790, and President JefPerson appointed him Revenue Collector for
Western Pennsylvania.

John Johnston, at the early age of twenty yeiirs, raised a mount-
ed company, and marched it as far as Lancaster, when information
was received that its services were not needed.

These four Johnstons were brothers. The services rendered by
three of them, and the spirit displayed by the fourth while he was
still under age, entitle this family to preeminence as the military
family not only of Franklin County, but of the whole Cumberland
Valley. It is doubtAil, indeed, whether they can be matched in the
state.

James Chambers, eldest son of the founder of Chambersburg,
marched as captain of one of seven companies organized in this val-
ley immediately after news of the battle of Bunker Hill reached
Pennsylvania. The battle was fought June 17, 1775, and the com-
missions of the officers of this force, which in January, 1776, be-
came "the first regiment of the army of the United Colonies com-
manded by Gen. George Washington," were dated June 25, 1775.
Capt. Chambers was in very active service for six years, and won
the esteem and friendship of Gen. Washington. He rose to be lieu-
tenant colonel, and afterwards colonel, and finished his successful
military career as a brigadier general, in command of a brigade in
the "Whisky Insurrection" in 1794. He was appointed to com-
mand a brigade in 1798, when troops were called for under ap-

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 307

prehensions of a war with France, which happily did not occur.
He was an associate judge from 1784 till 1791, and a member of
the " Society of the Cincinnati.'' He was enterprising and actiye-
ly engaged in the iron business, having a forge near Loudon, at
which he died in 1805.

William Magaw, of Kercersbur^, was surgeon of Col. Thomp-
son's regiment, of which his brother, Robert Magaw, of Carlisle,
was major, as hereinbefore mentioned.

Jeremiah Talbot, of Chambersburg, was captain of one of the
companies of Col. Irvine's regiment. He was commissioned Janu-
ary 9, 1776, and promoted to major on the 25th of September, 1777,
and served in that capacity till the end of the war. He was the
first sheriff of Franklin County, serving in 1784-86; and in De-
cember, 1787, was appointed lieutenant of the county and served
three years. He was a native of Talbot County, Md., but located
at Chambersburg soon after the laying out of the town, and be-
came well known and influential.

Hugh Mercer, born in Scotland in 1721, and educated at the
University of Aberdeen, studied medicine, participated in the bat-
tie of Culloden in 1746, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1747, and
settled near Mercorsburg and practiced his profession. He was a
provincial captain in the Braddock expedition in 1755 and the
Kittanning expedition in 1756, and was wounded in both, but most
severely in the former. He was a lieutenant colonel in the Forbes
expedition in 1758, and had command of Fort Du Quesne after its
capture. Probably owing to the acquaintance that he had formed
with Washington and other Virginians in the Braddock and Forbc>
expeditions, he removed to Fredericksburg, Ya., and practiced med-
icine there. When the Revolutionary War came on, he organized
the Virginia forces, holding the rank of colonel, and was appointed
a brigadier general by the Continental Congress in June, 1776.
He led the dashing attack on Trenton, on the 25th of December in
that year, and suggested the night march on Princeton, January 3,
1777, and was mortally wounded in that battle, dying on January'
12th. Like James Wilson, mentioned in the Cumberland County
list, Gen. Mercer was Scotch, not Scotch-Irish, but the blood of the
Scotch-Irish was the unadulterated blood of Scotland, though it
came to the Cumberland Valley through Ireland, where it remains
unmixed to the present time.

James McLene, a native of Chester County, became a resident
of Antrim Township at an early age. He was well educated and

308 THE SCOTCH-IBISH iK AMERICA.

soon attained prominence. He was a member of the Carpenter'9
Hall Convention in Philadelphia in June, 1776; a member of the
convention that formed a state constitution the same year; a mem-
ber of the Supreme Executive Council from November, 1778, to De-
cember, 1779; a member of Congress in 1779 and 1780; a member
of the Council of Censors frond October, , 1783, to October, 1784;
again a member of the Supreme Executive Council in October,
1784, and served three years; a member of the convention which
formed the state constitution adopted in 1790, and four times a
member of the House of Eepresentatives of Pennsylvania. B^e was
in the public service from 1776 till 1794, with the exception of two
years. He died in 1806 and was buried in the graveyard at
Brown's Mill. He was universally esteemed, and his name was a
household word in that neighborhood many years after his death.

John Maclay, of Lurgan Township, was a member of the Carpen-
ter's Hall Convention in 1776, and was twice elected a member of
the Legislature, in 1791 and 1793.

William Maclay, of the same township, was one of the first
United States Senators from Pennsylvania. The constitution pro-
viding for the division of Senators chosen at the first election into
three classes, with terms respectively of two, four, and six years,
Mr. Maclay fell into the first class, and his term in the Senate end-
ed in 1791.

Samuel Maclay, of the same township, served in both branches
of Congress, being elected a member of the House in 1795, where
he served one term; and of the Senate in 1803, where he served till
1808, when be resigned. He had removed to Mifflin County before
his election to Congress.

These three Maclays were brothers and had been well educated
in a school established by Kev. John filair, pastor of the Eocky
Spring, Middle Spring, and Big Spring Presbyterian Churches.

William Findlay was bom at Mercersburg in 1768. He was
five times elected a member of the House of Eepresentatives of
Pennsylvania, his services in that body ending in 1807, when he
was elected State Treasurer and held that office continuously by
annual election till 1817. In this year he was elected Governor,
and was renominated in 1820, but defeated. In 1821 he was elect-
ed to the United States Senate, and served the full term of six
years. When Gen. Jackson became President in 1829 he appointed
Mr. Findlay Treasurer of the United States Mint at Philadelphia,
which position he held till the inauguration of Gen. Harrison as

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THlfc CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 309

President in 1841, when he resigned. He spent thirty-six years in
public service and died at Harrisburg in 1846.

John Findlay was born at Mercersburg, and was Prothonotary,
Eegister and Recoi'der and Clerk of the Courts from January 27,
1809, till April 1, 1821, except Register and Recorder, which he held
till April 1, 1818, when it became a separate office. In 1814 he be-
came captain of one of two companies of troopd hastily raised in
Chambersburg,' and marched to Baltimore. Seven companies were
raised in the county, and after all had reached Baltimore they were
organized into a regiment with John Findlay as colonel. Col. Find-
lay was elected to Congress in 1821 and served three terms. He
was postmaster of -Chambersburg under President Jackson, and
held that office till his death, in 1837 or 1838.

James Findlay was born at Mercersburg. He located at Cincin-
nati, O., where he became a leading lawyer and public man. He
was elected to Congress in 1824 and served four terms. He ob-
tained the title of general, but in what service is not known" to the
writer of this paper. He was intimate with Gen. Harrison and
jmay have served with him against the Indians and the British in
the war of 1812-1815.

The three Findlays above mentioned were brothers.

Thomas Hartley Crawford, born in Chambersburg, was admitted
to»the bar in 1807. He was elected to Congress in 1828 and served
two terms, and was elected to the Legislature in 1833. President
Jackson, near the close of his term, appointed him Commissioner of
Indian Affairs. This position he held till near the close of Presi-
dent Van Buren'H term, when he was appointed judge of the crim-
inal court of the District of Columbia, which office he filled nearly,
if not quite, twenty-five years.

George Chambers, a grandson of the founder of Chambersburg,
was admitted to the bar in 1807 ; elected to Congress in 1832 and
again in 1834; elected in 1836 a member of the convention to
amend the state constitution, and appointed a justice of the su-
preme court of Pennsylvania in 1851. He lived to a very ad-
vanced age, and for not less than fifty years was universally re-
garded as the most eminent resident of the town and county. He
was educated at Dickinson College, and was the perfection of a
courteous and dignified gentleman. His great-grandchildren, now
growing up at the spot whore his grandfather settled about one hun-
dred and sixty-six years ago, are the sixth generation of the Cham-
bers family who have occupied that spot.

310 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEBICA.

James Buchanan, fifteenth President of the United States, was
bom in a rocky recess, known as Stony Batter, scooped out be-
tween the Tuscarora and Gove Mountains by the forces of nature,
four miles northwest of Mercersburg, on the 23d of April, 1791.
His education was completed at Dickinson College, and he studied
law at Lancaster and was admitted to the bar there and also in his
native county in 1812. He speedily became a lawyer of great dis-
tinction, and amassing what he regarded as a competency in a few
years, he turned into public life and ra(n a career which stands al-
most without a parallel in the history of our country. He was
deputy attorney-general (then commonly called prosecuting^ attor-
ney), member of the Legislature, member of the United States
House of Eepresentatives for ten years (in which he succeeded
Daniel Webster as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee), Minis-
ter to Russia, United States Senator (twice elected). Secretary of
State of the United States, Secretary of War ad interim, Minister to
England, and finally President of the United States. Several
years before his death he informed the writer of this paper that he
had at one time been offered a seat on the bench of the supreme
court of the United States, and would then have liked the position,
but had declined because he had recommended another person. He
' died at " Wheatland," his residence near Lancaster, June 1, 1868.

Robert McClelland was born at Greencastle in 1807, admitted .to
the bar in 1831, and in 1833 located in what was then the territory
and is now the state of Michigan. There he became a member of
the convention to form a constitution, a member of the Legislature
and Speaker of the House; was twice elected Governor, and three
times a member of Congress; and in 1853 became a member of the
cabinet of President Pierce, filling the position of Secretary of the
Interior.

* Conrad Baker was born at Loudon, and was a clerk in the store
of James Rea in Chambersburg about the year 1832, and was noted
for sprightliness and intelligence. He studied law under Thaddeus
Stevens at Gettysburg, probably in 1836-37, and located in Indi-
ana, where he became prominent and popular, and finally was elect-
ed Governor. During his incumbency of this office he wrote a let-
ter to a distinguished member of his own party who had proposed
a combination for their mutual benefit, in which he expressed a
sense of humiliation at being supposed by any human being to be
capable of giving favorable consideration to such a proposal.

James N. Huston, a native of Antrim Township, who became a

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 311

citizen of the State of Indiana when young, and attained promi-
nence there, was Treasurer of the United States (at Washington,
D. C.) during the administration of President Benjamin Harrison.

Frederick A. Tritle, a native of Guilford Township, atudied law
in Chambershurg, and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He lo-
cated in the West and has filled the office of Governor of the Ter-
ritory of Arizona.

Joseph Williams, a native of Antrim Township (if the writer
was not misinformed many years ago), was Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of Iowa, and afterwards Judge of a District Court
of the United States in the Territory of Kansas.

Stephen Adams, a native of Franklin County, but of what town
or township cannot be stated, became a resident of Mississippi at
an early period in his life, and at a time when that region was re-
ceiving a large influx of population from the north and east. All
that is known of him in his native county is that he represented
his adopted state in both branches of Congress, first in the House,
and afterwards in the Senate.

Alexander A(ahon, of the vicinity of Chambershurg, was admit-
ted to the bar in 1811. He was Speaker of the Senate in 1826,
and was elected State Treasurer in 1827, and held this position con-
tinuously, by annual election, till 1835. His service exceeded in
duration that of any other State Treasurer excepting two — David
Rittenhouse, who served from 1777 till 1795, and William Findlay,
who served from 1807 till 1818.

Matthew St. Clair Clarke, of Antrim Township, was admitted to
the bar in 1811 and appointed deputy attorney-general for Frank-
lin County in 1819. He was elected Clerk of the National House
of Representatives December 3, 1823, and held the position contin-
ously for ten years, and was elected again (at the extra session)
May 31, 1841, and served until December 6, 1843, making his total
service twelve years, six months, and six days — a longer period
than that office has been held by any other person save one — the
Hon. Edward McPhcrson, of our adjoining county of Adams.

George Washington Buchanan, a native of Mercersburg, Was
United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania
under appointment by President Jackson, and died at an early age
while holding the office. He was a younger brother of President
Buchanan, who told the writer of this paper that he regarded
George as the most talented man of his age that he had ever known.

James Clarke, understood to have been a native of Antrim Town-

312 V THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

ship, was one of the early Canal Commissioners of Pennsylvania,
and a man of mark in the western part of the state, where hare-
sided.

James Fatton, who was born in the neighborhood of Loudon,
became, by appointment of Gov. Porter, Collector of Canal and
Railroad Tolls at Columbia, in 1839, a state appointment of much
importance then and for some years thereafter.

Thomas A. Scott, a native of Loudon, was Maj. Patton's clerk
in the Collector's office at Columbia, and afterwards obtained aa
engagement with the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company. He rose
step by step through various grades in the service, till he became
Vice President and finally President of this great corporation. His
mental and physical energy and activity were phenomenal, and he
was for years the most widely known railroad officer in this coun-
try. He was one of the Vice Presidents of the railroad company
when our Civil War broke out, and on account of his known en-
ergy and capability he was called into the service of the United
States as Assistant Secretary of War. The intensity with which
he pursued great undertakings probably shortened his life.

Frank Thomson, a native of Chambersburg, rose, like Col. Scott,
through numerous positions in the service of the Pennsylvania
Eailroad Company, including several Vice Presidential grades, till
he became First Vice President, the station he now holds. His
steady rise attests his great oapability. He js undoubtedly one of
the most accomplished railroad officers in the coiintry. His father,
Hon. Alexander Thomson, was President Judge of the Franklin,
Bedford and Somerset District from 1827 till 1841, and had pre-
viously been a member of Congress.

John Rowe, of Greencastle, was Surveyor General of the state
from 1857 till 1860. He had previously been twice elected to the
Legislature, and was elected again in 1861 and chosen Speaker of
the House.

Edmund Ross Colhoun, a native of Chambersburg, where he was
born in 1821, located in Missouri when about sixteen years of age,
and was appointed a midshipman in the navy in 1839. He served
in the Mexican War, and was present at the first attack on Alva-
rado and at the capture of Tobasco. He resigned from the navy
in 1853, and reentered it as acting lieutenant in 1861, and was in
very active service and participated in many engagements during
the war. He was commissioned commander in 1862, captain in
1869, commodore in 1876, and rear admiral in 1882, and was put

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 313

on the retired list in 1883. He is still living and wearing the hon*
ors that belong to his successful career.

David RosB Crawford, a native of Chambersburg, entered the
navy several yeard earlier than his companion in youth (Admiral
Oolhoun), and had become a passed midRhipman, when his career
was suddenly cut short by accident. He was drowned in an at-
tempt to rescue a seaman who had fallen overboard. He had in
him some of the best blood of this valley, and would no doubt have
achieved distinction if he had lived through the prime of life. He
was a son of Judge Thomas Hartley Crawford, who has already
been mentioned.

Samuel W. Crawford, one of Pennsylvania's grand galaxy of
commanders at Gettysburg, was born in Philadelphia, but his fa-
ther (S. W. Crawford, D.D.) had resided at Chambersburg in the
early part of the present century, and after an absence had re-
turned to the county and liv^d and died on a farm he owned about
four miles east of Chambersburg, where the General also had his ,
home for a time after the war, and where members of the fam-
ily still reside. His brother, J. Agncw Ci'awford, D.D., for many
years pastor of the Falling Spring Presbyterian Church, continues
to reside at Chambersburg. Gen. Crawford had been a surgeon in
the army, but when the war broke out " the opportunity and the
man " came together and the man wrote his name with his sword
on the scroll of fame.

Chambers McKibbin, who was born on a farm adjoining New-
ville, in Cumberland County, but resided in Franklin both early
and late in life, and died in Chambersburg, was United States na-
val officer at Philadelphia from 1857 till 1861, Treasurer of the
Mint a few years later, and a member of the State Senate from the
Franklin and Huntingdon District in 1875 and 1876.

Alexander K. McClure, a native of Perry County, became a res-
ident of Chambersburg in 1851, and soon attained prominence. He
was a member of the House and of the Senate of Pennsylvania,
and also an assistant adjutant general during the war. As editor
of the Philadelphia Times he has become one of the best-known
newspaper men in the country.

William S. Stenger, born at Loudon, and educated at Franklin
and Marshall College, in Lancaster, was admitted to the bar in
1860, and three times elected District Attorney of Franklin Coun-
ty, filling the office nine consecutive years, and twice elected to
Congress. His latest public service was as Secretary of the Com-

314 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

monwealth, which office he filled daring a term of four years, be-
ginning January 17, 1883.

Thomas B. Kennedy, a native of that portion of the Kittatinny
or Great Valley which extends through Northern New Jersey, and
of which the Cumberland Valley is a division in Pennsylvania,,
came to Chambersburg in boyhood, when his father purchased and
occupied a farm adjoining the town, i He graduated at Marshall
College, Mercersburg; studied law and was admitted to the bar in
1848, and elected District Attorney in 1854. He soon became a
leading member of the bar, and so continued till he became Presi-
dent of the Cumberland Valley Eailroad Company, in 1873, when
he gradually drew out of the practice of his profession. From the
date given down to the present time he has had charge of the most
important interest in this section of the State, a trust that he has
discharged with ability and fidelity.

Thomas G. McCulloh was admitted to the bar in 1806, and three
times elected to the State Legislature and once to Congress. He
was President of the Bank o^ Chambersburg, and the first Presi-
dent of the Cumberland Valley Eailroad Company, a marked trib-
ute to his integrity and capacity to conduct important enterprises.
The writer heard it said, toward the closing years of Mr. McCuU
loh's life, that his opinion on legal questions was as good as tbat
of the then most distinguished member of the Philadelphia bar^
who enjoyed a very wide reputation.

Two public men of distinction may be added here, on the score
of kinship. Neither of them was a native of the valley, but they
had its blood in their veins, and one of them had a residence for a
time in the extreme lower end of Cumberland County.

Andrew G. Curtin, widely known as the " War Governor of
Pennsylvania," was born in Centre County. His mother was a
daughter of Senator Andrew Gregg, of Cumberland County, and
Senator Gregg's wife was a daughter of Gen. James Potter, of
Franklin County. Gov. Curtin had in him, therefore, the blood of
the two counties that cover the Cumberland Valley. He filled suc-
cessively the offices of Secretary of the Commonwealth, Governor,
Minister to Eussia, member of the Constitutional Convention of
1872-73, and member of Congress, and was Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Foreign Eelations.

John W. Geary was born in Westmoreland County, but his father
had resided at Mercersburg, Franklin County, where he was in the
employ of the father of President Buchanan. He was a colonel

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THB CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 315

in the Mexican War, and postmaster and first Mayor of San Fran-
cisco; Governor of Kansas in 1856-57, brigadier general in the
Civil War, elected Governor of Penpsylvania in 1866, and reelected
in 1869. He resided for a time at or near J^ew Cumberland, in
Cumberland County.

The only Pennsylvanian elected to the highest office in the gift
of the people of the United States (James Buchanan), was the son
of a Scotch-Irish immigrant who located in a rough and romantic
mountain gorge opening into this valley near its southwestern cor-
ner. This gorge, from which the sun can be seen OBly after he is
at least an hour high over the south mountain, and in which sight
of him is lost an equal length of time before he disappears from
view from the mountain top on the west, was one of the points at
which the delta of the Packer's Path from Western Pennsylvania
met the rude wagon roads of the southeastern quarter of the state
before a practicable wagon road had been made over the mountains.
The path leading westward from the site of the small log house in
which the future President was born is still quite plain to the eye,
although not far from ninety years must now have elapsed since
the pack horse made his last toilsome journey over its narrow,
rough and tortuous course.

Another eminent native of Pennsylvania i, James G. Blaine), who
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency a few years ago
but was not at the time a resident of the state, had in him blood
that had coursed in Scotch-Irish veins in the Cumberland Valley
before it flowed in the valley of the Monongahela. He was one of
the great figures of his day and generation, and he would in all
probability have attained the highest honor of the republic if the
spokesman of a delegation of his friends, who meant to do him
honor, had not made a mistake in the closing hours of the cam-
paign. But although he lost the pivotal state of the contest by a
very narrow margin, and thus missed the highest object of his
ambition, his achievements in the exalted stations he occupied at-
test the quality of his blood.

At an early period in the second half of the century now near-
ing its close it was published far and wide as a very remarkable
circumstance that three brothers, natives of the state of Maine,
two of whom had migrated to the West, were sitting together as
members of the National House of Eepresentatives. The storj-
continues to be brought out and reprinted from time to time, and
it is altogether probable that a large majority of the American peo-

316 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

pie regard it as a circumstance without a parallel in the history of
our country. We may concede that it is without an exact parallel,
and at the same time claim for^ three Scotch-Irish brothers of the
Cumberland Yalley the credit of an achievement that fully equals,
, if it does not surpass, the boasted achievement of the three broth-
•ers of Maine. About thirty years before these Maine brothers sat
in the National House of Eepresentatives — one of them from
Maine, another from Wisconsin, and the other from Illinois— three
Cumberland Valley brothers sat together in Congress — one of thein
as United States Senator from Pennsylvania, another as a member
of the House from the district of which his native county (Frank-
lin) was a part, and the other as a member of the House from the
Cincinnati District in Ohio. By as much as a seat in the Senate
may be a higher honor than a seat in the House, do the honor's of
this " competitive examination " fall to the Scotch-Irish of the
Cumberland Valley.

The Maine brothers were Elihu B., Cadwalader C, and Israel
Washbiime; the Cumberland Valley brothers were William, John
and James Findlay, who have already been mentioned in this paper.

The daughters of the valley are as deserving of eulogy as her
sons. Public stations were not open to them, and they did not
avail themselves of methods adopted elsewhere to attract public at-
tention, but passed their lives in the honorable discharge of domes-
tic, social and religious duties. They had a great deal to do with
shaping the destinies of the men who have conferred honor upon
their native vale. " The child is father to the man," but he is not
apt to be much of a man if there is not a superior woman back of
him. While the daughters have never sought to attract attention
to themselves, circumstances have given a sort of public character
to a few of them, thus affording a proper and agreeable opportuni-
ty to give them a place in this paper.

Elizabeth Speer, the mother of James Buchanan, was the daugh-
ter of a Scotch-Irish farmer in the neighborhood of Mercersburg.
She is not known to have had superior educational advantages, but
it is certain that she became a highly intelligent woman, governing
her household with wisdom, and habitually using the language that
marks refinement of mind. In the closing hour of his life her dis-
tinguished son said that she had instilled the principles of the
Christian religion into him, and that he had always believed in
them. She died in 1833, while he was in Eussia, and lies beside
her husband in a country graveyard, two miles from Mercersburg.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. 31?

Charlotte Chambers, one of the most brilh'ant and accomplished
ladies of her time, was the daughter of Gen. James Chambers, wha
served in the Eevolutionary array under Gen. Washington, and wai^
highly esteemed by him. While quite a young woman, she visited
the seat of the national government, and received marked attention
from the President and Mrs. Washington. After her marriage,
which took place at her father's residence (the old forge near Lou-
don, in Franklin County), she went with her husband to Southwest-
ern Ohio, where she became noted for energy, fortitude, piety and
'good works. Letters written by her during her visit to the seat of
government and other points in the East, and after her removal to
the West, show the high qualities of her mind. One of her letters
from the wilds of Southwestern Ohio, written soon after President
Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana, and about the date of Lewis and
Clarke's exploration of the Oregon country, proves her to have
been capable of taking a statesmanlike view of great public affairs.
If I am not mistaken, a daughter of hers became the wife of one of
the most eminent men of his day, John McLean, who filled, besides
other high stations, the offices of Justice of the Supreme Court of
Ohio, Postmaster General, and Justice of the Supreme Court of
the United States.

Two sisters named Irwin, who were noted for beauty and ac-
complishments, became: One of them the wife of a Governor and
United States Senator of Pennsylvania (William Findlay), and a
daughter of theirs became the wife of another Governor of this
state (Francis K. Shunk) ; the other became the wife of the Grov-
ernor and Senator's brother (James Findlay), who became a distin-
guished member of Congress from Ohio, and ranked among the
foremost lawyers and citizens of Cincinnati.

Two other sisters named Irwin, daughters of Archibald Irwin, a
brother of the two above mentioned, and consequently their nieces,
became respectively the wives of William Henry Harrison, Jr., and
John Scott Harrison, sons of the venerated soldier and statesman,
Gen. William Henry Harrison, who was elected President in 1840.
The wife of William Henry Harrison, Jr., became a widow before
her father-in-law's election, and presided over the White House
during the short period that elapsed between his inauguration and
his decease. The other sister, the wife of John Scott Harrison,
who was a member of Congress from Ohio in 1855, became the
mother of Benjamin Harrison, who was elected President in 1888.

Another daughter of the Cumberland Valley, and the one most.

318 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

widely known, was Harriet Lane. Her mother was a sister of
that most distinguished son of the valley, James Buchanan. Left
an orphan at an early age, she grew up under the care and guid-
ance of her uncle, and when, just grown to womanhood, she accom-
panied him to England when he went there as United States Min-
ister, no lady at the proud court of Queen Victoria excited greater
admiration or won higher regard. When he became President, she
poesided over the White House with unexcelled dignity and tact.
Queenly and beautifUl in form and features, gifted in mind, elegant
in manners, unvaryingly courteous and pleasant, she was as fit to
be mistress of the executive mansion as any lady that ever entered
its doors. Married thirty years ago to Henry Elliott Johnston, a
prominent citizen of Baltimore, and bereft of her husband and two
promising sons, she now resides at the national capital.

All of these daughters of the Cumberland Yalley carried the as-
piring and conquering Scotch-Irish blood in their veins, and all of
them did honor to it. Six of them belonged to the community
which had its center in Mercersburg, a town named after the hero-
ic Scotchman who fell leading the American advance at Princeton,
and who had himself been a member of it; and the seventh be-
longed to a community whose center (Loudon) was distant only six
miles from the other.

An interesting fact presents itself to all who have knowledge of
the birthplaces or places of residence of the distinguished men and
women who have shed so much luster on the Cumberland Yalley.
This is, that a line drawn along the eastern side of the towns in the
middle of the valley would have almost every one of these places
on its western side. A reason for this suggests itself: westward
the star of empire was taking its way, and in consequence the
western side of the valley was the scene of greatest activity in the
second half of the last and the first half of the present century. It
was the marching ground by day and the camping ground by
night of the multitudes who souiicht homes within it at an early
period, and later beyond it, not only to the " backwoods " of Penn-
sylvania, but even to the wilds of Ohio and Indiana. This was,
therefore, the portion of the valley which afforded the best field for
enterprise, and for the acquisition of means promotive of enlighten.-
ment and stimulative of ambition. The subject is attractive, but
it does not clearly fall within the province of this paper and will
be pursued no farther.

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN YOBK AND ADAMS

COUNTIES, PA.

BY ORIER HSRSH, ESQ., YORK, PA.

In dealing with the history of York County it will be necessary,
for a proper understanding of the subject, to review briefly the gen-
eral history of the territorial division of Pennsylvania prior to 1749.
The first division of the province into the counties of Bucks, Phila-
delphia, and Chester was made about 1682. Bucks County con-
tained all the land of the province lying to the northwest of the
Schuylkill Biver ; Philadelphia, that portion lying propinquitous to
the present city of Philadelphia; and Chester, all that portion to
the southwest of the Schuylkill and extending to the limits of the
province. The rapid increase of the population made it necessary
to ejrect out of Chester County, Lancaster County, May 10, 1729.
This new county included within its boundaries " all the province
lying north of the Octorari Creek and westward of a line of marked
trees running from the north branch of said Octorari Creek north-
easterly to the Schuylkill Biver."

At this time there were no authorized settlers on the west side
of the Susquehanna Biver. In 1712 some of the settlers of Lan-
caster County, crossing the river, became "squatters;" but were,
upon remonstrance of the Indians, called back by the proprietaries
to the eastern side. In 1722 Gov. Keith informed the Council,
by a letter from Conestogoe, after a conference between him and
the Conestogoe, Shawana, and Ganaway Indians, that the Indians
were much alarmed at a notice of the intended survey from Mary-
land upon the banks of the Susquehanna Biver. He suggested
that, to protect the Indians from this Maryland invasion, a manor
be surveyed extending six or eight miles back from the river. This
proposition being received by them with much gratification, he or-
dered the survey of " Springgetsbury Manor." This manor was
afterwards bought from the Indians, and in 1726 thrown open to
white settlers. So rapid was the settlement of this new portion of
the province that it became necessary in 1749 to erect York County.
At that time York County included all of the province lying west
of the Susquehanna Biver. Shortly after this, in 1750, the bound-
aries of York County were limited northwardly by the erection of

(319)

320 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Cumberland County. In 1800 York County was divided, and out
of the western portion Adams County organized. As the chief
events of historical interest in which the Scotch-Irish were promi-
nent occurred prior to 1800, the present counties of York and
Adams will be included in*the general term, "York County."

Two great events have occurred in this territory, in comparison
with which all others sink into utter insignificance. It was in
York, after the battle of Brandywine, when the British occupied
Philadelphia, that the Continental Congress found a retreat.
Here, from Sept9mber 30, 1777, to June 27, 1778, in the old court-
house in Center Square, sessions were held daily. Here Washing-
ton received the thanks of Congress, and Baron Steuben his com-
mission into the Continental army. Here it was that the " Conwa;^
Cabal " received its deathblow when the gallant Lafayette, in spite
of frowns and silence, gave his toast " To the commander in chief
of the American armies." In this same territory, nearly a century
later, the armies of the North and South met in deadly conflict on
the historic field of Gettysburg.

The large immigration from the North of Ireland to the province
of Pennsylvania was occasioned in great part by the unsettled con-
dition of the freedom of religious thought in that country. The
character of the men of Ulster was such that it was impossible for
them to worship their 6od in any other manner than that most
pleasing to them. When religious oppression came upon them it
was characteristic of the race to turn their thoughts to the new
country on the west side of the Atlantic, where all were welcome
and freedom of religious thought was promised.

" The grant of James the First was to Sir George Calvert, the
first Lord Baltimore, who died before the patent passed the seals,
and was issued to the second Lord Baltimore June 20, 1632. The
Baltimores were Catholics, and Maryland was designed as a place of
refuge for English Catholics, but from the earliest period religious
toleration for all Christians was proclaimed and practiced."

"At the time of the Revolution, in 1688, the failure of Lord Balti-
more's deputies to proclaim William and Mary gave an opportunity
to the disaffected Protestants to incite a revolt, which led to the
overthrow of their feudal lord." " The Church of England was
then established and disabilities imposed on Catholics and Dissent-
ers." "The grant to Penn was made in March, 1681, and entire re-
ligious liberty was from the first allowed. English Quakers, Scotch
and Irish Presbyterians, German Mennonites, French Huguenots,

SCOTCH-IB^SH IN YORK AND ADAH8 COUNTIES, PA. 321

men of all religionB, were alike welcomed.*' After the establish-
ment of the Church of Bngland in Maryland, in 1688, Pennsylvania
was the only colony in which religious toleration' was practiced/'

In 1726 the lands on the west side of the Susquehanna Eiver
were thrown open to settlers. The Germans, crossing at Wright's
Ferry, now Columbia, settled in the fertile limestone valley, ten or
fifteen thiles in width and thirty miles in length, which runs from
the Susquehanna Eiver westward toward the present Maryland
line, in the center of which, oh the banks of the Codorus Creek, is
situated the city of York. The Quakers, crossing the river at the
mouth of Fishing Creek, ft more northerly point, settled in the
northeastern portion of York County, in what was known as
Keith's Newberry Tract. A portion of the Scotch-Irish who landed
at New Castle, finding the lands well occupied in Lancaster Coun-
ty, crossed the river from the " Conestogoe settlement " at McCall's
Ferry and spread over the southeastern portion of York County^
forming a settlement known as the *' Barrens." Others, crossing
from Donegal, followed the old road leading toward Carlisle, and,
being attracted by the character of the soil, established in the
northwestern portion of the present York County the .^^ Monaghan
Settlement." While others, pushing still further westward and fol-
lowing the line of the mountains, rested at the foot of the South
Mountains and founded the " Marsh Creek " and the " Great Cone--
wago Settlements," near the present town of Grettysburg.

" These people in their settlements did not locate on the rich'
limestone lands, which it was said were liable to frosts and heavily
wooded, but found their way to the barrens and red lands to which
they were accustomed and which their sturdy ancestry had mado
fertile. They have been the progenitors of statesmen and of law-
yers of distinction and influence, who have been the peers of any
in the world, and wh6se intellect and energy have molded the very
institutions of America."

"The Scotch-Irish settlement in the lower portion of York
County began about 1726. To this settlement the name the
"Barrens" has been applied. The reason cannot be definitely
determined. Some claim that it was because thdv timber was
burned off from time to time by the Indians for the purpose of
hunting; others, that the shallowness of the soil and its rocky ap-
pearance entitled it to that name. However the name may have
originated, it is now most inappropriate, for by skilled cultivation
it was turned by our ancestors into .the most fertile portion of York
21

322 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

County. The district occupied by them is now comprised in the
townships of Chanceford, Lower Chanceford, Fawn, Hopewell,
Peach Bottom, and the eastern portion of Shrewsbury. All that
district was originally known as Hallam Township, taking its name
from the birthplace of Samuel Blunston, who was for many years
the agent of the Penns on the west side of the river. It was
erected in 1739 and included all the lands west of the river.

"These settlers consisted principally of the bettor order of peas-
antry, and were sober, industrious, moral, and intelligent people,
their manner partaking of that simplicity, kindness, and hospitality
which is so characteristic of the race. The descendants of these
people still retain the lands which their progenitors chose upon
their arrival in York County, and we are happy to add that the
present inhabitants of the inappropriate term, the " Barrens," in-
herited with the lands of their forefathers sobriety, industry, intel-
ligence, morality, and kindness."

Hallam Township included both German and Scotch-Irish settle-
ments. In 1745 the Scotch-Irish caused to be established a town-
ship of their own, to which they gave the name "Chanceford,"
having no other significance than that of the compound word,
"chance-ford." Two years later some difficulty arose between
themselves in regard to the division of this township. We have
preserved the following curious petition, signed entirely by Scotch-
Irishmen, which indicates that there was some warmth of feeling
in regard to the division:

To the Worshipful Justices of the County of Lancaster:

The petition of the Inhabitants of Chanceford in the County Shewith —
That ye said Township together with ye Township of Faun was formerly In-
cluded in one Township under ye name of Lower Hallam, Bnt upon ye
Unanimous Petition of ye Inhabitants of ye s'd Township in General, ye
flame was by your Worships Divided into two Townships by a Branch of
Water Galled Muddy Creek, which is and was to ye Satisfaction of ye in-
habitants in General and of Equal Ease and Conveniency to all Persons in
Each Township that are Liable to Execute any Publick Office, &c. Yett not-
withstanding a Certain number of ye Inhabitants of Faun at Last May Sea-
fiions Petitioned your worships to allter ye said Devision and allow of a Di-
vision of ye s'd Township by a South West line from Ashmore's ferry
which would make s'd Township of Chanceford to Consist only in about
Eighteen or Twenty Poor Families liveing mostly four or five miles asunder
and some fiirther amongst s'd Hilley and Remote Parts of ye s'd Townships
thereby making ye same near Thirty miles Long and about six wide, which
would Bender ye same Insufficient for a township and be an Unreasonable
Fieoe of Cruelty upon any of ye Inhabitants to Execute any Office

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 323

of conrse according to their number and ye Several Services Incumbent on
them must fall to Each Man's Lott, once in Three years, and if any Poor to
maintain it will be only one Poor maintaining another, for which Reasons
and many others — we Humbly Pray your worships in your wisdom to Con-
sider and Prevent ye Enequalness and disas^eeablenesa of such an attempt
of makeing a new Devision of ye 8*d Township whereby one will Consist
only of some Poor Scattered familys about one fourth of ye Inhabitantfl in
ye whole and ye other near Three fourths of ye Best in Substance when ye
first Division Equally Devides ye Inhabitants and ye s*d 111 conveniency, &c.

and your petitioners as in Duty Bound shall Pray &c,

Chanceford, June 12, 1747.
Alx'r McCall, Hugh Ross, Moses Wallace, David McCarthy, Robert How-
ard, Wm. Smart, Wni. Anderson, Jamee Anderson, Charles Carson, Adam
McMachan, Finley Gray, John Campbell, John Bokanan, Robert Morton,
Jan^es Smith, David McKinley, Nathaniel Morgan, Thomas Johnson,
Charles Caldwell, Patrick McGee, Wm. McCome.

The original township of Hallam was the scene of the '* border
trouble" between Maryland and Pennsylvania. Those who had
settled on the west side of the river, under the permission of the
Penns, and to whom they looked finally for land patents, after
some time were disturbed in their possession by the attempt of the
agents of Maryland to survey their lands and compel them to ac-
cept grants from Lord Baltimore. This naturally led to many riots
and much disturbance, and the blame must rest on the proprieta-
ries of both colonies. As afterwards appeared by the decisions of
the courts, the authorities of Maryland seemed to have been en-
tirely too anxious and grasping in their endeavor to extend their
territory into the province of Pennsylvania. They endeavored by
unscrupulous means to alienate the settlers under Penn, and for
this purpose they selected a man of violent temper and desperate
character, Thomas Cressap, who gathered about him a band of peo-
ple of turbulent disposition and lawless spirit. They drove out the
Indians, burned their cabins, and succeeded in establishing a garri-
son on the site of the Indian village of Connejahoelo, now Conon-
dochley, about three miles below the present town of Wrightsville.
After much endeavor Cressap finally succeeded in alienating from
the Penns about forty German settlers, but they, finally under-
standing his purpose, and discovering their mistake, appealed for
protection to the proprietaries of the province; they in turn to
the Province of Maryland. The trouble finally culminated in Sep-
tember, 1736, by the invasion of three hundred Maryland troops
under CoL Hall. They advanced as far as Wright's Perry. Upon
report of this to the Provincial Governor the dieriff of Lancaster

321 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

County was ordered to resist the invasion. Benjamin Chambers,
afterwards the founder of Chambersburg, and very prominent in
the early history of Cumberland County, was taken prisoner by
the Marylanders as a suspected spy. Having made his escape to
Wright's Ferry, he made a full report, from whence he went to
Donegal and at a house raising collected a number of Scotch-Irish,
" who would as soon fight as eat," and returned to Wright's Ferry.
Chambers describes the situation as follows: " Our sheriff, with one
hundred and fifty people, have been here since Sunday evening at
John Wright's. No hostilities have yet been committed except the
taking of Williams. Had we arms and ammunition, of which we
are almost destitute, we judge from the disposition of our people
that we might come off with honor; but for the want of them, we
think it not safe to wait upon such a number of our men to the
limits of our promise." For a race who are called excitable,
this letter indicates more of a spirit of prudence than is gener-
ally attributed to them. The soldiery of the Maryland inva-
sion did not think the rights of Maryland unimpeachable, for they
blamed the whole disturbance upon Cressap, and did not think that
they should be obliged to fight with the people of Pennsylyania in
Cressap's behalf. The invasion of these three hundred men was a
very remarkable incident of the border trouble. They declared that
they " did not come to disturb the peace of the inhabitants of Penn-
sylvania, but to assist and support his Lordship's peace, and our
fellow-tenants, his Majesty's people, in their possession." No blood-
shed resulted from this invasion, but after destroying some of the
houses of the Germans they returned to Maryland. In September
of 1736, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania issued a warrant to
the sheriff of Lancaster County for the apprehension of Thomas
Cressap on the charge of murder and other high crimes. Calling
to his assistance some of his Scotch-Irish neighbors, on the 23d of
November he endeavored to arrest Cressap. Cressap and six men
made resistance. The sheriff set fire to his house, and in his en-
deavor to escape one of his men was killed. Cressap was arrested
and placed in the Lancaster County jail. The following is a list re-
turned by Edmund Jennings and D. Dulaney, gentlemen of Mary-
land, who appeared before the Council at Philadelphia as those
"concerned in the felonious burning the late dwelling house of
Thomas Cressap:" Samuel Smith, Edward Smout, John Eoss, John
Patten, James Allison, John Capper, Edward Hampell, Patrick
Glai^, David Priest, Samuel Scott, John Sterrat, Benjamin Sterrat,

BCOTCH-IBISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. . 325

Jacob Peat, John Gilbreath, Francis Steward, John Kelly, John
Patten, James Patten, Arthur Buchanan, James Moore, Andrew
Smith, Daniel MacDaniel, Hugh Mackenelly, James Mitchell, John
Mitchell, Alexander Mitchell, Jr., Michael Adkison, John Hart, Wil-
liam Clark, Alexander Macran, William Hacker.

At the present time, in the "Barrens" settlement, some of the
descendants of these men bear their names.

It is to the credit of the Scotch-Irish of the " Barrens " that
during all this trouble no words or persuaRions of Cressap, nor any
overtures of the Baltimore agents, in any way alienated them from
the Penns. Their policy was to cultivate the lands and look to
those from whom they received them for ultimate protection.
' After the settlement of the " border trouble " the Scotch-Irish
of the "Barrens" seemed to have lived in peace and quiet. So
well were they protected from Indian incursions by their fellow-
countrymen, who had settled farther to the west, that very little
call was made upon them to do any military or other pioneer duty.
Their thoughts were principally turned to transforming what was
a barren waste into a fertile and cultivated county.

In this, as in other Scotch-Irish settlements, among the first
things done upon their arrival was the erection of houses of wor-
ship. In this the settlers of the " Barrens " were in no w&y dilatory.

Among the early churches erected in Chanceford Township was
the Guinston Presbyterian Church. Soon after their immigration a
few settlers met at the house of Alexander Wallace " to renew their
covenant and their obligation to their God." In the fall of 1753 or
1754 a rude church was constructed of small logs, which was large
<5nough to accommodate their congregation until 1773. The con-
gregation seemed to have been "squatters," for it was not until
this year that James Q)op, of Chester County, made a deed to
Thomas Curry, James Wallace, Guin* Allison, Andrew Fulton, Al-
exander Moore, John McClurg, John McNearry, George Campbell,
John McCay, and John Stewart, all farmers, as trustees, for two acres
of land on which stood the Old Scotch Presbyterian Meeting House.
On this site was built a new and larger church for public worship
under the title of "The Scotch Presbyterian Church." The present
church stands on, or near to, the site of the original structure.

The first house of worship of the Chanceford Presbyterian
Church was "The Tent," near Airville. Later on this site a sub-
stantial building was erected. Many of the descendants of the
original worshipers are members of the present congregation.

326 ^ THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

The United Presbyterian Church of Chanceford, it is claimed,
was organized by some of the settlers that came as early as 1732,
many of whom had sold themselves for four years to pay for their
passage. . Of the earliest members of this charch were William
Wilson, George Buchanan, Hugh Boss, William Smith, James An-
derson, Samuel Dickson, William Fullerton, Samuel Nelson, William
Maughlin, Jackson Ewing. Many of their descendants bearing the
same names are now living in the Lower End.

Little is known of the early history of the Hopewell Presby-
terian Church, but the minutes of the Donegal and Carlisle Pres-
byteries indicate that this church was established as early as 1759.
It was not, however, until 1770 that the large church was built at
Bound Hill. For many years this church was presided over, to-
gether with that at York, by the Rev. Dr. Cathcart.

The township of Peach Bottom is the most southerly township
of York County, in which the Scotch-Irish settled. The origin of
this name is somewhat curious. Thomas Johnson, the father-in-
law of Thomas Cressap, the agent of Maryland, obtained the title
from Maryland for the island in the Susquehanna Biver, called Mount
Johnson. In 1725 he gave to the adjoining land the title of " Peach
Bottom," because of the abundance of American redwood trees^
which in the springtime, when in flower, gave the appearance of
huge peach orchards. In this township is now situated the village
of Delta. Near by stands the Slate Bidge Presbyterian Church.
In 1746-47 a great revival of religion started in Harford County,
Md., and, spreading from Deer Creek northward to Slate Bidge and
Chanceford, resulted in the building of a log house of worship,
near Muddy Creek. Upon the burning of this building a second
and temporary building was erected three miles farther south in
the state of Maryland on lands owned by'Michael Whiteford. This
was deserted upon the erection of a third church at or near the
site of the present one, possibly as early as 1755. In 1762 the
growing congregation built "a new, bettor, and fourth church of
squared logs on the same site." Fire seemed to have followed this
congregation, for in 1800 this house was burned by an incendiary,
it is said, and on this site rose the present, or fifth, church. Some
of the early ruling elders were James Smith, Hugh Whiteford, Bo-
land Hughes, Joseph Watson, John Steel, Thomas Leeper, James
Gordon, Thomas Clarke, Patrick Scott, J, Cowan, and Thomas

Scott.

Some of the descendants of the early settlers of this district

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 827

have been men who have risen to high and commanding positions,
and have served their state and country with renown.

Hon. James Eoss was born in 1762, in Peach Bottom township.
His birthplace was a farmhouse built by Alexander McCandless,
one of the early settlers. It stands near the village of Delta. Afb*
er his admission to the bar he removed (in 1774) to Washington,
Pa. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787,
and served as United States Senator from 1794 until 1803, being at
one time President pro tern. He was Judge of the Supreme Court
of Pennsylvania, and was appointed with Attorney-general Brad-
ford as a commission to settle the disturbances occasioned by the
" Whisky Insurrection.'' He was a candidate for Governor of the
state in 1805 against Gov. MoKean, and also in 1808 against Simon
Snyder. While young Boss was a boy, working upon the farms of
the' Lower End, Simon Snyder was a tanner in the borough of York.
It was the custom of Senator Eoss, later in his life, to pay regular
visits to his birthplace.

Hon. James Stewart, of Mansfield, O., was born in Lower Chance-
ford Township. After admission to the bar he removed to Mans-
field, O.. and was shortly afterwards elected President Judge of the
County Courts, serving two terms. Later he was Judge of one of
the Circuit Courts of Ohio. One of his daughters married Hon.
John Sherman, the " father of the Senate."

United States Senator Eowan, of Kentucky, was bom in Fawn
Township, York County, Pa, being the son of William Rowan.

For many years Jabez Kirkwood was an elder in the Slate
Eidge Presbyterian Church. Of his sonp, who were born there,
one afterwards became Governor of Iowa, United States Senator,
and Secretary of the Interior in President Garfield's cabinet.
While serving in that position he returned to visit the place of his
birth, and to renew the acquaintance of his youth. The other son,
Daniel Kirkwood, was a celebrated mathematician and astronomer,
filling the Chair of Astronomy of Sanford University, California.

In the " Barrens," in 1755, was bom the grandfather of the
man upon whom now rest the eyes of sixty millions of people, and
of whom we of Scotch Irish descent may justly be proud: Hon.
William McKinley, of Ohio. In 1735 two boys, James and William
McKinley, aged twelve and fourteen years respectively, located in
the Lower End. David McKinley, the son of the boy James, was
born in Chanceford Township. Enlisting as a soldier in 1775, he
served through the Eevolutionary War. After marrying he re-

328 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

moved with hie family to Mercer County. Here, learniog that the
soil of Ohio was productive of Presidents, and knowing the aspira-
tions of his descendant, he removed to that state.

The Scotch-Irish settlement in the "Barrens" furnished the sec-
ond, third, fourth, and fifth Congressmen from this congressional
district — namely, John Stewart, James Kelly, William Crawford,
and Hugh Glasgow.

Eev. Dr. Samuel Culbertson, who lived among these people, was
a traveling missionary, coming to this country in 1751. The rec-
ord of his life is one of great hardship and endurance, and is typ-
ical of the love of the, Scotch-Irish for their religion. He preached
in private houses and in tents. Some of these tents were located
in groves, and a board fixed to a tree served as a support for the
Bible, During thirty-nine years of service he preached 2,452
times, baptized 1,805 children, married 240 couples, rode on horse-
back 70,000 miles.

Among the well-known characters of this locality were Andrew
Finley, James McCandless, and Patrick Scott. Finley was called
the " King of the Barrens." He was the banker of the locality,
and it is said that part interest on sums of money loaned was al-
ways a quart of pure rye. Ho served as lieutenant of Capt. Hun-
ter's company in the French and Indian wars of 1756, and was at
the surrender of Fort Duquesne.

" Jimmie" McCandless, besides being justice of the pef^ce and
schoolmaster, acted as fiddler and poet. His reputation as a poet
was gained from his ability to recite the whole of the poems of
•Eobert Bums. It is said that Finley employed him to write for
him an obituary poem. After several unsuccessful attempts he
produced the following, which is inscribed on Finley's tomb:

Andrew Finley died in the year eighteen hundred.

His pilgrimage on earth was four score years and three.
In his earlv youth he bravely served His Majesty,
In whose army he was a captain bold,
And fought for honor, not for sake of gold;
Firm and undaunted, he had courage brave,
And drew his sword his country for to save.

A difficulty arising between Finley and McCandless over pay-
ment for this literary work, McCandless received nothing until aft-
er the death of Finley, when he recovered from his executors the
sum of ten pounds. McCandless was of a very jovial nature. Hav-

BCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 329

ing failed in business, he wrote a letter in rhyme to the sheriff who
seized his property.

It was the skilled hand of Patrick Scott, known as "Patty
Scott, the coffin maker," who laid many of the early settlers in
their last resting place. Besides his ability in this direction, h^
was eminently fitted to serve as a road viewer, which position was
always assigned him when occasion required. He was an ardent
patriot, and a member of the first convention that met in York,
in 1774, In order to show his prominence in Church affairs, he
built a much larger pew for himself than any one else. He died
at the age of ninety-six years.

In the northwestern portion of the now York County was an-
other prominent Scotch-Irish settlement, the "Monaghan settle-
ment," as it was known, including in its territory the present town-
ships of Carroll, Franklin, Monaghan, and Warrington. It is diffi-
cult to dyaw any strict line of demarcation between the Mona-
ghan settlement and those in tjio lower portion of Cumberland
County. From Fort Hunter, on the Susquehanna Eiver, to the
province of Maryland extended a continuous line of Scotch-Irish,
whose character has left strong impressions on the history of this
section. The division of Cumberland County from York, in 1750,
was purely a territorial division, and had no influence upon the in-
tercourse between the people. The men of York County were as
alert and energetic in the defense of their brothers in Cumberland
County against Indian invasions as were those upon whom the
devastations were concentrated. However, the people of Mona-
ghan were active, and earnestly interested in all the early achieve-
ments of the inhabitants of York County.

As early as 1745 we find them holding church services, presum-
ably in private houses. In 1760 a church was built near the house
of John Dill, who, according to the deed given to the trustees for
the property, also furnished the lumber. Among the early mem-
bers were Hugh McMullen, John Bailey, Andrew Bailey, John
Parks, William Boss, William Nelson, Alexander Boss, John Mc-
Clellan, Allen Torbet, Edward O. Hail, William Porter, Matthew
Dill, John Dill, John Nesbit, Lewis Williams, Thomas Black, and
John Blair. Tradition says that some years after the erection of
this church the Indians continued to lurk in the region near by. and
to make hostile incursions into the neighborhood. To protect
themselves in their worship, ramparts were built about the church,
and the men of the congregation were accustomed to bring their

330 THE , SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBRIOA.

firearms with thorn. In 1782 a new stone church was erected at
the eastern end of the town of Dillsburg, which was partially
burned in 1813, Jogether with many of the early records. It was
rebuilt, however, the same year, and served as a house of worship
until 1849, when the present brick church was built on the same
site.

Rev. George Duffield. preached there fh>m tinpe to time during^
1745 to 1762, and in 1769 was installed as their pastor. Dr. Duf-
field being of marked ability, and an earnest and fearless advocate
of civil and religious liberty, his influence was strongly marked in
the warlike spirit that prevailed here at the time of the Revolution*
He served for a while as chaplain of the Continental Congress.

In 1830 Rev. A. B. Quay became the pastor of this church, and
it was while his father was serving in that capacity that Hon. Mat*
thew Stanley Quay made his entrance into Pennsylvania politics.

Many of the residents of the Monaghan district enlisted in the
companies from Cumberland County, which served with honor in
the campaigns of 1756*59.

The leader of this settlement was Matthew Dill. Although of
Danish extraction, his ancestors moved to Ireland during the time
of the commonwealth, and settled in the county of Donegal. Hia
son. Col. Matthew Dill, seemed to have succeeded to the leadership
after the death of his father. He was one of the framers of the
constitution of 1790, and commanded the First Battalion of York
County for three years. His son. Dr. ArAistrong Dill, graduated
at Princeton College, but died in December, 1788, at the age of
twenty-seven years. In the histories of the various churches of
York County it will be seen that Nassau Hall exerted a very wide
and strong influence upon the Scotch-Irish communities, many of
their pastors being graduates of that college; but it is with some
degree of pride that the Scotch-Irish of York County can also
point to the fact that they, in their turn, contributed something te
the character of Princeton College. The notice below shows that
Dr. Witherspoon drew some inspiration from our midst. The fol-
lowing paragraph is copied from the Philadelphia United States On-
zettey dated June, 1791 :

WiTHERSPOON-DiLL. — Married at Philadelphia on Monday evening, the
30th ult., by Rev. Dr. Nesbit, President of Dickinson College, Rev. Dr. John
Witherspoon, President of Princeton College, to Mrs. Ann Dill, widow of
Dr. Armstrong Dill, of York County, Pa., a lady of great beauty and merit

While we are fully aware that the term "in loco parentis" has

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS; COUNTIES, PA. 831

ehanged in meaning since the time of Dr. Witherspoon, yet we nev-
er conceived that it then applied to the ci^re of widows of former
students.

By far the most prominent Scotch-Irish settlement in York
County was the ^^ Marsh Creek Settlement," of which the present
town of Gettysburg is" the center. As it was the policy of the
Penns to push the Scotch-Irish to the frontier, and as the land at
the foot of South Mountain resembled to some extent that of the
North of Ireland, it was but natural that many of the early set-
tlers should take up lands in this locality. The name of this settle-
ment is taken from '< Marsh Creek,'' a small stream. This district
has given to the county of York many ot its prominent men in civ-
il and military matters. Called upon in their early history to do
active services against the Indians, they became inured to all sorts
of hardships, and were a thoroughly self-dependent and aggres^sive
people. We find that as early as 1731 a goodly number of Scotch-
Irish had located here, upon the invitation of the Penns, to take up
lands upon *< common terms." In 1736 the proprietaries had de-
termined on surveying for themselves a manor in this territory. They
did not look with favor, for some reason, upon the first Scotch-Irish
settlers. Finally, in 1741, an order was issued for the survey of a
manor to be called the " Manor of Muske," of which order the fol-
lowing is a copy:

Pennsylvania S8:

(Seal) By the Prop riot aribb.

These are to authorize and require thee to survey or cause to be surveyed
a tract of land on the Branches of Marsh Creek on the West Ride of the Riv-
er Susquehanna, in the County of Lancaster, containing about thirty thou-
sand acres, for bur own proper use and Behoof, and the same to return un-
der the name and style of our Manor of Maske, in the County of Lancaster
aforesaid, into our Secretary's office, and for so dqing this shall be thy suffi-
cient warrant. Given under my hand and the seal of our Land office at
Philadelphia this eighteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord one Thou-
sand seven hundred and Forty-one. Thos. Penn.

To Benj. a. Eastburn, Surveyor-General.

The matter must have been determined upon at an earlier date
than the issuing of this order, as Zachariah Butcher writes about
that date as follows:

Sir: 1 was designed about two weeks ago to have laid out the manor at
Marsh Creek, but the inhabitants have got into such spirit that it is as
much as a man's life is worth to go among them ; for they gather together
in conference, and go about armed every time that I am anywheres near

332 THE V SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA. -

aboat. They folly resolved to kill or cripple me, or any other persons who
shall attempt to lay out a manor there. Yet, if the Honorable Proprietary
shall think it tit to order such assistance as shall withstand such unreason-
able creatures, I shall be ready and willing to undertake the same with my
utmost endeavors. As soon as I come back from Virginia I am coming
there on an urgent occasion.

And again James Logan wrote the proprietaries sometime in
1741 as follows:

As to the Manor of Maske, it is pretty full of ye poorest sort of ye Irish,
who declare themselves determined to keep possession (prevent a manor
from being run out); considering our present inability to enforce ye execu-
tion of ye civil power and ye pains taken to propagate and improve the fac-
tious spirit in ye people it may not be amiss to suffer them to feel ye incon-
venience of lawless force a little longer, for they begin to practice it upon
one another, and complaints have been made to me by several of those who
first settled and took in imaginary lines eight hundred or a thousand acres
apiece for less than eight hundred acres, that the people crowded in so
thick to settle and knowing that ye former settlers had no better right than
themselves, and that they were equally trespassers, encroached upon ye
first settlers, sat down where they pleased, every man according to his &n-
cy, by himself or friends, thereby occasioning great quarreling and disor-
der. This has put some of ye most considerate of them upon applying' for re^
lief, and by this means must necessarily be brought to submit and bring
things into order.

There seemed to have been no further steps taken to survey this
manor until 1743, when, from the following return in Pennsylvania
archives, the Surveyor General appeared to have attempted to obey
the order ^of the proprietaries.

Settlers op Marsh Creek Who Obstructed the Survey, 1743.

William Mcl^elan, Joseph Farris, Hugh McCain, Matthew Black, James
McMichill, Robert McFarson, William Black, John Fletcher, Jr., James Ag-
new (cooper), Henry McDomath, John Alexander, Moses Jenkins, Richard
Hall, Richard Fossett, Adam Hall, John Eddy, John Eddy, Jr., Edward
Hall, William Eddy, James Wilson, James Agnew, John Steen, John John-
son, John Hamilton, Hugh Logan, John McWharten (says he shall move
soon), Hugh Swainey, Titus Darby, Thomas Hooswick (declares yt if ye
chain be spread again, he would stop it and then took ye compass from ye
Surveyor General).

Many of the above-mentioned persons do not appear in any au-
thentic list of the inhabitants of the manor, but possibly took up
lands afterwards beyond its limits. In this list <^ McLelan " stands
for "McClellanj" "McCain," for "McKean;" "McFarson," for
"McPherson;" "Hooswick," for "Hosack;" and "Eddy," for
" Edie."

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS GOUNTIBS, PA. 333

From time to time the records show that different sarveyors of
the PeDiis kepi the order for the survey of the manor in mind.
Thomas Cookson, in 1752, writes to Thomas Penn as follows:

The settlement of Marsh Creek is to be surveyed into a manor called'
Maske, is filled with a set of people of the same temper and principle with
the first settlers of it^who are mostly removed, and who had opposed the
surveying of that land for the use of your family. The Secretary and Sur-
veyor General with some magistrates were up to attempt it, but in vain. Dur-
ing the late war and since the province has been in broils and the people
readier to join with such rioters than to assist the officers and justices to<
suppress them, for that whole settlement has been brought in at the time of
an election with the popular cry, and no one would or durst touch them,
though outlawries against some of them. Therefore I think that it would be
better to wait for a more favorable opportunity in such extraordinary cases
as these, when there may be a better prospect of carrying into execution
any design of either removing or laying terms on them.

Again in October, 1754, George Stephenson writes to R'chard
Peters: ''As to the Manor of Maske I cannot as yet make any tol-
erable draft of it."

In 1764 Penn writes to John Lukans as follows:

You must take every legal method to oblige George Stephenson to deliv-
er up the papers, and whether he does or not he must be removed. Must
make the best we can of the Manor of Maske. I cannot conceive any good
objection that the Secretary could have to your surveying those manors.

In 1765 a compromise was effected through the agency of Thom-
as Agnew and Eobert McPherson, who acted as a committee for
the settlers, which secured for them the concession that the landd
taken up prior to 1741 should be subject to the " common terms."
The boundaries of the manor were thereupon marked in 1766, and
included forty-three thousand five hundred acres instead of the
thirty thousand acres originally intended.

"The Marsh Creek Eesistanoe," as it was called, became well
known, and as only Scotch-Irish were involved, it was used by their
opponents for political interests to create a prejudice against them
as a class. It is evident that the Penns and their agents were prej-
udiced against the Scotch-Irish. In the "Donegal Trouble," in
1736, in regard to the payment for land by the settlers, Thomas
Penn seemed to have had a very curious and erroneous idea in re-
gard to their character. In a letter to J. Minshall he says:

With great pleasure I have received thy letter of the 14th, and much ap-
prove of thy thoughts in regard to the Irish settlers. Having been always
of the opinion that, though they might over their cups, or when encour-

334

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBBIOA.

aged by one another, yet that all, except the most senseless, would on fur*
tber considering and on the approach of persons of authority, change their
former sentiments; and as their opposition could in the end only turn to
their destruction, receive with civility any such who would behave mildly
and with seeming kindness.

Lo^n and other agents speak of them^ in the most con-
temptaous terms in the letters dbove quoted. Certainly the set-
tlers of Marsh Creek were to some extent justified in this resist-
ance, for they were invited by the Penns to take up these lands,
subject to the common terms; and five years later they saw the
same lands about to be surveyed into a manor, after which they
would be expected to pay for them at considerably increased
pric^. They declined to yield, and, " in the spirit of the times^
drove off the surveyors, and prevented the survey." They were
without relief until 1794, when a petition was presented to the
Legislature asking that patents should be issued, as per the agree-
ment of 1765. Afterwards (in 1796) an agreement was entered
into by Edward Physick, attorney for John Penn, by which, upon
certain payments, warrants should be issued to the original settlers.
It was determined that this agreement should be offered in 1797 to
the people of the manor for ratification. In the meantime the
Penns, through their agents, refVised to grant warranty titles, be-
ing only willing to bind themselves, their heirs, and representa-
tives. It was doubted whether the commonwealth '* could release
any claim that it might have under the act of 1779 for vesting the
estates of the late proprietaries of Pennsylvania in this common-
wealth." This doubt being removed, and the agreement being rat-
ified in April, the long controversy closed.

Hon. Edward McPherson, in speaking of this controversy, says:

Reviewing all the &ct8 in the case, I think it must be confessed that un-
deserved censure has been passed upon the men who in 1741 and 1743 re-
fused to permit the commission of a wrong upon themselves, and who with
little, yet sufficient, force prevented in its incipiency the act which, if done,
would have greatly aggravated the controversy ; and in all subsequent ne-
gotiations it was conceded by everybody that they were undoubtedly en-
titled to their lands upon the payment of common terms. Their further
claim, that interest on unpaid sums due for lands could not be equitably de^
manded for the twenty-five years that they were deprived of the opportuni-
ty of paying, by the closing of the land office against them, was also con-
ceded to be just And these two claims were the very essence of their po-
sition from first to last.

The name "Manor of Masks" takes its origin from an estate in

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA.

335

Yorkshire, EDgland, of Anthony Lowther, who married Margaret,
a sister of William Penn. '

The term " Marsh Creek Settlement " has been applied to all of
the settlers within the Manor of Maske. There was, however, an-
other settlement, known as the ''Great Conewago Settlement,"
which was some miles to the east of Gettysburg, and near the town
originated by Capt. David Hunter, which bears his name (Huntenu
town). So closely and intimately were the people of these two
settlements connected in all matters of historical interest that in
speaking of the Marsh Creek Settlement the Great Conewago Set-
tlement is included.

The first church in the Marsh Creek district was in the vicinity
of " Black's Graveyard," and was near " McPherson's Spring," and is
known in history as the Upper Marsh Creek Church. It was
built in 1747 of logs. It had low, long, double-sash windows.' The
date of the erection of this church is fixed from the fkct that Hance
Hamilton, Bobert McPherson, Samuel Edie, and John Buchanan,
trustees, applied for a warrant for one hundred acres of land in
Cumberland Township, May 25, 1765. They stated that a meeting-
house was erected by said congregation on the tract of land of one
hundred acres in the Manor of Maske " about eighteen years ago,"
which fixes the date of the erecticHi of the building at 1747.

The first call to this church was in 1747 to a young man, Bev.
Joseph Tate. Some questions arising as to his orthodoxy, although
defending himself against them, he deemed it wise to remove to a
more remote place. He was succeeded by Key. Robert McMordie,
and afterwards, from time to time, by Bevs. James Lang, Joseph
Bhea, Samuel Kennedy, and Bobert Huey.

A very curious account is given of the trial of Bev. Samuel Ken-
nedy for unorthodoxy. It is strange to read the testimony of the
laymen, who were able at some time later to recall minutely the
sermons of the reverend Doctor. In spite of their testimony he
was, however, pronounced unfit for the ministry.

Bev. John Black was called in 1775, and it was under his pas-
torate of nineteen years that the old log church gave place to a
larger stone church, which was erected a little to the north of it.
It is described as follows: '< House was 62 feet 1 inch long, and 48
feet 1 inch wide fh>m outside to outside, and the roof must be 15 feet
high perpendicularly fh>m the level of the wall plates." On the
6th of April, 1813, the congregation sold the house of worship that
it occupied since 1780, and erected a church in Gettysburg. In

336 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

1842 the i)iiilding now occupied was built. During the battle of
Grettysburg this church was used as a hospital.

The Lower Marsh Creek Church was built about 1761, and in all
probability grew out of the "Old Side and New Side controversy,'*
the Lower Marsh Creek Church containing the ^< NeW Side " men,
and the Upper Marsh Creek Church the "Old Side" men. The
first pastor of this church was Bev. Andrew Bay. In 1790 the 0I4
log church at the graveyard, on the banks of Marsh Creek, was
abandoned, and the present stone building, which stands five miles
west of Gettysburg, was erected.

The church of Great Conewago appears by the minutes of the
Presbytery of Donegal to have been organized in 1740. There was
a dispute between the people of Eound Hill and those of Great Con-
ewago whether this church should be erected at Bound Hill or at
Hunterstown. So bitter was the controversy that it was only aftr
er the interference of the Presbytery that it was finally located
and built at the latter place. This church and the Lower Marsh
Creek Church were for many years united under one pastor. The
original church was of unhewed logs, and of the most primitive
structure, being built in 1747. In 1787 a new stone building was
erected, and, while numerous changes have since been made in it,
the walls are still the same, and it stands close by the site of the
original church.

A Covenanter society flourished at Marsh Creek for many years,
Vind used a " tent ** as a place of worship. It is described as a stand
in the woods with shelter overhead. A board was fastened against
a tree on which to lay the Bible and song book, and a rude seat in
front for the congregation, for whom there was no covering save
the sky. Their services were long and wearisome, and on commun-
ion days lasted from seven to nine hours, with fifteen minutes in-
termission for lunch. " It is said that some of the lead tokens used
by them at communion services are still in existence. They were
about half an inch long, and nearly as wide, with the letters * R P.'
[Beformed Presbyterian] on one side, and * L. S.' [Lord's Supper]
and the date on the other."

David Dun woody was one of the first ruling elders of the Cov-
enanters in 1753. He was the grandfather of Bev. D. L. Dunwid-
die, the latter grandfather of Gov. Borrow, of Ohio.

The Scotch-Irish emigrants were accustomed, in their homes in
the North of Ireland, to the use of intoxicating liquor, but under
the different climatic conditions here its effects were different, and

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 337

involved them at times in serious controversies. The vice seemed
to have reached even the clergy itself. The following bill bears
some evidence:

June 17, 1750y Dr. to Hance Hamilton,
Rev. Andrew Bay.

To Half Hundred Lemons 48 6d

To Half Gallon Rum and bottle 48 8d

9B2d
Rev. J. K. Demarest, from whose "History of the Upper Marsh
Creek Church'' this has been taken, adds: "This bill is not re-
ceipted. Perhaps Mr. Bay disputed it." From what we know
of Hance Hamilton it is to be believed that the reverend Doctor
received the material."

From the 8ame source is extracted the following record of the
Presbytery of Donegal, in the case of a minister who was tried but
acquitted on the charge of intoxication :

AVe cannot iind cause to judge Mr. Lyon guilty of anything like excess-
ive drinking. . . . But inasmuch as his behavior had BO many circum-
stances and symptoms of drunkenness, and inasmuch as he did not make
any apology or allege that it proceeded from sickness, we judge that he is
censurable, and yet as we apprehend that the small quantity of liquor which
Mr. Lyon drank might produce the above effect, after his coming out of the
extreme cold into the warm house and near the fire, we do not find suffi-
cient evidence to condemn him for drunkenness.

Eov. Mr. Black, pastor of the Upper Marsh Creek Church,
made a determined fight against the vice of intemperance, which
robbed him of his extreme popularity. It is said in the latter part
of his pastorate that young men riding by his door shouted insults
at him, and he said: ^^I have become the song of the drunkard."
On another occasion, having invited some of his parishioners to as-
sist at a house raising, at a critical moment the men dropped their
hands and would proceed no farther until the usual beverage was
given them, and the reverend Doctor was compelled this time to
yield. As in all other Scotch-Irish settlements, the pastors of these
churches exerted great influence with their parishioners, and in spite
of their inclination to excessive drinking they were a godly people.

Many of the settlers in the Marsh Creek district, and their de-
scendants, have contributed much to the cause of freedom and have
given their life and services in the cause of their country. Some
have won renown and distinction in the halls of state and courts of
justice.

9*2

338 THE SCOTCH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

The leader of the Alarsb Creek district was Col. Hance Hamil-
ton. It was. to his untiring efforts and promptness ibat, when oc-
casion required it, a military company was quickly organized in
this settlement. He was always first and foremost on the scene of
battle. He settled in this district in about 1735. From 1755 to
1759 he was constantly on the march, scouting and protecting the
interests of the settlers from Indian devastations from the Susque-
hanna River to Fort Duquesne. His ncrvicos in the early campaign
secured for him the position, in 1758, of lieutenant colonel of the
First Pennsylvania Eegiment. After serving almost daily from
1755 to 1759, in a letter to Col. John Armstrong, dated Carlisle,
March 22, 1759, he says: " But I do assure you that I have been for
some time past in a low state of health and find my constitution so
much broke thatj notwithstanding my ardent s&eal for his Majesty's
service, I am forced to acknowledge myself unfit to endure the fa-
tigue of another campaign. Therefore I beg the favor of you, in my
behalf, humbly to request leave of his Honor, the Governor, for me
to resign my commission, for no other cause or reason but inability
to be any longer serviceable to my king and country in that sta-
tion."

In the military histoiy of the Scotch-Irish of this district, in the
campaigns against the Indians, the name of Hance Hamilton is so
prominent that it will be unnecessary to give any account of his
service in this place. He was the first sheriff of York County in
1749. His remains were interred in Black's graveyard, in Upper
Marsh Creek, but were subsequently removed to the cemetery at
Gettysburg. He was a typical frontiersman, and doubtless had he
lived to participate in the war of the Eevolution his bravery and
activity would have won for him fame and distinction. His death
occurred February 2, 1772, at the ago of fifly-one years. None of
his descendants now live near the home of their ancestor, and but
little, if anything, is known of them.

One of Hamilton's lieutenants was Victor King, who followed
his leader through all the hardships of the Indian campaigns. He,
with his two brothers, James and William, settled in the Upper
Great Conewa^o district in 1735. The King family were really pa-
trician, as tradition says that they bought the first foot stove that
was ever in York County. The Kings, Bells, and Voorhees have
intermarried. Their descendants have been pioneers in the West,
And are now found among the prominent people of Kentucky, Ohio, .
Indiana, and Illinois.

SCOTCH-IKISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 339

One, of the most prominent families was the McPherson family.
Col. Eobert McPherson settled there in 1738. His first act seemed
to have been to resist the survey of the Manor of Maske. In all
the subsequent dealinjo^s and arrangements with the Ponns, in regard
to this matter, he represented the settlers. From time to time he
served as justice of the peace, auditor of the county, commissioner,
sheriff, and member of the Assembly. He was chosen cnptain of «
company which served in the campaigns against the Indians, being
present at the fall of Fort Duquesne. Afterwards, in 1775, he was
the colonel of the Second Battalion of York County Militia. He
was a member of the Provincial Conference in Carpenter's Hall,
Philadelphia, in 1776, and a member of the First Constitutionar
Convention.

His son, Williajn McPherson, served with honor as a captain in
the Bovolutionary War, being taken a prisoner at the battle of
Long Island.

Hon. Edward McPherson, for many years Clerk of the House
of Bepresentatives and a man distinguished for his literary ability,
was a great-grandson of Col. Robert McPherson.

Hon. John B. McPherson, whose ability as a jurist is well known,
and who is now serving his second term as Judge of the Common
Pleas of Dauphin County, is also a direct descendant of the original
McPherson.

William McLean immigrated in the year 1733, and settled in
Montgomery County. Two years later he removed to the Marsh.
Creek settlement. He had nine children: Archibald, Moses, Wil-
liam, Samuel, John, James, and Alexander. All were surveyors,
being assistants to Archibald, the elder, in the survey of the Mason
and Dixon line. They assisted in establishing the ** middle point,"
and the 'tangent line through the peninsula," and tracing the well-
known " arc of the circle." Archibald was the chief assistant of
Mason and Dixon. From 1763 to 1767 they were engaged in con-
tinuing the line across the Little Alleghanies, as far as the Dunkard
Creek, 240 miles from the Delaware. Afterwards Archibald and
Moses became deputy surveyors of York County, Archibald for
the eastern and Moses for the western portion. Archibald was
a member of the General Assembly of 1776, and served as chairman
of the Committee of Safety for York County during the Eevolu-
tion. It was through the unceasing efforts of Archibald McLean,
who was appointed prothonotary of the courts of York County, in
March 21, 1777, that sessions were held in York County. It was

340 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEUICA.

indeed a very difficalt task that was* set before him. The office of
prothonotary, clerk of the courts, Register, and Recorder were^ vested
in one person. The great political excitement that was occasioned
by the adoption of the Constitution rendered it almost impossible
to secure the assistance of the justices. He made strenuous efforts
to gather thorn together in July, 1777, but in this he failed. After
frequent appeals to the Executive Council, he succeeded, in October,
1777, in having John Morris, Jr., Esq., appointed and authorized to
attend the next Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace of York
County.

Moses McLean served with honor and distinction as a captain in
jbhe Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion.

The Hon. William McLean, for many years judge of the courts
of Adams County, is a descendant of Moses McLean.

The ancestors of Hon. Jeremiah S. Black were early settlers
in this district. Three brothers — Matthew, James and John Black
— came from the North of Ireland in 1730. Matthew remained at
Philadelphia, while James and John found their way to Marsh
Creek. James became a prosperous farmer. From him "Black's
Gap *' takes its name. His nephew, James, the son of John, was
the grandfather of Judge Black. He married Jane McDonough.
It is unnecessary to dwell at length upon the character. of this
man, who as a lawyer, judge, politician, and statesman won for
himself fame and renown. In later life Judge Black removed to
York County, and passed his final days close to the lands upon
which his ancestors settled.

Col. David Grier was born in Ramelton, Ireland, in 1747. He
landed at New Castle in 1767, and, after finding his way to Marsh
Creek, took up lands with Robert McPherson, marrying Janet, his
daughter. He removed to York, where he read law with Hon.
James Smith. At the breaking out of the Revolution he command-
ed a company under Col. Irvine. He was quickly promoted to
major, and afterwards to lieutenant colonel, and during the time
Col. Irvine was a prisoner the command of the regiment fell to
Col. Grier. While in command of his regiment at Brandywine he
was wounded slightly, and afterwards in the night attack at Paoli
being severely wounded, he retired from active service. He was a
Presidential elector at Washington's first election.

Among the original settlers in the Great Conewago district were
Thomas Butler and Eleanor, his wife, who came from the North of
Ireland in 1740, and took up land near "ye Conewago on ye west

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 341

'»ide of the Susquehanna" May 10, 1743. Of Thomas Butler little
is known, save through the record of his most illustrious sons. Of
iive sons, the three oldest were born in York County, Eichard in
1743, April 1; William. June 6, 1745; Thomas, May 28, 1748; while
Pereivai, or Pierce, was born in 1760, and Edward in 17G2, in Cum-
berland County.

Gen. Richard Butler, the oldest son, first served as an ensign in
,Capt. Hendrix'fi Company; First Pennsylvania Battalion, under
-Col. Bouquet, in 1764. He entered the War of the Revolution as
major of the Eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Line; was promoted
lieutenant colonel May 12, 1777, and was transferred as lieutenant
colonel of Mprgan's Rifles in June 9, 1777, succeeding Morgan in
command. Ho protected with great success the rear flank of Gates
from the Indians under Brant, and did gallant service at Mon-
mouth. He was assigned as colonel of the Ninth Penn>ylvania,
with which regiment he took a prominent part at the capture of
Stony Point. After the revolt of the Pennsylvania Line he as-
sumed command of the Fifth Pennsylvania, accompanying Gen.
Wayne in the Southern campaign. It was in recognition of his
valuable services that he was designated to plant our flag upon the
British works at the surrender of Cornwallis. The " History of
Cumberland County" says: "He was prevented by Baron Steuben
unexpectedly appropriating this honor, for which reason Butler sent
the arrogant foreigner a message, as every one expected, and it took
All the influence of Rochambeau and Washington to prevent a hos-
tile meeting." In 1789 Col. Butler removed to Pittsburg. In the
formation of Allegheny County he took a prominent part. He was
one of the justices of the Court of Common Picas of Allegheny
County in 1788; resigned in 1790, having been elected a member
of the Assembly. He was commissioned in October, 1788, with Col.
John Gibson (father of the Chief Justice of Pennsylvania) to pur-
chase Indian claims to the "Triangle on Lake Erie." Ho was
appointed major general, and second in command, under Gen. St.
Clair, after the failure of Harmer's expedition. In the blooly
battle of Miami, in which the army was defeated by the allied In-
dians under Brant, November 4, 1791, Gen. Butler fell mortally
wounded. He was removed as far back within the lines as was
possible, yet he constantly refused assistance to be carried from the
field, and in the retreat he was left to fall into the hands of the In-
dians. A letter from Edward Butler to his brother Pierce, dated
from Washington, November 11, 1791, says: " We left the wor-

342 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

thiest of brothers, Gen. Bichard Butler, 'in the hands of the sav-
ages, but so nearly dead that I hope he was not dcusible of any
cruelty they might willingly reap upon him."

Col. William Butler, the second son, served during the Revolu-
tion as lieutenant colonel of the Fourth Pennsylvania Line, acting
for the colonel of that regiment, who was a prisoner on parole.

Col. } Thomas Butler, after studying law with James Wilson, one
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, entered the
Bevolution as first lieutenant of the Second Pennsylvania Battalion
June 5, 1776. He became captain of the Third Ecgiment of that
Line. At Brandywine he received the thanks of the commander
in chief on the field of battle for his intrepid conduct in rallying a
detachment of retreating troops. At Monmouth he was thanked
by Wayne- for gallant services covering the retreat of his brother's
(Col. Richard Butler) regiment. He commanded a battalion in the
disastrous battle of November 4, and, though shot in the leg, he
led his battalion to the charge. In 1792 he was appointed majors
in 1794, lieutenant colonel; and was in command of Fort Fayette
during the Whisky Insurrection.

Col. Pierce Butler served in the Pennsylvania Line; was with
Morgan at Stillwater and the sioge of Ybrktown. He was adjutant
general during the War of 1812. His son, William Orlando Butler^
succeeded Gen. Scott in Mexico, and ran for Vice President in 1848.

Col. Edward Butler served valiantly in the Pennsylvania Line
during the Revolution. He was adjutant under Wayne during the
Miami campaign.

In reference to Col. Pierce Butler, McMaster, in his " History of
the United States," in describing the delegation from South Caro-
lina in the convention of 1787 says: "Another Irishman, Pierce
Butler, was in the South Carolina delegation. Butler was a man
of ability, aud had attained some eminence in his state, but no dis-
tinction w^s to him so much a matter of pride as his birth, for he
boasted that he could trace unbroken descent to the great family
of Ormond." He adds: "Butler was often twitted in the lam-
poons, with noble descent. He had the distinction of being one of
the ten delegates who voted against Jay's treaty. He is described

Pierce Butler, next, a man of sterling worthy
Because he justly claimed noble birth."

The Ormond family referred to was James Butler, Duke of Ormond,
on whom the ducal title was first conferred.

SCOTUH-IBIBH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 343

David Jameson came to America aboat 1740, accompanied by
his friend, Hugh Mercer, a gallant officer of the Revolution, who
fell at Trenton. Landing at Charleston,. S. C, he came to Ship-
pensburg. Pa. Afterwards he settled ip York, where many of his
descendants still reside. ,His first military service was in the
French and Indian wars of 1756. He served as ensign, and ren-
dered valus^le services at Fort Littleton, now "Burnt Cabins." At
the battle of Sideling Hill he was severely wounded, and left for
dead on the field. Although not recovered of his wounds for sev-
eral years, yet within three months after his wounding he was
again in the field as lieutenant colonel in command of Fort Hunter,
Fort Augusta, and was at the battle of Loyal Hanna«

Dr. Jameson was very adtive in organizing troops for the War of
the ficvolution, and was chosen temporary colonel of the battalion
of York County Militia. After the close of the war he retired
to York, and there for many yeai*s practiced his profession. He
married Emily Davis, by whom he had eleven children: Thomas,
James, Horatio Gates, David, Joseph, Cassandra, Henrietta, Emily,
and Rachel. His sons all became physicians — ^Thomas practicing
in York; James, in Allcntown; Horatio Gates, in Baltimore; and
David and Joseph, in Columbus, O.

Horatio Gates Jameson was born in York in 1778, and mamed in
1797 Catharine Schevell, Somerset, Pa. He practiced here for
many years, when he removed to Baltimore, becoming President of
the Washington Medical College and health officer of that city.
After his return from a trip abroad he was invited to become Pres-
ident of the Ohio Medical College, which he accepted. Ill health of
his wife compelled him to return to Baltimore in 1836 and resume
practice there. Among the descendants of David Jameson are Ho-
ratio Gates Gibson, who served with distinction in the War of the
Rebellion, being promoted brigadier general at Antietam for mer-
itorious services. Hon. Robert J. Fisher, for thirty years President
Judge of York and Adams Counties, married a daughter of Horatio
Gates Jameson.

The Hon. John Gibson, for many years President Judge of the
courts of York County, was a descendant of David Jameson.

The town of York was almost exclusively settled by Germans.
We find among the early settlers of York very few, if any, Scotch-
Irish prior to 1770. Those that came in after years were attracted
thither by civil and military duties, by the practice of law and the
affairs of business.

344 THE SCOTCU-IUISH IN AMERICA.

There was no Presbyterian Church in York until 1790; but in
1785 George Irwin, William Scott, and Archibald McLean pur-
chased a lot for the use of the society of the English Presbyterian
Church. Before this time — strange as it may seem — the Scotch-
Irish Presbyterians worshiped in the same church, with the same re-
ligious forms and ceremonies, as the English Episcopalians of York
— na.nely, in St. John's Episcopal Church. *

The Presbyterians were unable to finish the erection of their
church, and, as the following letter shows, they were compelled to
appeal to their brethren of the Marsh Creek District;

York, August 30, 1788.

Dear Sir: We are under the necessity of asking help to finish our church,
without which it might stand unfinished. Some of the workmen would ac-
cept wheat in part pay, as money is not easy to be had. If the good people
of your congregation would be pleased to give a little assistance in wheat, it
would be a great porvice. We therefore request your favor to propose some-
thin^;, whatever may be most agreeable to those who will incline to assist
us, and whatever may be given will be thankfully received by, dear sir.

Your obedient and humble servant,

William Scott.
To Col. Hobekt McPherson.

The copy of a subscription paper for the benefit of the York
Presbyterian Church, in accordance with the above, is still pre-
served. This was rather an unusual occurrence for the growing
city of York to demand aid from what was thought to be a coun-
try congregation. In these days the process of church building is
rather the reverse.

We cannot leave the church at York without giving some ac-
count of the Eev. Dr. Cathcart, although he came to them at so
late a date as 1793. Of the twenty-four signere of the call to the
Kev. Dr. Cathcart, there are no descendants remaining except those
of Janet Grier and William McClellan. Eev. Dr. Cathcart was
born in Coleraine, Ireland. After graduating at the University of
Glasgow he came to America in 1790, accepting a call from the
Presbyterian Church at York and the Hound Hill Church of the
Barrens. His pastorate at these churches continued forty-two
years. He was a man of great learning, of broad liberal cultuse, and
cathofic views on all religious bubjects. It is related that prior to
his call to the Presbyterian Church at York he had been asked
to preach in Harrisburg. It was his good fortune to be a guest at
the house of one of the jirosiding elders. Dr. Cathcart, in order to
present a fine appearance, shaved himself on Sunday morning. To

SCOTCH-IRISH IN Y^BK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 345

sharpen his razor, in the absence of a bone, be used a leather-cov-
ered Bible, which he always oarriejl with him. His eloquent ser-
mon on that Sunday so impressed the elders that within a few days
they met with some determination to give him a call. The opinion
was unanimous, save that of the elder at whose house the reverend
Doctor stayed. He very strenuously objected. While he praised
his eloquence, ho said: " I will have none of him. He strapped his
razor on the Word of God."

Hon. James W. Latimer, formerly President Judge of the courts
of York County, is one of the descendants of Rev. Dr. Bobert Cath-
cart.

The town of York has the honor of furnishing a Scotch-Irishman
who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence:
Hon. James Smith. He removed to York County with his father
when a lad of ten years. Being educated, he studied law in Lan-
caster with his brother George, and after being admitted to the bar
removed to York. At that time Mr. Smith was the only lawyer in
the county. His fame as an advocate spread through the surround-
ing counties, and his name appears in all their early court records.
At the commencement of the Revolution Mr. Smith, being an ar-
dent patriot for the sake of liberty, devoted all his time to its cause.
His first public service was as a deputy from York County to the
Provincial Assembly in Philadelphia, June 15, 1774. He had the
honor then of being appointed one of a committee for the province
of Pennsylvania to prepare and bring in a draft of instructions to
the representatives in assembly met. In 1776 he was appointed by
the committee of York County to join in the provincial conference
of committees of the province of Pennsylvania, which met in Car-
penter's Hall, June 18. It was remarkable that a committee ap-
pointed from this conference, composed of Dr. Benjamin Rush, Col.
James Smith, and Thomas McKean, reported a paper, "although
prepared in extreme haste, the appointment of the committee being
on Sunday afternoon, and the report being made the very next day,
comprised, nevertheless, nearly all the topics which are touched
with more polished phraseology in the declaration adopted by Con-
gress on the 4th of July ensuing, of which the Pennsylvania reso-
lution may be considered a rough draft." In 1776 he was appoint-
ed a member of the convention which framed the first constitution
of Pennsylvania, being elected by that body a delegate from Penn-
sylvania to 8ei*ve in the Continental Congress, at which time he
signed the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of

346

THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMEUICA. ■

Congress from 1777 to 1778. It was through his untiring efltorts
that many troops of soldiers were raised in York County, and, al-
though never serving in an active capacity, he was honorary colo-
nel of the first battalion, and directed the younger officers. Gib-
son, in his "History of York County," says: "He was remarkable
for an unusually retentive memory, the strength of which did not
8cem to be impaired by age. He was uniformly facetious and fond
of anecdotes, which he always told with a happy humor. Possess-
ing in a high degree that peculiarity of mind which is defined by
metaphysics to be the tracing of resemblances or analogies between
different objects, he often exerted it in the halls of justice, pro-
ducing a wierd and roaring discord from all within the reach of his

voice."

It is related that Archibald McLean and James Smith's residences
were opposite each other in Center Square of York, facing the State
House, in which the Continental Congress met when in York.
Both Smith and McLean were ardent patriots. Besting beside th&
courthouse was a bell presented to the English Episcopal congrega-
tion by the Queen of England in 1774. Immediately after the passage
of the Declaration of Independence Smith and McLean, with other
citizens, hoisted the bell to the courthouse cupola. Thus the first
echo of liberty that pealed forth in York was from the hands of
two Scotch-Irishmen. They removed the royal escutcheon, and en-
listed a battalion for the Continental Flying Camp, which -forth-
with marched to defend New York City. It may be interesting to-
note that during the sitting of the Continental Congress in York
the house of Archibald McLean became the seat of the treasury,
and that of James Smith of the Board of War and Committee of
Foreign Affairs. Tom Paine, then Secretary of that committee,
there wrote several numbers of "The Crisis."

Gen. James Ewing was born in 1736; was a private during the
French and Indian War of 1755 in Braddock's command; was a
lieutenant, under Capt. McPherson, in Forbes's expedition. In 1776^
he was elected second brigadier general of Pennsylvania Militia,,
serving at Brandy wine, German to wn^ and Trenton. He was elect-
ed Vice President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylva^
nia, serving from 1782 to 1784. For five years he was a member
of the State Senate for York County. He died in 1806, aged sev-
enty years.

The courts of York County were held in York, it- being the cap-
ital town of the county. The first court of which we have any rec-

•

BCOTfJH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 347

ord was held in 1749. Hance Hamilton, the sheriff, sumraonecl the
first jurors. The jurors, seventeen in number, were McCreary, Mc-
Clellan, Agnew, Proctor, Bingham, Pope, Hall, Proctor, Betty,
DickSy Louchride, Hosack, Smith, Brown, Neily. Sheriff Hamilton
either had no confidence in the ability of the Germans and others
to sit as jurors, or, this being his first opportunity to return politi-
ical favors, he seemed to have had a strange preference for Scotch-
Irishmen.

The first elections in York County were held in 1750. It was
the riots at these elections which caused the proprietaries to issue
an order that no more Scotch-Irish should be allowed to take up
lands in York County. This remarkable contest was occasioned by
the election for Sheriff. The candidates were Hance Hamilton,
who was supported by the Scotch-Irish; and, strange as it may
seem, his opponent, the candidate of the Grermans, was Col. Rich-
ard McAlister. He was a son of Archibald McAlisteif, who settled in
the Cumberland Valley in 1732. Eichard married (in 1748) Mary
Dili, a daughter of Matthew Dill, of the Monaghan settlement.
In 1745 he settled in the southwestern portion of the county, where
he founded the town of Hanover, which for many years was called
McAlister*s Town. He was a member of the Provincial Conference
in 1775, which met in Carpenter's Hall, also the Conference of 1776.
He became colonel of the Second Battalion of Asaociaters of York
County, and was elected county lieutenant, and was in charge of
all the militia of York County. Of his numerous children, Mat-
thew, bom 1758, after marrying Hannah Gibbons, remoyed^to Sa-
vannah, Ga., becoming the first United States District Attorney of
that state. The late Ward McAlister, leader of the " Four Hun-
dred," was his descendant.

The following account of the election riots of 1749 is taken from
Gibson's "History of York County:"

The whole county of York, including Adams, voted in York, the voting
place being the unfinished public inn of Baltzer 8] angler, which was situ-
ated in the corner of Center Square. The votes were received through the
openings between the logs of the building. The different clans came on
horseback from the north, south, east, and west, the Scotch-Iriph riding as
far as twenty-five miles to support the gallant Hamilton. The forenoon
passed without a disturbance, and the gallant frontiersmen, speaking two
different languages, and representing four nationalities, after partaking of a
meal at one of the public houses .of York, or, as was the custom of those
days, sat by the banks of the Codorus, eating a dinner of cold victuals wliich
they had brought with them, began to clamor for their favorite randidntes
at the voting place. Under this confused state of afiairs, Hance Hamilton,

3i8 ' THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

who was then sheriff, and who, in all probability, saw that the Scotch-Irish
were in the minority, refused to go on with the election. A general confu-
sion existed. A lusty German, insisting on the riglit to deposit his vote,
tripped up the heels of one of the Scotch-Irish guanis,.and a fi-ay began,
wliich shortly became general and quite interesting. Saplings, cut along
the Codorus, were used as weapons. Hamilton and liis party w^ere^ put to
flight, and, during the remainder of the day, were not seen east of the Co-
dorus. Much bK>od was shed, but no lives were lost. It is fair to say that
at] this time the Scotch-Irish were inferior in number, and lived a distance
from York, while the Germans were abundant about the town. On the oc-
casion of this ri<it, Hamilton, having charge of the election poll and repre-
senting the law-abiding element, showed manly courage by retiring with
his adherents out of contact with his violent and tumultuous opponepts.

The Quakers of course took no part in this fray. Nearly all
the votes this day wore cast in favor of Richard Mc A lister, who
was triumphantly claimed sheriff elect by his followers; but Ham-
ilton, asserting his official rights, refused to count the votes and to
make a return to Philadelphia, stating that he was driven by vio-
lence from the place of meeting. At a public hearing before the
Council and Governor at Philadelphia it was unanimously agreed
that it was not owing to Hamilton that the election was obstruct-
ed, and likewise that he could not, under the circumstances as
proved, make a return. The Governor therefore granted to Hance
Hamilton a certificate of election as sheriif.

The honor of publishing the first regular newspaper in York
County falls to the Scotch-Irish. The Pennsylvania Herald and
York General Advertiser, the first number of which was issued by
James Edie, John Bdie, and Henry Wilcox on the 7th day of Jan-
uary, 1789, was the first regularlv printed weekly paper west of
tlio Susquehanna Eivcr, with the exception of the Pennsylvania Ga-
zettey which was published by Benjamin Franklin in York during
the sitting of the Continental Congress. In 1800 Mr. Edie took as
a partner Robert McClellan, changing the title to the York Re-
corder, It was afterwards continued in 1880, under the title of the
York Pepublican, and changed afterwards to the Pennsylvania Re-
publican. The Republican reached its one hundredth anniversary,
and was discontinued by its last editor, H. S. McNair. In this, as
in other matters, the Scotch-Irish were present at the birth and
also at the obsequies.

The primary schools of the Scotch-Irish settlers in York County
were usually connected with their cliurch, and, in a general way,
this duty fell to the pastors of the different congregations, although
there were primary schools conducted by other persons. In 1770

SCOTCH-IttlSH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 34i>

Rev. Mr. Dobbins opened a classical school at Marsh Creek. This,
with the school of Rev. John Andrews, an Episcopal clergyman^
afterwards Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (in York),
were the first classical schools west of the Susquehanna River.
That Mr. Dobbins was a man of high mental attainment the rec-
ords of his Scotch-Irish pupils bear witness. It is said that at least
sixty of his pupils became professional men, and twenlj* became
ministers of the gospel.

The profession of school-teaching does not seem to have always
been held in high repute in York County, as the following adver-
tisoment in one of the local papers of the time of 1771 indicates:

RAN AWAY. — A servant man, who had followed the occupation of a
schoolmaster; much given to drinking and gambling. One cent reward Ik
offered.

After the defeat of Braddock in 1755, there being no defense in
the western portion of the province to hold in chock the Indians,
who had engaged with the French in the seven years war, they be-
gan to make devastions upon the unprotected settlers. As Bates,
in his " History of Pennsylvania " says, "The unprotected settler, in
his wilderness home, was the easy prey of the torch and scalping
knife, and the burning cabins lit up the somber forests by their con-
tinuous blaze, and the shrieks of the women and children resounded
from the Hudson to the far Potomac."

In these times this devastation extended over the Cumberland
Valley and to the Marsh Creek district. It was necessary for these
early settlers to go armed while gathering their harvest, and the
cunning and treacherous Indian was a constant menace to them
and their families. Constant appeals were made by the residents
west of the Susquehanna River to the Assembly for appropriations
for militaiy defense. The Quakers, members of the Assembly, paid
but little heed to these demands. On the 13th of April, 1756, Gov.
Morris reports to the Assembly as follows: "Gentlemen: I have
this day received information that a Number of People from the
Back Counties, Inhabitants, have resolved to meet at Lancaster on
the Sixteenth Instant, and thence proceed to this City to make
some Demands of the Les^islature now sitting." This had no effect
upon the Assembly, for it was not until 1757, after a long and acri-
monious struggle between Gov. Morris and the Assembly, that any
relief by means of military defense was afforded to the inhabitants
of the " Back Counties."

The following return of officers of the Associated Companies in

350 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

York County, in 1756, shows tho interest that the Scotch-Irieh took
in military affairs, as all the names appear to be of that race:

Associated Companiks of York County, 1756.

Captain, laaiah Sadler; Lieutenant, Archibald McGrew; Ensign, William
Duffell.

Captain, Hugh Dunwoody; Lieutenant, Charles McMullen; Ensign,
James Smith.

Captain, James Agnew; Lieutenant, John Miller; Ensign, Samuel
Wit hero w.

Captain, David Hunter ; Lieutenant, John Correy ; Ensign, John Barnes.

Captain, Samuel Grordon; Lieutenant, William Smiley; Ensign, John
Little.

Captain, Andrew Finley; Lieutenant, William Garnell; Ensign, Moses
Lawson.

Captain, William Gibson; Lieutenant^ William Thompson; Ensign, Cas-
per Little.

Captain, Francis Holton; Lieutenant, Joseph Boss; Ensign, John Mo-
Call.

Many of the Marsh Creek settlers were abducted and held in
captivity by the Indians. Mary Jamison, called the '^Indian
Queen,'* was a daughter of Thomas Jamison. She was abducted by
the Indians in 1755 or 1756. In relating the account of her life,
she says :

Onr family, as usual, was busily employed about their common business.
Father was shaving an ax helve at the side of the house. Motlier was
making preparation for breakfast. My two oldest brothers were at work
near the barn. The little ones, with myself, were in the house. Breakfast
was not yet ready when we were alarmed by the dischaxge of a number of
guns, that seemed to be near. Upon opening the door a man and horse lay
dead near the house, having just been shot by the Indians. They first se-
cured my father, then rushed into the house and made jirisoners of my
mothev^ my two younger brothers, my sister and myself, and then com-
menced plundering the house. The captors with their captives rapidly
traveled westward. They would lash the children cruelly to make them
keep up, and all day and all night they gave them no water or food. To-
ward noon of the next day they passed a fort, now Charabersburg, and the
evening of the second day reached the border of a <lark and dismal swamp,
into which they were conducted a short distance to camp.

In some way the savages ascertained that they were pursued. A
determined band of Jamison's neighbors, headed by a Mr. Fields,
had started in pursuit and were gaining on tho fugitives. Fearing
to be overtaken if they continued to encumber themselves with so
many prisoners, the savages (white and red) massacred and scalped
eight of them — viz., Thomas Jamison, his wife, their daughter Bet-

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIKS, PA. 351

sy, their two sons, Robert and Matthew, Mrs. Buck and two of her
children. Mary Jamison and the little son of Mrs. Buck were
spared. The naked and mangled bodies of the slaughtered victims
were found in that dismal swamp by the parties that had gone in
pursuit. After a painful journey of seven and a half days they
reached Fort Duquesne. For a while, after living with the Indians,
and being treated as one of them, Mary gave up her desire of es-
caping, finally marrying an old Seneca warrior. She was known as
" Dicke-wamis," or the " White Woman of the Genesee." The Six
Nations gave to Mary Jamison a large tract of land known as the
" Garden Tract," which was afterwards confirmed by the Legisla-
ture of New York.

Eiehard Baird was captured in 1758 fVom Marsh Creek,,and sub-
sequently made his escape and after considerable hardship returned
to his home. The above will serve as an example to show the de-
plorable condition in which our settlers of the Marsh Creek were at
this time.

The following petition of inhabitants of Cumberland Township,
presented at April Sessions, 1758, **To the Magistrates and Gentle-
men of York County in Court now Sitting," also shows that fron-
tier life at this period was beset with many dangers and how little
those in the interior parts appreciated the distress to which the
fVontiersmen were at ail times subjected:

To llie Majifitratea and Gentlemen of York County in Court now Sitting. And the

Rest of our Christian Brethi-en in the County to whom these prertents may Come ft
Concern.

The I^umble Petition of the Inhabitants of Cumberland Township in
said County, humbly Sheweth. That Said Township has been struck at &
Buffered already by the Savages, insomuch that numbers of our People are
in gr^t terror and confusion, have fled, & are preparing to fly into the In-
terior Parts. That we are Really in great Danger, in an open Defenceless
Condition, Notwithstanding The Vigilance & Activity of our Small Guards
which we have kept out these two weeks past. That our Guards are^quite
fateagued & Exhausted. The number of such in our Towmship as are able &
willing to act upon the Defensive being so few.

In these Distressed & Melancholy Circumstances, Grentlemen, we Humbly
beseech yr. Assistance, Hoping yr. Wisdom's will grant us such a supply of
men Paid out of The County Treasury, of Money & Ammunition, as your
Wisdom's shall think expedient. If this is Complyed with, we wou*d fain
hope, under God we shall be enabled to stand frontiers this Summer at least.
If 'tis not the County will be evacuated by peece-male, & God knows how
soon our unhappy case (which may God in his goodness poevent) may be-
come your own. Consider Gentlemen it's not our selves only that we are
Defending, & are willing to Defend; *Tis y'u, Gentlemen, & the rest of The

3^2 THE BCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

County ; 'tis the Common Cause of the County we are Embarqued in, &
therefore 'tis reasonable the whole County Should Share in it. Confident
then that this our Humble Petition Shall obtain yr notice, & have it's De-
sired Success; Your Petitioners as in Duty bound Shall Ever Pray.

William Boyd, Moses Jenks, John Bord, James Goudy, Joseph Morrison,
James Iktoor, Alex. Anderson, Jas. Mc Keen, Wm. Clugstown, Wm. Bigan,
David Park, James Russel, John Ferguson, John Mc Clean, Robert Hender-
son, Caleb Russel, John Moor, William Beard, William Boyd, Jopeph Wol-
son, James Wilson, Andrew Buchanan, Moses Mc Kerly, Archibald Morison,
Thomas Hosack, John Buchanan, Robt. Mc Mordie V.D.M., John Mc Keen,
Jno. Boyd, Robert Black, Adam Linn, Robert Black, William Armstrong,
Thomas Armstrong, David Porter, Saml Getteys, Nathaneal Hartness.

The men of this settlement were not idle nor timorous in at-
tempting to preserve their homes and their families. Capt. Hance
Hamilton, with his Marsh Creek Company, was ever on the alert.
This organisation could be depended upon to respond to the first
call for duty. Their activity and their bravery were known through-
out the Cumberland Valley, and it was to them that the Cumber-
land County settlers looked for aid.

In a letter from Benjamin Chambers, dated November 2, 1755,
from Falling Creek, now Chambersburg, addressed to the inhabitants
of the lower part of Cumberland County, he says: " I have sent
express to Marsh Creek, at the same time I send this, so I expect
there will be a good company there this day, and as there is but
one hundred of the enemy, I think it is in our power, if God per-
mits, to put them to flight if you turn out well from your parts,"

The tone of this letter shows the implicit confidence that the
people of. the Cumberland Valley placed in the readiness of the
Marsh Creek Company to march to the scene of battle.

After the burning of McCord's Fort, on the Conococheague, by
the Indians in March, 1756, we find Capt. Hamilton's company in
pursuit, and with others overtaking the enemy at Sideling Hill and
driving them off after a stubborn battle. In this engagement the
losses in Hamilton's company were: Killed*, Daniel McCoy, James
Bobinson, James Peace, John Blair, Ileni'y Jones, John McCarty,
John Kelly, and James Lowder: and ^ve others, whose names were
not given, were wounded.

The following letter from Capt. Hamilton to Capt. Potter shows

in what desperate straits these pioneers were:

FoBT Littleton, April 9, 1766, 8 p.m.
Sir: These come to inform you of the melancholy news of what bocurred
between the Rifliang, tjiat, had taken many captives from McCord's Fort,
aud.a party of Men under the Command of Capt. Alexander Culbertson,

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 353

and nineteen of our Men, the whole amounting to about fifty, who came
upon the Indians with the Captives, and had a sore engagement, many of
both parties killed and many wounded, the number unknown; those wound-
ed want a surgeon and those killed require your Assistance as soon as pos-
sible to bury them ; we have sent an express to Fort Shirley, for Doctor
Mercer, sup)X)eing Doctor Jetnmison is killed or mortally wounded in the
Expedition, he l:)eing not relumed ; therefore desire you will send an Ex-
press immediately for Doi^tor Prentice, to Carlisle, we imagining that Doc-
tor Mercer cannot leave the Fort under the Circumstances that Fort is un-
der. Our Indian, Isaac, has brought in Captain Jacob's Scalp. Sir, plea^-e
to exert yourself in this affair. I am, Sir, Your most humble Servant,

Han'ck Hamilton.

Am soon as the news of the attack and destruction of Great Cove
reached Marsh Creek, Hamilton and his company quickly march<^d
to save what remained. After the fall of Fort Granville and at
Fort Littleton he was active, leading scouting expeditions, arrest-
ing spies, and assisting in restoring confidence.

In August, under the command of John Armstrong, this com-
pany, with William Thompson, lieutenant, John Prentice, ensign,
William McDowell, sergeant, took an active part in the celebrated
battle of Kittanning, in which Captain Jack, the Indian leader^
was killed. . This victory received for those in the engagement from
the corporation of Philadelphia a complimentary letter to Col.
Armstrong, thanking him and his officers and men for their gallant
conduct. This was a severe blow to the Indians, and was succe^48-
ful in driving many of them west of Fort Duquesne. The same
company we find engaged from time to time in the campaign of
1757 on scouting duty, at Littleton and Kaystown. In the organ-
ization of the provincial forces in 1758 we find among the compa-
nies in three battalions of Pennsylvania soldiers Capts. Hunter,
McPherson, and Hamilton; of the first regiment of which, for his
meritorious conduct in the earlier campaigns, Hance Hamilton was
lieutenant colonel.

In the expedition, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne,
three companies of York County militia were lengaged. These
companies were raised in York County, as the following letter and

return show:

Retuen of Officers, 1758.

York, June 6, 1758.
Yesterday Capt. Hunter's men were received by Mr. Jameson, at York
and thirty-four wagons were contracted for with the ^people. Returns will
be made to the Governor, agreeable to his desire, as soon as the men shall
be collected together and pass Muster. The names of the officers are as fol-
lows: David Hunter, Captain; Andrew Finley, Lieutenant; William Had-
23

354

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

den, Ensign. Commissions bear date the 25th April, 1758. Robert Mc-
Pherson, Oaptain: James Ewing, Lieutenant; Peter Meen, Ensign. Com-
missions bear <late the 10th May, 1758. Tliomas Hamilton, Captain; Victor
King, Lieutenant; Will McDowellj Ensign. Commissions bear date the
16th May, 1758. The commissions for the captains were dated when I re-
ceived tliem. The Officers are all sworn. Hunter*s and McPherson's com-
panies are full, and if they had Clothing and Accoutrements, are ready for
Action. I go with Mr. Jameson to Review, twenty-two miles west of York,
on Thursday next, there to contract for wagons, in pursuance of power from
Col. Bouquet for that purpose. Thirty-five Contracts were signed here yes-
teniay. The Bearer, Mr. Lieutenant Ewing, goes to buy clothing for Capt.
McPherson*8 Company. I have kept a war ottice near five weeks, •without
Fee, Reward or hope thereof; thank God the expedition looks better than
it did; the Store Ships I hope have brought arms."

It will be noticed that the writer of this letter speaks of going
to review twenty -two miles west of York. This review occurred
in the Marsh Creek settlement, and would indicate that it was
made at that place for ijonvenienco of the recruits, as they were
mostly raised in that section.

In the final advance made by Forbes upon the fort Col. Armstrong's
troops had the post of honor, being in the front division; this in recognition
of the rights of the veterans of 1756, the captorij of Kittanning. Hamilton,
then a ciiptain, now Armstrong's lieutenant colonel, thus had U conspicuous
part in this movement and largely shared in the honors of the result — fit-
tingly crowning a [)eculiarly active campaign which extended from Febru-
ary at Fort Littleton, with 110 men busy in defensive movements, down
into December, wherever duty called him in a service highly hazardou:) and
exacting.

Of the York County soldiers who served in these expeditions,
Hunter was afterwards a captain of new levies of 1759. Having
raided a company, he writes to the lieutenant governor of the
province as follows: "I have raised the men, whoso names are here,
at my own expense, and offer them to your acceptance, hoping that
my own service may be accepted by your Honor, if the commissions
are not all made out: Andrew Finley, his lieutenant, served in the
Eevolution; Eobert McPherson became a Eevolutionary colonel;
James Ewing, his lieutenant, in 177G, became brijE^adier general of
Pennsylvania Militia, serving at Brandywine, Germantown, and
Trenton."

In the campaign of 1759 these troops did very severe service.
Maj. Lloyd, writing to Col. Burd from Fort Ligonier, in April,
1759, says of the second battalion: "The graveyard has most of
them. There was left for duty but one captain, two lieutenants,
two ensigns, and thirty-two of the rank and file."

BCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA, 355

•

The officers of the Pennsylvania regiments, at the end of the In-
dian wars, made an effort to secure for themselves grants of crown
lands, to which they were entitled, under the king^s proclamation
of 1763. The following officers joined in an application for such
grants under seal the 7th day of July, 1764. Hance Hamilton,
David Jamison, William Thompson, David Hunter, Archibald Mc-
Grew, Eobert McPherson, Thomas Hamilton, Victor King, Alexan-
der McKean, James Ewing, James Sinkler, Peter Meen. They
were, however, unsuccessful. Although standing the hardships of
many campaigns, their treatment was in strange contrast to the
officers of the Pennsylvania regiments commanded by the Hon.
John Penn, 1764, who received under the same proclamation 24,000
acres, near the confluence of the two branches of the Susquehanna
at Sunbury. ,

At the time of the Revolutionary War the zeal of the Scotch-
Irish of York County for military service had in no way abated.
It falls to York County to have the honor of having sent the first
company of riflemen from the west of the Hudson River to Boston.
In 1775, at the first call for troops, Capt. Doudel, although a Ger-
man, enlisted a company at Getty's Tavern, in the Marsh Creek
district, his lieutenants being Henry Miller, John Dill, and John
Watson. His soldiers for the most part were composed of Scotch-
Irishmen. They joined Col. Thompson's Battalion of Riflemen, and
afterwards wore in the First Regiment of the Army of the United
Colonies. On June 25, 1775, after the march from York to Boston,
they arrived at Cambridge about noon, and immediately Lieut.
Miller proposed to Washington to attack the transport station at
Charles River. The General declined for the present, but com-
mended the spirit of Lieut. Miller and his brave men for offering
their services after the long and tedious march. It is said that so
many offered themselves for service in this company that Lieut.
Miller, after chalking a very small nose on a bam, said: "I will
take only the men that can hit that nose at one hundred and fifty
yards." " Take care of your nose. Gen. Gage," said the newspapers
at that time.

In January, 1776, a call was made for a battalion to be furnished
from Cumberland and York Counties. This was the Sixth Penn-
sylvania Battalion. The two companies from York were command-
ed by Capts. David Grier and Moses McLean, under the command
of Col. Irvine. These companies engaged in the battle of Three
Rivers, in Can.ada, being the only battle of the war in which Penn-

356 THB SCOTCH- IRISH IN AMKKICA.

sylvania troops fought alone. Of the soldiers of these companies
there was a great prej)ondei*ance of Scotch-Irish.

At the resolve of Congress to form the " Flying Camp," York
County furnished four hundred soldiers. James Ewing was briga-
dier general of the First Brigade. Col. Richard McAllister was colo-
nel of the First Battalion; David Kennedy, lieutenant colonel; and
John Clark, major. The First Battalion was under the command
of CoL Swope. This brigade suffered its first and most serious loss
at the battle of Long Island, where many were killed and taken
prisoners. A fter the i^eorganization of the Pennsylvania Line, under
^ the command of G-en. Anthony Wayne, these troops fought in many
of the most prominent battles, and many of its officers rose to posi-
tions of high rank. They became scattered through the diflPerent
regiments of the Pennsylvania Line, most of them, however, serv-
ing in the Seventh Regiment.

In the battle of Brandywine it is to the credit of the Pennsyl-
vania troops that they resisted the attack of Knyphausen, of which
it is said : '^ The firing on thQ left became the signal for Knyphausen
to act; but notwithstanding the weight and vigor of his attack, and
the aid it received from a covering battery, he was unable to drive
Wayne from his position until near sunset."

Afler the resistance offered to the enemy at Brandywine the
Seventh Regiment met severe disaster at the night attack at Paoli.
"The Seventh, commanded by Lieut. Col. Grier, he and two of bis
captains were wounded at Paoli, sixty -one of the rank and file of
the regiment were killed, besides a large number of wounded and
taken prisoners."

In the battle of Monmouth the regiments which were called upon
to defend the most critical points were the Thirteenth Pennsylva-
nia, under Stewart; the Seventh, under Col. Irvine; and the Third,
under Col. Craig. They held the diflScult post at this period of the
battle, the well-known " Orchard of Monmouth." The division of
the British army which met these troops wore officered by the men
who had the previous winter been the gay society leaders of Phila-
delphia, while the American army lay in want and starvation at
Valley Forge. Col. Monckton's command was the "flower of the
British army." "The guard having been formed for the bayonet
charge, their colonel made a short speech, in which he urged them,
by all the words which are closest to a soldier's pride, to charge
home. So near was he to the American line that it is said that
every word of his speech was heard there, and probably did much

SCOTCH-IBISH IN YOUK AND AUAMS COUNTIES, PA. 357

to inspire Wayne's men with courage and determination, as it did
tliose to whom it was addressed. They rushed on after a furious
charge, hoping to drive their enemy back by the bayonet. Waiting
\intil they marched quite closely, they were met with a withering
tire of musketry from Wayne's regiment, which killed not only
the colonel, who bravely led them on, but many of his officers."
**The repulse of the bayonet charge of the British Guard and
Grenadiers, forming the elite of their infantry, and regarded by
their countrymen since the days of Crecy and Agincourt as the
most formidable warriors in the world, when armed with such a
weapon, by a body of American yeomen, most of whom were Penn-
sylvanians, under a Pennsylvania general, men who were inferior in
number and imperfect in enlistment, who had just been formed after
an ignominious retreat, and were engaged in a battle for the first
time on that day, must be considered in the progress of the revolu-
tion as a prodigious historical event." To follow the history of the
York County troops in the war, it will be but necessary to read
the record of Gen. Wayne's brilliant achievements in the Virginia
•campaign and York town, to know that these troops were ever
us ready to charge in the face of the enemy, with desperate fury,
as they were to repulse at Monmouth the '* flower of the British
army."

The history of the Scotch-Irish in York County is characteristic
of the race. In all the arduous duties of pioneer times, in pro-
tecting the province against Indian devastations, in the time that
tried men's souls, when the oppressive hand of England bore down
upon its colonies, it was to the Scotch-Irish that the councils looked
for active support in the defense of their country. In the organi-
zation of the courts and other civil offices it was due to their force
of character and aggressiveness of spirit that law and order was
'CAtablished.

APPENDIX,

The following lists of names of early settlers are appended in
the hope that they may be the means of assisting those who are
in search of family records. It is to be regretted that the limited
time afforded for the preparation of this paper has not permitted
a more thorough search for early assessment lists and tax dupli-
cates. However, the writer trusts that^what is given may be of
some value.

358 the sgotch-ibish in amuuica. ■

Eakly Settlers in the Manor of Masks.

The following is a list of the early settlers of the Manor of
Maske. The list includes those who made improvements prior to
June 18, 1741, and those who took out warrants between 1765 an4
1775:

NumPR Prior to After

^^^^^' June 18, 1T4J. April 1, 170o.

Agnew, James, and Thomas Douglass, in

trust for Preshyterian meetingliouse

in forkd of iPlum Run, 6 acres April 17, 1765

Agnew. James • Sept., 1739

Agnew, James, 500 acres April 15, 17G5

Agnew, James, Jr., 250 acres April IG, 1765

Agnew, Samuel May, 1741

Agnew, Samuel, 125 acres April 16, 1765

Ana, Rev. Robert May, 1741

Armstrong, John April, 1740

Armstrong, Quintin ...:.. April, 1740

Armstrong, Quinton (Mt. Airy), 250 acres Oct. 7, 1765

Baird, William (surveyed to Robert Mc-

Pherson), 200 acres Oct. 1, 17CG

Beard, John, heirs of Sept., 1740

Biddle, James May, 1740

Bigham, Robett, 50 acres ^ Oct. 8, 1774

Black, Robert, heirs of March, 1738

Black, Robert May, 1740

Black, Robert, 400 acres June 22, 1773

Black, Robert, heirs of, 300 acres May 18, 1765

Boyd, John March, 1740

Boyd, John, 120 acres Oct. 7, 1765

Boyd, Thomas, heirs of March, 1741

Brown, John May, 1741

Brown, Samuel May, 1741

Bramfield, Robert Sept., 1739

Buchanan, John, 400 acres May 15, 1765

Buchanan, John May, 1740

Buchanan, Margaret (widow) May, 1740

Buchanan, Walter Sept.. 1739

Carson, John April, 1741

Catecart, William, 300 acres April 20, 1773"

CJshinger. John April, 1741

Clugston, Joseph ^ April, 1741

Cotton, Henry April, 1741

Cotton, Henry, 200 acres Oct. 2, 1765

Cralge, James .' May, 1741

Craige, John, heirs of April. 1739

Crelghton, Robert June, 1789

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YOHK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, i'A. ^59

^'''"®^- June 18, 174J. April 1, 1766.

Darby. John, heirs of March, 1740

Davis, Hugh : April, 1739

Davis, Hugh, 160 acres Oct. 7, 1765

Dean, Matthew May, 1740

Douglas, Thomas, 200 acres , April 16, 1765

Dunwoody, David April, 1741

Dunwoody, David, 400 acres April 16, 1765

Dunwody, Hugh April, 1741

Dunwlddy, Hugh, 400 acres April 16, 1765

Edie, Samuel ; March, 1741

Edie, Samuel, 200 acres Jan. 16, 1767

Erwin, James Sept., 1739

Erwin, William SeptlL, 1739

Evans, Duncan Get., 1736

Ferguson, James Sept., 1741

Ferguson, Hugh Sept., 1741

Fletcher, John June, 1739

Fletcher, John, 300 acres April 16, 1765

Fletcher. Robert May. 1741

Frazier, David March, 1738

Gettys, Samuel May, 1740

Gettys. Samuel (on Middle Creek) M[ay, 1741

Gettys, Samuel, 250 acres June 17, 1765

Gibson, Jean May, 1741

Gibson, Jane, 100 acres April 16, 1765

Gibson, Robert and William Oct., 1736

Gibson. Samuel Oct., 1736

Gilmore, Jennett, 200 acres Aug. 27, 1765

Hall, Edward March, 1741

Hall, James April, 1741

Hamilton, Hdnce .' April, 1741

Herron, Andrew April, 1740

Hosack, John March, 174C

Hosack, John, 150 acres April 22, 1765

Hosack, Thomas, 300 acres April 22, 1765

Innls, James May, 1740

Jenkins, Moses May,' 1740

Jenkins, Moses, 200 acres Oct. 7, 1765

Johnson, Ephralm, Isaac Robinson, Wil-
liam McLean, James Stevenson, Ste-
phen McCorkel, Samuel Knox, 150
acres April 22. 1765

Johnston, Robert April, 1741

Johnston, Robp'-t. 1.^0 acres April 16. 1765

Karr, George. 350 acres April 16, 1765

Kerr, George Oct., 1740

360 THB SCOTCH-IKISH IN AMEHICA.

Kerr. John April. 1741

Leard, John Sept., 1739

Latta, Thomas May. 1740

Latta, Thomas, 200 acres

Latta, Thomas, 350 acres

Latta, Thomas (called Rapho)

Levenston, Andrew May, 1740

Livingston, Andrew, 100 acres

Linn, Adam May, 1741

Linn, John April, 1740

Linn. Robert April, 1740

Linn, Robert, 150 acres

Little, John May. 1741

Long. Robert Sept., 1739

Long, Robert, 200 acres

Lesley, Hannah April, 1741

Martin, TLomas , ., May, 1741

Miller, John April, 1741

Moore, David March, 1741

Moore, Joseph March, 1740

Morrow, John, 200 acres

Murphy, James, 200 acres

Morrison, Archibald May, 1740

Morrison, Archibald, heirs of, 200 acres. . .

Morrison, John, 300 acres

Morrison, Joseph, 200 acres

Morrison, Robert, 200 acres

Murphy, John April, 1741

• Murphy, John, 160 acres

McAdams, Quintin April, 1741

McAllister, Gabriel April, 1741

McCarley, Moses, 200 acres

McCarley, Moses April, 1739

McCleary, Thomas May, 1740

McClellan, David, 300 acres

McClellan, Jacob May, 1740

McClellan, William May, 1740

McClellan, William, 300 acrf^a

McCleur, James, in the right of William

Davison Sept. 26. 1740

McColcock, Samuel ..May, 1741

McConaughy, David, Hance Hamilton,
Robert McPherson, Samuel Edie, John
Buchanan, in trust for Presbyterian
congregation in Cumberland Township,
100 acres

Aft«r
April 1, 1766.

April 16, 1765
Oct. 7, 1774
April 16, 1765

Sept. 16. 1765

April 13. 1767

April 16, 1765

April 16. 1765
May 21, 1765

April 19, 1775
Sept. 1, 1765
June 27, 1765
June 4, 1765

Aug. 13, 1767

May 15, 1765

April 16, 1765

Aug. 30. 1767

May 25, 1765

SCOTCH-IRISH JN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 361

Wowiiio Prior to After

^*™®^- JuDe 18, 1741. April 1, ITCT..

McCormick, Benjamin Oct., 1736

McCracken, Thomas Sept., 1740

McCrackdn, Thomas, 300 afcres Oct. 7, 1765

McCreary, William .'. April, 1740

McCreary, William, 300 acres . April 29, 1774

McCulloch, Samuel, 160 acres April 16. 1766

McDonald, Duncan April, 1740

McDonnell, Duncan, assignee, 120 acres.. ^ Sept. 15, 1766

McDonogh, heirs of > April, 1739

McDowell, John April, 1741

McF&rlan, John ...Oct., 1738

McFerran, John " May, 1741

McFerran, William May, 1741

McGalvey, John, 450 acres April 16, 1765

McGaughy, John April, 1741

McGaughy, James April, 1740

McKean, James, 12 acres April 23, 1778

McKeem, an Sept., 1740

McKeen, Alexander March, 1738

McKeen, John, heirs of March, 1738

McKinley, William April, 1741

McKinney, Robert May, 1740

McMullen, Charles May, 1740

McMuIlen, Mary May, 1741

McNair. Alex ...April, 1741

McNair, Alex, 150 acres Oct. 30. 1772

McNair, Alex, 250 acres Oct. 30, 1772

McNaught, James May, 1740

McNaught, Japies, 100 acres Jan. 16, 1767

McNea, John April. 1741

McNiel, Robert , April, 1740

McNiet, John March, 1740

McNutt, John, 50 acres May 18, 1765

McPherson, Robert, 222 acres Oct 9, 1738

McPherson, Robert, 300 acres Oct., 17. 1765

McPherson, Robert, and Samuel Edie, in

trust for heirs of Thomas Boyd, 150

acres Jan. 16, 1767

McPherson, Robert, and David Grler, 217

acres ...'. Oct. 17, 1767

Nealson. Thomas March, 1741

Orr, James May, 1739

Parke, David March, 1741

Parke, John March, 1741

Paxton. John March, 1741

Paxton, John, 140 acres May z8, 1765

362 TU£ iSCOTCUIUISH IN AMBRIGA.

«, Prior to After

Na™««» June 1», 1741. AprU 1, 178ft»

Paxton, Samuel, Sr March, 1741

Paxton, Samuel, Jr March, 1741

Paxton, Thomas March, ;1741

Pearson, Henry ...... ^ April, 1741

Peden, Samuel May, 1741

Poe, Alexander April, 1739

Poe, Alexander, 200 acres April 16, 1765

Quiet, William, Sr April, 1741

Quiet, William, Jr :. .April, 1741

Ramsey, WiUiam May, 1740

Reed, James Aug., 1738

Reed, John Nov., 1740

Reed, John, 200 acres ' Sept. 16, 1767

Rowan, Henry June, 1739

Rowan, Henry, 200 acres April 17, 1765

Russell, James May, 1740

Russell, John May, 1740

Scott, Hugh Sept., 1740

Scott, Hugh, 180 acres April 16. 1765

Scott, John May, 1740

Scott, John, 125 acres April 16, 1765

Scott, William April. 1741

Scott, William, 300 acres April 17, 1765

Shannon, Thomas Sept., 1740

Shannon, Thomas, 300 acres April 16, 1765

Slpes, George, 130 acres April 16, 1765

Simple, John May, 1740

Slemons, Rev. John, Hugh Ferguson,

Amos McGinley. and John Alexander,

in trust for use of Middle Presbyterian

congregation in Hamilton Township,

joining lands of said Slemons and

James KImberlin, 10 acres Aug. 13, 1767

Slemons, Rev. John (choice) 214 acres... Aug. 13, 1767

Slemons, Thomas, 165 acres Aug. 12, 1765

Smith, Robert April, 1741 .

Smith, William April. 1739

Smith, William Boyd B March, 1740 ^

Spear, Robert, 192 acres (part) April 16, 1765

Steel, John Sept.. 1740

Steel, John, 240 acres In manor April 16, 1774

Stevenson, Samuel May, 1741

Stevenson, William May, 1741

Stewart, Robert. 100 acres May 30, 1765

Stuart. Alexander April, 1741

Stuart John April, 1741

SCOTOH-IiaSH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 363

Vo«,oM Prior to After

^*°*^**- June U, 1741. April 1, 1766.

Stuart, John, 250 acres April 16, 1765

Stuart, John (Marsh Creek) March, 1741

Sweeny, Myles '. March, 1741

Sypes, George April, 1741

Tedford, James May, 1740

Thompson, Andrew May, 1741

Thompson, Andrew, 125 acres April IC, 1765

Thompson. James May, 1741

Thompson, James, 260 acres Oct. 7, 1765

Vance, Charles, 300 acres April 16, 1765

Walker, Alexander April, 1740

Walker, James May, 1740

Watt, George, 186 acres - Dec. 3, 1773

White, James, 150 acres (part in manor) . . April 16, 1765

Wilson, James May, 1741

Wilson, Jaihes, 600 acres ) ^ . . { ""April 16,"'l765

Wilson, James, 538 acres > ^ i " Feb. 23, 1767

Wilson, Joseph March, 1738

Wilson, Joseph, 200 acres Jan. 16, 1767

Wilson, Thomas, 418 acres j Ocr^i7V5^*

Wilson, Thomas, 200 acres .' June 21, 1768

Winchester, Willoughby Nov. 28, 1740

Woods, Hugh .March, 1741

Work, Robert, 400 acres April 15, 1773

Young, James, 200 acres April 16, 1765

Young, Margaret April, 1741

Early Marriages.

Below 18 given the record of marriages performed by Rey. Alex-
ander DoWbin, who preached in the neighborhood of • Gettysburg,

from the year 1778 to 1809:

t
Bait. Kilpatrlck and Agnis Patterson, March 24, 1774, Drummore.

John Wade and Jennet Browmlie, April 19, 1774, Ante-item.
James Finny and Martha Crunely, April 20, 1774, Cannagagig.
Ephraim Walace and Jennet McCullough, April 25, 1774, Cannagagig.
John McBride and Ellz Gilmore, May 12, 1774, Cumberland Township.
Samuel Wilson and Ellz. Morrow, June 2, 1774, Hamilton's Bann.
James Wilson and Isabel Mitchel, August 30, 1774, Rocky Sprin.
Ebenezer Mitchel and Jene Rlchey, December 13, 1774, Canniwago.
James McCormIck and Mary Ridic, December 14. 1774, Cumberland.
Alexander Blackburn and Sarah McNaughton, March 1, 1775, Cannfwago.
Joseph Anderson and Agnes McMurry, March 16, 1775, Cumberland.
Joseph Clark, Rock Creek, and Margret Finly, April 13, 1775, Cumber-
land.

3t)4 THE SCQTCH-IRISU 11^ AMERICA.

John Drenan, Marsh Creek, and Mary Ttobertson, August 8, 1775, Cum-
berland.

Robert Walker, Pigeon Creek, and Mary Marshal, October 16, 1775, West-
moreland.

Alex Ewing and Jene Anderson, November 28, 1775, Hamilton.

William Fulton and Mary Ker, December 14, 1775, Mt. Pleasant.

Hugh Bond and Ann Anderson, December 26, 1775, Hamilton.

John Cellar and Susanna Cruncleton, January 2, 1776, Antrim.

Samuel Scott and Elizabeth Wilson, February 14, 1776, Cove.

Joshua Marlln and Agnis McCullough, March 25, 1776, Cannigagig.

John Mitchel and Jene Wilson, March 27, 1776, Marsh Creek.

William Robison and Margery McNaught, March 28, 1776, Canniwago.

John Cochren and Sarah Mitchel, April 9, 1776, Rocky Spring.

James Clark and Jene Cochren, April 10, 1776, Anti-Item.

Alex. McCibben ahd Sarah Peden, April 16, 1776, Philadelphia.

James Dlnsmore and Rebecca Walker. September 4, 1776, Tom's Creek.

John Johnson and Elizabeth Cithcart, September 17, 1776, Cumberland

Township.
William Marshal and Sarah Marshal, October 21, 1776, Yogh. land Town-
ship.
John Renkin and Mary Muaray, November 15, 1776, Hamilton's Bann.
Robert Jamison and Jene Wilson, February 25, 1777, Cove.
Samuel Moore and Annie McFerran, March 31, 1777. Cumberland.
Hugh Barkley and Sarah McCullough, June 9, 1777, Cannigagig.
James McFerran and Susanna McFerran, September 16, 1777, Cumber-
land.
John Ewing and Elizabeth Gray, November 25, 1777, Berwick.
David Dunwoody and Susanna Patterson, January 27, 1778, Mt. Pleasant.
Thomas Porter and Mary Gibson, April 14, 1778, Cumberland Township.
William McCleland and Anderson, June 16, 1778, Cumberland Town-
ship.
James Blakely and Agnis McDowel, June 30, 1778, Cumberland Town-
ship.
James Stewart and Mary Walker, September 14, 1778, Hamilton's Bann.
William Moore and Jene McFerran, September 30, 1778, Cumberland.
Matthew Rlchey and Rachel Wallace, October 13, 1778, Antrim.
Alex McFerson and Mary Brounlee, November 16, 1778, Maryland.
Alex Stewart and Mary Shannon, December 1, 1778, Cumberland.
Hugh Murphy and Jennet Thompson, December 3, 1778, Cumberland.
William Galbralth and Sarah Ker, December 29, 1778, Mt. Pleasant.
John Forrest and Agnis Hurt, January 27, 1779, Antrim.
Christopher McMlchel and Martha Findly, March 1, 1779, Antrim.
William Stewart and Elizabeth Leeper, March 7, 1779, Hamilton.
Joseph Junkln and Elinor Cochren, May 24, 1779, Antrim.
Isaac Walker and Mary Stewart, September 14, 1779. Marsh Creek.
John Murphy and Ann Guthery, November 4, 1779, Hamilton's Bann.
Archibald Findly and Mary Poe, November 9, 1779. Cumberland.
John Renfrew and Sarah Ray, November 9, 1779, Cumberland.

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. SSfr

•
David Erwine and Susanna Wilson, December 7, 1779, Cove.

Moses Blackburn and Margret McNight, January 6, 1780, Canniwago.

John McCaul and Jene Stewart, February 15, 1780, Cumberland.

Josiah Ker and Sarah Reynolds, Februat'y 17, 1780, Cumberland.

Samuel Pindly and Mary Graham, February 22, 1780, Cumberland.

William Reynolds and Sarah Wilson, March 21, 1780, Cumberland.

James Nicol and Isabel Richey, March 30, 1780, Canniwago.

William Thompson and Jene Mitchel, April 3, 1780, Letterkenny.

James Kilpatrick and Jene Finly, April 25, 1780, Cumberland.

Robert Love and Jean Gibson, May 22, 1780, Haihilton's Bann.

Alex McCutchen and Sarah Crunleton, June 27, 1780, Antrim.

Charles Hart and Jennet Dale, July 6, 1780, Peters.

James Burns and Jene Gebby, November 7, 1780, Marylana.

Robert Campbell and Martha Paxton, April 16, 1781, Letterkenny.

Thomas Patterson and Elizabeth Brown, May 1, 1781, Midleton.

James Dickson and Margaret Robinson, May 14, 1781, Cumberland.

William Finny and Anne Marton, November 2, 1781, Westmoreland,

James McCleland and Agnis Sinclair, November 13. 1781, Cove.

James Kirkland and Anne Colter, March 28, 1782, Cumberland.

Robert Crunkleton and Anne Morhead, June 25, 1782, .Washington.

David Dan ton and Jene McEwen, August 20,^1782, Menallen.

Samuel Cross and Sarah Dun woody, August 20, 1782, Cumberland.

William Hall and Miriam Brandon, May 6. 1783, Huntingdon.

John Monteith and Jennet Teat, June 24, 1783, Cumberland.

Thomas Orrond and Margaret Po, July 15, 1783, Cumberland.

Benjamin Fowler and Deborah Fowler, July 28, 1783, Cumberland.

Thomas McCleland and Agnis Fergus, August 19, 1783, Cumberland.

John Bell and Isabel Russel, September 9, 1783, Rastrover.

David Dunwoody and Elizabeth Ker, November 2, 1783, Hamilton's Bann^

Thomas Dunlap and Martha Ramsey, November 25, 1783, Cumberland.

Hugh Llnd and Margret Kane, December 18, 1783, Cumberland.

Arthur Chamberlain and Margret Hodge, December 23, 1783, Reading.

James Moore and Margret Young, November 11, 1783, Hamilton's Bam

Joseph Thompson and Jene Hunter, November 23, 1784, Cumberland.

James Douglass and Elinor Orr, January 20, 1785, Mt. Joy.

John Fergus and Elizabeth Douglass, February 1. 1785. Cumberland.

Alexander Patterson and Jenny Porter, March 10, 1785, Mt. Joy.

Robert Taylor and Nancy Kerr, May 3, 1785, Hamilton's Bann.

William Vance and Sarah Moore, September 20, 1785,* Menallen.

Hugh Burns and Elinor Ramsy, January 22, 1786, Cumberland.

Samuel Maxwell and Jennet Ramsy, March 7, 1786, Cumberland.

Thomas Douglass and -, March 28. 1786, Pipe Creek.

John Krail and Elizabeth McCann, April 14, 1786, Menallen.

William Donaldson and Isabel Gibson, July 4, 1786, Cumberland.

Thomas Cochren and Margaret Knox, October 17, 1786, Hamilton's Bann ,

Samuel Fergus and Mary Paxton, February 13, 1787, Mt. Joy.

John Young and Rachel D. Fus. March 26, 1787, Mt. Pleasant.

366 THE SGOTCH-IRISU IN AMEUICA.

Robert Townsley and Nancy McCleland, August 7, 1787, Hamilton's

Bann.
William Bogle and Rebecca Peden, December 15, 1787, Hamilton's Bann.
Samuel Smith and Jene Caldwell, October 16, 1787, Gettistown.

James Blakely and Branwood, August 28, 1788, Franklin.

John Smock an4 Anney Vanausdale, October 21, 1788, Mt. Joy.
Albert Demoro and Mary Vantind, February 24, 1789, Mt. Pleasant
John Stewart and Jene Stewart, March 5, 1789, Cumberland.
George Kirker and Jene Gilmore, June 23, 1789, Hamilton's Bann.
William Speer and Catarine Blakely, June 2^, 1789, Menallen.
Thomas Patterson and Agnls Blakely, July 9, 17S9, Menallen.
Samuel Knox and Rebecca Hodge, August 13, 1789, Reading.
William McCreery and Agnis Speer, January 5, 1790, Hamilton's Bann.
Hugh Fergus and Sarah Gibson, January 4, 1790, Mt. Joy.
Joseph Walker and Elizabeth Stewart, January 14, 1790. Cumberland.

James White and Peden, May 8, 1790, Hamilton's Bann.

John Young and Margret Clugston, December 7, 1790, Hamilton's Bann.
James Wilson and Mary Young, March 17, 1791, Mt. Pleasant,
^ohn Reynolds and Hanna McWilliams, March 29, 1791, Mt. Pleasant
David Breden and Jane Coulter, May 5, 1791, Mt. Joy.
William Butler and Mary Bann, December 20, 1791, Hamilton's Bann.
John Watson ^nd Jenny Torrens, December 22, 1791, Mt. Pleasant.
Thomas Jorden and Mary Branwood, December 27, 1791, Franklin.
John Fleming and Anne Agnew, January 23, 1792, Hamilton's Bann.
Hugh Dunwoody and Martha Findly, April 12, 1792, Hamilton's Bann.
John Ewing and Jane Bogle, May 14, 1792, Strabane.
Samuel Cross and Lettice Brandon, July 12, 1792, Huntingdon.
William Balbridge and Rebecca Agnew, July 17, 1792, Hamilton's Bann.
Samuel Paxton and Margret Ferguson, September 18, 1792, Pipe Creek.
Hugh Dunwoody and Margret Morrow, November 22, 1792, Hamilton's

Bann.
John Speer and Sally McCallen, March 1, 1794, Cumberland.
Richard McLuglen and Elizabeth Hatch, July 15, 1794, Emmitsbourgh.

Alex Young and Jennet McCreary, January 20, 1795, .

Alex Horner and Jenny McCalen, February 12, 1795, Cumberland.

James Crooks and Anne Ambros, June 31, 1795, Cumberland.

David Brines and Elizabeth Stewart, March 29. 1796, Gettistown.

William Stewart and Jennet White, April 19, 1796, Tyrone.

Henry Ferguson and Susanna Coulter, May 16, 1796, Strabane.

Samuel Hays and Polly Youst, June 29. 1797, Strabane.

William Patterson and Elenor Porter, September 19, 1797, Hamilton's

Bann.
James Patterson and Bettsy Withrow, October 26, 1797, Hamilton's Bann.
George Ker and Nelly Wilson, March 11, 1798, Gettistown.
Robert Taylor and Ruth Hunter, March 29, 1798, Cumberland.
James Crooks and Sarah Dunwoody, April 5, 1798, Cumberland.
David Hart and Sally Paxton, April 12, 1798, Hamilton's Bann.
Daniel Murphy and Margret Livingston, April 23, 1798, Cumberland.

SSCOTCH-1H18SH IN YOUK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 367

John Hetzer and Elizabeth Geyer, June 26, 1798, Gettlstown.
Charles Golden and Assina Filson, December 18, 1798, Cumberland.
Samuel McKnight and Esther Logan, May 9, 1799, Cumberland.
Joseph Walker and Mary Ann McMaster, July 2, 1799, Strawbann.

James Stewart and Elizabeth McCarter, July 18, 1799, Cumberland.
Samuel Cooper and Jene Campbell, November 5, 1799, Baltimore.

Mathew Longwood and Elizebeth Thomson, November 14, 1799, Hamil-
ton's Bann.
Alex Caldwell and Dolly Agnew, December 3, 1799, Hamilton's Bann.

Robert Morrison and Jene Findly, December 12, 1799, Hamilton's Bann.

Matthew Steen and Margret Campbell, February 11, 1800, Hamilton's
Bann.

John Crooks and Elizebeth Jenkins, February 13, 1800, Franklin.

William McFarland and Margery Beaty. March 25, 1800, Mt. Pleasant.

John Magofln and Ketty Casset, March 25, 1890, Mt. Pleasant.

Thomas Breden and Jene Neely, April 30, 1800, Conowago.

John McCay and Polly Ackrey, June 12, 1800, Hamilton's Bann.

Thomas Carson and Mary Wilson, October 16, 1800, Hamilton's Bann.

Alex McGaughy and Rebecca Torrence, October 21, 1800, Mt. Pleasant.

James Young and Jenney On% December 25, 1800, Hamilton's Bann.

John Kelly and Lidia Teat, March 31, 1801, Strabane.

Hugh Garvin and Sally Stewart, At)ril 6, 1801, Hamilton's Bann.

Samuel Holdsworth and Ruth Caldwell. September 15, 1801, Mt. Pleasant.

John Keys and Kitty Slasher, March 23, 1802, Cumberland.

Robert Hays and Rebecca Agnew, June 21, 1802, Cumberland.

Samuel Coboan and Betsy Cunningham, June 9, 1803, .

Eli Bradford and Mary McEnnay, February 7, 1804, Liberty.

Jan^es Wilson and Mary Wilson, February 6, 1804, Cumberland.

Samuel Carter and Nancy Cowan, April 24, 1804, Franklin.

John Quigly and Agnis Paton, September 6, 1804, Mt. Pleasant.

William Johnson and Mary King, November 12. 1804, Chansford.

John Adair and Libi Ewing, December 6, 1804, Cumberland.

William Withrow and Sarah Cooper. March 7, 1805, Maryland.

David Cunningham and Polly Stewart, March 14. 1805, Cumberland.

James Stewart and Susanna Peden, March 27, 1805, Liberty.

John Deyernord and Jenny Gwin, April 4, 1805, Cumberland.

Jacob Smith and Hanna Kip, May 23. 1805, Cumberland.

William Cochren and Bekey Morrow, May 23, 1805, Liberty.

William Wilson and Betty Dunwoody, August 20, 1805, Cumberland.

Samuel Reld and Mary Agnew, September 3, 1805, Cumberland.

Isaac Hulick and Sally Commongore, January 21. 1806, Mt. Pleasant.

John McCammon and Polly Proudfoot, March 25, 1806, Hopewell.

John McCIeraghan and Rebecca McCleraghan. March 25, 1806, Antrim.

Thomas Reed and Sarah Peden, March 10, 1807, Strabane.

John McAlister find Jene Work, April 7, 1807, Cumberland.

Hugh Blgham and Esther Bally, October 13, 1807, Cumberland.

John Colter and Sally Heagy. February 23, 1808, Mt. Joy.

Alex McKeelop and Sarah Slents, March 29, 1808, Mt. Pleasant

368 TUB SCOTCUIBISH IN AMEKICA.

Henry Ferguson and Rebecca White, April 12, 1808, Reading.
John Gourdly and Martha Caldwell, April 28, 1808, Mt Pleasant.
William Hizlet and Elizabeth Steel, September 22, 1808, Cumberland.
John Agnew and Jene Wilson, October 27, 1808, Hamilton's Bann.

GuiNSTON Presbyterian Church.
The following is a list of the subseriberp to Guinston Presbyterian
Church, Cbanceford, York County, Pa.; date, August 26, 1771:

Samuel Harper, James McNary, John Robinson, Andrew Proudfoot,
Thomas Currie, George Campbell, John McClorg. John Orr, Samuel
Roseburg, Robert Proudfoot, George Murray, Andrew Paxton, Robert
Stewart. John McNary, Thomas Mukell, Andrew Youn;<, Matthew Ad-
ams, John Gibson, Robert Shaw, William Buchanan, James Wallace,
William Wilson. Alexand^ Moor, Agnes Wallace, Joseph Mason, John
Hamilton, James Wallace, William Giffen, Gawn Allison, Alexander
Creighton, Thomas McNary, James Sper, Henry McWharter, Archibald
Scott, John Russel, John Oalston, John Hyson, William Marlin, Henr^'
Creage, Archibald Purdy, Archibald Gilliland, John Neilson, Robert Hy-
son, William Marlin, Jr., George kenry, James Small, John Stewart,
James Hamilton, John Muckle, Robert McLelland, James Barks, James
Porter, Agnes Smith, John Cummiris, David Orchald, John Murray.
Samuel Ramsy, Alexander Smith, James Kelly, Charles McRoben, Rob-
ert Burnett, John Sincler, William Motheral. Robert Barns, John Tor-
rence, Samuel Wamock, Robert Foley, James McBlroy, William Fulton.
Samuel Patterson, Robert Gibson, James Leiper, William Stuart, John
McCay, John Harbison, William Magill, William Young, John Campbell.
Sr., John Hunter, William Allison, James McCullough, James Finney.
Samuel Martin, Thomas McCullough, William Murphy, Andrew Kin-
near, John Travise, Jr., Patrick Pees, Charles Stewart, Aaron Arsdel,
David Jackson, James McKissock, William McClorg, William Edgar.
Archibald Hyson, Alexander Ligget, Samuel Elliot, Robert Bagel, Wil-
liam Adams, John McKissock, William Ligget, John McJimpsy, John
Gemmill, Alexander Adams, Thomas Allison, Samuel Elliot, Isaac
McKissock, Samuel Collins, John Wilson, William Gemmill, Hugh Niel-
son, Robert Chestney, John DuncAn, James Fulton, Francis Grove.

Tax Lists.

List of taxables in Cumberland Township, now Adams County.
Taken from county tax duph'cate, dated December 1, 1767, for tax
of 1768:

Quintin Armstrong, John Armstrong, Robert Aspy.

Robert Black, Robert Bohannan, James Boyd, John Blair, Joseph
Bohannan, William Boyd, John Brouster, Widow Black, Andrew Bran-
wood, Oliver Brown, Walter Buhannon, .Tohn Boyd, Robert Brouster,
Widow Margaret Boyd, Henry Black, William Baker, Robert Black.
John Boll, Thomas Boll.

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 309

William Crutchlow, John Calvin, John Carson, John Carr, Samuel Ca-
bane, James Cavln, John Crooks, Robert Creighton, John Celsay, Da-
vid Couples, David Canidy, Joseph Cocks, William Cathcart, Dennis
Celly, James Cenney, Cilpatrick, John Craford.

David Den woody, Thomas Douglas, Matthew Dean, Edward Daugh-
erty, James Dixon, Hugh Davis, Hugh Denwody, Matthew Dixon.

Samuel Edie, James Entrican, Alexander Edie, James Erwin, William
Erwin, William Eakman.

John Fleming, James Forgeson, Samuel Frazer, Charles Flitcher,
Hugh Forgeson, James Forgeson, Robert Flitcher, David Fraxer, Abel
Finley, James Finley.

Samuel Gettys, Lister Glass, James Gallaway, William Goudy, John
Goudy, Jr., John Goudy, Widow Gilmore, James Gilkison. «

Col. Hance Hamilton, Moses Haliday, Widow Hazlet, Francis Hodge,
Robert Harris, David Hosick, William Hugh, William Hall, Edward
Hall, John Hosiek, Andrew Herron, Samuel Herron, Thomas Hosick.

Alexander Innis.
' Moses Jenkins, Edward Jeamison, Adam Jackson.

James Killerist, Jacob Kimmerland, Thomas Karr, Thomas Killerist,
John Kishmer.

John Leard, William Leard, Robert Linn, Nicholas Larimore, John
Linn, John Rocks Linn, Robert Long.

Benjamin McCormick, William McKinny, William Marshel, Daniel
McPeak, Steven McCorkle, Abraham McCorrel, Robert McNIte, Joseph
Morrison, Joseph Morrison, Jr., Archibald Morrison, John McFarlln,
Robert McPherson, Robert McKean, Alexander McKain, Robert Mc-
Cready, Jacob McClellan, Samuel Moore, Laughlin McKyea, James Mc-
Mullan, John Murphy, David McQuigg, James McDowell, Thomas Mc-
Cleary, William McClellan, Samuel McCromb, James Murphy, John Mor-
rison, James McNight, William McNight, James McClure, Moses Mc-
Carley, George McVea, James McVea, Dennis Mafher, Anthony McNite,
Michael McCleary, William McCrary, John McFerron, Joseph McMullan,
James McGahey, William McFerron, Daniel McCurdy, James Martin,
James McNight, Hugh McKeen, Edward Murphy, Hugh Murphy, Robert
McNight, Jr., David Moore, John McSwine, John McClean, Alexander
Moreland.

Thomas Nelson, John Nelsou '

Arthur O'Harra.

Samuel Paxton, John Porterfleld, Widow Porter, James Porter, James
Parker, David Porter, Joseph Paxton, John Paxton, Aexander Poe, Na-
thaniel Porter.

WilliamvQuiet, William Quiet. Jr.

James Russel. Widow Reed, David Ramsey, James Russel, David
Russel, James Ridle, Thomas Robison, John Roin, William Relny,
James Russel.

Robert Scott, James Simmerland, William Stuard, Robert Stuard.
John Stevenson, Samuel Stuard, Miles Sweeny, William Stuard, William
Sterling, John Scott, John Stanley, William Stanley, John Stuard (Wil-

370 THE SCOTCH-miSU IN AMERICA.

leby's Run), John Scott, Robert Scott, John Scoit, Robert Slerman, John
Scott (down ye creek), John Scott, George Sipes, Charles Saiford, Henry
Sharp.

Archibald Tate, Moses Torance, Samuel Taylor. .

Charles Vance.

Alexander Walker, James Witherspoon, John White, Robert Work,
Thomas Willson, John Williams, Joseph Wilson, Hugh Woods, William
Williamson, Adam Walker, James Walker, Evan Whiteford.

List of taxables in Hamilton's Bann, now Adams County. Ta-
ken from provincial tax duplicate, dated December 1, 1767, for tax
of 1768:

Rev. Robert Ammon, John Adams, James Agnew, John Alexander,
John Agnew, John Alexander, James Agnew, Samuel Agnew, George
Ashbridge.

Richard Beard, Mary Brown, William Blair, Hugh Bigham.

John Crawford, John Carr, John Carrick, George Carr, Dolby Casity,
John Clark, Henry Cotton, John Carr, Joseph Clogston, John Carr.

Joseph Defoss, John Dickenson.

Josiah Emit, John Everit.

John Fletcher, Thomas Fletcher. Robert Frazer, William Ferguson.

William Guttery, Jean Gibson, Henry Gal breath.

David Heart, Robert Henry, John Hall, Thomas Hadden.

Jane Johnston.

David Kennidy, Michael Kinkead.

John Little, George Leasure, Tht>mas Latta, Thomas Lennex, John
Little.

Francis Meredy, Jacob Martin, James McGaghy, Anthony McCrackin,
Charles McAllister, Edward Magner, William McClimons, John Mc-
Gaghy, James McClellan, Duncan McDonnald, Thomas McCIellan, Sam-
uel McCullough, Daniel McKeeman, Alexander McNear, Widow McAd-
ams, Patrick Melton, John McCrakin, William McKinley, John McKls-
sack,*Amos McGinley, John McNey, John McClean, James McCean, Jo-
seph McKee, William McMullan, Alexander McKlssan, Thomas Mc-
Cracken, William McClellan, John Moore, James McKinley, Nathan
Montgomery. ,

James Oar.

Samuel Porter, Frederick Plerson, Henry Pierson, Samuel Peden,
Barney Peterson.

Michael Robinson. John Rfder. William Ramsey, Handle Ramsy,
James Re^ed, Robert Risk, Thomas Robinson, Henry Rowen.

Robert Smith, Rev. John Slemons, William Smith, Henry 'Steel, Rob-
ert Stevenson, Hugh Scott, Alexander Stewart, John Spence, John Steel.
William Stevenson, Thomas Shannon, Joseph Scott, Samuel Scott, Rob*
ert Speer.

Jane Thompson, Andrew Thompson, John Taylor.

David Waugh, William Withrow, James Willson, Gabriel Walker,
John Waugh.

St'OTCH-lKISH IN I'OBK AND ADAMiS COUNTIES, PA. 371

James Young.

Samuel Redman, Isaac Davidson; Alexander Toung, Hugh Blgham,
Thomas Blgham, Samuel Bigham, Robert Taylor, John Morrow, James
Thompson, William Willson, John Thompson, Thomas Willson, John
WUlson, Hugh Hemphill, William Carr, John Moore, Benjamin Reed,
Will Willson, John McKee, Frederick Shriver, George Hutchison, James
Agnew, David Agnew, Joseph Everit, Gilbert McAdams, Archibald Mc-
Adams, Joseph McCrakin, John Walker, Daniel McKissack, Joseph
Walker, John Hart, Thomas McGaughy, James' McCraking, Samuel Ed-
now, Richard Downey, James McKessell, Josiah Willson, Alex McKes-
sell, James Gumming, Hugh Gotten, Robert Bigham.

List of taxables in Tyrone Township, now Adams County.
Taken from tax duplicate, dated December 6, 1771, for tax of 1772.

Alexander Adams, Samuel Adams, William Steward.

Alexander Brown, John Blackburn, Thomas Black, Patrick Burk.

Adam Gline.

William Delap, George Duffold, Samuel David, John Dods, George
Delap.

John Elliot, William English.

Sarah Galloway.

John Hatton, James Hammond, Samuel Hendrick, William Hill.

Victor King, William King, James Kees, James Knox.

James Leech, Joseph Leech.

Robert Mnrdock, Widow M'Culloch, Patrick M'Donnald, Hugh M'Curdy,
Elizabeth M'Grew, Nathan M'Grew, James M'Grew, Hugh M'Hearvey,
William M'Grew, Alexander M'Grew, John M'Grew, Neal M'Knaughtou,
Thomas M'Knaughton, Thomas M'Caul, Henry Maxwell, James Maxwell,
John Maxwell, Peter Miller.

Samuel Neeley.

Arthur Orr.

William Porter, John Pope, John Pope, David Pots.

James Reed, Hugh Reed, Matthew Richey.

Samuel Steel, Anthony Swisher, John Spear.

James Thompson, Joseph Thomas, Robert Wray, Joseph Walker,
John White, William Walker, John Wilson, James Walker.

List of taxables in Strabann Towpship, now Adams County.
Taken from tax duplicate, dated December 6, 1771, for 1772 tax:

Michael Anderson, James Allen.

John Beaty, Thomas Blear, Samuel Bell, John Bedine, Henry Banta,
David Beaty, David Beaty, Richard Brown, George Brlnkenhofe, James
Brinkerhoof, Jr., James Black, Albert Banta, Abraham Banto, Malcoln
Bogel.

Joseph Corbet, Francis Crojart, Peter Crojart, David Crojart, Robert
Crone, John Crage. John Campbell, James Campbell, Jr., James Carrol,
John Cays, Hugh Campbell, William Campble, Adam Canady, Jr., James
Coffel.

Samuel Demree, Lambert Durlind, Abraham Degraw, Charles Dough-

872 THE SCOTCH-IUISU IN AMERICA.

erty, James Dixon (Rock Creeks), James Dixon, Sr., William Douglas^
James Dixon (Brewer), Thomas Dixon, Robert Donaldson, Wiliiant
Dixon.

Robert Elliot, John Eveton.

Ralph Fores, John Fleming.

Philip Graft, James Galbreth, Steven Gniiren. John Gray.

Samuel Haden, Samuel Howlsworth, John Hols, Samuel Hays.

G«orge Johnston, John Johnston.

William Love, Thomas Love, George Livingstone, Adam Levlngstone,
Moses Lockard, William Loughrey, Peter Crasper Lowry.

Robert McGrew, Patrick Montgomery, John McCush, Nathaniel Me-
Cush, John McCluer. Hance Morrison, William McCanse, James Mc-
William, David McCanse, Patrick Montgomery, Robert McElheney, Da-
vid McCanse, Sr., George McCanse. James Montgomery, David McWil-
liam, William McCreary, John Menfore, John Miller, Jacob Means, Jr.

Sarah Petterson, Andrew Patterson.

Catharina Russel, John Ross, William Ross, Junls Rapelee, Joshua
Russel, Thomas Reed, John Reed, Andrew Rogers.

John Sample, Margaret Stewart, Thomas Stockton, Robert Shaw, An-
drew Simerlin, Thomas Sjloan, John Scot, John Creek Scot.

Pater ick Thompson, William Thompson.

John Dalin Vanans, Abraham Vanandaline. .Cornelius Vanandaline,
David Vandine. Simon Vanandaline, Cornelius Vandine.

Elizabeth Watson, William Waugh, Jr., George Williamson, David
Watson.

List of taxables in Manallan Township, now Adams County.
Taken from tax duplicate, dated December 6, 1771, for year 1772:

Hugh Adams, William Anderson.

Andrew Black, Joseph Blackburn, Anthony Blackburn, Thomas
Bracking. Jr., Thomas Blackburn, Sr., William Bigar, Thomas Black-
bum, Jr., James Backing, Robert Backam, Ann Brians, Thomas Bi*alt-
Ing, Sr., David Beatty, Francis Beatty, Thomas Baldwin, William Bags,
Martin Bash, Jane Brackinridge. James Blackley.

John Coard, William Carson, William Cockran, John Chambers, Rob-
ert Chambers, John Cannody, James Cotfel.

Andrew Dinnen, Isaac Darbra, James Dickson, Joseph Davis, Michael
Delow, Hance Dean, Samuel Dixon.

Samuel Forgison, John Forgison, Casper Fink.

Eve Griffith, John Gilleland, Listen Glass, James Glasco, John Gil-
breth. Robert Grahams, John Gardon, John Gilbreth, William Griffith,
Benedick George.

William Hutton, Hance Hamilton, Thomas Holms, John Hammllton,
Samuel Hutton. Andrew Hickenlober, Nathan* Hamon, Samuel Hen-
dricks, John Hammon, William Hamilton, Sr., William Hamilton, Jr.,
James Hamton, Joshua Homer, John Henderson, Nethan Hamon.

John Johnston, John Joab, David Jordan, Ephraim Jothiston, Adam
Johnston.

COTCH-IRISH IN YOUK AND ADAMS COUNTIBS, PA. 373

William Kelsey, William Kilmary, John Kedy.

William Long, Joseph Long, Andrew Logarin, Jacob Liowstater, John
Long, John Lorrens, Denigel Lewis, Ephraim Larrens, Joseph Lowry,
Benjamin Lone, Joseph Lorrens, Robert Leard, Joseph Lafege.

James Moore, Anthony McNutt, Isaac McKinly, Lawrence McCoun,
John McConoughy, David McConoughy, Charles McBride, Chenly Mc-
Grew, Elijah Mickle, Owen Megrail, John McCown, Robert Mains,
Charles Mays, John McNutt, John Montgomery, James McCreary, Wil-
liam McBride, Samuel McConaughy. James McGrew. John McGinnes,
James McGrail, John Mayes, Francis McNutt? James McBride, David
McBride, Caleb McBride, John McQuown, William McGrew, John
Mickle, Jr., Henry William Mokel, James McGrew, Sr., James ^IcMal-
len, John Mickle, Sr., John Morton, James McCleary, Thofmas McPharan.
John Mackey, James McKnight, John McCleary, John Man, Alexander
McGrew, William Maughlin, James McDowel, Samuel Mathers, William
Moor.

Elijah Nowland, William Nowland, James Nowland.

Thomas Oldham.

Caleb Fowl, William Pressley, William Patterson, Thomas Porter.

William Rush, William Russel, Joshua Russel.

Andrew Smith, William Spencer, Thomas Seleets, John Stewart, John
Smith, John Shugars, Matthew Stewart, William Steel, David Stewart,
Joseph Stockdon, George Stockdon, Thomas Stockdon, David Stockdon,
Robert Stewart, Peter Strospough, Nicholas Strospough.

Joseph Taylor, William Turner, William Thompson.

John Vance.

Frederic Warrant, John Weston, John Wright, Sr., Benjamin Wright,
Samuel Wright, John Wright, Jr., George Wilson, John Wiley, Bbenezer
Wede, Thomas Williams, Benjamin Wilson.

List of taxables in Mount Pleasant Township, now Adams Coun-
ty. Taken from tax duplicate, dated Decemberll, 1771, for tax
of 1772:

John Andrew, Thomas Adams, Samuel Arwln.

Widow Bealey. Isaac Bodine.

Francis Clapsadle, Thomas Cross, Archibald Coulter, Rodger Cun-
ningham, Michael Clapsadle. Daniel Calwix, John Chambers, William
Cooper, William Cooper, Jr., William Carson.

Thomas Dearmond, David Deamrist, Michael Degrof, James Donalson,
Samuel Derce, Joseph Debound.

Samuel Ewlng. Robert Ewing, John Ewing, Isaac Ewing.

Christopher Freet.

Widow Gilbreth. John Gllbreth, Robert Gilbreth, James Gray, Wil-
liam Greer.

Christopher Holllbogh. George Hooper, John Hoover, Francis Hodge,
Fdward Hagen, John Houtz, Anthony Heafley, Nicholas Hollibpgh,
George Hoover.

374 THE SCOTCH-IBISU IN AMlfiBIOA.

Thomas Johnston.

Joslah Karr, Alexander Karr.

(George Lackey, Robert Long, James Linsey, John Little, John Lilly.

Andrew M'Alwain, Moses M'Alwain, William M'Alwain, Alexander
M'Carter, George M'Carter, Enos M'Mullan, John Morningstar, Adam
Morningstar, Edward Marsden, John M'Giure, Moses M'Alwain, Thomas.
M'Clure, Ludwlck Mons, Jonathan M'Creary, John McBride, John Mar-
tin, James Minefore, Andrew McBride.

Thomas Nesmith, Zachariah Norton.

William Orr, Robert Orr, Henry Omerman.

James Peterson, Thomas Peterson, John Parks, Joseph Peters.

WiHiam Reed, William Rannols.

Deovalt Sholas, Henry Sturgeon, William Steel, Adam Stop, Georgo
Stop, Henry Stop, James Stewart, Thomas Sheals, Jacob Spitler, Jacob
Shup, William Smith, Robert Sprout, Philip Slence, William Stevenson,.
William Sheakly.

John Torbit, Hugh Torbit, William Torrins, Samuel Tearpenny, FYed-
erick Tickerhoof , John Thomson.

Peter Will, Peter Willford, Benjamin Whitley, John Wager, William
Watson.

Peter Young,

List of tazables in Manoban (Monaghan) Township, now York
County. Taken from tax duplicate, dated December 11, 1771, for
county tax of 1772:

William Anderson, Peter Arnold.

Henry Bail, Daniel Brinkroof, Daniel Bogs, Daniel Beale, Andrew
Buchannon, Samuel Beadon, Charles Boyers.

Andrew Comfort, Daniel Crist, Willin Crist, James Corathers, James
Corathers, Jr., Bailiff Canidy, Charles Colston, Casper Crub, John Carr,
James Cunningham, Robert Cunningham, John Closen, Benjamin Cau-
bel.

Isaac DeardorfF, Jacob T)eardorfP, James Dill, Allen Dorbet, John
Dill, Matthew Dill, flenry DeardorfC.

Benjamin Elliot, Daniel Evans, George Eley, Richard Egleson, Robert
Elliot, Joseph Elliot.

Abraham Frederick, Adam Fink, Henry Forguson, Peter Fry.

Richard Giddins, James Giddens, William .Godfr\\

Jacob Horn, Jacob Heil, Samuel Hart, Samuel Henderson, Steven
Helderbrand, Hugh Hail, George Hikas, Jr., George Hlkas.

Detrich Kyser, Widow Kinder.

Peter Loboch, Peter Lighty, Isaac Lerew, William Learner, John IjO-

gan.

George Messersmith, Michael Mumper, William Megee, Enos M'Dan-
lel, Hugh M*Mullan, William Michael. William M'Lachlin, Brian M'Der-
mand, Nicholas Mory, Thomas M'Glaghlin, John Miller, Thomas Mor-
doch, Philip Medor, Daniel M'Curdy.

David NIel, William Nelson.

tSCOTCH-IBISH m YOii£ AMD ADAALb OOUKTIEti, ^'A. 375

William Oats, Hugh O'Heal. . ' '' .

John Prince, Henry Person, John Park, William Park, William Por-
ter, William Poary.

Joseph Rosbrugh, George Ross, Thomas Robison.

John Shrom, William Shaffer, Godfrit Steel, George Steel, Isaac
Steel, Henry Seeber, Nicholas Shatto, John Shaffer, Abraham Stoffer,
John Shelps.

Francis Trablet, John Torrence.

Lewis Williams, Joseph Williams, John Williams, Johri Willson,
James Willson, Daniel Williams, Alexander Williams. Henry William-
son, Joseph White, Conrad Weaver.

Matthew Young. i

Ludwich Zimmerman.

Pawu Township, now York County. List ot taxables as ap-
pears by tax duplicate, dated December 6, 1771, lor tax of 1772:

Christopher Carts, John Cousens, Widow Cowgle, William Clerk,
Henry Cowgle, William Chandley, Benjamin Cunningham, Samuel
Crow, Archibald Cooper, John Carson, Thomas Cooper, William Cal-
well, Robert Cilcresh, Richard Cord, Alexander Cooper, William Carson,

Theophilus Jones, William Jenkins, William Jenkins, Ephraim John-
ston.

John Day, Robert Duncan, Robert Dunlap, Robert Donnal.

Thomas Matson, William McKinley, George Mlckel, James McKinley.
Matthew McCall, William Miller, William McCaskey, James McCul-
logh, William Markey, Hugh McFaden, Alexander McCandless, James
McMullan, James Ferryman McMuUan, William Mowberiry, Archibald
Madarment. Edward Manifold, John McComb.

Robert Rowland, Walter Robison, David Reese, John Ralston, An-
drew Rowan, William Rowan, Joseph Ross. James Reed.

James Buchannon, Henry Bradley, Widow Bess, Thomas Brown, John
Beard, Thomas Buchannon, John Beneton, Thomas Brannel, Henry
Brians, Joshua Brown, Eleazer Brown, James Buchannon.

Samuel Henry, Samuel Hair, Alexander Hill, Robert Hutcheson, John
Harbison.

John Kinkert.

John Pain, George Pain. Tames Parker, James Parker, James Porter.

William Fulton, James Foster.

Isaac Alexander, William Adams, Thomas Allin, Alex Anderson.

John Wilson, William Wallis, James Webb, John Watt, Robert,
Woodral.

James Leeper, Samuel Leepor, John Leviston. ^

John Taylor, Thomas Taylor, Robert Taylor. »

George Nickel, Thomas Neel.

James Eager, George Elder, David Ellison, Samuel Eaklns, Alexan-
der E wings, James Eager, Jr., Robert E wings.

George Suters, John Suters, James Smith, Patrick Scott, Cunning-
ham Sample, William Smith, William Smiley, Thomas Steel, Josiah
Scott.

376 TH£ BCOTCH'IUISU IN AMBBIGA.

Robert Gibson, James Gorden, Robert Greenleas, William Gray, Ja-
cob Gibson, Henry Grime.

Henry Ranken, William McCandless, Jacob Johnston, Joseph Rink-
ert, John Miller, Robert Hazlet, James Blair, Samuel Hunter, William
McC^nal. Patrick CaUwel, Steven Alloways, William Blair, Andrew
Hays« Alexander Ewins, Jacob >Connel, Joseph Henry. William Davis,
William Cut, John Daman, John Herrin, John Ewing, William Reed,
James Daugherty. John Eager, James Hutcheaon, Archibald Wright,
Patrick CUvelL

llo|^*ewell Township, now York County. List of taxables taken
trvHU tax duplicate, dated December 6, 1771, lor tax of 1772:

Alt»xander Ramsey, Alexander Creighton, Andrew Boyd, Andrew
Finley, Andrew Thompson, Archibald Gillin, Archibald Purdy, Alexan-
der Henderson, Andrew Proudfoot. Benjamin Arsbel. Benjamin Savage,
Christian Ebey, Conrad Fauk. David Griffith, David Hamilton, David
Slone, David Sidwil, Edward Melligan, Ebell Johnston, Elconor Torb^t,
Francis Smith, Gain Allison. George Copeland. Gasper Cleman. Henry
Ament. Henry Davin, Hugh Nelson, Henry Weister, Henry Creag, James
Slnkclalr, John Hamilton, James Michael, John Griffith, John Smith.
John Smith, Jr., James Smith. John Anderson, John Clerk, Alexander
Fulton, John Nelson, James Wallin, James Wallin. Jr.. John Orr, John
Smith (Irish), Joseph Harrison, Joseph Manifold, James Anderson. John
Rlchey, James Savage, James Minch, Jacob Shigley. James McKissock.
John Blazer. John Ralston, John Coks. John Wilson, John Qnarterman,
John Gemmlll. John Travis. James Stinson, John Duncan, James Muck-
elroy, John McCleary, James McCulloch, John Montgomery, Joseph
Rlrhoy, John Maxwell. Jacob Weister, James Maffit. James Cruswell,
Jumcfi Wilson, John Gibson, Nicholas Henry, Nicholas Steepel, Peter
Hlrayor, Robert Swan, Robert Whiten, Robert Akens. Richard McDon-
ald , Rudy Yont, Robert Jamison, Robert Finley, Samuel Smith, Samuel
noNbrriugh, Samuel Dixon, Samuel Smith (old), Samuel Watson. Samuel
fCllt. Hamuel Harper, Thomas McKell, Thomas Pennal. Thomas Ray.
Wllll«m O^^ramlll, William Smith, William Thompson, Widow Shenard.
Wldr»w rw^nnald. William Vance. William Ligget. William Edie. Wil-
liam Orlffln. William Ferris, William Edger. William Willson, Matthi:is
Mtratr. James McSwIne. Hugh Mulligan. Joseph Smith, Adam Thompson.
.inwfn T/#'AT»er, John McKissock. Alexander Moore, Caleb Vance, Thomas
N\(hff\. (U'orffd McCulloch. Thomas Marriant, Thomas Corins. John Mc-
( ♦/» 1 1 1 «t ^' r , Rribert Bams.

(*}}nrt('f'ihr(^ Township, now York County. Taxable^ returned
for fhrr vfrar 17H1:

WWUftm Adams, John Adams. Andrew Armstrong. John Armstrong.
M^tMh^w A6Hmn, WMlf?»m Anderson, John Arnold. Henry Alexander.
Mrtrflft Ann«frong, Hush Adams. William Adams, Jr.. John Andrews,

BC0TCH-IRI8H IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 377

Joseph Alison, Henry Adaml^, James Alexander, Thomas Alison, Mat-
thew Adams, William Adams, William Adams.

Matthew Buchanan, William Buchanan, John Buchana,' Christian
Baker, John Buchanan, George Burkholder, Abraham Burkholder, Jo- '
seph Burgess, Jonathan Burges, Robert Blain, Charles Bradshaw, Wil-
liam Barns, John Burkholder.

Ludwig Coon, Adam Cunningham, Widow Campble, John Coon,
Henry Crowl, Christian Coon, William CoUings, George Coss, Andrew
Coon, William Cully, Alex Craigmyle, John,Caldwel, James Clarkson,
James Craigmyle, Michael Conn, Adam Coon, John Conner, John Cor-
nelius, John Comings, Robert Cornelius, Stephen Cornelius, John Cage,
William Cowan, heirs of John Cooper, Stephen Cornelius, John Cage,
William Collins.

John Donally, David Donelly, William Donelly, John Davison, John
Doraugh, Francis Dougherty, Thomas Deddy, Alexander Downing,
James Downing, William Duglass, David Duglass, John Duncan, Thomas
Duncan, James Duncan, William Dougherty, James Duncan.

Samuel Elder, Philip Elllas, George EUias, James Elder, John Elder.

Robert Forsythe, John French, John Fullerton, Sr., John FuUerton,
Jr., Robert Fullerton, William Fullerton, Samuel Fullerton. William
Fullerton, James Fulton, John Finley, James Fallow, Solomon Folk.

John Grove, Jacob Grove, Francis Grove, Thomas Grove, Robert Gill,
Robert Glenn, George Gibson, Thomas Grimes, George Grett, Henry
Oeorge.

William Henderson, John Henderson, Charles Hume. George Henry,
Sr., William How, James Hill, George Henry, Jr., William Henry, John
Hill, Hugh Henderson, Thomas Hervey, John Hill, William Holton,
Mary Holton, James Henderson, Robert Hill. '

George Infield.

Thomas Johnson, Joseph Jackson, William Johnson.

Joseph Kithcart, James Kean, Lodowick Keith, George Kenner, Adam
Keener, John Kirkwood. John Kirk, John Kelly, Thomas Kelly, Patrick
King, William Kirkpatrick, Patrick Kean, John Kean, Thomas Kirk-
wood, Baltzer Keith, Matthe^j^ Kilgrove.

William Long, James Long, Hannah Little, William Luman, James
Logue, John Laird, James Leeper, Alexander Leeper, John Lusk, Eisen-
hauer Leonard, George List, Patrick Linn.

Widow McClurg, Samuel McClurg, John McClurg, Stephen McKinley,
William McCall, William Maxwell, John Murphy, Thomas McGowan,
Mark McClurg, Robert McCleland, Philip Maxwell, John McGIaughlen.
William McCandless. Andrew McClurg, William McDowell, John
Mackey, John McCandless, William McClurg, Thomas Matthews, David
Monson, James Marshal, William Morrison, William Morrison, James
McKell, Susanah McCall, Patrick McGee, Nathaniel McCay, John Muck-
elhyamjen, Toal McCalllster. Moses McWherter, John McCall, Michael
McFee, William Maxwell, Thomas McClure, Frederick McPherson, Rob-
ert Martin, William Maughlin, William Marlin, John Marlln, Samuel

378 . THE SCOTCH-IKISH IN AMERICA.

Martin, Robert Marlin, Joseph Morrison, Thomas McNarey, David Mc-
Narey, John McNarey, John McCall, William Murphy, William McCul-
laugh, John McCune, Henry Miller. '

Daniel Noonin, Samuel Neilson, Robert Neilson, Abraham Newcomer,
James Nicholson.

William Owens, George Orson.

William Pollack, Archibald Purdy, Robert Penery, James Pollock,
Samuel Patterson, Samuel Peden, Benjamin Peden, David ' Patterson,.
James Patterson, John Patton, James Porter, Andrew Paxton.

Nicholas Quigel, John Quister.

James Robinson, Thomas Rea, John Reppy, Thomas Ramsey, Wil-
liam Reed, Walter Robinson, James Reyburn, Joseph Reed, Joseph Reed
(Ferry), James Ramsey, John Reed, William Rea, John Robb, William
Reed, William Ross, Barnabas Reed, Hugh Reed, John Ramsey, Henry
Robinsod, James Ridgway.

Peter Snyder, Thomas Scot, Allan Scot, Stephen Staylie, Andrew
Say lie. Widow Stewart, Jacob Spots, John Smith, John Smith (Tanner^.
Hugh Sprout, Jacob Staylie, Robert Stewart, Sr., Robert Stewart, Jr.,
James Steel, Gavin Scot, Casper Scalier, Peter Sanguree, James Speer.
Patrick Smith, Rowland Stewart, Robert Shaw, Widow Shaw, David
^Slowan, Andrew Slowan, Robert Smith, Daniel Slnklar, John Sinklur,
At'chibald Shaw, Andrew Stewart, Samuel Stewart, Jonas Sower, Samuel
Sprout, James Sprout, John Stewart, Jr., Zachariah Shugart, Samuo!
Sprouts, James Sprouts.

John Theaker, James Turk, William Thomson.

John Ulrie.

Thomas Vissage,' William Valentine.

Matth^ Wallace, John Wallace, Aaron^ Wallace, Moses Wallace,
James Weylie, Isaac Williams, Widow Winter. John Weylle, James
Weylie, Samuel Woods. Doctor Weir, Mary Wilson, William Wiii^on^
Thomas Wilson.

William Young.

List ot Authorities.

The following is the list of authorities employed in the prepara-
tion of this paper:

Colonial Records of Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania Archives.

Major General Wayne and Pennsylvania Line, by Stillfi.

Gordon's History of Pennsylvania.

Proud '8 History of Pennsylvania,

Critical and Narrative History of America, Justin Windsor.

McMaster'6 History of American People.

Sanderson's Lives of the Signers.

Rupp's History of York and Lancaster Counties.

Mombert's History of Lancaster County,

Bgle's History of Pennsylvania.

SCOTCH-IRISH IN YORK AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PA. 379

History of Cumberland and Adams Counties.
Glossbrenner's History of York County.
Gibson's History of York County.

Papers of Edward McPherson, including clippings from various news-
papers.

Rupp's History of Western Pennsylvania.

History of Ouinston Congregation, by Rev. Francis McBurney.

History of the Upper Marsh Creek Church, by Rev. J. K. Demorest.

OLD DERBY CHURCH.

BY HON. A. BOYD HAMILTON, HABRISBURO, PA.

Gentlemen of the Scotch-Irish Society : 1 am complimented by the
invitation of your committee to address the convention of Scotch-
Irishmen and their descendants, now assembled at Harrisburg. In
such a gathering of representative men any effort of mine can add
little of interest to the relation of the deeds of a race that has had so
much to do with the formation, success, and establishment of a
permanent form of government, under which this country has
prospered for more than a century.

Our fathers brought from Ulster a democratic Church govern-
ment, an educated clergy, an intelligent laity of positive religious
belief, humane instincts, and high aspirations for freedom, ardently
desirous to make their new home permanently free in Church and
State. These are the men from whom we claim descent, a line of
ancestors true; brave, and good.

Nearly three hundred years ago emigration from the Lowlands
of Scotland to the "waste of Ulster" was commenced and encour-
aged by the sovereign and his advisers.

The tribal contests in the time of Elizabeth and her successors,
added to the barbarities of the English invader in ineffective effort
to conquer Ireland, had devastated the fine province of Ulster, and
rendered the remnant of the original septs almost as wild as untu-
tored savages. The arbitrary decision to reclaim the territory by
settlers, called "servitors," resulted beneficially.

These " servitors/' to whom large allotments of land were made,
were of the best class of Scottish gentry; whole clans, indeed, mi-
grated in families from the lowland region, passing south to the
channel to ports nearest Belfast, debarking along the liorthern
coast of Ireland to Antrim, Tyrone, Coleraine, Deny, Fermanagh,
and Donegal.

Before many years this emigration had materially improved the
grant, and so modified the prejudice of the natives th^t compara-
tive quiet prevailed there, while other provinces were in a state of
semi-rebellion. ^

After the siege of Londonderry and the battle of the Boyne no
formidable outbreak of Milesian turbulence occurred. Tribal dis-
(380)

OLD DERBY CHURCH. 381

putes ended, and by the peaceful pursuits of agriculture and manu-
facture this uncultivated region has become the prosperous Ulster
of the present century.

It is a notable fact that during this peaceful period the Scot did
not intermarry with his neighbor, preserving blood and habit from
amalgamation, and remaining to-day as much a distinctive race in
appearance, language, and religious faith as they were three hun-
dred years ago.

This is a brief sketch of our forefathers before their coming to
America. Of the earliest immigration history gives no exact date;
but we know that the original records of a church gathered from
1670 to 1684, at Eehoboth, on Delaware Bay, are in existence, and
soon afterwards other congregations of Presbyterians were formed
at Freehold, Whiteclay, Appoquinimick, Octorara, Elk, Notting-
ham, Donegal, Conoy, Conewago, Derry, and many other points
radiating east and west from the valleys of the Susquehanna and
Delaware, along the great valley of the Kittatinny to Virginia, Car-
olina, and Tennessee.

When the agitation began which preceded our Revolution peo-
ple of this race were the very first to declare themselves an inde-
pendent community. Indeed, these Scotch-Irish raised the banner
of resistance, fought and died for it, until the battle was won, prov-
ing by their deeds their loyalty.

This Society, in endeavoring to preserve the memory of a pious
and cultivated ancestry, and, by emulation, to perpetuate the insti-
tutions of civil and religious liberty which they assisted to secure,
is in sympathy with kindred societies, the fViendly Sons of St. Pat-
rick, the Sons of St. George, the Huguenots, the Hollanders, the
Pennsylvania Germans, and others associated for a similar purpose.

Thus we catch faint Bhadows of things to be.

We are assembled to-day at "Derry" church — the most ancient

religious organization in Dauphin County, Pa. — on the spot chosen

by the fathers one hundred and seventy years ago as the proper site

for a church.

And around this temple of the Lord
These came to settle.

It is hallowed ground, trodden for many years by our ancestors
and their descendants. In this charming and peaceful region the}'-
found permanent homes, and near by in the quiet burial ground
you may find memorial stones inscribed with names as purely Scot
as if those who bore them had lately come from Lanark or Kir-

382 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

caldy. Some of them were driven from Ulster during the peril-
ous times of religious persecution, but in the country of their
adoption they loyally and uniformly participated in the struggle
for freedom. In all our border wars their names appear; they
were at Kittanning and Quebec, at Trenton, Valley Forge, and
Yorktown. Many men of this congregation were with the gallant
Wayne at Savannah, and again at Fort Defiance.

Among the earliest family names recorded as belonging to this
church and congregation we have Eowland Chambers, Thomas
And William Clark, James Galbraith, Patrick and Robert Camp-
bell, John Mitchell, William McBey, James Quigley, Malcolm Kar,
Thomas and Hugh Black, William McCord, Morgan Jones, James
Harris, David McClure, James Macfarlane, John and Benjamin
Boyd, James Hamilton, James McCord and sister, the latter the
only woman mentioned in the earliest records of the congregation.
It is probable that there were others, wives and daughters of
these ancient worthies, present at this first service, held on a pleas-
ant April day in 1724. The services were conducted by Revs.
George Gillespie, David Evans, and Robert Cross, all clergymen of
New Castle Presbytery. It is impossible to determine the exact
place of meeting, but it is understood to have been near a spring,
a mile or more from the present site.

Previously, however, to this formal gathering of the Deny
Scotch-Irish frontiersmen we have brief notices of the movements
of other Presbyterian clergymen: of Rev. James Anderson, who
preached at or near Donegal in 1722; of the Rev. Adam Boyd,
who preached " to the westward of Octoraro and Donegal over
Conoy," in 1723; and of Craighead, the elder, who at an earlier
date had ^< visited the Susquehanna settlements." We know, too,
that before 1717 there was a settlement west of Conestoga, near
Conewago, consisting of at least thirty-six families, so that no diffi-
culty arose in finding willing and earnest believers, widely scat-
tered, yet quickly gathered at the sound of the gospel when
pressed upon them by ministers of their own religious faith.

Boon after a permanent organization was effected, and a small
church erected about 1725, and this spot has been the place of wor-
ship almost without intermission ever since. It is an historic land-
mark in all the history and tradition of this part of Pennsylvania.

In 1769 the first building waa replaced by another, known for
many years as " Old Deny ** Church. Its architecture was not pre-
tentious, being built of logs and weather-boarded, in dimensions but

OLD DEBRY CHURCH. 383

38 by 39 feet. The windows were placed a considerable distance
above the ground, about midway from base to roof, and were in
the curious old style of small and numerous lights. The interior
of the church was very quaint, with its small, contracted, high pul-
pit towering above the stiff and straight-backed pews, giving to the
minister that elevated position befitting his sacred calling.

Originally, and up to 1788, no provision was made for heating
the church. That, however, was the fashion of the times. During
the pastorate of Eev. Mr. Sharon we find the congregation taking
action with regard to repairs to the church, and, among others, this
"Eesolution of September 12, 1825," that a certain committee be
authorized " to take out seat occupied by Henry McDonnell, for the
U8e of putting stove there, in case McDonnell is agreed.; " and, fur-
ther, "to add one joint to stovepipes, and have irons put around
the holes where pipes enter through ceiling."

The church was surrounded by a beautiful grove. Near by
was the old graveyard inclosed by a stone wall, built in 1771,*
as late as 1842 we find mention^ of its /completion, at a cost of five
hundred and forty dollars. There is also on the church property a
plain, rough building, erected in 1810 at a cost of twenty-five pounds
($67), variously called " study," " session," and " sexton " house. It
was used for many years as a post office, afterwards for Sunday
school purposes, pending the erection of the new church.

With regard to the church property, we find the following land
grant: On July 18, 1741, John Penn granted to William Bertram,
James Galbraith, Jr., Hugh Hays, James Harris, William Morrison,
Hugh Wilson, and Kobert Wallace "one hundred, 100, acres of
land," in trust for the sole use of the ** Presbyterian Congregation,
School, and Burial place, and for no other use whatever," in Derry
Township, Lancaster County. '

The necessities of the congregation required that portions of this
grant should be disposed of for its support, and thus more than
nine-tenths of it have been sold,^ reducing the " glebe " to less than
ten acres, including the burial ground and church yard.

Previous to the incorporation of the congregation (March 29,
1787) its affairs were attended to by committees appointed at year-
ly meetings, usually in November. The act of incorporation pro-
vided for thirteen trustees, " to be chosen on the Monday next aft-
er the fourth Lord's day, commonly called Sunday, in April."
This charter was amended July 2, 1839, reducing the number of
trustees to six. With this organization it was kept up. The char-

384 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

ter trustees were: John Elder, William Laird, John Rodgers, Rob-
ert Clarke, James Wilson, Sr., James Wilson, Jr., David Hay, Jo-
seph Parks, Robert Moody, James Rodgers, Robert Robertsony
Thomas McCallen, William Snodgrass.

Derry Church was first connected with the Presbytery of New
Castle, formed in 1716. When the Presbytery of Donegal was
formed from it (in 1732) Derry came under its care, and so contin-
ued until the formation (in 1786) of Carlisle Presbytery, when it
was transferred to that body.

Records of the congregation, compared with those of Donegal
and Carlisle Presbyteries, afford slight information as to the elder-
ship from 1727 to 1784; after that it is difficult to state its exaci
condition. The following, however, may be accepted as a very
nearly perfect list of the eldership of this church.
Hugh Black, 1731. John B. Moorhead, 1805.

Robert Campbell, 1731. Robert Moorhead.

Rowland Chambers, 1731. Robert Robertson, 1779.

James Clark, 1834. John Sawyer, Jr., 1799.

Robert Clark, 1786. Dr. Christian Sheller, 1828.

Walter Clark, 1756. James Simonton, 1795.

William Clark, 1828. Dr. William Simonton, Sr., 1779.

Hugh Craig, Sr., 1756. Dr. William Simonton, Jr., 1827.

Robert Geddes, 1756. John Sloan, 1731.

Hugh Hamilton, 1769. William Snodgrass, Sr.

David Hays, 1778. William Snodgrass, Jr., 1807.

Thomas McElrath, 1804, James Wilson, Sr., 1766.

Thomas McNair, 1805. James Wilson, Jr., 1800.

David Mitchell, 1828. John Wilson, 1740.

Joseph Moody, Sr., 1750. Moses Wilson, 1779.

Robert Moody, 1778. Samuel Wilson. 1790.

Each of these venerable fathers filled this honorable position for
many years. Most of them were of advanced age before they became
office bearers in the church, and their useful lives were prolonged even
to eighty and ninety years.

No elders appear to have been chosen after 1834. David Mitchell,
who died in Piqua, O., May 11, 1886, in his ninety-fifth year, was the
last elder of Old Derry Church. He removed to Ohio in 1839.

It is to be regretted that the limitations of this paper will not per-
mit a sketch of the pastors of Old Derry, for notable men they were in
character and service. Their names only we give, and the time of
their ministration:

OLD DERBY OHUBCH.

386

William Bertram, 1732-46, thirteen years.

John Roan, 1746-75, twenty-nine years.

John Elder, 1776-92, sixteen years.

Nathaniel R. Snowden, 1793-95, two years.

Joshua Williams, 1798-1801, three years.

James Adair, 1803, d.

James R. Sharon, 1806-43, thirty-seven years.

John M. Boggs, 1844-47, three years.

Andrew D. Mitchell, 1849-/4, twenty-five years.

It seems desirable, as far as possible, to preserve the names of
all connected with the old church; and therefore, in addition to
thoRe of elders and pastors, we add this list of contributors to
Deny Church, 1745-75 :

1745. William Boyd, Sr.

1745. J. Byars.

1745. James Campbell.

1745. Jean Duncan.

1745. Agnes Donally.

1745. Samuel Espy.

1745. Patrick Hays.

1745. Charles Hughes.

1745. John Hanna.

1745. David Johnston.

1745. Patrick Kelly.

1745. James Kerr.

1745. Thomas Logan.

1745. David McCord.

1745. William McCord.

1745. Neil McAllister.

1745. John McAllister.

1745. D. McClenaghan.

1745. John McCosh.

1745. William McFarlen.

1745. George McGeehan. ^

1745. John McBey.

1745. Samuel Murray.
1745. George Murray.

1745. John Patton.

1745. John Peden.

1745. William Sawyer.

1745. James Todd.
25

1745. Robert Tate.
1745. RebekaTate.
1745. Moses Willson.
1745. James Willson.
1745. James Wilson.
1749. William Edmeston.
1749. Patrick Kelly, Jr.

1749. Andrew Roan.

1750. D. Garretson.

1750. David WVay.

1751. John Campbell.
1751. Richard Grain.
1751. John Carothers.
1751. John Duncan.
1753. Neil McAllister.
1753. John McBey.
1753. John Wilson, Sr.
1758. George Kelly.
1758. John Logan.
1758. John Sawyer.
1760. James Thompson.

1760. William Wilson.

1761. John McCIure.

1762. Samuel Sample.

1763. Robert Allison.
1763. Benjamin Boyd.
1763. John Hays.
1763. Robert Hays.

386

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

1763. Robert Hume.
1763. William Hays.
1763. David Hays.
1767. Robert Robinson.

1769. Joseph Boyd.
1779. John Johnston.

1770. William Boyd, Jr.

1771. John Campbell.
1771. William Hays.
1771. Samuel Sterrett.
1771. Benjamin Sawyer.

1771. John Todd.

1772. Mrs. John Hays.

1773. Mrs. George Kelly.
1773. Thomas Robinson.

William Hasten,
Samuel Jordan,
Alexander Leckey,
John MeCord,
John McCaver,
James MeCaver,
Robert McCleery,
James McAdow,
James Muller,
Alexander McBey,
J. Montfiromery,
James Park,
David Robinson,
Mich. RobinHon,
Robert Rusk,

No dates are given to these ad- Margaret Roan,

ditional contributors:
Joseph Allen,
James Beats,
Al. Blackburn,
William Blackburn,
Patrick Campbell,
William Crain,
Arch. Circhet,
George Calhoun,
John Carey,
John Douglass,
Thomas Douglass,
George Douglass,
James Duncan,
James Hays,

William Smith,
Hugh Todd,
Robert Tinnen,
John Tinnen,
James Tinnen,
Cams Tinnen,
William Thompson,
Bzekiel Yance,
William White,
Moses White,
James Wilson,
James Wilson, son of Jo-
seph Wilpon,
John Wilson,
Widow Wallace.

After 1800 the congregation steadily diminished in numbers,
the tendency to "go West" being the chief cause of this depletion.
As was said a long time ago by a distinguished orator, " the great
original Scotch-Irish settlement of the United States was on the
Susquehanna and its borders; " planted in fertile soil, "from thence
branches have run over the wall," sending healthy shoots not only
into all the great valleys of the Middle States, but also into Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois. So we may claim that the people who princi-
pally contributed in giving these states the positions they now oc-
cupy were emigrants from the state of Pennsylvania. It was

OLD DEERY CHURCH. 387

some years previoas to the pastorate of Eev. James Sharon that
the Presbyterian element began its migration from the homes of
their fathers — from the fertile lands of Derry to the unknown but
tempting " West."

The German settlers who came to fill the vacancy, being mostly
Baptists, erected their own places of worship, and grew stronger,
as time passed, while the original religious element became corre-
spondingly weaker.

In 1811 we find the greatest number of communicants to have
been 99. In 1839 the number had decreased to 40, and in 1844
there were upon the Church rolls but 6 names of members, four of
them those of women.

Among articles belonging to the old Church, which have been
preserved, are the following: A contribution box of 1740, used on
the day of dedication, the walnut communion table and linen table-
cloths; also the communion service of pewter. This, or part of it,
was purchased in 1788. In proof of which statement we give a
fac-simile of the bill of purchase:

Phila'da Novr 15th. 1788
EoBT Clark Esqrk. Bot of William Will

4 Communion Cups @ 12-6 . £2. 10 s

Crt by 6 lb. of pewter 5

Heed Contents 2. 5.—

Wm. Will.

The original is now in possession of Miss S. E. Clark, of Har-
risburg, a great-granddaughter of Eev. John Elder and of Col.
Robert Clark. A Bible purchased in 1850 is still in good condition,
but all the books collected from 1796 to close of Mr. Sharon's pas-
torate, with other articles belonging to church library, have been
lost.

Many interesting memoranda might be given from church records,
which are perfect from 1786-87 to April 25, 1859. We can only
mention a very few, several relating to the condition of the old
church, frequent repairs to which were an endless drain upon the
resources of the congregation.

In 1789 we find the following "resolution," at a meeting of trus-
tees, in order to defray expense of roofing, etc., " that there be an
assessment of £30 laid on congregatioti in proportion to their es-
tates. Seal and Personal, by a committee appointed for that pur-
pose." The pleasant duty was devolved upon " Eobert McCallumi

388 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Thomas Robertson, Joseph Park, and James Land, who met for
the purpose at the house of Walter Clarke October 3, 1789.

Again, in 1790 a conference of trustees as to purchase of " Mate-
rial to Eepair the outside of the Meeting house, and to make agree-
ment with workmen either to Board or plaister it, as they think
proper,** and " to get the pues made and put inl)efore the house ia
plaistered." From this time frequent references to condition of
church and necessity for repairs are found in trustees' records, not-
ably in 1820 and in 1848, until finally it became so dilapidated as to
be dangerous and unfit for public worship, making its removal ad-
visable.

The first step was to organize, if possible, a legal corporation and
erect a new structiire. The Dauphin County Historical Society first
moved in this direction by appointing A. Boyd Hamilton its President,^
Eev. Thomas H. Robinson, Secretary, and Dr. William H. Egle, Li-
brarian, a committee to take necessary action. On the 23d of April,.
1883, ^the organization took place at the church under charters of
1787 and 1839. Messrs. William K. Alricks, Horace Brock, A.
Boyd Hamilton, John Logan, J. Shannon McCord, and James Mc-
Fadden were elected trustees, and a building committee appointed.
The same year the old edifice was taken down, and the erection of
the present one commenced. The handsome " Memorial " church in
which we are assembled to-day has been secured by contributions
from descendants and friends of many early worshipers. The new
church is upon the old site, facing directly north, the main door
fronting north. It is a Grothic structure, built of blue lime-
stone, without ornament of other stone, on a foundation of solid
rock. In depth the building is 50 feet, front 30 feet, rear 44 feet,
allowing space for pulpit and Sunday school room. The tower, 10
feet square, 52 feet in height, contains one entrance to the church.
About 15 feet from its base is the same window that in 1787 was
placed over the 'pulpit of the old church by request of Eev. John
Elder, " to give more air and light." It is set with thirty-six small
lights (4 by 4) in leaden frame. The doors and windows are arched,
the latter protected by wire gratings. The stained glass memorial
windows were contributed by descendants of former ministers and
eldera, by churches and Sabbath schools.

Description of the Memorial Windows.

north window.
Over the main entrance on the north is a circular window, with

OLD DERBY CHUBOH. 389

inscription, "James Bussell Sharon, seventh pastor, from 1807 to
1843. Born 1775; died 1843.

*After the Harvest, Eest.'
Presented by the family of Mr. Sharon."

SOUTH WINDOW.

High above the pulpit is another circular window, inscribed to

"John Elder, third pastor, from 1775 to 1791.
Presented by Mr. Charles L. Bailey, of Harrisburg Pa."

ON THE NORTH FRONT.

In Memoriam — Eobert and James Wallace.

"In the way of righteousness is life."
Presented by descendants of these gentlemen.

"John and Harriet Logan. A thank-offering from Derry Vil-
lage."

THE EASTERN SIDE.

In Memoriam — William Bertram, first pastor of this church, from
1731 to 1745. Born 1674; died 1746.

" Thy testimonies are before the Lord."
Presented by Miss Ann Coleman, of North Lebanon Furnaces.

In Memoriam — The faithful and courageous John Eoan, second
pastor of this church, from 1745 to 1775. Born 1719; died 1775.
Presented by descendants of Mr. Eoan.

In Memoriam — Nathaniel Randolph Snowden, fourth pastor of
this church, from 1792 to 1796. Born 1770; died 1850.
" Was strong in faith, giving glory to God."
Presented by Archibald Louden Snowden, of Philadelphia.

In memory of James Wilson, an elder of this church for nearly
forty years. Born 1755; died 1835. Presented by Mrs. James Mc-
Cormick, of Harrisburg.

In Memoriam — Dr. William Simonton, for many years an elder
of Derry Church. Born 1778 ; died 1846.

" God is not the God of the dead, but the living."
Presented by the family of Dr. Simonton.

WEST FRONT AND TOWER.

In Memoriam — John Marshall Boggs, eighth pastor of this
church, from 1844 to 1847.

From the Sunday school of the Market Square Presbyterian
Church, Harrisburg, Penn.

" Fervent in spirit, serving the Lord."

390

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

In Memoriam — Andrew Dinsmore Mitchell, ninth pastor of this
church, from 18.50 to 1874. Born 1829 ; died 1882.

Prom the Sunday school of the Presbyterian Church, Third
and Pine streets, Harrisburg, Penn.

IN FIRST-STORY TOWER.

A memorial of the first Presbyterian missionaries who gathered
this church in the wilderness, in the years from 1722 to 1730.

" The soul is strong that trusts in God."
Contributed by the Building Committee.

On the same front are a group of four windows:

Presented by Grace Chapel Sunday school, Nacetown, Lebanon
County, Penn.

Presented by the James Coleman Memorial Sunday school, Leba-
non County.

Presented by the Sunday school of the York Presbyterian
Church. James Wilson Kerr.

In Memoriam — Joshua Willliams, fifth pastor of this church lh)m
1798 to 1801.

From the Sunday school of the Presbyterian Church in Lancas-
ter, Penn.

IN SOUTH GABLE.

In Memoriam — James Adair, sixth pastor of Dorry. 1803.

From the Sunday school of Christ Presbyterian Church, Leba-
non.

The interior walls are tinted a soft gray, and the wainscoting and
vaulted ceiling are of oiled yellow pine. For a time the old pulpit
was used, but has been replaced by a handsome one of oak, similar
in design to the old one. Provision has been made for heating the
building by furnaces, and chairs take the place of the old-fashioned
pew. The corner stone of this church was laid on its north front,
October 7, 1884, bearing the following incription:

" To THE Glory op God

Founded, 1724 ; Rebuilt, 1884.

Derry Presbyterian Church."

It was dedicated, with appropriate services, January 6, 1887.

The building committee were Mrs. George Dawson Coleman and
Mrs. Horace Brock, of Lebanon ; Mrs. Charles L. Bailey, Mr. Edward
Bailey, and Mr. A. Boyd Hamilton, of Harrisburg. Nearly $10,000
was expended by them in the erection of the church, which was

• OLD DEKRY CHUBCH. 391

contributed by over one hundred persons. The original plan of the
building included a handsome porch over the main entrance, but
the additional expense to be incurred deferred its erection. It is
hoped that this desirable addition may yet be secured by the gen-
erosity of some liberal-minded friend.

Many additional reminiscences of old Derry might be here given,
but we trust the interest recently awakened may continue — that
while Derry Church endures it shall stand as a memorial of the
sterling virtues of our Scotch-Irish ancestors; for though various
opinions have been expressed as to some of the peculiar character-
istics of the race, not here specially noted, but made apparent by
the events of history, the most prejudiced critic has never ques-
tioned their patriotism, courage, or piety.

But as suggested by this sacred place, let one marked feature of
their character be emphasized, that of strong and positive religious
conviction, causing them to differ in points of belief from many
other ecclesiastical bodies. We recognize them not as Puritans,
Quakers, or Churchmen, but in matters of faith and Church polity
as Presbyterians.

NOTE.

Unfortunate circumstances, a seeond time, prevented the Society
from securing a satisfactory report of Dr. John S. Macintosh's ad-
dress, "A Night in One of the Old Log Colleges," and a second time
it has become neee88ar3" to omit it from the annual volume, much to
the regret of Dr. Macintosh's associates on the Publication Commit-
tee and to the members of the Society in general.

CLOSING EXERCISES OF THE CONGRESS.

The old-time Covenanter service, which has grown to be
one of the most striking and profitable features of the Scotch-
Irish Congress, was this year conducted by Rev. John S. Mac-
intosh, D.D., of Philadelphia, on Sunday morning, at the
Opera House. Dr. Macintosh also preached the sermon of
the occasion to a very large audience assembled, and the en-
tire service was deeply impressive.

The services were opened with prayer by the Rev. Dr-
George 8. Duncan, of Harrisburg.

Dr. Duncan:

Most holy and most merciful Father, Thou hast told us not to
foi*sake the assembling of ourselves together, and hast promised to
be where even two or three are gathered together in Thy name.
May we all be found in the spirit on the Lord's day, and may we
worship the triune God in spirit and in truth. May the words of
our mouths and the meditations of our hearts be acceptable in Thy
sight, O God. our Strength and our Redeemer.

We thank Thee for this service as laden with sweet memories of
the past. Amid all the^ trials and tribulations of Thy people of old
Thou hast ever been with them, keeping them in the hollow of Thy
hand and as the apple of Thy eye.

We praise Thee for these godly people of the days gone by and
for all that they have bequeathed to us. May they ever be an in-
spiration to us to walk in the straight and narrow path that leads
to everlasting life.

May the services of this afternoon be blessed by Thee, and as
seeds into good ground so may the truth fall into our hearts and
bring forth thirty, sixty, or a hundred fold.

Grant all these mercies, wc pray Thee with the forgiveness of all
our sins, which we ask in the name of Jesus Christ, Thy Son, our
Saviour. Amen.

Psalm cxxi. was explained by Dr. Macintosh, and then
"lined out" and sung after the old Scottish mode.

After reading of the Scripture by Rev. Dr. D M. Gilbert,
of Zion Lutheran Church, of Harrisburg, Rev. Dr. John S.
(392)

CLOSING EXERCISES OF THE CONGRESS. 393

Macintosh delivered the sermon of the afternoon. His sub-
ject was, "The Fathers' Tale, the Children's Meditation."
Dr. Macintosh spoke as follows:

The subject for our consideration this afternoon is "The Fathers'
Tale, the Child's Meditation;" and we find it in the forty-fourth
Psalm: "We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers have
told us, what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old."

Like Roentgen's rays piercing through barrier layers and laying
hidden things bare, this verse flashes its keen, white light through
the centuries and makes the old home scene sharply clear to sight.

For some of us how easy it is to make the old Hebrew picture
real! There rises to one of us a Lowland cottage, to another an
Ulster farmhouse, and to not a few a log house near the Nesham-
iny or by some curve of the lovely Juniata.

We are in the big, horaefike farm kitchen of the homestead; the
glowing peat, the big ingle fire, the blazing logs are casting a ruddy
glow upon the faces of the circle resting beneath the out-jetting
" lum " of the old black, far-projecting chimney, as the Scotch
or Ulster or Pennsylvania household on a long winter night is
grouped around the cheery hearth. Young and old, man and wife
and weans — friends and "hands" have their faces turned, and their
eyes fixed on the silvery-haired patriarch, the grandfather in the
home, the great ancestor and the head of the clan, as he tells of
"the ancient things" in the "killing times."

The grave faces of the elders, the deep silence of the wondering
children, and the open-mouthed attention of the farm hands — all at-
test the witchery of the old man's story, and reveal the power of
his tale of^he days of old. Now holding in his hand an old pike or
faded blue bonnet, he repeats the stand at Drumclog and the fierce,
short fray at " Both*ell Brig." Now the thinning voice of the
hoary-headed talesman strengthens and hardens as with glowing
heart and eyes flashing fire from beneath gray and beetling brow
he paints the bloody houre of the cruel Clavers. Now it is the
tragic tale of Margaret Wilson.

Again the scene changes, and it is " Derry Walls " that rise to
view: The terrible "boom" stretches across the Foyle from bank
to bank ; the troopers of King James and the " Eedshanks " scour
fast and thick around the leaguered and famished city; and the de-
fiant handful keep the " gates " and save the liberties of the world.

Or now, mayhap, it is the landing at the " Forks of the Dela-

394 THE SGOTOH-imSH IN AMERICA.

ware," where the " cheated coloniBts " from Ulster are disembark-
ing to find homes on the Juniata and to stream through the Cum-
berland Valley on their pioneer march to Virginia and the " win-
ning of the West."

The father told of " the times of old."

That is a scene, " Mang Swoor ain fowk," and comes within the
recollection of some who are now within the sound of my voice,
and makes it easy for us to realize.

The original would seem to be something like this:

It is a still evening hour on some Syrian pasture land; the day^s
work of the shepherd is over; the flocks are safely folded, the
horses tethered and grazing quietly, the camels munching their
food, in restful content, and the retainers of the clan and the wide-
spread household are now converging toward the largest of the
black tents.

The flaps of the tent are folded back, the carpets are stretched
on the dry grouud, and in semicircle they group themselves around.

There on the center rug sits the father of the house, surrounded
by the children of the household and the servants in bunches, and
beneath the peerless stare of the Syrian sky the father, the elder,
the sheik, tells of the days of old, the years of the right hand of
the Lord.

He makes them hear with their ears what God has done, in the
olden time, and the deliverances he wrought for them in the days
that are passed.

" O God, we have heard with our ears, our fathers have told us,
what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old."

Here we have a people to whom home was sacred and formed
their earliest and best school. " Our Fathers." How sweetly the
words fall upon us! We have heard with our ears of the sanctified
homes, of the believing parents. There is but small difference of
speech between "The Fathers" and "Our Fathers," but thei*e is a
vast distance yawning between the two thoughts. "The Fathers"
may be only the convenient tool of a clever manipulating theorist
and sectarian. " Our Fathers " is a homelike phrase that brings the
God-appointed witnesses of pod's will and of God's most wondrous
deeds to our sight, and home to our hearts. To hear with our ears
from those lips, whose love has guided us to God and whose lives
have attested their truthfulness, is a privilege most sacred and a
lesson most influential. Here we have set forth in the fullest light
and loveliest life the honor of the fireside, the sanctity of marriage.

CLOSING EXEBCISES OF THE OONGRESS. 395

the God-made bonds of husband and wife and children, the divine
authority of fatherhood, the ennobling and dignified submission of
reverend childhood, the enforced but unstinted respect of the free-
born son and daughter for their parents in the Lord, and the undy-
ing recollections of the continuous power of the pious tale of a God-
fearing ancestor. The master folks of the centuries have been the
hallowers of the homes. The EgyjUian, the Hebrew, the Eoman
of the Hepublic, the German from the Ehine, the Saxon and the
Scotch, they have been the people that have bound together in holy
wedlock, one man and one woman. Theirs are the nations where
parents have recognized in children divine gifts and have so educated
their children that they might rise up in the places of the fathers
wh«n the parents are no more; and to-day the " fathers* tale" that
comes down to us is the tale of the holy home, the influential be-
cause God-fearing fireside, and the forces of that home training
where God is the enthroned royal Father and Jesus Christ is known
'as a familiar Friend and Visitor, as Elder Brother. Eemember that
it is in the conquering language of the world that the queens of
song pour out the heart-enchanting melody, " Home, sweet home,'*
but let the sons and daughters of the covenant learn to sing it,
" Home, sacred home."

Lessons, masterful and timely, there are for us here voicing them-
selves forth with sharp and piercing clearness. We are the people
of the homes. If heredity means anything, if past environments
mean anything, if traditions, if holiest memories mean anything,
these facts and forces have taught us that within the home circle
should ever be found parental instructions sanctifying and sweet, ele-
vating and cheering because full of the wonderful works of a present
and precious and gracious God. . . . The hallowed fireside, the
God-fearing father and mother, the mouth full of the deeds and the
praises of God, the sacred story of the right hand of the Lord, in
Scotland's sorrows and Ulster's struggles are called back to us this
afternoon, and in them is for us the touch of nature that makes us
kin with them of Israel who speak in this rich old Syrian song.

We are fallen on saddening days, wherein the divine sanctity of
marriage is by many forgotten, by some denied and scouted; the
sacred realities of the God-made and God-honoring home uncared
for, often unknown; the holy and honorable estate of fatherhood
and motherhood undesired; the dignity, authority, and reverence
of parents largely unknown; the sweet submissiveness of free-
hearted and loving childhood but rarely seen, the family altar

•396 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

fallen into ruin, the houBehold story of God in the family unheard,
and the "church in the house" not even understood.

Sons and daughters of the race of the hallowed home, of respect-
ed, God-fearing parenthood, of the family altar and the family Bi-
ble — as for others let them do as they will ; but this afternoon as
your memories recall the days of your fathers and as your hearts
soften amid the restored scenes of the days of old, let me beseech
you to say — ^yes, to vow — one and all, "As for me and my house, we
will serve the Lord." Then shall we have God-filled histories which
our children shall hand down as sacred heirlooms — ^yes, a heavenly
heritage of truth and inspiration to their children.

Here we have a people to whom thoughtful and reverent medi-
tation on their ancestral past was a frequent and fruitful exercise.
We have heard with our ears what they did in their day, " the days
of our fathers." How rich they are in memories for us? the days
of our own forefathers! ,

No loving and prayerful student is there of the richest and
grandest hymn book in the world — and such the Hebrew Psalter is
— who knows not how the divine past stands forth in boldest out-
line, and how the historic acts of the covenant God become cheer-
ing prophecies of the future. You ever see the Church in the
Psalter thrown out clear against the background of the past. No
student of the Psalter has failed to mark these " dominants " of the
Hebrew song, these keynotes of the Old Testament lyrics — " the
days of our fathers," " the days of old."

Two ways there are of reviewing the past. There is the way of
Nebuchadnezzar, strutting with great pomp and pride on the over-
weening high-built terraces of the transformed Babylon, boastfully
calling to his people, " Is not this great Babylon which I have
built? " and there is the way of Moses on the plains of Moab, telling
the gathered tribes, " and God chose you, not because ye were the
greatest among the nation, but because he loved you, though Israel
was the least." There is Nebuchadnezzar's method of pride, self-
assertion and self-confidence— of contempt for others. On the other
hand, there is the review of humility, of self-confessed undeserved-
ness, of gratitude giving birth to generosity.

In Israel there were both methods exemplified at difierent epochs.
Let us beware, let us avoid the spirit of those degenerate Jews who
said : " The people of the Lord are we." Let us avoid that boastful,
self-complacent method of reviewing the past, brothers and sisters
of the Scotch-Irish Congress that remain here. We stand at our

OLOSINQ EXERCISES OF THE CONGRESa 397

point of danger. Here is where danger lies to-day. From being
unknown, if not ignored, we have pushed into the front rank of no-
toriety. Bat twelve years ago there were but few so poor as to do
us reverence — few who eared for the names and the birthplaces of
Ulster. To-day how great the change! Old family Bibles that
have not only been neglected as God's Word, but forgotten as an-
cestral records, are being hunted out of the dusty garrets; and doc-
uments from the long-locked chests that still have the smell of the
sea and ship upon them, old parish registers and records, are being
earnestly and carefully sought, and men and women are glad now
to find within them something of out strength, blood, and honor.

We are at the point of danger. Let us not be high-minded. Let
us be honest to our undeniable defects, and humble because of them.
We are big enough and we are brave enough; we should be honest
enough to own up to our wrongs. If we have " a bushel fu' of var-
tues, we hae a peck fu* of fauts." ,

The discipline of Scotland during the hour of persecution, the
disappointments of Ulster because of violated pledges and an un-
grateful government and persecuting prelates and tyrannous land-
lords, the heart breaks of enforced emigration, the dark days of
colonial struggles and of the battles for independence, did make and
could not but make the Scot from Ulster hard and stern, suspicious
and contentious, a battling man of grim face and clinched fist and
primed rifle; but happier days and sweeter experiences, the contact
with the later Quakers and the intermingling with the palatinate
Germans, the silent but mighty forces of sweetness and light work-
ing in this broad, free, and many-blooded republic, made our imme-
diate fathei*s, and are making ourselves, kindlier, gentler, sweeter,
more neighborly than our race was at first.

It was not our fathers' sin, but their misfortune, that they were
hard and stern. It was not our fathers' sin, but their misfortune,
if they were disputatious, if they stood upon their rights, if they
gripped their goods tight and stood with rifles ready to guard their
homes and their families. For were they not the cheated colonists
from Ulster, who had been defrauded of right and justice, and driven
from their homes by the very Tory party who tried thereafter to
despoil them? It was not our fathers' sin, but their misfortune, that
they were somewhat grim and un neighborly when they found Logan
and his society slandering them, and even Benjamin Franklin writ-
ing in unfriendly style against them, as is now proved by his letter
to Lord Eames.

398 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Bi^t if we now, brought out in our broad, wealthy place, pos-
sessed of fullest coequalities in city, Church, and State, surrounded
by kindly, and oftentimes too readily flattering friends and neigh-
bors — if we should be hard and stern, and litigious and quarrelsome,
and stingy and ungenerous — it would be both shame and sin. The
great goodness which to-day is our portion should make generosity
a part of our piety; generosity to those who are of our own peo-
ple who are iji need of worldly goods and heaven's wealth ; gener-
osity to those- who are different in race from ours; generosity to
those who, though widely separated in faith and worship, are work-
ing as nobly as ourselves for a broader and better Americanism;
^generosity in meeting with our fellow-citizens in all their distinc-
tive and special efforts, wherever these are worthy and noble,
wherever these aim at a loftier patriotism and purer course in life,
the purgation of national politics, the death of sectionalism, the
higher life of the nation and the speedier and fuller reign of a God
taught truth and righteousness.

Our meditation on the past should make us, with Moses, humble
because of our undeservedness ; and, like David, active and self-de-
nying and generous for the inbringing and upbuilding of a greater
and richer temple of truth, brotherhood, and religion, both pure
and undeflled.

Here we have a people who devoutly recognised the hand of
God in their past as the'supreme worker fo*^ their good. The past
may be mechanic, the past may be profi ne, or the past may be di-
vine according to your own personality and philosophy. It may
be mechi^nic; it may be the unrolling of a great strand of forces,
with their necessitated effects, from the great spool of matter and
time; and the strand may simply go into the necessary conduit to
carry along the individual electricity to merely complete and make
more subtly active some great machine. If that be your view of
the past, then, of course, you have nothing to be thankfbl for,
nothing to look forward to, no one to love or serve. You are only
a fated atom in a fated arc. Yon have nothing to pray to, for who
prays to a machine? You have no one to cling to or love, for who
loves only a law?

You may make the past mechanic, or you may make it profane.
It may be for yon to enter as deist or atheist the varied and ever
changing field where only the human forces of selfishness and self-
sacrifice contend and the Satanic energies of lust and hate reveal
themselves in fire and blood, while nations have severally their un-

CLOSING EXEBCISES OF THE CONGRESS. 399

avoidable rise and fail. Or, the past may be the work place of
God, in which the divine Toiler waits till the cup of the Amorite is
full, and works with supreme patience, perfect wisdom, and sublime
grace to establish that kingdom " which is righteousness, peace, and
joy in the Holy Ghost," and plant among men in splendid reality
what saints and sages have longed for, and seers beheld, and sing-
ers hymned, the " City of God, whose gates are salvation and whose
walls are praise.'*

Now, my brothers and sisters, as your view of the past shall be,
so will be your life and character in the present and your hope and
work for the future. If our fathers* past be full of God, and the
days of old be preached to us, as both gracious and glorious through
the providence and immanence of God, then let others do as they
may, as for our own house, we will serye the Lord. Then grati-
tude, which leads to devoted praise and deepening humility, and
loving conformity to God*8 most holy will, shall be ours. Then
shall these graces and forces mark, and must more and more plain-
ly mark, our character in life, and this Godward gratitude will
show itself in Christly deeds of kindness, charity, and praise to all
our fellow-men, and in that complete surrender in faith to the only
Saviour, which ends in a new, sweet, and beautiful manhood. '

If our past and our fathers* past be to us full of the right hand
and tender mercy of our Lord God, then shall we hope that with
our children and our race in coming days the same God will be
Guide and Guardian, even unto death ; and, freed from all unworthy
pessimism, and full of wise and believing optimism, we shall im-
itate and emulate the old Scotch-Irish covenanters, who built better
than they knew; and so teach and toil, so plan and pray, that a
holier freedom shall bo the heritage of the coming generation, a
broader humanity, a larger charity, a sweeter morality, a nobler
home life, a sounder, Christlier Christianity giving birth to and fos-
tering more lofty types of individuality and finer classes of citi-
zens, purer and mightier churches, a greater and more benevolent
patriotism, a fuller faith in the present Christ, a nearer view of
the ever immanent God, a dearer brotherhood and more truly uni-
versal regard to the word and the will of our Father in Heaven.

Live worthy of the past, walk before God and strive to be per-
fect, and there remains a crown of righteousness and light laid up
for all who fight the fight and keep the faith; and who, by the grace
of the Spirit and through the presence of the Saviour and the mighty
love of the Father, thus finish their course with joy.

Ifi MEMORIAM*

JAMBS McNAMEE.

[The following sketch of Mr. James NcNaniee is taken from a New York
paper of January 30, 1896.]

James McNames, forty-nine years old, a well-known citizen of
Staten Island, died at his home, " Homeland," on Grymes HiH, Sta-
pleton, January 29, 1896, from Bright's disease. He was born at
Irvington-on-the-Hudson, and was a son of Theodore McNamee, of
the once well-known dry goods firm of Bowen & McNamee. Mr.
McNamee was graduated from Columbia College. He was a law-
yer, and had offices in the Mutual Life Building, in Nassau Street .
He was related to the Vanderbilts, having married a daughter of
the late Capt. Jacob H. Vanderbilt, and he had charge of the Van-
derbilt interests on Staten Island.

Mr. McNamee was a stanch Republican, and was the founder of
the new Eepublican party in Eichmond County. While he was
aggressive in politics, and of most decided opinions, which he al-
ways expressed with the utmost frankness, he was highly respect
ed by men of all parties. He was mainly responsible for the break-
ing up of the corrupt Democratic element which misruled Eich-
mond County for years, and was actively interested in the "good
roads movement," from which Staten Island has gained so much
benefit.

Mr. McNamee was a member of the firm of Davies, Work, Mc-
Namee & Hilton until its dissolution. He was forced to retire from
active business more than a year ago on account of ill health. He
was connected in business with his brother Charles until the latter
went South to take charge of " Biltmore," George Vanderbilt's es-
tate. Mr. McNamee leaves two daughters, one of whom is the wife
of Bernard Bckholt.

JUDGE WILLIAM GILMORE.

Judge William J. Gilmore, an ex-member of the Ohio Supreme
Court, died at his residence, 37 North Monroe Avenue, Columbus,
O., August 8, 1896. His death was due to a general breaking down
of his constitution and old age. He leaves a son, C. A. Gilmore, a
prominent attorney of Columbus. Judge Gilmore was born in Pre-
ble County in 1821, his people coming to Ohio fVom the Virginia
(400)

IN MEMOBIAM. 401

Valley. He at one time was Prosecutor for Preble County, and
also served several terms as a Common Pleas Judge in that district.
In 1874 he was elected to the Supreme Bench from the Preble Dis-
trict, serving in that capacity until 1880, when he retired to enter
the practice of law in Columbut^. He remained in active practice
up to within a few weeks of his death. In 1886 and 1887 Judge
Gilm»^re was President of the Ohio Bar Association, and in 1888 he
was a delegate from Ohio to a meeting of the American Bar Asso-
ciation. He was also a prominent Mason and a member of the
Scotch-Irish Society of America. At the time of his death Judge
Gilmore was a Trustee of Miami University, and of the Ohio His-
torical and Archaeological Society. Deceased was a man of rare lit-
erary attainments and fine executive ability. Socially he was con-
genial, considerate, companionable. The last meeting of the So-
ciety attended by him was at Lexington, where many members
had the pleasure of meeting him. He had a strong personality,
and was one of the great men our race has given Ohio.

REV. JAMES GEDDE8 CRAIGHEAD, D.D.

Rev. James Geddes Craighead, D.D., was born near Carlisle,
Pa., March 5, 1823 ; educated in his native town, and graduated at
Delaware College, Newark, Del. ; graduated from Union Theological
Seminary, New York City, in 1847; licensed to preach byNew York
Presbytery; Home Missionary and Stated Supply at Watertown,
Wis., for two or three years; pastor four years at Northumberland,
Pa.; co-editor and proprietor with Rev. Dr. Henry M. Field, of the
New York Evangelist for fourteen years, 1856-70. While connected
with the Evangelist he lived most of the time at Jersey City
Heights, where he was largely instrumental in founding the First
Presbyterian Cfiprch there. After traveling in Europe, Egypt,
the East, and this country, was Secretary of the Presbyterian
Historical S^'ciety of Philadelphia for several years; afterwards
Dean of the Theological Department of Howard University, Wash-
ington, D. C, for twelve years; author of several valuable histor-
ical books, among them " Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil,"
and "The Story of Marcus Whitman." Died in New York City,
April 28, 1895; married Harriet M. Van Auken, of New York City,
who, with three children, survives him.

WILLIAM C. McBRIDE.

William C. McBridb died November 10, 1895, as he was on a
journey from his son's home, in the South, to his own, in New York
City. His friend. Dr. John Hall, of New York, speaking of him,
says: ^^He had a good constitution as well as an active mind and
a sterling character. His end was a falling asleep in peace."

OBITUARY NOTICES.

The following is a list of deceased members of the Scotch-Irisb
Society of America^ of whose death the Secretary has been noti-
fied, but of whom no obituary sketches haye been furnished:

Black, Samuel S., Springfield, O.; died February 6, 1896.

Black, William M., Springfield, O.; died October 31, 1895.

Fleming, Hon. W. S., Columbia, Tenn.

MgEeehan, Charles W., Philadelphia, Pa.

Patterson, Gen. Eobebt B., Philadelphia, Pa.

Sherrard, Eobert, Steubenville, O.; died November 8, 1895.
(402)

LIST OF MEMBERS OP THE SCOTCH-IRISH SOCIETY OF

AMERICA. *

AcHEBON, Rev. Stuart, M.A., 48 Bleeker Street, Toronto, Canada.

First year. '
Adair, Col. G. W., Atlanta, Ga. 1891.
Adair, James McDowell, Lexington, Va. 1895.
Adair, William, M.D., Canmer, Hart County, Ky. First year.
Adams, Alexander, 1609 Swatara Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 1891.
Affleck, James, Belleville, 111. First year.
Aiken, John Adams, Greenfield, Mass. 1895.
Alexander, M. J., No. 9 Union Trust Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 1890.
Alexander, S. B., Charlotte. N. C. First year.
Alexander, Willi^^m Henry, Post Office Box 303, Omaha, Neb.

1891.
Anderson, Charles McCormick, Ashland, Wis. 1898.
Anderson, James A., Knexville, Tenn. 1891.
Anderson, James B., Detroit, Mich. 1893.
Anderson, William Alexander, Lexington, Va. 1895.
Andrews, John, Steubenville, Jefferson County, O. First year.
Archer, James, place of residence, Brooke County, W. Va. ; post

office, Steubenville, O. First year.

* From the beginning of the Society's existence an effort lias been made,
when a member joined, to secure a short biographical sketch of him. In
most cases these sketches have been furnished and published not only in
the annual volume of the year that the member was first enrolled, but in
subsequent volumes. The first of these sketches were published in Volume
II. This biographical matter has become so extensive that it cannot be
longer repeated without considerable expense and inconvenience. It has
been decided, therefore, to repeat hereafter only the name and address of
old members and the year in which they joined, as above. By referring to
the volume of the year in which a member joined, or any subsequent vol-
ume up to the seventh, inclusive, his biographical sketch can be found. For
example, Rev. Stuart Acheson joined the first year, and his sketch appears
in all volumes from the second to the eighth. Mr. William H. Alexander
joined in 1891, and his sketch can be found in the third volume (or that of
1891), and other volumes up to the eighth. The names of new members
who have joined this year, and of old members who desired correction,
have been placed in a supplemental list which follows.

(408)

404 ' THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Armstrong, George Washington, 80 Utica Street, Boston, Mass.

1891.
Baird, Thomas Harlan, Monongahela City, Washington County,

Pa. First year.
Ballagh, James C, Lexington, Ya. 1895.
Barclay, Thomas, Steubenville, O. First year.
Barr, William Patrick, Jacksonville, Morgan County, HI. First

year.
, Baxter, Isaac C, Detroit, Mich. First year.
Beatty, Gen. John, Columbus, O. 1893*
Beggs, Robero?, 306 West Twenty - ninth Street, New York City.

1890.
Bell, Bennett Nelson, Lexington, Va. 1895.
Bell, James, 421 Sixth Street, Portland, Ore. 1892.
Black, Joseph K., Springfield, O. 1893.
Black, Moses, Mansfield, O. 1893.
Blaok, Robert T., Scranton, Pa. First year#
Black, Robert Thompson, Jr., 201 Franklin Avenue, Scranton,

Pa. 1895.
Bi^Anrs, John, CowleB, Weinter County, Neb. 1895.
Blair, J. C, Huntingdon, Pa. 1895.
Blair, James, Scranton, Pa. 1891.

Blair, Morris William, Eossiith, Des Moines County, la. 1892.
Blair, Samuel S., Tyrone, Pa. First year.
Blair, William, 174 Lake Street, Chicago, 111. 1893.
Blanton, Rev. Lindsay Hughes, D.D., Eichmond, Ky. First year.
Bogle, Rev. Samuel, Kenton, 0. 1893.
Bonner, Robert, 8 West Fifly-sixth Street, New York City. First

year.
Borland, John, Mason City, la. 1894.
Bowman, Robert Severs, Berwick, Pa. 1892.
Bradbury, Samuel, 5440 Wayne Avenue, Germantown, Philadel-
phia, Pa. 1893.
Br£adner, J. T., Port Henry, N. Y. First year.
Brige, Calvin Stewart, Lima, Allan County, O. 1893.
Briggs, Capt. Joseph B., Russellville, Ky. First year.
Brown, Robert Knox, Whitinsville, Mass. First year.
Bruce, Helm, Louisville, Ky. 1891.
Bryson, Rev. John H., D.D., Huntsville, Ala. First year.
Buchanan, J. N., Morgan town, W. Va. 1893.
Caldwell, Frank, Velasco, Tex. 1893.

LIST OP MEMBERS. 405

Caldwell, Harry M., Bruin, Butler County. Pa. First year.
Caldwell, John Day, 233 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati, O.

First year.
Caldwell, Judge John R, Toledo, la. 1894.
Caldwell, Rev. Eobert Ernest, 1426 East"^ Broadway, Louisville,

Ky. 1891.
Calhoun, Hon. David Samuel, Hartford, Conii. First year.
Calhoun, Lieut. Fred S.» United States Army, 23 Willis Avenue,

West Detroit, Mich. 1895.
Calhoun, James R., 915 South Forty-eighth Street, Philadelphia,

Pa. FirRt year.
Campbell, Charles, Ironton, Lawrence County, O. 1891.
Campbell, David Allen, Lincoln, Neb. 1895.
Campbell, Prof. Harry D., Lexington, Va. 1895.
Campbell, James David, Spartanburg, S. C. 1891.
Campbell, Gov. James E., Columbus, O. First year.
Campbell, John Lyle, Lexington, Va. 1896.
Campbell, Rev. Robert Fishburne, D.D., Asheville, N. C. 1895.
Carlisle, Charles Arthur, South Bend, Ind. 1894.
Carlisle, David, 103 Franklin Street, New York. 1895.
Carlisle, William Smyth, 405 Classon Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

1891.
Carpenter, J. McF., Pittsburg, Pa. First year.
Casady, Sarah Conarroe, 708 Fifth Street, Des Moines, la. 1894.
Casady, Simon, 708 Fifth Street, Des Moines, la. 1894.
Casady, Hon. Phineas McCray, Des Moines, la. First year.
Cash, Mrs. Rose Williamson, 1421 O Street, Washington, D. C.
Charlton, Alexander Gow, Omaha, Neb. 1891.
Christie, Edward Payson, Springfield, O. 1893.
Cochran, A. P. Linn, Springfield, O. 1893.
Cochran, J. Henry, Williamsport, Pa. 1893.
Cochran, Col. James C, Foley Mills, Augusta County, Va. 1895.
Cochran, Richard B., York, Pa. 1895.
Cochran, Samuel Davies, D.D., 1512 R. Street, Lincoln, Neb.

1894.
Cochran, Samuel Poyntz, P. O. Box 119, Dallas, Tex. 1894^
Cooke, George, St. Joseph, Mo. First year.

CoRBiT, Joseph, 433 W. Twenty-third Street, New York City. 1893.
Cotter, George Saxville, Springfield, O. 1893.
Cox, Frederick Warren, M.D., Vermillion, S. Dak. 1891.
CoYNER, Charles L., San Diego, Tex. 1894.

406 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Craiq, Dr. Alex, Columbia, Pa. First year.

Craig, Mrs. Margaret C, New Alexandria, Pa. 1891.

Craig, Robert, Dayton, O. 1893.

Crawford, Prof. F. B., McDonough, Md. 1893.

Creiqh, ThoxMas Alfk£d, 1505 Farnam Street, Omaha, Neb. First

year.
CuTCHEON, Hon. Byron M., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1891.
Daily, William Anderson, 214 West One Hundred and Fourfch

Street, New York City. 1892.
Dalzell, Hon. John, Pittsburg, Pa. 1890.
Davis, Mrs. Lydia Ann Bushfield, Newton, Kan. 1893.
Dean, W. D., Kenton, O. 1893.

Dickson, Alexander Walker, Scran ton. Pa. First year.
Dickson, Miss Caroline Stuart, 616 Quincey Avenue, Scranton,

Pa. 1890.
Dickson, Thomas, Troy, Ren County, N. Y. 1892.
DiNSMOOR, James, Sterling, 111. 1894.
DiNSM ORE, John, Glen Ritchie, Pa. 1893.
DiNSMORE, William Vanc?, San Jose, Cal. 1893.
Doherty, WiLLiAAi WiSNER, 27 School Street, Boston, Mass. First

year.
Doland, Arthur W., Spokane Drug Company, Spokane, Wash.

First year.
DoRAN, Hon. Peter, Grand Rapids, Mich. 1892.
Dripps, Dr., Savannah, Ga. 1895.

Drummond, Hon. Josiau Hayden, Portland, Me. First year.
Dunlap, Dr. a., Springfield, O. 1893.
Dunlap, Charles O'Neal, M.D., Athens, O. 1891.
Dunlap, Rev. S. P., Springfield, O. 1893.
Early, M. C, Cripple Creek, Colo. 1895.
Early, T. C, Cripple Creek, Colo. 1895.
EccLES, Rev. Robert Kerr, Salem, O. 1891.
Edmiston, Dr. David Wallace, Clinton, 111. 1894.
Edmonson, Rev. James, Marshallton, la. 1894.
Elder, Joshua Reed, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pa. First

year.
Elvvyn, Rev. Alfred Langdon, 1422 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

Pa. First year.
Erwin, Francis, Painted Post, Steuben County, N. Y. 1892.
Evans, Samuel, 432 Locust Street, Columbia, Pa. First year.
Evans, Thomas Grier, 49 Nassau Street, New York City. 1890.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 407

EwiNG, Hon. Nathaniel, Uniontowu, Fayette County, Pa. 1890.
EwiNo, Judge Thomas, Pittsburg, Pa. First year.
Fairly, Col. John Spencer, Charleston, S. C. 1892.
Ferqueson, Charles, President National Underwriters' Association,

Chicago, Hi. 1894.
Ferguson, Edward Alexander, Fourth and Main Streets, Cincin-
nati, O. First year.
FiNLAY, Arthur M., Galveston, Tex., or St. Louis, Mo. 1892.
FiNLAY, CoL. J. B., 35 Wall Street, New York City.
Finlay, James, Eureka, S. D. 1894.
Finley, Rev. George William, D.D., Fishersville, Augusta County,

Va. 1895.
Pishburne, James A., Waynesboro, Va. 1892.
Fleming, Alexander P., 1312 West Ninth Street, Des Moines,

la. 1894.
Fleming, David Deans, 1003 Locust Street, Des Moines, la. 1892.
Fleming, William Henry, 1220 East Walnut Street, Des Moines,

la. 1892.
Foster, Hon. Morrison, Shields, Pa. First year.
Frame, James A., 107 East Seventieth Street, New York City,

N. Y. 1892.
FRi;w, John, 25 and 27 Fourteenth Street, Wheeling, W. Va. 1891.
Frey, George Henry, Springfield, O. First year.
Frey, Isaac Ward, Springfield, O. 1893.
Frey, Robert Rodgers, 20 South Eighth Street, Council Bluffs,

la. 1894.
FuLLERTON, RoBERT, Dcs Moincs, la. 1894.

Galloway, Tod Buchanan, 553 E. Town Street, Columbus, O. 1893.
Gamble, Mrs. Mary McGill, Plattsburg, N. Y. 1893.
Gardner, James, Post Office Box 540, Cumberland, Md. 1893.
Gardner, William, Box 373, Pittsburg, Pa. 1893.
Garvin, John C, Dumont, Clear Creek County, Colo. 1895.
Gillespie, Mrs. John, 1332 South Broad Street, Philadelphia,

Pii. 1890.
Given, Dr. A., 1403 West Jefferson Street, Louisville, Ky. 1891.
Glasgow, Frank T., Lexington, Va. 1895.
Glasgow, William Anderson, Lexington, Va. 1895.
Glenny, John Clark, Buffalo, N. Y. 1893.
Gordon, Hon. Armistead Churchill, 330 East Beverly Street,

Stauntpn, Va. 1895.
Gordon, William, 2719 Jackson Street, Sioux City, la. 1894.

408 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Gragg, Isaao p., 53 Stato Street, Boston, Mass. 1892.

Graham, Augustus Washington, Oxford, N. C. 1891.

Graham, David Wilson, M.D., 672 West Monroe Street, Chicago,

ill. 1894.
Graham, Dr. George W., Charlotte, N. C. 1895.
Graham, Joshua Archelaus, Boom 310 German American Bank

Building, St. Joseph, Mo. 1892.
Granger, Col. Barlow, Des Moines, la. 1894.
Gray, M, L., 3756 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. First year.
Greer, Joseph M., Knoxville, Tenn. 1892.
Gregg, Williah Henry, 3013 Pine Street, St. Louis, Mo. 1893.
Groves, Thomas Porter, Hendersonville, Tenh. 1890.
Guild, Mrs. Mary Stales Paul, 3 Rindgefield Street, North Cam-
bridge, Mass. 1891.
Hagan, Judge Francis M., Springfield, O. 1893.
Hall, Rev. Dr. John, 712 Fifth Avenue, New York City. First

year.
Hall, Samuel Magowan, 563 Freeman Avenue, Kansas City,

Kan. 1894.
Hamilton, A. C, Galveston, Tex. 1890.
Hamilton, Eev. David Stuart, Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa.

1893.
Hamilton, Mrs. Virginia Coiner, Tupper Lake, N. Y. 1896.
Hammond, A. J., Cadiz, Harrison County, O. First year.
Hammond, Dr., New York City. 1895.
Harris, Arthur Copley, City Hall, Denver, Colo. 1895.
Hays, James A.., Mountain Home, Elmore County, Idaho. 1895.
Hemphill, George, Silverton, San Juan County, Colo. 1895.
Hemphill, James Calvin, 32 South Battery, Charleston, S. C.

1893.
Henderson, John, Johnstown, Cambria County, Pa. 1891.
Henry, William Hamilton, 734 East One Hundred and Fortieth

Street, New York City. 1892.
Henry, William Wirt, LL.D., Richmond, 7a. First year.
Herron, Col, W. A., Pittsburg, Pa. First year.
Hotchkiss, Jed, "The Oaks," 346 East Beverly Street, Staunton,

Va. 1891.
Houston, Eev. Samuel, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 1890.
Houston, William Paxton, Lexington, Va. First year.
Howard, J. B., Galena, 111. First year.
Humphreys, Prof. David Carlisle, Lexington, Va. First year.

LIST OF HEMBEBS. 409

Hunter, W. Hugh, Dallas, Tex. 1891.

Hunter, William Henry, Steubenville, Jefferson County, O. First
year.

Irvine, Egbert Tate, Big Stone Gap, Va. 1893.

Irwin, William, 1070 Lexington Avenue, New York City. 1893.

Jack, Kev. Hugh, Des Moines, la. 1894.

Jackson, F. Wolcx)tt, Newark, N. J. 1891.

Johnston, James Nichol, 383 Pennsylvania Street, Buffalo, N. Y.
1891.

Johnson, John Hughes, 428 North Seventh Street, Keokuk, la.

Johnson, Bobert, Springfield, O. 1893.

Johnston, Andrew Mackenzie, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County,
Cal. 1891.

Johnston, Rev. Howard A., 589 Bowen Avenue, Chicago, 111. 1892.

Johnston, James, Jr., Springfield, O. 1893.

Johnston, William Preston, New Orleans, La. First year.

Jones, Hon. Breckinridge, 303 North Main Street, St. Louis, Mo.
1894.

Jones, Rev. G. Chapman, D.D., T.C.D., 3903 Forbes Avenue, Pitts-
burg, Pa, 1894.

Kasson, Hon. John A., 1726 I Street, Washington, D. C. 1894.

Keatley, Col. John Hancock, Dispatch Building, St. Paul, Minn.
1894.

Kelley, Rev. David Campbell, Columbia, Tenn. First year.

Kellogg, Racine D., 1406 Eleventh Street, Des Moines, la. 1894.

Kelly, E. S., Springfield, O. 1893.

Kelly, O. W., Springfield, O. 1893.

Kelly, Oliver S., Springfield, O. 1892.

Kennedy, G. C, Lancaster, Pa. First year.

Kerfoot, Samuel H., 139 Rush Street, Chicago, 111. 1892.

Kerr, Frank H., Steubenville, O. 1891.

Kidney, James, 119 to 121 East Second Street, Cincinnati, O. First
year.

King, Louis W., Youngstown, O. 1893.

KiNKADE, Samuel, Nashville, Tenn. First year.

Knox, Rev. James H., 13 East Preston Street, Baltimore, Md. 1893.

Kyle, James, 131 Vinton Street, Providence, R. I. 1892.

Lamberton, Charles Lytle, 46 West Twenty-second Street, New
York City. 1890.

Latimer, James William, York, Pa. First year.

Lawther, Harry P., Dallas, Tex. 1894.

410 THE SCOTCU-IRIBH IN AMKRICA.

LiTHGOw, Hon. James S., Louisville, Ky. 1891.

Livingston, Thomas Moore, M.D. Columbia, Pa. 1892.

Logan, Rev. Samuel Crothers, D.D., LL.D., Scranton, Pa. First

year.
Logan, Judge Samuel T., Knoxville, Tenn. 1892.
Long, Daniel Albright, D.D., LL.D., Yellow Springs, O.
Magloskie, Prof. George, LL.D., Princeton, N. J. Firet year.
Magee, George L, Corning, N. Y. 1891.
Magill, John, 148 Second Street, Troy, N. Y. 1891.
Mahood, Edwin Blow, 921 Liberty Street, Pittsburg, Pa. First

year.
Maloy, Bd Nash, Gunnison City, Gunnison County, Colo. 1891.
Martin, John, 6 Couch Street, Plattsburg, N. Y. 1892.
Mathews, George Brewster, 830 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y.

1895.
MacAfee, John Blair, 16 Exchange Place, New York City. 1896.
Macintosh, Eev. J. S., D.D., 1334 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia,

Pa. First year.
McAfee, Egbert, cor. Antrim and California Avenue, Allegheny

City, Pa. 1895.
McAlarney, Matthias Wilson, Harrisburg, Pa. 1891.
McCall, Ansel James, Bath, Steuben County, N. Y. First year.
McCann, Francis, 180 Carpenter St., Providence, R. I. 1895.
McCartsr, TnoiiAS Nesbitt, LL.D., Newark, N. J. First year.
McCartney, Egbert James, Silverton, San Juan County, Colo.

1895.
McCaskey, William Spencer, majqr Twentieth Infantry U. 8.

army. Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 1895.
McCaughey, B. S., Sioux City, la. 1894.
McClaughry, Charles Chase, California Avenue and Twenty-sixth

St., Chicago, III.
McClaughry, Eobert Wilson, Pontiac, 111.
McClellan, Judge Robert Anderson, Athens, Ala. First year.
McClelland, Joseph Wilson, Lansdownc, Delaware County, Pa.

1892.
McClelland, Thomas, Forest Grove, Ore. 1894.
McClelland, Wells B., Steamboat Springs, Routt County, Colo.

1894.
McClintick, William T., Chillioothe, O. First year.
McClure, Col. Alex Kelly, Times Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

First year.

LIST OF M£HB£BS. 411

McClure, William, New York Stock Exchange, New York City.

1891.
MoCoNKEY, Milton Mattox, Springfield, O. 1893.
McCoNNELL, Samuel D., D.I)., 1318 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

1892.
McCooK, Hon. Anson G., 303 Broadway, New York City. 1892.
McCooK, George W., Steubenville, O. First year.
McCoRMicK, Cyrus Hall, 34 Huron Street, Chicago, 111. 1891.
McCoy, Dr. Alex, Pekin, 111. First year.
McCrea, Hugh, Nashville, Tenn. 1893.

McCready, William Stewart, Black Hawk, Sauk Co., Wis. 1891.
McCreery, James Crawford, 801 Broadway, New York City. 1894.
McCrickart, S., 1010 Penn Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa. First year.
McCuLLAOH, Rev. Archibald, Worcester, Mass. 1893.
McCuLLOCH, Champe Carter^ care of Surgeon General United States

army, Washington, D. C. 1^95.
McCune, E. J., Shippensburg, Pa. 1893.
McCurdy, Rev. O. B., Duncannon, Pa. First year.
McCutcheon, James, 14 West Twenty-third Street, New York City.

1894.
McDonald, Alexander, Cincinnati, O. First year.
McDonald, Andrew Wellington, Steubenville, O. First year.
McDonald, Daniel W., Uniontown, Fayette County, Pa. 1893.
McDowell, Col. H. C, Lexington, Ky. First year.
McDowell, Dr. Hervey, Cynthiana, Ky. First year.
McDowell, Hervey, Jr., Cynthiana, Ky. 1893.
McDowell, Miss Maggie, Lexington, Va. 1895.
McDowell, Samuel James Polk, Lockhart, Caldwell County, Tex.

First year.
McDowell, William Osborne, 61 Lincoln Park, Newark, N. Y.

First year.
McFarland, William M., 904 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines,

la. 1894.
McGagan, Hon. Samuel, Dallas, Tex. 1894.
McGinnis, Alexander, Prairie Du Sac, Wis. 1891.
McGowAN, David, Steubenville, O. Fiist year.
McGuiRE, Dr. Hunter, 513 East Grace Street, Richmond, Va. First

year.

McIlhenny, Mrs. Bernice, Upsal Station, near Germantown, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. First year.

McIlhenny, John, 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
First year.

412 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

MoIlhennt, Oliver, Salem, O. 1891.

McIntirb, Albert, Springfield, O. 1893.

McKay, James B., 115 Griswold Street, Detroit, Mich. First year.

MgKenna, David, Slatington, Lehigh County, Pa. 1891.

McKiNLEY, Hon. William, Canton, O. 1892.

McLanahan, J. Kino, HoUidaysburg, Pa. First year.

McLaughlin, Dr. J. T., Springfield, O. 1893.

McLaughlin, Judge William, Lexington, Va. First year.

McLaury, Dr. James Savage, 270 Broadway, New York City.

1892.
McLaury, William Muir, M.D., 244 West Forty-second Street,

New York City. 1895.
McMath, Frank M., 515 Chamber of Commerce, Detroit, Mich.

1895.
McMillan, Alex, 22 Allston Street, Providence, R. I. 1894.
McMillan, Samuel, 247 Central Park, West New York City.

1891.
McMillan, Samuel J. R., LL.D., St. Paul, Minn. 1892.
McMurry, Mas. A. E., Des Moines, la. 1894.
McNally, Rev. William, Northumberland, Pa. 1893.
McNeal, Hon. Albert T., Bolivar, Tenn. First year.
McNuTT, Hon. Samuel, Muscatine, la. 1893.
McShane, Daniel, Cynthiana, Ky. First year.
• McVey, Col. E. H., Des Moines, la. 1894.
McWiLLiAMS, John, 6 West Ninety-sixth Street, New York City.

First year.
McWiLLiAMS, John G., 3945 Lake Avenue, Chicago, 111. 1893.
McWiLLiAMS, Lafayette, 3961 Lake Avenue, Chicago, 111. 1893.
Means, Archibald, Peru, La Salle County, 111., 1895.

Iff McClelland, 47-49 South Jefferson Street, Chicago,

snry R., Keokuk, la. 1893.

dge John C, Courthouse, Springfield, O. 1893.

MMODORE Joseph W., Commandant Navy Yard, Boston

393. »

1 H., 25 West One hundred and Fourth Street, New York
^t year.
lEv. G. W., Wales, Tenn. First year.

|eorge Henry, Clifton Forge, Va. 1895.

lY, Frank Warren, No. 2 Wall Street, New York City.

LIST OF MEMBEBS. 413

MoNTGOMERr, CoL. JoHN ALEXANDER, BirmiDgham, Ala. 189i2.

Montgomery, William G., Birmingham, Ala. 1891.

Moore, Armour J., 1417 South Fourteenth Street, Denver, Colo.
First year.

Moore, G. W., Arnold, Morgan County, 111. 1894.

Moore, Col. Orrin E., 234 Haight Street, San Francisco, Cal. 1895.

Moore, Silas M., Clark and Washington Street, Chicago, 111. 1893.

Morrison, Isaao L., Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111.

Morrison, Hon. Leonard Allison, Canobie Lake, N. H. 1891.

Morrow, David, 1502 Capouse Avenue, Scranton, Pa. 1890.

Morrow, Paoli S., 29 East Main Street, TJniontown, Fayette Coun-
ty, Pa. 1893.

MoRTLAND, EoBERT, Liudcu Avente, Allegheny City, Pa. 1893.

MoRTLAND, Walter G., Linden Avenue, Allegheny City, Pa. 1894.

MuNRO, Rev. John Henry, D.D., 714 North Broad Street, Phila-
delphia, Pa. 1891.

Murphy, Rev. A. A., New Brunswick, N. J. 1893.

Murray, Charles S., Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa. 1893.

Neilson, Robert, Williamsport, Pa. 1893.

Nelson, Prop. Alexander Lookhart, Lexington, Va. 1895.

Nelson, John Franklin, Paris, 111. 1891.

Nelson, Robert, 342 Summit Street, Toledo, 0. 1891.

Oliver, David B., Termon Avenue, Allegheny City, Pa. 1895.

Omelvena, Rev. James, Washington, Ind. First year.

Orr, Charles Edgar, 419 Wood Street, Pittsburg, Pa. First year.

Orr, John G., Harrisburg, Pa, First year.

Orr, Robert A., 419 Wood Street, Pittsburg, Pa. First year.

Orr, William B., 419 Wood Street, Pittsburg, Pa. 1890.

Paden, Geo. Milliken, Union National Bank, Pittsburg, Pa. 1892.

Park, Rev. James, Knoxville, Tenn. 1891.

Parke, Rev. N. G., D.D., Pittston, Pa. First year. '

Parvin, Theodore Sutton, Cedar Rapids, la. 1894.

Patterson, C. Godfrey, 135-137 Broadway, New York City.

Patterson, David Brownlee, Des Moines, la. 1894.

Paxton, Rev. John R., D.D., E. Hampton, Long Island, NT. Y. 1895.

Peale, Rembrandt R., Philadelphia, Pa. 1893.

Peale, Samuel Richard, Lock Haven, Pa. 1893.

Pearce, Eugene H., D.D., Danville, Ky. 1891.

Perry, Prof. Arthur Latham, Williamstown, Mass. First year.

Pettigrew, John Graham, 208 East Seventieth Street, N. Y. 1892.

Pettigrew, Robert, 163 East Seventy-first Street, New York City.
1891.

414 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBRIOA.

Petty, Mas. Anna M., 341 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati, O.

First year.
Pillow, De. Eobert, Columbia, Tenn. First year.
PoAQUE, Col. William Thomas, Lexington, Va. 1895.
PoGUE, Henry, Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, O. First year.
PoGUE, Samuel, Avondale, Cincinnati, O. First year.
Polk, Jefferson Scott, Des Moines, la. 1891.
Pollock, James, Dauphin and Tulip Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

1894.
Pollock, O. W., captain Twenty-third Infantry, United States

army, Fort Clark, Brackettsville, Tex. 1891.
Pollock, William J., 734 South Seventeenth Street, Philadelphia,

Pa. 1891.
Porter, James, Reinbeck, Grundy County, la. 1894.
Porter, Wm. Wagener, 623 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1893.
Preston, William Caruthers, Eichmond, Va. 1895.
R4DCLIFFE, Rev. Wallace, D.D., Detroit, Mich. 1894.
Ranken, Henry S., The Homestead, Pawling Avenue, Troy, N. Y.

1891.
Rankin, Richard C, Ripley, Brown County, O. 1893.
Rbid, Rev. Alexander McCandless, Ph.I)., Steuhenville, Jefferson

County, O. 1891.
Reid, John, 177 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati, O. First year.
Roberts, Hon. O&an M., 2102 August and Twenty-second Streets,

Austin, Tex. 1891.
RoBERTseN, S. A., Des Moines, la. 1894.

Robinson, James, 25 Chestnut Street, East Orange, N. J. 1893.
RoDQERS, Isaac Ward, Springfield, O. 1893.
Rodoers, Jambs G., Springfield, O. 1893.
RoDGERS, James Renwick, 2029 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

1893.
RoBQERS, Dr. John H., Springfield, O. 1893.
Rodgers, Richard H., Springfield, O. 1893.

' Rodgers, Robert Cochran, Springfield, O. 1893.

Rodgers, Capt. Robert L., 16} Whitehall Street, Atlanta, Gkt.
1891.

Roper, Hon. David D., Slatington, Lehigh County, Pa. 1891.

Ross, Joshua, Tahlequah, Ind. T. 1894.

RuDDicKS, William, Steuhenville, Jefferson County, O. First year.

RuFFNER, WiLLiAV Henrt, LL.D., Lexingtou, Va. First year.

LIST OF MEMBEBB. 416

Russell, John, 863 Sawyer Avenue, Chicago, 111. 1890.
Rutherford, Rev. Edwin Hubbard, Paris, Ky. 1893.
Rutherford, Willlam Franklin, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pa.

First year.
Sampson, Joseph, Sioux City, la. 1894.
Scott, Col. John, Nevada, la. 1894.
SooTT, John Laughlin, Sqnyea, N. Y. First year.
Scott, Judge John M., Bloomington, 111. First year.
Scott, William, Indianapolis, Ind. 1891.

Scott, William L., 69 St. James Avenue, Springfield, Mass. 1895.
Searight, George, Hendersonville, Sumner County, Tenn. First

year.
Searight, James A., Uniontown, Pa. First year.
Shallabarger, Hon. Samuel, Washington, D. C. 1893.
Shanklin, George Sea, 112 East Fourth Street, Lexington, Ky.
Sharpe, W. L., Steubenville, O. 1891.
Shaw, James, D.D., Bloomington, 111. 1893.
Shaw, William Connor, M.D., 135 Wylie Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa.

First year.
Sherrard, Miss Nancy, Washington, Washington County, Pa.

1890.
Simpson, C. M., 509 Paladis Building, Duluth, Minn.
Simpson, Robert, Cincinnati, O. First year.
Sinclair, John, No. 1 Broadway, New York City. 1891.
Sloan, Samuel, P. O. Box 2090, New York City. 1892.
Sloan, Samuel, 12 Broadway, New York City. 1893.
Smith, Andrew, Cadiz, O. First year.
Smyth, Rev. George Hutchinson, D.D., 39 Hawthorne Avenue,

Bast Orange, N. Y. 1891.
Smyth, John G., 77 Board of Trade, Chicago, 111. 1895.
Smythe, Augustine Thomas, 7 Broad Street, Charleston, S. C.

1893.
Speer, William McMurtrie, 224 West Fifty-ninth Street, New

York. 1891.
Spencer, Daniel, Piqua, Miami County, O. First year.
Spencer, Moses Gregg, Piqua, Miami County, O. First year.
Sproull, Rev. A. W., D.D., Bordentown, N. J. 1895.
Steele, Rev. Prof. David, D.D., 2102 Spring Garden Street, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. First year.
Stephens, Benjamin F., Elkhart, Ind. 1892.
Stephens, Herrick E., 317 Main Street, Elkhart, Ind. 1895.

416

THB SCOTCn-IRISH IN AMBRICA«

Sterrett, Mrs. Maria B. C, Lexington, Va. 1895.
Stevenson, Hon. Adlai B., Bloomington, 111. First year.
Stevenson, Rev. John Ogilvie, Waterloo, la. 1894.
Stevenson, Rev. Samuel Harris, McLean, 111. 1890.
Stewart, David, 335 North Franklin Street, Chicago, 111. 1892.
Stewart, Hon. Gideon Tabor, Norwalk, O. First year.
Stewart, John, 59 West Ninth Street, New York City. 1893.
Stewart, Thomas Elliott, 203 Broadway and 164-168 Fulton

Street, New York City, 1895.
SriTT, W. C, D.D., 76 Wall Street, New York City. 1890.
Stuart, Inolis, Post Building, 16 Exchange Place, New York City.

1890.
Stuart, Samuel Christopher, 1429 Moravian Street, Philadelphia,

Pa. First year.
Taogart, John D., Louisville, Ky. First year.
Taggart, William W., M.D., Wooster, O. First year.
Tarbet, Rev. William L., Orleans, Morgan County, 111. First

year.
Temple, Judge O. P., Knoxville, Tenn. First year.
Thaw, Mrs. William, Fifth Avenue, East End, Pittsburg, Pa.

1890.
Thomas, William George, 71 South Grove Street, East Orange,

N. J. 1891.
Thompson, Emmet Boles, 610 Wood Street, Pittsburg, Pa. First

year.
Thompson, Rev. Frank P., Redwood City, Cal. 1893.
Thompson, Rt. Rev. Hugh Miller, Jackson, Miss. 1891.
Thompson, Josiah V., Uniontown, Fayette County, Pa. 1891.
Thompson, Robert Means, 37 to 39 Wall Street, New York City.

1891.
Thomson, Alexander, Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Ind.

1893.

Thomson, Rev. E. P., Springfield, O. 1893.

Thompson, George Thomas, Walla Walla, Wash. 1895.

Tompkins, William Israel, 8 Sibley Place, Rochester, N. Y. 1896.

Torrence, Rev. Joseph William, D.D., Seven Mile, Butler Coun-
ty, O.

ToRRENS, Finley, 420 Frankstone Avenue, East End, Pittsburg, Pa.

First year.
TowLE, Stevenson, 421 East Sixty-first Street, New York City.

1893.
Tucker, Hon. Henrt St. George, Staunton, Va. 1895.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 417

Vance, Dr. Allen H., Springfield, O. 1893.

Waddell, F. J., Jacksonville, 111. First year.

Waddell, Hon. Joseph A., Staunton, Va. 1896.

Wallace, Dr. A. G., Sewickley, Pa. 1891.

Wallace, Henry, Ph.D., Des Moines, la. 1892.

Wallace, Prof. Henry C, Ames, la. 1894.

Wallace, Mrs. Nannie C, Des Moines, la. 1894.

Watterson, Hon. Henry, Louisville, Ky. 1895.

Weyman, Mrs. Martha Stockton Lothrop, Fitchburg, Mass.

1895.
White, Henry Alexander, M.A., Ph.D., D.D., Lexington, Va.

First year.
White, Hon. James B., Fort Wayne, Ind. 1891.
WiLLFORD, William, Canton, Fillmore County, Minn. 1892.
Williams, J. J., Des Moines, la. 1893.
Williamson, Landon Cabell, 216 Indiana Avenue, Washington,

D. C: 1893.
Williamson, Samuel, Eladsit, Cleveland, O. 1891.
WiLLOUGHBY, Rev. J. W. C, Washington College, Tenn. 1891.
WiLLsoN, Prop. Frederick N., Prince: oh, N. J. 1892.
Wilson, E. Fullerton, Washington C. H., O. 1895.
Wilson, James E., P. O. Box 27, Washington, D. C. 1893.
Wilson, John H., Springfield, O. 1893.
Wilson, L. M., Binghamton, N. Y. First year.
Wilson, Thomas Hudson, Binghampton, N. Y. Fifst year.
Wilson, W. S., Springfield, O. 1893.

Wood, Andrew Trew, Elmwood, Hamilton, Ont. First year.
Wood, Mrs. Jane White, Elmwood, Hamilton, Ont. First year.
Woods, Micajah, Charlottesville, Va. 1895.
WooDsiDE, Rev. Nevin, 25 Granville Street, Pittsburg, Pa. First

year.
Wright, Eichardson L., 4308 Frank ford Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

1891.
Wright. Col. Thomas T., Nashville, Tenn. First year.
Wright, William J., 214 Garfield Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1893.
Wylie, Walker Gill, 28 West Fortieth Street, New York City,

K Y. 1894.
Young, Hon. Hugh, Wellsboro, Pa. First year.
27

SUPPLEMEIJfTAL LIST OF MEMBERS.*

Armour, W. C, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Alricke, Levi B., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Blaik, John Sylvanus, 1416 F Street, Washington, D. C. 1896.
Bradbury, Mrs. Mary Anna, 5441 Wayne Avenue, Germantown,
Philadelphia, Pa. 1896.

Born in Philadelphia, Pa.; great-granddaughter of Robert
Aiken, who printed the first English edition of the Biblt in
America, at Philadelphia, in 1781, 1782.
Boyd, John Yeomans, 124 Pine Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Born in Danville, Montone County, Pa. ; son of James Boyd
and Louise Yeomans; wholesale coal dealer.
Boyd, James, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Born in Northumberland County, Pa. ; son of John C. Boyd
and Hannah Montgomery ; wholesale coal dealer.
Brown, Dr. Jambs Morrison, 421 Maclay Street, Harrisburg, Pa.
1896.

Born in Chattanooga, Tenn.; physician; medical examiner
Pennsylvania Bailroad Eelief Department.
Bellas, Thomas H., 1634 Prairie Avenue, Chicago, 111. 1896.
Boyd, D. Truman, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Barnett, James E., Washington, Pa. 1896.
I'ARNETT, Miss M. B., Washington, Pa. 1896.
Bradin, Oliver, 117 N. Twenty-first Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1896.
Barber, Spencer P., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Barnett, James T., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Bryan, Rev. Wm. Plummer, Pastor Church of the Covenant, Chi-
cago, 111. 1896.
Cochran, James Wasson, 990 Boyden Road, Columbus, O. 1896.
Born in Lexington, Ky. For genealogy see that of Sam. P.
Cochran, Dallas, Tex., Volume 7, page 291. Fire insurance.

*The members whose names are given above are those who have joined
the present year, whose biographical sketches are published for the first
time, and of old members that desired considerable corrections in the mat-
ter concerning them heretofore published. In the next volume their names
will be placed in the general list in alphabetical order.
(418)

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 419

Creighton, George B., Wishart, Office Pennsylvania Eailroad,
Harrifiburg, Pa. 1896.

Born in Philadelphia, Pa. ; father Scotch-Irish, born in Ireland ;
mother of Scotch-Irish parents; superintendent Middle Division
Pennsylvania Bailroad.
Clare, Joseph Nelson, M.D., 1111 North Third Street, Harrisburg,
Pa. 1896.

Born near Dillsburg, York County, Pa. ; son of James Clark
and Margaret E. Nelson; physician and druggist; Sergeant
Major Seventh Begiment Pennsylvania Eeserve Corps; member
of Harrisburg school board; trustee and superintendent review-
ing department Westminster Presbyterian Church, Harrisburg,
Pa.
Chambers, Rev. George, D.D., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Conway, Eev. David, St. Joy, Pa. 1896.

Cooper, John T., 1068 Avery Street, Parkersburg, W. Va. 1896.
Born in Parkersburg, W. Va. ; son of John Thomas Cooper
and Louisa L. Cooper; John Thomas Cooper, Sr., son of James
and Nancy Cooper (Virginia), Louisa L. Linn, daughter of Rob-
ert and Catherine Linn (Virginia); lawyer; B.S. West Virginia
University; B.A. Howard University; deacon in Presbyterian
Church ; instructor in Parkersburg High School ; secretary Mt.
Olivet Lodge, A. F. and A. M, ; Recorder of Calvary Coramand-
ery, K. T., Parkersburg.
DuNGAN, Warren Scott, Chariton, la. 1894.

Born at Frankfort Springs, Beaver County, Pa. ; son of David
Davis Dungan and Mary Davis Dungan; great-great-grandson of
John Scott, who settled in Bucks County, Pa., about 1725. John
Scott the first had three sons — Dr. Moses, who was a surgeon;
Matthew, who was a captain; and John, who was Commissary
General of the Pennsylvania Line — all in the patriot army of the
Revolution ; Mr. Dungan was a great-grandson of John Scott
the second; Mrs. Benjamin Harrison was a great-granddaughter
of John Scott the second ; and Mrs. Lucy Hayes was a great-
granddaughter of Capt. Matthew Scott. Mr. Dungan was
named for Col. Joseph Warren Scott, late of New Brunswick,
N. J., who was a son of Dr. Moses Scott; Col. Scott, of New
Brunswick, was one of the leading lawyers of New Jersey; Sen-
ator in Ninth General ^Assembly of Iowa; Representative in
Eighteenth and Nineteenth General Assemblies; Lieutenant
Governor elected in 1893 for two years ; was a delegate to the

420

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Republican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1872, and a
Grant Presidential Elector for the Seventh Congressional Dis-
trict; in the Union Army for over three years during the rebel-
lion, and was mustered out lieutenant colonel Thirty-fourth Iowa
Infantry, and brevet colonel, U. S. V,j three times chosen by
the Des Moines Presbyterj' a delegate to the General Assembly
of the Presbyterian Church; iin elder in the Presbyterian Church
of Chariton, la.

Davidson, James Wood, Box 644, Washington, D. C. 1896.

Bom in dewberry County, S. C, March 9, 1829; sou of Alex-
ander Davidson, who was a son of Alexander Davidson, Sr., a
native of Cromarty, Scotland, wlTo emigrated to Ireland, and
about 1750 to Craven County, S. C; graduated with distinction
in the South Carolina College, Columbia, S. C, in 1852, receiv-
ing the degree of M.A. in 1855; professor of Greek, Mt. Zion
Collegiate Institute, Winnsboro, S. C, five yearsj during the
war served under Stonewall Jackson, in Virginia, part of the
time as adjutant of infantry regiment; lost everything in the
war; lived eleven years in New York City; moved to Florida in
1884; i^epr^^fited Dade County in the Constitutional Conven-
tion, 1885; and in the State Legislature in 1887; moved to
Washington for temporary residence in 1887; published "The
Living Writers of the South" in 1869, "A School History of
South Carolina" in 1869, "The Correspondent" in 1886, "The
Poetry of the Future" in 1888, and "The Florida of To-day"
in 1889; member of Advisory Committee on Spelling and Pro-
nunciation of Standard Dictionary, in 1893 ; engaged now in
writing a " Dictionary of Southern Authors."

DoNAGHEY, John, Providence, R. I. 1896.

Dull, Daniel M., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

DiNSMORE, John Walker, D,D., 46 North Eighth Street, San Jose,
Cal.

Born in Washington County, Pa., in the large country house
on the estate of his ancestors, which now shelters the fifth gen-
eration of his name and blood ; son of William and Rebecca An-
derson Dinsmore; Scotch-Irish to the marrow, all his ancestors
being of that race; two of his forefathers were ofiicers in the
Revolution; one was an officer in the colonial wars; one was a
charter member of the Society of the Cincinnati; others have
been active members in every war in America since; graduated
from Washington College, Pa., and Allegheny Theological Sem-

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 421

inary ; missionaiy in Wisconsin ; for twenty-one years pastor of a
very large congregation in Bloomington, 111.; now pastor of First
Presbyterian congregation, San Jose, Cai.j was for many years
a Director in KcCormick Theological Seminary; a member of
the General Assembly's Board of Aid for Colleges; Moderator
of the Synod of Illinois; by appointment of the President of
the United States a Visitor to the Naval Academy in 1883, and
to West Point in 1893; Director of San Francisco Theological
Seminary, and President of the Board, in 1894; member of the
Executive Committee of the Scotch-Irish Society of America ;
degree of LL.D. conferred by Washington and Jeflferson College.

Ely, Eev. Gteorge Wilson, Columbia, Pa. 1896.

Born in Hamilton Square, N. J.; grandfather on mother's side
was Eobert Bellville; his great-grandfather, Philips Bellv^Ue,
was a Huguenot; his mother waaa Barr, a genuine Scotch-Irish
woman; minister of the gospel; pastor of the Presbyterian
Church at Columbia.

Evans, Elizabeth Hendersen, Portsmouth, O. 1895.

Born in Middleton, O.; daughter of Joseph Hendersen and
Sarepta Campbell Denham, of Middleton, O.; granddaughter of
William Hendersen and Nancy Jamieson, of Crossland, County
Derry, Ireland ; great-granddaughter of William Hendersen and
Nancy Wells, of Crossland, County Derry, Ireland; member of
Board of Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and Woman's
Medical College, of Cincinnati, O.

Elder, Rev. James S., D.D., Clarion, Clarion County, Pa. 1896.
Born in Eldersridge, Indiana County, Pa.; son of David and
Juliana Elder; minister of the gospel.

Evans, Miss Lilian Slaymaker, 432 Locust Street, Columbia, Pa.
1896.

Born in Columbia, Pa.; daughter of Samuel Evans and Mary
Shoch ; granddaughter of Alexander Evans and Hannah Slaymak-
er; great-granddaughter of Samuel Evans and Frances Lowrey;
great-great-granddaughter of Alexander Lowrey and Anna West;
first member of Daughters of the American Revolution in Pennsyl-
vania, and organized Donegal Chapter in Lancaster County, Pa.,
April, 1892.

Elder, John Wiij?on, M.D., Clarion, Pa. 1896.

Born in Limestone Township, Clarion County, Fa,; physician.
See biographical sketch of Rev. J. S. Elder.

4:22 THE SCOTGH-IlilSH IN AMERICA.

Ei-KiN, John Pratt, Indiana, Pa. 1896.

Born in Smicksburg, Indiana County, Pa. ; son of Scotch-Irish
parents; lawyer; school director; trustee Normal School; member
of the Legislature, delegate Kepublican National Convention at St
Louis in 1896, Deputy Attorney-general of Pennsylvania.

Fraser, Ab^l McIvfiR, Staunton, Va. 1895.

Born in Sumter, South Carolina ; pure Scotch-Irish extraction on
both sides; Presbyterian minister; pastor of Mt. Horeb, Walnut
Hill, and Bethel Churches in the Presbytery of " West Lexington,"
of the Southern Church, and recently pastor of the First Church of
Staunton, Va.

Fenner, Mite. Joseph, 406 Chestnut Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Born in Belfast, Ireland ; father Scotch, mother Irish.

Fleming, Saw^uel Wilson, 104 South Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Born in Harrisburg, Pa. ; son of Robert Jackson Fleibing, son
of Samuel Fleming, son of Robert Fleming, who left Ulster in 1746
and first settled in Chester County, Pa. : merchant ; mayor of Har-
risburg.

Fulton, John. First year.

Scotch-Irish, born in County Tyrone, Ireland; educated at
Erasmus Smith's School and at Ardtrea Classical Seminary ; studied
civil engineering in Dublin ; superintending works and completing
No]:th Branch canal, Pa., 1848-52 ; assistant engineer Junction ca-
nal, 1852-64; assistant engineer Barclay railroad, 1854-56; resi-
dent civil and mining engineer Huntingdon and Broad Top Rail-
road Company, 1856-74; chief engineer Bedford and Bridgeport
railroad, under Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1870-73; gen-
eral mining engineer, Cambria Iron Company, 1874-87; general
superintendent C. I. Company, 1887-88; general manager Cam-
bria^ Iron Company, 1888-92; retired from service of C. I. Compa-
ny, 1893; assistant geologist for Cambria and Somerset Counties,
under Prof. J. P. Lesley, State Geologist, second geological survey
of Pennsylvania, 1887; now (1896) practicing profession of mining
engineer and interested in coke manufacture; Mr. Fulton is a mem-
ber of American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Philo-
sophical Society of Philadelphia, and author of treatise on "The
Manufacture of Coke," etc.

Foster, Maj. R. H., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Geddes, Charles King, Williamsport, Pa. 1896.

Born October 2, 1834, in Newville, Cumberland County, Pa., and
is the fourth son and fifth child of Dr. John Peebles Geddes and

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS* 423

Catharine Irwin Maclay, both of pure Scotch-Irish lineage. His
flEither was the son of Dr. John Geddes and Elizabeth Peebles, a
grandson of William Geddes and Sarah McAUen, and a great-
grandson of James Geddes and Margaret Hamilton Muir, who,
with their three sons, Paul,. William, and Samuel, emigrated from
County Antrim, Ireland, to Pennsylvania, in 1752, and settled first
in Chester County, and afterwards near Derry Church, in Lancas-
ter, now Dauphin County, Pa. His mother was a daughter of Hon.
William Maciay and Margaret Culberton, a granddaughter of John
Maclay and Jane Dickson, and a great-granddaughter of Charles
Maciay and Eleanor Query, who, with their infant son, John, emi-
grated from County Antrim, Ireland, to Pennsylvania in 1734, and
settled first in Chester County, and afterwards in what is now Lur-
gan Township, Franklin County, Pa. Mr. Geddes graduated from
Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pa., August 4, 1852 ; and afterwards
taught in various localities in Pennsylvania, Missouri, Virginia,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Ohio. During this time he studied law,
and was admitted to the bar in Pittsburg, Pa., September 4, 1858,
but did not begin practice until the fall of 1864, when he settled in
Williamsport, Pa., where he still continues to reside and practice
his profession.

Gearheart, Wilson M., Danville, Pa. 1896.

Born in Gearheart Township, Northumberland County, Pa.,
lineal descendant of Joseph Martin, who was bom in London-
derry, Ireland, and came to America in 1800 and settled in Lan-
caster County, Pa., where he married Sarah Houston, whose an-
cestry came from Scotland about 1670; grandson of Joseph Mar-
tin and Sarah Houston ; son of Martha Martin and John Gear-
heart; attorney and chief clerk State Department, Harrisburg;
cberk in Provost Marshall's oflfice as a boy during the war; pro-
thonotary and clerk of courts of Montone County, Pa., for twelve
years; chief clerk of State Department, Harrisburg, and Secre-
tary Qf Board of Pardons for eight years; Secretary of Penn-
nylvania Committee of Columbian Exposition 1S91-93.

Gal'se, Harry TAYLoa, Wilmington, Del. 1896.

Born in Wilmington, Del.; son of John Taylor Gause and
Martha Jane Flinn; on mother's side grandson of Elizabeth Big-
gcr Carey and John Flinn ; great-grandson of Andrew Carey and
Mary Ann Bigger, who came to America in 1793; great-great-
grandson of Anthony Carey, of Donaghadu, County Down, Ire-
land, and Jane Wright; the family of Carey were offshoots of

424 THE SCOtCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

the original stock of Careys, founded in Somersetshire, England,
since the Norman Conquest; Mary Ann Bigger, of Belfast, Ire-
land, was the daughter of Joseph Bigger and Sarah Ponsonby,
daughter of Kt. Hon. John Ponsonby, of Dublin, Ireland (broth-
er of Earl of Bessborough), and Lady Elizabeth Cavendish; Rt.
Hon. John Ponsonby was the son of Baron Brabazon Ponsonby.
first Earl of Bessborough, son of Baron William Ponsonby, Vis-
count Duncannon, son of Sir John Ponsonby; the Flinns were
Scotch-Irish from Ulster, onginally descended directly from the
McDonnells, one of the oldest of the Scotch families; on father's
side grandson of Harlan Gause and Kebecca Taylor; great-grand-
son of William Gause and Mary Beverley, daughter of Samuel
Beverley and Euth Jackson; Samuel Beverley was the son of Wil-
liam Beverley, son of Samuel Beverley, of Bally Macree, County
Antrim, Ireland; came to America in 1712. This Beverley family
is identical with the old Yorkshire English family of Beverley,
whose pedigree goes back into early times ; H. T. Gause's moth-
er is Eebecca Taylor, daughter of John Taylor, son of Abraham
Taylor, and Jane Stewart, daughter of Alexander Stewart;
Alexander Stewart was kidnapped with many other Scottish
youths in 1696 or 1697, and was brought to America early in
1697, and indentured or sold for a term of service ; this kid-
napping of a whole shipload of children belonging to such ex-
cellent Scottish families as Fraser, McDonald, Stewart, Bruce,
Douglass, was one of the most mysterious and interesting cases
of the kind that history records ; graduate of Yale, class of 1873,
S.Ph.B. ; married October 21, 1874, to Virginia Gregory Inger-
soll, daughter of ex-Gov. Charles JR. Ingersoll, and grand-daugh-
daughter of Admiral Gregory, U. S. N. ; Vice President and Sec-
retary of the Harlan and Hollingsworth Company, buildens of
steamships, railway cars, architectural cabinet works, etc.

Galbraith, Bertram Gillespie, 1530 North Second Street, Har-
risburg. Pa. 1896.

Born in Bainbridge, Lancaster County, Pa., September 7,
1845 ; son of Bertram G. and Elizabeth F. Galbraith ; grandson
of Col. Bertram Galbraith, of local Eevolutionaiy fame; junior
partner of Galbraith Brothers, Granolithic Paving Road Compa-
ny-

Hanna, Charles Augustus, Lincoln, Neb. 1895.

Born at Cadiz, Harrison County, O., December 28, 1863; son
of Neri Augustus and Eliza Jane Phillips Hanna, both now liv-

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 425

ing at Cadiz, O.; grandson of John Evana Hanna (President
Judge Eighth Ohio Judicial Circuit in 1840-47 and 1864) and Su-
sanna Robertson Hanna, of McConnellsville, O. ; and of John and
Elizabeth Gilmore Phillips, of Cadiz, O. ; great-grandson of John
Hanna (first Auditor and Associate Judge, Harrison County,
O.), and Anne Leonard Hanna, of Westmoreland County, Pa.,
and Harrison County, O. ; and of Robert and Beulah Stanley
Robertson, of Loudoun County, Va. ; and of William and Ra-
• <jhel Hamilton Phillips, of West Nottingham Township, Chester
County, Pa.; and of Samuel Gilmore (lieutenant Second Ohio
Militia, War of 1812) and Elizabeth Buchanan Gilmore, of Ca-
diz, O.; and great-great-grandson of John Hanna, who settled
in Ligonier Valley, Westmoreland County, Pa., about 1770 ; and
of James Leonard (born in Bnniskillen, County Fermanagh,
Ireland) and Mary Finley Leonard, daughter of John Finley,
who emigrated from County Armagh, Ireland, landing in Phila-
delphia September 28, 1734; and of Martha Berkley Finley, of
Westmoreland County, Pa.; and of John Robertson (born in
Edinburgh), and Eleanor Dick, of Alexandria, Va. ; and of Zach-
ariah and Susanna Mendenhall Stanley (Quakers) of Loudoun
County, Va.; and of Thomas Phillips (member in 1776 of Capt.
Ephraim Blackburn's West Nottingham Company in -Col. Evan
Evan*s second battalion of Chester County Militia) and Janet
Blair Phillips, of West Nottingham Township, Chester County,
Pa.; and of Robert and Martha McMillen Hamilton, of Cecil
County, Md.; and of Nathaniel and Sarah McFadden Gilmore, of
County Cavan, Ireland ; and of William Buchanan, of County
Londonderry, Ireland, and Washington County, Pa.

Hall, Rev. Thomas Cumminq, 408 North State Street, Chicago.
1896.

Born in Armagh, Ireland; son of Dr. John Hall, of New York ;
came to America in 1857; entered Princeton in 1875, and grad-
uated in 1879 ; entered Union Theological Seminary in 1879, and
graduated in 1882 ; studied in Berlin and Gottengen ; first paw-
torate, Omaha; went from there to Chicago in 1886; pastor
Fourth Presbyterian Church, Chicago.

Hackett, Mrs. Helen Frances, Emlen Street, Grermantown, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. 1896.

Born ip Philadelphia; daughter of Rev. John Chambers, bom
in Stewartstown, County Tj-rone, Ireland, and Helen McHenry,
great-granddaughter of Rev. Francis McHenry, of County An.

426 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

trim, Ireland, who came to America an ordained minister of the
Presbyterian Church in 1735, and was made pastor of the Deep
Eun and Neshaminy congregations in Bucks County, Pa.

Hayes, Daniel, Silverton, Colo. 1896.

Born in Eastern Ontario, Canada; grandfather on father's
side born in County Antrim, Ireland; mother's ancestors came
from Scotland; mill man.

Henderson, Miss Nancy, "The Hamilton," Washington, D. C.
1896.

Born near Middlotown, Butler County, O.; dau<^hter of Jo-
seph Henderson, native of Londonderry County, Ireland, and
Sarepta Campbell Denham ; gninddaughter of William Hender-
son and Nancy Jamieson, Londonderry County, Ireland; great-
granddaughter of William Henderson and Nancy Wells, of Lon-
donderry County, Ireland.

Hupfmaster, James Taylor, Galveston, Tex. 1896.

Born in New])oit, Ky., July 30, 1842; son of James Weitzell
HufPmaster and Sarah Canfield Herrington, widow of Abram
William Cottle; she was a daughter of Daniel Herrington, a sol-
dier of the American Eevolution, and Mary McCrea, who was a
daughter of Thomas McCrea and Elizabeth Mills, daughter of
John Mills; Thomas McCrea was a son of John McCrea and
Hannah Hicks, daughter of John Hicks; Thomas McCrea emi-
grated with his family to America soon after the Eevolution, and
settled in Crawford County, Pa., where he died in 1813; Mary
McCrea Herrington died in Newport, Ky., in 1851; Sarah Can-
field Herrington Huffmaster died in Galveston, Tex., in 1892; the
McCrea family lived in Londonderry and Tyrone County, Ire-
land; ancestors were in Derry during the siege of 1688; Confed-
erate soldier in the Civil War, and was in the battles of Bar-
boursville. Ky., Mill Spring, Shiloh, and Murfreesboro, where he
was severely wounded and captured; bank accountant; local
preacher.

Houston, Archibald Woods, Toledo, O. 1895.

Born in Waynesboro, Augusta County, Va.; son of Rev. Wil-
liam Wilson Houston, D.D.^ and Mary E. Waddell; paternal
grandparents Matthew Hall Houston and Catherine Wilson
Houston; Hugh Houston came from Wightonshire, Scotland, to
Ireland; there he married Sarah Houston, of the County of An-
trim (Ireland) family of Houstons; their son Samiiel Houston
.married Margaret McClung, and their son John Houston mar-

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 427

ried Margaret Cunningham; this John Houston came to Ameri-
ca early in the eighteenth century; remained for a time in Penn-
sylvania, and then removed to " Borden's Grant," prior to 1750,
now in Rockbridge County, Va.j this son, John Houston, mar-
ried Sarah Todd; their son, Matthew Houston, married Patsey
Cloyd, and their son, Matthew Hall Houston, married Catherine
Cunningham Wilson; on mother's side, the great-great-gmndson
of Rev. James Waddcll, the "Blind Preacher," of Revolutionary
fame; manufacturer of iron and steel.
Hopkins, ^Irs. Ellen Maria Dunlap, 25 East Thirtieth Street,
New York City. 1896.

Born in New YorU City; great-great-granddaughter of the
Rev. Robert Dunlap, first Presbyterian minister settled in Bruns-
wick, Me.; came to this country in 1719 from Barrilla, County
Antrim, Ireland; direct descendant of the Dunlaps, of Dunlap,
of which family was Sir William Wallace.

Hersh, Grier, York, Pa. 1896,

Born in York, Pa.; descended from Col. Robert McPherson,
Col. David Grier, Capt. William McClelland, Archibald McLean,
and others ; President of York National Bank.

Harvey, Capt. John C, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Hamilton, A. Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

The following is a short sketch of the Scotch-Irish ancestry
of Mr. A. Boyd Hamilton, who was elected a member of the
Society at its Harrisburg meeting, ibut who died October 28,
1896:

James Hamilton and Katharine, his wife, emigrated from
Lanarkshire, Scotland, to " free lands of Ulster," in Ireland,
where he became a considerable land owner; their only child,
John, was born 1702, and died June 5, 1775; ho married in 1748,
his second wife, Jane Allen (born 1715, and died Fe^)ruary 4,
1791), daughter of Eobert and Mary Allen, and granddaughter
of Capt. Thomas Allen, of Royal Navy; their son John was born
June 17, 1745, and died August 28, 1793; served as a captain in
the war of the American Revolution, in two companies, 1776 and
1781 ; married in December, 1772 ; Margaret Alexander was born
March 17, 1754, and died August 22, 1835, at Fermanagh, Juni-
ata County, Pa., daughter of Hugh Alexander and Martha Ed-
meston; their son Hugh was barn June 30, 1785, at Fermanagh.
Juniata County, Pa., and died at Harrisburg, Pa., September 3,
1836; an ancestor, Adam Boyd, was an officer in the army of

^8 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMBKICA.

Charles I., Scottish division, sent to Ireland June 5, 1649; one
of his sons was Eev. Adam Boyd, whose son, Adam Boyd, was
also a Presbyterian minister; in 1714 John, son of Adam, came
to Philadelphia; in 1715 married Jane Craig; their son John,
born 1716, married in 1744 Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William
Young, an Ulster baronet; their eldest son was Adam, father of
Eosanna; Adam Boyd Hamilton, eldest son of Hugh and Rosan-
na Hamilton, was born at Harrisburg, Pa., September 18, 1808,
and died October 28, 1896, the last survivor of a family of ten
children.

Hamilton, Hugh, Harrisburg, Pa; 1896.

Herr, Daniel Coyle, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Johnson, R. V., Washington, Pa. First year.

Born September 23, 1841 ; son of John Johnson and Rebecca
Van Eman, of Scotch-Irish parentage on both sides; surveyor;
married Miss West Anna Lee^ of Cross Creek, Pa.

Jackson, Edwin Wallace, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Born in Big Beaver Township, Beaver County, Pa.; paternal
great-grandfather Samuel Jackson, bom in Scotland, removed to
County Armagh, Ireland, about 1750, and thence to America about
1798; paternal grandparents, James Jackson and wife, Nancy
Shields, born in County Armagh, as was maternal grandfather,
Matthew Mitchell; maternal grandmother born during voyage of
her parents from Ulster to America ; parents, Samuel Stewart Jack-
son and Nancy Mitchell, born in. Pennsylvania ; attorney at law;
member Pennsylvania Legislature, 1875-1878,

King, Edgar L., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Kunkel, Mrs. Elizabeth Crain, 17 South Front Street, Harris-
burg, Pa. 1896.

Born in Harrisburg, Pa.; daughter of Dr. William Rutherford
and ftleanor Reed Crain; granddaughter of Col. Richard M. Crain,
war of 1812-1815; great-granddaughter of Hon. Robert Whitehall ;
great-great-granddaughter of Capt. Adam Reed, who fought in the
French and Indian War, 1755; wife of Hon. John C. Kunkel,
member of Congress, 1854; president of the Home for the Friend-
less, of the city of Harrisburg.

Lynn, Samuel, Whitinsville, Mass. 1896.

Born in Gorton, Aghadowey, Londonderry County, Ireland;
came to Boston, Mass., July 21, 1881 ; bookkeeper; elder in Wilkios-
ville United Presbyterian Church, Sutton, Mass.

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBEBS. . 429

Macbum, Isaac Allen, Portland, Ore. 1896.

Born in Pittsburg, Pa., April 7, 1842; ancestors on father^s side
came from Scotland to County Down, Ireland ; ancestors on moth-
er's side came from England to County Down, Ireland; son of Sam-
uel Barker Macrum and Jane Allen, born and married in Ireland ;
came to America about 1830; went to Oregon in 1871; lawyer;
teacher in high schools; cashier Mechanics National Bank ten years;
State Railroad Commissioner, State Legislator 1893-1896.

Meneeley, George W., Sandy Run, Luzerne County, Pa. 1896.
Born in Tamaqua, Schuylkill County, Pa., September 30, 1856;
son of Alexander and Mary (Davis) Meneeley, natives of the
North of Ireland, who came to this country in 1842 and located in
Tamaqua; in the family were nine children; at the age of six years
George W. began working in the mines at Eckley, and has since fol-
lowed mining in nearly every capacity ; in 1886 he entered the *em-
ploy of the M. S. Kemmerer Coal Company as inside foreman,
which position he still retains; was married April 30, 1889, to Miss
Jennetta Lester, of Sandy Run ; member of the P. O. S. of A. Camp
91, of Hazleton; Junior Order of United American Mechanics;
member school board of Foster Township.

MooBE, Maj. Jos. Addison, Camp Hill, Cumberland County, Pa.
1896.

Born in Shirleysburg, Huntingdon County, Pa.; son of Dr.
James Moore and Harriet Barton ; his ancestors, Robert and Mar-
garet Moore, emigrated from Derry County, Ireland, early in the
eighteenth century to Maryland ; one of eight brothers who were
all in the Union army at one time; first sergeant Company D.,
Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry, August 17, 1861, took the field as
first lieutenant under Gen. John W. Geary, under whom he served
all through the war; after the Antietam battle his company was
transferred and became Company B, One Hundred and Forty-sev-
enth Pennsylvania Infantry, and in February, 1863, he was com-
missioned captain, commanding at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg
in the east, and Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Taylor's Ridge,
Cassville, Rocky Face Ridge, Dug Gap, Resacca, and New Hope
Church, Ga., in the southwest; was severely wounded at New Hope
Church ; brevetted major for gallant and meritorious service ; at the
close of the war resumed mercantile pursuits at Pittsburg, Pa. ; in
1867 took charge of White Hall Soldiers' Orphan School at Camp
Hill, Pa. ; in 1869 was married to Miss Lizzie C, daughter of Jacob
and Elizabeth Kline, of Mechanicsburg, Pa. ; dealer in real estate.

430

THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

Miller, William, Silverton, Colo. 1896. •

Born in Ture, County Donegal, Ireland ; son of William Miller

and Jean Calhoun.
Miller, John S., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
MiDDLETON, William H., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Montgomery, Joseph, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.
Martin, Rev. Samuel A., D.D., President Wilson College, Cham-

bersburg. Pa. 1896.
Meginness, Edwin E., Steelton, Pa. 1896. »

Meginness, John F., Williamsport, Pa. 1896.

Born ill Lancaster County, Pa., July 16, 1827; Scotch-Irish an-
cestors came from County Down; great-grandfather served in the
Revolutionary War; journalist.

Martin, Mrs. Mary Sharon, 271 North Limestone Street, Spring-
field, O. 1896.

Born in Mercersburg, Pa.; daughter of Abram Smith McCoy,
and Harriet Newell Sharon McCoy, who was a daughter of
Rev. James Russell Sharon. William Sharon, of Ayrshire,
Scotland, removed to Ulster County, Ireland ; his Eon, James Sha-
ron, married Elinor Finley in Ulster, Ireland; removed to Cum-
berland County, Pa., and settled near Blue Mountains, in 1737 ;
his son, Hugh Sharon, who was prominent in the colonial war,
had a son Samuel, who was lieutenant in the Revolutionary War
in 1776; was a Justice of the Peace; married Sarah Russell ; their
eldest son, James Russell Sharon, pastor for thirty-six years of the
Churches of Paxtang and Derry; married Esther Culbertson, daugh-
ter of James Culbertson, of "Culbertson Row," near Chambers-
burg; their daughter, Harriet Newell Sharon, married Abram
Smith McCoy, a descendant of Hon. Robert Smith, of Smiths'
Run, Montgomery Township, Pa.

McCoRKLE, Thomas E., Lexington, Va. 1895.

Born February 27, 1845; son of Thomas McCorkle and Susan
Alexander ; Thomas McCorkle, son of John McCorkle, who was
a lieutenant in Morgan's Riflemen, and died of a wound received
at the battle of Cowpens in 1781 ) Susan Alexander was a daugh-
ter of William Alexander, son of William, son of Robert, who
emigrated from County Antrim, Cunningham Manor, Ireland,
1740; lawyer.

MoCooK, Col. John J., 120 Broadway, New York City. 1893.

For historical sketch of the McCook family see " Scotch-Irish in
America," Vol. VI., p. 161.

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 431

McCravy, Samuel Tucker, Spartanburg, S. C. 1896.

Born in Spartanburg, S. C, ; lawyer.
McCuLLOCH, Henry Martyn, Presho, N. Y. 1896.

Born in Tioga, Pa.; son of Rev. S. J. McCulloch, son of John
McCulloch and Mary Williamson, of Cumberland County, Pa.;
Mary Williamson was the daughter of M. B. Thorp, son of Wil-
liam Thorp and Rose, of Philadelphia, who came from Derry,

Ireland, about 1750 ; collaterally descended from Sir William Wal-
lace ; farmer and miller.
McGiNNEs, Prof. Lemuel E., Steelton, Pa. 1896.

Born in Perry County, Pa.; son of John C, son of John, son of
James McGinnes ; James McGinnes was born in the North of Ire-
land in 1739; came to America from County Down in 1790, and
settled in Philadelphia; Superintendent of Public Schools; Prin-
cipal of Duncannon (Pa.) Public Schools for three years ; Princi-
pal of Steelton High School for seven years; Superintendent of
Steelton Public Schools from 1888 to present time.
McAlister, John Barr, 234 North Third Street, Harrisburg, Pa.
1896.

Born in Carroll County, Md. ; physician; visiting physician
Harrisburg Hospital.
McPherson, Judge John Bayard, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Born in Harrisburg, Pa., November 5, 1846; descended from
Robert and Janet McPherson, who came to Pennsylvania before
1749, and settled in York (now Adams) County. Their son Robert
was a man of prominence in that region, serving as captain in the
Provincial Service (1758-9), and as lieutenant in the Continental
Line (1777-79) ; was also a colonel of the York Associators (1775-
76), and a member of the Provincial Conference, which met at Car-
penter's Hall in January, 1775, and a delegate to the Constitutional
Convention, 1776; he held various civil offices in his county, sheriff,
treasurer, commissioner, justice of the peace, and member of the
Legislature (1765-67) ; one of his sons, William, was a lieutenant
in Col. Mile*s Rifles, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Long
Ifeland, August, 1776, and exchanged in April, 1778; Robert's
wife was Agnes Miller ; William was married to Mary Carrick, of
Emmittsburg, Md., and their son, John Bayard, was married to
Catherine Lenhart, of York, Pa. ; Elizabeth Wallace, of Harris-
burg, was the wife of William McPherson, the eldest son of John
Bayard, and their son is Hon. John Bayard McPherson, the sub-
ject of this sketch; he was born at Harrisburg November 5, 1846;

432 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

graduated from Princeton College in 18B6; admitted to the bar
in Harrisburg, 1870; served as district attorney of the county,
1875-78, and as Judge of the Common Pleas since 1882; in Decem-
ber, 1879, was married to Annie Cochran, daughter of Daniel W.
Patterson, Judge of the Common Pleas in Lancaster County, Pa.

McCarrell, J. M., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

McMeex, Robert, Mifflintown, Pa. 1896.

McKiNLEY, Rev, R. A., D.D., Ph.D., Steubenville, O. 1S96,

McCooK, Rev. Henrv C, 3700 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
1896.

McClelland, Thomas S., 417 Superior Street, Chicago, 111. 1892.
Born &t Sharon, Beaver County, Pa. ; son of Thomas and Esther
(Wilson) McClelland; graduated from Williams College, Mass., in
June, 1864; entered Federal army (Sherman's command) in Geor-
gia and mustered out in July, 1865; admitted to the bar and com-
menced practice in June, 1867; grandfather was William McClel-
land, who settled at Mt. Jackson, Lawrence County (formerly part
of Beaver), Pa., in 1808, where his father was born in 1809; great-
grandfather was Thomas McClelland, who from about 1760 to his
death, in 1809, lived near Newburg, Cumberland County, Pa.;
Presbyterian family ; mother's family were Covenanters ; tradition
says that the family ancestors passed over into Ireland from Kirk-
cudbright, Scotland, at a period known as the '^ Ulster Plantation;"
his maternal grandfather was Robert Wilson, bom in North of Ire-
land; sailed from Belfast, landing at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1775;
in October, 1776, he enlisted as a private in Hawkins Boone's Com-
pany, Twelfth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, commanded by Col.
William Cook, enrolled from Northumberland County, Pa.; on
July 1, 1778, he was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regi-
ment of the Line; he was in the battles of Brandy wine, German-
town, Valley Forge, and other battles of the Revolution; he served
four years and four months in the Revolutionary army under Wash-
ington ; at close of his military service he married Sarah Friend,
in the Path Valley, Franklin County, Eastern Pennsylvania, and
moved to South Beaver Township, Beaver County, Pa., where there
^ere born to them eleven children, Esther being the youngest, born
in 1807, who married Thomas McClelland about 1830; on April
23, 1818, Robert Wilson, being sixty-nine years old, applied for a
pension, which was granted ; he died October 2, 1824; see " Records
of War and Pension Offices," Washington, D. C, also " Pennsylvania
Archives," Second Series, Vol. X., pages 764 and 479, also records

BUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 433

of probate of his will and estate at Beaver, Beaver County, Pa.;
Robert Wilson has descendants living at Beaver Falls, Pa., Lima,
O., Darlington, Pa., New Brighton, Pa., and various other places in
the United States; in 1820 Robert Wilson filed in the pension of-
fice a statement in which he stated that his family consists of his
wife, an old woman, one son twenty-one years old, named Robert,
and one daughter thirteen years old named Esther ; his other chil-
dren had married or died.

NoRCROSS, Rev. George, D.D., 243 South Hanover Street, Carlisle,
Pa. 1896.

Born near Erie, Pa. ; son of Hiram and Elizabeth (McClelland)
Norcross; grandson of John Norcross, who was born September 22,
1783, in the State of New Jersey, and his wife, Margaret McCann,
who was born about 1790 in North Ireland ; John Norcross was
the son of Abraham Norcross and Nancy Fleming, both of New
Jersey; maternal grandparents were Thomas and Sarah (Gibson)
McClelland; Sarah Gibson was the youngest daughter of Hugh
Gibson, the Pennsylvania captive, whose mother, Mary (McClel;
land) Gibson, was killed when he was taken captive by the Indians,
July, 1756, at Robinson's Fort, in Sherman Valley, then in Cumber-
land County, Pa. ; after his escape from the Indians, Hugh Gibson
married Mary White in the town of Lancaster, Pa.; George Nor-
cross, D.D. was graduated from Monmouth College, 111., in 1861 ;
studied theology in Chicago, Monmouth, and Princeton; was or-
dained at North Henderson June 6, 1865; has been pastor of the
Second Presbyterian Church, Carlisle, Pa., since January 1, 1869;
received degree from Princeton, 1879.

Nicholson, William Alexander, Union, S. C. 1896.

Born in Aberdeen, 8. C; eldest son of James and Mary Nichol-
son; senior member of the banking house of William A. Nicholson
& Son, Union, S. C, ; member of the Presbyterian Alliance, held in
Toronto, September, 1892 ; member of the Constitutional Conven-
tion for South Carolina, September, 1895; member "State Board
of Control.''

Orr, John G., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Born at Willow Grove Mills, near Orrstown, Franklin County,
Pa. ; son of William Orr, born in Franklin County ; grandson of
Thomas Orr, born in County Donegal, Ireland ; in early life lived
on farm ; ten years in banking at Carlisle, Pa. ; eleven years man-
ager and part 6wner of Valley Spirit, daily and weekly newspaper
of Chambersburg; manager of The Patriot; daily newspaper at Har-
28

[

434^ THE SCOTQH-IBISH IN AMERICA.

riaburg. Pa.; president of the Children's Aid Society of Franklin
County, Pa., founded in 1884 ; this society with its two departraents,
one for friendless and homeless children and the other a general
hospital for all classes, is one of the most successful organizations in
the state; far several years a ruling elder in the Middle Spring
Church, and now ruling elder in Falling Spring Church, of Chaih-
bersburg.

Ogelsby, Warwick Miller, 919 North Second Street, Harrisburg,
Pa. 1896.

Born in Harrisburg, Pa. ; trust officer the Commonwealth Guar-
antee Trust and Safe Deposit Company.

Parke, William Gilkerson, Scranton, Pa. 1896.

Bom in Wilkes Barre, Pa. ; fifth generation from Arthur Parke,
a Scotch-Irishman from Ulster; settled in Chester County, Pa., in
1720; son of Rev. N. G. Parke, D.D., of Pittston, Pa.; merchant;
interested iu the mining of anthracite coal; elder in the Green
Ridge Presbyterian Church, Scranton.

Patterson, Robert, Uniontown, Fayette County, Pa. 1896.

Born in Manor Cunningham ; son of James Patterson and So-
phia Stewart Patterson, of Errity, County Donegal, Ireland ; grand-
son of James Patterson, of Drunnoughil, County Donegal, Ireland.

Parker, Mrs. James, Philadelphia, Pa. 1896.

Prince, Miss Marguerite McKenna, Slatington, Pa. ' 1896.

Descended from the generation of Michael and Biddy Clyd, who
emigrated from Derry, Ireland, in 1720, and settled in the old Irish
settlement in Northampton County, Pa., which is eloquently re-
ferred to by Dr. Egle in his paper, which appears in this volume.

Ralston, jAkEs McAllister, Mechauicsburg, Pa. 1896.

Born near Newville January 14, 1823; in 1839 located near
Carlisle; removed .in 1870 to Mechauicsburg; great-grandson of
Andrew Ralston, who settled near Newville in 1728; great-grand-
son (on mother's side) of Archibald McAllister, who located near
Carlisle about 1728; both of these ancestors were from the North
of Ireland, and some of his ancestors were in the siege of Derry ;
one great-grandmother was a McClure, and one grandmother was a
McClintock ; mother was Lucy McAllister ; mother's uncles, James
and John McAllister, settled in Georgia, on the Ogeeche River, at
Fort McAllister, which was taken by Sherman in his march to the
sea; two others lived and died in Lexington, Ky., and Winchester,
Va. ; farmer.

Robertson, John F., Steubenville, O. 1896.

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 435

Richard, Robert A., Carlisle, Pa. 1896.

Rogers, G. W., Daytoii, O. 1896.

Born in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County, Pa., 1819;
removed to Ohio in 1836; son of Robert and Isabella Carr Rogers;
grandson of Andrew Rogers; lieutenant in Col.* Timothy Green's
battalion, 1776, in the Revolution ;, great-grandson of William Rog-
ers, who settled at the forks of Swatara and Monaday Creeks
(then Lancaster County) prior to 1730; on the maternal side mother
was Isabella Carr (or Kerr), daughter of John Carr, of Warwick-
town, Buck» County, Pa.; an Associator; in 1775 Trustee and
Treasurer of Neshaminy Presbyterian Church; married Jane Wal-
lace, daughter of James Wallace and Isabella Miller; daughter of
Robert Miller, a son of William Miller, 8r., who came from Ireland
prior to 1726. The latter donated the land in 1726 to Neshaminy
Presbyterian Church, the original church and burying ground.
James Wallace^ emigrated from North of Ireland prior to 1751 ;
Trustee of Neshaminy Presbyterian Church, 1767; prominent mem-
ber of Bucks County Committee of Safety, 1775-76; one of the
Deputies from Bucks County to Conference of Provincial Deputies
at Carpenter's Hall, 1774; member of Provincial Conference, Car-
penter's Hall, 1776; Judge of Bucks County Courts, 1776-77;
died in 1777 ; great-grandfather, Joseph Carr, from the North of
Ireland prior to 1743; settled in Bucks County, Pa.; married
Margaret Long, daughter of Andrew Long, of Bucks County,
from the North of Ireland, about 1730; married Isabella Miller,
daughter of William Miller, Sr., above named ; G. W. Rogers was
for a number of years Resident Trustee of the State Hospital for
the Insane, Dayton, O.; a Director in the Dayton National Bank
from its organization in 1865 to date; several yeai-s trustee of the
First Presbyterian Church; retired merchant.

Rutherford, William Sumner, Steelton, Pa. 1896.

Born at Paxtang, Dauphin County, Pa., October 29, 1871. Thom-
as Rutherford, the ancestor of William S. Rutherford, emigrated
from Ireland to America about 1730; he was of Scotch descent;
his father went to Ireland with William, Prince of Orange, and
fought under him at the battle of the Boyne, and for bravery in
battle was given a grant of land in the County Tyrone; clerk with
the Pennsylvania Steel Company.

Reed, Joseph R., Council Bluffs, la. 1894.
Scott, William H., Philadelphia, Pa. 1896.

436 THE SCOTOH-IBI8H IN aMBRIOA.

SiMoNTON, John W., Harriaburg, Pa. 1896.

Born iu Hanover Township, Dauphin County, Pa.; paternal
grandfather, Dr. William Simonton, born in County Antrim, Ire-
land, in 1755; came to Pennsylvania at the age of ten; received an
academic and professional education as a physician; married Jane
Wiggins, daughter of John Wiggins, Sr., of Paxtang, November
17, 1777 ; purchased a farm in West Hanover Township, 1784,
where he lived until his decease,' April 24, 1800 ; maternal grand-
father, Rev. James Snodgrass, born in Bucks County, Pa., July 23,
1763; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, 1783;
studied theology under the direction of Rev. N'athaniel Irwin,
pastor of the Church at Neshaminy; licensed to preach the gospel
by the Presbytery of Philadelphia, December, 1785 ; ordained pas-
tor of the Church and congregation of Hanover, Dauphin County,
Pa., May 13, 1788; married Martha Davis, of Philadelphia;
preached in Hanover for fifty-eight years, and died July 2, 1846,
in the eighty-fourth year of his age, and was buried in Hanover
churchyard; his father. Dr. William Simonton, bom in Hanover
Township, 1788; received a classical education; graduated at Med-
ical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1809; and
practiced medicine in Hanover successfully until his death. May 17,
1846; was buried in Hanover churchyard; represented his district
in the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh United States Congresses^
married Martha Davis, daughter of Rev. James Snodgrass; she
died April, 1862; lawyer; District Attorney of Dauphin County
1866 to 1869; elected President Judge of the Twelfth Judicial
District of Pennsylvania in 1881 for ten years; reelected in 1892.

Smead, Jane Stuart, Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. 1896.

Born in South Middleton Township, Cumberland County, Pa.;
daughter of James T. and Martha J. (Woods) Stewart ; grand-
daughter of Hon. John and Barbara (Staee) Stuart ; great-gcand-
daughter of Hugh and Ruth (Patterson) Stuart ; granddaughter of
Nathan and Jane (Means) Woods; great-granddaughter of Wil-
liam and Martha (Ramsey) Woods; great-great-granddaughter of
William and Mary (Logan) Woods ; great-granddaughter of John
and Jean (Ramsey) Means; great-great-granddaughter of James
and Janet Ramsey ; paternal great-grandfather, Hugh Stuart, emi-
grated in 1784 from County Antrim, Ireland, to Cumberland Coun-
ty, Pa.; his ancestors were from Argylshire, Scotland; in 1790 he
married Ruth Patterson, who had come over in childhood from Ul-
ster or Scotland with her grandparents, William and Mary Patter-

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OY MEMBERS. 437

son; John and Elizabeth (Cairns) Steen, parents of Mrs. John Stu-
art, also came from County Antrim in 1784; John and Barbara
were married January 14, 1816 ; James T. and Martha J. ( Wbods) Stu-
art were married December 6, 1849; all other ancestors mentioned
were of Scotch-Irish descent; William Woods, Sr., removed from
Donegal to Cumberland County before 1749; Martha (Ramsey)
Woods and Jean (Ramsey) Means were daughters of James and
Janet Ramsey, who removed to Cumberland County before their
death ; the ancestors of John Means had emigrated from Ulster to
Maine in 1718, and from there to Lancaster County, Pa., about.
1720; wife of A. D. B. Smead, Esq.

Smiley, Charles H., New Bloomfield, Pa. 1898.

Born in Shermansdale, Perry County, Pa.; ancestors on botii
sides Scotch-Irish; lawyer; soldier in the Civil War; prothonotary
and clerk of courts of Perry; State Senator; President of Perry
County Railroad Company.

Smyth, Ellison A., Pelzer, S. C. 1896.

Born in Charleston, 8. C. ; father, Thomas Smyth, D.D., born in
Belfast, Ireland; forty-four years pastor Second Presbyterian
Church, Charleston, S. C. ; mother's father, James Adger, born in
County Antrim, Ireland; merchant in Charleston, S. C, sixty
years; mother's grandfather, Robert Ellison^ born in County An-
trim, Ireland; lived in South Carolina from 1744 until death; was
Major Continental Army 1776; State Senator in 1792; Colonel
Thirty-eighth Regiment, South Carolina Troops; member Legisla-

^ ture, and sheriff for many years; President Pelzer Manufacturing
Company, and President Chicora Savings Bank; Pelzer Cotton
Mills, four in number, largest in the South; Director in several fi-
nancial, insurance, and other corporations; President Greenville, S.
C, Board of Trade; captain Washington Artillery, Charleston, S.
C, 1876; captain Greenville Guards, Greenville, S. C, 1892.

Smiley, Rev. George Milton, B.D., 41 Exchange Street, Miiford,
Mass. 1896.

Born in Fitchburg, Mass., April 21, 1850; son of Charles, born
January 26, 1819, settled in Fitchburg, Mass.; grandson of Elias,
born July 10, 1783, settled in Jaffrey, N. H. ; great-grandson of
Dr. David, of Petersboro (see " History of Petersboro "), N. H.,
and Revolutionary soldier, born April 10, 1760; great-great-grand-
son of John, born in Ireland, 1720, and came with his father, three
brothers, and one sister to America in 1727, and settled in Haver-
hill, Mass. (see "History of Haverhill and Windham, N. H.");

438 THB SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

great-great-great-grandsou of Francis Smiley, bom in Londonderry,
Ireland, 1689; Minister M. £. Church, New England Conference;
served as pastor in West Medford, Worcester, Greenfield, Charles-
town, Watertown, Ipswich ; present pastor of a church of three hun-
dred members; Chaplain Essex County Penal Institution, located
at Ipswich; educated in public schools, Methodist seminary, and
college and Drew Theological Seminary ; Genealogical Historian of
the American Smileys, volume in preparation.

SiMONTON, Rev. William, Emmittsburg, Pa. 1896i

Scott, William H., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Snodorass, Frank P., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Snodorass, Robert, Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Born in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County ; son of Ben*
jamin Snodgrass, and grandson of Rev; James Snodgrass, last pas-
tor of Hanover Presbyterian Church, Dauphin County, Pa.; law-
yer; prothonotary of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and Deputy
Attorney-general of Pennsylvania.

Stewart, Rev. George Black, 127 State Street, Harrisburg, Pa.
1896.

Born in Columbus, O. ; son of Alexander Adams Stewart and
Louisa Susannah Black ; paternal grandparents James Stewart and
Petershe Hill; maternal grandparents George Black and Mary
Okesore; first three grandparents Scotch-Irish and the last Holland
Dutch; clergyman; pastor Market Square Presbyterian Church,.
Harrisburg; Trustee of Princeton University; Trustee of Wilson
College for Women.

Wii^^ON, Benjamin F., Spartanburg, S. C. 1896.

Burn in Sumter, S. C, March 12, 1862^ minister of the gospel;
President of Converse College. See Volume 5, " National Cyclope-
dia of Biography."

Wilson, John Thompson, Lexington, Va. 1895.

Born in Timber Ridge, Rockbridge County, Va. ; son of James
Patton Wilson, son of David Wilson, son of Nathaniel Wilson, who
came to the Valley of Virginia from Pennsylvania about 1760;
mother was the daughter of Matthew T. Jamison, the son of John
Jamison, who came from Ireland when he was seven years old, with
his uncle in 1728, and settled near Carlisle, Pa. ; on reaching man-
hood he removed to Augusta County, Va., near Staunton ; Secreta-
ry Mountain City Lodge, No. 67, A. F. and A. M., Va.; was Mas-
ter Mountain City Lodge, No. 67, A. F. and A. M., Va. ; Secreta-
ry Rockbridge Royal Arch Chapter, No. 25, Va.; High Priest

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MEMBERS. 439

Roclcbridge Royal Arch Chapter, No. 25, Va.; District Deputy
Grand Master of Masons, District No., 37, Va. ; President Y. M. C.
A., Lexington, Va.; Secretary and Treasurer Rockbridge County
Fair Company; Secretary and Treasurer Rockbridge Mutual Fire
Insurance Company ; Local Treasurer Life Insurance Company of
Virginia; Local Treasurer Old Dominion Building and Loan Asso-
ciation, Ricbmond, Va. ; Local Agent National' Building and Loan

' Association, Staunton, Va.

Wright, Hon. Robert E., AUentown, Pa. 1896.

Wallace, William A., Harrisburg, Pa. 1896.

Wallace, William S., Pbiladelt)bia. Pa. 1896.

Walker, John H,, Fannettsburg, Franklin County, Pa. 1896.

Born in Fannettsburg, Pa., in 1834 ; great-grandfather, Alexan-
der Walker, emigrated from North of Ireland in 1737, and settled
in Chester County, Pa.; removed to Path Valley, near Fannetts-
burg, in 1761; family driven ofTand barn burned by the Indians,
March, 1763, but returned in 1764; grandfather, Samuel Walker,
resided on Mansion farm, and died in 1808 ; father, James Walker,
born there in 1796, and died in Fannettsburg in 1849 ; captain of
** Washington Blues," and lieutenant of Company H., One Hun-
dred and Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers; member Legis-
lature in 1861 ; tanner.

Wallis, Joseph Edmund, Galveston, Tex. 1896.

Born in Morgan County, Ala., April 30, 1835; son of Maj. Jo-
seph Wallis, of Mechlinburg, N. C, and Elizabeth Crockett, (jiaugh-
ter of Elijah Crockett, of South Carolina, and granddaughter of
Gen. William R. Davie, of North Carolina; grandson of Rev. Jo-
seph S. Wallis (formerly Wallace) ; great-grandson of John Mc-
Knitt Alexander, the Secretary of the Mechlinburg Convention
making the Mechlinburg Declaration of Independence, May 19-
20, 1775 — all Scotch-Irish people — related to the Craigheads, Polks,
Ramseys, Cald wells, Calhouns, etc.; wholesale merchant; private in
the late war.

Wallace, William Stewart, 812 Girard Building, Philadelphia.
1896.

Born in Philadelphia May 30, 1862. Son of John Bower
Wallace and Maria Louisa Le Page, daughter of Peter and
Elizabeth (Gill) Le Page, French Protestants, from islands of
Guernsey and Sark, respectively, who emigrated here with parents
about 1818, and were children, respectively, of Peter and Mary Le
Page and Philip and Mary (Baker) Gill ; son of James Wallace,

^0 THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.

of Warwick Township, Bucks County, Pa., and Mai7 Foi-d, of
Monmouth County, N. J. (who was the daughter of James Ford, or
Foord, and Mary Bower, daughter of Jacob Bower, all of New Jer-
sey); son of Robert Wallace, of Warwick, Bucks County, Pa., and
Mary Long, who was the daughter of Hugh Long and Mary Cor-
bit, the former son of Andrew Long, from North of Ireland about
1730, the emigrant ancestor of the Longs of Bucks County, Pa.,
and Isabel Miller, daughter of William Miller, Sr., and Isabel —
who feettled in Warwick, Bucks County, in 1726, one of the original
settlers of 8. I., settlement known as "Neshaminy" at that point;
son of James Wallace, of Warwick, and Isabel Miller, who was the

daughter of Robert Miller and , he being the son of William

Miller, Sr., above named; this James Wallace being the emigrant
ancestor, coming from North of Ireland between 1720 and 1750
(exact date unknown) ; was Coroner of Bucks County ; Trustee of
Neshaminy Presbyterian Church ; took prominent part in affairs of
county and province during Revolution, being member of Commit-
tee of Safety and subcommittee of correspondence ; member of Pro-
vincial Deputies at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, June, 1774;
member Provincial Conference in 1776 at Carpenter's Hall, Phila-
delphia; Judge of Civil and Criminal Courts of Bucks County in
' 1777. Attorney at law. Secretary Law Academy of Philadelphia,
1886 ; member of Law Academy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
Sons of Revolution, Scotch-Irish Society of Pennsylvania; Secretary
and, Treasurer Kenilworth Inn Company, Bloomington Coal and
Coke Company; Counsel for Central Coal and Coke Company, Auer
Light Company, Etowah Iron Company, and other corporations.

> *

For want of space list of State Societies and their members are
omitted from this edition, but will doubtless be included in the next.
They can be found in all preceding volumes.

COIs TENTS OF PRECEDING VOLUMES.'

The following are some of the most importrnt eubjects in the different
vohinies. For tlie sake of brevity, the names of the authors are omitted,
except in a few instances. These are liiven merely to show the character of
contributors. Besides the formal addresses mentioned, each volume con-
tains proceedings of the Congress for the year that it is published — bio-
graphical list of members, besides much other valuable matter similar to

that found in this volume.

VOLUME r.

Addresses of Ex-Gov. Proctor Knott, of Kentucky, and Hon. Benton HcMilHn. of Ten-
nes»iei'. on tlie race in general: ^^Wiiatilu; Scoicii-lrisli lL*ive Done for Edncntinn,'*
bv Prof, (jcorjre iMachtisltie, Princeton, X. .1.; '•Scot<*h- Irish Charactvrisiics," bv Uev.
.Jj»lin MalL D.D., of Now York: "Tlie Scotch - 1 ris^li in the South." by Hon. William
Wirt. Hi'nry," of Uichniond, Va.; "The Scotch-Irish in Tennessee,'"* hy Rev. D. C.
Kelle.v, 1>.I)., of Columbia, Tenn.; " Scotch- 1 ribli Achievement," by Col. A. K. Mc-
Clure. of Philadelphia: *slohn Kno.x in Imlependence Hall," l»y Kev. .John 8. Mac-
lnt.o^h, D.I)., of IMiiladelphia; ** Scolcl»-lrish Setrlera in Scmth Carolina and Their
Descenilauts in Maury County, Tenn.,'* by Hon. W. S. Fleming, of Columbia, Tenu.

VOLUME II.

Fi-ontifiplece, picture of President Conner; "The Making of the Ulstermnn;" "Tbt*
Scolcli-lrish of New England;" •*(»en. Sam Iloutiton. the Wai^hington of Texas; *'
"Tlio Scotch - I ri:iih of Westt'rn I'ennsylvania;" ** Tlio Prestons of America;"
""Washinjrton and Lee, the Scotch-Irish Univrrsiiy of the South;" "The Scotcli-lrish
of Penusiylvania;" ** The Ulster of To-day;*' and* the '* Scotch -Irisb of Ohio."

VOLUME III.

Frontispiece, pictnre of Dr. John Hall; "The Scotch-Irish of the Bench and Bar:"
"The Influence of the Scotcli-lri.sh in the Fonnati(M) of (he (ioverument of tlie
Uniloii su'iit's;" "The Scotch-Irish among the Nations;" "Tlie Scotch- Irish of Cal-
ifornia:" •* The Scotcli- Irish rif East Tennessee; " **Andrew Jack-^on;" "The scotch-
Irish of Kentucky;" "Tlie Scotch - Irish of Canada;" and **Our Pledge to Pos-
terity."

VOLUME IV.

"The Scotch -Irish of Atlama;*' "Tlie Scotch-Irish of Iowa;" "Three Ideals— Puritan.
Cavali<«r. and Scotch *lrish:" "The Georgia Ci-acker;" "Scotch-Irish Inventoi-s; '*
"The Scotch-lrisli of Georgia;" "The Srotcli-Irisli Pioneers;" "Sir William .lohn-
eton," "The Condition of Ul-ter."' Short addre.-ses by Gov. W..I. Northen, iM?iyor
Hemphill, and otiier noted orators besides much interesting matter contributed be-
fore and since the Atlanta Congress.

VOLUME V.
Frontispiece, an engraving of Rev. J. II. Bryson, D.D.; addresses of Hon. WillLnm Mc-

ifornia's Greeting;" "The Scotch-Irish in Episcopncy ;" " The Sunv of tlie Fjnnilv:*'
"Tlio Scotch-Irish of Western Virginia;" "Dr. D.' Haynes Agnew;'' "Canada's
Greeting."

VOLUME VI.

Frontispiece, an engraving of Col. A. K. iMcClnre. Informal addresses by Col. .John
Scott, of Iowa; RIayor Hillis, of Dcs Moines; Hon. Frank I), .)a('k^on. 'Govn nor of
Iowa; Hon. .lames Wilson, of Ame«, la.: Rev. Howard A. John«*ton, of Chit-ago; Mr.
Henry Wallace. an«l others. The formal ad<livsses are: "The Influence of tlic scotch-
Irish'in Estaldisliing Courts and Making Laws in the Old Nortliwesi;" *' Le.-ives
from the Pawn of Celtic History;'' "How (iod M;Mle the Scotch- 1 ri>h ; " "Scotch-
Irish Conrtii'ts;" "The PrcsiMit ("ondition of Ireland;" " Uace Scmrces;" "The Duty
of Uisiermen in America;" " What America Has Ihme for the Ulslermen.**

VOLUME VI L

Frontispiece is an engraving of Ex-Chief .Justice John M. Scott, of Illinnl-*. Addresses
of welcome by .liuTge William McLaughlin and Governor O'Ferrall. of Virginin, >ind
the response of Mr. Robert Bonner, President of the Societv, an*! general addresses
bv Hon. Henry St. George Tucker, and others. "The Scotch-Irish of the Valley of
Virsrinia," ''The Presidents of Washington College," "The Mecklenliurtf Declaration
of Indeiieiidence," "The Battle of King's Monntnin," "The Present Condition of
Ulst:»r,' "(»en. Daniel Morj^nn," " Hiuher Education," "The Brothei's Rogers," "Dr.
PJphraim McDowell," "George Rogers Clarke."

(441)

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