Sculptured anthropoid ape heads found in or near the valley of the John Day river, a tributary of the Columbia river, Oregon

•lOBERT E. COWAN COLLECTION

I'KKSI-:NTI51> TO Till:

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

C. P. HUNTINGTON

,-JUNE. I.

Accession No Class No

SCULPTURED ANTHROPOID APE HEADS

FOUND IN OR NEAR THE VALLEY OF THE JOHN DAY RIVER,
A TRIBUTARY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON,

BY

JAMES TERRY

NEW YORK
i8gi

SCULPTURED ANTHROPOID APE HEADS

FOUND IN OR NEAR THE VALLEY OF THE JOHN DAY RIVER,
A TRIBUTARY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON,

BY

JAMES TERRY

OF THB

UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK

THE Columbia valley and its tributaries offers as rich a field to the
archaeologist as it has revealed to the paleontologist, and it has been
my good fortune to secure a large amount of material there, which will
serve as a basis for several papers.

The present paper treats especially of three remarkable stone heads
from this region, which are here figured and described for the first time.

The plates of these sculptures were made by the artotype process,
being photographs in printing ink, executed by the well-known firm of
E. Bierstadt of New York city. Figures i, 2, 3, and 4 are natural size,
taken by him directly from the objects. Figures 5 and 6 are half natural
size, also taken from the object, by an artist in Oregon, and the negative
sent to Mr. Bierstadt for reproduction. I have not had the latter speci
men before me in preparing the present paper, but I examined it in
1882, when I obtained the specimen represented on Plate I.

I here acknowledge my obligations to the kindness of Professor
O. C. Marsh of Yale University, and Professor T. Condon of Oregon,
in permitting me to examine and describe their specimens represented
in Plates II. and III. IV tjV.

J. T.

SCULPTURED ANTHROPOID APE HEADS,

FROM OREGON.

IT is not my intention, in the present brief notice of the remarkable
pieces of sculpture here described, to offer any assertions based upon
an autochthonous theory as to the origin of man on this continent, or
the more generally accepted theory of his migration from the Asiatic
continent. The advocates of either hypothesis, in the present state of
the science, have but little to substantiate their position. The literature
of American anthropology is already so filled with opposing theories
that it appalls the student who undertakes to unravel the contradistinc
tions of its many writers, and hence I shall try to avoid further compli
cation.

I may, however, be permitted to review briefly the theories of
some recent writers who advocate a hyperborean origin for primitive
man on this continent, more particularly in the region where these
sculptures were found. I shall also call attention to some of their state
ments which appear to be controverted by archaeological research ;
making no claims for my position as final, but bearing in mind the
importance which authentic material should always have in determining
any conclusion on the subject.

Philologists have long contended that true anthropologic investi
gation must look to language as a foundation-stone. Cuno maintains
that race is not co-extensive with language ; Posche, that anthropology
and archaeology must supplant and correct the conclusions of philology ;
M. Broca, that physical characteristics command the position in deter
mining the consanguinity of races. With these conflicting positions of
men eminent in their attainments, it is with a sense of relief that we
turn to these specimens of a past people, which by their immutable char
acter reveal to us some lieht as to their origin.

6 SCULPTURED APE HEADS.

Most of our archaeological material (material strictly archaic, Pre-
columbian) north of Mexico is remotely separated from any philological
or physiological connections. Particularly is this the case with the stone
sculptures of the Columbia valley, unless it be conceded that the tribes
inhabiting that valley at the time of European occupancy were related
to these remains. To this last I cannot assent, for these sculptures
would then probably have held such a high status in their limited devel
opment of progress as to have attracted the attention of Lieutenant
Broughton, and Lewis and Clark, and been mentioned by them.

Mr. George Gibbs, in his well-known memoir, * speaks of these
Indians as follows: " No division of tribes into clans is observable,
" nor any organization similar to the eastern tribes, neither have
" the Indians of this territory emblematical distinction resembling the
" totem."

Mr. Stephen Powers, in a paper read before the California Academy
of Sciences, f mentions that the present tribes of Indians in California
all use implements (such as mortars, pestles, pipes, and stone daggers)
of a quality inferior to those used by the aboriginals, and that when one
of the present Indians is found using an article of superior manufacture,
he will acknowledge that he did not make it, but found it. In my inter
course with the tribes of the Columbia valley, the Yakimas, Warm
Spring, Nez Perces, and others, they invariably answered my inquiries
regarding the origin of these archaic specimens, and the many other
sculptured pieces found in this region, by saying that they had no
knowledge or tradition concerning them. The lack of any evidence to
connect the tribes of this valley with these sculptures warrants us in
considering them as archaic specimens dissociated from any relation with
historic tribes.

The specimen represented on Plates I. and II. is one of the
results of my researches in the Columbia valley in 1882, and is now in
my collection at the American Museum of Natural History, New York
city. The specimen represented on Plates III. and IV. was found by
Professor O. C. Marsh, is now in the collection of Yale University, and
was the first one of these sculptures brought to light. Professor Marsh,
in his address on Vertebrate Life in America, delivered before the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Nashville,

" Contributions to American Ethnology," Vol. I., p. 184. 1877.
f " Proceedings California Academy of Sciences," Vol. V., p. 392. 1875.

SCULPTURED APE HEADS. 7

Tennessee, August 30, 1877, makes the following reference to this
sculpture, and some other similar specimens :

"It is far from my intention to add to the many theories extant in
" regard to the early civilizations in this country, and their connections
"with the primitive inhabitants or the later Indians, but two or three
" facts have recently come to my knowledge which I think worth men-
" tioning in this connection. On the Columbia River I have found
"evidence of the former existence of inhabitants much superior to the
" Indians at present there, and of which no tradition remains. Among
" many stone carvings which I saw there were a number of heads which
" so strongly resembled those of apes that the likeness at once suggests
" itself. Whence came these sculptures, and by whom were they made ? "

The specimen represented on Plate V. is in the collection of Pro
fessor Thomas Condon of Oregon.

These three specimens were found in or near the valley of the John
Day River, a tributary of the Columbia. They would be classed by
archaeologists as " surface finds," a classification that would cover a large
proportion of the archaic remains of the valley, from the fact that the
shifting sand dunes, which were largely utilized for burial purposes, are
continually bringing them to the surface and exposing them. Each
specimen is clearly a complete object in itself, never having formed a
part of any larger sculpture from which it might have been detached
or broken. They were carved from a dark, pumiceous, basaltic rock,
abundance of which is found in the valley.

The specimen on Plates I. and II. is made from an open porous
bowlder of basalt, the structure of which is very effectively brought out
by the print. The exterior has been entirely worked with the exception
of about one-half of the surface of the left side, and the top of the second,
third, and fourth corrugations, all of which exhibit the natural surface
of the rock. The broad, flat nose, with supporting cheeks, and the
contractions or corrugations of the forehead, are characteristics of the
ape family which will attract the attention of specialists in this branch
of zoology, a branch with which the writer lays no claim to famil
iarity. The mouth and chin of this specimen are clearly represented in
Plate II.

In Professor Marsh's specimen, shown on Plates III. and IV., the
nose is represented by two round protuberances similar to the eyes, but
smaller and closer together. The mouth is distended, exhibiting the

8 SCULPTURED APE HEADS.

teeth, of which there are eleven. The corrugations of the forehead
are intensified and project forward, as represented by Plate IV., both of
which features would seem to indicate anger. This specimen is made
from a close, compact bowlder of basalt, which exhibits the natural sur
face except in the sculptured parts.

Plate V. represents Mr. Condon's specimen, half natural size. His
conclusions regarding the sculpture are contained in his letter, which is
printed in the foot-note below.* The "front view" referred to was so
disproportionate that I asked for another negative giving a face view on
the line of centre of the object, which is the one now represented in the
plate. The "small, mortar-like cavities" mentioned are fully shown in
the profile view. To Mr. Condon's hypothesis of its use, drawn from
the little cup-like mortars, I must beg to take exception, for it cannot be
shown that the Indians have any knowledge of these sculptures; in fact,
as previously stated, the contrary is known. Regarding its being the
copy of some figurehead of a Malay proa, it must be borne in mind that
there are three or more of these sculptures known, each with a distinctive
character, and all of them found east of the Cascade Mountains, a dis
tance of two hundred miles from the coast, and with several intervening
tribes who have failed to preserve any features of a proa or junk figure
among their carvings, notwithstanding the fact that over one hundred of
these derelicts of the sea have been cast on our northwest coast.

Dr. W. H. Dall, whose scholarly attainments in ethnology are enti
tled to respect, remarks, in his admirable paper f on the " Tribes of the
" Extreme North West," that he sees " no reason for disputing the

" November 15, 1890.
* " MR. JAMES TERRY,

" Dear Sir: — I have just filled my promise of a week ago by consigning to the care of
Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express those two 'negatives you asked for. I am afraid I have taken a little too much
liberty, though, in a slight departure from your instructions in regard to the front view. If you would pre
fer it perfectly level and will write me at once I will have it taken level. I asked the artist to tilt it forward
a little so as to show the small, mortar-like cavities of the summit. Many minute mortars are found in Oregon
with cavities like these, and I once asked an old Indian what they made of them. His answer was ". . .
We make medicines (in those) for sick eyes." Starting from this suggestion I thought it probable that this
head was owned by an Indian doctor ; and he used the sacredness he attached, and perhaps his patients
attached, to this head as adding to the efficacy of his treatment. In regard to the gorilla likeness and the
inquiry where the Indians got it, I would say: I have drifted into the conviction that some Malay proa with
a wooden figurehead like this may have been wrecked on our coast. The Indians would think it a Godsend
and give this permanent form in stone. If you would like any modification, write me.

" Truly yours,

" THOMAS CONDON."
f " Contributions to American Ethnology," Vol. I., p. 95. 1877.

SCULPTURED APE HEADS. 9

" hypothesis that America was peopled from Asia originally, and that
" there were successive waves of emigration ; " thus casting doubt upon
a southwestern immigration. In his last chapter to Nadaillac's " Pre
historic America," p. 523, he modifies his former view as follows:
" Probably the American races entered by both gates."

Dr. Daniel Wilson* maintains that, "From some one of the early
"centres of South American population, planted on the Pacific coasts by
" Polynesian or other migration, and. nursed in the neighboring valleys
" of the Andes in remote prehistoric times, the predominant southern
" race diffused itself, or extended its influence through many ramifica-
" tions. It spread northward beyond the Isthmus, expanded throughout
" the peninsular region of Central America, and after occupying for a
" time the Mexican plateau, it overflowed along either side of the great
" mountain chain, reaching towards the northern latitudes of the Pacific,
" and extending inland to the east of the Rocky Mountains through the
" great valley watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries. It must
" not, however, be supposed that such a hypothesis of migration im-
" plies the literal diffusion of a single people from one geographical
" centre. There is as little reason for designating either the Toltecs
" or the Mound-Builders, Peruvians, as for calling the Iranian Indo-Ger-
" mans, Greeks. But many archaeological traces seem to indicate just
" such affinities between the former as have been suggested by the philo-
" logical relations of the latter."

Since Dr. Wilson announced this hypothesis, evidence has accumu
lated, from exploration of mounds in the Mississippi valley and among
the ruined pueblos of the southwestern Territories, to strengthen a
theory of migration northward from the tropical centres of population.

The late Lewis H. Morgan claimed the Columbia valley as the
nursery of man on the American continent,f basing his conclusions
almost wholly on linguistic grounds, and the enormous quantity of fish
which the Columbia River afforded to sustain life. He makes no refer
ence to archaeological remains in that valley, from the fact that no work
in that direction had been prosecuted there at the time of his writing.
Starting with the fact that more numerous dialects of different stock
languages existed there than in any other equal area on the continent,
and that a bountiful fish subsistence was to be had with little exertion,

* " Prehistoric Races," Vol. II., p. 347. 1876.

f " Indian Migrations." North Amciican Kevieiv, October, 1868, and January, 1870.
2

10 SCULPTURED APE HEADS.

Mr. Morgan claimed that an increase of numbers was favored, which
forced out the surplus population into lines of migration still going on
at the time of European occupancy.

He claims, first, that the mountain chains suggested and afforded
the main line of migration. This would certainly imply a subsistence by
the chase, an entirely new and different mode of sustenance from that of
fishing ; besides, the mountains are heavily timbered and extremely diffi
cult to travel and hunt game in. He has overlooked the parallelism of
the four rivers, the Cowlitz, Willamette, Sacramento, and San Joaquin,
whose waters nearly connect, from Puget Sound to the Gulf of Cali
fornia, and thus favored a manner of life to which the natives were
already accustomed, and which might have served as a line of migration
in either direction.

His secondary lines of migration are the rivers, giving as the most
probable route the Saskatchewan first, the Arkansas second, and the
Platte third. He afterwards changes this and gives the Platte first and
Saskatchewan second, and states that an overflow from the Columbia
would reach Patagonia sooner than Florida, ignoring the fact that the
headwaters of the Columbia and the Missouri are only separated a few
miles by the high divide of the continent, from the summit of which both
valleys are visible. He classes the route by the Missouri and the Platte
as belonging to the central prairie region, where the buffalo abounded
by tens of thousands, and which was the nursery of the elk and antelope ;
but claims that without the horse the Indian hunter was powerless to
provide for his wants.

At the date of Mr. Morgan's writing the buffalo existed in such
enormous numbers that a stampede of a herd over a bluff or precipice
would secure hundreds of them. Father Hennepin, in his travels in
1679, mentions that a tribe surrounded a herd of buffalo, and then
setting fire to the grass and lying in ambush, slaughtered them by the
thousand. There can be no question that the Indian and his progenitors
were capable, without the horse, of securing buffalo sufficient for their
mode of life, and an abundance to promote a line of migration eastward
by the Missouri route, if there was an overflow from the Columbia in
that direction.

The main force of Mr. Morgan's reasoning lies in the fact, that so
many spoken dialects of several different stock languages existed in the
Columbia valley when discovered by the present white race, assuming of

SCULPTURED APE HEADS. J II

course that they must have originated there. To quote his exact
words : " The several stocks belonging to the Ganowanian family who
" were found in the possession of the land are to be regarded as the
" descendants and representatives of an original stock, which flowed out
" in successive streams from some original centre. The remoteness in
" the past of their first establishment must be estimated by the time
" required to create the present diversity of speech both in dialects and
"stock languages."

The condition of the human race is one of progression, and that
progression is exemplified by a development of the arts and of a social
status in a degree commensurate with the parent language and dialect ;
the one being a natural accompaniment of the other, and both of them
the results of a long period of time. The " great antiquity " which Mr.
Morgan claims for the development of the different dialects proceeding
from that "original centre," the Columbia valley, should have carried
with it those other accessories which accompany the progress and devel
opment of the human race, characterized by the arts and civil advance
ment, as well as language.

No mention is made by Lieutenant Broughton, who entered this
river in 1792, or by Lewis and Clark, of any confederacy existing among
the tribes at the dates of their visits. Each tribe appeared to be gov
erned within itself, and carried on a trade or barter extending from the
Chinook at the mouth of the Columbia, to the Chopunnish of the Rocky
Mountains. All of the extinct village sites which I have visited, and

^3

which correspond nearly with all the village sites mentioned by Lewis
and Clark, as well as many others not referred to by them, bear no evi
dence of a great antiquity. No remains of any fortifications, houses, or
structures are to be found. Many of the stone and bone implements are
of a similar character to those of California. The stone pipes, of which
there have been only two or three found, are identical with those of
California, although Lewis and Clark mention pipes of hard wood.
The sculptures evince a higher degree of art-advancement and belong
possibly to a different epoch.

The prolific resources of the Columbia River in the salmon season
are of such vital importance to nomadic tribes, that its reputation would
rapidly extend up and down the coast and eastward, as I have before
mentioned, and bring many different-speaking tribes together on this
common ground, which has remained neutral to this day.

12 SCULPTURED APE HEADS.

The United States Bureau of Ethnology, through some of its
writers, advocates a northern origin for that extensive population of the
Mississippi valley and its tributaries, commonly called the Mound Build
ers. Mr. Holmes, in his article on " Ancient Pottery of the Mississippi
"Valley,"* makes the following statement: " Taken as a whole the
•' remains of the Mound Builders would seem to point to a hyperborean
"origin for both the people and their arts." This is followed by descrip
tions and illustrations of ceramic forms, which point strongly to a southern
influence and affiliation allied to that of Mexico and Peru. The conch
and clam-shell forms of pottery described are represented by species the
nearest of which geographically are in the Gulf of Mexico. These forms
of pottery are found in the mounds along that great highway of migra
tion, the Mississippi River, and from this " focal centre," as he regards
it, south to the Gulf of Mexico. These forms disappear altogether north
of the Missouri River, and all evidences of the fictile art disappear en
tirely to the westward of the mouth of the Yellowstone River. This fact,
taken in connection with the absence of any pottery sherds from the
Gulf of California to the Behring Sea along the Pacific coast, has an
important bearing as to the ethnic relations of these two areas. The
water-jars and head-shaped vases described and illustrated in this article
by Mr. Holmes, and of which my own collection contains a still larger
and more comprehensive series, exhibit such a marked similarity to those
of Mexico and Peru, that the conclusion is irresistible that the art, cus
toms, and culture of these countries, shown by this archaeological evi
dence, extended to and covered a large portion of the Mississippi valley.
There has been as yet nothing obtained from the mounds to sustain a
theory of hyperborean origin for the arts they contain.

This same writer, in his article on "Art in Shell of the Ancient
" Americans," f speaking of an engraved gorget \ from a mound in south-

* " Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology," p. 375. 1882.

f " Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology," p. 305. 1880.

\ The facts regarding this gorget are as follows : It was found in a mound near Charleston, Missouri,
in 1877, in connection with pottery now in my collection, by a Mr. Lane, who had been opening mounds in
that vicinity, and whom I afterwards employed in my work in that locality. I purchased it, together with
his other mound material, and received an order from Mr. Lane on Colonel A. L. Whitly, to whom he had
loaned the gorget, to deliver it to me. Upon my presenting the order to Colonel Whitly, he informed me he
had in turn loaned it to Professor Potter of Washington University, where it has since remained. This
statement is made to show its authenticity, and to bring out the fact that this gorget was found associated
with mound pottery, and in such connection as to show that it was contemporaneous with the pottery, and
that it did not belong to an " age of shell " distinctively, as Mr. Holmes has classed it. — J. T.

SCULPTURED APE HEADS. 13

eastern Missouri, is "forced to the conclusion that it must be the off-
" spring of the same beliefs and customs and the same culture as the
" art of Mexico." It is difficult to understand upon what grounds he refers
all the articles of shell enumerated and illustrated in his paper to " an
" age of shell supplementing the age of stone." A large proportion of
the specimens described were found in mounds and graves, associated
with articles of stone and pottery in such juxtaposition as to leave no
doubt of their belonging to and being made by the same people that
fashioned the implements of stone and vessels of clay.

On the Pacific coast, there have been opened under my direction
and supervision upwards of seven thousand tombs, and I have in my
collection probably the largest amount of material known, pertaining to
the coast races between the Gulf of California and Puget Sound. All
the shell, stone, and bone specimens of the California coast are found
so intimately associated as to leave no doubt of their common origin.
Beads of serpentine and bone are found inlaid with beads of shell ;
stone mortars and serpentine bowls are inlaid and ornamented with
the brilliant haliotis and other shell ornaments, and the same applies
to pestles, spindlewhorls, and other articles. So far as any evidence
furnished by the Wheeler Survey Report or my own investigations on
the Pacific coast have revealed, man's ability to master stone, bone,
and shell was here co-equal and contemporaneous, and not, as Mr.
Holmes asserts,* " after a certain mastery over materials had been
" achieved."

The influence of Polynesian life, with its customs and usages, in the
Columbia valley and along the coast below, is exemplified by a simi
larity of stone implements, which reflects much more than a mere inci
dent in the life of a semi-barbarous race, even though placed under a
similar environment. The mere-mere stone weapon of the Maori chiefs
of New Zealand, made of the beautiful nephrite, represents an emblem of
rank of the most eminent degree, and is the most highly valued of their
possessions. Examples of this implement made of green serpentine are
found in the Columbia, Willamette, Rogue, and Klamath river valleys.
The club head-stones of New Britain and New Guinea are known in
large numbers from the California graves, and a few are found up to and
including the Columbia valley.

* Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p- 187. 1883.

14 SCULPTURED APE HEADS.

The finding of nephrite bowlders in the river gravels of the north
west coast * has relieved the necessity of ascribing the few implements
made of this material, and found in Central America, Mexico, and the
Columbia and Frazer river valleys,f to Asiatic origin, or a migration even
from the cliff in Alaska, described by F. W. Clark. J

The "color of spring," which has been applied to jadeite and nephrite
stones, seemingly has some inherent virtue in the eyes of barbaric and
semi-civilized races. The calchahuitils of the Aztecs, the jadeites of the
Chinese and Lake dwellers, the nephrite of Polynesia, and the serpen
tines of California have all stimulated the highest skill and a vast amount
of patient labor, when used by these races for their most cherished
objects.

The evidences of recent geological changes in the Columbia valley,
as shown in the submerged forest mentioned by Lewis and Clark,§ and
also by Dr. J. S. Newberry,| are, for obvious reasons, of a comparatively
modern date, and may have had an important influence upon the people
dwelling near this river. The Indians have a tradition, that at one time
a great natural bridge spanned the river at the Cascades, which, having
fallen, dammed the river and caused the present rapids. There are also
evidences that certain localities of the lower Columbia must have met
with great changes, although I find no mention made of it by geologists
or the early travellers. Indications point to a large community existing
upon Sauvies Island, at the junction of the Willamette and Columbia
rivers, a place which at the present day has two inundations every year,
rendering it uninhabitable over six months of the time. It would hardly
have been selected as a village site under these circumstances. A sys
tematic geological survey of this valley is necessary for determining any
data as to these changes, and their probable influence upon the native
races.

Professor Whitney, in his " Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada,"
p. 288, reaches the following conclusion : "That there is a large body of
" evidence, the strength of which it is impossible to deny, which seems
' to prove that man existed in California previous to the cessation of

*G. M. Dawson, "Canadian Record of Science," Vol. II., No. 6, p. 364, 1887 ; J. Terry, " Science,'
p. 16. January, 1890.

f I am unaware of a single specimen of this material having been found in California.
\ " Proceedings of United States National Museum," Vol. XI. 1888.
§ " Lewis and Clark" (edition 1814), Vol. II., p. 241.
|| " Pacific Railway Survey," Vol. VI., pp. 43--5&. 1857.

SCULPTURED APE HEADS. 15

"volcanic activity in the Sierra Nevada, to the epoch of the greatest
" extension of the glaciers in that region, and to the erosion of the pres-
"ent river canons and valleys, at a time when the animal and vegetable
" creation differed entirely from what they now are, and when the topo-
" graphical features of the state were extremely unlike those exhibited
" by the present surface."

It is not improbable that the conditions described by Professor
Whitney extended to the present valley of the Columbia, the fauna of
which may then have contained the species from which these sculptured
heads were copied.

In reaching a conclusion in regard to the origin of the stone heads
here described, it would appear, from our present knowledge, either that
the animals which these carvings represent once existed in the Columbia
valley, or that, in the remote past, a migration of natives from some
region containing these monkeys reached this valley, and left one of the
vivid impressions of their former surroundings in these imperishable
sculptures.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I. Ape Head carved in basalt, front view, natural size; from the valley of the

John Day River, Oregon. James Terry collection.
PLATE II. Side view of same head.
PLATE III. Ape Head carved in basalt, front view, natural size ; from the valley of the

John Day River, Oregon. Professor O. C. Marsh collection.
PLATE IV. Side view of same head.
PLATE V. Ape Head carved in basalt, front and side view, about half natural size ;

from the valley of the Des Chutes River, Oregon. Thomas Condon

collection.

PLATE I.

PLATE. I

I

FRONT VIEW NATURAL SIZE.

SCULPTURED STONE HEAD. OREGON

COLLECTION OF JAMES TERRY.

PLATE II.

II TFAJS

PLATE. II

SIDE VIEW. NATURAL SIZE

SCULPTURED STONE HEAD. OREGON

COLLECTION OF JAMES TERRY.

OF THB

I UNIVERSE

PLATE III.

Ill 3TAJq

PLATE. III.

FRONT VIEW NATURAL SIZE

SCULPTURED STONE HEAD. OREGON

COLLECTION OF PROF. O. C. MARSH.

R y
or THB

UNIVERSITY

PLATE IV.

PLATE. IV.

SIDE VIEW. NATURAL SIZE

SCULPTURED STONE HEAD. OREGON

COLLECTION OF PROF. O. C. MARSH

PLATE V.

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