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8 

SEDE    VACANTE 


MCMin 


From  the  Library  of 

GEORGE  CHARLES  WILLIAMSON, 

Burgh  House ^  Hampitead. 
Shelf  ..^Br^...  O    O                         1907. 

/ 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Frontispiece. 


The  Silver  Medal  coined  by  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo. 


SEDE     VACANTE, 

BEING     A 

DIARY  WRITTEN  DURING  THE    CONCLAVE    OF   1903, 

WITH    ADDITIONAL    NOTES    ON 

THE      ACCESSION 

AND 

CORONATION     OF     PIUS     X. 

BY 

HARTWELL  DE  LA  GARDE  GRISSELL,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 

of  Brasenose  College^   Oxford, 

Chamberlain   of   Honour 

(i\  numero 

to   His   Holiness. 


©jforD  an&  ILoiiDon: 

JAMES     PARKER     AND     CO. 
1903. 


RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 

TO 

MY   DIOCESAN, 

EDWARD, 
BISHOP    OF    BIRMINGHAM. 


1 232707 


n 


RESPECTFULLY   DEDICATED 

TO 

MY  DIOCESAN, 

EDWARD, 
BISHOP    OF    BIRMINGHAM. 


1 232707 


PREFACE. 


The  Author  only  professes  to  give  to  the  public 
the  details  of  some  of  the  Ceremonies  that  he  wit- 
nessed from  the  death  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.  to  the 
Coronation  of  Pope  Pius  X.,  details  which  he  entered 
daily  in  his  diary,  without  at  the  time  any  thought 
of  publication.  He  was,  however,  persuaded  by  friends 
that  they  might  prove  of  interest  to  the  general 
public  as  well  as  to  those  who  are  in  communion 
with  Rome.  Having  had  the  privilege  for  a  period 
of  some  thirty-five  years  of  being  Chamberlain  to 
three  successive  Pontiffs,  he  has  many  diaries  in 
addition,  written  on  other  occasions,  which  may  even- 
tually be  given  to  the  public.  These  many  inter- 
esting reminiscences  include  an  CEcumenical  Council, 
four  Jubilees,  three  Canonizations,  two  Papal  Con- 
secrations of  Bishops,  many  Consistories  (including 
those  at  which  Cardinals  Manning,  Howard,  and 
Newman  received  their  hats),  a  Blessing  of  the 
Golden  Rose,  and  of  the  Ducal  Sword  and  Cap,  an 
'  Anno  Santo,'  two  Conclaves,  and  two  Coronations, 
as  well  as  many  pilgrimages  and  visits  of  Sovereigns 
to    His    Holiness.     He  was  also  present  in  Rome  at 


vi  PRTiFACE. 

the  entry  of  the  Italian  Troops  in  September,  1870, 
and  was  on  duty  in  the  Vatican  on  the  historic  occa- 
sion when  King  Edward  VII.  visited  the  Pontiff — 
the  first  British  Sovereign  who  has  done  so  for  many 
centuries. 

The  Author  has  been  further  influenced  in  pub- 
lishing this  Diary  by  the  many  statements  in  the 
public  press  which  are  contrary  to  fact. 

60  High  Street,  Oxford, 
October,  igoj. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

I.  The  Death    of  Leo  XIII.  and   arrangements  for 

the  Conclave        .  .  .  .  .         i 

11.  The  Funeral  Procession  and  Burial  of  Leo  XIII.   .       12 

III.  The  Novendiali  or  nine  days'  Obsequies     .  -19 

IV.  The   Preparations   for   the   Election   of  the  new 

Pope        .  .  .  .  .  .28 

V.  The  Election  of  the  new  Pope       .  .  •       4^ 

VI.  The  Papal  Mass  and  the  Coronation  .  .       54 

APPENDIX. 

The  Voting  Papers  used  in  the  Scrutiny     .  -77 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Frontispiece    The  Silver  Medal  coined  by  the  Car- 
dinal Camerlengo 
Plate  To  face  p. 

I.  The  Lying  in  State  in  the  Throne  Room 

of  the  Vatican,  July  22,  1903        .  .  12 

II.  The  Lying  in  State  in  the  Chapel  of  the 
Holy  Sacrament  at  St.  Peter's,  July  23, 
24>  25,  1903  ....  14 


VUl 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate 

III.  The  Catafalque  in  the  Sixtine  Chapel  on 

the   occasion   of   the   three    solemn   Re- 
quiems, July  28,  29,  30,  1903 

IV.  The   Sixtine   Chapel  as  prepared   for  the 

Conclave,  Aug.  i,  1903     . 

V.  The  'Sfumata'  as   seen   from   the   Piazza, 
Aug.  2,  1903         .  .  .  . 

VI.  Proclamation  by  the  Cardinal  Deacon  from 
the  Loggia  of  St.  Peter's  overlooking  the 
Piazza,  Aug.  4,  1903 

VII.  Pope  Pius  X.  elected  Aug.  4,  1903  . 

VIII.  The  Sixtine  Chapel,  shewing  on  the  left 
the  Throne  occupied  by  Cardinal  Sarto 
on  his  Election,  Aug.  4,  1903 

IX.  The  '  Sedia  Gestatoria '  used  at  the  Core 
nation,  Aug.  9,  1903 

X.  The  Sacred  Pallium 

XI.  The  Tiara    .... 

XII.  Pope  Pius  X.  in  the  act  of  blessing 


To  face  p. 

22 
32 

43 

45 
49 

51 

56 
62 

74 
76 


VIGNETTES,   &e. 

The  Prsecordia         ..... 

Facsimile  of  Voting  Papers,  fig.  i,  when  open 
,,  ,,  fig-  2,  when  closed 

„  „  fig.  3,  the  Accessus  form 


3 

78 

79 
82 


jSebc    Vacante 

M  DCCCC  III. 


>  ^  »  ♦  <- 


I.     THE    DEATH    OF    LEO    XHI. 

AND 

ARRANGEMENTS  for  the  CONCLAVE. 

Pope  Leo  XIIL  died  the  death  of  the  just  on  the 
afternoon  of  Monday,  July  20th,  at  about  4  o'clock. 
His  death  was  owing  to  an  attack  of  pleuro-pneumonia, 
according  to  the  medical  certificate,  and  his  illness  lasted 
about  17  days.  He  governed  the  Church  25  years  and 
5  months,  and  he  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  93  years, 
4  months  and  18  days. 

At  9.30  on  the  morning  of  July  21st,  the  Camer- 
lengo  Cardinal  Oreglia  di  Santo  Stefano,  July  21. 
accompanied  by  the  *  Sotto  Camerlengo '  Mgr.  Pas- 
serini,  the  '  Uditore  Generale '  Mgr.  Pericoli,  the  Prefect 
of  Ceremonies  Mgr.  Riggi,  and  the  different  officials 
of  the  Reverenda  Camera  Apostolica,  entered  the 
death  chamber  to  make  the  customary  recognition 
of  the   corpse.     Mgr.   Marzolini   having   removed   the 

B 


2  SEDE    VAC  ANTE. 

white  veil  which  covered  the  face  of  the  deceased 
Pontiff,  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo  and  his  attendants 
knelt  in  meditation.  He  then  rose  and  recited  the 
usual  prayers  and  sprinkled  the  corpse  with  holy 
water ;  Mgr.  Nussi,  Dean  ot  the  College  of  Proto- 
notaries,  read  the  official  document  called  the  '  Rogito.' 
The  fisherman's  ring,  which  is  never  worn  by  the 
Pope,  but  remains  in  the  custody  of  Mgr.  the  Maestro 
di  Camera,  should  on  this  occasion  have  been  con- 
signed by  him  to  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo,  to  be 
broken  at  the  Congregation  held  shortly  afterwards 
in  the  Hall  of  the  Consistory.  It  was,  however, 
stated  that  through  some  accident  it  was  for  the  time 
mislaid. 

It  may  also  be  here  mentioned  that  no  such  cere- 
mony as  striking  the  dead  Pope's  forehead  with  a 
silver  hammer  takes  place,  and  that  the  exact  method 
of  calling  aloud  his  name  is  not  tied  down  to  any 
determinate  form,  but  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the 
Cardinal  Camerlengo  ^. 

The  '  Rogito '  having  been  duly  signed  in  presence 
of  witnesses  by  the  Camerlengo  in  the  Throne  Room, 
seals  were  at  once  affixed  to  the  back  door  of  the 
death  chamber  by  the  Maggiordomo's  secretary, 
Cavaliere    Martinucci,    and    two    Noble    Guards    were 

^  In  an  original  MS.  diary  in  my  possession  written  by  Domenico 
Cappelli  of  Ascoli,  who  was  Master  of  Ceremonies  to  five  Popes — Alex- 
ander  VII.,  Clement  IX.,    Clement  X.,    Innocent  XL,   and  Alexander 

VIII he  states  that  the  custom  of  calling  aloud  three  times  the  words 

'  Pater  Sancte^  was  discontinued  on  the  death  of  Cieineut  X.  in  1676. 


SEDE    VAC  ANTE.  3 

placed  on  duty  at  the  principal  entrance.  The  body 
of  the  deceased  Pontiflf  was  now  washed  by  the  Peni- 
tentiaries of  St.  Peter's. 

The   same  afternoon,  at   5    o'clock,   the    embalming 
01  the  corpse  took  place  under  the  direction     July  21. 
of  Prof.  Lapponi,  assisted  by  Drs.  Capparoni,  Salucci, 
Battistini,  Masciarelli,  Amici,  and  Guido  Lapponi. 

At    11.30   the    same    night   the    Pope's    'Prsecordia' 
were  carried  in  a  terracotta  jar  by  two  of  the  Noble 


i'ilAE' 


Guard,  accompanied  by  others  ot  the  same  corps, 
and  by  Mgr.  Maestro  di  Camera  and  the  Dean  of  the 
Scopatori  Segreti,  and  others  carrying  lighted  torches, 

and    down    the 
B  2 


through    the    different    ante-chambers 


4  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

great  staircase,  to  the  Cortile  of  San  Damaso.  Here 
the  jar  was  placed  in  one  of  the  Palace  carriages  and 
taken  by  Mgr.  Angeh',  the  late  Pope's  private  secretary, 
and  Mgr,  Marzolini,  his  private  chaplain,  to  the  Church 
of  SS.  Vincenzo  ed  Anastasio  a  Trevi,  where  for  the 
night  it  was  deposited  in  a  small  Chapel  in  the 
Convent.  On  the  following  morning  it  was  placed 
within  the  wall  of  the  Church  on  the  Epistle  side 
of  the  Altar,  under  the  jars  containing  the  '  Praecordia' 
of  Pius  VIII.,  Leo  XII.,  and  Gregory  XVI.  The 
'Praecordia'  of  Pius  IX.  had  in  1878  been  placed  in 
the  Crypt  of  St.  Peter's,  but  will  eventually  be  re- 
moved to  this  Church,  a  space  having  been  left  for 
his  name  over  that  of  Leo  XIII.  The  'Praecordia' 
preserved  in  this  Church  include  those  of  all  the 
Popes  from  Sixtus  V.,  1590,  and  were  removed  to 
this  spot  (it  being  the  parish  Church  of  the  Palazzo 
Ouirinale)  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 

This    morning,     the     ist    Congregation,     composed 
1st  Con-     of   twenty    Cardinals,    was    held    after    the 

gregation, 

July  21.  ceremony  of  the  recognition  of  the  corpse 
at  about  10.30  in  the  Hall  of  the  Consistory, 
when  the  fisherman's  ring,  according  to  custom, 
should  have  been  broken,  but  it  had,  as  stated,  been 
temporarily  mislaid.  At  this  Congregation  my  old 
and  much  respected  friend,  Monsignor  Merry  del  Val, 
Archbishop  of  Nicea,  was  unanimously  elected  Pro- 
Secretary  of  the  Sacred  College  in  the  place  of 
Monsignor  Volpini  lately  deceased. 


SEDE   VAC  ANTE.  5 

The  2nd  Congregation  took  place  on  Wednesday, 
July  22nd,  in  the  Hall  of  the  Consistory,  2nd  con- 
in  tlie  presence  oi  twenty-seven  Cardinals,  July  22. 
when  important  business  was  conducted,  consisting  of 
instructions  as  to  the  removal  of  the  Pope's  body 
from  the  Throne  Room  to  St.  Peter's,  and  the  Prefect 
of  Ceremonies,  Mgr.  Riggi,  issued  his  printed  instruc- 
tions as  to  the  robes  to  be  worn  during  the  '  Sede 
Vacante '  by  the  Cardinals  and  Prelates. 

The  3rd  Congregation  was  held  on  Thursday  morn- 
ing,  July    23rd,    in    the    Hall    of   the    Con-     3rd  con- 

.  ,  gregation, 

sistory,  in  the  presence  of  twenty  -  nine  Ju'y  23- 
Cardinals,  when  the  names  of  their  Eminences  Car- 
dinal Casali  del  Drago,  Macchi,  and  Delia  Volpe 
were  chosen  to  superintend  the  structural  arrange- 
ments of  the  Conclave  ;  the  boxes  containing  a  large 
number  of  petitions  and  briefs  were  delivered  up  for 
safe  keeping  by  Cardinal  di  Pietro,  the  '  Pro-Datario,' 
and  Mgr,  Marini,  the  '  Sostituto '  of  the  'Segreteria' 
of  Briefs  ;  and  the  Matrix  of  the  leaden  Bull  was 
handed  over  to  be  destroyed  by  Mgr.  Spezza,  the 
Regent  of  the  Cancelleria. 

There  was  chosen  to  act  as  Confessor  during  the 
Conclave  the  Papal  Sacristan,  Mgr.  Pifferi,  Bishop 
of  Porfirio,  but  he  afterwards  resigned  in  favour  of 
Father  Palmieri,  S.J.  Drs.  Lapponi  and  Pelagallo 
were  chosen  as  Physicians,  and  Dr.  Cagiati  as  Sur- 
geon, and  Fra  Diodato  Camarani,  of  the  Order  called 


6  SEDE    VAC  ANTE. 

Fate  bene  Fratelli,  was  nominated  Chemist.  It  was 
also  arranged  that  the  burial  of  the  Pope  should 
take  place  on  the  evening  of  Saturday,  July  25th, 
in  the  niche  near  the  Chapel  of  the  Choir  in  the 
Vatican  Basilica,  and  that  the  corpse  of  the  Pope 
should  remain  there  till  the  monument  at  St.  John 
Lateran  was  completed ;  and,  moreover,  that  the 
Vatican  Chapter  should  formally  agree  to  consign 
the  body  of  the  deceased  Pontiff  to  the  Commission, 
whenever  the  demand  to  do  so  might  be  made. 

This  morning  I  visited  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo 
and  the  Maggiordomo  to  get  instructions  as  to  the 
duties  during  the  Sede  Vacante  of  myself  and  my 
five  brother  Chamberlains  di  numero.  Owing  to  the 
fact  that  all  the  Supernumerary  Chamberlains,  both 
ecclesiastical  and  lay,  cease  to  hold  office  immediately 
after  the  Pope's  burial,  I  find  we  shall  have  much 
to  do. 

The  4th  Congregation  was  held  in  the  Hall  of  the 
4th  Con-    Consistory   on    Friday,    July    24th,   in    the 

gregation,  •'  _  J  ^     J       J  t      » 

July  24.  presence  of  thirty-one  Cardinals,  when,  after 
important  business,  it  was  announced  by  Mgr.  Merry 
del  Val,  the  Secretary,  that  the  Pope  had  graciously 
bequeathed  a  considerable  sum  of  money  to  the  poor 
of  Rome,  Carpineto,  and  Perugia.  I  visited  Mon- 
signor  Merry  this  afternoon.  His  offices  are  in  the 
Borgia  apartments. 

The    5th    Congregation    was    held    in    the    Hall    of 


SEDE   VAC  ANTE.  7 

the    Consistory  on    Saturday    morning,   July    25th,   in 

the  presence  of  thirty-eight  Cardinals,  when,     5th  con- 
gregation, 

after  important  business,  they  appointed  July  25- 
Commendatore  Puccinelli,  Maestro  di  Casa,  and 
one  of  the  six  Chamberlains  of  Honour  di  nmnero, 
as  *  Provvisioniere '  to  the  Conclave,  and  Cavalicre 
Sneider  and  Cavaliere  Mannucci  as  Clerks  of  the 
Works  for  the  Conclave  ;  also  the  Conte  Capogrossi 
Guarna,  one  of  the  six  Chamberlains  of  Honour  di 
numero,  and  Dean  of  the  Consistorial  Advocates,  was 
appointed  *  Commissario  '  during  the  Conclave. 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  Congregation  were  in- 
troduced by  the  Papal  Masters  of  Ceremonies  the 
entire  body  of  the  Ambassadors  and  Ministers  accre- 
dited to  the  Holy  See,  accompanied  by  their  respec- 
tive secretaries  and  attaches,  all  in  full  uniform.  They 
included  those  of  Portugal,  France,  Prussia,  Russia, 
Spain,  Austria,  Monaco,  Brazil,  Columbia,  the  Republic 
of  Dominica,  Bolivia,  and  the  ministers  of  Belgium, 
Bavaria,  Argentina,  Chili,  Costa  Rica,  Haiti  and  Peru. 
A  discourse,  written  in  the  French  language,  was 
read  by  the  Portuguese  Ambassador,  as  Dean  of  the 
Corps  Diplomatique,  expressing  their  united  grief  and 
sincere  condolence  at  the  irreparable  loss  to  Christen- 
dom through  the  death  of  its  Chief  Pastor,  Leo  XHI., 
praising  at  the  same  time  his  wisdom  and  piety,  and 
praying  that  Almighty  God  would  assist  the  Sacred 
College  in  their  choice  of  a  worthy  successor,  qualified 
to  maintain  the  good  estate  of  the  Catholic  Church, 


8  SEDE   VAC  ANTE. 

and  to  guide  her  aright  in  the  due  maintenance  of 
peace  and  tranquillity.  The  Cardinal  Camerlengo 
replied  in  suitable  words,  thanking  the  Ambassadors 
for  their  kind  and  sympathetic  address  ;  after  which 
they  were  severally  presented,  and  kissed  the  hands 
of  their  Enjinences. 

The  reply  of  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo  concluded 
with  words  to  this  effect  :  "  Cest  avec  ces  sentiments 
qiCa  la  veille  du  pvocJiain  Cojiclave,  le  S acre- College 
prend  conge  dtt  Corps  Diplomatique,''  &c.,  &c.  These 
words  gave  occasion  to  some  comment  in  the  Press, 
and  were  supposed  to  imply  that  any  veto  on  the 
part  of  the  Powers  would  not  be  tolerated. 

The  6th  Congregation  was  held  on  the  morning  of 

6th  Con-     Sunday,  July  26th,  in  the  Hall  of  the  Con- 
gregation, 

July  26th.  sistory,  when  details  regarding  the  Cere- 
monial to  be  observed  during  the  Conclave  were  dis- 
cussed. The  ceremonial  enjoined  by  Pope  Gregory 
XV.  was  agreed  to  and  accepted,  with  certain  modifica- 
tions, such  as  were  adopted  at  the  Conclave  of  1878. 
Arrangements  as  to  meals  were  also  discussed,  and  it 
was  settled  that  those  Cardinals  who  wished  to  dine  in 
their  own  apartments  might  do  so,  if  they  so  wished. 
Cardinal  Vaszary,  Prince  Primate  of  Hungary,  on 
account  of  ill  health,  obtained  leave  to  have  his  food 
brought  from  the  Convent  of  St.  Basilio,  where  he 
had  been  residing ;  and  it  was  prepared  by  his 
private   chef,  whom   he   had    brought  with   him   from 


SEDE   VAC  ANTE.  9 

Hungary.  The  Conclavists  agreed  to  dine  together 
with  certain  exceptions,  and  the  Cardinals'  servants 
did  the  same.  There  were  present  at  this  Congrega- 
tion as  many  as  forty-five  Cardinals.  Cardinal  Delia 
Volpe  and  others  complained  of  certain  scandals  in 
connection  with  the  burial  of  the  Pope  the  previous 
evening  ;  and  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo  expressed  his 
intention  to  inquire  into  the  matter. 

The   7th  Congregation   was  held  on   Monday,   July 

27th,  in  the   Hall  of  the  Consistory,   when    7th  con- 
gregation, 

there  were  forty  -  nine  Cardinals  present.  J"'y  27. 
It  was  principally  concerned  with  the  assignment  of 
the  cells.  Cardinal  Cavagnis,  as  last  of  the  Cardinal 
Deacons,  drew  lots  for  the  dififerent  Cardinals.  There 
were  two  ballot-boxes,  in  which  were  placed  balls  with 
the  names  of  each  Cardinal  written  on  them,  and  other 
balls  with  numbers  corresponding  to  the  cells.  It  was 
agreed  that  Cardinals  Mocenni,  Rampolla,  and  the 
Camerlengo  should  be  permitted  to  retain  their  apart- 
ments. The  Cardinal  Camerlengo  announced  that  the 
late  Secretary  of  State,  Cardinal  Rampolla,  desired  to 
read  the  late  Pontiff's  will,  of  which  he.  Cardinal 
Mocenni,  and  Cardinal  Cretoni  were  the  executors. 
The  Avvocato  Carlo  Patriarca,  the  late  Pope's  private 
lawyer  and  counsellor  in  the  administration  of  the 
property  of  the  Holy  See,  was  present.  The  Pope's 
nephews,  Ludovico,  Camillo,  and  Riccardo  Pecci,  as  well 
as  the  two  nieces,  Anna  and  Maria,  with  their  husbands 


10  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

Conte  Moroni  and  the  Marchese  Canali  di  Rieti,  were 
also  invited  ;  but  from  feelings  of  delicacy  were  not 
present.  The  Avvocato  Patriarca  at  once  read  the  will, 
which  did  not  amount  to  more  than  a  few  lines.  It 
bore  date  July  8th,  1900,  and  was  signed  ''  Gioacchino 
Pecci,  Leone  P.P.  XIII."  He  left  everything  to  the 
Holy  See.  His  nephews  had  been  already  provided  for 
at  different  times  during  his  life,  and  he  therefore  had 
declared  that  none  of  his  family  were  to  have  any 
further  bequests.  In  a  separate  envelope  he  left  50,000 
lire  to  the  poor  of  Rome,  20,000  lire  to  the  poor  of 
Perugia,  and  10,000  lire  to  the  poor  of  Carpineto,  his 
birthplace.  Monsignor  Nussi,  the  Dean  of  the  College 
of  Protonotaries,  then  drew  up  a  '  processo  verbale,' 
which  was  duly  signed  by  himself,  the  Avvocato 
Patriarca,  Monsignor  Merry  del  Val,  Secretary  to  the 
Sacred  College,  and  the  executors. 

The  8th  Congregation  was  held  in  the  Hall  of  the 
8th  Con-     Consistory,  after   the    first  Requiem   in  the 

gregation, 

July  28.  Sixtine  Chapel,  on  Tuesday,  July  28th,  when 
fifty-three  Cardinals  were  present.  The  plans  and  tele- 
graphic arrangements  of  the  Conclave  were  distributed 
to  each  Cardinal. 

The  9th  Congregation,  consisting  of  fifty-eight  Car- 
9th  Con-     dinals,  was  held  in  the  Hall  of  the  Consis- 

gregation, 

July  29.  tory,  after  the  second  Requiem  in  the  Six- 
tine  Chapel,  on  Wednesday,  July  29th,  when  a  commis- 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  ii 

sion  was  appointed  to  superintend  the  sanitary  con- 
ditions of  the  Palace  during  the  Conclave.  It  consisted 
of  Cardinals  Cavicchioni,  Boschi,  and  Tripcpi.  Another 
commission  was  also  appointed  for  the  approval  of  the 
names  of  the  Cardinals  Conclavists,  consisting  of  Car- 
dinals Respighi  and  Cassetta.  Prelates  and  members 
of  the  Papal  Household  were  not  eligible  ;  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  of  the  candidates,  the  list  was 
approved, 

The  loth  Congregation  was  held  in  the  Hall  of  the 

Consistory,  after  the  third   Requiem   in   the    loth  Con- 
gregation, 

Sixtine  Chapel,  on  Thursday,  July  30th,  J">y  30th. 
when  all  the  Cardinals,  with  the  exception  of  six,  were 
present.  The  Cardinal  Camerlengo  distributed  to  the 
Sacred  College  the  silver  medal  of  the  '  Sede  Vacante,' 
which  he  had  had  specially  struck  for  the  occasion,  and 
proposed  a  protest  against  the  continued  usurpation  and 
spoliation  of  the  Church's  patrimony,  which  was  unani- 
mously agreed  to. 


II.     FUNERAL    PROCESSION    AND 
BURIAL    OF     LEO     XIII. 

AT  St.   Peter's. 

On  the  morning  of  Wednesday,  July  22nd,  the  body 
July  22.  of  the  Pope,  which  had  been  embalmed  at 
5  o'clock  the  previous  evening,  was  placed  on  a  bier 
covered  with  red  velvet  under  the  Canopy  in  the 
Throne  Room,  where  it  lay  in  state.  During  the  day 
it  was  visited  by  those  who  had  obtained  special  per- 
mission to  do  so,  and  they  knelt  and  prayed  for  the 
repose  of  the  Pope's  Soul,  and  afterwards  kissed  the 
feet.  The  body  was  guarded  by  Chamberlains  and 
the  Noble  Guard,  who  took  their  turn  every  half- 
hour;  the  Penitentiaries  of  St.  Peter's  meanwhile 
recited  the  usual  prayers.  The  body  was  vested 
in  a  white  Cassock,  with  Sash,  Rochet,  white  Zuc- 
chetto,  red  Mozzetta  and  Camauro^,  white  stockings 
and  red  shoes  embroidered  with  a  cross  ;  the  hands 
in  white  mittens  were  clasping  a  rosary  and  crucifix, 
and  there  was  an  amethyst  ring  on  the  finger. 
Later  in  the  afternoon  the  body  was  vested  pon- 
tifically,  and  at  7  o'clock  it  was  placed  on  a 
bier   by   members   of    the    Noble    Guard,    to    be    car- 

^  The  Camauro  is  a  cap  of  red  satin,  or  velvet,  trimmed  with  ermine. 
On  Holy  Saturday  and  throughout  Easter  week  it  is  white,  as  are  also 
the  Mozzetta,  the  Stole,  and  the  Shoes. 


^ 


SEDE   VACANT E.  13 

ried  to  St.  Peter's.  The  bier  was  supported  by  12 
Sediari,  and  preceded  by  others  carrying  h'ghted 
torches.  The  procession  passed  through  the  different 
ante-chambers,  the  Sala  Clementina,  Scala  Nobile, 
Loggie,  Sala  Ducale,  and  Sala  Regia,  and  down  the 
Scala  Regia  into  St.  Peter's.  It  was  escorted  all  the 
way  by  the  Noble  and  Swiss  Guards  and  followed  by 
the  College  of  Cardinals,  many  Bishops  and  Prelates, 
the  whole  of  the  Corps  Diplomatique,  Knights  of 
Malta,  the  Prince  Colonna,  assistant  at  the  Papal 
Throne,  and  the  Prince  Chigi,  Hereditary  Marshal 
of  the  Conclave,  together  with  the  great  officers  of 
State  and  members  of  the  Household.  The  bier  on 
which  the  body  was  carried  was  covered  with  a  rich 
Pall  of  crimson  velvet  and  lama. 

The  vestments  in  which  the  body  of  the  Pope 
was  now  robed  were  of  red  lama,  in  the  follow- 
ing order : — White  Zucchetto,  white  Cassock,  Sash, 
^iooJUt^  Falda^  red  Buskins  and  Sandals,  -Rochet,  Amice, 
Alb,  Girdle,  with  the  Succintorio°  attached  to  it. 
Pectoral  Cross,  Fanone  ^,  red  Stole,  Tunicle,  Dalmatic, 

^  The  Falda  is  a  skirt  of  very  tliin  white  silk  with  a  train,  and  is 
worn  round  the  waist  over  the  Cassock. 

'^  The  Succintorio  is  in  shape  like  a  Maniple,  with  a  lamb  em- 
broidered on  it,  and  is  fastened  to  the  Pope's  girdle  and  hangs  on 
his  left  side.     It  formerly  served  to  hold  a  purse  for  giving  alms. 

^  The  Fanone  is  a  double  tippet  made  of  silk  with  coloured  stripes 
of  four  colours,  having  a  cross  embroidered  on  the  breast.  It  is  worn 
over  the  alb  and  under  the  stole  and  tunicle.  The  upper  tippet  rests 
on  the  Pope's  head  while  the  vestments  are  being  put  on,  after  which 
it  is  adjusted  over  the  Chasuble. 


^j 


14  SEDE   VAC  ANTE. 

Gloves,  and  Chasuble,  Pallium  with  its  three  jewelled 
pins,  placed  over  the  outer  tippet  of  the  Fanone,  gold 
Mitre,  amethyst  Ring,  and  red  Maniple.  In  the  hands 
were  placed  the  same  crucifix  and  rosary  as  before. 
There  were  numbers  of  devout  people  who  had  obtained 
special  permission,  kneeling  on  either  side,  and  in  the 
Sala  Ducale,  as  the  procession  passed,  and  saying 
prayers  for  the  repose  of  the  Soul  of  His  Holiness. 

At  the  entrance  of  the  Basilica  Monsignor  Pericoli 
gave  the  first  absolution.  The  body  was  then  car- 
ried up  the  Basilica  and  placed  for  a  few  moments 
in  front  of  the  High  Altar,  when  another  absolution 
was  given  by  Monsignor  Ceppetelli,  the  Latin  Patri- 
arch of  Constantinople.  It  was  then  carried  into 
the  Chapel  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  where  the 
body  was  placed  on  a  catafalque  covered  with  a 
pall  of  red  velvet  and  lama  trimmed  with  gold  lace, 
where  it  was  exposed  to  public  veneration  till  the 
evening  of  Saturday,  July  25th,  surrounded  by  18 
large  torches  in  standard  candlesticks,  and  guarded 
by  the  Noble  and  Palatine  Guard.  On  either  side 
of  this  catafalque  was  attached  a  red  velvet  '  Cappel- 
lone  ® '  in  sign  of  the  Pope's  twofold  jurisdiction.  The 
feet  of  the  Pope  were  not  put  through  the  iron  gates 
of  the  Chapel  to  be  kissed,  owing  to  certain  scandals 
which  occurred  in  1878  when  the  body  of  Pius  IX. 
lay  in  state.     Thousands  each  da}'  visited  the  Basilica. 

^  Tlie  Cappellone  is  a  large  red  velvet  hat. 


■<^ 


^ 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  15 

On  Saturday  evening  at  7  o'clock,  preceded  by  the 
Chapter  of  St.  Peter's  and  the  Seminary,  juiy  25. 
and  escorted  by  the  Noble  Guard  and  members  of 
the  Household,  the  body  was  carried  from  the  Chapel 
of  the  Blessed  Sacrament  by  the  '  Mansionari '  of  St. 
Peter's  into  the  Chapel  of  the  Choir,  Tlie  appearance 
of  the  dead  Pope  was  considerably  changed  since 
the  embalming,  being  somewhat  ghastly.  In  the 
Choir  Stalls  was  standing,  according  to  seniority 
and  precedence,  the  College  of  Cardinals,  while  the 
Corps  Diplomatique  was  in  the  side  gallery,  and 
the  nephews  and  nieces  of  the  deceased  Pontiff  were 
in  the  Choir  Gallery  on  the  right.  There  were  also 
reserved  places  in  the  Chapel  for  the  Roman  nobility 
and  for  the  families  of  the  Ambassadors.  In  front  of 
the  Chapel  space  was  kept  for  the  Bishops,  Prelates, 
and  members  of  the  Household. 

There  were  three  coffins,  one  within  the  other, 
placed  on  the  Gospel  side  of  the  Altar ;  that  in 
which  the  corpse  was  to  be  placed  being  lined  with 
red  satin.  The  prescribed  prayers  and  psalms  having 
been  sung,  preparations  were  made  for  enclosing  the 
corpse,  and  it  was  lifted  from  the  bier  and  placed  within 
the  inner  coffin.  Monsignor  CeppetelH  then  sprinkled 
it  with  holy  water,  and  incensed  it.  The  Maggior- 
domo,  Mgr.  Cagiano,  covered  the  face,  and  the  Maestro 
di  Camera,  Mgr.  Bisleti,  the  hands  of  the  Pope  with 
a  white  silk  veil  edged  with  gold  lace,  and  then,  with 
the  assistance  of  the  Masters  of  Ceremonies,  the  whole 


1 6  SEDE    VAC  ANTE. 

body  was  wrapt  with  a  covering  of  red  silk  edged 
also  with  gold  lace.  Monsignor  Cagiano  then  placed 
at  the  feet  of  the  corpse  a  bag  of  crimson  velvet, 
containing  three  smaller  bags,  inside  which  were  25 
medals  of  gold,  25  of  silver,  and  25  of  bronze,  corre- 
sponding to  the  25  years  of  the  Pope's  Pontificate. 
There  was  also  placed  within  the  innermost  coffin 
a  metal  tube  containing  an  illuminated  MS.  giving 
an  account  of  the  principal  events  of  his  Pontificate, 
written  by  Padre  de  Angelis,  SJ.,  and  illuminated 
by  Signor  Camilli. 

Signor  Filiberto  Pomponi,  Notary  and  Chancellor 
of  the  Vatican  Chapter,  read  a  Funeral  Oration  as 
well  as  the  '  Rogito,'  relating  to  the  transfer  for  the 
time  being  of  the  corpse  to  the  care  of  the  Canons 
of  the  Basilica.  The  Maggiordomo^  the  Maestro  di 
Camera  and  the  four  '  Camerieri  Segreti  Partecipanti,' 
Monsignor  Marzolini,  the  Master  of  Ceremonies,  Mon- 
signor Merry  del  Val,  Secretary  of  the  Sacred  College, 
Prince  Rospigliosi,  Commander  of  the  Noble  Guard, 
and  the  Pope's  nephew.  Count  Camillo  Pecci,  and 
a  few  others,  then  approached  reverently  and  kissed 
the  coffin.  The  outer  wooden  coffin  measured  in 
length  7  feet,  at  the  head  2  ft.  9  in.,  and  at  the  feet 
I  ft.  10  in.  On  this  coffin  was  the  following  inscrip- 
tion : — 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  1 7 

CORPVS 

LEONIS   XIII.    P.M. 

QVI   VIXIT.   AN.   XCIII.M.IV.    D.    XVIII. 

ECCLES.   VNIVER.    PRAEFVIT 

AN,    XXV.    M.V. 

OBIIT.   DIE   XX  JVLII.    AN.   MCMIII. 

The  coffin  was  then  bound  with  purple  tape  in  the  form 
of  a  cross  ;  on  the  four  corners  of  which  were  placed 
the  following  seals  :  two  of  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo, 
two  of  Mgr.  Maggiordomo,  and  in  the  centre  that  of 
Cardinal  Rampolla,  the  Arch-priest  of  the  Basilica, 
and  that  of  the  Vatican  Chapter.  On  the  inner 
leaden  coffin  were  also  placed  in  the  same  order  the 
aforesaid  seals. 

The  coffin  was  then  placed  on  a  small  bier  and 
wheeled  by  members  of  the  Confraternity  of  the 
Holy  Sacrament  and  certain  officials  of  the  Floreria, 
from  the  Choir  Chapel  into  the  Basilica,  to  the 
spot  on  the  left  of  the  Chapel  and  in  front  of  the 
niche  into  which  it  was  to  be  raised  and  deposited. 
Owing  to  the  Basilica  being  now  lighted  by  electricity, 
and  not  by  torches  (as  I  remember  was  the  case  at 
the  funeral  of  Pius  IX.),  the  solemnity  and  impressive- 
ness  of  the  function  were  greatly  diminished,  and  it 
is  hoped  that  on  a  future  occasion  this  portion  of  the 
ceremony  may  take  place  in  the  crypt. 

The  procession  was  composed  of  the  Chapter,  Mon- 
signor   Ceppetelli,  in  a  black   Cope  and  white    Mitre, 

C 


i8  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

the  Cardinal  Arch-priest  Rampolla  in  a  Cappa  Magna, 
and  the  College  of  Cardinals  vested  in  black  Cassocks 
and  purple  Ferraiuoli.  In  front  of  the  empty  niche 
was  placed  what  is  called  a  '  Castello '  or  high  scaffold, 
to  which  were  attached  pulleys  to  raise  the  coffin.  The 
Choir  sang  the  "  Benedictus  "  during  the  long  interval, 
which  lasted  about  40  minutes.  The  whole  ceremony 
lasted  two  hours  and  a  half,  and  did  not  terminate 
till  9.30.  The  corpse  of  Leo  XIII.  will  remain  in  this 
niche  till  the  death  of  his  successor,  or  until  his  tomb 
at  St.  John  Lateran  is  completed. 


III.     THE    NOVENDIALI, 
OR    NINE    DAYS'    OBSEQUIES. 

The  nine  days  commenced  on  Thursday,  July  23rd, 
at  10  a.m.  A  solemn  Pontifical  High  Mass  July  23. 
of  Requiem  was  sung  in  the  Choir  Chapel  at  St. 
Peter's  each  morning.  The  three  solemn  Requiems, 
at  which  all  the  Sacred  College  and  Corps  Diplo- 
matique assisted,  were  sung  in  the  Sixtine  Chapel, 
on  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Thursday,  July  28th, 
29th,  30th. 

As  the  writer  of  this  diary  had  to  be  on  service 
at  each  of  these  Requiems,  a  carriage  from  July  28. 
the  Vatican  arrived  each  morning  at  8.15  at  his  resi- 
dence to  fetch  him.  His  brother  Chamberlains  who 
were  on  duty  with  him  were  the  Prince  Antici  Mattel, 
Baron  Roth  Schonberg  (who  was  in  attendance  on 
the  young  Prince  Sixtus  de  Bourbon),  Baron  del 
Marmol,  Commendatore  Folchi-Vici,  Comm.  Rossi 
de  Gasperis,  and  Comm.  Franchi  de'  Cavalieri.  On 
passing  through  the  Piazza  we  observed  that  the 
windows  of  the  Vatican  were  being  fitted  with  the 
'  Gelosie,'  or  shutters  used  during  a  Conclave,  and 
that  the  different  '  Cortili,'  as  we  passed  through 
the  Palace,  were  full  of  furniture  of  every  description 
for  the  Cardinals'  cells.     We   also  observed  the  large 

C  2 


20  SEDE   VAC  ANTE. 

*  Ruote,'  or  wheels,  to  be  fitted  in  the  walls  for  the 
delivery  of  correspondence,  and  general  communica- 
tions.     Formerly     they     were      also      used     by     the 

*  Dapiferi  '  who  came  daily  with  the  Cardinals'  meals 
and  other  provisions. 

On  arrival  at  the  Sixtine  Chapel  I  was  informed 
that  only  about  200  tickets  had  been  issued  for 
the  Roman  nobility,  Corps  Diplomatique,  and  other 
privileged  persons.  The  Knights  of  Malta  were  also 
represented,  and  there  were  several  deputations,  among 
them  one  from  Perugia,  and  another  from  the  Irish 
party  of  our  House  of  Commons,  who  sent  as  their 
representative  Sir  Thomas  Esmonde.  Prince  Chigi, 
Perpetual  Marshal  of  the  Conclave,  who  was  accom- 
panied by  his  son,  the  Prince  of  Campagnano,  and 
escorted  by  the  Swiss  Guard,  was  also  present.  A 
front  seat  in  the  tribune  on  the  left  was  reserved  for  the 
wife  of  Baron  del  Marmol,  my  fellow  Chamberlain  on 
service.  The  Roman  nobles  had  places  reserved  for 
them  between  the  screen  and  the  seats  of  the  Cardinals. 
The  foreign  Ambassadors  and  Ministers,  all  in  full 
uniform,  were  placed  immediately  behind  them  on 
the  left,  while  on  the  right  hand  on  the  other  side 
were  reserved  places  for  the  wives  and  families  of  the 
nobility.  Immediately  behind  the  Corps  Diplomatique, 
and  slightly  raised,  was  a  tribune  for  the  Knights  of 
Malta,  and  for  the  young  Prince  Sixtus  de  Bourbon, 
the  tenth  son  of  the  Duke  of  Parma  ;  and  immediately 
on  the  right  and  left  as  one  entered  the  Chapel  were 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  21 

high  tribunes  for  those  who  were  privileged  to  have 
tickets  of  admission.  The  Swiss  Guard,  to  the  number 
of  thirty,  shortly  afterwards  arrived,  and  for  a  few 
minutes  were  drawn  up  in  the  Chapel,  when,  having 
received  their  orders,  they  were  marched  back  to 
the  Sala  Regia. 

Shortly  before  10  o'clock,  the  Cardinals  began  to 
arrive  two  and  two,  in  procession  from  the  '  Sala 
dei  Paramenti,'  which  is  at  the  further  end  of  the 
Sala  Ducale.  They  were  escorted  by  Noble  and  Swiss 
Guards,  and  each  was  attended  by  his  train-bearer  and 
private  Chaplain.  With  the  exception  of  those  who 
belonged  to  religious  orders  (and  who  therefore  used 
their  own  colour),  they  wore  a  '  Cappa  Magna'  of  purple 
stuff  over  their  Rochets,  which,  after  the  Requiem,  they 
changed  for  a  purple  Mozzetta  without  Rochet,  when 
they  attended  the  Congregations  held  in  the  Hall  of 
the  Consistory.  Cardinal  Gotti,  the  Carmelite,  and 
Prefect  of  the  Propaganda,  was  the  first  to  arrive,  and 
he  came  alone,  escorted  by  Noble  and  Swiss  Guards. 
Cardinal  Rampolla,  with  Cardinal  di  Pietro  on  his 
right,  also  came  alone.  Most  of  the  Cardinals  came, 
however,  together  in  procession.  Cardinal  Serafino 
Vannutelli,  who  was  to  sing  the  Requiem,  and  the 
Cardinal  Camerlengo,  escorted  by  Noble  and  Swiss 
Guards,  came  also  alone.  He  was  walking  with  diffi- 
culty, and  used  a  stick,  which  he  gave  to  his  Secretary 
before  entering  the  Chapel.  Last  of  all,  and  by  him- 
self, came  the  very  youthful  and  distinguished  Cardinal 


22  SEDE  VACANTE. 

de  Skrbensky,  Prince  Archbishop  of  Prague.  The  Re- 
quiem was  sung  by  Cardinal  Serafino  VannutelH  (Grand 
Penitentiary),  and  at  its  conclusion  the  five  absolu- 
tions were  given  by  their  Eminences  Cardinal  Agliardi 
(Vice-Chancellor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Church),  Cardinal 
Vincenzo  Vannutelli,  Cardinal  Richard  (the  aged  Arch- 
bishop of  Paris),  Cardinal  Satolli,  and  the  Cardinal 
Celebrant.  The  four  Cardinals  sat  at  the  four  corners 
of  the  Catafalque  vested  in  black  and  gold  copes  and 
white  mitres.  The  Papal  Throne  had  of  course  been 
removed,  and  the  temporary  Altar  placed  in  front  of 
the  High  Altar  was  duly  vested  in  black,  and  had 
thereon  six  silver  candlesticks  with  the  name  of  Leo 
Xn.  engraved  on  them.  The  Celebrant's  vestments 
were  laid  out  on  the  Altar.  The  carpet  of  the  Chapel, 
as  well  as  the  four  seats  at  the  corners  of  the  Cata- 
falque, were  of  green  cloth,  and  the  benches  for  the  use 
of  the  Sacred  College  were  covered  with  most  beauti- 
ful tapestry,  on  which  were  worked  the  arms  of  Pope 
Pius  VII.  Over  the  Altar  was  placed  a  tapestry  repre- 
senting the  raising  of  Lazarus.  The  Catafalque  was 
covered  with  a  red  Pall  and  two  red  velvet  cushions 
surmounted  by  the  Tiara.  It  had  four  inscriptions 
in  Latin  on  its  base,  composed  by  Monsignor  Vincenzo 
Sardi.     They  are  as  follows  : — 

ARBITER    HOMINVM   ET   SERVATOR   CHRISTE 

LEON  I   XIII.   PONT.   MAX. 

CVIVS   VITAE   SANCTIMONIA 

MAGNITVDINE  ANIMI 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  23 

SVAVISSIMA   IN   AGENDO   DEXTERITATE 
PONTIFICII   NOMINIS   MAIESTAS 

VBIQVE   AVCTA 

AEVI    SEMPITERNI   BEATITATEM 

BONIS   PRAECANTIVM    PRAECIBVS 

PROPERATAM    IMPERTITOR. 


TVENDAE   PROPAGANDAEQVE   FIDEI   STVDIO 
NVLLI   DECESSORVM   SECVNDVS 
DISSIDENTIVM   ANIMOS 
AD   CONIVNCTIONEM   CVM   PETRI   CATHEDRA 
ASSIDVE   EXCITAVIT 
ORIENTALIBVS   ECCLESIIS 
AD   VETEREM   SPLENDOREM  REVOCANDIS 
SANCTITATI   MORVM 
KLERI     AC     RELIGIOSARVM    FAMILIARVM    SECVRITATI 
VIRES   OMNES   IMPERTIIT. 


VIRGO   MATER   SANCTISSIMA 

SI   TE   LEO   ADAMAVIT   VNICE 

SI   TIBI   HONORES  AVXIT 

SI   MARIALIS   ROSARII 

RELIGIONE   VBIQVE   GENTIVM    PROLATA 

CATHOLICVM   NOMEN 

FIDERE   TVO   NOMINE   VOLVIT 

TV   ILLVM   MORTALITATI   EREPTVM 

VICEM   REPENDENS   BONA 

SIDERIBVS   INSERE. 


24  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

REI    PVBLICAE   VTILITATI   PROSPICIENS 

STATVENDAE   TEMPERANDAEQ.    CIVITATIS 

RATIONEM 

SAPIENTISSIME    EDIXIT 

POPVLARES   CVPIDITATES   AD   LICENTIAM  PROIECTAS 

COHIBVIT 

OPIFICVM   CONDITIONEM    IN    MELIVS    PROVEXIT 

MATRIMONII    DIGNITATEM   VINDICAVIT 

BONARVM   ARTIVM   STVDIA 

MVNIFICENTISSIMVS  FOVIT. 


Four  Noble  Guards  in  scarlet  stood  with  drawn 
swords  throughout  at  the  four  corners.  They  were 
Conti  Antamoro  and  Miccinelli,  Marchese  Barbi,  and 
Marchese  Stampa.  The  latter,  owing  to  fatigue  and  the 
great  heat,  fainted,  and  had  to  be  carried  out.  The 
Choir,  under  the  direction  of  the  Maestro  Perosi,  sang  the 
Requiem  and  Kyrie  of  Anerio,  the  Tratto  of  Viadana, 
and  a  "  Dies  Irae,"  newly  composed  by  Perosi;  Offer- 
tory, Sanctus  and  Agnus  Dei,  of  Anerio,  The  "  Libera 
me  Domine  "  was  followed  by  another  new  composition 
by  Perosi,  which  was  especially  beautiful,  and  had  been 
composed  in  the  short  period  of  four  days.  The 
"  Dies  Irae  "  was  much  shorter  than  usual,  and  only 
took  eleven  minutes. 

I  may  here  mention  that  on  my  arrival  in  the 
Sixtine  I  observed  a  gentleman  sitting  quite  alone, 
and    reading,    evidently   the    first    who    had    arrived. 


i 


SEDE   VAC  ANTE.  25 

On  getting  into  conversation  with  him  I  discovered 
that  he  was  the  well-known  and  distinguished  Pro- 
fessor Steinmann,  the  President  of  the  special  com- 
mission lately  appointed  by  Leo  XIII.  to  consider  the 
advisability  of  a  thorough  restoration  and  repair  of  this 
world-wide  famous  Chapel.  He  told  me  that  they  had 
found  the  frescoes  on  the  ceiling  considerably  damaged, 
and  that  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  death  of  the  Pope,  the 
scaffolding  would  have  been  already  erected,  for  the 
necessary  repairs,  which  he  feared  would  probably  take 
some  years  to  complete.  The  late  Pope  had  also 
approved  of  the  plan  for  refilling  all  the  windows  with 
new  glass,  in  exact  reproduction  of  a  fifteenth-century 
window  represented  in  fresco  on  the  end  wall  as  you 
enter  the  Chapel.  The  present  glass  is  not  older  than 
1826,  and  dates  from  the  Pontificate  of  Leo  XII.  The 
Requiem  was  over  about  mid-day,  and  I  was  tired  but 
greatly  interested  in  all  I  had  witnessed. 

Wednesday,  July  29th,  a  carriage  from  the  Vatican 
came  for  me  at  8.15,  as  I  had  again  to  be  juiy  29. 
on  service  for  the  second  Requiem.  On  the  way  I 
called  at  the  Palazzo  Mattei,  to  pick  up  Prince  Antici 
Mattel,  who  was  also  on  service  with  me ;  and  we 
afterwards  called  for  Pio  Franchi  de'  Cavalieri,  the  other 
*  Cameriere  di  mi7)iero!  The  Palace  '  Cortili '  were 
still  full  of  furniture  of  all  kinds,  and  several  more  stair- 
cases and  '  loggie '  had  been  walled  up  since  yesterday. 
The  Mass  was  sung  by  Cardinal  Kopp,  Prince  Bishop 


26  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

of  Breslau,  and  the  Absolutions  at  the  end  were 
given  by  Cardinals  Goossens  (Archbishop  of  Malines), 
Gruscha  (Prince  Archbishop  of  Vienna),  Cardinal  di 
Pietro,  Cardinal  Perraud  (Bishop  of  Autun),  and 
the  Cardinal  Celebrant. 

The  same  ceremonial  was  observed  as  yesterday, 
and  the  Corps  Diplomatique  in  full  uniform,  and  the 
Knights  of  Malta  and  Roman  Nobility  were  also 
present.  The  Pope's  nieces  and  their  children  were 
also  present,  but  had  to  sit  behind  the  Nobles,  who 
are  always  so  jealous  of  their  precedence.  There  was 
also  a  small  deputation  from  Carpineto,  the  Pope's 
birthplace,  consisting  of  the  Syndic  and  Town  Council. 
Two  ladies  came  in  low  dresses,  evidently  strangers,  and 
we  had  accordingly  to  refuse  them  admission.  The 
beautiful  marble  pavement  in  the  Loggia  of  Giovanni 
da  Udine,  through  which  we  passed  on  our  way  to  the 
Sixtine  Chapel,  was  still  dreadfully  stained  and  spotted 
with  the  wax  which  had  dropped  from  the  torches  on 
the  occasion  of  the  funeral  procession  on  last  Wednes- 
day night.  The  music  of  the  Requiem  to-day  was  that 
of  Casciolini,  with  Perosi's  "  Dies  Irae  "  and  "  Libera  me 
Domine." 

Thursday,  July  30th,   the   Vatican    carriage   arrived 

July  30.      for   me   at    8.15,    to   take   me  to   the   third 

solemn    Requiem    in    the    Sixtine.      The    attendance 

was    larger    than    at    the    other     Requiems.      There 

was  a   deputation    from  Perugia.     The   young  Prince 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  27 

Sixtus  of  Parma  was  unable  to  come,  owing  to  a  slight 
attack  of  fever.  The  Mass  was  sung  by  Cardinal  Vi- 
cenzo  Vannutelli,  the  music  being  the  same  as  at  the 
first  Requiem,  with  an  offertory  by  Palestrina.  The  Ab- 
solutions were  given  by  Cardinal  Svampa  (Archbishop 
of  Bologna),  Cardinal  Manara  (Bishop  of  Ancona), 
Cardinal  Gotti  (Prefect  of  Propaganda),  Cardinal  de 
Herrera  (Archbishop  of  Compostella),  and  the  Cardinal 
Celebrant.  Between  the  Mass  and  the  Absolutions 
was  read  by  Monsignor  Galli  the  Latin  oration  "  Pro 
Pontifice  defuncto."  It  only  lasted  15  minutes.  I 
observed  that  Cardinals  Gotti  and  Pierotti,  the  two 
Friars,  came  in  together,  and  that  my  friend  the 
Master  of  Ceremonies,  Monsignor  Marzolini,  was  in 
close  conversation  with  Cardinal  Gctti,  on  returning 
from  the  Chapel. 


IV.     THE    PREPARATIONS    FOR    THE 
ELECTION    OF    THE    NEW    POPE. 

This  morning,  at    lo  o'clock,  the   solemn    Mass  of 

July  31.  the  Holy  Ghost  was  sung  by  Cardinal 
Serafino  Vannutelli,  Sub-Dean  of  the  Sacred  College, 
and  Bishop  of  Porto  and  Santa  Rufina,  in  the 
Pauline  Chapel,  in  the  presence  of  fifty-seven  Car- 
dinals. 

After  the  Mass  Monsignor  Sardi  pronounced  the 
oration  "de  Pontifice  EHgendo."  The  Cardinals'  train- 
bearers  and  chaplains  left  the  Chapel  after  the  discourse, 
and  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo  read  the  Apostolic  Con- 
stitutions to  be  observed  during  the  Conclave,  after 
which  Monsignor  Riggi,  the  Prefect  of  Ceremonies, 
read  the  formula  of  the  oath,  which  each  Cardinal 
took,  placing  his  hand  at  the  same  time  on  the  Holy 
Gospel,  kissing  it  and  saying  "SzV  me  Dens  adjuvet,  et 
haec  Sancta  Dei  Evangeliay  The  Swiss  and  Palatine 
Guards  were  drawn  up  in  the  Sala  Regia,  where 
were  also  waiting  for  the  termination  of  the  ceremony 
most  of  the  Cardinals'  chaplains  and  train-bearers. 

Previous  to  the  Mass  and  the  taking  of  the  oath,  I 
made  a  tour  of  inspection  through  the  Palace.  I  first 
paid  a  visit  to  the  Dean  of  the  Palafrenieri,  Signer 
Silli,  who  told  me  all  the  servants  and  others  had  orders 
to  leave  the  Palace  early  in  the  afternoon.      I  then  saw 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  29 

the  custodian  of  the  Hall  of  the  Consistory,  where 
all  the  Congregations  have  been  held,  and  he  shewed 
me  all  the  arrangements. 

The  seats  for  the  sixty-two  Cardinals  were  arranged 
round  the  Hall  according  to  their  rank  and  prece- 
dence, the  six  Cardinal  Bishops  sitting  facing  the 
Secretary,  Monsignor  Merry  del  Val,  whose  table  was 
in  the  centre. 

Each  Cardinal  had  also  a  table,  with  writing  material 
and  a  saucer  containing  four  or  five  small  white  ballot- 
balls,  to  be  used  when  questions  of  detail  are  brought 
before  the  Congregations,  but  not  of  course  for  the 
election  of  the  Pope.  The  ballot-box  was  double,  and 
had  two  covers  to  it,  and  on  it  were  painted  the  letters 
5  and  N,  corresponding  to  the  words  Si  and  No.  It 
was  painted  red,  and  on  it  were  represented  two  shields 
with  Cross  Keys,  over  which  a  Hat  with  four  tassels. 

I  also  saw  the  official  silver  medal  coined  by  the 
Camerlengo,  of  which  there  were  several  on  his  table  '\ 

I  then  visited  the  different  cells  of  the  Cardinals, 
which  had  been  given  them  by  lot.  The  partition 
system,  or  dividing  the  halls  into  a  number  of  cells,  has 
been  entirely  abandoned.     The  custom   of  decorating 

^  These  medals  should  serve  as  tokens  of  admittance  to  the  '  Ruote.' 
They  were  up  to  1846  coined  also  by  the  Maggiordomo,  the  Governor 
of  Rome,  the  Uditore  Generale,  and  the  Treasurer  and  Conservator!,  but 
are  now  only  struck  by  the  Camerlengo  and  Marshal.  Leo  XIII.,  when 
he  was  Camerlengo  in  1878,  substituted  for  them  a  small  piece  of  un- 
polished wood  called  a  '  Bastoncello, '  three  inches  long,  on  which  was 
pasted  a  label  stamped  with  his  Coat  of  Arms. 


30  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

them  with  the  Cardinals'  armorial  bearings,  or  with 
green  and  purple  hangings,  is  no  longer  observed. 
Each  had  a  large  card  over  the  door,  on  which 
was  printed  its  number  as  well  as  the  name  of  its 
occupant.  Cardinal  Rampolla's  suite  of  rooms  which 
he  occupied  as  Secretary  of  State  was  divided 
among  six  Cardinals,  who,  according  to  the  regula- 
tions of  the  Conclave,  are  each  allowed  a  chaplain 
and  servant.  The  first  room  on  entering  had  been 
allotted  to  Cardinal  Delia  Volpe,  for  so  many  years 
Maestro  di  Camera,  and  afterwards  Maggiordomo  to  the 
late  Pope.  There  was  a  screen  which  had  been  placed 
to  separate  his  bed  from  those  of  his  chaplain  and  ser- 
J.  vant,  whom,  as  far  as  I  could  see,  were  accommodated 

in  the  same^apartment.  Next  to  Cardinal  Delia  Volpe 
was  that  of  Cardinal  Herrero  y  Espinosa,  Archbishop 
of  Valencia,  and  beyond  his  came  that  of  Cardinal 
Sarto,  the  Patriarch  of  Venice.  This  room  is  that 
where  the  Secretary  of  State  receives  Sovereigns  and 
Royalties,  and  where  he  entertains  on  special  occasions 
at  dinner  the  Corps  Diplomatique. 

So  much  had  been  written  in  the  Liberal  Press 
with  regard  to  the  lavish  expenditure  connected 
with  the  Conclave,  that  it  was  really  very  edifying 
to  see  how  simple  and  even  common  all  the  furniture 
was.  The  Patriarch's  bedstead,  like  all  the  rest, 
was  a  small  iron  one  of  the  commonest  description, 
and  when  I  examined  the  mattress,  which  I  did  out 
of  mere  curiosity,  I  found  it  was  chiefly  made  of 
straw.      Cardinal    Rampolla's    room    came    next,  and 


SEDE   VAC  ANTE.  31 

between  his  and  that  of  the  Cardinal  Patriarch  was 
a  small  room  fitted  up  as  an  oratory,  on  the  altar 
of  which  had  been  placed  a  small  basin  of  fresh 
flowers.  Cardinals  Agliardi  and  Portanova  had  cells 
also  in  the  same  suite  of  apartments.  I  then  went 
to  see  my  old  friend  Pio  Centra's  rooms.  He  had 
been  for  many  years  the  late  Pope's  faithful  valet. 
His  rooms  had  been  allotted  to  Cardinal  Casali  del 
Drago,  and  to  Cardinal  Laboure,  Archbishop  of 
Rennes.  The  private  staircase  leading  from  this 
apartment  to  that  of  the  late  Pope  had,  I  observed, 
been  very  solidly  walled  up.  I  then  went  to  the  Hall 
of  the  Chiaroscuri,  near  to  that  of  Constantine.  The 
doors  between  them  had  been  walled  up.  Six  altars 
had  been  prepared  for  the  convenience  of  those  Car- 
dinals whose  cells  were  in  the  vicinity.  There  were 
no  altars  placed  in  the  Sala  Ducale  as  was  done  in 
1878,  but  there  were  eight  additional  ones  placed,  four 
on  either  side,  in  the  Pauline  Chapel  ;  each  altar 
being  furnished  with  a  crucifix  and  four  candlesticks. 
I  also  inspected  the  arrangements  in  the  Sixtine 
Chapel,  where  the  Conclave  was  to  be  held. 

As  Cardinal  Moran,  Archbishop  of  Sydney,  could 
not  arrive  in  time,  and  as  Cardinal  Celesia,  Arch- 
bishop of  Palermo,  was  prevented  by  ill  health  from 
attending,  there  were  only  sixty-two  thrones  erected  in 
the  Chapel.  They  were  covered  with  violet  cloth,  and 
all  had  canopies,  that  of  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo 
Oreglia  being,  however,  of  green  cloth,  as  he  happens  to 
be  the  only  Cardinal  who  was  not  created  by  Leo  XHI. 


32  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

There  were  twenty-seven  on  each  side,  and  four  on 
either  side  facing  the  Altar.  Each  throne  had  its 
table  covered  with  violet  or  green  cloth,  with  a  candle- 
stick and  writing  materials.  The  marble  screen  in  the 
Chapel  was  hidden  by  the  dossals  of  the  thrones. 
There  was  a  temporary  altar  (placed  in  front  of  the 
High  Altar)  with  a  red  antependium  and  a  large  tap- 
estry as  a  dossal,  representing  the  day  of  Pentecost. 
The  stove  for  burning  the  voting  papers  was  placed  in 
the  same  spot  as  on  the  occasion  of  the  last  Conclave 
in  1878,  in  the  left  corner  on  entering  the  Chapel,  and 
there  was  attached  to  it  a  long  pipe  for  the  '  Sfumata,' 
the  top  of  which  was  clearly  visible  from  the  Piazza. 
There  were  other  tables  in  the  centre  of  the  Chapel,  for 
the  use  of  the  Cardinals'  '  Scrutatores  '  and  '  Recog- 
nitores.' 

I  returned  home  at  i  o'clock  with  the  Marchese  Ser- 
lupi  Crescenzi,  the  Papal  Master  of  the  Horse,  but 
before  leaving  the  Vatican  was  invited  by  Monsignor 
Cagiano,  the  Governor  and  Maggiordomo,  and  by  Mon- 
signor Riggi,  the  Prefect  of  Ceremonies,  to  assist  at  the 
solemn  entry  of  the  Cardinals  from  the  Pauline  to  the 
Sixtine  Chapel,  which  was  to  take  place  that  evening, 
July  31st,  at  5  p.m.,  when  the  Marshal  of  the  Conclave, 
Prince  Chigi,  and  the  different  officials  were  to  take  the 
customary  oaths.  I  reached  the  Vatican  at  4  o'clock, 
in  time  to  receive  the  Cardinals  as  they  arrived  in  their 
carriages  from  their  respective  residences.  They  each 
of  them  had  with  them  their  private  chaplain  and  man- 
servant, and  brought  with  them   their  luggage  of  all 


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SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  33 

shapes  and  descriptions.  I  was  able  to  kiss  the  hand 
of  the  venerable  Archbishop  of  Paris,  Cardinal  Richard, 
and  to  offer  also  my  compliments  to  many  others, 
among  them  to  Cardinal  Nocella,  Cardinal  Cavagnis, 
and  Cardinal  de  Skrbensky,  the  youthful  Archbishop  of 
Prague,  also  to  the  two  Pro-Nuncios  of  Austria  and 
Portugal,  Cardinals  Taliani  and  Ajuti.  The  former  had 
become  so  very  stout  since  he  was  last  in  Rome  that 
several  of  his  friends  at  first  failed  to  recognize  him.  I 
also  knelt  and  kissed  the  hand  of  Cardinal  Gotti  the 
Carmelite,  and  offered  him  my  '  buon'  augurii.'  An 
accident  nearly  occurred,  which  might  have  been  serious. 
As  Cardinal  Gotti  was  on  the  point  of  alighting,  one 
of  his  horses  became  restive,  and  kicked  violently  the 
carriage  in  which  was  seated  another  Cardinal,  who  on 
getting  out  appeared,  very  naturally,  much  alarmed. 

At  5  o'clock  I  made  my  way  to  the  Sala  Regia, 
and  saw  the  Cardinals  enter  the  Pauline  Chapel  for 
the  ceremony  I  have  already  mentioned.  They  after- 
wards, attended  by  their  chaplains  and  train-bearers, 
and  preceded  by  the  Sixtine  Choir  singing  the  "  Veni 
Creator  Spirittis"  walked  in  procession  to  the  Sixtine 
Chapel.  They  were  vested  in  purple  Cassock  and 
Mozzetta  ^      The    Cardinal    Camerlengo   walked    first, 

'1  The  '  Croccia '  was  not  worn  by  the  Cardinals  either  at  this  or  at 
the  last  Conclave.  It  is  in  tlie  form  of  a  mantle,  made  of  silk  or  stuff 
according  to  the  season,  and  worn  over  the  '  Mozzetta.'  The  colour 
is  purple  for  those  who  are  not  regulars,  and  for  those  who  are  it  should 
be  of  the  colour  of  their  Mozzetta. 


34  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

preceded  by  the  Cross  Bearer,  who  carried  the 
Crucifix  turned  towards  him  in  symbol  of  his  juris- 
diction.    The  Noble  and  Palatine  Guards  were  on  duty. 

After  the  Cardinals  had  taken  their  seats  in  the 
Sixtine  Chapel,  and  the  oath  had  been  taken  by  the 
Prelates,  Monsignor  Merry  del  Val,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Sacred  College,  accompanied  the  Conclavists  to 
the  Pauline  Chapel,  to  take  their  respective  oaths. 
Previous  to  this  there  had  been  a  very  interesting 
spectacle,  viz.,  the  arrival  of  the  Hereditary  Marshal 
of  the  Conclave,  Prince  Chigi.  He  was  preceded  to 
the  Sixtine  Chapel  by  a  servant  carrying  a  large 
sky-blue  damask  cushion,  on  which  he  was  to  kneel 
when  taking  his  oath. 

Immediately  in  front  of  the  Prince  walked  four 
servants  dressed  in  scarlet  liveries,  and  carrying  lighted 
torches.  On  either  side  were  the  Ceremonieri,  fol- 
lowed by  the  members  of  his  Court,  wearing  special 
uniforms  for  the  occasion,  of  black  cloth  with  gold 
buttons,  with  the  arms  of  the  Gonfalone  and  crossed 
keys  embroidered  on  their  collars.  Prince  Chigi  him- 
self, as  Marshal  of  the  Conclave,  was  dressed  in  the 
costume  of  a  Roman  Noble,  in  black  silk  with  white  lace 
lappets  and  sword.  He  was  accompanied  by  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Swiss  Guard.  After  he  had  taken  the 
oath,  and  had  kissed  the  hand  of  the  Cardinal  Camer- 
lengo,  he  returned  in  the  same  order  to  his  apartment, 
which  is  that  lately  occupied  by  Monsignor  Bisleti,  the 
late  Pope's  Maestro  di  Camera.    Swiss  Guards  remained 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  35 

on  duty,  throughout  the  Conclave,  at  the  entrance  of 
his  apartment,  as  they  also  did  at  that  of  Monsignor 
Cagiano,  the  Governor. 

At  about  6  o'clock  all  the  Cardinals  left  the  Sixtine 
Chapel  to  retire  to  their  respective  cells ;  and  as 
each  of  them  came  out,  a  Noble  Guard,  specially 
appointed  to  attend  him,  presented  arms,  and  with 
drawn  sword  walked  by  his  side  as  an  escort.  There 
were  altogether  sixty-two,  corresponding  to  the  num- 
ber of  Cardinals,  and  they  were  drawn  up  in  line 
across  the  Sala  Regia,  as  far  as  the  entrance  to  the 
Sala  Ducalc.  As  each  Cardinal  came  from  the  Chapel 
according  to  his  relative  dignity  and  precedence,  and  as 
each  Noble  Guard  knew  by  sight  the  Cardinal  whom  he 
had  to  escort,  there  was  accordingly  no  confusion.  I 
observed  that  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo  had  two  Guards 
in  attendance  on  him.  The  Cardinals  who  are  con- 
sidered *  Papabili,'  and  whose  portraits  are  being  sold  in 
the  streets,  are  as  follows  :  Gotti,  Agliardi,  Rampolla, 
Serafino  Vannutelli,  Svampa,  Sarto,  Capecelatro  and  di 
Pietro.  Those  who  had  the  good  fortune  of  being 
placed  in  attendance  on  a  Cardinal  who  was  considered 
as  *  Papabile  '  were  naturally  enough  the  objects  of  envy 
and  congratulation,  so  I  was  interested  in  finding  that 
several  friends  of  mine  had  got  such  appointments. 
Alfonso  Serlupi  was  in  attendance  on  Cardinal  Sera- 
fino Vannutelli  ;  Franchi  de'  Cavalieri  was  in  waiting 
on  Cardinal  Gotti ;  and  Muccioli,  who  had  been  in  the 
suite  of  Monsignor  Sambucetti,  the   Pope's  Envoy  at 

D  2 


36  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

Queen  Victoria's  Jubilee  in  1897,  was  in  attendance 
on  Cardinal  Sarto. 

At  about  7  o'clock  I  accompanied  my  friend  Don 
Reginald©  de  Raymond,  one  of  the  Canons  of  St. 
Peter's,  to  make  the  usual  complimentary  visit  to 
some  of  the  Cardinals.  We  first  of  all  called  to 
pay  our  respects  on  Cardinal  Logue,  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Armagh.  We  found  he  had  drawn  by  lot 
No.  62,  the  room  lately  inhabited  by  poor  Monsignor 
Volpini,  who  died  there  only  a  fortnight  before,  and 
who  had  been  chosen  a  few  days  before  his  death  as 
the  Secretary  to  the  Consistory,  the  post  now  occu- 
pied by  Monsignor  Merry  del  Val.  It  had  been  con- 
sidered advisable  to  conceal  his  sudden  death  from  the 
Pope,  owing  to  the  dangerous  condition  of  the  latter. 
These  rooms  were  at  the  very  top  of  the  Palace,  and 
I  had  to  ascend  some  two  hundred  and  eighty  steps 
before  getting  there.  The  good  Cardinal  told  us  that 
when  he  arrived  at  the  Vatican  that  afternoon  he  found 
that  no  preparations  had  been  made,  and  that  his 
chaplain's  and  servant's  rooms  were  literally  without 
any  furniture.  He  had  been  late  on  arriving,  and  the 
Cardinals  had  already  entered  the  Sixtine  Chapel 
some  time  before  he  arrived  there.  He  told  us  also 
that  he  knew  very  few  of  the  Cardinals,  even  by  sight, 
and  was  probably  the  first  Irish  Cardinal  who  had 
attended  a  Conclave. 

We  visited  Cardinal  Cassetta,  to  whom  had  been 
allotted  the  rooms  of  my  friend  Silli.    Cardinal  Cassetta 


SEDE  VAC  ANTE.  37 

is  a  great  favourite  among  the  poor  of  Rome,  as  being 
a  man  of  considerable  private  fortune  he  has  done 
much  for  them  in  the  way  of  benevolence  and  charity. 
He  had  formerly  held  the  office  of  High  Almoner  to 
Leo  Xni.,  and  afterwards  that  of  Vice-gerent  to  the 
Cardinal  Vicar.  He  asked  me  who  was  likely  to  suc- 
ceed Cardinal  Vaughan  as  Archbishop  of  Westminster, 
and  seemed  also  very  much  interested  in  what  I  told 
him  of  the  Education  question  in  England,  and  of 
Oxford  in  particular. 

It  was  now  nearly  8  p.m.,  and  the  bells,  as  well  as 
the  cry  of  ^^  Extra  omnes"  from  the  Masters  of  Cere- 
monies, told  us  that  the  most  important  ceremony  of 
the  closing  the  Conclave,  or  in  other  words  the  en- 
closing the  Cardinals  and  Conclavists  within  the  walls 
of  the  Vatican,  was  at  hand.  It  amounted  to  little 
short  of  imprisonment,  for  the  wooden  shutters  are 
intended  to  prevent  them  seeing  out  of  their  windows, 
and  the  locked  gates,  as  well  as  the  walled  up  stair- 
cases and  Loggie,  prevent  their  leaving  its  very 
precincts.  It  was  also  the  eve  or  vigil  of  the  Feast 
of  St.  Peter's  Chains,  and  many  of  them  in  jest 
spoke  of  the  coincidence. 

But  by  far  the  most  impressive  scene  was  yet  to 
come,  at  least  that  which  I  must  confess  appealed 
very  vividly  to  my  own  imagination,  and  which 
seemed  to  recall  a  ceremonial  of  the  middle  ages ; 
for  one  might  almost  imagine  oneself  in  a  Mediaeval 
castle  in  a  state   of  siege.      As  soon  as  it  was  dark, 


38  SEDE  VAC  ANTE. 

a    procession     started    from     the     apartment    of    the 
Marshal    of    the    Conclave.      It    consisted    of    Prince 
Chigi,    accompanied   by  his  Court,  and    the  Governor 
of    the    Conclave,    Monsignor    Cagiano    de    Azevedo. 
They   were   preceded    by    footmen    in    scarlet    liveries 
carrying    large  flaming  torches,  and    escorted    by   the 
Swiss  Guard  in  their  picturesque  uniforms,  with  their 
white  plumes  waving  in    the   still  breeze  of  a  moon- 
h'ght    night.      The    procession    also   consisted    of    the 
'  Commissario  '  of  the  Conclave,  who  happened  to  be 
my  brother  Chamberlain  di  niimero,  the  aged    Conte 
Baldassarre    Capogrossi   Guarna,   myself,  the  architect 
Cavaliere  Sneider,  the  engineer  Cavaliere  Mannucci,  and 
Cavaliere  Martinucci,  the  Secretary  of  the  Maggiordomo, 
Prince  Massimo,  and  a  few  others.     It  was   the  tour 
of  inspection  previous  to  the  closing  and   locking  the 
different  gates  of  the  Palace. 

We  first  ascended  the  staircase  called  that  of  the 
Maresciallo,  leading  from  the  Cortile  del  Maresciallo 
to  the  Sala  Regia,  where  we  were  met  by  three 
Cardinals  vested  in  purple  cassock  and  mozzetta, 
and  wearing  the  red  biretta.^  They  were  the  three 
*  Capi  d'ordine,'  as  they  are  called,  Cardinal  Serafino 
Vannutelli,  representing  the  Camerlengo,  who  is 
first  Cardinal  Bishop ;  Cardinal  Netto,  Patriarch  of 
Lisbon,  first  Cardinal  Priest ;  and  Cardinal  Macchi, 
first  Cardinal  Deacon.  They  were  also  escorted  by 
Swiss  Guards,  and  by  four  of  the  '  Palafrenieri,'  dressed 
in  costume  of  red  damask,  and  each  of  them  carrying 


SEDE   VAC  ANTE.  39 

a  lighted  torcli.  After  a  few  words  of  greeting  between 
the  Cardinals  and  Prince  Chigi,  we  all  of  us  descended 
the  staircase  in  the  same  order,  turned  to  the  left,  and 
entered  the  Cortile  of  the  Pappagalli,  passing  into  the 
Cortile  of  San  Damaso.  Here  were  two  gates  (the 
inner  one  containing  two  'Ruote'),  about  twenty  feet 
apart,  connecting  by  an  archway  these  two  courtyards. 
The  procession  then  entered  the  Cortile  of  San  Damaso, 
and  slowly  wended  its  way  to  the  two  '  Ruote '  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Cortile,  which  were  duly  opened 
by  the  Architects,  turned  round,  examined,  and  found 
to  be  in  order. 

The  Cardinals  and  Marshal  then  went  and  ex- 
amined the  wall  which  had  been  built  across  the 
staircase  leading  to  the  Governor's  apartments  ;  then 
back  across  tlie  courtyard  to  examine  a  wall  built 
across  a  staircase  on  the  other  side,  leading  to  the 
Museums  and  Library.  Then  back  again  to  the 
glass  door  of  the  staircase  of  the  Floreria,  behind 
which  had  also  been  constructed  a  wall  to  prevent 
access  to  the  offices  of  the  Secretary  of  State's  de- 
partment. The  procession  then  returned  to  the  gate 
of  the  Cortile  of  the '  Pappagalli,  and  the  Cardinals 
duly  commissioned  the  Governor  of  the  Conclave  to 
guard  it  and  the  '  Ruote,'  and  consigned  to  him  the 
keys.  The  Cardinals  thereupon  entered,  and  duly 
locked  the  inner  gate. 

We  then  all  retraced  our  steps,  and  once  again 
ascended    the    staircase    of    the    Maresciallo,     where, 


40  SEDE   VAC  ANTE. 

standing  outside  the  gate  leading  to  the  Sala  Regia, 
we  awaited  for  fully  half  an  hour  the  arrival  of 
the  three  Cardinals,  who  had  in  the  meanwhile 
been  making  a  visit  of  inspection  of  the  different 
*  loggie '  and  staircases  within  the  Palace.  On  their 
arrival  these  two  gates  were  duly  locked,  the 
inner  one  by  the  Cardinals,  and  the  outer  one  by 
the  Marshal,  and  we  all  returned  once  again  to  the 
gates  of  the  Pappagalli,  which  Monsignor  Cagiano, 
the  Governor,  unlocked,  and  entered  to  inspect  the 
'  Ruote '  and  the  inner  gate,  which  had  been  locked 
nearly  an  hour  previously  by  the  Cardinals.  Every- 
thing being  in  order,  the  outer  gate  was  once  again 
locked  by  the  Governor,  and  the  keys  being  all  tied 
together  with  a  cord  of  green  and  gold  silk,  were 
placed  in  a  crimson  velvet  bag,  which  the  Marshal 
takes  charge  of  till  the  end  of  the  Conclave. 

The  procession  then  returned  to  the  apartment  of 
the  Marshal,  it  being  now  nearly  9.30,  and  the  acts 
were  duly  signed  and  sealed  in  the  presence  of  Mon- 
signor Nussi,  the  Dean  of  the  College  of  Protonotaries. 
Eight  of  the  Swiss  Guard  remained  on  duty  outside 
the  apartment.  I  had  been  in  the  Palace  ever  since 
4  o'clock. 


V.     THE    ELECTION    OF    THE 
NEW    POPE. 

This  morning  commenced  the  solemn  exposition 
of  the  Holy  Sacrament  in  the  different  August  i. 
Churches,  for  prayer  that  the  Cardinals  might  wisely 
make  choice  of  a  fit  person  to  rule  God's  Holy 
Church.  In  the  Sixtine  Chapel  also  was  said  a  Votive 
Mass  of  the  Holy  Ghost  by  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo, 
and  a  general  Communion  of  the  Cardinals  followed, 
a  Master  of  Ceremonies  handing  to  each  Cardinal  a 
stole  as  he  communicated.  The  first  'Sfumata'  took 
place  about  11.15  and  lasted  five  or  six  minutes,  and 
that  in  the  afternoon  occurred  at  about  6  o'clock.  No 
election  took  place.  I  went  to  the  Palace  at  5  p.m.  to 
see  some  of  the  Prelates  in  service  at  the  'Ruote.'  The 
two  '  Ruote '  in  the  Cortile  of  San  Damaso,  close  by 
the  Marshal's  apartments  at  the  top  of  the  staircase 
leading  from  the  Porta  di  Bronzo,  are  served  by  the 
'Chierici  della  Camera,'  and  by  Apostolic  Protonotaries. 
The  '  Ruote '  in  the  Cortile  of  the  Pappagalli  are 
served  by  the  '  Votanti '  and  'Referendari  di  Seg- 
natura,'  and  by  the  '  Abbreviatori  del  Parco  Maggiore,' 
who  are  officials  connected  with  the  Chancery.  The 
'  Ruote '  of  the  first    Loggia  are  called   those   of  the 


42 


THE    ELECTION. 


Secretary  of  the  Sacred  College,  being  near  to  his 
offices  ;  and  are  served  by  Bishops  assistant  at  the 
Throne,  and  by  Auditors  of  the  Rota. 

Besides  these  different  Colleges  of  Prelates,  the 
Captains  who  are  attached  to  the  Court  of  the 
Marshal  of  the  Conclave  also  assist. 

As  I  was  standing  in  the  Piazza  of  St.  Peter's  this 
afternoon  I  was  somewhat  scandalized  to  see  two 
figures  looking  over  the  wooden  shutters  of  two  of 
the  windows  immediately  over  the  apartments  of  the 
late  Secretary  of  State.  There  was  no  doubt  in  my 
mind  that  these  were  the  rooms  lately  inhabited  by 
poor  Monsignor  Volpini,  and  now  assigned  (No.  62) 
to  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Logue,  the  Archbishop  of 
Armagh.  It  was  my  duty  to  report  the  same  to 
Monsignor  Cagiano,  the  Governor  of  the  Conclave, 
whom  I  immediately  visited,  and  I  told  him  what 
was  occurring.  He  asked  me  if  I  knew  of  any  other 
cases.  I  gave  him  the  names  of  the  following  wit- 
nesses who  were  with  me  at  the  time.  They  were 
Dr.  Fortini,  Don  Felice  Valerga,  Minor  Canon  of 
St.  Peter's,  Don  Nazareno  Patrizi,  Canon  of  SS. 
Celso  and  Giuliano,  Canon  Danesi,  of  St.  Maria  in 
Cosmedin,  and  Dr.  Prior,  the  Vice-Rector  of  the 
Collegio-Beda.  Monsignor  the  Governor  thanked  me 
for  the  information,  and  at  once  ordered  an  investiga- 
tion. It  turned  out  that  during  the  absence  of  the 
Cardinal  and  his  Chaplain  the  servants  of  some  other 
Cardinals   had    visited   the   room   and    had   stood    on 


^ 

^ 


H 


THE   ELECTION.  43 

chairs  to  see  the  crowd  in  the  Piazza.  I  was  told 
the  same  thing  had  occurred  in  the  room  occupied  by 
Cardinal  Puzyna,  Bishop  of  Cracow. 

I  saw  the  'Sfumata'  at  11. 15  a.m.  I  also  observed 
that  a  white  curtain  had  been  placed  behind  August  2 
the  shutters  of  Cardinal  Logue's  window.  ""  ^^* 
In  the  evening  the  '  Sfumata '  occurred  at  6.40.  The 
Piazza,  owing  to  its  being  a  Festa,  was  densely  packed 
with  spectators,  more  than  I  can  remember  to  have 
seen  since  the  "  Urbi  et  Orbi "  Benedictions  previous 
to  1870.  The  crowd  extended  all  the  way  from  the 
Piazza  Rusticucci  to  the  very  doors  of  the  Basilica, 
and  must  have  amounted  to  over  20,000  people.  In 
the  evening  papers,  such  as  the  "  Giornah  d'ltalial^ 
allusion  was  made  to  the  scandal  which  I  had  to 
report  on  Saturday  evening,  and  it  also  mentioned 
(what  I  have  reason  to  believe  is  not  true)  that  the 
same  scandal  occurred  also  to-day:  "  Anche  oggi,  dalle 
piccole  finestre  sotto  il  cornicione,  e  precisamente  dell' 
appartamento  che  abitava  il  defunto  Monsignor  Volpini 
si  sono  visti  affacciare  delle  persone."  I  myself  saw  no 
such  thing,  and  the  second  window  had  the  glass 
drawn  down  behind  the  shutters,  evidently  the  result 
of  the  complaint  which  had  been  made.  During  this 
morning  the  Austrian  Ambassador  and  the  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  the  French  Embassy,  came  to 
the  '  Ruote '  to  deliver  their  despatches  to  the 
Sacred    College,    which    were    duly   consigned    to   the 


44  THE  ELECTION. 

Cardinal    Camerlengo    by    Mgr.    Merry    del    Val,    the 
Secretary. 

On  Monday,  August  3rd,  I  saw  the  '  Sfumata '  at 
Augusta.  11.20  a.m.  There  was  much  dark  smoke, 
which  shewed  that  damp  straw  had  been  mixed 
with  the  burnt  voting  papers,  a  sign  that  no  elec- 
tion had  taken  place.  The  evening  *  Sfumata '  took 
place  at  6.25,  and  no  election  was  declared.  I 
was  told  that  Cardinal  Herrero  y  Espinosa,  Arch- 
bishop of  Valencia,  was  so  ill  that  he  had  received 
the  Viaticum,  and  that  Cardinal  Lecot,  Archbishop  of 
Bordeaux,  and  Cardinal  Langenieux  of  Rheims,  were 
also  ill,  and  unable  to  attend  the  Scrutiny.  Cardinal 
Herrero  obtained  leave  from  the  Camerlengo  to 
allow  his  Vicar  General,  P.  Moren,  who  is  staying 
at  the  Spanish  College  in  Palazzo  Altemps,  to  visit 
him  for  religious  consolation.  The  Marshal,  Prince 
Chigi,  accordingly  opened  the  gate  on  the  outside, 
while  Monsignor  Merry  del  Val,  assisted  by  the 
Ceremoneri,  Monsignori  Riggi  and  Marzolini  (on  be- 
half of  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo),  opened  the  gate 
from  the  interior.  The  *  Rogito '  or  Act  was  then 
signed  and  sealed  by  Monsignor  Nussi,  Dean  of  the 
Protonotaries. 

August  4th.    Tuesday.    I  reached  the  Piazza  about 

August  4.     10.45  ^•^'     There  was  a  large  crowd.     At 

11.40  there  had  been  so  little  'Sfumata'  that  it  had 


PLATE  VI. 


To  face  p.  45. 


m  % 


Photo.,  Lncchcsi,  Roma. 

Proclamation  by  the  Cardinal  Deacon  from  the  Loggia  of 
S.  Peter's  overlooking  the   Piazza,  August  4,    1903. 


THE  ELECTION.  45 

passed  almost  unobserved.  Shortly  before  mid-day, 
however,  the  glass  windows  of  the  balcony  in  front 
of  St.  Peter's,  behind  which  is  the  great  Hall  of  the 
Beatifications,  were  opened,  and  a  large  '  Portiera,' 
with  the  arms  of  Pius  IX.  embroidered  on  it,  was  hung 
therefrom.  In  a  very  few  minutes  we  saw  the  proces- 
sional cross,  and  the  first  Cardinal  Deacon,  Macchi, 
appeared,  attended  by  a  number  of  officials.  He  was 
vested  in  purple  and  wore  a  red  Biretta.  There  was 
very  great  excitement  in  the  Piazza,  many  shout- 
ing and  waving  their  handkerchiefs.  The  crowd  at 
once  rushed  towards  the  Basilica,  and  the  Italian 
troops,  who  were  within  the  porticoes,  at  once  drew 
up  in  front  of  the  Church,  and  presented  arms  to 
the  Cardinal,  who  forthwith  intoned,  in  a  strong  and 
clear  voice,  the  proclamation^:  "Annvncio  VOBIS 
GAVDIVM  MAGNVM,  HABEMVS  PAPAM  EMINENTISSI- 
MVM  ET  REVERENDISSIMVM  DOMINVM  JOSEPHVM 
SARTO  .   .   .  QVI  SIBI  NOMEN   IMPOSVIT  PIVS  DECIMVS." 

^  Owing  to  the  impatience  and  the  general  enthusiasm  of  the  crowd, 
the  Cardinal  used  the  above  shortened  formula.  The  complete  text  is 
as  follows: — " annvncio  vobis  gavdivm  magnvm,  papam  habemvs 

EMINENTISSIMVM  ET  REVERENDISSIMVM  DOMINVM  JOSEPHVM  TITVLI 
S.  BERNARDI  AD  THERMAS,  SANCTAE  ROMANAE  ECCLESIAE  PRESEY- 
TERVM  CARDINALEM  SARTO,  QVI  SIBI  NOMEN  IMPOSVIT  PIVS  DECIMVS." 
On  the  last  occasion,  in  1878,  Cardinal  Caterini,  whose  duty  it  was 
to  proclaim  Leo  XIII.,  being  an  old  man  of  eighty-three  years,  entirely 
broke  down,  having  said  "  Annuncio  Vobis,"  and  the  proclamation  was 
made  by  a  young  Conclavist  v^rho  was  standing  near,  Don  Bartolomeo 
Grassi  Landi,  now  a  Minor  Canon  of  St.  Peter's,  who  called  aloud  to 
the  people,  "  II  Cardinale  Pecci  col  nomc  di  Leone  XIII." 


46  THE  ELECTION. 

The  crowd  shouted  loudly  "Evviva!"  and  the  Car- 
dinal was  obliged  to  pause  ere  he  could  continue  the 
formula,  and  declare  the  regnant  name  of  the  new  Pope. 
Some,  however^  of  the  bystanders  seem  to  have  heard 
this  as  *  Pium  Decimum/  but  the  nominative  is  the 
ordinary  form  in  use.  Grammatically,  nominative,  geni- 
tive, dative,  or  accusative  are  all  possible.  Singularly 
enough  I  found  myself  standing  next  the  Cardinal's 
own  brother,  Conte  Vincenzo  Macchi,  who  seemed  very 
much  overcome  when  he  heard  His  Eminence's  voice — 
so  much  so  that  tears  came  to  his  eyes.  I  charged  him 
to  kiss  his  brother's  hand  for  me,  and  to  offer  him  my 
respectful  congratulations  on  the  honour  which  had 
fallen  to  his  lot  in  proclaiming  the  new  Pope.  He 
had  certainly  performed  his  duty  most  successfully. 

I  then  entered  the  Basilica  with  the  crowd,  and  we 
saw  immediately  that  the  window  of  the  balcony  inside 
the  Church  had  been  thrown  open,  and  that  prepara- 
tions were  being  made  for  the  new  Pope,  who  very 
shortly  afterwards  appeared,  vested  in  white  Cassock, 
red  Mozzetta  and  Stole,  and  white  Zucchetto,  and 
accompanied  by  several  Cardinals  and  conclavists.  In 
the  midst  of  the  wildest  enthusiasm,  the  people  loudly 
shouted  "  Viva  Papa  Pio  X.,"  "  Viva  Papa  Sarto,"  and 
some  Americans  who  were  near  me,  unfolded  some 
American  flags  and  waved  them.  His  Holiness  now 
in  the  midst  of  breathless  silence  gave  the  Apostolic 
Blessing.  Many  shed  tears  of  emotion,  among  them 
the   Spanish  Ambassador  to  the    Quirinal,  who    was 


THE  ELECTION.  47 

standing  near  me  in  the  company  of  my  friend  the 
Conde  de  Villalonga,  a  Spanish  Senator.  Amid  the 
waving  of  handkerchiefs  and  the  shouts  of  the  people, 
the  Pope  then  withdrew.  He  shewed  much  tact  in  so 
soon  giving  the  Blessing,  as  by  so  doing,  the  danger  of 
the  crush  from  the  crowd  coming  in  and  going  out, 
owing  to  the  uncertainty  as  to  whether  the  Benediction 
would  be  given  from  within  or  without  (as  was  the  case 
at  the  last  Conclave  in  1878),  was  avoided. 

I  made  my  way  to  the  Palace,  where  1  met  a  number 
of  my  old  friends,  among  them    the  late  Maestro  di 
Camera,    Mgr.    Bisleti,    and    the    four     Ecclesiastical 
Camericri  Partecipanti,  all  desirous  of  knowing  wdiether 
the  Pope  intended  to  confirm  them  in  their  office.    The 
Maggiordomo,  Mgr.  Cagiano  (who  had  been  all  through 
the  Conclave  acting  as  Governor),  on  the  other  hand, 
holds  a  permanent  office  like  myself.     He  told  me  that 
I  should  receive  my  '  intimo '  to  be  on  service  at  once 
on  Pius  X.     The  Marshal,  Prince  Chigi,  together  with 
the  Governor,  about  6  o'clock  arrived  to  open  the  differ- 
ent gates  and  to  break  the  enclosure,  using  much  the 
same  ceremonial  and  formality  as  they  did  when  closing 
the  Conclave,  except  that  on  this  occasion  the  secretary, 
Mgr.  Merry  del  Val,  assisted  by  the  two  Ceremonieri, 
Mgr.  Riggi  and  Mgr.  Marzolini,  opened  the  gates  from 
the  inside.    Prince  Chigi  had  as  witnesses  Prince  Lan- 
cellotti,  Conte  Servanzi  Collio,  who  also  performed  the 
same  office  at  the    last   Conclave    in    1878,  and  Don 
Ludovico  Chigi,  Prince  of  Campagnano. 


48  THE  ELECTION. 

Little  is  as  yet  known,  owing  to  the  secrecy  observed 
by  the  Sacred  College,  as  to  the  numbers  of  votes  which 
the  Cardinals  received,  but  it  is  generally  reported  that 
Cardinal  Rampolla  had  the  largest  number  of  votes, 
amounting  to  between  twenty  and  thirty,  and  that  the 
Prefect  of  Propaganda,  Cardinal  Gotti,  had  about  ten 
less  than  the  late  Secretary  of  State,  but  that  Austria 
had  vetoed  Cardinal  Rampolla's  election.  It  has 
been  suggested,  I  know  not  with  what  truth,  that 
pressure  was  brought  to  bear  on  Austria  by  one 
or  both  of  the  other  states  united  with  her  in  the 
triple  alliance,  owing  to  Cardinal  Rampolla's  very 
pronounced  opposition  to  it. 

Cardinal  Puzyna,  Bishop  of  Cracow,  had  the  un- 
pleasant task  of  stating  his  Government's  intentions 
to  the  Cardinals  ;  and  Cardinal  Rampolla,  although 
protesting,  together  with  the  whole  Sacred  College, 
against  this  unwarrantable  interference,  seeing  grave 
consequences  did  Austria  carry  out  the  threats  inti- 
mated in  the  Veto,  at  once  expressed  his  disinclina- 
tion to  resist  it,  and  prayed  those  who  intended  to  vote 
for  him,  or  who  had  already  done  so,  to  transfer  their 
votes  to  some  other  candidate.  I  may  here  state 
briefly  what  took  place  after  the  election  of  Cardinal 
Sarto.  The  Cardinal  Camerlengo,  on  finding  that 
Cardinal  Sarto  had  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  votes, 
asked  Cardinal  Cavagnis,  the  Junior  Deacon,  to 
summon  Mgr.  Merry  del  Val,  Mgr.  Sagrista,  the 
Pope's    Conclavists,  and    Mgr.    Riggi,   the    Prefect    of 


PLATE   VII. 


To  face  f.  49. 


Pope  Pius  X. 
Elected  August  4,   1903. 


Photo-,   Ft'lki,  Roma. 


THE  ELECTION.  49 

Ceremonies,  who,  with  some  other  Masters  of  Cere- 
monies, at  once  entered  the  Chapel  and  stood  ready 
to  lower  the  Baldacchini,  or  Canopies,  of  all  the 
Cardinals,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  the  newly 
elected  Pope. 

His  throne  was  the  21st,  counting  from  the  Altar,  on 
the  left-hand  side.  The  three  '  Capi  d'ordine  '  Cardi- 
nals at  once  approached  Cardinal  Sarto,  and  the  Camer- 
lengo  addressed  him  in  these  words :  "  Acceptasne 
clectionem  de  te  canonice  factam  in  Summum  Ponti- 
ficem  ? "  Having  replied  in  the  affirmative,  all  the 
canopies  except  that  of  the  Pope  were  at  once  lowered. 
The  Camerlengo  now  asked  him  "Quomodo  vis  vocari?" 
and  the  Pope  replied,  ''  Pius  Decimus,"  in  memory  of 
Pius  IX.  of  holy  memory.  Then  Mgr.  Riggi  at  once 
prepared  the  official  '  Rogito,'  which  was  signed  by 
Mgr.  Secretary  to  the  Sacred  College,  and  by  Mgr. 
Marzolini  and  Mgr.  Ciocci,  both  Masters  of  Cere- 
monies. The  three  Cardinals  '  Capi  d'ordine '  then 
retired,  and  Mgr.  Riggi  summoned  two  of  the  Car- 
dinal Deacons  (Macchi  and  Steinhuber)  to  conduct 
the  Pope  to  the  Sacristy,  where  were  prepared  three 
sets  of  papal  vestments  of  different  sizes,  consisting 
of  a  white  cassock,  sash,  rochet,  red  satin  mozzetta, 
red  stole,  red  shoes  embroidered  with  a  cross,  white 
stockings,  and  a  white  collar  and  zucchetto.  Thus 
vested  he  returned  to  the  Chapel,  accompanied  by 
the  two  Cardinal  Deacons,  giving  his  blessing  to  all 
as   he    entered.     He    then    (sitting  on    a   chair  which 

E 


50  THE  ELECTION. 

had  been  put  on  the  Predella  of  the  Altar)  received 
all  the  Cardinals,  who  came  according  to  their  rank 
and  precedence,  and  kissed  his  hand  and  received 
a  double  embrace.  The  Cardinal  Camerlengo  then 
placed  the  ring  on  his  finger,  which  was  at  once  re- 
moved, and  given  to  the  Prefect  of  Ceremonies  to  have 
the  figure  of  St.  Peter  in  the  Bark  engraved  on  it, 
from  which  it  gets  the  name  of  the  Fisherman's  Ring. 
Having  given  his  blessing  from  the  Loggia,  the  Pope 
retired  to  his  apartment,  but  returned  about  5  o'clock 
to  receive  what  is  called  the  second  adoration.  He  was 
now  vested  in  red  Stole  and  Manto  (a  long  trained 
cope)  and  gold  mitre,  and  instead  of  sitting  on  the 
Altar  as  was  once  the  custom,  sat  on  a  chair  placed 
on  the  predella,  and  received  the  homage  of  each  Car- 
dinal, who  kissed  his  foot  and  his  hand,  and  received 
a  double  embrace.  Afterwards  the  Marshal  of  the 
Conclave,  accompanied  by  his  Court,  and  by  Mgr. 
the  Governor  and  other  officials,  kissed  the  Pope's 
foot  and  made  their  allegiance.  He  gave  his  bless- 
ing to  all  assembled,  and,  escorted  again  by  the 
Noble  and  Swiss  Guard,  returned  to  his  apartment. 
The  Conclave  having  been  opened,  the  Cardinals  all 
returned  to  their  residences. 

August  5th.     Wednesday.     I  arrived  at  the  Vatican 

August  5.    soon  after   10   a.m.,  and  found   the   Sacred 

College    already   assembled    in    the    Sixtine    Chapel. 

They  had    on    the    scarlet    '  Cappa,'    with    the   excep- 


t5 


< 


« 

fO 

^ 

O 

<<; 

en 

M 

.^ 

^ 

=-> 

TT 

<; 

4-1 

^ 

10 

3 

" 

3 

< 

^ 

^ 

^A, 

C 

o 

THE  ELECTION.  51 

tion  of  Cardinals  Gotti,  Vivez,  Martinelli  and  Pi'crotti, 
who  wore  a  *  Cappa '  of  the  colour  of  their  re- 
ligious Order.  The  Baldacchini  or  Canopies  were 
all  lowered,  with  the  exception  of  No.  21  on  the  left 
side  from  the  Altar,  which  was  that  of  the  newly- 
elected  Pope.  Outside  the  enclosure  were  a  number 
of  Archbishops,  Bishops  and  Prelates  and  Con- 
clavists. At  10.30  the  procession  entered;  the  Holy 
Father  was  on  foot,  and  was  accompanied  by  the  Mag- 
giordomo.  Maestro  di  Camera,  four  Camerieri  Parteci- 
panti,  and  other  officials,  who  had  in  the  meanwhile 
been  confirmed  in  their  respective  offices.  He  was 
escorted  by  the  Noble  Guard,  and  was  vested  in  white 
Cassock,  Rochet  and  red  satin  Mozzetta,  &c.,  and  at 
once  retired  to  the  Sacristy,  from  which  he  shortly 
returned,  vested  in  red  Stole,  Manto,  and  gold  Mitre. 
After  praying  for  some  time  at  the  Faldstool,  he  as- 
cended the  predella  of  the  Altar,  on  which  had  been 
placed  a  chair  of  crimson  velvet,  on  which  he  sat,  and 
each  Cardinal,  commencing  with  the  Cardinal  Dean,  all 
according  to  seniority,  came  to  him,  knelt  and  kissed 
his  foot,  his  hand,  and  received  a  double  embrace. 

This  is  called  the  third  adoration,  and  should  have 
taken  place  in  St.  Peter's,  the  Pope  sitting  on  the 
High  Altar  ^  During  this  ceremony,  which  lasted  a 
considerable  time,  owing  to  the  large  number  of  Car- 

b  Benedict  XIII.  (Oisini)  in  1724  slightly  changed  the  order  of  cere- 
monial, and  sat  on  a  cushion  on  the  Gospel  side  of  the  Altar,  instead 
of  in  the  centre. 

E    2 


7 


52  THE  ELECTION. 

dinals,  the  "  Te  Deum  "  was  solemnly  sung.  At  its  con- 
clusion the  Cardinal  Dean  intoned  some  prayers  at  the 
Altar,  and  the  Pope  gave  his  solemn  blessing,  and  re- 
turned on  foot  to  his  apartments.  The  Sacred  College 
afterwards  left  the  Chapel,  and  took  off  their  *  Cappe ' 
in  the  Hall  of  the  Paramenti,  and  returned  at  once  to 
their  respective  residences.  It  was  rumoured  that  the 
Pope,  owing  to  the  extreme  heat,  had  decided  to  post- 
pone his  Coronation  till  the  8th  December,  but  on  its 
being  pointed  out  to  him  that  there  were  certain  techni- 
cal difficulties  in  the  way,  such  as  the  signing  of  Bulls 
and  holding  Consistories,  which  should  take  place 
after  the  Coronation,  His  Holiness  at  once  decided  to 
have  the  Coronation  ceremony  on  the  following 
Sunday,    August  9th. 

August  6th,  Thursday.  The  Pope  this  morning 
August  6.  received  the  Corps  Diplomatique,  who 
offered  their  congratulations  and  kissed  his  foot. 
The  Address  was  read  by  their  Dean,  who  is  Ambas- 
sador of  Portugal.  The  Pope  replied  in  suitable 
terms,  and  afterwards  gave  audience  to  several  Car- 
dinals ;  among  them  were  the  Archbishops  of  Turin 
and  Ferrara,  also  the  Pro-Nuncio  at  Vienna,  Cardinal 
Taliani,  and  the  Cardinal  Patriarch  of  Lisbon,  and 
others.  In  the  afternoon  His  Holiness  went  for  a 
drive  in  the  Vatican  Gardens.  Zanardelli's  Circular 
to  the  Prefects  of  the  different  provinces  not  to  allow 
any    officials     to    take    part    in    services    of    thanks- 


THE  ELECTION.  53 

giving  for  the  election  of  the  Pope  has  given  general 
surprise,  and  has  been  severely  criticised,  even  in  the 
Liberal  Press.  I  was  talking  this  afternoon  to  one  of 
the  Secretaries  of  the  Italian  Foreign  Office  on  the 
subject,  who  warmly  expressed  his  indignation  at 
Zanardelli's  inconsistent  excuse  in  assigning  as  the 
reason  for  his  impolitic  action  the  fact  that  the 
Vatican  had  not  sent  him  any  official  notice  of  the 
Pope's  election.  As  my  friend  remarked,  no  official 
notice  had  been  sent  by  the  Vatican  on  the  occasion 
of  the  death  of  Leo  XIII.,  and  yet  orders  had  been 
issued  by  Zanardelli  that  the  Government  officials 
were  to  attend  the  Requiems, 

August  7th.  Friday.  This  morning  the  Holy  Father 
received  in  separate  and  private  audience  August  7. 
the  following  Cardinals  : — Kopp,  Prince  Bishop  of 
Breslau,  Fischer,  Archbishop  of  Cologne,  de  Skrben- 
sky,  Prince  Archbishop  of  Prague,  Gruscha,  Prince 
Archbishop  of  Vienna,  Puzyna,  Bishop  of  Cracow, 
also  Cardinal  Svampa,  Archbishop  of  Bologna,  and 
Cardinal  Manara,  Bishop  of  Ancona.  He  has  ap- 
pointed Monsignor  Sardi  Secretary  of  Briefs  to 
Princes,  and  Monsignor  Galli  Secretary  of  Latin 
Letters,  and  Monsignor  Bressan,  who  was  his  Con- 
clavist, his  private  Chaplain. 


^ 


VI.     THE    PAPAL    MASS 

AND 

THE    CORONATION. 

August   9th.     Sunday.     I    received   yesterday    after- 
August  g.     noon  an  order  from  the  Maestro  di  Camera 
appointing  me  to  be  one  of  the  two   Chamberlains  ot 
Honour   in   waiting  on   the   Pope,   on   the  occasion  of 
his  Coronation, 

The  Vatican  carriage  arrived  for  me  at  7  o'clock 
this  morning,  as  my  duties  in  the  Ante-chamber  were 
to  commence  at  8.  The  two  ecclesiastical  Chamberlains 
who  also  accompanied  me  were  Mgr.  PiccoH  Noel, 
Canon  of  St.  Maria  in  Trastevere,  and  Mgr.  Grazioli, 
and  my  fellow  Chamberlain  was  Signor  Adriano  Aloisi 
Masella,  nephew  of  the  deceased  Cardinal  Pro-Datario. 
We  arrived  at  the  Vatican  shortly  after  8  o'clock. 
The  large  suite  of  apartments  for  so  long  occupied 
by  the  Cardinal  Secretary  of  State  is  now  the  apart- 
ment in  which  Pius  X.  has  taken  up  his  residence, 
until  the  rooms  lately  occupied  by  the  deceased 
Pontiff  have  been  unsealed,  and  made  ready  for  him. 

The  ante-chambers  allotted  to  the  different  officials 
are  in  the  same  order  and  arrangement  as  were  those 
occupied  by  Leo  XIIT.  All  the  great  officers  of  State 
were  present.  The  Throne  Room  of  honour  in  which 
I  do  duty  had  its  Throne  duly  erected,  and  appeared 
to  be  immediately  over  the  bedroom  of  Leo  XIII. 
The  Holy  Father  shortly  before  8.30  came  out  of  his 


THE  CORONATION.  55 

private  apartment,  and  1  at  once  hastened  forward  to 
meet  him,  and  having  knelt  and  kissed  his  hand, 
asked  him  for  his  blessing  for  myself  and  our  con- 
gregation at  St.  Aloysius',  Oxford,  w^hich  he  graciously 
granted.  I  told  him  that  I  felt  sure  it  would  in- 
terest His  Holiness  to  know  that  to-day,  the  9th  of 
August,  his  own  Coronation  day,  was  also  that  of 
my  own  King,  Edward  VH.,  and  that  on  this  very 
day  a  year  ago,  in  the  Abbey  of  Westminster,  I  had 
the  honour  of  being  on  duty,  and  in  the  service  of 
my  own  Sovereign,  as  Gold  Staff  Officer.  This  seemed 
to  greatly  interest  him,  and  I  can  boast  that  probably 
I  am  the  only  man  in  the  world  who  has  had  this 
unique  honour  of  serving  both  his  temporal  and  his 
spiritual  Sovereigns  on  the  occasion  of  their  Corona- 
tions, on  the  very  same  day  two  years  in  succession. 
We  accompanied  the  Pope  to  St.  Peter's  through 
the  different  ante-chambers,  down  the  great  staircase 
and  Loggie  to  the  Sala  dei  Paramenti,  where  the 
Cardinals  were  awaiting  him,  vested  in  their  scarlet 
*  Cappe.'  The  Pope  walked  the  whole  way  to  St. 
Peter's  wearing  his  red  satin  Mozzetta  and  Stole,  and 
was  escorted  by  the  Household  and  by  the  Noble  and 
Swiss  Guards.  He  was  preceded  by  the  different 
officials  and  Prelates,  and  by  about  50  Archbishops 
and  Bishops,  and  as  many  Cardinals,  all  of  whom 
had  their  Chaplains  and  train-bearers.  The  procession 
passed  through  the  Sala  Ducale,  the  Sala  Regia,  and 
down  the  great  Scala  Regia.  At  the  bottom  of  this 
staircase  there  was  prepared  a  small  room  immediately 


56  THE  CORONATION. 

under  Bernini's  great  statue  of  the  Emperor  Con- 
stantine,  and  in  this  room  the  Pope  was  vested  with 
a  white  Manto  and  Stole,  and  precious  Mitre,  and  took 
his  seat  on  the  Sedia  Gestatoria  %  the  very  same  which 
Leo  XIII.  used  for  the  first  and  only  time,  on  the 
occasion  of  his  Jubilee  on  the  3rd  of  last  March,  and 
which  was  presented  to  him  as  an  offering  by  myself 
and  his  other  lay  Chamberlains.  He  then,  escorted 
by  Noble  and  vSwiss  Guards,  was  carried  into  the 
Portico  of  the  Basilica  with  flabelli  carried  on  either 
side  by  Chamberlains. 

Here  a  Throne  had  been  erected  for  him,  next  the 
Porta  Santa,  and  round  about  were  placed  seats  for 
the  Sacred  College.  On  taking  his  seat  on  the  Throne 
the  Arch-priest  of  the  Basilica,  Cardinal  Rampolla, 
approached  His  Holiness  and  read  an  address  of 
welcome  on  the  part  of  himself  and  the  Chapter. 
The  Pope  replied  in  suitable  terms,  and  the  Cardinal 
having  kissed  the  Pope's  foot  and  hand,  and  received 
an  embrace,  the  Chapter  one  by  one  knelt  and  kissed 
the  Pope's  foot.  He  then  allowed  the  Seminarists 
of  St.  Peter's  to  do  the  same.  He  then  ascended  the 
Sedia  Gestatoria,  and  wearing  the  Manto  and  precious 
Mitre  with  flabelli  of  ostrich  feathers  carried  on  either 
side,    entered    the    Basilica,    which    must    have    con- 


^  The  Sedia  Gestatoria  is  borne  on  the  shoulders  of  twelve  footmen 
called  ^  Sediari,'  under  the  superintendence  of  the  'Foriere  Maggiore,' 
the  Marchese  Sacchetti.  It  is  supported  by  two  long  poles  covered 
with  red  velvet,  which  are  placed  through  gilt  metal  sockets  attached 
to  its  base. 


PLATE  IX. 


To  face  p.  56. 


I 


.\^N"    XXV    F, 


Photo.,  Dancsi,  Roma. 
The  '  Sedia  Gestatona  '  used  at  the  Coronation,  August  9,  1903. 


THE  COROMATION.  57 

tained  at  least  40,000  spectators.  There  were  Tri- 
bunes near  the  High  Altar  for  the  Corps  Diplo- 
matique, Knights  of  Malta,  and  Nobility ;  and  the 
Papal  Gendarmes  and  Palatine  Guard,  en  grande 
tenue,  were  drawn  up  in  line  all  down  the  Nave, 
the  pilasters  of  which  were  hung  with  red  damask. 
He  was  surrounded  by  all  the  great  officers  of  State 
and  escorted  by  the  Noble  and  Swiss  Guard,  and  the 
Choir  sang  the  "  Tu  es  Petrus  "  as  he  entered.  The 
procession  was  a  very  long  one,  and  consisted  of  the 
different  Colleges  of  Prelates  and  others  who  belong 
to  the  Cappella  Papale.  The  Bishops  and  Cardinals 
walked  immediately  in  front  of  the  Sedia  Gesta- 
toria.  On  his  arrival  at  the  Chapel  of  the  Blessed 
Sacrament  the  Pope  descended  and  prayed  for  a 
while  before  the  Santissimo,  which  was  solemnly  ex- 
posed. He  then  ascended  the  Sedia,  and  was  carried 
down  the  Church  to  the  Chapel  of  St.  Gregory,  where 
a  throne  without  a  canopy  had  been  erected  in  front 
of  the  monument  of  Pius  VH.,  as  well  as  benches  for 
the  Sacred  College.  On  the  Altar  of  St.  Gregory 
had  been  arranged  his  vestments  for  the  Mass,  as 
well  as  two  mitres  and  tiaras,  and  there  was  also 
a  credence,  on  which  had  been  placed  the  seven  golden 
candlesticks  which  were  to  be  carried  in  the  procession 
by  the  Prelates  called  *  Votanti  di  Segnatura^  and  to 
be  held  by  them  during  the  singing  of  the  Gospel, 

Although  the  Pope  had  issued  strict  orders  that  no 
demonstration  such  as  cheering  was  to  be  allowed, 
it   was    found   very   difficult    to  prevent  it,  and   every 


58  THE  CORONATION. 

now  and  then  the  people  in  their  enthusiasm  were 
unable  to  control  themselves. 

During  the  procession  the  Pope  on  several  occasions 
paused  while  he  was  blessing  the  crowd  right  and  left, 
and  putting  his  fingers  to  his  lips  enjoined  silence. 
On  reaching  the  Chapel  of  St.  Gregory  the  Pope 
descended  and  prayed  for  some  time  at  the  faldstool. 
He  then  went  to  the  throne.  The  Cardinals  ascended 
the  steps  of  the  throne  and  one  by  one  made  their 
'  ubbidienza '  by  kissing  his  right  hand,  which  he  ex- 
tended to  them  covered  by  the  orphrey  of  his  Manto, 
and  the  Patriarchs,  Archbishops  and  Bishops  kissed 
his  foot. 

The  Pope  having  given  the  Blessing  'more  solito' 
the  Cardinals  now  vested  themselves  in  full  Pontificalia, 
the  six  Suburban  Bishops  in  copes  fastened  by  a  morse 
decorated  with  three  pine  cones,  the  Cardinal  Priests 
in  chasubles,  and  the  Deacons  in  dalmatics.  They 
all  wore  silver  lama  vestments  embroidered  in  gold, 
and  white  damask  mitres.  The  Patriarchs,  Arch- 
bishops and  Bishops  wore  white  copes  and  linen 
mitres. 

Terce  was  sung,  and  meanwhile  Cardinal  Segna,  as 
Deacon  of  the  Mass,  and  Cardinals  Macchi  and  Pierotti, 
as  assistant  Deacons,  vested  themselves  in  dalmatics. 
By  mistake  Mgr.  Ciocci,  the  Master  of  Ceremonies, 
vested  Cardinal  Segna  with  the  stole  over  his  right 
shoulder  instead  of  over  his  left.  It  would  have  passed 
unnoticed,  had  I  not  called  his  attention  to  it.  The 
Pope  had    now  his  Mitre,   Manto  and  Stole  removed 


THE  CORONATION.  59 

and  assumed  the  vestments  for  Mass.  Having  on  him 
the  white  silk  Falda,  the  Cardinal  Deacons  vested  him 
in  full  '  Pontificalia,'  which  were  carried  to  the  throne 
by  Prelates  called  ^Votanti  di  Segnatura'  and  'Abbre- 
viatori  del  Parco  Maggiore!  In  addition  to  these,  he 
was  vested  as  Pope,  with  the  Succintorio  and  the 
Fanone.  He  ascended  the  Sedia  Gestatoria,  which 
was  supported  by  the  Sediari,  who  wore  their  crimson 
damask  liveries,  and  the  senior  Cardinal  Deacon  hold- 
ing in  his  hand  the  Ferula  or  Staff,  intoned  the 
"  Procedamus  in  Pace,"  an(i  the  Choir  responded,  "  In 
nomine  Christi.     Amen." 

The  procession  in  solemn  state  advanced  to  the 
High  Altar.  The  Pope  was  carried  under  a  rich 
canopy  of  silver  lama,  which  was  supported  by  eight 
Prelates,  called  Rcferendari  di  Segnatura,  vested  in 
Rochets,  the  flabelli  of  ostrich  feathers  being  borne 
on  either  side  of  him  by  Chamberlains.  In  the  pro- 
cession were  carried  also  seven  golden  candlesticks 
and  the  mitres  and  tiaras. 

As  the  long  procession  wended  its  way  to  the  High 
Altar,  it  paused  three  times,  while  Monsignor  Men- 
ghini,  a  Papal  Master  of  Ceremonies,  holding  aloft  a 
silver  brazier  containing  tow,  set  light  to  the  flax, 
and  making  a  genuflection  towards  the  Pope,  cried 
aloud  thrice,  each  time  with  a  higher  pitch  of  the 
voice,  these  solemn  words  :  "  Pater  Sancte  !  Sic  transit 
gloria  mundi."  The  tow,  however,  could  not  be 
quenched,  and  it  got  brighter  and  brighter  as  the 
procession   advanced,   so    that  at   last   the    Master   of 


6o  THE  CORONATION. 

Ceremonies  was  obliged  to  throw  the  whole  of  the 
burning  stuff  on  the  ground,  just  under  one  of  the 
bronze  columns  of  the  Papal  Altar.  One  could  not 
(standing  so  near  to  it  as  I  did)  help  recalling  the 
prophecy  falsely  attributed  to  St.  Malachi,  which  as- 
signs the  motto  "  Ignis  Ardens  "  to  the  present  reigning 
Pontiff.  Some  on  the  other  hand  see  its  fulfilment 
in  the  fact  that  Pius  X.  was  elected  on  the  Feast 
of  St.  Dominic,  whose  arms  are  represented  as  a  dog 
holding  a  burning  torch  in  its  mouth.  Others  think 
they  see  its  fulfilment  in  the  fact  that  the  Pope  had 
been  Cardinal  Titular  of  the  Church  of  St.  Bernard 
"  ad  thermas,"  which  was  connected  with  the  '  Cali- 
daria'  or  hot  baths  built  by  the  Emperor  Diocletian. 
Pius  IX.  of  holy  memory  is  said  to  have  used  the 
following  words  in  allusion  to  those  who  believe  in 
such  superstitions,  "  Stultoruni  infiniius  est  ttumerus" 
and  they  are  quite  applicable  now.  The  Mass  com- 
menced about  10.30,  and  was  sung  by  the  Pope  at 
the  High  Altar.  The  last  Coronation  Mass  that  was 
celebrated  here  was  that  of  Pius  IX.,  on  June  21st, 
1846.  The  Altar  to-day  looked  magnificent.  In  front 
of  it  were  placed  two  standard  candlesticks  designed  by 
Pollaiuolo.  On  it  were  arranged  the  seven  candlesticks 
designed  by  Gentili  and  Spagna,  two  statues  of  SS. 
Peter  and  Paul  on  either  side  the  Cross,  and  two  mitres 
and  tiaras,  the  former  on  the  Gospel  side  and  the  latter 
on  that  of  the  Epistle.  The  antependia  of  the  Altar 
were  those  presented  by  Pope  Clement  XIII.,  of  the 
family  of  Rezzonico  of  Venice    (1758-69),  and   whose 


THE  CORONATION.  6l 

coat  of  arms  I  recognised  as  embroidered  on  them. 
On  reaching  the  High  Altar  the  Pope  received"  ad 
osculum  oris"  the  three  junior  Cardinal  Priests,  and 
immediately  began  the  Mass. 

The  Kyrie,  Gloria,  and  SancUts  and  Agnus  Dei  were 
by  Palestrina,  "  Sine  nomine]'  for  four  voices.  The 
Credo  was  from  the  Mass  of  Pope  Marcellus,  the 
Offertory  that  of  "  Clemens  non  Papa,"  the  Motett 
"  Orenius  pro  Pontifice  nostro  Pio"  for  eight  voices, 
was  by  Perosi,  and  the  Communio  was  by  Palestrina. 
After  the  Pope  had  said  the  Confiteor  and  received  the 
maniple,  he  took  his  seat  on  the  Sedia  Gestatoria,  and 
the  three  senior  Cardinal  Bishops  then  intoned  the 
special  prayers  on  his  behalf.  He  then  descended,  and 
standing  below  the  Altar  steps,  Cardinal  Macchi,  the 
Senior  Deacon,  invested  him  with  the  Pallium  ^  reciting 

^  The  Pallium  is  made  from  the  wool  shorn  from  the  two  lambs 
which  are  blessed  on  the  Feast  of  St.  Agnes  after  the  Pontifical  Mass 
in  her  Church  on  the  Via  Nomentana.  The  Iambs  are  then  taken  to 
the  Pope  who  consigns  them  to  the  care  of  the  Nuns  at  St.  Cecilia 
in  the  Trastevere.  The  Pallia  are  solemnly  blessed  by  the  Pope  after 
the  Vespers  on  the  Vigil  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  and  are  granted 
to  Patriarchs,  Primates  and  Metropolitans,  and  by  special  favour  to 
some  Bishops.  Pope  St.  Mark  in  the  year  337  specially  granted  it  to 
the  Bishop  of  Ostia  and  his  successors,  as  he  has  the  right  of  conse- 
crating the  Pope  should  the  latter  not  have  received  episcopal  orders 
when  elected.  An  Arclibishop  cannot  exercise  full  jurisdiction  till  he 
has  received  the  Pallium,  unless  by  special  permission  from  the  Holy 
See.  The  Pallia  are  kept  in  a  casket  given  by  Benedict  XIV., 
which  is  placed  over  the  Fenestrella  at  the  shrine  of  St.  Peter,  and 
hence  are  called  ^de  Corpore  S.  Petri.''  When  a  Metropolitan  is  translated 
from  one  See  to  another,  he  must  'postulate'  for  a  new  Pallium,  in  which 
he  is  vested  when  buried,  the  old  one  being  placed  beneath  his  head. 
The  Pallium  is  worn  over  the  Chasuble,  and  to  the  three  crosses  orj 


^ 


62  TJI£  CORONATION. 

the  following  prayer:  ''  Accipe  Pallium  Sanctum, pleni- 
tndinem  Pontificalis  officii  ad  Jwnorem  Omiiipotentis 
Dei,  gloriosissimcE  Virginis  Maries  Ejus  Matris,  beato- 
riLvi  Apostolorum  Petri,  et  Pauli,  et  Sancics  RomancB 
EcclesicB^''  after  which  the  two  Cardinal  Deacons  at- 
tached three  jewelled  pins  to  the  crosses.  Having  in- 
censed the  Altar  '  nicrre  solito,'  and  been  incensed 
himself  by  Cardinal  Segna  the  Deacon,  he  went  to 
the  Throne,  which  was  placed  at  the  extreme  end  of 
the  Sanctuary  and  in  front  of  the  Altar  of  the  Sedia, 

breast,  left  shoulder  and  back  respectively,  are  attached  three  jewelled 
pins  passing  through  little  loops  of  black  silk.  It  is  used  when  the 
Metropolitan  solemnly  pontificates  on  those  occasions  which  are  specified 
in  the  '  Cceremoniale  Episcoporum.'  The  Pallium  has  attached  to  it  two 
leaden  weights  covered  with  black  silk,  examples  of  which  were  found 
a  few  years  since  in  the  tomb  of  Archbishop  Hubert  Walter  (a.d.  1193)  in 
Canterbury  Cathedral.  The  writer  was  allowed  to  examine  them,  and 
they  appeared  to  be  in  every  way  identical  with  those  used  at  the  present 
day.  The  length  of  the  Pallium  since  the  Pontificate  of  Sixtus  IV.,  1471, 
has  been  much  curtailed,  otherwise  its  form  remains  substantially  the 
same.  Till  the  middle  of  the  Xlllth  century  its  crosses  were  probably 
red,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  old  mosaics  dating  from  the  Vlth  and  Vllth 
centuries  in  many  of  the  old  churches  in  Rome  and  elsewhere. 

As  the  commission  was  given  to  St.  Peter  to  feed  the  sheep  and  the 
lambs,  so  his  successors,  the  Roman  Pontiffs,  as  '  Pastores  Ovium,'  send 
the  Pallium,  '  de  Corpore  S.  Petri,'  to  Prelates  in  union  with  the  Holy 
See.  The  Pallium  in  the  arms  of  the  Sees  of  Canterbury  and  York 
still  bears  testimony  to  the  relations  which  so  long  uhited  England  and 
Rome.  Thirteen  centuries  ago  St.  Augustine  of  Canterbury  received 
the  Pallium  from  Pope  St.  Gregory,  together  with  the  authorization  to 
constitute  the  other  English  Sees.  Later  on  our  own  Archbishops  have 
frequently  gone  in  person  to  Rome  to  receive  the  Pallium.  It  was  given 
to  Lanfranc  in  1061  by  Pope  Alexander  II.,  and  the  two  first  Arch- 
bishops of  the  restored  Scottish  Hierarchy  went  to  Rome  in  1878  to 
receive  it  from  the  late  Pontiff",  as  will  the  new  Archbishop  of  West- 
minster very  shortly  journey  thither  to  receive  it  from  Pius  X. 


PLATE  X. 


To  face  p.  62. 


S       ^ 


^ 


The   Sacred  Pallium. 


THE  CORONATION.  63 

and  there  received  the  'ubbidienza'  of  the  Cardinals, 
who  kissed  first  his  foot  and  then  his  hand,  and  re- 
ceived the  double  embrace.  The  Patriarchs,  Arch- 
bishops and  Bishops  kissed  his  foot  and  his  knee, 
while  the  Mitred  Abbots  and  Penitentiaries  of  St. 
Peter's  kissed  his  foot  only. 

After  he  had  said  the  Introit  and  Kyrie,  and  in- 
toned the  "  Gloria  in  Excelsis  "  and  the  Collect,  Car- 
dinal Macchi  as  First  Cardinal  Deacon,  holding  a 
Ferula  or  Staff  in  his  hand  and  accompanied  by  Mace- 
bearers,  Auditors  of  the  Rota,  Masters  of  Ceremonies 
and  Consistorial  advocates  (who  on  this  occasion  wear 
Copes  not  open  in  front  but  at  the  side),  descended 
into  the  Confession,  near  which  is  the  shrine  of  St. 
Peter,  and  there  sung  the  special  '  Laudes '  on  behalf 
of  the  Pope. 

Diac.  Chorus 


-■ — H— « — H — ■ — H — H—  I 


Ex-au-di,    Clui  -  ste.     R/'  Sanctis  -  si  -  mo  Do  -  mi  -  no,  no-st 


ro 


-B— H-n-— a ■ — ■ B a ■ B — H— ■— H— B-i-l 

PI  -  O,       a     De  -  o     cle  -  ere  -  to        Suramo    Pon  -  li  -  fi  -  ci 

M  Et  dicitur  tet: 


-■-"-iT«-M- 


at    u  -  ni  -  ver  -  sa  -  li    Pa  -   pae    vi  -  ta. 


64 


THE  CORONATION. 


Diac. 


Chorus. 


Ter. 


^^^ 


Sal  -  va  -  tor     mun  -  di,      I^     Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va. 


Bis. 


Sancta     Ma    -    ri    -    a,       I^     Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va. 


Semel. 


-^=*z!h^^=M=m^ 


Sane  -  te       Mi  -  cha  -  el,     R7     Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va. 


-tipiiiz-jr,z=! 


i; 


Sane  -  te      Ga  -  bri  -  el,       R7     Tu    il  -  lum     ad  -  iu  -  va. 


HpE^^-^E^^-E^EiEfEEEiE 


Sane  -  te      Ra  -  pha  -  el,     Rj      Tu  il  -  lum     ad  -  iu  -  va. 


Ip^^^eL^^^I^ 


Sancte  loannes    Bap  -  ti  -  sta,     R7  Tu  il  -  lum  ad  -  iu  -  va. 


-i: 


Sane  -  te  Pe  -  tre,       R7    Tu    il  -  lum     ad  -  iu  -  va. 


i|^E^E!^E?EiE?EEESE!!^ 


Sane  -  te  Pau  -  le,       R/    Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va. 


^eEe^e? 


Sanc-te     An  -  dre  -  a,       R?    Tu    il  -  lum   ad  -  iu  -  va, 


THE  CORONATION. 


65 


-■5 ^* 1 *— " — ft — *— *— ■ 


Sane  -  te      Ste  -  pha  -  ne,     R7    Tu    il  -  lum  ad  -  in  -  va. 


Sancte  Le    -    o,  R/    Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va. 

— zi=i-^:bpi: 


1 


-=j: 


1 


Sancte     Gre    -    go  -  ri,      E/'    Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va 

:ii=if:ii=ii^=±^5 


1^: 


Sancte  Be  -  ne  -  die  -  te,      R/'    Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  •  va. 


^i 


p^gz--Ja^^.=[P=a=5=-=g3-:=fi: 


Sancte      Ba    -    si    -    li,       R7    Tu  il  -  lum    ad  -  iu  -  va. 


i=i=.-tp 


if! 


■f 


Sane  -  te  Sab  -  ba,       R/    Tu  il  -  lum  ad  -  iu  -  va. 


1^ 


Sancte    Do  -  mi  -  ni-ce,       R7    Tu  il  -  lum  ad  -  iu  -  va. 


ipzJ=!!:.=^"jzz^=.=._-g 


Sane  -  ta  Ag  -  nes,      R7    Tu  il  -  lum  ad  -  iu  -  va. 


Sancta     Cae  -  ci  -  li  -  a,       R7    Tu    il  -  lum  ad  -  iu  -  va. 


!a=^EEiE^: 


:■:=■- 


i; 


Sane  -  ta        Lu  -  ci  -  a,      R/'    Tu    il  -  lum  ad  -  iu  -  va. 


66  THE  CORONATION. 


r,p:3lz"z"zgz!!zBzgB=^^zgzgzgz"ziai-| 


Ky  -  li  -  e,    e  -  le  -  i  -  son,       R?    Ky  -  ri  -  e,  e  -  le  -  i  -  son, 


-g — ■—■—■—■— a  -B^ — ff — B— a— H— H— B— ^ —  T — 

Christe,     e  -  le  -  i  -  son,       R7  Christe,  e  -  le  -  i  -  son, 
Omnes. 

Ky  -  ri  -  e,  e        -         -       le  -  i  -  son. 


The  Epistle  was  then  sung  by  Mgr.  Magno,  Auditor 
of  the  Rota  and  Apostolic  Sub-Deacon,  in  Latin,  after 
which  it  was  sung  in  Greek  by  Don  Giorgio  Xenopolis 
of  Athens,  who  afterwards  both  together  went  and 
kissed  the  Pope's  foot.  Cardinal  Segna  then  placed 
the  book  of  the  Gospels  on  the  Altar  and  went  to 
kiss  the  hand  of  the  Pope,  who  was  seated  on  the 
Throne,  while  Mgr.  Sambucetti,  the  Archbishop  as- 
sistant, presented  the  incense  to  be  blessed  by  His 
Holiness.  The  Cardinal  Deacon  having  returned  to 
the  Altar  and  said  the  "  Munda  Cor  meum,"  took  the 
book  from  the  Altar,  and,  accompanied  by  the  Sub- 
Deacon  and  by  seven  '  Votanti  di  Segnatiira^  holding 
golden  candlesticks,  together  with  the  thurifer,  went 
to  the  Throne  to  obtain  the  Pope's  blessing.  He  now 
returned  with  his  assistants,  and  sung  the  Gospel  in 
Latin  from  a  lectern,  the  seven  Prelates  standing 
round  him  with  their  golden  candlesticks. 


THE  CORONATION.  67 

When  the  Gospel  was  ended,  the  Greek  Deacon 
carried  his  Gospel  book  to  the  Altar  and  placed  it 
thereon.  He  then  went  to  kiss  the  Pope's  foot,  returned 
to  the  Altar,  and  said  in  Greek  the  prayer  correspond- 
ing to  the  "  Munda  Cor."  Then  rising,  he  took  the 
book  of  the  Gospels,  and,  accompanied  by  the  Greek 
Sub-Deacon,  he  returned  to  the  Throne  for  the  Pope's 
blessing,  asking  for  it  in  Greek.  The  Pope  replied  in 
Latin.  He  then  returned  to  the  Altar  and  sang  the 
Gospel  in  Greek,  in  which  language  the  Sub-Deacon 
answered  at  the  beginning  and  the  end.  The  two  Sub- 
Deacons  then  carried  the  books  of  the  Gospel  to  be 
kissed  by  the  Pope,  whom  the  assistant  Cardinal  Bishop 
incensed.  The  Pope  now  intoned  the  Credo.  After 
the  Choir  had  sung  the  "  Incarnatus,"  the  Cardinal 
Deacon  and  the  Sub- Deacon  went  from  the  Altar 
to  the  credence  of  the  Cardinal  Deacon,  where  they 
washed  their  hands.  Then  returning,  they  spread  over 
the  Altar  the  cloth  with  gold  fringe,  called  the  '  Sopra- 
tovaglia.'  The  Sub-Deacon  then  went  to  the  Credence 
of  the  Papal  Sacristan,  Mgr.  Pifferi,  and,  putting  on 
a  humeral  veil,  he  carried  the  burse  with  the  corporal, 
two  purificators  and  the  canister  of  wafers  to  the 
Cardinal  Deacon,  who,  placing  the  canister  on  the 
Altar,  took  the  corporal  from  the  burse  and  spread 
it  on  the  Altar,  putting  on  one  side  of  it  the  two 
purificators.  Mgr.  Pifferi,  the  Sacristan,  having  left 
the  Pope's  Throne,  went  to  his  credence,  where  the 
humeral  veil  was  put  over   his   shoulders  :    with  it  he 

F  2 


68  THE  coronation: 

carried    the    chalice,   paten,  golden    spoon,    and    two 
purificators,  and  accompanied  by  a   '  Votante  di  Seg- 
natura '  acting  as  acolyte,  who  carried  a  cup  and  two 
empty  cruets,    he    went    to    the    Pope's    credence    on 
the    Gospel  side  of  the   Altar  °.    They  placed   on   the 
credence   what   they  carried,    and   one   of  the    Pope's 
servants     (Mgr.    Sagrista   having    purified    the    paten, 
chalice  and   cruets)  then  tasted  the  wine    and  water. 
The  Sacristan  then  washed  with  the  wine  the  chalice, 
paten,   spoon,   cruets   and    cup,   and    filled    the    cruets 
with  wine    and   water,   pouring   a    little   of  each    into 
a    small    cup    that    the    servant    might    taste     them. 
He   then    carried   them  to   the  Altar.     The   Cardinal 
Deacon    then    placed   three  wafers  on  the  Paten.     He 
took  one  of  them,  touched  it' with  the  other  two,  and 
gave  it  to  the  Sacristan  ;    he  then  took  another  and 
touched  it  with  the  paten  and  chalice  inside  and  outside, 
and  gave  it  to  the  Sacristan,  who  eat  the  two  wafers. 
The   third   was   kept    for  consecration.     The  Cardinal 
Deacon   then  took  the  cruets,  and  poured  from  them 
some  wine  and  water  into  the  cup  held  by  the  Sacris- 
tan, who  drank  from  it.     This  ceremony  is  called  the 
*  Praegustatio  '  or  '  Proba.' 

The  Pope  meanwhile  had  said  the  offertory,  and  the 
Lavabo  was  given  him  by  Prince  Orsini,  the  Prince 
Assistant    at  the  Throne,  the  Pope  wiping  his  hands 


c  The  credence  of  the  Cardinal  Deacon  as  also  that  of  Mgr.  Sagrista 
are  on  the  Epistle  side. 


THE  CORONATION.  69 

with  a  towel  given  him  by  Mgr.  Cagiano  the  Maggior- 
domo.  He  descended  from  the  Throne  and  went  to  the 
Altar  to  continue  the  Mass  "  more  solito."  Having 
offered  the  bread  and  wine  and  censed  the  elements 
and  had  been  himself  censed,  he  washed  his  hands  with 
the  usual  formality.  At  the  Sanctus  eight  torches  were 
brought  in  by  the  '  Votanti  di  Segnatura'  At  the 
Elevation,  the  Pope  first  raised  the  Sacred  Host  in 
the  centre,  then  on  the  right,  and  then  on  the  left, 
that  it  might  be  seen  by  all.  He  did  the  same  at 
the  Elevation  of  the  Chalice.  At  the  same  time  the 
silver  trumpets  pealed  forth  a  beautiful  and  solemn 
melody  composed  by  the  late  Count  Silveri,  an  officer 
of  the  Noble  Guard.  The  Pope  continued  the  Mass 
as  usual,  but  before  saying  the  '  Pater  Noster '  Mgr. 
Sagrista  went  to  his  Credence  with  the  '  Votante  di 
Segnat7ira '  who  acts  as  acolyte.  The  Prelate  carried 
the  cruets  and  a  small  gold  cup  ;  while  the  Sacristan, 
in  a  humeral  veil,  carried  the  golden  Fistola^  in  his 
right  hand,  and  the  Chalice  for  the  Pope's  ablution 
in  his  left  hand,  to  the  Pope's  Credence,  accompanied 
as  usual  by  the  Mace-bearers.  A  servant  now  poured 
the  remaining  wine  and  water  out  of  the  cruets.  The 
cruets,  cup,  fistola  and  chalice  were  then  washed  by 
the   Sacristan   with   wine   and   water   after   these   had 

^  The  Fistola  is  the  tube  through  which  the  Pope  receives  the  Sacred 
Blood.  It  is  composed  of  three  pipes  which  pass  through  a  small  bowl 
in  the  upper  part ;  the  centre  pipe  is  longer  than  the  others.  The  bowl 
is  to  protect  the  Sacred  Blood  from  any  accident  through  effusion. 


70  THE  CORONATION. 

been  tasted  by  the  servant :  with  them  the  Sacristan 
filled  the  cruets. 

The  '  Votante  di  Segnatiira'  then  carried  the  cruets 
and  the  cup,  and  the  Sacristan  the  Fistola  and  the 
Chalice  with  the  two  purificators  to  the  Throne,  where 
they  stationed  themselves  on  the  right-hand  side. 

The  Pope  having  said  the  "  Agnus  Dei "  and  the 
usual  prayer,  kissed  the  Altar  and  gave  the  kiss  of 
peace  to  the  assistant  Cardinal  Bishop  and  the  two 
assistant  Cardinal  Deacons.  He  however  did  not  give 
it  to  the  Cardinal  Deacon  and  the  Sub-Deacon  of  the 
Mass,  because  he  does  so  after  he  has  given  them 
Communion.  The  Pope  now  returned  to  the  Throne 
for  his  Communion.  The  Cardinal  Deacon  standing 
on  the  Epistle  side  of  the  Altar  now  turned  to  the 
Altar,  and  having  genuflected,  covered  the  Blessed 
Sacrament  which  was  on  the  Paten  with  an  Asterisk^ 
or  star  of  gold  having  twelve  points  ;  he  then  took 
the  Paten,  and  elevating  it,  shewed  it  to  the  people  and 
to  the  Pope,  describing  two  half-circles  that  it  might  be 
seen  by  all.  He  then  gave  it  to  the  Sub-Deacon,  who 
kneeling,  received  it  in  his  hands  covered  with  the 
humeral  veil.  The  Sub-Deacon  then  carried  it  to  the 
Throne,  but  without  either  canopy  or  torches  preceding 
it,  and  as  he  approached,  the  Pope  knelt  in  adoration. 


e  The  Asterisk  is  a  gold  star  of  twelve  rays,  on  each  of  which  is 
inscribed  the  name  of  an  apostle.  It  is  placed  over  the  Host  to  pre- 
serve it  from  accidents. 


THE  CORONATION.  71 

The  Sub-Deacon  then  stationed  himself  at  the  left  hand 
of  the  Pope.  The  Cardinal  Deacon  Segna  now  took 
the  Chalice,  and  shewed  it  also  to  the  Pope  and  people, 
as  he  had  shewn  the  Host  He  then  carried  the  Chalice 
covered  with  a  palla  to  the  Throne,  but  without  either 
canopy  or  torches  preceding  it,  and  as  he  approached, 
the  Pope  knelt  in  adoration  as  before.  The  Cardinal 
Deacon  then  stationed  himself  on  the  right  hand  of  the 
Pope.  The  Pope  now  read  the  prayers  before  Com- 
munion. After  a  Master  of  Ceremonies  had  taken  the 
golden  star  from  off  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  His 
Holiness  took  the  Sacred  Host  into  his  left  hand.  He 
then,  still  standing^,  communicated  himself  with  one  of 
the  two  portions  of  the  Host,  leaving  the  other  on 
the  Paten  for  the  Communion  of  the  Cardinal  Deacon 
and  the  Sub-Deacon. 

The  former  now  handed  the  Chalice  to  the  Pope. 
Mgr.  Sagrista  gave  the  Fistola  to  the  assistant  Cardinal 
Bishop,  who  presented  it  to  the  Pope.  His  Holiness 
placed  within  the  Chalice  the  Fistola,  and  standing, 
received  through  it  a  part  of  the  Sacred  Blood.  Having 
communicated,  he  divided    the    Host   into  two   parts, 


^  Many  suppose  that  the  Pope  communicates  himself  sitting.  This 
is,  however,  quite  contrary  to  fact.  According  to  the  Ceremonial  of  the 
Papal  Chapel  the  Pope  is  at  liberty  to  communicate  the  Cardinal  Deacons 
and  others  sitting,  but  it  has  rarely  been  done.  In  a  letter  in  my 
possession  written  by  Benedict  XIV.  to  his  Master  of  Ceremonies,  and 
referring  to  this  matter,  he  adds,  "  il  che  da  Noi  mai  e  stato  fatto, 
avendo  sempre  comunicato  i  predetti  stando  in  piedi." 


72  THE  CORONATION. 

and  gave  one  part  to  the  Cardinal  Deacon,  who 
stood  to  receive  it,  and  the  other  part  to  the  Sub- 
Deacon,  who  knelt,  and  who  both  of  them  first 
kissed  his  hand.  They  were  both  kissed  by  him 
after  their  Communion,  and  then  returned  to  the  Altar, 
the  Cardinal  Deacon  carrying  the  Chalice  with  the 
Fistola,  and  the  Sub-Deacon  the  Paten.  From  this 
the  latter  removed  into  the  Chalice  any  fragments 
which  happened  to  remain  of  the  Sacred  Host.  The 
Cardinal  Deacon  received  with  the  Fistola  a  part  of 
the  Precious  Blood,  and  the  Sub-Deacon  received  the 
remainder  immediately  from  the  Chalice,  which  as  well 
as  the  Fistola  he  afterwards  purified.  In  the  meantime 
the  Pope  received  the  ablution,  which  was  presented  to 
him  in  a  Chalice  by  the  assistant  Cardinal  Bishop. 
Prince  Orsini,  as  assistant  at  the  Throne,  then  went  to 
the  Credence  to  fetch  the  ewer  and  basin  for  washing 
the  Pope's  hands,  and  His  Holiness  in  the  meanwhile 
purified  his  fingers  with  wine  presented  by  the  first 
Cardinal  Priest,  and  wiped  them  with  a  purificator  held 
by  the  assistant  Cardinal  Bishop.  Having  washed  his 
hands  in  the  basin  presented  by  Prince  Orsini,  he 
returned  to  the  Altar  to  finish  the  Mass  and  give  the 
Blessing,  an  Auditor  of  the  Rota  kneeling  and  holding 
aloft  before  him  the  Papal  cross.  The  Pope  having 
given  the  Blessing  and  said  the  last  Gospel,  left  his 
maniple  on  the  Altar  and  took  his  seat  on  the  Sedia 
Gestatoria.  Still  wearing  the  vestments  of  the  Mass,  he 
now  assumed  the  mitre,  gloves  and  ring,  and  received 


THE  CORONATION.  73 

from  Cardinal  Rampolla,  the  Arch-priest  of  the 
BasiHca,  accompanied  by  two  Canons,  a  white  silk 
purse  embroidered  in  gold,  containing  25  Giulii  in 
ancient  coin,  called  the  "  Presbiterio,"  the  Cardinal 
offering  it  with  these  words  : 

"Beatissivie  Pater,  Capituluni  et  Canonici  Jiitjiis  Sacro- 
sanctce  Basiliccs,  Sanciitati  Vestr(B  consuctmn  offenint 
presbyteriiim  pro  Missa  bene  cantata^ 

The  Pope's  hand  was  then  kissed  by  the  Cardinal 
Arch-priest,  and  his  foot  by  the  two  Canons,  and  he 
delivered  the  purse  to  the  Cardinal  Deacon  Segna,  who 
sung  the  Gospel,  who  in  his  turn  gave  it  to  his  train- 
bearer,  who  after  the  ceremony  obtained  from  the 
chief  Sacristan  of  St,  Peter's  in  exchange  for  it  the 
sum  of  25  lire.  The  Holy  Father  then  left  the 
Sanctuary,  preceded  by  the  Bishops  and  Cardinals, 
and  sitting  on  the  Sedia  Gestatoria  with  the  flabelli 
of  ostrich  feathers  carried  on  either  side  of  him  by 
two  Chamberlains,  was  borne  to  a  raised  platform 
placed  in  front  of  the  High  Altar  near  the  Bronze 
Statue  of  St.  Peter  to  be  crowned. 

According  to  ancient  custom  this  ceremony  should 
take  place  "  coram  populo "  in  the  Loggia  over  the 
Portico  in  front  of  the  great  Piazza.  Having  arrived 
at  the  platform,  the  Sedia  Gestatoria  was  placed  on 
it,  and  the  two  senior  Cardinal  Deacons  ascended  and 
stood  on  either  side  of  His  Holiness,  while  the  Cardinals, 
Bishops,  and  others  who  formed  the  procession  were 
grouped  round  the  platform.     The  Cardinal  Dean  of 


74  THE  CORONATION. 

the  Sacred  College  now  ascended  the  platform,  and 
recited  the  prescribed  prayers,  standing  in  front  of 
the  Holy  Father.  The  Choir  having  sung  Baini's 
'•'■  Coro7ia  aurea  super  Caput  Ejus"  Cardinal  Pierotti 
removed  the  Holy  Father's  mitre,  and  the  senior 
Cardinal  Deacon  Macchi  placed  the  Tiara  on  the 
Pope's  head,  saying  at  the  same  time  these  words : 
"■  Accipe  Thiaraniy  tribus  coronis  ornatam,  et  scias  fe 
esse  Patrem  Principum,  et  Regum,  Rectorem  orbis,  in 
terra  Vicarium  Salvatoris  Nostri,  Cui  est  honor,  et 
gloria  in  Scucula  Scsculoruni  s." 

The  two  assistant  Archbishops,  Monsignor  Sambucetti 
and  Monsignor  Costantini  the  High  Almoner,  now  held 
before  His  Holiness,  one  the  book,  and  the  other  the 
candle,  for  him  to  pronounce  the  solemn  Benediction. 
The  Holy  Father  still  sitting  and  wearing  the  Tiara 
intoned  the  following  prayers  : — "  Sancti  Apostoli  Petrus 
et  Paulus  de  quorum  potestate  et  auctoritate  conjidimus, 
ipsi  intercedant  pro  nobis  ad  Doiniimm,"  at  the  end 
of  which  the  Cantors  answered  Amen.  He  then  con- 
tinued :  "  Precibus,  et  meritis  Beatce  Maries  semper 
Virginis,  beati  Michaelis  Arcangeli,  beati  loJiannis  Bap- 
tistce  et  Sanctorum  Apostolorum  Petri  et  Pauli  et 
omnium  Sanctorum  misereatur  Vestri  Omnipotens  Deus 
et,  dimissis  gmnibus  peccatis  vestris,  perducat  vos  Jesus 
Christus  ad  vitam  ceteniajn,"  and  the  Cantors  answered 

g  This  is  the  correct  formula  and  punctuation  which  I  have  copied 
from  the  "  Ritus  Servandus"  in  use  in  the  Papal  Chapel.  As  will  be 
seen,  it  slightly  differs  from  that  generally  printed  in  the  Manuals. 


PLA'I  E  XI. 


To  face  p.  74. 


The   Tiara. 


Photo.,  Felici,   Roma. 


The  three  crowns  are  decorated    with    ^2    ruhics,    ly  emeralds,    11    sapphires, 

529  (hamonds,   aiul   252    1  earls. 


THE  CORONATION.  75 

Amen.  He  then  continued  :  ''  Iiididgentiani,  absolu- 
tioncni  et  remissionem  omnium  pcccatorum  vestrorum, 
spatmm  verce  et  fructiiosce  poenitentice,  cor  semper  pceni- 
tens  et  emendationem  vit(E,  gratiam  et  consolationem 
Sancti  Spirittis  ct  finalem  perseverantiavi  in  bonis 
operibus  tribnat  vobis  o)nnipotens  et  miseincors  Dominns" 
and  again  the  Cantors  answered  Amen. 

The  Pope  now  rose  from  the  Sedia  Gestatoria,  and 
extending  his  arms  and  raising  his  eyes  heavenward, 
in  a  louder  and  more  solemn  tone  gave  the  Apostolic 
Blessing,  "  Et  benedictio  Dei  omnipotentis,  Patris  >^,  et 
Filii  f^,  et  Spiritus  Sancti  y^,  dcscendat  super  vos  et 
maneat  semper^'  at  the  end  of  which  the  Cantors 
answered  Amen.  The  two  Cardinal  Deacons  having 
read  aloud  the  Plenary  Indulgence  in  Latin  and  Italian 
threw  the  formulas  (or  should  have  done  so)  towards 
the  people,  who  commenced  shouting  "  Viva  Pio  X.," 
and  waving  their  handkerchiefs.  The  enthusiasm  was 
indescribable.  The  Pope  having  sat  down,  once  again 
rose  for  a  moment  and  blessed  the  people.  He  was 
now  carried  down  the  Basilica,  wearing  the  Tiara,  on 
the  Sedia  Gestatoria  under  the  processional  canopy, 
with  the  flabelli  held  on  either  side,  and  giving  his 
blessing  right  and  left  to  the  assembled  congregation.  ^ 

He  retired  to  the  Chapel  of  the  Pieta,  where  he  was 
unvested  of  his  Pontificalia,  and  the  Cardinals  unvested 
in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Sebastian. 

The  Pope  then  got  into  the  "  Portantina,"  and 
wearing  his  Rochet  and  Mozzetta  and   Camauro,  was 


L 


76  THE  CORONATION. 

carded  through  the  Chapel  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament 
by  his  Sediari,  up  the  great  staircase,  and  through 
the  Sala  Regia  and  Sala  Ducale,  to  the  first  Loggia, 
where  he  alighted,  and  together  with  the  Maggior- 
domo  and  Maestro  di  Camera,  he  returned  in  the  lift 
to  his  private  apartments.  We  all  reached  the  ante- 
chamber before  he  did,  and  on  his  passing  through 
the  Throne  Room  I  knelt  and  obtained  his  blessing 
for  my  relations,  and  for  the  Chaplain  and  the 
Catholic  undergraduates  of  Oxford.  The  last  words 
the  Holy  Father  said  to  me  were  these :  "  Benedico 
Tiiiti"—''l  bless  them  all." 

This  great  Ceremony  lasted  five  hours,  from  8.30 
till  1.30,  and  I  feel  I  may,  with  gratitude  to  the 
Author  and  Giver  of  all  good  things,  truly  say  to 
myself,  "  Many  Prophets  and  Kings  have  desired  to 
see  the  things  which  you  see,  and  have  not  seen 
them,  and  to  hear  the  things  which  you  hear,  and 
have  not  heard  them." 


2)eo  6ratias. 


PLATE  XII. 


To  face  p.  76. 


Photo.,  Fclici,   Roma. 


Pope   Pius  X.   in  the  act  of  blessing. 


APPENDIX. 


These  details  are  taken  from  the  Constitution  of  Gregory  XV.,  1621-22, 
given  in  the  Careinoiiiale  continens  ritus  electionis  Romani  Pontificis  : 
RomcE,  MDCCXXIV. 


Although  the  Pope  may  be  elected  either  by 
what  is  called  acclamation,  or  by  compromise,  the 
usual  method  is  by  scrutiny,  and  then  voting  papers 
are  used.  As  will  be  seen  by  the  accompanying 
slightly  reduced  illustrations,  they  are  oblong,  the 
breadth  being  less  than  the  height.  They  are  about 
5|  inches  high  by  5  inches  broad. 

When  open,  as  in  illustration  I.,  at  the  top  are  two 
words  only,  EGO  Cardinalis,  to  be  filled  up  with 
the  name  of  the  Cardinal  who  votes,  and  a  little 
below  are  two  circles,  upon  which  the  seals  are  to 
be  put.  Below,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  voting 
paper,  are  the  words,  "  Eligo  IN  SVMMVM  PONTIFICEM 
Reverendissimvm  Dominvm  mevm  Dominvm  Car- 
DINALEM,"  to  which  he  adds  the  name  of  the  Cardinal 
for  whom  he  votes. 

Then  at  the  bottom  of  the  voting  paper  there  are 
also  two  circles  for  the  seals,  as  above,  and  a  space 
for  the  Cardinal's  number  and  motto.  The  Cardinal 
fills  up  the  voting  paper  in  a  disguised  hand  and 
places  seals  with  red  wax,  sufficiently  large  to  cover 
the   places   marked,   using   not  his   own  arms,  but  a 


78 


APPENDIX. 
I. 


Ego 


Card. 


wAx 


Eligo  in  Summnm  Pontificem  II  "D. 
meuiB   D.  Card. 


APPENDIX. 


19 


seal  with  three  numbers,  or  three  letters,  or  some 
conventional  design,  such  as  an  animal  or  bird,  &c. 
The  seals  can  be  seen  by  the  three  Cardinal  scrutators, 
but  without  breaking  the  seals,  the  scrutators  cannot 
read  the  name  or  motto  of  the  Cardinal  voting.  Every- 
thing is  done  to  insure  the  strictest  secrecy.  First, 
both  top  and  bottom  are  folded  over,  so  that  the  name 


II. 


%  e 

I  Nomen.  | 


Eligo  in  Summum  Pontificem  R."D. 
meum   D.  Card. 


«fi«.'^  ©@-c«^@®®^©^  © 


Signa, 


and  motto  of  the  ^  Cardinal  are  hidden,  and  only  the 
ornamental  designs  or  '  fregi '  appear  on  the  back, 
as    is    shewn    in    illustration    No,    II.      These   'fregi' 


8o  APPENDIX. 

are  printed  on  the  back  to  hinder  the  writing  on  the 
front,  the  name  and  signa,  from  showing  through, 
for  extraordinary  pains  are  taken  to  prevent  the 
name  of  the  voter  becoming  known  to  the  scrutators. 

Then  the  paper  is  folded  again  so  as  to  reduce 
the  voting  paper  to  the  length  of  a  man's  thumb. 
Then  it  is  folded  once  more  between  the  two  lines  of 
latin  printed  in  the  middle  of  the  paper,  and  the 
voting  paper  is  then  ready  to  be  carried  to  the  Altar, 
where  after  kneeling  in  prayer  and  taking  the  oath 
the  Cardinal  places  it  on  a  paten,  from  which  it  is 
dropped  into  a  large  chalice. 

The  words  of  the  oath  are :  "  Testor  Christum 
Dominum,  qui  me  judicaturus  est,  me  eligere,  quem 
secundum  Deum  judico  eligi  debere,  et  quod  idem 
in  accessiL  praestabo  ^." 

All  the  Cardinals  having  voted,  the  chalice  is 
shaken  while  it  is  covered  with  the  paten  ;  and  the 
votes  are  then  taken  out  and  counted.  If  they  do  not 
correspond  with  the  number  of  the  Cardinals,  the 
whole  of  the  papers  are  burnt  and  a  fresh  balloting 
takes  place.  If  they  correspond,  the  Scrutineers  take 
out  the  voting  papers^  shew  the  seals  intact,  and  read 
aloud  the  names  voted  for,  so  that  the  Cardinals  may 


^  The  '  Accessus '  was  practised  by  the  Roman  Senate,  and  when 
there  was  no  difference  of  opinion  a  member  would  rise  from  his  seat, 
but  not  leaving  it,  would  say  in  a  high  voice,  "  Accedo  ad  idem,"  but 
in  the  Papal  elections  it  was  commenced  in  1455,  at  the  election  of 
Callixtus  3rd, 


APPENDIX.  8 1 

hear  and  note  on  their  tabular  hsts,  on  which  are 
printed  the  names  of  all  in  Conclave,  the  numbers 
given  to  each  candidate.  The  votes  being  counted, 
the  voting  papers  are  run  on  a  file  through  the 
printed  word  *  eligo  '  and  put  aside. 

The  first  act  of  what  is  called  the  *  post-scrutinio  ' 
is  the  Accessus.  The  Accessus  is  used  when  it  is 
declared  that  the  largest  number  of  votes  for  any  one 
Cardinal  does  not  amount  to  two-thirds  of  the  whole, 
and  no  election  by  Scrutiny  has  been  concluded. 
It  consists  in  a  Cardinal  transferring  his  vote  to 
another  candidate  who,  according  to  the  tabular  lists, 
has  a  larger  number  of  votes. 

It  takes  place  immediately  after  the  Scrutiny, 
and  the  Cardinals  use  the  same  seals,  numbers  and 
mottoes  that  they  used  in  the  Scrutiny.  When  open 
the  voting  paper  is  similar  to  illustration  No.  I.,  ex- 
cepting the  words  "  ACCEDO,"  &c.,  in  the  centre. 
When  closed  it  is  similar  to  illustration  No.  III. 

The  Cardinal  who  votes  fills  up  the  paper  exactly 
as  in  the  former  case,  adding  his  seal  and  motto, 
and  after  the  words  "  AccEDO  Reverendissimo 
Domino  meo  Domino  Cardinali,"  again  adds  the 
name  of  the  candidate  for  whom  he  now  votes. 

In  the  Accessus  the  Cardinal  does  not  take  the 
oath,  because  he  has  already  taken  it  at  the  Scrutiny 
when  he  placed  his  voting  paper  in  the  chalice. 

The  '  Accessus,^  is  a  repetition  of  the  voting  in 
the    Scrutiny,  but  with  different  voting  papers.     The 

G 


82 


APPENDIX. 


voting  papers  of  the  Scrutiny  and  the  Accessus  are 
then  compared,  the  numbers  and  mottoes  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  voting  papers  being  examined  and 
found  to  correspond.     The  upper  part,  however,  with 

III. 


I  iNomeB»|S 


<99««®C»de^ 


Accedo  Reverendiss.  D.  meo 
D.  Card. 


^  © 


the  names  of  the  Cardinals,  as  yet  preserves  the 
seals  unbroken.  Then  the  votes  are  counted.  If 
one  name  do  not  obtain  two-thirds  of  the  votes, 
whether  in  the  Scrutiny  alone,  or  in  the  Scrutiny  and 
Accessus  combined,  no  Pope  is  elected.  But  if  one 
name  have  two-thirds  of  the  votes  and  no  more,  then 
they  open  the  upper  part  of  the  voting  paper  of  the 


APPENDIX.  83 

Cardinal  with  that  name,  where  the  Cardinal  has 
written  his  own  name ;  and  if  it  appears  that  he  voted 
for  another,  the  election  is  good ;  but  if  he  voted 
for  himself,  Null,  on  account  of  the  lack  of  one  vote  ; 
not  however,  if  there  be  more  than  two-thirds  voting 
for  him.  The  voting  papers,  whether  there  had  been 
an  election  or  not,  are  next  examined  by  three  Car- 
dinals called  '  Recognitores,'  who  see  if  the  votes 
be  really  as  given  out  by  the  Scrutineers. 

If  a  Cardinal  does  not  wish  to  give  his  vote 
in  the  Accessus,  he  adds  to  his  voting  paper  the 
word  '  Nemini '  in  the  place  of  Rev"^°  D.  Meo  D. 
Card.  A  Cardinal  is  not  allowed  to  give  his  vote 
in  the  Accessus  to  one  who  had  no  vote  in  the  Scru- 
tiny, or  to  the  same  Cardinal  for  whom  he  voted 
in  the  Scrutiny,  for  otherwise  he  would  thus  get  two 
votes.  Last  of  all  the  entire  set  of  voting  papers 
are  burnt. 

The  three  Cardinals  called  '  Infirmarii '  ought  to 
take  to  any  sick  Cardinal,  who  is  confined  by  ill- 
ness to  his  cell,  the  voting  papers  (as  well  as  the 
large  sheet  on  which  are  marked  the  votes  given  to 
each)  for  him  to  sign  and  seal.  Having  taken  the 
oath  he  places  his  voting  paper  in  the  box  in  which 
it  had  been  brought,  and  having  locked  it,  the  '  In- 
firmarii' bring  it  back  to  the  Chapel,  and  give  it  to  the 
scrutineers,  who  place  the  voting  papers  in  the  chalice. 


If;  :.')i)iHrR'jRr(,in';Ai  likr/ 


0  u- 

0" 
n 

^    Ok 


t 


r  1 


1 1  is  a  curious  list,  that  of  the  English  cardinals. 
One  had  to  be  a  conspicuous  man  indeed  in  old  days 
before  Rome  lent  an  ear  to  Ultima  Thuk,  and  the 
brief  list  is  full  of  notable  names.  Theobaldiis 
Stampensis,  Nicholas  Bieakspeare— whom  the  Abbot 
of  St.  Albans  deemed  of  too  common  birth  to  be 
admitted,  but  whose  stirrup  was  at  last  held  bj-  the 
Emperor — Stephen  Langton,  who  wrote  "  Magna 
Carta";  Somercote,  whose  influence  was  so  great 
that  he  was  poisoned  in  Rome,  "ne  Papa  esset''; 
Langham,  the  pluralist;  Adam  Easton,  who  was  put 
to  the  rack  in  Rome  by  the  very  Pope  who  had 
appointed  him,  until  Edward  III.,  making  the  voice 
of  England  heard  abroad  for  the  first  time,  sent 
peremptory  orders,  and  he  was  released,  while  his 
Italian  confreres  still  suffered ;  Beaufort,  '"  Cardinal 
of  England,"  whose  arms  and  hat  are  still  one 
of     the    chief    ornaments    of     Southwark     Cathe- 


AA    000  632  63 


ERRATA. 


p.  13,  line  19,  read  Rochet,  Falda,  red  Buskins  and  Sandals,  Amice. 

,  25,  ,,      16,  for  1820  read  1823. 

,  30.  ,,      14,     ,,   whom     ,,     who. 

.  Si>  ■•        '.     !.  Vivez     ,,     Vives. 

,  68,  lines  15  &  IT,  for  touched  it  with  rtW  touched  with  it. 

.  75,  line  25,  for  Pieta  i-ead  Pieta. 


HfT 


L  xitva.'0\r^i 


'm.^3     UUC71C}     tr,     iiO'iui 


jr     a    u.ai±n:     uu     \aj    place 


beside  Manning's  for  importance.  Even  Wolsey 
failed  to  effect  the  change  in  the  polity  of  the  Church 
at  which  he  aimed ;  even  Breakspeare  can  hardly  have 
said  to  have  been  brilliantly  successful  when  he 
solemnly  made  over  Ireland  to  be  England's  for 
ever.  Manning  rarely  failed  in  his  wider  aims,  and 
those  aims  were  wide  indeed.    If  it  is  proposed  to  set 


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It  io  a  curious  list,  that  of  the  English  cardina's. 
One  had  to  be  a  conspicuous  man  indeed  in  old  days 
before  Rome  lent  an  ear  to  Ultima  Thule,  and  the 
brief  list  is  full  of  notable  names.  Theobaldtis 
Stampensis,  Nicholas  Breakspeare — whom  the  Abbot 
of  St.  Albans  deemed  of  too  common  birth  to  be 
admitted,  but  whose  stirrup  was  at  last  held  by  the 
Emperor — Stephen  Langton,  who  wrote  "  Magna 
Carta";  Somercote,  whose  influence  was  so  great 
that  he  was  poisoned  in  Rome,  "  ne  Papa  esset '' ; 
Langham,  the  pluralist;  Adam  Easton,  who  was  put 
to  the  rack  in  Rome  by  the  very  Pope  who  had 
appointed  him,  until  Edward  III.,  making  the  voice 
of  England  heard  abroad  for  the  first  time,  sent 
peremptory  orders,  and  he  was  released,  while  his 
Italian  confreres  still  suffered ;  Beaufort,  '"  Cardinal 
of  England,"  whose  arms  and  hat  are  still  one 
of  the  chief  ornaments  of  Southwark  Cathe- 
dral; Bourchier,  Morton,  Bambridge,  whose 
enamelled  snuffers  are  in  the  Museum,  and 
whose  poisoned  body  lies  in  Rome ;  Wolsey — 
"  non  humili  tantum  sed  vili  genere  male 
Reipublicae  Christianae  natus,"  as  an  unfriendly 
commentator  notes,  but  the  greatest  man  in  Europe 
of  his  day  and  the  heraJd  of  modem  times,  through 
his  discovery  of  the  "  balance  of  power " ;  and 
Reginald  Pole.  The  latter's  was  an  amazing 
career.  Dean  of  Exeter,  while  still  a  layman  and  a 
young  man,  he  lived  to  have  3  to  1  betted  upon  his  h—i 
chance  of  election  as  Pope  in  1549— it  is  curious  to  ■'.•:i 
hear  of  these  early  odds  upon  the  result  of  a  conclave 
—and  he  had  the  extreme  good  fortune  to  die  in  the 
evening  of  the  same  day  as  that  on  which  Queen  Mary 
breathed  her  last.  Such  are  some  of  the  names  in  the 
list  of  the  English  cardinals.  Excepting  Wolsey  and 
Breakspeare  there  is  hardly  a  name  fit  to  place 
beside  Manning's  for  importance.  Even  Wolsey 
failed  to  effect  the  change  in  the  polity  of  the  Church 
at  which  h-e  a,imed ;  even  Breakspeare  can  hardly  have 
said  to  have  been  brilUantly  successful  when  he 
solemnly  made  over  Ireland  to  be  England's  for 
ever.  Manning  rareily  failed  in  his  wider  aims,  and 
those  aims  were  wide  indeed.    If  it  is  proposed  to  set 


!:<! 


r 
I-.. 

';;•■•? 
irn 


AA    000  632  631