Full text of "The secret treaties of Austria-Hungary, 1879-1914"

See other formats

THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

RIVERSIDE

GIFT OF

Mrs. Robert C. Cotton

THE SECRET TREATIES OF
~~ AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

1879-1914

DR. ALFRED :FRANZI§ PRIBRAM

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA
ENGLISH EDITION BY

ARCHIBALD GARY COOLIDGE

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

I92O

THE SECRET TREATIES OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
VOLUME I

TEXTS OF THE TREATIES
AND AGREEMENTS

WITH TRANSLATIONS

DENYS P. MYERS

AND

J. G. D'ARCY PAUL

CAMBRIDGE
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

1920

vr.J

PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN
EDITOR

SOON after the overthrow of the imperial government of Austria
by the Revolution in November, 1918, Professor Franzis Pribram
of the University of Vienna, a historian of international reputa-
tion, was fortunate enough to obtain access to the secret papers
in the state archives. He has made use of the opportunities
granted to him to produce a work of lasting importance, which
is now in the process of completion and publication. Hence-
forth writers about the political history of Europe during the
last forty years will turn to his volumes for the new and valuable
information that he is offering us. He has not attempted a gen-
eral history of the period, and — as he himself says — he has not
consulted other archives than the Austrian ones, so that his re-
searches, even on his immediate subject, need to be supple-
mented elsewhere. But Austria took part in so much that re-
lated to the affairs of central and eastern Europe during that
time that her archives are extraordinarily rich in information
concerning them, and especially concerning the famous Triple
Alliance which so long held the centre of the stage. She was not,
it is true, the leading member of the partnership, but it was of
more vital importance to her than to the other two. All her
political questions, even her internal ones, were more affected
by it. She was more menaced by outside enemies, for she had
not only what seemed a likely foe in the ever growing Russian
Empire, but also a not unlikely one, as the event has proved, in
Italy, her own ally. For her part, though traditionally conserv-
ative and usually peaceful, she never renounced territorial am-
bitions, and as the years went on her foreign policy became more
and more interwoven with the hopelessly intricate questions of
her own nationalities. Under such conditions, her diplomats and
her Foreign Office had, at least, to be well informed.

VI PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR

Professor Pribram naturally writes from the Austrian point of
view, but with a dispassionateness that is extraordinary for one
who has just seen his country ruined by a disastrous war which
has left her but a fragment of her former self. We cannot but
admire the calmness and moderation with which he writes of
things so near to him and so closely connected with the present
catastrophe. Even when his statements occasionally betray a not
unnatural bias, there has been little temptation to comment upon
or to modify them.

In the German edition, Professor Pribram's first volume con-
tains not only all his treaty texts, but also a second part with
his story of the negotiations that preceded the signatures of the
five treaties of the Triple Alliance. He promises that informa-
tion on his other treaties and agreements will soon follow. But
as the English edition comprises translations as well as texts,
thereby almost doubling the treaty matter, the negotiations that
led to the treaties of the Triple Alliance have been left till the
next volume. I have included, however, the introduction,
which comes just before the second part, and two supplementary
agreements which stand after it, instead of being put in with the
others in the first part — presumably because they do not be-
long to quite the same category. One of these is the so-called
' Reinsurance Treaty,' in which Austria had no share; the other
is a naval convention between Germany, Austria, and Italy, con-
cluded only a year before the outbreak of the World War. It
seems best here to publish them with the rest rather than have
them wait over till another volume.

Circumstances have interrupted all communication with Pro-
fessor Pribram during the time that this first part of the transla-
tion of his work has been put into print. Since receiving his
material, I have had to act without consultation with him. In
general, the original of his text has been followed as closely as
possible in the translation. I have only felt free to alter the
wording in such things as explanatory headings, footnotes, and
a portion of the preface which did not apply to the book as
brought out in English form. The translations of the treaty
texts and other matter have been made by Mr. Denys P. Myers

PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR Vll

and Mr. J. G. D'Arcy Paul — Mr. Myers more particularly doing
the French, and Mr. Paul, the German — though they have had
the help of advice and suggestion from others. Owing to the
fact that it was desirable to bring out the translation at about
the same time as the original, the work has perforce been done
with more haste than one could have desired.

My thanks are due, not only to the translators, but to other
friends who have cooperated, and especially to Professor G. G.
Wilson, my colleague, and to Mr. G. W. Robinson, for his care
and patience in reading the proof.

PREFACE

THIS work, the first volume of which I am herewith giving to the
public, is intended as the preliminary to a history of the foreign
policy of Austria-Hungary for the period between the conclusion
of the German-Austro-Hungarian Alliance of October 7, 1879,
and the outbreak of the World War in 1914. It contains the
secret treaties concluded with various European Powers during
these years by the cabinet of Vienna, and the history of the nego-
tiations which preceded their signature. I regard a knowledge
of these documents as indispensable to a deeper insight into the
plans and actions of the leading statesmen of the Danubian
Monarchy.

Up to the outbreak of the World War the only one of all these
treaties to be known — and that only partially — was the one
concluded on October 7, 1879, between Germany and Austria-
Hungary. During the course of the war the two treaties con-
cluded between Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1900-01 and 1909
regarding the Balkans, and especially Albania, were published
in the Austro-Hungarian Red Book of 1915, together with four
articles from one of the treaties of the Triple Alliance, while
Germany very recently made public the German-Austro-
Hungarian-Russian agreement of 1881, taken from the Russian
archives. All the other treaties given in this work were, as re-
gards their wording, unknown until now.1

We possessed but one account based on reliable sources of the
negotiations preceding the conclusion of the various treaties -
E. von Wertheimer's Graf Julius Andrdssy, dealing with the
German-Austro-Hungarian Alliance of October 7, 1879. In the
present work light is thrown for the first time on all the other
treaty negotiations. It was not possible for me to offer an
uninterrupted account, for only the acts of the Vienna State

1 But see p. 275, note. A. C. C.
be

X PREFACE

Archives were at my disposal, and these, in spite of their rich-
ness, did not permit of a complete solution of all questions which
arose. In the interests of research it is therefore greatly to be
desired that the leading statesmen of the other countries signa-
tory to the treaties should open their state archives to serious
students for investigation as generously as the Austrian Republic
has done.

The printing of the treaty texts follows as a rule the original
document of Austria-Hungary or her cosignatories as found in
the Vienna Archives. When the original is not in the possession
of the Vienna Government, as in the case of an exchange of
notes, there is given in its place the certified copy of a draft, the
literal conformity of which with the original document destined
for exchange has been vouched for through an official notation.
The orthography of the original — • which, moreover, cannot
always be called correct, and certainly not consistent — has in
general been followed. Exception is made only with regard to
punctuation and in the use of large and small initial letters in
accordance with the present usage of the respective languages.
Repetitions of the wording of a treaty on the occasion of its re-
newal — as, for instance, in the case of the treaties of the Triple
Alliance themselves, and the treaties of the Triple Alliance
Powers with Rumania — may be recognized by the use of in-
verted commas.2 The reader is thus enabled to judge at a glance
in what respects the new treaty differs from the treaty concluded
previously with regard to the same subject.

This repeated renewal of various agreements also led me to
depart from the chronological order in presenting the treaty
negotiations. A strict adherence to this order would have de-
stroyed the connection existing between many treaties. This is
primarily true of the five treaties of the Triple Alliance. They
will accordingly be taken up together in a later volume and then
followed successively by the negotiations which preceded the
conclusion of the agreements between Austria-Hungary on the
one hand and Russia, Serbia, Rumania, Germany, and Italy on
the other. The treaties concluded by Austria-Hungary with

2 It has not seemed necessary to repeat these for the translations. A. C. C.

PREFACE XI

England and Spain are in such intimate relation to the Austro-
Hungarian-Italian treaties that they are dealt with together.
The work will be terminated by a condensed review of Austro-
Hungarian treaty policy in the years 1879-1914.

These studies have no relation to the present political situa-
tion. Least of all are they intended to throw new light on that
often mooted and, to my thinking, unprofitable question regard-
ing the amount of guilt to be apportioned to various persons or
various nations for the outbreak of the World War. On the
other hand, I shall be genuinely pleased if my work, after its
completion, should be regarded as a contribution — no matter
how modest — to the knowledge of the deep-lying causes which
led to the mighty struggles of these last years.

I take this occasion to offer my sincere thanks to former
Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs Dr. Otto Bauer, to the two
officials in charge of the Department of Archives, Hofrat Profes-
sor Dr. Oswald Redlich and Professor Dr. Ludo Moritz Hart-
mann, and in particular to Vice-Director Sektionsrat Professor
Dr. Ludwig Bittner, for the assistance they rendered me in my
task.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

TREATIES 18

1. THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 18

(a) Protocol between the Austro-Hungarian and German Govern-
ments describing the preliminary steps towards an Alliance.
Vienna, September 24, 1879 18

(b) Joint Memorandum signed by the Austro-Hungarian and the
German Plenipotentiaries outlining the purposes of the Alli-
ance. Vienna, September 24, 1879 22

2. MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF POLICY IN REGARD TO THE RELA-

TION OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE TO THE LEAGUE

OF THE THREE EMPERORS. 1881 32

3. THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS OF 1881 36

(a) Convention between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire,

and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1881 36

(b) Separate Protocol on the same date to the Convention of
Berlin. June 18, 1881 42

(d) Proces-verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Conven-
tion of June 18, 1881. Berlin, June 27, 1881 48

4. THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 50

(a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
Belgrade, June 16/28, 1881 50

(b) Personal Declaration of Prince Milan that he would carry out

the Treaty without restrictions 56

5. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 64

(a) First Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Ger-
many, and Italy. Vienna, May 20, 1882 64

(b) Additional Declaration of Italy that the provisions of the
Alliance could not be regarded as directed against England.
Rome, May 22, 1882 68

xiii

XIV CONTENTS

(d) Declaration of Germany similar to the Italian one. Berlin,
May 28, 1882 70

6. PROLONGATION or THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE. 1883 ... 74

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Germany in regard
to the prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance of 1879.
Vienna, March 22, 1883 74

7. ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND WITH GER-

MANY AND WITH ITALY. 1883 AND 1888 78

(a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania.

Vienna, October 30, 1883 78

(6) Treaty providing for the accession of Germany. Vienna,

October 30, 1883 82

1888 84

8. PROLONGATION OF THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS. 1884 90

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, con-
cerning the prolongation of their Treaty of 1881 90

9. MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN, ITALY, AND

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IN 1887 94

(a) Italian Note to the British Government in regard to a Medi-
terranean Agreement. London, February 12, 1887 .... 94
(ft) British Note to the Italian Government in regard to a Medi-
terranean Agreement. London, February 12, 1887 . . . . 96

(d) Italian acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary.
London, March 24, 1887 100

(e) British acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary.
London, March 24, 1887 102

10. SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 1887 104

(a) The second Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Austria-
Hungary, the German Empire, and Italy. Berlin, February

20, 1887 104

(b) Separate Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Ber-
lin, February 20, 1887 106

(d) Final Protocol between Austria-Hungary, the German Em-
pire, and Italy. February 20, 1887 , . , . . 114

CONTENTS XV

11. MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN ITALY AND SPAIN. 1887 116

(a) Spanish Note to Italy proposing a Mediterranean Agreement.
Madrid, May 4, 1887 116

(b) Italian reply to Spanish Note. Madrid, May 4, 1887 ... 118

12. SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN GREAT BRIT-

AIN, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, AND ITALY. 1887 124

(a) Austrian Note to Great Britain proposing a further Agree-
ment in the Mediterranean. London, December 12, 1887 . 124

(b) British reply to Austrian Note. London, December 12, 1887 128

13. PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY. 1889 . . . 134
(c) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Serbia prolonging the

Treaty of 1881. Belgrade, January 28/February 9, 1889 . 134
(b) Declaration of the Serbian Regents recognizing the Treaties of

1881 and 1889. Belgrade, March 7/19, 1889 138

14. PROLONGATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN

SPAIN AND ITALY. 1891 142

(a) Italian-Spanish Protocol relating to the prolongation of the
Agreement. Madrid, May 4, 1891 142

(b) Spanish Note to Italy regarding Morocco. May 4, 1891 . . 144

15. THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 1891 150

(a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Berlin, May 6, 1891 150

(b) Final Protocol to the Treaty 160

1 6. SECOND TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-

HUNGARY, GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1892 164

(b) Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Rumania
providing for the accession of Germany to the Alliance.
Bucharest, November 11/23, ^92 168

(c) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy to the Alliance. November 28, 1892 . . 170

17. PROLONGATION OF THE ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-

HUNGARY, GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1896 174

(a) Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Rumania regarding

the prolongation of the Alliance. Sinaia, September 30, 1896 174

(b) Accession of the German Empire to the Protocol. Berlin,
May 7, 1899 176

xvi CONTENTS

(d) Accession of Italy to the Protocol. Rome, June 5, 1899 . . 180

18. AusTRO-RussiAN BALKAN AGREEMENT. 1897 184

(a) Despatch from the Austrian Government to the Ambassador
hi St. Petersburg containing the Agreement reached between
Austria-Hungary and Russia hi regard to Balkan affairs.
Vienna, May 8, 1897 184

(b) Note of the Russian Government to the Austrian Ambassador

in St. Petersburg in regard to the Balkan Agreement ... 100

19. AUSTRO-lTALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING ALBANIA. 1900 . . 196

(a) Despatch of the Italian Government to the Ambassador in
Vienna containing the Agreement between Austria-Hungary
and Italy in regard to Albania. Rome, December 20, 1900 . 196

(6) Despatch in acknowledgment from the Austrian Government

to the Ambassador in Rome. Vienna, February 9, 1901 . . 198

20. THIRD TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-

HUNGARY, GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1902 202

(a) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing

the Alliances of 1892 and 1896. Bucharest, April 4/17, 1902 202
(6) Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and
Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the Alli-
ance. Sinaia, July 12/25, JQ02 208

(c) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy to the Alliance. December 12, 1902 . . . 210

21. PROTOCOL PROLONGING THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE. 1902 216

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire
concerning the continuation of the Treaty of 1879 and the
Protocol of 1883. Berlin, June i, 1902 216

22. FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 1902 220

(a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Berlin, June 28, 1902 220

(b) Final Protocol to the Treaty. Berlin, June 28, 1902 . . . 230

(d) Note of the Italian Government acknowledging the Austrian
Declaration concerning Tripoli. Rome, June 30, 1902 . . 234

23. AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF MUTUAL NEUTRALITY. 1904 . . 236

Joint Declaration of Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to
the maintenance of neutrality by either if the other is at war.
St. Petersburg, October 2/15, 1904 236

CONTENTS xvii

24. AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING ARTICLE VII OF THE

TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 1909 240

Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy explaining
and supplementing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple
Alliance of 1887. Vienna, November 30; Rome, December
15, i9°9 240

25. FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 1912 244

(a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Vienna, December 5, 1912 244

(b) First Final Protocol concerning the mutual granting of com-
mercial advantages, and concerning means of bringing about
the accession of Great Britain to the Articles of the Treaty
relating to Mediterranean questions. Vienna, December 5,
1912 254

26. FOURTH TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-

HUNGARY, GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1913 260

(a) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the
Alliances of 1892, 1896, and 1903. Bucharest, February 5,
1913 260

(b) Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and
Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the Alli-
ance. Bucharest, February 13/26, 1913 266

SUPPLEMENTARY

27. THE ' REINSURANCE TREATY ' OF 1887 274

(b) Additional Protocol. Berlin, June 18, 1887 278

28. NAVAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, THE GERMAN

EMPIRE, AND ITALY 282

Naval Agreement prepared between the Naval Section of the
Austrian War Ministry, the Admiralty Staff of the German
Navy, and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy. Pre-
pared in draft, June -23, 1913. Revised, August 2, 1913.
Came into force, November i, 1913 282

INDEX OF NAMES 307

TEXTS OF THE TREATIES AND

AGREEMENTS
WITH TRANSLATIONS

INTRODUCTION

FOR a whole generation the Triple Alliance exerted a decisive
influence upon the politics of all Europe. It was the subject of
countless debates in the parliaments of the three allied states;
it has been an object of unceasing concern to public opinion the
world over. A series of voluminous works and many smaller
treatises have been devoted to it. Down to the present day, how-
ever, we have known neither the text of the treaties underlying
the Triple Alliance nor the course of the negotiations which
resulted in its formation.

The leading statesmen of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Italy have often discussed the contents of the treaties, but al-
ways in the most general terms, limiting themselves to the state-
ment that the Triple Alliance had purely defensive aims: the
maintenance of peace on the territorial bases created by the
national unification of Germany and of Italy, and by the recon-
struction of Austria-Hungary in the year 1867, followed by the
occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. " An insurance
company," as Prince Billow characterized it in 1902, "not a com-
pany for profit." All the other statements which occasionally
leaked into publicity concerning the contents and the duration of
the treaties were contradictory, and were more calculated to con-
fuse than to inform. Bismarck, it was reported, had declared
that the tenor of the treaties of the Triple Alliance would never
be made public, even after the Alliance had ceased to have legal
force. Fostered by this assertion, fantastic rumors concerning
the stipulations made by the several allies found wide circulation
and ready credence. Just before the outbreak of the World War,
several serious attempts were made accurately to determine the
contents of the several treaties, but, taken all in all, these at-
tempts came to nothing.1 Thus it came about, that on the dis-

1 Of the treatises whose authors undertook the laborious and thankless task of
determining accurately the contents of the treaties of the Triple Alliance, only the

4 INTRODUCTION

ruption of the Triple Alliance by Italy in 1915, no one had an
accurate knowledge of the tenor of the treaties, aside from the
surviving statesmen and diplomats who had participated in
framing and executing them: certainly an honorable testimony
to the discretion of a class against which the reproach of indis-
cretion has so often, and not unjustly, been made.

Since then a period of more than four years has elapsed, and
still the veil of secrecy which surrounded the treaties of the Triple
Alliance has not been lifted. In the summer of 1915, to be sure,
the Austro-Hungarian government published four articles of one
of the treaties in question, thus furnishing the first authentic
contribution to the knowledge of their contents. It was learned
that the three powers had reciprocally promised friendship and
peace. They had also agreed to enter upon an exchange of views
upon political and economic questions of a general nature, and to
pledge their support to one another within the limits of their par-
ticular interests (Article i). Reciprocal assistance backed by full
military strength was to be rendered whenever one or two of the
signatories were attacked by two or more of the Great Powers
without direct challenge on their part (Article 3). In case one of
them should, through the menaces of a Great Power not a party
to the treaty, become involved in a war with such a power, the
other two signatories were under all conditions to observe a
benevolent neutrality towards their ally. Furthermore, it was
left to the judgment of each of them, whether or not to participate
in such a passage at arms by the side of its ally (Article 4). The
last of the articles published (7) concerned Austria-Hungary and
Italy alone. It determined when, and under what conditions,
one of these powers was to enter upon temporary or permanent
occupation of territories in the Balkans or on the Ottoman
coasts of the Adriatic or the Aegean Sea. The presupposition
was that such occupation should take place only upon previous
agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Such an agree-

two most important need be cited here: H. Friedjung, " Der Inhalt des Drei-
bundes," in Der Greif, October, 1913; and H. F. Helmolt, " Der Inhalt des Drei-
bundes: Eine diplomatische Untersuchung," printed as an appendix to A. Singer's
GesckictUe des Dreibundes (1914), pp. 249 ff.

INTRODUCTION 5

ment would be on the basis of reciprocal indemnification for
every territorial or other advantage over and beyond the existing
status quo.

Through these disclosures the darkness that had enshrouded
the purport of the treaties of the Triple Alliance was in part dis-
pelled. Perfect clearness, however, had not yet been attained.
The fragmentary nature of what had been made public became
clear merely through reference to the fact that Articles 2,5, and
6 were missing. That Article 7, the last of those published, was
followed by still others was to be assumed with considerable con-
fidence. Furthermore, no hint had been given as to which of the
treaties contained the four published articles. The contradic-
tions and obscurities to which any critical examination of the
published articles was bound to lead were also justly pointed
out.2 But once more, every attempt to penetrate the secret of
the treaties of the Triple Alliance was doomed to failure, " through
the very nature of the matter, which offers, as it were, a passive
resistance even to the most acute inferences," as one of the most
zealous critics put it. All the more insistently was the desire ex-
pressed finally to have access to the complete text of the treaties
of the Triple Alliance, and to know the course of the negotiations
which culminated in the formation of the Alliance.

To satisfy this wish is the aim of the present work. The text of
the several treaties now becomes available in its entirety, though
not the negotiations leading up to the treaties. Having access
only to the documents of the State Archive at Vienna, the author
is unable to give a consecutive account of the course of these
negotiations. This is true especially of those stipulations of the
treaties which exclusively concerned Germany and Italy. The
cabinet at Vienna, to be sure, was informed of these stipulations,
but it had no part in the negotiations, which were carried on

1 W. Fraknoi, Kritische Studien zur GesckicfUe des Dreibundes (1917), pp. 30 ff.
(previously published in the Deutsche Revue, January, 1916). H. F. Helmolt,
" Unser Wissen vom Dreibund," in Zeitschrifl fiir VSlkerrecht, x (1917-18), pp. 20 ff.;
and " Dreibundliteratur," ibid., xi, pp. 282 ff. In this latter article Helmolt gives
a German translation of an attempted reconstruction undertaken by the anony-
mous author of " La Politica estera italiana, 1875-1911," in Bibl. di Politico cstera,
1916, pp. 373 ff.

6 INTRODUCTION

directly between Berlin and Rome; the Austro-Hungarian min-
isters learned only so much of the course of these negotiations as
seemed proper to the German and Italian statesmen.

The frequently expressed surmise that these negotiations prob-
ably had a long and stormy course is confirmed by the present
investigation. In order to limit the scope of the work as much as
possible, the general political conditions under which the nego-
tiations were carried on have been discussed only in so far as is
necessary for a proper understanding. It is not the purpose
of this work to give the history of the Triple Alliance, but merely
that of the treaties on which this Alliance was founded. For the
same reason no attempt has been made to sketch the characters
of the leading persons involved, or to pass judgment upon what
they achieved.

However, it may not be out of place to sketch briefly in this
introductory chapter the most important results obtained by a
study of the documents. The reader will thus find it easier to
follow the course of the negotiations, which is often intricate
enough.

Let it be emphasized first of all that the Triple Alliance is by
no means to be regarded as supplanting the Austro-Hungarian-
German treaty of October 7, 1879. On the contrary, it did not
impair the validity of that treaty in any way. Independently
of the treaty which the Central Powers concluded with Italy in
1882 (a treaty four times renewed), the Austro-Hungarian-
German treaty, from October, 1879, to the outbreak of the World
War, constituted the basis of action of the Central Powers in all
questions of foreign policy, most especially as concerns their re-
lation to Russia. For in none of the treaties of the Triple Alliance
is Russia mentioned as that power, upon whose single and un-
provoked attack upon one of the allies the casus foederis was to
be considered established for the other two. The duty of giving
aid in this case devolved exclusively upon Germany and Austria-
Hungary, to the extent provided for in the treaty of October,
1879.

Furthermore, it may be pointed out, in this connection, that
the repeated assertion that the two powers had, as early as 1879,

INTRODUCTION 7

agreed upon the automatic continuance of the treaty, is based on
error. The German- Austro-Hungarian treaty of October, 1879,
was concluded for five years, and was renewed in 1883 for a defi-
nitely limited period. Not until the year 1902 was the special
agreement made (see p. 216), whereby it was henceforth to be
automatically extended at the end of each three-year term, unless
one of the signatory powers availed itself of its privilege to give
two years' notice of its intention to abrogate the treaty. Hence-
forth the treaty between Germany and Austria-Hungary also
contained a formal statement of that prospective unlimited
duration which Bismarck had wished to give to it when it was
first concluded.

The first treaty of the Triple Alliance, with a five-year term,
was signed on May 20, 1882. It contained Articles 1,3, and 4,
published by the Austro-Hungarian government in 1915, the
contents of which have already been given. Of the remaining
articles of the treaty, the most important is the one binding
Austria-Hungary and Germany to aid Italy with their entire
military strength in case she should be attacked without provo-
cation by France (Article 2). Italy alone assumed a similar
obligation towards Germany; Austria-Hungary did not. The
latter was to aid the German Empire against France only in case
another Great Power aligned itself with France. Nor was Italy
bound to give armed assistance to Austria-Hungary in case the
latter should be attacked without provocation by Russia alone.
By the terms of the treaty, Italy was in this case bound merely to
observe a benevolent neutrality towards Austria-Hungary. For
Germany also, as has been already mentioned, the treaty of the
Triple Alliance contained no stipulation which would have com-
pelled her participation in a war provoked by an attack of
Russia upon Austria-Hungary. Germany was pledged to such
participation only through the treaty of October 7, 1879, of
which the Italian government had no knowledge in 1882.

A guaranty of the possessions of the three allies, especially of
Rome to Italy, which was repeatedly mentioned as an estab-
lished fact in the literature on the subject, was expressed neither
in the first nor in any of the subsequent treaties of the Triple

8 INTRODUCTION

Alliance. To be sure, there was no lack of attempts in this
direction by the Italian statesmen during the negotiations which
preceded the conclusion of the first of the treaties of the Triple
Alliance; but their efforts were frustrated by the firm refusal
of the cabinet of Vienna to heed Italy's wishes. Nor was Italy
more successful in having inserted in the treaty stipulations con-
cerning the promotion of Italy's colonial plans or the combina-
tion of Austria's future territorial acquisitions in the Balkans
with Italian claims on the Trentino.

One of the new and important results of the present investi-
gation is doubtless the proof that Italy even at that time desired
to bring about England's entrance into the Triple Alliance.
Her ami was thus to protect herself by sea also against further
French plans of conquest in the territories bordering on the Medi-
terranean. These efforts were checkmated at the tune by the
opposition of Bismarck; however, Italy so far succeeded in
carrying her point that a protocol was attached to the treaty ex-
pressly emphasizing the fact that the Triple Alliance pursued no
arms hostile to England.

This stipulation was quite in accordance with the strictly de-
fensive character of the treaty of 1882, which Italy's statesmen
at that time tried to emphasize as strongly as possible. While
the Central Powers, however, clung steadfastly to this idea down
to the dissolution of the alliance, Italy, as may be seen from the
following statements, had already abandoned it in the negotia-
tions which preceded the second treaty of the Triple Alliance.
This she did in order to satisfy her desire for an expansion of her
sphere of influence in the Balkans and in the territories bordering
on the Mediterranean. It is to be ascribed solely to Italy's
incessant urging that the second treaty of the Triple Alliance,
concluded on February 20, 1887, for another term of five years,
no longer exhibits the purely defensive nature characteristic of
the first treaty. Austria-Hungary and Germany were now
pledged to participate in wars which could no longer be regarded
as a defence against unprovoked attacks of a hostile Great
Power. Italy, it is true, did not succeed hi carrying her demands
to their full extent. The cabinet of Vienna refused most em-

INTRODUCTION 9

phatically to enter upon engagements which might embroil
Austria-Hungary in a war with France for the sake of Italy's
Mediterranean programme. Prince Bismarck, on his part, was
most desirous of keeping Germany, so far as possible, aloof from
all active participation in Balkan wars — if only on account of
Russia. After protracted and heated negotiations, which several
tunes threatened to miscarry, a compromise was finally resorted
to in order to avoid a break. This compromise, presumably
adopted on Bismarck's initiative, provided for a division of the
obligations to be assumed by Germany and Austria. To this
end three treaties were concluded in 1887.

The first treaty, signed by the representatives of all three
powers, merely repeated the contents of the treaty of 1882. The
second, a separate treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy,
concerns the Balkan questions. Its stipulations agree exactly
with those which subsequently appeared as Article 7 in the treaty
of 1891 and the subsequent renewals. These stipulations, as has
already been said, were published in 1915 by the Austro-Hun-
garian government. The third, a separate treaty between Ger-
many and Italy, contains among other provisions a stipulation
which has hitherto remained entirely unknown. This stipulation
bound Germany to aid Italy with all her military strength even
in case Italy, without being attacked by France, should consider
herself forced by the conduct of the latter power in Tripoli or
Morocco to attack either the African or the European posses-
sions of France (Article 3). Equally significant and completely
unknown until now are the contents of Article 4 of the German-
Italian separate treaty. In this article Germany expressed her
readiness to promote the extension of Italian territory at the
expense of the enemy, in case of the successful termination of such
a war waged in common against France. It may easily be seen
how little such stipulations agree with the constantly renewed
assurances of the Italian statesmen that the Triple Alliance had
no aggressive aims with respect to France. Subsequently Italy
concluded separate treaties with France concerning Tripoli, but
nevertheless renewed the Triple Alliance with its stipulations
against France.

10 INTRODUCTION

Italy, in 1887, did not insist upon the renewal of the protocol of
1882, which had expressed the friendly attitude of the powers of
the Triple Alliance towards England. This was due to the fact
that Italy had shortly before, with the assistance of Germany,
made certain agreements with England, soon after concurred in
by Austria-Hungary, which excluded the idea of hostile inten-
tions on the part of the Allies against England.

Four years later, in 1891, the third treaty of the Triple Alliance
was concluded. By dint of incessant urging, Italy succeeded this
time in bringing about the union of the three treaties into one.
On the other hand, the efforts of the Italian statesmen to obtain
a material extension of the obligations of the Central Powers
were frustrated. Austria-Hungary declined all further inter-
vention in behalf of Italy's Mediterranean interests; Germany
took the same ground with respect to Italian plans hi the Balkans.
Italy was again successful, however, in that Germany's willingness
to intervene in behalf of Italian interests in Northern Africa —
Tunis was now brought into the foreground, as well as Tripoli —
was more definitely formulated, and the intention was expressed
to come to an agreement with England with reference to these
questions.

As far back as December, 1887, England had been in harmony
with Austria-Hungary and Italy concerning the maintenance of
the Turkish possessions in the Orient. Now a protocol attached
to the treaty gave consideration to Italy's desire to induce Eng-
land to approve and support certain stipulations in the treaty of
the Triple Alliance in as binding a form as possible, a desire
energetically seconded by Germany. These stipulations con-
cerned the North African territories bordering on the central and
western Mediterranean. This marks England's closest approach
to the Triple Alliance, as well as the culmination of the import-
ance of the Triple Alliance in safeguarding the interests of the
allies and the peace of Europe.

The crucial test of the Triple Alliance began with the moment
in which the first serious differences between Germany and Eng-
land made their appearance. As far back as 1896, Italy, as the
present investigation shows, had notified the Central Powers

INTRODUCTION 1 1

that she could not participate in a war in which England and
France should figure as the joint adversaries of the states in-
cluded in the Triple Alliance. The fact that Germany, and like-
wise Austria-Hungary under the influence of Germany, refused
to take cognizance of this declaration, which was incompatible
with the contents of the treaty, did not alter the fact that Italy
from that time on moved away from her allies and entered upon
a course which gradually led her into the camp of their enemies.

The treaty of the Triple Alliance was, indeed, twice renewed in
unchanged form, in 1902 and 1912; likewise the protocol of 1891,
although the latter, in so far as it had reference to England, be-
came less and less in harmony with the actual facts through the
widening divergences between Germany and England. Further-
more, Italy succeeded in inducing Austria-Hungary to attach a
declaration to the treaty of 1902, in which Austria-Hungary ex-
pressed the willingness to give her ally a free hand in Tripoli.
Moreover, hi a second protocol to the treaty of 1912, Austria-
Hungary recognized the sovereignty of Italy over Tripoli, and
confirmed the agreements made with Italy in 1901 and 1909 con-
cerning Balkan questions, and particularly concerning Albania.
All other demands of the ally that had now become untrustworthy
were rejected by the Central Powers.

The assertion, often made, that the treaties of the Triple Alli-
ance also contained definite military stipulations, is incorrect.
Article 5 of the Treaty of 1882, which has hitherto remained un-
known, merely stated that the allies, at the moment when danger
of war threatened, should agree in due season upon the military
measures necessary for joint operations. And it rested here;
no further dispositions are to be found in any of the later treaties
of the Triple Alliance.

However, as may be seen from the following statements, a
number of special military agreements were made in the course
of tune. On February i, 1888, a military convention was con-
cluded between Italy and Germany, which contemplated the
employment of Italian troops against France to the west of the
Rhine. A similar agreement between Austria-Hungary and
Italy, with reference to the employment of Italian troops in the

12 INTRODUCTION

East — against Russia — was projected, but never came into
effect. The Austro-Hungarian government, in accordance with
the treaty, merely bound itself to provide for the transportation
and feeding of the Italian troops destined for Germany. On the
other hand, agreements were made between all three states with
reference to the employment of their navies in tune of war. The
first naval agreement, concluded on December 5, 1900, contem-
plated independent operations. It was superseded in the year
1913 by another agreement, in which united action of the com-
bined naval forces was provided for. The chief aim of this was
the securing of naval supremacy in the Mediterranean and the
prevention of the transportation of French colonial troops from
Africa to the European theatre of war.

Italy derived the greatest advantages from the Triple Alliance:
protection against French attacks, support of her colonial plans
in Africa, recognition of the principle of her territorial aspira-
tions in the Balkans. Furthermore (and these were no less im-
portant), she secured commercial and political advantages, the
ordering of her shattered finances, the strengthening of her army
and navy, and, last but not least, a constantly growing import-
ance as a Great Power. These advantages she owed first of all
to the favor of circumstances. As a young, weak state, but
recently unified, and threatened by a stronger neighbor, Italy, in
the year 1882, had been received into an alliance with two of the
greatest military monarchies of Europe. She could not but re-
gard as a great success the fact that the support of the most
powerful army in the world was assured to her, while at the same
time the danger of being attacked by the superior forces of
Austria-Hungary, her former enemy, had been removed. In
return for all this she had no considerable sacrifices to make, for
at that time the suppliant did not have to pay the price. Duties
and privileges were allotted to the allies in approximately equal
proportion. Gradually, however, this relation was shifted more
and more in favor of Italy. Every step that brought France and
Russia nearer to each other increased the value to the Central
Powers of the alliance with Italy, threatened as they were both
to the east and to the west. Italy was therefore able consider-

INTRODUCTION 13

ably to increase her demands, even as early as 1887. The defini-
tive binding together of France and Russia in 1891 marked a
further strengthening of the position of Italy in the Triple Alli-
ance. And the more it became evident that England was gradu-
ally shifting her attitude towards the Triple Alliance — an atti-
tude that had been friendly up to the middle of the nineties —
the more vitally necessary did it become for the Central Powers
to prevent Italy's defection into the camp of the adversaries.

The Italian statesmen knew how to exploit this favorable state
of affairs cleverly. They were unscrupulous in the choice of their
means. Alternately making use of prayers, promises, flatteries,
threats, and lamentations, but keeping their goal constantly in
view, they succeeded in obtaining one advantage after another
from their connection with Germany and Austria-Hungary,
while at the same time they knew how to make their relations
with the adversaries of their allies more and more friendly. They
constantly made new demands upon the Central Powers, and
however much they obtained, they still asserted that they had
the disadvantage in the bargain. From their allies they demanded
the strictest observance of the obligations assumed; for their
own part, they constantly allowed themselves flirtations of the
most questionable character with all possible enemies of the
Central Powers.

The greatest benefit derived by Germany from the connection
with Italy lay in the repressive influence exercised by the Triple
Alliance upon France's plans for revenge. It was this fact, too,
which Bismarck had above all in view, when he advocated an
alliance with the weak Italy. The assistance of Germany by
Italy, contemplated in the treaty of 1882 in the event of a war
between Germany and France, was acceptable to him; it was,
however, a matter of only secondary importance. To him it
sufficed that France should lose hope of winning Italy as an ally
in a conflict with the victor of 1870, and that Austria-Hungary,
in warding off a Russian onslaught, need not fear an attack from
the south. The thought that Italy could ever be induced to par-
ticipate in a war against England was not entertained by Bis-
marck. He knew that the very geographical position of the

14 INTRODUCTION

country offered insuperable obstacles to such a plan. However,
as long as Bismarck guided the foreign policy of Germany, no
cogent reason existed for reckoning with this possibility. He
did not, it is true, advocate the formal entrance of England into
the Triple Alliance, chiefly on account of Russia, with whom he
sought to maintain friendly relations to the very end of his
official activity. But he did everything possible to win England
over to the political situation created by the Powers of the Triple
Alliance, and he strove with all his influence to promote every
attempt intended to bind England by treaty to the special inter-
ests of Italy in the territories bordering on the Mediterranean.
How correctly he had judged the conditions became apparent as
early as 1896, when the danger of a conflict between England
and Germany loomed up for the first time. The declaration
which Italy then made in Berlin permitted no doubt as to the
fact that she would not fight against England.

At this point the alliance with Italy lost a considerable portion
of its value. This alliance had been entered into by Bismarck in
order to checkmate French plans of revenge, perhaps for a war
against the united forces of France and Russia. For such a war
this alliance would have sufficed. With this limitation Germany
could expect that Italy, in the case in question, would fulfil the
obligations assumed, even subsequently to 1896, and especially
towards the end of the century, when Germany's relations to-
wards England assumed a more friendly character. But this hope
also vanished with the increasing success of England's policy of
hemming in the Central Powers. Years before the outbreak of
the World War, the leading German statesmen began to doubt
whether Italy would immediately and fully meet her obligations,
when put to the test. They always continued to hope, however,
that Italy, in a war of the Central Powers with France and Rus-
sia — England's immediate participation on the side of the latter
was not considered — would at first observe a benevolent neutral-
ity towards her allies, and, after the first of the expected decisive
victories of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, would
make common cause with them. Their assumption was in so far
correct, that Italy did in fact declare herself neutral when the

INTRODUCTION 15

World War broke out. As for the rest, their presuppositions were
not correct. England, prepared for war, immediately took up
her position by the side of the enemies of Germany, and the
hoped-for decisive victories of the Central Powers did not ma-
terialize. Italy, nevertheless, maintained neutrality — though it
could scarcely be called benevolent — towards her allies for nine
months longer. This gave them advantages which are not to be
underestimated. It is questionable whether the German armies
would have been able to attain their great initial successes if
Italian troops had immediately appeared in the French ranks.
As for the campaign in the east, it might have been actually
fatal, if Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the war had been
compelled to withdraw a considerable portion of her troops from
the eastern theatre of war for the protection of the Austrian
frontier against Italy.

Of all the Powers of the Triple Alliance, Austria-Hungary
doubtless got the worst bargain. For the numerous sacrifices
that she made, she attained nothing but a certain degree of as-
surance that her ally would not attack her in the rear in case
she should become involved in a war with Russia. Her attempts
to establish permanently friendly relations with Italy failed on
account of the immoderate demands which this ally made.
Austria-Hungary was ready to promote Italy's interests in the
Mediterranean, but demanded in return free play for her own
plans in the Balkans, and the definitive renunciation by Italy of
acquisitions in the region of the ' unredeemed provinces.' Italy,
however, showed not the slightest inclination to limit herself.
The Irredenta not only continued to exist, but even increased in
extent and vigor, often secretly stimulated by the Italian gov-
ernment. The never abandoned aspirations towards the mastery
of the Adriatic took a new lease of life in Italy after the middle
of the nineties, and furnished the battle cry for all the Austro-
phobe circles of Italy. In vain did Austria-Hungary recede step
by step under the continued strong pressure of Germany. She
granted the Italians a more and more important rdle in the Bal-
kans, where she renounced rights that had been conferred on her
by the Congress of Berlin; she tolerated the extension of the

1 6 INTRODUCTION

Italian sphere of influence in Albania, and by all this endangered
her own interests in the Near East — the only interests through
whose advancement she could hope to expand her power and
increase the economic resources of her subjects.

Consideration for Italy also acted as a drag on the efforts that
were occasionally made by Vienna to arrive at an agreement with
Russia concerning their mutual interests in the Balkans; it
forced the Austro-Hungarian statesmen to take many a step that
was resented at Constantinople; it influenced the cabinet of
Vienna to forgo representation of the wishes of the Vatican at
the Quirinal. All in vain. Italy, though the ally of Austria-
Hungary, continued to be her outspoken adversary in all ques-
tions in which their interests clashed. Italy increased her de-
mands from year to year, and every success stimulated her to
make new claims. In Austria as well as in Hungary there was
no lack of influential men, with Conrad, Chief of the General
Staff, as their spokesman, who did not approve of the compliant
ways of the government of Vienna, advocating a break with
Italy, a settling of scores with the faithless ally. But the re-
sponsible pilots of the Austro-Hungarian ship of state felt that
they must continue in the course that had been laid out. They
regarded their yielding attitude, which tended to avoid every
serious conflict, as the only means of preventing the open defec-
tion of Italy into the camp of the enemy, a defection the conse-
quences of which would have been incalculable. It is not within
the province of this work to inquire how far their conclusions
were justified. The test of the accuracy of the views of the ad-
vocates of an attack on Italy could not be made. No one will
therefore be able to decide with certainty whether the Western
Powers would have calmly looked on while Austria-Hungary
settled her score with Italy. There is just as little possibility of
giving a definite answer to the question concerning the position
which would have been taken by the various nationalities em-
braced in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the case of a war
with Italy, considering the fact that they were at variance with
one another. It is undeniable, however, that even before the
outbreak of the World War, the cabinet of Vienna had lost much

INTRODUCTION 17

of the prestige which it possessed both in Europe and in the world
at large in the days when Metternich directed the foreign policy
of Austria-Hungary, and even at the time of Andrassy. To this
descent from its former proud height the negotiations described
in the following pages bear a new and striking testimony.

1 8 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

I.
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879.

(a)

Protocol between the Austro-Hungarian and German Governments

describing the preliminary steps towards an Alliance. Vienna,

September 24, 1879^

PROTOKOLL.

Die Unterzeichneten, Graf Andrassy, Minister des kaiserlichen
Hauses und der auswartigen Angelegenheiten von Oesterreich-
Ungarn, und Fiirst von Bismarck, Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches,
sind zu Wien am 24. September 1879 zu einer Berathung dariiber
zusammengetreten, was ihrer gewissenhaf ten Ueberzeugung nach
unter den gegenwartigen Verhaltnissen Europas ihren hohen Sou-
veranen zur Sicherheit und Ruhe ihrer Vb'lker und zur Erhaltung
und Consolidirung des europaischen Friedens vorzukehren und
zu thun obliegen mochte.

Der Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches hat sich bei diesem An-
lasse seitens S. M. des deutschen Kaisers zu dem Vorschlag einer
Verabredung fur ermachtigt erklart, vermoge deren beide Machte
sich gegenseitig versprechen, auch ferner filr die Erhaltung des
Friedens und namentlich fur die Pflege ihrer friedlichen Bezie-
hungen mit Russland einzutreten, in dem Falle aber, dass eine
von ihnen von einer oder mehreren Machten angegriffen werden
sollte, diesen AngrifT gemeinsam abzuwehren.

Graf Andrassy hat sich mit dem diesem Vorschlage zu Grunde
liegenden Gedanken einverstanden erklart, dagegen wider den
Abschluss eines Uebereinkommens in der vom deutschen Reichs-
kanzler vorgeschlagenen Form und Ausdehnung Bedenken
geltend gemacht, iiber welche hinauszugehen ihm nicht moglich
ware und die es ihm nicht gestatten wiirden, seinem allerhochsten
Souveran die Annahme des gemachten Vorschlages in der erwahn-
ten Fassung zu empfehlen.

THE AUSTROGERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 19

I.
THE AUSTROGERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879.

Protocol between the Austro-Hungarian and German Governments
describing the preliminary steps towards an Alliance. Vienna,
September 24, 1879.

PROTOCOL.

The undersigned, Count Andrassy, Minister of the Imperial
Household and of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, and
Prince Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire, met at
Vienna on the 24th day of September, 1879, to take counsel to-
gether as to what, according to their conscientious conviction, it
might behoove their Exalted Sovereigns to devise and to do for
the security and tranquillity of their peoples and for the preser-
vation and consolidation of the peace of Europe.

The Chancellor of the German Empire declared on this occa-
sion that he was empowered to present on behalf of His Majesty
the German Emperor the proposal for an agreement, accord-
ing to the terms of which both Powers should reciprocally
engage to take further steps for the maintenance of peace and
especially for the cultivation of their friendly relations with
Russia; but, in case one of them should be attacked by one or
more Powers, to repel this attack jointly.

Count Andrassy declared himself to be in agreement with the
ideas underlying this proposal; on the other hand, however, he
had serious doubts as to the conclusion of an agreement of such
form and scope as that proposed by the German Imperial Chan-
cellor : doubts which he was unable to repress, and which would
not permit him to recommend to his Most Exalted Sovereign the
acceptance of the proffered proposal in its abovementioned
wording.

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 7,
Geheimakten, II, jb.

20 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

Nachdem Graf Andrassy seine Bedenken auch in Folge des
hieriiber eingehend gepflogenen Meinungsaustausches nicht
iiberwinden zu konnen erklarte, hat er seinerseits einen Vorschlag
gemacht, welcher den Grundgedanken eines ebenfalls rein de-
fensiven Uebereinkommens in anderer Form pracisirte und fiir
dessen Annahme und getreue Durchfiihrung einzutreten er sich
anheischig machte.

Fiirst von Bismarck erklarte nach reiflicher Priifung dieses
Vorschlages, dass ihn die Instruktionen, in deren Besitz er sich
befinde, zu dermaligem bindenden Abschluss eines Ueberein-
kommens auf dieser Basis nicht ermachtigen, dass er aber bereit
sei, auf der vom Graf en Andrassy proponierten Grundlage weiter
zu verhandeln, um eine Fassung zu finden, welche den Grundge-
danken und die praktischen Zwecke seines urspriinglichen Vor-
schlages in einer fiir beide Theile annehmbaren Form verwirk-
lichen wiirde.

Die Unterzeichneten sind hiernach im Verfolge eingehender
Unterhandlung in dem beigeschlossenen Entwurf e eines Ueberein-
kommens einig geworden,2 welchen sie ihren hohen Souveranen zu
unterbreiten und allerhochstdenselben ihrer Ueberzeugung ge-
mass zur allergnadigsten Gutheissung zu empfehlen iibernehmen.

Urkund dessen haben beide ihre Unterschrift diesem Proto-
kolle beigefiigt.

Geschehen zu Wien, am 24. September 1879.

Andrassy. v. Bismarck.

L.S. L. S.

Jenseitige3 Worte wurden im Ubereinkommen der hohen Con-
trahenten gestrichen, um der allerhochsten Sanction der beiden
Souverane nicht vorzugreifen.

Andrassy. v. Bismarck.

2 Here were also originally found the words: "welchen sie fiir ihre Person
unterschreiben haben und" ("which they for their part have signed and"). They
were, however, subsequently eliminated; cf. the Annex at the end of the Protocol.

3 Compare Note 2.

THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 21

When Count Andrassy, even after the exhaustive exchange of
opinions which was entered into concerning this matter, had
declared that he was unable to overcome his doubts, he made,
on his part, a proposal which defined in different form the funda-
mental ideas of an agreement equally of a purely defensive
nature, and pledged himself to answer for its acceptance and
faithful execution.

After mature consideration of this proposal, Prince Bismarck
declared that the instructions which were in his possession did
not empower him to proceed with the immediate binding con-
clusion of an agreement on this basis, but that he was ready to
negotiate further on the principles laid down by Count Andrassy,
in order that a wording might be found which would realize the
fundamental ideas and the practical purposes of his original
proposal in a form acceptable to both Parties.

As the result of exhaustive negotiations the undersigned later
united on the appended draft of an Agreement,2 which they
undertake to submit to their Exalted Sovereigns, and, in con-
formity with their convictions, to recommend to those Most
Exalted Personages for Their most gracious approbation.

In witness whereof both have appended their signatures to this
Protocol.

Done at Vienna, the 24th day of September, 1879.

Andrassy. v. Bismarck.

L. S. L. S.

The words following 3 should be stricken from the Agreement
of the High Contracting Parties, in order that the Most Exalted
sanction of the two Sovereigns be not anticipated.

Andrassy. v. Bismarck.

22 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

Joint Memorandum signed by the Austro-Hungarian and the

German Plenipotentiaries outlining the purposes of the

Alliance. Vienna, September 24, 1879*

MEMORANDUM.

Der osterreichisch-ungarische Minister der auswartigen Ange-
legenheiten und der Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches haben
anlasslich ihrer Zusammenkunft in Wien dariiber berathen, was
ihren hohen Souveranen unter den gegenwartigen europaischen
Verhaltnissen zum Besten ihrer Reiche und zur Consolidirung
des europaischen Friedens zu thun obliegen mochte.

Die beiden Regierungen halten fest an dem Gedanken, dass die
Erhaltung und Consolidirung des europaischen Friedens der
Hauptzweck ihrer Politik sein muss.

Sie sind entschlossen, sich durch ephemere Divergenzen mit
andern Machten hierin nicht beirren zu lassen und bleiben der
Ueberzeugung, dass auch etwa noch vorhandene Interessen-
Unterschiede den hoheren Riicksichten des Weltfriedens unter-
geordnet werden miissen.

Diesen Zweck glauben die Regierungen am besten zu erreichen,
wenn sie einander wiederholt versprechen, an den Abmachungen
des Berliner Congresses getreu festzuhalten.

Um jedoch jeder Complication in Ausfiihrung dieses Vertrages
vorzubeugen, werden die beiden Cabinete (!) betreffs aller noch
nicht ausgefuhrten Punkte des Berliner Vertrages sich ihre
freundschaftlichen Gesinnungen gegen Russland vor Augen
halten. Ohne auf die Selbstandigkeit ihres Vorgehens auf diplo-
matischem Felde zu verzichten oder Russland einen solchen
Verzicht zuzumuthen^ werden die beiden Regierungen in jenen
Fragen des Berliner Friedens, in welchen bisher eine Verstandi-
gung zwischen Russland und den iibrigen Machten nicht hat
erzielt werden kb'nnen, in versohnlichem Sinne wirken.

Beide Regierungen begegnen sich in der Anschauung ( — und
hoffen, dass dieselbe auch von Russland getheilt wird — ), dass
keine der noch unerledigten Fragen des Berliner Friedens wich-

THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 23

Joint Memorandum signed by the Austro-Hungarian and the

German Plenipotentiaries outlining the purposes of the

Alliance. Vienna, September 24, 1879.

MEMORANDUM.

The Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and the
Chancellor of the German Empire have, on the occasion of their
meeting in Vienna, taken counsel as to what actions, under the
present conditions in Europe, it might behoove their Exalted
Sovereigns to take for the benefit of Their Empires and for the
consolidation of the peace of Europe.

Both Governments adhere firmly to the opinion that the
maintenance and consolidation of the peace of Europe must be
the main purpose of their policies.

They are resolved not to let themselves be diverted from this
purpose by passing divergences with other Powers, and they are
convinced that such differences of interest as may yet exist must
be subordinated to the higher considerations of the world's peace.

The Governments believe that this purpose may be best at-
tained if they once again promise one another to remain true to
the settlements of the Congress of Berlin.

In order, however, to obviate every complication in the execu-
tion of this Treaty, both Cabinets shall, in regard to all provisions
of the Treaty of Berlin which have not yet been executed, keep
constantly before them their friendly attitude towards Russia.
Without renouncing their independence of action in the field of
diplomacy, or exacting such a renunciation from Russia, both
Governments shall use their influence in a conciliatory sense as
regards those questions of the Peace of Berlin concerning which
it has not been possible to reach an understanding between Rus-
sia and the remaining Powers.

Both Governments agree in the view (and hope that the same
view will be shared by Russia also) that none of the so far un-
settled questions of the Peace of Berlin appears to be of sufficient

4 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 7, Geheimakten, II, 8 a.

24 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

tig genug erscheint, um zu einem gewaltsamen Vorgehen oder
casus belli zwischen einzelnen Machten Anlass zu geben.

Die beiden Regierungen ihrerseits bekunden es als ihren iiber-
einstimmenden Vorsatz, dass keine von beiden aus den iiber
einzelne Punkte des Berliner Vertrages noch schwebenden Diver-
genzen Anlass nehmen werde, um das russische Reich ihrerseits
oder in Verbindung mit anderen Machten anzugreifen oder zu
bedrohen. Beide Cabinete gehen hiebei von der Voraussetzung
aus, dass auch die russische Regierung sich von den gleichen
Absichten leiten lasse.

In Bethatigung ihrer gegenseitigen freundschaftlichen Gesin-
nungen beabsichtigen die beiden Cabinete ferner die wohlthatigen
Folgen ihrer innigen Beziehungen den Vb'lkern der beiden Reiche
durch die besondere Pflege ihrer nachbarlichen Verkehrsverhalt-
nisse sowie durch den Abschluss neuer Handelsvertrage zu Gute
kommen zu lassen, indem sie, unabhangig davon ob der jetzt
zwischen ihnen bestehende Meistbegiinstigungsvertrag verlangert
werden wird oder nicht, schon jetzt Verhandlungen iiber weitere
Tarifs- und Verkehrserleichterungen in Aussicht nehmen.

Sie beabsichtigen in diesem Sinne Bevollmachtigte zeitig ge-
nug zusammentreten zu lassen, damit das Ergebniss ihrer Ver-
handlungen den beiderseitigen Legislativen schon im nachsten
Jahre vorgelegt werden konne.

Geschehen zu Wien, am 24. September 1879.

Andrassy. v. Bismarck.

L.S. L. S.

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany.

October 7, 1879*

In Erwagung, dass I. I. Majestaten, der Kaiser von Oester-
reich, Konig von Ungarn, und der deutsche Kaiser, Konig von
Preussen, es als ihre unabweisliche Monarchenpflicht erachten
miissen, fur die Sicherheit ihrer Reiche und die Ruhe ihrer Volker
unter alien Umstanden Sorge zu tragen,

in Erwagung, dass beide Monarchen, ahnlich wie in dern
friiher bestandenen Bundesverhaltnisse, durch festes Zusammen-

THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 25

importance to give occasion for violent measures or for a casus
belli between the various Powers.

The two Governments for their part affirm it to be their com-
mon intention that neither of them shall take occasion, through
the differences still pending regarding certain points of the Treaty
of Berlin, to attack or to menace the Russian Empire, either by
themselves or in alliance with other Powers. In this matter both
Governments are acting on the presumption that the Russian
Government also will be guided by the same aims.

As a proof of their reciprocally friendly sentiments, the two
Cabinets intend to allow the beneficent effects of their close re-
lations to be of still further profit to the peoples of both Empires
through the especial cultivation of their neighborly trade rela-
tions as well as through the conclusion of new commercial treaties,
as is shown by the fact that, independently of whether the most-
favored-nation treaty now in existence between them shall be
prolonged or not, they are now already taking into considera-
tion negotiations concerning further alleviation of tariff and
trade difficulties.

It is their intention that Plenipotentiaries shall meet for this
purpose in time to permit the result of their negotiations to be
placed before the legislatures of both sides within the next year.

Done at Vienna, September 24, 1879.

Andrassy. v. Bismarck.

L. S. L. S.

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany.

October 7, 1879.

Inasmuch as Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of
Hungary, and the German Emperor, King of Prussia, must con-
sider it Their imperative duty as Monarchs to provide for the
security of Their Empires and the peace of Their subjects, under
all circumstances;

inasmuch as the two Sovereigns, as was the case under the
former existing relations of alliance, will be enabled by the close

4 Original: St. A., Polit. Archiv., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 9, Geheimakten, II, n. 12.

26 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

halten beider Reiche im Stande sein warden, diese Pflicht leichter
und wirksamer zu erfiillen,

in Erwagung schliesslich, dass ein inniges Zusammengehen von
Deutschland und Oesterreich-Ungarn niemanden bedrohen kann,
wohl aber geeignet ist, den durch die Berliner Stipulationen ge-
schaffenen europaischen Frieden zu consolidiren,

haben 1. 1. Majestaten, der Kaiser von Oesterreich, Konig von
Ungarn, und der Kaiser von Deutschland, indem sie einander
feierlich versprechen, dass sie ihrem rein defensiven Abkommen
eine aggressive Tendenz nach keiner Richtung jemals beilegen
wollen, einen Bund des Friedens und der gegenseitigen Verthei-
digung zu kniipfen beschlossen.

Zu diesem Zwecke haben allerhochstdieselben zu ihren Bevoll-
machtigten ernannt:

S. M. der Kaiser von Oesterreich, Konig von Ungarn, aller-
hochst ihren wirklich geheimen Rath, Minister des kaiserlichen
Hauses und des Aeussern, Feldmarschall-Lieutenant Julius
Graf en Andrassy von Csik-Szent-Kiraly und Kraszna-Horka etc.
etc.,

S. M. der deutsche Kaiser allerhb'chst ihren ausserordentlichen
und bevollmachtigten Botschafter, General-Lieutenant Prinzen
Heinrich VII. Reuss etc. etc.,

welche sich zu Wien am heutigen Tage vereiniget haben und
nach Austausch ihrer gut und geniigend befundenen Vollmachten
ubereingekommen sind, wie folgt:

ARTIKEL I.

Sollte wider Verhoffen und gegen den aufrichtigen Wunsch
der beiden hohen Contrahenten eines der beiden Reiche von Seite
Russlands angegriffen werden, so sind die hohen Contrahenten
verpflichtet, einander mit der gesammten Kriegsmacht ihrer
Reiche beizustehen und demgemass den Frieden nur gemeinsam
und iibereinstimmend zu schliessen.

ARTIKEL II.

Wiirde einer der hohen contrahirenden Theile von einer an-
deren Macht angegriffen werden, so verpflichtet sich hiemit der

THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 27

union of the two Empires to fulfil this duty more easily and more
efficaciously ;

inasmuch as, finally, an intimate cooperation of Germany and
Austria-Hungary can menace no one, but is rather calculated to
consolidate the peace of Europe as established by the stipula-
tions of Berlin;

Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and
the Emperor of Germany, while solemnly promising each other
never to allow Their purely defensive Agreement to develop an
aggressive tendency in any direction, have determined to con-
clude an Alliance of peace and mutual defence.

For this purpose Their Most Exalted Majesties have desig-
nated as Their Plenipotentiaries:

His Most Exalted Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of
Hungary, His Actual Privy Councillor, Minister of the Imperial
Household and of Foreign Affairs, Lieutenant-Fieldmarshal
Count Julius Andrassy of Csik-Szent-Kiraly and Kraszna-Horka,
etc., etc..

His Most Exalted Majesty the German Emperor, His Ambas-
sador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Lieutenant-General
Prince Henry VII of Reuss, etc., etc.,

who have met this day at Vienna, and, after the exchange of
their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon
the following Articles :

ARTICLE I.

Should, contrary to their hope, and against the loyal desire of
the two High Contracting Parties, one of the two Empires be
attacked by Russia, the High Contracting Parties are bound to
come to the assistance one of the other with the whole war
strength of their Empires, and accordingly only to conclude peace
together and upon mutual agreement.

ARTICLE II.

Should one of the High Contracting Parties be attacked by an-
other Power, the other High Contracting Party binds itself

28 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

andere hohe Contrahent, dem Angreifer gegen seinen hohen Ver-
biindeten nicht nur nicht beizustehen, sondern mindestens eine
wohlwollende neutrale Haltung gegen den hohen Mitcontrahen-
ten zu beobachten.

Wenn jedoch in solchem Falle die angreifende Macht von Seite
Russlands, sei es in Form aktiver Cooperation, sei es durch
militarische Massnahmen, welche den Angegriffenen bedrohen,
unterstiitzt werden sollte, so tritt die im Artikel I dieses Vertrages
stipulirte Verpflichtung des gegenseitigen Beistandes mit voller
Heeresmacht auch in diesem Falle sofort in Kraft und die Krieg-
fiihrung der beiden hohen Contrahenten wird auch dann eine
gemeinsame bis zum gemeinsamen Friedensschluss.

ARTIKEL III.6

Die Dauer dieses Vertrages wird vorlaufig auf fiinf Jahre vom
Tage der Ratifikation festgesetzt. Ein Jahr vor Ablauf dieses
Termines werden die beiden hohen Contrahenten liber die Frage,
ob die dem Vertrage zur Grundlage dienenden Verhaltnisse noch
obwalten, in Verhandlung treten und iiber die weitere Dauer oder
eventuelle Abanderung einzelner Modalitaten ubereinkommen.
Wenn im Verlaufe des ersten Monates des letzten Vertragsjahres
die Einladung zur Erb'ffmmg dieser Verhandlungen von keiner
Seite erfolgt ist, so gilt der Vertrag als fur die weitere Dauer von
drei Jahren erneuert.

ARTIKEL TV.7

Dieser Vertrag soil, in Gemassheit seines friedlichen Charakters
und um jede Missdeutung auszuschliessen, von beiden hohen
Contrahenten geheimgehalten und einer dritten Macht nur im
Einverstandnisse beider Theile und nach Massgabe specieller
Einigung mitgetheilt werden.

Beide hohe Contrahenten geben sich nach den bei der Begeg-
nung in Alexandrowo ausgesprochenen Gesinnungen des Kaisers
Alexander der Hoffnung hin, dass die Riistungen Russlands sich
als bedrohlich fiir sie in Wirklichkeit nicht erweisen werden, und
haben aus diesem Grunde zu einer Mittheilung fiir jetzt keinen

THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 29

hereby, not only not to support the aggressor against its high
Ally, but to observe at least a benevolent neutral attitude towards
its fellow Contracting Party.

Should, however, the attacking party in such a case be sup-
ported by Russia, either by an active cooperation or by military
measures which constitute a menace to the Party attacked, then
the obligation stipulated in Article I of this Treaty, for reciprocal
assistance with the whole fighting force, becomes equally opera-
tive, and the conduct of the war by the two High Contracting
Parties shall in this case also be in common until the conclusion
of a common peace.

ARTICLE III.6

The duration of this Treaty shall be provisionally fixed at five
years from the day of ratification. One year before the expira-
tion of this period the two High Contracting Parties shall consult
together concerning the question whether the conditions serving
as the basis of the Treaty still prevail, and reach an agreement in
regard to the further continuance or possible modification of
certain details. If in the course of the first month of the last
year of the Treaty no invitation has been received from either
side to open these negotiations, the Treaty shall be considered as
renewed for a further period of three years.

ARTICLE IV.7

This Treaty shall, in conformity with its peaceful character,
and to avoid any misinterpretation, be kept secret by the two
High Contracting Parties, and only communicated to a third
Power upon a joint understanding between the two Parties, and
according to the terms of a special Agreement.

The two High Contracting Parties venture to hope, after the
sentiments expressed by the Emperor Alexander at the meeting
at Alexandrovo, that the armaments of Russia will not in reality

' The text as heretofore made public (G. F. von Martens, Nouveau recuett
general des traitfs, 2d series, xv, p. 478; British and Foreign Slate Papers, Ixxiii,
p. 270) does not contain this Article. •

7 This Article corresponds to Article III, as heretofore published.

30 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879

Anlass; sollte sich aber diese Hoffnung wider Erwarten als eine
irrthiimliche erweisen, so wiirden die beiden hohen Contrahenten
es als eine Pflicht der Loyalitat erkennen, den Kaiser Alexander
mindestens vertraulich dariiber zu verstandigen, dass sie einen
Angriff auf einen von ihnen als gegen beide gerichtet betrachten
miissten.

ARTIKEL V.8

Dieser Vertrag wird seine Giltigkeit durch die Genehmigung
der beiden hohen Souverane erhalten und nach erfolgter Geneh-
migung von allerhochstdenselben innerhalb vierzehn Tagen
ratifizirt werden.9

Urkund dessen haben die Bevollmachtigten diesen Vertrag
eigenhandig unterschrieben und ihre Wappen beigedriickt.

Geschehen zu Wien, am 7. October 1879.

Andrassy. H. VII. v. Reuss.

L.S. L. S.

8 This Article is not found in the text heretofore published.

9 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Godollo, October 17,
1879 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, II, n. 14); of Emperor William I,
Baden-Baden, October 16, 1879 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der
geheimen Ratifikationen) ; Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, October
21, 1879 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, II, n. 17).

THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 31

prove to be menacing to them, and have on that account no
reason for making a communication at present; should, how-
ever, this hope, contrary to their expectations, prove to be errone-
ous, the two High Contracting Parties would consider it their
loyal obligation to let the Emperor Alexander know, at least
confidentially, that they must consider an attack on either of
them as directed against both.

ARTICLE V.8

This Treaty shall derive its validity from the approbation of
the two Exalted Sovereigns and shall be ratified within fourteen
days after this approbation has been granted by Their Most
Exalted Majesties.

In witness whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed this
Treaty with their own hands and affixed their arms.

Done at Vienna, October 7, 1879.

Andrassy. H. VII v. Reuss.

L. S. L. S.

32 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF POLICY IN

REGARD TO THE RELATION OF THE AUSTRO-

GERMAN ALLIANCE TO THE LEAGUE OF THE

THREE EMPERORS. iSSi.1

MINISTERIAL-ERKLARUNG.

Im Hinblick auf Verhandlungen, welche zwischen S. M. dem
deutschen Kaiser, Konige von Preussen, S. M. dem Kaiser von
Oesterreich, Konige von Ungarn, und S. M. dem Kaiser aller
Reussen liber ein Abkommen zur Sicherung der Defensivstellung
ihrer Staaten gefiihrt werden, und zur Klarstellung des Verhalt-
nisses, welches zwischen dem bezeichneten Abkommen, wenn
dasselbe abgeschlossen ist, und dem zu Wien am 7. Oktober 1879
unterzeichneten und am 2 1 . desselben Monats ratifizirten Defen-
sivbiindniss zwischen 1. 1. Majestaten, dem deutschen Kaiser und
S. apostolischen M.,2 bestehen wird, haben die kaiserlich deutsche
und die kaiserliche und konigliche oesterreichisch-ungarische
Regierung die Uebereinstimmung ihrer Auffassung und Willens-
meinung dariiber constatirt,

dass das in Aussicht genommene Abkommen zu Drei ihrem
Allianzvertrage vom 7. Oktober 1879 in keinem Falle derogiren
kann; der letztere vielmehr, wie wenn das erstere nicht existirte,
gemass seinem Inhalte und den Intentionen der beiden vertrag-
schliessenden Machte bindend bleibt und erfiillt werden wird;

dass der Vertrag vom 7. Oktober 1879 daher massgebend bleibt
fur das Verhalten beider Machte, ohne durch den beabsichtigten
neuen Vertrag mit Russland in irgend einem Punkte eine Ein-
schrankung oder Aenderung zu erleiden.

Zur Urkund dessen ist gegenwartige Ministerial-Erklarung,
welche ebenso wie es in Artikel IV des Vertrages vom 7. Oktober
1879 vorgesehen ist, geheim gehalten werden soil, ausgefertigt

1 German Declaration: Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen
Vertragsurkunden, n. 10, Geheimakten, IV, 47; Austro-Hungarian Declaration:
Draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, IV, 47.

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881 33

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF POLICY IN
REGARD TO THE RELATION OF THE AUSTRO-
GERMAN ALLIANCE TO THE LEAGUE OF THE
THREE EMPERORS. 1881.

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION.

With regard to the negotiations which are to take place between
His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia, His Majesty
the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and His Majesty the
Emperor of All the Russias concerning an Agreement for the
safeguarding of the defensive position of their States, and for
the elucidation of the relation which will exist between the afore-
mentioned Agreement, if it should be concluded, and the de-
fensive Alliance which was signed at Vienna on October 7, 1879,
and ratified on the 2ist day of the same month, between Their
Majesties the German Emperor and His Apostolic Majesty, the
Imperial German Government and the Imperial and Royal
Austro-Hungarian Government have in this matter recorded
the agreement of their conception and of their intention,

that the prospective Triple Agreement can under no circum-
stance prejudice their Treaty of Alliance of October 7, 1879; the
latter, on the contrary, remains binding, as if the former did not
exist, and shall be executed according to its contents and the in-
tentions of the two treaty-making Powers;

that the Treaty of October 7, 1879, therefore continues to
determine the relations of the two Powers without undergoing
limitation or alteration in any point whatsoever through the
prospective new Treaty with Russia.

In witness whereof the present Ministerial Declaration, which
in accordance with the stipulation in Article IV of the Treaty

With the exception of the alternat, both Declarations are the same. The German
Ministerial Declaration is printed here; the variations of the Austro-Hungarian
Declaration are added in the notes.

* In the Austro-Hungarian Declaration the order is reversed.

34 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881

worden, um gegen eine gleichlautende Erklarung des kaiserlichen
und koniglichen oesterreichisch-ungarischen Ministeriums des
Aeussern 3 ausgewechselt zu warden.

Berlin, den i8ten Mai 1881.

Der Reichskanzler4
L.S. v. Bismarck.

3 In the Austro-Hungarian Declaration the exchange of a corresponding German
Declaration is provided for.

4 In the Austro-Hungarian Declaration the date and signature read: "Wien,
den 21. Mai 1881. Der Minister des kais. Hauses und des Aussern: Freiherr von
Haymerle."

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881 35

of October 7, 1879, shall be kept secret, has been prepared, to be
exchanged against a declaration of similar purport of the Imperial
and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Berlin, May 18, 1881.

L. S. The Imperial Chancellor

v. Bismarck.

36 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS
OF 1881.

Convention between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire,
and Russia. Berlin, June 18, i88i.1

Les cours d'Autriche-Hongrie, d'Allemagne et de Russie, ani-
mees d'un egal desir de consolider la paix generate par une entente
destinee a assurer la position defensive de leurs etats respectifs,
sont tombees d'accord sur certaines questions qui touchent plus
specialement a leurs interets reciproques.

Dans ce but les trois cours ont nomme:

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi, son ambassa-
deur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur
d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Othon
prince de Bismarck, son president du conseil des ministres de
Prusse, chancelier de Fempire,

S. M. 1'empereur de toutes les Russies, le sieur Pierre de
Sabouroff, conseiller prive, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et
plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

lesquels munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont ete trouves en bonne
et due forme sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

Dans le cas ou 1'une des hautes parties contractantes se trou-
verait en guerre avec une quatrieme grande puissance, les deux
autres maintiendront a son egard une neutralite bienveillante et
voueront leurs soins a la localisation du conflit.

Cette stipulation s'appliquera egalement a une guerre entre
1'une des trois puissances et la Turquie, mais seulement dans le

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. u, Geheimakten, IV, 62.

Also printed in Dokumenle aus dem russischen Geheimarchiv (Berlin, 1918),
pp. 7-1 1.

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 37

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS
OF 1881.

(a)

Convention between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire,
and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1881.

The Courts of Austria-Hungary, of Germany, and of Russia,
animated by an equal desire to consolidate the general peace by
an understanding intended to assure the defensive position of
their respective States, have come into agreement on certain
questions which more especially concern their reciprocal in-
terests.

With this purpose the three Courts have appointed:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze-
chenyi, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the
Sieur Otto Prince Bismarck, His President of the Council of
Ministers of Prussia, Chancellor of the Empire,

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Sieur Peter
Sabouroff, Privy Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King
of Prussia,

who, furnished with full powers, which have been found in
good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

In case one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself
at war with a fourth Great Power, the two others shall maintain
towards it a benevolent neutrality and shall devote their efforts
to the localization of the conflict.

This stipulation shall apply likewise to a war between one of
the three Powers and Turkey, but only in the case where a pre-

38 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

cas ou un accord prealable aura ete etabli entre les trois cours sur
les resultats de cette guerre.

Pour le cas special ou Tune d'elles obtiendrait de Tun de ses
deux allies un concours plus positif, la valeur obligatoire du pre-
sent article restera dans toute sa vigueur pour la troisieme.

ARTICLE II.

La Russie, d'accord avec rAllemagne, declare sa ferme resolu-
tion de respecter les interets qui decoulent de la nouvelle position
assuree a 1'Autriche-Hongrie par le traite de Berlin.

Les trois cours, desireuses d'eviter tout desaccord entre elles,
s'engagent a tenir compte de leurs interets respectifs dans la
peninsule des Balcans. Elles se promettent de plus que de nou-
velles modifications dans le statu quo territorial de la Turquie
d'Europe ne pourront s'accomplir qu'en vertu d'un commun ac-
cord entre elles.

Afin de faciliter 1'accord prevu par le present article, accord
dont il est impossible de prevoir d'avance toutes les modalites, les
trois cours constatent des a present dans le protocole annexe a ce
traite les points sur lesquels une entente a deja ete etablie en
principe.

ARTICLE III.

Les trois cours reconnaissent le caractere europeen et mutuelle-
ment obligatoire du principe de la fermeture des detroits du Bos-
phore et des Dardanelles, fonde sur le droit des gens, confinne par
les traites et resume par la declaration du second plenipotentiaire
de Russie a la seance du 12 juillet du congres de Berlin (proto-
cole 19).

Elles veilleront en commun a ce que la Turquie ne fasse pas
d'exception a cette regie en faveur des interets d'un gouverne-
ment quelconque, en pretant a des operations guerrieres d'une
puissance belligerante la partie de son empire que forment les
detroits.

En cas d'infraction, ou pour la prevenir si une pareille infrac-
tion etait a prevoir, les trois cours avertiront la Turquie qu'elles
la considereraient, le cas echeant, comme s'etant mise en etat de

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 39

vious agreement shall have been reached between the three
Courts as to the results of this war.

In the special case where one of them should obtain a more
positive support from one of its two Allies, the obligatory value
of the present Article shall remain in all its force for the third.

ARTICLE II.

Russia, in agreement with Germany, declares her firm reso-
lution to respect the interests arising from the new position as-
sured to Austria-Hungary by the Treaty of Berlin.

The three Courts, desirous of avoiding all discord between
them, engage to take account of their respective interests in the
Balkan Peninsula. They further promise one another that any
new modifications in the territorial status quo of Turkey in
Europe can be accomplished only in virtue of a common agree-
ment between them.

In order to facilitate the agreement contemplated by the pres-
ent Article, an agreement of which it is impossible to foresee all
the conditions, the three Courts from the present moment record
in the Protocol annexed to this Treaty the points on which an
understanding has already been established in principle.

ARTICLE III.

The three Courts recognize the European and mutually obli-
gatory character of the principle of the closing of the Straits of
the Bosphorus and of the Dardanelles, founded on international
law, confirmed by treaties, and summed up in the declaration of
the second Plenipotentiary of Russia at the session of July 1 2 of
the Congress of Berlin (Protocol 19).

In case of infringement, or to prevent it if such infringement
should be in prospect, the three Courts will inform Turkey that
they would regard her, in that event, as putting herself in a state

40 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

guerre vis-a-vis de la partie lesee, et comme s'etant privee des lors
des benefices de securite, assures par le traite de Berlin a son
statu quo territorial.

ARTICLE IV.

Le present traite sera en vigueur pendant 1'espace de trois
ans a dater du jour de Techange des ratifications.

ARTICLE V.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
le secret sur le contenu et sur 1'existence du present traite aussi
bien que du protocole y annexe.

ARTICLE VI.

Les conventions secretes conclues entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et
la Russie et entre rAllemagne et la Russie en 1873 sont rempla-
cees par le present traite.

ARTICLE VTI.

Les ratifications du present traite et du protocole y annexe
seront echangees a Berlin dans 1'espace de quinze jours ou plus
tot si faire se peut.2

En fois (!) de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe
le present traite et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Berlin, le dix-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil huit cent
quatre-vingt et un.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

L. S. Sabouroff.

1 Ratification of the Alliance and Separate Protocol (infra), by Emperor and
King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, June 23, 1881 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheim-
akten, IV, 64); by Emperor William I, Ems, June 23, 1881 (original: St. A.,
Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; by Emperor Alexander III,
Peterhof, June 12/25, I88i (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications
(printed infra, (</)), Berlin, June 27, 1881 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheim-
akten, IV, 64).

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 41

of war towards the injured Party, and as having deprived her-
self thenceforth of the benefits of the security assured to her
territorial status quo by the Treaty of Berlin.

ARTICLE IV.

The present Treaty shall be in force during a period of three
years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications.

ARTICLE V.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as
to the contents and the existence of the present Treaty, as well
as of the Protocol annexed thereto.

ARTICLE VI.

The secret Conventions concluded between Austria-Hungary
and Russia and between Germany and Russia in 1873 are re'
placed by the present Treaty.

ARTICLE VII.

The ratifications of the present Treaty and of the Protocol an-
nexed thereto shall be exchanged at Berlin within a fortnight, or
sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the presective Plenipotentiaries have signed
the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Berlin, the eighteenth day of the month of June, one
thousand eight hundred and eighty-one.

L. S. Sz£ch£nyi.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

L. S. Sabouroff.

42 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

Separate Protocol on the same date to the Convention of Berlin.
June 18, 1 88 1?

Les soussignes plenipotentiaires de S. M. 1'empereur d'Au-
triche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie,

S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et

S. M. 1'empereur de toutes les Russies,

ayant constate conformement a 1'article II du traite secret
conclu aujourd'hui les points touchant les interets des trois cours
d'Autriche-Hongrie, d'Allemagne et de Russie dans la peninsule
des Balcans sur lesquels une entente a deja etc etablie entre elles
sont convenus du protocole suivant:

i. BOSNIE ET HERZEGOWINE.

L'Autriche-Hongrie se reserve de s'annexer ces deux provinces
au moment qu'elle jugera opportun.

2. SANDJAK DE NOVIBAZAR.

La declaration echangee entre les plenipotentiaires austro-
hongrois et les plenipotentiaires russes au congres de Berlin en
date du 13/1 juillet 1878 reste en vigueur.

3. ROUMELIE ORIENTALE.

Les trois puissances sont d'accord pour envisager 1'eventualite
d'une occupation soit de la Roumelie Orientale soit des Balcans
comme pleine de perils pour la paix generate. Le cas echeant elles
emploieront leurs efforts pour detourner la Porte d'une pareille
entreprise, bien entendu que la Bulgarie et la Roumelie Orientale
devront de leur cote s'abstenir de provoquer la Porte par des
attaques partant de leurs territoires centre les autres provinces
de 1'empire ottoman.

4. BULGARIE.

Les trois puissances ne s'opposeront pas a la reunion even-
tuelle de la Bulgarie et de la Roumelie Orientale dans les limites
territoriales qui leur sont assignees par le traite de Berlin, si cette

8 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. n, Geheimakten, IV, 62.

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 43

(b)

Separate Protocol on the same date to the Convention of Berlin.

June 18, 1 88 1.

The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of His Majesty the Emperor
of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary,

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, and

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias,

having recorded in accordance with Article II of the secret
Treaty concluded today the points affecting the interests of the
three Courts of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in the
Balkan Peninsula upon which an understanding has already been
reached among them, have agreed to the following Protocol:

i. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.

Austria-Hungary reserves the right to annex these provinces
at whatever moment she shall deem opportune.

2. SANJAK OF NOVIBAZAR.

The Declaration exchanged between the Austro-Hungarian
Plenipotentiaries and the Russian Plenipotentiaries at the Con-
gress of Berlin under date of July 13/1, 1878, remains in force.

3. EASTERN RTJMELIA.

The three Powers agree in regarding the eventuality of an
occupation either of Eastern Rumelia or of the Balkans as full
of perils for the general peace. In case this should occur, they
will employ their efforts to dissuade the Porte from such an
enterprise, it being well understood that Bulgaria and Eastern
Rumelia on their part are to abstain from provoking the Porte
by attacks emanating from their territories against the other
provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

4. BULGARIA.

The three Powers will not oppose the eventual reunion of
Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia within the territorial limits as-
signed to them by the Treaty of Berlin, if this question should

44 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

question venait a surgir par la force des choses. Elles sont
d'accord pour detourner les Bulgares de toute agression centre les.
provinces voisines, nommement la Macedoine et pour leur de-
clarer qu'en pareil cas ils agiraient a leurs risques et perils.

5. ATTITUDE DES AGENTS EN ORIENT.

Ann d'eviter des froissements d'interets dans les questions lo-
cales qui peuvent surgir, les trois cours muniront leurs represen-
tants et agents en Orient d'une instruction generate4 pour leur

4 The Circular Instruction of September 29, 1881, sent to the representatives
of Austria-Hungary in Constantinople, Bucharest, Athens, Belgrade, Cettinje, and
Sofia (draft corrected in Baron Haymerle's own handwriting, St. A., Polit. Arch.,
Zirkulare Fasz. 90) reads as follows:

[Passages in square brackets were the original wording.]

"Die mit der Losung einiger brennender Fragen im Orient eingetretene Beruhi-
gung [originally : Die Beruhigung, welche nach Losung einiger brennenderer Fragen
im Orient eingetreten] ist hauptsachlich dem eintrachtigen Vorgehen der Signatar-
machte zu verdanken. Dieselben sind auch heute in dem Bestreben einig, den
Frieden auf der Balkanhalbinsel und die ruhige Entwicklung der dortigen Verhalt-
nisse zu fordern und alles zu vermeiden, was diese zu storen geeignet ware.

"In ganz besondrer Weise sind hieran die Regierungen von Oesterreich-Ungarn,
Deutschland und Russland interessirt; denn diese Politik sichert nicht nur den
Frieden im Orient, sondern bringt auch die zwischen den Monarchen [ihnen] herr-
schenden freundschaftlichen Beziehungen [welche den Gesinnungen ihrer Mon-
archen entsprechen] zum richtigen Ausdruck.

"Urn diese Ubereinstimmung gegen jeden Zwischenfall sicherzustellen, bedarf
es eines vertrauensvollen geschaf tlichen wie socialen Zusammengehens der betreffen-
den Vertreter im Orient. Hierin diirfen sich dieselben weder durch Zeitungsfehden,
wie sie in Folge entstellter Mittheilungen hie und da auf tauchen, noch durch etwaige
personliche Verstimmungen oder Rivalitaten, zu welchen die eigenthiimlichen Ver-
haltnisse der Levante Anlass geben mogen, beirren lassen.

"Ew. . . . wollen daher, indem Sie zugleich [originally: nicht aufhoren] die
guten Beziehungen zu den Vertretern aller Machte nach wie vor auf's sorgfaltigste
pflegen, in wichtigen Fragen, welche an dem Orte Ihrer Wirksamkeit sich darbieten,
stets die freundschaftliche Verstandigung mit Ihren Collegen von Deutschland und
Russland anstreben und Meinungsverschiedenheiten, deren Beilegung an Ort und
Stelle nicht gelingt, der Regierung unterbreiten, damit durch directes Benehmen
zwischen den betheiligten Cabineten derartige Differenzen ausgeglichen werden,
bevor sich die Regierungen vor eine unerwiinschte Situation gestellt sehen.

"Angelegenheiten, die ausschliesslich osterreichisch-ungarische Interessen be-
treffen, der Schutz unsrer Staatsangehorigen, commercielle oder Rechtsfragen,
[commercielle Fragen oder solche] die aus den Vertragen fliessen u. s. f., bleiben
Ihrer selbstandigen Aktion vorbehalten. Es ist jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen und
entspricht ganz den gegenseitigen aufrichtigen Beziehungen, dass Sie auch in

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 45

come up by the force of circumstances. They agree to dissuade
the Bulgarians from all aggression against the neighboring prov-
inces, particularly Macedonia; and to inform them that in such
a case they would be acting at their own risk and peril.

5. ATTITUDE OF AGENTS EN THE EAST.

In order to avoid collisions of interests in the local questions
which may arise, the three Courts will furnish their representa-
tives and agents in the Orient with a general instruction,4 direct-

solchen Fallen die Unterstiitzung Ihrer Collegen anrufen oder die Ihrige, wenn sie
in Anspruch genommen wird, bereitwillig gewahren.

"Diesen Erlass wollen Sie als vertraulichen ansehen und behandeln.

"Empfangen etc."

Translation.
[The corrected wording is followed.]

"The calm which has followed the solution of certain burning questions in the
Orient is chiefly due to the harmonious action of the signatory Powers. These are
today still united in their effort to further peace and the tranquil development of
conditions in the Balkan Peninsula, and to avoid everything which might tend to
obstruct these aims.

"The Governments of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia are very par-
ticularly interested in this matter, for this policy not only insures peace in the Orient,
but gives suitable expression to the friendly relations prevailing between the
Monarchs.

"In order to insure this harmony against any mishap, an intimate cooperation
in business as well as social matters is incumbent on the respective representatives
in the Orient. They should not allow themselves to be diverted from this through
newspaper quarrels, which occasionally arise as the result of misrepresentations, nor
through any possible personal pique or rivalry, to which the peculiar conditions of
the Levant might give rise.

"Your Excellency will therefore, while continuing as before to exercise the great-
est care in cultivating good relations with the representatives of all Powers, strive
for friendly cooperation with your colleagues of Germany and Russia in the import-
ant questions which arise within the scene of your activities and communicate to
the Government any differences of opinion which cannot be settled on the spot, in
order that such divergences may be adjusted through direct action between the
respective Cabinets, before the Governments are confronted with an undesirable
situation.

"Matters exclusively affecting Austro-Hungarian interests, such as the protec-
tion of our nationals, questions of commerce or law arising from the treaties, shall
remain subject to your own independent action. It is not out of the question, how-
ever, and it is wholly in accordance with the reciprocally cordial relations, that you
should request the support of your colleagues even in such cases, or readily grant
your own support if it should be called for.

46 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

prescrire de s'efforcer a aplanir leurs divergences par des explica-
tions amicales entre eux dans chaque cas special et pour les cas ou
ils n'y parviendraient pas d'en referer a leurs gouvernements.

Le present protocole fait partie integrante du traite secret signe
en ce jour a Berlin et aura meme force et valeur.

En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et y
ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Berlin, le 18 juin 1881.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

L. S. SabourofL

Additional Protocol to the Convention of June 18, 1881. Berlin,

June 27, 1 88 1.5

Pour preciser davantage le paragraphe 5 du protocole6 annexe
au traite secret du 18 juin 1881, les soussignes plenipotentiaires de
S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie et de S. M. 1'empe-
reur de toutes les Russies declarent que les " questions locales "
mentionnees dans le dit paragraphe ne comprennent pas les
affaires interessant specialement et exclusivement soit 1'Autriche-
Hongrie soit la Russie, telles que la protection des nationaux
respectifs^ les questions commerciales, reclamations, droits de-
coulant des traites etc.

II est entendu que le concours amical, sans etre obligatoire,
pourra etre demande et accorde mutuellement par les agents des
deux etats aussi dans les questions qui ne tombent pas sous le
paragraphe 5 du protocole.

Berlin, le 27 juin 1881.

Szechenyi. Sabouroff.

"You will regard and treat this Instruction as confidential.

"I have, etc."

According to a telegram from Berlin, dated September 8, 1881 (St. A., Polit.
Arch., Geheimakten, IV, 70), and a telegram from St. Petersburg, dated Septem-
ber 14, 1881 (ibid., IV, 73), this Austro-Hungarian draft was taken as the basis

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 47

ing them to endeavor to smooth out their divergences by friendly
explanations between themselves in each special case; and, in
the cases where they do not succeed in doing so, to refer the
matters to their Governments.

The present Protocol forms an integral part of the secret
Treaty signed on this day at Berlin, and shall have the same
force and validity.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Berlin, June 18, 1881.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

L. S. Sabouroff.

Additional Protocol to the Convention of June 18, 1881. Berlin,

June 27, 1 88 1.

In order to define still more precisely Paragraph 5 of the Proto-
col6 annexed to the secret Treaty of June 18, 1881, the under-
signed Plenipotentiaries of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria,
King of Hungary, and of His Majesty the Emperor of All the
Russias declare that the ' local questions ' mentioned in the said
paragraph do not comprise affairs specially and exclusively in-
teresting either Austria-Hungary or Russia, such as the protec-
tion of the respective nationals, commercial questions, claims,
rights derived from treaties, etc.

It is understood that friendly cooperation, without being ob-
ligatory, may also be asked and accorded reciprocally by the
agents of the two States in questions which do not fall under Para-
graph 5 of the Protocol.

Berlin, June 27, 1881.

Szechenyi. Sabouroff.

for similar instructions by the German Empire and by Russia. Compare also the
Protocol of June 27, 1881, printed herewith under (c).

6 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung dergeheimen Vertragsurkunden, n.
11, Geheimakten, IV, 65. • Compare page 44.

48 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS

Proces-verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Convention
of June 18, 1881. Berlin, June 27, i88i.7

PROCES-VERBAL.

Le 27 juin 1881 les soussignes se sont reunis au ministere des
affaires etrangeres a Berlin a 1'effet de proceder a 1'echange des
ratifications du traite secret et du protocole y annexe, signes a Ber-
lin le 1 8 juin 1881 par les plenipotentiaires de S. M. 1'empereur
d'Autriche, roi de Boheme et roi apostolique de Hongrie, de S. M.
1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et de S. M. 1'empereur des
toutes les Russies. Les six instruments ayant ete produits, les
soussignes ont constate les errata suivants:

1. Dans 1'exemplaire allemand destine a la Russie, 1'alternat
n'a pas ete observe.

2. Dans 1'exemplaire autrichien destine a FAllemagne, le mot
" entre " a ete omis a la fin de la premiere ligne du second alinea
de 1'article I du traite.

3. Dans 1'exemplaire allemand destine a la Russie, le mot
" divergence " da,ns Particle V du protocole est ecrit " diver-
geance."

4. Dans 1'exemplaire autrichien destine a la Russie^ a la se-
conde ligne du preambule du traite, le mot " animees " est ecrit
au masculin.

Pour le reste les soussignes ont trouve, apres examen, les in-
struments en bonne et due forme et ont opere 1'echange.

En foi de quoi les soussignes ont dresse le present proces-
verbal qu'ils ont revetu de leur signature et du sceau de leurs
armes.

Fait au ministere des affaires etrangeres a Berlin, le 27 juin
1881.

L.S. Szechenyi.

L.S. Busch.

L.S. Sabouroff.

7 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. u, Geheimakten, IV, 64.

THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 49

Proces-verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Convention
of June 18, 1881. Berlin, June 27, 1881.

FROCKS-VERBAL.

On June 27, 1881, the undersigned met together at the Min-
istry of Foreign Affairs at Berlin for the purpose of proceeding
with the exchange of ratifications of the secret Treaty and of the
Protocol thereto annexed, signed at Berlin, June 18, 1881, by the
Plenipotentiaries of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King
of Bohemia, and Apostolic King of Hungary, of His Majesty
the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, and of His Majesty
the Emperor of All the Russias. The six instruments having
been produced, the undersigned have found the following
errata:

1. In the German copy intended for Russia, the alternat has
not been observed.

2. In the Austrian copy intended for Germany, the word
" between " has been omitted at the end of the first line of the
second paragraph of Article I of the Treaty.

3. In the German copy intended for Russia, the word "diver-
gence" in Article V of the Protocol is written "divergeance."

4. In the Austrian copy intended for Russia, in the second line
of the preamble of the Treaty, the word "animated" is written in
the masculine.

In other respects, the undersigned after examination have found
the instruments in good and due form and have effected the
exchange.

In witness whereof the undersigned have drawn up the present
Proces-verbal and have affixed their signatures and the seal of
their arms.

Done at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Berlin, June 27,
1881.

L. S. Szechenyi..

L. S. Busch..

L. S. SabourofL

50 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

4-
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881.

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Belgrade,
June 16/28, 1 88 1.1

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, et

S. A. le prince de Serbie, animes du desir de maintenir la
paix en .Orient et de garantir les relations de parfaite amitie qui
existent entre leurs gouvernements centre toutes les eventualites,
ont resolu de conclure a cette fin un traite et ont nomme pour
leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir:

S. M. imperiale et royale apostolique:

le sieur Gabriel baron de Herbert-Rathkeal, son chambellan,
ministre-resident en Serbie etc.,

S. A. le prince de Serbie:

le sieur Chedomille Mijatovich, son ministre des affaires
etrangeres etc. etc.

lesquels apres s'etre communique leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trou-
ves en bonrie et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

II y aura paix et amitie constantes entre l'Autriche-Hongrie
et la Serbie. Les deux gouvernements s'engagent a suivre mu-
tuellement une politique amicale.

ARTICLE II.

La Serbie ne tolerera point des menees politiques, religieuses
ou autres qui, prenant son territoire pour point de depart, se diri-
geraient centre la monarchic austro-hongroise, y compris la
Bosnie, 1'Herzegovine et le sandjak de Novibazar.

L'Autriche-Hongrie assume la meme obligation a Fegard de

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 12, Geheimakten, V, 2 b.

Expired January 13, 1895 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIII, 3).

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 51

4-
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881.

(a)

Treaty of A lliance between A ustria-Hungary and Serbia. Belgrade,
June 16/28, 1 88 1.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and

His Highness the Prince of Serbia, animated by the desire to
maintain peace in the Orient and to guarantee against all eventu-
alities the relations of perfect friendship which exist between
Their Governments, have resolved to conclude to this end a
Treaty and have appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty:

the Sieur Gabriel Baron von Herbert-Rathkeal, His Chamber-
lain, Minister Resident in Serbia, etc.,

His Highness the Prince of Serbia:

the Sieur Chedomille Mijatovich, His Minister of Foreign
Affairs, etc., etc.,

who, after having communicated to one another their full
powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the fol-
lowing Articles:

ARTICLE I.

There shall be stable peace and friendship between Austria-
Hungary and Serbia. The two Governments engage to follow
mutually a friendly policy.

ARTICLE II.

Serbia will not tolerate political, religious, or other intrigues,
which, taking her territory as a point of departure, might be
directed against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, including
therein Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of Novibazar.

Austria-Hungary assumes the same obligation with regard to

52 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

la Serbie et de sa dynastic dont elle appuiera le maintien et le
raffermissement par toute son influence.

ARTICLE III.

Si le prince de Serbie jugeait necessaire, dans 1'interet de sa
dynastic et de son pays, de prendre pour sa personne et ses de-
scendants le titre de roi, rAutriche-Hongrie reconnaltra ce titre
aussitot que la proclamation en aura ete faite dans les formes
legales, et usera de son influence pour en obtenir la reconnaissance
de la part des autres puissances.

ARTICLE IV.

L'Autriche-Hongrie s'emploiera pour seconder les intere'ts de
la Serbie aupres des autres cabinets europeens.

A moins d'une entente prealable avec rAutriche-Hongrie la
Serbie ne negociera ni ne conclura de traite politique avec un
autre gouvernement et n'admettra pas sur son territoire une force
armee etrangere, soit reguliere soit irreguliere, meme a titre de
volontaires.

ARTICLE V.

Si 1'Autriche-Hongrie etait menacee d'une guerre ou se trou-
vait en guerre avec une ou plusieurs autres puissances, la Serbie
observera vis-a-vis de la monarchic austro-hongroise, y compris
la Bosnie, PHerzegovine et le sandjak de Novibazar, une neutra-
lite amicale et lui accordera conformement a leur etroite amitie
et a 1'esprit de ce traite toutes les facilites possibles.

L'Autriche-Hongrie assume la meme obligation vis-a-vis de la
Serbie dans le cas ou celle-ci serait menacee d'une guerre ou se
trouverait en guerre.

ARTICLE VI.

Pour le cas, ou une cooperation militaire serait consideree
necessaire par les deux parties contractantes, les questions
touchant cette cooperation, notamment celles du commandement
superieur et du passage eventuel des troupes par les territoires
respectifs, seront reglees par une convention militaire.

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 53

Serbia and her dynasty, the maintenance and strengthening of
which she will support with all her influence.

ARTICLE III.

If the Prince of Serbia should deem it necessary, in the interest
of His dynasty and of His country, to take in behalf of Himself
and of His descendants the title of King, Austria-Hungary will
recognize this title as soon as its proclamation shall have been
made in legal form, and will use her influence to secure recogni-
tion for it on the part of the other Powers.

ARTICLE IV.

Austria-Hungary will use her influence with the other Euro-
pean Cabinets to second the interests of Serbia.

Without a previous understanding with Austria-Hungary,
Serbia will neither negotiate nor conclude any political treaty
with another Government, and will not admit to her territory
a foreign armed force, regular or irregular, even as volunteers.

ARTICLE V.

If Austria-Hungary should be threatened with war or find
herself at war with one or more other Powers, Serbia will observe
a friendly neutrality towards the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,
including therein Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi-
bazar, and will accord to it all possible facilities, in conformity
with their close friendship and the spirit of this Treaty.

Austria-Hungary assumes the same obligation towards Serbia,
in case the latter should be threatened with war or find herself
at war.

ARTICLE VI.

In any case where military cooperation is considered necessary
by the two Contracting Parties, the questions touching this
cooperation, especially those of the superior command and of the
contingent passage of troops through the respective territories,
shall be regulated by a military convention.

54 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

ARTICLE VII.

Si, par suite d'un concours d'evenements dont le developpe-
ment n'est pas a prevoir aujourd'hui la Serbie etait en mesure de
faire des acquisitions territoriales dans la direction de ses fron-
tieres meridionales (a 1'exception du sandjak de Novibazar) 1'Au-
triche-Hongrie ne s'y opposera pas et s'emploiera aupres des
autres puissances afin de les gagner a une attitude favorable pour
la Serbie.

ARTICLE VIII.

Le present traite restera en vigueur pour la duree de dix ans
a partir du jour de Techange des ratifications. Six mois avant son
expiration les parties contractantes se concerteront, s'il y a lieu,
sur sa prolongation ou sur les modifications que les circonstances
du moment pourraient rendre desirables.

ARTICLE IX.

Les parties contractantes s'engagent a tenir secret le present
traite et a n'en communiquer, sans une entente prealable, a un
autre gouvernement ni 1'existence ni la teneur.

ARTICLE X.

Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Belgrade
dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs Font signe et 1'ont
revetu du cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Belgrade, en double expedition, le vingt huit/seize juin
de Tan 1881.

Baron de Herbert. Ch. Mijatovich.

L. S. L.S.

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Ischl, July 7, 1881 (draft :
St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, V, 2); of Prince Milan, Belgrade, June 22/
July 4, 1881 (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Belgrade, June
2Q/ July u, 1881 (original: ibid.).

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 55

ARTICLE VII.

If, as a result of a combination of circumstances whose develop-
ment is not to be foreseen at present, Serbia were in a position
to make territorial acquisitions in the direction of her southern
frontiers (with the exception of the Sanjak of Novibazar),
Austria-Hungary will not oppose herself thereto, and will use
her influence with the other Powers for the purpose of winning
them over to an attitude favorable to Serbia.

ARTICLE VIII.

The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of ten
years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. Six
months before its expiration the Contracting Parties shall, if
there is occasion, take counsel together in regard to its prolonga-
tion or to the modifications which the circumstances of the mo-
ment may render desirable.

ARTICLE IX.

The Contracting Parties undertake to keep the present Treaty
secret, and not to communicate either its existence or its tenor
to any other Government without a previous understanding.

ARTICLE X.

The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at
Belgrade within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
it and have affixed to it the seal of their arms.

Done at Belgrade, in duplicate, the twenty-eighth/sixteenth of
June of the year 1881.

Baron de Herbert. Ch. Mijatovich.

L. S. L. S.

56 THE AU^TRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

Personal Declaration of Prince Milan that he would carry out the
Treaty without restrictions?

A S. Exc. le gerant du ministere imperial et royal des affaires
etrangeres, Benjamin de Kallay, a Vienne.

Excellence,

Je m'empresse d'accuser reception a Votre Excellence de la
lettre qu'elle a bien voulu m'adresser par Fentremise de la lega-
tion imperiale et royale a Belgrade, en date du 17 courant et en
reponse a celle que j'avais ecrite le 20 septembre/2 octobre au
ministre eclaire et si sympathique pour la Serbie, dont nous
avons deplore avec vous la perte.

C'est pour moi plus qu'un devoir, c'est une veritable dette de
coeur que de venir aujourd'hui exprimer a Votre Excellence ma
plus sincere gratitude pour la preuve d'amitie qu'elle me temoigne
en se declarant, a titre de gerant du ministere imperial et royal
des affaires etrangeres, prete a accepter les propositions que
j'avais faites a feu le baron Haymerle.

Tout en lui ayant expose franchement et loyalement les motifs
de ma demarche, tout en tenant un langage que ne saurait avoir
que celui qui considere comme une question d'honneur de devel-
loper ( !) les relations d'entente cordiale avec la monarchic voisine
qui a la ferme et inebranlable volonte de suivre systematique-
ment cette politique salutaire pour la Serbie, je me demandais si
mes explications etaient suffisament claires pour presenter a qui
de droit la situation sous son veritable jour pour faire comprendre
les reelles dimcultes que j'avais a surmonter et les raisons puis-
santes qui avaient dicte ma conduite.

Je me sentais d'autant plus embarrasse qu'il s'agissait d'un acte
qui avait regu une auguste sanction et qui a ce titre deja ne
pouvait 6tre 1'objet d'une discussion quelconque. Mes senti-
ments de profond respect et d'invariable attachement vis-a-vis
de la personne de S. M. 1'empereur n'auraient pu me permettre
de tolerer un instant cette eventualite, de meme que le souci de

3 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, V, 25.

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 57

Personal declaration of Prince Milan that he would carry out the
Treaty without restrictions.

To His Excellency Benjamin de Kallay, in charge of the Im-
perial and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at Vienna.

Excellency,

I hasten to acknowledge receipt from Your Excellency of the
letter which you have been good enough to address to Me
through the medium of the Imperial and Royal Legation at Bel-
grade under the date of the iyth instant, in reply to that which
I had written on September 2o/October 2 to the enlightened
Minister, so sympathetic to Serbia, whose loss we have joined
you in deploring.

For Me it is more than a duty, it is a veritable debt of the
heart, to express to Your Excellency today My most sincere
gratitude for the proof of friendship which you have shown Me in
declaring your readiness, as Official in Charge of the Imperial
and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to accept the proposals
which I had made to the late Baron Haymerle.

While I frankly and loyally laid before him the motives for
My conduct, and at the same time employed such language as
could be used only by one who considers it a question of honor
to develop relations of cordial understanding with the neighbor-
ing Monarchy, and who has the firm and unshakable intention to
follow systematically this policy as salutary for Serbia, I won-
dered whether My explanations were sufficiently clear to present
the situation in its true light in proper quarters and to make
understood the real difficulties which I had to overcome and the
cogent reasons which had dictated My conduct.

I felt Myself all the more embarrassed by the fact that the
matter related to an act which had received an august sanction
and which therefore could no longer be the subject of any dis-
cussion. My sentiments of profound respect and of unchanging
affection for the person of His Majesty the Emperor could not
permit Me to tolerate this contingency for an instant; concern

58 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

ma propre dignite me commandait imperieusement de bien
etablir d'un cote que M. Pirotchianatz n'etait invest! par moi
d'aucune mission officielle, que loin d'approuver je condamnais
ses scrupules, et de 1'autre cote que mes propositions avaient tout
au plus en vue de demander au gouvernement imperial et royal
un sacrifice dans la forme et nullement dans le fond.

La reponse de Votre Excellence est a mes yeux une preuve
precieuse de la confiance qu'elle a bien voulu placer en ce que
j'avais tache d'expliquer nettement et de declarer non moins
categoriquement.

Je ne saurais que Ten remercier de tout coeur et 1'assurer en
meme temps que tous mes efforts a Favenir tendront a donner a
PAutriche-Hongrie des gages constants de la sincerite de ma poli-
tique a son egard ainsi que du prix enorme que j 'attache a voir
nos deux pays qui ont tant d'interets communs etroitement lies
Tun4 a 1'autre.

Ce but sera d'autant plus facile a poursuivre pour moi, que
la solution que m'a si gracieusement offerte Votre Excellence
pour mettre fin aux difficultes pendantes me permet de conserver
au pouvoir les hommes que je desirais y maintenir non seulement
a cause de leur programme politique interieur, mais surtout et
avant tout parcequ'ils pourront et — j'en suis convaincu —
voudront aussi etre pour moi des auxiliaires precieux dans la
politique que je tiens a observer scrupuleusement vis-a-vis de la
monarchic voisine et qui decoule des engagements solemnels que
j'ai contractes a son egard.

Ayant vivement a coeur de prouver des les premiers pas que je
fais dans la voie que j'ai de mon propre gre choisie combien je tiens
a la fidele execution de mes promesses, je mens, Excellence, par la
presente prendre V engagement formel sur mon honneur et en ma
qualite de prince de Serbie, de ne point entrer dans quelque negociation
que ce soit relative a un traite politique quelconque entre la Serbie et
un tiers etat sans communication et consentement prealable de
VA utriche-Hongrie.

Je prie Votre Excellence de considerer le present engagement

4 In the original, "I7 an."

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 59

for My own dignity likewise imperiously commanded Me to
make clear, on the one hand, that M. Pirotchianatz was not in-
vested by Me with any official mission, and that, far from ap-
proving, I condemned his scruples, and, on the other hand, that
My proposals at most had in view asking the Imperial and
Royal Government for a sacrifice in form and not at all in
substance.

I regard the reply of Your Excellency as a precious proof of
the confidence which you have been good enough to repose in
what I had attempted to explain clearly and to state no less
categorically.

I can only thank you for it with all My heart and assure you
at the same time that all My efforts in the future will be directed
towards giving Austria-Hungary constant pledges of the sincerity
of My policy with regard to her, as well as of the enormous
value I attach to seeing our two countries, which have so many
common interests, closely bound to one another.

This aim will be the easier for Me to pursue, as the solution
which Your Excellency has so graciously offered Me for putting
an end to the difficulties now pending permits Me to keep in
power the men whom I desired to maintain there, not only on
account of their programme in internal politics, but especially
and above all because they can and — I am convinced — also
will be valuable aids to Me in the policy which I am anxious to
observe scrupulously in relations with the neighboring Monarchy
and which proceeds from solemn engagements which I have con-
tracted towards it.

Having it much at heart to prove with the very first steps
which I take in the path I have chosen of My own free will, how
I hold to the faithful execution of My promises, I hereby, Excel-
lency, assume the formal engagement on My honor and in My
quality as Prince of Serbia, not to enter into any negotiation what-
soever relative to any kind of a political treaty between Serbia and a
third state without communication with and previous consent of
A ustria-Hungary.

I beg Your Excellency to consider the present engagement as

60 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

comme ayant un caractere tout a fait officiel vis-a-vis du gouverne-
ment de S. M. imperiale et royale apostolique.

Je saisis avec plaisir cette occasion pour offrir a Votre Excel-
lence les assurances de ma parf aite consideration et de ma sincere
reconnaissance.
Belgrad le 12/24 octobre 1881.

M. M. Obrenovitsch
prince de Serbie.

fc)

Declaration of the Governments of Austria-Hungary and of Serbia
in regard to the meaning of Article IV.5

DECLARATION.

Des doutes s'etant eleves sur le sens et la portee du passage
suivant de Farticle IV du traite secret conclu entre 1'Autriche-
Hongrie et la Serbie en date du 28/16 juin 1881, savoir:

" A moins d'une entente prealable avec rAutriche-Hongrie la
Serbie ne negociera ni ne conclura de traite politique avec un
autre gouvernement,"

les soussignes sont tombes d'accord de preciser par la presente
declaration la portee de la disposition precitee:

L'Autriche-Hongrie, d'une part, etant animee du desir de voir
sauvegardee Findependance de la Serbie et de favoriser son
developpement;

et la Serbie, d'autre part, etant fermement decidee de suivre
une politique f ranchement amicale a 1'egard de 1'Autriche-Hongrie
et d'eviter tout ce qui pourrait leser les interets legitimes de cette
derniere puissance ;

les soussignes declarent par la presente que la disposition
susdite de 1'article IV ne saurait porter atteinte au droit de la
Serbie de negocier et de conclure des traites, meme politiques,
avec un autre gouvernement. Elle n'implique pour la Serbie
d'autre engagement que celui de ne pas negocier et de ne pas
conclure de traite politique qui serait contraire a 1'esprit et a la
teneur du dit traite secret.

6 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 12, Geheimakten, V, 25.

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 6l

having an entirely official character towards the Government oj His
Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty.

I am happy to avail myself of this occasion to offer to Your
Excellency the assurances of My perfect consideration and My
sincere gratitude.
Belgrade, October 12/24, 1881.

M. M. Obrenovitsch
Prince of Serbia.

Declaration of the Governments of Austria-Hungary and of Serbia
in regard to the meaning of Article IV.

DECLARATION.

Doubts having arisen as to the meaning and import of the fol-
lowing passage of Article IV of the secret Treaty concluded be-
tween Austria-Hungary and Serbia under date of June 28/16,
1881, to wit:

"Without a previous understanding with Austria-Hungary,
Serbia will neither negotiate nor conclude any political treaty with
another Government,"

the undersigned have agreed to specify by the present Declara-
tion the import of the above-quoted provision:

Austria-Hungary, on the one hand, being animated by the de-
sire to see the independence of Serbia safeguarded and to favor
her development;

and Serbia, on the other hand, being firmly decided to follow
a policy frankly friendly to Austria-Hungary and to avoid every-
thing which might injure the legitimate interests of this latter
Power;

the undersigned declare by this Act that the aforesaid provision
of Article IV cannot impair the right of Serbia to negotiate and
to conclude treaties, even of a political nature, with another
Government. It implies for Serbia no other engagement than
that of not negotiating and of not concluding any political treaty
which would be contrary to the spirit and the tenor of the said
secret Treaty.

62 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881

En foi de quoi la presente declaration a ete delivree en double
exemplaire et signee a Vienne en date du 30/18 octobre 1881 par
le gerant du ministere imperial et royal des affaires etrangeres
pour l'Autriche-Hongrie, et a Belgrade le 25/13 octobre 1881 par
le ministre princier des affaires etrangeres pour la Serbie.

Benjamin de Kallay. M. Pirotchanaz.

L.S. L. S.

THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 63

In witness whereof the present Declaration has been made out
in duplicate and signed at Vienna under date of October 30/18,
1 88 1, by the Official in Charge of the Imperial and Royal Min-
istry of Foreign Affairs for Austria-Hungary, and at Belgrade
October 25/13, 1881, by the Prince's Minister of Foreign Affairs
for Serbia.

Benjamin de Kallay. M. Pirotchanaz.

L. S. L. S.

64 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882.

First Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and
Italy. Vienna, May 20, 1882}-

L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi
apostolique de Hongrie, 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse
et le roi d'ltalie, animees du desir d'augmenter les garanties de la
paix generate, de fortifier le principe monarchique et d'assurer
par cela-meme le maintien intact de 1'ordre social et politique dans
leurs etats respectifs, sont tombees d'accord de conclure un traite
qui, par sa nature essentiellement conservatrice et defensive, ne
poursuit que le but de les premunir contre les dangers qui pour-
raient menacer la securite de leurs etats et le repos de 1'Europe.

A cet effet L. L. M. M. ont nomme, savoir S. M. 1'empereur
d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie

le comte Gustave Kalnoky, general, son ministre de la maison
imperiale et des affaires etrangeres;

S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

le prince Henri VII de Reuss, aide-de-camp general, son am-
bassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. imperiale
et royale apostolique,

S. M. le roi d'ltalie

le comte Charles Felix Nicolis de Robilant, lieutenant-gene-
ral, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M.
imperiale et royale apostolique,

lesquels, munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont ete trouves en bonne
et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
paix et amitie et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement
dirige contre 1'un de leurs etats.

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 13, Geheimakten, VII, 75.

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF i8«2 65

5-
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF i8&.

(a) X

First Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany^and
Italy. Vienna, May 20, 1882.

Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia,
etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany,
King of Prussia, and the King of Italy, animated by the desire
to increase the guaranties of the general peace, to fortify the
monarchical principle and thereby to assure the unimpaired
maintenance of the social and political order in Their respective
States, have agreed to conclude a Treaty which, by its essentially
conservative and defensive nature, pursues only the aim of
forestalling the dangers which might threaten the security of
Their States and the peace of Europe.

To this end Their Majesties have appointed, to wit, His
Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and
Apostolic King of Hungary,

Count Gustavus Kalnoky, General, His Minister of the Im-
perial Household and of Foreign Affairs:

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

Prince Henry VII of Reuss, Aide-de-Camp General, His Am-
bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Imperial and
Royal Apostolic Majesty,

His Majesty the King of Italy,

Count Charles Felix Nicolis de Robilant, Lieutenant-General,
His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Im-
perial and Royal Apostolic Majesty,

who, furnished with full powers, which have been found in good
and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States.

66 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882

Elles s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'idees sur les ques-
tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generate qui pour-
raient se presenter et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel
dans la limite de leurs propres intere'ts.

ARTICLE II.

Dans le cas ou 1'Italie, sans provocation directe de sa part,
serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les
deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a prater a la
partie attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces.

Cette meme obligation incombera a 1'Italie dans le cas d'une
agression non directement provoquee de la France centre 1'Alle-
magne.

ARTICLE III.

Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes, sans provo-
cation directe de leur part, venaient a £tre attaquees et a se
trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes
puissances non-signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis"
se presentera simultanement pour toutes les hautes parties
contractantes.

ARTICLE IV.

Dans le cas ou une grande puissance non-signataire du pre-
sent traite menacerait la securite des etats de Tune des hautes par-
ties contractantes et la partie menacee se verrait par la forcee de
lui faire la guerre, les deux autres s'obligent a observer a 1'egard
de leur allie une neutralite bienveillante. Chacune se reserve
dans ce cas la faculte de prendre part a la guerre, si elle le jugeait
a propos pour faire cause commune avec son allie.

ARTICLE V.

Si la paix de Tune des hautes parties contractantes venait a
6tre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles prece-
dents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en temps
utile sur les mesures militaires a prendre en vue d'une cooperation
eventuelle.

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 67

They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political
and economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and
they further promise one another mutual support within the
limits of their own interests.

ARTICLE II.

In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should
be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other
Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance
with all their forces to the Party attacked.

This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any
aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger-
many.

ARTICLE III.

If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct
provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to be
engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsignatory
to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simultaneously
for all the High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE IV.

In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty
should threaten the security of the states of one of the High
Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself
forced on that account to make war against it, the two others
bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent
neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right
to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common
cause with its Ally.

ARTICLE V.

If the peace of any of the High Contracting Parties should
chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by
the preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take
counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to be.
taken with a view to eventual cooperation.

Elles s'engagent des a present, dans tous les cas de partici-
pation commune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix,
ni traite que d'un commun accord entr'elles.

ARTICLE VI.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
le secret sur le contenu et sur 1'existence du present traite.

ARTICLE VII.

Le present traite restera en vigueur durant 1'espace de cinq
ans a partir du jour de 1'echange des ratifications.

ARTICLE VIII.

Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Vienne
dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectif s ont signe le pre-
sent traite et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Vienne, le vingtieme jour du mois de mai de Tan mil
huit cent quatre-vingt deux.

Kalnoky. H. VII de Reuss. C. Robilant.

L.S. L.S. L.S.

Additional Declaration of Italy that the provisions of the Alliance

could not be regarded as directed against England. Rome,

May 22, 1882?

DECLARATION MINISTERIELLE.

Le gouvernement royal italien declare que les stipulations du
traite secret conclu le 20 mai 1882 entre 1'Italie, 1'Autriche-
Hongrie et rAllemagne ne pourront, comme il 1'a etc prealable-
ment convenu, en aucun cas etre envisagees comme etant diri-
gees centre 1'Angleterre.

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, May 27, 1882
(draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VII, n. 76); of Emperor William I, Ber-
lin, May 25, 1882 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika-
tionen); of King Humbert, Rome, May 22, 1882 (original: St. A., ibid.) ; Protocol

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 69

They engage henceforward, in all cases of common participa-
tion in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty,
except by common agreement among themselves.

ARTICLE VI.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents and existence of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE VII.

The present Treaty shall remain in force during the space of
five years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications.

ARTICLE VIII.

The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at
Vienna within three weeks, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Vienna, the twentieth day of the month of May of
the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.

Kalnoky. H. VII of Reuss. C. Robilant.

L. S. L. S. L. S.

Additional Declaration of Italy that the provisions of the Alliance

could not be regarded as directed against England. Rome,

May 22, 1882.

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION.

The Royal Italian Government declares that the provisions of
the secret Treaty concluded May 20, 1882, between Italy,
Austria-Hungary, and Germany, cannot, as has been previously
agreed, in any case be regarded as being directed against England.

of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, May 30, 1882 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch.,
Geheimakten, VII, n. 76).

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 13, Geheimakten, VII, 75.

70 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882

En foi de quoi la presente declaration ministerielle qui devra
egalement rester secrete a ete dressee pour £tre echangee centre
des declarations identiques du gouvernement imperial et royal
d'Autriche-Hongrie et du gouvernement imperial d'Allemagne.
Rome, ce 22 mai 1882.

Le ministre royal des affaires etrangeres.

Mancini.
L.S.

fr)

Declaration of Austria-Hungary similar to the Italian one.
Vienna, May 28, 1882*

DECLARATION MTNISTE'RIELLE.

Le gouvernement I. et R. declare que les stipulations du traite
secret conclu le 20 mai 1882 entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie, 1'Alle-
magne et 1'Italie ne pourront — comme il a ete prealablement con-
venu — en aucun cas etre envisagees comme etant dirigees centre
1'Angleterre.

En foi de quoi la presente declaration ministerielle qui devra
egalement rester secrete a ete dressee pour etre echangee centre
des declarations identiques du gouvernement imperial d'Alle-
magne et du gouvernement royal d'ltalie.

Le ministre I. et R. des affaires etrangeres.

Vienne, le 28 mai 1882.

Declaration of Germany similar to the Italian one. Berlin, May 28,

1882*

DECLARATION MINISTERIELLE.

Le gouvernement imperial declare que les stipulations du
traite secret conclu le 20 mai 1882 entre 1'Allemagne, 1'Autriche-
Hongrie et 1'Italie ne pourront — comme il a ete prealablement

4 Draft: Polit. Arch., Kopiensammlung, III.

Marginal note in Count Kalnoky's handwriting: "Definitiv angenommener
Text. IQ./S." (" Definitively approved text. May 19.")

6 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 13, Geheimakten, VII, 77.

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 71

In witness whereof the present ministerial Declaration, which
equally must remain secret, has been drawn up to be exchanged
against identic Declarations of the Imperial and Royal Govern-
ment of Austria-Hungary and of the Imperial Government of
Germany.

Rome, May 22, 1882.

The Royal Minister of Foreign Affairs.

L. S. Mancini.

Declaration of Austria-Hungary similar to the Italian one.
Vienna, May 28, 1882*

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION.

The Imperial and Royal Government declares that the pro-
visions of the secret Treaty concluded May 20, 1882, between
Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, cannot, as has been pre-
viously agreed, in any case be regarded as being directed against
England.

In witness whereof the present ministerial Declaration, which
equally must remain secret, has been drawn up to be exchanged
against identic Declarations of the Imperial Government of Ger-
many and of the Royal Government of Italy.

The Imperial and Royal Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Vienna, May 28, 1882.

Declaration of Germany similar to the Italian one. Berlin, May 28,

1882.

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION.

The Imperial Government declares that the provisions of the
secret Treaty concluded May 20, 1882, between Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Italy, cannot, as has been previously

72 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882

convenu — en aucun cas etre envisagees comme etant dirigees
centre 1'Angleterre.

Berlin, le 28 mai 1882.

Le chancelier de 1'empire.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 73

agreed, in any case be regarded as being directed against
England.

Berlin, May 28, 1882.

The Chancellor of the Empire.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

74 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE

PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN
ALLIANCE. 1883.

Protocol bet-ween Austria-Hungary and Germany in regard to the

prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance of 1879. Vienna,

March 22, i88j.1

PROTOKOLL.

Die Unterzeichneten, Graf Kalnoky de Koros-Patak, Minister
des kaiserlichen Hauses und des Aeussern seiner kaiserlichen und
koniglich-apostolischen Majestat, und Prinz Heinrich VII. Reuss,
ausserordentlicher und bevollmachtigter Botschafter seiner Maje-
stat des deutschen Kaisers, sind auf Grund allerhochster Er-
machtigung am heutigen Tage in Wien zu einer Berathung iiber
Verlangerung des daselbst am 7. October 1879 unterzeichneten,
am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten geheimen Vertrages zwischen
1. 1. Majestaten, dem Kaiser von Oesterreich, Kb'nige von Ungarn
und dem deutschen Kaiser, Konige von Preussen, zusammenge-
treten und haben in Vollmacht I. I. Majestaten Folgendes
verabredet:

1. Der oben bezeichnete Vertrag wird auf fiinf Jahre, vom
21. October 1884 an gerechnet, also bis zum 21. October 1889,
verlangert.

2. Der Artikel III wird ausserdem dahin modifizirt, dass nicht
ein Jahr, sondern zwei Jahre vor dem 21. October 1889 die beiden
hohen Contrahenten iiber die Frage, ob die dem Vertrage zur
Grundlage dienenden Verhaltnisse noch obwalten, in Verhand-
lung treten, und dass, wenn im Verlaufe des ersten Monates des
vorletzten Vertragsjahres die Einladung zur Eroffmmg dieser
Verhandlungen von keiner Seite erfolgt ist, der Vertrag als fur
die weitere Dauer von drei Jahren erneuert gilt.

3. Dieses Protokoll wird den beiden hohen Souveranen zur
Ratifikation unterbreitet und empfohlen werden und soil der

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 14, Geheimakten, XI, 9.

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 75

PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN
ALLIANCE. 1883.

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Germany in regard to the

prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance of 1879.

Vienna, March 22, 1883.

PROTOCOL.

The undersigned, Count Kalnoky of Koros-Patak, Minister of
the Imperial Household and of Foreign Affairs of His Imperial
and Royal Apostolic Majesty, and Prince Henry VII of Reuss,
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Majesty
the German Emperor, have, by virtue of Most Exalted authoriza-
tion, met this day in Vienna to take counsel concerning the
prolongation of the secret Treaty, signed in the same place on
October 7, 1879, and ratified on the 2ist day of the same month,
between Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Hun-
gary, and the German Emperor, King of Prussia, and, by pleni-
potentiary authority from Their Majesties, have agreed upon
the following:

1. The Treaty designated above shall be prolonged for five
years, dating from October 21, 1884, to October 21, 1889.

2. Article III shall moreover be so modified that the two High
Contracting Parties are to enter into negotiations not one year,
but two years, before October 21, 1889, with regard to the ques-
tion whether the conditions serving as a basis to the Treaty still
prevail, and that the Treaty shall be considered as renewed for a
further period of three years if, in the course of the first month of
the next to last year of the Treaty, no invitation has been received
from either side to open these negotiations.

3. This Protocol shall be submitted and recommended to both
the Exalted Sovereigns for ratification, and the exchange of the

76 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE

Austausch der Ratifikations-Urkunden binnen drei Wochen hier
stattfinden.2

Zu Urkund dessen 1st dieses Protokoll in zwei Exemplaren
aufgenommen, unterzeichnet und besiegelt worden.

Geschehen zu Wien, am zwei und zwanzigsten Marz, im Jahre
des Heils eintausend achthundert drei und achtzig.

Kalnoky. H. VII. Reuss.

L. S. L.S.

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, March 31, 1883
(draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XI, 10); of Emperor William I, Berlin,
March 28, 1883 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratinka-
tionen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, April i, 1883 (original: St.
A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XI, u).

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 77

instruments of ratification shall take place here within three
weeks.

In witness whereof this Protocol has been drawn up in two
copies, signed, and sealed.

Done at Vienna, on the twenty-second day of March in the
year of grace one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three.

Kalnoky. H. VII. Reuss.

L. S. L. S.

78 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY

ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY AND WITH GERMANY AND
WITH ITALY. 1883 AND 1888.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania.
Vienna, October 30, iSSj.1

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo-
stolique de Hongrie, et

S. M. le roi de Roumanie, animes d'un egal desir de main-
tenir la paix generate, conformement au but poursuivi par 1'alli-
ance austro-hongroise et allemande, d'assurer 1'ordre politique et
de garantir centre toutes les eventualites la parfaite amitie qui les
lie, ont resolu de conclure a cette fin un traite qui par sa nature
essentiellement conservatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but
de les premunir centre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix
de leurs etats.

A cet effet leurs dites Majestes ont nomme pour leurs pleni-
potentiaires, savoir:

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo-
stolique de Hongrie: le sieur Gustave Kalnoky de Koros-Patak,
chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ministre de la maison
imperiale et des affaires etrangeres, general dans ses armees,

S. M. le roi de Roumanie: le sieur Demetre A. Stourdza, son
ministre des affaires etrangeres, lesquels, apres s'etre communique
leurs pleins-pouvoirs trouves en bonne et due forme, sont con-
venus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE i.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie
et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement dirige centre

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 15, Geheimakten, XIII a, 15 a.

FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 79

ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY AND WITH GERMANY AND
WITH ITALY. 1883 AND 1888.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania.
Vienna, October 30, 1883.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and

His Majesty the King of Rumania, animated by an equal de-
sire to maintain the general peace, in conformity with the aim
pursued by the Austro-Hungarian and German Alliance, to as-
sure the political order, and to guarantee against all eventualities
the perfect friendship which binds Them together, have deter-
mined to conclude to this end a Treaty which by its essentially
conservative and defensive nature pursues only the aim of fore-
stalling the dangers which might menace the peace of Their
States.

For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their
Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary : the Sieur Gustavus Kalnoky of
Korb's-Patak, Chamberlain and Actual Privy Councillor, His
Minister of the Imperial Household and of Foreign Affairs, Gen-
eral in His Armies,

His Majesty the King of Rumania: the Sieur Demetrius A.
Stourdza, His Minister of Foreign Affairs, who, after having
communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and
due form, have agreed upon the following Articles :

ARTICLE i.

The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States. They engage to follow a friendly

80 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY

Pun de leurs etats. Elles s'engagent a suivre une politique amicale
et a se preter un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs interets.

ARTICLE 2.

Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait a
etre attaquee, l'Autriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en temps
utile secours et assistance centre 1'agresseur. Si 1'Autriche-
Hongrie etait attaquee dans les memes circonstances dans une
partie de ses etats limitrophes a la Roumanie, le casus foederis se
presentera aussitot pour cette derniere.

ARTICLE 3.

Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee
d'une agression dans les conditions susmentionees les gouverne-
ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures a prendre en
vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions militaires,
notamment celle de 1'unite des operations et du passage des terri-
toires respectifs, seront reglees par une convention militaire.

ARTICLE 4.

Si contrairement a leur desir et espoir les hautes parties con-
tractantes etaient forcees a une guerre commune dans les circon-
stances prevues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent a ne
negocier ni conclure separement la paix.

ARTICLE 5.

Le present traite restera en vigueur pour la duree de cinq ans
a partir du jour de 1'echange des ratifications. Si une annee avant
son expiration le present traite n'est pas denonce, ou si la revision
n'en est pas demandee par aucune des hautes parties contrac-
tantes, il sera considere comme prolonge pour la duree de trois
autres annees.

ARTICLE 6.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 8 1

policy and to lend one another mutual support within the limits
of their interests.

ARTICLE 2.

If Rumania, without any provocation on her part, should be
attacked, Austria-Hungary is bound to bring her in ample time
help and assistance against the aggressor. If Austria-Hungary
be attacked under the same circumstances in a portion of her
states bordering on Rumania, the casus foederis will immediately
arise for the latter.

ARTICLE 3.

If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself
threatened by an aggression under the abovementioned condi-
tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree-
ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to cooperation of
their armies. These military questions, especially that of the
unity of operations and of passage through the respective terri-
tories, shall be regulated by a military convention.

ARTICLE 4.

If, contrary to their desire and hope, the High Contracting
Parties are forced into a common war under the circumstances
foreseen by the preceding Articles, they engage neither to nego-
tiate nor to conclude peace separately.

ARTICLE 5.

The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of five
years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. If
the present Treaty is not denounced one year before its expira-
tion, or if its revision is not demanded by either of the High Con-
tracting Parties, it shall be regarded as prolonged for a period o£
three years more.

ARTICLE 6.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

82 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY

ARTICLE 7.

Le present traite sera ratine et les ratifications seront echangees
dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et y
ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Vienne, le trentieme jour du mois d'octobre de Tan de
grace mil huit cent quatre-vingt-trois.
Kdlnoky.

L. S.

D. Stourdza.
L. S.

(ft)

Treaty providing for the accession of Germany.
Vienna, October 30, 1883?

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, et
S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu le traite d'amitie et
d'alliance suivant:

[Articles 7-7 of the Austro-Hungarian-Rumanian Treaty follow}

ont invite S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, a
acceder aux dispositions du susdit traite.

En consequence S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant a Vienne,
le conseiller de legation comte Max de Berchem, pour adherer
formellement aux stipulations contenues dans le traite susmen-
tionne. En vertu de cet acte d'accession S. M. 1'empereur
d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, prend au nom de I'empire d'Alle-
magne envers L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique
de Hongrie et le roi de Roumanie, et en meme temps L. L. M. M.
1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi de
Roumanie prennent envers S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi
de Prusse, les memes engagements auxquels les hautes parties

8 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, November 12,
1883 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIII, 17); of King Charles, Palace
of Cotroceni, November 6, 1883 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifi-
kationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, November 15, 1883 (origi-
nal: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIII, 17).

FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 83

ARTICLE 7.

The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Vienna, the thirtieth day of the month of October in
the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three.

Kalnoky.
L. S.

D. Stourdza.
L. S.

Treaty providing for the Accession of Germany.
Vienna, October 30, 1883.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hun-
gary, and His Majesty the King of Rumania having concluded
the Treaty of friendship and alliance which follows:
[Articles 7-7 of the Austro-Hungarian-Rumanian Treaty follow.]

have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty.

Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His
Representative at Vienna, Counsellor of Legation Count Max
von Berchem, to adhere formally to the provisions contained in
the abovementioned Treaty. In virtue of this Act of Accession
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, takes in
the name of the German Empire towards Their Majesties the
Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King
of Rumania, and at the same time Their Majesties the Emperor
of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King of Rumania
take towards His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, the same engagements by which the High Contracting

* Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 15, Geheimakten, XIII a, 15 b.

84 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY

contractantes se sont mutuellement obligees par les stipulations
dudit traite insere ci-dessus.

Le present acte d'accession sera ratine et les ratifications seront
echangees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se
peut.4 En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe
le present acte d'accession et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.
Fait a Vienne, le trentieme jour du mois d'octobre de 1'an mil
huit cent quatre-vingt-trois.
Kalnoky.

L.S.
Berchem.

L.S.

D. Stourdza.
L.S.

Treaty providing for the accession of Italy. Vienna, May 15, 1888. *

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, et

S. M. le roi de Roumanie, ayant conclu le 30 octobre 1883 un
traite d'amitie et d'alliance, actuellement en vigueur, traite dont
la teneur suit:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows^

Ce traite ayant recu a la meme date 1'accession de S. M.
1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

et ayant ete ensuite communique par les hautes parties con-
tractantes susmentionnees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec 1'invitation
a y acceder,

S. M. le roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite
a ete conclu et qui est la conservation de la paix generate et de
Fordre existant, a autorise le soussigne, sieur Constantin comte de
Nigra, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire aupr£s

4 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, November 12,
1883 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIII, 17); of Emperor William I,
Berlin, November n, 1883 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsur-
kunden) ; of King Charles, Palace of Cotroceni, November 6, 1883 (ibid.) ; Protocol
of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and

FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 85

Parties have mutually bound themselves according to the stipu-
lations of the said Treaty inserted above.

The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica-
tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or
sooner if may be. In witness whereof the respective Plenipoten-
tiaries have signed the present Act of Accession and have affixed
thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Vienna, the thirtieth day of the month of October in
the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three.

Kalnoky.
L. S.

Berchem.
L. S.

D. Stourdza.
L. S.

Treaty providing for the accession of Italy. Vienna, May 15, 1888.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and

His Majesty the King of Rumania, having concluded on
October 30, 1883, a Treaty of friendship and alliance, now in
force, the tenor of which Treaty follows:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows.]

This Treaty having received on the same date the Accession
of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

and having been then communicated by the abovementioned
High Contracting Parties to His Majesty the King of Italy, with
an invitation to accede thereto,

His Majesty the King of Italy, approving the purpose for
which this Treaty has been concluded, and which is the preserva-
tion of the general peace and of the existing order, has authorized
the undersigned, Sieur Constantine Count de Nigra, His Ambas-

Rumania, Vienna, November 19, 1883 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten,
XIII, 17).

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 22, Geheimakten, XIII b, 76.

86 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY

de S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, a
declarer en son nom qu'il accede au dit traite dans les limites
ci-apres indiquees en ce qui concerne les stipulations des articles
2 et 3, savoir:

Si les eventualites pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis, tel
qu'il est prevu dans les articles 2 et 3, venaient a se produire,
L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie,
le roi d'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie prennent 1'engagement
mutuel de se concerter en temps utile pour une action commune
dont les modalites seront reglees par une convention speciale.

La presente accession sera en vigueur pour cinq ans a dater
du jour de la signature; mais si le traite principal du 30 octobre
1883 venait a expirer avant ce terme, elle sera considered comme
expiree en meme temps.

Le secret sera garde sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra
etre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties
contractantes.

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, a autorise de son cote le soussigne, sieur Gustave
comte Kalnoky de Koros-Patak, chambellan et conseiller intime
actuel, son ministre de la maison I.le' et des affaires etrangeres,
lieutenant-feldmarechal dans ses armees, a declarer en son nom
qu'il accepte, dans les termes ci-dessus relates et avec les memes
obligations mutuelles, 1'accession de S. M. le roi d'ltalie au traite
du 30 octobre 1883.

Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratine par
S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique
de Hongrie, et par S. M. le roi d'ltalie, et les ratifications seront
echangees le plus tot possible.6

En foi de quoi les soussignes,

le sieur Gustave comte Kalnoky de Kb'ros-Patak, chambellan
et conseiller intime actuel, ministre de la maison I.Ie' et des affaires

6 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, May 26, 1888
(draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XHIb, n. 80); of King Humbert, Rome,
May 28, 1888 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; Proto-
col of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, June 2, 1888 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch.,
Geheimakten, XIII b, n. 83).

FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 87

sador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the
Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, to declare in
His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within the limits
indicated below so far as concerns the provisions of Articles 2
and 3, to wit:

If eventualities that could give rise to the casus foederis, as it
is foreseen in Articles 2 and 3, should chance to occur, Their
Majesties the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary,
the King of Italy, and the King of Rumania assume a mutual
engagement to take counsel together in ample time as to common
action, the detailed procedure of which shall be regulated by a
special convention.

The present Accession shall be in force for five years, dating
from the day of signature; but if the principal Treaty of Octo-
ber 30, 1883, happen to expire before this period, it shall be con-
sidered as having expired at the same time.

This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re-
vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting
Parties.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary has for his part authorized the
undersigned, Sieur Gustavus Count Kalnoky of Korb's-Patak,
Chamberlain and Actual Privy Councillor, His Minister of the
Imperial Household and of Foreign Affairs, Lieutenant-Field-
marshal in His Armies, to declare in His name that He accepts in
the terms above stated, and with the same mutual obligations,
the Accession of His Majesty the King of Italy to the Treaty of
October 30, 1883.

The present Act of Accession and of acceptance shall be rati-
fied by His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia,
etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and by His Majesty the
King of Italy, and the ratifications shall be exchanged as soon
as possible.

In witness whereof the undersigned,

the Sieur Gustavus Count Kalnoky of Koros-Patak, Chamber-
lain and Actual Privy Councillor, Minister of the Imperial
Household and of Foreign Affairs of His Majesty the Emperor

88 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY

etrangeres de S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et
roi apostolique de Hongrie, lieutenant-feldmarechal, et le sieur
Constantin comte de Nigra, ambassadeur extraordinaire et
plenipotentiaire de S. M. le roi d'ltalie aupres de S. M. 1'empereur
d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie,

ont signe le present acte et y ont appose le cachet de leurs
armes.

Fait a Vienne, le quinzieme jour du mois de mai de 1'an de
grace mil huit cent quatre-vingt-huit.

Kalnoky. Nigra.

L. S. L. S.

FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 89

of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hun-
gary, Lieutenant-Fieldmarshal, and the Sieur Constantine Count
de Nigra, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His
Majesty the King of Italy to His Majesty the Emperor of Austria,
King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary,

have signed the present Act and have affixed thereto the seal
of their arms.

Done at Vienna, the fifteenth day of the month of May in the
year of grace one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight.

Kalnoky. Nigra.

L. S. L. S.

90 PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS

PROLONGATION OF THE LEAGUE OF
THE THREE EMPERORS. 1884.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, concerning
the prolongation of their Treaty of i88i.1

L. L. M. M. Pempereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie,
Pempereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, Pempereur de toutes les
Russies ayant resolu de prolonger de trois ans la duree du traite
conclu entre elles le 18 juin 1881, ont nomme a cet effet:

S. M. Pempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi, son ambassa-
deur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. Pempereur
d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

S. M. Pempereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Othon
prince de Bismarck, son president du conseil des ministres, chan-
celier de Pempire,

S. M. Pempereur de toutes les Russies, le sieur Nicolas prince
OrlofT, son aide-de-camp general, general de cavalerie, son am-
bassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. Pem-
pereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse.

Les dits plenipotentiaries reunis aujourd'hui au ministere des
affaires etrangeres a Berlin, apres avoir produit et verifie leurs
pleins-pouvoirs, declarent au nom de leurs augustes souverains,
que L. L. M. M. sont convenues de prolonger de trois ans a partir
du 1 8 juin de Pannee courante la duree du traite secret conclu
entre elles le 18 juin 1881 et dont le texte se trouve annexe a ce
protocole,2 apres avoir subi les deux modifications suivantes sur
lesquelles les soussignes au nom de leurs souverains sont tombes
d'accord.

i. Le troisieme alinea du premier article, congu en ces termes:

" Pour le cas special ou Pune d'elles obtiendrait de Pun de
ses deux allies un concours plus positif, la valeur obligatoire du

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 17, Geheimakten, XII, 46.

2 In the original draft of this document there also follows a repetition of the

PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS 91

PROLONGATION OF THE LEAGUE OF
THE THREE EMPERORS. 1884.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, concerning
the prolongation of their Treaty of 1881.

Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of
Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the Em-
peror of All the Russias, having resolved to prolong for three
years the duration of the Treaty concluded between Them June
18, 1 88 1, have appointed for this purpose:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze-
chenyi, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the
Sieur Otto Prince Bismarck, His President of the Council of
Ministers, Chancellor of the Empire,

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Sieur Nicholas
Prince Orloff, His Aide-de-Camp General, General of Cavalry,
His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His
Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia.

The said Plenipotentiaries, assembled together this day at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Berlin, after having produced and
verified their full powers, declare, in the name of their August
Sovereigns, that Their Majesties are agreed upon prolonging for
three years, dating from June 18 of the current year, the duration
of the secret Treaty concluded between them, June 18, 1881, the
text of which is to be found affixed to this Protocol,2 after it has
undergone the two following modifications, upon which the under-
signed, in the name of their Sovereigns, have come to an agree-
ment.

i. The third paragraph of the first Article, worded in these
terms:

"In the special case where one of them should obtain a more

Treaty of June 18, 1881, including the changes agreed upon, and the Separate Pro-
tocol of June 1 8, 1881.

92 PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS

present article restera dans toute sa vigueur pour la troisieme."
est supprime.

2. Dans le second alinea du second article les mots:

" de la Turquie d'Europe " sont remplaces par les mots:

" de la dite peninsule."

Les ratifications du present protocole seront echangees a Ber-
lin dans 1'espace de trois semaines ou plus t6t si faire se peut.3

En foi de quoi les soussignes ont dresse le present protocole
expedie en trois exemplaires qu'ils ont revetus de leurs signatures
et des cachets de leurs armes.

Fait a Berlin, le vingt-septieme jour du mois de mars mil huit
cent quatre-vingt et quatre.

Szechenyi.
L. S.

v. Bismarck.
L. S.

Orloff.
L. S.

3 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in a copy each for the
German Empire and Russia, Vienna, April 6, 1884 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch.,
Geheimakten, XII, 47); of Emperor William I, Berlin, April 14, 1884 (original:
St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; of Emperor Alexan-
der III, Gatschina, March 27/ April 8, 1884 (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange
of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and Russia, Berlin,.
April 15, 1884 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XII, 49).

PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS 93

positive support from one of its two Allies, the obligatory value
of the present Article shall remain in all its force for the third."
is suppressed.

2. In the second paragraph of the second Article the words:

"of Turkey in Europe" are replaced by the words:

"of the said peninsula."

The ratifications of the present Protocol shall be exchanged at
Berlin within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the undersigned have drawn up the present
Protocol, prepared in three copies, to which they have affixed
their signatures and the seals of their arms.

Done at Berlin, the. twenty-seventh day of the month of
March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four.
Szeche"nyi.

L. S.
v. Bismarck.

L.S.
Orloff.

L.S.

94 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT OF GREAT
BRITAIN, ITALY, AND AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY IN 1887.

Italian Note to the British Government in regard to a Mediterranean
Agreement. London, February 12, 1887. l

DlSPACCIO DEL CONTE CORTI A LORD SALISBURY.2

12. Februar 1887.'

Le soussigne ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire
de S. M. le roi d'ltalie a regu de son gouvernement 1'ordre de
porter a la connaissance de S. E. le marquis de Salisbury, princi-
pal secretaire d'etat de S. M. britannique pour les affaires
etrangeres, ce qui suit:

Le gouvernement de S. M. le roi, anime du desir d'etablir avec
celui de S. M. la reine une entente sur di verses questions concern-
ant leurs interets, est d'avis que ce but pourrait etre atteint par
1'adoption des bases suivantes:

I°- On maintiendra autant que possible le statu quo dans la
Mediterannee (!) ainsi que dans 1'Adriatique, la mer Egee et la
mer Noire. On aura par consequent soin de surveiller et au besoin
d'empecher tout changement qui, sous la forme d'annexion, occu-
pation, protectorat ou d'une toute autre maniere quelconque, por-
terait atteinte a la situation actuelle au detriment des deux
puissances.

IP Si le maintien du statu quo devient impossible, on fera en
sorte qu'il ne se produise une modification quelconque qu'a la suite
d'un accord prealable entre les deux puissances.

IIP LTtalie est toute prete a appuyer 1'oeuvre de la Grande-
Bretagne en Egypte. La Grande-Bretagne a son tour est dis-

1 Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 20,
Geheimakten, XIV, 4.

1 There is added in Count Kalnoky's handwriting : " Abschrift mitgetheitt

FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 95

MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT OF GREAT
BRITAIN, ITALY, AND AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY IN 1887.

Italian Note to the British Government in regard to a Mediterranean
Agreement. London, February 12, 1887.

DESPATCH OF COUNT CORTI TO LORD SALISBURY.2

February 12, i887.3

The undersigned, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipo-
tentiary of His Majesty the King of Italy, has received from his
Government instructions to bring to the attention of His Excel-
lency the Marquess of Salisbury, Principal Secretary of State of
Her Britannic Majesty for Foreign Affairs, the following:

The Government of His Majesty the King, animated by the
desire of establishing with that of Her Majesty the Queen an
understanding upon various questions concerning their interests,
is of the opinion that this object could be attained by the adop-
tion of the following bases:

I. The status quo in the Mediterranean as well as in the Adri-
atic, the Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea shall be maintained so
far as possible. Care must be taken in consequence to watch,
and, if need be, to prevent any change, which, under form of
annexation, occupation, protectorate, or in any other manner
whatsoever, would affect the present situation to the detriment of
the two Powers.

II. If the maintenance of the status quo becomes impossible,
they shall so act that no modification whatsoever shall occur
except after a previous agreement between the two Powers.

III. Italy is entirely ready to support the work of Great
Britain in Egypt. Great Britain in her turn is disposed, in case

durch Graf Nigra. io./2. 1887." ("Copy communicated through Count Nigra.
February 19, 1887.")

1 Added in Count Kalnoky's handwriting.

96 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

posee a appuyer, en cas d'envahissements de la part d'une tierce
puissance, Faction de 1'Italie sur tout autre point quelconque du
littoral nord d'Afrique et notamment dans la Tripolitaine et la
Cyrenaique.

IV° En general et pour autant que les circonstances le com-
porteront, 1'Italie et 1'Angleterre se promettent appui mutuel
dans la Mediterranee pour tout differend qui surgirait entre 1'une
d'elles et une tierce puissance.

En exprimant la confiance que ces bases recevront I'assentiment
du gouvernement de S. M. la reine, le soussigne saisit etc.

British Note to the Italian Government in regard to a Mediterranean
Agreement. London, February 12, 1887 *

ANTWORT DES LORD SALISBURY AN GRAFEN CoRTi.8

Secret.

The statement of Italian policy which is contained in your
Exc.'s dispatch of the 12th- of February6 has been received by
H. M.'8 Government with great satisfaction, as it enables them
to reciprocate cordially Count Robilant's friendly sentiments and
to express their own desire to cooperate generally with the
Government of Italy in matters of common interest to the two
countries. The character of that cooperation must be decided
by them, when the occasion for it arises, according to the cir-
cumstances of the case.

In the interest of peace and of the independence of the terri-
tories adjacent to the Mediterranean sea, Her Majesty's Govern-

4 Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 20,
Geheimakten, XIV, 5 a.

5 Added to the manuscript by Count Kalnoky: "Abschrift, mitgetheilt durch
Graf Nigra, IQ./2. 1887." ("Copy, communicated through Count Nigra, February
19,1887.")

8 "i2th- of February" inserted by Count Kalnoky.

FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 97

of encroachments on the part of a third Power, to support the
action of Italy at every other point whatsoever of the North
African coast districts, and especially in Tripolitania and Cy-
renaica.

IV. In general, and to the extent that circumstances shall per-
mit, Italy and England promise one another mutual support in
the Mediterranean in every difference which may arise between
one of them and a third Power.

In expressing the confidence that these bases will receive the
assent of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty the Queen,
the undersigned avails himself, etc.

ment wish to act in the closest concert and agreement with that
of Italy. Both powers desire that the shores of the Euxine, the
Aegean, the Adriatic and the northern coast of Africa shall re-
main in the same hands as now. If, owing to some calamitous
events, it becomes impossible to maintain the absolute status
quo, both powers desire that there shall be no extension of the
domination of any other Great Power over any portion of those
coasts. It will be the earnest desire of H. M.'8 Government to
give their best cooperation, as hereinbefore expressed, to the
Government of Italy in maintaining these cardinal principles of
policy.

Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Agreement. London,
March 24, 1887. .7

NOTE8 DU COMTE KAROLYI AU MARQUIS DE SALISBURY.

24 mars 1887.

J'ai 1'honneur, d'ordre de mon gouvernement, d'adresser a
Votre Excellence la communication suivante :

C'est avec une vive satisfaction que le cabinet de Vienne a pris
connaissance de Fentente intervenue entre le cabinet britannique
et celui d'ltalie sur les bases d'une politique commune a suivre
dans les questions de la Mediterranee et des mers adjacentes.

Je suis charge d'exprimer a Votre Excellence tous les remerci-
ments du gouvernement I. et R. d'avoir ete initie sans perte de
temps dans cet accord important et eminemment conservateur.

Anime, avant tout, du desir de contribuer autant que possible
au maintien du droit public europeen et de la paix, le gouverne-
ment austro-hongrois est heureux de pouvoir constater que les
principes fondamentaux et les buts politiques qui se trouvent
etablis par cette entente sont conformes a ceux qui guident la
politique de 1'Autriche-Hongrie.

Mu par la conviction que ces buts seraient mieux assures par
notre concours, le gouvernement de S. M. I. et R. apostolique
est pret a adherer aux declarations d'amitie et d'identite de vues
politiques telles qu'elles sont consignees dans les notes echangees
entre Votre Excellence et M. le comte Corti sous la date du 12
fevrier a. c.

En pronong ant cette adhesion, le gouvernement austro-hongrois
se felicite particulierement du rapprochement politique entre
1'Angleterre et l'Autriche-Hongrie et de la consolidation des
rapports reciproques qui en resulte. Ces rapports se trouveront
par la distinctement places sur une base commune visant la
poursuite de buts identiques et la defense d'interets communs.

7 Draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIV, n. 31.

8 "Note" in the title originally read "Projet de note." "Projet de" was eli-
minated. On the margin Count Kalnoky added in his own handwriting: "Defi-
nitiver Text."

FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 99

Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Agreement. London,
March 24, 1887.

NOTE OF COUNT K&ROLYI TO THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY.

March 24, 1887.

I have the honor, by order of my Government, to address to
Your Excellency the following communication:

It is with a lively satisfaction that the Cabinet of Vienna has
taken cognizance of the understanding reached between the
British Cabinet and that of Italy on the bases of a common policy
to be followed in the questions of the Mediterranean and of the
adjacent seas.

I am charged with expressing to Your Excellency the deepest
thanks of the Imperial and Royal Government for having been
apprised without loss of time of this important and eminently
conservative agreement.

Animated, above all things, by the desire to contribute so far
as possible to the maintenance of European public law and of
peace, the Austro-Hungarian Government is happy to be able to
note that the fundamental principles and the political objects
which are established by this understanding conform to those
which guide the policy of Austria-Hungary.

Moved by the conviction that these objects would best be as-
sured by our cooperation, the Government of His Imperial and
Royal Apostolic Majesty is ready to adhere to the declarations of
friendship and of identity of political views such as are recorded
in the notes exchanged between Your Excellency and Count Corti
under date of February 12 of the current year.

In announcing this adhesion, the Austro-Hungarian Govern-
ment congratulates itself particularly on the political rapproche-
ment between England and Austria-Hungary and on the result-
ing consolidation of reciprocal relations. These relations will
thereby be distinctly placed on a common basis looking to the
pursuit of identical aims and the defence of common interests.

100 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

Bien que les questions de la Mediterranee en general ne tou-
chent pas en premiere ligne les interets de 1'Autriche-Hongrie,
mon gouvernement a la conviction que 1'Angleterre et 1'Autriche-
Hongrie ont les memes interets en ce qui concerne 1'ensemble de la
question d'Orient et des lors le meme besoin d'y maintenir autant
que possible le status quo, d'empecher 1'extension d'une puissance
au detriment des autres et par consequent d'agir de concert pour
faire valoir ces principes cardinaux de leur politque.

En exprimant la confiance que ces declarations recevront
I'assentiment cordial du gouvernement de S. M. la reine, je saisis
etc.

Italian acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary.

London, March 24, 1887?

A S. E. le comte Karolyi, ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie,

Londres.

Londres, le 24 mars 1887.
Monsieur 1'ambassadeur,

J'ai eu 1'honneur de recevoir la communication de V. E. de ce
jour par laquelle elle veut bien me faire connaitre que le gouverne-
ment de S. M. I'empereur, anime du desir de contribuer au main-
tien du droit public europeen et de la paix, et estimant que
1'entente intervenue entre les gouvernements d'ltalie et d'Angle-
terre, et formulee par les notes echangees le 1 2 fevrier dernier
entre Mr. le marquis de Salisbury et moi, est conforme a la poli-
tique de 1'Autriche-Hongrie, y faisait adhesion.

Conformement aux ordres que j'ai rec.us de mon gouverne-
ment j'ai Thonneur d'exprimer a V. E. la sincere satisfaction que
le gouvernement de S. M. le roi a eprouve en apprenant que celui
de S. M. I. et R. A. etait anime de ces dispositions lesquelles ne
pouvaient que raffermir toujours plus les relations de bonne amitie
existant entre les deux etats, et je m'empresse d'accepter au nom
du gouvernement de S. M. le roi 1'adhesion de celui de S. M.

9 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 20, Geheimakten, XIV, n. 31.

FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT IOI

Although the questions of the Mediterranean in general do not
primarily affect the interests of Austria-Hungary, my Govern-
ment has the conviction that England and Austria-Hungary
have the same interests so far as concerns the Eastern Question
as a whole, and therefore the same need of maintaining the status
quo in the Orient, so far as possible, of preventing the aggrandize-
ment of one Power to the detriment of others, and consequently
of acting in concert in order to insure these cardinal principles
of their policy.

In expressing the confidence that these declarations will re-
ceive the cordial assent of the Government of Her Majesty the
Queen, I avail myself, etc.

Italian acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary.
London, March 24, 1887.

To His Excellency Count Karolyi, Ambassador of Austria-
Hungary, London.

London, March 24, 1887.
Mr. Ambassador,

I have had the honor to receive the communication of Your
Excellency of today by which you have been good enough to
inform me that the Government of His Majesty the Emperor,
animated by the desire to contribute to the maintenance of Euro-
pean public law and of peace, and believing that the understand-
ing reached between the Governments of Italy and of England,
and formulated in the notes exchanged February 1 2 last between
the Marquess of Salisbury and myself, conforms to the policy of
Austria-Hungary, adheres thereto.

In conformity with the orders which I have received from my
Government I have the honor to express to Your Excellency the
sincere satisfaction which the Government of His Majesty the
King has shown on learning that the Government of His Imperial
and Royal Apostolic Majesty was animated by these intentions,
which can only make ever firmer the relations of good friendship
existing between the two States; and I hasten to accept in the

LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

102 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

1'empereur a 1'entente italo-anglaise, ainsi que cette adhesion a
ete formulee par la communication precitee de V. E.

Je saisis cette occasion pour vous offrir, Mr. 1'ambassadeur.
1'assurance de ma plus haute consideration.

L. Corti
ambassadeur d'ltalie.

British acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary.
London, March 24, 1887.™

His Excellency the Count Karolyi, etc. etc. etc.

Foreign Office, March 24, 1887.
Monsieur 1'ambassadeur,

It is a matter of the liveliest satisfaction to H. My's Govern-
ment that the exchange of views which has passed between
England and Italy, and which has been communicated to the
Cabinet of Vienna, has met with their approbation, and has been
recognized by them as tending to the preservation of European
peace and the maintenance of public right.

H. My's Government received with no less gratification the
intimation that the Austro-Hungarian Government are prepared
to adhere to those declarations of friendship and of identity in
political views which are embodied in the communications be-
tween England and Italy; and they concur in the belief that the
cordial relations, based on a similarity of interests and policy,
which have long subsisted between the two countries, will be
strengthened and established by the present proceeding.

They are fully convinced that, in respect to the political future
of the territories which are washed by the Mediterranean and the
adjacent seas, the interests of Austria-Hungary are closely related
to those of Great Britain and Italy. It is rather, however, with

10 Original: ibid.

FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 103

name of the Government of His Majesty the King the adhesion
of that of His Majesty the Emperor to the Italo-English under-
standing, as this adhesion has been formulated in the above-
mentioned communication of Your Excellency.

I avail myself of this occasion to tender you, Mr. Ambassador,
the assurance of my highest consideration.

L. Corti
Ambassador of Italy.

the Euxine and the Aegean than with the western portion of the
Mediterranean that the policy of Austria is engaged.

But in respect to the territories bordering on those seas whose
political status more specially affects the interests of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, the objects of English and Austrian policy
are the same, and the principles which ought to guide it are clearly
indicated in the communications to which Count Kalnoky has
expressed his willingness to adhere.

Without determining beforehand the character which the co-
operation of the two Powers ought in any particular contingency
to take, the efforts of H. My>s Government in harmony with those
of the Austro-Hungarian Government will be constantly directed
to secure in these regions the maintenance, so long as it shall be
possible, of the status quo, and, should that unhappily cease to
be possible, the prevention of the growth of any novel domination
hostile to the interests of the two countries.

I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration, Mr.
Tambassadeur, your Exc. most obedient, humble servant

Salisbury.

104 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

10.

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1887.

(a)

The second Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Austria-Hungary,
the German Empire, and Italy. Berlin, February 20, i88?.1

L. L. M. M.

1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique
de Hongrie,

1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

et le roi dTtalie

animes du desir de maintenir les liens etablis entre leurs etats et
leurs gouvernements par le traite conclu a Vienne le 20 mai 1882,
ont resolu d'en prolonger la duree au moyen d'un traite addition-
nel et ont, a cet effet, nomme pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir:

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi de Sarvari
Felso-Videk, chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ambas-
sadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur
d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Othon
prince de Bismarck, son president du conseil des ministres de
Prusse, chancelier de 1'empire,

S. M. le roi dTtalie, le sieur Edouard comte de Launay, son
ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 1'em-
pereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

lesquels, munis de pleins-pouvoirs, qui ont ete trouves en bonne
et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

Le traite d'alliance conclu a Vienne le 20 mai 1882 entre les
puissances signataires du present traite additionnel, est confirme et
conserve en vigueur dans toute son etendue jusqu'au 30 mai 1892.

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 18, Geheimakten, XV, 85.

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 105

IO.

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE,

1887.

(a)

The Second Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Austria-Hungary,
the German Empire, and Italy. Berlin, February 20, 1887.

Their Majesties

the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic
King of Hungary,

the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

and the King of Italy,

animated by the desire of maintaining the bonds established be-
tween Their States and Then: Governments by the Treaty con-
cluded at Vienna on May 20, 1882, have resolved to prolong its
duration by means of an Additional Treaty, and for this pur-
pose have appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze-
chenyi of Sarvari Felso-Videk, Chamberlain and Actual Privy
Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the
Sieur Otto Prince Bismarck, His President of the Council of
Ministers of Prussia, Chancellor of the Empire,

His Majesty the King of Italy, the Sieur Edward Count de
Launay, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

who, furnished with full powers, which have been found in
good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

The Treaty of Alliance concluded at Vienna on May 20, 1882,
between the Powers signatory to the present Additional Treaty,
is confirmed and kept in force in its whole extent until May 30,
1892.

106 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE II.

Le present traite sera ratine et les ratifications en seront
echangees a Berlin dans le delai de quinze jours, ou plus tot si
faire se peut.2

En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
present traite additionnel et y ont appose leur cachet.

Fait a Berlin le vingtieme jour du mois de f6vrier mil huit cent
quatre-vingt-sept.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

L. S. Launay.

Separate Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Berlin,
February 20, 1887?

L. L. M. M.

1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de
Hongrie,

et le roi d'ltalie,

jugeant opportun de donner quelque developpement au traite
d'alliance signe a Vienne le 20 mai 1882 et dont la prolongation
a etc stipulee aujourd'hui par un acte additionnel, ont resolu de
conclure un traite separe qui tienne toujours mieux compte des
interets reciproques de leurs etats et de leurs gouvernements, et
ont a cet effet nomine pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir:

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi de Sarvari
Felso-Videk, chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ambassa-
deur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pr^s S. M. 1'empereur
d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, February 27,
1887 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 87); of Emperor William I,
Berlin, February 27, 1887 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen
Ratifikationen) ; of King Humbert, Rome, March 6, 1887 (ibid.); Protocol of ex-

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE IO/

ARTICLE II.

The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged at Berlin within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if
may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
the present Additional Treaty and have affixed thereto their seal.

Done at Berlin, the twentieth day of the month of February,
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Bismarck.

L. S. Launay.

(b)

Separate Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Berlin,
February 20, 1887.

Their Majesties

the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic
King of Hungary,

and the King of Italy,

deeming it opportune to give some development to the Treaty
of Alliance signed at Vienna on May 20, 1882, the prolongation
of which has been stipulated today by an Additional Act, have
resolved to conclude a Separate Treaty which shall take ever
better account of the reciprocal interests of Their States and of
Their Governments, and have for this purpose appointed as
Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

change of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and Italy,
Berlin, March 10, 1887 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 91).

3 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 1 8, Geheimakten, XV, 85.

108 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

S. M. le roi d'ltalie, le sieur Edouard comte de Launay, son
ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M.
1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

lesquels, munis de pleins-pouvoirs trouves en bonne et due
forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

Les hautes parties contractantes, n'ayant en vue que le main-
tien, autant que possible, du status quo territorial en Orient,
s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modi-
fication territoriale qui porterait dommage a Tune ou a 1'autre
des puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communi-
queront tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer mutuelle-
ment sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles d'autres
puissances.

Toutefois dans le cas ou, par suite des evenements. le maintien
du status quo dans les regions des Balkans ou des c6tes et iles
ottomanes dans 1'Adriatique et dans la mer Egee deviendrait im-
possible, et que, soit en consequence de Faction d'une puissance
tierce, soit autrement, I'Autriche-Hongrie ou 1'Italie se verraient
dans la necessite de le modifier par une occupation temporaire ou
permanente de leur part, cette occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un
accord prealable entre les deux susdites puissances, base sur le
principe d'une compensation reciproque pour tout avantage terri-
torial ou autre que chacune d'elles obtiendrait en sus du statu quo
actuel, et dormant satisfaction aux interets et aux pretentions bien
fondees des deux parties.

ARTICLE II.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement le
secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE III.

Le present traite entrera en vigueur des le jour de 1'echange
des ratifications et le restera jusqu'au 30 mai 1892.

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1 09

His Majesty the King of Italy, the Sieur Edward Count de
Launay, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

who, furnished with full powers found hi good and due form,
have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

The High Contracting Parties, having hi mind only the main-
tenance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the
Orient, engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial
modification which might be injurious to one or the other of the
Powers signatory to the present Treaty. They shall communi-
cate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten each
other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well as
those of other Powers.

However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the
status quo hi the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts
and islands hi the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become
impossible, and if, whether hi consequence of the action of a
third Power or otherwise, Austria-Hungary or Italy should find
themselves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or
permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take
place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers
aforesaid, based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation
for every advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might
obtain beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction to
the interests and well founded claims of the two Parties.

ARTICLE II.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE III.

The present Treaty shall enter into force from the day of the
exchange of ratifications and shall remain so until May 30, 1892.

ARTICLE IV.

Les ratifications en seront echangees a Berlin dans un delai
de quinze jours ou plus t6t si f aire se peut.4

En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
present traite et y ont appose leur cachet.

Fait a Berlin le vingtieme jour du mois de fevrier mil huit cent
quatre-vingt-sept.

L.S. Szechenyi.

L.S. Launay.

Separate Treaty between the German Empire and Italy. Berlin,
February 20, 1887.*

L. L. M. M. le roi d'ltalie et 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de
Prusse voulant, dans un esprit de bonne entente mutuelle, res-
serrer de plus en plus les liens deja etablis entre leurs etats et
leurs gouvernements par le traite d'alliance conclu a Vienne le
20 mai 1882 et dont la prolongation vient d'etre signee au-
jourd'hui, ont resolu de stipuler un traite separe qui reponde
toujours davantage aux circonstances presentes, et ont, a cet
effet, nomme pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: . . . lesquels,
munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont ete trouves en bonne et due
forme, sont convenus des articles suivants.

ARTICLE I.

Les hautes parties contractantes, n'ayant en vue que le main-
tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient,
s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir, sur les cotes et
iles ottomanes dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee, toute
modification territoriale qui porterait dommage a 1'une ou a

4 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, February 27,
1887 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 87); of King Humbert, Rome,
March 6, 1887 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika-
tionen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, March 10, 1887 (original:
St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 91).

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE III

ARTICLE IV.

The ratifications shall be exchanged at Berlin within a period
of a fortnight, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
the present Treaty and have affixed thereto their seal.

Done at Berlin, the twentieth day of the month of February,
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. Launay.

Separate Treaty between the German Empire and Italy. Berlin,
February 20, 1887*

Their Majesties the King of Italy and the Emperor of Ger-
many, King of Prussia, wishing, in a spirit of mutual good under-
standing, to strengthen more and more the bonds already estab-
lished between Their States and Their Governments by the Treaty
of Alliance concluded at Vienna on May 20, 1882, the prolonga-
tion of which has just been signed today, have resolved to enact
a Separate Treaty which shall be more and more in keeping with
the present circumstances, and have for this purpose appointed
as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: . . . who, furnished with full
powers, which have been found in good and due form, have
agreed upon the following Articles.

ARTICLE I.

The High Contracting Parties, having in mind only the main-
tenance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the
Orient, engage to use their influence to forestall, on the Ottoman
coasts and islands in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas, any terri-

* Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, n. 85.

The following observation in Kalnoky's handwriting is in the margin of the
original: "Streng vertraulich vom Flirsten Reuss mitgetheilt, der nur ermachtig
war, mich den Vertrag lesen zu lassen. Kalnoky." ("Communicated in strictest
confidence by Prince Reuss, who was only authorized to allow me to read the
Treaty. Kalnoky.")

112 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

Pautre des puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se
communiqueront a cet effet tous les renseignements de nature a
s'eclairer mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que
sur celles d'autres puissances.

ARTICLE II.

Les stipulations de 1'article I ne s'appliquent d'aucune maniere
a la question egyptienne, au sujet de laquelle les hautes parties
contractantes conservent respectivement leur liberte d'action, eu
egard toujours aux principes sur lesquels reposent le present
traite et celui du 20 mai 1882.

ARTICLE III.

S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation
ou bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel-
conque, sur les territoires nord-africains, soit du villayet de
Tripoli, soit de I'empire Marocain, et qu'en consequence de ce
fait 1'Italie crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans la
Mediterranee, entreprendre elle-meme une action sur lesdits
territoires nord-africains, ou bien recourir, sur le territoire
frangais en Europe, aux mesures extremes, Petat de guerre qui
s'en suivrait entre PItalie et la France constituerait ipso facto,6
sur la demande de PItalie et a la charge commune des deux allies,
le casus foederis avec tous les effets prevus par les articles II et
V du susdit traite du 20 mai 1882, comme si pareille eventual! te
y etait expressement visee.

ARTICLE IV.

Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun contre la
France amenaient PItalie a rechercher des garanties territoriales
a Pegard de la France pour la securite des frontieres du royaume
et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en vue de la stabilite de la
paix, PAllemagne n'y mettra aucun obstacle et, au besoin et dans
une mesure compatible avec les circonstances, s'appliquera a
faciliter les moyens d'atteindre un semblable but.

6 Underlined in the present copy.

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 113

tonal modification which might be injurious to one or the other
of the Powers signatory to the present Treaty. To this end they
shall communicate to one another all information of a nature to
enlighten each other mutually concerning their own dispositions,
as well as those of other Powers.

ARTICLE II.

The stipulations of Article I apply in no way to the Egyptian
question, with regard to which the High Contracting Parties
preserve respectively their freedom of action, regard being always
paid to the principles upon which rest the present Treaty and
that of May 20, 1882.

ARTICLE III.

If it were to happen that France should make a move to ex-
tend her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty,
under any form whatsoever, in the North African territories,
whether of the Vilayet of Tripoli or of the Moroccan Empire,
and that in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard
her position in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must her-
self undertake action in the said North African territories, or
even have recourse to extreme measures hi French territory in
Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between
Italy and France would constitute ipso facto* on the demand of
Italy and at the common charge of the two Allies, the casus
foederis with all the effects foreseen by Articles II and V of the
aforesaid Treaty of May 20, 1882, as if such an eventuality were
expressly contemplated therein.

ARTICLE IV.

If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against
France should lead Italy to seek for territorial guaranties with
respect to France for the security of the frontiers of the Kingdom
and of her maritime position, as well as with a view to the stabil-
ity of peace, Germany will present no obstacle thereto; and, if
need be, and in a measure compatible with circumstances, will
apply herself to facilitating the means of attaining such a purpose.

114 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE V.

Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE VI.

Le present traite entrera en vigueur des le jour de 1'echange
des ratifications et le restera jusqu'au 30 mai 1892.

ARTICLE VII.

Les ratifications en seront echangees a Berlin dans un delai
de quinze jours ou plus t6t si faire se peut.7
En foi de quoi etc. [Berlin 20 Febr. 1887.] 8

(d)

Final Protocol between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and
Italy. February 20, 1887*

Les soussignes viennent de proceder a la signature d'un traite
additionnel prolongeant la duree du traite d 'alliance conclu a
Vienne le 20 mai 1882.

II a ete signe en meme temps un traite separe entre 1'Autriche-
Hongrie et 1'Italie et un traite separe entre 1'Allemagne et 1'Italie.
Ces deux derniers actes, quoique distincts, ne repondent pas
moins a Tesprit general de 1'accord precite de 1882, car aujourd'hui
comme alors les trois monarchies visent essentiellement au main-
tien de la paix.

La simultaneite des signatures apposees aux traites en date de
ce jour demontre cette entente d'ensemble entre les gouverne-
ments respectifs, et les soussignes se plaisent a le constater en
signant le present et unique proces-verbal.

Fait a Berlin le 20 fevrier 1887.

Szechenyi.

v. Bismarck.

Launay.

7 Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, March 10, 1887 (original: St.
A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 91).

SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 115

ARTICLE V.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as
to the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE VI.

The present Treaty shall enter into force from the day of the
exchange of ratifications and shall remain in force until May 30,
1892.

ARTICLE VII.

The ratifications shall be exchanged at Berlin within a period
of a fortnight, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof, etc. [Berlin, February 20, 1887.] 8

(<*)

Final Protocol between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and
Italy. February 20, 1887.

The undersigned have just proceeded to the signing of an Addi-
tional Treaty prolonging the duration of the Treaty of Alliance
concluded at Vienna, May 20, 1882.

There has been signed at the same time a Separate Treaty be-
tween Austria-Hungary and Italy and a Separate Treaty between
Germany and Italy. These last two Acts, although distinct, re-
spond none the less to the general spirit of the aforementioned
agreement of 1882 ; because today, as then, the three Monarchies
are aiming essentially at the maintenance of peace.

The simultaneity of the signatures affixed to the Treaties under
date of this day demonstrates this uniformity of understanding
between the respective Governments, and the undersigned are
pleased to testify thereto by signing the present and single
Proces- verbal.

Done at Berlin, February 20, 1887.

Szechenyi.

v. Bismarck.

Launay.

8 Added in Count Kalnoky's handwriting.

9 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 1 8, Geheimakten, XV, 85.

Il6 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

II.

MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN
ITALY AND SPAIN. 1887.

Spanish Note to Italy proposing a Mediterranean Agreement.
Madrid, May 4, i88?.1

Ministerio de estado.

Madrid, le 4 mai 1887.

Le soussigne, ministre des affaires etrangeres d'Espagne, a
1'honneur de porter ce qui suit a la connaissance de Mr. le mar-
quis Maffei, envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire
de S. M. le roi dTtalie:

Le gouvernement de S. M. la reine regente, anime du desir de
rechercher une entente avec le gouvernement de S. M. le roi
dTtalie, a Teffet de fortifier toujours plus le principe monarchique
et de contribuer au raffermissement de la paix, se prononce des-a-
present pour 1'acceptation des dispositions suivantes:

i° L'Espagne ne se pretera envers la France, en ce qui con-
cerne entre autres les territoires nord-africains, a aucun traite
ou arrangement politique quelconque qui serait directement ou
indirectement dirige centre ITtalie, 1'Allemagne et 1'Autriche, ou
centre Tune ou 1'autre de ces puissances.

2°- Abstention de toute attaque non provoquee, ainsi que de
toute provocation.

3° En vue des interets engages dans la Mediterranee et dans
le but principal d'y maintenir le statu quo actuel, 1'Espagne et
Tltalie se tiendront sur ce sujet en communication, en se faisant
part de tout renseignement propre a s'eclairer sur leurs disposi-
tions respectives, ainsi que sur celles des autres puissances.

En exprimant 1'espoir que ces presentes et secretes propositions
ob tiendront 1'assentiment du gouvernement de S. M. le roi

1 Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 19,
Geheimakten, XVI a, 29.

ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 117

II.

MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN
ITALY AND SPAIN. 1887.

(a)

Spanish Note to Italy proposing a Mediterranean Agreement.
Madrid, May 4, 1887.

Ministry of State.

Madrid, May 4, 1887.

The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain, has the
honor to bring the following to the knowledge of Marquis
Maffei, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
His Majesty the King of Italy:

The Government of Her Majesty the Queen Regent, animated
by the desire to seek an understanding with the Government of
His Majesty the King of Italy for the purpose of fortifying more
and more the monarchical principle and of contributing to the
strengthening of the peace, declares itself from the present time
in favor of the acceptance of the following provisions:

1. Spain will not lend herself as regards France, in so far as
the North African territories among others are concerned, to any
treaty or political arrangement whatsoever which would be
aimed directly or indirectly against Italy, Germany, and Austria,
or against any one of these Powers.

2. Abstention from all unprovoked attack, as well as from all
provocation.

3. In view of the interests involved in the Mediterranean,
and for the principal purpose of maintaining there the present
status quo, Spain and Italy will keep in communication with one
another on this subject, by conveying to each other all informa-
tion of a kind to enlighten each other concerning their respective
dispositions, as well as those of other Powers.

In expressing the hope that these present and secret proposals
will obtain the assent of the Government of His Majesty the

Il8 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

d'ltalie, le soussigne saisit cette occasion pour renouveler a Mr.
le marquis Maffei les assurances de sa consideration la plus
distinguee.

Madrid, le quatre mai mil huit cent quatre vingt sept.

(Signe) Moret.

Pour copie conforme a 1'original

Madrid, le 8 mai 1887.

L. S. Maffei.

(ft)

Italian reply to Spanish Note. Madrid, May 4, 1887?

R. legazione d'ltalia.

Madrid, le 4 mai 1887.

Le soussigne envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire
de S. M. le roi d'ltalie a rec.u la note que S. E. le ministre des
affaires etrangeres d'Espagne lui a fait 1'honneur de lui adresser
en date d'aujourd'hui, et il est autorise a y repondre dans les
termes suivants:

Le gouvernement du roi donne son assentiment aux dispositions
enoncees dans la note susdite et s'engage a la reciprocite.

II se reserve, en meme temps, d'examiner, en plein accord avec
les gouvernements de L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de
Prusse, et 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie, si et dans quelle
mesure il y aurait lieu, selon les circonstances, de se concerter
ulterieurement avec le cabinet de Madrid pour mieux assurer
encore le but que lui aussi se propose.

En attendant, le gouvernement de S. M. prend acte de la com-
munication susmentionnee et considere comme entrant des
aujourd'hui en vigueur, et pour une duree de quatre ans, 1'accord
secret etabli par le present echange de notes.

Le soussigne saisit cette occasion pour renouveler a S. E. le

2 Copy: St. A., ibid.

ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 119

King of Italy, the undersigned avails himself of this occasion to
renew to Marquis Maffei the assurances of his most distinguished
consideration.

Madrid, the fourth of May, one thousand eight hundred and
eighty-seven.

(Signed) Moret.
For copy true to the original:
Madrid, May 8, 1887.

L. S. Maffei.

Italian reply to Spanish Note. Madrid, May 4,
Royal Legation of Italy.

Madrid, May 4, 1887.

The undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
potentiary of His Majesty the King of Italy, has received the
Note which His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of
Spain has done him the honor to address to him under today's
date, and he is authorized to respond thereto in the following
terms:

The Government of the King gives its assent to the provisions
enunciated in the aforesaid Note and pledges itself to reciprocity.

At the same time, it reserves to itself to examine, hi full agree-
ment with the Governments of Their Majesties the Emperor of
Germany, King of Prussia, and the Emperor of Austria, King of
Hungary, whether and to what extent there may be need, accord-
ing to circumstances, to enter into further concert with the Cab-
inet of Madrid in order the better to assure the purpose which it
too has in view.

In the meantime, the Government of His Majesty takes note
of the abovementioned communication and regards the secret
agreement estabh'shed by the present exchange of Notes as enter-
ing into force from today, and for a period of four years.

The undersigned avails himself of this occasion to renew to

120 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

ministre des affaires etrangeres d'Espagne les assurances de sa
consideration la plus distinguee.
Madrid, le quatre mai mil huit cent quatre-vingt-sept.

(signe) Maffei.

Pour copie conforme a 1'original
Madrid, le 8 mai 1887.

L. S. Maffei.

Per copia certificata conforme alia copia autentica delle due
note, esistente nelFarchivio des R. ministero degli affari esteri.
Roma, 1 6 maggio 1887.

II presidente del consiglio e ministro segretario di stato per
gli affari esteri.

L. S. Depretis.

Per certificazione della firma di S. E. il Sign. Depretis, presi-
dente del consiglio e ministro segretario di stato per gli affari
esteri di S. M. il re d'ltalie,

1'ambasciatore di S. M. il re d'ltalia a Vienna.

L. S. Nigra.

Vienna 20 maggio 1887.

Accession of Austria-Hungary. May 21, 1887?
An Graf Nigra.4

Vienne, 21 Mai 1887:*

Le soussigne a regu la note que S. E. 1'ambassadeur d'ltalie
lui a fait 1'honneur de lui adresser en date du 21 courant 5 ainsi

3 Draft: St. A., ibid.

According to a note from the Italian Government of May 4, 1891 (St. A., Polit.
Arch., Geheimakten, XVI, 58), the German Empire also acceded to this Treaty.

4 These words were added in Kalnoky's handwriting, as well as the following
comment: "Gegen die italienische Note ausgewechselt und dem italienischen
Botschafter eingehandigt am 2I./5. 1887. Kalnoky." ("Exchanged against the
Italian Note and presented to the Italian Ambassador, May 21, 1887. Kalnoky.")

6 "21 courant" inserted by Kalnoky. Nigra's communication (original: St.
A.), dated Vienna, May 21, 1887, reads as follows:

"Le d6sir exprime par le gouvernement espagnol de contribuer pour sa part aussi
a la realisation d'un programme, servant a la fois les intSrets de la monarchic et du

ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 121

His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain the as-
surances of his most distinguished consideration.

Madrid, the fourth of May, one thousand eight hundred and
eighty-seven.

(signed) Maffei.
For copy true to the original:
Madrid, May 8, 1887.

L. S. Maffei.

For certified copy true to the authentic copy of the two Notes
filed in the Archive of the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Rome, May 16, 1887.

The President of the Council and Minister Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs.

L. S. Depretis.

For certification of the signature of His Excellency Signer
Depretis, President of the Council and Minister Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs of His Majesty the King of Italy.

The Ambassador of His Majesty the King of Italy at Vienna.

L. S. Nigra.

Vienna, May 20, 1887.

Accession of Austria-Hungary. May 21, 1887*
To Count Nigra.4

Vienna, May 21, 1887:*

The undersigned has received the Note which His Excellency
the Ambassador of Italy has done him the honor to address to
him under date of the 2ist instant 5 as well as the two annexes,

maintien de la paix, a donn6 lieu £ des pourparlers entre les cabinets de Rome, de
Vienne et de Berlin. II en est r6sult£ une entente par un projet de notes a 6changer
entre 1'Italie et 1'Espagne, arrangement auquel les deux empires se sont dSclare's
prels a donner leur adhesion. Le gouvernement de la reine-re'gente ayant e'nonce'
son acceptation, il a 616 proce'de a Madrid en date du 4 mai courant £ I'Schange des
notes pr£cit£es entre le repr£sentant de S. M. le roi d'ltalie et S. E. le ministre d'6tat.
D'ordre de son gouvernement, le soussign£ a 1'honneur d'en joindre ici les copies
certified et de prier S. E. Mr le comte Kalnoky, ministre des affaires 6trangeres

122 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

que les deux annexes, et s'empresse de notifier 1'accession du
gouvernement imperial aux notes echangees a Madrid le 4 du
me'me mois entre le representant de S. M. le roi d'ltalie et S. E.
le ministre d'etat de S. M. la reine-regente.

Le soussigne temoigne sa satisfaction que les negotiations aient
abouti a un resultat de nature a assurer le concours de 1'Espagne
a la realisation du programme de paix et de conservation dont
s'inspirent les gouvernements d'Autriche-Hongrie6 et d'ltalie.

II saisit en meme temps cette occasion etc. etc.

sig. Kalnoky .7

d'Autriche-Hongrie, de le mettre a m£me de notifier a Rome 1'accession de"ja con-
venue du gouvernement imperial. Une demarche analogue est faite aupres du
cabinet de Berlin. Le soussign6 etc."

Translation.

"The desire expressed by the Spanish Government to contribute for its part also
to the realization of a programme, serving at once the interests of the Monarchy
and of the maintenance of peace, has been the subject of conferences between the
Cabinets of Rome, of Vienna, and of Berlin. There has resulted thence an under-
standing by a plan of exchange of Notes between Italy and Spain, an arrangement
to which the two Empires have declared themselves ready to give their adhesion.
The Government of the Queen Regent having announced its acceptance, the
exchange of the aforesaid Notes was proceeded with at Madrid under date of
May 4 instant, between the Representative of His Majesty the King of Italy and
His Excellency the Minister of State. By order of his Government, the undersigned
has the honor to append hereto certified copies thereof and to request His Excel-
lency Count Kalnoky, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, to enable
him to notify to Rome the accession of the Imperial Government, as already agreed
upon. A similar overture is made to the Cabinet of Berlin. The undersigned, etc."

6 "Hongrie" inserted by Kalnoky.

7 "sig. Kalnoky" inserted in Kalnoky's handwriting.

ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 123

and hastens to notify the accession of the Imperial Government
to the Notes exchanged at Madrid the 4th of the same month
between the Representative of His Majesty the King of Italy
and His Excellency the Minister of State of Her Majesty the
Queen Regent.

The undersigned expresses his satisfaction that the negotia-
tions have led to a result of a nature to assure the cooperation of
Spain in the realization of the programme of peace and of con-
servation with which the Governments of Austria-Hungary and
of Italy are inspired.

At the same time he avails himself of this occasion, etc., etc.

(signed) Kalnoky.

124 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

12.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT
BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN, AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY, AND ITALY. 1887.

(a)

Austrian Note to Great Britain proposing a further Agreement in
the Mediterranean. London, December 12, 1887. l

Son Excellence Monsieur le marquis de Salisbury.

Londres, le 12 decembre 1887.

A la suite de 1'entente etablie entre les gouvernements de S. M.
1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie et de L. L. M. M. la reine
du royaume uni de la Grande Bretagne et dTrlande et le roi
dTtalie par 1'echange de notes opere a Londres le mois de mars
1887, le gouvernement de S. M. I. et R. A. est tombe d'accord
avec le gouvernement d'ltalie de proposer au gouvernement de la
Grande Bretagne 1'adoption des points suivants, destines a con-
firmer les principes etablis par 1'echange de notes precite, et a
preciser 1'attitude commune des trois puissances en prevision des
eventualites qui pourraient se produire en Orient.

i°- Maintien de la paix et exclusion de toute politique agres-
sive.

2°- Maintien du status quo en Orient fonde sur les traites a
1'exclusion de toute politique de compensations.

3°- Maintien des autonomies locales etablies par ces memes
traites.

4°- Independance de la Turquie gardienne d'interets europeens
importants (independance du chalifat, liberte des detroits etc.) de
toute influence etrangere preponderante.

5°- Par consequent la Turquie ne peut ni ceder, ni deleguer ses
droits suzerains sur la Bulgarie a une autre puissance, ni inter-
venir pour y etablir une administration etrangere, ni tolerer des

1 Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VIII b, n. 148.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 125

12.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT
BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN, AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY, AND ITALY. 1887.

Austrian Note to Great Britain proposing a further Agreement in
the Mediterranean. London, December 12, 1887.

His Excellency the Marquess of Salisbury.

London, December 12, 1887.

As a result of the understanding reached between the Govern-
ments of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary,
and of Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland and the King of Italy by the exchange
of Notes effected at London in the month of March, 1887, the
Government of His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty has
come to an agreement with the Government of Italy to propose
to the Government of Great Britain the adoption of the follow-
ing points, intended to confirm the principles established by the
aforementioned exchange of Notes and to define the common
attitude of the three Powers in prospect of the eventualities
which might occur in the Orient.

1. The maintenance of peace and the exclusion of all policy of
aggression.

2. The maintenance of the status quo in the Orient, based on
the treaties, to the exclusion of all policy of compensation.

3. The maintenance of the local autonomies established by
these same treaties.

4. The independence of Turkey, as guardian of important
European interests (independence of the Caliphate, the freedom
of the Straits, etc.), of all foreign preponderating influence.

5. Consequently, Turkey can neither cede nor delegate her
suzerain rights over Bulgaria to any other Power, nor intervene
in order to establish a foreign administration there, nor tolerate

126 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

actes de coercition entrepris dans ce dernier but, sous forme soit
d'occupation militaire soit d'envoi de volontaires. De meme la
Turquie, constituee par les traites gardienne des detroits, ne
pourrait non plus ceder aucune portion de ses droits souverains,
ni deleguer ses pouvoirs a une autre puissance en Asie Mineure.

6° Desir des trois puissances de s'associer la Turquie pour la
defense commune de ces principes.

7°- En cas de resistance de la Turquie a des entreprises illegales,
telles qu'elles se trouvent indiquees dans 1'article 5, les trois
puissances se mettront aussitot d'accord sur les mesures a prendre
pour faire respecter 1'independance de 1'empire ottoman et
1'integrite de son territoire, telles qu'elles sont consacrees par les
traites anterieurs.

8° Si cependant la conduite de la Porte de 1'avis des trois
puissances prenait le caractere de complicite ou de connivence
avec une pareille entreprise illegale, les trois puissances se con-
sidereront comme justifiees par les traites existants a proceder,
soit conjointement, soit separement a 1'occupation provisoire par
leurs forces de terre ou de mer de tels points du territoire ottoman
qu'elles reconnaitront d'accord necessaire d'occuper a 1'effet
d'assurer les buts determines par les traites anterieurs.

9°- L'existence et le contenu du present accord entre les trois
puissances ne devront etre reveles a la Turquie ni a d'autres puis-
sances qui n'en auraient pas deja ete informees sans le consente-
ment anterieur de toutes et de chacune des trois puissances
susdites.

Le soussigne ambassadeur extraordinaire et ministre pleni-
potentiaire de S. M. I. et R. A. a ete charge par son gouverne-
ment de signer la presente note et de 1'echanger centre une note
analogue du gouvernement de S. M. britannique.

Le soussigne saisit cette occasion pour renouveler a S. Exc.
monsieur le marquis de Salisbury, principal secretaire d'etat
pour les affaires etrangeres de S. M. la reine, 1'expression de sa
plus haute consideration.

Signe: Karolyi.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 127

acts of coercion undertaken with this latter object, under the
form either of a military occupation or of the despatch of volun-
teers. Likewise Turkey, constituted by the treaties guardian of
the Straits, can neither cede any portion of her sovereign rights,
nor delegate her authority to any other Power in Asia Minor.

6. The desire of the three Powers to be associated with Turkey
for the common defence of these principles.

7. In case of Turkey resisting any illegal enterprises such
as are indicated in Article 5, the three Powers will immediately
come to an agreement as to the measures to be taken for causing
to be respected the independence of the Ottoman Empire and
the integrity of its territory, as secured by previous treaties.

8. Should the conduct of the Porte, however, hi the opinion
of the three Powers, assume the character of complicity with or
connivance at any such illegal enterprise, the three Powers will
consider themselves justified by existing treaties in proceeding,
either jointly or separately, to the provisional occupation by
their forces, military or naval, of such points of Ottoman terri-
tory as they may agree to consider it necessary to occupy in order
to secure the objects determined by previous treaties.

9. The existence and the contents of the present Agreement
between the three Powers shall not be revealed, either to Turkey
or to any other Powers who have not yet been informed of it,
without the previous consent of all and each of the three Powers
aforesaid.

The undersigned Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
has been instructed by his Government to sign the present Note
and to exchange it against a similar Note of the Government of
Her Britannic Majesty.

The undersigned takes this occasion to renew to His Excellency
the Marquess of Salisbury, Principal Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs of Her Majesty the Queen, the expression of his
highest consideration.

Signed: Karolyi.

128 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

British reply to Austrian Note. London, December 12, 1887?

H. My s Government have considered the points commended
to their acceptance by the identic note of the Austro-Hungarian
and Italian Governments.

The three Powers have already communicated to each other
their conviction that it is their common interest to uphold the
existing state of things upon the shores of the Mediterranean and
the adjoining seas. The four first points recited in the note are
in strict conformity with this understanding, as well as with the
policy which has always been pursued by the Government of
Great Britain.

The fifth, sixth, and seventh points refer to certain special
dangers by which the state of things established by treaties and
the interests of the three Powers in the East may be menaced,
and to the course which should be pursued if those dangers should
arise. The illegal enterprises anticipated by the fifth article
would affect especially the preservation of the Straits from the
domination of any other Power but Turkey and the independent
liberties of the Christian communities on the northern border of
the Turkish Empire established by the Treaty of Berlin. H. My's
Government recognise that the protection of the Straits and the
liberties of these communities are objects of supreme importance
and are to Europe among the most valuable results of the treaty;
and they cordially concur with the Austro-Hungarian and Italian
Governments in taking special precautions to secure them.

The eighth point provides against a contingency which, with-
out technical illegality, may frustrate the object of the treaties
altogether. It is necessary, however, to avoid a premature pub-
licity which might precipitate the lapse of Turkey into that state
of vassalage from which it is the aim of the three Powers to pro-
tect her. In view of these considerations, the undersigned, H.
My>s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, is charged by H. My's
Government to communicate to the Austro-Hungarian Govern-

2 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden ,
n. 21, Geheimakten, VIII b, n. 143.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 129

ment their entire adhesion to the nine points recited in the identic
note of the two powers, that is to say :

1. The maintenance of peace to the exclusion of all policy of
aggression.

2. The maintenance of the status quo in the East, based on
the treaties, to the exclusion of all policy of compensation.

3. The maintenance of the local autonomies established by
these same treaties.

4. The independence of Turkey as guardian of important
European interests (the Caliphate, the freedom of the Straits, etc.)
to be independent (sic) of all foreign preponderating influence.

5. Consequently, Turkey can neither cede nor delegate her
rights over Bulgaria to any other Power, nor intervene in order
to establish a foreign administration there, nor tolerate acts of
coercion undertaken with this latter object, under the form either
of a military occupation or of the despatch of volunteers ; neither
will Turkey, who has by the treaties been constituted guardian
of the Straits, be able to cede any portion of her sovereign rights,
nor delegate her authority to any other power in Asia Minor.

6. The desire of the three Powers to be associated with Turkey
for the common defence of these principles.

7. In case of Turkey resisting any illegal enterprises such as
are indicated in Article 5, the three Powers will immediately come
to an agreement as to the measures to be taken for causing to be
respected the independence of the Ottoman Empire and the in-
tegrity of its territory as secured by previous treaties.

8. Should the conduct of the Porte, however, in the opinion of
the three Powers, assume the character of complicity with or
connivance at any such illegal enterprise, the three Powers will
consider themselves justified by existing treaties in proceeding
either jointly or separately to the provisional occupation by their
forces, military or naval, of such points of Ottoman territory as
they may agree to consider it necessary to occupy in order to
secure the objects determined by previous treaties.

130 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

9. The existence and the contents of the present agreement
between the three Powers shall not be revealed either to Turkey
or to any other Powers who have not yet been informed of it with-
out the previous consent of all and each of the three Powers
aforesaid.

Foreign Office. December 12, 1887.

Salisbury.

Italian confirmation of the Agreement.3

A la suite de 1'entente etablie entre les gouvernements de S. M.
le roi d'ltalie et de LL. MM. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hon-
grie et la reine du royaume uni de la Grande Bretagne et d'Irlande,
par 1'echange de notes opere a Londres le mois de mars 1887, le
gouvernement de S. M. le roi d'ltalie est tombe d'accord avec les
gouvernements d'Autriche-Hongrie et de la Grande Bretagne sur
1'adoption des points suivants, destines a confirmer les principes
etablis par 1'echange de notes precite, et a preciser 1'attitude com-
mune des trois puissances en prevision des eventualites qui
pourraient se produire en Orient.

i° Maintien de la paix et exclusion de toute politique agres-
sive.

2° Maintien du status quo en Orient fonde sur les traites a
1'exclusion de toute politique de compensation.

3° Maintien des autonomies locales etablies par ces memes
traites.

4° Independance de la Turquie gardienne d'interets euro-
peens importants (independance du califat, liberte des detroits
etc.) de toute influence etrangere preponderante.

5° Par consequent la Turquie ne peut ni ceder ni deleguer des
droits suzerains sur la Bulgarie a une autre puissance, ni inter-
venir pour y etablir une administration etrangere, ni tolerer des
actes de coercition entrepris dans ce dernier but, sous forme soit
d'occupation militaire soit d'envoi de volontaires. De meme la

8 Original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 21, Geheim-
akten, VIII b, n. 145.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 13 1

Italian confirmation of the Agreement.

As a result of the understanding reached between the Govern-
ments of His Majesty the King of Italy and of Their Majesties
the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the Queen of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the exchange of
Notes effected at London in the month of March, 1887, the Gov-
ernment of His Majesty the King of Italy has come to an agree-
ment with the Governments of Austria-Hungary and Great
Britain as to the adoption of the following points, intended to
confirm the principles established by the aforementioned ex-
change of Notes, and to define the common attitude of the three
Powers in prospect of the eventualities which might occur in the
Orient.

1 . The maintenance of peace and the exclusion of all policy of
aggression.

2. The maintenance of the status quo in the Orient, based on
the treaties, to the exclusion of all policy of compensation.

3. The maintenance of the local autonomies established by
these same treaties.

4. The independence of Turkey, as guardian of important
European interests (independence of the Caliphate, the freedom
of the Straits, etc.), of all foreign preponderating influence.

5 . Consequently, Turkey can neither cede nor delegate suzerain
rights over Bulgaria to any other Power, nor intervene in order
to establish a foreign administration there, nor tolerate acts of
coercion undertaken with this latter object, under the form
either of a military occupation or of the despatch of volunteers.

132 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT

Turquie, constitute par les traites gardienne des detroits, ne
pourrait non plus ceder aucune portion de ses droits souverains,
ni deleguer ses pouvoirs a une autre puissance en Asie Mineure.

6° Desir des trois puissances de s'associer la Turquie pour la
defense commune de ces principes.

7° En cas de resistance de la Turquie a des entreprises illegales
telles qu'elles se trouvent indiquees dans 1'article 5, les trois puis-
sances se mettront aussitot d'accord sur les mesures a prendre
pour faire respecter 1'independance de Pempire ottoman et
1'integrite de son territoire, telles qu'elles sont consacrees par les
traites anterieurs.

8° Si cependant la conduite de la Porte, de 1'avis des trois
puissances, prenait le caractere de complicite ou de connivence
avec une pareille entreprise illegale, les trois puissances se con-
sidereront comme justifiees par les traites existants a proceder,
soit conjointement soit separement, a 1'occupation provisoire par
leurs forces de terre ou de mer de tels points du territoire otto-
man qu'elles reconnaitront d'accord necessaire d'occuper a 1'effet
d'assurer les buts determines par les traites anterieurs.

9° L 'existence et le contenu du present accord entre les trois
puissances ne devront etre reveles a la Turquie ni a d'autres puis-
sances qui n'en auraient pas deja ete informees sans le consente-
ment anterieur de toutes et de chacune des trois puissances
susdites.

Le soussigne ambassadeur de S. M. le roi d'ltalie a ete charge
par son gouvernement de signer la presente note et de 1'echanger
centre une note identique du gouvernement de S. M. 1'empereur
d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie.

Vienne, le 16 decembre 1887.

Nigra.

SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 133

Likewise Turkey, constituted by the treaties guardian of the
Straits, can neither cede any portion of her sovereign rights, nor
delegate her authority to any other Power in Asia Minor.

6. The desire of the three Powers to be associated with Turkey
for the common defence of these principles.

7. In case of Turkey resisting any illegal enterprises such
as are indicated in Article 5, the three Powers will immedi-
ately come to an agreement as to the measures to be taken for
causing to be respected the independence of the Ottoman Em-
pire and the integrity of its territory as secured by previous
treaties.

8. Should the conduct of the Porte, however, in the opinion
of the three Powers, assume the character of complicity with or
connivance at any such illegal enterprise, the three Powers will
consider themselves justified by existing treaties in proceeding,
either jointly or separately, to the provisional occupation by their
forces, military or naval, of such points of Ottoman territory as
they may agree to consider it necessary to occupy in order to
secure the objects determined by previous treaties.

The undersigned Ambassador of His Majesty the King of
Italy has been instructed to sign the present Note and to ex-
change it against an identic Note of the Government of His
Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary.

Vienna, December 16, 1887.

Nigra.

134 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY

PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN
TREATY.

(a)

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Serbia prolonging the Treaty
of 1 88 1. Belgrade, January 28 /February p, 1889}

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie, et

S. M. le roi de Serbie,

animes du desir, non seulement de maintenir, mais de develop-
per et de consolider les relations de parfaite amitie qui exi-
stent entre leurs gouvernements et de les garantir centre toute
eventualite, ont resolu de prolonger le traite conclu entre eux le
23 juin 1 88 1 et de preciser la portee de quelques uns de ses articles.
A cet effet, ils ont nomme pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir:

S. M. I, et R. A. : le sieur Ladislas Hengelmiiller de Hengervar,
son envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M.
le roi de Serbie, etc.

S. M. le roi de Serbie: le sieur Chedomille Mijatovich, son
ministre des affaires etrangeres etc. etc.

lesquels, apres s'etre communique leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves
en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles additionnels
suivants :

ARTICLE i.

Le traite du 23 juin 1881 avec la declaration y annexee restera
en vigueur jusqu'au 1/13 Janvier 1895. Trois mois avant son
expiration les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront, s'il y
a lieu, sur sa prolongation ou sur les modifications que les cir-
constances pourraient rendre desirables.

Par Particle present les dispositions de 1'article VIII du traite
du 23 juin 1 88 1 sont abolies.

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 23, Geheimakten, VI/II, 41.

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 135
13-

PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN
TREATY. 1889.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Serbia prolonging the Treaty
of 1 88 1. Belgrade, January 28 /February 9, 1889.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and

His Majesty the King of Serbia,

animated by the desire, not only to maintain, but to develop
and to consolidate the relations of perfect friendship which exist
between Their Governments and to guarantee them against
every eventuality, have resolved to prolong the Treaty concluded
between them on June 23, 1881, and to define the meaning of
some of its Articles. For this purpose, They have appointed as
Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty: the Sieur Ladislas
Hengelmuller of Hengervar, His Envoy Extraordinary and Min-
ister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Serbia, etc.,

His Majesty the King of Serbia: the Sieur Chedomille Mijato-
vich, His Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., etc.,

who, after having communicated to each other their full pow-
ers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following
Additional Articles:

ARTICLE i.

The Treaty of June 23, 1881, with the Declaration annexed
thereto, shall remain in force until January 1/13, 1895. Three
months before its expiration the High Contracting Parties shall,
if there is cause therefor, take counsel together as to its prolonga-
tion or as to the modifications which circumstances might render
desirable.

By the present Article the provisions of Article VIII of the
Treaty of June 23, 1881, are abolished.

136 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY

ARTICLE 2.

En vue de mieux preciser la portee de 1'article II du traite du
23 juin 1 88 1, par lequel les deux hautes parties contractantes
s'engagent reciproquement a ne point tolerer chez eux de menees
politiques, religieuses ou autres dirigees centre Fun d'eux, et par
lequel 1'Autriche-Hongrie prend 1'engagement d'appuyer le main-
tien et le raffermissement de la dynastic des Obrenovitch, le gou-
vernement I. declare qu'il prendra, le cas echeant, toutes les
mesures pour empecher par tous les moyens, et meme de main
armee, toute incursion hostile qui serait dirigee du Montenegro
centre la Serbie et sa dynastic royale par le territoire place sous
1'administration des autorites I. et R.

L'Autriche-Hongrie emploiera en outre, s'il y a lieu, ses bons-
offices aupres de la Sublime Porte, afm que les autorites otto-
manes observent sur leur territoire une attitude analogue a Tegard
d'incursions montenegrines dirigees centre la Serbie et la dynastie
des Obrenovitch.

ARTICLE 3.

Les previsions de 1'article VI du traite du 23 juin 1881 ne
pourront etre mises en vigueur qu'en conformite aux dispositions
de la constitution du royaume de Serbie en date du 22 decembre
1888/3 Janvier 1889 (article 52 et 200).

ARTICLE 4.

Si les circonstances prevues par 1'article VII du traite du 23
juin 1 88 1 venaient a se produire tant que ce traite reste en
vigueur et que la Serbie en ait fidelement observe les stipulations,
il est entendu que 1'Autriche-Hongrie reconnaitra et appuiera
aupres des autres puissances la reconnaissance de 1'extension
territoriale en faveur du royaume de Serbie, prevue par 1'article
VII ci-dessus cite, laquelle extension pourra se porter dans la
direction de la vallee du Wardar aussi loin que les circonstances
le permettront.

ARTICLE 5.

Pour repondre a un desir exprime par S. M. le roi Milan I et
en conformite avec 1'esprit de parfaite amitie dans lequel le traite

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 137

ARTICLE 2.

With a view to better defining the meaning of Article II of the
Treaty of June 23, 1881, by which the two High Contracting
Parties reciprocally engage not to tolerate in their countries polit-
ical, religious, or other intrigues directed against either of them,
and by which Austria-Hungary assumes the engagement to sup-
port the maintenance and the strengthening of the Obrenovitch
dynasty, the Imperial Government declares that, should the oc-
casion arise, it will take all measures to prevent by every means,
and even by armed force, every hostile incursion which might be
directed from Montenegro against Serbia and her royal dynasty
through the territory placed under the administration of the
Imperial and Royal authorities.

Austria-Hungary will also, if need be, exercise her good offices
with the Sublime Porte, to the end that the Ottoman authori-
ties observe on their territory an analogous attitude with regard
to Montenegrin incursions directed against Serbia and the
dynasty of Obrenovitch.

ARTICLE 3.

The contingencies of Article VI of the Treaty of June 23, 1881,
shall not be put in force except in conformity with the provisions
of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia dated December
22, i888/January 3, 1889 (Articles 52 and 200).

ARTICLE 4.

If the circumstances foreseen by Article VII of the Treaty of
June 23, 1 88 1, should chance to occur while this Treaty remains
in force and while Serbia has faithfully observed its stipulations,
it is understood that Austria-Hungary will recognize, and sup-
port with other Powers, the recognition in favor of the Kingdom
of Serbia of the territorial extension foreseen by Article VII above-
mentioned, which extension may be carried in the direction of
the valley of the Vardar as far as the circumstances will permit.

ARTICLE 5.

In order to respond to a desire expressed by His Majesty
King Milan I and in conformity with the spirit of perfect friend-

138 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY

du 23 juin 1 88 1 et 1'acte additionnel present ont ete conclus, le
gouvernement I. et R. declare vouloir aider, autant que possible,
a la consolidation de 1'etat economique et financier du royaume de
Serbie et s'engage, a cet effet, a entrer en negotiations avec le
gouvernement Serbe, des que la demande lui en aura ete faite, sur
certaines modifications du traite de commerce en vigueur entre
1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Serbie ayant trait aux droits et impots
sur les objets de consommation.

ARTICLE 6.

Le present acte additionnel que les hautes parties s'engagent
egalement a tenir secret, fera partie integrante du traite du 23
juin 1 88 1 ; il sera ratine et les ratifications en seront echangees a
Belgrade dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

En foi de quoi, les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et
Pont revetu du cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Belgrade, en double expedition, le 9 fevrier/28 Janvier
de Tan 1889.

L. S. v. Hengelmiiller. L. S. Ch. Mijatovich.

Declaration of the Serbian Regents recognizing the Treaties of 1881
and 1889. Belgrade, March 7//p, 1889?

A S. Exc. Mr. Hengelmiiller, envoye extraordinaire et minis tre
ple"nipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie a Belgrade.

Tres confidentielle. Belgrade ce 7/19 mars 1889.

Monsieur 1'envoye,

Nous avons rec,u la note que V. E., d'ordre de son gouverne-
ment, nous a fait 1'honneur de nous adresser pour appeler notre

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Budapest, February 15,
1889 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VT/II, 36) ; of King Milan, Belgrade,
February 5/17, 1889 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ;
Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Belgrade, February 5/17, 1889 (original: St.
A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 41).

The date of the Austro-Hungarian ratification is not given in the draft docu-
ment. It appears, however, from the Instruction to Belgrade of February 15, 1889

PROLONGATION OF AU9TRO-SERBIAN TREATY 139

ship in which the Treaty of June 23, 1881, and the present
Additional Act have been concluded, the Imperial and Royal
Government declares its willingness to aid, so far as possible, in
the consolidation of the economic and financial condition of the
Kingdom of Serbia, and engages, with that in view, as soon as
the request shall have been made to it, to enter into negotiations
with the Serbian Government hi regard to certain modifications
of the Treaty of Commerce in force between Austria-Hungary
and Serbia relative to duties and imposts on foodstuffs.

ARTICLE 6.

The present Additional Act, which the High Parties equally
engage to keep secret, shall form an integral part of the Treaty
of June 23, 1881; it shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged at Belgrade within a period of a fortnight, or sooner
if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
it and affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Belgrade, in duplicate, February 9/January 28 of the
year 1889.

L. S. v. Hengelmiiller. L. S. Ch. Mijatovich.

(b)

Declaration of the Serbian Regents recognizing the Treaties of 1881
and 1889. Belgrade, March 7/19, 1889.

To His Excellency Mr. Hengelmiiller, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of Austria-Hungary

at Belgrade.
Very Confidential. Belgrade, March 7/19, 1889.

Mr. Minister,

We have received the Note which Your Excellency, by order
of your Government, has done us the honor to address to us in

(St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 38) that the ratification was signed on
February 15.

This Treaty expired on January 13, 1895 (Instruction to Belgrade, February 22,
1896, Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIII, 3.)

J Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 49.

140 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY

attention sur le traite secret conclu entre la Serbie et 1'Autriche-
Hongrie le 28 juin 1881 et 1'acte additionnel en faisant partie en
date du 9 fevrier de Fannee courante.

Bien que le gouvernement imperial et royal ne doute point de
la fidelite avec laquelle la regence royale remplira les obligations
Internationales de la Serbie contractees en bonne et due forme
sous le regne precedent, ni des soins qu'elle mettra a veiller a leur
scrupuleuse observation, il desire neanmoins, vu la haute import-
ance des actes susmentionnes, obtenir des informations officielles
et explicites sur le point de vue auquel la regence royale compte se
placer a leur egard.

Ayant pris connaissance des traites susmentionnes et examine
avec soin leur contenu, nous nous empressons d'informer V. E.
que nous les avons trouves conclus en bonne et due forme et en
pleine et entiere conformite avec les droits souveraines accordes
au roi de Serbie par 1'ancienne constitution de 1869 et la nouvelle
constitution du royaume promulguee le 22 decembre 1888.

La valeur legale du traite secret du 28 juin 1881 ainsi que de
son acte additionnel du 9 fevrier de 1'annee courante ne pouvant,
par consequent, etre contestee un seul instant, nous n'hesitons
pas a vous declarer, Monsieur 1'envoye, que la regence royale n'a
aucun scrupule de se placer au point de vue de la stricte et fidele
observation de ces stipulations internationales.

Cette tache nous sera d'autant plus facile que nous memes nous
attachons le plus grand prix a chercher tous les moyens propres a
assurer le developpement des bonnes et cordiales relations qui
existent si heureusement entre la Serbie et la puissante monarchic
voisine.

Nous aimons a esperer que V. E. voudra bien nous accorder
son appui bienveillant pour atteindre ce but et nous vous prions,
Mr. 1'envoye, d'agreer les assurances de notre plus haute consi-
deration.

Les regents du royaume :

Dr. J. Ristitch.
General K. S. Protitch.
General Belimarkowic.

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 141

order to call our attention to the secret Treaty concluded between
Serbia and Austria-Hungary June 28 (sic), 1881, and the Addi-
tional Act constituting a part thereof dated February 9 of the
current year.

Although the Imperial and Royal Government does not doubt
the fidelity with which the Royal Regency will fulfil the inter-
national obligations of Serbia contracted in good and due form
under the preceding reign, or the care that it will take to see to
their scrupulous observance, it desires nevertheless, in view of
the high importance of the abovementioned Acts, to obtain
official and explicit information as to the point of view which the
Royal Regency intends to adopt with regard to them.

Having taken cognizance of the abovementioned Treaties and
examined their contents with care, we hasten to inform Your
Excellency that we have found them concluded in good and due
form and in full and entire conformity with the sovereign rights
granted to the King of Serbia by the old Constitution of 1869
and the new Constitution of the Kingdom promulgated on De-
cember 22, 1888.

The legal validity of the secret Treaty of June 28 (sic), 1881,
as well as of its Additional Act of February 9 of the current year
consequently not being contestable for a single instant, we do not
hesitate to declare to you, Mr. Minister, that the Royal Regency
has no scruples in adopting the point of view of strict and faithful
observance of these international stipulations.

This task will be the easier for us since we ourselves attach the
greatest value to seeking all the means suitable to assure the
development of the good and cordial relations which so happily
exist between Serbia and the powerful neighboring Monarchy.

We like to hope that Your Excellency will be good enough to
lend his friendly support to the attainment of this purpose; and
we pray you, Mr. Minister, to accept the assurances of our
highest consideration.

The Regents of the Kingdom:

Dr. J. Ristitch.

General K. S. Protitch.

General Belimarkovid.

142 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT

14.

PROLONGATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPAIN

AND ITALY. 1891.

(«)

Italian-Spanish Protocol relating to the prolongation of the
Agreement. Madrid, May 4, iSpi.1

PROTOCOLS.

Le gouvernement de S. M. le roi d'ltalie et le gouvernement de
S. M. la reine regente d'Espagne, animes du desir de fortifier tou-
jours davantage le principe monarchique et de contribuer au
raffermissement de la paix, ont decide de renouveler 1'accord
secret de 1887 et dans les memes termes qui avaient ete stipules
entre les deux gouvernements par 1'echange de notes du 4 mai
de la dite annee, a savoir:

ARTICLE I.

LTtalie et ' 1'Espagne ne se ' preteront ' envers la France, en ce
'qui concerne entre autres les territoires nord-africains, a aucun
'traite ou arrangement politique quelconque qui serait directe-
'ment ou indirectement dirige centre 1'Italie,' 1'Espagne, 'PAlle-
'magne et PAutriche-Hongrie, ou centre 1'une ou Fautre de ces
'puissances.

ARTICLE II.

'Abstention de toute attaque non provoquee, ainsi que de
' toute provocation.

ARTICLE III.

'En vue des interets engages dans la Mediterranee, et dans le
'but principal d'y maintenir le statu quo actuel, ITtalie et PEs-

1 Certified copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsur-
kunden, n. 24, Geheimakten, XVI b, n. 61.

A further prolongation took place in May, 1895 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten,
XXVI).

PROLONGATION OF 1TALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 143

14.

PROLONGATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPAIN

AND ITALY. 1891.

(a)

Italian-Spanish Protocol relating to the prolongation of the
Agreement. Madrid, May 4, 1891.

PROTOCOL.

The Government of His Majesty the King of Italy and the
Government of Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, ani-
mated by the desire to fortify the monarchical principle ever
further and to contribute to the strengthening of peace, have,
decided to renew the secret Agreement of 1887 and in the same
terms which were drawn up between the two Governments by
the exchange of Notes of May 4 of the said year, to wit:

ARTICLE I.

Italy and Spain will not lend themselves as regards France,
in so far as the North African territories among others are con-
cerned, to any treaty or political arrangement whatsoever which
should be aimed directly or indirectly against Italy, Spain, Ger-
many, and Austria-Hungary, or against any one of these Powers.

ARTICLE II.

Abstention from all unprovoked attack, as well as from all
provocation.

ARTICLE HI.

In view of the interests involved in the Mediterranean, and for
the principal purpose of maintaining there the present status quo,
Italy and Spain will keep in communication with one another on
this subject, by conveying to one another all information of a

144 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT

'pagne se tiendront sur ce sujet en communication, en se faisant
'part de tout renseignement propre a s'eclairer sur leurs disposi-
' tions respectives, ainsi que sur celles des autres puissances.

Les dispositions qui precedent, lesquelles constituent la repro-
duction de Faccord de 1887, entrent nouvellement en vigueur a
partir d'aujourd'hui pour une duree de quatre ans, et continue-
ront a etre tenues secretes.

Le gouvernement Italien s'engage comme en 1887 a presenter
les clauses susenoncees a 1'adhesion des gouvernements de S. M.
1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et de S. M. 1'empereur
d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie.

En foi de quoi leurs excellences le marquis Maffei, ambassadeur
extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire de S. M. le roi d'ltalie, et le
due de Tetuan, ministre des affaires etrangeres d'Espagne, du-
ment autorises, ont signe ce protocole en double original.

Fait a Madrid le quatre mai mil huit cent quatre-vingt-onze.

(Signe) Maffei. (Signe) Le due de Tetuan.

Pour copie conforme a I'original:

L. S. Maffei.

Madrid 4 mai 1891.

Spanish Note to Italy regarding Morocco. May 4,
Regia ambasciata d'ltalia.

Copie de la note adressee par S. E. le due de Tetuan, ministre des
affaires etrangeres d'Espagne a S. E. le marquis Maffei, ambas-
sadeur d'ltalie.

Madrid, le 4 mai 1891.

Monsieur 1'ambassadeur: Me referant a 1'accord secret que
j'ai eu 1'honneur de signer aujourd'hui avec V. E. au nom de nos
gouvernements respectifs, je crois mon devoir de formuler au
sujet de la clause 3 dudit accord, la reserve suivante pour ce qui
concerne le Maroc: Le gouvernement de S. M. la reine regente

2 Certified copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsur-
kunden, n. 24, Geheimakten, XVT b, n. 61.

PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 145

kind to enlighten each other concerning their respective disposi-
tions, as well as those of other Powers.

The preceding provisions, which are the reproduction of the
Agreement of 1887, enter into force anew, dating from today,
for a period of four years, and shall continue to be kept secret.

The Italian Government engages as in 1887 to present the
above stated clauses for the adhesion of the Governments of His
Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, and of His
Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary.

In witness whereof Their Excellencies the Marquis Maffei,
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Majesty
the King of Italy, and the Duke of Tetuan, Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Spain, duly authorized, have signed this Protocol in
duplicate originals.

Done at Madrid, the fourth of May, one thousand eight
hundred and ninety-one.

(Signed) Maffei. (Signed) The Duke of Tetuan.

For copy true to the original:

L. S. Maffei.

Madrid, May 4, 1891.

Spanish Note to Italy regarding Morocco. May 4, 1891.

Royal Embassy of Italy.

Copy of the Note addressed by His Excellency the Duke of

Tetuan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain, to His Excellency

the Marquis Maffei, Ambassador of Italy.

Madrid, May 4, 1891.

Mr. Ambassador: Referring to the secret Agreement which I
have today had the honor of signing with Your Excellency in the
name of our respective Governments, I deem it my duty to formu-
late the following reserve on the subject matter of clause 3 of the
said Agreement so far as it concerns Morocco : The Government

146 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT

declare que le statu quo a la conservation duquel vise 1'accord
doit ^tre considere non seulement en relation avec 1'etat de fait
existant au Maroc, mais aussi en relation avec 1'etat des droits
de 1'Espagne d'apres le traite de Wad Ras et sans que cela affai-
blisse sa liberte d'action pour maintenir la surete de la ligne de
frontiere des possessions espagnoles sur le territoire du Maroc.
En portant ce qui precede a la connaissance de V. E., je la prie
de vouloir bien m'en dormer acte au nom de son gouvernement et
d'en faire egalement notification a leurs excellences les ambassa-
deurs d'Allemagne et d'Autriche-Hongrie en les invitant a en
prendre acte au nom de leurs gouvernements respectifs. Veuillez
agreer 1'assurance de ma haute consideration. (Signe) Due de
Tetuan.

A S. E. le marquis Maffei, ambassadeur de S. M. le roi d'ltalie.
Pour copie conforme a 1 'original:

L. S. Maffei.

Madrid 4 mai 1891.

Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Protocol and Note.3
Madrid, May 4,

Madrid, le 4 mai 1891.

Par sa note d'aujourd'hui S. E. 1'ambassadeur de S. M. le roi
d'ltalie a bien voulu envoyer au soussigne copie certifiee conforme
du protocole quelle a signe ce matin avec S. E. Mr. le due de
Tetuan, ministre d'etat, pour le renouvellement de 1'accord secret
du 4 mai 1887, ainsi que la copie certifiee conforme des notes
relatives aux reserves formulees par le gouvernement espagnol
au sujet du Maroc.

3 Copy: St. A., ibid.

This Declaration of Accession bears in lead pencil the notation: "Comte
Dubsky a 1'ambassadeur d'ltalie a Madrid, Maffei." The Declaration of Acces-
sion of the German Empire is not available, but according to a note of the Duke of

PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 147

of Her Majesty the Queen Regent declares that the status quo to
the preservation of which the Agreement looks must be consid-
ered not only in relation to the de facto situation existing in
Morocco, but also in relation to the de jure situation of Spain
according to the Treaty of Wad Ras and without impairing her
freedom of action for maintaining the security of the frontier line
of the Spanish possessions in the territory of Morocco. In bring-
ing the preceding to the knowledge of Your Excellency, I beg you
to be kind enough to acknowledge receipt thereof in the name of
your Government and to give notice of it as well to Their Excel-
lencies the Ambassadors of Germany and of Austria-Hungary,
inviting them to take note thereof in the name of their respective
Governments. Pray accept the assurance of my high considera-
tion. (Signed) The Duke of Tetuan.

To His Excellency Marquis Maffei, Ambassador of His
Majesty the King of Italy.

For copy true to the original:

L. S. Maffei.

Madrid, May 4, 1891.

Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Protocol and Note.
Madrid, May 4, 1891.

Madrid, May 4, 1891.

By his Note of today His Excellency the Ambassador of His
Majesty the King of Italy has been good enough to send to the
undersigned a certified true copy of the Protocol which he signed
this morning with His Excellency the Duke of Tetuan, Minister
of State, for the renewal of the secret Agreement of May 4, 1887,
as well as the certified true copy of the Notes relative to the re-
serves formulated by the Spanish Government on the subject
of Morocco.

Tetuan of May 5, 1891 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XVI, 58) it was likewise pre-
sented on May 4.

148 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT

Le soussigne s'empresse d'ordre de son gouvernement de
notifier 1'accession de ce dernier au dit protocole et aux notes
echangees a Madrid aujourd'hui 4 ct. entre le representant de
S. M. le roi d'ltalie et S. E. le ministre d'etat de S. M. la reine
regente.

Le soussigne profite de cette occasion pour reiterer a S. E. Mr.
le marquis Maffei 1'assurance de sa haute consideration.

L'ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie.

(Signe) Dubsky.

PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPAN1SH AGREEMENT 149

The undersigned hastens, by order of his Government, to an-
nounce the accession of the latter to the said Protocol and to the
Notes exchanged at Madrid today, the 4th instant, between the
Representative of His Majesty the King of Italy and His Excel-
lency the Minister of State of Her Majesty the Queen Regent.

The undersigned avails himself of this occasion to renew to
His Excellency the Marquis Maffei the assurance of his high
consideration.

The Ambassador of Austria-Hungary.

(Signed) Dubsky.

150 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

15-

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1891.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire,
and Italy. Berlin, May 6, iSpi.1

L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi
apostolique de Hongrie, 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
et le roi dTtalie fermement resolus d'assurer a leurs etats la con-
tinuation des bienfaits que leur garantit, au point de vue politique
aussi bien qu'au point de vue monarchique et social, le maintien
de la Triple Alliance, et voulant dans ce but prolonger la duree de
cette alliance conclue le 20 mai 1882 et renouvelee, une premiere
fois deja, par les traites du 20 fevrier 1887 dont 1'echeance etait
fixee au 30 mai 1892 ont, a cet effet, nomme comme leurs pleni-
potentiaires, savoir:

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie: le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi de Sarvari
Felso-Videk, chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ambas-
sadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur
d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse: le sieur Leon de
Caprivi, general d'infanterie, chancelier de I'empire, son president
du conseil des ministres de Prusse,

S. M. le roi d'ltalie: le sieur Edouard comte de Launay, son
ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 1'em-
pereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,

'lesquels, apres echange de leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves en
' bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants :

ARTICLE I.2

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'paix et amitie et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engage-
' ment dirige centre Fun de leurs etats.

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 25, Geheimakten, XXVIII, 26.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 151

IS-

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1891.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire,
and Italy. Berlin, May 6, 1891.

Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia,
etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany,
King of Prussia, and the King of Italy, firmly resolved to assure
to Their States the continuation of the benefits which the
maintenance of the Triple Alliance guarantees to them, from the
political point of view as well as from the monarchical and social
point of view, and wishing with this purpose to prolong the dura-
tion of this Alliance, concluded on May 20, 1882, and already
renewed a first time by the Treaties of February 20, 1887, whose
expiration was fixed for May 30, 1892, have, for this purpose,
appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Emeric Count Sze-
chenyi of Sarvari Felso-Videk, Chamberlain and Actual Privy
Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia: the
Sieur Leo von Caprivi, General of Infantry, Chancellor of the
Empire, His President of the Council of Ministers of Prussia,

His Majesty the King of Italy: the Sieur Edward Count de
Launay, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,

who, after exchange of their full powers, found in good and
due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.2

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States.

1 Articles I-V are identic with Articles I-V of the Treaty of May 20, 1882.
Cf. p. 64.

152 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

' Elles s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'idees sur les ques-
' tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generate qui pour-
' raient se presenter, et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel
' dans la limite de leurs propres interets.

ARTICLE II.

'Dans le cas cm 1'Italie, sans provocation directe de sa part,
'serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les
'deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a preter a la
'partie attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces.

'Cette meme obligation incombera a 1'Italie dans le cas d'une
'agression non directement provoquee de la France centre 1'Alle-
'magne.

ARTICLE III.

'Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes, sans provo-
' cation directe de leur part, venaient a etre attaquees et a se
' trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes
'puissances non signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis"
' se presentera simultanement pour toutes les hautes parties con-
'tractantes.

ARTICLE IV.

' Dans le cas ou une grande puissance non signataire du present
' traite menacerait la securite des etats de 1'une des hautes parties
'contractantes, et la partie menacee se verrait par la forcee de
'lui faire la guerre_, les deux autres s'obligent a observer, a 1'egard
'de leur allie, une neutralite bienveillante. Chacune se reserve,
'dans ce cas, la faculte de prendre part a la guerre, si elle le jugeait
'a propos, pour faire cause commune avec son allie.

ARTICLE V.

'Si la paix de Tune des hautes parties contractantes venait a
'etre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles pre-
'cedents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en
' temps utile sur les mesures militaires a prendre en vue d'une co-
' operation eventuelle.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 153

ARTICLE II.

This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any
aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger-
many.

ARTICLE III.

If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct
provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to
be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsigna-
tory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simul-
taneously for all the High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE IV.

ARTICLE V.

If the peace of one of the High Contracting Parties should
chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by
the preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take
counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to be
taken with a view to eventual cooperation.

154 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'Elles s'engagent, des-a-present, dans tous les cas de participa-
1 tion commune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix,
'ni traite, que d'un commun accord entre elles.

ARTICLE VI.3

L'Allemagne et 1'Italie, 'n'ayant en vue que le maintien,
'autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, s'engagent
'a user de leur influence pour prevenir, sur les c6tes et iles otto-
1 manes dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee, toute modifi-
' cation territoriale qui porterait dommage a 1'une ou a 1'autre des
'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communique-
'ront, a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer
'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles
'd'autres puissances.

ARTICLE VII.4

L'Autriche-Hongrie et 1'Italie, 'n'ayant en vue que le main-
'tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient,
' s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modifica-
tion territoriale qui porterait dommage a 1'une ou a 1'autre des
'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communique-
'ront, a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer
'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles
'd'autres puissances.

'Toutefois dans le cas, ou, par suite des evenements, le main-
' tien du statu quo dans les regions des Balcans ou des cotes et iles
'ottomanes dans 1'Adriatique et dans la mer Egee deviendrait
'impossible, et que, soit en consequence de 1'action d'une puis-
'sance tierce soit autrement, 1'Autriche-Hongrie ou 1'Italie se
'verraient dans la necessite de le modifier par une occupation
'temporaire ou permanente de leur part, cette occupation n'aura
'lieu qu'apres un accord prealable entre les deux puissances, base
'sur le principe d'une compensation reciproque pour tout avan-
'tage, territorial ou autre que chacune d'elles obtiendrait en sus

3 Identic with the first Article of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of
February 20, 1887. Cf. p. no.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 155

They engage henceforward, in all cases of common participa-
tion in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty,
except by common agreement among themselves.

ARTICLE VI.3

Germany and Italy, having in mind only the maintenance,
so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, en-
gage to use their influence to forestall, on the Ottoman coasts and
islands in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas, any territorial modi-
fication which might be injurious to one or the other of the
Powers signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they will
communicate to one another all information of a nature to en-
lighten each other mutually concerning their own dispositions,
as well as those of other Powers.

ARTICLE VII.4

However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the
status quo in the -regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts
and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become
impossible, and if, whether in consequence of the action of a third
Power or otherwise, Austria-Hungary or Italy should find them-
selves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or
permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take
place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers,
based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation for every
advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might obtain

4 Identic with Article I of the Austro-Hungarian-Italian Separate Treaty of
February 20, 1887. Cf. p. 108.

156 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'du statu quo actual, et donnant satisfaction aux interets et aux
'preventions bien fondees des deux parties.

ARTICLE VIII.5

'Les stipulations des' articles VI et VII 'ne s'appliqueront
'd'aucune maniere a la question egyptienne au sujet de laquelle
'les hautes parties contractantes conservent respectivement leur
'liberte d'action, eu egard tou jours aux principes sur lesquels
repose le present traite.

ARTICLE IX.

L'Allemagne et 1'Italie s'engagent a s'employer pour le main-
tien du statu quo territorial dans les regions nord-af ricaines sur la
Mediterranee a savoir la Cyrena'ique, la Tripolitaine et la Tunisie.
Les representants des deux puissances dans ces regions auront
pour instruction de se tenir dans la plus etroite intimite de com-
munications et assistance mutuelles.

Si malheureusement, en suite d'un mur examen de la situation
TAllemagne et 1'Italie reconnaissaient 1'une et Pautre que le
maintien du statu quo devenait impossible, 1'Allemagne s'engage,
apres un accord formel et prealable, a appuyer 1'Italie en toute
action sous la forme d'occupation ou autre prise de garantie que
cette derniere devrait entreprendre dans ces memes regions en
vue d'un interet d'equilibre et de legitime compensation.

II est entendu que pour pareille eventualite les deux puissances
chercheraient a se mettre egalement d'accord avec 1'Angleterre.

ARTICLE X.6

'S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation ou
'bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel-
'conque, sur les territoires nord-africains,7 et qu'en consequence
' de ce fait 1'Italie crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans
'la Mediterranee, entreprendre elle-meme une action sur les dits

B Identic with Article II of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of February 20,
1887. Cf. p. 112. Austria now accedes to this provision.

6 Identic with Article III of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of February
20, 1887. Cf. p. 112.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 157

beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction lo the
interests and well founded claims of the two Parties.

ARTICLE VIII. B

The stipulations of Articles VI and VII shall apply in no way
to the Egyptian question, with legard to which the High Con-
tracting Parties preserve respectively their freedom of action, re-
gard being always paid to the principles upon which the present
Treaty rests.

ARTICLE IX.

Germany and Italy engage to exert themselves for the main-
tenance of the territorial status quo in the North African regions
on the Mediterranean, to wit, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and
Tunisia. The Representatives of the two Powers in these regions
shall be instructed to put themselves into the closest intimacy
of mutual communication and assistance.

If unfortunately, as a result of a mature examination of the
situation, Germany and Italy should both recognize that the
maintenance of the status quo has become impossible, Germany
engages, after a formal and previous agreement, to support
Italy in any action in the form of occupation or other taking of
guaranty which the latter should undertake hi these same regions
with a view to an interest of equilibrium and of legitimate com-
pensation.

It is understood that in such an eventuality the two Powers
would seek to place themselves likewise in agreement with
England.

ARTICLE X.6

If it were to happen that France should make a move to ex-
tend her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty,
under any form whatsoever, in the North African territories,
and that in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard her
position in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must her
self undertake action in the said North African territories, or

7 The words "soit du villayet de Tripoli, soil de 1'empire Marocain" of Article
III of the German-Italian Treaty of 1887 are here omitted. Cf. p. 112.

158 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

' territoires nord-af ricains ou bien recourir sur le territoire frangais
'en Europe aux mesures extremes, 1'etat de guerre qui s'ensuivrait
'entre 1'Italie et la France constituerait ipso facto, sur la demande
'de 1'Italie, et a la charge commune ' de 1'Allemagne et de 1'Italie,
' le casus foederis prevu par les articles II et V du present traite,
' comme si pareille eventualite y etait expressement visee.

ARTICLE XI.8

' Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun contre la
' France ' par les deux puissances ' amenaient 1'Italie a rechercher
' des garanties territoriales a 1'egard de la France, pour la securite
'des frontieres du royaume et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en
'vue de la stabilite de la paix, FAllemagne n'y mettra aucun
'obstacle, et au besoin, et dans une mesure compatible avec les
' circonstances, s'appliquera a f aciliter les moyens d'atteindre un
' semblable but.

ARTICLE XII.9

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE XIII.

Les puissances signataires se reservent d'y introduire ulterieure-
ment sous forme de protocole et d'un commun accord, les modi-
fications dont 1'utilite serait demontree par les circonstances.

ARTICLE XIV.

Le present traite restera en vigueur pour 1'espace de six ans
a partir de 1'echange des ratifications ;10 mais s'il n'avait pas ete
denonce un an a 1'avance par Tune ou 1'autre des hautes parties
contractantes, il restera en vigueur pour la meme duree de six
autres annees.

8 Identic with Article IV of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of February
20, 1887. Cf. p. 112.

9 Identic with Article VI of the Treaty of May 20, 1882, and Articles II and V
of the Separate Treaties of Italy with Austria-Hungary and with Germany, re-
spectively, of February 20, 1887. Cf. pp. 68, 108, 114.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 159

even have recourse to extreme measures in French territory in
Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between
Italy and France would constitute ipso facto, on the demand of
Italy, and at the common charge of Germany and Italy, the
casus foederis foreseen by Articles II and V of the present Treaty,
as if such an eventuality were expressly contemplated therein.

ARTICLE XI.8

If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against
France by the two Powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial
guaranties with respect to France for the security of the frontiers
of the Kingdom and of her maritime position, as well as with a
view to the stability of peace, Germany will present no obstacle
thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible with cir-
cumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means of attain-
ing such a purpose.

ARTICLE XII.9

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE XIII.

The Signatory Powers reserve the right of subsequently in-
troducing, in the form of a protocol and of a common agreement,
the modifications of which the utility should be demonstrated
by circumstances.

ARTICLE XIV.

The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of six
years, dating from the exchange of ratifications; but if it has not
been denounced one year in advance by one or another of the
High Contracting Parties, it shall remain in force for the same
duration of six more years.

10 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, May 16, 1891
(draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXVTII, 32); of Emperor William II,
New Palace, Potsdam, May 16, 1891 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen
Ratifikationen) ; of King Humbert, Rome, May 12, 1891 (original, ibid.); Protocol
of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, May 17, 1891 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch.,
Geheimakten, XXVIII, 34).

l6o THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE XV.

Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Berlin,
dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus t6t si faire se peut.

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
'present traite, et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Berlin, en triple exemplaire, le sixieme jour du mois de
mai mil huit cent quatre-vingt-onze.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Caprivi.

L. S. Launay.

Final Protocol to the Treaty.11

PROTOCOLE.

Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour entre
1'Autriche-Hongrie, 1'Allemagne et 1'Italie, les plenipotentiaires
soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce dument autorises, se
declarent mutuellement ce qui suit:

i° Sauf reserve d'approbation parlementaire pour les stipula-
tions effectives qui decouleraient de la presente declaration de
principe les hautes parties contractantes se promettent, des ce
moment, en matiere economique (finances, douanes, chemins de
fer) en sus du traitement de la nation la plus favorisee, toutes les
facilites et tous les avantages particuliers qui seraient compatibles
avec les exigences de chacun des trois etats et avec leurs engage-
ments respectifs avec les tierces puissances.

2°- L'accession de 1'Angleterre etant deja acquise, en principe,
aux stipulations du traite de ce jour qui concernent TOrient,
proprement dit, a savoir les territoires de 1'empire ottoman, les
hautes parties contractantes s'emploieront au moment opportun,
et pour autant que les circonstances le comporteraient, a provo-
quer une accession analogue a 1'egard des territoires nord-africains

11 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 25, Geheimakten, XXVIII, 26.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE l6l

ARTICLE XV.

The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at
Berlin within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of
their arms.

Done at Berlin, in triplicate, the sixth day of the month of
May, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one.

L. S. Szechenyi.

L. S. v. Caprivi.

L. S. Launay.

Final Protocol to the Treaty.

PROTOCOL.

At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of
this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, the
undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto
duly authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows:

i . Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory
stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle,
the High Contracting Parties promise each other, from this mo-
ment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads), in addi-
tion to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facilities and
special advantages which would be compatible with the re-
quirements of each of the three States and with their respective
engagements with third Powers.

2. The accession of England being already acquired, in prin-
ciple, to the stipulations of the Treaty of this day which concern
the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Otto-
man Empire, the High Contracting Parties shall exert themselves
at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances
may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard
to the North African territories of the central and western part of

1 62 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

de la partie centrale et occidentale de la Mediterranee, le Maroc
compris. Cette accession pourrait se realiser moyennant accep-
tation, de la part de 1'Angleterre, du programme etabli aux
articles IX et X du traite de ce jour.

En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple
exemplaire, le present protocole.

Fait a Berlin, le sixieme jour du mois de mai mil huit cent
quatre-vingt-onze.

Szechenyi.

v. Caprivi.

Launay.

THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 163

the Mediterranean, including Morocco. This accession might be
realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the pro-
gramme established by Articles IX and X of the Treaty of this
day.

In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Protocol in triplicate.

Done at Berlin, the sixth day of the month of May, one thou-
sand eight hundred and ninety-one.

Szechenyi.

v. Caprivi.

Launay.

164 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY

16.

SECOND TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA
WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY,
AND ITALY. 1892.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. Sinaia,
July 13/25,

'S. M. Tempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme, etc. et roi apo-
'stolique de Hongrie, et

'S. M. le roi de Roumanie,

'animes d'un egal desir de maintenir la paix generate, conforme-
'ment au but poursuivi par 1'alliance austro-hongroise et alle-
'mande, d 'assurer 1'ordre politique et de garantir centre toutes
'les eventual! tes la parfaite amitie qui les lie, ont resolu de con-
' clure a cette fin un traite qui par sa nature essentiellement con-
'servatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but de les premunir
1 centre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix de leurs etats.

'A cet effet L. L. dites M. M. ont nomme pour leurs plenipo-
'tentiaires, savoir:

S. M. Tempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie: le sieur Agenor comte Gohichowski, chambel-
lan imperial et royal, son envoye extraordinaire et ministre pleni-
potentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie,

S. M. le roi de Roumanie: le sieur Alexandre N. Lahovary,
son ministre, secretaire d'etat aux affaires etrangeres,
' lesquels, apres s'etre communiques leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves
'en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE i.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie
'et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement dirige centre

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 26, Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 45.

SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 165

16.

SECOND TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA

WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY,

AND ITALY. 1892.

(<*)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. Sinaia,
July 13/25, 1892.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and

His Majesty the King of Rumania,

animated by an equal desire to maintain the general peace, in
conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro-Hungarian
and German Alliance, to assure the political order, and to guar-
antee against all eventualities the perfect friendship which binds
Them together, have resolved to conclude to this end a Treaty
which by its essentially conservative and defensive nature pur-
sues only the aim of forestalling the dangers which might menace
the peace of Their States.

For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their
Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Agenor Count
Gohichowski, Imperial and Royal Chamberlain, His Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the
King of Rumania,

His Majesty the King of Rumania: the Sieur Alexander N.
Lahovary, His Minister, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,

who, after having communicated to each other their full pow-
ers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following
Articles:

ARTICLE i.

The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed

1 66 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY

'Tun de leurs etats. Elles s'engagent a suivre une politique
'amicale et a se preter un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs
'interets.

ARTICLE 2.

'Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait
'a etre attaquee, rAutriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en
'temps utile secours et assistance centre Pagresseur. Si 1'Au-
' triche-Hongrie etait attaquee dans les memes circonstances dans
' une partie de ses etats limitrophe a la Roumanie, le casus f oederis
' se presentera aussitot pour cette derniere.

ARTICLE 3.

'Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee
'd'une agression dans les conditions susmentionnees les gouverne-
'ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures a prendre
'en vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions mili-
'taires, notamment celle de 1'unite des operations et du passage
'des territoires respectifs, seront reglees par une convention
'militaire.

ARTICLE 4.

' Si contrairement a leur desir et espoir les hautes parties con-
'tractantes etaient forcees a une guerre commune dans les cir-
' Constances prevues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent a
*ne negocier ni conclure separement la paix.

ARTICLE 5.

'Le present traite restera en vigueur pour la duree de' quatre
' ans a partir du jour de 1'echange des ratifications. Si une annee
'avant son expiration le present traite n'est pas denonce, ou si la
'revision n'en est pas demandee par aucune des hautes parties
' contractantes, il sera considere comme prolonge pour la duree de
' trois autres annees.

ARTICLE 6.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 167

against any one of their States. They engage to follow a friendly
policy, and to lend one another mutual support within the limits
of their interests.

ARTICLE 2.

If Rumania, without any provocation on her part, should be
attacked, Austria-Hungary is bound to bring her in ample tune
help and assistance against the aggressor. If Austria-Hungary
be attacked under the same circumstances in a portion of her
states bordering on Rumania, the casus foederis will immediately
arise for the latter.

ARTICLE 3.

If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself
threatened by an aggression under the abovementioned condi-
tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree-
ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to cooperation
of their armies. These military questions, especially that of the
unity of operations and of passage through the respective ter-
ritories, shall be regulated by a military convention.

ARTICLE 4.

If, contrary to their desire and hope, the High Contracting
Parties be forced into a common war under the circumstances
foreseen by the preceding Articles, they engage neither to nego-
tiate nor to conclude peace separately.

ARTICLE 5.

The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of four
years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. If the
present Treaty is not denounced one year before its expiration,
or if its revision is not demanded by either of the High Contract-
ing Parties, it shall be regarded as prolonged for a period of three
more years.

ARTICLE 6.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

1 68 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY

ARTICLE 7.

'Le present traite sera ratifie et les ratifications seront echan-
' gees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si f aire se peut.2

' En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectif s 1'ont signe et y
' ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Sinaia le vingt-cinquieme/treizieme jour du mois de
juillet de 1'an de grace mil huit cent quatre-vingt-douze.
Agenor comte Goluchowski. Al. Lahovari.

L. S. L. S.

(*)

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Rumania

providing for the accession of Germany to the Alliance.

Bucharest, November 11/23, 1892*

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo-
' stolique de Hongrie, et

'S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu a' Sinaia le 25/13
juillet de 1'annee courante 'le traite d'amitie et d'alliance suivant:
[Articles 1-7 of the Treaty of July 25, 1892, follow]

'ont invite S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, a
'acceder aux dispositions du susdit traite.

'En consequence S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
'a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant ' a
Bucarest, le conseiller de legation Bernard de Billow, 'pour
'adherer formellement aux stipulations contenues dans le traite
' susmentionne. En vertu de cet acte d'accession S. M. 1'empereur
'd'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, prend au nom de 1'empire d'Alle-
'magne envers L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme
'etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi de Roumanie, et en
'meme temps L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme
'etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi de Roumanie, pren-

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Ischl, July 30, 1892
(draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 46); of King Charles, Sinaia,
July 25/ August 4, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Rati-
fikationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Sinaia, July 25/ August 4, 1892
(original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, 51).

3 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimer Vertragsurkunden,
n. 27, Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 92.

SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 169

ARTICLE 7.

The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Sinaia, the twenty-fifth/thirteenth day of the month
of July of the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and
ninety-two.

Agenor Count Gohichowski. Al. Lahovari.

L. S. L. S.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Rumania

providing for the accession of Germany to the Alliance.

Bucharest, November 11/23, *%92-

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and

His Majesty the King of Rumania, having concluded at Sinaia
on July 25/13 of the current year the Treaty of friendship and
alliance which follows:

[Articles 1-7 of the Treaty of July 25, 1892, follow.]

have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty.

Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His
Representative at Bucharest, Counsellor of Legation Bernhard
von Billow, to adhere formally to the provisions contained in the
abovementioned Treaty. In virtue of this Act of Accession His
Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the
name of the German Empire towards Their Majesties the Em-
peror of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of
Hungary, and the King of Rumania, and at the same time Their
Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and
Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King of Rumania take
towards His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,
the same engagements by which the High Contracting Parties

170 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY

'nent envers S. M. 1'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, les
'memes engagements auxquels les hautes parties contractantes se
'sont mutuellement obligees par les stipulations du dit traite
'insere ci-dessus.

'Le present acte d'accession sera ratifie et les ratifications
' seront echangees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si
'faire se peut.4

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
'present acte d'accession et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Bucarest, le 23e/ne jour du mois de novembre de Tan
de grace mil huit cent quatre-vingt-douze.

L. S. A. Gohichowski.

L. S. Al. Lahovari.

L. S. Bern. Bulow.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy to the Alliance. November 28, 1892.*

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, et
'S. M. le roi de Roumanie, ayant conclu' le 25/13 juillet 1892
'un traite d'amitie et d'alliance, actuellement en vigueur, traite
'dont la teneur suit:

[ The text of the Treaty as above follows}

'Ce traite ayant recu' le 23 novembre 1892 Taccession de
'S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et ayant etc en-
' suite communique par les hautes parties contractantes susmen-
'tionnees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec 1'invitation a y acceder, S. M.
' le roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite a etc conclu,
' et qui est la conservation de la paix generate et de 1'ordre exist-
'ant, a autorise le soussigne' sieur Frangois des marquis Curto-
passi, son envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire

4 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each for the
German Empire and Rumania, Vienna, December 5, 1892 (draft: St. A., Polit.
Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 99); of Emperor William II, Berlin, December 5,
1892 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; of King Charles,
Bucharest, November 3o/December n, 1892 (original, ibid.); Protocol of exchange
of ratifications between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, Bucharest, December
1/13, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 103); between

SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 171

have mutually bound themselves according to the stipulations of
the said Treaty inserted above.

The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica-
tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner
if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Act of Accession and have affixed thereto the
seal of their arms.

Done at Bucharest, the twenty-third/eleventh day of the month
of November of the year of grace one thousand eight hundred
and ninety-two.

L S A. Gohichowski.

L. S. Al. Lahovari.

L. S. Bern. Bulow.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy to the Alliance. November 28, 1892*

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hun-
gary, and His Majesty the King of Rumania, having concluded
on July 25/13, 1892, a Treaty of friendship and alliance, now in
force, the tenor of which Treaty follows:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows}

This Treaty having received on November 23, 1892, the Ac-
cession of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prus-
sia, and having been then communicated by the High Contract-
ing Parties abovementioned to His Majesty the King of Italy
with an invitation to accede thereto, His Majesty the King of
Italy, approving the purpose for which this Treaty has been con-
cluded, and which is the preservation of the general peace and
of the existing order, has authorized the undersigned Sieur

the German Empire and Rumania, Bucharest, December 14, 1892 (according to
advice from Bucharest on December 15: ibid., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 105).

• Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 28, Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 92.

A similar Treaty was concluded and ratified between Rumania and Italy. Des-
patch from Bucharest dated December 30, 1892, and Instruction to Rome dated
January 5, 1893 (St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, nn. 113 and 115).

SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY

aupres de S. M. le roi de Roumanie, 'a declarer en son nom qu'il
' accede au dit traite dans les limites ci-apres indiquees en ce qui
'concerne les stipulations des articles 2 et 3, savoir:

' Si les eventualites, pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis tel qu'il
'est prevu dans les articles 2 et 3, venaient a se produire, L. L.
'M. M., 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, le roi
'd'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie prennent 1'engagement mutuel
'de se concerter en temps utile pour une action commune dont les
'modalites seront reglees par une convention speciale.

'La presente accession sera en vigueur a dater du jour de la
'signature' pour toute la duree du traite principal du 25/13 juillet
1892.

'Le secret sera garde sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra
'etre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties
'contractantes.

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostoliqie de Hongrie a au-
' torise de son cote le soussigne sieur ' Agenor comte Gohichowski,
chambellan I. et R., son envoy e extraordinaire et ministre ple-
nipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, 'a declarer en son
'nom qu'il accepte dans les termes ci-dessus relates et avec les
'memes obligations mutuelles 1'accession de S. M. le roi d'ltalie
'au traite' du 25/13 juillet 1892.

'Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratine par S.
'M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie et par
'S. M. le roi d'ltalie, et les ratifications seront echangees le plus
'tot possible.6

'En foi de quoi les' plenipotentiaires respectifs 'ont signe le
'present acte d'accession et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Bucharest, le vingt-huitieme jour du mois de novembre
mille huit cent quatre-vingt-douze.

Agenor comte Gohichowski. Francesco Curtopassi.

L. S. L. S.

6 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, December 15,
1892 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 104); of King Humbert,
Rome, December 18, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen
Ratifikationen) ; Protocol of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary and
Italy, Vienna, December 24, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten,
XXX a, n. 109).

SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 173

Francis dei marches! Curtopassi, His Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania,
to declare in His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within
the limits indicated below, so far as concerns the stipulations of
Articles 2 and 3, to wit:

If eventualities that could give rise to the casus foederis as it is
foreseen in Articles 2 and 3 should chance to occur, Their Maj-
esties the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, the
King of Italy, and the King of Rumania assume a mutual en-
gagement to take counsel together in ample time as to common
action, the detailed procedure of which shall be regulated by a
special convention.

The present Accession shall be in force, dating from the day of
signature, for the whole duration of the principal Treaty of
July 25/13, 1892.

This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re-
vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting
Parties.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hun-
gary, has for his part authorized the undersigned Sieur Agenor
Count Gohichowski, Imperial and Royal Chamberlain, His
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Maj-
esty the King of Rumania, to declare in His name that He
accepts in the terms above stated, and with the same mutual
obligations, the Accession of His Majesty the King of Italy to
the Treaty of July 25/13, 1892.

The present Act of Accession and of acceptance shall be
ratified by His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King
of Hungary, and by His Majesty the King of Italy, and the rati-
fications shall be exchanged as soon as possible.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Act of Accession and have affixed thereto the
seal of their arms.

Done at Bucharest, the twenty-eighth day of the month of
November, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two.

Agenor Count Gohichowski. Francesco Curtopassi.

L.S. L. S.

174 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE

17-

PROLONGATION OF THE ALLIANCE OF

RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,

GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1896.

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Rumania regarding the
prolongation oj the Alliance. Sinaia, September 30, 1896. l

Les soussignes, munis des pleins-pouvoirs de leurs souverains,
trouves en bonne et due forme, prenant en consideration les stip-
ulations du traite d'alliance, signe le 25 juillet 1892, entre la
Roumanie et 1'Autriche-Hongrie, et desireux de constater une
fois de plus 1'entente intime etablie en prevision de certaines
eventualites, mentionnees dans ce traite, sont tombes d'accord
sur ce qui suit:

Bien que le traite dont la duree a d'abord ete fixee pour quatre
ans, continue en vertu de 1'Article 5, d'une maniere tacite, de
garder sa valeur jusqu'au 25 juillet 1899, les soussignes tiennent
a declarer d'une maniere formelle que les engagements pris de
part et d'autre resteront pleinement et entierement en vigueur
durant 1'entiere periode de sept ans prevue par le dit traite.

Convaincus des bons resultats obtenus par cette entente pour
les interets des deux parties contractantes et voulant en assurer
les bienfaits pour une periode prolongee, les soussignes prennent
1'engagement que le traite en question restera en vigueur dans
toutes ses parties et dans toute sa teneur jusqu'au 25 juillet 1903.

II est bien entendu que le present protocole, redige conforme-
ment aux pleins-pouvoirs donnees par L. L. M. M. le roi de Rou-

1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden,
n. 30, Geheimakten, XXX b, 5.

The prolongation of the Treaty legally came into effect by the signing of this
Protocol. The negotiators were authorized to proceed to the ratification by full
powers from the Chiefs of State, as in the case of ministerial declarations.

Full power of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, September 19, 1896
(draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX b, n. 6); of King Charles of Rumania,

PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 175

17-

PROLONGATION OF THE ALLIANCE OF

RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,

GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1896.

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Rumania regarding the
prolongation of the Alliance. Sinaia, September 30, 1896.

The undersigned, furnished with full powers by their Sover-
reigns, found in good and due form, taking into consideration the
stipulations of the Treaty of Alliance, signed on July 25, 1892,
between Rumania and Austria-Hungary, and desirous to record
once more the intimate understanding established in prospect
of certain eventualities mentioned in this Treaty, have come into
agreement upon the following:

Although the Treaty, of which the duration had first been
fixed for four years, continues, in virtue of Article 5, tacitly to
keep its validity until July 25, 1899, the undersigned have to
declare in a formal manner that the engagements assumed on
both sides shall remain fully and entirely in force during the en-
tire period of seven years foreseen by the said Treaty.

Convinced of the good results obtained by this understanding
for the interests of the two Contracting Parties, and wishing to
make sure of its benefits for a prolonged period, the undersigned
assume the engagement that the Treaty in question shall re-
main in force in all its parts and in all its tenor until July 25,
1903.

It is well understood that the present Protocol, drawn up in
conformity with the full powers granted by Their Majesties the
King of Rumania and the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King

Pelesch Palace, September 12/24, I8Q<> (original attached to the Protocol: St. A.,
Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 30, Geheimakten,
XXX b,n. 5).

Corresponding ratifications are lacking.

176 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE

manie et 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, fait
partie integrante du traite d'alliance du 25 juillet 1892.

Fait a Sinai'a, le dixhuitieme/trentieme jour du mois de septem-
bre de Tan de grace mil huit cent quatre-vingt-seize.

D. Sturdza. Gohichowski.

L. S. L. S.

Accession of the German Empire to the Protocol. Berlin, May 7,

1899?

VERBAL-NOTE.

Die Dauer des zwischen Oesterreich-Ungarn und Rumanien im
Jahre 1892 abgeschlossenen und im Jahre 1896 verlangerten Ge-
heimvertrags wird im Artikel 5 dieses Vertrags geregelt. Der
letzte Absatz dieses Artikels lautet:

"Si une annee avant son expiration le present traite n'est pas
denonce ou si la revision n'en est pas demandee par aucune des
hautes parties contractantes, il sera considere comme prolonge
pour la duree de trois autres annees."

Auf Grund dieser Fassung des Artikels und folgend den all-
gemein iiblichen Grundsatzen bei Interpretation von Vertragen
geht die kaiserliche Regierung, welche dem Geheimvertrage im
November 1892 beigetreten ist, von der Auffassung aus, dass der
Vertrag fiir jeden vertragschliessenden Theil, welcher nicht ein
Jahr vor Ablauf desselben seinen Riicktritt erklart hat, still-
schweigend weiterlauft. Da eine Kiindigung seitens der Regie-
rung S. M. im Laufe dieses Jahres nicht erfolgt ist, so erachtet
dieselbe sich mithin nach wie vor an die Bestimmungen des
Vertrages fiir gebunden.

Bereits im Dezember v. J. war die kaiserliche Regierung in der
Lage, dem rumanischen Gesandten in Berlin auf seme Anfrage die
vorstehende Auffassung iiber die Dauer ihrer Vertragspflichten
schriftlich mitzutheilen und ist mit ihrer Darlegung dem Ein-

2 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 31,
Geheimakten, XXX c, 13.

PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 177

of Hungary, forms an integral part of the Treaty of Alliance of
July 25, 1892.

Done at Sinaia, the eighteenth/thirtieth day of the month of
September of the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and
ninety-six.

D. Sturdza. Gohichowski.

L. S. L. S.

Accession of the German Empire to the Protocol. Berlin, May 7,

1899.

NOTE VERBALE.

The duration of the secret Treaty concluded between Austria-
Hungary and Rumania in the year 1892 and prolonged in the
year 1896 is determined in Article 5 of this Treaty. The last
paragraph of this Article reads:

"If the present Treaty is not denounced one year before its
expiration, or if its revision is not demanded by either of the High
Contracting Parties, it shall be considered as prolonged for a
period of three more years."

On the basis of this wording of the Article, and in conformity
with the generally accepted principles of the interpretation of
treaties, the Imperial Government, which adhered to the secret
Treaty in November, 1892, is of the opinion that the Treaty
automatically continues as regards every Signatory Party which
has not given notice of its withdrawal one year before the ex-
piration of the said Treaty. Since no notice was given by the
Government of His Majesty in the course of this year, the said
Government considers itself bound, as previously, by the stipu-
lations of the Treaty.

The Imperial Government, in reply to an inquiry of the Ru-
manian Minister in Berlin, was as early as December of last year
in a position to inform him in writing concerning the above-
mentioned conception of the duration of the Treaty, and in this

178 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE

verstandniss und dem vollen Genugen S. M. des Konigs Carl
begegnet.

Berlin, den 7. Mai 1899.

Acknowledgment by Austria-Hungary of the German accession to
the Protocol. Berlin, May 15, i#pp.3

Geheim.*

Euer Excellenz!

Die Verbal-Note, welche E. E. mit der geheimen Zuschrift vom
7. Mai 1. J. mir zu iibermitteln die Giite batten, babe ich mit ver-
bindlichstem Danke zu erhalten die Ehre gehabt.

In diesen Schriftstiicken, welche ich nicht verfehlt habe meiner
Regierung vorzulegen, ist seitens E. E. der Standpunkt niederge-
legt, welchen die kaiserlich deutsche Regierung hinsichtlich der
Dauer der Verbindlichkeiten einnimmt, die ihr aus ihrem seiner
Zeit erfolgten Beitritt zu dem zwischen Osterreich-Ungarn und
Rumanien abgeschlossenen Vertrage obliegen.

E. E. haben die diesbeziigliche Auffassung der kaiserlich
deutschen Regierung dahin formulirt, dass auf Grund der Fas-
sung des Artikel 5 des im Jahre 1892 mit Rumanien abgeschlos-
senen und 1896 verlangerten geheimen Vertrages, und nach den
allgemein iiblichen Grundsatzen bei Interpretation von Vertra-
gen, der in Rede stehende Vertrag fur jeden vertragschliessenden
Theil, welcher nicht ein Jahr vor Ablauf desselben seinen Riick-
tritt erklart hat, stillschweigend weiterlauft und dass somit,
nachdem eine Kiindigung seitens der Regierung S. M. des
deutschen Kaisers im Lauf e dieses Jahres nicht erfolgt ist, dieselbe
sich nach wie vor an die Bestimmungen des Vertrages fur gebun-
den erachtet.

Ferner hatten E. E. die Gtite mitzutheilen, dass die kaiserlich
deutsche Regierung bereits im Dezember vorigen Jahres in der
Lage war, dem rumanischen Gesandten in Berlin auf seine An-

3 Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX c, n. 17.

* The superscription reads: "Abschrift einer amtlichen Zuschrift des Bot-
schafters von Szogy6ny an den Staatssekretar von Billow, d. d. Berlin, den 15.

PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 179

statement met with the approval and the complete satisfaction
of His Majesty King Charles.
Berlin, May 7, 1899.

Acknowledgment by Austria-Hungary of the German accession to
the Protocol. Berlin, May 75, 1899.

Secret.*

Excellency:

It is with the most sincere thanks that I have had the honor
to receive the Note Verbale which Your Excellency was good
enough to transmit to me, together with the secret Memorandum
of May 7 last.

In these documents, which I have not failed to lay before my
Government, Your Excellency defines the position which the
Imperial German Government takes with regard to the duration
of the obligations which are incumbent on it through its partici-
pation in the Treaty concluded between Austria-Hungary and
Rumania.

Your Excellency has formulated the opinion of the Imperial
German Government in this matter, that by virtue of the word-
ing of Article 5 of the secret Treaty which was concluded with
Rumania in 1892 and prolonged in 1896, and in conformity with
the generally accepted principles of the interpretation of treaties,
the Treaty in question is automatically prolonged as regards
each Signatory Party which has not given notice of its with-
drawal one year before the expiration of the said Treaty; and
that therefore, as no notice was given by the Government of His
Majesty the German Emperor in the course of this year, the said
Government considers itself bound, as previously, by the stipu-
lations of the Treaty.

Your Excellency had the further kindness to state that the
Imperial German Government, in reply to an inquiry of the
Rumanian Minister in Berlin, was as early as December of the

Mai 1899, Nr. 22." ("Copy of an official note from Ambassador von Szogy^ny to
Secretary of State von Biilow, dated Berlin, May 15, 1899, No. 22.")

ISO PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE

frage die vorstehende Auffassung iiber die Dauer ihrer Vertrags-
pflichten schriftlich bekannt zu geben, und dass sie mit ihrer
Darlegung dem Einverstandnis und vollen Genugen S. M. des
Konigs Carol begegnet ist.

Im Auftrage und im Namen der k. u. k. Regierung habe ich die
Ehre, E. E. ganz ergebenst bekannt zu geben, dass dieselbe in
vorstehenden Erklarungen E. E. die seitens der kaiserlich deut-
schen Regierung bereits im November 1896 in Aussicht gestellte
seinerzeitige schrif tliche Adhasion zu der im September desselben
Jahres zwischen Osterreich-Ungarn und Rumanien stipulirten
Vertragsverlangerung erblickt.

Ferner bin ich beauftragt, zu E. E. geneigten Kenntnis zu
bringen, dass die k. u. k. Regierung von den eben erwahnten Mit-
theilungen der kaiserlich deutschen Regierung Akt nimmt und
nunmehr beabsichtigt, dieselben der koniglich italienischen Regie-
rung mitzutheilen, damit diese in der Lage sei, auch ihrerseits
die deutsche Auffassung zur Kenntnis zu nehmen und sich ihr
durch eine analoge Declaration anzuschliessen.

Gleichzeitig beniitze ich diesen Anlass, um E. E. die Versiche-
rung meiner ausgezeichneten Hochachtung zu erneuern.

von Szogyeny m. p.

(d)
Accession of Italy to the Protocol. Rome, June 5, i#pp.5

Ministero degli affari esteri.

Rome, ce 5 juin 1899.
Monsieur 1'ambassadeur,

V. E. m'a fait 1'honneur de m'informer; d'ordre de son gou-
vernement, d'un echange de notes intervenu, les 7 et 15 mai
dernier, entre le secretaire d'etat de 1'empire allemand pour les
affaires etrangeres et 1'ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie a Berlin
au sujet du traite secret entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie.

8 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 32,
Geheimakten, XXX c, n. 23.

This Declaration of Accession was accepted by Austria-Hungary. (Despatch
from Rome of July 3, 1899: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX c, 26.)

PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE l8l

previous year in a position to inform him in writing concerning
the abovementioned opinion of the duration of its treaty obliga-
tions, and that in this statement it met with the approval and
complete satisfaction of His Majesty King Charles.

By the direction and in the name of the Imperial and Royal
Government I have the honor to make known most respectfully
to Your Excellency that it sees in the above declaration of Your
Excellency the written adhesion on its part foreshadowed already
in November, 1896, by the Imperial German Government, to the
Treaty prolongation stipulated between Austria-Hungary and
Rumania in September of that year.

I am further charged to bring to Your Excellency's gracious
attention that the Imperial and Royal Government takes note
of the communication of the Imperial German Government just
referred to, and intends forthwith to impart it to the Royal
Italian Government, so that the latter may be in a position to
become acquainted on its part with the German interpretation,
and to adhere to it through a similar declaration.

I avail myself at the same time of this occasion to renew to
Your Excellency the assurance of my distinguished consideration.

von Szogyeny, m. p.

Of)

Accession of Italy to the Protocol. Rome, June 5, 1899.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Rome, June 5, 1899.
Mr. Ambassador,

By order of your Government, Your Excellency has done me
the honor to inform me of an exchange of Notes which took place,
on May 7 and 15 last, between the Secretary of State of the Ger-
man Empire for Foreign Affairs and the Ambassador of Austria-
Hungary at Berlin on the subject of the secret Treaty between
Austria-Hungary and Rumania. It is evident from these docu-
ments that the German Government regards itself, in virtue of
Article 5 of this Treaty, and in conformity with the generally

1 82 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE

II resulte de ces pieces que le gouvernement allemand se considere,
en vertu de 1'art. 5 de ce traite, et conformement aux regies gen-
eralement admises pour 1'interpretation des traites, comme etant
encore et ulterieurement engage par son accession au dit traite
jusqu' a 1'expiration d'une nouvelle periode triennale.

Le gouvernement du roi n'hesite pas a s'associer, pour ce qui
le concerne, a 1'opinion emise par le gouvernement imperial
d'Allemagne. L'accession de 1'Italie et de 1'Allemagne au traite
secret entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie visant Fart. 5
aussi bien que tous les autres articles, il n'est pas douteux que le
traite secret, par le fait de n'avoir ete denonce en temps utile par
aucune des parties interessees, se trouve de plein droit prolonge
pour une duree ulterieure de trois ans, et que les obligations con-
tractees par les deux puissances qui y ont accede demeurent
egalement en vigueur pour la meme periode.

En priant V. E. de vouloir bien porter ce qui precede a la con-
naissance du gouvernement I. et R., en reponse a 1'interpellation
qu'il nous a adressee par son obligeante entremise, je saisis 1'oc-
casion pour lui renouveler 1'assurance de ma tres haute considera-
tion.

Visconti Venosta.

A S. E. M. le baron Pasetti, ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie,
Rome.

PROLONGATION OF THE -RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 183

admitted rules of the interpretation of treaties, as engaged still
and for the future by its accession to the said Treaty until the
expiration of a new triennial period.

The Government of the King, so far as it is concerned, does not
hesitate to associate itself with the opinion expressed by the Im-
perial Government of Germany. The accession of Italy and of
Germany to the secret Treaty between Austria-Hungary and
Rumania applying to Article 5 as well as to all the other Articles,
it is not doubtful that the secret Treaty, by the fact that it was
not denounced in sufficient time by any of the interested Parties,
is found prolonged in full force for a further period of three years,
and that the obligations contracted by the two Powers which
have acceded thereto remain likewise in force for the same period.

In begging Your Excellency to be good enough to bring the
above to the notice of the Imperial and Royal Government, in
reply to the query which it has addressed to us through your
kind services, I avail myself of the occasion to renew to you the
assurance of my very high consideration.

Visconti Venosta.

To His Excellency Baron Pasetti, Ambassador of Austria-
Hungary, Rome.

184 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT

18.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT.

1897-

Despatch from the Austrian Government to the Ambassador in

St. Petersburg containing the Agreement reached between

Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to Balkan affairs.

Vienna, May 8, 1897. l

Copie

(Time depeche secrete au prince Liechtenstein a St. Petersbourg,
en date de Vienne, le 8 mai 1897.

A mon retour de St. Petersbourg il me semble utile de consigner
dans un resume succinct les points cardinaux de 1'entente si
heureusement issue de 1'echange de vues et d'idees que j'ai eu
avec le comte Mourawieff et dont les conclusions ont etc ratifiees
par L. L. M. M. 1'empereur et roi, notre auguste maitre, et
1'empereur Nicolas.

La conference que les deux souverains, assistes de leurs minis-
tres des affaires etrangeres, ont tenue au palais d'hiver a eu en
effet pour resultat d'etablir une ligne de conduite commune dans
les affaires d'Orient qui, en tenant compte de la securite et des
interets vitaux des deux empires et en ecartant le danger d'une
concurrence funeste pour la paix de FEurope sur le terrain
brulant de la presqu'ile des Balkans, nous permet d'ores et deja
d'envisager avec plus de calme et de quietude les complications
politiques qui, a un moment donne, pourraient se presenter dans
notre proche voisinage.

Basee sur un principe de confiance et de loyaute reciproques,
cette entente renf erme tous les elements necessaires a une coopera-
tion emcace et ainsi comprise, comme j'ai tout lieu de le croire,
par les deux cabinets, elle offre en meme temps de solides gar-
anties pour la solution pacifique du probleme oriental.

1 Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXII c, 10.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 185

18.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT.

1897.

Despatch from the Austrian Government to the Ambassador in

St. Petersburg containing the Agreement reached between

Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to Balkan affairs.

Vienna, May 8, 1897.

Copy

of a secret despatch to Prince Liechtenstein at St. Petersburg,
dated Vienna, May 8, 1897.

On my return from St. Petersburg it seems to me useful to set
down in a short summary the cardinal points of the understanding
which has so happily resulted from the exchange of views and
ideas which I have had with Count Mouravieff and of which the
conclusions have been ratified by Their Majesties the Emperor
and King, our August Master, and the Emperor Nicholas.

The conference which the two Sovereigns, accompanied by
Their Ministers of Foreign Affairs, held at the Winter Palace has
had for its practical result the establishment of a common line
of conduct hi the affairs of the Orient, which, while taking ac-
count of the security and of the vital interests of the two Em-
pires, and while eliminating the danger of a rivalry disastrous
to the peace of Europe on the seething soil of the Balkan Penin-
sula, permits us now and henceforward to view with more calm
and quiet the political complications which, at a given moment,
may present themselves in our immediate neighborhood.

Based on a principle of reciprocal confidence and loyalty, this
understanding includes all the elements necessary to an efficacious
cooperation; and thus understood, as I have every reason to
believe it is, by the two Cabinets, it offers at the same time solid
guaranties for the pacific solution of the Oriental problem.

1 86 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT

Ceci etabli, je tiens a faire observer en premier lieu qu'etant
tombes d'accord sur la necessite de maintenir le statu quo actuel
aussi longtemps que les circonstances le permettront, nous nous
sommes plus, le comte Mourawieff et moi, a constater qu'il
n'existait entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie aucune diver-
gence de principe de nature a ecarter la possibilite d'une entente
entre nos deux pays pour parer aux eventualites qui, dans un
avenir peut-etre prochain pourraient, bien centre notre gre,
surgir sur la presqu'ile balcanique. Tout au contraire. Apres
avoir inurement examine la question dans tous ses details, nous
n'avons pas eu de peine a nous convaincre qu'il serait aise de
concilier les interets des deux grands empires, a la condition
toutefois de dissiper tout esprit de mefiance dans nos rapports
et de nous expliquer en parfaite franchise et loyaute sur les
principes qui devront dorenavant regler notre conduite.

Penetres de ces sentiments nous nous sommes des lors attaches
a jeter les bases d'un accord entre les cabinets de Vienne et de St.
Petersbourg, lequel approuve sans restriction par nos augustes
souverains, se trouve resume dans les points suivants:

i° II a ete convenu que pour le cas ou le maintien du statu
quo actuel deviendrait impossible, l'Autriche-Hongrie aussi bien
que la Russie ecartent d'avance tout esprit de conquete sur la
presqu'ile des Balkans, et qu'elles sont decidees a faire respecter
ce principe par toute autre puissance qui manifesterait des visees
sur le territoire susmentionne.

2°- II a ete egalement reconnu que la question de Constanti-
nople et du territoire adjacent ainsi que celle des detroits (Dar-
danelles et Bosphore), ayant un caractere eminemment europeen,
ne sont pas de nature a faire 1'objet d'une entente separee entre
l'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie.

Le comte Mourawieff n'hesita pas de declarer a ce propos que,
loin de tendre a une modification quelconque de 1'etat de choses
present sanctionne par le traite de Paris et la convention de
Londres, le gouvernement imperial tenait au contraire au main-
tien integral des dispositions y relatives qui donnaient pleine et
entiere satisfaction a la Russie en interdisant, par la fermeture

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 187

This established, I wish to bring to notice, in the first place,
that, having come to an agreement as to the necessity of maintain-
ing the present status quo as long as circumstances will permit,
we, Count Mouravieff and I, were pleased to record that there
existed between Austria-Hungary and Russia no divergence of
principle of a nature to preclude the possibility of an under-
standing between our two countries to guard against eventuali-
ties which, in a perhaps near future, might, even against our
inclination, occur in the Balkan Peninsula. Quite the contrary.
After having maturely examined the question in all its details,
we had no difficulty in convincing ourselves that it would be easy
to reconcile the interests of the two great Empires, on the condi-
tion, however, of dissipating all spirit of mistrust in our relations
and of explaining to one another in perfect frankness and loyalty
the principles which are to regulate our conduct henceforth.

Imbued with these sentiments, we thenceforth applied our-
selves to establishing the bases of an agreement between the
Cabinets of Vienna and of St. Petersburg, which, approved with-
out restriction by our August Sovereigns, is found hi summary
in the following points:

1 . It was agreed that, in case the maintenance of the present
status quo becomes impossible, Austria-Hungary and Russia
discard in advance all idea of conquest in the Balkan Peninsula,
and that they are decided to make this principle respected by
every other Power which might manifest designs on the above-
mentioned territory.

2. It was equally recognized that the question of Constanti-
nople and of the adjacent territory as well as that of the Straits
(Dardanelles and Bosphorus), having an eminently European
character, is not of a nature to be made the object of a separate
understanding between Austria-Hungary and Russia.

Count Mouravieff did not hesitate to declare in this connection
that, far from striving for any modification of the present state
of things, sanctioned by the Treaty of Paris and the Convention
of London, the Imperial Government held, on the contrary, to
the complete maintenance of the provisions relative thereto,

1 88 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT

des detroits, I'acces de la mer Noire aux bailments de guerre
etrangers.

En ne pouvant admettre de concession sur ce point, le cabinet
de St. Petersbourg ne faisait que ceder a un principe de legitime
securite, principe dont la reconnaissance de notre part lui fut
acquise de prime abord.

3°- L'etablissement, par centre, d'un nouvel ordre de choses sur
la presqu'ile des Balkans, en dehors de Constantinople et des
detroits, donnerait lieu, le cas echeant, a une stipulation speciale
entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie qui, principalement interes-
sees au reglement de cette question, se declarent disposees a agir
d'un commun accord en fixant des maintenant les bases de leur
entente, a savoir:

a.) Les avantages territoriaux, reconnus a 1'Autriche-Hongrie
par le traite de Berlin, lui sont et demeurent acquis. Par conse-
quent, la possession de la Bosnie, de 1'Hercegovine et du sandjak
de Novibazar ne pourra faire 1'objet d'une discussion quelconque,
le gouvernement de S. M. I. et R. A. se reservant la faculte de
substituer, le moment venu, au titre actuel d'occupation et de
droit de garnison celui d'annexion.

b.) La partie comprise entre Janina au midi et le lac de Scutari
au nord avec un developpement suffisant du cote de 1'est, formera
un etat independant sous le nom de principaute d'Albanie, a
1'exclusion de toute domination etrangere.

c.) Le reste du territoire disponible fera 1'objet d'un partage
equitable entre les differents petits etats balcaniques existants,
partage au sujet duquel 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie se reser-
vent de s'entendre en temps utile. Disposees a prendre en con-
sideration dans la mesure du possible les interets legitimes des
participants, elles sont decidees d'autre part a sauvegarder le
principe de 1'equilibre actuel et d'ecarter; serait-ce au moyen de
rectifications de frontieres, toute combinaison qui favoriserait
1'etablissement d'une preponderance marquee de telle principaute
balcanique au detriment des autres.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 189

which gave full and entire satisfaction to Russia in prohibiting,
by the closing of the Straits, access to the Black Sea to foreign
war vessels.

In its inability to adtait of concession on this point, the Cabinet
of St. Petersburg was only guided by a principle of legitimate
security, a principle the recognition of which was accorded by
us from the outset.

3. On the other hand, the establishment of a new order of
things in the Balkan Peninsula, outside Constantinople and the
Straits, would, in case it should occur, give rise to a special stipu-
lation between Austria-Hungary and Russia, who, being chiefly
interested in the settlement of this question, declare themselves
disposed to act in common accord in fixing henceforth the bases
of their understanding, to wit:

a. The territorial advantages, accorded to Austria-Hungary
by the Treaty of Berlin, are and remain acquired by her. In con-
sequence, the possession of Bosnia, of Herzegovina, and of the
Sanjak of Novibazar may not be made the object of any discus-
sion whatsoever, the Government of His Imperial and Royal
Apostolic Majesty reserving to itself the right of substituting,
when the moment arrives, for the present status of occupation
and of right of garrisoning that of annexation.

b. The part comprised between Janina to the south and the
Lake of Scutari to the north, with a sufficient extension on the
east side, shall form an independent state under the name of the
principality of Albania, to the exclusion of every foreign domi-
nation.

c. The rest of the territory to be disposed of shall be the ob-
ject of an equitable partition between the different small existing
Balkan States, a partition on the subject of which Austria-
Hungary and Russia reserve the right of being heard in good
time. While inclined to take into consideration as far as possible
the legitimate interests of the participants, they are resolved, on
the other hand, to safeguard the principle of the present equilib-
rium, and, if need be by means of rectifications of frontiers, to
exclude every combination which would favor the establishment

190 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT

d.) Ayant enfin constate que nos deux cabinets n'ont d'autre
objectif sur la presqu'ile des Balkans que le maintien, la consolida-
tion et le developpement pacifique des petits etats qui s'y trouvent
etablis, nous sommes convenus de poursuivre dorenavant sur ce
terrain une politique de parfaite harmonic et d'eviter par con-
sequent tout ce qui pourrait engendrer parmi nous des elements
de froissement ou de mefiance.

Tel est, mon prince, le resume des pourparlers de St. Peters-
bourg que je crois avoir reproduits aussi fidelement que possible.

Je ne doute pas un moment que le comte Mourawieff vous en
confirmera 1'exactitude et c'est a cet effet que je vous invite, a
lui donner lecture de ma presente depeche dont vous lui laisserez
une copie entre les mains avec priere de vous en accuser reception.

Recevez etc.

Note of the Russian Government to the Austrian Ambassador in
St. Petersburg in regard to the Balkan Agreement.2

St. Petersbourg, le 5 (17) mai 1897.
Monsieur 1'ambassadeur,

La depeche secrete que Mr. le comte Goluchowski a adresse a
V. A. en date de Vienne le 8 mai courant, et dont vous avez bien
voulu me faire parvenir une copie, resume en traits generaux
1'echange de vues et d'idees auquel a donne lieu le recent sejour en
Russie de S. M. l'empereur-roi Francois- Joseph et de son ministre
des affaires etrangeres.

Je crois devoir repondre a cette obligeante communication par
un expose succinct des impressions que j'en ai recueillies, arm
d'ecarter toute possibilite d'un malentendu dans nos apprecia-
tions.

Ainsi que le constate Mr. le comte Goluchowski, nous sommes
" tombes d'accord sur la necessite de maintenir " dans la presqu'ile
balcanique "le statu quo actuel, aussi longtemps que les circon-

2 Original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXII c, n. 26.
The quotations in this despatch do not correspond verbatim to the similar pass-
ages in the preceding despatch.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 191

of a marked preponderance of any particular Balkan principality
to the detriment of the others.

d. Having finally recorded that our two Cabinets have no
other objective in the Balkan Peninsula than the maintenance,
the consolidation, and the pacific development of the small
States established there, we agreed to pursue in future in this
field a policy of perfect harmony, and to avoid in consequence
everything which might engender between us the elements of
conflict or of mistrust.

Such is, Prince, the summary of the conferences of St. Peters-
burg, which I believe I have reproduced as faithfully as possible.

I do not doubt for a moment that Count Mouravieff will con-
firm its exactness to you ; and it is for that reason that I ask you
to let him read my present despatch, a copy of which you should
leave in his hands with the request that he acknowledge its
receipt.

Accept, etc.

Note of the Russian Government to the Austrian Ambassador in
St. Petersburg in regard to the Balkan Agreement.

St. Petersburg, May 5 (17), 1897.
Mr. Ambassador,

The secret despatch which Count Goluchowski addressed to
Your Highness under date of Vienna, May 8 instant, and a copy
of which you have been kind enough to send me, summarizes, in
general terms, the exchange of views and of ideas to which the
recent stay in Russia of His Majesty the Emperor-King Francis
Joseph and of his Minister of Foreign Affairs gave rise.

I feel that I ought to reply to this kind communication by a
succinct statement of the impressions which I received from it,
in order to eliminate any possibility of a misunderstanding in our
conceptions.

As Count Goluchowski states, we "came to an agreement as
to the necessity of maintaining the present status quo in the Bal-
kan Peninsula, as long as circumstances will permit," and we

192 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT

stances le permettront," et nous avons reconnu qu'il n'existait
entre la Russie et I'Autriche-Hongrie aucune divergence de prin-
cipe, ni le moindre motif de defiance. Des lors, il nous a paru
evident "que les interets des deux empires pourraient tou jours
etre concilies au moyen de franches et loyales explications."

II a ete convenu que, pour le cas ou, malgre tous nos efforts,
le statu quo actuel de la presqu'ile balcanique ne pourrait plus
e"tre maintenu, "la Russie aussi bien que I'Autriche-Hongrie
ecartent d'avance tout esprit de conquete et qu'elles sont decidees
a faire respecter ce principe par toute autre puissance qui mani-
festerait des visees contraires."

La Russie ne pouvant admettre la moindre atteinte aux dis-
positions relatives a la fermeture des detroits du Bosphore et des
Dardanelles, consacree par les traites existants, 1'Autriche-
Hongrie "reconnait de prime abord la parfaite legitimite de ce
principe."

Par centre, " 1'etablissement d'un nouvel ordre de choses sur la
presqu'ile des Balkans donnerait lieu, le cas echeant, a une
stipulation speciale entre I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie."

Le comte Goluchowski, dans sa note du 8 mai, fixe, des a
present, comme base d'une pareille entente les quatre points
suivants:

a) "Les avantages reconnus a I'Autriche-Hongrie par le traite
de Berlin, lui sont et demeurent acquis."

En souscrivant a ce principe, nous croyons devoir observer, que
le traite de Berlin assure a I'Autriche-Hongrie le droit d'occuper
militairement la Bosnie et FHerzegovine. L'annexion de ces deux
provinces souleverait une question plus etendue qui exigerait un
examen special en temps et lieux. Quant au sandjak de Novi-
bazar, il y aurait de plus a en preciser les limites qui, de fait,
n'ont jamais ete suffisamment defmies.

II nous semble, que les points b. et c., ayant trait a la formation
eventuelle d'une principaute d'Albanie et au partage equitable
de tout le territoire disponible entre les differents petits etats bal-
caniques, touchent a des questions d'avenir sur lesquelles il serait
premature et bien difficile de statuer actuellement.

Quant au point d., portant: "ayant enfin constate que nos

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 193

recognized that there exists between Russia and Austria-Hungary
no divergence of principle, nor the least reason for distrust.
Therefore, it seemed evident to us "that the interests of the two
Empires could always be reconciled by means of frank and loyal
explanations."

It was agreed that, in case, hi spite of all our efforts, the present
status quo of the Balkan Peninsula can no longer be maintained,
"Russia and Austria-Hungary discard hi advance all idea of
conquest; and they are decided to make this principle respected
by every other Power which should manifest contrary designs. '

As Russia is unable to admit the least infringement of the pro-
visions relative to the closing of the Straits of the Bosphorus and
of the Dardanelles, as sanctioned by existing treaties, Austria-
Hungary "recognizes from the outset the perfect legitimacy of
this principle."

On the other hand, " the establishment of a new order of things
in the Balkan Peninsula, hi case it should occur, would give rise
to a special stipulation between Austria-Hungary and Russia."

Count Goluchowski, in his note of May 8, fixed, henceforth, as
a basis of such an understanding, the four following points:

a. "The advantages accorded to Austria-Hungary by the
Treaty of Berlin are and remain acquired by her."

In subscribing to this principle, we deem it necessary to ob-
serve that the Treaty of Berlin assures to Austria-Hungary the
right of military occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The
annexation of these two provinces would raise a more extensive
question, which would require special scrutiny at the proper
times and places. As to the Sanjak of Novibazar, there would
also be the necessity to specify its boundaries, which, indeed, have
never been sufficiently defined.

It seems to us that points b and c, having regard to the eventual
formation of a principality of Albania and to the equitable par-
tition of all the territory to be disposed of between the different
small Balkan States, touch upon questions of the future which
it would be premature and very difficult to decide at present.

As to point d, providing: "having finally recorded that our
two Cabinets have no other objective in the Balkan Peninsula

deux cabinets n'ont d'autre objectif sur la presqu'ile des Balkans
que le maintien, la consolidation et le developpement pacifique
des petits etats qui s'y trouvent etablis, nous sommes convenus de
poursuivre dorenavant, sur ce terrain, une politique de parfaite
harmonie et d'eviter, par consequent, tout ce qui pourrait en-
gendrer parmi nous des elements de froissement ou de mefiance"
— ce point repond entierement aux vues de 1'empereur mon au-
guste maitre.

Je prie V. A. de vouloir bien porter tout ce qui precede a la
connaissance de Mr. le comte Goluchowski, qui relevera, je
1'espere, malgre les quelques nuances d'interpretation que je me
suis fait un devoir de vous signaler, la parfaite conformite de
notre maniere de voir quant aux grandes lignes politiques si
heureusement etablies lors de notre recente entrevue.

Veuillez agreer, Mr. 1'ambassadeur, 1'assurance de ma haute
consideration.

Comte Mouravieff.

S. A. S. le prince de Liechtenstein etc. etc. etc.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 195

than the maintenance, the consolidation, and the pacific develop-
ment of the small States established there, we agreed to pursue
in future in this field a policy of perfect harmony, and to avoid
in consequence everything which might engender between us
elements of conflict or of mistrust" — this point answers entirely
to the views of the Emperor, my August Master.

I beg Your Highness to be kind enough to bring all the above
to the knowledge of Count Goluchowski; who, I trust, will re-
mark, in spite of some slight differences of interpretation which
I have felt it my duty to call to your attention, the perfect con-
formity in our way of looking at things, so far as regards the
broad political lines so happily laid down during our recent
interview.

Accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my high considera-
tion.

Count Mouravieff.

His Most Serene Highness the Prince of Liechtenstein, etc.,
etc., etc.

196 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA

19.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING
ALBANIA. 1900.

(a)

Despatch of the Italian Government to the Ambassador in Vienna

containing the Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy

in regard to Albania. Rome, December 20, /poo.1

S. E. Mr. le comte Nigra, ambassadeur dTtalie, Vienna.

Copie.

Roma, addi 20 decembre 1900.
Monsieur I'ambassadeur,

J'appelle 1'attention de V. E. sur ma reponse a 1'interpellation
qui m'a etc recemment adressee, a la chambre des deputes, au
sujet de 1'Albanie. Void le texte de cette reponse:

"Je puis assurer que le gouvernement italien et le gouverne-
ment austro-hongrois ont eu 1'occasion de considerer leurs interets
sur les c6tes ottomanes de 1'Adriatique et de reconaitre que ces
interets trouvent leur sauvegarde dans le respect, dans le maintien
du status quo."

Je crois utile que vous portiez mes declarations a la connais-
sance de S. E. Mr. le comte Goluchowski. Je ne doute pas que le
ministre I. et R. des affaires etrangeres les trouvera conformes a
Tentente qui s'etait etablie entre lui et moi, sur ce sujet, a Toc-
casion de la visite a Monza en 1897. Dans 1'echange de vues qui
cut lieu dans nos entretiens par rapport a cette question, nous
nous sommes trouves d'accord sur les points suivants:

i° Maintenir le status quo aussi longtemps que les circon-
stances le permettraient;

2° employer nos efforts, au cas ou 1'etat de choses actuel ne
pourrait etre conserve, et ou des changements s'imposeraient,
afin que les modifications y relatives se realisent dans le sens de
1'autonomie;

1 Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXV, i.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 197

19.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING
ALBANIA. 1900.

Despatch of the Italian Government to the Ambassador in Vienna

containing the Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy

in regard to Albania. Rome, December 20, IQOO.

His Excellency Count Nigra, Ambassador of Italy, Vienna.

Copy.

Rome, December 20, 1900.
Mr. Ambassador,

I call the attention of Your Excellency to my reply to an in-
terpellation recently addressed to me in the Chamber of Depu-
ties on the subject of Albania. Here is the text of that reply:

" I am able to give the assurance that the Italian Government
and the Austro-Hungarian Government have had occasion to
consider their interests on the Ottoman coasts of the Adriatic
and to recognize that these interests find their safeguard in re-
spect for, and in the maintenance of, the status quo."

I think it would be useful for you to bring my declarations to
the knowledge of His Excellency Count Goluchowski. I have no
doubt that the Imperial and Royal Minister of Foreign Affairs
will find them in conformity with the understanding which was
established between him and me on this subject on the occasion
of the visit at Monza in 1897. In tne exchange of views which
took place during our conversations in respect to this question,
we found ourselves agreed upon the following points:

1. To maintain the status quo as long as circumstances per-
mitted ;

2. In case the present state of affairs could not be preserved,
or in case changes should be imperative, to use our efforts to the
end that the modifications relative thereto should be made in the
direction of autonomy;

198 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA

3°- en general, et comme disposition mutuelle de part et
d'autre, rechercher en commun, et toutes les fois qu'il y aurait
lieu, les voies et moyens les plus propres a concilier et a sauve-
garder nos interets reciproques.

J'attacherais du prix a etre assure que le comte Goluchowski
voit, comme moi, dans ce qui precede, le resume fidele de la sub-
stance de ce qui a ete convenu entre nous a ce sujet. J'autorise,
en consequence, V. E. a lui communiquer cette depeche.

Veuillez agreer, Mr. 1'ambassadeur, 1'assurance de ma haute
consideration.

(signe) Visconti Venosta.

Despatch in acknowledgment from the Austrian Government to the
Ambassador in Rome. Vienna, February 9, 1901?

Seiner Majestat unterbreitetes 3

Projet
d'une depeche strictement confidentielle au baron Pasetti a Rome.

A son retour de Rome, le comte Nigra a attire mon attention
sur la reponse donnee par S. E. le mmistre des affaires etrangeres
du royaume d'ltalie a 1'interpellation qui lui a ete recemment
adressee a la chambre des deputes au sujet de 1'Albanie et a
exprime en meme temps 1'espoir que je trouverai les declarations
qu'elle renferme conformes aux principes sur lesquels nous sommes
tombes d'accord en 1897 lors de mon entrevue avec le marquis
Visconti- Venosta au chateau de Monza.

Dans 1'echange de vues strictement confidentiel qui eut lieu
dans nos entretiens par rapport a cette question nous avons
reconnu en effet la necessite

i° de maintenir le statu quo aussi longtemps que les circon-
stances le permettraient,

2° d'employer nos efforts, au cas ou 1'etat de choses actuel
ne pourrait etre conserve, et ou des changements s'imposeraient,

2 Copy: ibid.

3 These words are added as a note by the Keeper of the Archives, Ministerialrat

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 199

3. In general, and as a mutual disposition on both sides, to seek
in common, and as often as there is a reason for it, the most ap-
propriate ways and means to reconcile and to safeguard our
reciprocal interests.

I should appreciate being assured that Count Goluchowski,
like myself, sees in the preceding the faithful summary of the
substance of what was agreed between us upon this subject. In
consequence, I authorize Your Excellency to communicate this
despatch to him.

Accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my high considera-
tion.

(signed) Visconti Venosta.

(*)

Despatch in acknowledgment from the Austrian Government to the
Ambassador in Rome. Vienna, February 9, IQOI.

Submitted to His Majesty3

Draft

of a strictly confidential despatch to Baron Pasetti at Rome.

On his return from Rome, Count Nigra directed my attention
to the reply given by His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs of the Kingdom of Italy to the interpellation recently ad-
dressed to him in the Chamber of Deputies on the subject of
Albania; and at the same time expressed the hope that I might
find the declarations which it contains in conformity with the
principles upon which we came to an agreement in 1897 at the
time of my interview with Marquis Visconti- Venosta at the
Castle of Monza.

In the strictly confidential exchange of views which took
place in our conversations in respect to that question, we recog-
nized in effect the necessity

1. Of maintaining the status quo as long as circumstances
permitted;

2. In case the present state of affairs could not be preserved,
or in case changes should be imperative, of using our efforts to the

Baron von Pirquet,with the remark: "An Freih. v. Pasetti nach Rom ergangen sub
9. 2. 1901, Nr. 78" ("Sent to Rome to Baron Pasetti, February 9, 1901, No. 78".)

200 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA

a ce que les modifications y relatives se realisent dans le sens de
1'autonomie, tout comme nous avons constate; en general,

3° la disposition de part et d'autre de rechercher en commun,
et toutes les fois qu'il y aurait lieu, les voies et moyens les plus
propres a concilier et a sauvegarder nos interets reciproques.

Etant donne ce qui precede, je me plais done a etablir que
I'enonciation du marquis Visconti-Venosta a etc accueillie avec
une vive satisfaction par le cabinet I. et R. et en vous priant, Mr.
le baron, d'en faire part a S. E. le ministre des affaires etrangeres
je saisis cette occasion etc.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 2OI

end that the modifications relative thereto should be made in the
direction of autonomy, just as we have decided; in general,

3. The disposition on both sides to seek in common, and as
often as there is a reason for it, the most appropriate ways and
means to reconcile and to safeguard our reciprocal interests.

Such being the case, I am pleased to state that the pronounce-
ment of Marquis Visconti-Venosta has been received with b'vely
satisfaction by the Imperial and Royal Cabinet; and requesting
you, my dear Baron, to inform his Excellency the Minister of
Foreign Affairs of this, I avail myself of this occasion, etc.

202 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

2O.

THIRD TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA

WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY,

AND ITALY. 1902.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the
Alliances of i8g2 and 1896. Bucharest, April 4/17, ipos.1

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie, et S. M. le roi de Roumanie, animes d'un egal
* desir de maintenir la paix generale conformement au but pour-
'suivi par Falliance austro-hongroise-allemande, d'assurer 1'ordre
'politique et de garantir centre toutes les eventualites la parfaite
'amitie qui les lie,' ayant pris en consideration les stipulations du
traite signe a cette fin le 25 juillet 1892 entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie
et la Roumanie, 'traite qui par sa nature essentiellement con-
'servatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but de les premunir
'centre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix de leurs etats;
et desirant constater une fois de plus 1'entente etablie entre L. L.
M. M. en prevision de certaines eventualites mentionnees dan&
le traite du 25 juillet 1892 dont la duree a etc prolongee jusqu'au
25 juillet 1903 par le protocole signe a Sinaia le 30 septembre
1896, ont resolu de renouveler et de confirmer par un nouvel
accord les engagements contenus dans le susdit traite.

'A cet effet L. L. dites M. M. ont nomme pour leurs plenipo-
'tentiaires, savoir:

S. M. Fempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie:

le sieur Jean marquis Pallavicini, son chambellan, envoye
extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de
Roumanie,. commandeur de 1'ordre imperial autrichien de
Francois Joseph avec plaque, chevalier de 1'ordre autrichien
imperial de Leopold,

1 Original : Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 33,
Geheimakten, XXXIV a.

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 203

2O.

THIRD TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA

WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY,

AND ITALY. 1902.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the
Alliances of 1892 and 1896. Bucharest, April 4/17, 1902.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of
Rumania, animated by an equal desire to maintain the general
peace, in conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro-
Hungarian and German Alliance, to assure the political order,
and to guarantee against all eventualities the perfect friendship
which binds Them together, having taken into consideration the
stipulations of the Treaty signed to this end on July 25, 1892, be-
tween Austria-Hungary and Rumania, a Treaty which by its
essentially conservative and defensive nature pursues only the
aim of forestalling the dangers which might menace the peace of
their States, and desiring to record once more the understanding
established between Their Majesties in prospect of certain
eventualities mentioned in the Treaty of July 25, 1892, the dura-
tion of which has been prolonged until July 25, 1903, by the
Protocol signed at Sinaia on September 30, 1896, have resolved
to renew and to confirm by a new agreement the engagements
contained in the aforesaid Treaty.

For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their
Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary:

the Sieur John Marquis Pallavicini, His Chamberlain, Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the
King of Rumania, Commander of the Imperial Austrian Order of
Francis Joseph with medal, Chevalier of the Imperial Austrian
Order of Leopold,

204 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

S. M. le roi de Roumanie:

le sieur Demetre A. Sturdza, president du conseil des ministres,
son ministre des finances et ad interim a la guerre, grand-croix
des ordres de 1'etoile de Roumanie, de la couronne de Roumanie
et de 1'ordre autrichien imperial de Leopold en brillants, chevalier
de ifere classe de 1'ordre autrichien imperial de la couronne de fer,
'lesquels apres s'etre communiques leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves
'en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

Sont renouvelees et confirmees de commun accord les stipula-
tions contenues dans les articles i, 2, 3, 4, et 6 du traite signe le
25 juillet 1892 entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, et dont
le texte suit ci-apres :

ARTICLE i.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie
' et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement dirige centre
Tun de leurs etats. Elles s'engagent a suivre une politique
'amicale et a se preter un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs
' interets.

ARTICLE 2.

1 Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait a
'etre attaquee, 1'Autriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en temps
'utile secours et assistance centre 1'agresseur. Si 1'Autriche-
'Hongrie etait attaquee dans les memes circonstances dans une
'partie de ses etats limitrophe a la Roumanie, le casus foederis se
'presentera aussitot pour cette derniere.

ARTICLE 3.

'Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee
'd'une agression dans les conditions susmentionnees, les gouverne-
'ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures a prendre
'en vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions mili-
'taires, notamment celle de 1'unite des operations et du passage
'des territoires respectifs, seront reglees par une convention
'militaire.

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 205

His Majesty the King of Rumania:

the Sieur Demetrius A. Sturdza, President of the Council of
Ministers, His Minister of Finance and ad interim for War,
Grand Cross of the Orders of the Star of Rumania, of the Crown
of Rumania, and of the Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold in
brilliants, Chevalier of the First Class of the Imperial Austrian
Order of the Iron Crown, who, after having communicated to
each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have
agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

Renewed and confirmed by common agreement are the stipu-
lations contained in Articles i, 2, 3, 4, and 6 of the Treaty signed
on July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, and
the text of which follows below:

ARTICLE i.

The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States. They engage to follow a friendly
policy, and to lend one another mutual support within the limits
of their interests.

ARTICLE 2.

ARTICLE 3.

If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself
threatened by an aggression under the abovementioned condi-
tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree-
ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to a cooperation
of their armies. These military questions, especially that of the
unity of operations and of passage through the respective terri-
tories, shall be regulated by a military convention.

206 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

ARTICLE 4.

'Si contrairement a leur desir et espoir les hautes parties con-
' tractantes etaient forcees a une guerre commune dans les circon-
' stances prevues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent a
'ne negocier ni conclure separement la paix.

ARTICLE 6.2

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement

* le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE II.

Les articles ci-dessus reproduits resteront en vigueur pour une
nouvelle periode de cinq ans a partir du 25 juillet 1903 c'est-a-dire
jusqu'au 25 juillet 1908. Si une annee avant son expiration le
present traite n'est pas denonce, ou si la revision n'en est pas
demandee par aucune des hautes parties contractantes, il sera
considere comme prolonge pour la duree de trois autres annees
et ainsi de suite de trois ans en trois ans a defaut de denonciation.

ARTICLE III.*

'Le present traite sera ratine et les ratifications seront echan-

* gees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se peut.4

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et y
*ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Bucarest le dix-septieme/quatrieme jour du mois d'avril
de 1'an de grace mil neuf cent deux.

Pallavicini. D. Sturdza.

L. S. L. S.

2 Article 5 of the Treaty of 1892 fixed the duration. Cf. p. 166.

3 Identic with Article 7 of the Treaty of July 13/25, 1892. Cf. p. 168.

4 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, April 23, 1902
(draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 49); of King Charles, Bucharest,

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 2O/

.ARTICLE 4.

ARTICLE 6.2

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE II.

The Articles reproduced above shall remain in force for a new
period of five years dating from July 25, 1903, that is to say,
until July 25, 1908. If the present Treaty is not denounced one
year before its expiration, or if its revision is not demanded by
either of the High Contracting Parties, it shall be regarded as
prolonged for a period of three years more ; and so on from three
years to three years in default of denunciation.

ARTICLE III.8

The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Bucharest, the seventeenth/fourth day of the month
of April in the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and two.

Pallavicini. D. Sturdza.

L. S. L. S.

April 13/26, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Satnmlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ;
Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Bucharest, April 13/26, 1002 (original: Polit.
Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a. n. 57).

208 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and

Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the

Alliance. Sinaia, July 12/25, 1902.*

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu' a
Bucarest le 17 avril de 1'annee courante 'le traite d'amitie et
'd'alliance suivant:

[Articles I -1 1 1 of the Treaty of April 17, 1902, follow]
'ont invite S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, a acceder
' aux dispositions du susdit traite.

'En consequence S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusser
' a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant a Buca-
'rest le' soussigne sieur Alfred de Kiderlen-Waechter, son con-
seiller intime de legation, envoye extraordinaire et ministre
plenipotentiaire, 'pour adherer formellement aux stipulations
'contenues dans le traite susmentionne. En vertu de cet acte
'd'accession S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne., roi de Prusse, prend
'au nom de 1'empire d'Allemagne envers L. L. M. M. 1'empereur
' d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et
'le roi de Roumanie, et en meme temps L. L. M. M. 1'empereur
'd'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie
' et le roi de Roumanie ' par les soussignes, le sieur Jean marquis.
Pallavicini, son chambellan, envoye extraordinaire et ministre
plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, et le sieur Demetre
A. Sturdza, president du conseil des ministres, son ministre des
finances et ad interim a la guerre dument autorises a cet effet,
'prennent envers S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
' les memes engagements auxquels les hautes parties contractantes
'se sont mutuellement obligees par les stipulations du dit traite
'insere ci-dessus.

6 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 36,.
Geheimakten, XXXIV a.

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 209

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and

Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the

Alliance. Sinaia, July 12/25, 1902.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of
Rumania having concluded at Bucharest on April 17 of the cur-
rent year the following Treaty of friendship and alliance:

[Articles I-III of the Treaty of April 17, 1902, follow.]

have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty.

Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His
Representative at Bucharest, the undersigned Sieur Alfred von
Kiderlen-Waechter, His Privy Counsellor of Legation, Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to adhere form-
ally to the provisions contained in the abovementioned Treaty.
In virtue of this Act of Accession His Majesty the Emperor of
Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the name of the German
Empire towards Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King
of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King
of Rumania, and at the same tune Their Majesties the Emperor
of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary,
and the King of Rumania, by the undersigned, the Sieur John
Marquis Pallavicini, His Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Ru-
mania, and the Sieur Demetrius A. Sturdza, President of the
Council of Ministers, His Minister of Finance and ad interim for
War, duly authorized for this purpose, take towards His Majesty
the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the same engagements
by which the High Contracting Parties have mutually bound
themselves according to the stipulations of the said Treaty in-
serted above.

210 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

'Le present acte d 'accession sera ratine et les ratifications
'seront echangees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si
'faire se peut.6

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et y
'ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Sinaia le vingt-cinquieme/douzieme jour du mois de
juillet de 1'an de grace mil neuf cent deux.

L. S. Pallavicini.

L. S. Kiderlen.

L. S. D. Sturdza.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy to the Alliance. December 12,

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie, et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu' le
17/4 avril 1902 'un traite d'amitie et d'alliance dont la teneur
'suit:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows.}

'Ce traite ayant recu' le 25/12 juillet 1902 Taccession de S.
'M. 1'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, et ayant ete ensuite
'communique par les hautes parties contractantes susmention-
'nees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec 1'invitation a y acceder, S. M. le
'roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite a ete conclu
'et qui est la conservation de la paix generate et de 1'ordre ex-
'istant, a autorise le soussigne sieur' Emmanuel marquis Becca-
ria-Incisa, ' son envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire

6 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each for the
German Empire and Rumania, Ischl, July 27, 1902 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimak-
ten, XXXIVa, n. 86, with the erroneous date of July 13. The decision on the re-
port of the Minister of Foreign Affairs moving the ratification, and the instruction
to Sinaia with which the instrument of ratification was forwarded, are dated July 27,
so that the signing of the ratification must have followed on that day) ; of Emperor
William II, on board yacht Hohenzollern, July 27, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch.,
Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; of King Charles, Sinaia, July 13/26,

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 211

The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica-
tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner
if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Sinaia, the twenty-fifth/twelfth day of the month of
July of the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and two.
L. S. Pallavicini.

L. S. Kiderlen.

L. S. D. Sturdza.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy to the Alliance. December 12, 1902.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of
Rumania having concluded on April 17/4, 1902, a Treaty of
friendship and alliance, the tenor of which follows:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows.]

This Treaty having received on July 25/12, 1902, the acces-
sion of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,
and having been then communicated by the High Contracting
Parties abovementioned to His Majesty the King of Italy, with
an invitation to accede thereto, His Majesty the King of Italy,
approving the purpose for which this Treaty has been concluded,
and which is the preservation of the general peace and of the ex-
isting order, has authorized the undersigned Sieur Emmanuel
Marquis Beccaria-Incisa, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

1902 (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications between Austria-
Hungary, the German Empire, and Rumania, Bucharest, July 22/ August 4, 1902
(original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 94).

7 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 37,
Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 130.

An identic Treaty was signed between Italy and Rumania on the same day (In-
structions to Bucharest of January 6, 1903; Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a,
n. 139).

212 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie a declarer en son nom qu'il accede
'au dit traite dans les limites ci-apres indiquees en ce qui con-
'cerne les stipulations des articles 2 et 3' du traite signe le 25
juillet 1892 entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, articles
qui sont reproduits dans 1'article I du traite ci-dessus insere,
'savoir:

' Si les eventualites, pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis tel
' qu'il est prevu dans les dits articles 2 et 3, venaient a se produire,
'LL. MM. 1'empereur d'Autriche,' roi de Boheme etc. 'et roi
'apostolique de Hongrie, le roi d'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie
'prennent 1'engagement mutuel de se concerter en temps utile
'pour une action commune dont les modalites seront reglees par
'une convention speciale.

'La presente accession sera en vigueur a dater' du 25/12
juillet 1903 'pour toute la duree du traite principal' du 17/4
avril 1902, a moins qu'elle ne soit denoncee par une des hautes
parties contractantes en temps utile conformement aux disposi-
tions de 1'article II du dit traite principal.

'Le secret sera garde sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra
'etre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties
'contractantes.

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie a autorise de son cote le soussigne sieur' Jean
marquis Pallavicini, son chambellan, 'envoye extraordinaire et
'ministre plenipotentiary pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie a de-
'clarer en son nom qu'il accepte, dans les termes ci-dessus relates
'et avec les memes obligations mutuelles, 1'accession de S. M. le
'roi d'ltalie au traite du' 17/4 avril 1902.

'Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratifie 8 par
'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie et par S. M. le roi d'ltalie et les ratifications
'seront echangees le plus tot possible.

8 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, December 27,

1902 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 135); of King Victor Em-
manuel III, Rome, December 27, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der
geheimen Ratifikationen) ; Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, April 4,

1903 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 138.

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 213

Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to declare
in His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within the limits
indicated below, so far as concerns the stipulations of Articles 2
and 3 of the Treaty signed on July 25, 1892, between Austria-
Hungary and Rumania, Articles which are reproduced in Article I
of the Treaty inserted above, to wit:

If eventualities that could give rise to the casus foederis as it
is foreseen in the said Articles 2 and 3 should chance to occur,
Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the King of Italy, and the King
of Rumania assume a mutual engagement to take counsel to-
gether in ample time as to common action, the detailed procedure
of which shall be regulated by a special convention.

The present Accession shall be in force, dating from July
25/12, 1903, for the whole duration of the principal Treaty
of April 17/4, 1902, unless it be denounced by one of the High
Contracting Parties at the proper time in conformity with the
provisions of Article II of the said principal Treaty.

This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re-
vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting
Parties.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary has for his part authorized the
undersigned Sieur John Marquis Pallavicini, His Chamberlain,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Maj-
esty the King of Rumania, to declare in His name that He
accepts in the terms above stated, and with the same mutual
obligations, the Accession of His Majesty the King of Italy to
the Treaty of April 17/4, 1902.

The exchange of ratifications of the I talo- Rumanian Treaty took place on Janu-
ary 10, 1903. (Despatch from Bucharest of January 14, 1903: Polit. Arch., Geheim-
akten, XXXIV a, n. 143.)

214 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
'present acte d'accession et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Bucarest le douzieme jour du mois de decembre de 1'an
de grace mil neuf cent deux.

Pallavicini. E. di Beccaria-Incisa.

L. S. L. S.

THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 215

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Act of Accession and have affixed thereto the
seal of their arms.

Done at Bucharest, the twelfth day of the month of December
of the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and two.

Pallavicini. E. di Beccaria-Incisa.

L. S. L. S.

2l6 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE

21.

PROTOCOL PROLONGING THE AUSTRO-GERMAN
ALLIANCE. 1902.

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire
concerning the continuation of the Treaty of 1879 and, the
Protocol of 1883. Berlin, June i, IQO2.1

PROTOKOLL.

Die Unterzeichneten, Ladislaus Szogyeny-Marich von Magyar-
Szogyen imd Szolgaegyhaza, ausserordentlicher und bevollmach-
tigter Botschafter S. M. des Kaisers von Oesterreich, Ko'nigs von
Bohmen u. s. w. und apostolischen Konigs von Ungarn, und
Graf Bernhard von Billow, Kanzler des Deutschen Reichs, sind
auf Grund allerhochster Ermachtigung ihrer Souverane am
heutigen Tage in Berlin zu einer Berathung iiber die fernere
Aufrechterhaltung des zu Wien am 7. Oktober 1879 unterzeich-
neten, am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten und durch das zu
Wien, am 22. Marz 1883 vollzogene, am i. April desselben Jahres
ratifizirte Protokoll bereits einmal ausdriicklich verlangerten
geheimen Vertrages zwischen S. M., dem Kaiser von Oesterreich
Konig von Bohmen u. s. w. und apostolischen Konig von Ungarn,
und S. M., dem deutschen Kaiser, Konige von Preussen, zusam-
mengetreten und haben in Volhnacht II. MM. folgende Erkla-
rung abgegeben:

Die Bestimmungen des Artikels III des am 7. October 1879
unterzeichneten und am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten gehei-
men Vertrages zwischen 1. 1. M. M., dem Kaiser von Oesterreich,
apostolischen Konig von Ungarn und dem deutschen Kaiser,
Konig von Preussen, sowie auch die Bestimmungen der Punkte
i und 2 des den Vertrag erneuernden Protokolles vom 22. Marz
1883 sind, gemass den Intentionen, welche diesbeziiglich bei
Abschluss des Vertrages obwalteten, dahin zu verstehen, dass
die Dauer des Vertrages sich immer wieder von selbst von drei

1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 34,
Geheimakten, XXXIV c.

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 217

21.

PROTOCOL PROLONGING THE AUSTRO-GERMAN
ALLIANCE. 1902.

Protocol between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire

concerning the continuation of the Treaty of 1879 and the

Protocol of 1883. Berlin, June i, 1902.

PROTOCOL.

The undersigned, Ladislas Szogyeny-Marich of Magyar-
Szogyen and Szolgaegyhaza, Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of
Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and Count
Bernhard von Billow, Chancellor of the German Empire, have,
by reason of the Most Exalted authorization of their Sovereigns,
met together on this day in Berlin for deliberation concerning
the further maintenance of the secret Treaty signed at Vienna
on October 7, 1879, ratified on the twenty-first of the same month,
and already once expressly prolonged through the Protocol
executed at Vienna on March 22, 1883, ratified on April i of the
same year, between His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King
of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His
Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia, and they have,
with full power from Their Majesties, made the following decla-
ration :

The provisions of Article III of the secret Treaty signed on
October 7, 1879, and ratified on the twenty-first of the same
month, between Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, Apos-
tolic King of Hungary, and the German Emperor, King of Prussia,
as well as the provisions of Sections i and 2 of the Protocol of
March 22, 1883, renewing the Treaty, are, according to the in-
tentions which prevailed in this respect at the conclusion of the
Treaty, to be so understood that the duration of the Treaty shall
automatically be prolonged from three to three years for so long

21 8 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE

zu drei Jahren verlangert, insolange die beiden Contrahenten
nicht innerhalb der im Punkte 2 des Protokolles vom 22. Marz
1883 vereinbarten Frist vor Ablauf einer dieser dreijahrigen
Perioden iiber die Frage, ob die dem Vertrage zur Grundlage
dienenden Verhaltnisse noch obwalten, in Verhandlung treten.

Das gegenwartige Protokoll wird den beiden hohen Souveranen
zur Ratification unterbreitet und empfohlen werden und soil der
Austausch der Ratificationsurkunden binnen drei Wochen in
Berlin erfolgen.2

Zu Urkund dessen ist dieses Protokoll in zwei Exemplaren auf-
genommen, unterzeichnet und besiegelt worden.

Geschehen zu Berlin, am ersten Juni eintausendneunhundert-
zwei.

Szogyeny. Billow.

L. S. L. S.

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, June 13, 1902
(draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV c, nn. 18, 20); of Emperor William II,
New Palace, June 12, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifi-
kationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, June 21, 1902 (original:
Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV c, n. 24).

PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 219

as the two Contracting Parties do not, within the interval agreed
upon in Section 2 of the Protocol of March 22, 1883, before the
expiration of one of these three-year periods, enter into negotia-
tions over the question whether the conditions serving as the
basis for the Treaty still prevail.

The present Protocol will be submitted and recommended for
ratification to the two Exalted Sovereigns, and the exchange of
documents of ratification shall take place within three weeks in
Berlin.

In witness whereof this Protocol has been executed, signed,
and sealed in duplicate.

Done at Berlin, on the first of June, one thousand nine hun-
dred and two.

Szogyeny. Billow.

L. S. L. S.

220 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

22.

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1902.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Berlin, June 28, ipo2.1

'L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi
'apostolique de Hongrie, 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
'et le roi d'ltalie, fermement resolus d'assurer a leurs etats la con-
' tinuation des bienfaits que leur garantit, au point de vue poli-
' tique aussi bien qu'au point de vue monarchique et social, le
' maintien de la Triple Alliance, et voulant dans ce but prolonger la
'duree de cette alliance conclue le 20 mai 1882, renouvelee une
'premiere fois par les traites du 20 fevrier 1887,' et une seconde
fois par le traite du 6 mai 1891, 'ont, a cet effet, nomme comme
' leurs plenipotentiaries, savoir :

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie: le sieur Ladislas Szogyeny-Marich de Magyar-
Szogyen et Szolgaegyhaza, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et
plenipotentiary pres S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse;

S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse: le comte Bernard
de Billow, chancelier de 1'empire, son president du conseil des
minis tres de Prusse; et

S. M. le roi d'ltalie: le comte Carlo Lanza di Busca, lieute-
nant-general, senateur, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et pleni-
potentiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse
'lesquels, apres echange de leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves en
'bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuelle-
'ment paix et ami tie, et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou en-
' gagement dirige centre Fun de leurs etats.

1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 35,
Geheimakten, XXXIV b.

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 221

22.

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1902.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Berlin, June 28, 1902.

Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, King
of Prussia, and the King of Italy, firmly resolved to assure to
Their States the continuation of the benefits which the mainten-
ance of the Triple Alliance guarantees to them, from the political
point of view as well as from the monarchical and social point of
view, and wishing with this object to prolong the duration of this
Alliance, concluded on May 20, 1882, renewed a first time by the
Treaties of February 20, 1887, and a second tune by the Treaty
of May 6, 1891, have for this purpose appointed as Their Pleni-
potentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Ladislas Szogyeny-
Marich of Magyar-Szogyen and Szolgaegyhaza, His Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor
of Germany, King of Prussia;

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia:
Count Bernhard von Bulow, Chancellor of the Empire, His
President of the Council of Ministers of Prussia; and

His Majesty the King of Italy: Count Carlo Lanza di Busca,
Lieu tenant-General, Senator, His Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany,
King of Prussia, who, after exchange of their full powers, found
in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States.

222 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'Elles s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'idees sur les ques-
' tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generate qui pour-
' raient se presenter, et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel
' dans la limite de leurs propres interets.

ARTICLE II.

'Dans le cas cm FItalie, sans provocation directe de sa part,
' serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les
'deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a prater a la
'parties attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces.

' Cette meme obligation incombera a 1'Italie dans le cas d'une
'agression non directement provoquee de la France centre 1'Alle-
'magne.

ARTICLE III.

'Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes, sans pro-
' vocation directe de leur part, venaient a etre attaquees et a se
' trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes
'puissances non signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis"
' se presentera simultanement pour toutes les hautes parties con-
' tractantes.

ARTICLE IV.

' Dans le cas ou une grande puissance non signataire du present
' traite menacerait la securite des e tats de 1'une des hautes parties
'contractantes, et la partie menacee se verrait par la forcee de
'lui faire la guerre, les deux autres s'obligent a observer, a Tegard
'de leur allie, une neutralite bienveillante. Chacune se reserve,
' dans ce cas, la faculte de prendre part a la guerre, si elle le jugeait
'a propos, pour faire cause commune avec son allie.

ARTICLE V.

'Si la paix de 1'une des hautes parties contractantes venait a
'etre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles pre-
'cedents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en
'temps utile sur les mesures militaires a prendre en vue d'une
' cooperation eventuelle.

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 223

They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political and
economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and
they further promise one another mutual support within the
limits of then* own interests.

ARTICLE II.

This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of an
aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger-
many.

ARTICLE III.

If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct
provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to
be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsigna-
tory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simul-
taneously for all the High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE IV.

In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty
should threaten the security of the states of one of the High
Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself
forced on that account to make war against it, the two others
bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent
neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the
right to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common
cause with its Ally.

ARTICLE V.

224 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'Elles s'engagent, des-a-present, dans tous les cas de partici-
pation commune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix,
'ni traite, que d'un commun accord entre elles.

ARTICLE VI.

'L'Allemagne et Fltalie n'ayant en vue que le maintien, autant
'que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, s'engagent a
' user de leur influence pour prevenir sur les cotes et iles ottomanes
' dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee toute modification
' territoriale qui porterait dommage a 1'une ou a Fautre des puis-
'sances signataires du present traite. Elles se communiqueront,
' a cet eflfet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer mutuel-
' lement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles d'autres

'puissances.

ARTICLE VII.

'L'Autriche-Hongrie et PItalie, n'ayant en vue que le main-
'tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient,
' s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modifica-
' tion territoriale qui porterait dommage a 1'une ou a Pautre des
'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communique-
'ront, a cet eflfet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer
'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles
'd'autres puissances. Toutefois dans le cas ou, par suite des
'evenements, le maintien du statu quo dans les regions des Bal-
'cans ou des cotes et iles ottomanes dans P Adriatique et dans la
'mer Egee deviendrait impossible, et que, soit en consequence de
'Faction d'une puissance tierce soit autrement. FAutriche-
'Hongrie ou FItalie se verraient dans la necessite de le modifier
' par une occupation temporaire ou permanente de leur part, cette
'occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un accord prealable entre les
'deux puissances, base sur le principe d'une compensation reci-
'proque pour tout avantage, territorial ou autre, que chacune
'd'elles obtiendrait en sus du statu quo actuel et donnant satis-
' faction aux interets et aux preventions bien fondees des deux
'parties.

225

They engage, henceforth, in all cases of common participation
in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty,
except by common agreement among themselves.

ARTICLE VI.

Germany and Italy, having in mind only the maintenance, so
far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, engage
to use their influence to forestall on the Ottoman coasts and
islands in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas any territorial modi-
fication which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powers
signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they will com-
municate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten
each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well
as those of other Powers.

ARTICLE VII.

Austria-Hungary and Italy, having in mind only the main-
tenance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the
Orient, engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial
modification which might be injurious to one or the other of the
Powers signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they shall
communicate to one another all information of a nature to en-
lighten each other mutually concerning their own dispositions,
as well as those of other Powers. However, if, in the course of
events, the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the
Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and
in the Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether in
consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria-
Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of
modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their
part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agree-
ment between the two Powers, based upon the principle of a recip-
rocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other,
which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo,
and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims
of the two Parties.

226 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE VIII.

'Les stipulations des articles VI et VII ne s'appliqueront
'd'aucune maniere a la question egyptienne au sujet de laquelle
'les hautes parties contractantes conservent respectivement leur
'liberte d'action, eu egard tou jours aux principes sur lesquels
'repose le present traite.

ARTICLE IX.

'L'Allemagne et 1'Italie s'engagent a s'employer pour le main-
' tien du statu quo territorial dans les regions nord-af ricaines sur
'la Mediterranee a savoir la Cyrena'ique, la Tripolitaine et la
'Tunisie. Les representants des deux puissances dans ces regions
'auront pour instruction de se tenir dans la plus etroite intimite
'de communications et assistance mutuelles.

'Si malheureusement, en suite d'un mur examen de la situa-
'tion, rAllemagne et 1'Italie reconnaissaient Tune et 1'autre que
'le maintien du statu quo devenait impossible, 1'Allemagne
's'engage, apres un accord formel et prealable, a appuyer 1'Italie
'en toute action sous la forme d 'occupation ou autre prise de
'garantie que cette derniere devrait entreprendre dans ces memes
' regions en vue d'un interet d'equilibre et de legitime compensa-
'tion.

' II est entendu que pour pareille eventualite les deux puissances
' chercheraient a se mettre egalement d'accord avec 1'Angleterre.

ARTICLE X.

'S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation
'ou bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel-
'conque, sur les territoires nord-africains, et qu'en consequence
'de ce fait 1'Italie crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans
'la Mediterranee, entreprendre elle-meme une action sur les dits
'territoires nord-africains, ou bien recourir sur le territoire fran-
'gais en Europe aux mesures extremes, 1'etat de guerre qui
's'ensuivrait entre 1'Italie et la France constituerait ipso facto,
'sur la demande de 1'Italie, et a la charge commune de rAllemagne
' et de 1'Italie le casus foederis prevu par les articles II et V du

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 22/

ARTICLE VIII.

The stipulations of Articles VI and VII apply in no way to the
Egyptian question, with regard to which the High Contracting
Parties preserve respectively their freedom of action, regard
being always paid to the principles upon which the present Treaty
rests.

ARTICLE LX.

If unfortunately, as a result of a mature examination of the
situation, Germany and Italy should both recognize that the
maintenance of the status quo has become impossible, Germany
engages, after a formal and previous agreement, to support Italy
in any action in the form of occupation or other taking of guar-
anty which the latter should undertake in these same regions
with a view to an interest of equilibrium and of legitimate
compensation.

It is understood that in such an eventuality the two Powers
would seek to place themselves likewise in agreement with
England.

ARTICLE X.

If it were to happen that France should make a move to extend
her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty, under
any form whatsoever, in the North African territories, and that
in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard her position
in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must herself under-
take action in the said North African territories, or even have
recourse to extreme measures in French territory in Europe, the
state of war which would thereby ensue between Italy and France
would constitute ip so facto t on the demand of Italy, and at the
common charge of Germany and Italy, the casus foederis fore-

228 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'present traite, comme si pareille eventualite y etait expresse-
'ment visee.

ARTICLE XI.

'Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun centre
'la France par les deux puissances amenaient I'ltalie a rechercher
'des garanties territoriales a 1'egard de la France, pour la securite
'des frontieres du royaume et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en
'vue de la stabilite' et 'de la paix, 1'Allemagne n'y mettra
'aucun obstacle, et, au besoin, et dans une mesure compatible
'avec les circonstances, s'appliquera a faciliter les moyens d'at-
' teindre un semblable but.

ARTICLE XII.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE XIII.

'Les puissances signataires se reservent d'y introduire ulteri-
'eurementj sous forme de protocole et d'une commun accord, les
'modifications dont 1'utilite serait demontree par les circon-
' stances.

ARTICLE XIV.

'Le present traite restera en vigueur pour 1'espace de six ans
'a partir de I'echange des ratifications; mais s'il n'avait pas etc
'denonce un an a Tavance par Tune ou 1'autre des hautes parties
'contractantes, il restera en vigueur pour la meme duree de six
'autres annees.

ARTICLE XV.

'Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Berlin,
'dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each for the
German Empire and Italy, Vienna, July i, 1902 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten,
XXXIV b, nn. 188, 189, 194); of Emperor William II, Kiel, on board the yacht
Hohenzollern, July 2, 1902 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika-
tionen); of King Victor Emmanuel III, Rome, July 3, 1902 (original: ibid.);
Protocol of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Em-

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 22Q

seen by Articles II and V of the present Treaty, as if such an
eventuality were expressly contemplated therein.

ARTICLE XI.

If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against
France by the two Powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial
guaranties with respect to France, for the security of the fron-
tiers of the Kingdom and of her maritime position, as well as
with a view to stability and to peace, Germany will present no
obstacle thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible
with circumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means
of attaining such a purpose.

ARTICLE XII.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE XIII.

The Signatory Powers reserve the right of subsequently in-
troducing, in the form of a Protocol and of a common agreement,
the modifications of which the utility should be demonstrated by
circumstances.

ARTICLE XIV.

ARTICLE XV.

The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at
Berlin within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be.

pire, and Italy, Berlin, July 8, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV b,
n. 196).

The Treaty was automatically renewed on July 8, 1007, through the expiration
of the period allowed for denunciation (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV b).

230

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le pre-
'sent traite et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

'Fait a Berlin, en triple exemplaire, le' vingt-huitieme jour
du mois de juin mil neuf cent deux.

L. S. Szogyeny.

L. S. Billow.

L. S. C. Lanza.

Final Protocol to the Treaty. Berlin, June 28, 1902?
PROTOCOLS.

'Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour
'entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie, 1'Allemagne et 1'Italie, les plenipo-
' tentiaires soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce dument autori-
'ses, se declarent mutuellement ce qui suit:

'i°- Sauf reserve d'approbation parlementaire pour les stipu-
lations effectives qui decouleraient de la presente declaration de
'principe, les hautes parties contractantes se promettent, des ce
'moment, en matiere economique (finances, douanes, chemins de
*fer) en sus du traitement de la nation la plus favorisee, toutes les
'facilites et tous les avantages particuliers qui seraient compati-
'bles avec les exigences de chacun des trois etats et avec leurs
'engagements respectifs avec les tierces puissances.

'2°- L'accession de 1'Angleterre etant deja acquise, en prin-
'cipe, aux stipulations du traite de ce jour qui concernent l'Orientr
'proprement dit, a savoir les territoires de 1'empire ottoman, les
' hautes parties contractantes s'emploieront au moment opportun,
'et pour autant que les circonstances le comporteraient, a pro-
'voquer une accession analogue a 1'egard des territoires nord-
' africains de la partie centrale et occidentale de la Mediterranee,
'le Maroc compris. Cette accession pourrait se realiser moyen-
' nant acceptation, de la part de 1'Angleterre, du programme etabli
' aux articles IX et X du traite de ce jour.

3 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 35,
Geheimakten, XXXIV b.

This Final Protocol is not inserted in the three instruments of ratification.

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 23!

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Treaty, and have affixed thereto the seal of
their arms.

Done at Berlin, in triplicate, the twenty-eighth day of the
month of June, one thousand nine hundred and two.

L. S. Szogyeny.

L. S. BUlow.

L. S. C. Lanza.

(*>)
Final Protocol to the Treaty. Berlin, June 28, igo2.

PROTOCOL.

1. Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory
stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle,
the High Contracting Parties promise each other, from this
moment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads), in
addition to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facilities
and special advantages which would be compatible with the
requirements of each of the three States and with their respective
engagements with third Powers.

2. The accession of England being already acquired, in princi-
ple, to the stipulations of the Treaty of this day which concern
the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Otto-
man Empire, the High Contracting Parties shall exert themselves
at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances
may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard
to the North African territories of the central and western part of
the Mediterranean, including Morocco. This accession might
be realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the
programme established by Articles LX and X of the Treaty of
this day.

232 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple
'exemplaire, le present protocole.

'Fait a Berlin, le' vingt-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil neuf
cent deux.

Szogyeny.

Billow.

C. Lanza.

Austrian Declaration to Italy concerning Tripoli. Rome,

June 30, 1902*
Secrete.

DECLARATION.

Je soussigne, ambassadeur de S. M. I. et R. A., ai ete autorise"
de declarer au gouvernement de S. M. le roi d'ltalie, que tout en
desirant le maintien du statu quo territorial en Orient, le gou-
vernement austro-hongrois, n'ayant pas d'interet special a sauve-
garder dans la Tripolitaine et la Cirenai'que, est decide a ne rien
entreprendre de ce qui pourrait contrecarrer 1'action de Tltalie
au cas ou, par suite de circonstances fortuites, 1'etat des choses
actuel etabli dans ces regions subirait une alteration quelconque
et forcerait le gouvernement royal a recourir a des mesures qui
lui seraient dictees par ses propres interets.

II est entendu que la presente declaration restera secrete et
qu'elle ne pourra etre produite qu'en vertu d'un accord prealable
entre les deux gouvernements.

Rome, 30 juin 1902.
M. baron Pasetti m. p.

4 Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV b, n. 192.

Annotation of the Chancellery, in the hand of the copyist: "Beilage zum gehei-
men Bericht N°' 496, de dato Rom, i. Juli 1902. Abschrift der der koniglich-
italienischen Regierung beziiglich Tripolis abgegebenen Deklaration." ("Supple-
ment to Secret Dispatch No. 496, dated Rome, July i, 1902. Copy of the declara-
tion transmitted to the Royal Italian Government with regard to Tripoli.")

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 233

In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Protocol in triplicate.

Done at Berlin, the twenty-eighth day of the month of June,
one thousand nine hundred and two.

Szogyeny.

Billow.

C. Lanza.

Austrian Declaration to Italy concerning Tripoli. Rome,

June 30, IQO2*
Secret.

DECLARATION.

I the undersigned, Ambassador of His Imperial and Royal
Apostolic Majesty, have been authorized to declare to the Gov-
ernment of His Majesty the King of Italy, that, while desiring
the maintenance of the territorial status quo in the Orient, the
Austro-Hungarian Government, having no special interest to
safeguard hi Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, has decided to under-
take nothing which might interfere with the action of Italy, in
case, as a result of fortuitous circumstances, the state of things
now prevailing in those regions should undergo any change
whatsoever and should oblige the Royal Government to have
recourse to measures which would be dictated to it by its own
interests.

It is understood that the present Declaration shall remain
secret; and that it may be produced only in virtue of a previous
agreement between the two Governments.

Rome, June 30, 1902.

Baron Pasetti, m. p.

234 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

(<*) ..."•'.

Note of the Italian Government acknowledging the Austrian
Declaration concerning Tripoli. Rome, June 30, 1902*

Ministero degli affari esteri.
Secrete.
AS. E.

Monsieur le baron Pasetti,

ambassadeur I. et R. d'autriche-Hongrie,

Rome.

Rome, le 30 juin 1902.
Monsieur 1'ambassadeur,

Conformement au desir que V. E. a bien voulu m'en exprimer
par sa note secrete en date d'aujourd'hui, N. 27, j'ai 1'honneur de
lui accuser reception de la declaration concernant la Tripolitaine-
Cyrenaiique que V. E. m'a transmise avec sa note precitee d'apres
les instructions de son gouvernement.

Veuillez agreer, Mr. 1'ambassadeur, 1'assurance de ma tres-
haute consideration.

Prinetti.

5 Original: ibid.

FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 235

Note of the Italian Government acknowledging the Austrian
Declaration concerning Tripoli. Rome, June 30, 1902.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Secret.
To His Excellency

Baron Pasetti,

Imperial and Royal Ambassador of Austria-Hungary,
Rome.

Rome, June 30, 1902.
Mr. Ambassador,

In conformity with the desire which Your Excellency has been
kind enough to express to me in your secret Note dated today,
No. 27,1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the Decla-
ration concerning Tripolitania-Cyrenaica which Your Excellency
has transmitted to me with your abovementioned Note in ac-
cordance with the instructions of your Government.

Pray accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my very high
consideration.

Prinetti.

236 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY

23-

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF MUTUAL
NEUTRALITY. 1904.

Joint Declaration of Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to the

maintenance of neutrality by either if the other is at war.

St. Petersburg, October 2/15, igo^>

Les soussignes dument autorises par leurs augustes souverains
se sont reunis aujourd'hui au ministere imperial des affaires
etrangeres pour signer la declaration suivante:

L'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie, unies par des vues identiques
sur la politique conservatrice a suivre dans les pays balcaniques
et tres satisfaites du resultat obtenu jusqu'ici de leur etroite col-
laboration, sont fermement decidees a perseverer dans cette
voie. Heureux de constater une fois de plus cette entente, les
cabinets de Vienne et de S* Petersbourg attachent un grand prix
a se dormer en due forme un temoignage d 'ami tie et de confiance
reciproque.

C'est dans ce but que les deux puissances sont tombees d'ac-
cord d'observer une neutralite loyale et absolue dans le cas ou
Tune des deux parties signataires de cette declaration se trou-
verait seule et sans provocation de sa part en etat de guerre avec
une troisieme puissance qui chercherait a porter atteinte a sa
securite ou au statu quo dont le maintien constitue la base de
leur entente aussi pacifique que conservatrice.

L 'engagement stipule par ce qui precede entre 1'Autriche-
Hongrie et la Russie ne s'applique naturellement pas aux pays
balcaniques dont les destinees se rattachent evidemment a 1'ac-
cord etabli entre les deux empires voisins. Le dit engagement
est entendu rester valable aussi longtemps que ces deux grandes

1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 38,
Geheimakten, XXXII b.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY 237

23-

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF MUTUAL
NEUTRALITY. 1904.

Joint Declaration of Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to the

maintenance of neutrality by either if the other is at war.

St. Petersburg, October 2/15, 1904.

The undersigned, duly authorized by their August Sovereigns,
have met together today at the Imperial Ministry of Foreign
Affairs to sign the following Declaration :

Austria-Hungary and Russia, united by identical views as to
the conservative policy to be followed in the Balkan countries,
and much satisfied with the result obtained so far by their close
collaboration, are firmly decided to persevere in this course.
Happy to record once more this understanding, the Cabinets of
Vienna and of St. Petersburg attach great importance to offering
each other in due form a mark of friendship and reciprocal
confidence.

It is with this purpose that the two Powers have come to an
agreement to observe a loyal and absolute neutrality in case one
of the two Parties signatory to this Declaration should find it-
self, alone and without provocation on its part, in a state of war
with a third Power which sought to endanger its security or the
status quo; the maintenance of which constitutes the basis of
their understanding, as pacific as it is conservative.

The engagement between Austria-Hungary and Russia stipu-
lated in the above naturally does not apply to the Balkan coun-
tries, whose destinies are obviously closely attached to the agree-
ment established between the two neighboring Empires. The
said engagement is understood to remain valid so long as these
two great Powers shall pursue their policy of an understanding

The ratification is lacking, since the Treaty was rendered valid by this declara-
ion with the authority of both Chiefs of State.

238 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY

puissances poursuivront leur politique d'entente dans les affaires
de la Turquie, il sera tenu secret et ne pourra etre communique
a un autre gouvernement qu'apres entente prealable entre les
cabinets de Vienne et de S* Petersbourg.

Fait en double a S* Petersbourg le 2/15 October 1904.

L. Aehrenthal. O Lamsdorff.

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY 239

in the affairs of Turkey; it shall be kept secret, and cannot be
communicated to any other Government, except after a previous
understanding between the Cabinets of Vienna and of St. Peters-
burg.

Done in duplicate at St. Petersburg, October 2/15, 1904.
L. Aehrenthal. Count Lamsdorff.

240 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT

24.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING
ARTICLE VII OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1909.

Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy explaining and

supplementing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance

of 1887. Vienna, November 30; Rome, December 15, ipop.1

Secret.

Dans les pourparlers que j'ai [vous avez] eus ces derniers temps
avec le due Avarna [comte d'Aehrenthal] en vue de preciser et de
completer 1'article VII du traite de la Triple-Alliance, nous
sommes [vous etes] d'abord tombes d'accord que, PAutriche-
Hongrie ay ant renonce aux droits que le traite de Berlin lui avait
conferes par rapport au sandjak de Novibazar, les dispositions
de 1'article precite de la Triple-Alliance s'appliquent au sandjak
aussi bien qu'aux autres parties de 1'empire ottoman. Si done
par suite de 1'impossibilite du maintien du statu quo dans les
Balcans 1'Autriche-Hongrie etait amenee par la force des evene-
ments a2 proceder a une occupation temporaire ou permanente du
sandjak de Novibazar, cette occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un
accord prealable avec 1'Italie, base sur le principe d'une compen-
sation.

1 Draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXV 5, n. 27.

The Note of the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Italian Ambassador
at Vienna is a copy (Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 39,
Geheimakten, XXXV 5, n. 35).

The Notes are identic, mutatis mutandis. The Austro-Hungarian Note forms
the basis of the printed text. The alternats of the Italian Note are inserted in
brackets.

The Austro-Hungarian Note bears the superscription: "Pro jet definitif d'une
depeche au comte Liitzow a Rome." The word "definitif" was added in Baron
Aehrenthal's handwriting, as well as the alterations given in the footnote to the
text. The present draft of the Austro-Hungarian Note is undated. The date of
November 30 can, however, be gathered from the acts of negotiation. The copy of
the Italian Note bears the stamp: " Ambasciata d'ltalia a Vienna,"; the address:
"A S. E. le due Avarna, ambassadeur de S. M. Vienne,"; the date: "Rome, le 15

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT 241

24.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING
ARTICLE VII OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1909.

Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy explaining and

supplementing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance

of 1887. Vienna, November 30; Rome, December 15, /pop.

Secret.

In the conferences which I [you] have lately had with Duke
Avarna [Count Aehrenthal] with a view to defining and perfect-
ing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, we [you]
have agreed, to begin with, that, Austria-Hungary having re-
nounced the rights which the Treaty of Berlin had conferred
upon her in respect to the Sanjak of Novibazar, the provisions
of the aforesaid Article of the Triple Alliance apply to the Sanjak
as well as to the other parts of the Ottoman Empire. If, then,
in consequence of the impossibility of maintaining the status quo
in the Balkans, Austria-Hungary should be compelled by the
force of circumstances to proceed to a temporary or permanent
occupation of the Sanjak of Novibazar, that occupation shall be
effected only after a previous agreement with Italy, based on the
principle of compensation.

d6cembre 1909"; and the beginning: " Monsieur 1'ambassadeur." Baron Aehren-
thal added in his own handwriting: "Vom itaiienischen Botschafter iibergeben.
ig.XII.iooQ. Aehrenthal." ("Transmitted by the Italian Ambassador. Decem-
ber 19, 1909. Aehrenthal.")

The Italian Note is printed in Diplomaiische AktenstUcke betreffend die Bezie-
hungen Osterreich-Ungarns zu Italien in der Zeit vom 20. Juli 1914 bis zum 23. Mai
/p/5, p. 109; and, in translation, in Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Min-
istry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Documents concerning the Relations of Austria-
Hungary with Italy from July zoth, 1914, to May 2jd, 1915, p. 180.

The exchange of copies of these Notes occurred at Rome and Vienna on Decem-
ber 19, 1909 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXV 5, n. 38).

Compare Section 3, Second Final Protocol of December 5, 1912, page 256.

1 In the Austro-Hungarian Note this originally read: " L' Autriche-Hongrie se
voyait dans la nccessitt de proce'der ..." The new wording was inserted by
Baron Aehrenthal in his own handwriting.

242 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT

Fideles a 1'esprit qui a inspire le traite de la Triple-Alliance et
en vue de fixer d'une maniere precise et d'un commun accord le
precede que les deux cabinets allies comptent adopter dans cer-
taines eventualites nous sommes [vous etes] convenus, en outre,
le due Avarna et moi, [avec le comte d'Aehrenthal] de ce qui suit:

Chacun des deux cabinets s'engage a ne pas contracter un ac-
cord quelconque avec une tierce puissance concernant les ques-
tions balcaniques sans que 1'autre cabinet y participe sur un pied
d'egalite absolue; de meme, les deux cabinets s'engagent a se com-
muniquer toute proposition qui serait faite a Fun ou a Pautre par
une tierce puissance, allant a 1'encontre du principe de non-
intervention et se rapportant a une modification du statu quo
dans les regions des Balcans ou des cotes et des lies ottomanes
dans PAdriatique et de la mer Egee.

II va sans dire que Particle VII du traite de la Triple-Alliance,
que les dispositions qui precedent ne font que preciser et com-
pleter, reste integralement en vigueur.

Quant a la duree de Pengagement que les deux cabinets assu-
ment en vertu de ce qui precede, il est entendu qu'elle doit
comcider avec celle du traite de la Triple-Alliance, de sorte que
Pengagement meme serait implicitement renouvele avec le re-
nouvellement de la Triple-Alliance.

Conformement aux dispositions analogues de ce traite les deux
cabinets se promettent mutuellement le secret sur Pengagement
qu'ils viennent de prendre; seul le cabinet de Berlin, a titre
d'allie, en sera informe sans delai par les deux gouvernements.

Afin d'etablir exactement ce qui a etc convenu dans les pour-
parlers que j'ai eus avec le cabinet royal [imperial et royal] par
Pentremise du due Avarna [par votre entremise], je vous engage,
monsieur Pambassadeur, a communiquer cette depeche a mon-
sieur le ministre des affaires etrangeres et a lui en laisser copie.

Agreez etc. [Veuillez agreer, monsieur Pambassadeur, les
assurances de ma haute consideration. Signe: Guicciardini.]

AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT 243

Faithful to the spirit which has inspired the Treaty of the
Triple Alliance, and with a view to denning exactly and by mutual
agreement the procedure which the two Allied Cabinets intend
to adopt in certain eventualities, we, Duke Avarna and I, [you,
with Count Aehrenthal,] have also agreed upon the folio whig:

Each of the two Cabinets binds itself not to conclude with a
third Power any agreement whatsoever concerning Balkan
questions without the participation of the other Cabinet on a
footing of absolute equality; likewise, the two Cabinets bind
themselves to communicate to each other every proposition
which may be made to the one or to the other by a third Power,
running contrary to the principle of non-intervention and tending
to a modification of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans
or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and of the
Aegean Sea.

It goes without saying that Article VII of the Treaty of the
Triple Alliance, which the above provisions only render more
specific and complete, remains in force in its entirety.

As to the duration of the engagement which the two Cabinets
assume in virtue of the above, it is understood that it shall coin-
cide with that of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, so that the
engagement itself will be implicitly renewed with the renewal of
the Triple Alliance.

In conformity with analogous provisions of that Treaty, the
two Cabinets mutually promise secrecy as to the engagement they
have just entered into ; only the Cabinet of Berlin, in its capacity
as an Ally, shall be informed thereof by the two Governments
without delay.

In order to fix exactly what has been agreed upon in the con-
ferences I have conducted through Duke Avarna [through you]
with the Royal [Imperial and Royal] Cabinet, I request you, Mr.
Ambassador, to communicate this despatch to the Minister of
Foreign Affairs and to leave with him a copy thereof.

Accept, etc. [Accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my
high consideration. Signed: Guicciardini.]

244 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

25-

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1912.

(a)

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Vienna, December 5, ip/2.1

'L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi
'apostolique de Hongrie, 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse et
'le roi dTtalie, fermement resolus d'assurer a leurs etats la con-
' tinuation des bienfaits que leur garantit, au point de vue poli-
'tique aussi bien qu'au point de vue monarchique et social, le
'maintien de la Triple Alliance, et voulant dans ce but prolonger
'la duree de cette alliance, conclue le 20 mai 1882, renouvelee une
'premiere fois par les traites du 20 fevrier 1887, une seconde fois
'par le traite du 6 mai 1891 ' et une troisieme fois par le traite du
28 juin 1902, 'ont, a cet effet, nomme comme leurs plenipoten-
'tiaires, sayoir:

S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie : le comte Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungar-
schitz, son ministre de la maison imperiale et royale et des affaires
etrangeres, president du conseil commun des ministres; S. M.
1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse: le sieur Heinrich von
Tschirschky und Bogendorff, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et
plenipotentiary pres S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme
etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie; et S. M. le roi d'ltalie: le due
Giuseppe d'Avarna, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et pleni-
potentiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc.
et roi apostolique de Hongrie, 'lesquels, apres echange de leurs
'pleins-pouvoirs, trouves en bonne et due forme, sont convenus
'des articles suivants:

1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 40,
Geheimakten, XLIII a.

The Alliance was denounced by Italy on May 4, 1915. Diplomatische Akten-
stiicke betrejfend die Beziehungen Osterreich-Ungarns zu Italien in der Zeit vom 20.

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 245

25-

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

1912.

Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German
Empire, and Italy. Vienna, December 5, 1912.

Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, King
of Prussia, and the King of Italy, firmly resolved to assure to
Their States the continuation of the benefits which the mainten-
ance of the Triple Alliance guarantees to them, from the political
point of view as well as from the monarchical and social point of
view, and wishing with this object to prolong the duration of this
Alliance, concluded on May 20, 1882, renewed a first time by the
Treaties of February 20, 1887, a second time by the Treaty of
May 6, 1891, and a third time by the Treaty of June 28, 1902,
have, for this purpose, appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to
wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary : Count Leopold Berchtold von
und zu Ungarschitz, His Minister of the Imperial and Royal
Household and of Foreign Affairs, President of the Common
Council of Ministers; His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King
of Prussia : the Sieur Heinrich von Tschirschky und Bogendorff,
His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His
Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and
Apostolic King of Hungary; and His Majesty the King of Italy:
Duke Giuseppe d'Avarna, His Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of
Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, who, after ex-
change of their full powers, found in good and due form, have
agreed upon the following Articles:

Juli 1914 bis zum 23. Mai 1915, page 161; translation, op. cit., no. clxx, pp. 143-
145-

246 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE I.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'paix et ami tie et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engage-
'ment dirige centre Fun de leurs etats.

'Elles s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'idees sur les ques-
' tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generate qui pour-
' raient se presenter, et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel
'dans la limite de leurs propres interets.

ARTICLE II.

'Dans le cas ou 1'Italie, sans provocation directe de sa part,
1 serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les
'deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a preter a la
'partie attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces.

' Cette meme obligation incombera a 1'Italie dans le cas d'une
'agression non directement provoquee de la France centre 1'Alle-
'magne.

ARTICLE III.

'Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes sans provo-
' cation directe de leur part venaient a etre attaquees et a se
' trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes
'puissances non signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis"
'se presentera simultanement pour toutes les hautes parties
' contractantes.

ARTICLE IV.

'Dans le cas ou une grande puissance non signataire du present
'traite menacerait la securite des etats de 1'une des hautes parties
' contractantes et la partie menacee se verrait par la forcee de lui
'faire la guerre, les deux autres s'obligent a observer, a 1'egard de
'leur allie, une neutralite bienveillante. Chacune se reserve, dans
' ce cas, la faculte de prendre part a la guerre, si elle le jugeait a
'propos, pour faire cause commune avec son allie.

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 247

ARTICLE I.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States.

ARTICLE II.

This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any
aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger-
many.

ARTICLE III.

If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct
provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to
be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsigna-
tory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simul-
taneously for all the High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE IV.

In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty
should threaten the security of the states of one of the High Con-
tracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself
forced on that account to make war against it, the two others
bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent neu-
trality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right to
take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common cause
with its Ally.

248 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE V.

'Si la paix de Tune des hautes parties contractantes venait a
'etre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles
'precedents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en
'temps utile sur les mesures militaires a prendre en vue d'une
* cooperation eventuelle.

' Elles s'engagent, des a present, dans tous les cas de participa-
' tion commune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix,
'ni traite, que d'un commun accord entre elles.

ARTICLE VI.

'L'Allemagne et 1'Italie n'ayant en vue que le maintien, autant
'que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, s'engagent a user
'de leur influence pour prevenir sur les cotes et iles ottomanes
' dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee toute modification
' territoriale qui porterait dommage a Tune ou a 1'autre des puis-
'sances signataires du present traite. Elles se communiqueront,
' a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer mutuelle-
'ment sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles d'autres
'puissances.

ARTICLE VII.

' L'Autriche-Hongrie et 1'Italie, n'ayant en vue que le main-
'tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient,
' s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modifica-
'tion territoriale qui porterait dommage a 1'une ou a 1'autre des
'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communi-
' queront, a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer
' mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles
'd'autres puissances. Toutefois dans le cas ou, par suite des
' e venements, le maintien du statu quo dans les regions des Bal-
' cans ou des cotes et iles ottomanes dans 1'Adriatique et dans la
'mer Egee deviendrait impossible et que, soit en consequence de
'Faction d'une puissance tierce soit autrement, 1'Autriche-
'Hongrie ou 1'Italie se verraient dans la necessite de le modifier
'par une occupation temporaire ou permanente de leur part, cette

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 249

ARTICLE V.

If the peace of one of the High Contracting Parties should
chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by the
preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take
counsel together hi ample time as to the military measures to
be taken with a view to eventual cooperation.

They engage, henceforth, in all cases of common participation
in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty,
except by common agreement among themselves.

ARTICLE VI.

Germany and Italy, having in mind only the maintenance, so
far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, engage
to use their influence to forestall on the Ottoman coasts and islands
in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas any territorial modifica-
tion which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powers
signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they will communi-
cate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten each
other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well as those
of other Powers.

ARTICLE VII.

Austria-Hungary and Italy, having in mind only the mainten-
ance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient,
engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial modifica-
tion which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powers
signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they shall com-
municate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten
each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well
as those of other Powers. However, if, in the course of events,
the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans
or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the
Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether hi con-
sequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria-
Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of
modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their

250 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un accord prealable entre les
'deux puissances, base sur le principe d'une compensation reci-
'proque pour tout avantage, territorial ou autre, que chacune
'd'elles obtiendrait en sus du statu quo actuel et donnant satis-
faction aux interets et aux pretentions bien fondees des deux
'parties.

ARTICLE VIII.

ARTICLE IX.

'L'Allemagne et 1'Italie s'engagent a s'employer pour le main-
' tien du statu quo territorial dans les regions nord-africaines sur
'la Mediterranee a savoir la Cyrenai'que, la Tripolitaine et la
'Tunisie. Les representants des deux puissances dans ces regions
'auront pour instruction de se tenir dans la plus etroite intimite
' de communications et assistance mutuelles.

'Si malheureusement, en suite d'un mur examen de la situa-
'tion, rAllemagne et 1'Italie reconnaissaient 1'une et Fautre que
' le maintien du statu quo devenait impossible, 1'Allemagne s'en-
'gage, apres un accord formel et prealable, a appuyer 1'Italie en
' toute action sous la forme d'occupation ou autre prise de garan-
'tie que cette derniere devrait entreprendre dans ces memes
'regions en vue d'un interet d'equilibre et de legitime compen-
'sation.

'II est entendu que pour pareille eventualite les deux puis-
'sances chercheraient a se mettre egalement d'accord avec
' 1'Angleterre.

ARTICLE X.

'S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation ou
'bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel-
'conque, sur les territoires nord-africains, et qu'en consequence
'de ce fait 1'Italie crvit devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 251

part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agree-
ment between the two Powers, based upon the principle of a
reciprocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other,
which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo,
and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims
of the two Parties.

ARTICLE VIII.

The stipulations of Articles VI and VII shall apply in no way to
the Egyptian question, with regard to which the High Contract-
ing Parties preserve respectively their freedom of action, regard
being always paid to the principles upon which the present Treaty
rests.

ARTICLE LX.

If unfortunately, as a result of a mature examination of the
situation, Germany and Italy should both recognize that the
maintenance of the status quo has become impossible, Germany
engages, after a formal and previous agreement, to support
Italy in any action in the form of occupation or other taking of
guaranty which the latter should undertake in these same
regions with a view to an interest of equilibrium and of legitimate
compensation.

It is understood that in such an eventuality the two Powers
would seek to place themselves likewise in agreement with
England.

ARTICLE X.

252 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'la Mediterranee, entreprendre elle-meme une action sur les dits
'territoires nord-africains, ou bien recourir sur le territoire fran-
'c.ais en Europe aux mesures extremes, 1'etat de guerre qui
's'ensuivrait entre 1'Italie et la France constituerait ipso facto,
'sur la demande de 1'Italie, et a la charge commune de 1'Alle-
'magne et de 1'Italie, le casus foederis prevu par les articles II et
'V du present traite, comme si pareille eventualite y etait ex-
'pressement vis£e.

ARTICLE XI.

' Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun centre la
'France par les deux puissances amenaient 1'Italie a rechercher
'des garanties territoriales a 1'egard de la France pour la securite
' des f rontieres du royaume et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en
'vue de la stabilite et de la paix, 1'Allemagne n'y mettra aucun
'obstacle, et au besoin, et dans une mesure compatible avec les
'circonstances, s'appliquera a faciliter les moyens d'atteindre un
'semblable but.

ARTICLE XII.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE XIII.

'Les puissances signataires se reservent d'y introduire ulteri-
'eurement, sous forme de protocole et d'un commun accord, les
'modifications dont 1'utilite serait demontree par les circonstances.

ARTICLE XIV.

'Le present traite restera en vigueur pour 1'espace de six ans
'a partir de' 1'expiration du traite actuel; 'mais s'il n'avait pas
'etc denonce un an a 1'avance par Tune ou 1'autre des hautes
'parties contractantes, il restera en vigueur pour la meme duree
'de six autres annees.

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 253

position in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must herself
undertake action in the said North African territories, or
even have recourse to extreme measures in French territory in
Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between
Italy and France would constitute ipso facto, on the demand of
Italy, and at the common charge of Germany and Italy, the
casus foederis foreseen by Articles II and V of the present Treaty,
as if such an eventuality were expressly contemplated therein.

ARTICLE XI.

If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against
France by the two Powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial
guaranties with respect to France for the security of the fron-
tiers of the Kingdom and of her maritime position, as well as
with a view to stability and to peace, Germany will present no
obstacle thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible
with circumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means of
attaining such a purpose.

ARTICLE XII.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as
to the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE XIII.

ARTICLE XIV.

The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of six
years, dating from the expiration of the Treaty now in force; but
if it has not been denounced one year in advance by one or an-
other of the High Contracting Parties, it shall remain in force
for the same duration of six more years.

254 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

ARTICLE XV.

'Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees' a Vienne,
'dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
'present traite et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a Vienne, en triple exemplaire, le cinquieme jour du mois
de decembre mil neuf cent douze.

L. S. Berchtold.

L. S. von Tschirschky.

L. S. Avarna.

(b)

First Final Protocol concerning the mutual granting of commercial

advantages, and concerning means of bringing about the accession of

Great Britain to the Articles of the Treaty relating to Mediterranean

questions. Vienna, December 5, 1912?

PROTOCOLS.

'Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour
'entre PAutriche-Hongrie, 1'Allemagne et 1'Italie, les plenipo-
'tentiaires soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce dument auto-
' rises, se declarent mutuellement ce qui suit:

'i) Sauf reserve d'approbation parlementaire pour les stipu-
lations effectives qui decouleraient de la presente declaration de
'principe les hautes parties contractantes se promettent, des ce
'moment, en matiere economique (finances, douanes, chemins de
' f er) en sus du traitement de la nation la plus f avorisee, toutes les
'facilites et tous les avantages particuliers qui seraient compati-
' bles avec les exigences de chacun des trois etats et avec leurs en-
'gagements respectifs avec les tierces puissances.

'2) L'accession de 1'Angleterre etant deja acquise, en prin-
' cipe, aux stipulations du traite de ce jour qui concernent FOrient,

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, December 10,
1912 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIa, n. 138); of Emperor William II,
New Palace, December 12, 1912 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen
Ratifikationen) ; of King Victor Emmanuel III, Rome, December 16, 191 2 (original :
ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, December 19, 1912 (original:
Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIa, n. 140).

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 255

ARTICLE XV.

The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at
Vienna within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of
their arms.

Done at Vienna, in triplicate, the fifth day of the month of
December, one thousand nine hundred and twelve.

L. S. Berchtold.

L. S. von Tschirschky.

L. S. Avarna.

(b)

First Final Protocol concerning the mutual granting of commercial

advantages, and concerning means of bringing about the accession of

Great Britain to the Articles of the Treaty relating to Mediterranean

questions. Vienna, December 5, 1912.

PROTOCOL.

At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of
this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, the
undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto
duly authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows:

1 . Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory
stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle,
the High Contracting Parties promise each other, from this mo-
ment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads), in
addition to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facilities
and special advantages which would be compatible with the
requirements of each of the three States and with their respective
engagements with third Powers.

2. The accession of England being already acquired, in prin-
ciple, to the stipulations of the Treaty of this day which concern

1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 40,
Geheimakten, XLIII a.

This Final Protocol is inserted only in the Italian ratification.

256 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

'proprement dit, a savoir les territoires de 1'empire ottoman, les
' hautes parties contractantes s'emploieront ail moment opportun,
' et pour autant que les circonstances le comporteraient, a provo-
'quer une accession analogue a 1'egard des territoires nord-
'africains de la partie centrale et occidentale de la Mediterranee,
'le Maroc compris. Cette accession pourrait se realiser moyen-
'nant acceptation, de la part de 1'Angleterre, du programme eta-
'bli aux articles IX et X du traite de ce jour.

'En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple
' exemplaire, le present protocole.

Fait a Vienne, le cinquieme jour du mois de decembre mil neuf
cent douze.

Berchtold.

von Tschirschky.

Avarna.

Second Final Protocol concerning North Africa, Albania, and Novi-
Bazar. Vienna, December 5, 1912*

PROTOCOLE.

Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour entre
1'Autriche-Hongrie, rAllemagne et 1'Italie, les plenipotentiaires
soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce dument autorises, se
declarent mutuellement ce qui suit:

(1) II est entendu que le statu quo territorial dans les regions
nord-africaines sur la Mediterranee mentionne dans 1'article IX
du traite du 28 juin 1902 implique la souverainete de 1'Italie sur
la Tripolitaine et la Cyrenai'que.

(2) II est egalement entendu que 1'article X du meme traite a
pour base le statu quo territorial existant dans les regions nord-
africaines au moment de la signature du traite.

(3) II est entendu que les arrangements speciaux concernant
FAlbanie et le sandjak de Novi-Bazar convenus entre 1'Autriche-
Hongrie et 1'Italie le 20 decembre 1900 5/9 fevrier 1901 et le 20

4 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 40,
Geheimakten, XLIII a.

This Final Protocol is inserted in all the ratifications.

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 257

the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Otto-
man Empire, the High Contracting Parties shall exert themselves
at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances
may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard
to the North African territories of the central and western part
of the Mediterranean, including Morocco. This accession might
be realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the
programme established by Articles IX and X of the Treaty of
this day.

In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Protocol in triplicate.

Done at Vienna, the fifth day of the month of December, one
thousand nine hundred and twelve.

Berchtold.

von Tschirschky.

Avarna.

Second Final Protocol concerning North Africa, Albania, and Novi-
Bazar. Vienna, December 5, 1912.

PROTOCOL.

At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of
this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, the
undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto duly
authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows:

1 . It is understood that the territorial status quo in the North
African regions on the Mediterranean mentioned in Article LX
of the Treaty of June 28, 1902, implies the sovereignty of Italy
over Tripolitania and Cyrenaica.

2. It is likewise understood that Article X of the same Treaty
has for its basis the existing territorial status quo in the North
African regions at the moment of the signing of the Treaty.

3. It is understood that the special arrangements concerning
Albania and the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar agreed upon between
Austria-Hungary and Italy on December 20, iQoo/February 9,

8 See pp. 196, 198.

258 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

novembre/i5 decembre igog6 ne sont pas modifies par le re-
nouvellement du traite d'alliance entre FAutriche-Hongrie, 1'Alle-
magne et 1'Italie.

En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple
exemplaire, le present protocole.

Fait a Vienne, le cinquieme jour du mois de decembre mil neuf
cent douze.

L. S. Berchtold.

L. S. von Tschirschky.

L. S. Avarna.

6 See pp. 240, 242.

FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 259

1901, and on November 2o/December 15, 1909, are not modified
by the renewal of the Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hun-
gary, Germany, and Italy.

In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Protocol in triplicate.

Done at Vienna, the fifth day of the month of December, one
thousand nine hundred and twelve.

L. S. Berchtold.

L. S. von Tschirschky.

L. S. Avarna.

260 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

26.

FOURTH TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA

WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY,

AND ITALY. 1913.

(a)

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the

Alliances of 1892, 1896, and ipoj. Bucharest,

February 5, ipi 3*

'S. M. Fempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo-
'stolique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie, animes d'un
'egal desir de maintenir la paix generate conformement au but
'poursuivi par Falliance austro-hongroise-allemande, d'assurer
Tordre politique et de garantir centre toutes les eventualites la
'parfaite amitie qui les lie, ayant pris en consideration les stipu-
lations du traite signe a cette fin le 25 juillet 1892 entre 1'Au-
' triche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, traite qui par sa nature essentiel-
'lement conserva trice et defensive ne poursuit que le but de les
'premunir centre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix de
'leurs etats, et desirant constater une fois de plus Fentente
'etablie entre L. L. M. M. en prevision de certaines eventualites
'mentionnees dans le traite du 25 juillet 1892 dont la duree a ete
'prolongee jusqu'au 25 juillet 1903 par le protocole signe a Sinaia
'le 30 septembre 1896,' et qui a ete renouvele par le traite signe a
Bucarest le 17 avril 1902, 'ont resolu de renouveler et de con-
' firmer par un nouvel accord les engagements contenus dans le
' susdit traite.

'A cet effet L. L. dites M. M. ont nomme pour leurs plenipo-
'tentiaires savoir:

S. M. Fempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
lique de Hongrie: le sieur Charles Emile prince de Fiirstenberg,
son chambellan, envoye extraordinaure et ministre plenipoten-

1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 41,
Geheimakten, XLIII b, 34, 35.

This Alliance was terminated by the Declaration of War of August 27, 1916.

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 261

26.

FOURTH TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA

WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY,

AND ITALY. 1913.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the

Alliances of 1892, 1896, and 1903. Bucharest,

February 5, 1913.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of
Rumania, animated by an equal desire to maintain the general
peace, in conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro-
Hungarian-German Alliance, to assure the political order, and
to guarantee against all eventualities the perfect friendship which
binds Them together, having taken into consideration the stipu-
lations of the Treaty signed to this end on July 25, 1892, between
Austria-Hungary and Rumania, a Treaty which by its essen-
tially conservative and defensive nature pursues only the aim
of forestalling the dangers which might menace the peace of Their
States, and desiring to record once more the understanding
established between Their Majesties in prospect of certain
eventualities mentioned in the Treaty of July 25, 1892, the dura-
tion of which was prolonged until July 25, 1903, by the Protocol
signed at Sinaia on September 30, 1896, and which was renewed
by the Treaty signed at Bucharest on April 17, 1902, have re-
solved to renew and to confirm by a new agreement the engage-
ments contained in the aforesaid Treaty.

For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their
Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Charles Kmil Prince
von Fiirstenberg, His Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania,

262 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

tiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, chevalier des ordres autri-
chiens imperiaux de Leopold et de la couronne de fer III. classe,
S. M. le roi de Roumanie: le sieur Titus Majoresco, president
du conseil des ministres, son ministre des affaires etrangeres,
grand croix de 1'ordre de 1'etoile de Roumanie et de Tordre autri-
chien imperial de Leopold, 'lesquels, apres s'etre communiques
'leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves en bonne et due forme, sont con-
'venus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

'Sont renouvelees et confirmees de commun accord les stipu-
'lations contenues dans les articles i, 2, 3, 4, et 6 du traite signe
'le 25 juillet 1892 entre 1'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, et
'dont le texte suit ci-apres:

ARTICLE i.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie
' et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement diriges centre
' Tun de leurs etats.

'Elles s'engagent a suivre une politique amicale et a se preter
' un appui mutuel dans la liinite de leurs interets.

ARTICLE 2.

'Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait
'a etre attaquee, rAutriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en
'temps utile secours et assistance centre 1'agresseur. Si 1'Au-
' triche-Hongrie etait attaquee dans les memes circonstances dans
' une partie de ses etats limitrophe a la Roumanie le casus foederis
' se presentera aussitot pour cette derniere.

ARTICLE 3.

'Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee
' d'une agression dans les conditions susmentionnees, les gouverne-
'ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures a prendre
'en vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions mili-
' taires, notamment celles de 1'unite des operations et du passage
'des territoires respectfis, seront reglees par une convention
'militaire.

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 263

Chevalier of the Imperial Austrian Orders of Leopold and of the
Iron Crown, Third Class; His Majesty the King of Rumania:
the Sieur Titus Majoresco, President of the Council of Ministers,
His Minister of Foreign Affairs, Grand Cross of the Order of the
Star of Rumania and of the Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold,
who, after having communicated to each other their full powers,
found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following
Articles :

ARTICLE I.

ARTICLE i.

The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and
friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed
against any one of their States.

They engage to follow a friendly policy, and to lend one another
mutual support within the limits of their interests.

ARTICLE 2.

ARTICLE 3.

If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself
threatened by an aggression under the abovementioned condi-
tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree-
ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to cooperation
of their armies. These military questions, especially those of
the unity of operations and of passage through the respective
territories, shall be regulated by a military convention.

264 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

ARTICLE 4.

ARTICLE 6.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
'le secret sur le contenu du present traite.

ARTICLE II.

' Les articles ci-dessus reproduits resteront en vigueur ' jusqu'au
8 juillet 1920. 'Si une annee avant son expiration le present
' traite n'est pas denonce ou si la revision n'en est pas demandee
'par aucune des hautes parties contractantes il sera considere
'comme prolonge pour la duree' de six annees 'et ainsi de suite
'de' six ans a six ans 'a defaut de denonciation.

ARTICLE III.

'Le present traite sera ratine et les ratifications seront €chan-
'gees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se peut.2

' En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectif s Tont signe et y
'ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Bucarest le cinquieme jour du mois de fevrier de 1'an de
grace mil neuf cent treize.

L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg.

L. S. T. Maioresco.

2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, February 9,
1913 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 36); of King Charles, Bucha-
rest, January 3o/February 12, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 265

ARTICLE 4.

ARTICLE 6.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE II.

The Articles reproduced above shall remain in force until July
8, 1920. If the present Treaty is not denounced one year before
its expiration, or if its revision is not demanded by either of the
High Contracting Parties, it shall be regarded as prolonged for
a period of six years, and so on from six years to six years in de-
fault of denunciation.

ARTICLE III.

The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Bucharest, the fifth day of the month of February in
the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and thirteen.

L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg.

L. S. T. Maioresco.

Ratifikationen) ; Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Bucharest, January 3o/
February 12, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 63).

266 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and

Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the

Alliance. Bucharest, February 13/26, 1913?

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo-
'stolique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu a
'Bucarest' le 5 fevrier 'de 1'annee courante le traite d'amitie et
'd'alliance suivant:

[Articles I-III of the Treaty of February 5, 1913, follow.]
'ont invite S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse a
'acceder aux dispositions du susdit traite.

'En consequence S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
'a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant a
'Bucarest le soussigne sieur' Jules de Waldthausen, son 'envoye
'extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire' pres S. M. le roi de
Roumanie, 'pour adherer formellement aux stipulations con-
' tenues dans le traite susmentionne. En vertu de cet acte d'acces-
'sion S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, prend au nom
'de 1'empire d'Allemagne envers L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Au-
' triche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi
'de Roumanie, et en meme temps L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Au-
' triche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi
'de Roumanie par les soussignes,' le sieur Charles Emile prince
de Fiirstenberg, son chambellan, envoye extraordinaire et
ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, et le
sieur Titus Majoresco, president du conseil des ministres, son
ministre des affaires etrangeres, 'dument autorises a cet effet,
'prennent envers S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
'les memes engagements auxquels les hautes parties contractantes
'se sont mutuellement obligees par les stipulations du dit traite
'insere ci-dessus.

3 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 42,
Geheimakten, XLIIIb, nn. 60, 67.

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 267

Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and

Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the

Alliance. Bucharest, February 13/26, 1913.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of
Rumania having concluded at Bucharest on February 5 of the
current year the following Treaty of friendship and alliance:

[Articles I-III of the Treaty of February 5, 1913, follow]

have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty.

Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His
Representative at Bucharest, the undersigned Sieur Julius von
Waldthausen, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
potentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to adhere form-
ally to the provisions contained in the abovementioned Treaty.
In virtue of this Act of Accession His Majesty the Emperor of
Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the name of the German
Empire towards Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King
of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King
of Rumania, and at the same time Their Majesties the Emperor
of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hun-
gary, and the King of Rumania by the undersigned, the Sieur
Charles Emil Prince von Fiirstenberg, His Chamberlain, Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the
King of Rumania, and the Sieur Titus Majoresco, President of
the Council of Ministers, His Minister of Foreign Affairs, duly
authorized for this purpose, take towards His Majesty the Em-
peror of Germany, King of Prussia, the same engagements by
which the High Contracting Parties have mutually bound them-
selves according to the stipulations of the said Treaty inserted
above.

268 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

'Le present acte d'accession sera ratine et les ratifications
'seront echangees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si
' faire se peut.4

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et y
'ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Bucarest le vingt-sixieme/treizieme jour du mois de
fevrier de Tan de grace mil neuf cent treize.

L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg.

L. S. Waldthausen.

L. S. T. Maioresco.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy. Bucharest, March 5,

'S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu' a
Bucarest le 5 fevrier de 1'annee courante le traite d'amitie et
d'alliance suivant:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows}

'Ce traite ayant recu [le 13/26 fevrier 1913] 1'accession de S.
'M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et ayant etc ensuite
'communique par les hautes parties contractantes susmention-
'nees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec 1'invitation a y acceder, S. M. le
' roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite a etc conclu
'et qui est la conservation de la paix generate et de 1'ordre exis-
'tant, a autorise le soussigne sieur' Ch. baron Fasciotti, 'son

4 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each ex-
changed with the German Empire and Rumania, Vienna, March 5, 1913 (draft:
Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 69); of Emperor William II, Berlin, Feb-
ruary 27, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; of
King Charles, Bucharest, February 23/March 8, 1913 (original: ibid.); Protocol
of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and
Rumania, Bucharest, February 23/March 8, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheim-
akten, XLIII b, n. 77).

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 269

The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica-
tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner
if may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Bucharest, the twenty-sixth/thirteenth day of the
month of February of the year of grace one thousand nine hun-
dred and thirteen.

L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg.

L. S. Waldthausen.

L. S. T. Maioresco.

Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the
accession of Italy. Bucharest, March 5, 1913.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of
Rumania, having concluded on February 5 of the current year
the following Treaty of friendship and alliance:

[The text of the Treaty as above follows.]

This Treaty having received [on February 13/26, 1913] the
accession of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia, and having been then communicated by the High Con-
tracting Parties abovementioned to His Majesty the King of
Italy with an invitation to accede thereto, His Majesty the King
of Italy, approving the purpose for which this Treaty has been
concluded, and which is the preservation of the general peace
and of the existing order, has authorized the undersigned Sieur
Ch. Baron Fasciotti, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

' Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 43,
Geheimakten, XLIII b, n. 75.

An identic Treaty between Italy and Rumania was signed on February 27, 1913,
according to a despatch of February 28, 1913 from the Austro-Hungarian Minister.
The exchange of ratifications ensued on March 13/26, 1913 (Rumanian Note of
April 5/18, 1913: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIII b, nn. 62, 82).

270 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

'envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le
'roi de Roumanie, a declarer en son nom qu'il accede au dit
'traite dans les limites ci-apres indiquees en ce qui concerne les
'stipulations des articles 2 et 3 du traite de 25 juillet 1892 entre
TAutriche et la Roumanie, articles qui sont reproduits dans
Tarticle I du traite ci-dessus insere, savoir:

' Si les eventualites, pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis, tel
'qu'il est prevu dans les' dits 'articles 2 et 3, venaient a se pro-
'duire, L. L. M. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et
'roi apostolique de Hongrie, le roi d'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie
'prennent 1'engagement mutuel de se concerter en temps utile
' pour une action commune dont les modalites seront reglees par
'une convention speciale.

'La presente accession sera en vigueur a dater du' 8 juillet
1914 'pour toute la duree du traite principal du' 5 fevrier 1913
' a moins qu'elle ne soit denonce par une des hautes parties con-
'tractantes en temps utOe conformement aux dispositions de
Tarticle II du dit traite principal.

'Le secret sera garde sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra
'etre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties
'contractantes.

'S. M. 1'eonpereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto-
'lique de Hongrie a autorise de son cote le soussigne' sieur
Charles Emile prince de Fiirstenberg, son chambellan, envoye
extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de
Roumanie, 'a declarer en son nom qu'il accepte, dans les termes
'ci-dessus relates et avec les memes obligations mutuelles, 1'ac-
' cession de S. M. le roi d'ltalie au traite' du 5 fevrier 1913.

'Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratine par
' S. M. 1'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique
'de Hongrie, et par S. M. le roi d'ltalie et les ratifications seront
'echangees le plus tot possible.6

6 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, March 14, 1913
(draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 78); of King Victor Emmanuel,
Rome, March 18, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika-

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 271

Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to declare
in His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within the limits
indicated below, so far as concerns the stipulations of Articles 2
and 3 of the Treaty of July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary
and Rumania, Articles which are reproduced in Article I of the
Treaty inserted above, to wit:

If eventualities that could give rise to the casus foederis as
it is foreseen in the said Articles 2 and 3 should chance to occur,
Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary, the King of Italy, and the King
of Rumania assume a mutual engagement to take counsel to-
gether in ample tune as to common action, the detailed procedure
of which shall be regulated by a special convention.

The present Accession shall be in force, dating from July 8,
1914, for the whole duration of the principal Treaty of February
5, 1913, unless it be denounced by one of the High Contracting
Parties in the proper time in conformity with the provisions of
Article II of the said principal Treaty.

This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re-
vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting
Parties.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,
and Apostolic King of Hungary has for his part authorized the
undersigned Sieur Charles Emil Prince von Fiirstenberg, His
Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten-
tiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to declare in His
name that He accepts in the terms above stated, and with the
same mutual obligations, the Accession of His Majesty the King
of Italy to the Treaty of February 5, 1913.

tionen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, March 31, 1913 (draft:
Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIII b, n. 80).

272 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY

'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
'present acte et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait a B nearest, le cinquieme jour du mois de mars de Pan
de grace mil neuf cent treize.

L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg.

L. S. Fasciotti.

FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 273

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Act and have affixed thereto the seal of their
arms.

Done at Bucharest, the fifth day of the month of March of the
year of grace one thousand nine hundred and thirteen.

L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg.

L. S. Fasciotti.

274 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY'

27.
THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' OF 1887.

Treaty between Germany and Russia. Berlin, June 18, i88?.1

Les cours imperiales d'Allemagne et de Russie, animees d'un
egal desir de consolider la paix generate par une entente destinee
a assurer la position defensive de leurs etats respectifs, ont resolu
de consacrer par un arrangement special 1'accord etabli entre elles
en vue de 1'expiration, a la date du 15/27 Juin 1887, de la validite
du traite et du protocole secrets, signes en 1881 et renouveles en
1884 par les trois cours d'Allemagne, de Russie et d'Autriche-
Hongrie.

A cet effet les deux cours ont nomine comme plenipotentiaires :
S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Herbert

comte de Bismarck-Schoenhausen, son secretaire d'etat au

departement des affaires etrangeres;

S. M. 1'empereur de toutes les Russies le sieur Paul comte

Schouvaloff, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipoten-

tiaire pres S. M. 1'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse,
lesquels munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont etc trouves en bonne
et due forme sont convenus des articles suivants:

ARTICLE I.

'Dans le cas ou 1'une des hautes parties contractantes se trou-
' verait en guerre avec une ' troisieme ' grande puissance, ' 1'autre
maintiendrait 'a son egard une neutralite bienveillante et'
vouerait ses 'soins a la localisation du conflit.' Cette disposition
ne s'appliquerait pas a une guerre centre 1'Autriche ou la France
dans le cas ou cette guerre resulterait d'une attaque dirigee centre

1 Copy of the original, which is in the possession of Germany. This copy was
put at the disposal of the Editor at the beginning of September, 1919, on condition
that he should not give it out until it had been published from Berlin. As this has
since happened (Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, September 12, 1919), I give here the
text according to the copy that was furnished me.

THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 275

27.
THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' OF 1887.

Treaty between Germany and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1887.

The Imperial Courts of Germany and of Russia, animated
by an equal desire to strengthen the general peace by an under-
standing destined to assure the defensive position of their re-
spective States, have resolved to confirm the agreement estab-
lished between them by a special arrangement, in view of the
expiration on June 15/27, 1887, of the validity of the secret
Treaty and Protocol, signed in 1881 and renewed in 1884 by the
three Courts of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.
To this end the two Courts have named as Plenipotentiaries:
His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the
Sieur Herbert Count of Bismarck-Schoenhausen, His Secre-
tary of State in the Department of Foreign Affairs;

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Sieur Paul
Count Schouvaloff, His Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary to his Majesty the Emperor of Germany,
King of Prussia,

who, being furnished with full powers, which have been found in
good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ARTICLE I.

In case one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself
at war with a third great Power, the other would maintain a
benevolent neutrality towards it, and would devote its efforts to
the localization of the conflict. This provision would not apply
to a war against Austria or France in case this war should result

[The essential Articles of the 'Reinsurance Treaty,' as copied from the Russian
archives, were published in an English translation by Professor Serge Goriainov in
his article, "The End of the Alliance of the Emperors," in the American Historical
Review, January, 1918, pp. 324-349. This article, which is of great interest, appears
not yet to have attracted the attention of European scholars. A. C. C.]

276 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY'

1'une de ces deux dernieres puissances par 1'une des hautes parties
contractantes.

ARTICLE II.

L'Allemagne recommit les droits historiquement acquis a la
Russie dans la presqu'ile balcanique et particulierement la legiti-
mite de son influence preponderate et decisive en Bulgarie et en
Roumelie Orientale. Les deux cours s'engagent a n'admettre
aucune modification du statu quo territorial de la dite peninsule
sans un accord prealable entre elles, et a s'opposer eventuellement
a toute tentative de porter atteinte a ce statu quo ou de la modi-
fier sans leur2 consentement.

ARTICLE III.

'Les' deux 'cours reconnaissent le caractere europeen et mu-
'tuellement obligatoire du principe de la fermeture des detroits
'du Bosphore et des Dardanelles, fonde sur le droit des gens,
'confirme par les traites et resume ' dans 'la declaration du second
' plenipotentiaire de Russie a la seance du 1 2 juillet du congres de
'Berlin (protocole 19).

'Elles veilleront en commun a ce que la Turquie ne fasse pas
'd'exception a cette regie en faveur des interets d'un gouverne-
'ment quelconque, en pretant a des operations guerrieres d'une
'puissance belligerante la partie de son empire que forment les
'detroits. En cas d'infraction ou pour la prevenir, si une pareille
' infraction etait a prevoir, les ' deux ' cours avertiront la Turquie
'qu'elles la considereraient, le cas echeant, comme s'etant mise
'en etat de guerre vis-a-vis de la partie lesee et comme s'etant
'privee des lors des benefices de securite assures par le traite de
'Berlin a son statu quo territorial.

ARTICLE IV.

'Le present traite sera en vigueur pendant 1'espace de trois ans
'a dater du jour de 1'echange des ratifications.

* In the original, "leurs."

THE ' REINSURANCE TREATY ' 277

from an attack directed against one of these two latter Powers by
one of the High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE II.

Germany recognizes the rights historically acquired by Russia
in the Balkan Peninsula, and particularly the legitimacy of her
preponderant and decisive influence in Bulgaria and in Eastern
Rumelia. The two Courts engage to admit no modification of
the territorial status quo of the said peninsula without a previous
agreement between them, and to oppose, as occasion arises,
every attempt to disturb this status quo or to modify it without
their consent.

ARTICLE III.

The two Courts recognize the European and mutually obliga-
tory character of the principle of the closing of the Straits of the
Bosphorus and of the Dardanelles, founded on international law,
confirmed by treaties, and summed up in the declaration of the
second Plenipotentiary of Russia at the session of July 1 2 of the
Congress of Berlin (Protocol 19).

They will take care in common that Turkey shall make no
exception to this rule in favor of the interests of any Government
whatsoever, by lending to warlike operations of a belligerent
power the portion of its Empire constituted by the Straits. In
case of infringement, or to prevent it if such infringement should
be in prospect, the two Courts will inform Turkey that they
would regard her, in that event, as putting herself in a state of
war towards the injured Party, and as depriving herself thence-
forth of the benefits of the security assured to her territorial
status quo by the Treaty of Berlin.

ARTICLE IV.

The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of three
years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications.

278 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY'

ARTICLE V.

'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement
' le secret sur le contenu et sur 1'existence du present traite ' et ' du
'protocole y annexe.

ARTICLE VI.

Le present traite sera ratine et les ratifications en seront
echangees a Berlin dans 1'espace de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire
se peut.

En foi de quoi, les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le
present traite et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Berlin, le dix-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil huit
cent quatre-vingt-sept.

(L. S.) Comte Bismarck.

(L. S.) Comte Paul Schouvaloff.

Additional Protocol. Berlin, June 18, i88j.
PROTOCOLS ADDITIONNEL ET TRES SECRET.

Afin de completer les stipulations des articles II et III du
traite secret conclu a cette meme date, les deux cours sont torn-
bees d 'accord sur les points suivants:

L'Allemagne pretera, comme par le passe, son concours a la
Russie afin de retablir en Bulgarie un gouvernement regulier et
legal. Elle promet de ne donner en aucun cas son consentement
a la restauration du prince de Battenberg.

Dans le cas ou S. M. 1'empereur de Russie se verrait dans la
necessite d'assumer lui-meme la tache de defendre 1'entree de la
mer Noire pour sauvegarder les interets de la Russie, I'Alleniagne
s'engage a accorder sa neutralite bienveillante et son appui moral

THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 279

ARTCLE V.

The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to
the contents and the existence of the present Treaty and of the
Protocol annexed thereto.

ARTICLE VI.

The present Treaty shall be ratified and ratifications shall be
exchanged at Berlin within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if
may be.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of
their arms.

Done at Berlin, the eighteenth day of the month of June,
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven.

(L. S.) Count Bismarck.

(L. S.) Count Paul Schouvaloff.

Additional Protocol. Berlin, June 18,
ADDITIONAL AND VERY SECRET PROTOCOL.

In order to complete the stipulations of Articles II and III of
the secret Treaty concluded on this same date, the two Courts
have come to an agreement upon the following points :

Germany, as in the past, will lend her assistance to Russia in
order to reestablish a regular and legal government in Bulgaria.
She promises in no case to give her consent to the restoration of
the Prince of Battenberg.

In case His Majesty the Emperor of Russia should find himself
under the necessity of assuming the task of defending the en-
trance of the Black Sea in order to safeguard the interests of
Russia, Germany engages to accord her benevolent neutrality
and her moral and diplomatic support to the measures which

280 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY'

et diplomatique aux mesures que S. M. jugerait necessaire de
prendre pour garder la clef de son empire.

Le present protocole fait partie integrante du traite secret
signe en ce jour a Berlin et aura meme force et valeur.

En foi de quoi, les plenipotentiaires respectifs 1'ont signe et y
ont appose le sceau de leurs armes.

Fait a Berlin, le dix-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil huit
cent quatre-vingt-sept.

Comte Bismarck.
Comte Paul Schouvaloff.

THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 28 1

His Majesty may deem it necessary to take to guard the key of
His Empire.

The present Protocol forms an integral part of the secret
Treaty signed on this day at Berlin, and shall have the same force
and validity.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Berlin, the eighteenth day of the month of June, one
thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven.

Count Bismarck.
Count Paul Schouvaloff.

282 NAVAL AGREEMENT

28.

NAVAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY, THE GERMAN EMPIRE,
AND ITALY.

Naval Agreement prepared between the Naval Section of the Austrian
War Ministry, the Admiralty Staff of the German Navy,

and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy.

Prepared in draft, June 23, 1913. Revised, August 2, 1913.

Came into force, November i, ipij.1

Mit allerhochster Genehmigung der Souverane des Dreibundes
wird zwischen dem k. u. k. osterreichisch-ungarischen Kriegsmini-
sterium, Marinesektion, dem Admiralstabe der kaiserlich deut-
schen Marine und dem koniglich italienischen Marineministerium
(Admiralstab) das nachstehende Marineiibereinkommen fur den
Fall eines gemeinsamen Dreibundkrieges geschlossen.

Das in Berlin am 5. Dezember 1900 abgeschlossene Uber-
einkommen tritt hiemit ausser Kraft.

i. VERWENDUNG DER SEESTREITKRAFTE DES DREIBUNDES
IM KRTEGE.

a) Im Mittelmeer.

Die im Mittelmeer befindlichen Seestreitkrafte des Dreibundes
vereinigen sich behufs Erringung der Seeherrschaft im Mittel-
meer durch Niederkampfung der feindlichen Flotten.

Der Operationsplan fiir das Zusammenwirken im Mittelmeer
wird in seinen Grundlinien von den Admiralstaben, beziehungs-
weise dem k. u. k. Kriegsministerium, Marinesektion, der Drei-
bundmachte bereits im Frieden in Form eines Zusatziiberein-

1 Certified copy: St. A., Geheimakten, XLIIIa.

In a "Supplement of August 2, 1913, to the Naval Agreement and Additional
Agreement, prepared in first draft on June 23, 1913, at Vienna," certain changes
were made in the text of the first draft. As the wording of the Agreement of
August 2, 1913, is the definitive one, it is reproduced here in the text, and the pro-
visions of the first draft of June 23 which were reversed are put in the notes. The
remarks which appear as footnotes in the first draft and in the text of August are

NAVAL AGREEMENT 283

28.

NAVAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY, THE GERMAN EMPIRE,
AND ITALY.

Naval Agreement prepared between the Naval Section of the Austrian
War Ministry, the Admiralty Staff of the German Navy,

and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy.
Prepared in draft, June 23, 1913. Revised, August 2, 1913.
Came into force, November i, 1913.

With the Most Exalted approbation of the Sovereigns of the
Triple Alliance, the following Naval Agreement has been con-
cluded between the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal
Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War, the Admiralty Staff of the
Imperial German Navy, and the Royal Italian Ministry of
Marine (Admiralty Staff), in the contingency of a war involving
the members of the Triple Alliance in common.

The Agreement concluded in Berlin on December 5, 1900,
hereby ceases to be in force.

i. EMPLOYMENT OF THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE TRIPLE
ALLIANCE IN WAR.

(a) In the Mediterranean.

The Naval forces of the Triple Alliance which may be in the
Mediterranean shall unite for the purpose of gaining naval con-
trol of the Mediterranean by defeating the enemy fleets.

The basic outlines of the plan of operations for joint action in
the Mediterranean shall be prepared in time of peace by the
Admiralty Staffs, and correspondingly by the Naval Section of
the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War, of the Triple Alliance

given as such in this copy. According to a communication from the Imperial and
Royal Marine Section to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Berchtold, on
October 14, 1913, this Agreement came into force, "da die allerhochste Genehmi-
gung und die der Souverane Deutschlands und Italiens erfolgt sei," on November i,

284 NAVAL AGREEMENT

kommens aufgestellt und bedarf der grundsatzlichen Genehmi-
gung der drei Souverane. Einzelheiten konnen fallweise von den
Admiralstaben, beziehungsweise dem k. u. k. Kriegsministerium,
Marinesektion, im gegenseitigen Einvernehmen geandert werden.

b) Ausserhalb des Mittelmeeres?

Schiffsdivisionen, die sich auf derselben Auslandstation oder
in erreichbarer Nahe von einander befinden, suchen, soweit sie
nicht andere Befehle haben, Anschluss an einander, um gemein-
sam im Interesse des Dreibundes zu handeln.

Kommandanten einzelner Schiffe der Dreibundstaaten, welche
sich im Auslande im gleichen Gebiete aufhalten, werden, falls die
allgemeine politische Lage die Moglichkeit eines Krieges zwischen
dem Dreibunde und der Tripleentente annehmen lasst, von ihrer
vorgesetzten Behorde auf Grund gegenseitigen Einvernehmens
zwischen den Admiralstaben und dem k. u. k. Kriegsministerium,
Marinesektion, von dem Bestehen eines Marineiibereinkommens
in Kenntnis gesetzt werden konnen. In diesem Falle haben die
betreffenden Schiffskommandanten die Pflicht, sich tiber die bei
Ausbruch der Feindseligkeiten zu ergreifenden Massnahmen
gegenseitig zu verstandigen, wobei sie die besonderen Instruk-
tionen, die sie etwa von ihrer vorgesetzten Behorde erhalten
haben, beriicksichtigen werden.

2. OBERBEFEHL.

a) Der Oberbefehl iiber die Seestreitkrafte des Dreibundes im
Mittelmeer kann einem b'sterreichisch-ungarischen oder italieni-
schen Flaggenofnzier iibertragen werden, dessen Ernennung im
gegenseitigen Einvernehmen der Dreibundstaaten schon im
Frieden erfolgt.

Sollte wahrend der gemeinsamen Operationen der Ober-
befehlshaber dienstunfahig werden oder sonst zeitweilig ersetzt

2 In the draft of June 23, it ran:

" b) ausserhalb des Mittelmeeres.

"Schiffe, die sich auf derselben Auslandstation oder in erreichbarer Nahe von
einander befinden, suchen, soweit sie nicht andere Befehle haben, Anschluss an
einander, um gemeinsam im Interesse des Dreibundes zu handeln.

NAVAL AGREEMENT 285

Powers, in the form of a Supplementary Agreement, and must
receive in principle the approbation of the three Sovereigns. Ac-
cording to the circumstances, details may be changed by the
Admiralty Staffs and the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal
Ministry of War, acting in mutual understanding.

(ft) Outside the Mediterranean.

Naval units which may be lying in the same foreign port or
within reach of one another shall attempt to join forces, provided
they have not received other orders, with a view to cooperating
in the interests of the Triple Alliance.

In case it may be assumed from the general political situation
that war will probably break out between the Triple Alliance
and the Triple Entente, the commanders of such vessels of the
Triple Alliance Powers as may find themselves in foreign waters
in the same region shall be informed by their superior authorities,
acting in accordance with a mutual understanding between the
Admiralty Staffs and the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal
Ministry of War, of the existence of a Naval Agreement. In this
case it shall be the duty of the respective commanders of vessels
to come to a reciprocal understanding regarding the measures to
be taken on the outbreak of hostilities, keeping before them the
special instructions which they shall have received from their
superior authorities.

2. THE SUPREME COMMAND.

(a) The Supreme Command of the Naval Forces of the Triple
Alliance in the Mediterranean may be intrusted to an Austro-
Hungarian or to an Italian Flag-Officer, whose nomination shall
have been decided on in time of peace by reciprocal agreement of
the States of the Triple Alliance.

If, during the course of the joint operations, the Commander-
in-Chief shall become incapacitated for service or for other reasons

" Befehlshaber von Schiffen des Dreibundes, welche auf einer Auslandstation
zusammentreffen und im Kriege gemeinsam operieren konnten, werden sich iiber
die im Kriegsfalle zu ergreifenden Massnahmen schon im Frieden verstandigen."

286 NAVAL AGREEMENT

werden miissen, so hat der ihm im Range Zunachststehende, be-
ziehungsweise im Falle gleicher Charge der Befehlshaber der
grosseren Streitmacht, solange den Oberbefehl zu fiihren, bis der
Oberbefehlshaber seinen Dienst wieder iibernimmt, oder bis die
Ernennung eines neuen gemeinsamen Oberbefehlshabers in Sinne
des vorhergehenden Absatzes erfolgt.

b) Fiir die im Punkte i b genannten Schiffe und Befehls-
haber ist hinsichtlich des Oberbefehles iiber die gemeinsamen
Operationen das Rangverhaltnis massgebend. Bei gleicher
Charge fallt der Oberbefehl dem Befehlshaber der grosseren
Streitmacht3 zu.

3. VERKEHR ZWISCHEN DEN VERBUNDETEN.

a) Vorbereitung von Operationen und Nachrichtenaustausch.

So oft es zur Vorbereitung der Operationen der verbundeten
Flotten zweckmassig erscheint, treten die eingangs genannten Be-
horden entweder unmittelbar oder durch entsandte Offiziere mit
einander in Verkehr.

Desgleichen findet unter ihnen ein fallweiser Austausch der
iiber die Seestreitkrafte der voraussichtlichen Gegner erlangten
Nachrichten und der auf die Entwicklung der eigenen Flotten
beziiglichen Angaben statt.

b) Gegenseitige Kommandierung von Seeqffizieren in die
allerhochsten Hauptquartiere.

Die schnelle und sichere Verstandigung und Nachrichten-
iibermittlung von Hauptquartier zu Hauptquartier liegt in mari-
timen Angelegenheiten den von jeder verbundeten Macht in die
beiden anderen allerhochsten Hauptquartiere entsandten Seeoffi-
zieren ob.4 Soweit angangig, wird ihnen der Geheimverkehr mit
dem eigenen allerhochsten Hauptquartier gestattet und erleich-
tert werden.

Fiir diesen Dienst sind die Marineattaches in Aussicht genom-

3 "In zweifelhaften Fallen ist der Gesamttonnengehalt der Streitmacht bestim-
mend." Footnote in the first draft of June 23 and in the corrected form of August

NAVAL AGREEMENT 287

shall have to be temporarily replaced, it shall be the duty of the
officer next to him in rank, or, in the case of two officers of equal
dignity, of the commander of the larger force, to assume the
Supreme Command until the Commander-in-Chief resumes his
duties, or until the appointment of a new joint Commander-in-
Chief in accordance with the preceding paragraph.

(6) As regards the ships and commanders indicated under Sec-
tion i (6), the Supreme Command of joint operations shall be
determined by rank. In the case of two officers of equal dignity,
the Supreme Command shall fall to the commander of the larger
force.

3. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE ALLIES.
(a) Preparation of Operations and Exchange of Intelligence.

As often as it shall seem advantageous for the preparation of
the operations of the United Fleet, the abovementioned authori-
ties shall get in touch with one another, either directly or through
specially assigned officers.

In the same way, when the occasion arises, there shall be an
exchange of such news as has been obtained concerning the naval
forces of the probable enemy, as well as information bearing on
the development of their own fleets.

(b) Reciprocal Assignment of Naval Officers to Supreme
Headquarters.

The swift and trustworthy collection of intelligence and trans-
mission of information from Headquarters to Headquarters in
matters concerning the Navy shall devolve upon the Naval
Officers assigned by each Allied Power to the Supreme Head-
quarters of the other two Powers. As far as possible, secret com-
munication with their own Supreme Headquarters shall be per-
mitted and facilitated.

For this service the Naval Attaches are indicated, as they ap-

4 In the draft of June 23, 1913, there came after this: "Dieselben miissen von
den getroffenen Vereinbarungen Kenntnis haben." Then follows: "Soweit," etc.,
as in the text.

288 NAVAL AGREEMENT

men, da sie durch ihre personlichen Beziehungen zu den ver-
biindeten Marinen hiezu besonders befahigt erscheinen.

Die Marineattaches werden von dem Bestehen eines geheimen
Marineiibereinkommens in Kenntnis gesetzt und konnen f allweise,
wenn sich die Notwendigkeit ergibt, auch mit jenen Stellen des
Ubereinkommens bekannt gemacht werden, welche auf Grand
neuer Verhaltnisse einer Anderung durch gegenseitiges Einver-
nehmen zwischen den Admiralstaben und dem k. u. k. Kriegs-
ministerium, Marinesektion, zu unterziehen waren.5

c) Kommandierung von Seeojfizieren zum Stabe des

Oberbefehlshabers im Mittelmeer.

Fur den Stab des Oberbefehlshabers im Mittelmeer werden
bereits im Frieden ernannt: Je ein Chef des Stabes in der Charge
eines Linienschiffskapitans von Osterreich-Ungarn und Italien;
je ein Admiralstabsoffizier mit dem notigen Hilfspersonal von
Osterreich-Ungarn, Deutschland und Italien.

4. VERSTANDIGUNGSMITTEL.

Fiir die Ubermittlung von Befehlen und den Nachrichten-
austausch zwischen den Schiffen (Signalstationen) der verbiinde-
ten Marinen dient das gemeinsame Signalbuch (Triplecodex) , das
auch Bestimmungen iiber geheime Erkennungssignale und den
Chiffrierverkehr enthalt.

Das gemeinsame Signalbuch ist als streng geheim zu behandeln.

5. GEGENSEITIGE UBERLASSUNG VON HANDELSFAHRZEUGEN
FUR KRIEGSZWECKE.

a) Handelsfahrzeuge konnen im Kriegsfalle einer verbiindeten
Macht zur Verfiigung gestellt werden. Tiber die Regeln fur die
Requisition von Handelsschiffen der verbiindeten Staaten werden
sich die eingangs genannten Behorden schon im Frieden verstan-
digen. Sie werden auch bestrebt sein, die Verwendbarkeit der
Schiffe fur besondere Zwecke nach Moglichkeit zu erleichtern.

b) Will eine Marine fiir bestimmte Handelsfahrzeuge der
verbiindeten Staaten schon im Frieden Kriegsvorbereitungen

6 This whole paragraph is lacking in the draft of June 23, 1913.

NAVAL AGREEMENT 289

pear to be specially suited thereto through their personal relations
with the Navies of their Allies.

The Naval Attaches shall be informed of the existence of a
secret Naval Agreement, and, should the occasion arise, they
may be acquainted with those provisions of the Agreement
which, by reason of new circumstances, may undergo an altera-
tion by reciprocal agreement between the Admiralty Staffs and
the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War.6

In time of peace there shall be assigned to the Staff of the
Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean: a Chief of Staff
with the rank of Captain of a Ship of the Line by Austria-
Hungary and Italy respectively, and an officer of the Admiralty
Staff with the necessary staff by Austria-Hungary, Germany,
and Italy respectively.

4. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.

For the transmission of orders and the exchange of intelli-
gence between the vessels (signal stations) of the Allied Navies,
the joint Signal Book (Triple Code) shall be employed. This
also contains provisions concerning secret signals of recognition
and communication by cipher.

The joint Signal Book is to be regarded as highly confidential

5. RECIPROCAL CONTRIBUTION OF MERCHANT VESSELS FOR
PURPOSES OF WAR.

(a) Merchant vessels may, in case of war, be placed at the
disposal of an Allied Power. The abovementioned authorities
shall reach an agreement in time of peace concerning the rules for
requisitioning merchant vessels of the Allied States. They shall
also endeavor to facilitate as far as possible the availability of
the vessels for special purposes.

(b) If in time of peace a Navy shall make preparations for war
involving the use of particular merchant vessels of the Allied

290 NAVAL AGREEMENT

treffen, so warden ihr die Plane und Beschreibungen dieser Fahr-
zeuge durch Vermittlung der eingangs genannten Behorden zum
voriibergehenden Gebrauch zur Verfiigung gestellt werden.

6. GEGENSEITIGE BENUTZUNG VON HAFEN.
Im eingangs genannten Kriegsfalle konnen die Hafen einer
der verbiindeten Machte auch 6 von den Seestreitkraften und
Handelsfahrzeugen der anderen verbundeten Machte in gleicher
Weise wie von den eigenen Schiffen beniitzt werden.
Wien, am 23. Juni 1913.

Im Entwurf e gezeichnet :

Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p.

Fur die richtige Abschrift:
A. Suchomel.

ZUSATZUBEREINKOMMEN FUR DAS MlTTELMEER.

(Punkt ia, Absatz 2, des Marineubereinkommens.}

1. Oberbefehl. Im Sinne des Punktes 2 a des Marineuberein-
kommens wird der Oberbefehl iiber die Seestreitkrafte des
Dreibundes im Mittelmeer dem k. u. k. osterreichisch-ungarischen
Admiral Anton Haus iibertragen.

2. Zusammensetzung des S tabes des Oberbefehlshabers. Der
Stab des Oberbefehlshabers setzt sich nach Punkt 30 des Marine-
ubereinkommens wie folgt zusammen:

i osterreichisch-ungarischer Chef des Stabes im Range eines
Linienschiffskapitans, i italienischer Chef des Stabes im Range
eines Linienschiffskapitans, je i Admiralstabsomzier der oster-
reichisch-ungarischen, deutschen und italienischen Marine.

Die beiden Chefs des Stabes und der deutsche Admiralstabs-
offizier sind dem Oberbefehlshaber direkt unterstellt.

Als Hilfskrafte sind nach Bedarf noch zuzuteilen: Signal-,
Funkentelegraphen- und Bureaupersonal.

Es ist wiinschenswert, dass der Oberbefehlshaber schon im
Frieden mit den Ofnzieren seines Stabes in personliche Fuhlung
tritt.

6 In the draft of June 23, 1913, it ran: "Die Hafen einer der verbundeten
Machte konnen auch. . . ."

NAVAL AGREEMENT 291

States, plans and descriptions of these vessels shall be placed at
its disposal for temporary use through the agency of the above-
mentioned authorities.

6. RECIPROCAL USE OF HARBORS.

In the abovementioned event of war, the harbors of one of the
Allied Powers may also be used by the naval forces and merchant
vessels of the other Allied Powers in the same manner as by its
own vessels.
Vienna, June 23, 1913.

Signed in draft:

Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p.

For the true copy:

A. Suchomel.

SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENT FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN.
(Section i (a), Paragraph 2 of the Naval Agreement!)

1. Supreme Command. In accordance with Section 2 (a) of
the Naval Agreement, the Supreme Command of the Naval forces
of the Triple Alliance in the Mediterranean shall be conferred on
the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Admiral Anton Haus.

2. Composition of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief. The
Staff of the Commander-in-Chief shall be composed, in accord-
ance with Section 3 (c) of the Naval Agreement, as follows:

i Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff with rank of Captain of
a Ship of the Line, i Italian Chief of Staff with rank of Captain
of a Ship of the Line, and i Officer each of the Admiralty Staffs
of the Austro-Hungarian, the German, and the Italian Navies.

The two Chiefs of Staff and the German Officer of the Ad-
miralty Staff are directly subordinate to the Commander-in-
Chief.

Signal, wireless, and office personnel shall be assigned as as-
sistants when requisite.

It is desirable that the Commander-in-Chief establish personal
relations with the officers of his Staff in time of peace.

292 NAVAL AGREEMENT

3. Kriegseinteilung der verbundeten Streitkrafte. Als Grund-
satze fiir die Kriegseinteilung haben zu gelten:

a) Die einzelnen Unterverbande sollen aus Schiffen derselben
Nationalitat zusammengesetzt sein.

b) Ein Geschwader soil moglichst aus nicht mehr als acht
Kampfschiffen bestehen.

Die Kriegseinteilung ist dem Zusatziibereinkommen als An-
lage I beigefiigt und wird der Oberbefehlshaber fiir deren standige
Kurrenthaltung Sorge tragen.

4. Vereinigung der verbundeten Streitkrafte. Die osterreichisch-
ungarische und die italienische Flotte vereinigen sich sobald als
moglich im Raume um Messina und erganzen ihre Vorrate. Die
italienische Flotte wird hiezu die Ankerplatze zwischen Milazzo
und Messina, die osterreichisch-ungarische den Hafen von Au-
gusta aufsuchen. Italien wird eventuell die Division fur beson-
dere Zwecke im Norden des tyrrhenischen Meeres zuriickbehalten
und einen Teil seiner in der Anlage I unter A angefiihrten Tor-
pedoflottillen und Minenleger nach Cagliari und Trapani diri-
gieren, woriiber es den Oberbefehlshaber rechtzeitig unterrichten
wird.

Die deutschen Schiffe werden anstreben, sich in Gaeta (bei
ungiinstigen Seeverhaltnissen bei Neapel) zu vereinigen, um dort
ihre Vorrate zu erganzen. Sollten besondere Verhaltnisse das Er-
reichen von Gaeta (Neapel) nicht mehr zulassen, so vereinigen
sich auch die deutschen Seestreitkrafte mit dem Oberbefehlshaber
im Raume um Messina.

Bei der ersten Vereinigung der Flotten haben alle Schiffe und
Torpedoboote die im Triplecodex gegebenen Bestimmungen iiber
geheime Erkennungssignale besonders sorgfaltig zu beobachten.

Alleinfahrende Torpedoboote und Torpedobootsverbande mils-
sen des Nachts grundsatzlich jede Annaherung an Schiffe und
Ankerplatze der verbundeten Flotten vermeiden, da jedes nicht
mit vollster Sicherheit als Freund erkannte Torpedoboot unter
Feuer genommen wird.

5. Operations plan. Als Hauptziel hat fiir den Oberbefehlsha-
ber die Erringung der Seeherrschaft im Mittelmeer durch ra-
scheste Niederkampfung der feindlichen Flotten zu gelten.

NAVAL AGREEMENT 293

3. War -Time Distribution of the Allied Forces. The following
shall be accepted as the principles for distribution in time of war:

(a) The various subordinate units shall be constituted from
ships of the same nationality.

(b) A squadron shall, so far as possible, contain not more than
eight battleships.

The war-time distribution is appended to the Supplementary
Agreement as Annex I. The Commander-in-Chief shall be re-
sponsible for keeping it constantly up to date.

4. Union of the Allied Naval Forces. The Austro-Hungarian
and the Italian fleets shall assemble as soon as possible in the
neighborhood of Messina and complete their supplies. The
Italian fleet shall then proceed to its anchoring place between
Milazzo and Messina, the Austro-Hungarian fleet to the harbor
of Augusta. If need be, Italy shall retain a division for special
duty in the north of the Tyrrhenian Sea and despatch a part of
her torpedo flotillas mentioned in Annex I, heading A, together
with mine layers, to Cagliari and Trapani. The Commander-in-
Chief shall be notified of this in due season.

The German vessels shall endeavor to unite at Gaeta (or in the
event of unfavorable conditions at sea, at Naples) in order to
complete their supplies. Should special circumstances render it
impossible to reach Gaeta (Naples), the German naval forces
also shall join the Commander-in-Chief in the neighborhood of
Messina.

On the occasion of their first meeting all ships and torpedo
boats must with particular care observe the provisions laid down
in the Triple Code for secret signals of recognition.

Torpedo boats proceeding alone and groups of torpedo boats
must as a fundamental principle avoid approaching vessels and
anchoring places of the Allied Fleets after nightfall, as every
torpedo boat not recognized with complete certainty as friendly
will be fired upon.

5. Scheme of Operations. The chief objective of the Com-
mander-in-Chief shall be the securing of naval control in the Medi-
terranean through the swiftest possible defeat of the enemy
fleets.

294 NAVAL AGREEMENT

Sollte ein Teil der franzosischen Flotte in Bizerta stehen, so
wird der Oberbefehlshaber trachten, die getrennten Teile dieser
Flotte einzeln zu schlagen. Fiir ein Festhalten feindlicher Flot-
tenteile in Bizerta kommen Minen- und Torpedobootsunterneh-
mungen von Trapani und Cagliari, fiir Unternehmungen gegen
die etwa von Toulon aus ostlich vorgehende franzosische Flotte
die leichten Streitkrafte der lokalen Kustenverteidigung von der
westlichen ligurischen Kiiste aus 7 in Betracht.

Die Hauptaktion ist so rasch durchzufiihren, dass die Ent-
scheidung noch vor einem Eingreifen russischer Streitkrafte des
Schwarzen Meeres erfolgt.

Es bleibt dem Oberbefehlshaber iiberlassen, neben der Haupt-
operation gegen die feindliche Flotte gleichzeitig Teilaktionen
gegen etwaige franzosische Truppentransporte aus Nordafrika
oder gegen feindliche Kiistenteile anzuordnen.

6. Versorgung der Flatten und Stutzpunkte. Italien macht sich
erbotig, fur die in diesem Punkte genannten Stutzpunkte die hier
angegebenen Vorbereitungen auf eigene Rechnung schon im
Frieden zu treffen. Die von den osterreichisch-ungarischen und
deutschen Schiffen iibernommenen Ausriistungsmengen werden
der koniglich italienischen Marine zu vergiiten sein.

a) Stutzpunkte bei der Vereinigung. Mit Bezug auf Punkt 4
des Zusatziibereinkommens werden als Stutzpunkte bei der
Vereinigung vorbereitet:

a) Hafen Augusta fiir die osterreichisch-ungarischen,

/3) Gaeta (Neapel) fiir die deutschen und

7) Messina fiir die italienischen Seestreitkrafte.

Die in Augusta und Gaeta (Neapel) zu lagernden Ausriistungs-
mengen sind unter Beriicksichtigung der notigen Reserve derart
bemessen, dass die Schiffe bei der ersten Vereinigung ihre Vorrate
auf den vollen Bestand auffiillen konnen.

Nach dieser Ausriistungserganzung, beziehungsweise dem
endgiiltigen Auslaufen der osterreichisch-ungarischen Seestreit-
krafte von Augusta, werden samtliche Vorrate in dem dortigen
Hafen entfernt oder vernichtet, um sie einer Wegnahme durch
den Feind zu entziehen.

7 In the draft of June 23, 1913, it ran: "von Vado aus."

NAVAL AGREEMENT 295

Should a portion of the French fleet lie at Bizerta, the Com-
mander-in-Chief shall attempt to deal separately with the scat-
tered portions of this fleet. For the purpose of holding the por-
tion of the enemy fleet at Bizerta, operations with mine layers
and torpedo boats from Trapani and Cagliari are hi contempla-
tion ; for action against a French fleet possibly proceeding east-
ward from Toulon, the light units of the local coast defence of the
Western Ligurian coast are in contemplation.

The main action is to be carried out so swiftly that the decision
shall be reached before the Russian forces in the Black Sea can
interfere.

It shall remain with the Commander-in-Chief to decide
whether, in addition to the main operations against the enemy
fleets, simultaneous secondary actions shall be directed against
possible French troop transports from North Africa or against
sections of the enemy coasts.

6. Provisioning of the Fleet and Bases. Italy makes herself
responsible for the preparations in tune of peace specified here-
with for the bases enumerated in this section, at her own expense.
The Royal Italian Navy shall receive compensation for the sup-
plies appropriated by the Austro-Hungarian and German vessels.

(a) Bases for Assembling. With reference to Section 4 of the
Supplementary Agreement, the following places shall be pre-
pared as bases for assembling:

(a) The harbor of Augusta for the Austro-Hungarian,
03) Gaeta (Naples) for the German, and
(7) Messina for the Italian Naval forces.

The stocks of supplies to be accumulated at Augusta and Gaeta
(Naples) shall, while providing for a necessary reserve, be ap-
portioned in such a manner that the vessels on the occasion of
their first meeting may be certain of completing their stores.

After this last fitting out and after the final departure of the
Austro-Hungarian Naval forces from Augusta, all stores remain-
ing in the harbor there shall be removed or destroyed, in order to
forestall any capture by the enemy.

296 NAVAL AGREEMENT

Sollte die Ausriistung der deutschen Schiffe in Gaeta (Neapel)
nicht mehr moglich sein, so warden sie ihre Ausriistung in Mes-
sina erganzen.

b) Stiltzpunkte bei den wdteren Operationen. Mit Bezug auf
Punkt 5 des Zusatziibereinkommens werden als Hauptstiitz-
punkte bei den weiteren Operationen in Aussicht genommen und
vorbereitet:

a) Maddalena fiir die osterreichisch-ungarischen und deut-
schen,

/3) Spezia fiir die italienischen Seestreitkrafte,

7) Trapani, Cagliari und die westliche ligurische Kiiste 8 fiir
leichtere Verbande.

Maddalena wird mit Lebensmitteln fiir die osterreichisch-
ungarische Flotte fiir einen Monat versorgt; ein entsprechender
Ausriistungsbedarf an Heiz- und Maschinenbetriebsmaterial ist
dort standig vorhanden.

Anlage II 9 enthalt die Zusammenstellung des gesamten im
Sinne des Punktes 6 erforderlichen Ausriistungsbedarf es.

7. Verteidigung der Adria. Zur Verteidigung der Adria dienen
die hiefiir in der Anlage I unter B des Zusatziibereinkommens
angegebenen Seestreitkrafte, sowie die normal vorgesehenen
Streitkrafte fiir die lokale Verteidigung der Kiisten.

Die in der Anlage I unter B genannten Streitkrafte versam-
meln sich sobald als moglich, und zwar:

Die osterreichisch-ungarischen und deutschen im Gofl von
Cattaro,

die italienischen in Brindisi.

Die Operationen in der Adria werden vom rangaltesten Be-
fehlshaber der verbiindeten Seestreitkrafte 10 nach Angaben des
Oberbefehlshabers durchgefiihrt, welch letzterem es auch iiber-
lassen bleibt, je nach der Kriegslage Verstarkungen oder Ab-
detachierungen der dortigen Seestreitkrafte anzuordnen.

8. Angriffe auf franzosische Truppenlransporte aus Nordafrika.
Da die ersten franzosischen Truppentransporte aus Nordafrika
nach dem Norden aus den Haupteinschiffungszentren Bona-

8 In the draft of June 23, 1913, it ran: "und Vado."

NAVAL AGREEMENT 297

Should the fitting out of the German vessels at Gaeta (Naples)
be no longer possible, they shall complete their fitting out at
Messina.

(b) Bases far Further Operations. With reference to Section 5
of the Supplementary Agreement, the following places shall be
selected and prepared as the main bases for further operations :

(a) Maddalena for the Austro-Hungarian and German,

(j9) Spezia for the Italian Naval forces,

(7) Trapani, Cagliari, and the western coast of Liguria for
lighter units.

Maddalena shall be supplied with rations for one month for
the Austro-Hungarian fleet; a corresponding stock of fuel and
machinery supplies shall be kept there permanently.

Annex II9 contains the list of the total amount of supplies re-
quisite in accordance with Section 6.

7. Defence of the Adriatic. For the defence of the Adriatic
there shall be employed the naval forces enumerated in Annex I,
heading B, to the Supplementary Agreement, as well as the
naval forces normally provided for the local defence of the coasts.

The naval forces enumerated in Annex I, heading B, shall
assemble as rapidly as possible, as follows:

The Austro-Hungarian and German vessels in the Gulf of
Cattaro,

The Italian vessels at Brindisi.

The operations in the Adriatic shall be conducted by the high-
est ranking officer of the Allied Naval forces, according to in-
structions from the Commander-in-Chief, who shall be empow-
ered to reenforce, or to withdraw vessels from, the Naval forces
in that region, according to the war situation.

8. Attacks on French Troop Transports from North Africa.
Since the first French troop transports from North Africa may
be expected to proceed northward from the main embarkation

• Is not at hand.

10 "In zweifelhaften Fallen ist der Gesamttonnengehalt der Streitmacht bestim-
mend (vergleiche Punkt 2 a des Marineiibereinkommens)." Footnote in the draft
of June 23 and in the text of August 2, 1913.

298 NAVAL AGREEMENT

Philippeville, Algier, Oran-Mostaganem und Casablanca-Moga-
dor innerhalb der drei ersten Mobilmachungstage zu erwarten
sind, wird Italien sofort eine Beobachtung der nordafrikanischen
Kiiste durch schnelle Hilfskreuzer einrichten. Fiir die weitere
Stoning der Truppennachschiibe kommen Unternehmungen
leichter Streitkrafte von Cagliari (vergleiche Punkt 4, i. Absatz
des Zusatziibereinkommens) und in zweiter Lime von Maddalena
aus in Betracht.

Die gemeinsame Leitung dieser Unternehmungen erfolgt von
Cagliari aus durch einen von Italien zu bestimmenden Befehlsha-
ber, der fur diesen Dienst dem Oberbefehlshaber direkt unterstellt
ist. Eventuell wird der Oberbefehlshaber auch schnelle Kreuzer
fiir die Stoning der Truppentransporte heranziehen (vergleiche
Punkt 5, letzter Absatz, des Zusatziibereinkommens).

9. Unterbindung des feindlichen Handel s im Mittelmeere. Zur
Unterbindung des feindlichen Handels im Mittelmeere sind
zunachst Hilfskreuzer in Aussicht zu nehmen.

Abgesehen von den Massnahmen, die voraussichtlich erst in
der 2. Phase des Krieges zur Stoning des feindlichen Handels zu
ergreifen sind, erscheint eine sofortige Bewachung des Suezkanals
und der Dardanellen schon bei Kriegsausbruch vorteilhaft.

Die fiir den Handelskrieg notwendigen Vorarbeiten wird der
Oberbefehlshaber schon im Frieden einleiten.

Die Schiffe, die als Hilfskreuzer fiir den Handelskrieg in erster
Linie in Betracht kommen, sind aus der Anlage III ll des Zusatz-
iibereinkommens ersichtlich.

Als Stiitzpunkte fiir solche Unternehmungen kommen im 6'st-
lichen Mittelmeere Tarent, der Raum um Messina, die libysche
Kiiste (Tripolis, Tobruk), fiir das westliche Mittelmeer alle im
Punkt 6 des Zusatziibereinkommens genannten Stiitzpunkte in
Betracht.

10. Heranziehung von Handelsfahrzeugen der verbiindeten
Staaten fiir besondere Verwendungen im Kriege. Die fiir Kriegs-
zwecke heranzuziehenden Handelsfahrzeuge werden unterschie-
den in:

11 Is not at hand.

NAVAL AGREEMENT 299

centres of Bona-Philippeville, Algiers, Oran-Mostagenem, and
Casablanca-Mogador within the first three days of the mobiliza-
tion, Italy shall immediately establish a patrol off the North
African coast with fast auxiliary cruisers. For the further ob-
struction of the sending forward of troops the operations of light
warships from Cagliari (cf. Section 4, Paragraph i of the Supple-
mentary Agreement), and secondarily from Maddalena, are in
contemplation.

The joint carrying out of this undertaking shall be directed
from Cagliari by a commander to be appointed by Italy, who
shall be directly subordinate in this service to the Commander-in-
Chief. The Commander-in-Chief also shall in case of necessity
despatch fast cruisers for the interruption of the troop transports
{cf. Section 5, last paragraph, of the Supplementary Agreement) .

9. Cutting o/ Enemy Commerce in the Mediterranean. For
cutting off enemy commerce in the Mediterranean Auxiliary
Cruisers shall first be employed.

Apart from the measures which will probably be first taken in
the second phase of the war for the obstruction of enemy com-
merce, it would appear advantageous to establish a patrol of the
Suez Canal and the Dardanelles immediately on the outbreak
of hostilities.

The necessary preparations for commerce destroying shall
be made in time of peace by the Commander-in-Chief.

The vessels which shall primarily be available as auxiliary
cruisers for commerce destroying are enumerated in Annex III11
to the Supplementary Agreement.

As bases for operations of this nature Taranto, the neighbor-
hood of Messina, and the Libyan coast (Tripoli, Tobruk) are in
contemplation in the Eastern Mediterranean; for the Western
Mediterranean, all the bases enumerated in Section 6 of the
Supplementary Agreement.

i o . Utilization of Merchant Vessels of the A Hied States for Special
War Purposes. The Merchant vessels available for purposes of
war shall be divided into:

300 NAVAL AGREEMENT

a) Hilfskreuzer (Hilfskriegsschiffe),

b) Fahrzeuge fiir Trosszwecke und Truppentransporte,

c) Hospitalschiffe.

Die eingangs genannten Behorden warden Nachweisungen
iiber die in Frage kommenden Handelsfahrzeuge austauschen und
die naheren Vereinbarungen beziiglich des Benutzungsrechtes
und ihrer Verwendung im direkten Einvernehmen festsetzen.
Diese Nachweisungen und Vereinbarungen werden dem Zusatz-
ubereinkommen als Anlage III beigefiigt, und wird der Ober-
befehlshaber fiir deren standige Kurrenthaltung Sorge tragen.

Die unter militarischem Kommando stehenden Hilfskriegs-
schiffe treten unter den Befehl des altesten Befehlshabers der
Seestreitkrafte ihrer Nation im Mittelmeer.

Fiir den zur osterreichisch-ungarischen Flotte gehorigen Train
sind Messina und Maddalena als geeignete Stiitzpunkte anzu-
sehen.

Als Hauptstiitzpunkte fiir die Hospitalschiffe der verbiindeten
Nationen dienen je nach der Lage des Kriegsschauplatzes Spezia,
Neapel oder Tarent.

Die deutschen Rhedereien werden anzuweisen sein, ihre im
Mittelmeer befindlichen Schiffe bei Kriegsausbruch nach italieni-
schen Hafen zu leiten, und zwar die Postdampfer womoglich nach
Spezia, die iibrigen Handelsfahrzeuge nach Tarent, beziehungs-
weise anderen italienischen Hafen ausschliesslich Genua.

Wien, am 23. Juni 1913.

Im Entwurfe gezeichnet:
Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p.

Fiir die richtige Abschrift:
A. Suchomel.

NAVAL AGREEMENT 301

(a) Auxiliary cruisers (auxiliary warships),

(6) Vessels for transporting supples and troops,

The abovementioned authorities shall exchange indications re-
garding the merchant vessels which may come in question, and
shall reach more precise agreements by direct negotiation with
regard to the right of utilizing and disposing of them. These in-
dications and agreements shall be appended to the Supplemen-
tary Agreement as Annex III. The Commander-in-Chief shall
be responsible for keeping it constantly up to date.

Such auxiliary warships as are under military command shall
be under the orders of the senior commander of warships of their
nationality in the Mediterranean.

For the supply ships belonging to the Austro-Hungarian fleet,
Messina and Maddalena shall be regarded as the proper bases.

Spezia, Naples, or Taranto, according to the location of the
seat of war, shall serve as the main bases for the hospital ships of
the Allied Nations.

The German shipowners shall be instructed to bring such of
their vessels as may be in the Mediterranean at the outbreak of
war to Italian ports: mail boats to Spezia whenever possible, the
remaining merchant vessels to Taranto or other Italian harbors
exclusive of Genoa.

Vienna, June 23, 1913.

Signed in draft:
Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p.

For the true copy:
A. Suchomel.

302 NAVAL AGREEMENT

Anlage I.

KRIEGSEINTEILUNG DER SEESTREITKR&FTE DES
DREIBUNDES FttR GEMEINSAME OPERATIONEN.

(Giiltig fiir das Jahr 1914.)

OBERBEFEHLSHABER DER VERBUNDETEN SEESTREITKRAFTE:
K. u. k. osterreichisch-ungarischer Admiral Anton Haus.

A. IM MlTTELMEER.

/. Italien.
I. Geschwader:

1. Division: Dante Alighieri, Giulio Cesare, Leonardo da Vinci.
Aufklarungskreuzer : Quarto.

2. Division: Vittorio Emanuele, Regina Elena, Roma, Napoli.
Aufklarungskreuzer: Nino Bixio.

II. Geschwader:

1. Division: San Giorgio, San Marco, Pisa, Amain.
Aufklarungskreuzer: Marsala.

2. Division: Garibaldi, Varese, Ferruccio.
Aufklarungskreuzer: Agordat.

Division fiir besondere Zwecke: Benedetto Brin, Regina Mar-
gherita, Emanuele Filiberto, Ammiraglio di St. Bon.
Aufklarungskreuzer: Coatit.

Torpedoflottillen :

1 6 Torpedobootszerstorer (6 a 1000 t, 10 a 700 t, Typ Indo-
mito-Ardente) ;

10 Torpedobootszerstorer zu 450 t, Typ Bersagliere;
24 Torpedoboote zu 250 t, Typ Saffo, Cigno;
30 Torpedoboote zu 33 Sm.

//. Osterreich-Ungarn.
I. Geschwader:

1. Division: Viribus unitis, Tegetthoff, Prinz Eugen.

2. Division: Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Radetzky, Zrinyi.
i. Kreuzerdi vision : St. Georg, Kaiser Karl VI.

NAVAL AGREEMENT 303

Annex I.

DISTRIBUTION IN TIME OF WAR OF THE NAVAL

FORCES OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

FOR JOINT OPERATIONS.

(Valid for 1914.)

COMMANDER-m-CHIEF OF THE ALLIED NAVAL FORCES:

The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Admiral Anton Haus.
A. IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.

I. Italy.

ist Squadron:

ist Division: Dante Alighieri, Giulio Cesare, Leonardo da Vinci.

Scout Cruiser: Quarto.

2d Division: Vittorio Emanuele, Regina Elena, Roma, Napoli.
Scout Cruiser: Nino Bixio.

2d Squadron:
ist Division: San Giorgio, San Marco, Pisa, Amalfi.

Scout Cruiser: Marsala.
2d Division: Garibaldi, Varese, Ferruccio.

Scout Cruiser: Agordat.
Division for Special Purposes: Benedetto Brin, Regina Marghe-

rita, Emanuele Filiberto, Ammiraglio di St. Bon.
Scout Cruiser: Coatit.

Torpedo Flotillas:
16 Torpedo boat destroyers (6 of 1000 tons, 10 of 700 tons,

Indomito-Ardente type) ;

10 Torpedo boat destroyers of 450 tons, Bersagliere type;
24 Torpedo boats of 250 tons, Saffo-Cigno type;
30 Torpedo boats of 33 sea miles.

II. Austria-Hungary.

ist Squadron:

ist Division: Viribus Unitis, Tegetthoff, Prinz Eugen.
2d Division: Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Radetzky, Zrinyi.
ist Cruiser Division: St. Georg, Kaiser Karl VI.

304 NAVAL AGREEMENT

II. Geschwader:

3. Division: Erzherzog Karl, Erzherzog Friedrich, Erzherzog
Ferdinand Max.

4. Division: Habsburg, Arpad, Babenberg.

2. Kreuzerdivision: Spaun, Helgoland, Saida, Novara.

Torpedoflottillen :

6 Torpedobootszerstorer zu 800 t, Typ Tatra;
12 Torpedobootzerstorer zu 400 t, Typ Huszar;
12 Torpedoboote zu 200 t, Typ Kaiman.

///. Deutschland.12

Kreuzerdivision (dem Oberbefehlshaber direkt unterstellt) :
Goeben, Strassburg, Breslau, Dresden.

B. IN DER ADRIA.

7. Italien.

Vettor Pisani, Carlo Alberto, Marco Polo, Dandolo.
Aufklarungskreuzer: Piemonte, Libia.
6 Torpedobootszerstorer und einige Torpedodivisionen.

II. Oslerreich-Ungarn.

Monarch, Wien, Budapest.
Maria Theresia, Kaiser Franz Joseph I.
Zenta, Aspern, Szigetvar.

12 Torpedoboote zu 200 t, Typ Kaiman, einige Torpedo-
divisionen aus alteren Einheiten.

///. Deutschland.

Schulschiffe und altere Kreuzer, die sich im Mittelmeer auf-
halten sollten.

Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p.

Fiir die richtige Abschrift:

A. Suchomel.

12 Here there stands as a footnote in the draft of June 23 and the text of August
2, 1913: "Fur die Seestreitkrafte Deutschlands wurde deren Verteilung im Mittel-
meer Mitte 1913 aufgenommen, da jene fur 1914 noch nicht bekannt ist."

NAVAL AGREEMENT 305

2d Squadron:
3d Division: Erzherzog Karl, Erzherzog Friedrich, Erzherzog

Ferdinand Max.

4th Division: Habsburg, Arpad, Babenberg.
2d Cruiser Division: Spaun, Helgoland, Saida, Novara.

Torpedo Flotillas:

6 Torpedo boat destroyers of 800 tons, Tatra type;
12 Torpedo boat destroyers of 400 tons, Huszar type;
12 Torpedo boats of 200 tons, Kaiman type.

///. Germany.

Cruiser Division (directly subordinate to the Commander-in-
Chief): Goeben, Strassburg, Breslau, Dresden.

B. IN THE ADRIATIC.

/. Italy.

Vettor Pisani, Carlo Alberto, Marco Polo, Dandolo.
Scout Cruisers: Piemonte, Libia.
6 Torpedo boat destroyers and several Torpedo Divisions.

II. Austria-Hungary.
Monarch, Wien, Budapest.
Maria Theresia, Kaiser Franz Joseph I.
Zenta, Aspern, Szigetvar.

1 2 Torpedo boats of 200 tons, Kaiman type, and several Torpedo
Divisions of older units.

///. Germany.
School ships and older cruisers which may be stationed in the

Mediterranean.

Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p.

For the true copy:

A. Suchomel.

INDEX OF NAMES

This Index applies primarily to the translations. References in the text may
be found by comparison with the translations.

For the treaty-making powers, see Contents, pp. xiii-xvii. But references to
England and Russia in treaties between other powers are indexed below.

Names of ports and ships comprised in the Naval Agreement of 1913 (pp. 282-
305) are not indexed.

Adriatic Sea, 95, 109, in, 155, 197, 225, Charles I of Rumania, 179, 181.

243, 249-
Aegean Sea, 95, 103, 109, in, 155, 225,

243, 249-

Aehrenthal, 239, 241, 243.
Albania, 189, 193, 197, 199, 257.
Alexander II, 29, 31.
Alexandrovo, 29.
Andrdssy, 19, 21, 25, 27, 31.
Asia Minor, 127, 129, 133.
Athens, 44, note.
Avarna, 241, 243, 245, 255, 257, 259.

Balkan Peninsula, 39, 43, 109, 155, 185,
187, 189, 191, 193, 225, 237, 241, 249,
277.

Beccaria-Incisa, 213, 215.

Belgrade, 44, note.

Belimarkowic', 141.

Berchem, 83, 85.

Berchtold, 245, 255, 257, 259.

Berlin, Congress (Peace, Treaty) of, 23,
39, 4i, 43, 128, 189, 193, 241, 277.

Bismarck, Count Herbert, 275, 279, 281.

Bismarck, Prince Otto, 19, 21, 25, 35, 37,

4i, 47, 73, 9i, 93, i°5, i°7, "5-
Black Sea, 95, 103, 189, 279.
Bosnia, 43, 51, 53, 189, 193.
Bosphorus, 39, 187, 193, 277.
Bucharest, 44, note.
Biilow, 169, 171, 217, 221, 231, 233.
Bulgaria, 43, 45, 125, 129, 131, 277, 279.
Busch, 49.

Caliphate, the, 125, 129, 131.
Caprivi, 151, 161, 163.
Cettinje, 44, note.

Cicoli, 291, 301, 305.

Constantinople, 44, note, 187, 189.

Conz, 291, 301, 305.

Corti, 95, 96, 99, 103.

Curtopassi, 173.

Cyrenaica, 97, 157, 227, 233, 257.

Dardanelles, 39, 187, 193, 277.
Depretis, 121.
Dubsky, 149.

East, the, 129. See Orient.

Eastern Rumelia, 43, 277.

Egypt, 95, 113, 157, 227.

England, 69, 71, 73, 157, 161, 163, 227,

231, 255, 257.
Euxine Sea, see Black Sea.

Fasciotti, 269, 273.

France, 67, 113, 117, 143, 153, 157, 159,

223, 227, 229, 247, 251, 253, 275.
Francis Joseph, 185, 191.
Fiirstenberg, 261, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273.

Gohichowski, 165, 169, 171, 173, 177,

191, 193, 195, 197, 199.
Goriainov, 275, note.
Guicciardini, 243.

Haus, Anton, 291, 303.
Haymerle, 34, note, 44, note, 57.
Hengelmiiller, 135, 139.
Herbert-Rathkeal, 51, 55.
Herzegovina, 43, 51, 53, 189, 193.

Janina, 189.
307

308

Kallay, 57, 63.

INDEX OF NAMES

Pallavicini, 203, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215

Kalnoky, 65, 69, 75, 77, 79, 85, 87, 89,

103, 123.

Kdrolyi, 99, 101, 102, 127.
Kiderlen-Waechter, 209, 211.
Kohler, 291, 301, 305.

Lahovary, 165, 169, 171.

Lamsdorff, 239.

Lanza, 221, 231, 233.

Launay, 105, 107, 109, in, 115, 151,

161, 163.

Liechtenstein, Prince, 185, 195.
London, Convention of, 187.

Macedonia, 45.

Maffei, 117, 119, 121, 145, 147, 149.

Majoresco, 263, 265, 267, 269.

Mancini, 71.

Mediterranean Sea, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101,
102, 103, 113, 117, 128, 143, 157, 163,
227, 231, 251, 253, 257, 283-305.

Mijatovich, 51, 55, 135, 139.

Milan I of Serbia, 57-61, 137.

Montenegro, 137.

Monza, 197, 199.

Moret, 119.

Morocco, 113, 147, 163, 231, 257.

Muravieff, 185, 187, 191, 195.

Nicholas II, 185.

Nigra, 85, 89, 121, 133, 197, 199.

North Africa, 97, 113, 117, 143, 157, 161,

227, 231, 251, 253, 257.
Novibazar, 43, 51, 53, 55, 189, 193, 241,

257-

Obrenovitch dynasty, 137.

Orient, the, 45, 101, in, 125, 131, 155,

161, 185, 225, 231, 233, 249, 257.
Orloff, 91, 93.
Ottoman Empire, see Turkey.

Paris, Treaty of, 187.
Pasetti, 183, 199, 233, 235.
Pirotchanaz, 59, 63.
Prinetti, 235.
Protitch, 141.

Reuss, Prince, 27, 31, 65, 69, 75, 77, in,

note.

Ristitch, 141.
Robilant, 65, 69, 96.
Russia, 23, 25, 27, 29, 33.

Sabouroff, 37, 41, 47, 49.

Salisbury, 95, 96, 99, 101, 103, 125, 127.

Schouvaloff, 275, 279, 281.

Scutari, Lake of, 189.

Sofia, 44, note.

Straits, the, 39, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131,

133, 187, 189, 193, 277. See Bos-

phorus, Dardanelles.
Sturdza, 79, 85, 177, 205, 207, 209, 211.
Suchomel, 291, 301, 305.
Sz6chenyi, 37, 41, 47, 49, 91, 93, 105, 107,

in, 115, 151, 161, 163.
Szogygny, 181, 217, 219, 221, 231, 233.

Tetuan, Duke of, 145, 147.

Tripoli, Tripolitania, 97, 113, 157, 227,
233, 251, 257.

Tschirschky, 245, 255, 257, 259.

Tunisia, 157, 227, 251.

Turkey, 37, 39, 43, 93, "i, 125, 127-
131, 133, 137, i5S, 161, 197, 225, 231,
239, 241, 243, 249, 257, 277.

Vardar, the, 137.
Visconti-Venosta, 183, 199, 201.

Wad Ras, Treaty of, 147.
Waldthausen, 267, 269.
Winter Palace, the, 185.

PRINTED AT

THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., V. S. A.

Date Due

4BM8W

BflpL^.~«

:•;>!

\S6Z

MAR 2

8 1962

OCT 2 4

1962

SEP 2

7 1962

APF. 2 £

1964

APR 2 7

1964 3

FEB 4

H6S

JAN lo

ress

DEC 11

1 1967

! '

i d C i \ i

Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137

A«TvT '" i i ii l I II I
001 085 289 5

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "The secret treaties of Austria-Hungary, 1879-1914"

See other formats