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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
SELECT
EXTRA-TROPICAL PLANTS
READILY ELIGIBLE FOR
INDUSTRIAL CULTURE OR NATURALIZATION,
WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES
AND SOME OF THEIR USES.
—BY— yS
BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,
K. C. M. G., M. D., Ph. D., F. R. S.,
Honorary or Corresponding Member of Scientific Societies and Academies in Philadelphia,
New Orleans, San Francisco, Chicago, Kingston, Mexico,
Caracas, Buenos Ayres.
Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt." — Syrach, xxxix, 21, 26.
American edition, revised and enlarged.
DETROIT, MICH.:
GEORGE S. DAVIS,
^yu
y**'
COPYRIGHT BY
GEORGE S. DAVIS,
DETROIT, MICH., 1884.
TO
THE HONORABLE HENRY M. TELLER,
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
WHOSE INTELLIGENT
AND UNTIRING SERVICES
IX THE PROMOTION OF THE RURAL
INDUSTRIES, AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INEXHAUSTIBLE
RESOURCES OF HIS MATCHLESS
COUNTRY, HAVE BEEN
SIGNALLY SUCCESSFUL,
THIS VOLUME
IS
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
BY
THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
IN the volumes, issued by the Victorian Acclimatization Society from
1871 to 1878, five contributions have appeared concerning such in-
dustrial plants as are available for culture in extra-tropical countries, or in
high mountain-regions within the tropics. These writings were mainly offered
with a view of promoting the introduction and diffusion of the very many kinds
of plants, which may be extensively reared in the forests, fields or pastures
of temperate geographic latitudes. But the work thus originated became acces-
sible merely to the members of the Society, while frequent calls arose for these
or some similar data, not only throughout the Australian communities, but also
abroad. The whole was, therefore, re-arranged and largely supplemented, first
for re-issue in Victoria, and lately also in India, under the auspices of the
Central Government at Calcutta. Subsequently the work was honored by being
reprinted, with numerous additions, for the use of New South Wales; and at
nearly the same time it went through a German translation, by Dr. Goeze, in
Herr Th. Fischer's publishing establishment in Cassel; while now it appears
revised and still further augmented, more particularly for North American use,
through the generous interest of one of the most enterprising scientific
publishers in the United States. As stated in the preface to the original
essays, they did not claim completeness, either as a specific index to, or as a
series of notes on, the respective rural or technologic applicability of the
plants enumerated. But what these writings may; perhaps, aspire to, is to bring
together some condensed data, in popular language, on all the principal
utilitarian plants, hitherto known to prosper in extra-tropical zones. Informa-
tion of this kind is widely scattered through many, and often voluminous,
works in several languages; yet such volumes apply, generally, to countries
with a climatic zone far narrower than that for which these pages were written.
Most, but not all the books, which it was desirable to consult, were at the
author's command; but the necessity of further successive supplements will be
apparent, even irrespective of needful references to future discoveries, because
in the progress of geographic, medical, technologic and chemical inquiries, many
new plants of utilitarian value are likely to be disclosed, and new uses of
known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among the trees and
shrubs, or herbs and grasses, occurring in the middle and higher altitudinal
zones of Africa, or, nearer to us, of New Guinea and the Sunda Islands, many
VI PREFACE.
specific forms rruy be expected to occur, which we could transfer to extra-
tropical countries or to mountains in other equinoctial regions. Indeed, the
writer would modestly hope, that his local efforts may prove to be useful
in various parts of the globe, in extending rural pursuits, through the generous
action of an enlightened American, Capt. Ellwood Cooper, late Principal of the
Santa Barbara College, of California, who deemed the first fragmentary pub-
lications then offered for Australian use, also worthv of re-issue in San
Francisco. Occasional and partial reprints had also previously appeared in
weekly journals of Sydney and San Francisco, and in some other periodicals,
likewise in a volume of miscellaneous writings of mine, issued by Captain
Ellwood Cooper, as early as in 1876, for California.
As already intimated, the rapid progress of tillage almost throughout all
colonial dominions, is causing a growing desire for general and particular
indications of such plants, which a colder clime excludes from the northern
countries, in which many of the colonists spent their youth; and it must be
clear to any reflecting mind, that in all warmer latitudes, as compared with
the Middle- European zones, there exists a vastly enlarged scope for cultural
choice of plants. Thus, merely indicative as these notes are, they may
yet facilitate the selection. More extensive information can then be
sought for in larger, though less comprehensive works already extant, or likely
still to be called forth by local requirements in other countries. The writer
should even not be disinclined, under fair support and encouragement, to
issue, collateral to the present volume, also another, exclusively devoted to
the industrial plants of the hotter zones, for the promotion of tropical culture,
particularly in our Australian continent.
Considerable difficulty was experienced in fixing the limits of such
remarks as are admissible into the present pages, from the fact that a
certain plant may be important only under particular climatic conditions
and cultural applications, or it may have been overrated in regard to
the copiousness and relative value of its yield. Thus it was not always
easy to sift the chaff from the grain, when these notes were gathered; the
remarks might, indeed, under less rigorous restrictions, have been indefinitely
extended; and although the author has for more that twenty years been watch-
ing, for industrial tests, the plants introduced by him into the Melbourne
Botanic Garden, he had still, to a very large extent, to rely implicitly on the
experience of Other observers elsewhere. It may, also, be here stated, that
when calculations of measurements and weights were quoted, such always
represent the maximum as far as hitherto on record. To draw prominent
attention to the primarily important among the very many hundreds of plants,
referred to in these pages, the leading species have been designated with an
asterisk. It has not been easy, in numerous instances, to trace the original
source of that information on utilitarian plants, which we find recorded in the
various volumes of phytologic or rural or technologic literature; many original
observations are, however, contained in the writings of Bernardin, Bentley
Brandis, Brockhaus, Candolle, Chambers, Collins, Dyer, Drury, Engelmann,
Flueckiger, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury, Hooker, King, Koch, Langethal,
Lawson, Lindley, Lorentz, Loudon, Martius, Masters, Meehan, Meyer,
Michaux, Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, Porcher, Rosenthal, Roxburgh,
Sargent, Seemann, Simmonds, Stewart, Trimen, Wittstein and also some
others, to whose names reference is cursorily made in the text. The volumes
of the Agricultural Department at Washington, of the Austrian Apotheker-
Verein, of the Journal of Applied Science, of the Bulletin de la Societe d'Accli-
matation de France, and of several other periodicals, have likewise afforded
data, utilized on this occasion.
In grouping together, at the close of this volume, all the genera enumer-
ated, according to the products which they yield, facility is afforded for
tracing out any series of plants regarding which special economic information
may be sought, or which may at any time prominently engage the attention of
the cultivator, the manufacturer, or the artisan. Again, the placing together in
index-form of the respective industrial plants according to their geographic dis-
tribution, as has likewise been done in the concluding pages, has rendered it
easy to order or obtain from abroad the plants of such other countries with
which any settlers or colonists may be in relation, through commercial, literary,
or other intercourse. Lists like the present may also aid in naming the plants
and their products with scientific correctness, in establishments of economic
horticulture or in technologic or other educational collections. If the line of
demarkation between the plants admissible into this list and those which
should have been excluded, has occasionally been extended in favor of the
latter, then it must be pleaded that the final value of any particular species for
a peculiar want, locality or treatment, cannot always be fully foretold. Doubt-
less, many plants of primary importance for rural requirements, here again
alluded to, have long since been secured by intelligent early pioneers of im-
migration, who timely strove to enrich the cultural resources of their adopted
country. In these efforts the writer, so far as his public or private means
would permit, has endeavored for more than a quarter of a century to take
an honorable share. But although such plants are introduced, they are not in
all instances as yet widely diffused, nor tested in all desirable localities. For
the sake of completeness even the most ordinary cultural plants have not been
passed, as the opportunity seemed an apt one to offer a few cursory remarks
on their value.
The writer entertains a hope that a copy of this plain volume may find a
place in the library of every educational establishment, for occasional, and,
perhaps, frequent reference to its pages. The increased ease of communica-
tion, which has latterly arisen between nearly all parts of the globe, places
us now also in a fair position for independent efforts, to suggest or pro-
mote introductions of new vegetable treasures from unexplored regions, or to
submit neglected plans of promising value to unbiased original tests. It may
merely be instanced, that after the lapse of more than three centuries since the
conquest of Mexico, only the most scanty information is extant on the timber of
that empire, and that of several thousand tropical grasses not many dozen have
been tried with chemical exactitude for pasture purposes, not to speak of
many prominently utilitarian trees, shrubs and herbs, restricted to cool moun-
tain regions elsewhere within the tropics, but never yet carried to the lowlands
of higher latitudes. For inquiries of such kind every civilized State is striving
to afford, in well-planned, thoughtfully directed and generously-supported
special scientific establishments, the needful aid, not merely for adding to the
prosperity, comfort and enjoyment of the present generation, but also with an
anticipation of earning the gratitude of posterity; and this, as a rule, is done
with a sensitive jealousy, to maintain also thereby the fair fame of the country
for scientific dignity and industrial development. Friendly consideration
' will recognize the fact that a desire to arouse, more and more, such a spirit
of emulation, has much inspired the writer to offer these pages, trusting that
enlightened statesmanship, far and wide, will foster this aim which he
has had in view, in a liberal and circumspect manner.
Melbourne, t8Sj.
SELECT PLANTS
READILY ELIGIBLE FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
— IN —
EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Aberia Caffra, Hooker.
The Kai-Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves
for hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can be con-
verted into preserves. Allied South-African species are A.
Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sonder).
Acacia acuminata, Bentham.
A kind of "Myall" from Western Australia, attaining a
height of forty feet. The scent of the wood comparable to that
of raspberries. It is the best of West-Australian woods for
charcoal. The stems much sought for fence posts, very lasting,
even when young. A similar tree with hard and scented wood
is A. Doratoxylon (A. Cunn.).
Acacia aneura, F. v. Mueller.
Arid desert-interior of' extra-tropic Australia. A tree never
more than 25 feet high. Wood excessively hard, dark-brown,
used preferentially by the natives for boomerangs, sticks to lift
edible roots, end-shafts of Phragmites-spears, woomerangs,
nulla-nullas and jagged spear-ends.
Acacia Arabica, Willdenow.
The "Kikar" or "Babur." North and Central Africa, also
in South-west Asia, growing in dry, calcareous soil. This small
tree can be utilized for thorny hedges, as also A. Seyal (Delile)
and A. tortilis (Forskael). They all furnish the best gum-
arabic for medicinal and technical purposes. The lac insect
lives also on the foliage, and thus in Sind the lac is mainly
yielded by this tree. The stem attains a circumference of 10
feet. The astringent pods are valuable for tanning, also the
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
bark, which is known as "Baboot" bark; the wood, known as
"Sunt," is very durable if water-seasoned, extensively used for
wheels, well-curbs, and many kinds of implements, also for the
knees and planks of boats. A. gummifera (Willd.) and A.
Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) are among the species which yield
gum-arabic in North Africa A. latronum (Willdenow) and A.
modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India (Brandis).
Acacia armata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. The Kangaroo-Thorn. Much
grown for hedges, though less manageable than various other
hedge plants. Important for covering coast-sand with an
unapproachable prickly vegetation.
Acacia binervata, De Candolle.
Extra-tropic East-Australia. A tree attaining a height of 40
feet. The bark used by tanners, but not so rich as that of A.
decurrens (W. Dovegrove).
Acacia Catechu, Willdenow.
India, Africa, up to 3,000 feet. Tree attaining 40 feet in
height. The extract prepared from the bark and tieartwood is
the catechu of medicine or cutch of tannery. Pure cutch is
worth about ^25 per ton ; 4 tons of bark will produce 1 ton of
cutch or terra japonica. A. Suma (Kurz) is closely allied.
Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott.
The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of
the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard
wood, resisting underground moisture. The plant is well
adapted for hedges. The husks contain 32 per cent, tannin
(Sievers), valuable as a dye material.
Acacia Cebil, Grisebach.
La Plata States. This is one of the most useful of all trees
there, on account of its bark, which is exceedingly rich in tan-
nic acid ; a species well worthy of introduction here, even as
an ornamental tree. Numerous other Acacise, particularly the
Australian species, deserve yet tests for tannin.
Acacia concinna, De Candolle.
India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge-shrub.
The pod contains saponin.
Acacia decurrens, Willdenow.*
The Black Wattle. From the eastern part of South Australia,
through Victoria and New South Wales, to the southern part of
Queensland. A small or middle-sized tree. Its wood is used
for staves, for turners' work, occasionally also for axe and pick-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
handles and many other purposes ; it supplies an excellent fire-
wood ; a chief use of the tree would be also to afford the first
shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. Its bark, rich in
tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to gum-arabic, render this
tree highly important. The English price of the bark ranges
generally from £8 to ^n. In Melbourne it averages about
^5 per ton. It varies, so far as experiments made in my
laboratory have shown, in its contents of tannin from 30 to 40
per cent, in bark artificially dried. In the mercantile bark the
percentage is somewhat less, according to the state of its dry-
ness — it retaining about 10 per cent, moisture. ljA lb. of Black
Wattle-bark give 1 lb. of leather, whereas 5 lbs. of English
Oak-bark are requisite for the same results, but the tannic prin-
ciple of both is not absolutely identical. Melbourne tanners
consider a ton of Black Wattle-bark sufficient to tan 25 to 30
hides ; it is best adapted for sole-leather and other so-called
heavy goods. The leather is fully as durable as that tanned
with oak-bark, and nearly as good in color. Bark carefully
stored for a season improves in tanning power 10 to 15 per
cent. From experiments made under the author's direction it
appears that no appreciable difference exists in the percentage
of tannin in Wattle-bark, whether obtained in the dry or in the
wet season. ' The tannin of this Acacia yields a gray precipitate
with ferric, and a violet color with ferrous salts ; it is
completely thrown down from a strong aqueous solution by
means of concentrated sulphuric acid The bark improves by
age and desiccation, and yields about 40 per cent, of catechu,
rather more than half of which is tannic acid. Bichromate of
potash added in a minute quantity to the boiling solution of
mimosa-tannin produces a ruby red liquid, fit for dye-purposes;
and this solution gives, with the salts of sub-oxide of iron, black
pigments, and with the salts of the full oxide of iron, red-brown
dyes. As far back as 1823 a fluid extract of Wattle-bark was
shipped to London, fetching then the extraordinary price of
^50 per ton, one ton of bark yielding 4 cwt. of extract of tar-
consistence (Simmons), thus saving much freight and cartage.
Tan extract is best obtained from the bark by hydraulic pres-
sure and evaporation of the strong liquid thus obtained in wide
pans under steam-heat, or better still, to avoid any decomposi-
tion of the tannic acid, by evaporation under a strong current
of cold air. For cutch or terra japonica the infusion is care-
fully evaporated by gentle heat. The estimation of tannic acid
in Acacia barks is effected most expeditiously by filtering the
aqueous decoction of the bark after cooling, evaporating the
solution and then re-dissolving the residue in alcohol and deter-
mining the weight of the tannic principle obtained by evapo-
rating the filtered alcoholic solution to perfect dryness.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
The cultivation of the Black Wattle is extremely easy, being
effected by sowing either broadcast or in rows. Seeds can be
obtained in Melbourne at about 5s. per lb., which contains from
30,000 to 50,000 grains ; they are known to retain their vitality
for several years.
For discrimination in mercantile transactions it may be noted,
that the seeds of the genuine A. decurrens are somewhat
smaller, comparatively shorter, rounder and not so flat as those
of A. dealbata, while the funicular appendage does not extend
so far along the seeds nor is the pod quite so broad ; from those
of A. pycnantha they differ in being shorter, thus more ovate
than oblong.
Seeds should be soaked in warm water before sowing. Any
bare, sterile, unutilized place might most remuneratively be sown
with this Wattle Acacia ; the return could be expected in from
five to ten years. Full-grown trees, which supply also the best
quality, yield as much as 1 cwt. of bark. Mr. Dickinson states,
that he has seen 10 cwt. of bark obtained from a single tree of
gigantic dimensions at Southport. A quarter of a ton of bark
was obtained from one tree at Tambo without stripping all the
limbs. The height of this tree was 60 feet, and the stem 2 feet
in diameter. The rate of growth of the tree is about 1 inch in
diameter of stem annually. It is content with the poorest and
driest soil, although in more fertile ground it shows greater
rapidity of growth. This Acacia is perhaps the most important
of all tan-yielding trees of the warm-temperate zones, for its
strength in tannic acid, its rapidity of growth, its contentedness
with almost any soil, the ease with which it can be reared and
its early yield of tanner's bark, and indeed also gum and stave-
wood. This tree is to be recommended for poor land affected
with sorrel. It is hardier than Eucalyptus globulus, thus
enduring the climate of South England; although it hardly
extends to sub-alpine elevations.
The variety dealbata (Acacia dealbata, Link) is generally
known amongst Australian colonists as Silver-wattle. It prefers
for its habitation humid river-banks, and sometimes attains there
a height of 150 feet, supplying a clear and tough timber used
by coopers and other artisans, but principally serving as select
fuel of great heating power. The bark of this variety is much
thinner and greatly inferior in quality to that of the Black Wattle,
yielding only about half the quantity of tannin principle. It is
chiefly employed for lighter leather. This tree is distinguished
from the Black Wattle by the silvery or rather ashy hue of its
young foliage : it flowers early in spring, ripening its seeds in
about 5 months, while the Black Wattle occurs chiefly on drier
ridges, blossoms late in spring or at the beginning of summer,
and its seeds do not mature in less than about 14 months.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
For fuller information the " Report on Wattle-bark," pre-
sented in 1878 to the Parliament of Victoria by a special com-
mission, may be referred to.
Acacia estrophiolata, F. v. Mueller.
Central Australia. A tree attaining a height of 30 feet with
a stem-diameter of 1 foot, enduring the extremest of dry heat;
suitable for cemeteries on account of its pendent branches.
It flowers almost constantly and accommodates itself to all
sorts of soil, even sand. Wood very durable, locally much
used for implements and especially wheel-wright's work (Rev.
H. Kempe).
Acacia excelsa, Bentham.
The Ironbark-Acacia of Queensland, extending into New
South Wales. Attains a height of 80 feet. Branches pendent.
The wood is dark-colored, hard, heavy and durable, well adapted
for furniture and implements; towards the centre it is of a deep
pink color. The tree exudes a large quantity of clear gum
(O'Shanesy).
Acacia falcata, Willdenow.
East Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody
vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape of
Good Hope. Important also for its bark in tanneries.
Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow.
Dioscorides' small Acacia. Indigenous to South Asia; found
westward as far as Japan; a native also of the warmer parts of
Australia, as far south as the Darling River; found sponta-
neous in tropical and sub-tropical America, but apparently
not in tropical Africa. Professor Fraas has recognized in this
Acacia the ancient plant. The scented flowers are much
sought for perfumery. This species may be utilized as a hedge
plant; a kind of gum-arabic may also be obtained from it.
The scent perhaps obtainable from the fresh and slightly
moist flowers by gentle dry distillation under mere steam-heat.
Ordinarily the odorous essential oil is withdrawn from the
flowers by the enfleurage-process; many Australian Acacias
might be thus treated for perfumery.
Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. Tree sometimes seventy feet high,
branches pendent. Desirable for culture on account of the
excellence of its easily-worked dark wood. Eligible also for
cemeteries.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
/
Acacia giraffae, Willdenow.
South Africa. The Camel-Thorn. This tree attains a great
age, and a height of 40 feet. The trunk assumes a large size,
and supplies a wood of great hardness. The tree will grow on
the driest of soil.
Acacia gummifera, Willdenow.
This species yields the Gum Arabic of Morocco. (Sir Joseph
Hooker and John Ball.)
Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow.
Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height about
60 feet. A kind of "Myall," with hard, dark, prettily-grained
wood which is less fragrant than that of some other species.
Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller.
Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mr.
Thozet, furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile wattle-
bark for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. O'Shanesy,
brown, hard, heavy and elastic; used by the natives for spears.
The tree sometimes attains a height of 90 feet, growing nat-
urally on sand lands, almost to the exclusion of other trees and
shrubs, furnishing wood of a violet odor, which splits freely, and
is useful for fancy lathe-work. Saplings used as stakes in vine-
yards have lasted 20 years and more. The tree yields also
considerable quantities of gum. It is one of the principal
" Brigalows" in the scrubs of that designation.
Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham.
The Victorian "Myall," extending into the deserts of South
Australia and New South Wales. Never a tall tree. The
dark-brown wood is much sought for turners' work on account
of its solidity and fragrance; perhaps its most extensive use is
in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes.
Acacia horrida, Willdenow.
The " Doornboom" or " Karra-Doorn" of South Africa. A
formidable hedge bush with thorns often 3 inches long, readily
available for impenetrable hedge-rows. It exudes also a gum
of good quality, but often of amber color. This is the prin-
cipal species used for tanners' bark in South Africa, where
Leucospermum conocarpum (R. Br.) is also extensively em-
ployed for the same purpose (M. Gibbon.) It imparts, how-
ever, an unpleasant odor to the leather made with it (McOwan).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Acacia implexa, Bentham.
Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. A tree of middle
size, content with poor soil. Wood firm and close, dark-brown
with yellowish stripes ; much in demand for turnery, cog-
wheels, and other purposes which need tenacity and strength
(Dickinson). Bark available for tanneries.
Acacia Koa, A. Gray.
Hawaii; there one of the most valuable of timber trees. Stem
reaching a height of 60 feet, topped by wide-spreading phyllo-
dinous foliage. Wood easy to work, particularly in a fresh state ;
formerly much used for boat-building and for building pur-
poses generally; also suitable for cabinet-work. Species of
Metrosideros, some ascending to 8,000 feet, one overtopping
all other trees, furnish a large share of hard, tough and very
durable timber in the. Hawaian islands. Their wood varies
from a light red to a purplish hue.
Acacia leiophylla, Bentham.* (A. saligna, Bentham, non Wendland.)
South-western Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen
for tanners' bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for
avenues ; emitting suckers. The bark contains nearly 30 per
cent, of mimosa-tannin, and is extensively used by tanners in
West Australia. Perfectly dried leaves yield from 7 to 8 per
cent, mimosa-tannic acid, giving a lead precipitate of a light
yellow color ; the leaves contain also a considerable quantity of
sulphate of lime. The London price of fair West Australian
gum-arabic from this species was from 46s. to 49s. per cwt. in
1879. The tree has proved in Algeria to resist the sirocco bet-
ter than most species (Ur. Bonand). A. cyanophylla (Lindley)
is a closely allied species, serving the same purposes.
Acacia longifolia, Willdenow.
South-eastern Australia. This tree is introduced into this
list inasmuch as the very bushy variety known as A. Sophorae
(R. Brown) renders most important service in subduing loose
coast-sand; it should therefore be disseminated on extensively
bare sand-shores in regions where no severe frosts occur. The
bark of A. longifolia is only half as good as that of A. decur-
rens for tanning, and used chiefly for sheep-skins. The tree is
of quick growth — 20 to 30 feet in 5 to 6 years (Hartmann).
Acacia macrantha, Bentham.
From Mexico to Argentina ; also in the Galapagos Group.
This tree, usually small, provides the " Cuji-pods" for tanning
(Simmonds).
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Acacia melanoxylon, R. Brown.*
South-eastern Australia. Generally known as Blackwood-
tree, passing also under the inappropriate name of Light Wood.
In irrigated glens of deep soil the tree will attain a height of 80
feet, with a stem several feet in diameter. The wood is most
valuable for furniture, railroad cars and carriages, boat-build-
ing (stem and stern post, ribs, rudder), for tool-handles,
crutches, some portions of the work of organ-builders, casks,
billiard-tables, pianofortes (for sound-boards and actions) and
numerous other purposes. The fine-grained wood is cut into
veneers; it takes a fine polish, and is considered almost equal
to walnut. The best wood in Victoria for bending under
steam, it does not warp and twist. Local experiments gave the
strength in transverse strain of Blackwood equal to Eucalyptus
wood of middling strength, approaching that of the American
White Oak, and surpassing that of the Kauri. The bark con-
tains about 20 per cent, mimosa-tannin. The tree has proved
hardy in the isle of Arran (Rev. D. Landsborough).
Acacia moniliformis, Grisebach.
Argentina. The "Tusca." The young pods are used for
feeding horses and cattle (Dr. Lorentz), like those of Acacia
Cavenia in South-western America.
Acacia microbotrya, Bentham.
South-western Australia. The " Badjong." A compara-
tively tall species, the stem attaining a diameter of 1 to 1^ feet.
It prefers river-valleys and lines brooks naturally. According
to Mr. Geo. Whitfield, a single tree often yields 50 lbs. of gum
in "a season. The aborigines store the gum in hollow trees
for winter use ; it is of a pleasant, sweetish taste.
Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham.
New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy
tracts of the interior. The "Weeping Myall." Reaching 35
feet in height. Wood violet-scented, hard, close-grained,
beautifully marked; used by cabinet-makers and turners, in
high repute for tobacco-pipes (W. Hill). The tree is desirable
for cemeteries.
Acacia penninervis, Sieber.
Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. A small tree,
so hardy as to occupy sub-alpine localities. The bark contains
about 18 per cent, of tannin.
Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.*
Victoria and South Australia. The "Golden Wattle" of the
colonists. This tree, which attains a maximum height of about
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
30 feet, is second perhaps only to A. decurrens in importance
for its yield of tanners' bark ; the quality of the latter is even
sometimes superior to that of the Black Wattle, but the yield is
less, as the tree is smaller and the bark thinner. It is of rapid
growth, content with almost any soil, but is generally found in
poor sandy ground near the sea-coast, and thus also important
for binding rolling sand. Experiments instituted by me have
proved the artificially dried bark to contain from 30 to 45 per
cent, tanning principle, full-grown sound trees supplying the
best quality. The aqueous infusion of the bark can be reduced
by boiling to a dry extract, which in medicinal and other
respects is equal to the best Indian catechu, as derived from
Acacia Catechu and A. suma. It yields about 30 per cent.,
about half of which or more is mimosa-tannic acid. This
catechu is also of great use for preserving against decay articles
subject to exposure in water, such as ropes, nets, fishing-lines
etc. The fresh leaves yield 6 per cent, and dry leaves 15 to 16
per cent, of mimosa-tannin. While, according to Mr. Simmons,
the import of the bark of oaks and hemlock-spruce into Eng-
land becomes every year less, and while the import of sumach
and gambir does not increase, the annual demand for tanning
substance has within the last twenty years been doubled. A.
pycnantha is also important for its copious yield of gum, which
is in some localities advantageously collected for home con-
sumption and also for export. The wood, though not of large
dimensions, is well adapted for staves, handles of various
instruments and articles of turnery, especially bobbins (Dickin-
son). By improved methods the fragrant oil of the flowers will
doubtless be fixed, though its absolute isolation might be diffi-
cult and unremunerative. The tree as a rule seeds well.
Acacia retinodes, Schlechtendal.
South-eastern Australia. Ascertained so early as 1846 by Dr.
Hermann Behr to yield a good tanners' bark and much gum.
This Acacia is ever-flowering, and in this respect almost excep-
tional. It likes river-banks, but never grows beyond the height
of a small tree. A. neriifolia (A. Cunningham) of New South
Wales is a closely allied species.
Acacia Sentis, F. v. Mueller.
Interior of Australia. This shrub or small tree is suitable
for hedges. The seeds of this species and also of A. Kempeana,
A. isbaria and some others are eaten by the natives.
Acacia Seyal, Delile.
In the Libyan and Nubian Deserts. This thorny tree exudes
a brownish kind of gum-arabic. It is adapted for the most
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
arid desert country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady
tree. Native name, " Soffar."
Acacia stenocarpa, Hochstetter.
Abyssinia and Nubia. A large tree, which yields the brownish
" Suak" or "Talha"-Gum, a kind of gum-arabic. (Hanbury
and Flueckiger.)
Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunningham.
On banks of water-courses in the interior of Australia, as far
south as the Murray River. A tree with exquisite, hard, dark
wood, serving the same purposes as Myall-wood, and also
known as Ironwood. Attains a height of 60 feet and a
diameter of 2 feet.
Acacia Verek, Guillemin and Perrottet.
From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white gum-
arabic of the Nile region, and a large quantity of this com-
mercial article. A. Etbaica (Schweinf.) from the same region
produces also a good mercantile gum.
Acanthophoenix rubra, H. Wendland.
Mauritius and Reunion. This palm has proved hardy as far
south as Sydney (C. Moore). Height reaching 60 feet. ■ The
upper rings of the stem are, of a bright red.
Acanthosicyos horrida, Welwitsch.
In the deserts of Angola, Benguela and Damarland. This
thorny, erect, cucurbitaceous shrub bears fruit the size and color
of oranges and of pleasant acidulous taste. The seeds are also
edible. No rain occurs in the Acanthosicyos and Welwitschia
region, but the heat does not exceed 70 F. and the soil is
kept somewhat moist through capillarity from beneath.
Acer campestre, Linne.
The British Maple. Extends from Middle Europe to North-
ern Asia. Height reaching 40 feet, in shelter and deep soil ; the
yellow and purple tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree
then particularly beautiful. Occurs in Norway south of 63 26'
N. L. (Schuebeler). The wood is compact and fine-grained,
and sought for choice furniture. The tree can be trimmed into
hedges. Comparatively quick of growth, and easily raised from
seed. These remarks apply to many kinds of maples.
Acer circinatum, Pursh.
The Vine Maple of North-western America, forming in
Oregon impenetrable forests on account 'of its long branches
bending to the ground and striking root. The stem is some-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
times 40 feet long, but slender. Found to be hardy in Chris-
tiania, Norway (lat. 59 55' N.), where the mean annual tempera-
ture is 41° F., the highest being 90 and the lowest — 21° F. At
Nyborg in lat. 70 10' the mean annual temperature is 29° F.,
the highest 95 and the lowest— 40° F. (Professor Schuebeler).
The wood is heavier and of closer grain than that of A. macro-
phyllum (Dr. Gibbons).
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart.
The Silver Maple of North America. Requires a rather
warmer climate than the other American maples, but has
proved hardy in Norway as far as 59° 55' N. (Schuebeler.)
Height reaching 50 feet ; stem sometimes 9 feet in dia-
meter. Much praised for street planting- ; growth compara-
tively rapid. It produces no suckers, nor is the tree sub-
ject to disease. A most beautiful tree, with a stout stem
and a magnificent crown, growing best on the banks of
rivers with limpid water and a gravelly bed, but never in
swampy ground, where the Red Maple takes its place. The
wood is pale and soft, of less strength and durability than that
of its congeners, but makes excellent charcoal. It may be
cut into extreme thinness for wood-paperhangings (Simmonds).
The tree also yields maple-sugar, though not in such quantity
as A. saccharinum.
Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Large Oregon Maple. From British Columbia to Northern
Mexico. Tree of quick growth ; sometimes reaching a
height of 90 feet; stem attaining 16 feet in circumfer-
ence; wood whitish, beautifully veined. A fine shade-
tree ; delights in banks of streams. The inner bark can
be utilized for baskets, hats and superior mats ; the
hard and close wood is a substitute for hickory. The wood
when curled is splendid for ornamental work. Maple-sugar is
also manufactured from the sap of this species (Sargent).
Acer Negundo, Linne, (Negundo aceroides, Moench).
The Box-elder of North America. Hardy in Norway to 59
55' N. (Schuebeler). A tree, deciduous like the rest of the
maples ; may attain a height of about 50 feet, and is rich in sac-
charine sap ; according to Vasey it contains almost as much as
the Sugar-maple. In California it is used extensively as a
shade-tree. Cultivated, the stem attains about 8 inches in
diameter in 8 years (Brewer). The wood is yellow, marked with
violet and rosy veins (Simmonds.)
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Acer niveum, Blume.
Continental and Insular India, up on the forest-ranges. This
is the tallest of the maples, attaining a height of 150 feet.
Several other large maples, worthy of cultivation particularly in
parks, occur on the mountains of India.
Acer palmatum, Thunberg.
This beautiful tree, with deeply cleft leaves, is indigenous to
Japan, where various varieties with red and yellow-tinged leaves
occur. Unhurt by frost at 0° F. (Gorlie). Should it be an aim
to bring together all the kinds of maples, which could be easily
grown in appropriate spots, then Japan alone would furnish 22
species.
Acer platanoides, Lirine.
The Norway maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to
80 feet high. Found hardy in Norway (cultivated) to 67° 56'
N. Attained in latitude 59° 46' a diameter of 3^2 feet (Schue-
beler). The pale wood much used by cabinet-makers. Tint of
the autumn foliage golden-yellow. A tree of imposing appear-
ance, much recommended for ornamental gardening ; it gives a
denser shade than most of the other maples.
Acer Pseudo-Platanus, Linne.
The Sycamore Maple or Spurious Plane. Middle and
Southern Europe, Western Asia. Hardy to 67^ 56' N. in Nor-
way (Schuebeler). The celebrated maple at Trons, under
which the Orisons swore the oath of union in 1424, exists still
(Langethal). Attains a height of over 100 feet. The wood is
compact and firm, valuable for "various implements, instruments,
and cabinet-work ; — e. g. for mangles, presses, dishes, printing
and bleaching works, beetling-beams and in foundries for pat-
terns (Simmonds); also for the back, neck, sides and circle of
violins, for pianofortes (portion of the mechanism), it being
free-cutting and clean on the end-grain. It furnishes like some
other maples a superior charcoal. Will admit of exposure to
sea-air. The sap also saccharine.
Acer rubrum, Linne.
The Red Maple of North America. Hardy in Norway at
63 26' N. (Schuebeler). A tree, attaining over 100 feet in
height, 5 feet in diameter ; wood close-grained. Grows well
with several other maples, even in «dry, open localities, although
the foliage may somewhat suffer from hot winds, but thrives
most luxuriantly in swampy, fertile soil. It is valued for street-
planting. The foliage turns red in autumn. The wood is of
handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for saddle-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. L$
trees, yokes, turnery, chairs and other furniture. That of old
trees is sometimes cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion
of the curled Maple-wood, which is very beautiful and much in
request for gun-stocks and inlaying. The tree yields also
Maple-sugar, but, like A. dasycarpum, only in about half the
quantity obtainable from A. sacchai-inum (Porcher).
Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim*
The Sugar or Rock Maple ; one of the largest of the genus.
Eastern North America, extending to Arizona. It is the
national emblem of Canada. In the cooler latitudes often 80
or rarely 120 feet high, with a stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter.
Hardy to 59 55' N. in Norway (Schuebeler). The wood is
strong, tough, hard, close-grained, of rosy tinge, and when well
seasoned is used for axle-trees, spokes, shafts, poles and furniture,
exteriors of pianos, saddle-trees, wheel-wrights' work, wooden
dishes, founders' patterns and flooring; not apt to warp; preferred
for shoe-lasts ; when knotty or curly it furnishes the Birds-eye
and Curly Maple-wood. From the end of February till the
earlier part of April the trees, when tapped, will yield the sac-
charine fluid, which is so extensively converted into Maple-
sugar, each tree yielding 12 to 24 gallons of sap in a season,. 3
to 6 gallons giving 1 lb. of sugar ; but exceptionally the yield
may rise to 100 and more gallons. The tapping process com-
mences at the age of 20 years, and may be continued for 40
years or more without destruction of the tree (G. Maw).
According to Porcher, instances are on record of 33 lbs. of
sugar having been obtained from a single tree in one season.
The Sugar Maple is rich in potash, furnishing a large propor-
tion of this article in the United States. The bark is important -
for the manufacture of several American dyes. The tree is
particularly recommended in Australia for alpine regions. It
bears a massive head of foliage on a slender stem. The
autumnal coloring is superb. In the Eastern States of North
America the Sugar Maple is regarded as the best tree for shade
avenues. Numerous other maples exist, among which as the
tallest may be mentioned Acer Creticum, L., of South Europe,
40 feet ; A. laevigatum, A. sterculiaceum and A. villosum, Wal-
lich, of Nepal, 40 feet ; A. pictum, Thunb., of Japan, 30 feet.
Achillea Millefolium, Linn6.
Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia and North
America. A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astrin-
gency, pervaded with essential oil, containing also a bitter prin-
ciple (achillein) and a peculiar acid, which takes its name from
the generic apellation of the plant. Fitted for warrens and
14 SELECT PLANTS FOK INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
light sandy soil. Recommended by many for sheep-pastures,
but disregarded by Langethal. Found indigenous in Norway
as far as 71 jo' N. (Schuebeler).
Achillea moschata, Wulfen.
Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the Swiss. This
perennial herb ought to bear transferring to any other snowy
mountains. With the allied A. nana (L.) and A. atrata (L.) it
enters as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea.
Many species of this genus, including the Yarrow, are whole-
some to sheep. A. fragrantissima (Reichenbach) is a shrubby
species from the deserts of Egypt, valuable for its medicinal
flowers.
Achras Balata, Aublet. (Mimusops Balata, Gaertner).
Mountains of tropical South America. Balata wood surpasses
three times in elasticity and resistence to fracture the best of
English oak. Labatia macrocarpa furnishes also Balata wood.
Achras Sapota, Linne. (Sapota Achras, Miller.)
The Sapodilla the Plum of the West Indies and Central
America. A fine evergreen tree, producing delicious fruit.
Yields also gutta-percha. The bark possesses tonic properties.
Achras Australis, a tree yielding also tolerably good fruit,
occurs in New South Wales. Other sapotaceous trees, produc-
ing table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mammosa (the Marmalade
Tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum Cainito (the Star
Apple), all from West India, and Lucuma Cainito of Peru,
might also be subjected to trial culture in sub-tropical forest-
valleys ; so furthermore many of the trees of this order, from
which gutta-percha is obtained (species of Achras, Dichopsis,
Isonandra, Sideroxylon, Cacosmanthus, Illipe, Mimusops, Imbri-
caria and Payenia) would prove hardy in sheltered woodlands,
as they seem to need rather an equable, humid, mild climate
than the heat of the torrid zone.
Aconitum Napellus, Linne.
The Monk's Hood. In the colder parts of Europe and North-
ern Asia, in regions especially mountainous. A powerful medi-
cinal plant of perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial
duration, variable in its forms. It,was first introduced into Aus-
tralia, together with a number of other Aconites, by the writer.
All the species possess more or less modified medicinal quali-
ties, as well in their herbage as in their roots; but so dangerously
powerful are they, that the plants should never be adminis-
tered except as prescribed by a qualified physician. Napellus
root contains three alkaloids : aconitin, napellin and narcotin.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 15
The foliage contains also a highly acrid volatile principle, per-
haps chemically not unlike that of many other Ranunculaceae.
Aconitin, one of the most potent poisons in existence, can like-
wise be obtained from the Nepalese Aconitum ferox, and
probably from several other species of the genus.
Acorus Calamus, Linne.
The Sweet Flag. Europe, Middle and Northern Asia, North
America. In Norway indigenous to 6i° N., cultivated up to
63° 26' (Schuebeler). A perennial pond or marsh-plant. The
aromatic root is used as a stomachic, and also in the pre-
paration of confectionery, in the distillation of gin and liqueurs,
and in the brewing of some kinds of beer. The flavor of the
root depends mainly on a peculiar volatile oil.
Acrocomia Mexicana, Karwinski.
Mexico ; in the cooler regions up to 3,000 feet, with a mean
temperature of 65 ° F. (Drude). A prickly palm, reaching 20
feet in height, accompanied by very slender Chamaedora Palms
in the shade of oak-forests.
Actsea spicata, Linne.
The Baneberry. On wooded mountains, mainly in limestone
soil in Europe, North Asia and North America. A perennial
medicinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar acrid and bitter
as well as tonic principles. In North America this species and
likewise A. alba are also praised as efficacious antidotes against
ophidian poisons.
Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon.
Southern Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appella-
tions Queule, Nuble and Aracua. Wood durable and beauti-
tifully veined. Fruit edible.
Adesmia balsamica, Bertero.
The Jarilla of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding
a fragrant balsam of some technic value.
^Egiceras majus, Gaertner.
Southern Asia, Polynesia, Northern and Eastern Australia.
This spurious mangrove-tree extends far south into New South
Wales. It may be employed for preventing the washing away
of mud by the tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject
to inundation by sea-floods.
l6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
^schynomene aspera, Linnfe.
The Solah of tropical Asia and Africa. A large perennial
erect or floating swamp-plant. Introduced from the Botanic
Gardens of Melbourne into the tropical parts of Australia.
Pith hats are made from the young stems of this plant. It
is also a substitute for cork in its various uses. The Solah
is of less importance for cultivation than for naturalization.
iEsculus flava, Aiton.
The Buck eye. North America. This showy tree rises
occasionally to a height of 80 feet. The wood is light, soft
and porous, not inclined to split or crack in drying. It is
valuable for troughs, bread-trays, wooden bowls and shuttles
(Simmons) ; also for ceiling and wainscoting (Mohr).
^sculus Hippocastanum, Linne.
The Horse-Chestnut Tree. Indigenous to Central Asia and
also to North Greece, Thessaly and Epirus, on high ranges
(Heldreich), where it is associated with the Walnut, several
Oaks and Pines, at an altitude of 3-4,000 feet, occurring
likewise in Imeretia, Caucasus (Eichwald). One of the
most showy of deciduous trees, more particularly when during
spring " it has reached the meridian of its glory, and stands
forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and blossoms." Height
reaching 60 feet, circumference of stem sometimes 16 feet. In
cool climates one of the choicest of trees for street-plant-
ing. Flowers sought by bees in preference to those of
any other tree except the Linden. Even in Norway, in
latitude 67 56' N., a cultivated tree attained a height of
60 feet and a circumference of 11 feet (Schuebeler). It
will succeed in sandy soil on sheltered spots; the wood
adapted for furniture; the seeds yield starch copiously, and
supply also a food for various domestic animals ; the bark a
good tanning material. The wood remains free from insects;
it is used for a variety of purposes, including the slips of piano-
fortes. The tree ascends the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet. A
variety is known with thornless fruits. Three species occur in
Japan, and several, but none of great height, in North America
and South Asia.
^sculus Californica, Nuttall. ,
California. This beautiful tree attains a height of 50 feet,
with a stem 2 feet in diameter, the crown spreading out excep-
tionally over a width of 60 feet, the upper branches touching
the ground. In full bloom it is a magnificent ornament, with
its crowded snow-white flowers, visible for a long distance.
The wood is light and porous, and used for the yokes of oxen
and for various other implements (Dr. Gibbons).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 17
./Esculus Indica, Colebrooke.
In the Himalayas, from 3,500 to 9,000 feet. Height finally
50 feet ; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a girth of
25 feet. Never quite without leaves. Can be used like the
Horse-Chestnut as an ornamental shade-tree. Other Asiatic
species are A. Punduana (Wallich), A. Sinensis (Bunge) and
A. dissimilis (Blume).
iEsculus turbinata, Blume.
Japan. The seeds are there used for human food.
Agaricus Caesareus, Schaeffer.
In the spruce forests of Middle and Southern Europe.
Trials might be made to naturalize this long famed and highly
delicious mushroom in our forests. It attains a width of
nearly one foot, and is of a magnificent orange-color. Numer-
ous other edible Agarics could doubtless be brought into this
country by the mere dissemination of the spores in fit
localities. As large or otherwise specially eligible may here
be mentioned A. extinctorius L., A. melleus Vahl., A. deli-
ciosus L., A. giganteus Sowerby, A. Cardarella Fr., A. Mar-
zuolus Fr., A. Eryngii, Cand., A. splendens, Pers., A. odorus, Bul-
liard, A. auricula, Cand., A. oreades Bolt, A. esculentus
Wulf., A. mouceron, Tratt., A. socialis Cand., all from
Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species from
other parts of the globe. Professor Goeppert adds as edible
species sold in Silesia and other parts of Germany: A. decorus,
Fries, A. fusipes, Bull., A. gambosus, Fries, A. procerus, Scop.,
A. scorodonius, Fries, A. silvaticus, Schaeff., A. virgineus, Wulf.,
A. volemus, Fries, besides the almost cosmopolitan A. campestris,
Linne. Mushroom beds are best made from horse-manure,
mixed with }£ loam, the scattering of the mushroom fragments
to be effected when the temperature of the hot-bed has become
reduced to 85 F., this sowing to be made 2-3 inches deep and
4 inches apart; 1 inch sifted loam over the damp bed and some
hay to cover the whole. After two months mushrooms can be
gathered from the bed. Mushroom-beds can also be prepared
in spare places of cellars, stables, sheds and other places, where
equability of mild temperature and some humidity can be
secured. According to Mr. C. F. Heinemann, of Erfurt, the
needful hot-beds can best be made one above another, inclined
forward, causing a temperature of from 6o° to 90 F., a surface
layer of cut straw being applied subsequently, to be removed
after about 2 weeks, then to be replaced by a stratum of rich
loam as a matrix for the roots of the pushing fungus. In Japan
mushrooms are reared on decayed split logs, and largely con-
l8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
sumed and exported. In France mushrooms are grown in caves
to an enormous extent. Puff-balls are also edible, and some of
them delicious (Meehan).
Agaricus flammeus, Fries.
In Cashmere; a large and excellent edible mushroom (Dr.
Aitchison). Some of the noxious mushrooms become edible
by drying. Professor Morren mentions among edible Belgian
species Agaricus laccatus, Scop., Lycoperdon bovista, L., Rus-
sula integra, Fr., Scleroderma vulgare, Fries. Any kind of
cavern might be turned into a mushroom field; the spawn is
spread on fermented manure, and kept moist by water, to which
some saltpetre is added. They all afford a highly nutritious
nitrogenous food.
Agaricus ostreatus, Jacquin.
On trunks chiefly of deciduous trees throughout Europe.
The delicious oyster-mushroom, renowned from antiquity
(Fries).
Agave Americana, Linne.
The gigantic aloe of Central America. In the open air it
comes into flower in about ten years. The pithy stem can be
utilized for some of the purposes for which cork is usually
employed — for instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases.
The honey-sucking birds and bees are very fond of the
flowers of this prodigious plant. The leaves of this and some
other Agaves, such as A. Mexicana, furnish the strong Pita-
fibre, which is adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful textile
fabrics. The strengh of ropes of this fibre is considerably
greater than that of hemp-ropes, as well in as out of water.
The leaves contain saponin. The sap can be converted into
alcohol, and thus the " Pulque " beverage is prepared from the
young flower-stem. Where space and circumstances admit of
it, impenetrable hedges may be raised in the course of some
years from Agaves.
Agave inaequidens, K. Kock.
A species closely allied > to A. Americana, and seems to
include A. Hookeri and A. Fenzliana, Jacobi, according to
Baker (in Bot. Mag., 6589 and Gardener's Chron., 187 1, p. 718).
Agave rigida, Miller. {A. Ixtli, Karwinsky.)
Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen and Sacci of the Mexi-
cans, furnishing the Sisal-hemp. Drs. Perrine, S6ott and Engel-
mann indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the fibre
being therefore also variable, both in quantity and quality.
The yield of fibre begins in four or five years, and lasts for half
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 19
a century or more, the plant being prevented from flowering by
cutting away its flower stalk when very young. The leaves are
from 2 to 6 feet long and 2 to 6 inches wide; the flower stem
attains a height of 25 feet, the panicle of flowers is about 8
feet long, bearing in abundance bulb-like buds. Other large
species of Agave, all fibre-yielding, are A. antillarum (Des-
courtil) from Hayti; A. Parryi (Engelmann) from New Mexico;
A. Palmeri (Engelmann) from South Arizona, up to a cool
elevation of 6,000 feet.
Agonis flexuosa, De Candolle.
The Willow- Myrtle of South- West Australia. A tree attain-
ing finally a height of 60 feet, with pendent branches. One of
the best of trees for the cemetery in a climate free from frost.
The foliage is rich in antiseptic oil.
Agriophyllum Gobicum, Bunge.
Eastern Asia. The "Soulchir" of the Mongols. Przeval-
sky says that the seeds of this plant, wild as well as cultivated,
afford a great part of the vegetable food of the Ala-Shan
nomads. Several other annual salsolaceous herbs belong to the
genus Agriophyllum, among them A. arenarium, Bieb. being
closely cognate to A. Gobicum.
Agrostis alba, Linne.
The Fiorin or White Bent-Grass. Europe, Northern and Mid-
dle Asia, North Africa, North America. Perennial, showing a
predilection for moisture; can be grown on peat soil. It is the
herd-grass of the United States and valuable as an admixture
to many other grasses, as it becomes available at the season
when some of them fail. Sinclair regards it as a pasture-grass
inferior to Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but supe-
rior to Alopecurus pratensis. The variety with long suckers
(A. stolonifera) is best adapted for sandy pastures, and helps to
bind shifting sand on the sea coast, or broken soil on river-
banks. It luxuriates even on saline wet soil or periodically
inundated places, as well observed by Langethal. It is more a
grass for cattle ranges than for sheep-pasture, but wherever it
is to grow, the soil must be penetrable. Its turf on coast-
meadows is particularly dense and of remarkable fineness.
For sowing, only one-sixth of the weight of the seeds, as com-
pared with those of the rye-grass, is needed.
Agrostis rubra, Linne.
Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass
called red-top and also herd-grass in the United States of
North America. Professor Meehan places it for its value as
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
pasture among grasses cultivated there next after Phleum pra-
tense and Poa pratensis (the latter there called blue grass),
and before Dactylis glomerata, the orchard-grass of the
United States.
Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.*
The hair-grass of North America. Recently recommended
as one of the best lawn-grasses, forming a dense turf. It will
grow even on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as well as
extreme cold. Its fine roots and suckers spread rapidly, form-
ing soon dense matted sods (Dr. Channing). It starts into new
growth immediately after being cut, is selected for its sweet-
ness by pasture animals, has proved one of the best grasses
for dairy ground, and suppresses weeds like Hordeum secali-
num. One bushel of seed to an acre suffices for pastures; two
bushels are used for lawns.
Agrostis Solandri, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. Produces a large
quantity of sweet fodder in damp localities (Bailey). A^aluable
as a meadow-grass (W. Hill). It is essentially a winter-grass.
Chemical analysis in spring gave the following results: Al-
bumen, 4/08; Gluten, 8 - 8i; Starch, i - 34; Gum, 2-50; Sugar,
975 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel.)
Agrostis vulgaris, Withering.
Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, North America. One of
the perennial grasses, which disseminate themselves with
celerity, even over the worst of sandy soils. Though not a
tall grass, it may be destined to contribute perhaps with others
largely to the grazing capabilities of desert lands; yet it will
thrive also even in moist soil and Alpine regions, and is essen-
tially a grass for sheep-pastures.
Ailantus glandulosa, Linne.
South-Eastern Asia. A hardy, deciduous tree, reaching 60 feet
in height, of rather rapid growth and of very imposing aspect in
any landscape. Particularly , valuable on account of its leaves,
which afford food to a silk-worm (Attacus Cynthia) peculiar to
this tree. Wood extremely durable, pale yellow, of silky lustre
when planed, and therefore valued for joiners' work; it is
tougher than oak or elm, easily worked, and not liable to split
or warp. In Southern Europe planted for avenues. Valuable also
for reclaiming coast sands, and to this end easily propagated by
suckers and fragments of roots, according to Professor Sargent.
The growth of the tree is quick even in poor soil, but more so
in somewhat calcareous bottoms. Thrives on chalk (Vasey).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Professor Meehan states that it checks the spread of the
rose-bug, to which the tree is destructive. In Norway hardy to
latitude 63 26' N. (Schuebeler).
Aira caespitosa, Linne.
Widely dispersed over the globe. A rough fodder-grass, best
utilized for laying dry any moist meadows. Extends to 71° 7' N.,
in Norway (Schuebeler).
Albizzia basaltica, Bentham.
Eastern Sub-tropic Australia. A small tree. The wood
praised by Mr. P. O'Shanesy for its beautiful reddish color and
silky lustre. Cattle like the foliage. As a genus Pithecolobium
differs no more from Albizzia than Vachelia from Acacia or
Cathartocarpus from Cassia. The oldest generic name is Zygia,
but no species was early described under this name.
Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. {Pithecolobium bigemimim, Martius.)
India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4,000
feet. Available for Australian forests on account of its peculiar
dark and hard wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea
(Pithecolobium subcoriaceum, Thwaites), from the mountains
of India is deserving of cultivation with numerous other tall
species.
Albizzia dulcis, F. v. Mueller. {Pithecolobium dulce, Bentham.)
Mexico. A valuable hedge-plant. The sweet pulp of the
pod is regarded as wholesome.
Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini.
From the Caucasus to Japan. A favorite ornamental Shade
Acacia in South Europe.
Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. {Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham.)
Tropical America. A large spreading tree, trunk attaining a
diameter of 3 feet; wood excellent for select cabinet-work,
excelling, according to Nuitall, the Mahogony in its variable
shining tints, which appear like watered satin; it is hard and
close-grained.
Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham.
The Siris-Acacia of Southern and Middle Asia and Northern
Africa. Available as a shade-tree. It produces also a good
deal of gum.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Albizzia lophantha, Benth. (Acacia lophantha, Willdenow.)
South-Western Australia. One of the most rapidly growing
plants for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed locali-
ties, but never attaining the size of a real tree. It produces
seeds abundantly, which germinate most easily. For the most
desolate places, especially in desert tracts, it is of great im-
portance, quickly affording shade, shelter and a copious vegeta-
tion. Cattle browse on the leaves. The bark contains only
about 8 per cent, mimosa-tannin; but Mr. Rummel found in the
dry root about 10 per cent, of saponin, so valuable in silk and
wool factories. Saponin also occurs in Xylia dolabriformis of
South Asia. In Australia this plant is found better even than
the Broom-bush for sheltering new forest plantations in open
sand lands.
Albizzia micrantha, Boivin. (A. Odoratissima, Bentham.)
Common in India; growing in almost any kind of soil; hardy
in subtropical countries. A middle-sized tree; timber particu-
larly hard, dark colored, durable and strong; well adapted for
naves and felloes (Drury and Brandis). Regarded by Roxburgh
as one of the most valuable' jungle-timbers.
Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (P-ithecolobium Saman, Bentham.)
The Rain-tree or Guango, extending from Mexico to Brazil
and Peru. It attains a height of 70 feet, with a trunk 6 feet in
diameter, the colossal branches expanding to 150 feet; it is of
quick growth, and in outline not unlike an oak; it forms a mag-
nificent feature in a landscape. In India it attained in 10 years
a stem-girth of about 6 feet at 5 feet from the ground, its rami-
fications by that time spreading out to 90 feet (Blechyndon). It
thrives in the dry salt-pond districts of the West Indies, and
likes the vicinity of the sea. Not ascending to above 1,000 feet
altitude in Jamaica, resisting drought. The pods mature at a
time when grass and the herbage of pastures become parched.
Rain and dew fall through its foliage, which is shut up at night,
thus allowing grass to grow underneath. It thrives best where
the rainfall fluctuates between 30 and 60 inches a year. One of
the best trees in mild climates for shade by the roadsides. The
wood is hard and ornamental, but the principal utility of the
tree lies in its pulpy pods, which are produced in great abun-
dance, and constitute a very fattening fodder for all kinds of
pastoral animals, which eat them with relish (Jenman, J. H.
Stephens).
Albizzia stipulata, Bentham.
South- Asia to the Himalayas and China. An umbrageous
tree of easy culture.
IN EXXRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 23
Alchemilla vulgaris, Linne.
Europe, West- Asia, Arctic North America, Alpine Australia,
extending in Norway to 71 10' N. (Schuebeler). This peren-
nial herb is important for moist dairy-pastures. The same can
be said of other congeners; for instance, A. alpina, (L.) from the
coldest parts of Europe, North-Asia and North America; A.
Capensis (Thunberg) and A. elongata (Ecklon and Zeyher) of
South Africa, some Abyssinian species, as well as A. pinnata
(Ruiz and Pavon) and other congeners of the Andes.
Aletris farinosa, Linne.
The colic-root of the woodlands of North America. This
pretty herb is of extreme bitterness, and is employed medicinally
as a tonic.
Aleurites cordata, R. Brown.
From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree deserves
cultivation for its beauty and durable wood in our plantations
in humid districts. The oil of the seeds serves as a varnish.
Perhaps in localities free from frost it would be of sufficiently
quick growth.
Aleurites triloba, R. and G. Forster.
The candlenut-tree, a native of the tropics of both hemi-
spheres, which furnishes a valuable dye from its fruits, and
copious oil from its seeds. I found the tree barely able to
endure the winters of Melbourne.
Alibertia edulis, A. Richard.
Guiana and Brazil, southward to extra-tropic latitudes, widely
dispersed through the drier regions. The fruit of this shrub is
edible and known as "Marmeladinha." A. Melloana (J.
Hooker), of South Brazil, seems to serve the same purpose.
Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch.
On sandy and calcareous places around and near the Medi-
terranean Sea, extending to Hungary. Cultivated in the open
air to perfection up to 59 55' N., by Professor Schuebeler. It
yields the alkanna root used for dyeing oleaginous and other
substances. It might be naturalized. Can be grown in almost
pure coast sand.
Allium Canadense, Kalm.
North American garlic. Could be cultivated or naturalized
on moist meadows for the sake of its top bulbs, which are much
sought for pickles of superior flavor.
24 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Allium leptophyllum, Wallich.
The Himalayan onion. Captain Pogson regards the bulbs
as sudorific; they are of stronger pungency than ordinary
onions; the leaves form a good condiment.
Allium roseum, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium
Neapolitanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible
roots, according to Heldreich.
Allium Schaenoprasum, Linne.
The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia and North America.
Cultivated in Norway in latitude 70 22' (Schuebeler). Avail-
able for salads and condiments. This species of Allium seems
not yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation as
Allium ascalonicum (the shallot), A. cepa (the ordinary
onion), A. fistulosum (the Welsh onion), A. porrum (the leek)
and A. sativum (the garlic). A. scorodoprasum, the sand-
leek of Europe and North-Africa, resembles both garlic and
shallot. A. ampeloprasum is the British leek, which extends
over Middle and South Europe and West Asia; called in culture
the summer-leek, a variety of which is the early pearl-leek.
Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner.
The common alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical
Asia; indigenous to 64° 10' N. Lat., in Norway (Schuebeler).
Reaches a height of 70 feet; attaining even in lat. 6i° 47
a diameter of 10 feet. Easily clipped, when young, into
hedges ; well adapted for river banks ; recommended by
Wessely for wet valleys in coast sand ; wood soft and
light, turning red, furnishing one of the best charcoals
for gunpowder; it is also durable under water, and adapted
for turners' and joiners' work. The wood is- also well
suited for pump-trees and other underground work, as it will
harden almost like stone. The tree is valuable for the utiliza-
tion of bog-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North
America; it is of smaller size, was found over 60 feet high in
lat. 70 in Norway by Professor Schuebeler. The bark of
several alders is of great medicinal value, and a decoction will
give to cloth saturated with lye an indelible orange color
(Porcher); it contains a peculiar tannic principle to the extent
of 36 per cent. (Muspratt). American alder-extract has come
into use for tanning; it renders skins particularly firm, mellow
and well-coloured (Eaton). A. Oregana, Nuttall, of California
and Oregon, rises to a height of 80 feet; its wood is extensively
used for bent-work (Meehan). A. Japonica and A. firma
(Sieb. and Zucc.) of Japan, furnish wood there for carvers and
turners, and bark for black dye (Dupont).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 2$
Alnus Nepalensis, D. Don.
Himalayas, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Reaches a
height of 60 feet. With another Himalayan alder, A. nitida
(Endlicher), it can be grown along streams for the sake of its
wood.
Aloe dichotoma, Linne, fil.
Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height
of 30 feet, and occasionally has an expanse of 40 feet. The
stem is remarkably smooth, with a girth sometimes of 12 feet.
It is a yellow-flowering species. A. Zeyheri is almost as
gigantic as the foregoing. Both doubtless yield medical gum-
resin like many other species. A. Barberse which is closely
related to A. Zeyheri, attains in Caffraria a height of 40 feet,
with a stem 16 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the
ground.
Aloe ferox, Miller.
South- Africa. This species yields the best Cape aloes, as
observed by Dr. Pappe. The simple inspissated juice of the
leaves of the various species of the genus constitutes the aloe
drug. It is best obtained by using neither heat nor pressure
for extracting the sap. By re-dissolving the aqueous part in
cold water and reducing the liquid through boiling, or other
process of exsiccation, to dryness the extract of aloes is pre-
pared. The bitter sap used for dressing wounds, keeping off
flies effectually. It deserves introduction particularly in veterinary
practice. All species are highly valuable, and can be used,
irrespective of their medicinal importance, to beautify any
r&cky or otherwise arid spot.
Aloe linguiformis, Miller.
South-Africa. According to Thunberg, the purest gum-resin
is obtained from this species.
Aloe Perryi, Baker.
Socotra. It is now known, that it was this species which
furnished the genuine aloes, renowned in antiquity (Baker,
Balfour). It grows best in lime-stone soil, and ascends to 3,000
feet. Flowers turning from scarlet to yellow, closely allied to
A. vulgaris.
Aloe plicatilis, Miller.
South-Africa. The drug of this species acts more mildly than
that of A. ferox.
26 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Aloe purpurascens, Haworth.
South-Africa. Another of the plants which furnish the Cape
aloes of commerce. The South African aloe arborescens
(Miller) and A. Commelyni (Willdenow) are also utilized for
aloes, according to Baillon, Saunders and Hanbury.
Aloe vera, Miller. (A. socotrina, Lamarck.)
South-Africa. A purplish flowered species, figured by
Commelyn in 1697 (Baker). Yields the common Socotrine
aloes and Moka aloes.
Aloe spicata, Thunberg.
South-Africa. This also furnishes Cape aloes. It is an ex-
ceedingly handsome plant.
Aloe vulgaris, Bauhin. (A. vera, Linne, A. Barbadensis, Miller).
The yellow-flowered aloe. Countries around the Mediter-
ranean Sea, also Canary Islands, on the sandy or rocky sea-
coast. Such places could also be readily utilized elsewhere for
this and allied plants. Dr. Sibthorp has identified this species
with the AXorj of Dioscorides; hence it is not probable that A.
vulgaris is also simultaneously of American origin, although it is
cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from thence the main
supply of the Barbadoes aloes, also Curacao aloes. In East
India this species also seemingly only exists in a cultivated
state. Haworth found the leaves of this and of A. striata
softer and more succulent than those of any other aloe. It
is said to be the only species with yellow flowers among those
early known. This is the only species which Professors Wil-
koram and Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain and Italy.
Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro.
Cochin-China, on the highest mountains. The precious aloe-
wood, so famed from antiquity for its balsamic fragrance and
medicinal properties, is derived from this tree.
Alopecurus bulbosus, Linne.
Middle and South-Europe. An important grass for salt-
marshes.
Alopecurus geniculatus, Linne.
Europe, Asia, North-Africa. A perennial fodder-grass, val-
uable for swampy ground; easily naturalized.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 27
Alopecurus pratensis, Linne.*
Meadow fox-tail grass. Europe, North Africa, Northern
and Middle Asia. In Norway indigenous in lat. 69 11' (Schue-
beler). One of the best of perennial pasture grasses. It
reaches its full perfection only after a few years of growth,
as noticed by Sinclair. For this reason it is not equal to
Dactylis glomerata for crop rotation, but it is more nutritious
than the latter, although the annual return in Britain has
proved less. Langethal places it next to Timothy for arti-
ficial pastures. Sheep thrive well on it. Sinclair and others
have found that this grass, when exclusively combined with
white clover, will support after the second season five ewes
and five lambs on an acre of sandy loam. But this grass,
to thrive well, needs land not altogether dry. In all permanent
artificial pastures this Alopecurus should form one of the prin-
cipal ingredients, because it is so lasting and so nutritive. It
is one of the best grasses for maritime or alluvial tracts of
country. In alpine regions it would also prove prolific, and
might gradually convert many places there into summer pas-
tures. It is early flowering, and likes the presence of lime in
the soil.
Alstonia constricta, F. v. Mueller.
Warmer parts of East Australia, particularly in the dry
inland districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic-bitter,
and regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general tonic. It
is allied to the Dita-bark of India and North-Eastern Aus-
tralia procured from Alstonia scholaris (R. Brown), and pro-
duces a peculiar alkaloid, the Porphyrin of Hesse. The sap
of all Alstonias should be tried for caoutchouc, that of A.
plumosa and another species yielding Fiji rubber (Hooker).
Alstrcemeria pallida, Graham.
Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of
this plant, which for its loveliness alone deserves a place in any
garden. The tubers of others of the numerous Alstrcemerias
can doubtless be practically utilized in a similar manner.
Althaea officinalis, Linne.
The real Marsh-Mallow. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. Hardy in lat. 59 55' in Norway (Schuebeler).
A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers. The mucil-
aginous root and also the foliage are used for medicinal pur-
poses. The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat saline soil.
Amarantus Blitum, Linne.
South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia. This annual
herb is a favorite plant among allied ones for spinage; but not
28 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
only species of this genus, but also many other Amarantacese
serve as culinary herbs. The dried plant contains 10 to 12 per
cent, nitrate of potash. It arrives at maturity in two or three
months, producing on good soil about 4 tons per acre, equal to
about 400 lbs. saltpetre. A. cruentus, L., A. hypochondriacus,
L. and A. caudatus, L. are cultivated in Ceylon, though not all
of the agreeable taste of real spinage. A. frumentaceus,
Hamilt., is closely allied to the first one mentioned, and attains
6 feet on slopes of mountains, when cultivated in Southern India
for food-grain. The leaves serve as a vegetable. A. Mango-
stanus, A. Gangeticus, A. melancholicus, A. tristis, L. and A.
polystachyus, Willd. likewise furnish in Southern Asia either
foliage for spinage or seeds for porridge.
Amarantus paniculatus, Linne.
In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual
herb, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a
square yard of ground in three months, according to Roxburgh.
Extensively cultivated in India.
Amelanchier Botryapium, De Candolle.
The grape-pear of North America; also called service-berry
or shadbush. Cultivated in Norway as far north as 59° 55'
(Schuebeler). This handsome fruit-tree attains a height of 30
feet. The purplish or almost black fruits are small, but of
pleasant subacid taste, and ripen early in the season. It bears
abundantly, and Mr. Adams, of Ohio, has calculated the
yield at 300 bushels per acre annually, if the variety oblongi-
folia is chosen. It is the Dwarf June-berry of North America.
This bush or tree will live on sandy soil; but it is one of those
hardy kinds particularly eligible for rich hilly ground.
Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore.
Brazil. Is perfectly hardy in Victoria, and is content with
dry ground without any irrigation. It has proved one of the best
among the smaller avenue-trees, is beautifully spreading and
umbrageous, and probably of medicinal value.
Anacylus Pyrethrum, De Candolle.
Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root of this
perennial herb is used medicinally.
Andropogon annulatus, Forskael.
Intra- and Sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. Recom-
mended by Mr. Walter Hill as a meadow grass. Dr. Curl
observes, that it is both a summer and autumn grass; that it
does not grow fast in winter, but at the period of its greatest
growth sends up an abundance of herbage.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 29
Andropogon argenteus, De Candolle.
Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best fodder grasses
of the Cordilleras of Chili.
Andropogon australis, Sprengel. {Sorghum plumosum, Beauvois.)
Tropical and also Eastern Extra-tropic Australia as far south
as Gippsland. Brought under notice by Mr. Ch. Moore as an
admirable perennial pasture grass. The allied A. tropicus,
Sprengel (Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.), of tropical Australia,
South Asia, China and Japan, serves similar purposes.
Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. {Sorghum avenaceum, Willd.)
North and Central America. This tall perennial grass lives
in dry sandy soil, and should be tried for growth of fodder.
Andropogon bicolor, Roxburgh.
Warmer parts of Asia. One of the annual tall Sorghums. It
ripens its seeds in three or four months from the time of sowing,
the produce in good soil being often upwards of one hundred-
fold. It is a wholesome grain.
Andropogon bombycinus, R. Brown.
Australia. This strong grass, which is generally well spoken
of by graziers, seems to like a somewhat strong soil and is often
found among the rocks on hill-sides. The bases of the stems
of this species, like several others of the genus, are highly aro-
matic (Bailey). It will live in shifting sand and endure the
hottest desert clime. The Australian A. procerus (R. Br.) and
the Mediterranian A. laniger (Desf.) are closely allied con-
geners.
Andropogon Calamus, Royle.
Central India. The sweet calamus of the Ancients. From
this species the gingergrass oil of Nemaur, an article much
used in perfumery is distilled.
Andropogon cernuus, Roxburgh.* {Sorghum cernuum, Willd.)
One of the Guinea-corns. India, where it is much cultivated,
as in other tropical countries. It is perennial, and forms
the " staff of life " of the mountaineers beyond Bengal. It
reaches a height of 15 feet, with leaves over 3 feet long.
The thick stems root at the lower joints, and cattle are very
fond of them. The grain is white. The specific limits of the
various sorghums are not well ascertained.
Andropogon citratus, De Candolle.
The lemon-grass of India. It yields an essential oil 'for
perfumery, and is occasionally used for tea. This applies as
well to Andropogon nardus, L. and some allied grasses.
3<3 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Andropogon erianthoides, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern sub-tropical Australia. Mr. Bailey observes of this
perennial grass, that "it would be difficult to find a grass
superior for fodder to this; it produces a heavy crop of rich,
sweet, succulent herbage; it spreads freely from roots and seeds,
and snoots again when fed down."
Andropogon falcatus, Steudel.
India and Queensland. Considered by Mr. Bailey a good
lawn grass, of dwarf, compact growth and of bright verdure.
Andropogon furcatus, Muhlenberg.
Southern States of North America. Strongly recommended
by Bouche for fixing loose maritime sand. Attains a height of
5 feet.
Andropogon Gryllos, Linne.
In the warm temperate, and the hot zone of the eastern
hemisphere. A useful fodder grass (Bailey).
Andropogon Halepensis, Sibthorp.
South Europe, warmer parts of Asia and North Africa.
Praised by Theophrastus more than 2,000 years ago. Not
easily repressed in moist ground. A rich perennial grass,
cultivated often under the name of Cuba grass. It yields a
large hay crop, as it may be cut half a dozen times in a season,
should the land be rich. All kinds of stock have a predilection
for this grass. It will mat the soil with its deep and spreading
roots; hence it should be kept from cultivated fields. Detri-
mental to Lucerne on meadows (Rev. Dr. Woolls). In Victoria
hardy up to 2,000 feet elevation.
Andropogon Ischaemum, Linne.
South Europe, South Asia, Africa. One of the fittest of
grasses for hot dry sand regions, and of most ready spontaneous
dispersion. Perennial. Succeeds well on lime soil, and that con-
taining gypsum. In its new annual upgrowth it is particularly
liked by sheep.
Andropogon Ivarancusa, Roxburgh.
One of the fragrant grasses of North India, much used like
A. Schoenanthus.
Andropogon montanus, Roxburgh.
Southern Asia, Northern and Eastern Australia. Rapid in
growth and valuable for fodder when young; resists fire better
than many other grasses (Holmes). Perennial, like most other
species of this large genus.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 31
M
Andropogon muricatus, Retzius.
India. A swamp grass, with delightfully fragrant roots.
According to Dr. G. King, the fragrant Indian mats are made
of this grass.
Andropogon nutans, Linne. {Sorghum nutans, Gray.)
North America. A tall, nutritious, perennial grass, content
with dry and barren soil.
Andropogon pertusus, Willdenow.
South Asia, Tropical and Sub-tropical Australia. Perennial,
Mr. Nixon, of Benalla, regards it as one of the best grasses to
withstand long droughts, while it will bear any amount of feed-
ing. It endures cold better than some other Andropogons of
Queensland, according to Mr. Bailey's observations.
Andropogon refractus, R. Brown.
North and East Australia, Polynesia. Mr. Bailey observes
of this perennial grass, that it is equally excellent for pastures
and hay, and that it produces a heavy crop during summer; the
root is fragrant. According to Mr. Holmes it is easily inflam-
mable, of inferior fodder-value, but is particularly useful for
mattresses.
Andropogon saccharatus, Roxburgh.* {Sorghum saccharattim, Pers.)
Tropical Asia. The broom-corn. A tall annual species,
splendid as a fodder-grass. Produces of all grasses, except the
Teosinte, the heaviest fodder-crop in warm climates. From the
saccharine juice sugar is obtainable. A sample of such, pre-
pared from plants of the Melbourne Botanic Garden, was
shown at the Exhibition of 1862. This Sorghum furnishes also
material for a well-known kind of brooms. A variety or a
closely allied species yields the Caffir-corn (A. Caffrorum,
Kunth). The plant can be advantageously utilized for prepar-
ing syrup. For this purpose the sap is expressed at the time
of flowering, and simply evaporated; the yield is about 100-200
gallons from the acre. In i860 nearly seven millions of gallons
of sorghum-treacle were produced in the United States.
General Le Due, then commissioner for agriculture at Wash-
ington, states that Mr. Seth Kenny, of Minnesota, obtained
from the "Early Amber" variety up to 250 gallons of heavy
syrup from one acre of this sorghum. Machinery for the
manufacture of sorghum sugar on plantations can be erected
at a cost of ,£50 to ^"ioo. Sorghum juice can be reduced to
treacle and sugar without the use of chemicals, beyond clearing
with lime and neutralizing the lime remaining in the juice by
sulphurous acid. Raw sorghum-sugar is nearly white. By an
32 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
improved method Mr. F. L. Stewart obtained 10 lbs. of sugar
from a gallon of dense syrup. At the State University experi-
mental farm, in Wisconsin, Professors Swenson and Henry have
proved that sorghum-sugar, equal to the best cane-sugar, can
be produced at 4^ cents per pound. The seeds are very
valuable for stable fodder as well as for poultry feed, and may
even be utilized for bread and cakes. The stem can be used
as a culinary vegetable.
Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne. (A. Martini, Roxb.)
South Asia and Tropical Australia, extending to Japan. A
scented, strong grass, allied to the Indian oil-yielding
Andropogons. The medicinal Siri Oil is prepared from the
root. It will live in arid places.
Andropogon scoparius, Michaux,
North America. Takes permanent possession of sandy or
otherwise poor land, and is regarded as one of the best
forage resources of the prairies.
Andropogon sericeus, R. Brown.
Hotter regions of Australia, even in desert tracts, also ex-
tending to New Caledonia and the Philippine Islands. A fat-
tening perennial pasture grass, worthy of praise.
Andropogon Sorghum, Brotero.* {Sorghum vulgare, Persoon.)
The large Indian millet or Guinea-corn, or the Durra.
Warmer parts of Asia. It matures seed even at Christiania in
Norway (Schuebeler). A tall annual plant. The grains can be
converted into bread, porridge and other preparations of food.
It is a very prolific corn — Sir John Hearsay counted 12,700
seeds on one plant; it is particularly valuable for green fodder.
The panicles are used for carpet-brooms, the fibrous roots for
velvet-brushes. A kind of beer called "Merisa" is prepared
from the seed. Many others of the numerous species of
Andropogon, from both hemispheres, deserve our attention.
Anemone Pulsatilla, Linne.
Europe and Northern Asia. On limestone soil. This pretty
perennial herb is of some medicinal importance.
Angophora intermedia, De Candolle.
Southeastern Australia. This is one of the best of the
Angophoras, attaining a large size, and growing with the
rapidity of a Eucalyptus, but being more close and shady in
its foliage. It would be a good tree for lining public roads and
for sheltering plantations. The Rev. J. Tennison-Woods states,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 33
that it is not rarely over 150 feet high; that the wood is hard,
bearing dampness well, and very tough; but that the many kino
veins lessen its usefulness. It is employed for boards and
wheels. Mr. Kirton observes, that a single tree of this species,
or of A. lanceolata, Will yield as much as two gallons of liquid
kino. Timber useful, when extra toughness is to be combined
with lightness (Reader).
Angophora subvelutina, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland and New South Wales. Attains a height of 100
feet. The wood is light and tough, soft while green, very hard
when dry, used for wheel-naves, yokes, handles &c. ; it burns
well and contains a large proportion of potash (Hartmann).
Anona Cherimolia, Miller.
From Mexico to Peru. One of the Custard-apples. This
shrub or tree might be tried in frostless forest-valleys, where
humidity and rich soil will prove favorable to its growth. It
is hardy in the mildest coast regions of Spain. It yields the
Cherimoyer fruit. The flowers are very fragrant.
Anthemis nobilis, Linne.
The true Chamomile. Middle and South Europe, North
Africa. A well-known medicinal plant, frequently used as
edgings for garden plots. Flowers in their normal state are
preferable for medicinal use to those in which the ray florets
are produced in increased numbers. They contain a peculiar
volatile oil and two acids similar to angelic and valerianic acid.
Hardy in Norway in lat. 63° 52' (Schuebeler).
Anthemis tinctoria, Linne.
Middle and South Europe, Orient. An annual herb. The
flowers contain a yellow dye.
Anthistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropical and Central Australia. A nutritious, peren-
nial pasture grass. Called by Mr. Bailey " one of the most
productive grasses of Australia" ; it produces a large amount of
bottom-fodder, and it has also the advantage of being a prolific
seeder.
Anthistiria ciliata, Linne, fil.* {Anthistiria Australis, R. Brown.)
The well-known Kangaroo grass, not confined to Australia,
but stretching through Southern Asia also, and through the
whole of Africa. Chemical analysis of this grass during its
spring growth gave the following result : — Albumen, 2.05 ;
gluten, 4.67 ; starch, 0.69 ; gum, 1.67 ; sugar, 3.06, per cent.
34 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
(F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel.) There are several species of
Anthistiria deserving introduction and naturalization in warm-
temperate or tropical climates.
Anthistiria membranacea, Lindley.
Interior of Australia. Esteemed as fattening ; seeds freely
(Bailey). Particularly fitted for dry, hot pastures, even of
desert regions.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linne.
The scented Vernal grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia,
North Africa. Found wild in Norway in lat. 71 7' (Schue-
beler.) Perennial, and not of great value as a fattening grass,
yet always desired for the flavor which it imparts to hay. Per-
haps for this purpose the scented Andropogons might also
serve. On deep and moist soils it attains its greatest perfection.
It is much used for mixing among permanent grasses in pas-
tures, where it will continue long in season. It would live well
in any alpine region. Dr. Curl observes, that in New Zealand
it grows all the winter, spring and autumn, and is a good feed-
ing-grass, as well as lawn-grass. The lamellar crystalline
cumarin is the principle on which the odor of Anthoxanthum
depends.
Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffmann.
Europe and West Asia. The chervil. An annual culinary
plant ; its herbage used as an aromatic condiment, but the root
is seemingly deleterious.
Anthyllis vulneraria, Linne.
The kidney vetch. All Europe, North Africa, West Asia.
This perennial herb serves as sheep-fodder, and is particularly
recommended "for calcareous soils. It would also live in any
alpine region. Indigenous in Norway as far north as lat. 70*
(Schuebeler.)
Apiosjtuberosa, Moench.
North America. A climber, with somewhat milky juice.
The mealy tubers are edible.
Apium Chilense, Hooker and Arnott.
Western extra-tropic temperate America. A stouter plant
than the ordinary celery, but of similar culinary use.
Apium graveolens, Linne.
The celery. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. Grows in Norway in lat. 70 (Schuebeler). It is here
merely inserted with a view of pointing out, that it might be
readily naturalized anywhere on sea-shores.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 35
Apium prostratum, La Billardiere.
The Australian celery. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zea-
land, Extra-tropical South America. This also can be utilized
as a culinary vegetable.
Apocynum cannabinum, Linne.
Indian hemp. On river-banks in North America. A peren-
nial herb. This is recorded among plants yielding a textile
fibre.
Aponogeton crispus, Thunberg.
From India to New South Wales. The tuberous roots of
this water-herb are amylaceous and of excellent taste, though
not large. The same remarks apply to A. monostachyos, Linne,
fil.
Aponogeton distachyos, Thunberg.
South Africa. This curious water-plant might be naturalized
in ditches, swamps and lakes, for the sake of its edible tubers.
The scented flowering portion affords spinage.
Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxburgh.
On the mountains of Silhet and Assam. A tree of immense
size. It furnishes the fragrant calambac or agallochum-wood,
known also as aggur or tuggur or the aloe-wood of commerce,
famed since ancient times. The odorous portion is only par-
tially distributed through the stem. This wood is also of
medicinal value.
Arachis hypogaea, Linne.*
The earth-nut, pea-nut or ground-nut. Brazil. The seeds
of this annual herb are consumed in a roasted state, or used for
the expression of a palatable oil. The plant is a very pro-
ductive one, and yields a very quick return. It ranks also as a
valuable fodder herb ; the hay is very nutritious, much increas-
ing the milk of cows. A light somewhat calcareous soil is best
fitted for its growth. On such soil 50 bushels may be obtained
from the acre.
Aralia cordata, Thunberg.
China. The young shoots provide an excellent culinary
vegetable.
Aralia Ginseng, Decaisne and Planchon. {Panax Ginseng, Meyer.)
China and Upper India, ascending to 12,000 feet. This herb
furnishes the celebrated Ginseng-root, so much esteemed as a
stimulant by the Chinese, the value of which, however, may be
36 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
overrated. The species is closely related to the North Ameri-
can A. quinquefolia. The root, to be particularly powerful,
needs probably to be obtained from high mountain elevations.
Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker.*
Bunya-Bunya. Southern Queensland. A tree attaining 250
feet in height, with a fine-grained, hard and durable wood, par-
ticularly valuable for furniture; it shows its beautiful veins best
when polished. The seeds are large and edible.
Araucaria Brasiliensis, A. Richard.*
Brazilian Pine. South Brazil. A tree 180 feet high, produc-
ing edible seeds. Dr. Saldanhada Gama reports that it makes
splendid boards, masts and spars, and that the sap yields a good
deal of turpentine. Except a few palms (Mauritia, Attalea,
Copernicia), this seems the only tree which in Tropical South
America forms forests by itself. (Martius.)
Araucaria Cookii, R. Brown.
In New Caledonia, where it forms large forests. Height of
tree, 200 feet.
Araucaria Cunninghami, Aiton.*
Moreton-Bay pine. Eastern Australia, between 14° and 32
south latitude, extending also to New Guinea, according to Dr.
Beccari. The tree attains a height of 200 feet with a trunk 6
feet in diameter. The timber is fine-grained, strong and dur-
able, if not exposed to alternately dry and wet influences; it is
susceptible of a high polish, and thus competes with satin-wood
and birds-eye maple. Value in Brisbane, £2 15s. to £3 IOS -
per 1,000 superficial feet. The tree grows on alluvial banks as
well as on rugged mountains, overtopping all other trees. The
resin which exudes from it has almost the transparency and
whitenesss of crystal, and is often pendent in the shape of
icicles, which are sometimes 3 feet long and 6 to 12 inches
broad (W. Hill). Araucarias should be planted by the million
in fever regions of tropical countries for hygienic purposes.
Araucaria excelsa, R. Brown.*
Norfolk-Island pine. A magnificent tree, sometimes 220 feet
high, with a stem attaining 10 feet in diameter. The timber is
useful for ship-building and many other purposes.
Araucaria imbricata, Pavon.*
Chili and Patagonia. The male tree attains generally a
lesser height than the female, which reaches 150 feet. This
species furnishes a hard and durable timber, as well as an
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 37
abundance of edible seeds, which constitute a main article of
food of the natives. Eighteen good trees will yield enough of
vegetable food for a man's sustenance all the year round. The
wood is yellowish white, full of beautiful veins, and capable of
being polished and worked with facility. It is admirably
adapted for ship-building. The resin is pale and smells like
Frankincense (Lawson). The tree is most frequently found on
rocky eminences almost destitute of water (J. Hoopes). It is
hardier than any other congener, having withstood the frosts of
Norway up to latitude 6i° 15' (Shuebeler).
Araucaria Rulei, F. v. Mueller.
New Caledonia. A magnificent tree, with large shining leaves
doubtless not merely of decorative but also of utilitarian
value. A closely allied species, A. Muelleri (Brogniart), comes
with A. Balansae and A. montana from the same island.
Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
North-West America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height
of 150 feet, with a stem reaching 8 feet in diameter. It is of com-
paratively quick growth (Dr. Gibbons). It belongs to the coast
tract exclusively. Wood exceedingly hard. The tree requires
a deep loamy soil (Bolander), and is fit only for shady, irrigated
woodlands; likes the company of Pinus Douglassii and of
Sequoias. It would here be valuable at least as a highly orna-
mental garden-plant.
Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann.
Arctic zone and mountain regions of Europe. The young
shoots and leaf- stalks are used for confectionery; the roots are
of medicinal use. Hardy in Norway to lat. 71 10' (Shuebeler).
In any alpine regions this herb would establish its value. The
root is biennial, and used in the distillation of some cordials.
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel.
Alpine and Arctic Europe, North Asia and North America.
A medicinal small shrub, which could best be reared in the
heath-moors of alpine regions.
Arenga saccharifera, La Billardiere.
India. This Palm attains a height of 40 feet. The black
fibres of the leaf-stalks adapted for cables and ropes intended
to resist wet very long. The juice converted into toddy or
sugar; the young kernels made with syrup into preserves. This
Palm dies as soon as it has produced its fruit; the stem then
becomes hollow and is used for spouts and troughs of great
durability. The pith supplies sago, about 150 lbs. from a tree,
according to Roxburgh. An Arenga occurs as far north as
Japan, according to Miguel.
38 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Argania Sideroxylon, Roemer and Schultes.
The Argan-tree. Western Barbary, on dry hills. Its growth
is generally slow, but it is a long-lived tree. Though com-
paratively low in stature, its foliage occasionally spreads to a
circumference of 220 feet. It sends out suckers from the root.
The fruit serves as food for cattle in Morocco; but in Australia
the kernels would be more likely to be utilized by pressing an
oil from them. Height of tree exceptionally 70 feet.
Aristida prodigiosa, Welwitsch.*
Angola, on the driest sand-hills. A perennial fodder grass,
of which the discoverer speaks in glowing terms of praise. In
the West African desert country, in places devoid of almost all
other vegetation, zebras, antelopes and hares resort with avidity
to this grass; it also affords there in the dry season almost the
only fodder for domestic grazing animals. Moreover this
seems to indicate that the closely cognate A. plumosa, L. and
A. ciliata, Desf., of the countries at or near the Mediterranean
Sea, might likewise be encouraged in their natural growth or
cultivated. All feathery grasses are among the most lovely
for minor decorative purposes or designs, and this may also be
said of the Australian plumous Stipa elegantissima, La Bil-
lardiere and S. Tuckeri, F. v. M.
Aristolochia Indica, Linnfe.
Tropical Asia and Polynesia. A perennial climber; the leaves
famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be grown in places free
from frost.
Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance.
The green Putchuck of China. A medicinal plant, largely
obtained at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from
^2o,oco to ^30,000 annually.
Aristolochia serpentaria, Linn6.
The snake-root of North America. The root of this trailing
herb is valuable in medicine; it contains a peculiar volatile oil.
Several other Aristolochiag deserve culture for medicinal pur-
poses, — for instance, Aristolochia ovalifolia (the Guaco) and A.
anguicida, from the mountains of Central America.
Aristotelia Macqui, L'HSritier.
Chili. The berries of this shrub, though small, have the
pleasant taste of bilberries, and are largely consumed in Chili.
The plant would thrive in our forest-valleys.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 39
Arnica montana, Linn6.
Colder parts of Europe and Western Asia. This pretty herb
is perennial, and of medicinal value. It is eligible for sub-
alpine regions. Hardy in Norway to lat. 62° 47' (Schuebeler).
The active principles are arnicin, a volatile oil, caproic and
caprylic acids.
Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Bancroft.
Mountain regions of Central America. An umbelliferous
herb. The roots are nutritious and palatable. There are yel-
low, purple and pale varieties.
Artemisia Absinthium, Linne.
The wormwood. Europe, North and Middle Asia, and
North Africa. A perennial herb, valuable as a tonic and
anthelminthic. Should be avoided where bees are kept
(Muenter). Recommended for cultivation as a preventive of
various insect-plagues, even the Phylloxera. Several other
species of Artemisia deserve cultivation for medicinal purposes.
Active principles : Absinthin, an oily substance indurating to a
crystalline mass; also a volatile oil peculiar to the species.
Artemisia Cina, Berg.
Kurdistan. This herb furnishes the genuine santonica seeds
(or rather flowers and fruits), a vermifuge of long-established
use. Some other Asiatic species yield a similar drug.
Artemisia Dracunculus, Linne.
The Tarragon or Estragon. Northern Asia. A perennial
herb, used as a condiment. Its flavor depends on two volatile
oils, one of them peculiar to the plant. Hardy in Norway to
lat. 63 52' (Schuebeler).
Artemisia Mutellina, Villars.
Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant de-
serves to be established in any snowy region. Hardy in Chris-
tiania (Schuebeler). This plant and A. glacialis, L., A. rupes-
tris, L. and A. spicata, Wulf. comprised under the name of
Genippi, serve for the preparation of the Extrait d'Absinthe
(Brockhaus).
Artemisia Pontica, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. More aromatic
and less bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Hardy in lat.
63 45' in Norway (Schuebeler). Many other species of this
genus deserve attention of the culturist.
40 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Artocarpus incisa, G. Forster.
The Tahiti bread-fruit tree. It stretches in the Sandwich
Islands through cultivation almost beyond the tropics. The
oldest name of this well-known and remarkable tree is that given
in 1776 by R. & G. Forster, viz., A. communis. According to
Dr. Seemann's excellent account seedless varieties exist, and
others with entire leaves and smooth and variously shaped and
sized fruits; others again ripening earlier, others later, so that
ripe bread-fruit is obtainable more or less abundantly through-
out the year. The fruit is simply boiled or baked or converted
into more complicated kinds of food. Starch is obtainable from
the bread-fruit very copiously. The very fibrous bark can be
beaten into a sort of rough cloth. The light wood serves for
canoes. The exudation issuing from cuts made into the stem
is in use for closing the seams of canoes.
Artocarpus integrifolia, Linne.
India. The famous Jack-Tree, ascending, like the allied A.
Lakoocha (Roxburgh) to 4,000 feet.
Arundinaria falcata, Nees.
The Ringal or Ningala-Bamboo of the Himalayas, at eleva-
tions from 3,500 to 10,000 feet, forming close and dense
thickets. Foliage pale green. It rises to the height of 40 feet;
the canes attaining a diameter of only 4 inches, durable, applied
to manifold useful purposes. This bamboo does not neces-
sarily require moisture. Withstood the severest winters with
o° F. at Edinburgh (Gorlie). It is as hardy as the Pampas-
Grass, and can be propagated even in an English climate in the
open air from cuttings. The seeds retain their vitality for some
time, and germinate readily. In reference to various bamboos
see the Gardners' Chronicle of December, 1876, also the
Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimation de Paris, 1878. The closely-
allied Jurboota-Bamboo of Nepal, which occurs only in the
cold altitudes of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, differs in its solitary
stems, not growing in clumps. The Tham or Kaptur-Bamboo
is from a still colder zone, at from 8,500 to 11,500 feet, only
500 feet or less below the inferior limits of perpetual glaciers
(Major Madden). The wide and easy cultural distribution of
bamboos by means of seed has been first urged and to some
extent initiated by the writer of the present work.
Arundinaria Falconeri, Munro. (Thamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hooker).
Himalaya, at about 8,000 feet elevation. A tall species with
a panicle of several feet in length. Allied to the foregoing
species.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 41
Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro.
Himalaya, up to nearly 7,000 feet. Grows to a height of
about 15 feet. Vernacularly known as Yoksun and Praong.
The seeds are edible, and also used for a kind of beer (Sir Jos.
Hooker).
Arundinaria Japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini.
The Metake of Japan, attains a height of from 6 to 12 feet.
Uninjured by even the severest winters at Edinburgh, with
o° F. (Gorlie).
Arundinaria macrosperma, Michaux and Richard.
Southern States of North America, particularly on the
Mississippi. This bamboo-like reed forms there the cane-
brakes. Fit for low borders of watercourses and swamps. Ac-
cording to C. Mohr it affords throughout all seasons of the year
an abundance of nutritious fodder. It requires to be replanted
after flowering, in the course of years. Height reaching 20
feet.
Arundinaria spathiflora, Trinius.
Himalaya, at elevations of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, growing
among firs and oaks in a climate almost as severe as that of
England, snow being on the ground from 2 to. 3 months.
Arundinaria tecta, Muhlenberg.
Southern States of North America. A cane growing 10 feet
high. Prefers good soil not subject to inundations; ripens
its large mealy seeds early in the season, throwing out subse-
quently new branches with rich foliage. Fire destroys this
plant readily (C. Mohr).
Arundinella Nepalensis, Trinius.
Middle and Southern Africa, Southern Asia, Northern and
Eastern Australia. This grass commences its growth in the
spring weather, and continues to increase during the whole
summer, forming a dense mat of foliage, which grows as fast as
it is fed off or cut. In New Zealand it is a summer grass, but
valuable for its rapid growth at that season, and for thriving on
high dry land (Dr. Curl).
Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cyrillo.
South Europe, North Africa. Almost as large as a
Gynerium. The tough flower-stems and leaves readily avail-
able for tying.
42 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Arundo Bengalensis, Roxburgh.
China, India. Closely allied to A. Donax. The long panicle
beautifully variegated with white and violet (Hance).
Arundo conspicua, G. Forster.
New Zealand and Chatham-Islands. Although not strictly
an industrial plant, it is mentioned here as important for
scenic effect, flowering before the still grander A. Sellowiana
comes in bloom, but not quite so hardy as that species, still
bearing considerable frost.
Arundo Donax, Linne.
The tall, evergreen, lasting bamboo-reed of South Europe
and North Africa. It is one of the most important plants of its
class for quickly producing a peculiar scenic effect in picturesque
plantations, also for intercepting at once the view of unsightly
objects, and for giving early shelter. The canes can be used
for fishing-rods, for light props, rustic pipes, distaffs, baskets
and various utensils. Readily flowering when strongly
manured. The root is used medicinally in France (Oliver).
Arundo Karka, Roxburgh.
India, China, Japan. The Durma mats are made of the split
stems of this tall reed.
Arundo Pliniana, Turra.
On the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A smaller plant
than A. Donax, with more slender stems and narrower leaves,
but similarly evergreen, and resembling the Donax-reed also
in its roots.
Arundo saccharoides, Grisebach. (Gynerium saccharoides, Humboldt).
Northern parts of South America. Attaining a height of 20
feet. Like the following, it is conspicuously magnificent.
Arundo Sellowiana, Schultes. {Arundo dioica, Sprengel non Loureiro, Gyne-
rium argenteum, Nees).
The Pampas-grass of Uruguay, Paraguay and the La Plata
States. A grand autumnal-flowering reed, with gorgeous
feathery panicles. As an industrial plant it deserves here a
place, because paper can be prepared from its leaves.
Asparagus acutifolius, Linne.
In all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in
the Canary Islands. Although a shrubby Asparagus, yet the
root-shoots, according to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in Greece,
and are tender and of excellent taste, though somewhat thinner
than those of the ordinary herbaceous species. The shrub
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 43
grows on stony rises, and the shoots are obtained without cul-
tivation. A. aphyllus, L., and A. horridus, L., according to Dr.
Reinhold, are utilized in the same manner, and all may prob-
ably yield an improved produce by regular and careful culture.
Asparagus albus, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and Canary Islands.
Serves for garden hedges.
Asparagus laricinus, Burchell.
South Africa. Dr. Pappe observes of this shrubby species,
that with some other kinds of that country it produces shoots
of excellent tenderness and aromatic taste.
Asparagus officinalis, Linne.
Europe, North Africa, North Asia. The well-known Aspar-
agus plant, which, if naturalized on our coast, would aid in
binding the sand. Hardy in Norway to lat. 64 12' (Schuebeler).
The foliage contains inosit-sugar ; the shoots yield asparagin.
Sea-weeds are a good additional material for forcing asparagus.
Asperula odorata, Linne,
The Woodruff. Europe, North Africa, West and North
Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 66° 59' (Schuebeler). A
perennial herb with highly fragrant flowers ; it deserves natural-
ization in forests, as it contains much cumarin in its flowers,
and serves in Germany for preparing the "Maitrank."
Aspidosperma Quebracho, Grisebach.
Argentina. Shrub or tree, even tall, with wood fit for xylo-
graphy. The bitter bark is astringent and febrifugal (Lorentz.)
The bark is almost as rich in tannin as that of Acacia Cebil.
The leaves even contain 27^ per cent.; both have the advan-
tage of producing an almost colorless leather (Sievert). F.
Jean states that even the Quebracho wood contains 14 to 16
per cent, of tannic and 2 to 3 per cent, of gallic acid.
Astragalus adscendens, Boissier and Haussknecht.
Persia, in alpine elevations of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. A shrub,
attaining a height of 4 feet. Yields gum tragacanth in
abundance (Haussknecht). The species of this genus, numer-
ous in various parts of Europe and Asia, in California and some
other parts of the globe, deserve attention for pasture and
other agronomic purposes.
Astragalus Arenarius, Linne.
Europe and Western Asia. A perennial fodder herb for any
sandy desert country.
44 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Astragalus brachycalyx, Fischer.
Kurdistan. A low shrub, affording gum tragacanth
(Flueckiger).
Astragalus cephalonicus, Fischer. (A. aristatus, Sibthorp.)
Cephalonia. A small shrub, yielding a good tragacanth ; and
so probably also does the true A. aristatus of l'Heritier.
Astragalus Cicer, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia. A nutritious
and well flavored perennial herb, much sought by grazing
animals. It requires, according to Langethal, deep friable
grounds and, like most leguminous herbs, calcareous ingredients
in the soil.
Astragalus Creticus, Lamarck.
Candia and Greece. A small bush, exuding the ordinary
vermicular tragacanth. The pale is preferable to the brown
sort.
Astragalus glycyphyllos, Linne.
Europe and Northern Asia. Succeeds on light soil, also in
forest regions. It has been recommended as a perennial, sub-
stantial fodder plant.
Astragalus gummifer, La Billardiere.
Syria and Persia. This shrub also yields a good kind of
tragacanth.
Astragalus hypoglottis, Linne.
In the colder regio.ns of Europe, Asia and North America.
This perennial plant is regarded as a good fodder-herb on cal-
careous and gravelly soil, and would likely be of importance in
any alpine region. Of the enormous number of supposed species
of this genus (according to Boissier, not less than 750 merely in
Asia Minor and the adjoining countries) many must be of value
for pasture, like some of the closely-allied Australian Swain-
sonas, though they also may include deleterious species. A.
Hornii and A. lentiginosus, Gray, California, and A. mollis-
simus, Nutt.*, of Texas, are known as loco weed, and are
poisonous to cattle and horses.
Astragalus Parnassi, Boissier. {A. Cylleneus, Heldreich).
Greece. This small shrub furnishes there almost exclusively
the commercial tragacanth. It ascends to elevations of 7,000
feet, becoming therefore alpine.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 45
Astragalus microcephalus, Willdenow.
From Turkey to Russian Armenia. Gum Tragacanth is col-
lected largely also from this species (Farnsworth) and from the
nearly allied A. pycnocladus of Boissier and Haussknecht.
Astragalus stromatodes, Bunge.
Syria, at elevations of approximately 5,000 feet. Exudes
Aintab tragacanth, which is also obtained from A. Kurdicus,
Boissier (Haussknecht).
Astragalus strobiliferus, Royle.
Asiatic Turkey. A brown tragacanth is collected from this
species.
Astragalus venosus, Hochstetter.
From Abyssinia to Central Africa. This perennial herb is
subjected to regular cultivation for fodder known as "Hamat
Kochata" (Oliver).
Astragalus verus, Olivier.
Asiatic Turkey and Persia. This shrub furnishes the Takalor
or Smyrna Tragacanth, or it is derived from an allied species.
Astrebla pectinata, F. v. Mueller.* {Danthonia pectinata, Lindley).
New South Wales, Queensland, North and Central Australia,
in arid regions, always inland. A perennial desert grass, resist-
ing drought; sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening
to them and other pasture animals.
Astrebla triticoides, F. v. Mueller.* {Danthonia iriticoides, Lindley).
The Mitchell-grass. Of nearly the same natural distribu-
tion as the preceding, and equalling that species in value. Both
so important as to deserve artificial rearing even in their native
country.
Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker.
New South Wales and Queensland. This desert-lemon is
mentioned here to draw attention to the likelihood of its improv-
ing in culture, and to its fitness for being grown in arid land.
Atriplex albicans, Aiton.
South- Africa. A good salt-bush for pastures there (McOwan) .
Atriplex crystallinum, J. Hooker.
South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania, on the brink of the
ocean and exposed to its spray. This herb vegetates solely
in salt coast-sands, which it helps to bind, like Cakile.
46 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Atriplex halimoides, Lindley.
Over the greater part of the saline desert-interior of Aus-
tralia, reaching the south and west coasts. A dwarf bush, with
its frequent companion, A. holocarpum, among the very best
for salt-bush pasture.
Atriplex hortensis, Linne.
Northern and Middle Asia. The Arroche. An annual spin-
age-plant. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70 (Schuebeler).
Atriplex Muelleri, Bentham.
* Interior of Australia, reaching the South and West coasts.
Cattle, and especially sheep, are so fond of it that they often
browse it to the root. This species approaches in its character-
istics closely to A. roseum from Europe, North Africa and West
Asia.
Atriplex nummularium, Lindley.
From Queensland through the desert tracts to Victoria and
South Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and
wholesome of Australian pastoral salt-bushes. Sheep and cat-
tle pastured on salt-bush country are said not only to remain
free of fluke, but to recover from this Distoma-disease and
other allied ailments.
Atriplex semibaccatum, R. Brown.
Extra-tropic Australia. A perennial herb, very much liked
by sheep (R. H. Andrews), thus considered as among the best
of saline herbage of the salt-bush country.
Atriplex spongiosum, F. v. Mueller.
Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the
South and West coast. Available, like the preceding and
several other species, for salt-bush culture. Unquestionably
some of the shrubby extra-Australian species, particularly those
of the Siberian and Californian steppes, could also be trans-
ferred advantageously to salt-bush country elsewhere, to
increase its value, particularly for sheep pasture.
Atriplex vesicarium, Hewerd.
In the interior of South-Eastern, and Central Australia.
Perhaps the most fattening and most relished of all the dwarf
pastoral salt-bushes of Australia, holding out in the utmost
extremes of drought, and not scorched even by sirocco-like
blasts. Its vast abundance over extensive salt-bush plains
of the Australian interior, to the exclusion of almost every
other bush except A. halimoides, indicates the facility with
which this species disseminates itself. Splendid wool is pro-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 47
duced in regions where A. vesicarium and A. halimoides almost
monopolize the ground for enormous stretches on the salt-
bush plains.
Atropa Belladonna, Linne.
The deadly nightshade. Southern and Middle Europe and
Western Asia. A most important perennial medicinal herb.
The highly powerful atropine is derived from it, besides another
alkaloid, belladonnine.
Avena elatior, Linne.
The tall meadow oat-grass. Europe, Middle Asia, North-
Africa. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 6&° n' (Schuebeler).
This grass should not be passed altogether on this occasion,
although it becomes easily irrepressible on account of its wide-
creeping roots. It should be chosen for dry and barren tracts
of country, having proven to resist occasional droughts even
better than rye-grass. The bulk yielded by it is great; it
submits well to pasturing, and gives two or three crops of
hay annually; it is, however, not so much relished by animals
as many other grasses.
Avena fatua, Linne.
Wild Oat. Europe, North Africa, Northern and Middle
Asia, eastward as far as Japan. The experiments of Professor
Buckman seems to indicate that our ordinary cultivated Oat
(Avena sativa, L.) is descended from this plant. Cultivated in
California for fodder, but requiring early cutting as it matures
and sheds its seed in July. For this reason it is also hard to
exterminate it in grain fields, where it sometimes proves quite
troublesome except by a change of crops.
Avena flavescens, Linne. (Trisetum Jlavescens, Beauv.)
Yellowish Oat-Grass. Europe, North Africa, Middle and
North Asia, eastward as far as Japan. One of the best of
perennial meadow-grasses, living on dry soil; fitted also for
alpine regions. Lawson observes that it yields a considerable
bulk of fine foliage, and that it is eagerly sought by sheep, but
that it thrives best intermixed with other grasses. It likes
particularly limestone soil, where it forms a most valuable un-
dergrass, but is not adapted for poor sand, nor will it stand well
the traversing of grazing animals (Langethal).
Avena pratensis, Linne.
Meadow Oat-Grass. Europe, North Asia. Indigenous in
Norway to lat. 66° 40' (Schuebeler). It thrives well on dry
clayey soil, is well adapted also for snowy mountains, where it
would readily establish itself, even on heathy moors. It pro-
48 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
duces a sweet fodder, but not in so great quantity as several
other less nutritious grasses. It is perennial, and recom-
mended by Langethal for such ground as contains some lime,
being thus as valuable as Festuca ovina. Eligible also for
meadows, especially under a system of irrigation.
Avena pubescens, Linne.
Downy Oat-Grass. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A
sweet perennial grass, requiring dry but good soil containing
lime. It is nutritious and prolific. One of the earliest kinds,
but not well resisting traffic. Several good Oat-grasses are
peculiar to North America and other parts of the globe. Their
relative value for fodder is in many cases not exactly known,
nor does the limit assigned to this treatise allow of their being
enumerated on this occasion.
Avena sativa, Linn6.
The Common Oats. In Middle Europe. Cultivated even
before the Christian era. Annual. Important for fod-
der, green, or as grain — for the latter indispensable. Fit
for even poor or moory or recently drained land, though
not so well adapted for sandy soil as rye, nor well avail-
able for calcareous ground; resists wet better than other
cereals; best chosen as first crop for inferior land when newly
broken up; middling grassy soil is particularly suited for
oats; in rich ground more prolific for green fodder. It succeeds
in rotation after every crop, though variously as regards yield,
and best after clover. In volcanic soil of the Victoria colony,
as much as 75 bushels of Oats have been obtained from an acre
in one harvest, and in most favorable places in New Zealand
even double that quantity. Extends not quite so far towards
polar and alpine regions as barley, on account of the longer
time required for its ^maturing, yet it will grow to lat. 69°28' in
Norway (Schuebeler). Varieties with seeds separating spon-
taneously from the bracts (chaff) are, A. nuda, L. and A.
Chinensis, Metzger, the Tartarian and Chinese Oats, which
are the sorts preferred for porridge and cakes. Other
varieties or closely allied species are: A. orientalis, Schreber,
which is very rich in grain, and on account of the rigidity of its
stem especially fitted for exposed mountain localities; A.
brevis, Roth, the short-grained oats, which is particularly
suitable for stable-fodder; A. strigosa, Schreber, which deserves
preference for sandy soil. Russian quas-beer is made of oats
(Langethal, Brockhaus).
Averrhoa Carambola, Linn6.
Continental and insular India. Not hurt by slight frost except
when very young. Sir Jos. Hooker found this small tree
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 49
on the Upper Indus as far as Lahore. The fruit occurs in a
sweet and acid variety; the former is available for the table, raw,
the other for preserves. That of A. Bilimbi (Linne) is of
similar use, especially for tarts.
Avicennia officinalis, Linne.
From the coasts of South Asia to those of South Africa; all
Australia and New Zealand. It is proposeed by Dr. Herm.
Behr to plant this tree for consolidating muddy tidal shores.
Azima tetracantha, Lamarck.
From South India to South Africa. A hedge-bush, growing
freely in every kind of soil.
Baccharis pilularis, De Candolle.
California. This evergreen bush, like B. consanguinea, is
grown for hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower-
boquets and many decorative purposes, as cut branches do not
wither for a considerable time. It attains a height of 15 feet
(Professor Bolander).
Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. Though only a small tree it is well
worth cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented foliage.
Bactris Gasipaes, Humboldt. (Guilielma speciosa, Mart.)
The Peach-Palm of the Amazon River, ascending to the warm
temperate regions of the Andes. Stems clustered, attaining a
height of 40 feet. The fruit grows in large bunches; Dr.
Spruce describes it as possessing a thick, firm and mealy peri-
carp, and when cooked it has a flavor between that of the
potato and chestnut, but superior to either.
Bacularia Arfakiana, Beccari.
In Araucaria forests of New Guinea up to 6,000 feet. A reed-
like palm.
Bacularia monostachya, F. v. Mueller. {Areca monostachya, Martius.)
Eastern Australia, extending to extra-tropical latitudes. One
of the best among small Palms for table decoration. The stems
sought for walking-sticks.
Baloghia lucida, Endlicher. {Codiceum lucidum, J. M.)
East Australia. A middle-sized tree. The sap from the
wounded trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful red
indelible pigment.
50 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Balsamodendron Ehrenbergi, Berg.
Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the commercial myrrh, but
perhaps B. Myrrha (Nees) and some other species may produce
the same substance. Professor Oliver unites this with B. Opo-
balsamum.
Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker.
Scinde and Beluchistan. Yields the Bdellium-resin.
Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. (B. Gileadense, Kunth).
Arabia, Abyssinia and Nubia. This species furnishes Mekka
or Gilead Balsam. B. Capense (Sonder) is a closely allied
species from Extra-tropical South Africa. Some other Balsam-
shrubs deserve introduction.
Bambusa arundinacea, Roxburgh.*
The Thorny Bamboo of India. It likes rich, moist soil, and
delights in river banks. It is of less height than Bambusa vul-
garis; it also sends up from the root numerous stems, but with
bending branches, thorny at the joints. Used in continental
India for hedges. According to Kurz it will thrive in a
climate too dry for B. Tulda and B. vulgaris. The seeds
of this and some other Bamboos are useful as food for
fowls. Whenever seeds of any Bamboos can be obtained
fresh and disseminated soon, large masses of these plants
could easily be raised in suitable forest ground; Bamboo-seeds
moreover, like Palm-seeds, ought to become a valuable article
of commercial export for horticultural purposes.
Bambusa aspera, Poiret.
Indian Archipelago. Attains a height of 120 feet. Stems
very strong and thick. This species ascends to elevations of
4,000 feet.
Bambusa Brandisii, Munro. *
Tenasserim, Martaban and Pegu, wild up to elevations
of 4,000 feet. Height of stems reaching 12c feet, diameter 9
inches. It likes limestone soil.
Bambusa Balcooa, Roxburgh.*
From the Plains of Bengal to Assam. Proved hardy at the
Cape of Good Hope. Height reaching 70 feet. With B. Tulda
the principal Bamboo used by the natives for constructing
large huts or sheds, but, as Roxburgh has pointed out,
in order to render the material durable it needs long immer-
sion in water. Mr. Routledge recommends young shoots of
Bamboos as paper material. The seeds of Bambusa Tulda
have been found by me to retain their vitality for some time
and to germinate readily.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 5 I
Bambusa Blumeana, Schultes.
Insular India. This Bamboo, with its spiny buds and
pendent branchlets, is, according to Kurz, one of the best for
cattle-proof live hedges among the Asiatic species. In conti-
nental India B. nana and B. arundinacea are much used for the
same purpose. Periodic trimming is required.
Bambusa flexuosa, Munro.
China. Only 12 feet high, but very hardy, having resisted in
Southern France a temperature of 8° F. (Geoffroy de St.
Hilaire).
Bambusa spinosa, Roxburgh.*
Bengal. A Bamboo attaining 100 feet in height. The cen-
tral cavity of the canes is of less diameter than in most other
species; thus the strength for many technic purposes is in-
creased.
Bambusa Senaensis, Franchet and Savatier.
Japan. A tall and hardy species, distinguished from all other
Japanese Bambusacese by its large leaves. Young Bamboo
shoots (probably of several species) constitute part of the nour-
ishment of all classes in Japan (Dupont).
Bambusa vulgaris, Wendland.
The large unarmed Bamboo of Bengal. It rises to a height
of 70 feet, and the stems may attain a length even of 40 feet in
one season, though the growth is slower in cooler climes. It
has proved to be capable of resisting occasional night-frost. It
is the best for building bamboo houses. Immersion in water
for some time renders the cane still firmer. To the series of
large thornless bamboos belong also Bambusa Tulda and Bam-
busa Balcooa of India, and Bambusa Thouarsii from Madagas-
car and Bourbon. These Bamboos are much used for various
kinds of furniture, mats, implements and other articles.
Besides this, Mr. Kurz enumerates as among the best Asiatic
bamboos for building purposes: Gigantochloa aspera, G.
maxima, G. atter ; while Mr. Teysmann notes G. apus for the
same purpose. Kurz recommends further, Bambusa arundi-
nacea, B. Balcooa, B. Brandish, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus
Hamiltoni and Schizostachyum Blumei. In the Moluccas,
according to Costa, Gigantochloa maxima, or an allied species,
produces stems thick enough to serve when slit into halves for
canoes. Bamboos are utilized for masts and spars of small
vessels. Bambusa Balcooa was found by Wallich to grow 12
feet in 23 days. Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, has
grown at first at the rate of from 20 to 70 feet in a month.
52 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Fortune noticed the growth of several Chinese Bamboos to be
two to two and a half feet a day. There are many other kinds
of Bamboo eligible among the species from China, Japan,
India, tropical America and perhaps tropical Africa. Two
occur in Arnhem's Land, and one at least in North Queensland.
Baptisia tinctoria, R. Brown.
The wild Indigo of Canada and the United States. A peren-
nial herb. It furnishes a fair pigment when treated like the
best Indigoferas.
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Brown.
In the cooler regions of all parts of the globe, ascending to
alpine zones. Hardy to lat. 64° 5' in Norway (Schuebeler).
This herb furnishes a wholesome salad. As with other raw
vegetables, particularly watercress (Nasturtium aquaticum,
Trag.), circumspect care is necessary to free such salads from
possibly adherent Echinococcus-ova or other germs of entozoa,
particularly in localities where hydatids prevail. An excellent
honey-plant. (Muenter.) Several allied species exist.
Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow.
South Africa. This shrub supplies the medicinal Bucco-
leaves. B. crenulata, Hook. (Diosma crenulata, L.) is only a
variety of this species. Active principles : a peculiar volatile
oil, a peculiar resin, and a crystalline substance called diosmin.
Base 11a lucida, Linne.
India. Perennial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the
odour of Ocimum Basilicum ; other species serve also for
culinary purposes.
Basella rubra, Linne.
From Southern Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb
serves as a spinage of pleasant coloration, but is not possessed
of the agreeable flavor of real spinage. It yields also a rich
purple dye, not easily fixed however (Johnson).
Bassowia solanacea, Bentham. ( Witheringia solanacea, L'Heritier).
South America. This perennial herb needs trial-culture, on
account of its large edible tubers.
Batis maritima, Linne.
Central America and northward to Florida, also in the Sand-
wich Islands. This shrub can be used to fix tidal sediments
for the reclamation of harbor-lands.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. S3
Beesha elegantissima, Hasskarl.
Java, on mountains of about 4,000 feet elevation. Very tall
and exceedingly slender ; the upper branches pendulous. A
hardy species of Bamboo.
Benincasa cerifera, Savi.
India, Philippines, China, Polynesia. This annual plant
produces a large edible gourd, which in an unripe state forms
part of the composition of many kinds of curry.
Berberis Asiatica, Roxburgh.
Himalaya. Hardy in Christiania (Schuebeler.) One of the
best among numerous species with edible berries. Among
these may particularly be mentioned B. Lycium (Royle) and B.
aristata (De Candolle), which also yield valuable yellow dye-
wood (Dr. Rosenthal).
Berberis buxifolia, Lamarck.
From Magelhaen's Straits to Chili. This bush, according to
Dr. Philippi, is the best among the South American species for
berries, which are comparatively large, black, hardly acid, but
slightly astringent. In Valdivia and Chiloe they are frequently
consumed.
Berberis Darwinii, Hooker.
Chiloe and South Chili. Considered one of the most hand-
some of all shrubs for garden-hedges. Hardy in England ; also
at Christiania. Several other evergreen Barbery-shrubs serve
the same purpose.
Berberis Nepalensis, Sprengel.
Himalayas, at elevations between 4,000 and 8,000 feet.
Hardy in lat. 59 55' in Norway (Schuebeler.) The fruit of this
evergreen species is edible.
Beta vulgaris, Linne.*
The Beet or Mangold-Wurzel. Middle and South Europe,
Middle Asia, North Africa. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70 4'
(Schuebeler.) This well-known perennial or biennial herb
ought to engage the general and extensive attention of any
farming population. Can be grown for mere foliage even in
sandy soil near the sea. The herbage is most valuable as a pala-
table and nutritious spinage ; the root is of importance not only
as a culinary vegetable, but, as is well-known, also for contain-
ing crystallizable sugar. The sugar of the beet, indeed, is
now almost exclusively consumed in Russia, Germany, Austria,
France, Sweden and Belgium ; and these countries not only
54 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
produce beet-sugar, but also export it largely to the neigh-
boring States. The white Sicilian Beet is mainly used for
salads, spinage and soups. The thick-ribbed variety serves like
asparagus or sea-kale, dressed like rhubarb. Cereal soil, par-
ticularly such as is fit for barley, is generally adapted also for
the culture of beets. The rearing of the root and the manufac-
ture of the sugar can be studied from manifold works ; one has
been compiled by Mr. N. Levy, of Melbourne. A deeply
stirred, drained soil, rich in lime, brings the saccharine variety
of beet to the greatest perfection. The Imperial beet yields
from 12 to 20 per cent, sugar. The Castlenauderry, the Magde-
burg, the Siberian White-rib and the Vilmorin Beet are other
varieties rich in sugar. About 5 lbs. of seed are required for
an acre. In rotation of crops the beet takes its place best
between barley and oats. In Middle Europe the yield aver-
ages 14 tons of sugar-beets to the acre, and as many hundred-
weight of raw sugar. The mercantile value of the root, at dis-
tilleries, has ranged from 20s. to 30s. per ton. In climates
not subject to frost the beet harvest can be extended over
a far greater portion of the year than in Middle Europe.
The extraction of the sap is effected generally by hydraulic
pressure. The juice is purified with lime and animal char-
coal. Excess of lime is removed by carbonic acid, and
the purified and decolorized juice is evaporated in vacuum
pans, with a view to prevent the extensive conversion of the
crystallizable sugar into treacle. The production of beet-
sugar needs far less labor than that of cane-sugar, and the
harvest is obtained in so short a time as eight months. The
beet has shown itself subject neither to alarming diseases
nor to extensive attacks of insects. It may be grown in
extra-tropical zones, while the sugar-cane is confined to tro-
pical and sub-tropical latitudes. Beet-culture, by directly or
indirectly restoring the refuse, ameliorates the soil to such an
extent that in some parts of Europe land so utilized has risen
to fourfold its former value. The beet furthermore affords one
of the most fattening stable-fodders ; and thus again an ample
supply of manure. In the beet-districts of Middle Europe
about one-sixth of the arable land is devoted to beets, yet the
produce of cereals has not been reduced, while the rearing
of fattened cattle has increased. Notwithstanding a heavy tax
on the beet-sugar factories in Europe the industry has proved
prosperous, and assumes greater and greater dimensions. In
1865 the sugar consumption of Europe amounted to 1,583,825
tons, one-third of which had been locally supplied by the beet,
from over one thousand beet-sugar factories. Treacle obtain-
ed from beet is distilled for alcohol. For establishing remu-
nerative factories on a large and paying scale, it has been sug-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 55
gested that farmers' companies might be formed. For ascer-
taining the percentage of sugar in the beet, saccharometers are
used. In Germany some scientific periodicals are exclusively
devoted to the fostering of this industry. In 1875 the total
production of beet-sugar amounted to 1,318,000 tons (Bou-
cheraux).
Betula acuminata, Wallich.
Himalaya, between 3,000 and 10,000 feet. Attains a height
of 60 feet, and thrives along forest-streams. The wood is hard,
strong and durable. Another Himalayan Birch, B. utilis (D.
Don.), grows on arid ground, and produces good timber of less
hardness.
Betula alba, Linne.
White Birch. The common Birch of Europe and Extra-
tropical Asia and North America. With some Willows
approaching nearer to the North Pole than any other
woody vegetation. It attains a height of 80 feet, and would
thrive best in moist glens of the ranges or in the higher
regions of mountains, where it would form at the alpine
zone excellent shelter plantations. The variety B. pubes-
cens (Ehrhart) attains a height of 60 feet in lat 70 N. in
Norway (Schuebeler.) Content with the poorest soil. The
variety B. populifolia (Willd.) extends to North America.
The durable bark serves for roofing. Wood white, turning red,
adapted for spools, shoe-pegs and many other minor purposes,
also for some parts of the work of organ-builders. The oil
of the bark is used in preparing the Russian leather.
Betula lenta, Willdenow.
The Cherry Birch of North America. A tree reaching to 80
feet in height, 2 feet in diameter, liking moist ground, but also
content with dry soil. Hardy at Christiania in Norway (Schue-
beler). Wood rose-colored or dark, fine-grained, excellent for
furniture. It is so heavy that when fresh it will not float in
water. It is used for snips' keels, machinery, furniture and
other purposes where strength, hardness and durability are
required. Red Birch twigs furnish the best material for rough
brooms. Bark of a somewhat aromatic odor. Several
Birches occur in Japan, which might well be tried elsewhere.
Betula lutea, Michaux.
The Yellow or Gray Birch of North-Eastern America.
Height sometimes 80 feet. Adapted for moist forest land. In
timber similar to B. lenta. The wood is used for shoe-lasts and
various other purposes.
56 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Betula nigra, Linne.
The Red Birch or River Birch of North America. One of
the tallest of Birches, occasionally more than 3 feet in dia-
meter. If grown on the banks of a limpid stream it will bear
intense heat. The wood is compact, of a light color, easily
worked, excellent for turning, also in use by cabinet-makers
and carriage-builders ; well adapted to sustain shocks and
friction (Robb). It is also used for shoe-lasts, bowls and trays,
and the saplings and branches for hoops. The bark is well
adaped for rough roofing. Hardy at Christiania (Schuebeler).
Betula papyracea, Alton.
The Paper Birch of North America. A larger tree than B.
alba, with a fine-grained wood and a tough bark ; the latter
much used for portable canoes. It likes a cold situation.
Hardy to lat. 63° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler).
Boehmeria nivea, Gaudichaud.*
The Ramee or Rheea. Southern Asia, as far east as Japan.
This bush furnishes the strong and beautiful fiber woven into
fabric, which inappropriately is called grass-cloth. The bark is
softened by hot water or steam, and then separable into its
tender fibers. The best is obtained from the young shoots ; it
is glossy, tough and lasting, combining to some extent the
appearance of silk with the strength of flax. The ordinary
market-value of the fiber is about ^40 per ton ; but Dr. Royle
mentions that it has realized, at times, ^120. The seeds are
sown on manured or otherwise rich and friable soil. In the
third year, or, under very favorable circumstances, even earlier,
it yields its crops, as many as three annually. The produce of
an acre has been estimated at two tons of fiber. This latter,
since Kaempfer's time'; has been known to be extensively used
for ropes and cordage in Japan. Rich forest valleys seem best
adapted for the Ramee, as occasional irrigation can be applied
there. In the open grounds of Victoria it suffers from the
night-frosts, although this does not materially injure the plant,
which sends up fresh shoots, fit for fiber, during the hot season.
The plant has been cultivated and distributed since 1854, in
the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, where it is readily propa-
gated from cuttings, the seeds rarely ripening there. Cordage
of this Boehmeria is three times as strong as that of hemp.
Numerous shoots spring after cutting from the same root.
Fertile humid soil or rich manuring is necessary for productive
returns. Dr. Collyer, of Saharumpore, boils the whole branches
with soap-water (a process used here since 1866, for separating
the Phormium-fiber) for the easy separation of the fiber, of which
he obtained 150 lbs. from a ton of Rheea branches ; the cost of
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 57
separation and final preparation being calculated at p^io per
ton (interest on capital for machinery not counted). He also
perfected the machinery, to render the process easy and highly
remunerative. Fiber further prepared by Bonsor's process can
be spun into the finest yarn. Colonel Hannay and Dr. Forbes
Watson record, that in Assam four to six crops are cut annually,
that obtained in the cool season providing the strongest fiber ;
the latter is obtainable to the length of 6 feet. Other species
require to be tested, among them the one which was discovered
in Lord Howe's Island, namely, Boehmeria calophleba, Moore
and Mueller.
Boletus bovinus, Linne.
Europe. Besides this species Dr. Goeppert mentions also the
following as sold for food in the markets of Silesia : B. circi-
nans, Persoon; B. edulis, Bull.; B. luteus, L.; B. sapidus, Harzer;
B. scaber, Bull.; B. subtomentosus, L. ; B. variegatus, Sw.
Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer.
From Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial
herb, the leaves of which are utilized like culinary sorrel.
Borassus Aethiopicus, Martius.
Africa, from Zanzibar to Egypt. A palm of gigantic dimen-
sions, its stem attaining 9 feet in diameter at the base or 7
feet at 4 feet above the ground ; sometimes even stems have
been measured having a circumference of 37 feet. The leaves
are as much as 1 2 feet across, serving for baskets, mats, ropes
and sieves. The edible portion of the fruit is yellow, stringy,
of a fruity flavor. The sap obtained from incisions in the
stem under the leaves yields a kind of palm-wine. In its
natural home the tree always denotes water (Colonel Grant).
Sir J. Hooker admits only one species and regards Africa solely
as its home.
Borassus flabelliformis, Linne.
The Palmyra. From the Persian Gulf to India, extending to
30 North. This noble palm attains a height of 100 feet. The
pulp of the fruit serves as food. Enormous masses of sugar
and toddy are produced in India from the sap which flows
from incisions of the stalk of the unexpanded flowers. Also to
be reared for scenic plantations. Assumed to reach, like the
Date Palm, an age of more than 200 years. Many other Palms
are notable for longevity, thus Euterpe oleracea has been cal-
culated to attain 130 years, Cocos oleracea, 650 years, Cocos
nucifera 330 years, according to the number of their stem-rings
(Langethal), of which however perhaps more than one is formed
in a year.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Boronia megastigma, Neess.
In Western Australia, on margins of swamps. This remark-
able bush is recorded here as an emblem of mourning, its
externally blackish flowers rendering it especially eligible for
graves. Industrially it interests- us on account of its very
fragrant blossoms, for the sake of which this bush well deserves
to be cultivated. The perfume could doubtless be extracted and
isolated. B. heterophylla (F. v. M.) from King George's
Sound is of similar but not quite so strong a scent.
Borrago officinalis, Linne.
Southern Europe, Orient. An annual herb, occasionally
used for medicinal purposes or as an admixture to salad.
Boswellia papyrifera, A. Richard.
Morocco, Nubia and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about
Bertat on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of Olibanum
resin, and represents apparently one of the hardiest species of
this or allied genera.
Boswellia thurifera, Colebrooke.
India. A deciduous tree, living in arid forest regions.
Yields an aromatic resin. The real Olibanum is exuded by B.
Carteri (Birdwood) of Arabia and tropical Africa.
Boussingaultia baselloides, Humboldt.
South America. This hardy climber is well fitted for bowers;
the mucilaginous tubers are edible. It is not uncommonly
grown as a climber on verandahs.
Bouteloua barbata, Lagasca.
North and Central America. One of the Gamma grasses of
the prairies, called with some other species also Muskit grass.
Annual. Famed for nutritive value.
Brabejum stellatifolium, Linne.
South Africa. The nuts of this shrub are edible, resembling
those of our Macadamia ternifolia, to which also Brabejum is
closely allied in foliage and flowers. The nuts are also similar
to those of the Chilian Guevina Avellana. The fruit should
be roasted, otherwise it is deleterious.
Brachychiton acerifolium, F. v. Mueller.
The East Australian Flame Tree. An evergreen shade tree,
with magnificent trusses of crimson blossoms. Like B. popul-
neum, R. Br., eligible for shading promenades when rapidity
of growth is no object. The mucilaginous sap when exuded
indurates to a kind of Bassorin Tragacanth.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 59
Brahea dulcis, Martius.
Mexico, as far as its northern parts, and ascending to 3,000
feet. A Brahea Palm has also been discovered as far north
as Arizona, 32° (Drude).
Brahea edulis, Wendland.
Lower California, 20 feet high. The clusters of plum-shaped
fruits sometimes weigh 40 lbs., and are eaten by domestic
animals.
Brassica alba, Visiani. {Sinapis alba, Linne).
White Mustard. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. An annual. The seeds are less pungent than those of
the Black Mustard, but used in a similar manner. The young
leaves of both are useful as a culinary antiscorbutic salad.
Can be employed with great advantage as green manure and
suppresses weeds simultaneously (W. Emerson Mclvor). The
cold-pressed oil of mustard seed serves for table use. Dr.
Masters enumerates Brassica Chinensis, B. dichotoma, B.
Pekinensis, B. ramosa and B. glauca among the mustards which
undergo cultivation in various parts of Asia, either for the
fixed oil of their seeds or for their herbage. From 15 lbs. to
20 lbs. of seed of the White Mustard ar,e required for an acre.
In the climate of California 1,400 lbs. of seed have been
gathered from an acre. Can be grown in shallow soil, even on
land recently reclaimed from swamps. It prefers argillaceous
ground. The return is obtained in a few months. The stalks
and foliage after the seed-harvest serve as sheep fodder. In
Norway the plant comes to perfection as far north as lat. 70
(Schuebeler).
Brassica Chinensis, Linne.
China and Japan. Serves like B. oleracea for cabbage, and
may in cultivation produce new varieties. The seeds in Japan
extensively pressed for oil. B. Cretica (Lam.) is a woody
Mediterranean species.
Brassica juncea, J. Hooker and Thomson. {B. Willdenovii, Boiss. ; Sinapis
juncea, Linne.)
From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury
cultivated all over India for Sarepta Mustard seed ; also a
good salad plant.
Brassica nigra, Koch. {Sinapis nigra, Linne.)
The Black Mustard. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia.
An annual. The seeds simply crushed and then sifted consti-
tute the mustard of commerce. For medicinal purposes the
60 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
seeds of this species are preferable for sinapisin and other pur-
poses, especially sinapisms. In rich soil this plant is very pro-
lific ; and in forest valleys it is likely to remain free from the
attacks of aphides. Chemical constituents: a peculiar fixed oil,
crystalline sinapin, the fatty sinapisin, myronic acid and
myrosin.
Brassica oleracea, Linne.*
An annual or biennial coast plant, indigenous to various parts
of Europe. It is mentioned here with a view of showing that
it might be naturalized on any rocky and sandy sea shores.
From the wild plant of the coast have originated various kinds of
cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, kohl-rabi,
etc. Some regard the fattening qualities of cabbage as
superior to those of turnips, particularly for stable-food during
the autumnal season. The gluten of cabbages on one acre has
been estimated at 1,500 lbs. against 1,000 lbs. of gluten obtain-
able from turnips. Other races of this species are collectively
represented by Brassica Rapa, L. (B. campestris, L.), the wild
Navew, yielding most of the varieties of turnips, some handed
down to us from ancient times with other cultivated forms.
Again, other varieties are comprehended within Brassica Napus,
L., such as the Swedish and Teltower turnips, while the Rape-
seed, so important for its oil (Colza), is also derived from a
form of B. Napus. The rape should be produced extensively
as an agrarian produce, giving a rapid return, wherever it
remains free from aphides. Ordinary Rape is a good admixture
to summer fodder. Important where bees are kept. The
hardier turnips can be produced on the highest Alps, as they
are grown even within the Arctic Circle, and, according to Sir
J. Hooker, at a height of 15,000 feet in the Himalaya moun-
tains. In Norway, Oil-Rape and Turnips are grown as far
north as 70 22' (Schuebeler), yet the Rape also, succeeds well
in the hottest parts of Central Australia.
Bromus asper, Murray.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A good perennial fod-
der grass for wood regions; but, like Festuca gigantea, late in
the season.
Bromus ciliatus, Linne.
North America. A perennial fattening grass, resembling the
Prairie grass, growing all the winter and also during summer, if
drought is not too long continued, starting afresh after the
least rain (Dr. Curl).
Bromus erectus, Hudson.
Europe, North Africa. Important as a perennial nutritious
grass for dry limestone regions; much liked by cattle and sheep.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 6 I
Bromus unioloides, Humboldt.* (B. Schraderi, Kunth).
In Australia called the Prairie-grass. From Central America
to the sub-alpine zone of Northern Argentina. It has spread
over many parts of the globe. The writer saw it disseminated
in the mountains of St. Vincent's Gulf as early as 1847. It * s
one of the richest of all grasses, grows continuously and spreads
rapidly from seeds, particularly on fertile and somewhat humid
soil, and has proved, as a lasting and nutritious fodder grass or
pasture grass, one of the best acquisitions. Very early out in
the season for fodder. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 67 55'
(Schuebeler). Chemical analysis in early spring gave : albu-
men, 2.80; gluten, 3.80; starch, 3.30; gum, 1.70; sugar, 2.30
per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel.)
Broussonetia papyrifera, Ventenat.
The Paper-Mulberry tree. Islands of the Pacific Ocean,
China, Japan, perhaps only truly indigenous in the last-named
country. The bark of this tree or shrub can be converted into
very strong paper. It can also be used for textile fabrics;
furthermore, the cloth made from it can be dressed with linseed
oil for waterproof coverings. In cultivation the plant is kept
like an osier. The leaves cannot be used for silkworms.
European fabrics have largely superseded the clothing made of
this plant in the South Sea Islands
Buchloe dactyloides, Torrey.*
The true Buffalo grass of Kansas, naturally extending from
Canada to Texas, forming a large proportion of the food of the
buffaloes on the prairies (Englemann). Dioecious, creeping,
only rising to half a foot or less. It is extremely fattening, but
apt to be suppressed by coarser grasses in places where these
are not trampled out or kept down by pasture animals.
Buddleya Madagascariensis, Lamarck.
Madagascar. Of the numerous species of Buddleya, the most
eligible one for shelter copses on account of its great size and
always tidy appearance, as well as vigor and celerity of growth.
It is ever-flowering, highly elegant, and tolerant to many kinds
of soil.
Bursera elemifera, J. Hooker.
Mexico, up to the temperate plateau. This tree furnishes the
Mexican Copal or Elemi.
Butea frondosa, Roxburgh.
The Dhak or Pulas of India. This magnificent tree extends
to the Himalaya mountains, ascending to elevations of 4,000
62 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
feet, and bears a few degrees of frost. It is very rich in a
peculiar kind of kino, which, according to Muspratt, contains
up to 73 per cent, of tannin. The Lac insect is also nourished
by this tree.
Butomus umbellatus, Linne.
The Flowering Rush. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia.
This elegant perennial water-plant is mentioned here more for
its value in embellishing our lakes and water courses than for
the sake of its roots. The latter, when roasted, are edible.
The plant would live in sub-alpine rivulets. In Norway it is
hardy in lat. 59 55' (Schuebeler).
Buxus sempervirens, Linne.*
The Turkey Box-tree. England, South Europe, North
Africa, South- Western Asia, extending to Japan. This slow-
growing tree should be planted, to provide the indispensable
box wood for wood-engravers and musical instrument makers,
no good substitute for it having been discovered as yet. It
is also employed for shuttles, rollers and various other select
implements, clarionets, flutes, flageolets. Box wood on account
of its extreme density can best be used as a unit in compara-
tive scales of the closeness of various kinds of wood. The
box tree needs calcareous soil for its best development. In
Norway it is hardy to lat. 63° 26', according to Prof. Schue-
beler, who saw a plant 1 1 feet high and 6 inches in diameter in
lat. 5 8° 58'. Among allied species B. Balearica attains a height
of 80 feet. Other congeners are B. subcolumnaris, B. Cubana,
B, Purdieana, B. citrifolia, B. acuminata, B. laevigata, B. Vahlii,
B. gonoclada, B.~retusa, B. glomerata, B. Wrightii, all from
the West Indies; and B. Madagascarica and B. longifolia
from Turkey and B. Wallichiana from the Himalayas. It does
not, however, appear to be known how the wood of either of
these, nor of the various species of the Indian genus sar-
cococca or the genus styloceras of the Andes compares with
true box-wood; nor is it known whether or not they are of
more rapid growth.
Buxus microphylla, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan. There used for the best of wood-engravings and
turnery; considered as good as ordinary box wood. Native
name, Tsougne (E. Dupont).
Caesalpinia Bonduc, Roxburgh. (Guilandina Bonditc, Linne.)
Widely dispersed through the intertropical regions of both
hemispheres with G. Bonducella, L. Both would be well
adapted for hedges in the warmer parts of the temperate zone.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 63
Caesalpinia brevifolia, Bentham. {Balsamocarpon brevi folium, Clos).
Chili, the " Algoborillo." The pods of this shrub are extra-
ordinarily rich in tannic acid, containing sometimes 80 per cent,
and hence valuable for tanneries (Philippi). Godeffroy found
in the husks 68% per cent, tannic acid. The process of tan-
ning is accomplished in one-third of the time required for
leather from oak bark; especially valuable as giving a bloom to
the leather.
Caesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow.
Wet sea shores of Central America. Might be naturalized in
Victorian salt marshes. Colonel Drury states that each full-
grown tree produces annually about 100 lbs. of pods, the husk
of which, commercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as the
most powerful and quickly acting tanning material in India.
The mercantile price of the pods is from £8 to ^13 per ton.
Caesalpinia crista, Linne.
West Indies and Carolina. This shrub or tree furnishes a
yellow dye-wood.
Caesalpinia echinata, Lamarck.
Brazil. The Fernambuc or Red Brazil Wood is obtained
from this tree and allied species; they also furnish the dye prin-
ciple brazilin.
Caesalpinia Gilliesii, Wallich. (Poinciana Gilliesii, Hooker.)
La Plata States. This beautiful hardy bush can be utilized
for hedges.
Caesalpinia Sappan, Linne.
South Asia. The wood furnishes a red-dye. This shrub can
also be adopted as a hedge plant.
Caesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh.
Southern Asia, east to Japan. There often utilized as a
hedge bush. It can advantageously be mixed for hedge growth
with Pterolobium lacerans (R. Br.), according to Dr. Cleghorn.
It furnishes a red dye wood.
Caesalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt.
Chili. The bark yields a red dye.
Caesalpinia vesicaria, Linne. (C. bijuga, Swartz.)
West Indies, on dry savannas and limestone rocks. This
tree furnishes part of the red Fernambuc Wood of commerce,
for dye purposes and select implements.
64 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cajanus Indicus, De Candolle.*
The Catjang ; in Assam, called Gelooa-mah, also called
Arhar. A shrubby plant of tropical Africa and India, ascend-
ing to 6,000 feet in the extra-tropical latitudes of
the Himalayas. One of the upland varieties will endure
a few degrees of frost (C. B. Clarke). It sustains itself
on dry ground, and yields the pulse known as Dhal, Urhur
and Congo Pea. The plant lasts for about three years,
attains a height of 15 feet, and has yielded in the richest
soil of Egypt 4,000 lbs. of peas to the acre. A crop is
obtained in the first year. The seeds can be used as peas
in the green state, as well as when ripe. Even more used
in India than Phaseolus radiatus and Cicer arietinum. Some
of the tribes of Central Africa use the stem of this shrub
in friction with reeds to strike fire, according to Speke. Several
species of Cajanus of the Atylosia section, indigenous to the
warmer parts of Australia, might be tested for the sake of the
economic value of their seeds. The insect, active in the for-
mation of Lac, lives extensively on the Cajanus, according to
Mr. T. D. Brewster, of Assam. Silkworms also live on it.
Cakile maritima, Scopoli.
Europe, North Africa, North and Central America, extra-
tropical Australia. Not unimportant for aiding to cover drift
sand cast up on low sea shores; not hurt by the spray. In
Norway hardy to lat. 71° 7' (Schuebeler).
Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker.
North America. Excellent for fixing drift sand. C. Epi-
geios (Roth) and C. Halleriana (De Candolle) serve the same
purpose according to Wessely.
Calamintha Nepeta, Hoffmansegg.
From England to the countries around the Mediterranean
Sea; fond of limestone soil. It is strongest in odor among
several species, but not of so pleasant a scent as C. incana,
Boiss. and C. grandiflora, Moench.
Calamintha officinalis, Moench.
Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia, North Africa.
A perennial herb, used like Melissa as a condiment.
Calamus montanus, T. Anderson.
Himalaya, up to 6,000 feet. A hardy climbing palm. The
old canes are naked. ''The light but strong suspension
bridges, by which the large rivers of Sikkim are crossed,
are constructed of this palm. It supplies material for
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 65
the strongest ropes to drag logs of wood from the forest.
Most durable baskets and cane work of chairs are manufactured
from the slit stems. Walking sticks and riding canes made of
this species are exported from Sikkim in considerable quantity."
Many other Calami serve similar purposes, but probably few, or
perhaps none, are equally hardy.
Callitris arborea, Schrader. ( Widdringtonia juniperoides, Endlicher).
South Africa, 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level. A middling
sized tree, rich in resin.
Callitris columellaris, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern Australia, on bare and sandy coast tracts. Height
reaching 100 feet. Timber durable, fine grained, fragrant, capable
of a high polish; used for piles of wharves and sheeting of
punts and boats; it resists the attacks of chelura and white ants;
the roots are valued for veneers. The wood is also used for
telegraph poles according to Mr. Thozet. Present market
value jQ6 per 1,000 superficial feet. (Queensland Exhibition,
1878).
Callitris Macleayana, F. v. Mueller. {Frenela Macleayna, Parlatore).
New South Wales. A handsome tree, of regular pyramidal
growth, attaining a height of 70 feet; the timber is valuable.
C. actinostrobus and C. acuminata from southwest Australia
are too small for timber purposes, but the first mentioned is one
of the very few conifers fit for saline soil.
Callitris Parlatorei, F. von Mueller.
Southern Queensland. Recommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey
as a shade tree. It attains a height of 60 feet. The wood is
esteemed by cabinet makers. Several other species of Callitris
are worthy of forest culture.
Callitris quadrivalvis, Richard.
North Africa. A middling sized tree, yielding the true san-
darac resin.
Callitris verrucosa, R. Brown. {Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunningham}.
Through the greater part of Australia. Several other species
from Victoria and other parts of Australia are also among
the trees which may be utilized for binding the coast and desert
sand. They all exude Sandarac.
Calyptranthes aromatica, Saint Hilaire.
South Brazil. The flower buds of this spice shrub can be
used almost like cloves, the berries like allspice. Several other
aromatic species are eligible for test culture.
66 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Calyptronoma Swartzii, Grisebach.
West Indies. A palm, reaching a height of 60 feet. Ascends
on tropical mountains to over 3,000 feet elevation. It yields the
"long thatch" of Jamaica, the foliage furnishing an amber
colored roofing material, neater and more durable than any
other used on that island, lasting twenty years or more without
requiring repairs (Jenman.)
Camelina sativa, Crantz.
Middle and Southern Europe, temperate Asia. An annual
herb, cultivated for the sake of its fibre and the oil of its seeds.
It is readily grown after cereals, yields richly even on poor
soil, and is not attacked by aphides. Mr. W. Taylor obtained 32
bushels of seed from an acre, and, from this, 540 lbs. of oil.
The return is obtained within a few months. Hardy in Nor-
way to lat. 70 (Schuebeler.)
Camellia Japonica, Linne.
This renowned horticultural plant attains a height of 30 feet
in Japan. It is planted there on roadsides for shelter, shade
and ornament (Christie). The wood is used for superior xylo-
graphy (Dupont). The seeds, like those of C. Sasanqua
(Thunberg), are available for pressing oil. C. reticulata
(Lindley) from China is conspicuous for its very large flowers.
Camellia Thea, Link.* {Thea Chinensis, Linne.)
The Tea shrub of South Eastern Asia, said to be indigenous
also to some localities of Japan, for instance, Suruga. This
evergreen and ornamental bush has proved quite hardy in the
lowlands at Melbourne, where in exposed positions it endures
quite unharmed light night frosts as well as the free access
of scorching summer winds. But it is in humid valleys, with
rich alluvial soil and access to springs for irrigation, that
the most productive tea fields can be formed. The plant comes
into plentiful bearing of its product as early as the Vine
and earlier than the Olive. Its culture is not difficult,
and it is singularly exempt from fungus diseases, if
planted in proper localities. Pruning is effected in the cool
season, in order to obtain a large quantity of small tender
leaves from young branches. Both the Chinese and Assam tea
are produced by varieties of a single species, the tea shrub
being indigenous in the forest country of Assam. Declivities
are best adapted and usually chosen for tea culture, particularly
for Congo, Pekoe and Souchong, while Bohea is often grown in
flat countries. In Japan tea cultivation extends to 39° north
latitude, where the thermometer occasionally sinks to 16° F.
(Simmons). It has withstood the winter of Washington in
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 67
sheltered positions without protection (W. Saunders). The
Assam variety succumbs to frost. For many full details For-
tune's work, "The Tea Districts of China," might be consulted.
The very troublesome Tea bug of Asia is Helopeltis theivora.
Fumigation and the application of birdlime are among the
remedies to cope with this insect. The third volume of the
Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India
is mainly occupied by Lieut. -Colonel Edw. Money's and Mr.
Watson's elaborate essays on the cultivation and manufacture
of tea in India. For full advice on the culture and prepara-
tion of tea consult the writer's printed lecture, delivered, in
1875, at the Farmers' Club of Ballarat.
The tea of commerce consists of the young leaves, heated,
curled and sweated. The process of preparing the leaves can
be effected by steam machinery. In 1866 three machines for
dressing tea were patented in England — one by Messrs.
Campbell and Burgess, one by Mr. Thomson and one by Mr.
Tayser. To give an idea of the quantity of tea which is con-
sumed at the present time, it may be stated that from June to
September, 187 1, 11,000,000 lbs. of tea were shipped from
China alone to Australia, and that the produce of tea in India
from January to June of 1872 was 18,500,000 lbs. In 1840
India sent its first small sample of tea to the European
market, but in 1877 exported to England forty million pounds,
that is, as much as the whole English importation thirty years
ago (Burrell). Dr. Scherzer estimates the Chinese home con-
sumption at 400,000,000 pounds, others much higher. In 1873,
China exported 242,000,000 pounds, Japan 12,000,000
pounds. Simmonds estimates the area under tea cultivation in
China at 25,000,000 acres. 100 lbs. of prepared tea is the aver-
age yield per acre. Seeds of the tea bush are now locally to
be gathered in many parts of Australia from plants distributed
by the writer since 1859, and for years to come the cultivation
of the tea bush, merely to secure local supplies of fresh seeds,
ready to germinate, will in all likelihood prove highly lucrative.
Tea contains an alkaloid, caffein, a peculiar essential oil, and
Boheic acid, along with other substances.
Canavalia gladiata, De Candolle.*
Within the tropics of Asia, Africa and America. This peren-
nial climber grows to an enormous height, and bears an
abundant crop of large edible beans which can be used
green (Sir Walter Elliott). It varies with red and white seeds,
and in the size of the latter, which are wholesome. C. ensi-
formis (D. C.) is another variety. C. obtusifolia is deleterious.
Carina Achiras, Gillies.
Mendoza. One of the few extra-tropic Cannas, eligible for
arrowroot culture.
68 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Canna coccinea, Roscoe.
West Indies. Yields, with some other Cannas, the particular
arrowroot called Tous Les Mois.
Canna edulis, Edwards.*
The Adeira of Peru. One of the hardiest of arrowroot plants.
Seeds, will germinate even when many years old. Plants sup-
plied at the Botanic Garden of Melbourne have yielded
excellent starch at Melbourne, Western Port, Lake Welling-
ton, Ballarat and other localities in the colony Victoria. The
Rev. Mr. Hagenauer, of the Gippsland Aboriginal Mission
station, obtained over one ton from an acre. The Rev. Mr.
Bulmer found this root to yield 28 per cent, of starch. The
gathering of the roots is effected there about April. The
plants can be set out in ordinary ploughed land. Starch grains
remarkably large. The plant resembles a banana in miniature,
hence it is eligible for scenic plantations ; the local production
in Gippsland is already large enough to admit of extensive sale.
Canna flaccida, Roscoe.
Carolina. Probably also available for arrowroot, though in
the first instance, like many congeners, chosen only for orna-
mental culture.
Canna glauca, Linne.
One of the West Indian Arrowroot Cannas.
Cannabis sativa, Linne.*
The Hemp Plant ; indigenous to various parts of Asia, as far
west as Turkey and as far east as Japan. Long cultivated
for its fiber. It exudes the churras (Hasheesh), a medicinal
resinous substance of narcotic properties, particularly in hot
climates. The foliage also contains a volatile oil, while the
seeds yield by pressure the well-known fixed hemp oil. The
staminate plant is pulled for obtaining the fiber in its best state
immediately after flowering ; the seeding plant is gathered for
fiber at a later stage of growth. Good soil, well drained, never
absolutely dry, is needed for successful hemp culture. Hemp
is one of the plants yielding a full and quick return within the
season. The summer temperatures of St. Petersburg (67 F.)
and of Moscow (62 F.) admit still of the cultivation of this
plant. The hemp plant serves as a protection against insects
on cultivated fields, if sown along their boundaries.
Cantharellus edulis, Persoon. (C. cibarius, Fries).
The Chanterelle. Various parts of Europe. Dr. Goeppert
mentions this among the many mushrooms admitted under
Government supervision for sale in Silesia.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 69
Capparis sepiaria, Linne.
From India to the Philippine Islands, ascending to cool eleva-
tions and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent for
hedges. Dr. Cleghorn mentions also as hedge plants C. hor-
rida (L. fil.), C. aphylla (Roth), C. Roxburghii (D. C), some of
which also yield capers.
Capparis spinosa, Linne.
The Caper Bush. South Europe and North Africa, South
Asia and North Australia. A somewhat shrubby and trailing
plant, deserving, even for the sake of its handsome flowers, a
place in any garden. It sustains its life even in arid deserts.
Light frosts do not destroy this plant. The flower-buds and
young berries, preserved in vinegar with some salt, form the
capers of commerce. Samples of capers, prepared from plants
of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, are placed in our Indus-
trial Museum, together with many other products emanating
from the writer's laboratory. The caper plant is propagated
either from seeds or suckers ; it is well able to withstand either
heat or drought. The buds, after their first immersion in
slightly salted vinegar, are strained and afterwards preserved in
bottles with fresh vinegar. Chemical principle : Rutin.
Capsicum annuum, Linne.
Central America. An annual herb, which yields the chillies,
and thus also the material for cayenne pepper. Chemical
principle : capsicin, an acrid, soft, resinous substance.
Capsicum baccatum, Linne.
The Cherry Capsicum. A perennial plant. Brought from
Brazil to tropical Africa and Asia, where other pepper capsi-
cums are likewise now naturalized.
Capsicum frutescens, Linne. (C. fastigiatum, Blume).
Tropical America. The berries of this shrubby species are
likewise converted into cayenne pepper.
Capsicum longum, De Candolle.
Some of the hottest parts of America. An annual herb, also
yielding cayenne pepper. C. grossum (Willd.) is also men-
tioned by Colonel Drury as a very pungent species. The sum-
mers of the warm temperate zone admit of the successful
growth of at least the annual species of Capsicum in all the
lowlands. C. humile also binds sand even when brackish.
Capsicum microcarpum, De Candolle.
South America. It is this species which is used by prefer-
ence in Argentina. There are annual and perennial varieties.
70 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Caragana arborescens, Lamarck.
The Pea Tree of Siberia. The seeds are of culinary value,
but particularly used for feeding fowls. The leaves yield a blue
dye (Dr. Rosenthal).
Carex arenaria, Linne.
Europe and Northern Asia. Hardy to lat. 62 30' in Norway
(Schuebeler). One of the most powerful of sedges for subdu-
ing rolling sand, its rigid foliage not attracting grazing animals.
The roots are of medicinal value.
Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer.
The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of
sedges for fixing the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating
and creeping roots. It forms an intricate net-work on the sur-
face and beneath. Outliving most other fodder plants at its
native places, it becomes available for cattle and horse food,
particularly in the cold of winter, and is held to be singularly
invigorating to pasture animals.
Carissa Arduina, Lamarck.
South Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted
for boundary lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is not
an object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E. Meyer)
and C. grandiflora (A. de Cand.) are allied plants of equal
value. The East Australian C. Brownii (F. von Mueller) can
be similarly u'tilized. The flowers of all are very fragrant. C.
Carandas (Linne) extends from India to China ; its berries are
edible.
Carpinus Americana, Michaux.
The Water Beech or Iron wood of North America, thriving
best on the margins of streams. The wood is very fine grained,
tough and compact ; used for cogs of wheels and any purpose
where extreme hardness is required, such as yokes, etc. (Robb).
It is often speckled and somewhat curled, thus fitted for
superior furniture (Simmons).
Carpinus Betulus, Linne.
The Hornbeam. A tree 80 feet high. Middle and South
Europe and Western Asia. Wood pale, of a horny toughness
and hardness, close-grained, but not elastic. It is used by
wheel-wrights, for cogs in machinery and for turnery (Laslett).
It furnishes a good coal for gunpowder. This tree would serve
to arrest the progress of bush-fires, if planted in copses or
hedges, like willows and poplars, around forest plantations. In
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 7 1
Norway it is hardy to lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler), Four species
occur in Japan : C. cordata, C. erosa, C. laxifiora, and C.
japonica (Blume). Carpinus viminea (Wallich) is a species
with durable wood, from the middle regions of Nepal.
Carthamus tinctorius, Linne.
From Egypt to India. The Safflower. In Norway grown
to lat. 70 22' North. A tall, annual, rather handsome herb.
The florets produce yellow, rosy, ponceau and other red shades
of dye, according to various admixtures. Pigment principles :
carthamin and carthamus yellow. For domestic purposes it
yields a dye ready at hand from any garden. In India the Car-
thamus is also cultivated for the sake of the oil, which can be
pressed from the seeds.
Carum Ajowan, Bentham. (C. copticum, Benth).
From the countries around the Mediterranean Sea to India.
The fruits of this annual herb form an excellent culinary condi-
ment with the flavor of thyme. Its peculiar oil is accompanied
by cymol and thymol.
Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, on
limestone soil, extending in Cashmere to 9,000 feet elevation.
The tuberous roots and also the leaves serve as a culinary
vegetable; the fruits, as a condiment.
Carum Capense, Sonder.
South Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is
called Fenkelwortel.
Carum Carui, Linne.
The Caraway Plant. Perennial. Europe, North and Middle
Asia. Grown in Norway to lat. 71 7'. A wholesome adjunct
if interspersed among the herbs of sheep-pastures. It might
be naturalized on our Alps and also along the sea shores.
The Caraway oil is accompanied by two chemical principles :
carven and carvol. Royle mentions two varieties or allied
plants from Upper India.
Carum ferulifolium, Koch. (Bunium ferulifolium, Desfont.). «
A perennial herb of the Mediterranean regions. The small
tubers are edible.
Carum Gairdneri, Bentham.
Western North America, particularly in the Sierra Nevada.
A biennial herb, the tuberous root of which furnishes an article
of food as well as the root of the allied Californian C. Kel-
7 2 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
loggii (A. Gray). Geyer probably had this plant in view, when
he mentions the tubers of an umbelliferous plant, which are
among the dainty dishes of the nomadic Oregon-natives. The
truly delicious root bursts on being boiled, showing a snowy
white farinaceous substance, which has a sweet, cream-like
taste, and somewhat the aroma of parsley leaves (Lindley).
Carum Petroselinum, Bentham. {Apium Petroselinum, Linne).
The Parsley. This biennial, well known herb, indigenous to
South Europe and the Orient, is always desirable on pastures as
a preventive or curative of some kidney and liver diseases of
sheep, horses and cattle. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 70
(Schuebeler). The root is also valuable for the table. Essen-
tial oil with a peculiar stearopten.
Carum segetum, Bentham. {Anethum segetum, Linne).
Around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Middle Europe.
An aromatic annual herb, available for culinary purposes.
Carya alba, Nuttall*.
A Shellbark Hickory. North America, extending to Canada.
Professor Schuebeler found it to be hardy in Norway to lat.
63° 52'. A deciduous tree, reaching a height of 90 feet, which
delights in rich forest soil. Wood heavy, strong, elastic and
tenacious, but not very durable; used for chairs, agricultural
implements, carriages, baskets (Sargent) and whip handles.
Yields the main supply of hickory nuts. All the hickories are
extensively used in North America for hoops.
Carya amara, Nuttall.
The Bitternut Tree or Swamp Hickory. A tree sometimes
80 feet high, in the swampy grounds of North America. Wood
less valuable than that of other hickories. Richest of all North
American trees in potash, in which most hickories also abound.
Hardy in Christiania.
Carya glabra, Torrey*. {Carya porcina, Nuttall).
The Pignut Tree. North America, reaching Canada and
Florida. Often 80 feet high. Wood very tough; the heart
wood reddish or dark colored; much used for axletrees and
axehandles.
Carya microcarpa, Nuttall.
The Balsam Hickory. North America. A fine lofty tree,
attaining a height of 80 feet, with a stem two feet in diam-
eter. The wood is white and tough, and possessed of most of
the good qualities of C. tomentosa, to which this species is also
in other respects allied. Also very closely allied to C. alba.
The nut is of a pleasant taste, but small (Nuttall).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 73
Carya olivaeformis, Nuttall.*
The Pecan nut Tree of North America. A handsome lofty tree,
reaching 70 feet in height, with a straight trunk. The most rapid
growing of all the hickories (Meehan). Its wood is coarse-
grained, heavy and compact, possessing great durability; in
strength and elasticity it surpasses even that of the White Ash
(Harrison). The nuts are usually abundant, and the most
delicious of all walnuts; they form an article of commerce in
the Southern States. Texas annually exports nuts to the value
of over ;£io,ooo (Dr. C. Mohr). The tree bears nuts as far
north as Philadelphia. It commences to bear in about eight
years. The nuts should be packed in dry moss or sand for
distant transmission. Although the wood of all the hickories is
not adapted for building purposes, as it is subject to the attacks
of insects and soon decays if exposed to the weather, yet its
great strength and elasticity render it extremely useful for
implements, articles of furniture, hoops and many minor uses,
besides supplying locally the very best of fuel. Hickories,
even when very young, do not well bear transplanting, C.
amara, perhaps, excepted. C. alba and C. glabra would be
particularly desirable for the sake of their timber, and C.
olivaeformis on account of its fruit. The bark of all the
hickories contains yellow dye principles; by the addition of
copperas an olive color is produced; by the addition of alum, a
green color. Hickory stems are known to attain 12 feet in
girth.
Carya sulcata, Nuttall.*
The Furrowed Hickory and Shellbark Hickory of some dis-
tricts; also Shagbark Hickory. North America. A tree, 80
feet high, in damp woods. Its rate of growth is about 18
inches in a year while young. Heart wood pale colored. Seed
of sweet pleasant taste. Wood similar to that of C. alba, but
paler. The tree is hardy in Christiania.
Carya tomentosa, Nuttall.*
The Mockernut Tree or White Heart Hickory. North
America, extending to Canada, but not to California. A large
tree. Likes forest soil, not moist. Heart wood pale colored,
remarkable for strength, elasticity, heaviness and durability,
yet fissile; used for axles, spokes, felloes, handles, chairs, screws,
sieves, and the best of mallets; the saplings for hoops and
wythes. Hickory is the most heat-giving amongst all North
American woods. Nut small, but sweet; very oily. A variety
produces nuts as large as a small apple, which are called King
Nuts.
74 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Caryota urens, Linne.
India. One of the hardier Palms, ascending the Himalayas
to an altitude of 5,000 feet, according to Dr. Thomas Ander-
son, yet even there attaining a considerable height, though the
temperature sinks in the cooler season to 40 F. Drude
mentions that species of this genus ascend to an elevation of
7,500 feet, where the temperature occasionally approaches the
freezing point. The trunk furnishes a sago-like starch. This
palm flowers only at an advanced age, and after having pro-
duced a succession of flowers dies away. From the sap of the
flower-stem as well as from the Cocos and Borassus Palm, toddy
and palm sugar are prepared, occasionally as much as 12 gallons
of liquid being obtained from one tree in a day. The fiber of
the leaf stalks can be manufactured into very strong ropes, also
into baskets, brushes and brooms. It also serves the Indian
races as tinder. The outer wood of the stem serves for turn-
ery. Several allied species exist, one extending to Australia.
Casimiroa edulis, Llav and Levarz.
Mexico, up to the cool heights of 7,000 feet, bearing orange-
like fruits. This tree comes into bearing in about ten years.
The kernel of its fruit is deleterious (Hernandez); the pulp of
a delicious, melting, peach-like taste (Garner). The fruit is
said to induce sleep. The tree thrives well at Santa Barbara,
California. The fruit is about an inch in diameter, pale yellow,
of a rich subacid taste, and most palatable when near decay.
Efforts to propagate it from cuttings were not successful, and
seeds do not seem to reach perfection in California. The
Spanish inhabitants call the tree Zapote (Calif. Hortic. Magaz.,
1880).
Cassia acutifolia, Delile.
Indigenous or now spontaneous in Northern and Tropical
Africa and Southwest Asia. Perennial. The leaflets merely
dried constitute part of the Alexandrian and also Tinnevelly
senna. The active principle of senna — namely, cathartic acid —
occurs also in the Coluteas and in Coronilla varia, according to
C. Koch.
Cassia angustifolia, Vahl.
Northern and Tropical Africa and Southwestern Asia, in-
digenous or cultivated. Perennial. Yields Mecca senna, also
the Bombay and some of the Tinnevelly senna.
Cassia artemisioides, Gaudichaud.
Sub-tropical and extra-tropical Australia. The species of
this series are considered valuable for sheep-runs as affording
feed. They brave intense heat, and are adapted for rainless
regions.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 75
Cassia fistula, Linne.
Southern Asia. The long pods of this ornamental tree con-
tain an aperient pulp of pleasant taste and of medicinal value.
It is also used in the manufacture of cake tobacco. Traced by
Sir Jos. Hooker to the dry slopes of the Central Himalayas.
Cassia Marilandica, Linne.
An indigenous Senna plant of the United States of North
America. Perennial.
Cassia obovata, Colladon.
Southwestern Asia; widely dispersed through Africa as a
native or disseminated plant. Perennial. Part of the Alex-
andrian, and also Aleppo-senna is derived from this plant; less
esteemed and less collected, however, than the other species.
It furnishes also Tripolis, Italian, Senegal and Tanacca senna.
Castanea sativa, Miller.* (C. vulgaris, Lamarck; C. vesca, Gaertner).
The sweet chestnut tree. South Europe and Temperate
Asia, as far as Japan ; a variety with smaller fruit extending
to North America. Professor Schuebeler records that even in
Norway in latitude 58 15' a chestnut tree attained a height of
33 feet with a stem 4 feet in circumference; in a shrubby state it
was found as far north as 63 . It reaches an enormous age;
at Mount Etna a tree occurs with a stem 204 feet in cir-
cumference. At other places trees are found 10 feet in
diameter, solid to the center. The tree does not readily admit
of transplantation. The wood is light, cross-grained, strong,
elastic and durable, well adapted for staves, wheel-cogs; the
young wood for hoops and mast-rings. The wood is compara-
tively rich in tannic acid (about 4 to 6 per cent.), and hence used
for preparing a liquid extract; the bark contains 12 per cent,
tannin (Wiesner). The leaves furnish food for the Bombyx
Tamamai (Dupont). The greatest importance of the tree rests
on its adaptability for shade plantations, its nutritious nuts and
timber value. The American wood is slightly lighter in
color than that of the Red Oak, and valuable for its durability,
thus available for shingles and rails; chestnut rails in North
America have lasted for half a century. The wood is beauti-
fully laminated, and hence sought for furniture (Simmons). Dr.
Vasey mentions that the wood is largely employed for furniture,
for the inside finish for railroad cars and steamboats. The
American nuts are smaller, but sweeter than the European;
they are largely available for fattening hogs (Robb).
Castanopsis argent ea, A de Candolle .
A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible
chestnuts. Other species of the genus Castanopsis are valu-
able.
76 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle.
The Oak Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree,
attaining a height of 150 feet, and 8 feet in diameter. Either
for beauty or utility worthy of cultivation (Dr. Gibbons). The
leaves are golden yellow underneath. Wood durable.
Castanopsis Indica, A de Candolle.
Mountains of India, at about 4,000 feet. This Oak Chestnut
produces seeds with the taste of filberts.
Casuarina Decaisneana, F. v. Mueller.
Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus.
The tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and par-
ticularly valuable for arid, especially sandy regions. The wood
is exceedingly hard, and resists the attacks of termites and also
decay; the stem wood is straight and easily fissile (Rev. H.
Kempe).
Casuarina distyla, Ventenat.
Extra-tropical Australia. A shrubby species, well adapted
for fixing the sand-drifts of sea coasts. All Casuarinas can be
pollarded for cattle fodder.
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster.
East Africa, South Asia, North Australia, Polynesia. Attains
a maximum height of 150 feet. Splendid for fuel, giving great
heat and leaving little ashes. The timber is tough, nicely
marked. The tree will live in somewhat saline soil at the edge
of the sea. Captain Campbell-Walker estimates the yield of
firewood from this tree as four times as great as the return from
any tree of the forests of France. Known to have grown in 10
years to a height of 80 feet, but then only with a comparatively
slender stem (Blechyndon). In India it grows on pure sand,
and is much used as fuel for railway locomotives. It yields a
lasting wood for piles of jetties and for underground work, and
is much used for knees of boats and for tool handles (Wil-
cox). The cost of raising Casuarinas in India has been from
£ s \ to £\o per acre, and the return, after only eight years, ^13
Casuarina Fraseriana, Miquel.
South-Western Australia. A middle-sized tree; the wood
easily split into shingles. The best furniture-wood of South-
western Australia, as it does not rend. This tree is adapted
even for sterile heath-land.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 77
Casuarina glauca, Sieber.
Widely distributed through Australia, even in desert country,
but nowhere forming forest-like masses. This species attains,
in favorable places, a height of 80 feet. Its hard durable wood
is valuable; used for staves (Woolls). Important for its rapid
growth, its resistance to exposure, for shelter plantation, and its
speedy supply of fuel, — a remark which applies also to the fol-
lowing species.
Casuarina quadrivalvis, La Billardiere.
The Coast Sheoak of South-East Australia. Not living merely
in coast-sand, but also on barren places reaching the inland
hills. Height attaining 60 feet. The foliage of this species is
drooping. The male tree is very eligible for avenues, but the
female less sightly. Cattle are fond of the foliage. For arrest-
ing the ingress of coast-sand by belts of timber this is one of
the most important trees. It produces seed early and copiously,
like other Casuarinas, and is easily raised. The foliage, like
that of the other species, is acidulous from a crystallizable sub-
stance allied to bicitrate of lime.
Casuarina suberosa, Willdenow.
The erect Sheoak of South-East Australia. Height reaching
40 feet. A beautiful shady species. Casuarina trichodon
(Miq.) and C. Huegeliana (Miq.) are arboreous species of
South-West Australia, valuable for their wood.
Casuarina torulosa, Aiton.
New South Wales and Queensland. Attains a height of 70
feet. The tough wood of this handsome tree is in demand for
durable shingles and furniture work, as well as for staves and
veneers; it is also one of the best for oven-fuel.
Catalpa bignonioides, Walter.*
On the Gulf of Mexico; Southern United States. A tree
of remarkably rapid growth in warm humid climates, attain-
ing a height of about 20 feet in four years. Professor
Meehan observed a tree to attain a stem of 4 feet in
diameter in twenty years, even in the latitude of New
York. In many parts of the United States it is a favorite
tree for shade-lines. When closely planted it will grow tall and
straight, with a stem of 50 feet below the first branch. It
prefers bottom lands, but will grow in any soil and position,
according to Mr. Barney. It is hardier than most Eucalypts,
but will not stand severe frosts. According to Professor Burrill,
it is not liable to be destroyed by insects. Seeds when quite
young. Professor Meehan considers the wood to be as durable
78 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
as that of the best Chestnut trees; indeed, it lasts for an
almost indefinite period. General Harrison insists that there is
nothing like it for posts. Catalpa pickets of the old French
stockade are still sound. Logs thrown across water-courses for
crossing have lasted for three generations; railway posts and
platforms of this wood are almost indestructible. Logs a
century old, and posts half a century old, were not in the
least decayed (Barney). Railway cross-ties made of this wood
are also very durable, a tree twenty years old furnishing
sufficient timber for four ties. Canoes of Catalpa-wood never
crack or decay.
Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
In the Mississippi states. Hardier and taller than C. big-
nonioides, blooming earlier; leaves inodorous, flowers larger,
growth as rapid and wood as durable; also only with a very thin
layer of destructible sapwood (Dr. Engelmann). Found to
have attained in 40 years a stem circumference of 40 feet at 4
feet from the ground (Letterman).
Catalpa Kaempferi, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan. Grows in eight years to about 25 feet in height, with
a trunk of 2 feet circumference; bunches of flowers very large
and fragrant (Hovey). Proved hardy at Christiania (Schue-
beler). C. Bungei (Meyer) from North-China, or a closely
allied species, can be grown for hedges.
Catha edulis, Forskael.
Arabia and Eastern Africa. The leaves of this shrub, under
the designation of Kafta or Cat, are used for a tea of a very
stimulating effect, to some extent to be compared to that of
Erythroxylon Coca. To us the plant would be mainly valuable
for medicinal purposes.
Ceanothus rigidus, Nuttall.
California. One of the best of hedge-shrubs, available for
dry situations. Evergreen; 12 feet high; the branches becom-
ing densely intricate. In the coast tracts it is replaced by C.
thyrsiflorus (Esch.), which can also be used for hedges and
copses, and will live in mere coast-sand. C. prostratus (Benth.)
forms natural mats on slopes made by roads and slides, which
it gradually covers, and with its pretty blue flowers soon
decorates (Professor Bolander). Irrespective of their beauty,
the different species are worthy of cultivation as forming excel-
lent wind-breaks. A fair tea is made from the leaves of C.
velutinus (Dr. Gibbons). Some species are relied on for forage-
plants.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 79
Cedrela Brasiliensis, A de Jussieu.* (C. fissilis, Velloza).
South Brazil and Argentina, extending to Mexico. The tim-
ber is soft, fragrant and easily worked ; it is known as Acajou
wood. The wood of C. odorata (Linn£), from Central America,
furnishes the principal material for cigar boxes (Laslett). The
Surinam cedar-wood is furnished by C. Guianensis (A de
Jussieu).
Cedrela Sinensis, A de Jussieu.*
China and Japan. An elegant tree, hardy in South Europe.
It furnishes a wood not unlike that of the Singapore-cedar, red-
dish in color, particularly sought for cigar boxes.
Cedrela Taona, Roxburgh.*
The Singapore-cedar. Foliage deciduous. One of the most
important of all timber trees for furniture wood, which is easily
worked, most sightly, and applicable also for a multitude of
other purposes. Ascends the Himalayas 8,000 feet.
Cedrela australis, F. v. Mueller.*
Eastern Australia, as far south as 35 °. Foliage deciduous in
cool regions. Attains a height of 200 feet. The Rev. Dr.
Woolls noted in New South Wales trees so large as to yield
30,000 feet (superficial) of timber. Market value in Brisbane
£1 10s. to ^8 10s. per 1,000 superficial feet. The light, beau-
tiful wood, easily worked and susceptible of high polish, is very
much in request for furniture, for piano-cases, for turnery, in-
cluding stethoscopes, for the manufacture of pianofortes, for
boat-building, frames of window-blinds, and a variety of other
work. The timber from the junction of the branches with the
stem furnishes the choicest veneers. The bark contains a con-
siderable quantity of tannin, which produces a purplish leather
(Fawcett). The red cedar is hardy at Melbourne, but of slow
growth in our open exposed gardens and poor soil. C. Taona,
C. glabra (Cas. de Cand.) and C. microcarpa (C. de Cand.) all
yield cedar-wood in Sikkim, according to Dr. Geo. King.
C. serrata (Royle) grows at higher altitudes, and yields a differ-
ent but also good timber (G. King).
Cedrela Velloziana, Roemer.
Brazil. A magnificent tree, with odorous wood of a red hue.
Cedronella cordata, Bentham.
United States of North America. A perennial herb, fragrant
like the following.
80 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cedronella triphylla, Moench.
Madeira and Canary Islands. A shrubby plant with highly
scented foliage. The volatile oil obtainable from it resembles
that of Melissa, but is somewhat camphoric.
Celtis australis, Linne.
The lotus-tree of South Europe, North Africa and South
Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 9,000 feet. Attains a height
of about 50 feet. Though of rather slow growth, this tree can
be used for avenues, as its stem finally reaches 6 feet in
diameter. It is supposed that this Celtis reaches the age of
fully 1,000 years. Berries edible. Wood hard and dense, eli-
gible particularly for turners' and carvers' work. The stem
wood is fine-grained, easily cleft, and of a splendid yellow
tinge; the branch- wood is one of the best for whip-sticks.
Celtis occidentalis, Linne.
The hackberry-tree. North America. Height reaching to
80 feet. The variety called C. crassifolia is the best. The
sweet fruit edible. Wood elastic and fissile.
Celtis Sinensis, Persoon. (C. Japonica, Planchon).
China and Japan. The "Henoki." A tree bearing extreme
cold. Wood useful for carpenters' and turners' work. Fruit
edible, but small.
Celtis Tala, Gillies.
From Texas to the La Plata States. A thorny shrub, or, un-
der favorable circumstances, a good-sized tree. This plant can
be used for forming impenetrable hedges or shade avenues. One
or two other Argentine species serve the same purpose.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Richard.
Brazil, in mountain woods, consociated with Palms and
Tree ferns. It is not unlikely that this herb, which is perennial
and yields the important medicinal ipecacuanha root, would live
in warmer, extra-tropic forest regions. Active principles:
emetin and ipecacuanha acid.
Cephalotaxus drupacea, Siebold and Zuccarini.
China and Japan. This splendid Yew attains a height of 60
feet, and is very hardy. According to Dr. Masters the C. For-
tunei (Hooker) is merely a variety.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
8l
Ceratonia Siliqua, Linn6.*
The Carob-Tree of the Mediterranean regions. It attains a
height of 30 feet and resists drought well; succeeds best on a
calcareous subsoil. Wood pale red. The saccharine pods,
Algaroba or St. John's Bread, of value for domestic animals.
The seeds germinate readily. The exportation of the pods for
cattle food from Creta is very large. The fruit yields a
medicinal syrup, an imitation of chocolate, and a liqueur
(Wittmack). In some of the Mediterranean countries horses
and stable-cattle are almost exclusively fed upon the pods.
The meat of sheep and pigs is greatly improved in flavor by this
food, while its fattening properties are twice those of oil-cake.
The pods contain about 66 per cent, of sugar and gum. To
horses and cattle 6 lbs. a day are given of the crushed pods, raw
or boiled, with or without chaff. The Spanish conquerors took
this plant early to Central and South America.
Ceratopetalum apetalum, Don.
Extratropic East Australia. Height reaching 90 feet, diameter
3 feet. A beautiful tree with long cylindrical stem. Wood
soft, light, tough, close grained, of agreeable fragrance, good
for joiners' and cabinet-makers' work, often in request for coach
building and therefore called coach wood by the colonists.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall.
California. Becomes in favorable spots a tree 40 feet in
height, with a stem-diameter of 2)4 feet. The wood is the
hardest known in California. It is of a dark color, very dense,
used for bearings in machinery (Dr. Gibbons). C. parvifolius
is of lesser dimensions.
Cereus Engelmanni, Parry.
Utah. A dwarf species with large scarlet flowers, and re-
freshingly cool fruits of strawberry-flavor. C. Lecomtei attains
there the size of a flour-barrel.
Cereus Quixo, Gay.
Chili. This stately Cactus attains a height of 15 feet, and is
one of the hardiest species. The charming snow-white flowers
are followed by sweetish mucilaginous fruits, available for the
table (Philippi). C. giganteus (Engelmann), from New
Mexico, which attains the stupendous height of 60 feet, with a
proportionate columnar thickness, also yields edible fruit, and
lives unprotected at Port Phillip. It was introduced by the
writer many years ago. Columnar species of Cereus rising to a
height of 40 feet occur also in Argentina. C. repandus and C.
triangularis (Haworth), of the West Indies and Mexico, together
82 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
with several other species, are available as hedge plants in
places free from frost. Nee speaks of a Mexican Cactus
(probably an Echinocactus) five feet in diameter by 3 feet in
height.
Ceroxylon andicola, Humboldt.*
The Wax-palm of New Granada, ascending the Andes to
11,000 feet. One of the most majestic and at the same time
one of the most hardy of all Palms, attaining occasionally a
height of 180 feet. The trunk exudes a kind of resinous wax,
about 25 lbs. being obtainable at a time from each stem; this,
after the admixture of tallow, is used for candles. There are
several other Andine palms which could be reared in Australian
forests or in sheltered positions about our dwellings.
Ceroxylon australe, Martius.
Juan Fernandez, latitude 34 south, on the higher mountains.
Ceroxylon Klopstockia, Martius.
Venezuela. This very tall Wax-palm reaches elevations of
6,000 feet.
Cervantesia tomentosa, Ruiz and Pavon.
Forest mountains of Peru. This tree yields edible seeds. It
is likely to prove hardy in lower forest regions of the warmer
extratropic countries.
Cestrum nocturnum, Linne.
West Indies, South Mexico. Praised above almost all other
plants for its fragrance in Mexico, its flowers lasting through the
summer and autumn, and their scent being particularly power-
ful at night (Dr. Barroeta).
Chaerophyllum bulbosum, Linne.
Middle Europe and Western Asia. The parsnip-chervil. A
biennial herb. The root a very palatable culinary esculent,
three times as rich in starch as potatoes.
Chaerophyllum sativum, Lamarck. {Anthriscus Cere folium, Hoffmann).
The Chervil. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia.
An annual herb, available for salads and condiments, but the
root deleterious.
Chamffirops excelsa, Thunberg.* (Trachycarpus excelsus, Wendland).
Southern China, as far north as Napong, also in Japan. This
Fan-palm is highly desirable, although not tall, as the
name would indicate. The hardiest of all palms; has
stood 3 F. with only a slight litter (Count de Saporta). Hardy
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 83
in the mild middle coast-regions of England. Cordage
prepared from the leaves does not decay in water (Dupont).
The hairy covering of the stem of this palm and of
Livistona Chinensis is utilized for fixing lime-plaster to
buildings in Japan (Christie). C. Fortunei (Hooker), the
Chusan-palm from North China, is a variety. It attains a
height of about 12 feet, and endures considerable frost. The
leaves can be employed for plaiting palm-hats. Other hardy
palms might be naturalized and used for various purposes, irre-
spective of their ornamental features.
Chamaerops humilis, Linne.
The Dwarf Fan-palm of South Europe, North Africa, and
the most southwestern parts of Asia. It is very ornamental for
gardens and plantations, and particularly eligible for scenic
effect.
Chamaerops Khasyana, Griffith.
In the Himalayas at elevations of from 4,000 to 8,000 feet.
Allied to C. Martiana. Also, according to Kurz, in dry pine-
forests of Martaban and Ava.
Chamaerops Martiana, Wallich.
Ascends the mountains of Nepal to 5,000 feet. Attains a
height of 50 feet, and is altogether a noble object. Reaches
higher altitudes in the Himalayas than any other species.
Chamaerops Ritchieana, Griffith. (Nannorhops Ritchieana, H. Wendland).
Arid mountains of Afghanistan; seemingly the only native
palm there extensively used for cordage. Leaves also made
into baskets and mats; fruit locally used like dates (Dr. Aitkin-
son). Has proved hardy even in England.
Chelidonium majus, Linne.
The Celandine. Europe and Western Asia. A perennial
herb of medicinal value. Chemical principles: chelerythrin and
chelidonin; also a yellow pigment, chelidoxanthin.
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linne.
Tropical and subtropical America. An annual medicinal
herb. Chenopodium anthelminthicum seems to be a perennial
variety of this species. Easily naturalized.
Chenopodium auricomum, Lindley.
Australia, from the Darling river to Carpentaria and
Arnheim's Land. A tall perennial herb, furnishing a nutritious
and palatable spinage. It will live in arid desert-regions. It is
84 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
one of the "Blue Bushes" of the squatters. Several other
species of Chenopodium, among them the European C. bonus
Henricus, afford fair spinage, but they are annual.
Chenopodium Blitum, F. v. Mueller. {Blitum virgatum, Linne).
From South Europe to India. An annual herb, extensively
in use there as a cultivated spinage-plant. The fruits furnish
a red dye. The genus Blitum was reduced to Chenopodium by
the writer in Caruel's Nuovo Giomale Botanico some years ago,
and in 1864 by Dr. Ascherson, who gave to B. virgatum the
name Chenopodium foliosum. C. capitatum, Ascherson {Blitum
capitatum, Linne) may not be really a distinct species. Some
of this group of plants are useful to anglers, attracting fish
when thrown into rivers or lakes.
Chenopodium nitrariaceum, F. v. Mueller.
Interior of Australia, especially in localities, occasionally
humid, reaching in some places the south coast. A rather tall
"Salt-bush" liked particularly by sheep.
Chenopodium Quinoa, Willdenow.
New Granada, Peru, Chili. An annual herb. Admitted here
as a savory and wholesome spinage-plant, which can be grown
so quickly as to become available during the short summers
of even the highest habitable alpine altitudes. In Peru the
seeds are used for a nutritious porridge. (Tschudi, Markham).
Chionachne cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller.
Tropical and Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. With C. bar-
bata of India and Queensland a valuable fodder-grass, yielding
a large return. Sclerachne punctata (R. Brown) from Java is
closely allied.
Chloris scariosa, F. v. Mueller.
Tropical Australia. Particularly recommended by Mr.
Walter Hill as a pasture grass. Dr. Curl mentions, besides this,
C. divaricata (R. Brown), from North and East Australia, as a
useful summer and autumn grass.
Chloris truncata, R. Brown.
The Windmill-grass. Southeastern Australia, as far south
as Port Phillip. This perennial and showy grass is regarded
by Mr. Walter Bissill as an excellent summer and autumn grass,
of ready growth and relished by grazing animals. C. ventricosa
(R. Br.) is another valuable East Australian species. Several
other congeners from the eastern and western world deserve the
attention of graziers.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 85
Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Kunth.
California, frequent on mountains. This lily-like plant
attains a height of 8 feet. The heavy bulb is covered with
many coatings, consisting of fibers, which are used for cushions,
mattresses, etc. ; contracts are entered into for the supply of this
material on a very extensive scale (Professor Bolander).
The inner part of the bulb serves as a substitute for
soap, and the possibility of utilizing it for technological pur-
poses like the root of Saponaria, might be tested, as it con-
tains saponin.
Chloroxylon Swietenia, De Candolle.
The Satin-wood. Mountains of India. Like the allied
Flindersias, possibly this tree would prove hardy in sheltered
places of milder extra-tropic latitudes, the cognate Cedrela
Taono advancing in East Australia southward to the 35th
degree. A resin, valuable for varnishes, exudes from the stem
and branches.
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Trevisan. (Pyrethrum cineraria folium.)
Austria. Furnishes the Dalmatian Insect-powder. It is
superior even to the Persian powder as an insecticide.
It will keep for years. It is prepared from half-opened
flowers during dry weather, and exsiccated under cover. Best
applied in puffs from a tube. To be used also against aphides
(W. Saunders). [See further U. S. Agricultural Report for
1881-2.]
Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam. (Pyrethrum roseum, Bieb.).
Sub-alpine South-West Asia. This perennial herb, with C
coronopifolium (VVilldenow) yields the Persian insect-powder.
Cicer arietihum, Linne.
South Europe and Orient. The Gram or Chick Pea. An
annual herb, valuable as a pulse for stable-food, but an exten-
sive article also of human diet in India. Colonel Sykes counted
as many as 170 seeds on one plant. In Spain, next to wheat,
the most extensively used plant for human food (Honorable
Caleb Cushing). The seeds can be converted into pea-meal or
they can be used otherwise for culinary purposes.
Cichorium Endivia, Linne.
South Europe, Orient, Middle Asia. A biennial plant, used
even in ancient times as a culinary vegetable. In Norway it
grows to lat. 70 (Schuebeler).
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cichorium Intybus, Linne.
Chicory. A well-known perennial plant, indigenous to
Europe, North Africa and North West Asia. The roots much
used as a substitute for coffee. This plant requires a rich, deep,
loamy soil, but fresh manure is detrimental to the value of the
root. It is also a good fodder plant, especially for sheep. The
root can be dressed and boiled for culinary purposes; the leaves
are useful for salad. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63 30' (Shue-
beler).
Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott.
The Black Snake-Root of North America. A perennial herb
of medicinal value, the root possessing emetic properties.
Cinchona Calisaya, Ruiz and Pavon.*
Yellow Peruvian-Bark Tree. Andes of Peru, New Granada,
Brazil and Bolivia, 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the ocean. This
tree attains a height of 40 feet. It yields the Yellow Bark and
also part of the Crown Bark. It is one of the richest yielders
of quinine, and also produces cinchonidin, but yields little
of other alkaloids. The most valuable species in Bengal, brav-
ing occasional night frost. This has flowered at Berwick (Vic-
toria) already, seven years ago, under the care of Mr. G. W.
Robinson, from plants supplied by the author, therefore as far
south as Port Phillip. It grows under conditions more limited
than those of C. succirubra, nor is it so easily propagated. All
of its varieties do not furnish bark of equal value. The Santa
Fe variety ascends the Andes of New Granada 10,000 feet, and
produces the highly valuable soft Columbia-bark. The variety
Ledgeriana comes from Brazil, southeast of Lake Titicaca.
Its bark yielded in Java 11 to 12 per cent, of quinine.
Renewed bark, obtained by covering the stem where the bark
has been removed with moss or matting, according to Mr.
MTvor's method, realized double the ordinary market price,
and in C. succirubra even more (Woodhouse). Young Cin-
chona plants are subject to the attacks of Helopeltis Antonii,
which insect preys also on the Tea-bush.
Cinchona cordifolia, Mutis.*
Peru and New Granada on the Andes, at between 6,000 and
8,000 feet elevation, and, according to Mr. Willis Weaver, at
Bogota (probably under the shelter of forests) up to the frosty
region of 9,500 feet. Provides the hard Cartagena-bark, or
West Pitaya-bark, one extremely rich in alkaloids. It is a spe-
cies of robust constitution, grows with rapidity and vigor. The
thickest bark is obtained in the highest altitudes, which are
often involved in misty humidity by passing clouds. (Cross).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 87
Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon.
Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height
of 60 feet, and from it part of the Grey and Huanuco-Bark, as
well as Lima-Bark, are obtained. It is comparatively rich in
cinchonin and quinidin; contains, however, also quinine.
Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon.
Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under
favorable circumstances. It also yields Grey Bark and Huanuco
Bark, besides Loxa-Bark. It will probably prove one of the
hardiest species. It contains predominantly cinchonin and
quinidin.
Cinchona officinalis, Linne (partly).* {Cinchona Condaminea, Humboldt).
Andes of New Granada and Peru, at a height of 6,000 to
10,000 feet. Yields Crown or Brown Peruvian-bark, besides
part of the Loxa-bark. Comparatively rich in quinine and cin-
chonidin. The temperature of the middle regions of the Andes,
where this tree grows, is almost the same as that of the
Canary Islands. Superabundance of moisture is particularly
pernicious to this species. The Crispilla variety endures a
temperature occasionally as low as 27° F.
Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by Weddell a variety of C.
officinalis. This grows where the mean annual temperature
is that of Rome, with, however, less extremes of heat and cold.
It yields part of the Pitaya-Bark.
Cinchona Pitayensis must also be referred to C. officinalis as a
variety. This attains a height of 60 feet and furnishes also a
portion of the Pitaya-bark. It is this particular cinchona which
in Upper India yielded in some instances the unprecedented
quantity of 11 per cent, alkaloids, nearly 6 per cent, quinine,
the rest quinidin and cinchonin; this plant is now annihilated
for bark purposes in its native forests.
Cinchonas raised from seeds provided by the writer of this
work have withstood the frosts of San Francisco (G. P. Rixford.)
The Uritusinga or Loza-variety grows in its native forests to
a height of 60 feet and more (Pavon), and attained in Ceylon
in fifteen years a height of 28 feet with a stem-girth of nearly
2 feet. The price of its bark in 1879 was about 7s. per pound,
and of renewed bark ns. Mr. M'lvor obtained 6,850 cuttings
from one imported plant in twenty months; but all Cinchona
produce seeds copiously, so that the raising of great numbers
of plants can be effected with remarkable facility. The bark
has yielded 7.4 to 10.0 per cent, sulphate of quinine (Howard).
In Java some of the best results were obtained with Cinchona
Hasskarliana, Miq., a species seemingly as yet not critically
identified.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cinchona succirubra, Pavon.*
Middle Andine regions of Peru and Ecuador. A tree attain-
ing a height of 40 feet, yielding the Red Peru Bark, rich in
quinine and cinchonidin. It is this species which is predomi-
nantly cultivated on the mountains of Bengal. It has been
found hardy in Lower Gippsland and the Westernport District
of Victoria. It grew in Madeira at an elevation of 500 feet,
after having been planted two and a half years, to a height of
20 feet, flowering freely.
All these cinchonas promise to become of importance for
culture in the warmest regions of extratropical countries,
on places not readily accessible or eligible for cereal cul-
ture. The Peruvian proverb that cinchona trees like to be
"within sight of snow" gives some clue to the conditions
under which they thrive best. They delight in the shelter of
forests, where there is an equable temperature, no frost, some
humidity at all times both in air and soil, where the ground is
deep and largely consists of the remnants of decayed vegetable
substances, and where the subsoil is open. Drippage from
shelter-trees too near will be hurtful to the plants. Closed val-
leys and deep gorges, into which cold air will sink, are also
not well adapted for cinchona culture. The cinchona-region
may be considered as interjacent between the coffee and the
tea-region, or nearly coinciding with that of the Assam tea.
Cross found the temperature of some of the best natural
cinchona regions to fluctuate between 35 ° and 6o° F. We
ought to consociate the Peru-bark plants with naturally-grow-
ing fern trees, but only in the warmest valleys and richest soil.
The best temperature for cinchonas is from 53 to 66° F.; but
for the most part they will endure in open places a minimum of
32 F.; in the brush shades of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne,
where many years ago cinchonas were raised by the thousand,
they have even resisted uninjured a temperature of a few de-
grees less, wherever the wind had no access, while under such
very slight cover the cinchonas withstood also a heat of a few
degrees over ioo° F.
The plants are most easily raised from seed, best under
some cover such as mats, and they seed copiously a few
years after planting. C. succirubra, first introduced into
California by the writer of this work, together with the
principal other species, thrives well in the lower coast-
ranges as far north as San Francisco; better indeed than
C. Calisaya, according to Dr. Herman Behr. The quantity
of alkaloids in the bark can be much increased by artifi-
cial treatment, if the bark is only removed to about one-third
on one side of the stem and the denuded part covered with
moss or straw matting (kept moist), under which in one year as
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 89
much bark is formed as otherwise requires three years' growth,
— such forced bark moreover containing the astounding quan-
tity of 25 per cent, alkaloids, because no loss of these
precious substances takes place by gradual disintegration
through age. The root-bark of some cinchonas has proved to
contain as much as 8 per cent, of alkaloids (see Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1877, p. 212). The income from Java plantations is
considerably over double the cost of the expenses of culture
and transit. Mr. Howard's opinion that cinchonas in low land
plantations produce a far less quantity of alkaloids needs
further confirmation, particularly regarding the valuable quinine
and cinchonidin.
The cinchona plants are set out at distances of about
6 feet. The harvest of bark begins in the fourth or fifth
year. The price varies in Europe from 2s. to 9s. per lb.,
according to quality. The limits assigned to this literary com-
pilation do not admit of entering further into details on this
occasion; but I may add that in the Darjeeling district over
three millions of cinchona plants were already in cultivation in
1869, in Government plantations. Cultivation of cinchona for
commercial purposes was first initiated in Java through Dr.
Hasskarl in 185 1. In 1880, 240,000 lbs. of bark were already
exported from this island. The British harvest in the Madras
Presidency alone amounted to 150,000 lbs. in 1875. Dr. G.
King reports in 1880 that four million trees of Cinchona succi-
rubra are now under his control in the Sikkim plantations.
This has proved the hardiest species; it grows under a wide
range of conditions, and seeds freely; thus it is the most valu-
able cinchona in the elevations of Sikkim. In the Neilgherries
more than 600,000 cinchona plants were distributed from the
Government plantations in 1879, and 1,322 lbs. of seed (Barlow),
from 80,000 to 250,000 seedlings being obtained from one pound
of seed, as almost every grain will grow. All its varieties pro-
duce bark of great value. The total amount of alkaloids is at
an average 4 per cent. If the trees were cut every seven or
eight years, and simultaneous replanting should take place, Dr.
King could keep up an annual supply of 366,000 lbs. of bark.
The total number of deaths of the Indian population from fever
is considered to approach a million and a half annually.
Cinna Arundinacea, Linne.
North- America. There recorded as good fodder-grass; peren-
nial, somewhat sweet-scented. Particularly adapted for forest-
meadows. Blyttia suaveolens (Fries) is, according to Dr. Asa
Gray, a variety with pendent flowers.
90 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cinnamomum Camphora, Fr. Nees.*
The Camphor tree of China and Japan north to Kinsin, at-
taining a height of about 40 feet. It endures the occasional
frosts of a clime like that of Port Phillip, though the foliage
will suffer. The wood, like all other parts of the tree, is per-
vaded by camphor; hence resists the attacks of insects. The
well known camphor is obtained by distilling or boiling the
chopped wood and root; the subsequently condensed camphoric
mass is subjected to a purifying sublimation process.
Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume.
South China. It is not unlikely that this tree, which pro-
duces the Chinese cinnamon or the so-called Cassia lignea, may
prove hardy outside the tropics. Sir Joseph Hooker found on
the Khasya mountains up to 6,000 feet three cinnamons pro-
ducing this Cassia bark — namely, C. obtusifolium, C. pauciflo-
rum and C. Tamala, the latter extending to Queensland. Dr.
Thwaites notes the true Cinnamon tree (C. Zeilanicum, Breyn),
even up to 8,ooo feet in Ceylon, but the most aromatic bark
comes from lower altitudes. Cinnamon leaves yield a fragrant
oil, and the root gives camphor. Mr. Ch. Ford has ascertained
that the Chinese cut Cinnamomum Cassia when 6 years old, the
time chosen being from March to May, after which season the
bark loses much of its aroma. The branches are cut to near
the root. The leaves on distillation afford the Cassia oil
much used for condiments.
Cinnamomum Loureiroi, Nees.
Cochin China and Japan. A middle sized tree. The leaves
locally in use as a condiment and for perfumery.
Cistus creticus, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This shrub, with C.
cyprius (Lam.) furnishes the best ladanum-resin. Other species
yield a less fragrant produce.
Citrus Aurantium, Linn6.*
The Orange (in the widest sense of the word). A native of
South Asia. A tree of longevity; thus a tree at Versailles
known as the "Grand Bourbon" is still in existence, though
planted in 142 1. Stems of very good Orange trees have
gained such a size as to require two men to clasp them. If
intervening space exist in orangeries, they might be used
for raising herbaceous honey plants. Any specific differ-
ences, to distinguish C. Aurantium from C. Medica, if they
once existed, are obliterated now through hybridization, at
least in the cultivated forms. In Central India a peculiar
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 91
variety is under culture, producing two crops a year. The
blossoms of February and March yield their ripe fruit in Novem-
ber and December, whereas from the flowers of July mature
fruits are obtained in March and April. To prevent exhaustion
only alternate fruiting is allowed. It is not unusual for orange
trees to continue in full bearing for 60 or 70 years, and after that
the wood is still valued for its durability, fragrance and beauty.
The Sorrento honey derives its delicious perfume from orange
flowers, and it has become classical as the best, and analogous
to that of Hymethus (Laura Redden). As prominent varieties
of C. Aurantium, the following may be distinguished: —
Citrus Bergamium, Risso. From the fruit rind of this variety
Bergamotte oil is obtained; the flowers also yield oil. The
Mellarosa variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite confit-
ures.
Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The Bitter Orange. This fur-
nishes from its flowers the Neroli oil, so delicious and costly as a
perfume. It is stated that orange flowers to the value of ^50
might be gathered from the plants of an acre within a year.
The rind of the fruit is used for candied orange peel. Bitter
principle; hesperidin in the rind, limonin in the seed.
Citrus decumana, Linne. The Shaddock or Pompelmos. The
fruit will exceptionally attain a weight of 20 pounds. The pulp
and thick rind can both be used for preserves.
Citrus dulcis, Volkamer. The Sweet Orange, of which many
kinds occur. The St. Michael Orange has been known to bear
in the Azores on sheltered places 20,000 fruits on one tree in
a year. Navel oranges weighing 19 ounces have been obtained
at Rockhampton; other varieties have been known to reach
3 pounds (Thozet) Neroli oil is also obtained from the flowers
of this and allied varieties. The oil of orange-peel might be
used as a cheap and pleasant one for distilling with its costly
odorous substances.
Citrus nobilis, Loureiro. The Mandarin Orange. The thin peel
separates most readily from the deliciously flavored sweet pulp.
There are large and small fruited Mandarin oranges; the Tan-
gerine variety is one of them. Some varieties are excellent for
hedges, for which they are much used in Japan. Burnt earth
is valuable as an admixture to soil in orangeries.
Citrus Australasica, F. v. Mueller.
Coast forests of Extra-tropical East Australia. A shrubby
species, with oblong or almost cylindrical fruits of lemon-like
taste, measuring 2 to 4 inches in length. They are thus very
much larger than those of Atalantia glauca of the coast and the
desert interior of tropic Australia, which are also of similar
92 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
taste. These plants are entered on this list, together with the
following, merely to draw attention to them as probably capable
of improvement in their fruit through culture.
Citrus Japonica, Thunberg.
The Kumquat of Japan. A shrubby Citrus with fruits of the
size of a gooseberry, from which on account of their sweet peel
and acid pulp an excellent preserve can be prepared.
Citrus Medica, Linne.
The Citron (in the widest sense of the word). Indigenous to
Southern Asia. For the sake of convenience it is placed here
as distinct from C. Aurantium. As prominent varieties of the
Citrus Medica may be distinguished: —
Citrus Cedra, Gallesio. The true citron. From the acid tuber-
cular fruit essential oil and citric acid can be obtained, irrespec-
tive of the ordinary culinary use of the fruit. A large variety
with thick rind furnishes candied the citrionate or succade. The
Cedra oil comes from a particular variety.
Citrus Limonium, Risso. The true lemon. Lemon-juice is largely
pressed from the fruit of this variety, while the thin, smooth,
aromatic peel serves for the production of volatile oil or for
condiments. The juice of this fruit is particularly rich in citric
acid. A large variety is the Rosaline Lemon.
Citrus Limetta, Risso. The true lime. The best lime-juice is
obtained from this variety, of which the Perette constitutes a
form. Less hardy than most other varieties. The Lime is one
of the best and most enduring hedge-plants for warmer
countries (H. A. Wickham).
Citrus Aumia, Risso. The Sweet lemon, including the Pear
lemon with large pear-shaped fruit. Rind thick and pale ;
pulp not acid. This variety serves for particular condiments.
Citrus trifoliata, Linne. Japan. Much grown as a hedge-shrub
in its native country; used often as stock for grafting oranges
on.
Citrus Planchoni, F. v. Mueller. (C. Australis, Planchon, partly).
Forests near the coast of Sub-tropic East Australia. A noble
tree, fully 40 feet high, or, according to C. Hartmann, even 60
feet high, with globular fruit about the size of walnuts, called
in Australia native oranges. The species first appeared
under the above name in the " Report on the Vegetable Pro-
ducts of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1867." Its beautiful
wood takes a high polish; hence it is made use of for the finest
cabinet-work.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 93
Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafinesque.
Yellow wood. North America. The wood of this tree pro-
duces a saffron-yellow dye.
Clavaria botrytis, Persoon.
Europe. This and the following are species admitted for
sale among Silesian mushrooms, according to Dr. Goeppert :
C. brevipes (Krombholz), C. flava, C. formosa, C. grisea (Per-
soon), C. muscoides (L.), C. aurea (Schaeffer), C. palmata
(Scop.), C. crispa (Wulfen). Morren mentions as much con-
sumed in Belgium, C. fastigiata (L.). All Clavarias seem
adapted for human sustenance; their growth should therefore
be encouraged.
Clinostigma Mooreanum, F. v. Mueller. (Kentia Mooreana, F. v. M.).
Dwarf-palm of Lord Howe's Island, where it occurs only on
the summits of the mountains, at about 3,000 feet elevation.
Likely to prove one of the hardiest of all palms.
Coccoloba uvifera, Jacquin.
Central America, northward to Florida. A tree attaining a
large size, fit for sandy sea-shores. The dark-blue sweet or
acidulous berries are edible. A kind of kino is obtained from
the bark; the wood yields a red dye. Dr. Rosenthal notes as
likewise producing edible fruits: — C. nivea (Jacq.), C. pubes-
cens (L.), C. excoriata (L.), C. fiavescens (Jacq.), C. diversi-
folia (Jacq.). C. Leoganensis (Jacq.) is also a coast-tree; other
species belong to forest regions of mountains. They are all
natives of the warmer zones of America.
Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne. (Nasturtium Armoracia, Fr.).
The Horse-radish. Middle Europe and Western Asia.
Perennial. The volatile oil of the root allied to that of mus-
tard.
Cochlearia officinalis, Linne. (Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.)
Water cress. Shores of Middle and North Europe, North
Asia and North America. A biennial herb, like the allied C.
Anglica and C. Danica, valuable as an antiscorbutic, hence
deserving naturalization. It contains a peculiar volatile oil.
Cocos Australis, Martius.
From Brazil to Uruguay and the La Plata States. One of
the hardiest of all palms, hardier than even the Date palm,
withstanding unprotected a cold at which oranges and
almonds are injured or destroyed. It remained perfectly
uninjured at Antibes at a temperature of 15 F. (Naudin).
C. pityrophylla ascends the Andes to 7,800 feet (de Den-
terghem).
94 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cocos flexuosa, Martius.
Brazil, extending far south. This slender but not tall decora-
tive Palm belongs to the dry Cactus region with C. coronata,
C. capitata, Astrocaryum campestre, Diplothemium campestre
and Acrocomia sclerocarpa (Martius). Cocos coronata withstood
at Hyeres a temperature of 22 F. (Bonnet).
Cocos regia, Liebmann.
Mexico, up to 2,500 feet. A Palm of enormous height; al-
most sure to prove hardy in the mildest extratropic latitudes.
Cocos Romanzoffiana, Chamisso.
Extra-tropic Brazil. This noble Palm attains a height of
40 feet.
Cocos Yatay, Martius.*
Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina. Forms dis-
tinct forests mainly with C. Australis and C. Datil (Drude).
The last mentioned bears date-like fruits, according to Dr.
Lorentz.
Coffea Arabica, Linne.
Mountains of South-Western Abyssinia. The Coffee-plant.
This shrub or small tree has been admitted into this list, not
without great hesitation, merely to avoid passing it without
mention. The cultivation within extra-tropical boundaries can
only be tried with any prospect of success in the warmest
and at the same time moistest regions, frost being detri-
mental to the coffee-plant. In Ceylon the coffee regions
are between 1,000 and 5,000 feet above the ocean, but
Dr. Thwaites observes that the plant succeeds best at an
elevation of from 3,000 to 4,500 feet, in places where
there is a rainfall of about 100 inches a year. The tem-
perature there hardly ever rises above 8o° F., and almost never
sinks below 45 F. Coffee requires moist weather whilst it
ripens its fruit, and a season of drier weather to form its wood.
Average yield in Ceylon 4 to 5 cwt. per acre. An extraordi-
narily prolific variety of coffee was introduced twenty years ago
by the writer of this work into Fiji, where it now forms the
main plantations. The Coffee-plant has been found hardy as
far north as Florida. For many particulars see the papers of
the Planters' Association of Kandy. Chemical principles :
caffein, a peculiar tannic acid and quinic acid. The loss sus-
tained in 1878 alone by the ravages of parasitic fungus growth
on coffee plants in Ceylon amounted to ^2,000,000, the total loss
since 1869 from this source reaching ^£15,000,000 (Abbay). The
destruction of this Coffee-leaf Fungus (Hemileia vastatrix) is
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 95
effected by applying flour of sulphur, particularly in dewy
weather, and by dressing the ground with quicklime (Morris).
See also essay by Mr. T. Dyer, in Journal of Microsc. Soc. New
series, vol. XX. In America coffee plantations have suffered
not only from the attacks of an erysiphoid fungus, but also the
Cemiostoma fly. Coffee leaves have recently come into use
similarly to tea.
Coffea Liberica, Bull.
The Liberian Coffee-plant, distinguished already by Afzelius.
According to Dr. Imray this species has shown immunity from
the Cemiostoma fly, and it is less affected by the Hemileia
mould. It grows to the size of a real tree, is a rich bearer, and
the berries are larger than those of the ordinary coffee bush;
but the (useless) pulp is about twice as large in proportion to
the seeds. The fruit requires a longer time to ripen (a year),
but this species can be grown in hot tropical countries down to
the coast (Lietze; Regel).
Colchicum autumnale, Linne.
The Meadow-Saffron. Middle and South Europe, West Asia.
The seeds and roots of this pretty bulbous-tuberous herb are
important for medicinal use. The plant has been introduced
into Australia by the writer with a view to its naturalization on
moist meadows in our ranges. Active principle: colchicin. The
plant has proved hardy in Norway to lat. 67°56' (Schuebeler).
Colocasia antiquorum, Schott.*
The Taro. From Egypt through South Asia to the South-
Sea Islands; apparently also indigenous in the warmer parts of
East Australia. The stem-like, tuberous, starchy roots lose
their acidity by the process of boiling, roasting or baking. It
is the Kolkas of the Arabs and Egyptians, and one of their
most esteemed and abundant vegetables. Immense quantities
are harvested and kept during the winter. A splendid starch is
obtainable from the tubers of this and the following species.
The plant proves hardy as far south as Melbourne. Cultivated
as far south as New Zealand. The tops of the tubers are
replanted for a new crop. Taro requires a rich, moist soil, and
would grow well on banks of rivers. For scenic culture it is a
very decorative plant. Colocasia esculenta is a variety of this
species.
Colocasia Indica, Kunth. (Alocasia Indica, Schott).
South Asia, South-Sea Islands and Eastern Australia. Culti-
vated for its stem and tubers on swamps or rivulets. This
stately plant will rise in favorable localities to a height of 12
96 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
feet, the edible trunk attaining a considerable thickness, the
leaves sometimes measuring 3 feet in length. In using the stem
and root for food great care is needed to expel all acridity by
some heating process. Colocasia odoraand C. macrorrhiza seem
varieties of this species. Several other aroid plants deserve
attention for test-culture on account of their edible roots,
among them Cyrtosperma edule, Seeman, from the Fiji Islands.
Combretum butyraceum, Caruel.
The Butter-tree of Caffraria and other parts of South-East
Africa. The Caffirs call the fatty substance obtained from this
tree Chiquito. It is largely used by them as an admixture to
their food, and is also exported. It contains about one-quarter
olein and three-quarters margarin. This butter-like fat is ex-
tracted from the fruit, and is of an aromatic flavor. The tree
should be hardy in the warmer and milder parts of extra-tropical
countries.
Comptonia asplenifolia, Solander.
The Sweet-Fern. North America. This dwarf shrub is
perhaps quite worthy of dissemination on sterile hills, as the
foliage contains nearly 10 per cent, of tannin, an extract of
which has come into the tanning trade.
Condalia microphylla, Cavanilles.
The Piquillin. Chili and Argentina. Bush yielding sweet,
edible, succulent fruit.
Conium maculatum, Linne.
The Poison Hemlock. Europe, North Africa, North and
West Asia. A biennial herb, important for medicinal purposes.
It should, however, not be allowed to stray from its plantations,
as it is apt to be confounded with culinary species of Anthris-
cus, Chaerophyllum and Myrrhis, and may thus cause, as a most
dangerous plant, disastrous mistakes. Active principles: coniin
in the fruit, also conhydrin.
Conopodium denudatum, Koch.
Western Europe. The small tuberous roots of this herb,
when boiled or roasted, are available for food, and known as
Earth Chestnuts. The plant is allied to Carum Bulbocastanum.
Conospermum Stcechadis, Endlicher.
West Australia. The question has arisen whether this shrub,
with C. triplinervium (R. Brown), ought to be introduced into
any desert country. All kinds of pasture animals browse with
avidity on the long, tender and downy flower stalks and spikes
without touching the foliage, thus not destroying the plant by
close cropping.
IN KXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 97
Convolvulus floridus, Linne, fil.
Canary Islands. A shrubby species, not climbing or winding.
With C. scoparius it yields the Atlantic Rosewood from stem
and root.
Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne.
Mediterranean regions and Asia Minor. A perennial herb.
The purgative drug,. Scammonia resin, is obtained from the
root, which will grow 2 feet long. Plants readily raised from
seeds. To obtain the drug a portion of the root is laid bare,
and into incisions made some shells are inserted to collect the
juice, which is daily removed (Maw).
Copernicia cerifera, Martius.*
Brazil, extending into Bolivia and Argentina. This magnificent
Fan Palm has been proved to be hardy as far south as Sydney,
by Mr. Charles Moore. It resists drought in a remarkable de-
gree, and prospers also on a somewhat saline soil. The stem
furnishes starch; the sap yields sugar; the fibers of the leaves
are converted into ropes, which resist decay in water; it can
also be used for mats, hats, baskets and brooms, and many other
articles are prepared from the leaves. The inner part of the
leaf-stalks serves as a substitute for cork. This palm however,
is mainly valued for the Carnauba wax, with which its young
leaves are coated, and which can be detached by shaking. This
is harder than bees'-wax, and is used in the manufacture of
candles. Each tree furnishes about 4 lbs. annually. In 1862
no less than 2,500,000 lbs. were imported into Great Britain,
realizing about ^100,000.
Corchorus acutangulus, Lamarck.
Tropical Africa, South Asia and North Australia. This plant
is specially mentioned by some writers as a jute-plant. A par-
ticular machine has been constructed by Mr. Le Franc, of New
Orleans, for separating the jute fiber. With it a ton of fiber is
produced in a day by four men's work, and it leaves no butts or
refuse. This apparatus can also be used for other fiber plants.
The seeds of the Corchorus, which drop spontaneously, will re-
produce the crop.
Corchorus capsularis, Linne.*
From India to Japan. One of the principal jute plants. An
annual, attaining a height of about twelve feet, when closely
grown, with almost branchless stem. A nearly allied but lower
plant, Corchorus Cunninghami, F. v. Mueller, occurs in tropical
and sub-tropical East Australia. Jute can be grown where cot-
ton and rice ripen, be it even in localities comparatively cold in
98 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
the winter, if the summer's warmth is long and continuous.
The fiber is separated by steeping the full-grown plant in water
from five to eight days, and it is largely used for rice, wool and
cotton bags, carpets and other similar textile fabrics, and also
for ropes. About 60,000 tons are annually exported from India
to England, and a large quantity also to the United States.
Jute is sown on good land, well plowed and drained, but re-
quires no irrigation, although it likes humidity. The crop
is obtained in the course of four or five months, and is
ripe when the flowers are replaced by fruit capsules. Good
paper is made from the refuse of the fiber. Jute has been
found, like hemp, to protect cotton from caterpillars when
planted around fields (Hon. T. Watts). In India jute often
alternates with rice or sugar-cane ; as a crop it requires
damp soil. It does not require drained land, according to Mr.
C. B„ Clarke. Unlike cotton, it will bear a slight frost. Under
favorable circumstances 2,000 to 7,000 lbs. may be obtained
from an acre. It is best grown on flooded ground, as otherwise
it proves an exhaustive crop. Two hundred million pounds of
jute were woven in 1876 in Dundee, and fifty million gunny
bags were exported from Britain in one single year, according
to S. Waterhouse. Jute does not decay so easily as hemp when
exposed to moisture.
Corchorus olitorius, Linne."
South Asia and North Australia. Furnishes, with the fore-
going species, the principal supply of jute fiber. As it also is
an annual, it can be brought to perfection in the summers of
the warm temperate zone. The foliage can be used for spinage.
The fiber is not so strong as hemp, but very easily prepared.
It will not endure long exposure to water. The allied Corcho-
rus trilocularis, L., of Indian origin, is likewise wild in eastern-
tropical and sub-tropical Australia.
Cordyline Banksii, J. Hooker.
New Zealand. This lax and long leaved Palm Lily attains a
height of 10 feet; its stem is usually undivided. This and the
following species have been admitted into this list for a double
reason, not only because they are by far the hardiest, quickest
growing, and largest of the genus, and thus most sought in hor-
ticultural trade for scenic planting, but also because their
leaves furnish a fair fiber for textile purposes. The small
seeds are produced in great abundance, and germinate with
extreme readiness. These Palm Lilies ought to be naturalized
copiously in forest ranges by mere dissemination.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 99
Cordyline Baueri, J. Hooker. (C. Australis, Endlicher, 11011 J. Hooker).
Norfolk Island. The stem of this stately species attains a
height of 40 feet, and becomes ramified in age. It is very inti-
mately allied to the following.
Cordyline indivisa, Kunth.
New Zealand. The stem of this thick and rigid-leaved palm-
like species rises to a height of 20 feet, and remains undivided,
Leaves finally 5 inches broad; yield the toi fiber. Aged leaves
persistent in a perfectly downward position for many years.
Panicle at first erect. Berries white.
Cordyline superbiens, C. Koch. (C. Australis, J. Hooker, non Endlicher).
New Zealand. The stem of this noble thin-leaved plant
attains a height of 40 feet, and is branched. Aged leaves
readily separable; berries blue. Hardy at Torquay (W.Wood),
Power's Court, Limerick, and in others of the milder localities
of South England and Ireland, also in the Island of Arran,
where it grows luxuriously and flowers (Rev. D. Landsborough).
It will stand a minimum temperature of 20 F. (Gorlie).
Cordyline terminalis, Kunth.
South Asia, Polynesia, East Australia. The roots are
edible when roasted. The leaves, like those of other species,
can be utilized for textile fiber. The splendid decorative
Cordylines with red or variegated foliage belong to this
species.
Coriandrum sativum, Linne.
Orient and Middle Asia. An annual or biennial herb, much
in use for condiments. The essential oil peculiar. Hardy in
Norway to lat 68° 40' (Schuebeler).
Cornus norida, Linne.
The Dogwood. North America. A showy tree, sometimes
30 feet high. The wood in great demand for shuttles, handles,
harrow teeth, horse collars and sledge runners. The tree is
hardy at Christiania (Schuebeler).
Cornus Nuttalli, Torrey.
Northwest America. This is the largest of the genus, attaining
a height of 70 feet, with a stem 2 feet in diameter. One of the
most showy of Californian forest trees. The wood is hard and
close-grained, similar to that of the preceding species. The
natives use the small twigs for making baskets (Dr. Gibbons).
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Corylus Colurna, Linne.
The Constantinople Nut Tree, the tallest of hazels, attaining
60 feet in height, of rather quick growth. Hardy at Christiania
in Norway (Schuebeler). This, as well as the European Hazel
(Corylus Avellana, L.) and the Japan Hazel (C. heterophylla,
Fischer), might be naturalized in forest gullies for their filberts.
Corynocorpus laevigata, Forster.
The Karaka of New Zealand and the principal forest tree of
the Chatham Islands, attaining a height of 60 feet. The wood
is light, and used by the natives for canoes. The pulp of the
fruit is edible. Cattle browse on the foliage. In rich irrigated
soil the tree can be adopted for very shady avenues.
Corynosicyos edulis. {Cladosicyos edulis, J. Hooker).
Guinea. A new cucumber-like plant, with edible fruits about
1 foot long and 3 inches in diameter. Referred recently by
Cogniaux to the genus Cucumeropsis.
Crambe cordifolia, Steven.
From Persia and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas,
up to 14,000 feet. The root and foliage of this Kale afford an
esculent. Flower stems reaching 10 feet in height; the long
stalked leaves measure more than 2 feet in width. The root
bears severe frost (Gorlie). C. Kotschyana (Boiss.) is an
allied plant.
Crambe maritima, Linne.
Sea Kale. Sandy-coasts of Europe and North Africa. A
perennial herb; the young shoots used as a wholesome and
agreeable vegetable. Should be naturalized.
Crambe Tataria, Wulfen.
From Southern Europe to the Orient. Perennial. Leaves
likewise used for culinary purposes. According to Simmons the
large fleshy roots also form an esculent.
Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey and Gray.
The Apple Haw. Southern states of North America. The
small juicy fruit of an agreeable acid taste.
Crataegus apiifolia, Michaux.
North America. Highly serviceable for hedges.
Crataegus Azarolus, Linne.
Welsh Medlar. South Europe and Southwest Asia. Hardy
in Christiania, Norway (Schuebeler). The pleasantly acidulous
fruits are much used for preserves.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Crataegus coccinea, Linne.
North- American White Thorn. A valuable hedge plant; also
very handsome. Spines strong. It braves the winters of
Norway as far north as lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler).
Crataegus cordata, Aiton.
Southern States of North America. Also much employed for
hedges.
Crataegus Crus-Galli, Linne.
The Cockspur Thorn. North America. Regarded as one of
the best species for hedges. Spines long and stout. Hardy to
lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler).
Crataegus Oxyacantha, Linne.
The ordinary Hawthorn or White Thorn or Quick. Europe,
North-Africa, North and West Asia. In Norway it grows
to lat. 67 56': Professor Schuebeler found a plant 20 feet
high in lat. 63 35'. Recorded here as one of the most
eligible among deciduous hedge plants, safe against pastoral
animals. The wood is considered one of the best substitutes
for boxwood by engravers.
Crataegus parvifolia, Aiton.
North America. For dwarf hedges. Spines long, slender,
sharp, and numerous.
Crataegus pyracantha, Persoon.
The Firethorn. South Europe. This species is evergreen.
It is likewise adapted for hedges, but slower in growth than
the Hawthorn, altogether not difficult to rear. Hardy in Nor-
way to lat. 59 55' (Schuebeler).
Crataegus tomentosa, Linne.
North America. Reaching a height of 20 feet. Fruit edible.
The list of American Hedgethorns is probably not yet
exhausted by the species mentioned.
Crithmum maritimum, Linne.
The real Samphire. Sea-shores of Middle and South
Europe, North Africa and the Orient. A perennial herb.
Settlers on the coast might readily disseminate and naturalize
it. It is held to be one of the best plants for pickles, the
young leaves being selected for that purpose.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Crocus sativus, Linne.
The Dye-Saffron. South-Europe and the Orient. The stig-
mata of this particular autumnal flowering crocus constitute the
costly dye substance. The best is collected from the flowers as
they daily open in succession. At any early stage of coloniza-
tion it would not be profitable to grow saffron commercially;
but as the plant is well adapted for many extra-tropical
countries or for high elevations within the tropics, it might
be planted out into various unoccupied mountain localities
with a final view to naturalize it, and to thus render it available
from native sources at a later period. Noted as a bee-
plant even by the ancients (Muenter). In Norway it is grown
as far north as lat. 67 56'. ,
Crocus serotinus, Salisbury. (C. odorus, Bivona).
South Europe. This species also produces saffron rich in
pigment. The bulbs of several species are edible.
Crotalaria Burhia, Hamilton.
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Scinde. This perennial herb
grows in arid places and like the following, yields Sunn fiber.
Crotalaria juncea, Linne.
The Sunn Hemp. Indigenous to South Asia, and also widely
dispersed through tropical Australia. An annual herb,
rising under favorable circumstances to a height of 10 feet.
In the colony of Victoria, Sunn can only be cultivated in the
warmest and moistest localities. It comes to maturity in
four or five months. The plant can also be grown as a fodder
herb for cattle. It requires rich, friable soil. If a superior soft
fiber is desired, the plant is pulled while in flower; if
strength is the object, the plant is left standing until it
has almost ripened its seeds. The steeping process occupies
about three days. For the purpose of obtaining branchless
stems it is sown closely. Cultivated in the Circars, according
to Roxburgh, to feed milch cows.
Crotalaria retusa, Linne.
Asia, America, and Australia within and near the tropics. A
perennial herb. Its fiber resembles that of C. juncea, and is
chiefly used for ropes and canvas. Others of the multitudinous
species of Crotalaria deserve to be tested for their fibers.
Croton lacciferus, Linne.
Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet. Valuable for the warmer forest
regions of temperate climes, for its peculiar exuding lac resin.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Crozophora tinctoria, Necker.
South-Europe, North-Africa and the Orient. An annual
herb. The turnsole-dye is prepared by exposing the juice to
the air, or by treating it with ammonia.
Cryptomeria Japonica, D. Don,
The Sugi .or Japanese Cedar. Japan and Northern China.
The largest tree in Japan, the trunk attaining 35 feet in circum-
ference (Rein), and 1 20 feet in height. Stem long, clear, of perfect
straightness; it is also grown for hedges; in Japan it yields the
most esteemed timber, scented like that of Cedrela (Christie).
It requires forest valleys for successful growth. The wood is
compact, white, soft and easy to work. In the Azores preferred
even to the Pinus Haleppensis for timber culture, on account of
its still more rapid growth in that insular climate.
Cucumis cicatrisatus, Stocks.
Scinde, where it is called "Wungee." The edible ovate fruit
is about 6 inches long. Deemed a wild form of C. Melo by
Cogniaux.
Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. {Citrullus vulgaris, Schrader).
Mediterranean regions. The Water-Melon. It is simply
mentioned here to indicate the desirability of naturalizing it in
any desert. In those of South Africa it has become sponta-
neously established, and retained the characters of the cultivated
fruit.
Cucumis Colocynthis, Linne. {Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader).
From the Mediterranean regions to India. An annual herb.
The medicinal extract of colocynth is prepared from the small
gourd of this species. Active principle: colocynthin.
Cucumus Melo, Linne.
The Melon. Originally from the country about the Caspian
Sea, but some forms indigenous to India, northern and tropical
Africa and tropical Australia. The best varieties might also be
naturalized in sand-deserts, particularly in places where some
moisture collects In seasons of drought the Muscat-Melon,
introduced by the author into Central Australia, has borne fruit
more amply than any other variety. Some of the Bokhara
varieties are remarkably luscious and large. Apparently re-
munerative results have been gained in Belgium from experi-
ments to cultivate Melons for sugar and treacle. The seeds
thus obtained in quantity become available for oil pressing.
The root contains melonemetin. The Japan Conomon belongs
to this species.
104 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cucumis Momordica, Roxburgh.
Cultivated in India. It produces cucumbers 2 feet long,
bursting slowly when ripe into several divisions. Young, the
fruit is used like cucumbers; older, like melons. Referred by
Cogniaux to the varieties of C. Melo.
Cucumis sativus, Linne.
The Cucumber. Egypt. Indicated here merely for com-
pleteness' sake, also because gherkin pickling ought to become
a more extended local industry. Dr. G. King brought under
notice and Indian culture the Chinese Cucumber "Solly-Qua,"
which attains a length of 7 feet. It must be trained on walls or
trellises, to afford to the fruit sufficient scope for suspension.
For definitions of numerous varieties of Melons, Cucumbers
and Gourds, as well as for full notes on their cultivation, see,
irrespective of other references, G. Don's Dichlamydeous
Plants. III., 1-42.
Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne.
Large Gourd or Pompion. Turkey. Instances are on record
of fruits having weighed over 2 cwt. This species, also, is
eligible for naturalization in the interior. Amongst other pur-
poses it serves for calabashes.
Cucurbita Melopepo, Linne.
The Squash. May be regarded as a variety of C. Pepo. It
will endure storage for months.
Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne.
The Musky Gourd. Doubtless also from the Orient, but its
nativity never traced (A. De Candolle).
Cucurbita Pepo, Linne.
The Pumpkin and Vegetable Marrow, as well as the Succade
Gourd. Countries on the Caspian Sea. Its naturalization in
the desert would be a boon. The seeds on pressure yield a
fixed oil; they are also anthelmintic. This, with many other
Cururbitacere, yields much honey for bees. The perennial C.
melanosperma, A. Braun, is not edible.
Cudrania Javensis, Trccul.
East Australia, South and East Asia to Japan, East Africa.
This climbing thorny shrub can be utilized for hedges. Fruit
edible, of a pleasant taste; the root furnishes a yellow dye.
Cuminum Cyminum, Linne.
North Africa. The fruits of this annual herb are known as
Cumin, and used for certain condiments, as also in medicine.
Cuminum Hispanicum, Merat, is similar. Essential oil pe-
culiar.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 105
Cupressus Benthami, Endlicher.
Mexico at 5,000 or 7,000 feet. A beautiful tree reaching
60 feet in height. The wood is fine-grained and exceedingly
durable.
Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg.
The Ginger Pine or Oregon Cedar. California. A tree
reaching 150 feet in height, with a clear trunk for 70 feet and
a stem diameter reaching 6 feet. Wood abounding in aromatic
oil (J. Hoopes).
Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray. (CJiamiecyparis Lawsoniana, Pari.).
Northern California. This splendid red-flowered Cypress
grows 100 feet high, with a stem 2 feet in diameter, and
furnishes a valuable timber for building purposes, being clear,
easily worked, free from knots, elastic, and very durable (Sar-
gent). Hardy to lat. 6i° 15' in Norway (Schuebeler).
Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzsch.
On the mountains of Mexico. A stately Cypress reaching a
height of 120 feet. It supplies an excellent timber.
Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg.* (C. Lambertiana, Gordon).
California, from Monterey to Noyo, in the granite as well as
sandstone formation; sometimes in Sphagnum moors. This
beautiful and shady tree attains the height of 150 feet, with a
stem of 9 feet in circumference, and is one of the quickest grow-
ing of all conifers, even in poor, dry soil. One of the best
shelter trees on sea sands, naturally following the coast line,
never extending many miles from the shore, and occurring in
localities where the temperature does not rise above 8o° F., nor
sink below the freezing point (Bolander). It is hardy in Chris-
tiana. Richer in its yield of tar than the Scotch Fir, according
to American writers.
Cupressus Nutkaensis, Lamb. {Cha/ncecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach, Thuja
excelsa, Bongard).
The Yellow Cedar or Cypress of Alaska and the neighboring
states. Height of tree reaching 100 feet. Timber soft, pale,
clear, durable, tough and close, also scented; worked with ease;
used for boat building and other purposes; the bast for mats and
ropes. Can be trimmed for hedge growth. The Cypresses of
the sections Chama^cyparis and Retinospora are now regarded
by Sir Jos. Hooker and Mr. Geo. Bentham as species of Thuja.
Cupressus obtusa, F. v. Mueller. {Retinospora obtusa, Sieb. and Zucc).
The Hinoki of Japan. Attains a height of 100 feet; stem 5
feet in circumference. It forms a great part of the forests at
106 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Nipon. Growing naturally between 1,200 and 4,200 feet eleva-
tion on the transition of the compact alluvial clays to eruptive
granite (Dupont). The bark is used for thatching, also for
cordage and tow. The wood is white-veined and compact,
assuming, when planed, a silky luster. According to Mr.
Christie, it is durable, close-grained, and easily worked. It is
selected in Japan for temples. There are varieties of this
species with foliage of a golden and of a silvery white hue.
Hardy at New York, even in exposed localities. One of the
finest of evergreen trees for the vicinity of dwellings. It
resembles C. Lawsoniana, but excels it; it is also hardier and
of more rapid growth (Rev. H. W. Beecher). Easily multi-
plied from layers of the lower branches.
Two other Japanese Cypresses deserve introduction — namely C.
breviramis (Chamsecyparis breviramea, Maxim.), and C. pendens
(Chama;cyparis pendula, Maxim.).
Cupressus pisifera, F. v. Mueller. {Chamtzcyparis pisifera, Sieb. and Zucc).
The Sarvara of Japan. It attains a height of 30 feet. Stem
occasionally 3 feet in diameter (Rein.) Very hardy, like the
foregoing, bearing the frosts of Norway at least to lat. 59 55'
(Schuebeler); also of beautiful aspect and quick growth.
There is also a variety with golden foliage. Less esteemed
than C. obtusa; grows in about the same localities, but is con-
tent with poorer soil, and bears more heat (Dupont).
Cupressus sempervirens, Linne.
Common Cypress of South Europe. Height of tree reaching
80 feet. It is famous for the great age it attains, and for the dura-
bility of its timber, which is next to imperishable. At present
its wood is much sought for the manufacture of musical instru-
ments. Young records the stem circumference of a Cypress at
Lago Maggoire at 54 feet, and this was known even 600
years ago as a venerable tree.
Cupressus thurifera, Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth.
Mexican White Cedar; 3,000 to 4.500 feet above sea level.
A handsome pyramidal tree, upwards of 40 feet high.
Cupressus thuyoides, Linne. {ChanicecypaHs. spkceroidea, Spach. Thuja
sphceroidalis, CI. Richard).
White Cedar of North America; in moist and swampy ground.
Height of tree reaching 80 feet; diameter of stem, -3 feet. The
wood is reddish, light, clear, easy to split, soft and fragrant; it
turns red when exposed to the air. Extensively used for a great
variety of purposes — for boat-building, cooperage, railway ties,
particularly also shingles; it is fine-grained and easily worked.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 107
Mohr says that the wood when well seasoned offers the finest
material for hollow-ware. For furniture it admits of a high
finish and has a pleasing hue. The old wood resists the suc-
cession of dryness and moisture better than any other American
Cypress hitherto tried.
Cupressus torulosa, Don.*
Nepal Cypress. Northern India; 4,500 to 8,000 feet above
the sea level. Average ordinary height 40 feet, but much
larger dimensions are on record, thus Dr. Stewart and Major
Madden mention a tree 150 feet in height and 17 feet in stem-
girth. The reddish fragrant wood is as durable as that of the
Deodar Cedar, highly valued for furniture. The tree seems to
prefer limestone soil. Splendid for wind-breaks and tall
hedges. Dr. Brandis thinks that it may attain an age of 1,000
years.
Cyamopsis psoraloides, De Candolle.
South Asia. This annual is mentioned by Dr. Forbes Watson
among the plants which furnish throughout green table-beans
to a portion of the population of India.
Cycas Normanbyana, F. v. Mueller.
A noble Queensland species, deserving introduction, and
capable of being shipped to long distances in an upgrown state
without emballage.
Cycas revoluta, Thunberg.
The Japan Fern Palm. The trunk attains, in age, a height
of about 6 feet, and is rich in sago-like starch. The slow
growth of this plant renders it only valuable for scenic decora-
tive culture; it endures the climate of Melbourne without pro-
tection. Cycas media, R. Br. may also prove hardy, and would
be a noble horticultural acquisition, as it is the most gigantic
of all Cycadeae, attaining a height of 70 feet in tropical East
Australia. C. Siamensis will endure a temperature occasionally
as low as the freezing point. Like the Zamia stems, the
trunks of Cycas admit of translocation, even at an advanced
age, and like the stems of many kinds of tree ferns they can be
shipped on very long voyages packed as dead goods in closed
wood cases, deprived of leaves and soil, for subsequent revival
in conservatories, as shown many years ago by the writer of this
work. The Macrozamias can be associated with the hardier
palms in gardens, M. spiralis advancing naturally southward to
the 37th degree. One genuine Zamia occurs as indigenous in
Florida, several in Mexico are extra-tropical, while Z. Chiqua
(Seemann), or a closely allied species, ascends to 7,000 feet in
Central America. The South African species of Encephalartos
also endure the night frosts of Melbourne perfectly well.
Io8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Cymopterus glomeratus, De Candolle.
Western States of North America. Root edible (Dr.
Rosenthal).
Cynara Cardunculus, Linne.
The Cardoon. Mediterranean regions. A perennial herb.
The bleached leaf stalks serve as esculents. This as well as
the following will grow in Norway to lat. 63 52' (Schuebeler).
Cynara Scolymus, Linne.
The Artichoke. South Europe and North Africa. The
receptacles and the base of the flower-scales well known as a
vegetable. The plant is perennial, and here merely mentioned
as entitled to extended culture grouped with other stately
plants. Several other species are worthy of cultivation. In
Italy Artichokes are much grown under olive trees to utilize
spare ground. The plant is greatly benefited in cultivation by a
dressing with sea-weed or any other manure containing sea-salt
(G. W. Johnson).
Cynodon Dactylon, Richard.*
Widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe, thus as
indigenous reaching the northern parts of the colony of Victoria;
stretching also into Middle Europe and West England. Hardy
in Norway to lat. 63 52' (Schuebeler). Passes under the names
of Bermuda Grass, Indian Couch or Scotch Grass, Doab or
Doorva or Bahama Grass. An important grass for covering
bare, barren land, or binding drift sand, or keeping together
the soil of abrupt declivities, or consolidating earth banks
against floods. It is not without value as a pasture grass; re-
sists extreme drought, and may become of great importance to
many desert tracts. The dispersion is best effected by the
creeping rooting stems, cut into short pieces; each of these
takes root readily. In arable land this grass, when once
established, cannot easily be subdued. The stems and roots
are used in Italy for preparing the Mellago graminis. Rox-
burgh already declared this grass to be by far the most com-
mon and useful for pastures of India, particularly in the drier
regions; that it flowers all the year, and that it forms three-
fourths of the food of the cows and horses there. Excellent
also as a lawn grass in mild climates, on account of its dwarf
and creeping growth and as enduring trampling pertinaciously.
Chemical analysis, made very early in spring, gave the follow-
ing results: — Albumen r6o, gluten 6.45, starch 4/00, gum 3- 10,
sugar 3-60 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 109
Cynosurus cristatus, Linne.
The Crested Dog's-tail Grass. Europe, North Africa, West
Asia. A perennial grass, particularly valuable as withstanding
drought, the root penetrating to considerable depth. The
stems can also be used for bonnet-plaiting. Though inferior in
value for hay, this grass is well adapted for permanent pasture,
as it forms dense tufts without suffocating other grasses or
fodder herbs.
Cyperus corymbosus, Rottboell.
India. This stately perennial species may be chosen to
fringe our lakes and ponds. It is extensively used for mats in
India.
Cyperus esculentus, Linne.
South Europe, West Asia, various parts of Africa. Produces
the "Chufa" or Ground Almond, an edible root, which contains
about 27 per cent, of starch, 17 per cent, of oil and 12 percent,
of saccharine substance; other (French) analyses give 28 per
cent, oil, 29 starch, 14 sugar, 7 gum, 14 cellulose. This plant
does not spread like the C. rotundus, and can be reared on sand-
land, though in rich loose soil the harvest is far more plentiful.
The tubers, of which as many as 100 to 150 may be obtained
from each plant, are consumed either raw or cooked. Hogs
root them up for food. The oil surpasses in excellence of taste
all other oils used for culinary purposes. The tubers are a fair
substitute for coffee, when properly roasted; the root crop is
available in from four to six months. The plant may become
important in the most dreary and arid desert countries through
naturalization. In Norway it can be grown to lat. 6i°$6' (Schue-
beler). The root of the North American C. phymatodes,
Muehlenberg is also nutty.
Cyperus Papyrus, Linne.
The Nile Papyrus, wild in various regions of Africa. Attains
a height of 16 feet. Though no longer strictly a utilitarian
plant, as in ancient times, it could scarcely be passed on this
occasion, as it ought to become valuable in the horticultural
trade. Its grand aspect recommends it as very decorative for
aquatic plantations.
Cyperus Syriacus, Parlatore.
The Syrian or Sicilian Papyrus. This is the Papyrus plant
usual in garden cultivation. The plants in the Melbourne Bo-
tanic Garden attain a height of 8 feet, but suffer somewhat from
frost. Other tall decorative Cyperi deserve introduction — for
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
instance, C. giganteus, Rottboell, from the West Indies and
Guiana, this kind of plants being hardier than the generality of
others from the tropics.
Cyperus tegetum, Roxburgh.
India, China and North Australia. This Galingale Rush
might be naturalized on river banks to obtain material for the
superior mats made of it in Bengal. The fresh stems are slit
longitudinally into three or four pieces, each of which curls
round while drying, and can then be worked into durable and
elegant mats. In China it is cultivated like rice, but in brackish
ground only, where narrow channels will allow the water to flow
in and out with the rising and receding tide (Hance and
Dilthey).
Cyperus textilis, Thunberg. {Cyperus vaginatus, R. Brown).
Widely dispersed over the Australian continent, also occur-
ring in Southern Africa. It is restricted to swampy localities,
and thus is not likely to stray into ordinary fields. In the colony
of Victoria it is the best indigenous fiber plant, and it is like-
wise valuable as being with ease converted into pulp for good
writing paper, as shown by the author some years ago. Its
perennial growth allows of regular annual cutting. The natives
of the Murray River use this as well as Carex tereticaulis, F.
v. M. for nets.
Cytisus prolifereus, Linne, fil.
Canary Islands. The "Tagasaste." A fodder shrub for
light dry soil; rather intolerant to frost (Dyer).
Cytisus spinosus, Lamarck.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. This bush forms
a strong prickly garden-hedge, handsome when closelv clipped
(W. Elliott).
Cytisus scoparius, Link. {Spartiuiti scoparium, Linne).
The Broom Bush. Europe, North Asia. Of less significance
as a broom plant than as one of medicinal value. It can also
be used for tanning purposes. Most valuable for arresting drift
sand. An alkaloid (spartein) and a yellow dye (scoparin) are
obtainable from this shrub.
Dacrydium Colensoi, Hooker.
New Zealand. A beautiful tree, growing to 50 feet in height,
and producing hard and incorruptible timber; chiefly eligible
in Victoria for Alpine regions.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Dacrydium cupressinum, Solander.
New Zealand. Native name, Rimu; the Red Pine of the
colonists. This stately tree attains the height of 200 feet, and
furnishes a hard and valuable wood, very lasting for fences, but
readily decaying in water-works. Professor Kirk recommends
the timber on account of its great strength for girders and
heavy beams anywhere under cover. With other New Zealand
conifers particularly eligible for forest valleys. A most suitable
tree for cemeteries, on account of its pendulous branches.
Dacrydium Franklini, J. Hooker.
Huon-pine of Tasmania; only found in moist forest recesses,
and thus might be planted in dense fern-tree gullies. Height
of tree, sometimes 100 feet; stem circumference reaching 20
feet. The wood is highly esteemed for boat-building and
various artisans' work. It is the best of Australian woods for
carving, also extensively used for the rougher kinds of xylo-
graphy and in the manufacture of pianos.
Dacrydium Kirkii, F. v. Mueller.
New Zealand. The "Manoao." A pyramidal tree, attaining
80 feet in height; stem diameter to 4 feet. Timber of a reddish
color and extreme durability (Professor Kirk). Bears seeds
abundantly.
Dactylis glomerata, Linne.*
Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. The Cock's
foot grass, perennial. One of the best of tall pasture grasses,
adapted as well for dry as moist soil, thus even available for
wet clays. It will live under the shade of trees in forests; fit
also for Coast sands. It is indigenous in Norway to lat. 68° 50'
(Schuebeler.) Its yield of fodder is rich and continuous, but its
stems are hard. It is generally liked by cattle, unless when by
understocking or neglect it has been allowed to become rank.
Langethal observes: "What the Timothy grass is for the more
dry sandy ground, that is the Cock's-foot grass for more bind-
ing soil, and no other (European) grass can be compared to it
for copiousness of yield, particularly if the soil contains a fair
quantity of lime. It grows quickly again after the first cutting,
and comes early on in the season. The nutritive power of this
grass is of first-class." The chemical analysis made very late
in spring gave the following results: Albumen 1.87, gluten 7.1 1,
starch 1.05, gum 4.47, sugar 3.19 per cent (Von Mueller and
Rummel). .
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Dactylis litoralis, Willdenow. {Aeluropus laevis, Trinius).
From the Mediterranean countries to Siberia. The stolon-
iferous grass can be utilized for binding coast-sands; but it is of
greater importance still in sustaining a Kermes insect (Porphy-
rophora Hamelii), which produces a beautiful purple dye
(Simmonds).
Dalbergia latifolia, Roxburgh.
India, up to cool but not cold regions. A deciduous tree,
attaining a height of 80 feet. The wood tough and heavy, in
request for ornamental furniture, yokes, wheels, ploughs, knees
of boats; its color from nut brown to dark purplish, streaked
and spotted with lighter hues (Brandis, Gamble).
Dalbergia miscolobium, Bentham.
Southern Brazil. This tree supplies a portion of the Jaca-
randa wood (Tschudi).
Dalbergia nigra, Allemao.
Brazil, down to the Southern Provinces. A tail tree, likely
to prove hardy in warmer extra-tropic regions. It yields a por-
tion of the Jacaranda or Palisander Wood, also Caviuna Wood,
which, for rich furniture, have come into European use.
Several Brazilian species of Machserium afford, according to
Saldanha da Gama, a similar precious wood, also timber for
water works and railway sleepers, particularly M. incorruptible
(Allen), M. legale and M. Allemai (Bentham).
Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxburgh.
The Indian Sissoo tree, extending to Afghanistan, ascending
to elevations of 5,000 feet, attaining a height of 8c feet. It may
be worthy of test whether in localities free of frost, particularly
along sandy river banks, this important timber tree could be
naturalized. Brandis found the transverse strength of the wood
greater than that of teak and of sal; it is very elastic, seasons
well, does not warp or split, and takes a fine polish. It is also
durable as a wood for boats. The tree is easily raised from
seeds or cuttings, is of quick growth, and resists slight frosts.
The supply of its wood has fallen short of the demand in India.
Captain Campbell- Walker states that in the Panjab artificial
rearing of Sissoo is remunerative at only 15 inches annual rain-
fall, with great heat in summer and occasional sharp frosts in
winter; but irrigation is resorted to at an annual expense there
of four shillings per acre. Sterile land is by the Sissoo planting
greatly ameliorated.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 113
Dammara alba, Rumph. (Z>. orientalis, Lamb.)
Agath Dammar. Indian Archipelago and mainland. A
large tree up to ioo feet high, a stem to 8 feet in diameter,
straight and branchless for two-thirds in length. It is of great
importance on account of its yield of the transparent Dammar
resin, extensively used for varnish.
Dammara Australis, Lambert.*
Kauri Pine. North Island of New Zealand. This magnifi-
cent tree measures, under favorable circumstances, 180 feet in
height and 17 feet in diameter of stem; the estimated, but per-
haps overrated age of such a tree being 700 to 800 years. It
furnishes an excellent, remarkably durable timber, straight-
grained, and much in use for masts, boats, superior furniture,
casks, rims of sieves, and is particularly sought for decks of
ships, lasting for the latter purpose twice as long as the deal of
many other pines. It is also available for railway break-
blocks and for carriages, and regarded as one of the most durable
among timbers of the Conifers. Braces, stringers and tie-beams
of wharves remained, according to Professor Kirk, for very many
years in good order under much traffic. In bridge-building also
the Kauri timber gave excellent results; it can likewise be used
advantageously for the sounding-boards of pianofortes. Kauri-
wood is also used for light handles for many implements and
instruments, including stethoscopes, for wool-presses, the body-
work of wagons, butter-casks, brewers' vats; further, in ship-
building for bulwarks and the sides of boats. In strength it is
considerably superior to Baltic Deal. Kauri ought to be exten-
sively introduced into our denser forests. Auckland alone exports
about ^20,000 worth of Kauri timber annually. It is easily
worked, and takes a high polish. This tree yields, besides, the
Kauri resin of commerce, which is largely obtained from under
the stem. The greatest part is gathered by the Maoris in
localities formerly covered with Kauri forests; pieces weighing
100 lbs. have been found in such places.
Dammara macrophylla, Lindley.
Santa Cruz Archipelagos. A beautiful tree, often 100 feet
high, resembling D. alba.
Dammara Moorei, Lindley.
New Caledonia. Height of tree about 50 feet.
Dammara obtusa, Lindley.
New Hebrides. A fine tree, reaching 200 feet in height,
with a long, clear trunk, resembling D. Australis.
114 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Dammara ovata, C. Moore.
New Caledonia. This tree is rich in Dammar Resin.
Dammara robusta, C. Moore.
Queensland-Kauri. A tall tree, known from Rockingham's
Bay, Fraser's Island and Wide Bay. It thrives well, even in
open, exposed, dry localities at Melbourne. Height attaining 130
feet; largest diameter of stem, 6 feet; free from knots and easily
worked. Market value ^3 10s. for 1,000 superficial feet of
timber. As much as 12,000 feet (superficial) of good timber
have been cut from one tree, that not being the largest. The
species is closely allied to the Indian D. alba, and yields Dam-
mar Resin.
Dammara Vitiensis, Seemann.
In Fiji. Tree, 100 feet high; probably identical with
Lindley's D. longifolia.
Danthonia bipartita, F. v. Mueller.
From the interior of New South Wales and Queensland to
West Australia. Available as a tender-leaved and productive
perennial grass for any desert regions.
Danthonia Cunninghami, J. Hooker.
New Zealand. A splendid Alpine fodder grass with large
panicles.
Danthonia nervosa, J. Hooker. {Amphibronms Neesii, Steudel).
Extra-tropical Australia. One of the best nutritious swamp
grasses.
Danthonia penicillata, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand, ascending to sub-
alpine elevations. Mr. A. N. Grant mentions this as the most
gregarious of grasses in Riverina, though after seeding early in
summer it becomes parched, until it pushes afresh after the first
autumnal rains. It is most easily disseminated. Dr. Curl
found this perennial grass useful for artificial mixed pasture.
Its principal value is in spring. Noted as very valuable in its
native localities.
Danthonia robusta, F. v. Mueller.
Australian Alps. Forms large patches of rich forage at the
very edge of glaciers. The tall D. rigida (Raoul) of New Zea-
land is closely allied.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 115
Daucus Carota, Linne.
The Carrot. Europe, North Africa, extra-tropical Asia, east
to Japan. Biennial. Admits of naturalization along shores. In
Norway it is grown to lat. 70 22' (Schuebeler). Beyond the
ordinary culinary utilization it serves for the distillation of a
peculiar oil. Large-rooted varieties as well as the herb give a
good admixture to stable fodder. Carrot treacle can also be
prepared from the root. Requires lime in the soil for its pro-
lific culture. The chemical substances carotin and hydrocarotin
are derived from it.
Debregeasia edulis, Weddell.
The Janatsi or Teon-itsigo of Japan. Berries of this bush
edible, fiber valuable for textile fabrics. A few Indian species,
with fiber resembling that of Boehmeria, ascend the Himal-
ayas for several thousand feet, and may therefore be very hardy
— namely, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana, D. hypoleuca. The latter
extends to Abyssinia, where it has been noticed at elevations of
8,000 feet. D. dichotoma on mountains in Java occurs.
Oecaisnea insignis, J. Hooker and Thomson. (Slackea insignis, Griffith.)
Himalaya at 6,000 to 10,000 feet elevation. This showy
shrub or miniature tree produces fruit full of juicy pulp of
pleasant sweetness.
Dendrocalamus giganteus, Munro.
Malacca and the adjacent islands. Habit of Gigantochloa
maxima; therefore one of the mightiest of all Bamboos. It con-
tinues constantly to add stems from its root, several hundred
sometimes belonging to the same tuft. Stems reach a height of
100 feet and a circumference of 33 inches; the joints are occa-
sionally as much as 18 inches thick and the walls, an inch thick
(Dr. Trimen).
Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees.
Himalayas, between 2,000 and 6,000 feet. Height reaching
60 feet. The young shoots of this stately Bamboo are edible
in a boiled state (Hooker). It endures great cold as well as
dry heat (Kurz).
Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees.* * *%
India, particularly Bengal. Grows on drier ground than
Bamboos generally. Its strength and solidity render it fit for
many select technic purposes. It attains a height of 100 feet,
and occasionally forms forests of its own. It endures great cold
as well as dry heat (Kurz). Readily raised from seed.
Il6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Desmodium triflorum, De Candolle.
In tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. A densely
matted perennial herb, alluded to on this occasion as recom-
mendable for places too hot for ordinary clover, and as repre-
senting a large genus of plants, many of which may prove of
value for pasture. Dr. Roxburgh already stated that it helps
to form the most beautiful turf in India, and that cattle are very
fond o f this herb. Colonel Drury informs us that it is spring-
ing up on all soils and situations, supplying the place of Tri-
folium and Medicago there. D. Canadense (I). C.) is also an
" excellent fodder herb (Rosenthal).
Desmodium acuminatum, De Candolle.
North America. With D. nudiflorum (D. C.) mentioned by
C. Mohr as a nutritive plant for stock, and particularly adapted
for forest soil.
Dicksonia Billardierii, F. v. Mueller. (D. antarctica, La Billardiere, Cibotium
Billardierii, Kaulfuss).
Southeast Australia, New Zealand. This tree-fern is men-
tioned- here, as it is the very best for distant transmission, and
endures some frost. It attains a height of 40 feet. Hardy in
the island of Arran with D. squarrosa and Cyathea medullaris
(Rev. D. Landsborough). This species above all others,
should be disseminated in warmer extra-tropical countries, e. g.
with us in West Australia. Important also as commercial
plants among fern trees are Cyathea medullaris, of Southeast
Australia and New Zealand; Cyathea dealbata, the Silvery
Tree-fern; and C. Smithii, from New Zealand only; because
when grown their shipment is not attended with the same diffi-
culty as that of the tall Alsophila Australis (which attains 60 feet),
and numerous other tree ferns, about 200 species of which are
now known. Those mentioned are among the hardiest of this
noble kind of plants. Anthelmintic properties, which may
exist in these and many other ferns, have not yet been searched
for. The dust-like spores should be scattered through moist
forest valleys, to ensure new supplies of these superb forms of
vegetation for the next century. D. Billardierii is nowhere an-
tartic.
Digitalis purpurea, Linne.
The Foxglove. Greater part of Europe. A biennial and
exceedingly beautiful herb of great medicinal value, easily
raised. In Norway it grows to lat. 63 52' (Schuebeler).
Chemical principles: digitalin, digitaletin and three peculiar
acids.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 117
Dioscorea aculeata, Linne.*
The Kaawi Yam. India, Cbchin-China, South Sea Islands.
Stem prickly, as the name implies, not angular. Leaves alter-
nate, undivided. It ripens later than the following species, and
requires no reeds for staking. It is propagated from small
tubers. This yam is of a sweetish taste, and the late Dr. See-
mann regarded it as one of the finest esculent roots of the globe.
A variety of a bluish hue, cultivated in Central America (for
instance at Caracas), is of very delicious taste.
Dioscorea alata, Linne.*
The Uvi Yam. India and South Sea Islands. The stems
are four-angled and not prickly. The tubers, of which there are
many varieties, will attain, under favorable circumstances, a
length of 8 feet, and the prodigious weight of ioo pounds!
This species and the preceding are the two principal kinds cul-
tivated in tropical countries. D. alata is in culture supported
by reeds. It is propagated from pieces of the old root, and
comes to perfection in warm climes in about seven months.
The tubers may be baked or boiled. It is this species which
has been successfully cultivated in New Zealand and also in the
Southern States of North America.
Dioscorea glabra, Roxburgh.-" (£>. Batatas, Decaisne).
The Chinese Yam. From India to China. Not prickly.
The root is known to attain a length of 4 feet, with a circumfer-
ence of 14 inches, and a weight of about 14 lbs. The inner
portion of the tuber is of snowy whiteness, of a flaky consist-
ence and of a delicious flavor; preferred by many to potatoes,
and obtainable in climes too hot for potato crops. The bulb-
lets from the axils of the leaf-stalks, as in other Dioscoreas,
serve as sets for planting, but the tubers from them attain full
size only in the second year. The upper end of the tubers offers
ready sets, but there are dormant eyes on any portion of the
surface of the tubers (Sir Samuel Wilson, General Noble).
First grown in Australia by the author in 1858.
Dioscorea globosa, Roxburgh.
India. Roxburgh states this to be the most esteemed Yam in
Bengal.
Dioscorea hastifolia, Nees.
Extra-tropical Western Australia, at least as far south as 32 .
It is evidently one of the hardiest of the Yams, and on that ac-
count deserves particularly to be drawn into culture. The
tubers are largely consumed by the local aborigines for food;
it is the only plant on which they bestow any kind of cultiva-
tion, crude as it is. Fit for arid situations but fond of lime.
Il8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Dioscorea Japonica, Thunberg.
The hardy Japan Yam. Not prickly. The material here for
comparison is not complete, but seems to indicate that D.
transversa, R. Br., and D. punctata, R. Br., are both referable
to D. Japonica. If this assumption should prove correct, then
we have this Yam along the coast-tracts of North and East
Australia, as far as south as latitude 33 . In. Australia we find
the wild root of good taste.
Dioscorea nummularia, Lamarck.
The Tivoli Yam. Continental and insular India, also South
Sea Islands. A high, climbing, prickly species, with opposite
leaves. Roots cylindrical, as thick as one's arm; their taste ex-
ceedingly good.
Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linne.
India and China. Not prickly. One of the edible yams.
Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linne.
Continental and insular India, also South Sea Islands. Like-
wise a good yam. A prickly species, with alternate divided
leaves.
Dioscorea purpurea, Roxburgh.
India. In Bengal considered next best to D. alata.
Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg.
Japan, and there one of several yam plants with edible tubers.
Among numerous congeners are mentioned as providing like-
wise root vegetables: D. piperifolia (Humboldt) from Quito,
D. esurientum (Fenzl) from Guatemala, D. tuberosa and D.
conferta (Vellozo) from South Brazil, D. Cayennensis
(Lamarck) from tropical South America, D. triphylla (Linne)
from tropical Asia, D. deltoidea (Wallich) from Nepal. Of
these and many other species the relative quality of the roots,
and their adaptability to field cultivation, require to be more
fully ascertained.
Dioscorea sativa, Linne.
South Asia, east as far as Japan, also in the South Sea
Islands, and North and tropical East Australia, likewise re-
corded from tropical Africa. Stem cylindrical, not prickly.
The acrid root requires soaking before boiling. It has proved
hardy in the Southern States of North America. Starch is very
profitably obtainable from the tubers.
Dioscorea spicata, Roth.
India. Roots used like those of other species.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. II9
Dioscorea tomentosa, Koenig.
Ooyala Yam. India. The nomenclature of some of the
Asiatic species requires further revision.
Dioscorea trifida, Linne fil.
Central America. One of the Yams there cultivated. Vari-
ous other tuberous Dioscorea? occur in tropical countries, but
their respective degrees of hardiness, taste and yield are not
recorded or ascertained. The length of the warm season in
many extra-tropical countries is probably sufficient for ripening
all these Yams.
Diospyros Ebenum, Koenig.*
Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony wood. It
is not uncommon up to an elevation of 5,000 feet in that island,
according to Dr. Thwaites; hence I would recommend this large
and valuable tree for test plantations in warm extra-tropical
lowland forest regions, where also D. qusesita and D. oppo-
sitifolia, the best Calamander Trees, and D. melanoxylon
should be tried. Many other species of Diospyros could
probably be introduced from the mountains of various tropical
regions, either for the sake of their ebony-like wood or their
fruit. Black Ebony wood sinks in water. The price in Eng-
land ranges from ^8 to ^10 per ton, from 700 to 1,000 tons
being imported into Britain annually for pianoforte keys, the
string-holders of musical instruments, the fingerboard and tail-
piece of violins, sharp note-pieces of pianos, harmoniums
and cabinet organs, and other select purposes. The following
species, some of which may prove hardy, yield Ebonyr wood,
according to Hiern : India — D. Ebenum, Koen., D. melan-
oxylon, Roxb., D. silvatica, Roxb., D. Gardneri, Thw., D.
hirsuta, L. fil., D. discolor, Willd., D. Embryopteris, Thw., D.
Ebenaster, Retz., D. montana, Roxb., D. insignis, Pers., D.
Tupru, Hamilt., D. truncata, Zoll., D. ramifiora, Wall; Africa
— D. Dendo, Welw., D. mespiliformis, Hochst. ; Mauritius
— D. tesselaria, Poiret; Madagascar — D. haplostylis, Boivin,
D. microrhombus, Hiern.
Diospyros Kaki, Linne fil.
The Date Plum of China and Japan. A slow-growing not
very productive tree, here recorded for completeness. The
fruit is yellow, pink or dark purple, variable in size, but
seldom larger than an ordinary apple; it can readily be
dried on strings. A hard and soft variety occur. It has
ripened at Sydney, and as far north as Philadelphia (Saunders).
The most famed varieties are, according to the Rev. Mr. Loo-
rins: Ronosan, Nihon, Micado, Daimio, Taikoon, Yamato, the
120 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
latter particularly large and saccharine, and with the Jogen
variety, mostly used for drying. In Japan this is thought to
be the best native fruit (Christie); attains one pound in
weight. There is also a small seedless variety. Dried Kaki
fruit is considered superior to figs. For drying the fruit is
peeled, and requires a month to exsiccate. The Hyakuma
variety when shrivelled measures as much as 4 by 3 inches
(Jarmain). The green fruits serve as medicinal astringents
(Dupont).
Diospyros Lotus, Linne.
From Northern China to the Caucasus. The ordinary Date-
Plum. The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black cherries,
are edible, and also used for the preparation of syrup. The
wood, like that of D. chloroxylon, is known in some places as
Green Ebony. It resembles Mottled Ebony; it must not, how-
ever, be confounded with other kinds, such as are furnished by
some species of Exccecaria, Nectandra and Jacaranda.
Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Mexico and Texas. Tree reaching a height of 30 feet; fruit
globose,' black, luscious (A. Gray).
Diospyros Virginiana, Linne.
The North American Ebony or Parsimon or Persimmon. A
tree reaching 70 feet in height. Wood very hard, blackish.
Valuable for shuttles instead of box wood (Jos. Gardner).
The stem exudes a kind of gum. The sweet variety yields a
good table fruit. Ripens fruit to 41 north, in Illinois
(Bryant). Hot summers promote the early ripening and sweet-
ness of the fruit, the delicious taste not depending on early
frost. The final sweetness depends upon chemical decomposi-
tion.
Diposis Bulbocastanum, De Candolle.
Chili. The tubers of this perennial herb are edible (Phil-
ippi).
Dipsacus fullonum, Linne.
Fuller's Teasel. Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia.
A tall biennial herb. The thorny fruit-heads are used for full-
ing in cloth factories. The import into England during one
of the last years was valued at ^"5,000. The plant is most
easily raised. The use of these Teasels has not yet been
superseded by any adequate machinery.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Dirca palustris, Linne.
North America. An ornamental forest shrub, the tough bark
of which is serviceable for straps and whipcords.
Distichlis maritima, Rafinesque. (Festuca distichophylla, J. Hooker).
North and South America, Extra-tropical Australia. This
dwarf Creeping Grass is of great value for binding soil, forming
rough lawns, edging garden plats in arid places, and covering
coast sand.
Dolichos gibbosus, Thunberg.
South Africa. This woody climber is one of the most eligible
for covering rustic buildings with a close and almost ever-
flowering vegetation.
Dolichos Lablab, Linne.
Warmer parts of Africa; probably thence spread widely-
through the tropics. An annual herb, sometimes lasting
through several years. The young pods, as well as the ripe
seeds, of several varieties available for culinary use. It de-
lights in rich soil, and ripens in hot countries within three
months; its yield is about forty-fold, according to Roxburgh.
The whole plant forms excellent stable feed for cattle.
Dolichos unifiorus, Lamarck.
Tropical and Sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb,
the Horse-Gram of South India, where it is extensively grown.
Colonel Sykes got over 300 seeds from a moderate-sized plant.
Dr. Stewart saw it cultivated up to 8,000 feet. Content with
poor soils; well adapted for stable pulse.
Dorema Ammoniacum, Don.
Persia, on mountains up to 4,000 feet. A tall perennial herb,
yielding the gum-resin Ammoniacum, which might be obtained
from plants introduced into other snowy mountainous countries
beyond a severe clime.
Dracaena Draco, Linne.
The Dragon-blood Tree of the Canary Islands. An impos-
ing feature in scenic horticulture, with D. schizantha (Baker) of
eastern tropical Africa; it yields Dragon-blood resin. The
famed Dragon-tree of Teneriffe, measured in 1831, 46 feet in
circumference of stem, and even at the commencement of the
15th century was celebrated for its age.
Dracocephalum Moldavica, Linne.
North and Middle Asia. An annual showy scent-herb.
112 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Drimys Winteri, R. and G. Forster.
Extra-tropical South America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred
under the name of Boighe to the original inhabitants. Attains
in river valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood never attacked
by insects (Dr. Philippi). The Australian and New Zealand
species may be equally valuable.
Duboisia Hopwoodii, F. v. Mueller.
The Pitury. Inland desert regions from New South Wales
and Queensland to near the west coast of Australia. This
shrub deserves cultivation on account of its highly stimulating
properties. D. myoporoides (R. Br.) of East Australia and
New Caledonia has come into use for ophthalmic surgery. The
alkaloid of the latter, duboisin, is allied to piturin. Important
for mydriatic purposes, in medicine (Bancroft). The tree at-
tains in deep forest glens a height of 60 feet (Ralston), but
flowers even as a shrub.
Duvana longifolia, Lindley.
La Plata States. This or an allied shrub, called Molle there,
yields foliage rich in tannin (about 20 per cent.), which, as it
does not give any color to leather, is much valued for particular
currying (Dr. Lorentz).
Dypsis pinnatifrons, Martius.
Madagascar. This dwarf Palm proved hardy in Sidney, to-
gether with Copernicia ceiifera (C. Moore).
Ecbalium Elaterium, Richard.
The Squirting Cucumber. Mediterranean regions and
Orient. An annual. The powerful purgative Elaterium is
prepared from the pulp of the fruit. Chemical principles :
elaterid, elaterin, hydroelaterin.
Echinocactus Fendleri, Engelmann.
Mexico. A species attractive for its large rosy flowers and,
like the orange-flowered E. gonacanthus and E. Simpsoni,
E. conoideus, E. phoeniceus, E. viridiflorus, E. viviparus and
E. paucispinens, among the most hardy of North American
Cacteae (E. G. Loder).
Ehrharta diplax, F. v. Mueller. {Microlana avenacea, J. Hooker).
New Zealand. This tall perennial grass is fond of wood-
lands, and deserves introduction. It is likely to prove a rich
pasture-grass. A few Australian species, particularly of the
section Tetrarrhena, are readily accessible, and so indeed also
the South African Ehrhartas, all adapted for a warm temperate
clime; the majority perennial, and several of superior value.
Ehrharta caudata, Munro, is indigenous in Japan.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 1 23
Ehrharta longiflora, Smith.
South Africa. Easily disseminated and like other perennial
species from the same part of the world, fit to grow in sand-
land as a pasture-grass.
Ehrharta Stipoides, La Billardiere.
Extra-tropical Australia, also New Zealand. Often called
Weeping Grass. A perennial grass, which keeps beautifully
green all through the year. For this reason its growth for pas-
turage should be encouraged, particularly as it will live on poor
soil. Mr. W. H. Bacchus, of Ballarat, considers it nearly as
valuable as Kangaroo-Grass, and in the cool season more so.
He finds it to bear overstocking better than any other native
grass, and to maintain a close turf. High testimony of the
value of this grass is also given by Mr. Rankin, of Gippsland,
after many years experiments. However, it does not always
seed copiously. The chemical analysis made in spring gave
the following results: albumen 1.66, gluten 9.13, starch 1.64,
gum 3.25, sugar 5.05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel).
Elaeagnus hortensis, Bieberstein.
From South Europe and North Africa to Siberia and China.
The fruits of this shrub, known under the name of Trebizonde
dates, are used in Persia for dessert. Flowers highly fragrant
(G. W. Johnson).
Elaeagnus parvifolius, Royle.
From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been intro-
duced into North America as a hedge-plant and, according
to Professor Meehan, promises great permanent success, as it
has already achieved a high popularity in this respect. In
Norway hardy to lat. 59 55' (Schuebeler). Several other
species might well be experimented on in the same manner.
Elaeagnus umbellatus, Thunberg.
Japan. The fruits of this or an allied species are edible, of a
particular and pleasant flavor, and especially adapted for con-
fectionery. This bush resists frost as well as drought, and
bears in prodigious abundance throughout the year (Joseph
Clarte). It can be struck from cuttings, and Comes into bear-
ing in the third year.
Elegia nuda. Kunth.
South-Africa. A rush, able with its long roots to bind moving
sand; its also affords good material for thatching (Dr. Pappe).
Many of the tall Restiaceae of South Africa would prove valu-
able for scenic effect in gardens and conservatories, and among
these may specially be mentioned Cannamois cephalotes
(Beauv.).
1^4 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Elephanthorrhiza Burchelli, Bentham.
South Africa. The huge club-footed roots of this somewhat
shrubby plant are extraordinarily rich in tannin (Prof. Mac
Owan). All grazing animals like the foliage much; it starts
from the root again after frost (Mrs. Barber). An allied species
;is E. Burkei.
Eleusine Coracana, Gaertner.
Southern Asia, east to Japan, ascending the Himalayas to
7,000 feet. Though annual, this grass is worthy of cultivation
on account of its height and nutritiveness. It is of rapid
growth, and the produce of foliage and seeds copious. Horses
prefer the hay to any other dry fodder in India, according to
Dr. Forbes Watson. The large grains can be used like millet.
E. Indica, Gaertner, only differs as a variety. It extends to
tropical Australia, and is recorded also from many other tropical
countries.
Eleusine stricta, Roxburgh.
India. The increase of grain of this annual grass in rich soil
is at times five-hundredfold. E. Tocusso, Fresenius, is a valu-
able kind -from Abyssinia, seemingly allied to E. stricta. The
Arabian and Himalayan E. flagellifera, Nees, is perennial.
Other species of Eleusine are deserving of trial.
Elymus arenarius, Linne.*
The Sea Lyme-Grass. Europe and North Asia, on sand-
coasts, growing in Norway to lat. 71 7'. One of the most im-
portant and vigorous of grasses for binding drift-sand on the
sea-shores. Endures being gradually covered with sand, but
not so completely as Psamrha. The North American E. mollis,
Trinius, is allied to this species.
Elymus condensatus, Presl.*
The Bunch-Grass of British Columbia and California, ex-
tending to lat. 58 . This is favorably known as adapted for
sand land. Mr. W. Gorlie noted it to bear severe frost, as much
as o° F. Bunches become fully a yard in diameter and bear
stalks up to 10 feet high, so that in annual bulk and weight of
produce it surpasses all British pasture-grasses. It is also earlier
that any of them, and its young growth never suffers from
spring-frosts; moreover it is highly nutritious and greedily eaten
in all its stages by stock.
Elymus Virginicus, Linne.
North America. Perennial, easily spreading, but fit for river-
banks; of some fodder value (C. Mohr).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES...,, . I 25
Embothrium coccineum, R. and G. Forster.
From Chili to the Straits of Magellan. The Notra or Cirue-
lillo of Chili. A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom reaching
above 30 feet in height. The wood is utilized for furniture.
E. lanceolatum is merely a variety (Dr. Philippi). The equally
gorgeous E. emarginatum of the Peruvian Andes and E. Wick-
hami from Mount Bellenden-Ker of North Queensland, de-
serve, with the East Australian allied Stenocarpus sinuatus, a
place in any sheltered gardens or parks of the warm temperate
zone.
Encephalartos Denisonii, F. v, Mueller.
New South Wales and Queensland. This noble Pine-Palm is
hardy as far south as Melbourne, and with E. spiralis, E. Preissii
and the South African species, to be regarded as a most
desirable acquisition to any garden scenery in mild zones. All
admit of translocation even when of large size and when many
years old. The stems, with an unusual tenacity of life, some-
times remain dormant for several years. After removal they
can be shipped in closed cases as dead goods, the leaves being
previously cut away, but such shipments should not be exposed
to severe frost.
Engelhardtia spicata, Blume.
The spurious Walnut Tree of the mountains of Java, Burma
and the Himalayas. It reaches a height of 200 feet. Wood
pale red, hard and heavy, manufactured into the solid cart-
wheels and large troughs which are in use throughout the
Sunda Islands (Brandis). The bark is rich in tan-substance
(Roxburgh).
Eremophila longifolia, F. v. Mueller.
Desert-regions throughout Australia. In the hot season this
tall bush or small tree affords food to sheep in desert countries
when grass and herbage fail (A. N. Grant). Sheep browse
on many other species of this highly ornamental genus. All
resist drought and great climatic heat.
Eremurus aurantiacus, Baker.
Afghanistan, 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The leaves of this liliaceous
plant form for two months in the year almost the sole vegetable
on which the natives of Hariab depend; it is an agreeable food,
crisp and somewhat hard, but neither tough nor fibrous (Dr.
Aitchison). Likely to become valuable as a spring vegetable.
126 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Erianthus fulvus, Kunth.
Interior of Australia. A sweet perennial grass, of which
cattle are so fond as to eat it closely down, and thus cause it to
die out (Bailey). Readily raised by re-dissemination.
Erianthus Japonicus, Beauvois.
Japan. Bears frosts of o° F. (Gorlie). Stems woody at the
base, reaching a height of 6 feet with spikes nearly a foot long.
The striped-leaved variety is particularly decorative.
Eriochloa annulata, Kunth.
In tropical and sub-tropical regions around the globe.
Perennial. Endures moderate cold in South Queensland, and
affords fodder all the year round (Bailey). It resists drought.
Fattening and much relished by stock (Dr. Curl). E. punctata,
Hamilton has a similarly wide range, and is of equal pastoral
utility.
Eriophorum comosum, Wallich.
Upper India. This wool-rush has been recommended by
Dr. King as paper material, and Mr. Routledge regards it as
equal in value to Esparto, but the yield is less (42 per cent.).
The natives use it as material for ropes. Other species of
Eriophorum deserve technologic trials.
Erodium cygnorum, Nees.
Extratropical Australia. This herb yields a large amount of
feed even in the sandy desert-tracts of Central Australia and is
relished by all kinds of pasture animals.
Ervum Lens, Linne. (Lens esculenta, Moench.).
The Lentil. Mediterranean regions, Orient. Cultivated up
to an elevation of 11,500 feet, in India. Annual, affording in
its seeds a palatable and nutritious food. A calcareous soil is
essential for the prolific growth of this plant. The leafy stalks,
after the removal of the seeds, remain a good stable-fodder.
The variety called the Winter Lentil is more prolific than the
Summer Lentil. Valuable as honey-yielding for bees.
Eryngium pandanifolium, Chamisso.
South Brazil, Paraguay, Misiones and Chaco. This or an
allied species called " Caraguata," with bromeliaceous habit,
yields there the best fiber, which is long and silky (Kew Report,
1S77, p. 37; Gard. Chron., 1882, p. 431, E. H. Egerton).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 127
Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck.*
Peru. This shrub is famed for the extraordinary stimulating
property of its leaves, which pass under the names of Spadic
and Coca. They contain two alkaloids, cocain and hygrin;
also a peculiar tannic acid. An enormous quantity is annually
collected and sold. The Peruvians mix the leaves with the
forage of mules, to increase their power of enduring fatigue.
Whether any of the many other species of Erythroxylon possess
similar properties seems never yet to have been ascertained.
Eucalyptus Abergiana, F. v. Mueller.
North Queensland. A stately tree with spreading branches
and dense foliage. The quality of its timber has remained hither-
to unknown, but the species will probably prove one of the
most suitable among its congeners for tropical countries.
Eucalyptus amygdalina, La Billardiere*.
Southeast Australia. Vernacularly known as Brown and
White Peppermint tree, Giant Gum tree, and as one of the
Swamp-Gum trees. In sheltered springy forest glens attaining
exceptionally to a height of over 400 feet, there forming a
smooth stem and broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a
foliage different from the ordinary form of E. amygdalina, which
occurs in more open country and has small narrow leaves and a
rough brownish bark. The former species or variety, which
might be called Eucalyptus regnans, represents probably the
loftiest tree on the globe. Mr. G. W. Robinson, surveyor,
measured a tree at the foot of Mount Baw-Baw, which was 471
feet high. Another tree in the Cape Otway ranges was found
to be 415 feet high and 15 feet in diameter, where cut in
felling, at a considerable height above the ground. Another
tree measured 69 feet in circumference at the base of the stem;
at 12 feet from the ground it had a diameter of 14 feet;
at 78 feet a diameter of 9 feet; at 144 feet a diameter of
8 feet, and at 210 feet a diameter of 5 feet. The wood is
fissile, well adapted for shingles, rails, for inner building mate-
rial and many other purposes, but it is not a strong wood. That
of the smaller rough-barked variety has proved lasting for
fence-posts. La Billardiere's name applies ill to any of the forms
of this species. Seedings raised on rather barren ground near
Melbourne have shown nearly the same amazing rapidity of
growth as those of E. globulus; yet, like those of E. obliqua,
they are not so easily satisfied with any soil. In the south of
France this tree grew to a height of 50 feet in eight years. It
has endured the frosts of the milder parts of England, with E.
Gunnii and E. viminalis. In New Zealand it has survived the
128 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
cold, where E. globulus succumbed. E. amygdalina, E. urni-
gera, E. coccifera, E. rostrata and E. corymbosa have proved
more hardy than E. globulus, E. diversicolor, E. resinifera, E.
longifolia and E. melliodora at Rome, according to the Rev.
M. Gildas. The now well-known Eucalyptus oil, the distilla-
tion of which was initiated by the writer, is furnished in greater
or less proportion by all the different species. It was first
brought extensively into commerce by Mr. Bosisto, who has the
credit of having ascertained many of the properties of this oil
for technic application. It is this species which yields more
volatile oil than any other hitherto tested, and which therefore
is largely chosen for distillation; thus it is also one of the best
for subduing malarial effluvia in fever regions, although it does
not grow with quite the same ease and celerity as E. globulus.
The respective hygienic value of various Eucalypts may to
some extent be judged from the percentage of oil in their
foliage, as stated below, and as ascertained by Mr. Bosisto, at
the author's instance, for the Exhibition of 1862: —
E. amygdalina 3-3 x 3 per cent, volatile oil.
E. oleosa L250 "
E. leucoxylon 1.060 "
E. -goniocalyx 0.914 "
E. globulus... 0.719 "
E. obliqua 0.500 "
The lesser quantity of oil of E. globulus is, however, compen-
sated for by the vigor of its growth and the early copiousness
of its foliage. The proportion of oil varies also somewhat
according to locality and season. E. rostrata, though one of
the poorest in oil, is nevertheless important for malaria regions,
and it will grow well on periodically inundated places, and even
in stagnant water not saline. E. oleosa, F. v. M., from the
desert regions of extra-tropical Australia, might be reared on
barren sands of other countries for the sake of its oil. Accord-
ing to Mr. Osborne's experiment, initiated by myself, Eucalyp-
tus oils dissolve the following, among other substances, for select
varnishes and other preparations: camphor, pine-resins, mastic,
elemi, sandarac, kauri, dammar, asphalt, xanthorrhcea resin,
dragon's blood, benzoe, copal, amber, anime, shellac, caoutchouc,
also wax, but not gutta-percha. These substances are arranged
here in the order of their greatest solubility. The potash ob-
tainable from the ashes of various Eucalypts varies from 5 to
27 per cent. One ton of the fresh foliage of E. globulus yields
about 8)4 lbs. of pearl ash; a ton of the green wood, about 2%
lbs. ; of dry wood, about 4^ lbs. For resins, tar, acetic acid,
tannin and other products and educts of many Eucalypts, see
various documents and reports of the writer, issued from the
Melbourne Botanic Garden.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. I 29
Eucalyptus Baileyana. F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. A tree to about ioo feet high; bark re-
markably tenacious (Bailey). The timber splits easily, yet is
tough and durable, thus locally used for fence-posts and similar
purposes (A. Williams). This species, unlike most of its con-
geners, can be grown to advantage on sandy soil. Branches
more spreading and foliage more dense than with most other
Eucalypts.
Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith.*
From East Gippsland to South Queensland. Vernacular
name Bastard Mahogany, and a variety called Bangalay, the
latter generally found on coast-sands. One of the most stately
among an extensive number of species, remarkable for its dark-
green shady foliage. It delights in river-banks. Stems attain
a height of 80 feet without a branch, and a diameter of 8 feet.
The timber usually sound to the center, adapted for water-
works, wagons, particularly for felloes, knees of boats, etc. Posts
formed of it, very lasting, as no decay was observed in fourteen
years; it is also well adapted for shingles. The Rev. Dr.
Woolls, Mr. Kirton and Mr. Reader all testify to its general
excellence.
Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Brown.
South-West Australia, where it is vernacularly known as Red-
gumtree. More umbrageous than most Eucalypts and of com-
paratively rapid growth. In its native forests it has quite the
aspect of the eastern Bloodwood-trees. The wood is destitute of
resin when grown on alluvial land, but not so when produced
on stony ranges. It is preferred to that of E. marginata and E.
cornuta for rafters, spokes and fence-rails, also used for handles
and agricultural implements; it is strong and light, but not
durable underground. The bark is valuable for tanning, as an
admixture to Acacia bark; the seed vessels of this and perhaps
all other Eucalypts can be used for the same purpose. The stem
of this tree may occasionally be observed 10 feet in diameter; it
is the only tree in West Australia which yields copiously the
fluid and indurating Eucalyptus kino; this is soluble in cold
water to the extent of 70 to 80 per cent. This species will
only endure a slight frost.
Eucalyptus capitellata, Smith.
One of the Stringy-bark trees of Southeast Australia, attain-
ing occasionally a height of 200 feet. The timber is principally
used for fence rails, shingles, and rough building purposes.
This species might with advantage be raised on wet sandy land.
9
I30 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Eucalyptus citriodora, Hooker.
Queensland. A handsome slender tree with a smooth white
bark, supplying a useful timber. According to notes of the late
Mr. Thozet, a trunk 40 feet long and 20 inches in diameter
broke after a flexion of 17 inches, under a pressure of 49 tons.
It combines with the ordinary qualities of many Eucalypts the
advantage of yielding from its leaves a rather large supply of
volatile oil of excellent lemon-like fragrance, in which respect
it has, among about 150 species of Eucalypts, only one rival.
Very closely allied to E. maculata, and perhaps only a variety.
Adapted for a tropical jungle clime.
Eucalyptus cornuta, La Billardiere.*
The Yate tree of Southwest Australia. A large tree of rapid
growth, preferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used
for various artisans' work, and preferred there for the strongest
shafts and frames of carts and other work requiring hardness,
toughness and elasticity, and is considered equal to the best
ash wood. The tree appears to be well adapted for tropical
countries, for Dr. Bonavia reports that it attained a height of S
to 10 feet in the first year of its growth at Lucknow, and that
the plants did not suffer in the rainy season like many other
Eucalypts. The dry wood sinks in water. E. occidentalis,
Endlicher, is the flat-topped Yate, an allied and equally valu-
able species of southwest Australia.
Eucalyptus corymbosa, Smith.
The principal Bloodwood tree of New South Wales and
Queensland. A tree attaining large dimensions; it has a rough
furrowed bark and a dark red wood, soft when green, but very
hard when dry; very durable underground, and therefore ex-
tensively used for fence posts, rails, railway sleepers, and rough
building purposes. The bark is rich in kino.
Eucalyptus corynocalyx, F. v. Mueller.
South Australia, Northwest Victoria. The Sugar-Gum tree.
A timber tree, attaining a height of 120 feet, length of bole 60
feet, circumference at 5 feet from the ground reaching 17 feet.
The wood has come into use for fence posts and railway sleepers.
Its durability is attested by the fact that posts set in the ground
fifteen years showed no sign of decay. The tree thrives well
even on dry ironstone ranges. It does not exude any saccharine
substance (Melitose) like E. viminalis. The base of the trunk
swells out sometimes in regular tiers. The sweetish foliage
attracts cattle and sheep, which browse on the lower branches,
as well as on saplings and seedlings. Scarcely any other
Eucalypt is similarly eaten (J. E. Brown.) In culture the
writer did not find this species of very quick growth.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 131
Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller.*
The Narrow-leaved Ironbark tree of New South Wales and
Queensland. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and durable;
much used in the construction of bridges and for railway sleep-
ers, also for wagons, piles, fencing, etc. A lemon-scented tree,
perhaps a variety of this species, from northeast Australia,
brought under notice by Mr. F. M. Bailey, has a perfume and
flavor so excellent as to serve as a table condiment. E. lepto-
phleba and E. drepanophylla are closely allied species of similar
value. They all exude astringent gum-resin, resembling kino
in appearance and property, in considerable quantity.
Eucalyptus diversicolor, F. v. Mueller.* {E. colossea, F. v. M.).
The Karri of Southwest Australia. A colossal tree, exception-
ally reaching the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate girth
of the stem. Mr. Muir measured stems about 300 feet long
without a branch; widths of timber of as much as 12 feet can
be obtained. Furnishes good timber for ship and boat planks,
particularly for masts, likewise for wheels; also valuable for
shafts, spokes, felloes, fence rails; it is elastic and durable, but
not so easily wrought as that of E. marginata. Its strength in
transverse strain is equal to English oak. Wood exposed to the
wash of the tide for 26 years continued quite sound. Fair pro-
gress of growth is shown by the young trees, planted even in
dry exposed localities in Melbourne. The shady foliage and
quick growth of the tree promise to render it one of our best for
avenues. In its native localities it occupies fertile, rather humid
valleys, and resembles there in habit the E. amygdalina var.
regnans of southeast Australia.
Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller.
The Spear- wood of Southwest Australia, where it occurs in
sterile districts. The stem is slender and remarkably straight,
and the wood of such firmness and elasticity, that the nomadic
natives wander long distances to obtain it as a material for their
spears.
Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber.
One of the Stringy-bark trees of Victoria and New South
Wales. The tree is abundant in some localities, and attains
considerable dimensions. Its useful fissile wood is employed
for fencing and building purposes. Systematically the species
is closely allied to E. piperita.
Eucalyptus ficifolia, F. v. Mueller.*
South-West Australia. Although not a tree of large dimen-
sions, this splendid species should be mentioned for the sake of
132 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
its magnificent trusses of crimson flowers, irrespective of its
claims as a shady, heat-resisting avenue tree. It bears a close
resemblance to E. calophylla.
Eucalyptus Globulus, La Billardiere.*
Blue Gumtree of Victoria and Tasmania. The tree is of
extremely rapid growth, and attains a height of 350 feet, fur-
nishing a first-class wood. Ship builders get keels of this timber
120 feet long; besides this, they use it extensively for planking
and many other parts of the ship. Experiments on the strength
of various woods, instituted under my direction by Mr. Lueh-
mann, proved Blue-gum in average of eleven tests, to be about
equal to the best English oak, American white-oak and Ameri-
can ash. The best samples, indeed, carried as great a
weight as hickory in transverse strain, the ordinary kind
about as much as that of Eucalyptus rostrata, and more than
that of E. macrorrhymla, E. Gunni, E. Stuartiana and E. goni-
ocalyx, but did not come quite up to the strength of E.
melliodora, E. polyanthema, E. siderophloia and E. Leucoxy-
lon. ^Blue-gum wood is also very extensively used by car-
penters for all kinds of out-door work, joists and studs of
wooden houses; also for fence-rails, telegraph poles, railway
sleepers (lasting nine years or more), for shafts and spokes of
drays, and a variety of other purposes. The price of the timber
in Melbourne is about is. 7d. per cubic foot. In South Europe it
has withstood a temperature of 19 F., but succumbed at 17 F.;
it perished from frost at the Black Sea and in Turkestan, when
young, according to Dr. Regel. The sirocco, however, does
not destroy it. Regarding the celerity of its growth, Mr.
Thomson mentions that it attains 60 feet in seven years, in
Jamaica on the hills ; in California it grew 60 feet in eleven
years, in Florida forty feet in four years, with a stem of 1
foot in diameter. In some parts of India its growth has been
even more rapid; at the Nilgiri Hills it has been reared advan-
tageously, where E marginata, E. obliqua, E. robusta and E.
calophylla had failed. Its growth was there found to be four
times as fast as that of Teak, and the wood proved as valuable
for many purposes. Trees attained a height of 30 feet in four
years; one tree twelve years old was 100 feet high and 6 feet in
girth at 3 feet from the ground; to thrive well there it wants an
elevation of not less than 4,000 feet. It has succeeded particu-
larly well at elevations of from 2,500 to 7,000 feet in Central
Mexico (Dr. Mariano Barcena). In Algeria and Portugal it
has furnished railway sleepers in eight years, and telegraph
poles in ten years (Cruikshank). On the mountains of Guate-
mala it attained in twelve years a height of 120 feet and a stem
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 133
circumference of 9 feet (Boucard). According to the Rev. D.
Landsborough it proved hardy in the Isle of Arran. For scenic
window culture in cold countries E. globulus was first recom-
mended by Ucke; for culture in hospital wards to destroy
contagia, by Mosler and Goeze. Eucalyptus leaves generate
ozone largely for the purification of air; the volatile oil is very
antiseptic.
Eucalyptus gomphocephala, De Candolle.*
The Tooart of South-West Australia; attains a height of 120
feet, the clear trunk 50 feet long. The wood is tough, strong
and rigid, the texture close and the grain so twisted as
to make it difficult to cleave. It shrinks but little, does not
split while undergoing the process of seasoning, and is alto-
gether remarkably free from defects. It will bear exposure to
all vicissitudes of weather for a long time, and is particularly
valuable for large scantling, where great strength is needed; in
ship-building it is used for beams, keelsons, stern-posts, engine
bearers and other work below the floatation; recommendable
also for supports of bridges, framing of dock gates and for
wheelwrights' work; indeed it is one of the strongest woods
known, whether tried transversely or otherwise (Laslett). This
species, as well as E. odorata, E. fcecunda and E. decipiens,
thrive best in limestone soil.
Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller.*
Generally known as Bastard Eucalyptus-box, mostly found
on clayey ridges. From Cape Otway to the southern parts of
New South Wales, rare near St. Vincent's Gulf (J. E. Brown). A
large tree which should be included among those for plantations.
Its wood resembles in many respects that of E. globulus, and is
comparatively easily worked. For house building, fence-rails
and similar purposes it is extensively employed in those forest
districts where it is abundant, and has proved a valuable timber.
It is especially esteemed for wheelwrights' work (Falck). Our
local experiments showed the strength greater than that of E.
amygdalina and E. obliqua, but less than that of E. globulus.
Melitose is formed occasionally on this tree and also on E.
Gunni.
Eucalyptus Gunni, J. Hooker.*
Known as Swamp-gum tree, the mountain variety, in Tas-
mania, as Cider tree. Victoria, Tasmania and New South
Wales, ascending alpine elevations. In the lowland, along fer-
tile valleys, it attains a considerable size and supplies a strong
useful timber. It is this species which survived severe frosts
at Kew Gardens. Timber found to be almost equal in strength
134 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
to that of E. macrorrhymla, E. rostrata and E. globulus. The
other very hardy Eucalypts comprise E. pauciflora, E. alpina,
E. urnigera, E. coccifera, and E. vernicosa, which all reach
heights covered with snow for several months in the year.
Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smith.
One of the White Gum trees of New South Wales and South
Queensland, abundant in many localities. This species attains
a very considerable size, and furnishes fencing and rough build-
ing material, also fuel of fair quality. Claims our attention
particularly as fit for culture on sandy land, for wh'ch very few
other Eucalypts are suited. A variety occurs with persistent
stringy bark.
Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. von Mueller.*
Extra-tropical Southeastern Australia, particularly inland.
A tree reaching 90 feet in height, 4 feet in diameter. Trunk
generally not tall. Regarded as a timber tree of great excel-
lence. It is famous for the hardness and toughness of its
timber, which is used for railway sleepers, telegraph poles,
shafts, spokes, mauls, plow beams and similar utensils.
Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, F. v. Mueller.*
The ordinary Iron-bark tree of Victoria and some parts of
South Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height of
100 feet, and supplies a valuable timber, possessing great
strength and hardness; it is much prized for its durability. It
is largely employed by wagon builders for wheels, poles etc.;
by ship builders for top sides, tree nails, the rudder (stock),
belaying pins, and other purposes; it is aiso used by turners for
rough work. It proved to be the strongest of all the woods
hitherto subjected to test by Mr. Luehmann and myself, bear-
ing nearly twice the strain of American oak and ash, and excelling
even hickory by about 18 per cent. It is much recommended
for railway sleepers, and extensively used in underground
mining work. It is likewise very extensively employed for the
handles of axes and other implements by Victorian manufac-
turers. The price of the timber in the log is about 2s. 5d. per
cubic foot in Melbourne. As it is for some purposes superior
to that of almost any other Eucalyptus, the regular culture of
this tree over wide areas should be fostered, especially as it can
be raised on stony ridges not readily available for ordinary
husbandry. The wood is sometimes pale, in other localities
rather dark. The tree is generally restricted to the lower
Silurian sandstone and slate formation with ironstone and
quartz. Nevertheless, this tree accomodates itself to various
geologic formations, thus even to limestone ground. The bark
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 135
is remarkably rich in kino tannin, yielding as much as 22 per
cent, in the fresh state, but much less after drying. The fresh
leaves contain about 5 per cent., and the dried leaves 9 to 10 per
cent, of kino tannin. This kino tannin is not equal in value to
mimosa tannic acid from Acacia bark, but it is useful as a sub-
sidiary admixture when light-colored leather is not aimed at.
As an astringent drug this kino is not without importance.
The flowers are sought by bees, even more eagerly than those
of most Eucalypts. E. Leucoxylon has, next to E. rostrata,
thriven best about Lucknow (in India) among the species tried
there for forest culture. E. sideroxylon is a synonym.
Eucalyptus longifolia, Link.*
Extra-tropic East Australia. A tree, known as "Woolly Butt,"
under favorable circumstances reaching 200 feet in height,
the stem attaining a great girth. Mr. Reader asserts that there
is not extant a more useful timber; it stands well in any situa-
tion.
Eucalyptus loxophleba, Bentham.*
The York Gum tree of extra-tropic West Australia. Attains
a height of about 100 feet with a stem four feet in diameter.
The wood is very tough, and preferably sought in West Aus-
tralia for naves and felloes for wheels. Even when dry it is
heavier than water.
Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, F. v. Mueller.
The common Stringy-bark tree of Victoria, not extending far
into New South Wales. This tree attains a height of 120 feet,
and is generally found growing on sterile ridges, not ascending
higher mountains. The wood, which contains a good deal of
kino, is used for joists, keels of boats, fence rails and rough
building purposes, also extensively for fuel. The fibrous dark-
brown bark serves for roofs of huts and also for tying. The
wood proved in our experiments here nearly as strong as that
of E. globulus and E. rostrata, and considerably stronger than
that of E. obliqua.
Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker.
The Spotted Gum tree of New South Wales and South
Queensland. A tree reaching 150 feet in height, the wood of
which is employed in ship building, wheelwrights' and coopers'
work. The heart wood is as strong as that of British oak (Rev.
Dr. Woolls).
l$6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Eucalyptus marginata. Smith.*
. The Jarrah or Mahogany tree of Southwest Australia, famed
for its indestructible wood, which is neither attacked by chelura,
nor teredo, nor termites, and therefore much sought for jet-
ties and other structures exposed to sea water, also for any
underground work, telegraph poles, and largely exported for
railway- sleepers. Vessels built of this timber have been
enabled to do away with copper-plating. For jetties
the piles are used round, and they do not split when
rammed even into limestone or other hard foundations, pro-
vided the timber is of the best hard kind (Walker and Swan).
The Government Clerk of Works at Perth observes, that he
took up piles in 1S77, which were driven for a whaling jetty in
1834, and that the timber was perfectly sound, although the
place was swarming with teredo. At the jetty in Freemantle,
piles thirty years old and others one year old could scarcely be
distinguished. The durability of the . timber seems largely at-
tributable to a substance (Kino-red), allied to phlobaphen, of
which it contains about 16 to 17 per cent. Of kino-tannin it
contains 4 to 5 per cent. It is of a close grain and a slightly
oily a*nd resinous nature; it works well, makes a fine finish,
and is by local ship-builders considered superior to either sal,
teak or any other wook except perhaps English or live oak.
In West Australia it is much used for flooring, rafters, shingles;
also for furniture, as it is easily worked, takes a good polish,
and then looks very beautiful. It is not too hard, and hence is
more easily worked than E. redunca and E. loxophleba.
The wood from the hills is darker, tougher and heavier than
that from the plains. Well-seasoned timber weighs about 64
lbs. per cubic foot; freshly cut, from 71 to 76 lbs. It is one of
the least inflammable woods according to Captain Fawcett, and
is locally regarded as one of the best woods for charcoal. Mr.
H. E. Victor, C. E., of Perth, estimates the area covered at
present by marketable Jarrah in Southwest Australia at nine
million acres, and its yield at an average about 500 cubic feet of
good timber per acre. The trees should be felled in autumn or
towards the end of summer, in which case the timber will not
warp. The tree grows chiefly on ironstone ranges. At Mel-
bourne it is not quick of growth, if compared to E. globulus, or
to E. obliqua, but it is likely to grow with celerity in mountain-
ous regions. In its native country it presents the features of
the East Australian stringy-bark forests. Stems of this tree
have been measured So feet to the first branch, and 32 feet in
circumference at 5 feet from the ground. Instances are on
record of the stem having attained a girth of 60 feet at 6 feet
from the ground, through the formation of buttresses.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 137
Eucalyptus melanophloia, F. v. Mueller.
The silver-leaved Iron-bark tree of New South wales and
Queensland. A middle-sized tree with a deeply-furrowed bark
and mealy white foliage. The timber is strong and durable,
and used for telegraph-poles and railway-sleepers; it is, how-
ever, apt to rend, when exposed to the sun, unless well
seasoned. Mr. Casmo Newbery obtained from the bark 9-10
per cent, tannin.
Eucalyptus melliodora, A. Cunningham.*
The yellow Boxtree of Victoria and some parts of New
South Wales; of a spreading habit of growth, attaining a height
of about 120 feet with a comparatively stout stem. The wood
resembles that of E. rostrata in texture, but is of a paler color
and not quite so durable. It is fully as strong, though second
to E. Leucoxylon, E. siderophloia and E. polyanthema in this
respect, but equalling that of E. globulus. It is esteemed for
wheelwrights' and other artisans' work, in ship-building, and
supplies excellent fuel; the young trees are used for telegraph-
poles. Flowers much sought by bees.
Eucalyptus microcorys, F. v. Mueller.*
One of the Stringy-barktrees of New South Wales and
South Queensland, mostly known as Tallow-wood by the
colonists. It attains a great size; barrel up to 100 feet in
length, 7 feet in diameter. The wood is yellowish, free from
kino-veins, easily worked by saw or plane; it is of a very greasy
nature, so much so as to be quite slippery when fresh cut (C.
Fawcett). This oily substance, very similar to viscin, of which
it contains about 1 per cent., prevents the wood from splitting
and twisting, though not from shrinking. The timber is also
hard and durable underground and is employed for railway-
sleepers, wheelwrights' work, for knees and breasthooks in ship-
building, the young trees for telegraph-poles. The foliage is
remarkably rich in volatile oil.
Eucalyptus microtheca, F. v. Mueller.
Widely dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical, as well as
tropical,'inland regions of Australia. Withstood unscorched a
frequently repeated heat of 156 F. in Central Australia. One
of the best trees for desert tracts; in favorable places 150 feet
high. Wood brown, sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and
elastic; prettily marked; hence used for cabinet-work, but more
particularly for piles, bridges and railwav-sleepers (Rev. Dr.
Woolls).
138 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Eucalyptus obliqua, L. Heritier.*
The ordinary Stringy-barktree of Tasmania, generally
designated Messmate-tree in Victoria, attaining a height of 300
feet, with a stem more than 10 feet in diameter, growing mostly
in mountainous country. The most gregarious of all Eucalypts,
from Spencer's Gulf to the southern parts of New South Wales,
and in several varieties designated by splitters and other
wood-workers by different names. Most extensively used for
cheap fencing-rails, palings, shingles and any other rough
wood-work not to be sunk underground nor requiring great
strength or elasticity. The bulk of wood obtained from this
tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger than that of any other
kind, and thus this species can be included even in its native
country, where it is naturally common and easily re-dis-
seminated, among the trees for new forest plantations in barren
woodless tracts, for the ready and early supply of cheap and
easily fissile wood. The young trees are sometimes used for
telegraph-poles. The fresh bark contains from ri to 13^2 per
cent, kino-tannic acid.
Eucalyptus odorata, Behr.
The Peppermint tree of South Australia. Reaching 70
feet in height, 2^2 feet in diameter. Timber hard, very
durable; used for sleepers, posts, piles, etc. (J. E. Brown).
The tree follows the limestone formation.
Eucalyptus oleosa, F. v. Mueller.
One of the smaller Eucalypts known as Mallee, extending
from East to West Australia through the desert regions. The
essential oil, in which the foliage of this species is comparatively
rich, dissolves india-rubber without heat, according to Mr.
Bosisto. It is also one of the best solvents for amber and other
fossil resins. The variety longirostris attains a height of 120
feet, with a stem of 70 feet without branch, in West Australia,
where it is vernacularly known as Morreli. The wood is remark-
ably hard, splits freely, and is used for spars, rafters, fence-rails,
wheelwrights' work, agricultural implements, etc. It is of a
red tinge and sinks in water, even when dry.
Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith.*
The White Iron-bark tree of New South Wales. This species
furnishes a hard durable wood, excellent for railway sleepers.
It is also much used for building and fencing, as it splits well
and is lasting underground. All the trees of this series are
deserving of cultivation, as their wood, though always excellent,
is far from alike, and that of each species preferred for special
purposes of the artisan.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 139
Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sieber. {E. coriacea, A. Cunningham).
Vernacularly known as White-gum, Drooping-gum or Swamp-
gum tree. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. A tree of
handsome appearance, with a smooth white bark, and generally-
drooping foliage, attaining considerable dimensions. It grows
best in moist ground, ascends to alpine elevations, and is one of
the hardiest of all its congeners. Its timber is used for ordi-
nary building and fencing purposes.
Eucalyptus phcenicea, F. v. Mueller.
Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Of the quality of the tim-
ber hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its scarlet
flowers recommends this species for a place in any rural or gar-
den plantation. For the same reason also E. miniata, from
North Australia, and E. ficifolia, from South-West Australia,
should be brought extensively under cultivation.
Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith.
The Black-butt tree of South Queensland, New South Wales
and Gippsland. One of the best timber-yielding trees about
Sidney; of rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. Woolls). It is much
used for flooring boards, also for railway sleepers and telegraph
poles. Messrs. Camara and Kirton measured a tree in the Illa-
warra district which had a girth of 45 feet and a height of about
300 feet.
Eucalyptus piperita, Smith.
A Stringy-bark tree of New South Wales and Gippsland,
often termed White Stringy-bark. It grows to a considerable
height and its stem attains a diameter of 4 feet. The wood
is fissile, and used for the same purposes as that of other Stringy-
bark trees. The foliage is rich in volatile oil.
Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. A tree to about 100 feet in height, stem
reaching 3 feet in diameter. The foliage is dense. Timber
sound, heavy, hard and durable, well adapted for sawing, but
not easy to split (Bailey).
Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison Woods
as one of the best of shade-trees, and seen to produce leaves
sometimes 1^3 feet long and 1 foot wide. This tree is available
for open exposed localities, where trees from deep forest
valleys would not thrive. It is closely allied to E. alba from
Timor. The timber is curlv and durable.
140 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Eucalyptus polyanthema, Schauer.*
South-East Australia, generally known as Red Box. A tree
attaining a height of 150 feet, which furnishes an extremely hard
and lasting timber; in great demand for mining purposes and
railway sleepers, also for wheelwrights' work. For fuel this
wood is unsurpassed. It is extremely strong, excelling oak and
ash. Surpassed among Eucalypts in transverse strength, accord-
ing to our experiments, only by E. Leucoxylon and E. sider-
ophloia.
Eucalyptus populifolia, Hooker.
The "Bembil" or Shining-leaved Box-Eucalyptus. Warmer
portions of East Australia. Wood used for posts, handspikes,
levers and other articles needing toughness; proved to be
durable (Bailey). Particularly adapted for dry and hot
countries.
Eucalyptus punctata, De Candolle.*
The Leatherjacket or Hickory Eucalypt of New South Wales.
A beautiful tree, with a smooth bark, attaining a height of 100
feet or more, of rather quick growth. The wood is of a light
brown color, hard, tough and very durable; used for fence-
posts, railway sleepers, wheelwrights' work, also for ship build-
ing (Woolls).
Eucalyptus Raveretiana, F. v. Mueller.*
Vernacularly known as Grey or Iron Gum tree. Queensland.
A tree of the largest size, attaining a height of 300 feet and 10
feet in diameter; delights in the immediate vicinity of rivers
or swamps. It furnishes a very hard, durable, dark-colored
wood, valuable for piles, railway sleepers, and general building
purposes (Thozet, O'Shanesy, Bowman). From cuts into the
stem an acidulous, almost colorless liquid exudes, available in
Considerable quantity, like that of E. Gunni.
Eucalyptus redunca, Schauer.*
The White Gum tree of West Australia, the Wandoo of the
aborigines. Attains very large dimensions; stems have been
found with a diameter of 17 feet. The bark is whitish, but not
shining, imparting a white coloration when rubbed. The tree
is content with cold flats of comparatively poor soil, even where
humidity stagnates during the wet season. It furnishes a pale,
hard, tough, heavy and durable wood, highly prized for all
kinds of wheelwrights' work, and especially supplying the best
felloes in West Australia. The seasoned timber weighs about
70 lbs. per cubic foot.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 1 41
Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.*
The Red Mahogany Eucalypt of South Queensland and New
South Wales. A superior timber tree, of large size, according
to the Rev. Dr. Woolls, the wood being much prized for its
strength and durability. It has proved one of the best adapted
for a tropical clime, although not so rapid of growth as some
other species. It grew 45 feet in ten or twelve years at Luck-
now, according to Dr. Bonavia, but in the best soil it has
attained 12 feet in two years. Proved in Italy nearly as hardy
as E. amygdalina and E. viminalis, according to Prince Trou-
betzkoy.
Eucalyptus robusta, Smith.*
New South Wales and South Queensland, where it is known
as Swamp Mahogany by the colonists. It attains a height of
100 feet and a girth of 12 feet, with a barrel up to 50 feet in
length, bearing a really grand mass of foliage. Resists
cyclones better than most of its congeners. The wood is strong
and durable, reckoned a very good timber for joists, also used
for ship building, wheelwrights' work, and many implements,
such as mallets. The tree seems to thrive best in low, sour
swampy ground near the sea coast; where other Eucalypts look
sickly, E. robusta is the picture of health (W. Kirton).
Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtcndal.*
The Red Gum tree of Southern Australia and many river-fiats
in the interior of the Australian continent, nearly always found
on moist ground with a clayey subsoil. It will thrive in ground
periodically inundated for a considerable time, and even in
slightly saline places. Attains exceptionally a height of 200
feet with a comparatively stout stem, but is mostly of a more
spreading habit of growth than the majority of its tall congen-
ers. Mr. R. G. Drysdale, of the Riverina district, observed that
an exceptional temperature of 125° F., in the shade, did not
shrivel the foliage of this tree; it has also withstood the severest
heat in Algeria better than E. globulus; and Dr. Bonavia found
it to thrive well in the province of Oude in places where E.
globulus, E. obliqua and E. marginata perished under the ex-
treme vicissitudes of the clime. It does not bear cold so well
as E. amygdalina, succumbing when still young at a tempera-
ture below 23 F., as observed in Italy by Prince Troubetzkoy.
In Mauritius and Reunion it resisted the hurricanes better than
any other Eucalypt; in the latter island the Marquis de Chateau-
vieux observed it to grow 65 feet in six years, and it is always
of more rapid growth than E. marginata, but less so than E.
globulus. It is recommended as an antiseptic tree for ceme-
teries in tropical countries. The timber is one of the most
142 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
highly esteemed in all Australia, among that of Eucalypts,
being heavy, hard, strong and extremely durable, either above
or under ground, or in water. For these reasons it is highly
prized for fence posts, piles and railway sleepers. For the latter
purpose it will last at least a dozen years, but if well selected
much longer. Whenever practicable the government of Victoria
has discarded the use of any other timber for railways and
bridges in favor of this tree. It is also extensively employed by
ship builders for main-stem, stern-post, inner-post, dead-wood,
floor timbers, futtocks, transoms, knighthead, hawse pieces, cant,
stern, quarter and fashion timbers, bottom planks, breast hooks
and riders, windlass, bow rails, etc. It should be steamed
before it is worked for planking. Also extensively employed
by wheelwrights, principally for felloes, and by builders for
posts and any other part of structures which come in contact
with the ground. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia, this
is the best Eucalyptus wood for resisting the attacks of the crus-
taceous chelura and limnoria, the teredo mollusk and white
ants, and it has the advantage of being considerably stronger,
proving equal in this respect to American white oak. According
to rny experiments and those of Mr. Luehmann, it is surpassed in
resistance to transverse strain by E. melliodora, E. polyanthema,
and particularly E. siderophloia and E. Leucoxylon, though
stronger than the wood of many other of its congeners. The
kino of E. rostrata is far less soluble in cold water than that of
E. calophylla, and is used as an important medicinal astringent.
For other details of the uses of this or other Victorian trees,
refer to the Reports of the Victorian Exhibitions of 1862 and
1867.
Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. v. Mueller.
The Salmon-barked Gum tree of Southwest Australia, attain-
ing a height of 120 feet. The timber is good for fencing,
while the foliage is available for profitable oil distillation. The
shining mixed whitish and purplish bark does not give off a
white coloration like that of E. redunca.
Eucalyptus saligna, Smith.
The Blue or Flooded Gum tree of New South Wales. A tali
straight-stemmed species attaining a diameter of 7 feet. Ac-
cording to the Rev. Dr. Woolls the wood is of excellent quality,
and largely used for shipbuilding. The tree is generally found
on rich soil along river-banks.
Eucalyptus salubris, F. v. Mueller.
The Gimletwood or Fluted Gum tree of West and Central
Australia, living on poor dry soil. It is generally a slender-
stemmed tree, sometimes 100 feet high, and 2 feet in stem-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 143
diameter, with a small crown. The bark is shining with a
brownish tinge, and broad longitudinal and often twisted
impressions, or roundish blunt longitudinal ridges. The wood
is hard and tough, but comparatively easily worked, heavier
than water, even when dry. It serves for roofing, fencing,
poles, shafts, etc. For xylography it seems better than Pear-
tree wood, and deserves attention for this purpose. The tree
exudes kino.
Eucalyptus siderophloia, Bentham.*
The large-leaved or white Ironbark tree of New South Wales
and South Queensland, attaining a height of 150 feet. Ac-
cording to the Rev. Dr. Woolls this furnishes one of the strong-
est and most durable timbers of New South Wales; with great
advantage used for railway-sleepers and for many building pur-
poses. It is highly appreciated by wheelwrights, especially for
spokes, also well adapted for tool-handles. Found by us to be
even stronger than Hickory, and only rivalled by E. Leucoxylon.
It is harder than the wood of E. Leucoxylon, but for this
reason worked with more difficulty. The price of the timber is
about 2s. 6d. per cubic foot, in the log. The tree yields much
kino Mr. Newbery obtained from the bark 8 to 10 per cent,
tannin. This species is often confounded with E. resinifera in
culture.
Eucalyptus Sieberiana, F. v. Mueller. (E. virgata, Bentham, not Sieber).
Southeast Australia. Vernacularly known as Mountain ash
in Gippsland, and New South Wales, and as Ironbark-tree
or Gumtop in Tasmania. A straight-stemmed tree, reaching
150 feet in height and 5 feet in stem-diameter. The wood is of
excellent quality, strong and elastic, hence used for shipbuilding,
implement handles, cart-shafts, swingle-trees, also for fencing
and for general building purposes. It splits freely and is soft
to work. It burns well, even when freshly cut. Systematically
the species is very closely allied to E. haemastoma, but much
superior as a timber-tree.
Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F. v. Mueller.
Southeast Australia. Vernacularly known as Apple-scented
Gum-tree. A medium sized tree with fibrous bark and droop-
ing branches; foliage rather copious. Occurs on rather dry and
sandy as well as on humid soil. The wood is mostly used for
fencing and for fuel, but might also be turned to account for
furniture, as it is of a handsome dark color, and takes a good
polish (Boyle). According to our own observations here it is of
nearly the same strength as E. rostrata and E. globulus, and
somewhat stronger than that of E. amygdalina and particularly
E. obliqua.
144 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.*
From East Queensland, where it is termed Red Gum-tree, to
Gippsland, attaining a height of 160 feet. Closely allied to E.
rostrata. The timber is esteemed for the naves and felloes of
wheels. For telegraph-poles and railway-sleepers it is inferior
to some of the Ironbark trees, lasting a shorter time, and then
not rarely decaying by dry rot. Quite under ground it remains
sound much longer (Thozet), but much depends, as regards its
durability, on the locality where it is obtained and the manner
of drying, a remark which applies also to many other
Eucalypts.
Eucalyptus terminalis, F. v. Mueller.
The Bloodwood tree of the northern parts of Australia,
closely allied to E. corymbosa, attaining a considerable size.
The wood is dark red, hard and extremely tough, particularly
fit for boards, as it does not crack. The tree resists the
enormous desert-heat of Central Australia, where the shade-tem-
perature ranges from 27 to 122 F., and where the annual rain-
fall in some years is only 2 inches and seldom more than 10
inches. Particularly adapted for tropical climes.
Eucalyptus tesselaris, F. v. Mueller.
Central and North Australia and Queensland. This tree is called
Ilumba by the natives of Central Australia, where it reaches on
dry ridges a height of 150 feet, surpassing any other in this re-
spect, and resists the severest summer heat (Rev. H. Kempe).
Furnishes a brown, rather elastic wood, not very hard, easily
worked, of great strength and durability, available for many
kinds of artisans' work, and particularly sought for staves and
flooring. The tree exudes much astringent kino (P.
O'Shanesy). Several other species might yet be mentioned,
particularly from tropical Australia, but we are not yet well
enough acquainted with their technical value. All Eucalypts
are eligible for the production of tar, pitch, acetic acid, paper
material, potash and various dye substances.
Eucalyptus triantha, Link. (£. acmenoides, Schauer).
New South Wales and East Queensland. Known as White
Mahogany. It attains a considerable height, with a stem reach-
ing 4 feet in diameter, and is of rapid growth. The wood is
used in the same way as that of E. obliqua, but is superior to
it. It is heavy, strong, durable, of a light color, and has
been found good for palings, flooring-boards, battens, rails and
many other purposes of house carpentry (Rev. Dr. Woolls).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 145
Eucalyptus viminalis, La Billadiere.
South-East Australia. On poor soil only a moderate-sized
tree, with a dark rough bark on the trunk, and generally known
as Manna-gum tree; in rich soil of the mountain-forests it
attains, however, gigantic dimensions, rising to a height of rather
more than 300 feet, with a stem 15 feet in diameter. It has
there a cream-colored smooth bark, and is locally known as
White-gum tree. The timber is light-colored, clear, and though
not so strong and durable as that of many other kinds of
Eucalyptus, is very frequently employed for shingles, fence-
rails and ordinary building purposes; also for fuel. It is
stronger than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua. The fresh
bark contains about 5 per cent, kino-tannin. Professor Balfour
observes that a tree of this species has stood thirty years
in the open air at Haddington (South Scotland), attaining a
height of 50 feet with a stem 8 feet in circumference at the base,
Shelter against hard cold winds is in these cases imperative.
This is the only species which yields the crumb-like melitose-
manna copiously. For fuller information on Eucalypts con-
sult my "Descriptive Atlas."
Euchlaena luxurians, Ascherson.* {Reana luxurians, Durieu).
The Teosinte. Guatemala, up to considerable elevations.
Annual. Recommendable as a fodder-grass. A large number
of stems spring from the same root, attaining a height of a
dozen feet or even more. The leaves grow to lengths of 3 feet
and form a good forage. The young shoots, when boiled, con-
stitute a fair culinary esculent. Dr. Schweinfurth harvested at
Cairo from three seeds in one year about 12,000 grains; the
fruit required ten months to ripen from the time of sow-
ing; the three seeds furnished ten stalks each, about 18 feet
high. The plant, particularly in its young state, is remarkably
saccharine. For scenic growth this stately grass is also recom-
mendable. Vilmorin estimates one plant sufficient for two head
of cattle during twenty-four hours. Mons. Thozet, at Rock-
hampton, obtained plants 12 feet high and 12 feet wide in damp
alluvial soil, each with thirty-two main stalks bearing nearly 100
flower bunches. It is rather slower in growth than Maize, but
lasting longer for green fodder, and not so hardy as Sorghum.
Its growth can be continued by cutting the tufts as green fod-
der; as such it does not cause colic to horses and cattle. As a
forage plant it is without a rival in climes free from frost. It likes
humid soil best, but also resists extreme dryness. It was first
brought into notice by the Acclimatization Society of Paris, and
introduced into Australia by the writer. Euchlaena Mexicana
might also be tested.
10
146 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Euclea myrtina, Burchell.
South-Africa. Berry small, black, but edible. To us this
plant would hardly be more than an ornamental bush.
Euclea Pseudebenus, E. Meyer.
Africa, down to extra-tropic regions. Yields the Orange
River Ebony.
Euclea undulata, Thunberg.
South-Africa. Berry small, red, edible. Other shrubby
species from the same portion of the globe also yield esculent
fruits, which under superior culture may vastly improve.
Eucryphia cordifolia, Cavanilles.
The Muermo or Ulmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen
tree attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem some-
times 6 feet in diameter. The flowers are much sought by bees.
For oars and rudders the wood is preferred, in Chili, to any other
(Dr. Philippi). We possess congeneric trees in Tasmania (E.
BiHardieri, J. Hooker) and in New South Wales (E. Moorei,
F. v. M.).
Eugenia cordifolia, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet elevation. Fruit edible, of 1 inch
diameter.
Eugenia Hallii, Berg.
Quito. Fruit of large size, edible.
Eugenia Jambolana, Lamarck.
South Asia, Polynesia, East Australia to extra-tropic lati-
tudes. The fruit of this handsome tree is about cherry-size and
edible; it is inferior to Damson, but may perhaps be improved.
Eugenia maboides, Wight.
Ceylon, up to seven thousand feet elevation. Fruit of the
size of a small cherry (Dr. Thwaites).
Eugenia Malaccensis, Linne.
The large Rose-Apple. India. Although strictly a tropical
tree, it has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for
warmer forest regions in extra-tropic zones. The leaves are
often a foot long. The large fruits, of rosy odor, are whole-
some and of agreeable taste. E. Jambos, L., also from India,
likewise produces excellent fruit.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 147
Eugenia myrtifolia, Sims.
East Australia. A handsome bush with palatable fruit.
Careful special culture would probably improve all Eugenia-
fruits.
Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes.
South-Brazil. The berries, which are of the size, of plums
are there a table-fruit.
Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes.
Uvalho do Campo of South-Brazil. Fruit of pear size.
Eugenia revoluta, Wight.
Ceylon, up to heights of 6,000 feet; berry 1 inch in diameter.
Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 8,000 feet; rejoicing therefore in a cool or
even cold climate.
Eugenia Smithii, Poiret.
From Gippsland to Queensland. A splendid large unbrag-
eous tree; but not of quick growth, and requiring' rich soil in
river-valleys for its perfect development. The bark contains
about 17 per cent, tannin. This fact may give a clue to the
recognition of the same tan-principle in the barks of numerous
other species of the large genus Eugenia.
Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring.
The Tata of South Brazil. Fruit large.
Eugenia uniflora, Linne.
Extra-tropical South America. A tree of beautiful habit,
with edible fruit of cherry size. Dr. Lorentz mentions also as
a sub-tropical Argentine fruit species E. Mato.
Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey.
South-Africa. A tree attaining 20 feet in height. The ber-
ries are of cherry size and edible. The relative value of the
fruits of many Asiatic, African and American species of Eu-
genia remains to be ascertained; many of them doubtless fur-
nish good timber, and all more or less essential oil; some prob-
ably also superior fruit. All such, even tropical trees, should
be tested in warm tracts of the temperate zone, inasmuch as
many of them endure a cooler clime than is generally sup-
posed. Hence Anona muricata, L., the Soursop bush of West
India, should also be subjected to test culture for the yield of
its sweet, fragrant, melon-like fruit; and not less so Anona
squamosa, L., the Sweetsop shrub or tree of Central America,
for the sake of its very pleasant fruit.
148 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Eupatorium tinctorium, Grisebach.
Paraguay. A shrub of remarkably prolific and vigorous
growth (E. H. Egerton). Competes almost with the indigo
plant for dye. It can be stripped of its leaves four times a
year without injury to the plant.
Eupatorium triplinerve, Vahl. {E. Ayapana, Ventenat.)
Central America. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb,
possibly hardy in the warmer parts of extra-tropical countries.
It is used as a medicinal plant, also as an alexipharmic. It
contains eupatorin and much essential oil peculiar to the plant.
It stands locally in renown as a remedy against ophidian pois-
ons, and evidently possesses important medicinal proper-
ties. A tanning extract is prepared for the English market
from this herb, which contains about 20 per cent, tannic acid.
Euryale ferox, Salisbury.
From tropical Asia to Japan. Though less magnificent than
the grand Victoria Regia, this closely-allied water-lily is much
more hardy, and would live unprotected in ponds and lakes
of a temperate climate. Though not strictly an industrial
plant, it is not without utility, and undergoes some sort of cul-
tivation in China for its edible roots and seeds.
Euryangium Sumbul, Kaufmann.
Central Asia. Yields the true Sumbul root, a powerful stim-
ulant, with the odor of Musk. It is also a decorative plant
for lawns.
Eustrephus Brownii, F. v. Mueller.
East Australia. This climber produces sweet though only
small tubers, which however are probably capable of enlarge-
ment through culture.
Euterpe andicola, Brongniart.
Bolivia. Ascends to 9,000 feet (Martius), an altitude higher
than is reached by any other palm unless E. Haenkeana and E.
longivaginat (Drude). E. edulis (Martius), extends as far
South as Minas Geraes in Brazil.
Excaecaria sebifera, J. Mueller. (Stillingia sebifera, Michaux.)
The Tallow-tree of China and Japan. The fatty coating of
the seeds constitutes the vegetable tallow, which is separated by
steaming. The wood is so hard and dense as to be used for
printing-blocks; the leaves furnish a black dye. The tree en-
dures slight night-frosts, though its foliage suffers.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. I49
Euxolus viridis, Moguin.
Temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Not without value as a spinage-plant.
Exomis axyrioides, Fenzl.
South Africa. A good salt bush there for pastures.
(McOwan.)
Fagopyrum cymosum, Meissner.
The perennial Buckwheat, or rather Beech-wheat of the
Indian and Chinese Highlands. Can be used with other spe-
cies for spinage, and a blue dye may be obtained from its leaves.
Fagopyrum emarginatum, Babington.
Chinese and Himalayan Mountains, where it is cultivated for
its seeds. Annual.
Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.*
Central Asia, growing at an elevation of 14,000 feet in
the Himalayas. The ordinary Buckwheat. This annual
herb succeeds on the poorest soil; clayey soil yields more fol-
iage but less grain. The crushed amylaceous seeds can be
converted into a palatable and wholesome food by boiling or
baking. Starch has also recently been prepared from the seeds
as an article of trade. It can be raised with advantage as an
agrarian plant for the first crop on sandy but not too dry heath-
land, newly broken up, for green manure. It gives a good
green-fodder, serves as admixture to hay, and is also important
as a honey-plant. The period required for the cyclus of its
vegetation is extremely short; thus it can even be reared on
Alpine elevations. In Norway it grows to lat. 67 56' (Schue-
beler).
Fagopyrum Tataricum, Moench.*
Middle and Northern Asia. Yields for the higher mountain-
regions a still safer crop than the foregoing, otherwise the
remarks offered in reference to F. esculentum apply also to F.
Tataricum, but the seeds of the latter are more thick-shelled,
less amylaceous and less palatable.
Fagopyrum triangulare, Meissner.
In the Hamalayan Mountains, ascending naturally to regions
11,500 feet high. An annual. F. rotundatum, Babington,
seems a variety of this species. It is cultivated for food like
the rest.
150 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Fagus Cunninghami, Hooker.
The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech. The Myrtle-wood of
the trade. A magnificent evergreen tree, attaining large dimen-
sions, and living only in cool, damp, rich forest valleys, not rarely
200 feet high. The wood is much used by carpenters and other
artisans. It remains to be ascertained, by actual tests in the
forests, whether the allied tall evergreen New Zealand Beeches
possess any advantage over this species for forest-culture; they
are Fagus Menziesii,the Red Birch of the colonists; F.fusca and
F. cliffortioides (J. Hooker), the Black Birches and F. solandri
(Hooker), the White Birch. A magnificent beech, Fagus Moorei
(F. v. Mueller), occurs in New South Wales on high mountains.
Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel.
The Evergreen Beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or
Coihue. Of grand dimensions. Canoes can be made out of its
stem large enough to carry 10 tons freight. The wood is still
harder than that of the following species, with the qualities of
which it otherwise agrees (Dr. Philippi). This species
exfends to the Chonos-group, and perhaps still further south,
and thus may be of value even for Middle European forest-
culture.
Fagus ferruginea, Aiton.
North-American Beech. A large tree, with deciduous foliage,
easily raised in woodlands. Grows there as our Evergreen
Beech does here. Wood variable according to localities.
Well-seasoned wood, according to Simmonds, is extremely
hard and solid, hence employed" for plane-stocks, shoe-lasts,
tool-handles, various implements and turneries.
Fagus obliqua, Mirbel.
The Roble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants.
A tall tree with a straight stem, attaining 3 to 4 feet diameter.
Wood heavy and durable, well adapted for posts, beams, girders,
rafters, joists, etc., but not for flooring. One of the few Chilian
trees with deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi). Its value, as com-
pared with that of the European Beech, should be tested in
forest plantations.
Fagus procera, Poeppig.
Another deciduous Beech of Chili, where it passes by the
name of Reule or Rauli. Of still more colossal size than the
Roble. Wood fissile, well adapted for staves; finer in grain
than that of F. obliqua, and much used for furniture (Dr.
Philippi).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 151
Fagus silvatica, Linne.
The deciduous Beech of Britain, of most other parts of
Europe and extra-tropical Asia. The trunk has been measured
in height 118 feet, the head 350 feet in diameter. As far north
as lat. 6o° 23' in Norway Professor Schuebeler found a tree over
70 feet high with a stem 12 feet in circumference,and trees grew
even to lat. 6j°$6'. The wood is hard, extensively used by
joiners and ship-builders and the manufacturers of various im-
plements, especially for planes, shoe-lasts, keys and cogs of
machinery, lathe-chucks, gun-stocks, staves, chairs, spoke-shaves,
in piano manufacture, for bridges, some portion of the work of
organ-builders; enters also into the construction of harmoniums
(beds of notes, pallets, rest-planks), also used for carved moulds
and for wooden letters in large prints; it is of rather difficult cleav-
age, great compactness and of considerable strength, and resists
great pressure. Beech-tar contains a considerable proportion
of paraffine; the ash from any portion of this tree is rich in
phosphate of lime. For trimming into copse-hedges, many give
preference to a purple-leaved variety for show. An allied Beech,
Fagus Sieboldii, Endl., grows in Japan. In the warmer tem-
perate zones, all these could only be grown to advantage in
springy mountain forests.
Fatsia papyrifera, Bentham. {Aralia papyri/era, Hooker.)
Island of Formosa. The Rice-Paper Plant, hardy in the low-
lands of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden plantations.
The pith furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper, and
for solah-hats.
Ferula Assafoetida, L. (Scorodosma foetidum, Bunge).
Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan. This very tall perennial
herb yields the ordinary medicinal asafetida. Ferula Narthex,
Boissier (Narthex Assa foetida, Falconer) furnishes a very
similar drug in Thibet. The cultivation of these plants in ade-
quate climes seems not surrounded by any difficulties.
Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier.
Persia; on mountains 4,000 to 8,000 feet high. This tall
perennial herb might be transferred to alpine regions, for
obtaining locally from it the gum-resin galbanum.
Ferula longifolia, Fischer.
South-Russia. The long aromatic roots furnish a pleasant
vegetable (Dr. Rosenthal).
Festuca Coiron, Steudel.
Chili. A valuable perennial fodder-grass, according to the
testimony of Dr. Philippi.
152 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Festuca dives, F. v. Mueller.
Victoria, from West Gippsland to Dandenong towards the
sources of rivers. One of the most magnificent of all sylvan
grasses, often 12 and sometimes 17 feet high. Root peren-
nial, or perhaps of only two or three years' duration.
This grass deserves to be brought to any forest tracts in mild
climes, as it prospers in shade; it assumes its grandest forms
in deep soil along rivulets. The large panicle affords nutri-
tious forage.
Festuca elatior, Linne.*
The Meadow-Fescue. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and
Middle Asia. A perennial grass, attaining a height of several
feet. There are several varieties of this species. The tallest
follows rivers readily as far down as the tides reach. The
ordinary form is well adapted for permanent pastures, has ten-
der leaves, produces excellent, tasty, nutritious hay, and is early
out in the season. Langethal places Meadow-Fescue above
Timothy and Foxtail-grass in value, though its copiousness is
somewhat less. The seed is readily collected. The tall variety
(arundinacea) will occupy land preferentially and densely
among the best of eligible fodder-grasses. It can be mixed
advantageously with F. ovina. It is superior to Rye grass in
production and improves with age. It succeeds also on humid
and even swampy ground and in forest land as well with sandy
as a calcareous subsoil. Dr. Curl observes, that this and some
other Fescues grow vigorously in New Zealand, and yield her-
bage also in the cool season, when Rye-grass is nearly dormant.
Chemical analysis made in spring gave the following re-
sults: Albumen 2.47, gluten 2.75, starch 0.50, gum 2.84, sugar
2.84 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). F. arundinacea,
Schreb., F. pratensis, Huds, and F. loliacea, Huds., are varieties
of this species.
Festuca flava, F. v. Mueller. {Poajlava, Gronov. ; Tricuspis sesleriodes, Torr.
Uralepis cuprea, Kunth.)
The tall F.ed-top grass of the eastern states of North
America. A perennial sand-grass, with wide panicles.
Festuca gigantea, Villars.
Europe and Middle Asia. A good perennial forest-grass.
Festuca heterophylla, Lamarck.
Mountains of Europe. This perennial grass attains a height
of 5 feet; it produces a proportionately great bulk of fodder,
and serves as an admixture to grasses for hay or pasture lands,
particularly the former (Lawson). It is best fitted for Alpine
forest-tracts.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 153
Festuca Hookeriana, F. v. Mueller.*
Alps of Australia and Tasmania. A tall perennial grass, ev-
idently nutritious, required to be tried for culture as pasture,
and perhaps destined to become a meadow-grass of colder
countries. Stands mowing and depasturing well; much liked,
by cattle, horses and sheep (Th. Walton).
Festuca litoralis, La Billardiere.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. An important
strong perennial grass for binding drift-sand on sea-shores.
Festuca ovina, Linne.
Sheep-Fescue. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North
America; found also in South America and the Alps of Aus-
tralia and New Zealand. This species, like F. elatior, is ob-
tainable with facility. F. duriuscula, L. and F. rubra, L. are
varieties. A perennial grass, thriving on widely different soils,
even moory and sandy ground. It yields a good produce,
maintains its virtue, resists drought, and is also well adapted
for lawns and swards of parks. F. vaginata, Willdenow, is a
form particularly recommended by Wessely for sand-soil.
Chemical analysis made very late in spring gave the following
results: Albumen 1.86, gluten 8.16, starch 1.45, gum 2.14, su-
gar 5.05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel.)
Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. (Uralepis purpurea, Nuttall; Tricuspis pur-
purea, A. Gray.)
South-east coast of North America. A tufty sand-grass, but
annual.
Festuca silvatica, Villars.
Middle and South Europe. A notable forest-grass. F. dry-
meia (Mert. and Koch), a grass with long creeping roots, is
closely allied. Both deserve test culture.
Festuca spadicea, Linne.
Alps of Europe. This grass would thrive on the heights
of snowy mountains. Perennial. Space does not admit of
entering here into further details of the respective values of
many species of Festuca, which might advantageously be intro-
duced from various parts of the globe for rural purposes.
Ficus Carica, Linne.*
The ordinary Fig-tree. Alph. de Candolle speaks of it as
spontaneous from Syria to the Cana^-Islands; Count Solms-
Laubach confines the nativity of the Fig-tree to the countries
on the Persian gulf. It attains an age of several hundred
154 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
years. In warm temperate latitudes and climes a prolific tree.
The most useful and at the same time the most hardy of half a
thousand recorded species of Ficus. The extreme facility with
which it can be propagated from cuttings, the resistance to heat,
the comparatively early yield and easy culture, recommend the
Fig-tree where it is an object to raise masses of tree
vegetation in widely treeless landscapes of the warmer zones.
Hence the extensive plantations of this tree made in formerly
woodless parts of Egypt; hence the likelihood of choosing the
Fig as one of the trees for extensive planting through favorable
portions of desert waste, where moreover the fruit could be dried
with particular ease. Fig-trees can be grown even on sand-
lands, at least as observed on the Australian south coast. In
Greece the average yield of figs per acre is about 1,600 lbs.
(Simmonds). Caprification is unnecessary, even in some instan-
ces injurious and objectionable. Two main varieties may be
distinguished: that which produces two crops a year, and that
which yields but one. The former includes the Gray or Purple
Fig, which is the best, the White Fig and the Golden Fig, the
latter being the finest in appearance but not in quality. The
main variety, which bears only one crop a year, supplies the
greatest quantity of figs for drying, among which the Marseillaise
and Bellonne are considered the best. The Barnisote and the
Aubique produce delicious large fruits, but they must be dried
with fire-heat, and are usually consumed fresh. The ordinary
drying is effected in the sun. For remarks on this and other
points concerning the Fig, the valuable tract published by the
Rev. Dr. Bleasdale should be consulted. The first crop of figs
grows on wood of the preceding year; the last crop however on
wood of the current year. Varieties of particular excellence are
known from Genoa, Savoy, Malaga, Andalusia.
Ficus columnaris, Moore and Mueller.
The Banyan-tree of Lord Howe's Island, therefore extra-
tropical. One of the most magnificent productions in the whole
empire of plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the island, re-
marks that the pendulous aerial roots, when they touch the
ground, gradually swell into columns of the same dimensions as
the older ones, which have already become converted into stems,
so that it is not evident which was the parent trunk; there
may be a hundred stems to the tree, on which the huge dome of
dark evergreen foliage rests, but these stems are all alike, and
thus it is impossible to say whence the tree comes or whither it
goes. The aerial roots are rather rapidly formed, but the wood
never attains the thickness of F. macrophylla, which produces
only a single trunk. The allied F. rubiginosa of continental
East Australia has great buttresses, but only now and then a
pendulous root, approaching in similarity the stems of Ficus
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 155
columnaris. The Lord Howe's Island Fig-tree is more like
F. macrophylla than F. rubiginosa, but F. columnaris is more
rufous in foliage than either. In humid, warm, sheltered tracts
this grand vegetable living structure may be raised as an enor-
mous bower for shade and for scenic ornament. The nature of
the sap, whether available for caoutchouc or other industrial
material, requires yet to be tested. A substance almost identical
with gutta-percha, but not like India-rubber, has been obtained
by exsiccation of the sap of F. columnaris (Fitzgerald). The
hardened sap of this species resembles in many respects that of
F. subracemosa and F. variegata, called Getah Lahoe, but differs
apparently by its greater solubility in cold alcohol, and by the
portion insoluble in alcohol being of a pulverulent instead of
a viscid character. The mode of exsiccation affects much the
. properties of the product.
Ficus Cunninghami, Miquel.
Queensland, in the eastern dense forest-regions. Mr. O'Shane-
sy designates this as a tree of sometimes monstrous growth,
the large spreading branches sending down roots which take
firm hold of the ground. One tree measured was 38 feet in
circumference at 2 feet from the ground,the roots forming wall-
like abutments, some of which extended 20 feet from the tree.
Several persons could conceal themselves in the large crevices
of the trunk, while the main branches stretched across a space
of about 100 feet. A kind of caoutchouc can be obtained from
this tree. A still more gigantic Fig-tree of Queensland is F.
colossea F. v. M., but it may not be equally hardy, not advanc-
ing naturally to extra-tropical latitudes. This reminds one of
the great Council-tree, F. altissima from Java, where it grows
in mountains on calcareous ground. F. eugenioides, F. v. M.,
from North-east Australia, attains a height of 100 feet, and
produces also columnar air-roots. It is comparatively hardy,
reaching extra-tropic latitudes.
Ficus elastica, Roxburgh.*
Upper India, to the Chinese boundary, known as far as 28°3o'
north latitude. A large tree, yielding its milk-sap copiously for
caoutchouc, i. e., the kind called Assam-Rubber. Roxburgh
ascertained seventy years ago that India-rubber could be dis-
solved in cajaput oil (very similar to eucalyptus oil), and that
the sap yielded about one-third of its weight caoutchouc. This
tree is not of quick growth in the changeable and often dry
clime of Melbourne, but there is every prospect
that it would advance rather rapidly in any mild humid
forest-gullies, and that copious plantations of it there would
call forth a new local industry. This tree has grown in Assam
156 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
to ri2 feet with 100 aerial roots in thirty-two years (Markham).
In moist, warm climes, according to observations in Assam
by Mr. Gustave Mann, branches lopped off and planted will
speedily establish themselves. The import of all kinds of
caoutchouc into Great Britain during 1874 amounted to 129,168
cwt., worth ^"1,326,605. Markham and Collins pronounce the
caoutchouc of F. elastica not quite so valuable as that of the
Heveas and Castilloas of South America. Heat and atmos-
pheric moisture greatly promote the growth of F. elastica.
Like most other fig-trees it is easily raised from seed. A tree
of F. elastica is tapped in Assam when twenty-five years old.
After fifty years the yield is about 40 lbs. of caoutchouc every
third year and lasts till the tree is over 100 years old. The
milky sap flowing from cuts in the stem yields nearly one-third
of its weight of caoutchouc; the collected sap is poured into
boiling water and stirred till it gets firm ; or the sap is poured
into large bins partly filled with water; the fluid caoutchouc-
mass after a while floats on the surface, when it is taken out
and boiled in iron pans, after the addition of two parts of
water, the whole being stirred continuously; after coagulation
fhe caoutchouc is taken out and pressed, and, if necessary,
boiled again, then dried and finally washed with lime-water.
The sap from cuts into the branches is allowed to dry on the
trees (J. Collins). Dr. S. Kurz states that F. laccifera Rox-
burgh, from Silhet is also a Caoutchouc tree, and that both this
and F. elastica yield most in a ferruginous clay-soil on a rocky
substratum; further, that both can bear dryness, but like shade
in youth. Several other species of tropical figs, American as
well as Asiatic, are known to produce good caoutchouc, but it
is questionable whether any of them would prosper in extra-
tropical latitudes; nevertheless for the conservatories of botanic
gardens all such plants should be secured with a view of pro-
moting public instruction.
Ficus Indica, Linne.
The Banyan tree of India, famed for its enormous expansion
and air-roots. Although not strictly a utilitarian tree, it is
admitted here as one of the most shady trees, adapted for
warm and moist regions. At the age of 100 years one indi-
vidual tree will shade and occupy about one and a half acres, and
rest on 150 stems or more, the main stems often with a circum-
ference of 50 feet, the secondary stems with a diameter of
several feet. At Melbourne the tree suffers somewhat from the
night-frosts.
Ficus infectoria, Willdenow.
India, ascending to 5,000 feet. Probably hardy, and then
adapted for street planting. Brandis and Stewart found its
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 157
growth quicker than that of Siris or Albizzia procera. F.
religiosa L„ ascends to the same height, and is of quick
growth in moist climates. It is one of the trees on which the
lac insect largely exists. The fruits of some huge Himalayan
species — for instance, F. virgata Roxb., F. glomerata Roxb.,
F. Roxburghii Wallich — are edible.
Ficus macrophylla, Desfontaines.*
The Moreton Bay fig tree, which is indigenous through a
great part of East Australia. Perhaps the grandest of Aus-
tralian avenue trees, and among the very best to be planted,
although in poor dry soil its growth is slow. In the latitude of
Melbourne it is quite hardy in the lowland. The foliage may
occasionally be injured by grasshoppers. Easily raised from
seed.
Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines.
New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all fig trees,
and very eligible among evergreen shade trees. It is estimated
that the genus Ficus comprises about 600 species, many occur-
ring in cool mountain regions of tropical countries. The
number of those which would endure a temperate clime is
probably not small.
Ficus Sycamorus, Linne.
The Sycamore fig tree of the Orient, copiously planted along
the roadsides of Egypt. The shady crown extends to a width
of 120 feet. Attains an enormous age. A tree at Cairo, which
legends connect with Christ, still exists. Seven men with out-
stretched arms could hardly encircle the stem.
Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.*
Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians.
Grows on swampy, moory places. A stately tree, sometimes 100
feet high. The diameter of the stem sometimes reaches the
extraordinary extent of 15 feet. The wood is almost always red,
easily split, light, does not warp, stands exposure to the air for
half a century; in Valdivia and Chiloe almost all buildings are
roofed with shingles of this tree (Dr. Philippi). The outer
bark produces a strong fiber, used for calking ships. Like
Libocedrus tetragona, this tree should be extensively planted
in unutilized swampy moors of mountains.
Flacourtia Ramontchi, l'Heeritier. (F. sapida, Roxburgh).
India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxb.)
form thorny trees with somewhat plum-like fruits. They can.
be adopted for hedge-copses with other species.
158 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Flemingia tuberosa, Dalzell.
Western India. The tubers of this herb are said to be
edible. Another species, F. vestita, is on record as cultivated
in North-western India for its small esculent tubers.
Flindersia Australis, R. Brown.
New South Wales and Queensland. With Araucaria Cun-
ninghami and Ficus maycrophylla, the tallest of all the jungle
trees of its localities, attaining 150 feet. Bark scaly; stem,
frequently with a diameter of 8 feet. Timber of extraordinary
hardness (Ch. Moore). A noble tree for avenues. Rate of
growth, according to Mr. Fawcett, about 25 feet in eight years.
Flindersia Oxleyana, F. v. Mueller.
The Yellow Wood of New South Wales and Queensland,
called "Bogum Bogum" by the aborigines. Its wood is used
for dye, also for staves as well as that of F. Australis, Tarrietia
argyrodendron, Stenocarpus salignus and Castanospermum
Australe. Mr. C. Hartmann mentions that F. Oxleyana attains
a^ height of 150 feet, and supplies one of the finest hardwoods
for choice cabinet-work. Other species occur there, among
which F. Bennettiana is the best for avenue purposes.
Flueggea Japonica, C. Richard.
China and Japan. The mucilaginous tubers can be used for
food — a remark which applies to many other as yet disregarded
liliaceous plants.
Foeniculum officinale, Allioni.
The Fennel. Mediterranean regions, particularly on lime-
stone soil. A perennial or biennial herb, of which primary
varieties occur, the so-called sweet variety having fruits almost
twice as large as the other. The herb and fruits are in use as
condiments and the latter also for medicine. The fruits are
rich in essential oil, containing much anethol.
Fourcroya Cubensis, Haworth.
West India and continental tropical America. A smaller
species than the following, but equally utilized for fiber and
impenetrable hedges. F. flavo-viridis (Hooker), from Mexico,
is still smaller.
Fourcroya gigantea, Ventenat.
Central America. In species of Yucca, Agave, Dracaena,
Cordyline, Phormium, Doryanthes, and this and a few other
Fourcroyas, we have gigantic liliaceous and amaryllidaceous
plants available industrially for fiber. Frost injures the leaves
of this species. Development of flower-stalks extremely
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 159
rapid up to 30 feet high. Fiber often 3 feet long and
of considerable tenacity. The fiber produced in Mauritius
by Messrs. Bourgignon and Fronchet proved stronger than
hemp and resisted decay in water. Mr. Boucard also testifies
to the excellence of the fiber, which he describes as long, silky
and solid, particularly adapted for luxurious hammocks and for
cordage.
Fourcroya longaeva, Karwinski and Zuccarini.
High mountains of Guatemala and Mexico, at an elevation
of about 10,000 feet. One of the most gigantic and magnificent
of all liliaceous or amaryllideous plants, in volumen only sur-
passed by Dracsena Draco, the Dragon-tree of the Canary
Islands. This is the principal high-stemmed species, the trunk
attaining a height of 50 feet, and the huge panicle of flowers
40 feet more. It dies, like many allied plants, after flowering.
The species is recorded here as a fiber-plant, but should also be
cultivated for its ornamental grandeur.
Fragaria Chiloensis, Aiton.
Chili Strawberry. In various of the colder parts both of
North and South America. Almost incredible accounts have
been published regarding the yield of the Chiloen Strawberry
in the neighborhood of Brest, far exceeding the fecundity of any
other strawberry.
Fragaria collina, Ehrhart.
Hill Strawberry. In various parts of Europe. Cultivated in
Norway to lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler.)
Fragaria grandiflora, Ehrhart. {F. Ananas, Miller.)
Ananas Strawberry. Various colder parts of America.
Closely allied to F. Chiloensis.
Fragaria Illinoensis, Prince.
North America. Hovey's seedling and the Boston kind from
this plant. Is regarded by Professor Asa Gray as a variety of
F. Virginiana.
Fragaria pratensis, Duchesne. (F. elatior, Ehrhart.)
Cinnamon Strawberry. Hautbois. In mountain-forests of
Europe.
Fragaria vesca, Linne.
Wild Wood -Strawberry. Naturally very widely dispersed over
the temperature and colder parts of the northern hemisphere,
extending southward to the Mountains of Java, ascending the
Himalayas to 13,000 feet (J. D. Hooker). From this typical
l6o SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
form probably some of the other Strawberries arose. Middle
forms and numerous varieties now in culture were produced by
hybridization. These plants, though already abounding in our
gardens, are mentioned here, because they should be naturalized
in any ranges. Settlers, living near some brook or rivulet,
might readily set out plants, which, with others similarly
adapted, would gradually spread with the current.
Fragaria Virginiana, Miller.
Scarlet Strawberry. North America.
Fraxinus Americana, Linne.*
The White Ash of North America. A large tree, which
delights in humid forests. Trunks have been found 75
feet long without a limb and 6 feet in diameter (Emerson).
It is the best of all American Ashes, of comparatively rapid
growth. Timber valuable, resisting extreme heat better than
the common Ash; largely exported; it assumes a red tint in
age; much valued for its toughness, lightness, and elasticity,
excellent for work subject to sudden shocks and strains, such
as the frames of machines, carriage-wheels, agricultural imple-
• ments, pick-handles, billiard cues, fishing-rods, handles, chair-
rails, shafts, staves, pulley-blocks, belaying-pins and oars; also for
furniture and musical implements. The young branches are util-
ized for mast-hoops. Baron von Mueller and Mr. J. G. Lueh-
mann found the strength greater than that of our Blackwood-
tree and of many Eucalypts, but not equal to that of E. leu-
coxylon, E. siderophloia, E. polyanthema, the best E. globulus
and hickory. Over-old wood not desirable. When once thor-
oughly seasoned, it does not shrink or swell, and is therefore
preferred for flooring to any native timber in Virginia (Robb,
Simmonds).' The inner bark furnishes a yellow dye. The Red
Ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.), the Green Ash (F. viridis,
Mich.), the Black Ash (F. sambucifolia, Lam.) and the Carolina
Ash (F. platycarpa, Mich.) are of smaller size, but F. pubescens
may sometimes also become large.
Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh.
It is this Ash on which a peculiar wax is produced by Coccus
Pela, perhaps also on some species 'of Ligustrum. About
40,000 lbs. are exported annually according to Bernardini.
Fraxinus excelsior, Linne.*
The ordinary Ash of Europe and West-Asia, of comparatively
quick growth, known to attain an age of nearly 200 years. It
is a very hardy tree, braving the winters of Norway to lat. 69
40', though there only a shrub; but in lat. 6i° 12' it attained a
height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet (Schuebeler). Rich
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. T6l
soil on forest-rivulets or river-banks suits it best although it
thrives on moist sand. Wood remarkably tough and elastic, used
for agricultural and other implements, handles, ladders, drum-
hoops, under carriage-work, for oars, axle-trees, and many
other purposes. Six peculiar kinds of Ash trees occur in Ja-
pan, some also in the Indian highlands; all might be tried for
industrial culture.
Fraxinus floribunda, Don.
Nepal- Ash. Himalaya, between 5,000 and 11,000 feet. It
attains a height of 120 feet, and serves as a fine avenue-tree;
girth of stem sometimes 15 feet. The wood much sought for
oars, ploughs, and various implements (Stewart and Brandis).
For forest plantations Ashes are best mixed with beeches and
some other trees.
Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall.
Californian and Oregon Ash. A tree reaching 80 feet in
height, preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this
fine species is nearly white, tough and durable, often used for
oars and handles of implements. Though allied to F. sambuci-
folia, it is very superior as a timber tree. Ash-trees will grow
readily in the shade of other trees.
Fraxinus ornus, Linne.
The Manna-Ash of the Mediterranean regions. Height
about 30 feet. Hardy at Christiania. It yields the medicinal
manna. F. ornus is well adapted for a promenade-tree, and is
earlier in foliage than F. excelsior, F. Americana, and most
other Ash-trees.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.*
The Blue Ash of North America. One of the tallest of the
Ashes becoming 70 feet high. Timber excellent, better than that
of any other American species except the White Ash, hence
frequently in use for flooring and shingles. The inner bark
furnishes a blue dye. The tree requires a mild clime and the
most fertile soil.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck.
Black or Water- Ash of North America. Attains a height of
80 feet. Wood still more tough and elastic than that of F.
Americana, but less durable when exposed; easily split into
thin layers for basket-work. Its wood is comparatively rich
in potash, like that of most of its congeners; for oars and
implements it is inferior to that of the White Ash (Simmonds).
11
162 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Fraxinus viridis, Michaux.
The Green Ash of North America. Height reaching 70 feet;
wood excellent, nearly as valuable as that of the White Ash, but
of less dimensions. The tree requires wet, shady woodlands.
Especially recommended for street-planting by Dr. J. Warder.
The tree, like the preceding, is hardy as far north as Christiania
in Norway (Schuebeler.)
Fuchsia racemosa, Lamarck.
South- America. One of the hardier species, with edible ber-
ries of very good taste. Another Fuchsia occurs in cold
regions of Guatemala, 10,000 feet high, with orange-colored
flowers and with tasty wholesome berries, the latter an inch
and a half long.
Garcinia Travancorica, Beddome.
Madras-Presidency, up to elevations of 4,500 feet. This
seems to be the hardiest of the superior Gamboge trees;
hence there is some prospect of its prospering in forests of the
warmer temperate zone.
Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing.
South- Africa. A perennial herb of medicinal properties;
praised like numerous other plants there and elsewhere as an
alexipharmic, but all requiring close re-investigation in this re-
spect.
Gaulthieria Myrsinites, Hooker.
North California, Oregon, British Columbia. The fruit of
this procumbent shrub is said to be delicious. It would prove
adapted for any of the Alps.
Gaulthieria Shallon, Pursh.
North-western America. This handsome spreading bush
would yield its pleasant edible berries in abundance, if planted
on snowy mountains, where it would likely become naturalized.
Gaylussacia frondosa, Torrey and Gray.
The Blue Tangleberry of North America. A bush with
deciduous foliage; berry sweet.
Gaylussacia resinosa, Torrey and Gray.
The Black Huckleberry of North America. A dwarf shrub
with deciduous leaves. It likes swampy woodlands, and thus
would find ample space in forest ranges. Berry of pleasant
taste. Perhaps some of the South American species also pro-
duce edible fruits.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 163
Geitonoplesium cymosum, Cunningham.
Through the whole East Australian forests. It is mentioned
here, to draw attention to the fact that special culture may con-
vert this into an Asparagus plant, as Mr. P. O'Shanesy found
the young shoots to offer a fair substitute for Asparagus.
Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux.
Southern States of North America and Mexico. A twining
shrubby plant of medicinal value, long since introduced into
Australia by the writer, with numerous other plants of industrial
or therapeutical importance. Active principle: gelsemin. The
perfume of the flowers has also come into use as a cosmetic.
Genista monosperma, Lamarck.
.Mediterranean regions. One of the best of Broom-brushes
for arresting sand-drift. G. sphserocarpa, Lamarck, is of like
use, and also comes from the Mediterranean Sea.
Gentiana lutea, Linne.
Sub-alpine tracts of Middle and Southern Europe. A most
beautiful perennial herb, yielding the medicinal gentian root.
It could be easily raised in our higher mountains. Chemical
principles: gentian-bitter and gentianin. Medicinal gentian
root is also obtained from G. punctata, L., G. purpurea, L., and
G. pannonica, Scop, pf the European Alps.
Geonoma vaga, Grisebach and Wendland.
West-Indies to Brazil. A dwarf decorative Palm, ascending
the mountains 3,000 feet.
Geum urbanum, Linne.
The "Avens" of Britain. Europe, North-Africa, extra-tropi-
cal and Alpine Asia, South-East Australia, North-America. A
perennial herb with a powerful anti-dysenteric root, which, ac-
cording to Muspratt, contains as much as 41 per cent, of tannic
acid.
Gigantochloa Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. {Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Bentham.)
Tropical Africa. A tall species, ascending to considerable
mountain-elevations.
Gigantochloa apus, Kurz. {Bambusa apus, Roemer and Schultes.)
Indian Archipelagus, at elevations under 5,000 feet. Height
of stem reaching 60 feet. When young it is used for strings
and ropes.
Gigantochloa aspera, Kurz.
Java. Found by Zollinger to attain a maximum height of
170 feet.
164 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Gigantochloa atter, Kurz.
Java, at elevations of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. Height of
stems reaching 70 feet. One of the species much grown for
rural and industrial purposes.
Gigantochloa maxima, Kurz.
Java. Height sometimes 120 feet, the stems nearly a foot
thick. One of the most extensively cultivated of all Asiatic
bamboos, ascending into mountain regions.
Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera nigro-ciliata, Munro. j
Continental and insular India. Stems 130 feet long.
Gigantochloa robusta, Kurz.
Mountains of Java. Height 100 feet. Kurz noticed the
early growth to be nearly 18 feet in a month, the principal
branches only commencing when the shoot had reached a height
of about 70 feet. Some Java bamboos are known to measure
22 inches in girth at a height of about 120 feet.
Gigantochloa Thwaitesii, Kurz. {Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, Munro.)
Ceylon, at elevations of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. This pretty
Bamboo reaches only 12 feet in height.
Gigantochloa verticillata, Munro. {Bambusa verticillata, Blume.)
The Whorled Bamboo of India. It attains a height of fully
100 feet; in damp heat it grows at the astonishing rate of 40
feet in about three months, according to Bouche. The young
shoots furnish an edible vegetable like G. Apus and Bambusa
Bitung.
Ginkgo biloba, Linne.* (Salisburia adianti folia, Smith.)
Ginkgo tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved
tree, 100 feet high, with a straight stem 2 feet in diameter.
The wood is white, soft, easy to work, and takes a beautiful
polish. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a good
oil. The fruits, sold in China under the name of "Pa-Koo,"
are not unlike dried almonds, but white, fuller and rounder (For-
tune). Ginkgo trees are estimated to attain an age of 3,000
years. Mr. Christy observes that the foliage turns chrome-yel-
low in autumn, and that it is the grandest and most highly
esteemed of all trees in Japan; it will grow in dry situations.
In America it is hardy as far north as Montreal; in Europe to
Christiania.
Gladiolus edulis, Burchell.
Interior of South Africa. The bulb-like roots are edible,
and taste like chestnuts when roasted.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 165
Gleditschia triacanthos, Linne.
The deciduous Honey Locust tree of North America. Height
reaching 80 feet. Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile, durable,
serves principally for blocks, hubs, etc. The tree is not with-
out importance for street planting. Sown closely, this plant
forms impenetrable, thorny, not readily combustible hedges.
An allied species, the G. sinensis, Lamarck (G. horrida, Willd.),
occurs in East Asia. The Water Locust tree of North America
(G. monosperma, Walt.) will grow to a height of 80 feet in
swamps.
Glycine hispida, Bentham. (Sofa hispida, Moench.)
An annual herb of India, China and japan. The beans
afford one of the main ingredients of the condiment known as
Soja. The seeds are very oily, nutritious, and of pleasant
taste when boiled. The plant endures slight frost (Wittmack).
Oil is pressed from the seeds. Glycine Soja, Siebold and Zuc-
carini, is said to be a distinct plant, but probably serves the
same purpose.
Glycyrrhiza echinata, Linne.
South Europe and the Orient. From the root of this herb a
portion of the Italian liquorice is prepared. The Russian
liquorice root is also derived from this species. The root is
thicker and less sweet than that of the following.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne.
South Europe. The extract of the root of this herb consti-
tutes the ordinary liquorice. The plant grows most vigorously
in adequate climes. Both this and the preceding are hardy in
Norway to lat. 59 55' (Schuebeler). Liquorice is of some
utility in medicine and also used in porter breweries. Chemical
principle: glycyrrhizin.
Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Endlicher.
China. Kxi ornamental tree, allied to Taxodium distichum
in some respects, and like that tree particularly fit for perma-
nently wet ground. The Chinese plant it along the edges of
canals and narrow creeks, the buttress of the tree standing
actually in the moist mud (Dr. Hance).
Gmelina Leichhardtii, F. v. Mueller.
East Australia. Grown now on a commercial scale for fancy
timber purposes in Queensland.
Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer.
South Africa. This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi
wood, much sought for carpenters' tools, planes and other select
articles of wood-work ; also for wood-engraving, according to
Dr. Pappe. Flowers deliciously fragrant.
l66 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Gordonia lasianthus, Linne.
The Loblolly Bay. North America. A handsome tree,
growing to a height of 60 feet ; flowers snowy white. The
wood is extremely light, of a rosy hue and fine silky texture,
but unfit for exposure. The bark is extensively employed for
tanning in the Southern States. Available for swampy coast
lands.
Gossypium arboreum, Linne.*
The Tree Cotton. India, Arabia. A tall perennial species,
but not forming a real tree, yielding cotton in the first
season. Leaves long-lobed. Bracts with few teeth. Petals
yellow, or in age pink or purple. Seeds brown, disconnected,
after the removal of the cotton fiber greenish-velvety. The
cotton of long staple, but a variety occurs with short staple.
The New Orleans cotton (G. sanguineum, Hassk.) belongs to
this species. The cotton fiber is crisp, white, opaque, and not
easily separable.
Gossypium Barbadense, Linne.*
Sea Island Cotton. From Mexico to Peru and Brazil.
Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, black,
after the removal of the cotton fiber naked. The cotton of
this species is very long, easily separable and of a silky luster.
This species requires low-lying coast tracts for attaining to per-
fection. Perennial, and yielding like the rest a crop in the first
season. Cultivated largely in the Southern States of North
America, also in South Europe, Central and North Africa,
Queensland and various other countries. G. Kirkii, Masters
from Dar Salam, may be a wild state of G. Barbadense. The
only other type of this genus in tropical Africa is G. anomalum
according to Dr. Welwitch. The "Kidney Cotton" is a
variety with more accuminate leaves. M. Delchevalerie has
drawn attention to a new plant, of tall size and exceed-
ingly prolific in bearing, raised in Egypt, called Bamia
Cotton, which Sir Joseph Hooker regards as a variety of
G. Barbadense. The Bamia Cotton Bush grows 8 to 10
feet high, ripens (at Galveston) fruit in four or five months,
and produces 2,500 pounds of cotton and seed per acre. It
is remarkable for its long simple branches, heavily fruited
from top to bottom. Its cotton is pale yellow.
Gossypium herbaceum, Linne.*
Scinde, Cabul and other parts of tropical and sub-tropical
Asia. Much cultivated in the Mediterranean countries. Per-
ennial. Leaves short-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds discon-
nected, after removal of the cotton-fiber gray, velvety. Dis-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 167
tinguished and illustrated by Palatore as a species, regarded by
Seemann as a variety of G. arboreum. Staple longer than in
the latter kind, white opaque, not easily separating. The wild
type of this seems to be G. Stocksii, Masters. Even this species,
though supposed to be herbaceous, will attain a height of 12
feet. The root of this and some other species is a powerful
emmenagogue. A variety with tawny fiber furnishes the Nan-
kin cotton.
Gossypium hirsutum, Linne.*
Upland or Short-staple Cotton. Tropical America, culti-
vated most extensively in the United States, Southern
Europe and many other countries. Perennial. Seeds
brownish-green, disconnected, after the removal of the cotton-
fiber greenish, velvety. Staple white, almost of a silky luster,
not easily separable. A portion of the Queensland cotton is
obtained from this species. It neither requires the coast-tracts
nor the highly attentive culture of G. Barbadense.
Gossypium religiosum, Linne.* (G. Peruvianum, Cavan.)
Tropical South America. Kidney Cotton, Peruvian or Bra-
zilian Cotton. Leaves long lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds
black, connected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white,
somewhat silky, and easily separable from the seeds. A tawny
variety occurs. This is the tallest of all cotton bushes, and it
is probably this species which occurs in the valleys of the An-
des as a small tree, bearing its cotton while frosts whiten the
ground around.
Gossypium Taitense, Parlatore. (G. religiosum, Banks and Solander.)
In several islands of the Pacific Ocean. A shrub. Petals
white. Seeds disconnected, glabrous after the removal of the
fulvous cotton-fiber, which does not separate with readiness.
Gossypium tomentosum, Nuttall.* (6". Sandvicense, Parlatore; G. religio-
sum, A. Gray.)
Hawaia. Perennial. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected;
after the removal of the tawny cotton-fiber fulvous, velvety, not
easily parting with their cotton. The roots are a power-
ful remedial agent, which, however, should only be used in legit-
imate medical practice. The barks of Hamamelis Virginiana
and Virburnum prunifolium are antidotes (Phares and Dur-
ham).
For limitation of species and varieties Parlatore's "Specie
dei Cotoni" (Florence, 1866) and Todaro's "Osservazioni su
Cotone" may be consulted. Information on culture may be
sought in Porter's "Tropical Agriculturist" and in Mallet's
work on "Cotton" (London, 1862.)
l68 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
The following notes were written for the use and guidance of
Victorian colonists: —
There are many parts of our colony in which all these species
of Gossypium could be cultivated, and where a fair or even
prolific cotton crop may be obtained. Good cotton, for in-
stance, has been produced on the Goulburn river, the Loddon,
the Avoca and the Murray river, particularly in places where
water could be applied. All cultivated kinds of cotton plants
are either naturally perennials or become such in favorable
climes, although they may be treated strictly as annuals. Some
of them will indeed in particular instances grow to the height
of 20 feet. The geographic parallels, between which cotton
culture is usually placed, stretch in various girdles between 36
north latitude and t,6° south latitude. According to General
Capron, cotton is grown in Japan to 40 north latitude, but su-
perior quality is not obtained north of 35 .
The cotton culture in the Southern States of North
America utilized seven million acres before the civil
war, cultivated by a million and a half of Negroes: India
lias now 14 million acres in cotton. The primary advan-
tages of this important culture are; a return in a few
months, comparatively easy field operations, simple and not
laborious process of collecting the crop, and requirement
of but little care in the use of the gin-machine in finally pre-
paring the raw material for the market, the woolly covering of
the seeds constituting the cotton of commerce. The oil ob-
tained by pressure from the seeds is useful for various technic
purposes, and the oil cake can be used like most substances of
similar kind for very fattening stable-food. This oil can even
be used quite well in domestic cookery (Colonel O. Nelson).
Crushed cotton seed cake without admixture is eaten by cattle
and sheep with avidity. Sea Island cotton was raised in great
perfection in the northern parts of Victoria fully twenty-
five years ago from seeds extensively distributed by the writer;
but the want of cheap labor has hitherto militated against
the extensive cultivation of this crop as well as that
of tea and many other industrial plants. Cotton having
been raised far away from the influence of the sea
air, it would be worthy of attempts to naturalize
various kinds of cotton in the oases of our deserts,
irrespective of regular culture. Our native Gossypiums
of the interior produce no fiber worth collecting. Cotton
plants have a predilection for gently undulating or sloping
ground, with light soil and a moderate supply of moisture.
In the most favorable climes, such as that of Fiji, cotton pro-
duces flowers and fruit throughout the year, but the principal
ripening falls in the dry season. From two hundred to three
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 169
hundred plants or more can be placed on an acre. As many as
seven hundred bolls have been gathered from a single plant at
one time, twelve to twenty capsules yielding an ounce of mer-
cantile cotton. Weeding is rendered less onerous by the vigorous
growth of the plants. Cotton comes in well for rotation with
other crops. Major Clarke has ascertained that crossing cannot
be effected between the oriental and occidental kinds of cotton.
A high summer temperature is needed for a prolific cotton -
harvest. Intense heat, under which even maize will suffer, does
not injuriously affect cotton, provided the atmosphere is not
dry in the extreme. The soil should not be wet, but of a kind
that naturally absorbs and retains humidity, without over-
saturation. In arid regions it is necessary to irrigate the
cotton-plant. Heavy rains at the ripening period are injurious,
if not destructive, to the cotton crop. Dry years produce the
best returns, yet aqueous vapor in the air is necessary for the
best yield. In colder localities the bolls or capsules continue
to ripen after the frosts prevent the formation of new ones.
Porous soils resting on limestones and metamorphic rocks are
eminently adapted for cotton culture. The canebrake-soil of
the North- American cotton regions absorbs ammonia to a pro-
digious extent.
Gourliaea decorticans, Grisebach.
The Chanar of Argentina. Bears sweet pleasant fruits and
yields a tough valuable wood (Dr. Lorentz).
Grevillea annulifera, F. v. Mueller.
West- Australia. A tall bush or small tree, with highly orna-
mental flowers. The seeds are comparatively large, of almond
taste, and the fruits produced copiously. The shrub will live
in absolute desert-sands, where the other Australian proteaceous
Nut-tree Brabejum (Macadamia) ternifolium could not exist.
Grevillea robusta, Cunningham.
A beautiful Lawn-tree, indigenous to the sub-tropical part of
East- Australia, rising to 150 feet, of rather rapid growth, and
resisting drought in a remarkable degree; hence one of the most
eligible trees for desert-culture. Cultivated trees at Melbourne
yield now an ample supply of seeds. The wood is elastic and
durable, valued particularly for staves of casks, also for furni-
ture. The richly developed golden-yellow trusses of flowers
attract honey-sucking birds and bees through several months of
the year. The seeds are copiously produced and germinate
readily.
170 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Guadua angustifolia, Kunth.* {Bambusa Guadua, Humboldt and Bonpland.)
New Granada, Ecuador and probably other of the Central
American States. This Bamboo attains a height of 40 feet, and
might prove hardy in sheltered places of temperate low-lands.
Holton remarks of this species that it is, after the plantain,
maize and cane, the most indispensable plant of New Granada,
and that it might becalled the Lumber-tree, as it supplies nearly
all the fencing and wood-work of most of the houses, and is
besides manufactured into all kinds of utensils. The genus
Guadua comprises the stoutest of all Bamboos.
Guadua latifolia, Kunth.* (Bambusa latifolia, Humboldt and Bonpland.)
One of the tall Bamboos of Central America, whence
several other lofty Bamboos may be obtained, among them the
almost climbing Chusqueas. This Guadua is stouter than any
Indian Bamboo. In tropical America native Bamboos are
planted for hedges.
Guevina Avellana, Molina. (Quadria heterophylla, Ruiz and Pa von.)
' The evergreen Hazel-tree of Chili, extends from Middle Chili
to the Chonos-Archipelago. One of the most beautiful trees
in existence, attaining a height of 30 feet. The snowy-white
flower-spikes produced simultaneously with the ripening of the
coral-red fruit. In the cooler southern regions the tree attains
considerable dimensions. The wood is tough and elastic, used for
boat-building (Dr. Philippi). The fruit of the allied Brabejum
stellatifolium can only be utilized with caution and in a roasted
state as an article of diet, because it is noxious or even abso-
lutely poisonous in a raw state.
Guizotia oleifera, De Candolle.
India and probably also Abyssinia. Rantil-oil is pressed
from the seeds of this annual herb, which yields its crop in three
months. The oil is much used like Sesamum-oil, for culinary
as well as for technic purposes.
Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck.
Caracas to Patagonia, chiefly on cliffs. A most impressive
plant for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves 8
feet broad and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous leaf-
stalks serve as a vegetable; the thick roots are used for tanning
and dyeing. G. macrophylla, Blume, is a native of Java and
Sumatra, where it occurs on mountains up to 6,000 feet elevation.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck.
The Chicot, or Kentucky Coffee Tree. A North-American
timber and avenue tree, attaining a height of 80 feet; allied
to Gleditschia, but, as the name implies, thornless. Delights
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 171
in a rich soil and a sheltered position. Can be raised from
cuttings of the roots. The wood is strong, tough, compact,
fine-grained, and assumes a rosy color. The pods, preserved
like those of Tamarinds, are said to be wholesome (Simmonds).
Insects preying on the foliage of this tree are poisoned by it.
The tree will bear the frosts of Norway to lat. 6i° 17' (Schue-
beler).
Hagenia Abyssinica, Willdenow. {Brayera antkelminthica, Kunth.)
Abyssinia, at elevations from 3,000 to 8,000 feet. A tall tree,
admitted in this list because its flowers have come into medicinal
use. It is moreover quite eligible for ornamental plantations.
Hardwickia binata, Roxburgh.
India, up to elevations of nearly 4,000 feet. Maximum height
of- tree 120 feet. Wood from red-brown to nearly black, close-
grained, exceedingly hard, heavy and durable; valued for
under-ground work. The bark furnishes easily a valuable
material for cordage. The tree can readily be pollarded for
cattle fodder (Brandis).
Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller.
The Tulip Wood of Queensland. One of thejnost important
of the numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select
cabinet-work. H. pendula Planchon, is equally valuable.
Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon.
The Penny-royal of North-America. An annual herb of
aromatic taste, employed in medicine. The volatile oil is also
in use.
Hedera Helix, Linne.
The Ivy. Europe, North- Africa, Western-Asia as far as the
Himalayas. Not to be omitted here as it quickly forms ever-
green walls over all kinds of fences and is also a bee-plant for
honey. Individual plants will live through several centuries.
The yellow-leaved variety is singularly ornamental. Resists
the smoky air of cities (Loudon). Hederic acid is of medicinal
value. A decoction of the leaves dyes hair black.
Hedysarum coronarium, Linne.*
The Soola-Clover. Southern Europe. One of the best of
perennial fodder herbs, yielding a bulky return. It is also
recommended as being extremely handsome.
Heleocharis spharelata, R. Brown.
Australia, New Zealand and South Sea Islands. This rush is
well deserving to be transferred to any swamps in warmer climes
on account of its nutritious and palatable tubers.
172 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Heleocharis tuberosa, Roemer and Schultes.
China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be
subjected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its
edible wholesome tubers. H. plantaginea and H. fistulosa of
India are allied plants.
Helianthus annuus, Linne.*
The Sun-Flower. Peru. This tall, showy and large-flowered
annual is not without industrial importance. As much as
fifty bushels of seeds, or rather seed-like nutlets, have been
obtained from an acre under very favorable circumstances, and
as much as fifty gallons of oil can be pressed from such a crop.
The latter can be used not only for machinery but even as one
of the best for the table; also used for superior toilet-soaps
and for painting; It belongs to the series of drying-oils. Other-
wise the seeds afford an excellent fodder for fowl; they are also
used for cakes, and afford a substitute for coffee, according to
Professor Keller. The leaves serve for fodder. The large
flower-heads are important as yielding much honey. The stalks
furnish a good textile fiber, and the blossoms yield a brilliant
lasting yellow dye. About six pounds of seed are required for
an acre. The plant likes calcareous soil. Important also for
quickly raising vegetation around fever morasses, the absorb-
ing and exhaling power of this plant being very large (Dr. v.
Hamm). The Sun-Flower, according to Lacoppidan, will ex-
hale iy 2 lb. of water during a hot day. Several North American
species deserve rural culture. The return from a Sun-Flower
field is attained within a few months. In Norway it can be
grown to lat. 7o°4' (Schuebeler) ; yet it will, according to the
Rev. H. Kempe, also endure the excessive summer heat of
Central Australia better than any other cultivated herb.
Helianthus tuberosus, Linne.*
Brazil. Sun-Flower Artichoke, inappropriately passing under
the name "Jerusalem Artichoke," instead of "Girasol Artichoke."
The wild state, according to Professor Asa Gray, seems to be the
North American H. doronicoides, Lamarck. The tubers are
saccharine and serve culinary purposes. As a fodder they in
crease the milk of cows to an extraordinary degree. The
foliage serves well also as fodder. The plant is propagated
from the smallest but undivided tubers, placed like potatoes, but
at greater distances apart. The root is not susceptible to frost.
The plant would be valuable for Alpine regions. In Norway it
will grow at lat. 68°24 (Schuebeler). The yield is as large
as that of potatoes, with less labor, and continues from
year to year in fairly-treated land uninterrupted and spontane-
ously. The stem is rich in textile fiber. The percentage of
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 1 73
crystalline sugar is largest during the cold season, namely, 5-6
per cent. During the summer the starch-like inulin prevails.
This plant can only be brought to full perfection in a soil rich
in potash.
Helichrysum lucidum, Henckel. (H. bracteatum , Willdenow.)
Throughout the greater part of Australia. H. lucidum grows
to lat. 70 4' in Norway (Schuebeler). The regular cultivation
of this perennial herb would be remunerative to supply its ever-
lasting flowers for wreaths, just as those of H. orientale,
Tournefort, from Candia, are largely grown and sold in South
Europe to provide wreaths for graves. Furthermore, the lovely
Helipterum Manglesii, F. v. M., from West Australia, could, for
the same purposes, be reared on a large scale with several other
Australian evergreens. Some South African species of Heli-
chrysum and Helipterum are also highly eligible for these pur-
poses of decoration. Helichrysum apiculatum affords herbage
in the worst deserts of Australia.
Heliotropium Peruvianum, Linne.
Andes of South America. A perennial somewhat shrubby
plant. Among \4ari0us species of Heliotrope this one can best
be utilized for the distillation of the scented oil.
Helleborus niger, Linne.
Forest mountains of Middle and Southern Europe. The
Christmas Rose of British Gardens. A perennial handsome
herb. The roots are used in medicine.
Helvella esculenta, Persoon.
Europe. Dr. Goeppert notes among saleable Silesian mush-
rooms for table use, this species as well as H. gigas, Krorrib-
holz and H. infula, Fries. Kohlrausch and Siegel found in H.
esculenta when dried 26 per cent, of protein, against the follow-
ing other results; in beef 39 per cent., in veal 44, wheat-bread
8, oatmeal 10, pulse 27, potatoes 5, various mushrooms often ^7,
per cent. Of course starch, sugar, inulin, pectin, gum and even
fiber have to be further taken into consideration in these cal-
culations on value of nutriments. The deleterious principle of
H. esculenta needs to be removed by repeated treatment
with boiling water, or by keeping the dried fungus for about a
year before it is used for the kitchen.
Hemarthria compressa, R. Brown.
South Asia, South Africa, extra-tropical Australia. This
perennial grass, though somewhat harsh, is recommendable for
moist pastures, and will retain a beautiful greenness throughout
the year; very highly esteemed by graziers in Gippsland
174 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
(Victoria); it is not injured by moderate frost. H. uncinata is
a closely allied plant, which grows down to high-water mark on
estuaries of rivers; also otherwise on somewhat saline ground.
Heracleum Sibiricum, LinnS.
Colder regions of Europe and Asia. A very tall biennial
herb with leaves of enormous size. Recently recommended for
sheep-fodder in Alpine regions. This plant could also be turned
to account for scenic effect in horticulture.
Heterothalamus brunioides, Lessing.
South Brazil and Argentina. A dwarf shrub, furnishing the
yellow Romerillo dye from its flowers.
Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn6. {H. radiatus, Cavanilles.)
Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. An annual showy herb,
yielding a hemp-like fiber. Stems 12 feet high, without rami-
fication if closely sown. Rich soil on the Nile has yielded
over 3,000 lbs. of clear fiber from one acre. The bearing
strength is often found to be more than that of the Sun
fiber. The leaves serve as sorrel spinage. Several other Hibisci
can be utilized in the same manner. Good fiber is also obtained
from Sida rhombifolia, L.
Hibiscus esculentus, Linn6.
West India and Central America. A tall herb. The unripe
mucilaginous seed capsules are known as Ochro, Okra Bandakai,
or Gumbo, and used as culinary vegetables. The summers of
Victoria bring them to maturity. The Ochro can be preserved
by being dried either in the sun or by artificial heat after
previous slicing. The leaves of this and allied species can be
used as pot-herbs.
Hibiscus Ludwigii, Ecklon and Zeyher.
South Africa. A tall, shrubby, and highly ornamental
species, desirable also as yielding a fiber of fair strength and
toughness.
Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linne.
Tropical Asia and Africa. A showy annual plant, occasion-
ally of more than one year's duration, admitting of culture in
the warmer temperate regions; it is, however, cut down by frost.
It yields the Rosella-fiber. The acidulous calyces furnish a
delicious sorrel, and rosella jellies, particularly relished in hot
climes. H. punctatus, Dalz. and Gibs, is mentioned as an
annual fiber plant, occuring in Sindh and Mooltan.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. I 75
Hierochloa redolens, R. Brown.
South Eastern Australia, almost confined to the Alps; also
found in the lowlands of Tasmania and New Zealand, in the
Antartic Islands and the southern extremity of America. A
tall, perennial, nutritious grass, with the odor of Anthoxan-
thum. It is worthy of dissemination on moist pasture land.
H. borealis of the colder regions of the northern hemisphere
accompanies H. redolens in the south, but is a smaller
grass. These grasses are particularly valuable for their
fragrance as constituents of hay, the odorous principle,
as in Anthoxanthum, Melilotus and Asperula, being cumarin.
Hierochloas are particularly appropriate for cold, wet, moory
grounds.
Hippocrepis comosa, Linn6.
The Horse-shoe Vetch. Middle and South Europe, North
Africa. A perennial fodder herb, not without importance.
Likes stony ground, and delights, like most leguminous herbs,
in limestone soil. The foliage is succulent and nutritious.
Langethal recommends it for a change after Sainfoin pastures
fail. It furnishes not quite as much but an earlier fodder.
Holcus lanatus, Linne.
Velvet grass or meadow soft grass, also known as Yorkshire
fog. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. Indigenous in Nor-
way to lat. 63 34'. A well-known and easily disseminated peren-
nial pasture grass, of considerable fattening property. For rich
soil better grasses can be chosen, but for moist, moory or sandy
lands, and also for forests, it is one of the most eligible pasture
grasses, yielding an abundant and early crop ; it is however
rather disliked by cattle as well as horses. One of the best
pasture grasses in recently cleared forest ground, not — like
Cocksfoot grass and particularly rye grass — apt to be attacked
by caterpillars; also suited for suppressing bracken ferns after
they have been burnt down. The chemical analysis made in
full spring gave the following results : — Albumen, 3.20; gluten,
4.1 1 ; starch, 0.72; gum, 3.08; sugar, 4.56 per cent. (F. v.
Muller and L. Rummel).
Holcus mollis, Linn6.
Creeping Soft-grass. Of nearly the same geographic range
and utility as the preceding species. Particularly adapted to
sandy forest land. Grown in Norway to lat. 63 7' (Schue-
beler).
Holoptelea integrifolia, Planchon. (Ulmus integrifolia, Roxburgh.)
The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to sub-alpine
regions. A large tree, with timber of good quality. Foliage
deciduous.
176 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Hordeum deficiens, Steudel.
The Red Sea Barley. One of the two-rowed barleys culti-
vated in Arabia and Abyssinia. Allied to this is H. macrolepis,
A. Br., a native of Abyssinia.
Hordeum distichon, Linne.*
Wild from Arabia to Central Asia (A. de Candolle). Culti-
vated as early as the stone age (Heer). The ordinary two-
rowed barley. To this species belong the ordinary English
barley, the Chevalier, the Annat, the Dunlop, the Long-eared,
the Black, the Large, the Italian and the Golden barley, along
with other kinds. A variety with grains free from the bracts
constitutes the Siberian and the Haliday barley, which however
is less adapted for malt. Dry barley-flour, heated at the tem-
perature of boiling water during several hours, constitutes
Hufeland's meal for invalids. Barley culture might be carried
on in many alpine regions. Marly and calcareous lands are
particularly fit for its culture. It resists moderate spring
frosts. As much as 100 bushels of Cape barley have been
< obtained from an acre of land in volcanic soil of Victoria as
first harvest.
Hordeum hexastichon, Linne.*
Orient. The regular six-rowed barley. In cultivation
during the stone age (Heer). This includes among other
varieties the Red, the Scotch, the Square and the Bear barley.
Seeds less uniform in size than those of H. distichon. The
so-called skinless variety is that in which the grain separates
from the bracts. Langethal observes that it is most easily
raised, requires less seed grain than ordinary barley, has firmer
stems, is less subject to the rust disease and to bending down.
Hordeum secalinum, Schreber.* {H. nodosum, Smith; H. pratense, Hudson).
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. Perennial.
Famed as the best fattening grass of many of the somewhat
brackish marsh pastures on the North Sea. It never fruits when
kept down by cattle, and finally suppresses nearly all other
grasses and weeds.
Hordeum vulgare, Linne.*
Orient. The four-rowed barley, though rather six-rowed
with two prominent rows. Of less antiquity than H. distichon
and H. hexastichon (Heer). Several varieties occur, among
them: the Spring, Winter and Black barley, the Russian, the
French, the Naked and the Wheat barley. Pearl barley is
obtained from the winter variety, which also surpasses summer
barley in rigor of stems and rich and early yield, it being the
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 177
earliest cereal in the season; the straw is copious and nutri-
tious, and the grain is rich in gluten, hence far better adapted
for flour than for malt. Summer barley also passes under the
name of sand barley; is inferior in yield to H. distichon, but is
content with a less fertile, even sandy soil, and comes to ripeness
in a month's less time. In alpine regions it ripens with a
summer of sixty or seventy days without frost. In Norway
it can be grown to lat. 70 (Schuebeler). The Naked barley is
superior to many other varieties for peeled barley, but inferior
for brewing; the grain is also apt to drop (Langethal). Malt
is important as an antiscorbutic remedy. Chemical principles
of malt: asparagin, a protein substance, diastase, an acid and
cholesterin fat.
Hordeum zeocriton, Linne.*
Central Asia. A two-rowed barley. To this species
belong the Sprat, the Battledore, the Fulham and the Putney
barley, the rice barley, the Turkish barley and the Dinkel.
This species might be regarded as a variety of H. distichon.
The grains do not drop spontaneously, and this variety is
securer than others against sparrows; requires however a supe-
rior soil, and is harder in straw (Langethal).
Hovenia dulcis, Thunberg.
Himalaya, China, Japan. The pulpy fruit-stalks of this tree
are edible. H. insequalis, DC. and H. acerba, Lindl. are mere
varieties of this species.
Humulus Lupulus, Linn6.*
The Hop plant. Temperate zone of Europe, Asia and North
America. Very hardy, being indigenous in Norway to lat.
64 12' and cultivated to lat. 69 40' (Schuebeler). This twin-
ing perennial unisexual plant has proved to yield enormously
on river banks in rich soil or on fertile slopes where irrigation
could be effected. A pervious, especially alluvial soil, fertile
through manure or otherwise, appliances for irrigation, natural
or artificial, and also shelter against storms, are some of the
conditions for success in hop growth, and under such condi-
tions the raising of hops will prove thus far profitable in
countries and localities of very different mean temperature. A
dry summer season is favorable to the ripening and gathering
of hops. On the Mitchell River, in Gippsland, 1,500 lbs.
have been obtained from an acre. In Tasmania large crops
have been, realized for very many years. The plant might be
readily naturalized on river banks and in forest valleys. The
scaly fruit-cones form the commercial hops, whose value largely
depends on the minute glandular granules of lupuline. Hops
12
178 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
impart their flavor to beer, and prevent acetous fermentation
and precipitate albuminous substances from the malt princi-
pally by their tannic acid. Hop pillows are recommended to
overcome want of sleep. Many of the substitutes for hops are
objectionable or deleterious. The refuse of hops of breweries
possess double the value of stable manure. Active principles
of hop leaves and fruits : a peculiar volatile and a bitter acid
substance. The fiber of the stem can be made into cords and
paper. The young shoots can be used for food, dressed like
asparagus.
Hydnum coralloides, Scopoli.
In Cashmere, where it inhabits hollow trunks of Pinus Web-
biana, called there the Koho-Khur. Cooked, of excellent taste.
[Common on dead wood in forests in the United States.]
Hydnum imbricatum, Linne.
In pine-forests of Europe. A wholesome mushroom of deli-
cious taste, which we should endeavor to naturalize in any pine
plantations. Other recommendable European species are: H.
erinaceum, Pers.; H. coralloides, Scop.; H. album, Pers.; H.
diversidens, Fries; H. auriscalpium, Linne; H. subsquamosum,
Batsch; H. lsevigatum, Sw.; H. violascens, Alb.; H. infundi-
bulum, Sw. ; H. fuligineo-album, Schm. ; H. graveolens, Brot. ;
H. Caput Medusse, Nees; H. hystrix, Fries. These and other
edible fungi are given on the authority of Rosenthal's valuable
work. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley, Dr. Morren and Dr. Goeppert
add Hydnum repandum, L. and H. suaveolens, Scop.
Hydrangea Thunbergi, Siebold.
Japan. The leaves of this shrub give a peculiar tea, called
there the " Tea of Heaven."
Hydrastis Canadensis, Linne.
The Yellow Puccoon. North America. A perennial herb,
utilized in medicine. The root contains two alkaloids, berberin
and hydrastin. Root dyes of a brilliant yellow, admitting of its
use with indigo for rich green colors.
Hymensea Courbaril, Linne.
Tropical and Southern sub-tropical America. A tree of
colossal size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard, extremely
heavy, close-grained, used for select wheel-work, treenails,
beams and planks in various machinery. Courbaril wood
exceeds the best British Oak four times in elasticity and
nearly three times in resistance to fracture (Lapparents). A
fragrant amber-like resin, known as West Indian Copal, exudes
from the stem. The Mexican trade-name of the resin is
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 179
Coapinole. The beans of the pod are lodged in a mealy pulp
of honey-like taste, which can be used for food. The chance
of the adaptability of this remarkable tree to the warmer tem-
perate zone needs to be ascertained.
Hymenanthera Banksii, F. v. Mueller.
South East Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island. A tall
spiny shrub, well adapted for close hedges, where rapid growth
is not required. It stands clipping well. Flowers profusely
fragrant.
Hyoscyamus niger, Linne.
The Henbane. Europe, North Africa, extra-tropical Asia.
In Norway indigenous to lat 63 35'. An important medi-
cinal herb of one or two years' duration. It contains a pecu-
liar alkaloid — hyoscyamin.
Hyospathe pubigera, Grisebach.
Trinidad, on the summits of the highest mountains. The
stem of this palm attains only 12 feet in height. Valuable
among the dwarf palms, now so much sought for table and
window decoration.
Hyphaene Argun, Martius.
Nubia, to 21 north latitude. Probably hardy anywhere on
lowlands in the warmer temperate zone.
Hyphaene coriacea, Gaertner.
1 Equatorial Eastern Africa. The dichotomous Palm of the
sea-coast regions. It attains a height of 80 feet.
Hyphaene crinita, Gaertner. (H. Thebaica, Martius.)
The Gingerbread-Palm or Doum-Palm. Abyssinia, Nubia,
Arabia and Egypt, as far as 31 north latitude, and southward
to the Zambesi, Nyassa and Sofala. In Arabia to 2 8° north
latitude (Schweinfurth), up to the plateaux of Abyssinia
(Drude). It is much branched and attains a height of about
30 feet. The mealy husk of the fruit is edible. Grows away
from the sea.
Hyphaene ventricosa, Kirk.
Zambesi. Loftier than the other species. Stem turgid
towards the middle. Fruit large.
Hypochceris apargioides, Hooker and Arnott.
Chili. A perennial herb. The root is used for culinary pur-
poses like that of the Scorzonera Hispanica.
180 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Hypochoeris Scorzonerae, F. v. Mueller. {Achyrophorus Scorzonerce, D. C.)
Chili. Of the same use as H. apargioides. Allied species of
probably similar utility exist in Western South America.
Ilex Aquifolium, Linne.
The Holly. Europe, Western Asia. Known to have attained
an age of more than 150 years and a stem-circumference of 8^4
feet. It yields a wood for ornamental turnery, remarkable for
its almost whitish paleness. In Norway it is indigenous to lat.
63° 7' and in lat. 59 45' it attained a height of nearly 50 feet
(Professor Schuebeler).
Ilex Cassine, Linne.
Southern States of North America. A tea-bush, to which
also remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed. Ilex opaca
attains a height of over 50 feet in Alabama.
Ilex crenata, Thunberg.
Japan. The wood employed there for superior kinds of
wood-cuts.
Ilex integra, Thunberg.
Japan. Bird-lime can be prepared from the bark of this
and several other Hollies; from this species at the rate
of 10 per cent.
Ilex Paraguensis, St. Hilaire.
The Mate. Uruguay, Paraguay and Southern Brazil. This
Holly-bush, which attains the size of a small tree, is inserted in
this list rather as a stimulating medicinal plant than as a sub-
stitute for the ordinary Tea plant, although in its native country
it is very extensively used as such. From the province
of Parana alone more than 36 million pounds were exported in
187 1, besides 9 million pounds used for home consumption;
while in Rio Grande de Sul the local provincial consumption
is nearly four times as much', not counting large quantities con-
sumed by the aboriginal race. It is cheaper than coffee or tea
(about 5d. per pound), but an individual there uses about 1 lb.
per week. It has a pleasant aroma, can be taken with milk and
sugar, and is the favorite beverage in large portions of South
America (Dr. Macedo Soares). The leaves destined for the
Mate are slightly roasted. I. Dahoon and I. dipyrena are used
for the same purpose, and probably other hollies may be found
equally good. I. theezans, Martius, also yields in South Brazil
a kind of Mate. Chemical principles: coffein, quina acid, and
a peculiar tannic acid, which latter can be converted into
viridin acid.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. l8l
Illicium anisatum, Linne.
China and Japan. The Star-Anis. An evergreen shrub or
small tree. The starry fruits used in medicine and as a condi-
ment. Their flavor is derived from a peculiar volatile oil with
anethol. This species and a few others also deserve culture
as ornamental bushes.
Illipe latifolia, F. v. Mueller. {Bassia latifolia, Roxburgh.)
The " Mahwa." Central India. A tree 50 feet high, con-
tent with dry, stony ground; enduring a slight frost. The
succulent corolla affords a never-failing crop of nourishing
food to the rural inhabitants. Each tree supplies 2 to 3 cwt.,
each hundred weight yields about 3 gallons of spirit; essential
oil is also obtained from the corolla. The flowers are also used
for- feeding cattle; they will keep for a long time. The seeds
yield oil of thick consistence. I. neriifolia is an allied species
which ascends to 4000 feet.
Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo.
South Europe, North Africa, South and East Asia, Australia,
Polynesia. The Lalong-Grass of India. Almost a sugar-cane
in miniature. Valuable for binding sand, especially in wet
localities. Difficult to eradicate. Available also for thatching.
Indigofera Anil, Linne.
Recorded as indigenous to the West Indies, and extending
naturally through continental America from Carolina to Brazil.
A shrub several feet high. Pods sickle-shaped, short, com-
pressed. One of the principal Indigo-plants under cultivation
both in the eastern and western hemispheres. Only in the
warmer parts of the temperate zone can we hope to produce
indigo with remunerative success. But many of the hardier
species seem never yet to have been tested for pigment. One
hundred and fourteen have already been recorded from
extra-tropical Southern Africa alone. An Indigofera
of Georgia, said to be wild, perhaps I. Anil, yields an
excellent product. The pigment in all instances is obtained
by maceration of the foliage, aeration of the liquid, and inspis-
sation of the sediment.
Indigofera argentea, Linne. (/. cxrulea, Roxburgh.)
Tropical and extra-tropical Northern Africa, Arabia, India.
A shrub, several feet high, closely allied to I. Anil, and likewise
a good Indigo-plant.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Indigofera tinctoria, Linne.*
Warmest parts of Asia, as far east as Japan; recorded also
from tropical Africa and even Natal, as wild and certainly indi-
genous to northern Queensland. A shrubby plant, attaining- a
height of 6 feet. Pods straight, cylindrical, many-seeded. Ex-
tensively cultivated in warm zones for indigo, and probably
hardy in warmer temperate regions. The plant is frequently
sold fresh by the grower to the factories. The Indigo-plant
requires a rich friable soil, neither too moist nor too dry. The
seeds are sown in furrows about a foot apart, and in hot damp
climes the plant can be cut in about two months, as soon as it
begins to flower; in six or eight weeks it yields a second crop,
and under favorable circumstances as many as four crops can
be gathered in a year. The plants have to be renewed every
year, as the old ones do not yield such an abundant produce.
Bright sunshine favors the development of the dye principle,
but frequent rains cause a more luxuriant growth (Hartwig).
Inula Helenium, Linne.
The Elecampane. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle
Asia eastward to Japan. A perennial herb. The bitter and
somewhat aromatic root, for the sake of its stimulating and
tonic properties, is used in medicine. It contains also the amy-
laceous inulin and the crystalline helenin. With the Mullein
(Verbascum Thapsus, L.), and many other large herbs, adapt-
able for scenic effects.
Ipomoea Batatas, Poiret.* {Batatas edulis, Choisy.)
The Sweet Potato. Tropical South America. First brought
to Europe from Brazil. It has proved well adapted also for the
southern part of Australia and for New Zealand. The tuberous
roots afford a palatable food, more nutritious than ordinary
potatoes; they can be well utilized for starch. Varieties with
red, white and yellow roots occur. Each tuber weighs gen-
erally from 3 to 5 lbs., but may occasionally attain to 56 lbs.
The yield is from 200 to 300 bushels from an acre.
Ipomoea Batatilla, G. Don.
Cooler regions of Venezuela. The tubers serve as sweet
potatoes. I. platanifolia, Roem. and Schult., from Central
America, and I. mammosa, Choisy, from Amboina are similarly
useful.
Ipomoea Calobra, Hill and Mueller.
Central Australia. The large roots are a fair esculent.
Ipomoea costata, F. v. Mueller.
Central and North-West Australia. Produces edible tubers.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 183
Ipomoea graminea, R. Brown.
Tropical Australia. The root, called " Mallamak," is eaten
by the natives either raw or cooked (Foelsche).
Ipomoea magapotamica, Choisy.
Southern Brazil and Argentina. The root attains several
pounds weight, and serves as jalap. Propagation by pieces of
the root or from cuttings of the underground stem.
Ipomoea paniculata, R. Brown.
Almost a cosmopolitan plant on tropical coasts; e. g. indi-
genous to North- Australia and the warmer parts of East Aus-
tralia. The tubers of this species also are edible. If hardy,
the plant would deserve cultivation.
Ipomoea purga, Wenderoth.
Mountains of Mexico. The true Jalap. This species yields
the medicinal jalap-root. It has recently been cultivated with
apparent success even in New York, and is therefore entitled to
a trial in warm woodlands. Active principle: the resinous
convolvulin. I. Orizabensis, Ledanois, also yields jalap, accord-
ing to Hanbury.
Ipomoea simulans, Hanbury.
Mexico. From this species the Tampico-jalap, or rather the
Sierra Gorda jalap, is derived. I. operculata, Mart., yields the
Brazilian jalap.
Iris Florentina, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The well-known
Orris root is obtained from this species. Of the same geo-
graphic range is Iris juncea, Poiret, the edible root of which is
known by the name of Zeloak among the Algerian natives
(Simmons).
Isatis indigotica, Fortune.
North China. Perennial, almost shrubby. Its use is similar
to that of the following plant.
Isatis tinctoria, Linn6.
Dyer's Woad. From the Mediterranean regions through part
of the Orient, apparently extending as far as Japan. In Nor-
way it is hardy to lat. 67 16' (Schuebeler). A tall herb of two
years' duration. The blue dye is obtained from the fermented
leaves. Woad succeeds best in rich limestone-ground. Con-
tains luteolin. Many other species of Isatis, mostly Asiatic,
may perhaps produce dye with equal advantage. Boissier
enumerates twenty-eight kinds merely as Oriental.
184 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Isonandra Gutta, Hooker.* {Dichopsis Gutta, Benth.)
The Gutta-percha Tree or the Gutta-Taban. Malayan
Peninsula. It seems not altogether hopeless to render this
highly important tree a denizen of the mildest wood regions, in
temperate climes, Murton having traced it to elevations of
3,500 feet. The milky sap, obtained by ringing the bark at 5
to 15 inches interstices, is boiled for an hour before gradual
exsiccation, otherwise the product becomes brittle; 5 to 20 catties
yielded by one tree. Genuine Gutta-Percha is only got from
plants of the sapotaceous order, as far as hitherto known. Be-
sides Isonandra Gutta the following are actually drawn into use
for obtaining this gum-resin: Imbricaria coriacea, A. de Cand.,
Mimusops Elengi, L., M. Manilkara, G. Don, Sideroxylon
attenuatum, D. C, Illipe (Bassia) sericea, Blume, Payenia
macrophylla and P. Maingayi, Clarke, Dichopsis obovata, D.
polyantha, D. Krantziana, Benth., Ceratophorus Leerii, Hassk.,
Cocosmanthus macrophyllus, Hassk., all from tropical Asia;
Chrysophyllum Africanum, A. de Cand., from tropical Africa,
Achras Sapota, L., Mimusops globosa, Gaertner, from Central
, America, but many of these often at cool elevations. Possibly
other sapotaceous trees, including some Australian, could be
/worked for Gutta-Percha. The export of Gutta-Percha from
the Straits settlements in 1875 was estimated at ^"10,000,000.
Jacaranda mimosifolia, Don.
Brazil. This tree, with J. Braziliana and J. Obtusifolia,
Humboldt, furnishes a beautiful and fragrant kind of Palix-
anderorPalissandre wood, and so do probably some other tropi-
cal American species. This wood is bluish red, traversed by
blackish veins. J. mimosifolia is hardy at Sydney, and thus
may perhaps be reared with advantage in many of the warmer
and moister regions of the temperate zone.
Jacksonia cupulifera, Meissner.
West Australia. It might prove an advantage to disseminate
this small tree in arid desert regions, as horses and cattle relish
the foliage amazingly. Several other Jacksonias share the im-
portance which this congener of theirs has acquired from its
utility as a pasture-bush.
Jasminum grandiflorum, Linne,*
From India to Japan. Flowers white. Extensively culti-
vated in South Europe. It is planted in rows three feet apart,
the plants at a distance of 2 to three inches in the rows. Leek,
tuberoses and similar plants are used to occupy the spare
ground for the first year; 1,000 plants in the second year after
grafting produce 50 kilos (about 1 cwt.) of flowers in rich soil
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 185
Five thousand kilos can be produced on a hectare (nearly 2^4
acres), which under very favorable circumstances will realize a
profit of 5,800 francs per annum. The plants must be guarded
against frost and exposure to wind (Deherain). In France it
is generally grafted on J. officinale. The bushes are richly
manured and well watered. Ordinary cleft grafting is prac-
tised, the stock being headed down to near the ground. A
good workman and assistant wi,ll graft about 1,000 plants in a
day. The delicate scent is withdrawn, either by fixed oil or
alcoholic distillation, or it may be drawn over along with oil of
orange-peel. The pecuniary yield obtainable from Jasmin cul-
tivation seems vastly overrated, even if inexpensive labor
could be procured.
Jasminum odoratissimum, Linne.
Madeira. Shrubby like the rest. Flowers yellow. Used
like the foregoing and following for perfumery. This may be
prepared by spreading the flowers upon wool or cotton slightly
saturated with olive oil or other fixed oil, and covering them
with other layers so prepared. The flowers are renewed from
time to time until the oil is thoroughly pervaded by the scent,
when the latter is withdrawn by alcohol. Other modes of ex-
tracting the oil exist.
Jasminum officinale, Linne.
From the Caucasus to China. Flowers white. This is the
principal species cultivated in South Europe for its scent. In
Cannes and Nice about 180,000 lbs. of jasmine flowers are pro-
duced annually for distillation (Regel). By Simmonnet's pro-
cess the essence of jasmine is solidified as jasminin.
Jasminum Sambac, Aiton.
From India to Japan. It has the richest perfume of all.
The bush attains a height of 20 feet, and is almost climbing.
The flowers are white, and must be collected in the evening
before expansion. The relative value of many other species of
jasmin, nearly all from the warmest parts of Asia, seems in no
instance to have been ascertained, so far as their oils or scents
are concerned. The Australian species are also deliciously
fragrant, amongst which J. lineare, Br. occurs in Victorian de-
serts; while also J.didymum,Forst., J. racemosum, F. v. M.,
J. simplicifolium, Forst., J. calcareum, F. v. M. and J. suavissi-
mum, Lindl. reach extra-tropical latitudes.
Jubsa spectabilis, Humboldt.
The tall and stout Coquito Palm of Chili, hardy still in Val-
divia. Well adapted for extra-tropical latitudes. A kind of
treacle is obtained from the sap of this palm. A good tree will
l86 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
give 90 gallons of mellaginous sap (C. Darwin). The small
kernels are edible. Stem reaching a height of 60 feet, turgid
towards the middle; leaves sometimes 10 feet long. Has
endured at Montpelier a winter cold of + io° F. (Osw. de
Kerchove de Denterghm). Jubasa Torallyi ascends the Andes
to 8,530 feet.
Juglans cinerea, Linne.*
The Butternut tree of North America. About 50 feet high;
stem-diameter 4 feet. Growth of comparative celerity; admits
of transplantation readily. Likes rocky places in rich forests,
but is also content with poor soil. Wood lighter than that of
the black walnut, durable and free from attacks of insects. It
is particularly sought for furniture, panels of coaches, corn-
shovels, wooden dishes, and similar implements, as it is not
heavy nor liable to split. Splendid for select posts and rails
needing durability; it is soft and therefore easily worked. This
tree with J. nigra endures even the severe frosts of St. Peters-
burg, where the Caryas can no longer be maintained (Regel).
The kernel of the nuts is more oily than that of the ordinary
walnut, taste similar to Brazil nuts. The leaves, bark and husk
are of medicinal importance, and so are those of other species.
Juglans cordiformis, Maximowicz.
Japan. This species approaches in many respects J. Siebol-
diana.
Juglans Mandschurica, Maximowicz.
Corea and Mandschuria. This walnut is allied to J. cinerea
of North America. Wood splendid for cabinet work. The
nuts available as well for the table as for oil factories.
Juglans nigra, Linne.*
Black walnut tree. Attains a height of 80 feet; trunk grows to
6 feet in diameter; found in rich forest land in North America.
Quicker of growth than the European walnut tree, but the
wood not so easily worked (Meehan). It will bear fruit after 10
years, giving, when of large size, 10 to 15 or even 20 bushels in
a season, realizing as much as 4 shillings per bushel. The tree
is hardy in Christiania, Norway. Wood most ornamental, pur-
plish-brown, turning dark with age, strong, tough, not liable to
warp nor to split; not attacked by insects. Supplies three-
fourths of the material for hardwood furniture in the United
States (Sargent), and fetches there the highest price. Wood
stored for many years is the best for gun-stocks, and used also
for musical instruments. For the sake of its compactness,
durability and its susceptibility to high polish, it is much
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 187
sought for elegant furniture, stair-rails and other select pur-
poses. Seeds more oily than the European walnut. The tree
extends in a slightly altered variety to Bolivia and Argentina.
Juglans regia, Linne.*
The ordinary walnut tree of Europe, indigenous in Hungary
(Heuffel) and Greece (Heldreich), extending from the Black
Sea to Beluchistan and Burmah, and seemingly also occurring
in North China, preferentially in calcareous soil. It attains a
height of fully 80 feet, and lives many centuries. Professor
Schuebeler found it hardy in Norway to lat. 63 35', bearing
fruit occasionally. In lat. 6o° 14' it attained a height of nearly
50 feet and a stem circumference of 13 feet. An aged walnut
tree at Mentmore had a circumference of 12^ feet at 4 feet
from the ground, its branches spreading diametrically to about
100 feet (Masters). Wood light and tough, much sought for
gun-stocks, the exterior of pianofortes, and the choicest furni-
ture. The shells of the nut yield a black pigment. Trees of
select quality of wood have been sold for £600, the wood being
the most valuable of middle Europe. In some departments of
France a rather large quantity of oil is pressed from the nuts,
which, besides serving as an article of diet, is used for the pre-
paration of fine colors. To obtain first-class fruit, the trees are
grafted in France (Michaux). An almost huskless variety
occurs in the north of China. Can be grown in cold localities,
as it lives at 2,000 feet elevation in middle Europe. Nuts for
distant transmission, to arrive in a fit state for germination, are
best packed in casks between layers of dry moss.
Juglans rupestris, Engelmann.
From California to New Mexico, along the course of streams
in rich moist soil. A handsome symmetrical tree of utility,
attaining a height of 60 feet, and a stem diameter of 3 feet
(Dr. Gibbons). Hardy in Christiania.
Juglans Sieboldiana, Maximowicz.
Throughout Japan, where it forms a large tree.
Juglans stenocarpa, Maximowicz.
From the Amoor territory. Allied to J. Mandschurica.
Juniperus Bermudiana, Linne.*
The Pencil Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species
grows sometimes 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red
durable wood, used for boat building, furniture and particularly
pencils, also for hammer-shanks of pianofortes, on account of
its pleasant odor and special fitness. It is almost the only
native timber of Bermuda. It will thrive in the poorest soil,
1 88 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
for instance coral sand, and has a great power to resist storms
(Lieut-General Sir J. H. Lefroy). Many of the plants in
gardens called Thuya or Biotia Meldensis belong to this species.
Juniperus brevifolia, Antoine.
In the Azores, up to 4,800 feet; a nice tree with sometimes
silvery foliage.
Juniperus Cedrus, Webb.
A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary Islands.
Juniperus Chinensis, Linn6.
In temperate regions of the Himalaya, up to an altitude of
15,000 feet, also in China and Japan. Hardy in Christiania
(Schuebeler). This tree is known to rise to 75 feet, excep-
tionally even to 100 feet, with a girth of stem of 13 feet; it is
of comparatively rapid growth, furnishing a reddish, soft and
fine grained wood, suitable for pencils (Hoopes). Probably
identical with it is the Himalayan Pencil Cedar (Juniperus
religiosa, Royle). The timber of some other tall Junipers
heeds tests.
Juniperus communis, Linne.
Colder parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa and North
America, ascending the European Alps to 8,000 feet, the Indian
Mountains to 14,000 feet. In Norway it is indigenous to lat.
71 10', and under 6o° 10' it attains a height of 40 feet (Profes-
sor Schuebeler). One of the three native Conifers of Britain,
attaining under favorable circumstances a height of nearly 50
feet. The berries are of medicinal value, also used in the pre-
paration of gin. Important for fuel in the coldest regions.
Will grow on almost pure sand.
Juniperus drupacea, La Billardiere.
Plum Juniper. A very handsome long-leaved species, the
Habhel of Syria. It attains a height of 30 feet, and produces
a sweet edible fruit, highly esteemed throughout the Orient.
Juniperus excelsa, Bieberstein.
In Asia Minor, 2,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea level.
Extends to the Himalayas, where its range of elevation is from
5,000 to 14,000 feet. A stately tree, 60 feet high. Trunk
short but of great girth, over 20 feet circumference being
known (Stewart and Brandis).
Juniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal.
In Mexico at 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. A tree reaching
30 feet in height, rich in resin, similar to sandarac.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 189
Juniperus foetidissima, Willdenow.
A tall and beautiful tree in Armenia and Tauria, at 5,000 to
6,500 feet.
Juniperus Mexicana, Schiede.
Mexico, at an elevation of 7,000 to 11,000 feet. A straight
tree, sometimes 90 feet high, stem of three feet diameter,
exuding copiously a resin similar to sandarac.
Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker.
North California and Oregon, ascending to 5,000 feet. A
straight tree, as much as 80 feet high, with a stem often 3 feet
in diameter, Wood pale, comparatively hard. Thrives well
among rocks.
Juniperus Phoenicea, Linne.
South Europe and Orient. A tree 20 feet high, yielding
an aromatic resin.
Juniperus procera, Hochstetter.
In Abyssinia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard, useful
timber.
Juniperus recurva, Hamilton.
On the Himalayas, from 7,500 to 15,000 feet. A tree
attaining 30 feet in height, or even 80 feet according to J.
Hoopes.
Juniperus sphffirica, Lindley.
North China. A handsome tree, sometimes 40 feet high.
Juniperus Virginiana, Linne.
North American pencil cedar or red cedar, extending to 45
N. L. Hardy in Christiania. A handsome tree, rarely 90 feet
high, supplying a fragrant timber, much esteemed for its
strength and durability; it is dense, fine-grained, light and
of pleasant odor; the inner part is of a beautiful red color;
the outer is white; it is much used for pencils; one of the
best of all woods for buckets, tubs and casks. Simmonds ob-
serves that fence-posts of this wood last for ages. Of wonder-
ful durability for railway cross-ties (Barney). The heartwood
is almost imperishable (Vasey), nor is it bored by insects. The
tree grows best near the sea, but is rather independent of soil
and locality.
/
I90 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Juniperus Wallichiana, J. Hooker and Thomson.
From the Indus to Sikkim, at elevations from 9,000 to 15,000
feet. Attains a height of 60 feet. Desirable for transfer to
any Alps. Wood similar to that of J. excelsa (Stewart and
Brandis).
Justicia Adhatoda, Linne.
India; enduring the climate of the lowlands of Victoria.
This bush possesses anti-spasmodic and febrifugal properties.
It can be utilized also as a hedge plant.
Kentia Baueri, Seeman. {Rhopalostylis Baueri, H. Wendl. and Drude.)
The Norfolk Island Palm. Height 40 feet.
Kentia Beccarii, F. v. Mueller. {Nengella montana, Beccari.)
On the mountains of New Guinea, up to 4,500 feet. This
slender palm is only a few feet high and eligible for domestic
decoration. „ __
Kentia Belmoriana, Moore and Mueller. {Honea Behnoriana Becarri.)
The curly palm of Lord Howe's Island; about 40 feet
high. With its cogeners evidently designed to grace our gar-
dens and to become also important for horticultural traffic
abroad. K. Fosteriana is a close ally, restricted to the same
island.
Kentia Canterburyana, Moore and Mueller. {Hedyscepe Canterburyana, H.
Wendland and Drude.)
Umbrella palm of Lord Howe's Island. Likewise a tall and
hardy palm, growing at or below 2,000 feet altitude.
Kentia Moluccana, Beccari.
Ternate, at heights up to 3,500 feet. This noble and com-
paratively hardy palm attains a height of 90 feet.
Kentia sapida, Blume. {Rhopalostylis sapida, H. Wendland and Drude.)
The Nika palm of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.
It also attains a height of 40 feet, is one of the hardiest of all
palms, and extends to the most southern latitude attained
by any palm, being found down to 44 south latitude. The
unexpanded flower-spikes can be converted into food as palm-
cabbage.
Knightia excelsa, R. Brown.
The Rewa-Rewa of New Zealand. The wood of this tree is
recommended as valuable for ornamental work and furniture
(Campbell Walker).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 191
Kochia eriantha, F. v. Mueller.
Proved an excellent fodder herb for sheep on the hot and
dry pastures of Central Australia, where the temperature in
summer reaches 120 F. in the shade, and in the winter falls to
2 7 (Rev. H. Kempe). Several other Australian species of
Kochia afford excellent pasture fodder.
Kochia pubescens, Moguin.
South Africa; there one of the best salt bushes for pastures,
(McOwan).
Kochia villosa 5 Lindley.
In most of the depressed and saline regions of Australia,
also on sand lands. Renowned amongst occupiers of pasture
land as the "Cotton Bush," strangely so called, on account of
downy adventitious excrescences. This rather dwarf shrub
resists the extremes of drought and heat of even the trying
Central Australian clime. The roots sometimes penetrate into
the ground to a depth of a dozen feet.
Kceleria cristata, Persoon.
Widely dispersed over the globe. A perennial grass of fair
nutritive quality, sustaining itself on dry soil. The closely-
allied K. glauca can be sown with advantage on coast-sand.
Krameria triandra, Ruiz.
Chili, Peru and Bolivia, at elevations of from 3,000 to 8,000
feet. This pretty little shrub can be grown on sandy ridges in
an equable clime. It produces the medicinal Ratanhia-root,
well known also as a dentifrice. The root contains -38 to 43
per cent, tannin (Muspratt). Some other species have similarly
astringent roots, particularly K. Ixine (Loefling), from Central
America and the West Indies. Some could be chosen to aid
in adorning and diversifying our gardens.
Lactuca sativa, Linne.
South Asia. The ordinary annual Lettuce, in use since re-
mote antiquity. It is not without value for medicinal purposes,
especially as a sedative. L. Scariola, Linne, seems to be the
wild state of the garden lettuce. L. altissima, Bieberstein, is a
variety attaining a height of 9 feet. All yield lactucarium.
Lactuca virosa, Linne.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A
biennial. The inspissated juice of this lettuce forms the seda-
tive lactucarium.
192 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Lapageria rosea, Ruiz and Pavon.
The Copigue. Chili. Almost the only plant which can exist
in the area covered by the sulphurous smoke of the local smelt-
ing furnaces (Dr. R. O. Cunningham). A half-woody climber
with large showy flowers. The berries, which attain the size
of a hen's egg, are sweet and edible. The plant bears slight
frosts.
Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz and Pavon.
Chili. A climber with stems of enormous length. Might be
naturalized in forests for obtaining the tough fiber for cordage.
In its native country the torrified stems are used instead of
ropes, according to Dr. Philippi.
Laserpitium aquilegium, Murray.
Middle and Southern Europe. The stems of this perennial
herb are edible. The fruits serve as a condiment.
Lasiocorys Capensis, Bentham.
South Africa. Professor McOwan directs attention to the
economy of this plant, it having a singular propensity of rend-
ering rainwater retained in small gutters; the Lasiocorys com-
pacts the detritus and impedes also soil washed onward, forming
natural little catch-dams. The plant is bitter, hence not con-
sumed by goats and sheep in plentiful times.
Lathyrus Cicera, Linne.
Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea, also Canary
Islands. An annual, similar in its use to L. sativus, furnishing
a tender palatable fodder on sandy soil. L. Clymenum. L.,
from the same regions, serves similar purposes.
Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Wimmer. {Orobus tuberosus, Linne.)
Europe, West Asia. This herb would gradually establish
pasturage in sterile forest regions, and could with some allied
species be disseminated in alpine elevations.
Lathyrus pratensis, Linne.
The Meadow Pea. Europe, North and Middle Asia. Hardy
in Norway to lat. 69 40'. A good perennial pasture-herb.
It can also be utilized for forest pastures, like L. silvestris.
The yield is considerable, and the herbage, though bitter, is
relished by sheep. The plant spreads easily, particularly on
fresh ground. L. tuberosus L. can likewise be utilized as a
fodder-herb; its tubers are edible, but very small.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 193
Lathyrus sativus, Linne.
The Jarosse. Middle and Southern Europe. An annual
forage-herb; the pods also available for culinary purposes.
Can be grown in Norway to lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler). Superi-
or to vetches in quality of fodder and seed, but inferior in yield;
according to Langethal's observations, content with a lighter
soil, hence often chosen for first sowing on sand-lands. Lime
in the soil increases the return. The seeds can only be used
with great caution, as their frequent or continous use like that
of L. Cicera, induces paralysis, not only in man but also in
horses, cattle and birds. Probably other species of Lythyrus
could advantageously be introduced.
Laurelia aromatica, Poiret.
Southern Chili. A colossal tree, in Valdivia the principal
one used for flooring. Wood never bored by insects, and well
able to stand exposure to the open air, far superior to that of L.
serrata, the Vouvan or Huahuoa, which tree predominates over
L. aromatica in the far south of Chili (Dr. Philippi).
Laurus nobilis, Linne.
Asia Minor. The Warrior's Laurel of the ancients. The
leaves are in much request for various condiments, and the
peculiar aroma of these Bay-leaves cannot be replaced by any
others, except those of Lindera Benzoin.
Lavandula angustifolia, Ehrhart. (Z. vera, De Candolle.)
The Lavender Plant. Countries around and near the Medi-
terranean Sea. Of somewhat shrubby growth; from it, by
distillation, the best oil of lavender is prepared. It lives on dry
soil, but is less hardy than the following, still it will grow in
Norway to lat. 59 55' (Schuebeler).
Lavandula latifolia, Villars. (L. Spica, De Candolle.)
South-Europe, North-Africa. From this species also much
lavender-oil is obtained. Hardy in Norway to lat.67°56'.
Lavandula Stoechas, Linne.
South-Europe, North-Africa. Topped Lavender. This shrub
can also be utilized for oil distillation and other purposes,
for which the two other Lavenders are used. The quality
of the oil of these species seems to differ according to their
locality of growth. Mr. James Dickinson, of Port Arlington,
Victoria, informs us that this is the best plant known to him for
staying sand. It grows much quicker than the Ulex; every
seed which falls germinates, so that around each bush every
stroke of the spade brings up lots of seedlings fit for trans-
13
194 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
plantation. In mild regions it is five months in full flower
annually, coming into bloom early. Bees are passionately fond
of the nectar of the flowers. Mr. Dickinson calculates that
a ton of the finest-flavored honey can be obtained annually
from an acre of this Lavender.
Lavatera arborea, Linne.
Tree-Mallow of Middle-Europe and the countries on the
Mediterranean Sea. A tall biennial plant of rapid growth.
The ribbon-like bast is produced in greater abundance and more
rapidly than in most malvaceous plants, and is recommended
for paper material. Bears frost to 15 F. (Gorlie). The Tree-
Mallow might easily be naturalized on sea-shores, where it
would be useful as a quick shelter. Perhaps it might serve
with allied plants for green manure. The bulky foliage has
proved valuable for fodder, and so has that of Lavatera plebeja
(Sims).
Lawsonia alba, Lamarck.
North and Middle Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, and North-
Western Australia. The Henne or Henna-Bush. It may become
of use as a dye-plant in regions free from frost. The orange
pigment is obtained from the ground foliage. Mr. C. B. Clarke
considers it one of the best hedge-plants in India, together
with Dodonasa viscosa, L. and Odina Wodier (Roxb.).
Leersia hexandra, Swartz.
Africa, South Asia, warmer parts of America and Australia.
Found by Mr. Bailey to be one of the most relished by cattle
among aquatic grasses of East Australia. L. Gouini Fournier,
is a Mexican species.
Leersia oryzoides, Solander.
Middle and South Europe, various parts of Asia, Africa and
America. A perennial nutritious swamp-grass. Other Leersias
from both hemispheres are deserving of introduction.
Leonotis Leonurus, R. Brown.
South Africa. The foliage of this highly ornamental bush
deserves attention for therapeutic purposes, as, according to
Professor Owen, the leaves, when used like Tobacco, are highly
stimulative.
Lepidium latifolium, Linne.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. A perennial
herb of peppery acridity, used for some select sauces.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 195
Lepidium sativum, Linne.
The Cress, Pepper Grass. Orient. Annual. Irrespective of
its culinary value, cress is of use as one of the remedies in
cases of scurvy. Active principle : a volatile oil and the bitter
lepidin.
Lepidosperma gladiatum, La Billardiere.
The Sword-Sedge of the sea-coast of extra-tropical Australia.
One of the most important plants for binding sea-sand, also
yielding a paper material as good as Sparta.
Lepironia mucronata, CI. Richard.
East-Australia, Malayan Archipelagus, East-Indies, South-
China, Madagascar. The rush is cultivated (like Rice) in
China for textile purposes, but, in poor soils, the manure impairs
its strength. The plant renews itself by sprouts from its peren-
nial root. It attains a height of 7 feet; the stems are beaten
flat to fit them to be woven or plaited for either bed-mats and
bags or especially for mat-sails, the latter being the most exten-
sively used for the junks in China; further, the floor-matting,
which is exported in vast quantities to the United States, to be
used in summer for the sake of coolness, in preference to
carpets (Dr. Hance). This rush thus furnishes the raw material
for a great manufacturing industry. The dyeing of the mats
yellow is affected with the flowers of Sophora Japonica, un-
der addition of alum; green with an acanthaceous plant,
the Lam-yip (Blue Leaf), alum and sulphate of copper (Dr.
Hirst).
Leptospermum laevigatum, F. v. Mueller.* {Fabricia Icevigata, Gaertner.)
The "Sandstay." Sea-shores and sand-deserts of extra-tropi-
cal Australia, but not extending to Western Australia. This
shrub or small tree is the most effectual of all for arresting the
progress of drift-sand in a warm clime. It is most easily raised
by simply scattering the seeds on the sand in autumn and cover-
ing them loosely with boughs, or better still by spreading
lopped-off branches of the shrub itself, bearing ripe seeds, on
the sand.
Letospermum lanigerum, Smith.
South-East Australia. This tall shrub or small tree can be
grown in wet semi- saline soil. It exercises antimalarian
influences on such places like Melaleuca ericifolia.
Lespedeza striata, Hooker and Arnott.*
China and Japan. Sometimes called Japan Clover. An
annual herb, which in North-America has proved of great use.
A"
196 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Professor Meehan states it to be identical with the Hoop-Koop
plant, and that it has taken possession of much waste land in
the Southern States. It grows there wonderfully on the hot
dry soil, and the cattle like it amazingly. Mr. Jackson observes
that it spreads on spaces between forest trees, covering the soil
with a dense permanent herbage. Dr. Carl Mohr says that it
stands drought well, and thrives on sandy clay, but luxuriates
on light calcareous soil. It is impatient of frost (W. Elliott).
The Department of Agriculture of Washington (in 1878) regards
it as rich in albuminous substances as the best clovers.
Leucadendron argenteum, Brown.
The Silver-tree of South Africa is included on this occasion,
because it would add to the splendor of our woods, and thrive
far better there than in our gardens. Moreover, with this tree
many others, equally glorious, might be established in any mild
forest-glens as a source of horticultural wealth, were it only to
obtain in future years a copious supply of seeds. Mention may
be made of the tall Magnolia trees of North America (Magnolia
grandiflora, L., 100 feet high; M. umbrella, Lam., 40 feet; M.
acuminata, L., 80 feet; M. cordata, Michx., 50 feet; M. Fraseri,
Walt., 40 feet; M. macrophylla, Michx., 40 feet); M. Yulan,
Desf., of China, 50 feet; M. Campbelli, Hook., of the
Himalayas, 150 feet high, with flowers nearly a foot across; M.
sphserocarpa, Roxb., also of the Indian highlands, 40 feet; the
Mediterranean Styrax-tree (Styrax officinalis, L.); Stenocarpus
sinuosus, Endl., of East Australia (the most brilliant of the
Proteacese); the crimson and scarlet Ratas of New Zealand
(Metrosideros florida, Sm.; M. lucida, Menz.; M. robusta, Cunn.,
80 feet high; M. tomentosa, Cunn., 40 feet); Fuchsia excorticata,
L., also from New Zealand, stem reaching 2 feet in diameter; the
crimson-flowered Eucalyptus ficifolia of West Australia; and
Rhododendron Falconeri,Hooker,from Upper India,5o feet high,
leaves 18 inches long. In warm and humid gullies here alluded
to may also be planted the great Melaleuca Leucadendron, L.,
the true Asiatic Cajaput-tree, which grows to a height of 100
feet, and even the North European Holly (Ilex aquifolium), which
occasionally rises to 60 feet, though both from regions so
distant.
Lewisia rediviva, Pursh.
North- West America. The root of this herb is large and
starchy, was formerly extensively used by the native inhabitants,
and called by them "The Gift of the Great Spirit." The plant
deserves trial-culture.
Leyssera gnaphalioides, Linne.
South-Africa. A perennial herb of aromatic scent and taste.
Much used there as a medicinal tea.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 197
Liatris odoratissima, Willdenow.
Southern States of Northern America. A perennial herb
occurring in swampy places. The leaves are sometimes used,
for the sake of their aromatic odor, to flavor tobacco and other
substances (Saunders).
Libocedrus Chilensis, Endlicher.
In cold valleys on the Southern Andes of Chili, at from 2,000
to 5,000 feet. A fine tree, sometimes 80 feet high, furnishing
a hard resinous wood of a yellowish color.
Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey.
White Cedar of California, growing on high mountains, in
fine groves up to 5,000 feet, in what Hinchcliff calls the noblest
zone of Coniferae of the globe. Attains a height of fully 200
feet, with a stem 25 feet in circumference. The wood is light
and strong, used for exquisite cabinet-work, but also suitable
for fence-rails, etc. According to Dr. Gibbons the tree is well
adapted for wind-breaks, and can be trained into tall hedges.
Libocedrus Doniana, Endlicher.
Northern Island of New Zealand, up to 6,000 feet elevation.
A forest-tree, reaching 100 feet in height, stem 3 feet and more
in diameter. The wood is hard and resinous, of a dark reddish
color, fine-grained, excellent for planks and spars.
Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher.*
On the Andes of North Chili, at an elevation of 2,000 to 5,000
feet, growing as far south as Magellan's Straits, especially in
moist moory localities. This species has a very straight stem
and rises to 120 feet. The wood, though soft and light, is
resinous, and will resist underground decay for a century and
more, like that of Fitzroya Patagonica; for railway-sleepers this
timber is locally preferred to any other (Dr. Philippi); it is also
highly esteemed for various artisans' work; it is nearly white.
Ligustrum Japonicum, Thunberg.
The Japan Privet. A shrub, evergreen or nearly so, promis-
ing to become a valuable hedge-plant. Hardy in Christiania
(Schuebeler). It grows readily from cuttings like the ordinary
European Privet. Both will grow under trees where scarcely
anything else would live (Johnson).
Limonia acidissima, Linne.
India, up to 4,000 feet; hardy in England. This shrub or
small tree has fruit of extreme acidity.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Lindera Benzoin, Blume.
From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, there called the Spice-
Laurel. An aromatic bush, one of the hardiest of the Order.
The aroma of the foliage much like that of Bay-leaves.
Linum usitatissimum, Linne.*
The Flax Plant. Orient. Perhaps indigenous also in Sonth
Europe, and possibly derived from L. angustifolium Hudson,
which was cultivated in Switzerland, during the Stone
age (Heer). A well-known annual, which yields linen fiber
and linseed oil. Few plants find a wider congeniality of
soil and climate, and few give a quicker return. Good and
deep soil, particularly of forests, well-drained, is requisite for
successful flax-culture. In Norway it is cultivated as far north
as lat. 70 3' (Prof. Schuebeler). The Flax belongs to the
Potash plants. Change of seed-grain is desirable. Thick sow-
ing extends the length and flexibility of the fiber. To obtain
the best fiber, the plant must be pulled when the seeds com-
mence to ripen. If the seeds are allowed in part to mature,
then both fiber and seeds may be turned to account. If the
seed is left to ripen completely, the fiber is generally dis-
carded. The seed yields by pressure about 22 per cent, of oil.
The residue can either be prepared as linseed meal or be utilized
as admixture to stable-fodder. The demand for both fiber and
oil is enormous. Two principal varieties are under culture; a
tall sort, with smaller flowers, closed capsules and dark seed; a
dwarf sort, more branched (even if closely sown), with larger
flowers and capsules, the seed-vessels opening spontaneously
and with elasticity, while the seeds are of a pale color. None
of the perennial species of Linum are so manageable in culture
as the ordinary annual flax.
Lippia citriodora, Kunth.
Peru, Chili, La Plata States, Brazil. An evergreen shrub,
yielding scented oil, used for condiments, the leaves fit for
flavoring tea.
Liquidambar Altingia, Blume.
At the Red Sea and in the mountains of India and New
Guinea, ascending to 3,000 feet. The tree attains a height of
200 feet. It yields the fragrant balsam known as Liquid
Storax.
Liquidambar Formosana, Hance.
China. A silk-producing insect is reared on this tree
(Hance).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 199
Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. (L. imberbe, Aiton).
Asia Minor. This tree also yields Liquid Storax, which is
vanilla-scented, containing much styrol and styracin, and thus
used for imparting scent to some sorts of tobacco and cigars,
also for keeping moths from clothing;. Its use in medicine is
more limited than in perfumery.
Liquidambar stryaciflua, Linne.
The Sweet-Gum tree. In morasses and on the springs of
the forests of North- America, with a wide geographic range.
Endures severe frost. The crown of the tree attains vast
dimensions; the stem ioo feet in height and 10 feet in diameter.
The wood is reddish-brown, very compact and heavy, fine-grained,
durable, easily worked, little liable to warp and, admitting of
a fine finish, with its pleasing tint, especially adapted for furni-
ture. The terebinthine juice hardens, on exposure, to a resin
of benzoin odor. The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.
Liriodendron tulipifera, Linne.
The Tulip-tree of North America. One of the largest trees
of the United States, and one of the grandest vegetable produc-
tions of the temperate zone. In deep fertile soil it sometimes
attains a height of 140 feet, with a straight clear stem reaching 9
feet in diameter. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 6i° 17' (Schue-
beler). The Tulip-wood is highly esteemed and very exten-
sively used, wherever this tree abounds, uniting lightness with
strength and durability. It is of a light-yellow color, fine-
grained, strong, compact, easily worked, and takes a good
polish. It is employed for house-building, inside as well as
outside, for bridges, furniture, coach-building, implements,
shingles, carriage-panels, and a variety of other purposes. From
its uniformity and freedom from knots and disinclination to
warp or shrink, it is much used in Canada for railway-cars and
carriage-building, chiefly for the panelling (Robb). The bark
yields about 8 per cent, tannin. As this tree is difficult to
transplant, it should be grown on the spot where it is to remain.
Professor Meehan observes that it is of quicker growth than
the Horse-Chestnut tree and many Maples,
Lithospermum canescens, Lehmann.
North-American Alkanet. This, as the vernacular name
indicates, offers a dye root.
Lithospermum hirtum, Lehmann.
North- American Alkanna. A showy perennial herb; the root
yields a red dye.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Lithospermum longiflorum, Sprengel.
North-America. A red pigment can also be extracted from
the root of this species.
Livistona Australis, Martius.
East Australia. The only palm tree in Victoria, occurring in
East Gippsland (in the latitude of Melbourne), and there at-
taining a height of 80 feet. It endures the winters of South
France to 43 ° 32' south lat. (Naudin). The young leaves can
be plaited as a material for cabbage-tree hats. The seeds (of
which about 200 are contained in one pound) retain their vital-
ity far longer than those of the Australian Pt)'chospermas.
This palm can be transferred from its native haunts to very
long distances for growth, by previously separating the main
portion of the root from the soil, and leaving the plant for
some months on the original spot, so as to remove it finally
with new rootlets, retaining much soil. Some of the Indian
Livistonas may be equally hardy; their stems often tower above
the other forest trees.
Livistona Chinensis, R. Brown.
South China and Japan. A very decorative fan palm, and
one of the hardiest of the whole order.
Livistona Mariae, F. v. Mueller.
Central and West Australia, barely within the tropics. This
noble fan palm attains 40 feet in height, and is likely to prove
very hardy.
Lolium perenne, Linne.*
Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. The well known
perennial rye grass, mentioned here for the sake of com-
pleteness. In Norway it grows to lat. 65 28' (Schue-
beler). L. Italicum, Al. Br., the Italian rye grass, seems to
be only a variety. One of the most important of all pasture
grasses, also almost universally chosen for lawn-culture. It
produces an abundance of seeds, which are readily collected
and easily vegetate. It comes early to perfection. Neverthe-
less the produce and nutritive powers are considerably less than
those of Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis and Fes-
tuca elatior, but it pushes forward earlier than the last men-
tioned grass, while the ripening of seeds is less defective than
in Alopecurus. The chemical analysis, made very early in
spring, gave the following results: — Albumen, 3.36; gluten,
4.88; starch, 0.51; gum, 1.80; sugar, 1.80 per cent. (F. v.
Mueller and L. Rummel). At the London Sewerage Depot 60
tons of rye grass were obtained from one acre (Mclvor). Rye
grass, though naturally living but a few years, maintains its.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
ground well by the ease with which it disseminates itself spon-
taneously. Several sorts, which can scarcely be called varie-
ties, are under cultivation. Rye grass stands the dry heat of
Australian summers well. It is likely to spread gradually over
the whole of the Australian continent, and to play an impor-
tant part in pasture, except the hottest desert tracts. Sheep
should not be continually kept on rye-grass pasture, as they
may become subject to fits similar to those produced by L.
temulentum, possibly due to the grass becoming ergotized or
otherwise diseased, as many observers assert. It is one of the
best grasses to endure traffic on roads or paths, particularly on
soil not altogether light, and is also one of the few among impor-
tant grasses which can be sown at any season. The Italian
rye grass is preferabty chosen as an early temporary shelter
for tenderer but more lasting pasture grasses, also furnishing
a good collateral return the first season.
Lotus corniculatus, Linne.
Bird's-foot Trefoil. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia, extra tropical Australia. Indigenous in Norway
as far north as lat. 6g° 58' (Schuebeler). A deep- rooting per-
ennial herb, readily growing on pasture land, sandy links
and healthy places. This plant is well deserving cultivation on
light inferior soil, on which it will yield a greater bulk of her-
bage than any of the other cultivated clovers; it is highly nu-
tritious and is eaten with avidity by cattle and sheep. From the
great depth to which its roots penetrate, it is not liable to be
injured by drougtht. It well fills out vacant places between
higher fodder herbs on meadows; it is always somewhat saline
and welcome among hay. L. tenuis, Kitaibel, is a valuable
variety of the coasts. The nearly allied L. major yields a still
greater amount of herbage; it is particularly suited for bushy
and moist localities, and it attains its greatest luxuriance on
soils which have some peat in their composition (Lawson).
In Australia this Lotus shows a decided predilection for wet
meadows.
Lotus tetragonolobus, Linn6.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Though annual, this
herb is highly valued for sheep pastures. The green pods
serve as a culinary vegetable. The allied L. siliquosus, Linn6,
is perennial, and occurs in a succulent form on sea coasts.
Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebach.
La Plata States. The bark, called Quebracho Colorado,
extensively used for tanning; latterly much exported to Eu-
rope. The length of time for the tanning process with this
bark is only half that for oak bark.
2 02 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Lupinus albus, Linn6.
The White Lupine. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea,
also in the Orient. An annual quick-growing herb, valuable
for fodder and for green manure. In Norway it will grow to
lat. 70 22' North (Schuebeler). It is famed as the
"Tramoso" in Portugal, to suppress sorrel and other
obstinate weeds by its close and easy growth. The
lentil-like seeds, after the bitter principle (lupinin)
has been removed through boiling or soaking in salt water
are edible. It would lead too far to enumerate here
many others of the numerous species of Lupines, of which
unquestionably .very many are eligible for agrarian purposes,
while all are acceptable as hardy, elegant and easily-grown
garden-plants. One, L. perennis, L. extends in America to the
Northern States of the Union, and Canada; fourteen are record-
ed from South-Europe, seventeen from Brazil, and numerous
species from other parts of America, where the limits of the
genus are about Monte Video southward and about Nootka-
Sound northward. The majority of the species are perennial.
The Egyptian L. Termis, Forsk., is closely allied to L. albus
and of equal use.
Lupinus angustifolius, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. An annual blue-flowered
species, preferable to L. luteus for grain harvest. Hardy to lat.
70° in Norway.
Lupinus arboreus, Sims.*
California. This has been used there for the reclamation of
sand, on account of its long tap roots, the latter having been
traced to a depth of 25 feet, while the stems were only 3 feet
high. The germination is easy and the growth rapid on the
sand-downs. For aiding the young lupines for the first two
months, to get hold of the sand, barley is sown with them, as
the latter sprouts in a few days and holds the sand in the second
week; the lupine subsequently covers the sand with a dense
vegetation in less than a year.
Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh.
Oregon and California. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67 56'.
This somewhat woody species can be used for binding sand
with L. arboreus, L. Chamissonis, Esscholtz (L. albifrons, Ben-
tham) and many perennial Lupines from other countries.
Lupinus luteus, Linne.*
The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in tfce vicinity of
the Mediterranean Sea. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 203
(Schuebeler). This annual species is predominantly in use
through Middle Europe to improve sandy soil; it is the best of
all yet tested, and will do even on coast drifts. It can also be
employed like some other lupines as a fodder herb, green as
well as for hay; some Lupines are also very valuable as pasture
herbs. Lupine seeds are very fattening when used as an
addition to ordinary fodder, and are in this respect quite equal
to oil-cake, while the foliage is said to be not inferior to that of
clover and more bulky. Nevertheless some Lupines have proved
poisonous to sheep. About 90 lbs. of seeds are required for an
acre. Langethal observes: "What the Sainfoin does for the
poorest limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow Lupine carries
out for sand-land." Lupines are not adapted for wet or moory
ground, nor for limestone formations, where most leguminous
fodder-plants do well. Mr. Joseph Augustin speaks of a yellow-
flowering Lupine which sometimes in the Azores attains a height
of 12 feet in three months.
Lupinus varius, Linne.
The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used like
the above species; but a few others are under cultivation as
Blue Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Californian
species, are regarded as superior to the ' Mediterranean kinds
for agrarian purposes.
Lycium Europaeum, Linne.
Hardy in Norway to lat. 67°56. Countries around the Medi-
terranean Sea. An excellent hedge-plant, particularly in sand-
land, emitting copious offshoots (C. Bouche).
Lycium Afrum, Linne.
Africa and South-West Asia. The Caffir-Thorn. Can with
many other species be utilized as a hedge bush. It is ever-
green, fiercely spiny, early raised from seeds, readily trans-
planted, quick in growth, stands clipping well, seeds freely, is
strong enough to resist cattle and close enough to keep off
fowls. \y 2 lbs. of seeds at a cost of 30 shillings suffices for a
mile of hedging (Th. Lang).
Lycopodium dendroideum, Michaux.
North America. This, with L. lucidulum, Michaux, has be-
come there a great article of trade, being in request for bouquets
and wreaths; both plants, after having been dyed of various
colors, are used as ornaments in vases etc. (Meehan). These
club mosses are mentioned here, to draw attention to similar
species in other countries.
204 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Lygeum Spartum, Linne.
Regions on the Mediterranean Sea. This perennial grass
serves much like the ordinary Esparto-Grass, but is inferior to it.
Lyperia crocea, Ecklon.
South-Africa. The flowers of this shrub produce a fine orange
dye, and are also in use for medicinal purposes.
Maba geminata, R. Brown.
One of the Ebony-trees in Queensland. Wood, according to
Mr. Thozet, black towards the center, bright red towards the
bark, close-grained, hard, heavy, elastic and tough. It takes a
high polish, and is recommended for veneers. Maba fascicu-
losa, F. v. M., has the outer wood white and pink. Several
other species exist in Queensland, which may perhaps give good
substitutes for Ebony-wood.
Macadamia ternifolia, F. v. Mueller.
The Nut-tree of sub-tropical East Australia, attaining a
height of 60 feet; hardy, as far south as Melbourne; in forest-
valleys probably of fair celerity of growth. In favorable
localities it bears fruit in seven years. The nuts have the taste
of hazels.
Machilus adoratissima, Nees.
The "Soom-tree." From the Himalayas to Assam, Cochin-
china, Burma, Java and Sumatra, ascending to the cool eleva-
tion of 8,000 feet. A tree of considerable size. The Muga-
Silkworm feeds on the foliage (Gamble). The leaves are per-
vaded by an orange-scent (Brandis).
Madura aurantiaca, Nuttall.*
The Osage-Orange, or North- American Bow-Wood, or Yellow
Wood. Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana. This thorny deciduous
shrub or tree can be well trained into hedges. It is unisexual,
and will in favorable localities on rich river-banks attain a
height of 60 feet, with a stem 2 to 3 feet thick, thus becoming
available as a timber-tree. It resists severe frosts. The sap-
lings furnish stakes for vines, which are very lasting. The
elastic wood serves well for bows, buggy-shafts, carriage-poles
and similar articles. It is one of the most durable of all North-
American woods, also valuable for all purposes where tough-
ness and durability are required (Dr. C. Mohr). The plant is
not readily subject to blight or attacks of insects. It produces
from the root a yellow dye. Mrs. Timbrell, at the suggestion of
the author, has shown that the foliage is as good a food for
silkworms as that of the white mulberry, and the silk produced
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 205
in no way inferior to ordinary silk. [Cf. Riley, publications of
the United States Department of Agriculture]. M. tinctoria
(D. Don) furnishes the Fustic-wood of Central and Southern
America.
Maclura excelsa, Planchon.
West-Africa, on mountains, up to 3,000 feet elevation.
Height of tree often 150 feet. The wood is remarkably durable
and tough, beautifully dark brown and veined. Birds feed on
the fruit.
Maclura Mora, Grisebach.
North-Argentina. A high tree. Wood greatly esteemed for
its density and toughness; fruit edible (Dr. Lorentz).
Magnolia hypoleuca, Siebold.
Japan. A stately tree, with very large and whorled leaves.
Trunk a foot in diameter. Wood remarkably flexile; used
for many kinds of utensils. Worthy of introduction as a mag-
nificent garden-object (Christy).
Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux.
Eastern States of North- America. Although not cultivated
for any special purposes of the arts or of technics, yet this tree
is admitted into this list as one of the grandest of its kind,
as well in foliage as flowers. It attains a height of 60 feet; its
leaves are from 1 to 3^ feet long, while its flowers attain a
diameter of fully 1 foot. M. grandiflora, L., attains a height
of 100 feet and a stem-diameter of 3 feet on the Mississippi;
it bears the winter of Philadelphia. M. acuminata L. and
M. Fraseri, Walter, are also large trees.
Maharanga Emodi, A. De Candolle.
Nepal. The root produces, like that of Alkanna tinctoria, a
red dye.
Malachra capitata, Linn6.
Tropical America. A tall herb, annual, or of more than one
year's duration. Its fiber is obtainable to lengths of 9 feet; it is
of a silky luster and equal in technical value to Jute
(O'Connor).
206 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Mallotus Philippinensis, J. Mueller. {Rotllera tinctoria, Roxburgh.)
South- Asia and East- Australia, in jungle country, extending
into New South-Wales. A bush or tree, attaining, according
to Mr. O'Shanesy, a height of 60 feet. Though not of great
importance, this plant should not be passed on this occasion,
inasmuch as the powdery substance, investing the seed-cap-
sules, constitutes the Kamala, which can be employed not only
as an orange-dye, but also as an anthelminthic remedy. The
Hindoo silk-dyers produce the color by boiling the Kamala
with carbonate of soda.
Mangifera Indica, Linn6.
The Mango. South Asia. An evergreen tree, reaching 70
feet in height. Possibly it could be made to bear its delicious
fruit in warm and humid forest-regions of sub-tropic zones.
In the Himalayas its culture for fruit ascends to 3,500 feet just
outside the tropics.
Manihot Aipi, Pohl.*
The Sweet Cassava. Tropical South-America, but traced as
far south as the Parana- River. The root is reddish and harm-
less; it can therefore be used as a culinary esculent, without
any preparation further than boiling, while its starch is
also available for tapioca. It is a somewhat woody plant,
several feet high, and too important to be left altogether un-
noticed on this occasion, although we have no evidence that it
will be productive in a temperate clime. The Aipi has ligneous
tough fibers, stretching along the axis of the tubers, while gen-
erally the roots of the following species are free from this cen-
tral woody substance.
Manihot Glazioui, J. Mueller.*
A native of Ceara, a coast-district of Brazil, in latitude 4°,
possessing an arid climate for a considerable part of the year.
This plant is evidently of a comparatively hardy character, and
adapts itself readily to the exigencies of culture (D. Morris).
It attained in little more than a year a height of 12 feet at Port
Darwin (Holtze). It produces the Ceara-Rubber.
Manihot utilissima, Pohl.*
The Bitter Cassava or Tapioca- Plant. Tropical South-
America. Closely allied to the former, producing varieties with
roots of poisonous acridity and with roots perfectly harmless.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 207
The tubers attain a length of 3 feet; they can be converted into
bread or cakes, the volatile poison of the milky sap being
destroyed through pressing the grated root in the first
instance, the remaining acridity being expelled by heat.
The starch, heated in a moist state, furnishes tapioca.
Manihot is abundantly cultivated at Caracas, where the singu-
larly uniform temperature throughout the year is only 6o° to
70 F. It is a very exhausting crop, and thus stands in
need of rich soil and copious manuring. The propa-
gation is effected by cuttings from the ligneous part of the
stem. The soil, destined for Cassava, must not be wet.
In warm countries the tubers are available in about
eight months, though they still continue to grow after-
wards. The growth of the plant upwards is checked by
breaking off the tops. The Bitter Cassava is the more produc-
tive of the two. The yellowish tubers sometimes attain a weight
of 30 lbs. They do not become soft by boiling, like Aipi.
Maoutia Puya, Weddell.
India, on mountains up to 4,000 feet. It is taller than
Boehmeria nivea, and furnishes a similar fiber, which however,
is not so easily separated. This shrub belongs to a tribe of the
Nettle-order not possessing burning acridity. None of the
true nettles, such as the Girardinias, nor allied stinging plants
have been recommended in this index, although an exquisite
fiber is derived from some, as the writer wishes to guard against
the introduction of any burning species, which possibly might
disseminate itself in a mischievous manner, and then probably
could not again be suppressed.
Maranta arundinacea, Linne.
The True Arrowroot-Plant, or more correctly "Aru-root," in-
asmuch as Aru-Aru is the Brazilian word for flour, according
to Martius. West-Indies, Florida, Mexico to Brazil. The plant
is introduced into this list not without hesitation, as it seems to
require a tropical clime to attain perfection. It furnishes most
of the West-Indian arrowroot, although other species, such as
M. nobilis, M. Allouya and M. ramosissima, are also cultivated
for a similar starch contained in their tubers. Porcher observes,
that it still flourishes as far north as Florida, producing even
in the pine-lands from 200 to 300 bushels of tubers to the
acre. M. Indica, Tuss., is merely a variety.
Marlea Vitiensis, Bentham.
Fiji, New South Wales and Queensland. A middle-sized
tree, generally with a gouty trunk; wood bright yellow with fine
undulating rings, black towards the center. Fruit edible (P.
O'Shanesy).
208 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Marliera glomerata, Bentham, {.Rubachia glomerata, Berg.).
The Cambuca of sub-tropical Brazil. The fruits attain the
size of apricots, and are much used for food (Dr. Rosenthal).
Marliera tomentosa, Cambessedes.
Extra-tropical Brazil. The Guaparanga. The sweet berries
of this tall shrub are of the size of cherries.
Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne.
The annual Chamomile. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia.
A highly useful herb in medicine. In many parts of the European
continent it is much more extensively employed than the ordinary
perennial Chamomile. The infusion of the flowers has rather a
pleasant taste without bitterness. The flowers serve as a tonic,
and especially as a sudorific, and possess a peculiar volatile oil.
In Norway it is grown as far north as lat. 70 22' (Schuebeler).
Matricaria glabrata, De Candolle.
The South-African Chamomile. This annual herb is there in
renown as an excellent substitute for the European Chamomile
(Dr. Pappe).
Mauritia flexuosa, Linne.
From Guiana to Peru and Brazil. This noble Palm is known
to ascend up to 4,000 feet along the Essequibo. As Palms,
like Bamboos, prove to be among the hardier of tropical plants,
experiments for naturalizing M. vinifera, Martius, might also be
instituted. This attains a height of 150 feet, has leaves some-
times 15 feet in length, and yields, from the incised stem, a
copious sap, which forms wine by fermentation.
Maytenus Boaria, {Boaria Molina, De Candolle; Maytenus CJiilensis, De Can-
dolle).
Chili. An evergreen tree, assuming considerable dimensions
in the southern provinces. Wood extremely hard. Cattle and
sheep browse with predilection on the foliage; hence the trees
are cut down, when foliage becomes scarce in protracted snow-
falls or in times of drought (Dr. Philippi).
Medicago arborea, Linne.
South-Europe, particularly Greece. This shrubby yellow
Lucerne is of value for dairy farmers, as it much promotes the
secretion of milk. This genus includes several other species,
valued as pasture-plants besides the present and those noted
below.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 209
Medicago lupulina, Linne.
The Black Medick. Europe, Asia and North-America. An
annual or biennial pasture-herb, easily grown, and not without
nutritive importance. Langethal observes: "It effects for
argillaceous soils, what the White Clover does for sandy moist
soils. It will even succeed in moory ground, provided such
contains some lime. It suits also particularly for sheep-pastures."
It will thrive, where on account of poor soil lucerne and clover
fail. In rich land its product is very copious. In Norway it will
grow to lat. 63 26'.
Medicago sativa, Linne.*
The Lucerne, purple Medick or Alfalfa. Orient; now spread
through Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia. The
Romans brought it 470 years before the Christian era from
Media, hence the generic name (A. de Candolle). A perennial
fodder-herb of great importance, and latgely utilized in most
countries with a temperate clime; perhaps descended from the
European and North-Asiatic Medicago falcata, Linne, the
Yellow Medick, which also deserves naturalization, especially on
light or sandy calcareous soil; but that plant is less productive
than the true Lucerne, and does not resist occasional slight
inundations so well, enduring however, a rougher clime.
Lucerne keeps green and fresh in the hottest season
of the year, even in dry and comparatively barren
ground and on coast-sands, but develops itself for field-culture
with the greatest vigor on river-banks or when subjected to a
judicious system of irrigation, particularly in soil rich in lime.
Its deeply penetrating roots render the plant particularly fit for
fixing embankments or hindering the washing away of soil sub-
ject to occasional inundations. The Peruvian variety (Alfalfa)
resists drought and frost better than the original European
Lucerne. Dr. Curl, of New Zealand, allows cattle to feed upon
Alfalfa for two weeks, then takes them off and puts sheep on
for two weeks, to eat the Alfalfa close to the ground; he then
removes them and allows the Alfalfa to grow for a month, when
he repeats the process. He allows five large cattle or twenty
sheep to the acre. Lucerne is also an important honey-plant
for bees. Much iron in the soil or stagnant water is detrimental
to lucerne culture, while friable warm soil much promotes its
growth. Langethal records instances of lucerne having yielded
on the same field under favorable circumstances for fifteen
years four or five cuts annually. The chemical analysis of the
fresh herb collected very early in spring gave the following re-
sults: Starch 1.5, gum 2.1, unfermentable sugar 3, albumen 2.3,
insoluble proteins 2.3, ash 2.3 per cent. (F. V. Mueller and L.
Rummel). For sandy tracts a yellow variety (M. media, Pers.)
14
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
deserves preference. To show how enormously plants are
affected in their mineral constituents by difference of soil, Lace
has analyzed the ashes of lucerne (a) from granitic soil, (b)
chalky soil with flints, (c) clayey with chalk, (d) very chalky,
and found —
a
b
c
d
Silicic acid
Per cent.
•99
.76
9.89
4-50
14.94
13.42
48.42
6.67
Per cent.
.41
1.05
7.15
3-04
8. 11
48.15
29.19
2.90
Per cent.
•47
.29
10. 11
7-5i
10.66
49.68
20.60
.68
Per cent.
■58
60
Ferric oxide
9-05
6.80
19.71
30.19
26.09
6.98
Calcium sulphate
" phosphate
Potassium carbonate
Potassium and sodium chlorides.
Medicago scutellata, Allioni.*
Countries at and near the Mediterranean Sea, where this
annual herb, as well as the allied M. orbicularis, Allioni, is re-
garded as a valuable fodder-plant (Camel), without the disad-
vantage of their fruits adhering to fleeces like those of its
prickly-fruited congeners. For this particular reason the author
introduced this plant into Australia, where in the dry hot inland-
regions it has surpassed all other fodder-herbs in value and re-
sistance to drought.
Melaleuca ericifolia, Smith.*
South-Eastern Australia. This tall shrub or bushy tree is of
importance for consolidating muddy shores; it will live in salty
ground and water, almost like mangroves. I found it grow-
ing vigorously, where the water contained rather more than 2
per cent, chlorides, and the wet soil contained nearly 1^ per
cent, chlorides (the contents of sea-water are from 3 to 4 per
cent, chlorides, or about 2^2 per cent, chloride of natrium). It
yields also a comparatively large quantity of cajaput-oil. It ad-
mits of easy transplantation when full grown. Myoporum
insulare, R. Brown and Leptospermum lanigerum, Aiton, can
in like manner be used in tree plantations for the sake of shelter
on wet saline soil. Melaleuca linarifolia and M. genistifolia can
also be grown in swamps for hygienic purposes and for subdu-
ing paludal malaria or fever-provoking effluvia. The branches
of M. ericifolia furnish the best native material in South-East-
ern Australia for easily-worked and lasting garlands.
IN EXTRA-TRO.PICAL COUNTRIES. 211
Melaleuca Leucadendron, Linne.
The Cajaput-tree of India, North- and East- Australia as far
south as 34 south latitude. This tree attains a height of 80
feet, with a stem reaching 4 feet in diameter, on tidal ground; it
can with great advantage be utilized on such areas and in salt
swamps for subduing malarian vapors where no Eucalyptus will
live. The lamellar bark protects it against conflagrations. The
wood is fissile, hard and close-grained, regarded as almost im-
perishable underground, and resists the attacks of termites.
It is well adapted for posts, wharf-piles, ship-building and
various artisans' work. The allied Callistemons (C. salignus,
DC, 60 feet high, C. lanceolatus, DC, 40 feet) produce
a hard, heavy, close-grained wood, suitable for wheelwrights'
work and implements, proving very durable underground (W.
Hill).
Melaleuca parviflora, Lindley.
Extra-tropical Australia. A tall bush or small tree. One of
the most important plants for fixing moving coast-sands.
Melaleuca styphelioides, Smith.
East-Australia. Height of tree reaching 60 feet; stem diameter
2^4 feet. The timber is hard, close-grained, and stands well in
damp situations. It is said that the timber has never been
known to decay (Queensland Exhibition, 1878). Tree adapted
for swamps.
Melaleuca trichostachya, Lindley.
Tropical East-Australia. A small tree, deserving attention
as eligible for saline land, on which it can be raised much
more easily than Myoporum insulare. M. Thozet ob-
serves that it occurs in places where it is bathed by
the tides; also that large saplings without roots can be
transplanted: Thus it may be destined to aid, with
several of its congeners and with Salicornias, Avicennias,
^Egiceras, Batis, Suaedas, and some other plants, to reclaim low
muddy shore-lands from sea-floods. M. squarrosa, Smith, of
South-East Australia, can be grown in fresh-water swamps, to
subdue miasmata. It attains exceptionally the height of 60
feet, with a stem two feet in diameter.
Melanorrhoea usitata, Wallich.
The Varnish-tree of Burmah, Munnipore and Tenasserim.
Possibly hardy in forest-valleys free of frost, as it ascends to
3,000 feet elevation. The hardened sap is used for a highly-
prized black varnish.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Melia Azedarach, Linne.
Called "the Pride of India." South Asia, North and also
East Australia, and there to far extra-tropical latitudes. As an
avenue tree not without importance, because it will successfully
cope with dryness of clime and sterility of soil. It recommends
itself also for retaining the foliage till very late in the season,
and for producing an abundance of fragrant flowers, which may
perhaps be worth distilling for essential oil. The wood is con-
sidered of value for some kinds of musical instruments. A
black-fruited Melia seems as yet little known.
Melianthus major, Linne.
South Africa. The leaves of this stately plant are very effi-
cacious as antiseptics, also in cases of scald head, ringworm
and various other cutaneous diseases (Dr. Pappe). Its effect of
promoting granulation is very remarkable (Dr. A. Brown).
Flowers rich in honey, as indicated by the generic name. Will
bear some frost.
Melica altissima, Linne.
North-Eastern Europe, Middle Asia. This perennial grass
has recently come into use for pasture.
Melica ciliata, Linne.
Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial fodder-grass, par-
ticularly desirable for sheep. Best for dry gypsum or lime
ground.
Melica nutans, Linne.
The Pearl-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia, enduring
an alpine exposure and living also in the shade of forests. It will
bear the clime of Norway to lat. 70 28' (Schuebeler). It pro-
duces suckers, and affords good herbage in woody regions; so
also does M. uniflora. Several other species are on record from
various parts of the globe, among which M. mutica, of North-
America, seems to deserve special attention.
Melicocca bijuga, Linne.
Central America, on mountains. So many sapindaceous trees
of the Cupania series have been shown by my own experiments
to be hardy in a climate like that of Victoria, that this important
member of the series could now also be admitted into this
list. The pulp of the fruit is of grape-taste; the seeds can be
used like sweet chestnuts.
Melilotus alba, Desrousseaux.
The Cabul, or Bokhara-Clover. Europe, North Africa,
Middle Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 6o° 16' (Schuebeler).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 213
A biennial herb. On account of its fragrance it is of value as
admixture to hay. It is also a good bee-plant. Flowers white.
Odorous principle: cumarin.
Melilotus ccerulea, Lamarck.
Cultivated in Norway to lat. 70 22'. South Europe and
North-Africa. An annual, very odorous fodder-herb. It forms
an ingredient of the green Swiss cheese, which owes its flavor
and color chiefly to this plant.
Melilotus officinalis, Desrousseaux.
Europe and Middle Asia. In Norway hardy to lat. 67 17'.
Biennial, or lasting through several years, if prevented from
flowering. Contains also cumarin. An allied species is M.
macrorrhiza, Pers. Both serve purposes similar to those for
which M. alba is employed. Grown on the coast it becomes less
odorous.
Melissa officinalis, Linne.
The Balm-Herb. Southern Europe and Middle Asia. A
perennial herb, valuable for its scent, which depends on a
peculiar volatile oil. This herb is also important as a
bee-plant. 1
Melocanna bambusoides, Trinius.
The Berry-bearing Bamboo, from Chittagong and other
mountainous parts of India, as well as of the Archipelagus.
The fruit is very large, fleshy, like an apple, and contains a seed,
which is said to be very pleasant eating (Masters). It is a
thornless bamboo, growing on dry slopes of hills. Height
reaching 70 feet; circumference towards base, 1 foot; growth
beautifully erect.
Melocanna Travancorica. (Beesha Travancorica, Beddome.)
A new bamboo from Travancore, worthy of introduction.
Mentha laxiflora, Bentham.
Victoria and the most southern parts of New South Wales.
This, the Australian Forest-Mint, furnishes a peculiarly pleasant
oil, not dissimilar to that of peppermint. A fair oil can also be
distilled from M. Australis, R. Brown, the common River-
Mint of Southeastern Australia.
Mentha piperita, Linn6.*
The peppermint. Middle Europe. This well known peren-
nial herb is important for its peculiar essential oil. This dis-
tilled oil is in considerable demand, and would be best obtained
from plants cultivated in mountain regions or naturalized along
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
forest rivulets. The annual production of oil of peppermint
is estimated at 90,000 lbs., two-thirds of which are prepared in
the State of New York (Masters). Eminent authorities refer
the peppermint as a variety to Mentha aquatica, L., the water-
mint of Europe, North Africa, West and North Asia, from
which the true Crisp Mint (M. crispa, L.) is again derived, as
well as the Bergamot Mint (M. citrata, Ehrh.).
Mentha Pulegium, Linne.
The true penny-royal. Europe, Western Asia, Northern
Africa. A perennial scent-herb, yielding a peculiar ethereal
oil. It likes moist soil. To be avoided on pastures, as not
readily repressed.
Mentha rotundifolia, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Western
Asia. Fond of wet places, which by the culture of this and
other mints may be profitably utilized. In odor this mint ap-
proaches to Melissa. The French and Italian Crisp Mint
is partly derived from this species. Closely allied to the
following, and often regarded as a variety of M. viridis, L.
Mentha silvestris, Linne.
The horse-mint. Europe, North Africa, temperate Asia.
Perennial. One of the crisp mints is derived from this species.
Hardy, like the three preceding species, to lat. 59 55' in
Norway, (Schuebeler.)
Mentha viridis, Linne.
The spearmint. Middle and Southern Europe. Perennial.
A particular sort of crisp mint (M. crispata, Schrad.) belongs
to this species.
Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne.
Inappropriately called the bog bean or buck bean. Europe,
Northern and Middle Asia, North America. In springy and
spongy bogs. A perennial herb of great beauty, which could
be naturalized with facility in any cold regions. Indigenous
as far north as lat. 71 10' in Norway (Prof. Schuebeler). The
root is starchy. The whole plant is pervaded with a bitter
principle, largely derived from menyanthin. The plant is used
medicinally as a tonic and febrifuge.
Meriandra Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (M. Benghalensis, Bentham.)
Abyssinia, on high mountains. A shrub of penetrating
odor; utilized much like sage.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 215
Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, Linn6.
The Hottentot fig of South Africa. Under the same ver-
nacular name is also comprised the distinct M. edule, L.
Both should be transferred into any of the most inhospitable
desert regions, as they afford in the inner part of their fruit a
really palatable and copious food.
Mesembrianthemum aequilaterale, Haworth.
Australia and West coast of America. This widely creeping
species spreads readily over saline ground, whether clayey,
sandy or rocky, Mr. J. Clode observes that sheep are very
fond of this succulent plant, and require but little water when
browsing on it; or, in cold coast districts, they will do without
any water even in summer, while thriving well on the foliage.
Fruit with a sweetish edible pulp.
Mesembrianthemum capitatum, Haworth.
South Africa. This perennial species, from the readiness
and quickness of its growth, and from the abundance of its
seeds and their easy dispersion, is one of the best for staying
any rolling sea sand (Dickinson). M. pugioniforme, Linn£,
and many other species serve the same purpose.
Mesembrianthemum crystallinum, Linne.
South Africa. Recently recommended as a spinage plant.
Can be grown on bare sand, which it helps to cover. Eaten
by sheep. In Norway it will succeed northward to lat. 69 18'.
Mesembrianthemum floribundum, Haworth.
South Africa. This succulent perennial with many allied
species from the same part of the globe is a far more important
plant than might be assumed, "a good stretch of this is worth
as much as a dam" (Professor McOwan). Succulent plants
like these would live in sandy deserts, where storage of water
may be impracticable.
Metrosideros tomentosa, Cunningham.
Northern Island of New Zealand. Could be grown for tim-
ber on rocky sea shores. Height reaching 80 feet, trunk stout, but
comparatively short. The timber, according to Professor
Kirk, deserves attention, as one of the most durable for the
frame-work in ship building, for jetties, docks, sills. Other
species with dense wood, occurring in New Zealand, are M.
lucida, Menzies and M. robusta, A. Cunn., ornamental trees
, with crimson flowers.
2l6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Michelia excelsa, Blume.
In the Himalayas and other Indian mountains, up to 8,000
feet. It grows to a large size, supplying boards of three
feet in width, and is one of the best timber trees there. Fol-
iage deciduous, flowers large, white; wood yellowish. M.
lanuginosa, Wallich, ascends there also to temperate regions
with M. Kisopa, Hamilton, M. Cathcartii, Hooker and Thom-
son, M. Champaca, Linne, M. punduana, H. and Th. and
M. Nilagirica, Zenker, all being tall trees.
Microseris Forsteri, J. Hooker.
The Native Scorzonera of extra-tropical Australia and New
Zealand. A perennial herb deserving attention, as its root
would probably enlarge and improve through culture. On the
summits of snowy mountains the plant develops most luxur-
iantly during summer. The Australian aborigines use the root
for food. The plant would prove hardy in Middle Europe.
Milium effusum, Linne.
English Millet-Grass. Europe, North- and Middle-Asia,
North-America. Perennial, suited for damp forest-land par-
ticularly, the pastural capabilities of which it enhances. On
river-banks it attains a height of 6 feet. It is relished by cattle.
The seeds can be used like millet, the stems for the manufacture
of superior straw hats. It is a great favorite with pheasants and
many other birds for the sake of its seeds, which ripen early in
the season. Indigenous in Norway as far north as lat. 71 7'
(Schuebeler).
Mimosa rubicaulis, Lamarck.
India. A hedge-bush, almost inapproachable. It has proven
hardy, enduring some frost at Melbourne.
. Mimusops Sieberi, A. de Candolle.
West-Indies and Florida. Tree reaching 30 feet in height.
Fruit of agreeable taste (Sargent).
Monarda didyma, Linne.
\J J North- America. Hardy to lat. 59 55' in Norway. A peren-
nial odorous herb, producing the medicinal Oswego- or Beebalm-
Tea. M. punctata, L. and M. fistulosa, L. with several others,
are also of very strong scent. Their volatile oil contains
thymol.
Monodora Angolensis, Welwitsch.
Tropical West-Africa, up to the comparatively cool elevation
of 3,500 feet. A tree attaining 30 feet in height. The pleasantly
aromatic seeds come into the market, like those of the following
species; they measure about half an inch in diameter and are
produced in numbers.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 217
Monodora Myristica, Dunal.
West- Africa. A small tree. The seeds serve as nutmegs.
Morchella esculenta, Persoon. {M. conica, Persoon.)
Europe, northward to lat. 70 in Norway, Asia, Northern and
Central America. With M. semilibera this Morel has been
found in Victoria and New South Wales; its spread should be
encouraged by artificial means, as it is a wholesome esculent.
Kohlrausch and Siegel found 29 to 35 per cent, of protein in
this species when dried. European superior species, probably
admitting of introduction, are: M. Gigas, Pers., M. rimosipes,
DC, M. Bohemica, Krombh., M. deliciosa, Fries (which extends
to Java) and M. patula, Pers., the Bell Morel; but several others
occur in other parts of the globe. Though these fungi show a
predilection for pine-forests, they are not dependent upon them;
thus the writer found M. esculenta in Eucalyptus-forests, and
this late in the autumn. They can all be dried and preserved
for culinary purposes.
Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertner.
The Horse-Radish Tree of India, abundant as far as the
middle regions of the mountains. The long pods are edible;
the seeds are somewhat almond-like and rich in oil. M. aptera,
Gaertner, occurs from Abyssinia and Egypt to Arabia and Syria.
Morus alba, Linne.*
The White Mulberry-Tree. China. This tree in several
varieties provides the food for the ordinary Chinese silk-insect
(Bombyx Mori). Silk was produced in Italy 600 years ago, and
this branch of industry has flourished there ever since. In
China silk has been reeled for 4,500 years; this may demon-
strate the permanency of an industry, which we wish to establish
extensively anywhere under a similar sky. "One pound of silk
is worth its weight in silver, and this pound may be produced
(so far as the food of the Bombyx is concerned) from thirty
pounds of mulberry-leaves or from a single tree, which may
thus be brought to yield annually the material for 16 yards of
Gros de Naples." The White Mulbery-tree is of extremely easy
growth from cuttings, also readily raised from well-matured
seeds. It is usually unisexual, and finally attains a very large
size. It can be grown in climes where olives will no longer
thrive. In Norway the tree bore seeds in lat. 59 55' (Schuebe-
ler). Spots for mulberry-culture must not be over moist, when
the leaves are to be utilized for the Bombyx. In 1870, accord-
ing to the British Trade Journal, the produce of cocoons
amounted in Europe to ^16,588,000; in Asia to ^28, 11 2,000;
in Africa to ^"44,000; in the South-Sea Islands to ^24,000; in
2l8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
America to ^20,000 — thus giving a general total of ^"44,788,-
000. In 1875 the yield of raw silk in the district of Rajshahye
(British India) was estimated at ^400,000, employing about
12,000 people, the plantations extending approximately over 150
square miles (Dr. S. Forbes Watson). In that district alone a
quarter of a million people derive their support from the trade
and other branches of the silk industries. Superior varieties of
mulberry can be grafted with ease on ordinary stock. M. Indica,
L., M. macrophylla, Morett., M. multicaulis, Perott., M.
Morettiana, Jacq., M. Chinensis, Bertol., M. latifolia, Poir.,
M. Italica, Poir., M. Japonica, Nois., M. Byzantina, Sieb.,
M. nervosa, Del., M. pumila, Nois., M. tortuosa, Audib., as
well as the Constantinople-Mulberry, are merely forms of M.
alba, to which probably also M. Tatarica, L. and M. pabularia
Jacquin belong. The variety known as M, Indica produces
black fruits. The raising of Mulberry-Trees has recently
assumed enormous dimensions in California, where between
seven and eight millions were planted in 1870. The
process of rearing the silk-insect is simple and
involves no laborious exertions. The cocoons, after
they have been properly steamed, dried and pressed, readily
find purchasers in Europe, the price ranging according to
quality from 3s. to 6s. per lb. The eggs of the silk moth sell
at a price from 16s. to £2 per ounce; in 1870 Japan had to
provide two millions of ounces of silk-ova for Europe, where
the worms had extensively fallen victims to disease. As an ex-
ample of the profit to be realized, a Californian fact may be
cited, according to which ,£700 were the clear gain from 3^
acres, the working expenses having been ^93. The Commis-
sioner of Agriculture of the United States has estimated that
under ordinary circumstances an acre should support from 700
to 1000 mulberry trees, producing, when four years old, 5,000 lbs.
of leaves fit for food. On this quantity of leaves can be reared
140,000 worms, from which ova at a net profit ranging from
£80 to ^240 per acre will be obtained by the work of one
person. Mr. C. Brady, of Sydney, thinks the probable proceeds
of silk culture to be from £60 to ,£150 for the acre. The dis-
crepancies in calculations of this kind are explained by differ-
ences in clime, soil, attention and treatment.
A very palatable fruit is obtained from a variety cultivated
in Beloochistan and Afghanistan. Morus Tatarica L., resem-
bles M. alba; its juicy fruit is insipid and small. The leaves
are not generally used for silkworms.
The results of Mr. Brady's experience on the varieties of
Morus alba are as follows: In the normal form the fruits are
white with a purplish tinge more or less deep; the bark is pale;
the leaf is also of a pale hue, not very early nor very tender,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 219
nor very abundant. It may be grown on moist ground so long
as such is drained, or it will live even on poor, loose, gravelly
soil, bordering on running water. The Cevennes variety is a
free grower, affords a large quantity of leaves, though of
rather thick consistence; all varieties of the Morus Bombyx
like these leaves whether young or old. It is also called the
Rose-leaved variety. The silk which it yields is substantial in
quantity and also good in quality. It does best on rich dry
slopes. The bushy Indian variety has a fine leaf of a beautiful
green, which, though light in weight, is abundantly produced.
It can be cut back to the stem three or four times a year; the
leaves are flat, long and pointed, possess a fine aroma, and are
relished by every variety of the ordinary silk insect, though all
do not thrive equally well on it. The silk derived from this
variety is excellent, but not always so heavy in quantity as that
produced from the rosy variety. It prefers rich, low lying bot-
toms, is a greedy feeder, but may thus be made to cover an
extraordinary breadth of alluvial or manured land in a marvel-
lously short space of time. At Sydney Mr. Brady can provide
leaves from this Indian variety all through the year by the re-
moval of cuttings, which will strike their roots almost at any
season. It also ripens seeds readily, and should be kept at
bush size. It requires naturally less space than the other
kinds. A fourth variety comes from North China; it has heart-
shaped, flat, thickish leaves, which form very good food for the
silkworm. Mr. Brady, as well as Mr. Martelli, recommend
very particularly the variety passing under the name of Morus
multicaulis for the worms in their earliest stages. The former
recommends the Cape variety also; the latter wishes likewise
the variety called Morus Morettiana to be used on account of
its succulent nutritious foliage, so well adapted for the insect
while yet very young, and also on account of producing the
largest amount of food within the shortest time. The Manila
variety, known as Morus multicaulis, comes into bearing several
weeks earlier than most other sorts, and should therefore be
at hand for early hatched worms.
The Muscardine disease is produced by Botrytis Bassiana,
while the still more terrible Pebrine disease is caused by a mi-
nute psorospermous organism. On the Pebrine Pasteur's re-
searches since 1865 have shed much light. Countries like
ours, happily free from these pests, can thus rear healthy silk-
ova at a high premium for exportation.
The White Mulberry tree with others offering food to the
silkworms, such as the osage-orange, should be planted cop-
iously everywhere for hedges or copses. A very soft textible
fiber is obtained from the bark of the Chinese Mulberry tree.
220 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Morus celtidifolia, Humboldt.
From Peru to Mexico, ascending to 7,000 feet. The fruit of
this Mulberry tree is edible. M. insignis, Planchon, from New
Granada, is a similar species.
Morus nigra, Linne.*
The Black Mulberry tree. South Russia and Persia. At-
tains a height of 60 feet. Highly valuable for its pleasant
refreshing fruits. It is a tree of longevity, instances being on
record of its having lived through several centuries. It is also
very hardy, enduring the winter cold of Norway to lat. 6i° 15';
at Christiania it bore fruit (Schuebeler). Mr. John Hodgkins
regards it as a superior tree for sandy coast ridges. The
leaves of this species also afford food for the ordinary silk
moth and are almost exclusively used for this purpose in the Ca-
nary Islands, although the produce therefrom is not always so
good as that from M. alba. The tree occurs usually unisexual.
M. atropurpurea, Roxb., from Cochin China, is an allied tree.
The cylindrical fruit spike attains a length of two inches.
Morus rubra, Linne.*
The Red Mulberry-Tree of North America; the largest of the
genus, attaining a height of 70 feet; it produces a strong and
compact timber, of wonderful endurance underground, hence in
demand for posts and railway ties (General Harrison) ; also for
knees of small vessels (Dr. C. Mohr) and a variety of other
purposes. Fruit edible, sweet, large. The tree is hardy in
Christiania (Schuebeler.)
Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Bentham. {Macrantkus Cochinchitiensis, Loureiro.)
A climbing annual, which can be reared in the open air in
England. Pods, cooked as a vegetable, taste like those of the
kidney bean (Johnson.)
Muehlenbergia diffusa, Willdenow.
Southern States of North America. Perennial. Recorded
among the good native fodder grasses of Alabama by C Mohr,
thriving as well on dry hills as in low damp forest-ground.
Muehlenbergia Mexicana, Trinius.
Southern States of North America. A perennial good fodder-
grass, particularly fit for low humid ground.
Murraya exotica, Koenig.
South Asia, Polynesia, East and North Australia. This shrub
or small tree is one of the best among the odoriferous plants in
India (C. B. Clarke).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Musa Cavendishii, Lambert.* {Musa regia, Rumph; Musa Ckinensis, Sweet;
Musa nana, Loureiro.)
The Chinese Banana. A comparatively dwarf species, the
stem attaining a height of only about 5 or 6 feet. Its robust
and dwarf habit render it particularly fit for exposed localities,
and this is one of the reasons why it is so extensively cultivated
in the South Sea Islands. The yield of fruit is profuse (even as
much as 200 to 300 fruits in a spike), and the flavor excellent.
This, as well as M. sapientum and M. paradisiaca, still ripens
its fruits in Madeira and Florida. The specific name, given by
Loureiro, deserves preference.
Musa corniculata, Rumph.*
Insular India. Fruits as large as a good-sized cucumber;
skin thick; pulp reddish-white, firm, dry, sweet; an excellent
fruit for cooking (Kurz). The Lubang variety is of enormous
size.
Musa Ensete, Gmelin.
Bruce's Banana. From Sofala to Abyssinia in mountain
regions. This magnificent plant attains a height of 30 feet, the
leaves occasionally reaching the length of 20 feet, with a
width of 3 feet, being perhaps the largest in the whole empire of
plants, exceeding those of Strelitzia and Ravenala, and surpass-
ing even in quadrate measurement those of the grand water-
plant Victoria Regia, while also excelling in comparative circum-
ference the largest compound frond of Angiopteris evecta or
divided leaf of Godwinia Gigas, though the compound leaves of
some palms are still larger. The inner part of the stem and
the young spike of the Ensete can be boiled, to serve as a table
esculent, but the fruit is pulpless. This plant produces no
suckers, and requires several years to come into flower and
seed, when it dies off like the Sago Plant, the Caryota Palm,
and others, which flower but once without reproduction from the
root.
Musa Livingstoniana, Kirk.
Mountains of Sofala, Mozambique, and the Niger regions.
Similar to M. Ensete; seeds much smaller. This superb plant
requires no protection in favorable places in warm temperate
climes, as it advances in its native country to elevations of 7,000
feet. This and a Musa of Angola, like M. Ensete, form no
suckers.
Musa paradisiaca, Linne.*
The ordinary Plantain or Pisang. India. Among the most
prolific of plants, requiring the least care in climes adapted for
222 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
its growth. Stem not spotted. Bracts purple inside. In this,
as well as M. Cavendishii and M. simiarum, new shoots are pro-
duced from the root, to replace annually the fruit-bearing stem.
The fruit of this is often prepared by some cooking process.
Very many varieties are distinguished, and they seem to have
sprung from the wild state of M. sapientum. The writer did
not wish to pass this and the allied plants unnoticed, as they
will endure the clime in warmer localities of the temperate zone,
where under careful attention they are likely to mature their fruit
with regularity. They require rich and humid soil. Plantain
meal is prepared by simply reducing the dried pulp to powder.
It is palatable, digestible and nourishing. M. sapientum, L., the
ordinary Banana, or Sweet Plantain, is a variety. It is one of
the most important plants among those yielding nutritious
delicious fruits. The stem is spotted; bracts green inside.
The leaves and particularly the stalks and the stems of this and
other species of Musa can be utilized for producing a fiber
similar to Manila hemp. The fruit of this species is used
chiefly unprepared; it is generally of a yellow color. Numerous
varieties are distinguished. Under favorable circumstances as
much as a hundredweight of fruit is obtained from a plant
annually in tropical climes. At Caracas, where the temperature
is seldom much above or below 70 F., the plantain and banana
plants are very productive, being loaded with fruits 12 to 15
inches long, on mountains about 5,000 feet high. In the dry
Murray regions of South-east Australia the winter temperature
seems too low for the successful development of the plants
except on sheltered spots; but bananas still ripen under the
shelter of limestone cliffs as far south as Swan River in West
Australia. The plant matures its fruit still in the Canary Islands.
The banana requires indefinitely less care within its geographic
latitudes than the potato; contains along with much starch
protein compounds. The preparation of starch from bananas
is lucrative, as the yield is copious. Many Indian populations
live very extensively or almost exclusively on this fruit.
Musa simiarum, Rumph.* {M. corniculata, Loureiro; M. acuminata, Coll.).
From Malacca to the Sunda-Islands. About half a hundred
marked varieties of this species, called mainly Peesangs in India,
are under cultivation there, especially on the Archipelagus, while
M. sapientum occurs wild more frequently on the mainland.
Though the latter is principally cultivated on the Indian conti-
nent, yet it never equals in delicacy the cultivated forms of M.
simiarum, the fruit of which sometimes attains a length of 2 feet
(Kurz.)
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 223
Musa troglodytarum, Linne. {M. uranoscopos, Rumph.).
India, and apparently indigenous also in the Fiji and other
islands of the Pacific Ocean. The fruit-stalk of this species
stands upright; the edible fruits are small, reddish or orange-
colored; pulp gamboge-yellow, mawkish-sweet (Kurz). The
Chinese M. coccinea, Ait., a dwarf ornamental species, has also
the fruit-spike straight.
Myoporum laetum, Forster.
New Zealand, where it is called Ngaio by the aborigines. As
a shelter-tree it is equal to the Australian M. insulare for the
most exposed parts of the coast. It is excellent for shade, and
its wood takes a fine polish. It can be raised on the beach from
cuttings. Uprooted it will produce new roots, if covered in
near the sea. Sheep and horses browse on the foliage.
Myrica cerifera, Linne.
The Wax-Myrtle. Sandy sea-coast of North-America. This
; shrub helps to bind the rolling sand; it has fragrant leaves; the
fruits are boiled, and the floating wax, which can be converted
into candles, is skimmed off. In Patagonia, Argentina and
Chili the scrophularineous Monttea aphylla, Bentham (Oxy-
cladus aphyllus, Miers), yields vegetable wax from its branches
(Lorentz.)
Myrica cordifolia, Linne.
South- Africa. This bushy plant arrests the influx of the sea-
sand; it also yields wax from its fruits in remunerative quantity.
Myrica Faya, Aiton.
Madeira, Azores and Canary-Islands. A small tree. The
drupaceous fruits are used for preserves. M. sapida Wallich,
an Indian mountainous species, has also edible fruits.
Myrica quercifolia, Linne.*
South- Africa. This, as well as M. cordifolia and the follow-
ing, are the principal wax-bushes there. Many other species
from different parts of the globe are available for trial-culture,
but none have as yet been discovered in Australia.
Myrica serrata, Lamarck.
South-Africa. Shrub only about 3 feet high. The Myrica-
wax is heavier, harder and more brittle than bees'-wax, but
melts easier. It is obtained from the fruits throughout the cool
season. The sowing of seeds is done after the first rain of the
cool months has steadied the sand. The plant can also be mul-
tiplied from cuttings. The subterraneous trunk is creeping, and
in age of considerable length (Dr. Pappe.)
224 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Myrica rubra, Siebold and Zuccarini.
China and Japan. The bark of this tree or shrub serves for
a brown dye; the fruit is edible.
Myrrhis odorata, Scopoli.
The Sweet Chervil or Cicely. Mountains of Middle and
Southern Europe and Asia Minor, particularly in forests. A
perennial aromatic herb, used for salad and culinary condiments.
It could be naturalized in forests, and would endure an Alpine
climate; a second species, M. occidentals, Benth., occurs in
Oregon.
Myrtus acmenoides, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland. The fragrant leaves of this and of M. fragrant-
issima used for flavoring tea, according to Mr. P. O'Shanesy.
Myrtus communis, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The Bridal Myrtle.
This bush of ancient renown should not be passed; it is indus-
trially in requisition for myrtle-wreaths.
Myrtus edulis, Bentham. {Myrcianthes edulis, Berg.)
Uruguay. A tree attaining a height of about 25 feet. Berries
of 1 Y /z inch diameter, of pleasant taste.
Myrtus Luma, Molina.
South-Chili. A tree fully 100 feet high in the virgin forests.
Wood very hard and heavy, much sought for press-screws,
wheel-spokes and select implements (Dr. Philippi.)
Myrtus Meli, Philippi.
South-Chili. Of the same use as the foregoing species, and
in this manner most favorably contrasting with the numerous
other myrtaceous trees of Chili.
Myrtus nummularia, Poiret.
The Cranberry- Myrtle. From Chili to Fuegia, also in the
Falkland-Islands. This trailing little plant might be transferred
to the turfy moors of alpine mountains. Sir J. Hooker des-
cribes the berries as fleshy, sweet and of agreeable flavor. Allied
species occur in the cold zone of the Peruvian Andes.
Myrtus tomentosa, Aiton.
India and China. This showy shrub ascends to 8,000 feet.
The berries are dark purple, of cherry size, pulpy and of
aromatic sweetness. Various other Myrtles with edible berries
are known from different warm countries.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 22$
Myrtus Ugni, Molina.
The Chilian Guava. A hardy shrub freely bearing its small
but pleasantly aromatic berries.
Nageia (Podocarpus) amara, Blume.
Java, on high volcanic mountains. A large tree, sometimes
200 feet high. Timber valuable.
Nageia (Podocarpus) andina, Poeppig. (Prumnopithys elegans, Philippi.)
The Lleuque of Chili. A stately tree with clusters of edible
cherry-like fruit. As might be expected from its native place,
it will bear severe frost — o°F. (Gorlie). The wood is yellowish
and fine-grained, and is chosen for elegant furniture work.
Nageia (Podocarpus) bracteata, Blume.
Burma, Borneo, Java, up to 3,000 feet. Generally reaching
80 feet in height, with a straight trunk and horizontal branches.
The close-grained wood is highly prized. The allied N. nerii-
folia from the Himalayas has proved hardy at Melbourne.
Nageia (Podocarpus) Chilina, Richard.
The Manniu and Lahaul of the Chilians. Height reaching
100 feet, with corresponding thickness of stem. Wood white,
of excellent quality.
Nageia (Podocarpus) coriacea, Richard.
West-Indies. This tree attains a height of 50 feet, and
advances to elevations of 8,000 feet. Other species of both
hemispheres should be tested.
Nageia (Podocarpus) cupressina, R. Brown,
Java and Philippine-Islands. Height of tree 180 feet;
furnishes a highly valuable timber.
Nageia (Podocarpus) dacrydioides, A. Richard.
In swampy ground of New Zealand; the "Kahikatea" of the
Maoris, called White Pine by the colonists. Height 150 feet;
diameter of stem often 4 feet. The white sweet fruit is eaten
by the natives; the wood is pale, close-grained, heavy. It will
not stand exposure to wet, but is one of the best for flooring-
boards. The strength is equal to that of Rimu, according to
Professor Kirk; but it is more readily attacked by boring
insects.
Nageia (Podocarpus) elata, R. Brown.
East-Australia. A fine timber-tree attaining a height of 80
feet with a stem 2 feet in diameter. The timber is soft, close-
grained, free from knots, much used for joiners' work, also for
spars. Market price in Brisbane ^3 5s. to ^3 10s. per 1,000
superficial feet (Queensland Exhibition, 1877.)
15
226 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Nageia (Podocarpus) elongata, L'Heritier.
South-Africa. With N. Thunbergi, Erythrina Caffra and
Oreodaphne bullata, this is the tallest tree of Capeland and
Caffraria, although it does not advance beyond 70 feet. The
yellowish wood is highly valuable, deal-like, not resinous. The
stems can be used for top-masts and yards of ships.
Nageia (Podocarpus) ferruginea, Don.
Northern parts of New Zealand. The Black Pine of the
colonists; native name"Miro." Height reaching 80 feet; it
produces a dark red resin of a bitter taste. The wood is of a
reddish color, very hardy; will stand exposure to sea-water.
Fruit solitary.
Nageia (Podocarpus) Lamberti, Klotzsch.
Brazil. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber.
Nageia (Podocarpus) macrophylla, Don.
The Inou-maki of Japan. A tree attaining 50 feet in height.
The nut-stalks used for food there. The wood is white and
compact, employed for carpenters' and joiners' work; the bark
for thatching (Dupont.)
Nageia (Podocarpus) nubigena, Lindley.
Southern Chili, generally a companion of N. Chilina, with
which it agrees in its dimensions and the utility of its timber.
Nageia (Podocarpus) Purdieana, Hooker.
Jamaica, at 2,500 to 3,500 feet. This quick-growing tree
attains a height of 100 feet.
Nageia (Podocarpus) spicata, Brown.
Black Pine or Matai of New Zealand. Fruit spicate. Tree
sometimes 80 feet high; wood pale or reddish, soft, close and
durable; used advantageously for piles, machinery, stringers,
braces, millwrights' work, house blocks, railway sleepers, also
': weather-boards and flooring boards (Kirk.)
Nageia (Podocarpus) Thunbergi, Hooker.
South Africa. Superior to N. pruinosa, E. Meyer, and even
N. elongata in the quality of its wood; it is bright-yellow, fine-
grained, and very handsome when polished (Dr. Pappe.)
Nageia (Podocarpus) Totara, Don.*
New Zealand. A fine tree, 120 feet high, with a stem of 20
feet in circumference; it is called Mahogany-pine by the colon-
ists. The reddish, close-grained and durable wood is valuable
both for building and for furniture; and is also extensively used
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 227
for telegraph posts; it is considered the most valuable timber of
New Zealand. Chosen for piles of bridges, wharves and jetties,
and in other naval architecture; the heart-wood resists decay
and the attacks of the Teredo for a long time, according to Pro-
fessor Kirk. It ranks below Kauri in strength, but equals it in
durability. It is one of the most lasting woods for railway-
sleepers. When used for piles, the bark should not be removed
from the timber. Many other tall timber-trees of the genus
Podocarpus or Nageia occur in various parts of Asia, Africa and
America, doubtless all desirable; but the quality of their timber
is not well known, though likely in many cases excellent.
Nageia is by far the oldest published name of the genus.
Nardostachys Jatamansi, De Candolle.
Mountains of Bengal and Nepal. The Spikenard. A per-
ennial herb, famous in ancient times as a medicinal plant. The
root contains an ethereal oil and bitter principle. The drug is
also often obtained from N. grandiflora, DC.
Nastus Borbonicus, Gmelin.
Reunion, where it forms a belt all round the mountains of the
island, in a zone of 3-4,000 feet. This beautiful bamboo grows
to a height of about 50 feet (General Munro). A second
species, namely, M. capitatus Kunth occurs in Madagascar.
Nelumbo lutea, Caspary.* {Nelumbium luteum, Willdenow.)
The Water Chinquepin. In North America, north to
44 ; also in Jamaica. This magnificent perennial water-
plant carries with it the type of Nelumbo nucifera, but
seems more hardy, and thus better adapted for extra-
tropical latitudes, the Pythagorean Bean not descending in
Australia naturally beyond 23 , although this species also
may perhaps live in the warmer parts of the temperate
zone. The tuberous roots of both species resemble some-
what the Sweet Potato and are starchy; the seeds are of par-
ticularly pleasant taste. The plants would be of great value as
ornamental aquatics. The leaves of N. lutea are from 1 to 2
feet in diameter. The flower measures ^ to 1 foot across.
The capsular fruit contains from twenty to forty nut-like seeds.
The plant in congenial spots displaces nearly all other water
vegetation by the vigor of its growth.
Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertner.* {Nehimbium speciosiim, Willdenow.)
The Pythagorean Bean and Sacred Lotus of the ancients.
Egypt; on the Caspian and Aral Seas (46 N.); Persia;
.. through India, where in Cashmere it occurs at an elevation of
5,000 feet; China; Japan; Amur (46 N.); tropical Australia as
228 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
far south as 23 . The occurrence of this grand plant at the
Ima, at Pekin, and at Astrachan proves sufficiently that we can
naturalize it in moderately cool climes, as has been done already
by Marquis Ginoi at Doccia, near Florence. The Nelumbo re-
quires deep water with a muddy bottom. The large white or
rosy flowers are very fragrant. The seeds retain their vitality
for several years. According to the ancient Egyptian method,
they are placed in balls of muddy clay and chaff, and then sunk
into the water.
Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham. {Glechoma hederacea, Linne.)
The ground Ivy. Europe, Western Asia. This herb is still
held in great estimation as a pectoral medicine in many parts of
Europe.
Nephelium lappaceum, Linne.
India. This tree furnishes the Rambutan or Rampostan
fruit, similar to the Litchi and Longan fruit. As one species of
Nephelium is indigenous as far south as Gippsland (Victoria),
and as all the species seem to require rather a moist, mild forest
clime than great atmospheric heat, we may hope to bring this
tree also to perfect bearing in favorable spots of a temperate
clime.
Nephelium Litchi, Cambessedes.
South China, Cochin China and the Phillipine Islands. An
evergreen tree, producing the Litchi fruit. The pulpy arillus
is of extremely pleasant taste, though not large.
Nephelium Longanum, Cambessedes.
India and Southern China. The Longan-fruit is obtained
from this tree; it is smaller than that of the Litchi-tree and less
palatable.
Neurachne Mitchelliana, Nees.
The Mulga-Grass. In the desert interior of Eastern and
South-Eastern Australia. With its companion, N. Munroi,
F. v. M., eligible as a perennial fodder-grass for naturalization
in sandy or dry sterile land. It endures any extent of drought,
but requires heavy rain to start anew (R. S. Moore.)
Nicotiana glauca, Graham.
Argentina and Uruguay. This quickly-growing arborescent
species can be raised on mere sand on the coast, as one of the
best of plants to establish shelter and stay the shifting of the
sand-waves.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 229
Nicotiana multivalvis, Lindley.
The native tobacco of the Columbia River. An annual. This
can be utilized for some inferior kinds of tobacco.
Nicotiana Persica, Lindley.
The Shiraz-Tobacco. Persia. Annual. This can be brought
to perfection only in cool mountain-regions. The mode of cul-
ture is somewhat different from that of the ordinary tobacco.
Moderate irrigation is favorable. The plants, when ripe, are
cut off and stuck into the ground again until they become yel-
low. They are then heaped together for a few days in the dry-
ing-house. They are afterwards packed into thin strata and
placed into bags for pressure and daily turning.
Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh.
The native tobacco of the Missouri. An annual.
Nicotiana repanda, Willdenow.
Cuba, Mexico, Texas. Annual. It is utilized for some of the
Havanna tobaccoes.
Nicotiana rustica, Linne.
Tropical America. Annual. Some exceptional sorts of East-
Indian tobacco, of Manila-tobacco and of Turkey-tobacco are
derived from this particular species.
Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne.*
The ordinary Tobacco-Plant of Central America. Annual.
The tobacco-plant delights in rich forest soil, particularly where
lime-stone prevails, on account of the potassium-compounds
which abound in soils of woodlands, and also because in forest
clearings the greater atmospheric humidity prevails, need-
ful for the best development of the finest kinds of tobacco.
Various districts, with various soils, produce very different sorts
of tobacco, particularly as far as flavor is concerned; and
again, various climatic conditions will greatly affect the
tobacco plant in this respect. We can, therefore, not hope
to produce, for instance, Manila or Havanna tobacco in
cooler latitudes; but we may expect to produce good sorts
of our own in Australia, more or less peculiar; or we
may aspire to producing in our rich and frostless forest-val-
leys a tobacco similar, to that of Kentucky, Maryland, Con-
necticut and Virginia. Frost is detrimental to the tobacco-
plant; not only, particularly when young, must it be guarded
against it, but frost will also injure the ripe crop. The scarcity
of dew in some of the districts of Australia militates against the
230 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
production of the best kinds, otherwise the yield as a rule is
large, and the soil in many places well adapted for this culture.
Leaves of large size are frequently obtained, but the final pre-
paration of the leaf for the manufacturer must be effected by
experienced skill. The cruder kinds are obtained with ease,
and so are leaves for covering cigars. Virgin soil, with rich
loam, is the best for tobacco-culture, and such soil should also
contain a fair proportion of lime and potash, or should be en-
riched with a calcareous manure and ashes, or with well decom-
posed stable-manure. According to Simmonds the average
yield in Greece is about 800 pounds of tobacco per acre. The
seedlings, two months or less old, are transplanted. When the
plants are coming into flower, the leading top-shoots are nipped
off, and the young shoots must also be broken off. A few
weeks afterwards the leaves will turn to a greenish yellow, which
is a sign that the plants are fit to be cut, or that the ripe leaves
can gradually be pulled. In the former case the stems are split;
the drying is then effected in barns by suspension from sticks
across beams. The drying process occupies four or five weeks,
and may need to be assisted by artificial heat. Stripped of the
stalks, the leaf-blades are then tied into bundles to undergo
sweating, or a kind of slight fermentation. It does not answer
to continue tobacco-culture beyond two years on the same soil
uninterruptedly. A prominent variety is Nicotiana latissima,
Miller or N. macrophylla, Lehm., yielding largely the Chinese,
the Orinoco and the Maryland tobacco. Latakia tobacco,
according to Dyer, is prepared by submitting the leaves for sev-
eral months to fumigation from fir-wood. Substances contain-
ing cumarin, particularly the Tonka Bean (Dipterix odorata),
are used to flavor tobacco and snuff. The dangerously power-
ful nicotin, a volatile acrid alkaline oily liquid, and nicotianin, a
bitter aromatic lamellar substance, are both derived from tobacco
in all its parts, and are therapeutic agents. The Tobacco-plant
has been grown as far north as lat. 70 22' in Norway (Schue-
beler).
Niemeyera prunifera, F. von Mueller. [Lucuma prtmifera, Bentham).
The Australian Cainito. An evergreen tree, sparingly dis-
persed from the north of New South Wales through the coast
forests of Queensland. The fruit is of a plum-like appearance
and edible. Culture is likely to improve its quality.
Nuphar multisepalum, Engelmann.
Western North-America. This Water-Lily produces nutri-
tious seeds, which taste like Broom-Corn and are used locally
for food, but are more particularly valuable for waterfowl.
Various species of Nymphaea might be utilized in the same
manner, irrespective of their value as decorative lake- or pond-
plants.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 231
Nyctanthes arbor tristis, Linne.
India, up to Assam. This arborescent shrub may be grown
in any moist regions free from frost, for the exquisite fragrance
of its flowers, from which essence of jasmin can be obtained.
Nyssa aquatica, Linne.
The Tupelo, or Pepperidge. North-America. This large
deciduous tree can be grown in pools and deep swamps, and is
thus well adapted for aquatic scenery. The spongy roots
serve as a substitute for cork and the floats of nets.
Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim.
Eastern States of North-America, where it is called the
Forest-Tupelo or Black Gum-Tree (Dr. Asa Gray); also called
Sour Gum-Tree. Attains a height of 50 feet. Suited for forest-
soil; has horizontal branches and a "light, flat spray, like the
Beech." Can be propagated from cuttings. The wood is very
hard, but light and almost unwedgeable; it serves for hubs of
wheels, pumps, side-boards of carts, trays, bowls, dippers, mor-
tars, wooden shoes, hatters' blocks and various turners' work.
The foliage turns bright crimson in autumn. The fruits are
, pleasantly acidulous, like those of N. capitata, Walter, and of
some other species, and often used for preserves.
Nyssa uniflora, Walter.
Eastern States of North- America. The Swamp-Tupelo. Wood
soft, that of the roots very light and spongy, hence used for corks
(Dr. Asa Gray). A shrub or small tree. The mucilaginous
fruits are. edible.
Ocimum Basilicum, Linne.
The Basil. Warmer parts of Asia and Africa. Will grow in .
Norway to lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler). An annual herb, valuable
• for condiments and perfumery. Several varieties exist, differ-
ing considerably in their scent. A crystalline substance is also
obtained from this and similar species. O. canum, Sims, ; is
closely allied. Valuable, like many other aromatic Labiatae, for
bees.
Ocimum gratissimum, Linne.
Recorded from India, the South-Sea Islands and Brazil, as
indigenous. Somewhat shrubby. This is also a scent plant like
■ the following, and is one of the best of the genus. O. viride,
Willd. from tropical Africa seems a variety.
Ocimum sanctum, Linne.
Arabia, India, tropical Australia. A perennial herb. The
odor of the variety occurring in North-Australia reminds one of
?3 2 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
anise; the smell of the variety growing in East-Australia re-
sembles cloves. O. tenuiflorum, L., seems to be another variety.
Probably other species, cis- as well as trans-Atlantic, can be
used like Basil.
Ocimum suave, Willdenow.
East-Africa. A scrubby species.
Oenanthe stolonifera, De Candolle.
Japan, China, India, where this swamp-herb is used for spinage.
Olea Europaea, Linne.*
The Olive-tree. From South-Western Asia; naturalized in
the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tree not of
great height, but of many centuries' duration and of unabating
fecundity. In Corfu, however, it grows sometimes to a height
of 60 feet, and forms beautiful forests. The well-known olive-
oil is obtained from the fruit. Certain varieties of the fruit,
preserved in vinegar or salt-liquid before perfectly ripe, are
also much used for the table. For this purpose the fruit is gen-
erally macerated previously in water containing potash and
lime. The gum-resin of the Olive-tree contains the crystalline
olivil. The oil of the drupaceous fruit is a most important pro-
duct of countries with a temperate climate. Its chemical con-
stituents are: 30 per cent, crystalline palmitin; 70 per cent, olein,
for which reason olive-oil belongs to those kinds which are not
drying. In pressing, the kernels must not be crushed, as then
a disagreeable taste will be imparted to the oil. The wild
variety of the olive tree usually has short blunt leaves and
thorny branches. Long-continued droughts, so detrimen-
tal to most plants, will affect the olive but slightly.
It thrives best on a free, loamy, calcareous soil, even
should it be strong and sandy, but it dislikes stiff clay.
Proximity to the sea is favorable to it, and hill-sides are more
eligible for its culture than plains. The ground must be
deeply trenched. Manuring with well-decayed substances is
requisite annually, or every second and third year, according to
circumstances. Irrigation will add to the productiveness of the
plant. Captain Ellwood Cooper, of Santa Barbara, Southern
California, obtained from orchards 10 years old sufficient fruit
for 700 gallons of olive oil to the acre, one-fourth of the
produce paying for the expenses of preparing the soil, gathering
the crop and conveying it to market. Mons. Riordet dis-
tinguishes three main varieties, of which he recommends two:
1. The Cayon, a small-sized tree, which comes into bearing
after three or four years, but bears fully only every second
year; its oil is fine with some aroma. 2. The Pendulier, a
larger tree, with long drooping branches, yielding an oil of first-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 233
rate quality. Mons. Reynaud, " Culture del'Olivier," separates
twelve varieties, as cultivated in France, and recommends among
them: i. The Courniau or Courniale, also called Plante de
Salon, bearing most prolifically a small fruit and producing an
excellent oil. 2. Picholine, which by pruning its top branches
is lead to spread over eight yards square or more; it is of weep-
ing habit, yields a good oil in fair quantity, and resists the at-
tacks of insects well. 3. The Mouraou or Mourette, a laige tree
also furnishing oil of a very fine quality. Olive trees require
judicious pruning immediately after the fruit is gathered, when
the sap is compar atively at rest. They may be multiplied from
seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers, truncheons and old stumps, the
latter to be split. They can also be propagated from protuber-
ances at the base of the stem, which can be sent long distances
(Boothby). The germination of the seeds is promoted by soak-
ing the nutlets in a solution of lime and wood ash. The seed-
lings can be budded or grafted after a few years. Truncheons
or estacas may be from one to many feet long and from one to
many inches thick; they are placed in the ground horizontally.
Some Olive plantations at Grasse are worth from ^200 to ^250
per acre. For many details the tract on the " Culture of Olive
and its Utilization," issued in Melbourne by the Rev. Dr. Bleas-
dale, should be consulted, as it rests largely on its author's ob-
servations during a long stay in Portugal; also the essay of Mr.
S. Davenport in Adelaide, and the treatise issued recently by
Mr. Ellwood Cooper in San Francisco.
The following notes are derived from the important "Tratado
del Cultivo del Olivo en Espana," by the Chev.Capt. Jose de Hid-
algo-Tablada (second edition, Madrid, 1870). The Olive tree
will resist considerable frost (5 F.), for a short time, provided
that the thawing takes place under fogs or mild rain (or perhaps
under a dense smoke). It requires about one-third more an-
nual warmth than the vine for ripening its fruit. The Olive-zones
of South Europe and North Africa are between 18° and 44
north latitude. An elevation of about 550 feet corresponds in
Spain, as far as this culture is concerned, to one degree further
north. Olives do not grow well on granitic soil. The fruit pro-
duced on limestone formations is of the best quality. Gypsum
promotes the growth of the tree. An equable temperature
serves best; hence exposure to prevailing strong winds is to be
avoided. The winter temperature should not fall below 19° F.
The quantity of oil in the fruit varies from 10 to 20 per cent. ;
sometimes it even exceeds the latter proportion. In the
Provence an average of 24 lbs. of olive-oil are consumed by each
individual of the population annually; in Andalusia, about 30
lbs. For obtaining the largest quantity of oil the fruit must be
completely ripe. Hand-picked olives give the purest oil.
234 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Knocking the fruit from the branches with sticks injures the
tree and lessens its productiveness the next year. Spain
alone produces about 250,000,000 lbs. of olive oil a year.
SPANISH VARIETIES.
A. — Varieties of early maturation, for colder localities : —
1. Var. Po?>iiformis, Clem.
Manzanillo. (French: Ampoulleau.) Fruit above an inch
in diameter, spherical, shining black. Putamen broad and
truncate.
2. Var. regalis, Clem.
Sevillano. (French: Pruneau de Catignac.) Fruit about an
inch in diameter, ovate-spherical, blunt, bluish black.
3. Var. Bellotudo or Villotuda.
Fruit about an inch long, egg-shaped ; pericarp outside dark
red, inside violet.
4. Var. Redondillo.
Fruit ovate-spherical, nearly an inch long. Pericarp outside
bluish black, inside whitish. A rich yielder.
5. Var. ova/is, Clem
Lechin, Picholin, Acquillo. (French: Saurine.) Fruit broad-
oval, two-thirds of an inch long. A copious yielder.
6. Var. argentata, Clem.
Nevadillo bianco; Doncel; Zorzalena; Moradillo; Ojiblanco;
Olivo luck). Fruit broad-ovate, an inch long, very blunt, not
oblique. Quality and quantity of oil excellent.
7. Var. Varal bianco.
(French : Blanquette.) Fruit, ovate-globular, three-fourths
of an inch long, neither pointed nor oblique, outside blackish-
red.
8. Var. Empeltre.
Fruit ovate, an inch long, equable. Rich in oil of excellent
quality, also one of the best for pickles. Pericarp outside
violet, inside whitish.
9. Var. Racimal.
(French : Bouteillan, Boutiniene, Ribien, Rapugette.) Fruit
violet colored, globose-ovate, about an inch long; neither
pointed nor oblique. Bears regularly also on less fertile soil,
and is one of the earliest to ripen.
10. Var. Varal negro.
Alameno. (French : Cayon, Nasies.) Fruit violet-black,
spotted, globose-ovate, nearly an inch long, somewhat pointed.
Bears richly.
11. Var. Colchonuaa.
Fruit spherical, outside red, inside whitish, an inch in diame-
ter, slightly pointed. Produces a large quantity of good oil.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 235
12. Var. Ojillo de Liebre.
Ojo de Liebre. Fruit nearly spherical, outside violet-black,
about one inch long, somewhat oblique. One of the less
early varieties.
13. Var. Carrasquena.
(French; Redouan de Cotignat.) Fruit black-red, almost
spherical, about an inch long. Valuable both for oil and
preserves, but liable to be attacked by various insects.
14. Var. Hispalensis, Clem. .
Gordal; Ocal; Olivo real. Fruit black-grey, oblique, spheri-
cal, slightly oblique, measuring about an inch. Rather large
and quick-growing tree. Fruit used in the green state for
preserves, not used for table oil.
15. Var. Verdego.
Verdial. (French: Verdal, Verdan.) Fruit black-violet,
oblique, spheric, pointed, about one inch long. Furnishes
good oil and resists the cold best of all.
B." — Varieties of late maturition, for warmer localities: —
16. Var. maxima, Clem.
Madrileno; Olivo morcal. Fruit over an inch long, cordate-
globose, strongly pointed. Less valuable for oil than for
preserves.
17. Var. ro strata, Clem.
Cornicabra. (French: Cournaud, Corniaud, Courgnale, PI.
de Solon, PI. de la Fane; Cayon Rapunier, Grasse.) Strong
and tall, less tender; Fruit blackish-red, over an inch long,
oval, much pointed. Good for oil.
18. Var. ceratocarpa, Clem.
Cornezuelo. (French: Odorant, Luquoise, Luques.) Fruit
fully an inch long, oval, pointed.
19. Var. Javaluno.
Fruit black-grey, over an inch long, egg-shaped, somewhat
oblique, gradually pointed. Rich in good oil; can also be
chosen for preserves; much subject to attacks of insects.
20. Var. Picudo.
Fetudilla. Fruit fully an inch long, egg-shaped, blunt at the
base, pointed at the apex, with black-gray pulp. Pericarp
easily separable. Employed both for oil and preserves.
21. Var. Nevadillo negro.
Fruit egg-shaped,fully an inch long,with turned pointed apex.
One of the richest of all varieties in yield. Endures con-
siderable cold and is not late in ripening.
All these Spanish varieties show rather long, lanceolate leaves,
of more or less width.
236 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
FRENCH VARIETIES.
(Some verging into the Spanish kinds.)
22. Var. angulosa, Gouan.
Galliningue, Laurine. For preserves.
23. Var. Rouget.
Marvailletta. Produces a fine oil.
24. Var. atrorubens, Gouan.
Salierne, Saverne. Fruit dusted white. Furnishes one of
the best of oils.
25. Var. variegata, Gouan.
Marbree, Pigale, Pigau. Purple fruit, with white spots.
26. ' Var. Le Palma.
Oil very sweet, but not largely produced.
27. Var. atrovirens, Ros.
Pointue, Punchuda. Fruit large, with good oil.
28. Var. rubicans, Ros.
Rougette. Putamen small. Yield annual and large.
29. Var. alba, Ros.
Olive blanche, Blancane, Vierge. This, with many others
omitted on this occasion, is an inferior variety.
30. Var. Caillet rouge.
Figanier. Small tree. Fruit large, red. Oil good and pro-
duced in quantity.
31. Var. Caillet blanc.
Fruit almost white, produced annually and copiously, yielding
a rather superior oil.
32. Var. Ray met.
Fruit large, reddish. Oil copious and fine. This variety
prefers flat country.
$^: Var. Cotignac.
Pardigniere. Fruit middle-sized, blunt. Oil obtained in
quantity and of excellent quality. This requires much pruning.
34. Var. Bermillaon.
Vermilion. Yields also table-oil and resists cold well.
Many other apparently desirable varieties occur, among which
the Italian Oliva d'Ogni Mese may be mentioned, which
ripens fruit several times in the year, and furnishes a pleas-
ant oil and also fruit for preserves.
Oncosperma fasciculatum, Thwaites.
Ceylon. This palm ascends there to 5,000 The very slender
but prickly stem attains a height of 50 feet.
Onobrychis sativa, Lamarck.*
The Sainfoin, Esparsette or Cock's-head Plant. Southern and
Middle Europe, Middle Asia. Hardy in Norway to lat. 6$° 26'
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 237
(Schuebeler). A deep rooting perennial fodder herb, fond of
marly soil, and living in dry localities. It prepares dry calca-
reous soil for cereal culture. Stagnant underground humidity
is fatal to this plant. It prospers even where red Clover and
Lucerne no longer succeed. Sheep cannot be turned out so
well on young Sainfoin fields as cattle. The hay is superior
even to that of Lucerne and Clover. The plant will hold out
from five to seven years (Langethal). It yields much honey
for bees.
Onosma Emodi, Bentham. (Maharanga Emodi, A. De Candolle.)
Nepal. The root, like that of the Canna tinctoria, pro-
duces a red dye.
Opuntia coccinellifera, Miller.
Mexico and West Indies. The Cochineal Cactus. On this
and O. Tuna, O. Hernandezii, and perhaps a few others, subsists
the Coccus, which affords the costly cochineal dye. Three
" gatherings can be effected in the year. About 1,200 tons used
to be imported annually into Britain alone, and a good deal to
other countries, valued at about ^400 per ton. The pre-
cious carmin pigment is prepared from cochineal. Different
Cochineal Opuntias occur in Argentina also. Some species of
Opuntia will endure a temperature of 14 F.; one even ad-
vances to 50 north latitude in Canada. Mr. Dickinson
observes, that many species are hardy at Port Phillip, growing
even in sand, overtopping by 10 feet the Leptospermum lseviga-
tum, and breaking it down by their great weight within a few
yards of the sea.
Opuntia Dillenii, De Candolle.
Central America. A Tuna-like Cactus, serving for unin-
flammable hedges, and perhaps also for the rearing of the
Coccus Cacti. It is particularly eligible for barren land.
Opuntia elatior, Miller.
Central America. A hedge plant with formidable thorns.
Opuntia Ficus Indica, Miller.
Called inaptly, with other congeners, Indian Fig. Central
America, north as far as Florida. Serves for hedges. Pulp of
fruit edible.
Opuntia Hernandezii, De Candolle.
Mexico. Also affords food for the Coccus Cacti.
238 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Opuntia Missouriensis, De Candolle.
From Nebraska to New Mexico. Very hardy. Professor
Meehan found this Cactus covered with the Cochineal Coccus,
and points to the fact that this insect will live through the in-
tense cold which characterizes the rocky mountains of the Col-
orado regions.
Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann.
The Prickly Pear. North America. The most northern of
all species, extending to Lake Michigan. It resists severe
frosts, as do also O. brachyantha, O. Comanchica, O. humilis
(Mayer), O. Whipplei, O. oplocarpa, O. arborescens and Mam-
millaria Missouriensis (Loder, Meehan).
Opuntia spinosissima, Miller.
Mexico and West Indies. Stem columnar, with pendant
branches. Also a good hedge plant. Harding recommends
for hedges, besides these species, O. maxima, Miller, as the
most repellent.
Opuntia Tuna, Miller.
West Indies, Ecuador, New Granada, Mexico. Irrespective
of its value as the principal cochineal plant, this Cactus is also
of use for hedges. It will attain a height of 20 feet. The
pulp of the fruit is edible. With many other species hardy
anywhere on the south coast of Australia.
Opuntia vulgaris, Miller.
Central America, northward to Georgia, southward to Peru.
Very hardy. Adapted for hedges, and, like the rest, not in-
flammable, hence particularly valuable along railway lines. The
fruit almost smooth, eatable. A dye can also be prepared from
its pulp and that of allied species. Numerous other species
are industrially eligible for hedging purposes.
Oreodoxa frigida, Humboldt.
Central America, ascending the Andes to 8,500 feet. This
dwarf slender Palm may be chosen for domestic decoration.
Oreodoxa oleracea, Martius.
West Indies, up to nearly 5,000 feet elevation. One of the
most rapid growing of the Palms, rising to a height of 120
feet. In highly manured moist ground the Palm cabbage,
which in this species is of exquisite nut-flavor, can be obtained
in two years (Imray, Jenman).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 239
Oreodoxa regia, Humboldt.
West Indies. This noble Palm attains a height of 60 feet.
It has proved hardy in Southern Brazil. The stem is thick-
ened at the middle, and from it, as from O. oleracea, starch
can be obtained.
Origanum Dictamnus, Linne.
Candia. Like the following, a scent-plant of somewhat
shrubby growth.
Origanum Majorana, Linne.
North- Africa, Middle Asia, Arabia. A perennial herb, used
for condiments, also for the distillation of its essential oil. In
Norway it will grow to lat. 70 22' (Schuebeler).
Origanum Maru, Linne.
Palestine. Perennial and very odorous.
Origanum Onites, Linne.
Countries at and near the Mediterranean Sea. Somewhat
shrubby and strongly scented.
Origanum vulgare, Linne.
The ordinary Marjoram. All Europe, North-Africa, North-
ern and Middle Asia. In Norway it is indigenous to lat. 66°
16' (Schuebeler). A scented herb of perennial growth, con-
taining a pleasant volatile oil. It prefers limestone soil. Of
importance also as a honey-plant. O. hirtum, Link, O. virens,
Hoffmannsegg and O. normale, D. Don, are closely allied
plants of similar use. Several other Marjorams, chiefly Medi-
terranean, are of value.
Ornithopus sativus, Brotero.
South-Europe and North- Africa. The Seratella or Serradella.
An annual herb, larger than the ordinary Bird's-foot clover. It
is valuable as a fodder-plant on sterile soil. It requires, like the
smaller O. perpusillus, no lime, but improves in growth on
gypsum land. It thrives better on sandy soil than on lime-soil,
according to Langethal. A good honey-plant. It matures
seeds near Christiania (Schuebeler).
Oryza latifolia, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Central America. This species is said to be perennial and
to attain a height of 18 feet. It deserves trial culture, and
may prove a good fodder-grass on wet land in warm localities.
O. perennis, Moench, seems closely allied.
240 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Oryza sativa, Linne.*
The Rice-Plant; South-Asia and North-Australia. Annual
like most cereals. Many rivulets in ranges afford ample oppor-
tunities for irrigating rice-fields; but these can be formed with
full advantage only in the warmer parts of extratropic countries,
where rice will ripen as well as in Italy, China or the Southern
States of the American Union. Among the numerous varieties
of Indian rice may be noted as prominent sorts: The Early
Rice, which ripens in four months and is not injured by saline
inundations; the hardier Mountain-Rice, which can be raised on
comparatively dry ground, and which actually perishes under
lengthened inundation, but which is less productive; the Glutin-
ous Rice, which succeeds as well in wet as in almost dry places,
and produces black or reddish grains. In the rich plains of
Lombardy, irrigated from the Alps, the average crop is estimated
at forty-eight bushels for the acre, annually. According
to General Capron the average yield in Japan is
fifty bushels per acre. The spirit, distilled from rice
and molasses, is known as arrack. Rice-beer, known as
"Sake," is extensively brewed in Japan, and the principal fer-
mented beverage used by the inhabitants. Rice-starch is now
consumed in enormous quantities, particularly in Britain. Rice-
sugar, called "Ame" in Japan, constitutes there a kind of con-
fectionery.
Osmanthus fragrans, Loureiro.
China and Japan. The flowers of this bush serve for oil-
distillation like those of the Jasmine. The scent of one plant
will perfume a whole conservatory (G. W. Johnson).
Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cassini.
South-Africa. A camphor-scented shrub, much in us"e there
for medicinal purposes (Dr. Pappe).
Ostrya carpinifolia, Scopoli.
The Hop-Hornbeam. South-Europe and Orient. A decidu-
ous tree, reaching 60 feet in height. Uses much like those of
the following :
Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow.
Lever-wood Tree of North-America, also called Iron-wood;
40 feet high, in rich woodlands. Wood singularly hard, close-
grained and heavy, in use for levers, mill-cogs, wheels, mallets,
wedges and other implements. Cattle browse on the foliage.
The growth of the tree is very slow.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 241
Osyris compressa, A. De Candolle.
South-Africa. One of the most valuable tans for finer leathers
is provided there by the leaves and young twigs of this shrub
or small tree. The bloom obtained from this tan is much like
that imparted by Sumach.
Owenia venosa, F. v.- Mueller.
Queensland; called locally Sour-Plum. A tree, approaching
40 feet in height, furnishing a wood of great strength. O.
acidula, F. v. M., the Rancouran, is a handsome tree, 50 feet
high, with close-grained, nicely marked wood. Culture might
improve the fruits.
Oxalis crassicaulis, Zuccarini.
Peru. This seems one of the best of those Wood-Sorrels
which yield a tuberous edible root. Amongst others, O. tuberosa,
Mol. and O. succulenta, Barn., from Chili, as well as O. car-
nosa, Mol. and O. conorrhiza, Jacq., from Paraguay, might be
. tried for their tubers.
Oxalis esculenta, Otto and Dietrich.
Spurious Aracacha. Mexico, there with O. tetraphylla,
Cavanilles, O. Deppei, Loddiges, O. violacea, Linne and
several others, producing tuberous, starchy, wholesome roots;
the first-mentioned gives the largest yield. Propagated by sub-
division of the root stock. It requires a deep, rich, moist soil.
In Norway it can be grown to lat. 70 (Schuebeler). As simi-
larly useful may be mentioned, among many others, O. crenata,
Jacquin, from Chili and O. enneaphylla, Cavanilles, from the
Falkland-Islands and Magelhaen's Straits.
Oxytropis pilosa, Da Candolle. {Astragalus pilosus, Linne.)
Europe, West-Asia. This perennial plant furnishes fair pas-
ture herbage; it is deep-rooted, content with almost absolute
sand; the numerous other species — twenty-four alone enum-
erated as Oriental by Boissier — should be tested. All these
plants might be classed as Astragals. They are satisfied with
poor soil.
Pachyma Cocos, Fries.
The Tuckahoe Truffle, or Indian Bread. North-America
and East- Asia.
Pachyma Hoelen, Fries.
China. This large Truffle occurs particularly in the province
of Souchong. Flavor most agreeable.
16
242 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Richard.
From Central America, rendered spontaneous in many tropi-
cal countries. A climber, the horizontal starchy roots of which
attain a length of 8 feet and a thickness of many inches. Dr.
Peckolt records tubers of seventy pounds weight. They keep
in dry ground, growing for five years, but such are then avail-
able only for starch, whereas annual tubers are the most palat-
able and yield 6 to 7 per cent, of starch. The root is edible,
though inferior to the Yam. From the stems a tough fiber is
Obtained. The plant proved hardy at Sydney; it requires rich
soil.
Paliurus ramosissimus, Poiret. {P. Aubktia, Schultes.)
China and Japan. A thorny tree, which could be utilized for
hedging.
Paliurus Spina Christi, Miller. {P. actdeatus , Lambert.)
. The Christ-Thorn. From the Mediterranean Sea to Nepal.
A deciduous bush or, finally, tree, which can be trimmed into
hedges.
Pandanus furcatus, Roxburgh.
This Screw-Pine occurs in India, up to heights of 4,000 feet,
according to Dr. S. Kurz; hence it will be likely to bear a
temperate clime, and give a stately plant for scenic group-
planting. P. pedunculatus, R. Br. occurs in East Australia
as far south as 32 , and an allied tall species (P. Forsteri,
Moore and Mueller) luxuriates in Howe's Island.
Panicum altissimum, Meyer. {P. elatius, Kunth.)
From Mexico to Brazil. An almost woody species of arbor-
escent habit, attaining a height of 30 feet. Panicles sometimes
a foot and a half long. Evidently desirable for naturalization.
Panicum amarum, Elliot.
North-America. A perennial species, fit to be grown on drift-
ing coast sand.
Panicum atro-virens, Trinius. (Jsachne Australis, R. Brown.)
South-Asia, East-Australia and New Zealand. A perennial
grass, not large, but of tender nutritive blade, particularly fitted
for moist valleys and woodlands.
Panicum barbinode, Trinius.
Brazil. Valuable as a fodder-grass.
Panicum brizanthum, Hochstetter.
From Abyssinia to Nepal. A large-grained perennial Millet-
Grass.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 243
Panicum coenicolum, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropic Australia. Valuable as an enduring grass for
moist meadows.
Panicum compositum, Linne. {Oplismenus compositus, Beauv.)
South-Asia, East-Australia, Polynesia, New Zealand. The
growth of this soft-bladed and prolific grass should be encour-
aged in forest-ground.
Panicum Crus Galli, Linne.
The Barnyard or Cockshin-Grass. Occurring now in all
warm countries, but probably of Oriental origin, as it seems not
recorded in our ancient classic literature. Apparently spon-
taneous in North- Western Australia. A rich but annual grass
of ready spontaneous dispersion, particularly along sandy river
banks, also around stagnant water. P. colonum, L. and P. Crus
Corvi, L., are varieties of it. Regarded by R. Brown as indi-
genous in Eastern and Northern Australia, where many other
excellent fodder species occur, some perennial. It will succeed
also on somewhat saline soil, particularly on brackish water-
courses, likewise on moor-land.
Panicum decompositum, R. Brown. (P. lavinode, Lindley.)
The Australian Millet. One of the most spacious of Aus-
tralian nutritious grasses. The aborigines convert the small
millet-like grains into cakes. It is the only grain stored by
the nomads of Central Australia. This grass will thrive on
poor soil. Hardly different from the North American P. capil-
lare, L., except in perennial roots. The allied P. trachyrrha-
chis, Bentham, from North and East Australia also constitutes
a very good fodder grass. Of similar value the exclusively
Australian P. effusum, R. Br. and P. melananthum, F. v. M.
Panicum divaricatissimum, R. Brown.
Australia, particularly in the warmer island regions. A good
perennial grass, of easy growth on poor soil.
Panicum divaricatum, Linne. (P. bambusoides, Hamilton.)
Central and Southern America. A grass of scandent habits,
ascending high up in trees; desirable for naturalization in for-
ests.
Panicum flavidum, IJetzius.
South Asia, tropical and Eastern sub-tropical Australia.
A prolific seed-bearer, mostly prostrated by the weight of the
seeds.
244 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Panicum fluitans, Retzius.
Tropical Asia and Africa. This perennial grass, like P.
spinescens R. Brown, of East Australia, ought to be natural-
ized along lakes, lagoons and rivers, particularly for the ben-
efit of waterfowl.
Panicum foliosum, R. Brown.
India, East Australia. Perennial. Mr. Bailey finds this to
be one of the best grasses for river banks.
Panicum frumentaceum, Roxburgh.
The Shamalo or Deccan grass. Probably introduced from
tropical Africa into South Asia. A hardy grass having matured
seeds at Christiania (Schuebeler). It serves as a fodder grass
and produces also a kind of millet. The grain much recom-
mended by Mr. C. B. Taylor for culinary purposes.
Panicum Italicum, Linne.*"
This grass, notwithstanding its specific name, is of Indian
origin, ascending the Himalayas to 6,500 feet. It endures a
cold clime, its seeds coming to perfection as far north as
Christiania (Schuebeler). Reared in Switzerland since prehis-
toric ages; one of the five kinds of plants sown ceremoniously
each year by the Emperor of China, according to an imperial
custom initiated 2700 years before the Christian era (A. de Can-
dolle). It is annual, attaining a height of five feet, and par-
ticularly worthy of cultivation as a tender green fodder. It keeps
weeds down, and is one of the most valuable of soiling plants;
withstanding drought well. Yields early in the season a heavy
crop of excellent hay, which dries easily (C. Mohr). The
abundantly produced grain is not only one of the best for poul-
try, but that of some varieties can be utilized as millet. Con-
sidered by many a delicious grain for cakes and porridge. The
Brahmins hold it in higher esteem than any other grain (Dr.
Ainslie). P. Germanicum, Roth, is a form of this species.
Allied is also the West Indian Setaria magna, Grisebach,
which attains a height of 10 feet on margins of lagoons, and
Panicum macrostachyum, Nees, of East Australia, South Asia
and tropical America.
Panicum Koenigii, Sprengel. (P. Helopus^ Trin.)
Tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. A
good fodder grass.
Panicum latissimum, Mikan.
Brazil. A highly ornamental grass. Leaves extremely broad,
but hard; panicle very rich.
n
IN EXTRA-TRQPICAL COUNTRIES. 245
Panicum maximum, Jacquin.* (PI Jumentorum, Persoon.)
The Guinea Grass. Tropical Africa; elsewhere not indigen-
ous. This perennial grass attains a height of 8 feet. It is
highly nutritious and quite adapted for the warmer temperate
zone, being hardy as far south as Buenos Ayies. In Jamaica
it is the principal fodder grass up to elevations of 5,000 feet,
springing up over wide tracts of country, to the exclusion of
everything else. It forms large bunches, which when cut
young supply a particularly sweet and tender hay; throws out
numerous stolons: can be mown every six weeks; the roots can
be protected in the ground against light frosts by a thin cover-
ing with soil. A favorite grass in tropical countries for stall
fodder. It is necessary to guard against over feeding with this
grass solely. Succeeds even on poor clay soil and on sea sand.
Panicum miliaceum, Linne.* (P. Miliare, Lam.).
The true Millet. South Europe, North Africa, South Asia,
ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet, North Australia. Cul-
tivated in Southern Europe as early as the times of Hippocrates
and Theophrastus ; in Egypt prior to historic records; and in
Switzerland during the stone age. Annual, attaining a
height of 4 feet. Several varieties occur, one with black
grains. They all need a rich but friable soil. It is one of the
best of all grains for poultry, but furnishes also a palatable and
nutritious table food. It ripens even in Christiania (Schue-
beler).
Panicum molle, Swartz.* (P. Sarmentosiim, Roxburgh.)
Warmer parts of America, Africa and Asia. The Para
Grass. A perennial, very fattening pasture grass, of luxuriant
growth, attaining a height of 6 feet (Grisebach). It is hardy
at the Cape of Good Hope.
Panicum Myurus, Lamarck.
Tropical Asia and America, North Eastern Australia. A per-
ennial aquatic grass,with broad -bladed foliage, fit for ditches and
swamps. Regarded by Mr. Bailey as very palatable and nutri-
tious to stock.
Panicum obtusum, Humboldt.*
The Mosquito, or Mezquite Grass of Mexico. Perennial;
nutritious.
Panicum parviflorum, R. Brown.
East Australia. On dry hills; a fine pasture grass. P. bicolor
and P. marginatum R. Br. are likewise enumerated by Mr.
Bailey among the nutritious grasses of East Australia.
246 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Panicum pilosum, Swartz.
Tropical America. A perennial fodder-grass.
Panicum prolutum, F. V. Mueller.
South Eastern Australia. Flourishes in the hottest weather ;
bears a large panicle of seed.
Panicum prostratum, Lamarck. (P. setigerum, Retz.)
Egypt, South Asia, North Australia, perhaps also indigenous
to tropical America. Perennial. Recommendable for pastures.
Panicum pygmsum, R. Brown.
East Australia. Forms a soft, thick, carpet-like verdure in
forest shade (Bailey).
Panicum repens, Linne.
Near the Mediterranean Sea, also in South Asia and North
Australia. Regarded by the Cingalese as a good fodder-grass.
It is perennial and well suited for naturalization on moist soil,
river banks or swamps.
Panicum sanguinale, Linne.
From South Europe and Southern Asia, spread through all
countries with a warm climate, but apparently also indigenous in
East Australia. This is the Crab-grass of the Southern United
States, where, according to Mr. Hagenaur, it is recognized as
the most useful of all pasture grasses; in Fiji it is also considered
the best grass for pastures according to Mr. Holmes. It
accommodates itself to swampy and shady places and readily
disseminates itself on barren ground, and is likely to add to the
value of desert pastures, although it is annual. Stock relish this
grass. P. ciliare, L. and P. glabrum, Gaudin are allied
species.
Panicum semialatum, R. Brown.
Warmer regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. A superior tall
pasture grass, of easy dispersion in warm humid localities.
Panicum spectabile, Nees.*
The Coapim of Angola. From West Africa, transferred to
many other tropical countries. A rather succulent, very fattening
grass, attaining a height of about four feet. It may be assumed
that at present about 300 well-defined species of Panicum are
known, chiefly tropical and sub-tropical; very few extending
naturally to Europe or the United States of North America,
Japan, or the southern part of Australia. Though mostly from
the hot zones, these grasses endure a cooler clime in many in-
stances, and some of them would prove great acquisitions, par-
ticularly the perennial species. Numerous good kinds occur
spontaneously in Queensland and North Australia. Panicum is
the genus richest in species among grasses.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
*4?
Panicura striatum, Lamarck. (/>. gibbum, Elliot).
Southern States of North America, West Indies and Guiana.
A perennial grass for swampy localities, valuable for pastoral
purposes, according to C. Mohr, who mentions also P. anceps,
L. and P. hians, Elliot, as good fodder grasses.
Panicum tenuiflorum, R. Brown. (Paspahtm brevifolium, Fluegge).
South Asia and East Australia. It has a running stem and
forms a good bottom as a pasture grass (Bailey).
Panicum turgidum, Forskael.
Egypt, where this millet yields a bread grain.
Panicum virgatum, Linne.
North America, South Asia, and North Australia. A tatt
perennial species, with a wide, nutricious panicle. Easily dis-
seminated. Content with sandy soil, but likes some humidity.
The foliage good for fodder when young.
Panicum viride, Linne. ' {Setaria viridis, Beauvois).
Widely spread over many parts of the old world. Though
annual, this grass is of value for the first vegetation on bare
sand land, over which, as well as over calcareous soil, it spreads
with remarkable facility. The same may be said of Setaria
glauca and a few other related species.
Papaver somniferum, Linne.
The Opium Poppy. Orient. The capsules of this tal!
annual, so showy for its flowers, are used for medicinal purposes.
From the minute but exceedingly numerous seeds, oil of a harm-
less and most palatable kind can be pressed remuneratively;
but a still more important use of the plant is for the
preparation of opium. Both the black and pale seeded
varieties can be used for the production of opium. The
return of poppy culture, whether for opium or for oil, is ob-
tained within a few months. Mild and somewhat humid open
forest-tracts proved most productive for obtaining opium from
this plant; but it can also be reared in colder localities, good
opium rich in morphia having even been obtained in Middle
Europe and the Northern United States, the summers there
being sufficiently long to ripen the poppy with a well elaborated
sap. Indeed the plant matured its seeds as far north as lat. 6g°
18' in Norway (Schuebeler). The morphia contents in opium
from Gippsland were on an average somewhat over 10 per cent.
Opium was prepared in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens for the
Exhibition of 1866; but Mr. J. Bosisto and Mr. J. Hood par-
ticularly have given commercial dimensions to this branch of.
248 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
rural industry in Australia. The Smyrna variety is particularly
desirable for opium; it enables the cultivator to get from 40 lbs.
to 75 lbs. of opium from an acre, generally worth 30s. to 35s.
per pound. The ground for poppy-culture must be naturally
rich or otherwise be well manured; dressing with ashes increases
the fecundity of the plant. The seeds, about 9 lbs to the acre,
are generally sown broadcast mixed with sand. In the most
favorable places as many as three crops are obtained during a
season. The collecting of the opium, which consists merely of
the indurating sap of the seed-vessels, is commenced a few
days after the lapse of the petals. Superficial horizontal or
diagonal incisions are made into the capsules as they successively
advance to maturity. This operation is best performed in the
afternoons and evenings, and requires no laborious toil. The
milky opium sap thus directed outwards is scraped off next
morning into a shallow cup and allowed to dry in a place away
from sunlight; it may also be placed on poppy leaves. From
one to six successive incisions are made to exhaust the sap,
according to season, particular locality or the knife-like instru-
ment employed. In the Department of Somme (France) alone
opium to the value of ^70,000 annually is produced and poppy
seed to the value of ^170,000. Australian seasons as a rule are
favorable for collecting opium, and therefore this culture is ren-
dered less precarious here than in many other countries. Our
opium has proved as good as the best Smyrna kind. The petals
are dried for packing the opium. The main value of opium
depends on its contents of morphia, for which the genus Papaver
as far as heretofore known, remains the sole source; but not
less than fourteen alkaloids have been detected in opium by the
progressive strides of organic chemistry: codein, metamorphin,
morphia or morphin, narcein, narcotin, opianin, papaverin,
porphyroxin, xanthopin, meconidin, codamin, laudanin, pseudo-
morphin and thebain. It contains, besides an indifferent bitter
principle, meconinand meconicacid(e'/^ "VVittstein'sChemische
Analyse von Pflanzentheilen,"or my English edit., p. 163). Vari-
ous species of Papaver produce more or less opium and morphia.
P. setigerum, De Candolle, supposed to be the wild state of P.
somniferum, was cultivated, evidently for the sake of the seeds,
by the lacustrine people of Switzerland prior to historic ages
(Heer).
Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher.
South-Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cherry,
savory and edible. The seeds furnish an oil similar to castor-
oil in its effect (Prof. McOwan).
Pappophorum commune, F. v. Mueller.
Widely dispersed over the continent of Australia, occurring
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 249
also in some parts of Asia and Africa. Perennial; regarded as
a very fattening pasture-grass, and available for arid localities
and almost rainless zones.
Parinarium Nonda, F. v. Mueller.
The Nonda-Tree of North-Eastern Australia. Attaining a
height of 60 ft.; wood soft, close-grained, easily worked (W. Hill).
It may prove hardy in mild temperate climes, and may perhaps
live in the dry and hot air of deserts, where it deserves trial
culture for the sake of its edible, mealy, plum-like fruit. A
few other species with esculent drupes occur in different tropical
countries.
Parkinsonia aculeata, Linne.
From California to Monte Video. A thorny shrub, clearly
adapted for the warmer temperate zone, where it might be
utilized with the following plant for evergreen hedges. The
flowers are handsome.
Parkinsonia Africana, Sonder.
South- Africa. A tall bush. A third species, P. microphylla,
Torr., occurs on the Colorado.
Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne.
North- Western Himalayas, from about 3,000 to 8,500 feet
elevation. This deciduous-leaved small tree merits attention.
Its tough and pliable twigs are used for basket-work and pre-
ferably for the twig bridges, the latter sometimes 300 feet long;
hence this tree could be used for a variety of economic purposes
(Stewart and Brandis). P. persica, C. A. Meyer, occurs on the
Caspian Sea.
Parthenium integrifolium, Linne
North-America. The flowering tops of this perennial bitter
herb have come into use as a febrifuge (Houlton).
Paspalum ciliatum, Humboldt.
Tropical South-America. A perennial and lauded cereal
grass.
Paspalum dilatatum, Poiret.
Extra-tropical South- America. Perennial; of excellent quality
for fodder; keeps green during the hottest summer-time. Mr.
Bacchus found it hardy up to a height of 2,000 feet. It grew
4^- feet in little more than two months in New South Wales,
after drought was followed by heavy rains. It is closely allied
to the Mexican P. virgatum, L. Introduced into Australia by
the writer with many other fodder-grasses.
250 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Paspalum distichum, Linne.*
The Silt-Grass. From India to South-Eastern Australia. A
creeping swamp-grass, forming extensive cushions. It keeps
beautifully green throughout the year, affords a sufficiently ten-
der blade for feed, and is exquisitely adapted to cover silt or
bare slopes on banks of ponds or rivers, where it grows grandly;
moderate submersion does not destroy it, but frost injures it; it
thrives well also on salt marshes. The chemical analysis made
in spring gave the following results: Albumen 2.20, Gluten 7.71,
Starch 1.56, Gum 1.64, Sugar 5.00 (F. v. Mueller and L.
Rummel).
Paspalum notatum, Fluegge.*
Brazil and Argentina. This is one of the best of fodder-
grasses there, forming a dense, soft, carpet-like sward on
meadows, and becoming particularly luxuriant and nutritious
on somewhat saline soil (Lorentz).
Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linn6.
Through the tropics of the eastern hemisphere, widely dis-
persed, extending to South-East Australia. A valuable pasture-
grass. A superior variety is cultivated in India for a grain-
crop. This grass furnishes a good ingredient to hay. The
stem sometimes attains a height of 8 feet. Will grow in swamps.
Rosenthal pronounces it pernicious, perhaps when long and ex-
clusive use is made of this grass, or possibly when diseased
through Fungi.
Paspalum stoloniferum, Bosc.
Central America. A fodder-grass of considerable value.
Paspalum undulatum, Poiret.
North- and South-America. Noticed by C. Mohr as valuable
for fodder. A. Gray records it as annual.
Passiflora alata, Aiton.
Peru and Brazil. This Passion-Flower and all the following
(probably with other species) furnish Granadilla-fruits.
Passiflora coccinea, Aublet.
From Guiana to Brazil.
Passiflora ccerulea, Linn6.
South-Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of all Pas-
sion Flowers and with many others well adapted for covering
bowers, rockeries and similar structures. Many of the equa-
torial species come from mountainous regions and may thus
endure mild temperate climates.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 25 I
Passiflora edulis, Sims.
Southern Brazil.
Passiflora filamentosa, Willdenow.
Southern Brazil.
Passiflora incarnata, Linne.
North America from Virginia and Kentucky southward. The
fruits are called May-Pops.
Passiflora laurifolia, Linne. (P. tinifolia, Jussieu.)
The Water-Lemon. From the West-Indies to Brazil.
Passiflora ligularis, Jussieu.
From Mexico to Bolivia. Professor Ernst of Caracas says
that its fruit is one of the finest anywhere in existence.
Passiflora lutea, Linne.
North-America, from Pennsylvania and Illinois southward.
Berries small.
Passiflora macrocarpa, Masters.
Brazil and Peru. Mr. Walter Hill reports having obtained
fruits of 8 lbs. weight at the Brisbane Botanic Garden.
Passiflora maliformis, Linne.
From the West-Indies to Brazil.
Passiflora quadrangularis, Linne.
Brazil. One of the most commonly cultivated Granadillas.
Passiflora serrata, Linne.
From the West-Indies to Brazil.
Passiflora suberosa, Linne. {P. pallida, Linne.)
From Florida to Brazil. A careful investigator, Dr. Maxw.
Masters, has recently defined about 200 species of Passion-
Flowers.
Paullinia sorbilis, Martius.
Brazil. A climbing shrub, possibly hardy in the warm tem-
perate zones, where many tropical Cupaniae and other sapin-
daceous trees endure the clime. The hard Guarana-paste of
chocolate color is prepared from the seeds by trituration in a
heated mortar with admixture of a little water, kneading into a
dough and then drying. This paste, very rich in coffein, serves
for a pleasant beverage and is also used medicinally.
252 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Paulownia imperialis, Siebold.
Japan. A tree, hardier than Cercis Siliquastrum, of value for
scenic effects. It will endure the climate of Norway to lat. 58
58' (Professor Schuebeler).
Peireskia aculeata, Miller.
The Barbadoes Gooseberry. West Indies. A tall shrub,
adapted for hedges in localities free of frost. The cochineal-
insect can be reared on this plant also. The berries are edible,
the Bleo is also available for salad. Several other species exist
in tropical America, among which P. Bleo, Humb. is particularly
handsome ; but they may not all be sufficiently hardy for
utilitarian purposes in an extra-tropical clime.
Peireskia portulacifolia, Haworth.
West Indies. This attains the size of a fair tree.
Pelargonium odoratissimum, Aiton.
South Africa. A perennial trailing herb, from the leaves of
which a fragrant oil can be distilled. Pelargonium oil is exten-
sively produced in Algeria as a cheap substitute for attar of
roses. The same remark applies to the shrubby P. radula and
P. capitatum. The Kaffirs assert that these plants keep off
snakes.
Peltophorum Linnaei, Bentham. {Ccesa 1 pinia Brasiliensis, Linne )
A small tree, which provides the orange-colored Brasiletto
wood. This species likes dry calcareous soil (Grisebach).
Endures the climate of Carolina.
Pennisetum latifolium, Sprengel.
Extra-tropical South America. A tall perennial nutritious
grass, forming large tufts, easily spreading from the roots or
seeds. It is of quick growth.
Pennisetum longistylum, Hochstetter.
Abyssinia. A grass of decorative beauty, forming ample
tufts; it is much recommended by Dr. Curl for permanent pas-
ture. With numerous other grasses it was introduced into
Australia by the writer of this work. Proves hardy in Nor-
way to lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler).
Pennisetum thyphoideum Richard.* {JPenicillaria spicata, Willdenow ; Pani-
cum rceru^eum, Miller.)
The Bajree. Tropical Asia, Nubia and Egypt. An annual,
requiring about three months to ripen its millet-crop in warm
countries. The stems are thick and reach a height of six feet ;
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 253
the maximum length of a spike is about a foot and a half ;
Colonel Sykes saw exceptionally 15 spikes on one plant and
occasionally 2,000 seeds in one spike. Together with Sorghum
this is the principal cereal, except rice, grown in India by the
native races. This grass requires a rich and loose soil, and on
such it will yield upwards of a hundred-fold. It furnishes a
good hav, though not very easily dried, and is also valuable as
green fodder. In the United States cultivated as far north as
Pennsylvania, and it matures seeds even as far north as Chris-
tiania in Norway (Schuebeler). Its fast growth prevents weeds
from obtaining a footing. In very exceptional cases and under
most favorable circumstances as regards soil and manure, the
first cutting is there in six or seven weeks, then up to seven feet
1 high, giving at the rate of 30 tons green feed or 6^ tons of hay
per acre on weil-manured soil ; in six or seven weeks more a
second cutting is obtained, reaching 55 tons per acre of green
feed, the grass being nine feet high ; a third cut is got in the
same season. Farm stock eat it greedily. Some of the many
other species of Pennisetum are doubtless of value on pasture.
A plant allied to P. thyphoideum occurs in China, namely, P.
- cereale, Trin. This also affords millet or corn for cakes.
Pentzia virgata, Lessing.
South Africa. A small cushion-like bush, recommended for
establishment in deserts for sheep fodder. It has the peculiar-
ity that whenever a branch touches the ground it strikes roots
and forms a new plant; this enables the species to cover ground
rapidly (Sir Samuel Wilson). Valuable also for fixing drift-
sand in water-rills, by readily bending over and rooting, thus
forming natural little catch-dams to retain water (McOwan).
Several other species occur in South Africa.
Periandra dulcis, Martius.
Sub-tropical Brazil. The sweet root of this shrub yields
"' licorice.
Perilla arguta, Betham.
Japan. An annual herb. An infusion of this plant is used
for imparting a deep-red color to table vegetables and other
substances. In Japan the seeds are pressed for oil. P. oci-
moides, L., of Upper India probably serves similar purposes.
Some species of Perilla are suitable for ribbon-culture.
Persea gratissima, Gaertner.
The Avocado Pear. From Mexico to Peru and Brazil in
forest tracts near the coast. Suggestively mentioned here as
probably available for mild localities, inasmuch as it has become
254 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
naturalized in Maderia, the Azores and Canary Islands. A
noble evergreen spreading tree. The pulp of the large pear-
shaped fruit is of delicious taste and flavor. The fruit is sliced
for salad. Its pulp contains about eight per cent, of green-
• ish oil.
Persea Teneriffae, F. v. Mueller. {P. Indica, Sprengel.)
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. This magnificent tree
produces a beautiful, hard, mahogany-like wood, especially
sought for superior furniture and turners' work. One of the
most hardy trees of the large order of Laurinse.
Peucedanum graveolens, Bentham. {Anethum graveolens, Linne.)
The Dill. South Europe, North Africa, Orient. Annual.
The well-known aromatic fruitlets used as a condiment. In
India known as Sowa.
Peucedanum officinale, Linne.
The Sulphur-Root. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern
Africa, Middle Asia. Perennial. The root is used in veteri-
nary medicine. It contains, like that of the following species,
the crystalline Peucedanin.
Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. {Imperatoria Ostruthium, Linne.)
Mountains of Middle Europe. A perennial herb, which
could be grown in alpine regions. The acid aromatic root is
used in medicine, particularly in veterinary practice. It is
required for the preparation of some kinds of Swiss cheese.
P. Cervaria, Cuss., and P. Oreoselinum, Moench, are also occa-
sionally drawn into medicinal use.
Peucedanum sativum, Bentham. {Pastinaca sativa, Linne.)
The Parsnep. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. Biennial-
The root palatable and nutritious. A somewhat calcareous soil
is favorale to the best development of this plant. It is very hardy,
having been grown in Norway to lat. 70 22'; it matured seeds
as far north as lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler). The culture is that of
' the carrot; for fodder the root surpasses that of the latter in
augmenting milk (Langethal). A decoction of Parsnep-roots
ferments with sugar and yeast into a sparkling beverage, but
requires casking for about a year (Bandinet).
Peucedanum Sekakul, Bentham.
Egypt and Syria. Biennial. The root is edible.
Peumus Boldus, Molina.
The Boldo of Chili. A small ornamental evergreen tree,
with exceedingly hard wood, which is utilized for many kinds
of implements. The bark furnishes dye material. The fruits
are of aromatic and sweet taste (Dr. Philippi).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 255
Peziza macropus, Persoon.
Europe. Mentioned by Goeppert among the edible mush-
rooms sold in Silesia, along with P. repanda, Wahlenberg.
Phalaris aquatica, Linne.
South Europe and North Africa. Important as a perennial
fodder grass, fit for wet ground.
Phalaris arundinacea, Linne.
Temperate and colder regions of Europe, Asia and America;
indigenous in Norway to lat. 70 30'. Not without some im-
portance as a reedy grass of bulky yield on wet meadows or in
swampy places. A variety with white-striped leaves is a favorite
as a ribbon-plant for borders.
Phalaris Canariensis, Linne.
The Canary-Grass. An annual grass from the Canary-Islands,
now widely dispersed as a spontaneous plant over the warmer
zones of the globe. Thus it has also become naturalized in
Australia. It will endure the climate of Norway to lat. 70 22',
bearing seed to lat. 63° 26' (Prof. Schuebeler). It is grown for
its seeds, which form one of the best kinds of food for many sorts
of small cage-birds. The flour is utilized in certain processes
of cotton manufacture, and liked for some kinds of
cakes. The soil for culture of the Canary-Grass must
be friable and not too poor. It is an exhaustive
crop. As allied annual species of similar use, but mostly
of less yield, may be enumerated : P. brachystachys,
Link, from Italy, P. minor, Retz. and P. trunctata, Guss.
from various countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Other
species, including some from Asia, are deserving of trial. P.
minor is recommended by Dr. Curl for permanent pastures, as it
supplies a large quantity of fine, sweet, fattening foliage,
relished by stock. It keeps green far into the winter in the
climate of New Zealand. Chemical constituents here (in Novem-
ber): Albumen 1-59, Gluten 6-14, Starch 1-03, Gum 6-64, Sugar
2-86 per cent. (F. v. Mueller, and L. Rummel); another analysis
in the same month gave: Albumen i - o6, Gluten 5-64, Starch 0-98,
Gum 3.22, Sugar 4-20 per cent.
Pharnaceum acidum, J. Hooker.
St. Helena. A dwarf perennial succulent plant, which might
advantageously be naturalized on sea-shores, to yield an acid
salad, perhaps superior to that of Portulaca oleracea.
Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacquin.
India, up to 4,000 feet. A dwarf species. Dr. Forbes Watson
admits it among the culinary beans of India. It will bear arid
soil. P. trilobus, Aiton is a still hardier variety.
256 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Phaseolus adenanthus, G. Meyer. {P. Truxi/lensis, Humboldt; P. rostratus,
Wallich.)
Almost cosmopolitan within the tropics, where, irrespective of
navigation and other traffic, it becomes dispersed by migrating
birds; truly spontaneous also in tropical Australia. A perennial
herb with large flowers, resembling those of Vigna vexillata,
Benth. Cultivated for its seeds, which are rather small, but
copiously produced. A variety with edible roots occurs.
Phaseolus coccineus, Kniphof.* (P. muttijlorus, Willenow.)
The Turkish Bean or Scarlet Runner. A native of the Orient,
if SprengeJ's identification is correct, according to which this
plant was known in Arabia and Persia in Avicenna's time; but
according to other opinions it is a native of Mexico. A twining
showy perennial, as useful as the ordinary French bean. Its
seeds usually larger than those of the latter plant, purple with
black dots, but sometimes also pure blue and again quite white.
The flowers occur sometimes white. The root contains a nar-
cotic poison.
Phaseolus derasus, Schranck.
Brazil. There, next to Maize, the most important and exten-
sively used plant for human food (Dr. Peckolt).
Phaseolus lunatus, Linne.
Considered as a native of tropical America, but also recorded
as wild from many parts of tropical Africa and Asia. Biennial
according to Roxburg. Much cultivated in the warm zone for
its edible beans, which are purple or white. A yellow-flowered
variety or closely-allied species is known as the Madagascar Bean
and has proved hardy and productive in Victoria. P. perennis,
Walt., from the United States of North America, is another
allied plant.
Phaseolus Max, Linne. (P. Mungo, Linne ; P. radicatus, Linne.)
The Green Gram. South-Asia and tropical Australia. An
annual, very hairy plant, not much climbing. Frequently reared
in India, when rice fails or where that crop cannot be produced.
According to Sir Walter Elliot one of the most esteemed of
Indian pulses. "It fetches the highest price and is more than
any other in request among the richer classes, entering largely
into delicate dishes and cake." Cultivated up to 6,000 feet
(Forbes Watson). Col. Sykes counted sixty-two pods on one
plant with from seven to fourteen seeds in each. The seeds
are but small, and the herb is not available for fodder. This
plant requires no irrigation, and ripens in two and a-half to
three months. The grain tastes well and is esteemed whole-
some. The harvest is about thirty-fold.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 257
Phaseolus vulgaris, Linne.*
The ordinary Kidney-Bean, or French Bean, or Haricot.
India, whence it came to Europe through the conquests of
Alexander the Great ; but apparently also wild in North-
western Australia. Though this common and important culinary
annual is so well known, it has been deemed desirable to refer
to it here, with a view of reminding our readers that the Kidney
Bean is nearly twice as nutritious as wheat. The meal from
beans might also find far-augmented use. As constituents of
the beans should be mentioned a large proportion of starch
(nearly half), then much legumin, also some phaseolin (which,
like amygdalin, can be converted into an essential oil) and inosit-
sugar. Lentils contain more legumin but less starch, while Peas
and Beans are almost alike in respect to the proportion of these
two nourishing substances. The Kidney-Bean can still be
cultivated in cold latitudes and at sub-alpine elevations, if the
uninterrupted summer warmth lasts for four months ; otherwise
it is more tender than the Pea. The soil should be friable,
somewhat limey and not sandy for field-culture. Phaseolus
nanus, L. (the Dwarf Bean) and P. tumidis, Savi, (the Sugar-Bean,
Sword Bean, or Egg Bean,) are varieties of P. vulgaris. Several
other species of Phaseolus seem worthy of culinary culture. Hari-
cot Beans contain very decided deobstruent properties, which
however are generally destroyed by too much boiling. To obvi-
ate this they should be soaked for 24 hours in cold water to
which salt has been added, and then gently boiled for not
more than 30 or 40 minutes in very little water (W. B. Booth).
Phleum pratense, Linn&.*
The Timothy- or Catstail-Grass. Europe, North-Africa,
Northern or Middle Asia. One of the most valuable of all
perennial fodder grasses. Its production of early spring foliage
is superior to that of the Cock's-Foot Grass. It should enter
largely into any mixture of grasses for permanent pasturage.
It will live also on moist and cold clay-ground. This grass,
and perhaps yet more the allied Phleum alpinum, L., are
deserving of an extensive transfer to moory mountain-regions.
It is very hardy, having been found indigenous in Norway to
lat. 70 (Professor Schuebeler). For hay it requires mowing in
a young stage. The seed is copiously yielded and well retained.
The greatest advantage from this grass arises, according to
Langethal, when it is grown along with clovers. It thrives even
better on sandy meadows than on calcareous soil; it will pros-
per on poorer ground than Alopecurus pratensis; the latter
furnishes its full yield only in the fourth year, whereas the
Phleum does so in the second. The Timothy-grass dries more
lr
258 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
quickly for hay and the seeds are gathered more easily, but it
vegetates later, is of harder consistence, and yields less in the
season after the first cut. Dr. Curl, of New Zealand, observes
that, while many grasses and clovers, if eaten in their spring
growth, may cause diarrhoea in sheep. Timothy-grass when
young, does not affect them injuriously.
Phoenix dactylifera, LinnS*
The Date-Palm. North Africa, also inland; Arabia, Persia.
This noble Palm attains finally a height of 80, exceptionally 120
feet. It is unisexual and of longevity. "Trees of from 100 to
200 years old continue to produce their annual crop of dates,"
though gradually at very advancing age at diminished rates.
Though sugar or palm-wine can be obtained from the sap, and
hats, mats and similar articles can be manufactured from the
leaves; we would utilize this palm beyond scenic garden-orna-
mentation only for its fruits. The date palm would afford in
time to come a real boon in the oases of desert-tracts, swept by
burning winds, where although it might be grown also in
the valleys of mountains and in any part of lowlands free of
severe frost. Several bunches of flowers are formed in a sea-
son, each producing often as many as 200 dates. In Egypt as
many as 4 cwt. of dates have been harvested in one season from
a single date-palm. Many varieties of dates exist, differing in
shape, size and color of the fruit; those of Gomera are large
and contain no seed. The unexpanded flower bunches can be
used for palm-cabbage and the fiber of the leaf-stalks for cordage.
The town Elche, in Spain, is surrounded by a planted forest of
about 80,000 date palms, and the sale of leaves for decorative
purposes produces a considerable income to the town, irre-
spective of the value of the date fruits; and so it is at Ali-
cante. As far north as the Gulf of Genoa also a date-forest
exists. The ease with which this palm grows from seeds
affords facility in adapted climes to imitate these examples,
and we certainly ought to follow them in all parts of Australia
and in similar climes. The best dates are grown in oases,
where fresh water gushes from the ground in abundance and
spreads over light soil of the desert subject to burning winds.
The Zadie variety produces the heaviest crop, averaging 300
lbs. to the tree; superior varieties can only be continued from
offshoots of the root; these will commence to bear in five years
and be in full bearing in ten years; one male tree is considered
sufficient for half a hundred females. The pollen-dust is
sparingly applied by artificial means. The date-palm will live in
saltish soil, and the water for its irrigation may be slightly
brackish (Surgeon-Major Colvill). Northern limit of date
about 35 north latitude.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 259
Phcenix Hanceana, Drude.
South-China. This palm was buried for ten days under
three feet of snow in the south of France without injury
(Naudin).
Phcenix paludosa, Roxburgh.
India. A stout species, not very tall. Of value at least for
decorative culture.
Phoenix pusilla, Gaertner.
India and South-China. A dwarf species, which bears the
clime of the South of France without protection (Kerchove de
Denterghem). P. farinifera, Roxb. appears to be identical.
It is adapted for sandy and otherwise dry and barren land, but
prefers the vicinity of the sea. Berry shining black, with a
sweet mealy pulp.
Phcenix reclinata, Jacquin.
South-Africa, in the eastern districts. A hardy species, but
not tall, often reclining. It is adapted for ornamentation. The
sweet coating of the fruit is edible (Backhouse).
Phcenix silvestris, Roxburgh.
India, almost on any soil or in any situation. It has proved
a very hardy species at Melbourne. Its greatest height is 40
feet. Berries yellowish or reddish, larger than in P. pusilla.
Where this Palm abounds, much sugar is obtained from it by
evaporation of the sap, which flows from incisions into the
upper part of the trunk — a process not sacrificing the plant, as
for 50 years the sap can thus be withdrawn. This Palm-sugar
consists almost entirely of Cane-sugar. A kind of arrack is
obtained by fermentation and distillation of this sap, and also
from the young spikes. Each plant furnishes the juice for
about 8 lbs. of date-sugar annually, but in some instances much
more. About 50,000 tons of sugar a year are produced in
Bengal alone from this and some other palms. The leaves are
used for mats. It lives in dryer regions than other Indian
palms.
Phcenix Spinosa, Thonning.
Tropical Africa, ascending mountain-regions, thus perhaps
hardy in milder extra tropic regions. Sir John Kirk found
that the green bunches, if immersed in water for half a day,
suddenly assume a scarlet hue, when the astringent pulp
becomes edible and sweet.
260 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Phormium tenax, J. R. and G. Forster.*
The Flax-Lily of New Zealand, where it grows as far south
as 46 30', occurring also in the Chatham-Islands and Norfolk-
Island, though not on Lord Howe's Island. It is also found in
the Auckland islands, nearly 51 south (Schur). It flowered in
several places of England in exposed positions, and was not
affected by severe frost (Masters). It perfected seeds in the
Orkney-Islands and will bear unhurt a temperature of 15 F.;
the tops of the leaves become injured at 9 F. (Gorlie). It is
desirable that this valuable plant should be brought universally
under culture, particularly on any inferior spare ground or on
the sea-beaches or any rocky declivities, where it may be left
to itself unprotected, as no grazing animal will touch it. It is
evident that the natural growth will soon be inadequate to
the demand for the plant. It is adapted for staying bush-fires
when planted in hedgerows. Merely torn into shreds, the leaves
serve at once in gardens and vineyards as cordage, and for this
purpose, irrespective of its showy aspect, the Phormium has
been distributed from the Botanic Garden of Melbourne during
the last twenty years. From the divided roots any plantation
can gradually be increased, or this can be done more extensively
still by sowing the seeds. In all likelihood the plant would
thrive and become naturalized in the Auckland and Campbell's
Group, in Kerguelen's Land, the Falkland Islands, the
Shetland Islands and many continental places of both
hemispheres. It has proved hardy in England. Among the
varieties three are better characterized than the rest: the
Tehore,- the Swamp,- and the Hill-variety. The first and
the last mentioned produce a fiber fine and soft, yet strong, and
the plants attain a height of only about 5 feet, whereas the
Swamp variety grows to double that height, producing a larger
yield of a coarser fiber, which is chiefly used for rope or paper
making. One of the most dwarf varieties is P. Colensoi, J
Hooker. As might be expected, the richer the soil the more
vigorous the growth of the plant. Flooding now and then
with fresh or brakish water is beneficial, but it will not
live if this is permanent. In swampy ground trenches
should be dug to divert the surplus of humidity. Fiber, free
from gum-resin, properly dressed, withstands moisture as well
as the best Manila rope. Carefully prepared, the fiber can be
spun into various textile durable fabrics, either by itself or mixed
with cotton, wool or flax. In October 1872, the sale of Phor-
mium fiber in London was 11,500 bales, ranging in price from
^19 to £31. The tow can be converted into paper, dis-
tinguished for its strength and whiteness. The London price
of Phormium fiber for this purpose is from jQio to ^20 per
ton.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 26 1
For further details on the utilization of this plant, the elaborate
report of the New Zealand Commission for Phormium should
be consulted.
Photinia eriobotrya, J. Hooker. (P. Japonica, Franchet and Savatier, Erio-
botrya Japonica, Lindley.)
The Loquat. China and Japan. This beautiful evergreen
shrub or tree, remarkable for its refreshing fruit, is easily raised
from seed, or superior varieties can, according to G. W. John-
son, be grafted not only on its own stock, but also on the
Whitethorn, or better still on the Quince. It is also a grand
bush for scenic ornamental effects. P. villosa, DC. also yields
edible native fruit to the Japanese.
Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Richard.
Celery-Pine of Tasmania. A stately tree, often 60 feet high,
with a stem 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The timber is valuable
for the masts of ships. It will only grow to advantage in deep
. forest valleys.
Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don.
Celery-Pine of New Zealand, northern island; it is also called
Pitch Pine by the colonists; native name, Tanekaha. This tree
attains a height of 70 feet, with a straight stem reaching 3 feet
in diameter, and furnishes a pale close-grained timber, strong,
heavy and remarkably durable, according to Professor Kirk,
greatly valued for mine-props, struts, caps, sleepers, water-tanks,
bridge-planks and piles, also spars; the Maoris employ the bark
for dyeing red and black.
Phyllostachys bambusoides, Siebold.
Himalayas, China and Japan. A dwarf Bamboo, but hardy;
the yellowish canes available for excellent walking-sticks
(Griffith).
Phyllostachys nigra, Munro.* {Bambusa nigra, Loddiges.)
China and Japan. Reaching 25 feet in height. The stems
nearly solid and becoming black. Has withstood severe frost in
the south of France and at Vienna. Known to have grown 16 feet
in six weeks. Bamboo chairs and walking-sticks often made of
this species. A Japanese species of this bambusaceous genus
proved hardy in Scotland. P. viridi-glaucescens and P, aurea
are perfectly hardy in England (Munro); the latter withstood
the severest winters of Edinburgh, with o° F. (Gorlie).
Phymaspermum parvifolium, Bentham. {Adenockaena parvi folia, De Can-
dolle.)
South-Africa. Praised by Professor McOwan as equal in
value to Pentzia virgata for sheep-pastures. A dwarf, somewhat
shrubby plant, fit to be naturalized on mere sandy ground.
262 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Physalis Alkekengi, Linne.
The Strawberry-Tomato or Winter-Cherry. Middle South-
Europe, North- Africa, Middle Asia, extending to Japan; said to
have come originally from Persia. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63
26' (Schuebeler). A perennial herb. The berry, which is red
and of a not unpleasant taste, has some medicinal value. The
leaves contain a bitter principle — physalin.
Physalis angulata, Linne.
In many tropical countries, extending as a native plant to the
northern parts of the United States and to Japan. An annual
herb. The berries yellowish, edible. P. minima, L. (P.fiarvi-
flora, R. Br.), appears to be a variety and extends also into
tropical Australia.
Physalis Peruviana, Linne.
Temperate and tropical America, widely naturalized in many
countries of the warmer zones. With double inaptness called
the Cape-Gooseberry. A perennial herb; but for producing its
fruit well, it requires early renovation. The acidulous berries
can be used as well for table-fruit as for preserves. Doubtless
several other kinds of Physalis can be utilized in the same
manner. In colder countries the P. Peruviana becomes annual.
r Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Lemaire.
The principal Jaborandi-plant of tropical and sub-tropical
Brazil. The leaves and bark of this shrub, which contain essen-
tial oil and a peculiar alkaloid, are famed as an agreeable,
powerful and quickly acting sudorific. Recommended as a
specific in diphtheria and supposed to be also reliable in hydro-
phobia. This bush is likely to endure the clime of milder
temperate frost-regions (Continho, Baillon, Hardy, Guebler).
Like P. simplex, also an active sialogogue. Pilocarpin contracts
the pupil, and stimulates powerfully the salivary glands.
Pimpinella Anisum, Linne.
The Anise-Plant. Greece, Egypt, Persia. An annual. The
seed-like fruits enter into various medicines and condiments,
and are required for the distillation of oil, rich in anethol.
The herbage left after obtaining the seeds serves for fodder.
The plant will bear seeds in Norway up to lat. 68° 40
(Schuebeler).
Pimpinella saxifraga, Linne.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A perennial herb; its
root used in medicine; a peculiar volatile oil can be distilled
from the root. P. manga, L. is a closely allied species, and P.
nigra, W. is a variety. The root of the last is particularly
powerful.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 263
Pimpinella Sisarum, Bentham. (Sium Sisarum., Linne.)
East Asia. A perennial herb. The bunches of small tubers
afford an excellent culinary vegetable. The taste is sweet and
somewhat celery-like. The roots endure frost.
Pinus Abies, Du Roi.* {Pinus Picea, Linne.)
Silver Fir, Tanne. In Middle Europe, to 50 north latitude,
forming dense forests. It will endure the climate of Norway
to lat. 67 56 (Schuebeler). A fine tree, already the charm of
the ancients, attaining 200 feet in height, and 20 feet in circum-
ference of stem, reaching an age of 300 years. It furnishes a
most valuable timber for building as well as furniture, and in
respect to lightness, toughness and elasticity it is even more
esteemed than the Norway Spruce, but is not so good for fuel
or charcoal. It is pale, light, not very resinous, and is
mostly employed for the finer works of joiners and cabinet-
makers, for sounding boards of musical instruments, largely for
toys, also for lucifer matches, for coopers' and turners' work,
and for masts and spars. It also yields a fine white resin and
the Strasburg turpentine, similar to the Venetian. Besides the
above normal form the following two main varieties occur: — P.
Abies var. Cephalonica, Parlatore (P. Cephalonica, EndL),
Greece, 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. A tree 60 feet high,
with a stem circumference of 10 feet. The wood is very hard
and durable, and much esteemed for building. General Napier
mentions that in pulling down some houses at Argostoli, which
had been built 150 to 300 years, all the wood-work of this fir
was found as hard as oak and perfectly sound — P. Abies var.
Nordmanniana, Parlatore (P. Nordmanniana, Steven), Crimea
and Circassia,to 6,000 feet above the sea. Can be grown in Nor-
way to lat. 6i° 15'. This is one of the most imposing firs, at-
taining a height of about 100 feet, with a perfectly straight
stem. It furnishes a valuable building timber. The Silver Fir
is desirable for mountain forests. It will grow on sand, but
only half as fast as P. Pinaster.
Pinus alba, Aiton.
White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest
mountains. It resembles P. picea, but is smaller, at most 50
feet high. It bears the shears well when trained for hedges,
which are strong, enduring and compact (J. Hicks). The bark
richer in tannin than that of the Hemlock Spruce. The timber
well adapted for deal-boards, spars, and many other purposes,
but on the whole inferior to Black Spruce. The tree grows in
damp situations or swampy ground. Eligible for Alpine
regions. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67 ° 56'.
2O4 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann.
California. Akin to P. fiexilis. Fruit aments nearly globu-
lar, purplish, with short and thick scales. Bark whitish, scaly.
Pinus Alcocqiana, Parlatore.
Japan, at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet. A fine tree, often
120 feet high, with very small blue-green leaves; the wood is
used for light household furniture. P. tonga and P. Polita as-
cend there to the same height (Rind).
Pinus amabilis, Douglas.
Californian Silver Fir. North California, Oregon, British
Columbia, at elevations of from 4,000 to 7,000 even 10,000 feet.
A handsome Fir 200 feet high, circumference of stem 24
feet. The stem is branchless up to 100 feet. The tree passes
under the name of the "Queen of the Forests" (Lemmon).
The wood is elastic, strong and hard, fit for masts and spars;
it has a peculiar red color; spikes, nails, and bolts hold firm
and never corrode in it (Dufur). Very closely allied to P. no-
bilis, and also to P. grandis.
Pinus aristata, Engelmann.
California at elevations of 8-10,000 feet in the Sierras. A
tree, attaining 75 feet in height, the stem three feet in diam-
eter; leaves extremely short (Gibbons). Fit for an alpine
country.
Pinus Arizonica, Engelmann.
Arizona, California. Differs from P. ponderosa in glaucous
branchlets, thinner leaves constantly in fives and of different
structures, and in thicker and shorter fruit cones, with greater
prominence on the scales (Engelmann, Sargent, Perry.)
Pinus Australis, Michaux.*
Southern or Swamp Pine, also called Georgia, Yellow Pitch,
Long-leaved Yellow or Broom Pine. Southern States of North
America. The tree attains a height of about 100 feet. It fur-
nishes a superior timber for furniture and building, also for
naval architecture, railway ties and flooring. It yields the
principal Yellow Pine of the lumber trade. The wood is com-
pact, straight grained, very durable, and has only a slight layer
of sapwood. The tree is not so quick of growth as many other
Pines. According to Dr. Little the tree produces 30,000 feet
of first class timber per acre. It is this species which forms
chiefly the extensive Pine barrens of the United States, and
yields largely the American turpentine, as well as resin, pitch
and tar. Porcher observes that the tree shoots up devoid of
branches for sometimes as much as 60 feet, and he calls it ''one
IN EXTRA-TBOPICAL COUNTRIES. 265
of the greatest gifts of God to man." The tree prevails, ac-
cording to C. Mohr, where the silicious constituents of the
drift-soil mingle with the out-crops of tertiary strata, and he
observes that forests of this pine cause grateful showers with
wonderful regularity through all seasons. The emanations
from Pines, particularly the very resinous species, are antima-
larian and antiseptic, as proved by residences near Pine-forests,
and by the use of hospital buildings constructed of Pine wood.
Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon.)
In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. An ex-
cellent Pine, 150 feet high, with a stem diameter of three to
four feet. It has the habit of P. excelsa, and is equal to it in
its own line of beauty (Beecher) and in hardiness — yielding a
much esteemed white or reddish timber. Its cones are among
the very largest, measuring as much as 15^ inches in length
(Sir J. Hooker).
Pinjis Balfouriana, Jeffrey. {P. aristata, Engelmann).
The Fox-tail or Hickory-pine. California to Colorado, up
to 12,000 feet elevation. Height reaching 100 feet; trunk
diameter reaching five feet. Wood close-grained, tough, very
strong (Sargent.)
Pinus balsamea, Linne.
Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. Canada, Nova Scotia,
south to New England, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. An ele-
gant tree, 40 feet high, which with Pinus Fraseri yields Canada
balsam (Balsam of Firs) the well-known oleo-resin. The timber is
light, pale, soft and useful for furniture and implements. The
tree does not attain a very great age. Sends a pleasant odor
through the forest regarded as salubrious, especially in phthisic
diseases — a remark which applies to many other pines. It
thrives best in cold swampy places. Eligible for alpine regions;
in Norway it is hardy to lat. 63 26'.
Pinus bracteata, D. Don.
Southern California, up to 6,000 feet. A very handsome tree,
attaining 150 feet in height, forming a slender, perfectly straight
stem, not more than two feet in diameter. The resin is used
for incense.
Pinus Brunoniana, Wallich. (P. dumosa, D. Don).
Himalaya, descending to 8,000 and ascending to 10,500 feet.
Attains a height of 120 feet, and the stem a circumference of 28
feet (J. D. Hooker). Particularly eligible for alpine tracts.
The timber is pale and soft, and does not stand exposure well.
266 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus Canadensis, Linne.
Hemlock Spruce. In Canada and over a great part of the
United States, on high mountains, as well as on undulating
land. A very ornamental tree, about ioo feet high, with a
white cross-grained wood, remarkably durable when used for
submerged water-works; also employed for railway ties. Ac-
cording to Vasey it is one of the most graceful of Spruces
with a light and spreading spray. Schacht saw aged
stems, on which 440 wood-rings could be counted. Can be
kept trimmed for hedges. Next to P. Strobus it is the highest
pine of the Eastern States of North America. The tree is ex-
tremely valuable on account of its bark, which is much esteemed
as a tanning material, containing 9 to 14 per cent, tannin; this
is much liked as an admixture to oak-bark for particular leathers
of great toughness, wearing strength and resistance to water.
The extract of the bark for tanning fetches in the London mar-
ket from £16 to ;£i8 a ton, and is imported to the extent of
6,000 tons a year ; the bark is stripped off during the summer
months. The young shoots are used in making spruce beer.
P. Caroliniensis is the Hemlock-Spruce of Carolina.
Pinus Canadensis, C. Smith.*
Canary-pine. Canary Islands, forming large forests at an
elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. A tree reaching the height of
80 feet, with a resinous, durable, very heavy wood, not readily
attacked by insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows
celerity of growth. Will endure an occasional shade-tempera-
ture of 118 F. (W. J. Winter).
Pinus Cedrus, Linn6*.
Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas variety' on the
mountains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North Africa. The
tree grows to a height of 100 feet, with a healthy trunk some-
times 46 feet in circumference (Booth) and attains a very great
age. Goeppert and Russegger allot to Lebanon Cedars an age
reaching to the commencement of the Christian era. The wood
is of a light-reddish color, soft, almost inodorous, easy to work,
and much esteemed for its durability.
Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara*.
Deodar Cedar. On the Himalaya Mountains in Afghanistan,
3,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A majestic tree,
reaching a height of more than 300 feet, and sometimes 30 feet
in circumference of stem. The wood is of a light-yellow
color, very close-grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably
scented, light, extremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes
of a changeable clime, and furnishes one of the best building
IN EXTRA-TRQPICAL COUNTRIES. 267
timbers known. Pillars of Kashmir mosques made of this wood
are found sound after 400 years, and bridges of still greater
antiquity are in existence. White ants hardly ever attack the
heartwood. Boats built of this wood have lasted about forty
years. It is also extensively used for canal edges and for rail-
ways. The tree should not be felled too young. It yields a
good deal of resin and turpentine. A humid clime very
much accelerates the growth of this pine, which would come
best and quickest to its development in forest-ranges. Deodars
will endure, when not too young, an exceptional temperature
of 118 F. in the shade (W. J. Winter.)
Pinus Cembra, Linne.
On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary. Less
hardy than P. Laricio, although from higher Alps; still it grows
to a height of 60 feet at Christiania (Schuebeler). The tree
attains a height of 120 feet, the stem upwards of four feet in
diameter. The wood is of a yellow color, very soft and resinous,
.of an extremely fine texture, and is extensively used for carving
and cabinet work. The seeds are edible, and when pressed
yield a great quantity of oil, as much as 47 per cent., according
to Schuppe. A good turpentine is also obtained from this Pine.
Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. (P. laveana, Schiede and Deppe).
Mexican Swamp-Pine. A small tree 30 feet high, growing
at an elevation of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not of
much use, but the seeds are edible and have a very agreeable
taste.
Pinus Cilicica, Antoine and Kotschy.
Cilician Silver- Fir. Asia Minor. 4,000 to 6,500 feet above
sea-level. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth, 160 feet high.
Quite hardy in climes like that of Vienna. The wood is very
soft and used extensively for the roofs of houses, as it does not
warp.
Pinus concolor, Engelmann.
North-Western America, at elevations of 8,000 to 9,000 feet.
Tree reaching 150 feet in height; trunk 4 feet in diameter.
The wood is tough, eligible for building purposes and other
substantial work (Vasey.)
Pinus contorta, Douglas. (P. Bolandri, Parlatore.)
On high damp ranges in California and British North-West
America; also abundant on the mountains of Colorado; very
eligible for clothing rocky hill-sides (Meehan). In California it
forms dense thickets along the coast, and is in this respect as
valuable as P. Laricio, P. Pinaster and P. Haleppensis in
268 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Europe, as a shelter-tree in stormy localities. Dr. Gibbons re-
marks of this pine which vernacularly is called Tamarak or
Hack-me-tack, that its size has generally been understated. At
the foot of the Sierra and on mountains 8,000 feet high he saw
it in great numbers, forming one of the most stately of forest-
Pines, not rarely attaining a height of 150 feet and 4 feet in
stern-diameter. The timber is pale, straight-grained and very
light; there considered the best and most durable material for
dams and for general building purposes. It furnishes sea-ports
with piles and masts, also railway-ties. Its value is beyond cal-
culation. This species includes P. Murrayana, Balfour.
Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.
California, on the eastern slope of the coast-range, at an ele-
vation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining
a height of about 100 feet, with a trunk 4 feet in diameter; it
has the largest cones of all pines, comparable in size and form
to sugar-loaves. The nuts are nutritious (Vasey).
Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini.
The "Akamatsou" of Japan, where it forms, along with P.
Massoniana, extensive forests at 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea-
level. It is hardy at Christiania. Attains an age of several
centuries (Rein). The timber is excellent for building; it is less
resinous than that of P. Massoniana (Dupont).
Pinus Douglasii, Sabine.*
Oregon Pine, called also the Yellow Pine of Puget-Sound,
where it yields the principal timber for export, and is therefore
of great commercial value in the lumber-trade. It extends
from Vancouver's Island and the Columbia-River, through
California to Northern Mexico, from the coast up to the higher
mountains of 9,000 feet. The maximum height known is nearly
400 feet; the greatest diameter of the stem 14 feet. Can be
grown very closely, when the stems will attain, according to
Drs. Kellogg and Newberry, a height of over 200 feet without a
branch. A densely wooded forest will contain about 36 full-
grown trees to an acre. The timber is fine and clear-grained,
heavy, strong, soft, and hence easily worked, yet firm and solid,
splendid for masts and spars, ships' planks and piles; also valu-
able for flooring, being for that purpose regarded as the best of
California (Bolander). It will bear a tension of 3 to 1 as com-
pared with the Sequoias. It is the strongest wood on the
North-Pacific coast, both in resisting horizontal strain and
perpendicular pressure. Sub-Alpine localities should be
extensively planted with this famous tree. It requires deep
and rich soil, but likes shelter; its growth is equally rapid
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 269
with that of the Larch; it passes in various localities as Black
and Red Spruce. Both in clayey and light soil it attains 50
feet in about eighteen years; it requires, however, a moist
forest clime for rapid growth.
Pinus edulis, Engelmann.
New Mexico. A tree, not tall, but very resinous. Wood
easily split. One of the best for fuel (Meehan). It yields the
" Pino " nuts, which are produced in immense quantities and of
very pleasant flavor (Sargent).
Pinus Elliotti, Engelmann.
Southern States of North America. A forest-tree, becoming
100 feet high, of quick growth, adapted for exposed localities.
Prefers the borders of swamps or streams and sandy-clay
ground (C. Mohr.)
Pinus excelsa, Wallich.*
. The Lofty or Bootan Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests,
at from 5,000 to 12,500 feet elevation; also in Macedonia and
Montenegro. A fine tree, at length 150 feet high, furnishing a
valuable, close-grained, resinous, soft and easily workable wood,
ranking among Himalayan Pine-woods for durability next to
Deodar timber (Stewart and Brandis). It also furnishes a good
quantity of turpentine. Under cultivation it shrinks before a
fierce summer sun (Beecher); but will bear the winter of Chris-
tiania(Schuebeler). Cones often 15 inches long (Sir J. Hooker.)
Pinus firma, Antoine.
Northern Japan, at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level in
humid valleys. A lofty tree of the habit of the Silver-Fir. The
timber is white, soft and fine-grained, employed particularly by
coopers and upholsterers.
Pinus flexilis, James.
The White Pine of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the
Bull-Pine. From New Mexico to British Columbia, ascending
to 13,000 feet. Prefers the limestone formation. A valuable
Fir for cold regions. It attains a height of 150 feet, according
to Dr. Gibbons. J. Hoopes states that it is of slow growth.
Wood pale, soft and compact, of fine texture, according to
Sargent, intermediate between that of P. Strobus and' P. Lam-
bertiana.
Pinus Fortunei, Parlatore.
China, in the neighborhood of Foo-Chow-Foo. A splendid
tree, 70 feet high, somewhat similar in habit to P. Cedrus.
270 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus Fraseri, Pursh.
Double Balsam Fir. On high mountains of Carolina and
Pennsylvania. This tree, which grows to a height of about 20
feet, yields, with P. balsamea, the well-known Canada balsam.
The tree is hardy at Christian ia.
Pinus Gerardiana, Wallieh.
Nepal Nut-Pine. In the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya
at an elevation of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, forming extensive
forests. With P. Deodara, P. excelsa, P. Webbiana, P. Smithi-
ana and Juniperus excelsa, reaching the highest regions of
Pine-forests in Southern Asia. The tree attains a height of 50
feet, with a comparatively short stem, exceptionally 10 feet in
girth, and produces very sweet, edible seeds, also turpentine.
Hoopes refers to it as remarkable for the copiousness of its
resin. In reference to the nut-seeds, the proverb prevails at
Kunawar, "One tree a man's life in winter."
Pinus glabra, Walter.
Carolina. Allied to P. mitis. It attains, according to Chap-
man, a height of 60 feet. Porcher compares the wood to that
of P. Strobus.
Pinus grandis, Douglas.
Great Silver-Fir of North-California, also known as the
Yellow-Fir of Oregon. A splendid quick-growing Fir, 200
feet high and upwards, growing best in moist valleys of high
ranges. The stem occasionally attains a diameter of 7 feet at
130 feet from the ground, and of 6 feet at 200. Trees occur of
15 feet stem-diameter, and 320 feet high; the wood is white
and soft, too light and brittle, according to Vasey, for general
purposes, while Prof. Brewer asserts that it is employed for
boards, boxes, cooperage, and even much sought for ship-
building.
Pinus Griffithii, Parlatore. {Larix Griffit/iii, J. Hooker and Thomson.)
The Himalayan Larch. Descends to 8,000 feet and ascends
to 12,000 feet. Timber pale, soft, without distinct heartwood,
one of the most durable of all Pine-timbers (Stewart and
Brandis). P. Ledebourii, Endlicher, is the Siberian Larch.
Pinus Halepenis, Miller. {P. maritima, Lambert.)
Aleppo-Pine. South-Europe and North-Africa, South-West-
ern A.sia. This well-known Pine attains a height of 80
feet, with a stem often 5 feet in diameter. The timber of
young trees is white, of older trees dark colored; it is princi-
pally esteemed for ship building, but also used for furniture.
The tree yields a peculiar kind of turpentine, as well as a
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 27 I
valuable tar. Although ascending mountains in South Europe
to the height of 4,000 feet, it thrives best in sandy coast-lands,
where in ten years it will measure 25 feet, and finally will
become a larger tree than on firmer lands. M. Boitel has
published a special work on the importance of this pine for
converting poor sand-land into productive areas, referring also
to P. silvestris and P. Laricio for the same purpose. Accord-
ing to Mr. W. Irvine Winter it will resist an occasional heat of
118 F. in the shade. We find the Aleppo Fir one of the best
of evergreen avenue-trees in Victoria, as first proved by the
writer. It is content with the poorest and dryest localities and
comparatively rapid in growth.
Pinus Hartwegii, Lindley.
Mexico, 9,000 to 14,000 feet above sea-level. A Pine reach-
ing 150 feet in height, with a very durable wood of a reddish
color; it yields a large quantity of resin.
Pinus Hookeriana, McNab. {Abies Hookeriana, Murray).
California, at 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. Allied to P.
Pattoniana but distinct (Dr. McNab). Height of tree becoming
300 feet, stem perfectly straight. Wood hard, of a reddish
color, with handsome veins. Not a resinous tree.
Pjfjnis Hudsonica, Poiret. (P. Banksiana, Lamb.)
Grey Pine. Colder parts of North America, both eastern
and western up to 64 north latitude. Height of tree as much
as 40 feet; in the cold north only a shrub. The wood is
light, tough, resinous and easily worked.
Pinus inops, Solander.
Eastern North-America. The Jersey-Pine. A tree attaining
a height of 40 feet, available for fixing drift-sand on coasts.
Easily disseminated. Wood reddish-yellow.
Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray.
California. Tree 150 feet in height. Hardy at Christiania,
Norway. The glaucous branchlets with aromatic fragrance,
thinner and greyish leaves, greater size of the fruit cones
with thin and recurved spines to the scales, larger nutlets
and more numerous cotyledons separate this Pine from
P. ponderosa (Engelmann, Sargent, Perry).
Pinus Kaempferi, Lambert.
Chinese Larch; also called Golden Pine. North-Eastern
China. This is the handsomest of all the Larches. Resists
severe frost. It is of quick growth and attains a height of 150
feet. The leaves, which are of a vivid green during spring and
summer, turn to a golden yellow in autumn. The wood is very
hard and durable.
272 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus Kasya, Royle.
Kasya and also Burma, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Allied
to P. longifolia. Attains a height of 200 feet. Wood very
resinous, somewhat fibrous, rather close-grained, pale brown
with darker waves (Kurz).
Pinus Koraiensis, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Kamschatka, China and Japan. A handsome tree, often 40
feet high, producing edible seeds.
Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas.*
Shake-, Giant-, or Sugar-Pine. North-west coast of America,
mostly at great altitudes. A lofty tree, of rapid growth, up-
wards of 300 feet high, with a straight naked stem attaining 60
feet in circumference. It holds, in most places, preeminence in
beauty and size over accompanying pines and reaches an age of
600 years (Dr. Vasey). It thrives best in sandy soil, and pro-
duces a soft, white, straight-grained wood, which for inside work
is esteemed above any other Pine-wood in California, and ob-
tained in large quantities; it is especially used for shingles,
flooring and for finishing purposes by joiners and carpenters.
The tree yields an abundance of remarkably clear and pure
resin, of sweet taste, eaten by the natives. The cones may be
19 inches long; the seeds are edible. This Pine would come to
perfection best in the humid regions of higher mountains. P.
reflexa, Engelmann is an allied large species with smaller fruit,
occurring in Arizona.
Pinus Laricio, Poiret.*
Corsican Pine. South-Europe. It attains a height of 120
feet. A splendid shelter-tree in the coldest regions. It will
succeed on stiff clay as well as on sandy soil, even on sea-sand.
The wood is white, towards the center dark, very resinous,
coarse-grained, elastic and durable, and much esteemed for
building, especially for water-works; valuable for its permanency
underground. There are three main varieties of this Pine, viz.:
P. L. Poiretiana, in Italy; P. L. Austriaca, in Austria; P. L.
Pallasiana, on the borders of the Black Sea. The tree grows
best in calcareous soil, but also in poor sandy soil, where, how-
ever, the timber is not so large nor so good. It yields all the
products of P. silvestris, but in greater quantities, being perhaps
the most resinous of all Pines. Assumed to attain an age of
500 years (Langethal).
Pinus Larix, Linnfe.
Common Larch; deciduous. On the European Alps, up to
7,000 feet. Of quick growth in cool localities; adapted to poor
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 273
soil. It attains a height of 100 feet, sometimes rising even to
160 feet, and produces a valuable timber of great durability,
which is used for land- and water-buildings, and much prized
for ship-building; for staves of wine-casks almost indestructible,
not allowing the evaporation of the spirituous contents (Sim-
monds). The Brianeon-Manna exudes from the stem. Larch-
trees cut in Bohemia have shown over 500 annual rings in their
wood (Langethal). Larch-timber lasts three times longer than
that of Norway-spruces, and although so buoyant and elastic it
is tougher and more compact; it is proof against water, not
readily igniting, and heavier and harder than any deal (Stauf-
fer). The Venetian houses, constructed of Larchwood, showed
for almost indefinite periods no symptoms of decay. This wood
is also selected for the most lasting panels of paintings. The
bark is used for tanning and dyeing. The tree is also of great
importance for its yield of Venetian turpentine, which is ob-
tained by boring holes into it in spring; these fill during the
summer, supplying from half to three-quarters of a pint of tur-
pentine. In Piedmont, where they tap the tree in different
places and let the liquid continually run, it is said that from
seven to eight pints may be obtained in a year, but the wood
suffers through this operation. The Larch is grown in Norway
to lat. 66° 5'; in 63 26' a tree still attained a height of over 70
feet (Professor Schuebeler). P. L. var. Rossica, the Russian
Larch, grows principally on the Altai Mountains, from 2,500
to 5,500 feet above sea-level. The species would be important
for upland, particularly alpine, country.
Pinus leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe.
At elevations of from 7,000 to 11,000 feet on the mountains
of Mexico. A tree as much as 90 feet high. The wood is
excessively hard.
Pinus leptolepis, Siebold and Zuccarini.
The Karamatson or Japan-Larch. In Japan, between 35
and 48 north latitude, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. Never
a very tall tree. The timber, when mature, reddish brown and
soft; it is highly valued by the Japanese.
Pinus longifolia, Roxburgh.*
Emodi-Pine or Cheer-Pine. On the Himalayan Mountains,
from 2,000 to 9,000 feet. A handsome tree, with a branchless
stem for 50 feet, the whole tree attaining a maximum height of
somewhat over 100 feet, the girth of the stem 12 feet. The
wood is resinous, and the red variety useful for building; it
yields a quantity of tar and turpentine. The branches are used
for torches by the rural population of its native country. The
tree stands exposure and heat well. According to W. J. Winter
it endures an occasional shade-temperature of 118 F.
274 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus Massoniana, Lambert. {P. Sinensis, Lamb.).
China and Japan. The most common of all trees in Japan,
called there the "Matsu" or " Kouromatsou." It attains a
stem-diameter of 6 feet, a height of ioo feet, and reaches an age
of several centuries. It prefers sandy soil. Splendid for avenues
(Rein). It supplies a resinous, tough and durable wood, used
for buildings and furniture, but suitable only for indoor work.
The roots, when burned with the oil of Brassica Orientalis, fur-
nish the Chinese Lampblack. Parlatore distinguishes the
Japanese tree as P. Thunbergii.
Pinus Merkusii, Junghuhn.
Burma, Borneo and Sumatra, chiefly at elevations of from
3,000 to 4,000 feet. A tall tree. The only species of Pinus
which extends south of the equator. Valuable for masts and
spars, according to Mr. Gamble. Weight of wood about 50 lbs.
per cubic foot.
Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard.
Californian Hemlock-Spruce. North-West America. The
wood is white, tough and very soft, but is often used for build-
ing. The tree gains a height of 200 feet, with a stem 4 to 6
feet in diameter.
Pinus mitis, Michaux.*
Yellow Pine of North- America, called also Short-leaved Pine,
in contrast to P. Australis, extending far south. In dry
sandy and more particularly somewhat clayey soil, attaining a
height of 90 feet; rapid in growth; eligible for rocky ridges.
Wood yellowish, compact, hard, durable, fine-grained, moderately
resinous, valuable for flooring, cabinet-work and ship-building.
According to Dr. Vasey it commands a higher price even than
that of P. Strobus. P. glabra, Walter, is closely allied to P.
mitis, and fit for growth on low hummocks. Seeds smaller than
those of the North-East American Pines, hence easier of transit
in quantity (Meehan).
Pinus monophylla, Torrey.
Stone- or Nut-Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and
Cascade- Mountains, up to 6,500 feet. It thrives best on dry
limestone soil. The large seeds are edible, of almond-like taste,
and consumed in quantity by the natives. Height of tree gen-
erally about 35 feet, but occasionally as much as 80 feet, stem
not of great thickness. This species is not of quick growth.
Wood pale, soft, very resinous, much used for charcoal.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 275
Pinus montana, Du Roi. {P. pumilio, Haenke.)
On the Alps and Carpathians, up to the highest points. Of
woody vegetation, covering large tracts, and thriving on the
poorest soil. In Norway it will grow to lat. 70 4' (Schuebeler).
The tree, which grows to about 25 feet high, but in favorable
localities to 50, yields much oil of turpentine. The wood is
used largely for carving. Only available to advantage for high-
lands.
Pinus Montezumse, Lambert. (P, Devoniana, Lindley; P. Grenvillece, Gordon.)
Mexico. A handsome Pine, 80 feet high; wood white,
soft and resinous. Cone attaining a length of 15 inches (Mas-
ters).
Pinus monticola, Douglas.
British Columbia and California, at an elevation of 7,000 feet.
It thrives best in poor soil of granite-formation, and attains the
height of 200 feet, with a stem often 7 feet thick. The wood is
white, close-grained, similar to that of P. Strobus. Dr. Gibbons
observes that this species is less than half the size of P. Lam-
bertiana, but in all other respects resembles it. Woodmen are
very pronounced in their statement that there are two kinds of
Sugar-Pine, both growing in close proximity to each other. J
Hoopes states that the wood is similar to White Pine, but
tougher.
Pinus muricata, D. Don.
Bishop's Pine. California. Found up to 7,500 feet. This
Pine grows to about 40 feet, but reaches 120 feet under favor-
able circumstances. It might be utilized for wind-brakes (Dr.
Gibbons).
Pinus nigra, Aiton. (P. rubra, Lambert.)
Black Spruce. North-East America, occurring extensively
between 44 and 53 north latitude. In Norway it will grow to
lat. 63 45' (Schuebeler). This tree, which is termed Double
Spruce by the Canadians, attains a height of 70 feet, and
furnishes a light elastic timber of pale color, excellent for
yards of ships; largely sawn into boards and quarterings;
nas also come extensively into use for paper pulp. The spruce
lumber of eastern markets in the United States is chiefly
furnished by this species (Sargent). The young shoots are used
for making spruce beer, and the small roots serve as cords.
The tree prefers poor and rocky soil, but a humid cool clime,
and is best available for mountainous localities inaccessible to
culture. Mr. Cecil Clay estimates that 20,000 cubic feet of
timber can be obtained from this tree on one acre of ©round.
276 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus nobilis, Douglas.
Noble White Fir; also known as Red Fir. Oregon and its
vicinity, where it forms extensive forests at 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
A majestic tree, often 200 feet high, with regular horizontal
branches. Timber splendid. P. magnifica, Murray is a variety.
Pinus Nuttallii, Parlatore.
The Oregon-Larch, at elevations of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
According to Dr. Gibbons, one of the most graceful trees.
Stem frequently 200 feet to the first limb. Timber fissile, very
strong and durable (Dufur).
Pinus obovata, Antoine. (P. Schrenkiana, Antoine.)
North-Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Somewhat like the
Norway-Spruce. Wood soft and pale, much used for furniture
and household-implements, also packing T boxes of great durabil-
ity (Regel).
Pinus orientalis, Linne.
Sapindus-Fir. In Asia Minor, ascending to 6,600 feet.
Hardy in Christiania. The tree rises to about 80 feet, and
somewhat resembles the Norway-Spruce. The wood is exceed-
ingly tough and durable.
Pinus Parryana, Engelmann.
California. One of the pines with edible nuts.
Pinus parviflora, Siebold.
The " Imekomatsou." Kuriles and Japan. A middle-sized
tree of longevity; ascends to alpine heights. Much used as an
avenue tree. Wood for furniture and boat-building. It is
harder than that of P. Massoniana and P. densiflora (Dupont).
Pinus Pattoniana, McNab. (Parlatore partly).
California, restricted to elevations* above 5,000 feet and
advancing thence to the glacier-region in a gradually dwarfed
state. The tree rises to a height of 150 feet, the stem enlarging
at the base to a diameter of sometimes 13 feet (Jeffrey).
Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe.
In Mexico, at elevations of from 6,000 to 12,000 feet. A
graceful Pine, becoming 80 feet high.
Pinus pendula, Solander. (P. microcarpa, Lambert.)
Small-coned American Larch, Black Larch or Tamarack. From
Labrador and Canada to Virginia. Delighting in swampy
ground. A pine of pyramidal growth, 100 feet high. The
timber is pale, heavy, resinous, and as highly valued as that
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 277
of the common Larch. It is close grained, well adapted for
underground work; it combines lightness, strength and dura-
bility; much sought by shipbuilders, as for knees, bends and
ship-garlands it cannot be surpassed (Robb); much in use also
for railway-ties.
Pinus picea, Du Roi.* {P. Abies, Linn6.)
Norway-Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and
Northern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,500
feet, and forming extensive forests. It exceeds even the Birch
in endurance of cold. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 69 30'
(Schuebeler). Adapted to most kinds of soil. The tree attains
a height of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes an excellent
timber, commonly known under the name of White Deal, for
building and furniture, for masts, spars, ladders, oars, &c,
Stems of 6 feet diameter are on record with more than 200
wood-rings. It also produces the Burgundy-Pitch in quantity
while the bark is used for tanning. Though enduring dry
■ summers, this Spruce would have to be restricted for timber-
purposes to the damp mountains.
Pinus Pinaster, Solander.* (P. maritima, Poiret and De Candolle.)
Cluster Pine. From the shores to the mountains of the
countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This tree rises to 60 feet
in height. The wood is soft and resinous; it yields largely the
French turpentine. Among the best of Pines for consolidating
sandy coasts, and for converting rolling sands into pasture
and agricultural land. For ease of rearing and rapidity of
growth, one of the most important of all Pines. On the testi-
mony of Mr. J. Hoopes, it does not thrive well on calcareous
soil. W. J. Winter observed, that P. Pinaster and the allied
P. Pinea can withstand an occasional shade-temperature of 118
F. A tree 60 to 70 years old, heavily tapped, yields 12 to
16 lbs. of turpentine, equal to 4 lbs. of resin, the rest being oil
of turpentine (Simmonds). The tree comes into full flow of
turpentine at about 25 years, and the tapping process, if only a
slight one, is endured by this Pine for an enormous length of
time. Thus the annual production of resin from a good tree
fluctuates between 5 and 8 lbs. The quantity of resin gathered
in France during 1874 was about sixty million pounds (Crouzet-
ter-Desnoyers).
Pinus Pinceana, Gordon.
Mexico, up to 9,000 feet above the sea-level. A very re-
markable Pine, frequently 60 feet high, having drooping
branches like the Weeping Willow. Most desirable for ceme-
teries.
278 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pinus Pindrow, Royle.
In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalayan Moun-
tains, 7,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A fine, straight-
stemmed tree, becoming 190 feet high; cones purple. Con-
sidered by Stewart and Brandis a variety of P. Webbiana.
Pinus Pinea, Linne.*
Stone-Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the
Mediterranean Sea. Height of tree 80 feet; top rather fiat.
The wood is whitish, light, but full of resin, and much used for
furniture, naval architecture and general building purposes.
The seeds are edible, but of a resinous though not disagreeable
taste; they should be left in the cones until they are about to
be used, as otherwise they speedily become rancid; they only
ripen in their third year. This Pine grows as easily and almost
as quickly as the Cluster-Pine.
Pinus Pinsapo, Boissier.
Spanish Fir. Spain, and North-Africa, at from 3,000 to 6,000
feet elevation. A tree 70 feet high, with branches from
the ground. The timber is similar to that of the Silver-
Fir and resinous.
Pinus polita, Antoine.
Japan and Kurile-Islands. A tall superb tree, forming large
forests on the mountain ranges (A. Murray). Resists severe
frost. Allied to P. Smithiana.
Pinus ponderosa, Douglas.* {P. Benthamiana. Hartweg.)
Yellow, Pitch-Pine or Trucker-Pine of the mountains of
North-west America. Height of tree often 225 feet, with astern
reaching 24 feet in circumference. Growth comparatively quick.
The wood is yellowish, hard, strong, durable and heavy, and for
general purposes preferred to that of any other Pine. There
are fine groves of this tree up to 5,000 feet elevation in California,
but the variety P. Englemanni, Parry, ascends to 12,000 feet. The
bark contains a considerable quantity of tanning substance.
Wood pale and soft, neither knotty nor resinous, much esteemed
for cabinet-work (Hoopes); it is of great strength, and used for
floors, joists, and much other carpenter work. Dr. Gibbons
relates that the wood, with the bark adherent, exposed to the
weather, will decay within a year, but that when stripped and
covered with soil it is very durable. Dr. Kellogg saw logs which
had been in the ground twelve years quite sound. It has proved
well adapted even for rather dry localities in Victoria, but is
there slow of growth.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 279
Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, Lindley.
Mountains of Mexico, up to 10,000 feet. This tree is super-
ior in appearance to any other Mexican Pine; height 80 feet.
Pinus pungens, Michaux.
South Eastern States of North America. Although seldom
over 50 feet high, this Pine has the recommendation of being
of remarkably quick growth, especially in earl)'' life.
Pinus Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse. (P. Brutia, Tenore).
In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea, ascending to
5,000 feet. A fine tree, of quick growth, 80 feet in height; the
wood is pale and dry, almost free from resin and of considerable
value.
Pinus radiata, Don.* (P. insignis, Douglas).
California. A splendid Pine, fully 100 feet high, with a
straight stem, occasionally 8 feet in diameter. It is of re-
markably rapid growth, a seedling one year old being strong
enough for final transplantation: it has been noticed to grow
fully 5 feet annually, in .light soil near Melbourne. Mr. Dick-
inson found it to attain a height of 70 feet with a stem girth of
5 feet in 13 years at Port Phillip. According to Mr. W. J.
Winter it will endure unhurt exceptional exposure to ti8° F. in
the shade. In the United Kingdom it suffers greatly from the
attacks of the Pine Beetle, Hylurgus piniperda, Lawson.
The wood is tough, and is sought for boatbuilding and various
utensils. This tree can be utilized for obtaining tar and pitch.
It bears exposure to the sea at the very edge of the coast.
Pinus reflexa, Engelmann.
California. Allied to P. flexilis, belonging to the Strobus
section, but with large inappendiculated nutlets.
Pinus religiosa, Humboldt.
Oyamel Fir. Mexico, from 400 to 11,500 feet above the sea
level, thus reaching' the limits of arboreous vegetation. A
magnificent tree with silvery leaves, growing 150 feet high;
stem reaching 6 feet in diameter. The wood is particularly well
fitted for shingles and laths. This species endures the middle
European winter.
Pinus resinosa, Solander.
Red Pine. North America, principally Canada and Nova
Scotia, but extending to Pennsylvania. It attains a height of
150 feet, the stem 2 feet in diameter. It is of rapid growth,
and on account of the red barked stem very ornamental (Sar-
2&3 5ELF.CT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
gentt; delights in sandy soil: the wood is hard, fine-grained,
heavy and durable, very resinous, and is used for ship-building
and structures of various kinds.
Pinus rigida. Miller.*
American Pitch Pine. From New England to Virginia. It
grows to a height of 80 feet: the timber from gravelly or rocky
soil heavy and resinous, from damp alluvial soil light and soft;
used for building; but the tree is principally important for its
yield of turpentine, resin, pitch and tar. It is suitable for sea
shores; it will also grow in the driest localities, as well as in
swamps, nor is it readily susceptible to injury from fire.
Professor Meehan mentions this as the most rapid grower
among North East American Pines. With P. Taeda among
the most oleous and resinous pines, to be disseminated million-
fold in such extensive malarial regions as cannot be readily or
profitably drained, to subdue miasmata by the copious evolution
of the double oxyde of hydrogen, and ozone.
Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas.*
Californian Nut Pine or White Pine. Most frequent on the
western slopes of the Rocky Mountains intermixed with other
trees: 150 feet high, stem frequently 5 feet in diameter. The
wood is pale and soft; according to Dr. Gibbons it is hard and
durable when seasoned, with close and twisted grain, and con-
tains much resin; the clustered heavy cones attain a length of
one foot. The seeds are edible, they are produced in great
profusion, and constituted formerly a large portion of the win-
ter food of the native tribes. Proves even in dry localities of
Victoria to be of quick growth.
Pines serotina, Michaux.
Pond Pine. Southern States of North America, in morassy
soil, principally near the sea-coast. It gets to be 50 feet high. The
wood is soft. Of importance as antimalarian for fever swamps.
Regarded by Prof. Meehan as an extreme form of P. rigida.
Pinus Sibirica, Turczaninow. (P. Puhta, Fischer).
Siberian Pitch Fir. Russia, westward to the Volga, eastward
to Kamschatka, ascending the Altai mountains 5,000 feet.
This Pine reaches a height of 50 feet.
Pinus silvestris, Linne.*
Scotch Fir, Foehre. North Asia, Middle and Northern
Europe, reaching to 70° north latitude, ascending the Alps
6,000 feet, thriving best in sandy soil. Of all trees the one
which needs the least of mineral aliment from the soil, hence
adapted for pure sand, where it forms twice as much humus
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
within the same time as Robinia pseudacacia or Poplars, while
its wood is much more valuable. More easily transplanted than
any other species (Wesseley). A very valuable tree becoming
fully ioo feet high, usually growing to an age of about 120
years, but sometimes getting much older; thus a venerable tree
at Schandau blown down by a storm, showed 463 annual rings.
It is important for masts and spars. The Red Baltic, Norway
or Riga deals are obtained from this Pine, as well as a large
portion of the European Pine tar. Pine cones have come into
use for tanning in France. Proves well adapted even for the
drier parts of Victoria. The leaves of Pines can be well
converted into material for pillows and mattresses, with the
great recommendation of healthfulness for such a purpose. All
Fir forests are antimiasmatic and salubrious for hectic patients,
in consequence of the di-oxyde of hydrogen evolved from their
terebinthine emanations.
Pinus Sitkensis, Bongard. (P. Menziesii, Dougl., P. Jezoensis, Ant.)
■ ' North- West America, extending to Japan. The Blue Spruce
of California, also called Tideland Spruce, ascending to eleva-
tions of 9,000 feet, of rapid growth in congenial soil. A very
handsome tree which furnishes soft, light, pale, and fine-grained
timber, used largely for piles (Dr. Gibbons). It thrives best in
moist ground. According to Professor Brewer, instances are
on record of trees having attained a height of over 300 feet,
and a stem 7 feet in diameter at 100 feet from the base. From
an exceptionally large tree 100,000 shingles were obtained,
besides 58 cords of wood.
Pinus Smithiana, Lambert. (P. Khutrow, Royle.)
On the Himalaya Mountains, at elevations from 6,000 to
11,000 feet. Attains a height of 150 feet, and the stem a girth
of 2 1 feet. The wood is pale, even and straight grained, but
only durable under shelter.
Pinus stenolepis, Parlatore. (Picea Veitchii, Lindley.)
Japan. Up to 7,000 feet. A fine tree, attaining a height of
140 feet.
Pinus Strobus, Linn6.*
Weymouth-Pine or American White Pine. North-Eastern
America, growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for deep,
rich ground in mountain valleys; known to reach a height of 270
feet, with a stem as much as 8 feet in diameter. It is the principal
pine of the lumber-trade of the Eastern States. One of the
finest among ornamental conifers. The wood is soft, white or
yellowish, light, free from knots, almost without resin, easy to
282 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
work, very durable, and much esteemed for masts, bridges,
frames of buildings, windows, ceilings, flooring, oars, cabinet-
work and organ-pipes. The tree yields American turpentine and
galipot . Mr. Cecil Clay cut exceptionally 40,000 feet of its
timber on an acre of ground in the Virginian mountains. The
sap-wood is remarkably thin. The tree endures the climate of
Norway to lat. 6i° 15' (Schuebeler).
Pinus Taeda, Linne.
Frankincense- or Loblolly-Pine. Florida, Carolina and Vir-
ginia, in sandy soil attaining a height of 90 feet. The timber is
liked for pumps, but liable to warp and decay in buildings, on
exposure (Sargent). It yields turpentine in good quantity,
though of inferior quality, and exudes much resin. The tree
likes regions near the coast ; hence can be utilized for
raising Fir-forests on sea-land.
Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham.
Mexico, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, forming dense forests.
Height of tree 100 feet, stem up to 5 feet in diameter.
Pinus Teocote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Okote- or Torch-Pine. Mexico, from 5,000 to ir,ooo feet
above the sea-level. Tree often 150 feet high, stem 4 feet in
diameter. It yields the Brea-turpentine and resin; the wood is
resinous and durable.
Pinus Torreyana, Parry.
California. An average cone of this Pine will contain about
130 seeds, weighing 3 ounces; they are edible (Meehan).
Pinus Tsuga, Antoine.
In the northern provinces of Japan, 6,000 to 9,000 feet above
the sea. The tree grows to a height of only 25 feet. Its timber is
highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by turners.
It is of a yellowish-brown color.
Pinus Webbiana, Wallich.
King-Pine, Dye-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an
elevation of from 7,000 to 13,000 feet. A splendid fir, reaching
a height of 150 feet; the stem with a circumference of 30 feet.
The wood is of a pale color, soft, coarse-grained, and very
resinous, on the testimony of Mr. Webb equalling in texture
and odor the Bermuda-Cedar. The natives extract a splendid
violet dye from the cones.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 283
Pinus Williamsonii, Newberry.
California and Oregon up to 12,000 feet. Height of tree
reaching 150 feet. Timber very valuable (Vasey). Many other
Pines, eastern as well as western, not alluded to on this oc-
casion, are worthy of especial utilitarian enquiries.
Piptadenia rigida, Bentham.
Sub-tropical and extra-tropical South-America. The acacia-
tree furnishes the angico-gum, similar to gum-arabic. The
wood, according to Saldana da Gama, serves for naval con-
structions.
Pipturus propinquus, Weddell.
Insular India, South Sea Islands and warmer parts of East-
Australia. This bush is higher and rather more hardy than
Boehmeria nivea, but in fiber it is similar to that plant. P.
vehitinus, Wedd., is closely allied. The few other species
serve probably as well for fiber.
Pircunia dioica, Moquin.
Southern Brazil and La Plata-States. The Ombu. A decidu-
ous tree, for shady avenues, grown in South-Europe, as well as
in many tropical countries, shown by the writer to be hardy in
the lowlands of Victoria. It is comparatively quick of growth.
Pisonia aculeata, Linne.
Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, ex-
tending as a native plant into New South Wales. This rambling
prickly bush can be chosen for hedge-copses.
Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne.
The Mastic-Tree. Mediterranean regions. A tall evergreen
bush, exuding the mastic-resin, mostly through incisions into its
bark. In Morocco the plant is extensively used for hedges.
The deciduous P. Atlantica, Desf., also yields mastic.
Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or
small tree with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or
Chio turpentine exudes from the stem of this species.
Pistacia vera, Linne.
Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree,
sometimes 30 feet high, yielding the Pistacio-nuts of commerce,
remarkable for their green almond-like kernels.
284 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pisum sativum, Linn6.*
The Common Pea. Mediterranean countries and Western
Asia. Matures seeds as far north as 70 22' in Norway (Schue-
beler). Cultivated even by the ancient Greeks. This annual
of daily use could hardly be left unnoticed on this occasion.
Suffice it to say, that the herbage as a nutritious fodder deserves
more attention than it receives. The green fruit contains inosit-
sugar and cholestrin fat. For field-culture a sandy calcareous
loam should be chosen for this plant, to ensure rich and safe
harvests. Peas retained their vitality after four years' exposure
to the extreme frosts of Polaris-Bay. A second species, P.
Aucheri, Jaub. and Spach, which is perennial, occurs in alpine
elevations on the Taurus.
Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Solander.
New Zealand. This with P. eugenioides has proved very
suitable for tall garden-hedges, for which these and several
other species were first brought into notice by the writer. Un-
hurt by a cold of 9 F. (Gorlie).
Pittosporum undulatum, Ventenat.
South-eastern Australia. This tree with P. bicolor, Hooker,
produces a wood well adapted for turners' purposes and also as
a substitute for boxwood (Oliver). The flowers furnish a highly
fragrant volatile oil on distillation.
Planera aquatica, Gmelin.
North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for
plantations in wet localities. The wood is hard and strong.
Platanus occidentalis, Linne.*
The true Plane-Tree of the eastern part of North-America;
also known as Buttonwood. More eligible as an avenue-tree
than as a timber-tree. Height reaching 100 feet. Diameter of stem
at times 14 feet. Wood dull red, light, not readily attacked by
insects; used in the manufacture 'of pianofortes and harps; cuts
into very good screws, also presses, dairy utensils, windlasses,
wheels and blocks. The young wood is silky white and often
handsomely mottled (Robb). The tree likes alluvial river-banks
and has been successfully planted in morassy places, to cope
with miasmatic effluvia.
Platanus orientalis, Linn6.*
The Plane-Tree of South-Europe and Middle Asia. Hardy
in Norway to lat. 58 8' (Schuebeler). One of the grandest
trees for lining roads and for street-planting, deciduous like the
other Planes, rather quick of growth, and not requiring much
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 285
water. Attains a height of 90 feet and a stem-circumference of
occasionally 70 feet, reaching an age of over 800 years. It re-
sists the smoke in large towns such as London, better than any
other tree, growing vigorously even under such disadvantage.
The wood is well adapted for furniture and other kinds of
cabinet-work. Propagation from seeds or cuttings.
Platanus racemosa, Nuttall.
The Californian Plane-Tree. A good promenade-tree, which,
according to Professor Bolander, grows more rapidly and more
compact than P. occidentalis. Wood harder and therefore more
durable than that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to warp.
According to Dr. Gibbons the tree attains a height of about 100
feet and a diameter of 8 feet; the wood is very brittle; in use
however by turners.
Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith.
Sikkim, up to 7,000 feet, extending to 27 south latitude.
This Rattan-Palm requires moist forest-land. Its canes are not
durable, but the plant is an object worthy of scenic horticul-
ture, and would prove the hardiest among its congeners. P.
elongata ascends, according to Drude, to 4,500 feet.
Plectocomia macrostachya, Kurz.
Tenasserim, at 3,000 feet elevation, therefore most likely hardy
in temperate lowlands.
Plectronia ventosa, Linn6.
South Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata, Sonder, and P.
spinosa, Klotzsch.
Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin.
The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there
extensively used for bread of an agreeable acidulous taste.
Poa airoides, Koeler. (Catabrosa aquatica, Beauvois.)
The Water Whorl Grass. Europe, North Africa, Northern
and Middle Asia, North America. A creeping grass, suitable
for pastures subject to inundation.
Poa alpina, Linn6.
Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia and North America. De-
serves to be transferred to snowy mountains as a nutritious
perennial pasture grass. P. Sudetica, Haenke, and P. hybrida,
Guadin, are mentioned also as excellent alpine grasses.
286 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Poa angustifolia, Linne.
Europe, North Asia, North America. A perennial grass,
allied to P. nemoralis, excellent for moist meadows and river
banks. Poa fertilis, Host., may be a mere variety of this
species.
Poa aquatica, Linne. (Gfyceria aquatica, Smith.)
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North America. This
conspicuous Water grass attains a height of 6 feet. It is per-
ennial, and deserves naturalization in our swamps. It pro-
duces a large bulk of foliage, and may be disseminated for fod-
der purposes. On the testimony of Dr. Curl this is one of the
best feeding grasses in New Zealand.
Poa Billardieri, Steudal.
Australia. A perennial rigid grass, of some value for saline
meadows.
Poa Brownii, Kunth. {Eragrostis Brownii, Nees.)
Tropical and Eastern extra tropical Australia. It is here
mentioned as a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully
green in the driest Australian summer, even on poor soil. The
section Eragrostis of the genus Poa contains numerous species
in the hotter parts of the globe. Of these many would doubt-
less be hardy far beyond the tropics, and prove of value on
pastural land.
Poa Canadensis, Beauvois.
The Rattlesnake Grass of South- East America. A valuable
swamp grass.
Poa Chinensis, Koenig.
South and East Asia, East Australia. Recommended by
Mr. F. M. Bailey as a valuable pasture grass, perhaps on ac-
count of its tender panicles. Poa bulbosa, L., of Europe and
West Asia, and P. compressa, L., of the same regions, will grow
in pure sand.
Poa cynosuroides, Retz.
North-Eastern Africa, South Asia. A harsh perennial grass,
not serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Royle as a fiber-
plant of North-Western India, where it is valued as a material
for ropes. In this respect it may not surpass the rough tufty
variety of Poa caespitosa, Forster, so common on river banks
of South-East Australia, from the leaves of which excellent
nets are made by the natives.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 287
Poa digitata, R. Brown.
South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing
wet river banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle and
horses relish it.
Poa distans, Linn6.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North
America. Perennial. It is one of the limited number of ten-
der grasses, suited for moist saline soil, and thus affords pas-
turage on coast marshes.
Poa fertilis, Host. {P. Serotina, Ehrhart.)
Europe, North Asia, North America. Perennial. Important
for wet meadows, even with sandy subsoil. Its foliage is ten-
der, tasty and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it keeps up
the growth late into the autumn; it will prosper also in sandy
and saline soil.
Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Glyceria fluitans, R. Brown.)
The Manna Grass. Europe, North Africa, Middle and
Northern Asia, North America, East Australia. Perennial.
Excellent for stagnant water and slow-flowing streams. The
foliage is tender. The seeds are sweet and palatable, and in
many countries are used for porridge. This grass is indigenous
in Norway, northward to lat. 6g° 9' (Schuebeler).
Poa Forsteri, Steudel. {Dactylis ccespitosa, Forster.)
The Tussock Grass. Fulgia, Falkland Islands, South Pata-
gonia. Introduced by Sir Joseph Hooker into the Hebrides,
and by Mr. Traill into the Orkney Islands. Delights, accord-
ing to Mr. Ingram, in deep, boggy and mossy land, even when
exposed to sea spray. Cultivated plants might be dressed with
some salt. Thrives in cold countries near the sea in pure sand,
at the edge of peat-bogs. It would probably prosper in alpine
moors. It is perennial and reaches a height of nine feet. It is
very nutritious and much sought by herds. The base of the
stem is nutty and edible.
Poa maritima, Hudson.
Europe, North Africa, North Asia, North America. Its long
creeping roots help to bind coast sand. This grass can also be
depastured and grown on meadows.
Poa nemoralis, Linn6.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North America. This
perennial grass can be grown on shady forest land, as the name
implies, but it accommodates itself also to open places, and
288 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
will grow even among rocks. It endures Alpine winters. Ac-
cording to Lawson no better grass exists for displacing weeds
on pleasure lawns; the same may be said of Poa compressa, L.
Poa nervata, Willdenow.
Southern North America, called in Alabama the Manna-
Grass. Perennial. Valuable for pastures in low forest land.
(C. Mohr).
Poa pectinacea, Michaux. {Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray.)
Middle and Southern States of North America. This peren-
nial grass spreads rapidly over dry ground and even coast
sands. C. Mohr regards it as valuable for pastures, and men-
tions as such also Eragrostis nitida, Chapman, and E. tennis,
Gray.
Poa pratensis, Linn6."
The ordinary English Meadow Grass. A perennial species,
with creeping roots, fit for any, even very dry, meadows, thriv-
ing early, and able to live also in alpine localities. In Norway
it is indigenous to lat. 71 7' (Professor Schuebeler). Better
adapted for pasture than hay. It is suitable for moor-land,
when such is laid dry; although it flowers only once
during the season, it forms a nutritious fodder, even on
comparatively poor soil; it resists drought, forms excellent
sward, and can be used with advantage for intermixing with
other pasture grasses. In the United States it is known as the
Kentucky Blue Grass or Pennsylvania Green Grass, and is con-
sidered one of the best for lawns by Professor Meehan, as it
will crowd out all weeds in time.
Poa trivialis, Linne.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a
good perennial grass for mixture on pasture land. One of the
best grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry. Recom-
mendable also as a lawn grass. Sinclair regarded the produce of
this Poa as superior to many other kinds, and noticed the
marked partiality which horses, oxen and sheep evince towards
it. To thrive well, it wants rather moist and rich soil and shel-
tered places. It is a later grass than P. pratensis, well adapted
for hay, and gives good after-growth (Langethal).
These few species of Poa have been singied out as recom-
mendable, because they are well tested. Future experiments
beyond Europe will add others to lists of recommendations
like this.
Podachsenium alatum, Bentham. {Ferdinanda eminens, Lagasca.)
Central America, up to a height of 8,000 feet. A tall
shrub; on account of the grandeur of its foliage in requisi-
tion for scenic effects.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 289
Podophyllum peltatum, Linne.
North America, where it is known as the Mandrake. Hardy
in Christiania. A perennial forest-herb, not without import-
ance for medicinal purposes. The root contains the bitter
alkaloid berberin. Podophyllum Emodi, Wall., occurring in
the Indian mountains at heights of from 6,000 to 14,000
feet, can probably be used like the American species. The
berries of both are edible, though the root and leaves are
poisonous.
Pogostemon Patchouli, Pelletier.
Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its
powerful scent, arising from a volatile oil. P. parvifiorus,
Benth. and P. Heyneanus, Benth. belong to this species.
Polianthes tuberosa, Linne .
Mexico. The tuberose. Valuable for perfume distillation.
Available late in the season.
Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton.
Temperate Himalya and Khasia. Praised as an ophidian
alexipharmic. To several other species both of the eastern and
western hemispheres similar properties are ascribed, but we are
almost entirely without any reliable medical testimony on these
and many other supposed vegetable antidotes against snake
poison.
Polygala Senega, Linne.
The Seneca Snake Root. North America. A perennial
herb. The root is of medicinal value.
Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries.
South Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all
truffles.
Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro.
Japan and China. . An annual herb, deserving attention and
local trials, as yielding a kind of indigo; one of the most im-
portant dye-plants of Japan. It can be cultivated in cold
climes, being hardy at Christiania. Its growth would be vig-
orous. Various Polygonums contains tannin, P. amphibium
as much as 11^ per cent. (Masters).
Polyporus giganteus, Fries.
Dr. Goeppert records this and also the following species as
allowed to be sold for food in Silesia : P. frondosus, Fr., P.
ovtnus, Fr., P. tuberaster, Fr., P. citrinus, Pers. Dr. Atkin-
son mentions as edible among the fungi of Cashmere P. fo-
mentarius and P. squamosus.
19
290 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Populus alba, Linne.
The Abele or White Poplar of Europe, North-Africa and
Middle Asia, growing on the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceas-
ing at 4,000 feet. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 67 56' (Prof.
Schuebeler). Height reaching 90 feet. It has proved an excel-
lent avenue-tree, even in comparatively waterless situations,
and the partial whiteness of its foliage gives a pleasing effect
in any plantation. A Silver-Poplar at Slowitz attained a
stem-diameter of 20 feet, indicating according to Pan-
newitz an age of probably 400 years. The wood is pale,
with a reddish tinge, brown near the center, soft and
light. It can be used for flooring; it is particularly sought
for trays, bowls, bellows and shoe-soles; also according
to Porcher, for wooden structures under water. " Spar-
terie" for plaiting is obtained from the wood-shavings. The
wood of this and some other poplars is easily converted
into paper-pulp, which is cheaply bleached. Lines of pop-
lars along forest streams prevent or impede the progress of
wood conflagrations. The roots of Poplars spread widely. P.
canescens, Sm., the Grey Poplar, is either a variety of the
Abele or its hybrid with the Aspen, and yields a better timber
for carpenters and millwrights.
Populus angustifolia, James.
North America. A rather large tree of vigorous and rapid
growth (Vasey); adapted for shelter-plantations, particularly in
wet localities.
Populus balsamifera, Linne.
The Tacamahac or Balsam-Poplar of the colder, but not the
coldest parts of North-America; also in Siberia and on the
Himalayan Mountains, where it ranges from 8,000 to 14,000
feet. It will endure the winters of Norway to lat. 69 40'
(Schuebeler). It attains a height of 80 feet. The tree may be
lopped for cattle-fodder (Stewart and Brandis). Professor
Meehan says that it will grow near the ocean's brink. Its
variety is P. candicans, Ait.
Populus ciliata, Wallich.
Himalaya, from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. Height as much as
70 feet with a straight trunk, which attains 10 feet in girth.
Populus Euphratica, Olivier.
From Algeria, dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up
to 13,500 feet. Height 50 feet. Wood harder than that of
most Poplars, the inner wood turning blackish in old trees. It
is used for planking and boat-building (Stewart and Brandis),
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 291
also for beams, rafters, boxes, panelling, turnery. Cattle will
browse on the leaves. This is the Willow of the 137th Psalm
(C. Koch).
Populus grandidentata, Michaux.
The Soft Aspen. North-America. 80 feet high. Wood
whitish, soft, very light; can be ground into pulp for paper. P.
angulata, Ait., is another large Poplar of North-Eastern
America.
Populus heterophylla, Linne.
The Downy Poplar of North-America, passing also by the
name of Cottonwood. Height often 60 feet. The wood is very
pale, soft and fissile. All poplars, like willows, are very import-
ant to eliminate miasma by absorbing humidity to an enormous
extent from stagnant swampy localities; they are likewise good
scavengers of back-wards.
Populus monilifera, Aiton.* {P. Canadensis, Desfontaines.)
The Cottonwood-Tree of North-America. Height 150
feet; stem 8 feet in diameter. One of the best Poplars for
the production of timber, which is soft, light, easy to work,
suited for carving and turnery; it is durable if kept dry, and
does not readily take fire. The wooden polishing-wheels of
glass-grinders are made of horizontal sections of the whole
stem, about 1 inch thick, as from its softness it readily imbibes
the polishing material. It is also useful for rails and boards,
and supplies a fair fuel. Judge Whitning says that it has no
rival in quickness of growth among deciduous trees. Recom-
mended by Wessely, together with P. alba and P. nigra, for
fixing drift-sand, on which they never become suffocated. It is
advisable to obtain cuttings from male trees only, for planting
along streets or near dwellings, as the minute downy seeds of the
female trees are copiously wafted through the air, and have irri-
tant effects on the respiratory organs. P. angulata, Aiton, the
Water-poplar, is very closely allied.
Populus nigra, Linne.
The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to
China; in the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading
variety is one of the best of trees for lining roads. This species
includes P. dilatata, Ait., or as a contracted variety P. fastigiata,
Desf., the Lombardy-Poplar. Greatest height 150 feet.
Growth rapid, like that of all other Poplars. At Bensberg a
Black Poplar formed in 80 years a stem 19 feet in circum-
ference; at Wippach a hollow stem showed a breath of 48 feet.
In warm zones the growth is more rapid than in Middle Europe,
292 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
as is the case with the majority of trees. Wood soft, light and
of loose texture, used by joiners, coopers and turners; also for
matches; furnishing also superior charcoal for gunpowder.
Bark employed in tanning, producing a fragrant leather; it is,
however, not rich in tannic acid. The tree requires damp soil.
It retains its foliage longer than most Poplars.
Populus tremula, Linn6.
The Aspen. Europe, North-Africa, Northern Asia to
Japan. Height reaching 100 feet, stem-circumference 12
feet; age 130 years or more. The Aspen is very hardy;
in lat. 70 in Norway a tree still attained a height of 60 feet
(Schuebeler). The Aspen-wood is white and tender, and in
use by coopers and joiners. Like the wood of other Poplars,
much sought for paper-mills as an admixture to the pulp. In
Japan it is used for engraving rough works and posters. In
Sweden largely employed for matches.
Populus tremuloides, Michaux.
The North-American Aspen. Ascends to alpine elevations
of 10,000 feet. The wood is white, soft, and readily worked,
and can be converted into paper pulp. Height as much as 50
feet. It extends westward to California, where also a particular
species, P. trichocarpa, Torrey, occurs. All Poplars might be
planted in gullies, like all Willows, to intercept forest-fires;
also generally on river banks.
Porphyra vulgaris, Agardh.
Temperate and cold oceans. This largely cosmopolitan sea-
weed is mentioned here, because in Japan it undergoes regular
cultivation. For this purpose branches of Quercus serrata are
placed in shallow bays, where Porphyra occurs, during spring,
and the crop is obtained from October to March, the seaweed
being consumed in its young state. It grows best where fresh
water enters the sea. Porphyra contains about 26 per cent, of
nitrogenous substances (with more than 4 per cent, of nitrogen)
and about 5 per cent, of the phosphate of potash. In Japan,
according to the catalogue of the International Exhibitions of
Sydney and Melbourne, the following Alga? are also consumed
for food: Gloiopeltis intricata, G. capillaris, Laminaria saccha-
rifera, two species of Phylloderma, Phyllitis debilis, Kallhy-
menia dentata, Capea elongata, Alaria pinnatifolia, Gracilaria
confervoides, Enteromorpha compressa, species of Cystoseira
and Halochloa, Codium tomentosum, Mesogloia decipiens, and
Gelidium corneum.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 293
Portulacaria Afra, Jacquin.
South- Africa. Called Spekboom. Affords locally the prin-
cipal food for elephants; excellent also for sheep- pasture,
according to Professor McOwan ; hence this succulent shrub
may deserve naturalization on stony ridges and in sandy desert
land.
Pouzolzia tuberosa, Wight.
India. The turnip-shaped root of this herb is edible. The
plant may prove hardy here, and its root may improve in culture.
Prangos pabularia, Lindley.
Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb,
much relished by sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities
and deserving naturalization on alpine pasture-grounds. Other
perennial species exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on the
Atlas, the Caucasus and the Indian highlands. P. pabularia is
regarded by some as the Silphium of Arrianus.
Pringlea antiscorbutica, W. Anderson and R. Brown.*
The Cabbage or Horse-radish of Kerguelen's Island. The
perennial long roots taste somewhat like horse-radish. The
leaves in neverceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into
heads, beneath which the annual flower-stalks arise. The plant
ascends mountains in its native island to the height of 1,400
feet, but luxuriates most on the sea-border. To arctic and
other antarctic countries it would be a boon. Probably it would
live on our Alps. Whalers might bring us the roots and seeds
of this remarkable plant, which seems never to have entered
into culture yet. The plant was used as cabbage, by the cele-
brated Captain Cook and all subsequent navigators, touching at
yonder remote spot, and it proved to possess powerful properties
against scurvy. Dr. Hooker observes that Pringlea can sec-
tionally be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a
pungent volatile oil. Through culture important new culinary
varieties may probably be raised from this plant. The taste
of this vegetable in its natural growth is like mustard and
cress, and the Kerguelen's Land Cabbage, when boiled,
proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the ordinary
cabbage.
Priva laevis, Jussieu.
Chili and the Argentine Republic. A perennial herb, the
small tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi).
294 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Prosopis dulcis, Kunth.
From California and Texas to the southern parts of the La
Plata States. Vernacularly known as the Cashaw-, Mesquite-
or Algaroba-Tree. A thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree,
with a stem 2}^, feet in diameter, adapted for live-fences.
The wood is durable and of extraordinary strength. This is
one of the species yielding the sweetish Algaroba-pods for
cattle-fodder, and utilized even in some instances for human
food. The pods of the various kinds of Prosopis are adapted
only for such animals as chew the cud, and thus get rid of
distending gases (R. Russell). Argentina Algaroba-pods
contain, according to Sievert, 25 to 28 per cent, grape-sugar,
n to 17 per cent, starch, 7 to 11 per cent, protein; of organic
acids, pectin and oiher non-nitrogenous nutritive substances 14
to 24 per cent. They are also comparatively rich in potash,
lime and phosphoric acid. A sparkling drink called Aloja is
made of the fruits. This and some allied species yield the
Algarobylla-bark for tanning; the leaves contain, according to
Sievert, 21 per cent, tannin. The pods also of several species
are rich in tannic acid. Mere varieties, according to Bentham
are: P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. glandulosa.
The latter variety exudes a gum not unlike gum-arabic, and
this is obtained so copiously that children could earn two to
three dollars a day in Texas while gathering it, latterly about
40,000 lbs being bought by druggists there. The tree attains a
height of 30 feet; its wood is excessively hard, eligible for select
furniture; polished it has the appearance of Mahogany. A
short communication on the American Algaroba-tree was pre-
sented to the Parliament of Victoria by the writer in 187 1.
Pods of some Prosopis, used as fodder, have caused the death
of horses in Jamaica.
Prosopis pubescens, Bentham.
The Tornillo .or Screw-bean. Texas, California, Mexico.
The pods ripen at all seasons and contain much saccharine nu-
tritive substance (J. S. Gamble). Likely available for hedges,
with other species of other countries. Seeds can be converted
into food (Sargent).
Prosopis spicigera, Linne.
India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also with edible
pods, enduring some frost. It attains a height of 60 feet, but
is of slow growth (Brandis). Serves for hedge lines. It can be
chosen for desert land (Kurz).
Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth.
Syria and Persia. A shrubby species for hedge-growth.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 295
Prunus Americana, Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton.)
Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny tree,
furnishing the Yellow and Red Plum of North-America. Hardy
in Norway northward to lat. 65 ° (Schuebeler). The fruit is
roundish and rather small, but of pleasant taste.
Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hooker.* {Amygdalus communis, Linne.)*
The Almond-tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea
and Orient; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kurdes-
tan, Turkestan and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart). Both
the sweet and bitter almond are derived from this species. The
cost of gathering the crop in South-Europe is about 20 per
cent, of its market value. Their uses and the value of the
highly palatable oil obtained by pressure from them are well
known. This oil can well be chosen as a means of providing a
pleasant substitute for milk during sea-voyages, etc., by mixing
with it, when required, half its weight of powdered gum-arabic,
and adding then successively, while quickly agitating in a stone-
mortar, about double the quantity of water; thus a palatable
and wholesome sort of cream for tea or coffee is obtained at
any moment. Oil of apricot-seeds is much used in India like
almond-oil. There exist hard and soft-shelled varieties of both
the sweet and bitter almond. Almonds can even be grown on
sea-shores. It will bear the climate of Christiania in Norway
(Professor Schuebeler). The crystalline amygdalin can best be
prepared from bitter almonds, through removing the oil by
pressure, then subjecting them to distillation with alcohol, and
finally precipitating with ether. The volatile bitter almond-oil
— a very dangerous liquid — is obtained by aqueous distillation.
Dissolved in alcohol it forms the essence of almonds. This can
also be prepared from peach kernels.
Prunus Armeniaca, Linne. {Armeniaca vulgaris, Lamarck.)
The Apricot-tree. China, as already indicated by Roxburgh,
not indigenous in Armenia. Professor C. Koch points to the
alliance of this tree to P. Sibirica, L., and he considers P.
dasycarpa, Ehrh., to be a hybrid between the Apricot- and
Plum-tree. A variety of Apricot occurs with a sweet kernel.
Cold-pressed Apricot-seeds yield an oil much like that of al-
monds. Muspratt found as much as 24 per cent. Tannin in the
bark. The Chinese P. Mume, Sieb. and Zucc, is a peculiar
Apricot-tree.
Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton.
Southern States of North- America. Porcher regards it as
one of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of the
States. It can be cut into any shape and is much employed for
quick and dense hedges. It can be grown on coast-land.
296 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Prunus cerasifera, Ehrhart. {P. Myrobalanus, Desfont.)
The Cherry-Plum tree. Countries at and near the Caspian
Sea. The fruits known also as Mirabelle-Plums, whence long
ago the objectionable designation Myrobalane-Plum arose.
Among all kindred species it is this one which flowers earliest,
indeed before the development of its leaves, hence its claims
for decorative horticulture. On this and some other cultivated
species see also Koch's Dendrologie, 1869.
Prunus Cerasus, Linne.
The Cherry-tree. Orient, especially in the countries near the
Caspian Sea. The name applies strictly only to the species dis-
tinguished by never assuming large dimensions, by emitting
suckers, by smoothness of leaves and austerity and acidity of
fruit. P. avium, Linne, the sweet-fruited Cherry-tree attains a
high age, when the stem may acquire a diameter of 4 feet, pro-
duces no suckers and has downy more wrinkled leaves, irrespec-
tive of some few other discrepancies. It afforded its fruit
even to the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland in prehistoric
times (Heer, Mortillet), and the tree was cultivated by the
Greeks from early historic records (A. de Candolle). The
Cherry-tree is hardy in Norway to lat. 66° 30' (Schuebeler).
Prunus Chisasa, Michaux. (Oldest name P. angustifolia, Marsh.)
North- America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it is
only 3 to 4 feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, with a
tender usually agreeable pulp. Other species with edible fruit
occur in North-America, such as P. pumila, L., P. Pennsyl-
vania, L., P. Virginiana, L., but their fruits are too small
to render these plants of importance for orchard culture, though
they also may become enlarged by artificial treatment.
Prunus demissa, Walpers.
California. The Wild Plum of Utah. Worthy of improving
cultivation. It fruits abundantly, often when only 2 or 3 feet
high. It is of near affinity to P. Virginiana.
Prunus domestica, Linne.
Plum-tree, Damson-tree, Prune-tree. From the Black Sea to
Western China. In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea
numerous varieties were cultivated even at the commence-
ment of the Christian era. In Norway this species endures the
winter to lat. 64 (Professor Schuebeler).
Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall.
California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges
of intricate growth. Fruit about J4 inch diameter, red or black,
of a pleasant sub-acid flavor, but somewhat astringent (Gib-
bons).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 297
Prunus insititia, Linn6.
The Bullace. Middle and Southern Europe, North-Africa,
West-Asia to the Himalayan mountains. Professor Heer has
proved that the lacustrine Swiss of the Stone-age were already-
acquainted with the Bullace as well as the Sloe. This species
yields some of the Damascene-Plums. P. cerasifera seems de-
scended from P. insititia, and this again may be the original
wild plant of P. domestica (Loudon, J. Hooker).
Prunus Mahaleb, Linn6.
South Europe and South-Western Asia. It deserves some
attention on account of its scented seeds and also odorous
wood, the latter used in turnery for pipes and other articles.
The flowers are in use for perfumes. The tree is hardy in
Norway to lat. 63 26'.
Prunus maritima, Wangenheim.
The Beach-Plum of North America. A shrubby species, of
.service not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its fruit,
which is crimson or purple, globular, measuring from ^2 to
1 inch. Information on these and other varieties may be
sought in " Hogg's Fruit Manual." The Almond (Amygdalus
communis, L.) and the Peach (Amygdalus Persica, L.) also
belong generically to Prunus, as indicated in 181 2 by Stokes
("Bot. Mat. Med.," iii., 101) and in 1813 by F. G. Hayne
("Arznei-Gewachse," iv., 38), and finally settled by J. D.
Hooker (Benth. and Hook., gen. pi., i., 610), for which therefore
the names P. Amygdalus and P. Persica should now be adopted.
Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, Lindley. {P. Puddum, Roxburgh.)
The " Sakura " of Japan, extending to Upper India. A large
shady tree, the stem attaining two feet in diameter, charming
to view when bearing its profusion of flowers. The fruit is of
the size of small cherries and of pleasant and refreshing taste,
though never quite sweet (Wallich). This is the tree which
supplies mainly the wood so extensively required for xylography
in Japan (Dupont). .
Prunus serotina, Ehrhart.
The Black Cherry-tree of North-America. Fruit slightly
bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor; wood compact, light,
easily worked, not liable to warp (Sargent), very valuable for
cabinet and sash-makers (A. Gray). In Virginia and Alabama
the tree attains a height of 100 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diam-
eter; it prefers rich porous soil in the upper parts of valleys.
Wood pale red, dense, fine-grained; when polished as beautiful
as mahogany-wood (Robb and Simmonds). It will live on the
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
poorest soil, and even within the salt spray of the coast. Read-
ily raised from seeds and transplanted; not succumbing under
rough usage (Sargent).
Prunus spinosa, Linn6,
The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe.
Indigenous in Norway to lat. 6o° 8', but it will endure
the winter even to lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler). With its
flowers it is one of the earliest plants to announce the
spring. Its tendency to throw out suckers renders' the bush
less adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but these
suckers furnish material for walking-sticks. The small globular
fruits can be made into preserves. Of medicinal value are P.
Lauro-Cerasus, L., the evergreen Cherry-Laurel from the
Orient, and P. Padus, L., the deciduous Bird Cherry, which
extends from Europe to North- Africa and West-Asia. These
and most other species contain amygdalin in their foliage and
in some other parts. Perhaps the fruit of some of the species
from Eastern Asia, California and tropical America may be
improved by horticultural skill. The Sloe and others might
with advantage be naturalized on forest streams.
Prunus tomentosa, Thunberg.
North China. A very hardy species with cherry-like edible
fruits.
Prunus Virginiana, Linn6.
The Choke Cherry-tree of the United States. In a mild
clime and fertile soil this tree attains a height of 100 feet and a
stem circumference of 16 feet. Endures the winters of Nor-
way to lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler). The wood is compact, fine-
grained, and not liable to warp when perfectly seasoned, of a
dull light-red tint, deepening with age. The fruit finally loses
its acerbity.
Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes.* {P. littoralis, Beauvois; Cala-
magrostis arenaria, Roth.)
The Morram, Marrem or Bent-Grass. Sand-coasts of
Europe, North- Africa and North-America. One of the most
important of reedy grasses, with long descending roots, for
binding moving drift- sands on the sea-shore, for the consolida-
tion of which this tall grass and Elymus arenarius are chiefly
employed in Europe. It delights in the worst of drift-sands,
and for its full development gradual accumulation of fresh
sands around it becomes necessary (Wessely): hence it never
gets suffocated. The plant will by gradual upgrowth finally
form stems and roots, sanded into a depth of fully 100 feet.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 299
Psamma Baltica, R. and S., from the Baltic and North Seas,
serves the same purpose. Both can also be used in the manner
of Sparta for paper material, for tying and for mats. Like
Elymus arenarius, it is not touched by grazing animals. It col-
lects the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus
fastens their sides.
Psidium acidum, Martius.
Higher regions on the Amazon-River. A tree at length
30 feet high; its Guava- fruit pale yellow and of apple-size,
Psidium Araca, Raddi.
From the West-Indies and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil,
where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of the
edible Guavas, already recorded by Piso and Marcgrav. The
greenish-yellow berry is of exquisite taste.
Psidium arboreum, Vellozo.
Brazil; province of Rio de Janeiro. This Guava-fruit measures
about one inch, and is of excellent flavor.
Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.*
The Purple Guava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hard-
iest of the Guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 20 feet.
The purple berries are seldom above an inch long, but of de-
licious flavor and taste, resembling thus far strawberries. P.
buxifolium, Nutt., of Florida, seems nearly related to this
species.
Psidium chrysophjdlum, F. v. Mueller. {Abbevillea chrysophylla, Berg.)
The Guabiroba Do Mato of South-Brazil. This tree attains a
height of about 30 feet. The fruit is generally not larger than a
cherry. Perhaps other species of the section Abbevillea would
be hardy and worthy of cultivation.
Psidium cinereum, Martius.
Brazil, provinces Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yield-
ing an edible fruit.
Psidium cordatum, Sims.
The Spice-Guava. West-Indies. This attains the height
of a tree. Its fruit is edible. Probably hardy in sub-tropic
regions.
Psidium cuneatum. Cambessedes.
Brazil, province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size
of a Mirabelle-Plum.
300 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Psidium grandifolium, Martius.
Brazil, provinces Rio Grand do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo,
Minas Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern Queens-
land. A shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries edible,
size of a walnut.
Psidium Guayava, Raddi.* (P. pomiferum, Linne; P. pyriferum, Linne.)
The large Yellow Guava. From the West-Indies and Mexico
to South-Brazil. For this handsome evergreen and useful bush
universal attention should be secured anywhere in warm low-
lands, for the sake of its aromatic wholesome berries, which
will attain the size of a hen's egg, and can be converted into a
delicious jelly. The pulp is generally cream-colored or red-
dish, but varies in the many varieties, which have arisen in cul-
ture, some of them bearing all the year round. Propagation is
easy from suckers, cuttings, or seeds. Many other berry-bear-
ing Myrtaceae of the genera Psidium, Myrtus, Myrcia, Marliera,
Calyptranthes and Eugenia furnish edible fruits in Brazil and
other tropical countries; but we are not aware of their degrees of
hardiness. Berg enumerates as esculent more than half a hun-
dred from Brazil alone, of which the species of Campomanesia
may safely be transferred to Psidium.
Psidium incanescens, Martius.
Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grand do Sul. This Guava-
bush attains a height of 8 feet. Berry edible.
Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon.
Mountains of Brazil. Berry about i inch in diameter.
Psidium malnifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Catnpomanesia malifolia, Berg.)
Uruguay. Berry about i inch in diameter.
Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.*
From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively
small shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its
yellow berries, which are of the size of a large cherry, and of
exquisite taste.
Psidium rufum, Martius.
Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, on sub-alpine heights.
This Guava-bush gains finally a height of 10 feet, and is prob-
ably the hardiest of all the species producing palatable fruit.
Psoralea esculenta, Pursh.
North- America. This herb is mentioned here, as its tuber-
ous roots, known as the Prairie-Turnips, may be capable of
great improvement by cultivation, and of thus becoming a
valuable esculent.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 30I
Psychotria Eckloniana, F. V. Mueller. (Grumilia cymosa, E. Meyer.)
South-Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as
of a beautiful citron-yellow.
Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh.
The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable di-
mensions, famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also a
kind of dragon-blood resin.
Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh.
India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to at least 3,000
feet altitude; hence this tree would doubtless grow without
protection in those tracts of the temperate zone which are free
from frost. It exudes the best medical kino, which contains
about 75 per cent, of tannic acid. The foliage is deciduous.
P. santalinus, Linne fil., which provides the Saunders or
Red Sandal-Wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of
India, and important for dye-purposes in cultures of Japan.
Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth.
From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut-
tree, which, with P. stenoptera, Cas. de Cand., on Dr. Hance's
recommendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament
and timber, and so perhaps also the Japanese species, P.
rhoifolia, Sieb. & Zucc.
Ptychosperma Alexandrae, F. v. Mueller.
The Alexandra Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as
extra tropical latitudes. The tallest of Australian Palms, and
one of the noblest forms in the whole empire of vegetation. It
exceeds 100 feet in height, and is likely destined to grace any
shady moist grove free from frost, as it seems less tender than
most palms. The demand for seeds has already been enor-
mous.
Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Beccari.
New Guinea, reaching elevations of 5,000 feet in compara-
tively temperate regions. Height as much as 30 feet.
Ptychosperma Cunninghami, Hermann Wendland.
East- Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the
most southern of all Palms. This also is a very high species,
destined to take a prominent position in decorative plantations.
Several congeners occur in Fiji and other islands of the Pacific
Ocean, and others again might be obtained from India, but
they are probably not so hardy as those mentioned. Though
strictly speaking of no industrial value, these palms are import-
ant for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently fitted for
experiments in acclimation.
302 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.)
Assam, up to 4,000 feet.
Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. {P. Seaforthia, Miquel; Seaforthia elegans,
R. Brown.)
Littoral forests of tropical Australia. Also a lofty magnificent
Feather Palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove hardy in
mild extra-tropic regions.
Ptychosperma Musschenbroekiana, Beccari.
Ternate, Insular India, up to 3,000 feet. Height of this
palm reaching 90 feet. Almost sure to be hardy in sheltered
localities of the warmer temperate zone.
Pueraria Thunbergiana, Bentham.
Japan. There starch is prepared from the tubers of this
climber.
Pueraria tuberosa, De Candolle.
South Asia, up to 4,000 feet. A tall woody twiner. Its large
tubers are edible and might improve by culture.
Pugionium cornutum, Gaertner.
From the Caspian Sea to China. This herb is grown by the
Mongols as a vegetable (Hance).
Punica Granatum, Linne.
The Pomegranate. North Africa and South Western Asia,
in the Himalayas up to 6,000 feet. Well-known for its showy
habit, rich-colored flowers, peculiar fruit and medicinal astrin-
gency, but much overlooked regarding its value as a hedge-
plant. The bark contains 32 per cent, tannin (Muspratt), and
is also used for dyeing the yellow Morocco leather (Oliver).
The peel of the fruit serves likewise for dye.
Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux.
North America. A perennial herb, in odor resembling both
Penny-royal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky wood-
land, and on such it might be easily naturalized.
Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux.
The Mountain Mint of North America. A perennial herb of
pleasant, aromatic, mint-like taste. These two particular
species have been chosen from several North American kinds
to demonstrate, that we may add by their introduction to the
variety of our odorous garden herbs. They may also be sub-
jected with advantage to distillation.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 303
Pyrularia edulis, Meissner.
Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The
drupaceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few
other species occur in Upper India, one on the high mountains
of Ceylon and one in North America. The latter, P. pubera,
Mich., can be utilized for the oil of its nuts.
Pyrus coronaria, Linne.
The Crab Apple of North America. This showy species
is mentioned here as worthy of trial culture, since it is likely
that it would serve well as stock for grafting. Best grown in
glades. Wood nearly as tough for screw work as that of the
Pear Tree (Robb).
Pyrus communis, Linne.
The Pear Tree. Middle and Southern Europe, Western
Asia. Well known even at the time of Homer; and many
varieties were cultivated in Italy at the commencement
of the Christian era; pears were available also to the lacrustine
people of Switzerland, Lombardy and Savoy, but seemingly not
so extensively as the apple. The pear tree is cultivated up to 10,-
000 feet in the Himalayas; like the apple tree, it sets no fruit in
tropical regions, but on the other hand it will bear a good deal
of frost, being grown in Norway to Lat. 63 52'. The tree attains
an age of over three hundred years, fully bearing. At Yarmouth,
a tree over 100 years old has borne as many as 26,800 pears
annually; the circumference of its crown is 126 feet (Masters).
Pear-wood is used by wood-engravers, turners and instrument-
makers. A bitter glycosid, namely, phlorrhizin, is attainable
from the bark of apple and pear trees, particularly from that of
the root; while a volatile alkaloid, namely, trimethylamin,
can be prepared from the flowers. Pyrus auricularis, Knoop,
(P. Polveria, L.), the Bollwiller Pear, is a hybrid between P. com-
munis and P. Aria, Ehrh. Curious fruits have been produced
latterly in North America, by the hybridization of the apple
with the pear. The generic writing of Pirus is inadmissible, as
even Plinius used both Pirus and Pyrus in his writings, and as
the latter wording was already adopted by Malpighi and fixed
for the species by Linne.
Pyrus Cydonia, Linne. (Cydonia vulgaris, Persoon).
The Quince. Countries at the Caspian Sea. Reared in
South Europe from antiquity; in the Himalayas its culture
reaches to 5,500 feet elevation. The Portuguese variety bears
extremely large fruit. The prepared Quince is one of the
most agreeable of fruits. The seeds impart copiously to
water a tasteless mucilage. Quinces are not attacked by
sparrows.
3°4
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pyrus Germanica, J. Hooker. (Mesflilus Germanica, Linne.)
The Medlar. Southern Europe, Western Asia. Of this spe-
cies a large variety exists, with large fruits, of particularly-
pleasant taste. The ordinary Medlar fruits become edible after
some storage.
Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg.
Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes. Under
favorable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit.
Pyrus Malus, Linne.
The Apple tree. Europe, Western Asia, ascending the Him-
alayas to n,ooo feet. Shown to have been in culture in
Switzerland and Northern Italy prior to historic records,
though Professor C. Koch regards neither the wild and variable
Crab trees nor the Pear, as original denizens of Middle and
Northern Europe, but simply as strayed from cultivation and
degenerated. Koch traces some sorts of cultivated apples to
P. pumila, Miller, of South-West Asia; as other original forms
he notes the P. dasyphylla, Borkh., P. silvestris and P. pruni-
folia, Willd., of Middle and Western Asia. Apple trees will en-
dure the winters of Norway to lat. 65 28' (Schuebeler). The
best dried apples and similar fruits, are obtained by submitting
them, according to a new California method, to a blast of
cold air. The United States sent to England in the season
1880-1 about 1,350,000 barrels of apples, irrespective of the
large quantity sent by Canada.
Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin.
The Snow Pear. Middle and South Europe. This would
be adapted for orchards in higher mountain regions. The fruit
becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amyg-
daliformis, Villars, is probably the wild state of this tree.
Pyrus salicifolia, Linne.
Greece, Turkey, Persia, South-West Russia. Hardy at
Christiania like the preceding. Though its fruit, which softens
slowly, is edible, this tree is mainly utilized as a superior stock
for grafting.
■ Quercus ^Egilops, Linne.*
South Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the
size of the British oak. The cups, known as Valonia,
used for tanning and dyeing; the unripe acorns, called
Camata or Camatena, for the same purpose. Valonia is
mainly exported from Smyrna to London (33,802 tons in
1876). Greece used to produce annually 10,000 tons, worth
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 305
as much as ^18 per ton. The supply is inadequate to
present demand. Valonia (Wallones) produces a rich bloom
on leather, which latter also becomes less permeable to
water (Muspratt). The ripe acorns are eaten raw or boiled.
The tree is also recommended as a fine avenue tree. It bears
considerable frost. The wood is capital for furniture.
Quercus agrifolia, Nee.
California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among
evergreen Oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The thick
bark available for tanning (C. Hoffmann). According to Dr.
Gibbons this tree attains a height of ioo feet, a stem diameter
of 8 feet, and a crown of 125 feet in diameter. Wood-cutters
distinguish two varieties, one with red and one with white wood.
It grows naturally near the sea, and luxuriates in the deep soil of
valleys, but also on the tops of mountains. The value of its
timber is not fully appreciated. Although brittle when green
and perishable if exposed to the weather, it becomes almost as
hard and strong as Live Oak, if properly seasoned, and is es-
pecially adapted for ships' knees.
Quercus alba, Linne.*
The White or Quebec Oak. From Canada to Florida, west
to Texas. A most valuable timber-tree, becoming 100 feet high;
diameter of stem 7 feet, trunk sometimes 65 feet long to first
branch. This tree attains a great age; succeeds best in rich
woodlands; and is of quicker growth than the English Oak.
The timber is pliable, most durable, one of the very best of all
woods for casks, also of first-class value for cabinet work, for
machinery, spokes, naves, beams, plough-handles, agricultural
implements, carriages, flooring, basket material (Sargent) and
railway-ties (Robb); it is also largely employed in ship-build-
ing; the young saplings serve for hoops and whip-handles.
The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.
Quercus annulata, Smith.
Upper India. A large evergreen Oak, which provides a very
good timber. It does not ascend quite so high as Q. incana.
Q. spicata, Smith, another very large Indian Oak, ascends
only 5,000 feet; it is known also from Borneo, Java, and
Sumatra.
Quercus aquatica, Walter.
North America. Height of tree often 60 feet; it furnishes a
superior bark for tanning, also wood for ship-building. This
Oak should be chosen for planting in wet ground or for border-
ing streams. Although the wood is not of much value, yet the
tree is a great favorite as a shade-tree, being of rapid growth
and fine outline.
306 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Quercus bicolor, Willdenow.
South-Eastern States of North America. Closely allied to
Q. Prinus, but vernacularly distinguished as Basket Oak; it
thrives best in deep, damp forest-soil, and is regarded as the
most important hardwood tree in the Gulf region; height
reaching ioo feet but growth comparatively slow; wood similar
in applicability to that of the White Oak; it is split readily
into thin strips of great strength and flexibility for rough
baskets (Dr. C. Mohr.)
Quercus Castanea, Nee.
The Mexican Chestnut Oak. Evergreen. It furnishes edible
acorns.
Quercus Cerris, Linne.
Turkey or Mossy-cupped Oak. South Europe, South-West-
ern Asia. Hardy at Christiania. Of the height of the English
Oak, in suitable localities of quick growth. The foliage decid-
uous, or also evergreen. The wood available for wheelwrights,
cabinet-makers, turners, coopers; also for building purposes.
Structure of the wood similar to that of the British Oak; the
sapwood larger, the heartwood of a more saturated brown, and
the large rays more numerous, giving it a most varied and
beautiful wainscot-grain (Brandis).
Quercus Chinensis, Bunge.
North China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen
Oaks.
Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann.
California. According to Vasey this evergreen Oak rarely
exceeds 50 feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood on
the Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes that it holds a primary
rank among Californian forest trees, but is of sparse occurrence;
in suitable soil on the sides of mountains it is of giant growth,
spreading out in magnificent proportions. In toughness and
density of wood it represents the Live Oak of Florida.
Quercus coccifera, Linne.
The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South-Europe, North-Africa
and South-Western Asia. So called from the red dye furnished
by the Coccus ilicis from this Oak. It also supplies tanner's
bark containing about 8 per cent, tannin (Muspratt). The huge
and ancient Abraham's Oak belongs to this species. The tree
likes rich woodlands.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 307
Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim.
The Black Oak of North-America. Height to about ioo
feet; stem diameter 5 feet. Foliage deciduous. The tree
thrives best in rich woodlands and moist soil. The timber is
almost as durable as that of the White Oak, and in use for floor-
ing and other carpenter's work. The yellow dye, known as
quercitron, comes from this tree; it is much more powerful than
that of Woad (Bancroft). With alumina the tinge of the bark
is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange, with oxyde
of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. tinctoria, Bartram, has
been called a variety of this. According to Sargent,
it produces timber of close grain and great durability,
utilized for carriage building, cooperage and various con-
structions; the bitter inner bark yields a yellow dye. The
bark of the variety called Scarlet Oak is practically far in-
ferior in value to that of the Black Oak (Meehan). Bark con-
tains about 8 per cent, of tannic acid. Dr. Engelmann found
the Black Oaks twice as rapid in growth as the White Oaks of the
United States. Bartram's Oak (Q. heterophylla) is, accord-
ing to him, a hybrid between the Willow Oak and Scarlet Oak.
Hybrid Oaks produce acorns capable of germination.
Quercus cornea, Loureiro.
China. An evergreen tree at length 40 feet high. Acorns
used for food.
Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg.
Japan. A magnificent evergreen Oak, grand in its propor-
tions, bears acorns in bunches or strings, of very sweet taste
when baked like chestnuts, but only of the size of kidney-beans
(F. C. Christy). The acorns, when boiled or roasted, are edible
and regularly sold in Japan for food (Rein).
Quercus densiflora, Hocker and Arnott.
Californian Chestnut-Oak. A large evergreen tree of beauti-
ful outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Very hardy,
having withstood the severest winters at Edinburgh with a tem-
perature of o° F. (Gorlie). Bark very valuable for tanning;
wood, however, subject to rapid decay (Prof. Bolander).
Quercus dentata, Thunberg.*
Japan. This is one of the species on which the Oak Silkworm
(the Yama Mayon) lives. Franchet and Savatier enumerate 22
distinct species of Oaks as indigenous to Japan.
Quercus Douglasii, Hooker and Arnott.
The Blue Oak. California. Stem reaching 7 feet in circum-
ference (Brewer). Resembles the White Oak in the quality of
its timber.
308 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Quercus dilatata, Lindley.
From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4,500
to 10,000 feet. Evergreen. Height becoming 100 feet; crown
very shady, lopped for sheep fodder. The hard, heavy and
durable wood much used for building purposes and implements
(Madden).
Quercus falcata, Michaux.
North-America. Known as Spanish Oak. A tree attaining
a height of 80 feet, with a stem 5 feet in diameter. Foliage
deciduous. It lives in dry sandy ground, and can also be util-
ized for sea-coasts. Produces an excellent tanners' bark, and
also galls for superior ink. The wood is finer-grained and
more durable than that of Q. rubra, used for staves, railway-
carriages and in ship-building (C. Mohr).
Quercus Garryana, Douglas.
North-West America, along the coast between the 38th and
50th degrees. A tree, 100 feet high or more, with a stem often 6
feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasii and Q. lobata, passes
as California White Oak. The timber is remarkably pale for an
Oak, hard and fine-grained, of great strength and durability,
well suited for almost every kind of construction, for which the
White or the European Oak is employed. The acorns, being
sweet and agreeable, form an excellent mast for hogs.
Quercus glabra, Thunberg.
Japan. Evergreen. The acorns are consumed for food by
the Japanese.
Quercus glauca, Thunberg.
The Kashi of Japan. A truly magnificent evergreen tree,
80 feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen there
for select tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy).
Quercus Ilex, Linne.
The Holly-Oak of South-Europe; extending also to Algeria
and to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 feet.
Height of tree rather less than that of the English Oak, but
occasionally it is very lofty. Wood in use for ship-building and
wheelwright's work, bark for tanning. From varieties of this
tree are obtained the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chest-
nut acorns, as much as 20 bushels occasionally from one tree in
a season.
Quercus incana, Roxburgh.
Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A
beautiful evergreen tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 309
reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei), producing large
cocoons, lives on this oak. In its native localities Q. lanuginosa,
D. Don, is associated with it. Q. lamellosa, Smith, of the
same region, attains a height of 120 feet, with a straight trunk
of 60 feet, 15 feet in girth (Brandis).
Quercus infectoria, Oliver.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tree, with
deciduous foliage. The galls of commerce are chiefly obtained
from this species. A variety, Q. Lusitanica, Webb, or Q.
Mirbeckii, Durieu, reaches a height of 120 feet, with a stem
girth of 20 feet. Some states of this are almost evergreen.
Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh (not Chamisso.)
A tall evergreen timber tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued
for its durability; its medullary rays exceedingly fine (Brandis).
Quercus lobata, Nee. *
California. The Sacramento White Oak. A tree 150 feet
high with a stem six feet in diameter, with wide-spreading
branches, which often bend to the ground. The wood is brittle
when green, but hard and tough when seasoned; its value has
been much underrated (Gibbons). ' The acorns of this oak used
to form a large proportion of the winter-food of the aborginal
inhabitants of North California.
Quercus lyrata, Walter.
The Overcup Oak of the South-eastern States of North
America, extending from South Illinois to Florida and Louisi-
ana. A tree of majestic size, with a stem four feet in diameter.
Lately recommended as valuable for timber cultivation, especi-
ally in wet ground.
Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.
The Bur Qak of North America. Tree 70 feet high, stem-
diameter sometimes 8 feet. Hardy at Christiania. The timber
regarded by some as nearly as good as that of the White Oak.
The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.
Quercus macrolepsis, Kotschy.*
Greece. This evergreen oak also yields Valonia, being
closely allied to Q. segilops.
Quercus magnolifolia, Nee.
Mexico, in cooler mountain regions. From Nee's note it
would appear that he saw on this oak the numerous caterpillars
which construct ovate cocoons eight inches long, consisting of
grey silk, which is manufactured into stockings and hand-
kerchiefs.
310 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Quercus Mongolica, Fischer.*
Manchuria. It is on this tree and on Q. serrata and Q.
dentata that the silk insect peculiar to Oak trees mainly, if not
solely, is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance.
Quercus Muehlenbergii, Engelmann.
Middle and Eastern States of North America. A middle-
sized tree; its wood compact, strong, durable for posts and
railway ties (Sargent).
Quercus obtusiloba, Michaux.
North America. This Oak will live on sandy or otherwise
sterile soil. Wood very durable (A. Gray).
Quercus palustris, Du Roi.
The Pin Oak or Marsh Oak of North America. Hardy at
Christiania. Height at length eighty feet; of quick growth.
The wood, though fine-grained, is strong and tough. It is
ornamental for furniture on account of the strong develop-
ment of medullary rays.
Quercus Phellos, Linne.
The Willow Oak of the Eastern States of North America, in
low damp forest land attaining a stem girth of 12 feet. The
wood is hard, compact and very elastic, suitable for railway
carriages (Dr. C. Mohr). The acorns available for food. A
variety or closely allied species is the shingle oak, Q. imbri-
caria, Mich. The comparative value of the very numerous
Cis and Trans-Atlantic Oaks, but little as yet understood either
for avenue purposes or timber plantations, should be tested with
care in botanic gardens. Even recently Oaks have been dis-
covered on the mountains of New Guinea.
Quercus Prinus, Linne.
The North American Swamp Oak or Chestnut Oak. A tree
becoming 90 feet high; stem as much as 15 feet in girth:
generally growing on hills (Meehan). The tree is hardy in
Norway to lat. 59 55'. Foliage deciduous. Wood strong
and elastic, but more porous and of a coarser grain than that
of the White Oak; according to Porcher it is easy to split
and not hard, used for building purposes, also cooperage. A
red dye is produced from the bark; the latter is one of the
most important among oak barks for tanning, furnishing a
very solid and durable leather.
Quercus Robur, Linn6.*
The British Oak. Extending through the greatest part of
Europe, also to Western Asia, attaining a great age and an
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 3II
enormous size. It endures the frosts of Norway as far North
, as 65 54'; in lat. 59 40' a tree measured was 125 feet high
and 25 feet in circumference of stem (Schuebeler). Over 700
sound annual rings have been counted. At Ditton's Park, owned
by the Duke of.Buccleugh, is an ancient Oak, assumed to be
600 years old, with a stem circumference of 30 feet at some
distance (a few feet) from the ground (Dr. Masters and Th.
Moore). It has been known to have a stem 12 feet in diameter
at the base, 10 feet in the middle and 5 feet at the main
branches. Two varieties are distinguished; 1, Q_. sessiliflora,
Salisbury, the Durmast- Oak, with a darker, heavier timber,
more elastic, less fissile, easier to bend under steam. This tree
is also the quicker of the two in growth, and lives in poorer
soil. Its bark is richer in medicinal dyeing and tanning prin-
ciples. Extract of Oak-bark for tanners' use fetches about
£i& per ton in the London market; the best oak bark yields
16 to 20 per cent, tannin. 2, Q. pedunculata, Ehrh. This
variety supplies most of the oak-timber in Britain for ship-
building, and is the best for cabinet-makers' and joiners'
work. In Britain it is attacked by Scolytus multistriatus. Mr.
W. Winter noticed that the British Oak withstood an occasional
shade temperature of 118 degrees F. in Riverina, New South-
Wales. The long continued adherence of dead leaves in the
cool and most verdant season renders this Oak not so well
adapted for pleasure-grounds in the warmer parts of the
temperate zone as many others, particularly evergreen Oaks.
The English Oak is however of quicker growth than most
other species.
Quercus rubra, Litine.
The Red-Oak of North- America. Height reaching about 100
feet; diameter of stem 4 feet. A tree content with poor soil.
The wood, though coarse, is of rigidity and has not the fault of
warping. It is of fair quality for staves (Simmonds), and even
building purposes, but variable in quality according to soil and
clime (Sargent). The bark is rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of
foliage beautifully red. The acorns, which are produced in
great abundance, are relished by hogs. The tree is hardy at
Christiania.
Quercus semecarpifolia, Smith.
In the Himalayas and adjoining ranges up to 10,000 feet.
The largest of the Oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high,
with a stem often 18 feet in girth. Leafless for a short time. It
furnishes a hard and heavy timber of fair quality.
312 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Quercus serrata, Thunberg.*
One of the twenty-three known Japanese Oaks; extending to
China and Nepal. A good avenue tree, though deciduous. It
yields the best food for the Oak-silkworm (Bombyx Yamamai).
It is recommended to pack acorns intended for far distances in
dry moss or sand, to secure retention of vitality; moreover they
must be quite fresh, when packed.
Quercus sideroxyla, Humboldt.
Mountains of Mexico up to 8,000 feet elevation. An Oak of great
size; timber compact, almost imperishable in water. Q. lanceo-
lata, Q. chrysophylla, Q_. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q. obtusata,
Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis, Humb. and Q. acutifolia, N£e
are among the many other highly important timber Oaks of
the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed records seem extant
concerning the technology of the numerous Mexican Oaks,
though doubtless their respective values are well known to local
artisans. According to the Abbe and Surgeon Liturgie, one of
the Mexican Oaks, near San Juan, nourishes a Bombyx the
cocoons of which are spun by the natives into silk (Tschi-
chatchef).
Quercus Skinneri, Bentham.
Mexico. Foliage deciduous. The acorns of this Oak meas-
ure nearly 6 inches in circumference, and are available for
feeding various domestic animals.
Quercus stellata, Wangenheim.
The Post-Oak of North-east America. Content with poor
and even sandy soil, but not a large tree On account of its
very durable and dense wood it is much in requisition there for
posts, and is particularly prized for ship building, also sought
for railroad ties.
Quercus Suber, Linne.*
The Cork-Oak of South-Europe and North-Africa. It is
evergreen and attains an age of fully two hundred years. After
about twenty years it can be stripped of its bark every six or
seven years; but the best cork is obtained from trees over forty
years old. Height of the tree finally about 40 feet. Acorns of
sweetish taste. Mr. W. Robinson found that young Cork-Oaks,
obtained from the writer, made a growth of 4 feet in a year in
the humid Western Port district of Victoria. The bark of Q,
pseudo-suber, Santi, is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q.
occidentalis, Gay, which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces
an excellent cork-bark.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 313
Quercus Sundaica, Blume.
One of the Oaks from the mountains of Java, where several
other valuable timber Oaks exist. The existence of Oaks on
the higher mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated
by Dr. Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable
evergreen species will be obtainable thence for our arboreta.
Quercus Toza, Bosc.
South-Europe. One of the handsomest oaks, and one of the
quickest growth. Will live in sandy soil. It furnishes superior
tanners' bark.
Quercus virens, Linne.*
The Live-Oak of North-America, extending northward only
to Virginia, occurring also in Mexico, and perhaps the hardiest
of the evergreen species. Likes a coast-climate and a soil rich in
mold. Becomes sixty feet high, with a stem sometimes 9 feet
in diameter. Supplies a most valuable timber for ship-building;
it is heavy, compact, fine-grained; it is moreover the strongest
and most durable yielded by any American Oaks. Like Q.
obtusiloba, Mich., it lives also on sea-shores, helping to bind
the sand, but it is then not of tall stature. Of many of the
three hundred Oaks occurring in the western and eastern por-
tions of the northern hemisphere, the properties remain unre-
corded and perhaps unexamined; but it would be important to
introduce as many kinds as possible for local test-growth. The
acorns, when packed in dry moss, retain their vitality for some
months.
Quillaja saponaria, Molina.
Chili. A colossal tree. The bark is rich in saponin, and
therefore valuable for dressing wool and silk.
Rafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg.
South- Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice,
and is administered in medicine. Rafnia perfoliata, E. Meyer,
also from South- Africa, furnishes likewise a medicinal root.
Raphanus sativus, Linne.
The Radish. South-Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas,
eastward to Japan. In Norway it can be grown northward to
lat. 70 22' (Prof. Schuebeler). R. caudatus, L., the Radish
with long edible pods, is regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a
mere variety, and he thinks that all are sprung from the ordin-
ary R. Raphanistrum, L., of Europe. All Radishes succeed
best in a calcareous soil, or aided by manure rich in lime. The
root of the Black Radish is comparatively rich in starch.
314 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Remirea maritima, Aublet.
Intra-tropical coast-regions around the globe. A perennial
creeping sedge for binding sand.
Reseda Luteola, Linne.
The Weld. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia,
North-Africa. An herb of one or two years' duration. Likes
calcareous soil. A yellow dye (luteolin) pervades the whole
plant. The plant must be cut before the fruit commences to
develop, otherwise the pigment will much diminish.
Reseda odorata, Linne.
The true Mignonette. North-Africa and Syria. An herb of
one or very few years' duration. The delicate scent can best
be concentrated and removed by enfleurage.
Rhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding mov-
ing sand on sea-shores. An herb of this order, Atriplex crystal-
linum, J. Hooker, should be encouraged in its growth at the
very edge of tides or sand-shores, where with Cakile maritima,
Mesembrianthemum australe, and M. aequilaterale, it will form
one of the most effectual first impediments to the influx of sea-
sand.
Rhagodia nutans, R. Brown.
Southern, Eastern and Central Australia. This, as well as
the allied R. hastata, is a good fodder-herb for saltbush-runs.
Some other shrubby species are equally valuable.
Rhamnus alnifolius, L'Heritier. (J?. Purshiamis, DC.)
North- America. A shrub with powerfully aperient fruits.
Rhamnus catharticus, Linne.
The Buckthorn. Middle and Southern Europe, North-
Africa, Middle Asia. It can be utilized as a hedge-plant. The
berries are of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific name.
The foliage and bark can be employed for the preparation of a
green dye. The plant is hardy in Norway to lat. 6o° 48'.
Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley.
China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared.
R. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose.
This kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and is known as
Lokao.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 315
Rhamnus Frangula, Linne.
Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. Endures
the climate of Norway to lat. 64 3o'(Schuebeler). One of the
very best woods for gunpowder. Recommended by Sir Joseph
Hooker to be grown on the coppice-system for this purpose.
The bark is medicinally valuable.
Rhamnus Graecus, Reuter.
Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the
allied R. prunifolius, Sibth., are derived the green dye-berries
collected in Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs
grow on stony mountains up to 2,500 feet.
Rhamnus infectorius, Linne.
On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it.
Hardy at Christiania. The berry-like fruits of this shrub are
known in commerce as Graines d'Avignon and Graines de
Perse, and produce a valuable green dye. Other species seem
, to supply a similar dye-material, — for instance, R. saxatilis, L.,
R. amygdalinus, Desf., R. oleoides, L., R. tinctorius, W. and
K., all from the Mediterranean regions.
Rhapidophyllum Hystrix, Wendland and Drude. {Chamcerops Hystrix,
Fraser).
The Blue-Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. A hardy dwarf
Fan-Palm.
Rhapis flabelliformis, Linne fil.
China and Japan. This exceedingly slender Palm attains
a height of only a few feet. The stems can be used for various
small implements. It is one of the best plants for table deco-
rations. It bears the climate of the South of France to 43
32' N. Lat. (Naudin).
Rhaponticum acaule, De Candolle. {Centaura Cynara, F. v. M.)
On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is
edible.
Rheum australe, D. Don.* (R. Emodi, Wall. ; R. Webbianum, Royle.)
Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at
least a portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained, its qual-
ity depending much on the climatic region and the geological
formation in which the plant grows. Should we wish to culti-
vate any species here for superior medicinal roots, localities
in our higher and drier alpine tracts should clearly be chosen
for the purpose. Hayne regards the presence of much yellow-
ish pigment in the seed-shell as indicating a good medicinal
Rhubarb plant. As much as five lbs. of the dried drug are
316 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
obtainable from a single plant several years old. An important
orange-red crystalline substance, emodin, allied to chrysophanic
acid, occurs in genuine Rhubarb. Medicinal Rhubarb-root is
now also grown in England.
Rheum officinale, Baillon.*
Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high table- land.
Height of stem sometimes 10 feet, circumference of foliage
reaching 30 feet, blade of leaf 2 feet long and broad (Balfour).
It furnishes most of the true Turkey Rhubarb, not merely from
the root but also from the woody stem. Suited for mountainous
regions. Recommended also as a scenic plant by Regel.
Hardy at Christiania.
Rheum palmatum, Linne.*
From insular to alpine North-Eastern Asia. Atains a height
of 9 feet. A variety from the Tangut country of Mongolia or
North Thibet, found by Col. Prejevalski, yields an excellent
medicinal root, known as the Kiakhta or Khansu Rhubarb
(Maximowicz), — indeed the best Russian Rhubarb. The plant
is valuable also for decorative effect. For medicinal cul-
ture alpine valleys with soil rich in lime are needed (Sir. Rob.
Christison.)
Rheum Rhaponticum, Linne.
From the Volga to Central Asia. This species, together with
R. Tartaricum, L. fil., R. undulatum, L., and a few others, all
Asiatic (one extending to Japan), provide their acidulous leaf-
stalks and unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes.
Rhubarb leaves can also be used in the manner of spinage.
Rhizopogon magnatum, Corda.
Europe. One of the edible truffles sold in the markets of
Middle Europe, with R. rubescens, Tul.
Rhododendron maximum, Linne.
North-East America. Attains a height of 20 feet. Irre-
spective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden copses,
this bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr. C. Fors-
ter asserts that the wood of this and the allied Kalmia latifolia,
L., is equalled only by the best boxwood. This may give a
clue to other substitutes for that scarce commodity, needed' so
extensively by the wood-engraver.
Rhus aromatica, Aiton.
North America. A straggling bush. The aromatic foliage
important for medicinal purposes.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 317
Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott.
Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized
tree, the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, axle-
trees and select furniture. The plant seemed neither caustic
nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Philippi).
Rhus copallina, Linne.
North America, extending to Canada. A comparatively
dwarf species. This can be used for tanning. A resin for
varnishes is also obtained from this shrub.
Rhus coriaria, Linne.
The Tanner's Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea. The foliage of this shrub or small tree, simply dried and
reduced to powder, forms the Sumach of commerce. It is re-
markably rich in tannic acid, yielding as much as 30 per cent.,
and is extensively used for the production of a superior Cordu-
an or Maroquin leather and pale-colored leathers and dress-
goods. Sumach allows the leather to carry more grease (Balli-
nent). Price in Melbourne ^24 to ^36 per ton. It thrives
best in loose calcareous soils, and cannot endure stagnant water.
The strongest sumach is produced on dry ground. The culti-
vation presents no difficulty. A gathering can be obtained from
suckers in the first year. The duration of sumach-fields under
manure extends to fifteen years. Sumach can also be used for
ink and various, particularly black, dyes. Under favorable cir-
cumstances as much as a ton of Sumach is obtained from an acre.
Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall.
Arkansas and Alabama. A tree rising to 40 feet. The in-
ner bark and the wood valuable for yielding a yellow dye (C.
Mohr).
Rhus cotinus, Linne.* {Cotitms coccogyria, Scopoli.)
The Scotino. Countries of the Mediterranean Sea, extend-
ing to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a yel-
low pigment. The Scotino, so valuable as a material for yellow
and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance, consists
merely of the ground foliage of this plant. It contains up to
24 per cent, tannin. The plant endures the Norwegian winters
northward to lat. 67 56' (Prof. Schuebeler).
Rhus glabra, Linne.
North- America, extending to 54 north latitude; in Norway
hardy to lat. 5 8° 8'. This Sumach shrub will grow on rocky and
sterile soil. It produces a kind of gall, and can also be used as a
substitute for the ordinary Sumach. This species can be easily
318 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
multiplied from suckers. It will live on poor soil. American
Sumachs contain generally from 15 to 20 per cent., or occasion-
ally up to 26 per cent, tannin. [On value of American Sumachs
see Special Report No. 26, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
1880.]
Rhus lucida, Linne.
South-Africa. This shrub proved in Victoria of peculiar
adaptability for forming hedges; it is evergreen, close growing,
and stands clipping well. About half a hundred South African
species are known, of which probably some could be utilized
like ordinary Sumach, but hitherto we have remained unac-
quainted with the nature and degree of any of their tanning
and coloring principles.
Rhus rhodanthema, F. v. Mueller.
East Australia, on river-banks. A tree finally 70 feet high,
stem often 2 feet in diameter. Wood dark yellow, soft, fine
grained, beautifully marked, much esteemed for cabinet-work.
Worth ^£"5 to ^6 per 1000 feet in Brisbane (W. Hill).
Rhus semialata, Murray.
China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a
height of 40 feet. This species produces a kind of nutgalls. It
is apt to spread beyond ready control in rich soil. The stem
will finally reach the thickness of a foot or more; the wood
is tough and durable but stringy, prettily marked with dark edg-
ing.
Rhus succedanea, Linne.
The Japan Wax Tree, the produce of which has found its
way into the English market. The crushed berries are steamed
and pressed, furnishing about 15 per cent, of wax, which con-
sists mainly of palmatin and palmitic acid. Rhus silvestris,
Sieb. & Zucc, and R. vernicifera yield there a similar wax.
Rhus typhina, Linne.
The Staghorn-Sumach. North- America, extending to Canada.
Hardy in Norway to lat. 6i° 17'. This species will become a
tree of 30 feet height. Its wood is of an orange tinge. Through
incisions into the bark a kind of Copal is obtained. The leaves
can be used like ordinary Sumach. This bush can be reared
on inferior land. The leaves of American Sumach must be
collected early in the season if a clear white leather like that
from Sicilian Sumach is to be obtained. This can be ascer-
tained by the color of the precipitate effected with gelatine.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 319,
Rhus vernicifera, De Candolle.
Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size
and yields the Japan varnish. In India it ascends to 7,000 feet;
but Stewart and Brandis are doubtful whether the Japan species
(R. Vernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian. The fruit
yields vegetable wax.
Ribes aureum, Pursh.
Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon. Endures the winter cold of
Norway northward to lat. 70 (Schuebeler). This favorite bush
of our shrubberies would probably along forest-streams produce
its pleasant berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black.
Professor Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from
Utah, with berries larger than those of the black currant; they
are quite a good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange to
black, and their variety remains constant from seeds. Allied to
this is R. tenuiflorum, LindL, of California and the adjoining
States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of agreeable
flavor, and either dark purple or yellow color. R. aureum,
R. palmatum and some other strong American species have
come into use as stocks on which to graft the European
Gooseberry (C. Pohl).
Ribes Cynosbati, Linne.
The Prickly-fruited Gooseberry-bush of Canada and the
Northern States of the American Union. The berries are large.
There is a variety not so objectionably burlike-prickly. R.
Cynosbati has been hybridized with R. Grossularia, and the
sequence has been a good result (Saunders).
Ribes divaricatum, Douglas.
California and Oregon. One of the Gooseberry-bushes of
those countries. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 69 40'. Ber-
ries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch in diameter,
pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve this and many of
the other species. R. Nuttalli (R. villosum, Nutt., not of Gay
nor of Wallich) is ah allied plant, also from California.
Ribes floridum, L'Heritier.
The Black Currant-bush of North-America. The berries
resemble in odor and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this
is R. Hudsonianum, Rich, from the colder parts of North-
America.
Ribes Griffithi, J. Hooker and T. Thomson.
Himalaya, at heights from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to R.
rubrum, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat austere
taste. R. laciniatum, H. and T., is likewise a Himalayan
320 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
species with red berries, and so is R. glaciale, Wall. Further-
more, R. villosum, Wall. (R. leptostachyum, Decaisne), comes
from the Indian highlands and seems worthy of practical notice.
Ribes Grossularia, Linne.*
The ordinary Gooseberry-bush. Europe, North- Africa, Extra-
tropical Asia, extending to the Chinese boundary (Regel), on
the Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000 feet; in Nor-
way it endures the cold to lat. 62 44'. This* plant, familiar to
everyone, is mentioned here merely to indicate the desirability
of naturalizing it in any alpine regions where it is not indigen-
ous.
Ribes hirtellum, Michaux.
North America, particularly in the New England States. It
likes moist ground. Yields the commonest smooth gooseberry
there.
Ribes nigrum, Linn6.
The Black Currant bush. Europe, Middle and Northern
Asia, North America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibet
mountains to a height of 12,000 feet; also particularly fit to be
dispersed through forests in elevated situations. Hardy in
Norway to Lat. 69 30'.
Ribes niveum, Lindl.
One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black,
of a somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavor. Hardy to
Lat. 67 56'.
Ribes orientale, Poiret.
From Syria to Afghanistan, up to the elevation of 11,000 feet.
The berries act as a powerful purgative (Dr. Aitchison).
Ribes rotundifolium, Michaux.
North America, as far as Canada. Hardy at Christiania.
Yields part of the smooth Gooseberries of the United States.
The fruit is small, but of delicious taste. Unlike the ordinary
Gooseberry, not subject to mildew. Careful cultivation has
gradually advanced the size of the fruit (Meehan).
Ribes rubrum, LinnS.
The ordinary Red Currant-bush. Europe, North America,
Northern and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan mountains, ceas-
ing where R. Griffithi commences to appear. One of the best
fruit plants for jellies and preserves that could be chosen for
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 321
colder mountain altitudes. It endures the climate of Norway
to Lat. 70 30' (Prof. Schuebeler). The root-bark contains
phlorrhizin. Perhaps other species than those recorded here,
among them some from the Andes, may yet deserve intro-
duction, irrespective of showiness, for their fruits.
Richardia Africana, Kunth. (J?. Aethiopica, Rosenthal.)
The Calla. From the Nile to the Cape of Good Hope*
Important for scenic effects, particularly on the margins of
waters. Easily moved at all seasons. The fresh root contains
about 2 per cent, of starch.
Richardsonia scabra, Kunth. •
From Mexico to Brazil. As an herb for pastures and hay crop,
appreciated in localities with sandy soil (C. Mohr). It has
spread over the Southern States of North America.
Ricinus communis, Linne*.
The Castor Oil Plant. Indigenous to the tropical and sub-
tropical zones of Asia and Africa. A shrubby, very decorative
plant, attaining the size of a small tree. At Christiania it grew
to 12 feet in height and bore fruit, and it endured the cold
even to Lat. 68° 7' (Prof. Schuebeler). It was well-known to
Egyptians four thousand years ago, and is also mentioned in
the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theo-
phrastos, Plinius and other ancient physicians, philosophers and
naturalists. The easy and rapid growth, the copious seeding,
and the early return of produce render this important plant of
high value in the warm temperate zone, more particularly as it
will thrive on almost any soil, and can thus be raised even on
arid places, without being scorched by hot winds. Recently
recommended for staying bush fires and for keeping off noxious
insects and blights from plantations. It may thus become an
important plant also for culture in desert tracts, and is evidently
destined to be one of the most eligible plants to furnish oil for
technical uses, particularly for lubricating machinery, irrespective
of the value of its oil for medicinal purposes. The scalded leaves,
applied externally, have long been known as particularly active
in the mammary glands as a powerful galactagogue; the foliage
is also in use as an emmenagogue. The seeds contain about
50 per cent. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil, hydraulic
pressure should be employed, and the seeds not be subjected
to heat; the seed-coat should also be removed prior to the
extracting process being proceeded with. A screw-press
suffices however to obtain the oil for ordinary supplies. By
decantation and some process of filtration it is purified. For ob-
taining oil to be used for lubrication of machinery or other
322 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared
by various methods under application of heat and access of
water. For lubrication it is one of the most extensively used of
all oils. Castor oil is usually bleached simply by exposure to
solar light, but this procedure lessens to some extent the laxa-
tive properties of the oil. It dissolves completely in waterless
alcohol and in ether, and will become dissolved also in spirit of
high strength, to the extent of three-fifths of the weight of the
latter. Solutions of this kind may become valuable for various
technical purposes, and afford some test for the pureness of the
oil. If pressed under heat it will deposit margaritin. Heated
in a retort about one-third of the oil will distil over, and a sub-
stance resembling india-rubber remains, which saponizes with
alkalies. Other educts are at the same time obtained, which
will probably become of industrial value. These facts are briefly
mentioned here merely to explain that the value of this easily-
produced oil is far more varied than is generally supposed, and
this remark applies with equal force to many other chemical
compounds from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this
present enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar
alkaloid — ricinin. The solid chemical compound of castor oil
is the crystalline isocetic acid (a glycerid). The oil contains
also a non-crystalline acid peculiar to it (ricinoleic acid). For
the production of a particular kind of silk the Ricinus plant is
also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx Arrindi requires
the leaves of this bush for food. Even a few of the seeds, if
swallowed, will produce poisonous effects.
Robinia Pseudacacia, Linne.
The North American Locust Acacia. Height reaching 90 feet.
Hardy to Lat. 63 26' in Norway. The strong, hard and dur-
able wood is in use for a variety of purposes, and particularly
eligible for treenails, axletrees and turnery. The natives used
the wood for their bows. The tree is of rapid growth, and
attains an age of several hundred years. A tree raised in 1635
in the Paris Jardin des Plantes, is still alive. It may be
planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter on farm
lands. It is one of the best trees for. renovating ex-
hausted land and for improving poor soil. Also a bee-plant.
Recommended by Wessely as one of the easiest grown of all trees
on bare sand, though standing in need of twice as much mineral
aliment as Pinus silvestris and nearly as much as poplars. It
pushes through shifting sand its spreading roots, which may at-
tain a length of seventy feet. It will maintain its hold in hol-
lows of drifts, where even poplars fail (Wessely). The roots
are poisonous. The allied R. viscosa attains a height of forty
feet. No less than four arborescent Robinias are recorded
from Juan Fernandez.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 323
Roccella tinctoria, De Candolle.
Canary Islands, Azores, also in Middle and Southern Europe
and North Africa. This Lichen furnishes the litmus, orseille
or orchil for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of inter-
est whether it could be translocated and naturalized on the
cliffs of our shores also. Other dye-lichens might perhaps
still more easily be naturalized; for instance, Lecanora tartarea,
L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia sordida, Isidium
corallinum and some others, which furnish the Cudbear or
Persio.
Rosa canina, Linne.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North Africa. This
species attains a very great age; the famed and sacred Rose at
the cathedral of Hildesheim existed before that edifice was
built, therefore before the ninth century (Langethal). In some
of the German monasteries real rose-trees occur, which have
also lived through several centuries and are regarded with ven-
eration.
Rosa centifolia, Linne.
The Cabbage-Rose, Moss-Rose, Provence-Rose. Indigenous
on the Caucasus and seemingly also in other parts of the
Orient. It will endure the frosts of Norway as far north as
lat. 70 (Schuebeler). Much grown in South Europe and South
Asia for the distillation of rose water and oil or attar of roses.
No pruning is resorted to, only the dead branches are removed;
the harvest of flowers is from the middle of May till nearly the
middle of June; the gathering takes place before sunrise (Sim-
monds). From 12,000 to 16,000 roses, or from 250 lbs. to 300
lbs. of rose petals are required according to some calculations
for producing a single ounce of attar through ordinary distilla-
tion. The flowers require to be cut just before expansion; the
calyx is separated and rejected; the remaining portions of the
flowers are then subjected to aqueous distillation, and the satu-
rated rose-water so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed dis-
tillation, when on any cold place the oil separates from the
overcharged water and floats on the surface, whence it can
be collected after refrigeration by fine birds' feathers. Rose
oil consists of a hydro-carbon stearopten, which is scentless,
and an elaeopten, which is the fragrant principle. But some
other methods exist for producing the oil; for instance, it may
be got by distilling the rosebuds without water at the heat of a
salt water bath, or by merely passing steam through the still.
The odor may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distillation from
the roses, or be extracted by the "enfleurage" process. The
latter is effected by placing the flowers, collected while the
324 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
weather is warm, into shallow frames covered with a glass plate,
on the inner side of which a pure fatty substance has been
thinly spread. The scent of the flowers is absorbed by the
adipose or oleous substance, though the blossoms do not come
in direct contact with it; fresh flowers are supplied daily for
weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn from its matrix by mac-
eration with pure alcohol. Purified Eucalyptus oil can be used
for diluting rose oil, when it is required for the preparation of
scented soap. The essential oil of orange-peel might similarly
be employed as a vehicle.
Rosa Damascena, Miller.
Orient. Allied to the preceding species, and also largely
used for the production of essential oil of roses. The annual
time of flowering extends over several months.
Rosa Gallica, Linne.
The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and Southern Europe,
Orient. Hardy to lat. 70 in Norway. The intensely colored
buds of this species are particularly chosen for drying. These
however may be got also from other kinds of roses.
Rosa Indica, Linne. (J?. Sinica, L., J?. Chinensis, Jacq.)
China, thence brought to India. The "Hybrid Perpetuals"
are largely traceable to this plant. Flowering time of long du-
ration annually. Some roses of the sweetest scent are derived
from this species. R. fragrans, Redoute, the Tea-Rose, is a
variety. The Noisette Rose is a cross of this and R. moschata
(Brandis).
Rosa laevigata, Michaux. (J?, Sinica, Aiton.)
The Cherokee Rose. China and Japan. Considered one of
the best hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed in
North America. It serves well also for bowers. Allied to the
foregoing species. Rosa rugosa, Thunberg, of Japan, a large-
fruited and large-leaved rose, is exceedingly well adapted for
garden hedges.
Rosa moschata, Miller.*
North-Africa and South-Asia, ascending the Indian moun-
tains to 11,000 feet. In bloom all the year round in warm
climes but more profusely in the cool season. From the flowers
of this extremely tall climbing species also essential oil is ob-
tained. The attar thus derived from roses of not only different
varieties, but even distinct species must necessarily be of var-
ious qualities. In the Balkan mountains, on basalt slopes fac-
ing south, the most odorous roses are produced. At Kesanlik
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 325
rose-distillation is the main industry. Shoots of rose-bushes
are placed in trenches 3 feet deep and 5 feet apart. Irrigation
promotes the growth. The gathering commences in the third
and lasts till about the fifteenth year (Simmons). The pure oil
as a. European commodity is worth from ,£20 to ,£23 per
pound. This is also the rose, according to Schlagintweit, used
for attar distillation in Tunis. Pure attar, valued at 30 shil-
lings per ounce, is produced in Roumelia to the amount of
^"80,000 annually (Piesse).
Rosa sempervirens, Linne.
From South-Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. Hardy
at Christiania. One of the best rose-bushes for covering walls,
fences and similar structures. The flowers of this species also
can be utilized for rose-oil.
Rosa setigera, Michaux.
North-Eastern America, where it is the only climbing rose-
bush. It deserves introduction on account of its extremely
rapid growth, — 10 to 20 feet in a season. Its flowers, how-
ever, are nearly inodorous.
Other original species of roses deserve our attention, Sir
Joseph Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the northern
hemisphere. But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of
New Guinea and Africa south of the equator, perhaps new roses
may yet be discovered, as they have been traced southward to
Abyssinia already.
Rosa spinosissima, Linne,
Europe, North-Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Adapted
for holding coast-sands; unapproachable to pasture-animals,
and not spreading into culture-land or pastures like the Sweet-
briar, R. rubiginosa, L.
Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne.
The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
This well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant,
from which a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. One
of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The oil enters
into certain compositions of perfumery. The flowers much
sought by bees.
Rottboellia ophiuroides, Bentham.
Tropical East-Australia. A tall perennial grass, praised by
Mr. Walter Hill for fodder. Hardy in regions free of frost.
Royenia pseudebenus, E. Meyer.
South-Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet-black, hard
and durable; in Capeland and Caffraria called ebony. R.
326 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
pubescens, Willd., according to Dr. Pappe, furnishes there a
wood adapted for xylography; this may give a clue to the adapt-
ability of many other kinds of woods in the large order of
Ebenacese as substitutes for the Turkish boxwood.
Rubia cordifolia, Linne. (J?. Mungista, Roxburgh.)
From the Indian highlands, through China and Siberia to
Japan; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far south as
Caffraria and Natal. This perennial plant produces a kind of
madder. Probably other species likewise yield dye-roots. The
genus is represented widely over the globe, but as far as known
not in Australia.
Rubia peregrina, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe, South-West Asia. This peren-
nial species also yields madder-root. Several other kinds de-
serve comparative test-culture.
Rubia tinctorum, Linne.
The Madder. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
Hardy at Christiania. A perennial herb of extremely easy cul-
ture. Soil fit for barley is also suitable for madder. Its culture
opens any deep subsoil and suffocates weeds, but requires
much manure, leaving the land enriched, however. Stagnant
water in the soil must be avoided, if madder is to succeed. The
harvest is in the second or third year. It can be raised from
seeds, or planted from off-shoots. The roots merely dried and
pounded form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous:
in the herb: rubichloric and rubitannic acid; in the root: alizarin,
purpurin, rubiacin, rubian, ruberythric acid and three distinct
resins; also chlorogenin, xanthin and rubichloric acid. On the
five first depend the pigments produced from the root. Madder
is one of the requisites for alizarin-ink. Since the manufacture
of artificial alizarin from anthracene, a constituent of coal-tar,
was commenced, the cultivation of madder has declined. Still
it remains a valuable root, handy for domestic dye. The root
is also important as an emmenagogue.
Rubus caesius, Linne.
The British Dewberry. Europe, Western and Northern Asia.
Resists extreme frost, protracted dryness and also heat of ex-
ceptional seasons. In this respect the most accommodating of
all Blackberry-bushes. In Russia the berries are boiled together
with apples into a preserve, which is of particularly pleasant
taste. This Rubus supplies fruit till late in the season. Easily
naturalized on ground subject to occasional inundations, shel-
tered by bushy vegetation (Burmeister). Some regard R.
caesius as one of the numerous forms of R. fruticosus.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 327
Rubus Canadensis, Linne.*
The Dewberry of North- America. A shrub of trailing habit.
Fruit black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of R.
villosus, Ait., which constitutes the High Blackberry of the
United States, with large fruits. All the species can readily be
raised from seeds.
Rubus Chamaemorus, Linne.
The Cloudberry. North-Europe, North-Asia, North-America,
particularly in the frigid zone. In Norway it will grow north-
ward to lat. 71 10' (Schuebeler). A perennial but herbaceous
plant; a pigmy amongst its congeners. Nevertheless it is recom-
mended for introduction to spongy, mossy, alpine moors, on
account of its grateful amber-colored or red fruit. R. Arcticus,
L., also with edibl* fruit, is usually its companion in the high
north. A similar little herb, living for a great part of the year
in snow — namely R. Gunnianus, Hook., — occurs on the alpine
heights of Tasmania, whence it might be easily transferred
to snowy mountains of other countries. The fruit of R. Gun-
nianus is red and juicy, but not always well developed.
Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh.
The Sand Blackberry. North-America. A dwarf shrub.
The fruit is of agreeable taste.
Rubus deliciosus, Torrey.*
On the sources of the Missouri. An erect shrub. Fruit
raspberry-like, large and grateful. An exceedingly handsome
species.
Rubus ellipticus, Smith. (J?. Jlavus, Hamilton.)*
On the mountains of India (4,000 to 7,000 feet), also in Cey-
lon and Yunan. A large bush with yellow fruits, which are
reckoned in flavor fully equal to the ordinary Raspberry (C.
B. Clarke).
Rubus fruticosus, Linne.*
The ordinary Blackberry ©r Bramble. All Europe, North-
and South -Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Hardy in Nor-
way to lat. 6o° 24'. The shrub bears well in a temperate clime.
In some countries it is a favorite plant for hedges. It likes,
above all, calcareous soil, though it is content with almost any,
and deserves to be naturalized on the rivulets of any ranges.
R. corylifolius, Sm., R. suberectus, Andr. and R. leucostachys,
Sm. are varieties like many other named kinds of European
Blackberries, or perhaps belong to the closely allied R. caesius,
L., the English Dewberry; or in some instances hybrid forms
328 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
may have arisen from the two, although the generality of these
various Blackberry bushes bear their fruit freely enough.
Rubus geoides, Smith.
Falkland-Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia and Chiloe. An herbace-
ous kind of Raspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits, resem-
bling the Cloudberry, and of a very agreeable taste. Best
adapted for mountainous regions.
Rubus Havaiensis, A. Gray.
Sandwich-Islands. The fruit of this bramble shrub is rasp-
berry-like.
Rubus Idaeus, Linne.*
The ordinary Raspberry-Bush. Europe and Northern Asia,
eastward to Japan. In Norway hardy to lat. 70 22'. It is
mentioned here to point out the desirability of naturalizing the
plant on mountains and on river-banks. The fruits contain a
stearopten. The leaves are a substitute for tea.
Rubus imperialis, Chamisso.
Brazil and Argentina. Furnishes superior fruits.
Rubus lasiocarpus, Smith.
India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of 8,000 feet, in
Ceylon of 6,000 feet. The black fruit is very palatable. R.
bifiorus, Hamilton, ascends to 10,000 feet; its fruit, either red
or orange, is sweet (J. D. Hooker). R. lanatus, Wall., and R.
paniculatus, Sm., afford also edible but rather insipid fruits in
Upper India (Atkinson).
Rubus nutans, Wallich.
Himalayan mountains, ascending to 10,000 feet; growing on
the ground like Strawberry-plants, yielding fruits of very pleas-
ant subacid taste (Atkinson), but not of large size (Hooker). A
species easily spreading and probably improvable by culture.
Rubus occidentalis, Linn6.*
The Black Cap Raspberry or Thimbleberry-bush. North-
America. A species with woody stems and nice fruits, the
latter with a glaucous bloom, well flavored and large. It ripens
early. To this bears near affinity R. leucodermis, Douglas,
from California, Utah and Arizona. The fruit is yellowish-red,
rather large and of agreeable flavor (A. Gray).
Rubus odoratus, LinnS.*
North- America. A kind of Raspberry-bush. A handsome
species on account of its large purple flowers. Berries edible.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 329
Hardy in Norway to lat. 67 56'. Culture would doubtless en-
hance the value of the fruits of many of these Rubi. Hybridiz-
ing might be tried. R. Nutkanus, Mocino is the Salmon-
Raspberry of Western North- America and closely allied to R.
odoratus.
Rubus parvifolius, Linne.
East- Asia, Eastern and Southern Australia. It produces much
finer fruits in the Alps of Australia than in the lowlands. It
extends as a native to Japan, where according to Maximowicz
22 species of Rubus exist, many of them endemic, and probably
some eligible for special fruit-culture.
Rubus rosifolius, Smith.
Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, ascend-
ing the Himalayas to 10,000 feet, also throughout the littoral
forests of East-Australia. In woody regions this shrub bears
an abundance of fruits of large size, and these early and long in
the season.
Rubus rugosus, Smith.*
South Asia. The fruit, which ripens all the year round in
temperate climes, is nearly twice the size of the ordinary Black-
berry. This as well as the following hardy at Christiania.
Rubus strigosus, Michaux.*
North-America. Closely allied to the European Raspberry.
Its fruits large, also of excellent taste.
Rubus trivialis, Michaux.*
Southern States of North America. Another shrubby species
with good edible fruits, which are large and black. The plant
will thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other species this one
has the bark rich in tannic acid.
Rubus ursinus, Chamisso and Schlechtendahl. (J?, macropetalus, Douglas.)
California and Oregon. A unisexual shrub. Fruit black,
oval-cylindric, particularly sweet. Readily rendered spontaneous.
It would lead too far to enumerate other kinds of Rubus,
although about a hundred genuine species occur, which render
the genus one of very wide dispersion over the globe.
Rumex Acetosa, Linne.
The Kitchen Sorrel. Europe, Middle and Northern Asia to
Japan, also in the frigid zone of North America. Endures the
frosts of Norway northward to lat. 71 10' (Schuebeler). A
perennial herb. The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish
one, serve as pleasant acidulous vegetables, but must be used in
33° SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
moderation, as their acidity, like that of the species of Oxalis
(Wood Sorrel), depends on binoxalate of potash. The South
African R. luxurians, L., serves likewise as culinary sorrel.
Aquatic species of Rumex help to solidify embankments,
subject to floods. A species of Rumex, vernacularly
known as "Cafiaigre," of Texas, yields a root containing 23^
per cent. Rheo-tannicacid in the dry state. (Rep. Dept. Agrio,
Wash., 1878). This Canaigre is Rumex hymenosepalum, which
species extends widely and profusely into Mexico. It tans
hides in half the time required for tanning with oak-bark.
Probably other Rumex-roots could be similarly utilized.
Rumex Patientia, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial. It is
the R. sativus of Plinius according to Fraas. Bears the cold of
Norwegian winters to lat. 70 . The young leaves furnish a
palatable sorrel, like spinach. In cold climes it pushes forth its
leaves before the frost is hardly gone, and thus comes in as one
of the first vegetables of the season.
Rumex scutatus, Linne.
The French Sorrel. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern
Africa, Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing
as a culinary plant. They are all of use against scurvy, and
most easily reared.
Rumex vesicarius, Linne.
Southern Europe, Middle Asia, Northern Africa. x\n annual
herb of the same utility as the former ones.
Ruscus aculeatus, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South-West-
Asia. This odd plant serves for forming garden hedges. The
young shoots of this and a few allied plants are edible.
Ruta graveolens, Linne.
The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. Hardy
in Norway to lat. 63 26'. The foliage of this acrid and odor-
ous shrub, simply dried, constitutes the Rue herb of medicine.
The allied R. sylvestris, Mill., is still more powerful in its
effect. These plants and others of the genus contain a peculiar
volatile oil and a glycosid, the Rutin.
Sabal Adansoni, Guernsent.
Dwarf Palmetto. South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. A
stemless Fan-Palm, with the two following and Rhapsido-
phyllum Hystrix attaining the most northerly positions of any
American Palms. According to Count de Saporta it resists a
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 331
temperature as low as 17 F. M. Naudin found it to endure
the frosts in Southern France to 43 ° 20' north latitude. This
palm does well in marshy places.
Sabal Palmetto, Roemer and Schultes.*
Extends from Florida to North Carolina, also to the Bermu-
da Islands. The stem attains a height of 40 feet. This noble
Palm delights on sandy coast-tracts. Stems almost imper-
ishable under water, not attacked by the Teredo.
Sabal serrulata. Roemer and Schultes. (Serenaea serrulata, J. Hooker.)
South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, particularly well
adapted for sea-coasts. The stem grows to eight feet in height.
The leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats and other purposes
for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous-spongy parts of
the stem serve as brushes.
Sabal umbraculifera, Martius.
West-Indies. Attains, according to Grisebach, a height of
80 feet, or, according to others, even over 100 feet. Though
naturally a tropical Savannah-Palm, it has proved even hardier
than the Orange. At Hyeres it withstood a temperature of 22
F. (Bonnet). Another equally tall Antillan Palm is S. glau-
cescens, Loddiges.
Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.
North-Eastern America. This pretty biennial herb is lauded
as a substitute for gentian by American physicians, and might
with its congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though its
naturalization would not be desirable, as pastoral animals avoid
the bitter gentianaceous plants.
Saccharum officinarum, Linne.*
The Sugar-Cane. India, China, South Sea Islands, but not
known with certainty as wild nor indigenous in any part of
America or Australia; probably derived from one of the native
South-Asiatic species of Saccharum. Sugar-cane having been
cultivated in Spain and other countries on the Mediterranean
Sea, it will be worthy of further trial at what distance from the
equator and at what elevations in tropical parts of the globe
sugar from cane can be produced to advantage. In the United
States the profitable culture of cane ceases at 32 north latitude;
in Japan it is carried on with advantage to 36 north latitude
and even further northward (General Capron); the average
yield of raw sugar even there is 3,300 lbs. per acre; in China it
extends only to 30 north latitude. In South-Asia the culture
of the sugar-cane dates from the remotest antiquity; from China
we have a particular kind (S. Sinense, Roxb.), which is hardier
332 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
and bears the drought better than the ordinary cane; this kind
needs renewal every second or third year, and ripens in seven
months, if planted early in spring; but if planted in autumn and
left standing for fully a year the return of sugar is larger.
Moderate proximity to the sea is favorable for the growth of
canes. Prolific yields have been secured in East Australia as
far south as 2 8°.
The multiplication of all sorts of sugar-cane is usually
effected from top-cuttings; but this cannot be carried on from
the same original stock for an indefinite period without deteri-
oration; and as seeds fit to germinate do not readily ripen on
the canes, new plants must from time to time be brought from
a distance. Thus, New Caledonia and Fiji have latterly supplied
their almost wild-growing splendid varieties for replanting many
sugar fields in Mauritius and some other places. The Bourbon
variety is praised as one of the richest for sugar; the Batavian
variety, S. violaceum, Tussac, is content with less fertile soil.
Many other varieties are known. The Sugar-cane is one of
the best of all plants of economic value to keep cleared ground
in tropical forests free from weeds or the invasion of other plants.
Excessive rains produce a rank luxuriance of the canes at the
expense of the saccharine principle. Rich manuring is necessary
to attain good crops, unless in the best of virgin soil. The
lower leaves of the stem must successively be removed, also
superabundant suckers, to promote the growth upwards, and to
provide ventilation and light. Out of the remnants of sugar-
cane molasses, rum and taffia can be prepared. The average
yield of sugar varies from 1 ton 6 cwt. to 3 tons for the acre;
but exceptionally as much as 6 tons per acre have even been ob-
tained in the hardly tropical Hawaian Islands. The world's
production of cane-sugar in 1875 amounted to 2,140,000 tons
(Boucheraux). Among some other works, for fuller informa-
tion the valuable volume of Mr. A. McKay, " The Sugar-Cane
in Australia," should be consulted. The stately S. spontaneum,
L., which extends from India to Egypt, is available for scenic
culture. It attains a height of 15 feet. Other tall kinds of
Saccharum occur in South Asia.
Sagittaria lancifolia, Linne.
From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic
plant can doubtless be utilized like the following species. It
attains a height of five feet.
Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (S. latifolia, Willdenow.)
North America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. sagitti-
folia. A few other conspicuous species are worthy of intro-
duction. The Tule or Wapatoo root of California is derived
from a species of Sagittaria.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 333
Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linnfe.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of
the most showy of all hardy water-plants; still not alone on that
account deserving naturalization, but also because its root is
edible. If once established this plant maintains its ground
well, and might occupy submerged spots not otherwise
utilized.
Salix alba, Linn6.*
The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe, originally prob-
ably from Middle Asia. It bears the frosts of Norway to Lat.
63 52'. It is positively known that the Silky Willow will live
to an age of 150 years, and probably much longer. Available
for wet places not otherwise in cultivation. Height reaching 80
feet, circumference of stem sometimes 20 feet; of rapid growth.
Foliage silvery, pubescent. Wood smooth, soft and tough, bearing
pounding and knocking better than that of any other British
tree; eligible where lightness, pliancy and elasticity are required;
, hence in request for wheel-floats and shrouding of water-wheels,
as it is not subject to splinter; for the sides and bottoms of carts
and barrows, for breakblocks of trucks; also used for turnery,
trays, fenders, shoe-lasts, light handles (Simmonds). Its weight
is from 26 to 33 lbs. per cubic foot. Timber, according to Robb,
the lightest and softest of all prominently utilitarian woods;
available for bungs; it is planed into chips for hat-boxes, baskets
and woven bonnets, also for cricket-bats, boxes and many uten-
sils. The bark is particularly valued as a tan for certain kinds
of glove leather, to which it imparts an agreeable odor. Mr.
Scaling records, that in rich ground on the banks of streams this
willow will grow to a height of 24 feet in 5 years, with 2 feet
basal girth of the stem; in 8 years he found it to grow 35 feet,
with 33 inches girth at 1 foot from the ground. Loudon
noticed the height to be 53 feet in 20 years, and the girth 7^2
feet. In winterless countries the growth is still more rapid. To
produce straight stems for timber, the cuttings must be planted
very close, some of- the trees to be removed from time to time.
After 30 or 40 years the trees will deteriorate. Scaling esti-
mates the value of an acre of willow-timber to be about ^300.
The Golden Osier, Salix vitellina, L., is a variety. The shoots
are used for hoops and wickerwork. With other large Willows
and Poplars one of the best scavengers for back-yards where
drainage cannot readily be applied; highly valuable also for
forming lines along narrow watercourses or valleys in forests, to
stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gunpowder. The
wood in demand for matches.
Salix Babylonica, Tournefort.
The Weeping Willow, indigenous in West Asia as far as
334 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Japan, sparingly wild, according to Stewart, in the Himalayas;
probably also in Persia, Kurdistan and China. One of the most
grateful of all trees for the facility of its culture and fitness of
its embellishments; also as one of the quickest growing and most
easily reared of all shade trees. Fifty feet growth has been
witnessed in 5 years. The tree is important for consolidating
river banks and everywhere available for cemeteries. In frost-
less climes annually only for a few weeks without leaves. In
Norway it will grow northward to Lat. 58 8'. Dr. C. Koch
distinguishes another Weeping Willow from Japan as S. elegan-
tissima.
Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Burchell.)
South Africa. This Willow might be introduced on account
of its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. S. daph-
noides, Vill., of Europe and Asia, S. Petiolaris, Smith, S. cor-
data, Muehlenb., S. tristis, Ait., of North America, are among
the best for binding sand; one of the dwarf Californian Willows
has been found on the coast-sands to send out root-like stems
to 120 feet in length. S. longifolia, Muehlenb., also North
American, is among those which form long flexible withes.
Salix caprea, Linn6.*
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or
Hedge Willow. In Norway it extends to Lat. 70 37'; in 65
28' Prof. Schuebeler found it to attain a height of nearly 70
feet. Wood used for handles and other implements, the shoots
for hoops. It is largely employed for gunpowder-coal. Bark
for tanning, particularly glove-leather. The flowers are
eagerly sought by bees. It is the earliest flowering Willow.
Salix cordata, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North-America.
Salix daphnoides, Villars.
Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Amoor,
ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas, growing in Norway
northward to lat. 62 20'. A tree rising to 60 feet in height,
rapid of growth, attaining 12 feet in four years. It is much
chosen to fix the ground at railway-embankments, on sandy
ridges and slopes, for which purposes its long-spreading and
strong roots render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used
for baskets, wicker-work and twig-bridges (Stewart and Bran-
dis). The variety pruinosa is considered by Dr. Sonder to be as
valuable as the Bedford-Willow. The foliage furnishes cattle-
fodder. The tree is comparatively rich in salicin, like S. pen-
tandra, L., and the following.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 335
Salix fragilis, Linne.
The Crack-Willow. Indigenous in South-Western Asia.
Hardy in Norway to lat. 64 5'. Height 90 feet; stem reaching
20 feet in girth. According to Scaling next to S. alba the best of
the European timber-willows, but the wood not quite so tough
and the tree requiring more space for growth. Both species are
recommended for shelter-plantations, on account of their
rapidity of growth, uninflammability and easy propagation; the
latter quality they share with most willows. A variety of this
species is the Bedford Willow, also called Leicester Willow,
Salix Russelliana, Smith, which yields a light, elastic, tough
timber, more tannin in its bark than oak, and more salicin (a
substitute for quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheumatic
remedy) than most of its congeners. According to Sir H. Davy
the layers of the bark contain 16 per cent, tannin, the whole
bark only about 7 per cent.
Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow.
Through a great part of South-America, southward as far as
Patagonia, there furnishing building timber for inside structures.
This Willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet
and more. The wood is much in use for yokes and other im-
plements. Many kinds of Willow can be grown for consoli-
dating shifting sand and ridges.
Salix lucida, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North-America.
Salix nigra, Marshall. (S. Purshiana, Sprengel.)
The Black Willow of North-America. It attains a height of
30 feet. The Black Willow is one used for basket-work,
although it is surpassed in excellence by some other species,
and is more important as a timber- Willow. Mr. W. Scaling, of
Basford, includes it among the sorts which he recommends in
his valuable publication, " The Willow," London, 187 1).
Salix purpurea, Linn6.*
Of wide range in Europe and Western Asia. The Bitter
Willow; one of the Osiers. Hardy in Norway northward to lat.
67 56'. In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilized, it will
yield annually, four to five tons of the best of rods, qualified for
the finest work. Impenetrable, not readily inflammable screens
as much as 25 feet high, can be reared from it in five years. In
localities exposed to storms, willow copses fully forty feet high
can be raised from this species. It is invaluable also for the
reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich in salicin, which
collatively can be obtained from the peelings of the twigs when
336 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
the latter are prepared for basket-material. From Mr. Scaling's
treatise on the Willow, resting on unrivalled experience, it will
be observed, that he anew urges the adoption of the Bitter Wil-
low (also called the Rose Willow or the Whipcord Willow),
for game-proof hedges, this species scarcely ever being touched
by cattle, rabbits and other herbivorous animals. Not only for
this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and remunerative
yield of the very best of basket-material, he recommends it for
field hedges. Cuttings are planted only half a foot apart and
must be entirely pushed into the ground. The annual produce
from such a hedge is worth 4s. to 5s. for the chain. For addi-
tional strength the shoots can be interwoven. In rich bottoms
the shoots will grow from 7 to 13 feet in a year. The supply
of basket-material from this willow has fallen very far short of
the demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light
soil or warp-land, but not on clay. It likes sandy loam
and will even do fairly well on gravelly soil, but it is
not so easily reared as S. triandra. Mr. Scaling's re-
newed advocacy for the formation of willow-plantations
comes with so much force, that his advice is here given,
though condensed in a few words. Osier-plantations come
into full bearing in the third year; they bear for ten years and
then slowly decline. The raw produce from an acre in a year
averages 6 tons to 7^ tons, ranging from £2 10s. to ^3 10s.
for the ton (unpeeled). Although 7.000 acres are devoted in
Britain to the culture of basket-willows (exclusive of spinneys
and plantations for the farmer's own use), yet in 1866 there had
to be imported from the Continent 4,400 tons of willow-branches,
at an expense of ^£44,000, while, besides, the value of the made
baskets imported that year was equal to that sum. In recent
years the importation into the United States of willow material
for baskets, chairs, and other utensils, has, according to Sim-
monds, been estimated as approaching ^£1,006,060. Land,
. comparatively unfit for root or grain crops, can be used very
remuneratively for osier-plantations. The soft-wooded willows
like to grow in damper ground than the hard-wooded species.
The best peeled willow-branches fetch as much as ^25 for the
ton. Peeling is best effected by steam, by which means the
material is also increased in durability. No basket-willow will
thrive in stagnant water. Osier plantations in humid places
should therefore be drained. The cuttings are best taken from
branches one or two years old, and are to be planted as close
as one foot by one foot and a half. No part of the cutting
must remain uncovered, in order that only straight shoots may
be obtained; manuring and ploughing between the rows is thus
also facilitated, after the crop has been gathered, and this,
according to the approved Belgian method, must be done by
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 337
cutting the shoots close to the ground after the fall of the leaves.
The accidental introduction from abroad of the destructive
saw-flies (particularly Nematus ventralis), which prey also on
currant- and gooseberry-bushes, should be guarded against.
Salix rubra, Hudson.*
Throughout Europe, also in West-Asia and North-Africa; it
is much chosen for osier-beds. When cut down it will make
shoots 8 feet long in a season. Porcher regards it as one of
the most valuable species for work in which unpeeled rods are
used. It is also admirably adapted for hedges.
Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh.
Mountains of India, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Height of tree
reaching 40 feet. This thick-stemmed Willow is worthy of a place
on the banks of watercourses. The twigs can be worked into
baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for cattle-
fodder.
Salix triandra, Linn6.* (S. amygdalina, Linn6.)
The Almond- Willow; through nearly all Europe and extra-
tropical Asia. Height of tree at length 30 feet. It sheds its bark
annually after the third year. Likes rich loamy soil; requires
less space than S. viminalis, more than S. purpurea. It is a
prominent representative of the hard-wooded basket-willows,
and comprises some of the finest varieties in use by the manu-
facturers. Shoots are obtainable 9 feet long; they answer
for hoops and white basket-work, being pliant and durable.
The bark contains a good deal of salicin. For basket-purposes
20,000 to 30,000 cuttings can be planted on an acre, and 2,000
to 3,000 can be planted in a day by an expert; the second year's
crop is already of considerable value; at 5 years it comes to its
prime, the plantation holding good for 15 to 25 years. The
rods for baskets should be cut as soon as the leaves are fallen.
The annual value of a crop of basket-willows is in England
from ^25 to ^35 per acre (Scaling). S. lanceolata, Smith, is
a hybrid between S. triandra and S. viminalis, according to Prof.
Anderson.
Salix viminalis, Linne.*
The common Osier of Europe and North- and West-Asia;
attains the height of 30 feet. The best of basket-willows for
banks subject to occasional inundations. It is a vigorous
grower, very hardy, (to lat. 67 56' in Norway), likes to be fed
by deposits of floods or by irrigation, and disposes readily of
sewage (Scaling). One of the best for wicker-work and hoops;
when cut it shoots up to a length of 12 feet; distinguished by
j the basket-makers as the soft-wooded willow: it is best for rods
'33^ SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
requiring two years' age, but inferior to several other species
for basket-manufacture. S. Smithiana, Willd., is a hybrid of S.
viminalis and S. caprea and has proved one of the best willows
for copses and hedges. Its growth is very quick and its foliage
remarkably umbrageous. It would lead too far, to enumerate
even all the more important Willows on this occasion. Profes-
sor Anderson, of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these,
numerous hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these Willows
could be grown to advantage.
Salpichroma rhomboidea, Miers.
Extra-tropical South Africa, as far south as Magellan's Straits.
A half-shrub, with good-sized berries of vinous taste (Lorentz).
Salvia Matico, Grisebach.
Sub-alpine Argentina. An important medicinal herb.
Salvia officinalis, Linne.
The Garden-Sage. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea.
Endures the climate of Norway to lat. 70 . A somewhat
shrubby plant of medicinal value, prevaded by essential oil. Pre-
fers calcareous soil. Among nearly half a thousand species of
this genus some are gorgeously ornamental.
Sambucus Australis, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Southern Brazil and La Plata-States. Resembles the ordi-
nary Elder, and is locally used for tall hedges (Dr. Lorentz).
Sambucus Canadensis, Linne.
North-Eastern America. The berries of this half-woody
Elder are used, like those of Phytolacca decandra, for coloring
vinous liquids. Dr. Gibbons observes, that this species is
recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia, and that S.
Mexicana, Presl., and S. racemosa, L., possess similar medicinal
properties. The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific, the
berries diaphoretic and aperient; a kind of wine is frequently
manufactured from them; the inner bark in large doses acts as
a hydragogue cathartic and as an emetic. S. xanthocarpa, F. v.
Mueller, is a large Elder-tree of extra-tropical East Australia.
Sambucus nigra, Linne.
The ordinary Elder. Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia.
Endures the frosts of Norway northward to lat. 66° 5' (Schue-
beler). Known to have exceptionally attained a height of 35
feet. The flowers are of medicinal value, and an essential oil
can be obtained from them. The wood can be utilized for
shoe-pegs and other purposes of artisans. The berries are
used for coloring port wine and for other dyeing purposes. The
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 339
roots of the Elder possess highly valuable therapeutic proper-
ties, according to Dr. Al. Buettner.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linne.
North-Eastern America. A perennial herb. Hardy to lat.
63 26' in Norway. The root important as a therapeutic agent;
it contains also dye principles.
Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. {Poterium Sanguisorba, Linne).
The Salad-Burnet. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and
Middle Asia. A perennial herb, easily disseminated and natural-
ized, particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad
and particularly as a sheep-fodder.
Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow.
India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be
passed in this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in temperate
climes, free from frost. Four pounds of leaves give about one
pound of fiber, which unites softness and silky luster with ex-
traordinary strength and tenacity, serving in its native country
particularly for bow-strings. The plant might be left to itself
for continued growth in rocky unutilized places. Several spe-
cies, South Asiatic as well as African, exist.
Santalum album, Linne.
India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A
small or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and
roots. In the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fra-
grance of the wood is generated. S. Freycenetianum, Gaudi-
chaud, produces sandalwood on the mountains of the Sandwich
Islands up to 3,000 feet. Several other species occur in Poly-
nesia. The precious sandal-oil is obtained by slow distillation
from the heartwood and root, the yield being about two and a
half per cent. It is worth about ^3 per pound. Santalum
Austro-Caledonicum, Vieillard, from New Caledonia, furnishes
there sandal-wood, excellent for strength and agreeableness of
odor (Simmonds).
Santalum cygnorum, Miquel.
South-Western Australia, where this tree yields scented san-
dal wood.
Santalum Preissianum, Miquel. (5. acuminatum, A. DeCandolle).
The Quandong. Desert country of extra-tropical Australia.
The fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As
both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is advis-
able to raise the plant in desert-tracts.
34° SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Santalum Yasi, Seemann.
The Sandal-tree of the Fiji-Islands, where it grows on dry
and rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy, and deserves, with
a few other species from the South Sea Islands yielding scented
wood, test-culture in warm temperate regions.
Santolina Cyparissias, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and
handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied
species.
Saponaria officinalis, Linne.
The Soapwort or Fuller's Herb. Europe, Northern and
Middle Asia. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler).
A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the root can
be employed with advantage in some final processes of washing
silk and wool, to which it imparts a peculiar gloss and dazzling
whiteness, without injuring in the least the most sensitive col-
ors. Experiments instituted in the laboratory of the Botanic
Garden of Melbourne render it highly probable that saponin,
which produces the froth from the soapwort, is also present in
the bark and root of Acacia (Albizzia) lophanta, W. At all
events, a substance closely resembling saponin was unexpect-
edly detected (in the course of other investigations entrusted
to Mr. Rummel) in the bark of this Acacia, and this substance
occurred in so large a proportion as to constitute 10 per cent,
of the dry bark.
Sassafras officinale, Hayne.
The deciduous Sassafras-tree, indigenous from Canada to
Florida, in dry open woods. Height sometimes 80 feet. The stem
has been known to attain a girth of more than 19 feet at 3 feet
from the ground. It furnishes the medicinal Sassafras bark
and wood, and from this again an essential oil is obtainable.
The deciduous and often jagged leaves are remarkable among
those of Lauraceae. They are used as a condiment in cookery.
The root-bark contains 58 per cent, tannin (Reinsch). The
wood ranks also as a material for a lasting dye. The wood is
easily worked and of great resistance to the influence of water
(Dr. C. Mohr).
Satureja hortensis, Linn6.
The Summer Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea. An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic
oil can be distilled. The culture of this and allied plants is
easy in the extreme.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 341
Satureja tnontana, Linne.
The Winter Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the
Mediterranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, fre-
quently used as a culinary condiment along with or in place of
the foregoing species, although it is scarcely equal to it in fra-
grance.
Satureja Thymbra, Linne.
Counties on or near the Mediterranean Sea. A small ever-
green bush, with the flavor almost of thyme. The likewise
odorous S. Graeca, L., and S. Juliana, L., have been trans-
ferred by Bentham to the closely cognate genus Micromeria;
they have been in use since Dioscorides' time, though not repre-
senting, as long supposed, the Hyssop of that ancient physician,
which according to Sprengel and Fraas was Origanum
Smyrnaeum or some allied species.
Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. {Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.)
Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of
medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of the
ancients.
Saxono-Gothsea conspicua, Lindley.
The Mahin of Southern Chili. A middle-sized tree, with
fine-grained yellowish timber.
Scandix grandiflora, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb,
much liked there as a salad of pleasant aromatic taste.
Schitna Wallichii, Choisy.
India, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining a height of 100 feet.
Timber highly valuable (C. B. Clarke).
Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees.
Java, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. A lofty Bamboo.
A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, in the South
Sea and Philippine Islands, and in Madagascar. The Bamboos
being thus brought once more before us, it may be deemed ad-
visable, to place together in one brief list all other kinds which
are recorded either as very tall or as particularly hardy.
Accordingly, from Major-General Munro's admirable monograph
(" Linnean Transactions," 1868), the succeeding enumeration is
compiled, and from that masterly essay, resting on very many
years' close study of the richest collections, a few prefatory re-
marks are likewise offered, to vindicate the wish of the writer of
seeing these noble and graceful forms of vegetation largely
342 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
transferred to every part of Australia, and to many other por-
tions of the globe, where they would impress a grand tropical
feature on the landscapes. Even in the far southern latitudes
of Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand, Bamboos from the
Indian lowlands have proved able to resist our occasional night-
frosts of the low country. But in colder places the many sub-
alpine species could be reared. Be it remembered that Chus-
quea aristata advances to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the
Andes of Quito, indeed to near the zone of perpetual ice.
Arundinaria falcata, A. racemosa and A. spathiflora live on the
Indian highlands, at a zone between 10, 00c and 11,000 feet,
where they are annually beaten down by snow. Forms of Bam-
busacese still occur, according to Grisebach, in the Kurilian
archipelagus up to 46 N., and in Japan even to 51 . We may
further recognize the great importance of these plants, when we
reflect on their manifest industrial uses, when we consider
their grandeur for picturesque scenery, when we observe
their resistance to storms or heat, or when we watch the
marvelous rapidity with which many develop. Their
seeds, though generally produced only at long intervals, are
valued in many instances higher than rice. The ordinary great
Bamboo of India is known to grow 40 feet in forty days, when
bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. Delchevalerie noticed
the growth of some Indian Bamboos at Cairo to have been 10
inches in one night. Their power of growth is such as to upset
stone walls or demolish substantial buildings. As shelter-plants
for grazing animals these trees are most eligible. The Bourbon
Bamboo forms an impenetrable sub-alpine belt of extraordinary
magnificence in that island. One of the Tenasserim Bam-
busas rises to 150 feet, with the mast-like cane sometimes meas-
uring fully one foot in diameter. The great West Indian
Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as high and quite as
columnar in its form, while the Dendrocalamus at Pulo-Geum is
equally colossal. The Platonia Bamboo of the highest wooded
mountains of Panama sends forth leaves 15 feet in length and 1
foot in width. Arundinaria macrosperma, as far north as
Philadelphia, still rises to a height of nearly 40 feet in favorable
spots, and one of the Japan Bamboos, according to Mr.
Christy, gains the height of 60 feet even in those extra-tropical
latitudes. Through perforating with artistic care the huge
canes of various Bamboos, musical sounds can be melodi-
ously produced when the air wafts through the groves,
and this singular fact may possibly be turned to practice
for checking the devastations from birds on many a cultured
spot. Altogether twenty genera, with one hundred and seventy
well-marked species, are circumscribed by General Munro's con-
summate care; but how may these treasures yet be enriched,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 343
when once the alpine mountains of New Guinea through Bam-
boo jungles have been scaled, or when the highlands on the
sources of the Nile, which Ptolemasus and Julius Caesar already-
longed to ascend, have become the territory also of phytologic
researches, not to speak of many other tropical regions as yet
left unexplored! Europe possesses no Bamboo; Australia, as
far as hitherto ascertained, only three. Almost all Bamboos are
local, and there seems really no exception to the fact that none
are indigenous to both hemispheres, a remark which applies to
Palms as well, with the sole exception of Cocos nucifera, the
nuts of which, indeed, may have drifted from the western to the
east;rn world. All true Bambusas are Oriental. Observations
on the growth of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by
Chevalier Fenzi. The introduction of these exquisite plants is
one of the easiest imaginable, either from seeds or the living
roots. The Consuls at distant ports, the missionaries, the mer-
cantile and navigating gentlemen abroad, and particularly also
many travellers, could all easily aid in transferring the various
.Bamboos from one country to another — from hemisphere to
hemisphere. Most plants of this kind once well established in
strength under glass can be trusted out in mild temperate climes
to permanent locations with perfect and lasting safety at the
commencement of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos are
hardier than most intratropical plants, and the majority of them
are not the denizens of the hottest tropical lowlands, but delight
in the cooler air of mountain-regions. Strong manuring brings
some tardy flowering Bamboos early into bloom. In selecting
the following array from General Munro's monograph, it must
be noted that it comprises only a limited number, and that
among those which are already to some extent known, but as
yet cannot be defined with precision in their generic and specific
relation, evidently some occur which in elegance, grace and
utility surpass even many of those now specially mentioned: — .
Arthrostylidium excelsum, Griseb. West Indies, Height reach-
ing at length 80 feet, stem-diameter 1 foot.
Arthrostylidium lon-gifloru?n, Munro. Venezuela; ascends to
6,000 feet.
Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico; ascends to
7,500 feet. Height 30 feet.
Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Munro. Guiana; ascends to
6,000 feet. Height 60 feet.
Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height 20 feet.
Arundinaria collosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height 12 feet.
Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8,000 feet.
A tall species.
Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Sikkim; ascends to 7,000
feet. Height 15 feet.
344 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Arundinaria Japo?iica, S. and Z. Japan. Height becoming 12
feet.
Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height 12 feet.
Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 4,500
feet. Height 15 feet.
Antndinaria tesselata, Munro. South Africa; ascends to 6,500
feet. Height 20 feet.
Arundinaria verticillata, Nees. Brazil. Height 15 feet.
Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in cool
regions. Tall, climbing.
Bambusa Balcooa, Roxb. Bengal to Assam. Height 70 feet.
Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height 20 feet.
Bambusa Brandish', Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Height reaching 120 feet, stem-circumference finally 2 feet.
Bambusa flexuosa, Munro. China. Height 12 feet.
Bambusa marginata, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 5,000
feet. Tall, scandent.
Bambusa nutans, Wall. Himalaya; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 3,500
feet. Height 50 feet.
Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burma, in the Teak-region.
Height 80 feet.
Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height 40 feet.
Bambusa Tulda, Roxb. Bengal to Burma. Height 70 feet.
Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong Kong, Formosa.
Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar. Height 50 feet.
Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon.
Cephalostachyum capitation, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height 30 feet.
Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 5,000
feet. Tall.
Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro. Burma. Height 40 feet.
Chusquea abietifolia, Griseb. West- Indies. Tall, scandent.
Chusquea capituliflora, Trinius. South-Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Culcou, E. iDesv. Chili. Height 20 feet. Straight.
Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height 10 feet.
Chusquea Fendleri, Munro. Central America; ascends to 12,000
feet.
Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico; ascends to 8,000
feet.
Chusquea Gaudichaudia?ia, Kunth. South-Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Lorentziana, Grisebach. Sub-tropic Agentina. Height
30 feet; not hollow. Useful for many kinds of utensils
and structures.
Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chili; Andes. Height 10 feet.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 345
Chusquea Muelleri, Munro. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet.
Climbing.
Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall.
Chusquea scandens, Kunth. Colder Central America. Climb-
ing, tall.
Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height 80 feet.
Scandent.
Chusquea tenuiflora, Philippi. Chili. Height 1 2 feet.
Chusquea unifiora, Steudel. Central America. Height 20
feet.
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall.
Dendro calamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height 60 feet.
Dendrocalamus Hookeri, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height 50 feet.
Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Tall.
Dinochloa Tjankorreh, Buese. Java, Philippines; ascends to
4,000 feet. Climbing.
Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height 30
feet.
Guadua capitata, Munro. South Brazil. Height 20 feet.
Guadua macrostachya, Ruprecht. Guiana to Brazil. Height
30 feet.
Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height 30 feet.
Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height 30 feet.
Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South Brazil; ascends to 2,000 feet.
Height 30 feet.
Guadua virgata, Rupr. South Brazil. Height 25 feet.
Merostachys Claussem, Munro. South Brazil. Height 80 feet.
Merostachys Kunthii, Ruprecht. South Brazil. Height 30 feet.
Merostachys ternata, Nees. South Brazil. Height 20 feet.
/Vastus Bourbonicus, Gmel. Bourbon; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Height 50 feet.
Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Munro. Abyssinia to Angola; ascends
to 4,000 feet. Height 50 feet.
Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tall,
scandent.
Phyllostachys bambusoides, S. and Z. Himalaya, China and
Japan. Height 12 feet.
Phyllostachys nigra, Munro. China, Japan. Height 25 feet.
Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region.
Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
6,000 feet. Very tall.
Teinostachyum Griffithi, Munro. Tall and slender.
Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz.
x Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems at length 40 feet high,
34^ SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
very hollow. The short branches give to this bamboo a peculiar
habit. One variety has splendidly yellow stems.
Schizostachyura elegantissimum, Kurz.
Java, at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Unlike all other
Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is
therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height 25
feet; stems stout. It requires renewal after flowering, like
many allied plants.
Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz.
Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of
Bamboo vegetables for cookery; the young shoots, when bursting
out of the ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions
as culinary " Rebong " Bamboos: Gigantochloa aspera, G.
robusta, G. maxima, G. atter. For ornamental culture the same
meritorious writer singles out Schizostachyum brachycladum,
the varieties of Bambusa vulgaris, with gaudy, glossy coloring
of the stems, in contrast with the black-stemmed species of
Phyllostachys from China and Japan.
Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel.
Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems 30 feet high, remark-
ably slender.
Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel.
Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height 35 feet; stems
slender.
Schkuhria abrotanoides, Roth.
From Peru to Argentina. This annual herb yields locally an
insecticidal powder,
Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. (Asa Graya officinalis \ Lindley; Sabadilla
officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.)
Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with leafless
stem, thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It
furnishes the Sabadilla seeds and yields two alkaloids, veratrin
and sabadillin; a resinous substance, helonin; also sabadillic and
veratric acid. The generic names adopted for this plant by
Lindley and by Dierbach are coetaneous.
Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold.
The curious Kooya-maki or Umbrella Fir of Japan. Becom-
ing 140 feet high; pyramidal in habit. Resists severe frosts.
Wood white and compact.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 347
Scilla esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley).
The Quamash. In the western extra-tropical parts of North
America, on moist prairies. The onion-like bulbs in a roasted state
form a considerable portion of the vegetable food on which
the aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe extensively live.
It is a pretty plant and might be naturalized on moist mead-
ows.
Scilla Fraseri, A. Gray.
The Quamash of the Eastern States of North America.
Most prolific in the production of its bulbs, which taste some-
what like potatoes.
Seorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp.
Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr.
Heldreich, used there for a favorite salad and spinach.
Scorzonera deliciosa, Guasson.*
Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species; equal, if not
superior, in its culinary use to the allied Salsify.
Scorzonera Hispanica, Linne.*
Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. In Norway
hardy to lat. 63 26'. The perennial root of this yellow-flow-
ered herb furnishes not only a wholesome and palatable food,
but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much like dandelion.
Long boiling destroys its medicinal value. Some other kinds
of Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn into similar use, there be-
ing many Asiatic species.
Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas.
On the Volga and in Turkestan, in sandy desert country.
This species also yields an edible root, and so perhaps the Chi-
nese Sc. . albicaulis, Bunge, the Persian Sc. Scowitzii, DC.,
the North African Sc. undulata, Vahl, the Greek Sc. ramosa,
Sibth., the Russian Sc. Astrachanica, DC, the Turkish Sc.
semicana, DC, the Iberian Sc. lanata, Bieberst. At all
events, careful culture may render them valuable esculents.
Scutia Indica, Brongniart.
South Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn's recommendation, might
be utilized as a thorny hedge-shrub.
Sebaea ovata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. This neat little
annual herb can be utilized for its bitter tonic principle (Gen-
tian-bitter). S. albidiflora, F. v. M., is an allied species from
somewhat saline ground. These plants disseminate themselves
348 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
most readily, but are unacceptable to stock. S. crassulifolia,
Chamisso, and Chironia baccifera, Linne, serve for the same
therapeutic purposes in South Africa (McOwan).
Secale cereale, Linne.*
The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in the country be-
tween the Caspian and Black Seas, and evidently so in Afghan-
istan. Mentioned here as the hardiest of all grain-plants for
the highest alpine regions. In Norway it can be grown as far
north as lat. 69 30' (Schuebeler). There are annual and bien-
nial varieties, while a few allied species, hitherto not generally
used for fodder or cereal culture, are perennial. The Rye,
though not so nutritious as wheat, furnishes a most wholesome
well-flavored bread, which keeps for many days, and is most ex-
tensively used in Middle and Northern Europe and Asia.
The grain, moreover, can be reared in poor soil and cold cli-
mates, where wheat will no longer thrive. In produce of grain,
Rye is not inferior to wheat in colder countries, while the yield
of straw is larger, and the culture less exhaustive. It is a
hardy cereal, not readily subject to disease, and can be grown
on some kinds of peaty or sandy or moory ground. The sow-
ing must not be effected at a period of much wetness. Wide-
sand-tracks would be uninhabitable, if it were not for the ease
of providing human sustenance from this grateful corn. It
dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain. It is a
very remarkable fact that for ages, in some tracts of Europe,
Rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to year
without interruption. In this respect Rye stands favorably
alone among alimentary plants. It also furnishes in cold coun-
tries the earliest green fodder, and the return is large. Dr.
Sonder observed, in cultivated turf-heaths with much humus,
that the spikelets produce three or even four fertile florets, and
thus each spike will yield as many as eighty beautiful seeds.
Langethal recommends for argillaceous soils a mixture of early
varieties of wheat and rye, the united crops furnishing grain
for excellent bread. When the Rye grains become attacked by
Cordyceps purpurea, Fr., or similar species of fungi, it
becomes dangerously unwholesome, but then also a very im-
portant medicinal substance — namely, Ergot — is obtained.
The biennial Wallachian variety of Rye can be mown or depas-
tured prior to the season of its forming grain. In alpine re-
gions Wallachian Rye is sown with pine-seeds, for shelter of the
pine seedlings in the first year. Rye is extensively used for the
manufacture of gin.
Secale Creticum, Linne. (Triticum creticum, R. & S.)
Candia, Corsica. Though probably only a variety of S.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 349
cereale, L., it deserves specially to be mentioned as furnishing
a bread of peculiar taste.
Sechium edule, Swartz.
Central America. The Chocho or Chayota. The large
starchy root of this climber can be consumed as a culinary veg-
etable, while the good -sized fruits are also edible. The fruit
often germinates before it drops. The plant bears even in
the first year and may ripen one hundred fruits in a year. It
comes to perfection in the warmer parts of the temperate zone.
Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Mueller. {Anesorrhiza Capensis, Ch. and Schl.)
South- Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A.
montana, Eckl. and Zeyh., a closely allied plant, yields like-
wise an edible root; and so it is with a few other species of the
section Anesorrhiza.
Selago leptostachya, E. Meyer.
South- Africa. There an excellent bush for sheep-pastures in
the Karro-grounds, reproduced spontaneously with great readi-
ness from dropping seeds, and maintaining itself also by the
running stems. It is the " Waterfinder " of the Orange-river
regions, indicating generally humidity beneath the ground (Mc-
Owan).
Selinum Monnieri, Linne.
From East Asia now extending to South-Europe, preferring
moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as valu-
able for medicinal purposes.
Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.* (Taxodium sempervirens , Lambert.)
Red Wood or Bastard-Cedar of North-Western America,
chiefly California. One of the most colossal trees of the globe,
exceptionally becoming 360 feet high, occasionally with a stem
diameter of 55 feet. The wood is reddish, soft, close-veined,
easily split, very durable, but light and brittle. The timber of
mission-buildings one hundred years old are still quite sound.
Its growth is about 32 feet in sixteen years. Often found on
metamorphic sandstone. It luxuriates in the cool dampness of
sea- fogs. Shinn describes these Sequoias as rugged shafts, rising
like huge monolithic columns, crowned with downward curving
branches and shining green. Dr. Gibbons writes, that this tree
forms forests along the coast range for a distance of about 200
miles in a belt 20 miles wide. The wood is suitable for exter-
nal as well as internal finish. It constitutes almost the sole
material for weather-boarding along the Calif ornian coast; and
for fence-posts, foundations of buildings, and railway-sleepers
it is almost the only material used. Is also susceptible of a
35° SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
splendid polish for furniture; is largely sawn into boards and
shingles, furnishing in California the cheapest lumber. Stem
bare for ioo feet or more; when cut, sending suckers from the
root for renovation. Dr. Gibbons records as the stoutest stems
some of 33 feet diameter at 3 feet from the ground.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* (Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley; Sequoia
gigantea, Decaisne, not Endl.)
Mammoth-tree. California, up to 8,000 feet above the sea.
This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem length of 320 feet and
a circumference of 112 feet, the age of the oldest trees being
estimated at 1,100 years. The total height of a tree has been
recorded as occasionally 450 feet, but such heights have never
been confirmed by actual clinometric measurements of trees ex-
isting now. A stem broken at 300 feet had yet a diameter of 18
feet. The wood is soft and white when felled; afterwards it turns
red. It is very durable. Traditional accounts seem to have
overrated the height of the Mammoth-tree. In the Calaveras-
grove two of the largest trees, which may have been the tallest
of all, were destroyed; the two highest now existing there are
respectively 325 and 319 feet high, with a circumference of 45
and 40 feet at 6 feet from the ground. At the Mariposa-grove
the highest really measured trees are 272, 270 and 260 feet
high; but one. of these has the enormous circumference of 67
feet at 6 feet from the ground, while another, the height of
which is not recorded, is 93 feet in girth at the ground, and 64
feet at n feet from it; the branches of this individual tree
are as thick as the stems of large Elms. The height of the
Calaveras grove is about 4,760 feet above sea-level. A stump 2,3
feet in diameter is known at Yosemite. According to Dr. Gib-
bons this giant of the forest has a far wider range than was
formerly supposed, Mr. John Muir having shown that it stretches
over nearly 200 miles at an altitude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet.
From the Calaveras to the King-River it occurs in small and
isolated groves, but from the latter point south to Deer-Creek,
a distance of about 70 miles, there are almost unbroken forests
of this noble tree. Growth of the tree about 2 feet a year under
ordinary culture, much more in damp forest-glens. Professor
Schuebeler found it to endure the climate of Norway northward
to lat. 6i° 15'. Both Sequoias produce shoots from the root
after the stem is cut away. The genus Sequoia can be reduced
to Athrotaxis, as shown by Bentham and Hooker.
Sesamum Indicum, Linne.
The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastward to Japan.
This annual herb is cultivated as far as 42 north latitude in
Japan. The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is one of the
best for table use and free from any unpleasant taste; it congeals
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 35 I
with more difficulty than olive-oil. There are varieties of this
plant with white, red and black seeds; the latter is the earliest
and richest, but gives a darker oil. Yield 45 to 50 per cent. oil.
Nearly a million acres are under cultivation with this plant in
the Madras-Presidency. The export of the oil from Bangkok
in 1870 was valued, according to Simmonds, at ^183,000; the
market value is from 25s. to 35s. per cwt. The plant still
succeeds at Malta and at Gaza, and is much grown in Turkey.
Parched and pounded, the seeds make a rich soup. In Greece
the seeds are often sprinkled over cakes. One of the advan-
tages of the culture of this plant consists in »its quick return of
produce. The root of the oil is used for China-ink.
Sesbania aculeata, Persoon.
The Danchi. Intra-tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa and
Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted for desert-
regions. It yields a tough fiber for ropes, nets and cordage,
valued at from ,£30 to ^"40 for the ton. Several congeneric
plants can be equally well utilized.
Sesbania ^Egyptiaca, Persoon.
Africa, South- Asia, North-Australia. The foliage of this tall
perennial herb, and of the allied annual S. brachycarpa, F. v.
M., serves as fodder, which cattle are ravenously fond of. Ac-
cording to Mr. T. Gulliver, the green pods, as well as the seeds,
are nutritious, wholesome and of pleasant taste. Roxburgh
mentions the leaves and young pods of S. grandiflora as excel-
lent for spinach.
Sesbania cannabina, Persoon.
South Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet localities,
requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise than the Jute
plant. The crop for fiber ripens in about five months.
Sesbania grandiflora, Persoon.
North-western Australia, Indian Archipelagus. Called in
Australia the Corkwood-tree; valuable for various utilitarian
purposes. The red-flowered variety is grandly ornamental.
Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.*
Most parts of Europe. Of this perennial grass Langethal
observes, that it is for dry and loose limestone what Elymus
arenarius is for loose sand. It stands depasturing by sheep well,
and is one of the earliest grasses of the season.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linne.
All round the globe on the shores of tropical and sub-tropical
countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port Jackson. A
352 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt on the edges of
sea coasts.
Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall.
The Buffalo-Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson's Bay.
This bush bears red, acidulous, edible berries.
Shorea robusta, Gaertner.
The Sal-tree. India, up to 3,000 feet. It attains as a max-
imum a height of 150 feet and a stem-girth of 25 feet. One of
the most famed of Indian timber trees. Drs. Stewart and Bran-
dis found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly and shingly
ground, where loose water-transmitting soils are mixed with a
large portion of vegetable mold. The climatic conditions
within a Sal-area may be expressed as — mean annual rainfall,
40 to 100 inches; mean temperature, in the cool season, 55° to
77 , in the hot season 77 to 85 ° F. Sal will stand the occa-
sional sinking of the temperature below freezing point. The
heart-wood is dark brown, coarse-grained, hard, very heavy,
strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure, the fibers interlaced.
For buildings, river-boats and railway-sleepers it is the most
important timber of North-India. It exudes a pale, aromatic,
dammar-like resin. The Tussa silkworm derives food from
this tree.
Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (S. laccifera, Heyne.)
India, abounding in Mysore, where South-European fruits
prosper. On this tree also the Lac insect lives. It furnishes a
peculiar dammar.
Sison Amomum, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe. An herb of one or two years'
duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can be
used for condiment.
Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Mexico. This plant produces mainly the sarsaparilla-root of
that country.
Smilax officinalis, Humboldt.
New Granada and other parts of Central America. This
climbing shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian
sarsaparilla.
Smilax papyracea, Duhamel.
Guiana to Brazil. The origin of the principal supply of
Brazilian sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although seve-
ral others of this genus, largely represented in Brazil, may yield
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 353
the medicinal root also. In warm humid gullies of the tem-
perate zone these plants would probably succeed in establishing
themselves. Smilax Australis, R. Br., extends from the tropi-
cal coast-parts of Australia to East Gippsland. Neither this, nor
the East-Australian S. glycyphylla, Smith, nor the New Zea-
land Ripogonum scandens, Forst., has ever been subjected to
accurate therapeutic tests, and the same may be said of numer-
ous other Smilaces scattered through the warmer countries of
the globe. The Italian sarsaparilla, which is derived from the
Mediterranean S. aspera, L., has been introduced into
medicine.
Smilax rotundifolia, Linne.
Eastern States of North-America and Canada. A prickly
climber with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is made
of the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes. It is estimated that
nearly three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a
year. The reed portion of these pipes is generally prepared
from Alnus serrulata, Richard, according to Professor Meehan.
Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linne.
The Alisander. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern
Africa, Western Asia. A biennial herb, which, raw or boiled,
can be utilized in the manner of celery. The roots and fruitlets
serve medicinal purposes.
Solanum Aculeastrum, Dunal.
South- Africa. Recommended for hedges as one of the tallest
species of this genus, and as armed with the most formidable
prickles.
Solanum ^Ethiopicum, Linne.
Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account
of its edible berries, which are large, red, globular and uneven.
The plant is annual.
Solanum betaceum, Cavanilles. (Cyphotnandra betacea, Sendtner.)
Central America. This shrub is cultivated as far south as
Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso, also on the Mediterranean Sea,
for the sake of its tomato- like berries.
Solanum Dulcamara, Linne.
Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia, indigenous in Norway
to lat. 66° 32'. A trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves.
The stems are used in medicine, and contain two alkaloids:
dulcamarin and solanin.
354 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Solatium edule, Schumacher and Thonning.
Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and
edible. How far this species is hardy remains to be ascer-
tained.
Solanum Fendleri, Asa Gray.
New Mexico. A new kind of Potato, enduring the tempera-
ture of zero. Professor Meehan's endeavors to obtain good-
sized tubers have as yet not been successful. Tubers of fair
size have since been obtained, according to Simmonds.
[This is S. tuberosum, var. Coreale, Gray]. The following
plants are also spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others
as new kinds of potato, perhaps to be developed through culti-
vation : S. demissum, Lindley, S. cardiophyllum, Lindley, S.
utile, Klotzsch, S. verrucosum, Schlechtendal, S. Bulbocas-
tanum, Dunal, S. stoloniferum, Schlechtendal, all from Mexico
and some from elevations of 10,000 feet; S. Maglea, Molina,
from Chili and S. immite, Dunal, from Peru.
Solanum Gilo, Raddi.
Tropical America; much cultivated there for the sake of its
large, spherical, orange-colored berries, which are eatable.
Solanum Guinense, Lamarck.
Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this
shrub serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, for
silk.
Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire.
South-Brazil. A dye-shrub, deserving trial culture.
Solanum Lycopersicum, Linne.* (Lycoperscium esculentum, Mill.)
The Tomato. South-America. Annual. Several varieties
exist, differing in shape and color of the berries. It is one of
the most eligible plants with esculent fruits for naturalization in
desert-country. As well known, the Tomato is adapted for
various culinary purposes. Tomato foliage maybe placed round
fruit trees, like the equally poisonous potato-leaves, to prevent
the access of insects, and an infusion of the herb serves also as
an insecticide for syringing, as first adopted by Mr. Sircy.
Solanum macrocarpum, Linne.
Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb. The berries
are of the size of an apple, globular and yellow. S. Thonningi,
F. Jacq., from Guinea, is a nearly-related plant. S. calycinum,
Moc. et Sess., from Mexico, is also allied.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 355
Solanum Melongena, Linne. (S. ovigrum, Dunal; S. esculentum, Dunal.)
The Egg-Plant. India and some other parts of tropical Asia.
Hardy at Christiania like the Tomato. A perennial plant,
usually renewed in cultivation like an annual. The egg shaped
large berries are known under the name of Aubergines, Brin-
gals or Begoons as culinary esculents. Allied plants are S. in-
sanium, L., S. longum, Roxb., S. serpentinum, Desf., S. un-
datum, Lam., S. ferox, L., S. pseudo-saponaceum, Blume, S.
album, Dour., which all bear large berries, considered harm-
less; but all may not represent well-marked species. Absolute
ripeness of all such kinds of fruits is an unavoidable requisite,
. as otherwise even wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even
poisonous. Probably many other of the exceedingly numerous
species of the genus Solanum may be available for good-sized
edible berries.
Solanum muricatum, L'Heritier.
The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species with egg-shaped
edible berries, which are white with purple spots, and attain a
length of 6 inches.
Solanum Quitoense, Lamarck.
Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble
small oranges in size, color and taste, and are of a peculiar
fragrance. To this S. Plumierii, Dun., from the West Indian
Islands, is also cognate, as well as S. Topiro, Kunth, from
the Orinoco-region.
Solanum torvum, Swartz.
From the West-Indies to Peru. A shrubby species with yel-
low spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome.
Other species from tropical America have shown themselves
sufficiently hardy to induce us to recommend the test culture
of such kinds of plants. Many of them are highly curious and
ornamental. S. sisymbrifolium, Lam., of South America, also
yields edible berries.
Solanum tuberosum, Linne.*
The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili
and Peru, but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into
Columbia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory, and ex-
tends northward into the United States, in its variety boreale
(S. Fendleri, Gray). In Norway it may be grown as far
north as 71 7' (Schuebeler). From some varieties of pota-
toes three crops can be obtained within a year in regions
free from frost. In rich coast lands of Victoria as much
as 14 tons of potatoes have been taken from an acre in a
356 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
single harvest. As a starch-plant, the Potato interests us on
this occasion particularly. Considering its prolific yield in rich
soil, we possess as yet too few factories for potato-starch. The
average yield is 10 per cent. The starch, by being heated with
mineral acids or malt, can be converted into dextrin and dex-
tro-glucose for many purposes of the arts. Dextrin, as a sub-
stitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting potato-starch in
a dry state to a heat of 400 F. Alcohol may be largely pro-
duced from the tubers. The berries and shoots contain solanin.
Baron von Liebig remark's, "So far as its foliage is concerned,
it is a lime-plant; as regards its tuber a potash-plant." Lange-
thal says, "It surpasses in easy range of cultivation all other
root crops. Its culture suppresses weeds and opens up the
soil, besides preparing the land for cereals." Seeds of the Po-
tato berries should be sown in adapted places by explorers of
new countries. The most formidable potato-disease of the last
thirty years, from the Peronospora infestans, seems to have
originated from the use of objectionable kinds of guano, with
the introduction of which the murrain was contemporaneous.
The foliage of potato-plants, when thickly placed under trees
or shrubs infected by blights, checks materially the spread of
insects which cause the disease. The most destructive Potato-
grub is Lita Solanella. The Colorado bettle, injurious to the
potato-crop in North America, is Doryphora decemlineata. So-
lanum Commersonii, Dunal, which is closely allied to S.
tuberosum, occurs in extra-tropical South America on both sides
of the coast. See Sir Joseph Hooker's notes on the wild forms
of the Potato-plant in the Flora Antarctica. II., 329-332.
Solanum Uporo, Dunal.
In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large, red
spherical berries of this shrub can be used like Tomatoes.
Proves hardy at Port Phillip.
Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller.
The Gunyang. South-East Australia. A shrub yielding edi-
ble berries, which need however to be fully ripe for securing
absence of deleterious properties.
Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrader and Wendland.
North Africa and South Asia. A perennial herb. The ber-
ries are of the size of a cherry, and either yellow or scarlet.
Sophora Japonica, Linne.*
A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the La-
burnum, at length 60 feet high; wood hard and compact, valued
for turners' works. All parts of the plant purgative; the flowers
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 357
rich in yellow dye, used for silk. The variety pendula, when
trained as a creeper, has few rivals in handsomeness.
Sophora tetraptera, J. Miller.
New Zealand, Lord Howe's Island. Juan Fernandez Island,
Chili, Patagonia. The Pelu of the latter countries. A small
tree with exceedingly hard and durable wood, which is much
used for cog-wheels and other select structures. Trunk excep-
tionally attaining a diameter of three feet. The. wood differs
much from that of S. Tomairo of the Easter Island (Dr. Phil-
ippi).
Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow.
Eastern part of North America, there often called Prairie
grass. A perennial grass of fresh water swamps; it can be
utilized for fodder, and its value as paper material seems equal
to that of Esparto. Emits shoots copiously, hence is recom-
mended by Bouche for binding maritime driftsands, covering
the ground densely with its persistent rigid foliage.
Spartina juncea, Willdenow.
Salt-marshes of North America. A grass with creeping
roots; it can be utilized to bind moist sand on the coast. A
tough fiber can readily be obtained from the leaves. S. poly-
stachya, Willd., is a stately grass, adapted for saline soil; it is
also a North American grass.
Spartina stricta, Roth.
The Twin-spiked Cord-Grass. Countries on the Mediter-
ranean Sea, extending to Britain and also to North America. A
rigid perennial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing
and rendering solid any mud flats on low shores and at the
mouths of rivers; only suitable for brackish ground.
Spartium junceum, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The flowers of
this bush provide a yellow dye. A texile fiber can be separated
from the branches.
Spergula arvensis, Linne.
All Europe, North Africa, West Asia. This annual herb,
though easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here mentioned
for the desirable completeness of this enumeration. The tall
variety with large seeds (S. maxima, Weihe) can be chosen with
advantage for the commencement of tillage on any sandy soil
too poor for barley. It takes up the land only for about two
months, if grown for green fodder, and as such much increases
the yield of milk. It serves also for admixture to hay (Lange-
358 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
thai). It is one of the earliest of fodder-plants, and imparts a
particularly pleasant taste to butter.
Spigelia Marylandica, Linne.
The Pinkroot of North America, north to Pennsylvania and
Wisconsin. A perennial handsome herb, requiring cautious
administration as a vermifuge. S. anthelmia, L., is an annual
plant of tropical America, and possesses similar medicinal
properties, in which probably other species likewise share.
Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin.
The Para Cress. South-America. An annual herb of con-
siderable pungency, used as a medicinal salad.
Spinacia oleracea, Linne.
Siberia. The ordinary Spinach, an agreeable culinary annual
of rapid growth. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70 4'
(Schuebeler). It has a mild aperient property, like several
species of Chenopodium. Two varieties are distinguished, the
Summer and the Winter Spinach, the former less inclined to
run into seed, but also less hardy.
Spinacia tetrandra, Steven.
The Schamum. From the Caucasus and Persia to Turkestan
and Afghanistan. Also an annual and unisexual plant like the
preceding, with which it has equal value, though it is less
known. A de Candolle surmises that it may be the original
parent of the Spinage-plant.
Spinifex hirsutus, La Billardiere.
On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly
valuable for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots.
Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown.
On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Australia.
Available like the former.
Spinifex paradoxus, Bentham.
Central Australia. Not unimportant as a large perennial
fodder-grass on sand ridges, and remarkable for its endurance
of protracted drought and extremely high temperature (Flierl).
Spinifex squarrosus, Linne.
India. Useful for binding sand. Tennant remarks, that
the radiating heads become detached when the seed is
matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand,
over the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic-
spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads are
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 359
so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the uppermost
spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried across narrow
estuaries, to continue the process of embanking beyond on any
newly-formed sandbars.
Spondias dulcis, G. Forster.
Fiji, Tonga and Society-Islands. This noble tree is intro-
duced into this list to indicate that trials should be instituted as
regards the culture of the various good fruit-bearing species of
this genus, one of which, S. Solandri, Bentham, crosses
the tropical circle in East- Australia. The lamented Dr. See-
mann saw S. dulcis 60 feet high, and describes it as laden with
fruits of agreeable apple-flavor called Rewa, some attaining
over 1 lb. weight.
Sporobolus Virginicus, R. Brown.
Warmer regions of both hemispheres. A perennial grass,
which will luxuriate even in sandy maritime places, and keep
perfectly green after three or four months' drought. In Jamaica
horses become rapidly and astonishingly fat while feeding
upon this grass (Jenman). S. Indicus, S. purpuraceus and
S. Jacquemonti are also highly spoken of as pasture grasses in
the West-Indian Islands. Several other of its congeners
deserve attention, but S. elongatus, though a very resisting
grass, is rather too hard for fodder purposes.
Stenopetalum nutans, F. v. Mueller.
Central Australia. An excellent annual herb for sheep-
pastures, disseminating itself over the ground readily (Rev. H.
Kempe). The naturalization of other species, all Australian,
might be effected in arid hot sandy deserts.
Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck.* (S glabrum, Trinius.)
South-Asia, Africa, warmer countries of America; not known
from any part of Europe or Australia. Here called the Buffa-
lo-grass. It is perennial, creeping, and admirably adapted for
binding sea-sand and river banks, also for forming garden
edges, and for establishing a grass sward on lawns much sub-
jected to traffic; it is besides of some value as a pasture, and is
one of the best of shade grasses also. The chemical analysis,
instituted late in spring, gave the following results: Water 80.25;
Albumen 0.50; Gluten 5.44; Starch 0.08; Gum 1.60; Sugar
1.60; Fiber 10.53 (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). It consoli-
dates rolling sands into a firm pasture-turf. It was this grass
which Mr. John C. Bell reared with so much advantage for
fodder on the bare rocks of the Island of Ascension, and it
was there where Australian Acacias took the lead, to estab-
360 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
lish wood-vegetation and to secure permanency of drinking
water.
Sterculia Carthaginensis, Cavanilles. (S. Chicka, St. Hilaire.)
South-Brazil. This and some other South-American species
furnish seeds of almond-like taste.
Sterculia monosperma, Ventenat. (S. Nobilis, R. Brown.)
China. A middle-sized spreading tree. The large seeds can
be used as chestnuts in a roasted state.
Sterculia quadrifida, R. Brown.
Eastern and Northern Australia. This tree might be tried
in rich and humid forest-regions. It is the " Calool " of the
natives. The black seeds are of a filbert taste, like those of
some other Sterculice. As many as eleven of the brilliant
scarlet fruits may occur in a cluster, and each of them may con-
tain as many as ten or eleven seeds (Fawcett).
Sterculia urens, Roxburgh.
India, extending to the north-western provinces, to Assam
and Ceylon. A tree with deciduous foliage; likes dry, rocky,
hilly situations. This and S. urceolata, Smith, from the
Moluccas and Sunda Islands, produce edible seeds, and may
prove hardy in mild extra-tropical regions.
Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon.
Auckland's and Campbell's Islands, also in the southern
extremity of New Zealand, and also in Macquarie Island,
luxuriating in a frigid zone and in exposed, boisterous localities.
An herbaceous plant, with long roots, which are saccharine and
served some wrecked people for a lengthened period as suste-
nance. The plant is recommended here for further attention,
as it may prove through culture a valuable addition to the stock
of culinary vegetables of cold countries.
Stipa aristiglumis, F. v. Mueller.
South-east Australia. Graziers consider this perennial grass
as very fattening and as yielding a large quantity of feed. Its
celerity of growth is such that, when it springs up, it will grow
at the rate of 6 inches in a fortnight. Horses, cattle and sheep
are extremely fond of it. It ripens seeds in little more that two
months, should the season be favorable.
Stipa tenacissima, Linne.* {Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.)
The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North
Africa, ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet. This grass
has been celebrated for some years, having already afforded
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 361
a vast quantity of material for British paper-mills. It is tall
and perennial, and would prove a valuable acquisition anywhere,
inasmuch as it lives on any kind of poor soil, occurring natur-
ally on sand and gravel as well as on clayey, calcareous or
gypseous soil, and even on the very brink of the coast. Possi-
bly the value of some Australian grasses, allied to the Atocha,
may in a like manner become commercially established, and
mainly with this view paper-samples of several grass-kinds were
prepared by the writer. ( Vide " Report, Industrial Exhibition,
Melbourne, 1867.") Even in the scorching heat and the forbid-
ding sands of the Sahara-region the Atocha maintains itself, and
it may thus yet be destined to play an important part in the
introduced vegetation of any arid places of desert-tracts, partic-
ularly where lime and gypsum exist. The very tenacious fiber
resists decay, and is much employed for the manufacture of
ropes, also for baskets, mats, hats and other articles. Dur-
ing 1870 the import of Esparto-ropes into England was 18,500
tons, while the raw material to the extent of about 130,000 tons
was imported. Extensive culture of this grass has commenced
in the south of France. It is pulled once a year, in the earlier
part of the summer. The propagation can be effected from
seeds, but is done usually by division of the root. 10 tons of
dry Esparto, worth from ^4 to ^5 each, can be obtained from
an acre under favorable circumstances. The supply has fallen
short of the demand. Good writing-paper is made from Esparto
without admixture; the process is similar to that for rags, but
cleaner. The price of Esparto-paper ranges from ^40 to ^50
for the ton. Stipa arenaria, Brot., is a closely allied and still
taller species, confined to Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P.
Mark deserves great praise for having brought the Atocha into
commercial and manufactural recognition. Stipa pennata, S.
capillata and S. elegantissima will grow in pure sand.
Streblus asper, Loureiro.
South-Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live
fences, in being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches.
Styrax officinalis, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small
tree. The fragrant solid storax-resin exudes from this plant, or
is particularly obtained by pressure of the bark.
Swertia Chirata, Bentham. (Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach.)
Widely dispersed over the higher mountain regions of India.
A perennial herb, considered as one of the best tonics; it
possesses also febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its admin-
istration in the form of an infusion, prepared with cold water, is
362 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
the best. Besides S. elegans, Wallich and some of the other
Upper Indian, Chinese and Japanese species probably deserve
equal attention. Hanbury and Fliickiger mention as chiratas
or chirettas of Indian bazaars: S. angustifolia, D. Don, S. den-
sifolia, Grisebach and S. multifiora, Dalzell, besides species
of Exacum and Andrographis. All come from the cooler up-
lands.
Swietenia Mahagoni, Linne.*
The Mahogany-tree of the West Indies, extending naturally to
Florida and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous
tree is not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it
ascends to 3,000 feet. It reaches a considerable height and the
stem a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, indicating a very great age.
Sir William Hooker counted 200 wood-rings in a block of 4
feet width, which may not, however, indicate as many years of
age.
Symphytum officinale, Linne.*
The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb.
The root is utilized in veterinary practice.
Symphytum peregrinum Ledebour.*
The Prickly Comfrey. Caucasus and Persia. The growth of
this hardy plant may be recommended as an adjunct to lupine-
culture. The Hon. Arthur Holroyd, of Sydney, has recently
devoted a special publication to this plant. He quotes on good
authority the return of foliage even in the first year as 20
tons to the acre, in the second year 50 tons, and every year
after 80 to 120 tons on manured land. It yields a nutritive and
relished forage in rapid and continuous reproduction. It is
likewise recommended for green manure. Dr. Curl observed it
to grow well in the moist clime of New Zealand during the
hottest and driest as well as coldest weather. Fit especially for
sub-alpine country. Dr. Voelcker found much mucilage but
little sugar in this plant. The massive root, known to penetrate
to a depth of 9 feet, sustains the plant in vigor, allowing it to be
cut almost throughout the year. The propagation is easy from
root-cuttings, difficult from seeds; 4,000 of the former to an
acre; it will thrive even in sand and tough clay, but prefers
moist and even boggy land. In tropical countries cattle have a
predilection for it; there it likes shades. The likewise borra-
gineous Cynoglossum Morrisonii, De Cand., of North America,
yields three cuttings annually. Horses and cattle relish it. It
ought to be naturalized along swamps, lagoons and river banks.
It can be dried for hay. Finally it is recommended as a plant
for game.
IN EXTRA-TRGPICAL COUNTRIES. 363
Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich.
Himalaya, up to 7,500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr.
Stewart, the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this
tree. Two allied species occur spontaneously in the forests of
East- Australia, many in Southern Asia, several in Tropical
America.
Syncarpia laurifolia, Tenore.
Queensland and New South Wales. Vernacular name, Tur-
pentine-tree; attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great
thickness. The wood is comparatively soft and brittle, but
very durable, mostly used for flooring and cabinet-making, as it
takes a high polish (Hartmann).
Synoon Glandulosum, A. de Jussieu.
New South Wales and South-Queensland. This tall ever-
green tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys
on account of its rose-colored easily-worked wood. Some
species of Dysoxylon of East Australia also produce rosewood,
for instance, D. Fraseranum, Bentham, of New South Wales,
reaching 100 feet in height and 3 feet in stem-diameter, wood
fragrant and D. Muelleri, Bentham, 80 feet high, wood of a rich
color, valuable for cabinet-work, price in Brisbane ^3 to £4 per
1,000 feet (W. Hill).
Tacca pinnatifida, G. Forster.
Sand-shores of the South Sea Islands. From the tubers of
this herb the main supply of the Fiji arrowroot is prepared. It
is not unlikely that this plant will endure a temperate clime. The
Tacca starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly used
in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea. Its characteristics are
readily recognized under the microscope. Several other kinds
of Tacca are distinguished, but their specific limits are not yet
well ascertained. Dr. Seemann admits two (T. maculata and
T. Brownii) for tropical Australia, one of these extending as a
hill-plant to Fiji. From the leaves and flower-stalks light kinds
of bonnets are plaited. A Tacca occurring in the Sandwich
Islands yields a large quantity of the so-called arrowroot ex-
ported thence. Other species (including those of Ataccia)
occur in India, Madagascar, Guinea, Guiana and North Brazil,
all deserving tests in reference to their hardiness and their value
as starch-plants.
Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck.
South-America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr.
Prentice to be pulicifugous.
364 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Talinum patens, Willdenow. [T. paniculatum, Gaertner.)
From Mexico to Argentina. A perennial succulent herb,
which might easily be naturalized on coast- and river-rocks. It
furnishes the "Puchero" vegetable.
Tamarindus Indica, Linne.
Tropical Asia and Africa. This magnificent, large, expan-
sive tree extends northward to Egypt, and was found in North-
western Australia by the writer of this list. Final stem-
girth of 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur, ac-
cording to Brandis, with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated
here, not without hesitation, to suggest trials of its acclimation
in regions of the temperate zone with a warm, humid and equa-
ble temperature. The acid pulp of the pods forms the medicinal
Tamarind, rich in formic and butyric acid, irrespective of its
other contents.
Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh.
India, up to 2,500 feet. An important shrub for binding
newly-formed river banks, even in saline soil.
Tamarix Gallica, Linne.*
Southern Europe, Northern and tropical Africa, South and
East Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet; hardy at
Christiania. Attains a height of 30 feet in Algeria, according
to Cosson. This shrub or small tree adapts itself in the most
extraordinary manner to the most different localities. It will
grow alike in water and the driest soil, also in salty ground, and
is one of the most grateful and tractable plants in culture; it is
readily multiplied from cuttings, which strike root as easily as a
willow and push forth stems with unusual vigor. Hence it is
one of the most eligible bushes for planting on coast-sand, to
stay its movements, or for lining embankments. Furnishes
material for a superior charcoal (W. H. Colvill) and various
implements (Brandis). Planted much in cemeteries. In
Australia first largely sent out by the writer.
Tamarix Germanica, Linne.
Europe and West- Asia, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Hima-
layas; hardy in Norway to lat. 70 20' (Schuebeler). Likewise
available for arresting the ingress of shifting sand, particularly
in moist places, also for solidifying precipitous river banks.
The allied T. elegans (Myricaria elegans, Royle) attains a height
of 20 feet.
Tamarix orientalis, Forskael. {T. articulata, Vahl.).
Northern and Middle Africa, South-Asia. A fast-growing
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 365
tree, attaining a -height of 60 feet, the trunk occasionally enlarg-
ing to a circumference of 12 feet. Springs up readily from
seeds, and is also readily propagated from cuttings. Coppices
well. The wood serves for ploughs, wheels and many imple-
ments (Stewart and Brandis). With T. Gallica it grows
with sufficient rapidity to be reared in India for fuel. Dye-galls
and a kind of manna are also produced by this tree. The same,
or an allied species, extends to Japan.
Tanacetum vulgare, Linnfe.
The Tansy. Northern and Middle Europe, Northern Asia,
North-Western America. A perennial herb of well-known
medicinal value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber.
Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the
globe, but apparently not a native of Australia. It succeeds in
Norway northward to lat. 71 10' (Schuebeler). This well-
■ known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought under regular
cultivation, to obtain the medicinal extract from its roots. It
is also considered wholesome to grazing animals. The young
leaves furnish a medicinal salad. It is also an important honey
plant and flowers early in the season.
Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linne.
South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medi-
cinal value. As an odorous garden plant it is also very accept-
able.
Taxodium distichum, Richard.*
Virginian Swamp or Bald-Cypress. In Swampy places of
Eastern North America, extending from 38 to at least 17
north latitude. Thought to attain occasionally an age of 2,000
years. A valuable tree, 100 feet high or more, sometimes with
a stem circumference of 40 feet above the conical base; of
rapid growth, with deciduous foliage, like that of the Larch
and Ginkgo. Important as anti-malarian for wet fever-regions.
It is found fossil in the miocene formation of many parts of
Europe. The wood is fine-grained, hard, strong, light, elastic
and very durable, splits well, and hence is much used for shingles,
rails, cabinet work and planks; it is almost indestructible in
water. The tiee requires a rich soil, a well-sheltered site, with
much moisture and good drainage (Lawson). It yields much
essential oil and a superior kind of turpentine. Useful for
avenues on swampy margins of lakes or river banks. Porcher
says, "This tree, lifting its giant form above the others, gives a
striking feature to many of the swamps of Carolina and Geor-
gia; they seem like watch-towers for the feathered race."
366 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Taxodium mucronatum, Tenore.
The famed Montezuma-Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high,
with a trunk reaching 44 feet in circumference; it forms ex-
tensive forests between Chapultepec and Tescuco.
Taxus baccata, Linne.
Yew. Europe, North Africa and Asia, in the Himalayas up
to 11,000 feet elevation. In Norway it extends northward to
lat. 67 30' (indigenous); Professor Schuebeler found it to at-
tain a height of 45 feet and a circumference of 4 feet in lat. 59
26'. Generally a shrub, finally a tree as many as 100 feet high,
which furnishes a yellow or brown wood, which is exceedingly
tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by turners; one
of the best of all woods for bows. Simmonds observed that
"a post of Yew will outlast a post of iron." Much esteemed
for pumps, piles and water-pipes, as more lasting than any other
wood; also for particular musical instruments, the strongest
axletrees and select implements (Simmonds). The tree is of
very slow growth, and attains a great age, perhaps several
thousand years; some ancient ones are known with a stem of
50 feet in girth. It should be kept out of the reach of grazing
animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous.
Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (T. Lindleyana, Lavvson.)
Western Yew. North- West America. A stately tree, finally 75
feet high, with a stem 5 feet in circumference. Wood beau-
tifully white or slightly yellow, as fine and close-grained as the
European Yew. The Indians use it for their bows. Sir Joseph
Hooker regards this as well as the Japanese and other
Yews as all forms of one species.
Tectona grandis, Linne fil.*
The Teak of South Asia. This superb timber tree has
its northern limit in Bandalkhand, at elevations of 3,000
feet; it ascends to 4,000 feet, but is then not of tall size.
In Western India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is
not uncommon in the teak-districts. Teak-wood is held in the
highest esteem by ship-builders, for the backing of ironclad
men-of-war preferred to any other wood; also used for the
panels of coaches and various other select purposes. It
scarcely shrinks.
Tectona Hamiltoniana, Wallich.
Lower India. Yields the Burma-wood, which is heavy, close-
grained, streaked and susceptible of a high polish. In habit
and size it is similar to the ordinary Teak (Kurz), but perhaps
not so hardy.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 367
Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro.
One of the hardier Bamboos of Ceylon, there growing on the
mountains at elevations between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. It at-
tains a height of 25 feet. Three species of this genus from
New Caledonia have been described as Greslanias.
Telfairia pedata, Hooker.
Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial
stems, attaining a length of 100 feet, with fringed lilac flowers
of extraordinary beauty, and with fruits, attaining a weight of
60 lbs. and containing at times as many as 500 large seeds.
The latter in a boiled state are edible, or a large quantity of
oil can be pressed from them. The root is fleshy. A second
huge species of similar use, T. occidentalis, J. Hooker, occurs
in Guinea.
Terfezia leonis, Tulasne. {Cheiromyces leonis, Tul.)
South Europe, North Africa. This edible truffle, together
with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of
naturalization.
Terminalia Buceras, J. Hooker. {Bucida Buceras, Linne.)
From the Antilles to Brazil. One of the Mangrove trees,
living in salt water. Possibly hardy and calculated to con-
solidate mud shores. The Tussa silkworm inhabits, among
other trees, several Terminalias.
Terminalia Catappa, Linne.
India, ascending only lower mountain-regions, also North-
Eastern Australia. Few trees, as stated by Roxburgh, surpass
this in elegance and beauty. We have yet to learn whether it
can be naturalized in temperate climes, which it especially de-
serves for its nuts. The seeds are almond-like, of filbert taste,
and wholesome. The astringent fruits of several other species
constitute an article of trade, sought for a lasting black dye.
T. parviflora, Thwaites, forms a large tree in Ceylon, at eleva-
tions up to 4,000 feet. Several of their congeners reach extra-
tropic latitudes in Eastern Australia.
Terminalia Chebula, Retzius.
On the drier mountains of India, ascending to 5,000 feet. A
tree rising to 100 feet. The seeds of this tree are of hazel taste;
the galls of the leaves and also the young fruits, the latter
known as Myrobalans, serve for superior dye and tanning ma-
terial. Some of its congeners answer the same purpose.
Tetragonia expansa, Murray.
The New Zealand Spinach, occurring also on many places of
368 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
the coast and in the desert-interior of Australia. Known also
from New Caledonia, China, Japan and Valdivia. An annual
herb, useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding drift-sand.
Tetragonia implexicoraa, J. Hooker.
Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Chatham-Island. }A
frutescent, widely expanding plant, forming often large natural
festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and sand, never far
away from the coast. As a Spinach plant it is as valuable as
the preceding species. It is well adapted for the formation of
bowers in arid places; it also helps to bind sand. T. trigyna,
Banks and Solander, seems identical.
Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott.* {Oreodaphne Californica,
Nees; Litsea Californica, B. and H.)
Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain-Laurel
or Bay Tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of 100
feet; throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric odor.
Wood hard, close-grained, durable, susceptible of a high polish,
easily worked, used for superior flooring, turnery and manifold
other select work. The tree is easily cultivated, but not of
quick growth (Dr. Behr and Prof. Bolander).
Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel. {Litsea Wightiana, F. v. M.)
Mountains of Java and the Neilgherries. From the kernels
of the berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture of
candles. The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures with
this tree might be instituted in humid forest-valleys. Litsea
Chinensis, Lamarck, of tropical Asia and Australia, and L.
Japonica, Jussieu, are noted as similarly utilitarian.
Teucrium Marum, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat
shrubby plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a
peculiar stearopten. T. Scordium, L., from Europe and
Middle Asia, T. Chamaedrys, L., T. Polium, L., and T.
Creticum, L., from South-Europe, are occasionally drawn into
medical use. All these, together with many other species from
various countries, are pleasantly odorous.
Thapsia edulis, Bentham. (Monizia edulis, Lowe.)
On the Island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is
called the Carrot-tree. It might be of some use to bring this
almost shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of other shores; though
the root is inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would im-
prove it. T. decipiens, Benth. (Melanoselinum decipiens, Lowe),
from Madeira, is of palm-like habit and desirable for scenic
effects in plant-grouping.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 369
Theligonum Cynocrambe, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual
Spinach-plant of somewhat aperient effect.
Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon.
Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and
tender grass might be easily introduced, to help in binding the
sand on sea-beaches.
Thrinax parviflora, Swartz.
South-Florida, West-Indies, and also on the Continent of
Central America. The stem of this Fan-Palm attains a height
of 25 feet, or according to Chapman 40 feet, but is extremely
slender. It belongs to the sand-tracts of the coast; hardy in
the South of France to 43 32' N. lat. (Naudin). The fiber of
this Palm forms material for ropes. T. argentea, Lodd., is a
closely allied Palm. The few other species of the genus from
the West Indies also deserve trial culture.
Thuya dolabrata, Linne, fil. (Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini.)
The Akeki of Japan. A majestic tree, of conical shape and
drooping habit, growing 50 feet high, attaining a stem diameter
of 3 feet. It delights in shaded and rather moist situations, and
is used in China and Japan for avenues. Hardy in Norway to
lat. 58 27' (Schuebeler). It furnishes an excellent hard timber
of a red color.
Thuya gigantea, Nuttall.
North-west America. The Yellow Cypress of the Colonists,
also known as Oregon Red or White Cedar. A straight grace-
ful tree, in some instances known to have attained a height of
325 feet, with a stem 22 feet in diameter; it furnishes a valuable
building timber of a pale or light-yellow color, susceptible of
high polish. It is light, soft, smooth and durable, and makes
the finest sashes, doors, mouldings, and similar articles (Vasey).
Canoes carrying 4 tons have been obtained out of one stem.
The bast can be converted into ropes and mats. The tree can
be trained into hedges and bowers. It endures the climate of
Christiania. To Thuya are referred by Bentham and J. Hooker
all the Cypresses of the sections Chamaecyparis and Retinos-
pora.
Thuya occidentalis, Linne.
North America, extending from Carolina to Canada. North-
ern White Cedar or Arbor Vitge. A fine tree 70 feet high.
Bears the frosts of Norway northward to lat. 63° 52'. The
wood is reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and
resinous, light, soft, durable, and well fit for building, especi-
§24
370 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
ally for water-work and railway ties, also for turnery and
machinery. Michaux mentions, that posts of this wood last
forty years; a house built of it was found perfectly sound after
sixty years. The tree prefers moist soil; it is valuable for
copses; it can also be trained into garden bowers. Porchersays
that it makes the finest ornamental hedge or screen in the United
States, attaining any required height and being very compact
and beautiful; such hedges, indeed, were observed by the
writer himself many years ago in Rio de Janeiro. The shoots
and also an essential oil from this tree are used in medicine; the
bast can be converted into ropes; the branches serve for
brooms.
Thymelsea tinctoria, Endlicher. {Passerina tinctoria, Pourr.)
Portugal, Spain, South France. A small shrub which yields a
yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here, that some of the
Australian Pimeleae contain a blue pigment, which has not yet
been fully tested. Their bark produces more or less of daphnin
and of the volatile acrid principle, for which the bark of Daphne
Mezereum, L. is used. These are remarkably developed in
the South-east Australian Pimelea stricta, Meissn. The bark
of many is also pervaded by a tough fiber, that of the tall
Pimelea clavata, Labill, a West Australian bush, being hence
particularly tenacious, and used for whips.
Thymus capitatus, Hoffmannsegg and Link. {Satureja capitata, Linne.)
Around the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since the time of
Hippocrates, Theophrastos and Galenus, this small scented
shrub has been employed in medicine.
Thymus mastichina, Linne.
Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent,
used also occasionally in medicine.
Thymus Serpillum, Linne.
Europe, Western Asia, North-eastern Africa. A perennial
herb of some medicinal value. It would live on the highest
alps. An essential oil can be obtained from it. One particular
variety is lemon-scented.
Thymus vulgaris, Linne.
The Garden Thyme. South Europe. Both this and the pre-
ceding species can be grown in Norway up to lat. 70 22'
(Schuebeler). This small shrubby plant is available for scent
and for condiments; also as a honey-plant. It is also well
adapted for forming garden-edges. The essential oil of this
plant can be separated into the crystalline thymol and the liquid
thymen and cymol. T. aestivus, Ruet. and T. hiemalis, Lange,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 37 1
are closely cognate plants. • Several other species with aromatic
scent occur on or near the Mediterranean Sea.
Tilia Americana, Linne.
The Basswood Tree or North American Linden Tree, grow-
ing there to 52 north latitude. In Norway it is hardy as far as
Christiania (59 55') as well as the following (Schuebeler).
Height of tree reaching 80 feet, diameter of stem, 4 feet. The
wood is close-grained and firm, as soft as deal; used in the con-
struction of musical instruments, particularly pianofortes. Speci-
ally valuable for the cutting-boards of curriers and shoemakers,
bowls, pails, shovels, panelling of carriages (Robb). As the
wood is free from knots, it is particularly eligible for turnery and
carving, and certain portions of machinery. The tree is highly
valued for street-planting in its native land where it also furnishes
linden bast or bass. This is one of the principal honey plants
in many parts of the United States. Tilia heterophylla, Vent.,
the Silver Linden of North America, and Tilia Manchurica,
Rupr., of South Siberia, might be tested.
Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.*
The Silver Linden of South-eastern Europe. The wood is
not attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously
fragrant and yield on distillation a precious oil.
Tilia Europaea, Linne.
The common Linden tree of Europe, extending naturally to
Japan; the large-leaved variety of South European origin. It
lives to a great age. A very hardy tree, living in Norway as far
north as lat. 67 56' (Schuebeler). A weeping variety is known.
Height sometimes 120 feet; stem exceptionally 50 feet in girth.
The wood pale, soft and close-grained; sought for turnery,
piano-keys, carving, and by shoemakers and glovers to cut
leather on; also for toys (Simmonds). The flowers yield a
highly aromatic honey (Meehan). The bast excellent for mats.
Tillandsia usneoides, Linne.
Black Moss, Long Moss, Florida Moss. From Carolina and
Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees. Might be naturalized
in forests of countries with mild climes. In its native country
a favorite materialfor upholsterers' work.
Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore.
In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The root is
edible and celery-like.
Todea Africana, Willdenow.
South- Africa, South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand. Most
372 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
important for scenic effects in wet places; as an export article
the aged stems of this fern are now much sought, and have en-
dured wide transits, which were initiated by the writer. Stems
have been found bearing from 500 to 600 fronds. A gigantic
specimen was found in the Dandenong forests the trunk of which
weighed 4,368 lbs., after the fronds were cut away, the extreme
dimensions of the stem being about 6 feet in height,
breadth and width. Supplies of this massive fern in the gullies
ought to be maintained for future generations by the artificial
dispersion of the dust-like spores.
Torreya Californica, Torrey. (T. myristica. Hooker.)
California, extending from the coast to the Sierras. A sym-
metrical tree becoming 100 feet high, with a clear straight trunk
30 feet in length and 6 feet in diameter (Dr. Gibbons). The
wood is hard and firm.
Torreya grandis, Fortune.
The Kaya of China. A tree at length 60 feet high, with an
umbrella-shaped crown; it produces good timber.
Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. {Catyotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.)
Japan. Height of tree about 30 feet. From the nuts the
Japanese press an oil used as an article of food. The wood is
highly valued in Japan by coopers, also by turners; it resembles
boxwood (Dupont).
Torreya taxifolia, Arnott.
Florida. A tree reaching 50 feet in height, with a firm close-
grained light but durable wood of a reddish color; very lasting
also underground. Prostrated trees did not decay in half a
century. Timber slightly more yellow than that of the white
pine (P. J. White). The tree yields a reddish turpentine
(Hoopes).
Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud.
In the Hawaiian Islands. A shrub, allied to Boehmeria
nivea, yielding a tough and easily separable fiber, as shown
by Dr. Hillebrand. Probably best adapted to humid warm
gullies.
Tragopogon porrifolius, Linne.
The Salsify. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia;
hardy to lat. 70 in Norway. Biennial. The root of this herb-
is well known as a useful culinary vegetable.
Trapa bicornis, Linne fil.*
The Leng, Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 373
water-plant are extensively brought to market in that country.
The horns of the fruit are blunt. The kernel, like that of the
two following species, is of an excellent taste. The plant is
regularly cultivated in the lakes and ponds of China.
Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.*
Middle and Southern Asia, where it is called "Singhara,"
extending to Ceylon and Japan; found also in Africa as far
south as Zambezi. The nuts are often worked for starch.
They can be converted into most palatable cakes or porridge,
and may be stored for food, even for several years. The pro-
duce is copious and cheaply maintained by spontaneous redis-
semination. In some countries, for instance in Cashmere, the
nuts form an important staple of food to the population. To
this species probably belong T. Cochin-Chinensis, Lour, and
T. incisa, Sieb. and Zucc.
Trapa natans, Linne.*
' The ordinary Waternut. Middle and Southern Europe,
Middle Asia, Northern and Central Africa. Recorded as an
annual. T. quadrispinosa, Roxb., from Sylhet, is a mere
variety.
Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Brown. (Pollichia Zeylanica, F. v. M.).
From Abyssinia and South Asia to extra-tropical Australia.
An annual herb, perhaps available for green manure. The
dromedaries show an extraordinary predilection for the herb
(Giles). Several other species deserve trial for fodder-
growth.
Tricholana rosea, Nees.
South Africa. This perennial grass promises to become
valuable for desert-countries, together with T. Teneriffse and
other congeners. It gets two feet high; the root is creeping. One
of the best grasses to withstand drought but dislikes frost. Mr.
Dangar counted about 300 stems on one plant in Riverina.
Trifolium agrarium, Linne.
The perennial Yellow Clover or Hop Clover. All Europe,
Northern Africa, Western Asia; wild in Norway and Northward
to lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler). Of considerable value in sandy
soil as a fodder herb. It is easily naturalized.
Trifolium Alexandrinum, Linne.*
The Bersin-Clover. North-eastern Africa, South-western Asia,
South-Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt, where it is
used as the main fodder. On the Nile it gives three green
crops during the season, each up to 2 feet high. Seeds of this
374 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
and other clovers must be sifted, to free them from the destruc-
tive Dodder-plants or Cuscutas. About 20 lbs. of seed are
required for an acre (Morton). Recorded as annual.
Trifolium alpestre, Linne.
Europe, West-Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil
than that needed for most Clovers, but the constituents must be
fairly marly or limy. This Clover is early out and very palata-
ble to herds and flocks (Langthal).
Trifolium fragiferum, Linne.
The Strawberry-Clover. Europe, North Africa, Middle and
North Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 59 55'. A perennial
species, well adapted for clay soils. Foliage closer and more
tender than that of the white clover, but its vegetation later
(Langethal). Morton recommends it for moist sandy soil. It
delights in ground much wetter than suits most other clovers;
it spreads over humid pastures most readily, with a growth more
luxuriant than that of white clover, and stands the summer-heat
better, smothering most other plants and covering the ground
with a thick and close herbage. Cattle are very fond of it and
fatten well on it (Geo. Black).
Trifolium furcatum, Lindley.
California. A stout and somewhat succulent species, with
large flower-heads. Affords good pasturage (A. Gray) and dis-
seminates readily, but it is annual. Several other native clovers
occur in Western North-America.
Trifolium hybridum, Linne.*
The Alsike Clover. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia.
Wild in Norway to lat. 63 50'. A valuable perennial pasture
herb, particularly for swampy localities. It succeeds where the
ground becomes too sandy for Lucerne and too wet for Red
Clover, but does not withstand drought so well, while it pro-
duces a heavier bulk of forage than White Clover, and maintains
its ground when the soil has become too much exhausted for
other Clovers. The seed being very small, less than half the
quantity is required for the same area as for Red Clover.
Trifolium incarnatum, Linne.
The Carnation-Clover, also called Crimson or Italian Clover.
In Norway it can be grown to lat. 70 22'. Middle and South-
ern Europe. Though annual only, or sometimes biennial, it is
valued in some of the systems of rotations of crops. In the
South of England it is much sown on harrowed stubble-fields
to obtain an early feed of great fattening value. It forms par-
ticularly a good fodder for sheep, and is recommended especially
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 375
for gypsum-regions. A white flowering variety exists. Bees
are very fond of it (Darwin).
Trifolium medium, Linne.
The Red Zigzag Clover. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia.
Indigenous in Norway to lat. 63 26' (Schuebeler). A deep-
rooting, wide-creeping perennial herb, much better adapted for
dry sandy places than T. pratense. It would also endure the in-
clemency of the clime of higher alpine regions, if disseminated
. there. One of the best of Clovers for forest-regions. For regu-
lar culture it needs lime, like most plants of its class. More hardy
than T. hybridum, less productive than T. pratense (Langethal).
It ought not to be omitted among mixed clovers and grasses.
According to Morton it is not so much sought and relished by
grazing-animals as many other clovers. T. Quartinianum, A.
Rich., is an allied plant from Abyssinia, where several endemic
species exist. Some of the twenty-five known Californian
Clovers would deserve test-culture.
Trifolium montanum, Linne.
Europe, West-Asia. Perennial. Not without importance for
limy or marly ground. It is indigenous northward to Christi-
ania.
Trifolium ochroleucum, Linne.
Pale-yellow Clover. Middle and Southern Europe, West- Asia.
Perennial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy; its
value is that of T. medium (Langethal).
Trifolium Pannonicum, Linne.
The Hungarian Clover Southern Europe. Perennial. Earlier
in the season than Red Clover, to which it is allied, but less
tender in foliage (Morton).
Trifolium pratense, Linne.*
The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North-Africa, North-
ern and Middle Asia. It is found wild as far north as 69 20' in
Norway (Schuebeler). A biennial, or under special circumstances
also a perennial herb, of great importance for stable-fodder.
The perennial variety passes under the name of Cow-clover, by
which name also T. medium is sometimes designated. Highly
recommendable for permanent pastures, particularly in cool
humid climes, as it continues to grow year after year and pro-
duces a large amount of herbage (Dr. Curl). It prefers rich
ground, and particularly soil which is not devoid of lime;
gypsum dressings are recommendable for the fields. It enters
into the rotation system of crops very advantageously. This
species would also live in alpine regions, where it would much
376 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
enrich the pastures. The nectar of the flowers is sucked by
bumble bees, which tends to facilitate the production of seeds.
Trifolium reflexum, Linne.*
The Pennsylvania or Buffalo-Clover. North-America. An-
nual or biennial; flower-heads larger than those of the Red
Clover; likes alluvial flats.
Trifolium repens, Linne.*
The ordinary White Clover. Europe, North-Africa, Northern
and Middle Asia, Sub-Arctic America; in Norway it is
indigenous to lat. 70 57'. Perennial. Most valuable as a fod-
der plant on grazing land. It has a predilection for moist soil,
but also springs again from dry spots after rain. It likes soil
containing lime, prospers on poorer ground than Red Clover,
is more nourishing and better digested, and less exhaustive to
the soil. Dressing with gypsum vastly enhances the value and
productiveness of any clover field. Important as a bee-plant.
Trifolium resupinatum, Linne.
The annual Strawberry-Clover. From South-Europe and
North Africa to Persia; also in the Canary Islands and
Azores. Admitted here, though annual, as this clover is culti-
vated with predilection in Upper India; it is of tall growth
and succulent foliage.
Trifolium spadiceum, Linne.
Brown Clover. Europe, West Asia. Though only annual or
biennial, this has been recommended for wet sandy moorland,
on which it redisseminates itself with readiness.
Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter.
The Mayad-Clover. North and Middle Africa, ascending to
9,000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries utilized
with advantage for clover-culture.
This by no means closes the list of the Clovers desir-
able for introduction, inasmuch as about 150 well-marked
species are recognized, many doubtless of value for pas-
ture. But the notes of rural observers on any of these
kinds are so sparingly extant, that much uncertainty about
the yield and nutritive value of various kinds continues
to prevail. Most Clovers come from the temperate zone of
Europe and Asia; only two are indigenous to the eastern of
the United States of North America, none occur in Australia,
few are found in South Africa, several in California and the
adjoining countries, several also in Chili; no species is peculiar
to Japan.
X
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 377
Trigonella Foenum Graecum, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The seeds of this
annual herb find their use in veterinary medicine.
Trigonella suavissima, Lindley.
Interior of Australia, from the Murray River and its tributa-
ries to the vicinity of Shark Bay. This perennial, fragrant,
clover-like plant proved a good pasture herb. A lithograph,
illustrating this plant, occurs in the work on the "Plants Indig-
enous to Victoria." Some of the many European, Asiatic
and African plants of this genus deserve local tests.
Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro.
South-Eastern Asia. This shrub is worih cultivation for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits, though small,
are of pleasant sweetness. The plant may also prove well
adapted for hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia, Lindley, and Claus-
sena punctata, Oliver, also East Asiatic fruit-shrubs, may
possibly show themselves hardy in sheltered forest regions of
temperate clime.
Tripsacum dactyloides, Linne.
Central and Northern America; known vernacularly as
Gama-Grass. A reedy perennial grass, more ornamental than
utilitarian. It is the original Buffalo Grass, and attains a
height of 7 feet, assuming the aspect of maize. It is of infer-
ior value for feed, but serves for binding sand. C. Mohr how-
ever regards it as a valuable fodder-grass. The seeds are
available for food.
Tristania conferta, R. Brown.
New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, at-
taining a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an
avenue tree, but also as producing select, lasting timber; ribs
of vessels from this tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years
and more.
Trithrinax Acanthocoma, Drude.
Rio Grande do Sul, in dry elevations. A dwarf Fan Palm
for window or table decoration, attaining only a height of 6
feet; foliage not leathery.
Trithrinax Brasiliensis, Martius.
Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay. A
very hardy Palm, not tall.
Trithrinax campestris, Drude.*
Argentina, as far south as 32 40'. Height reaching 30 feet.
378 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
One of the most southern of all Palms. Content with even less
humidity than Chamaerops humilis. The leaves are almost of
a woody hardness and stiffer than those of any other Palm
(Drude). Germination from seeds easy (Lorentz and Hierony-
mus). Another species occurs in Southern Bolivia.
Triticum junceum, Linne.
Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass, with pungent
leaves and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its
permanent growth. One of the best grasses to keep rolling
sand ridges together, and particularly eligible where cattle and
other domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from get-
ting access.
Triticum vulgare, Villars.*
The Wheat. Traced back more than 5,000 years as an
Egyptian and Chinese culture plant, indeed the earliest
lacustrine people in Switzerland reared wheat in the stone-
age (Heer). In Japan wheat is of extraordinary preco-
city (Lartigne), and it is greatly recommended there as a
forage-plant. The Punjab-Wheat is rust-proof according to
Mr. W. Hill. This is not the place to enter into details about a
plant universally known; it may therefore suffice merely to men-
tion, that three primary varieties must be distinguished among
the very numerous sorts of cultivated Wheat: 1. Var. muticum,
T. hybernum, L., the Winter Wheat or Unbearded Wheat;
2. Var. aristatum, T. asstivum, L., the Summer Wheat or
Bearded Wheat; 3. Var. adhasrens, T. Spelta, L., Wheat with
fragile axis and adherent grain. Metzger enumerates as dis-
tinct kinds of cultivated Wheat: —
T. vulgare, Vill., which includes among other varieties the
ordinary Spring-Wheat, the Fox Wheat and the Kentish
Wheat. It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting
straw-bonnets and straw-hats, for which only the upper part
of the stem is used, collected before the ripening of the grain,
and bleached through exposure to the sun while kept moist-
ened.
T. turgldum, L., comprising some varieties of White and Red
Wheat, also the Clock-Wheat and the Revet- Wheat.
T. durum, Desfont., which contains some sorts of the Bearded
Wheat.
T. Polonicum, L., the Polish Wheat, some kinds of which are
well adapted for peeled Wheat.
T. Spelta, L., the Spelt-Corn or Dinkel-Wheat, a kind not
readily subject to disease, succeeding on soil of very limited
fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of ex-
cellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 379
Wheat. For preparing the latter it is necessary to collect
the spikes while yet somewhat green, and to dry them in
baking-houses.
T.dicoccum, Schrank, (T. amyleum, Ser.). The Emmer-Wheat.
Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, pro-
duce excellent starch, are mostly hardy in frost and not sub-
ject to diseases. To this belongs the Arras- Wheat of Abys-
sinia, where a few other peculiar sorts of Wheat are to be
found. A large-grained variety of Wheat is baked in Persia
like rice (Colvill).
T. monococcum, L. St. Peter's Corn, which is hardier than
most other Wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces
grains less adapted for flour than for peeled Wheat.
Tropaeolum majus, Linn6.
Peru, This showy perennial climber passes with impropriety
under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and flowers serve
, as cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic. The plant can
be grown in Norway northward to lat. 70° 22' (Schuebeler). A
smaller species, T. minus, L., also from Peru, can likewise be
chosen for a cress-salad; both besides furnish in their flower-
buds and young fruits a substitute for capers. A volatile oil of
burning taste can be distilled from the foliage of both, and this
is more acrid even than the distilled oil of mustard seeds. In
colder countries these plants are only of one year's duration.
Numerous other species, all highly ornamental, occur in South
America and a few also in Mexico.
Tropaeolum sessilifolium, Poeppig.
Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most
eligible for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw
state, and. are larger than those of most other Tropaeolums,
while the stems are short and procumbent (Philippi).
Tropaeolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon.
Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent.
Trophis Americana, Linne.
West Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree
has been recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba
and Jamaica it is used as provender for cattle and sheep.
Tuber aestivum, Micheli.
Middle and Southern Europe. The Truffle most frequent in
the markets of England. The White British Truffle, Chairo-
myces meandriformis, Vitt., though large is valued less. In
the Department Vaucluse (France) alone about 60,000 lbs. of
Truffles are collected annually, at a value of about ^4,000.
380 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Many other kinds of Truffles are in use. The Australian
Truffle, Mylitta Australis, Berk., or Notiohydnum Australe,
sometimes attains the size of the Cocoa-nut, and is also a fair
esculent. It seems quite feasible to naturalize the best edible
fungi of other genera, although such may not be amenable to
regular culture; thus efforts should be made for the introduction
of all the superior kinds of Truffles, as an insight into the man-
ner in which vegetables of the fungus-species can be transferred
to wide distances, has gradually been obtained. The total
value of the export of Truffles from France in 1877 amounted
to considerably over half a million pounds sterling, the total
production in that year being valued at about ^800,000. The
annual revenue of the Truffle ground of Carpentras is, according
to Simmonds, ^80,000. The great White North-American
Truffle (Tuber album) is as white as snow and as tender as
curds (Millington).
Tuber albidum, Cesalpini.
Occurs with T. aestivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in
taste.
Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp.
The Black Truffle. Middle and Southern Europe. Like all
others growing underground, and generally found in forest-soil
of lime-stone formation. It attains a weight of over one pound.
Experiments for naturalization may be effected with every
prospect of success by conveying the Truffle in its native soil
and locating it in calcareous places of forest-regions. As a
condiment or merely in a roasted state, it affords an aromatic
food. The famous Quercy or Perigord Truffle is derived from
this species. T. melanosporum, Vitt., from France, Germany
and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste than T. cibarium —
indeed, of strawberry flavor.
Tuber magnatum, Pico.
Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed
Truffles, with some garlic flavour. Hymenogaster Bulliardi,
Vitt., and Melanogaster variegatus, Tulasne, of South Europe,
are also excellent Truffles.
Tuber rufum, Pico.
Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food,
but smaller than Terfezia Truffles.
Typha latifolia, Linne.
The Cattail, large Reedmace or Bullrush. Widely distributed
over the northern hemisphere — in Norway to lat. 6o c 41'. Worthy
of being encouraged in its growth on rivers and around lakes,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 381
and of being transferred to unutilized waters, as the very light
and soft foliage can be converted into material for mattresses,
which in the Royal Navy of Italy have come into universal use
as additional means of saving human life in shipwreck. These
mattresses continue to float for a very long time and bear a
great weight; one mattress is capable of supporting several
persons in water (Marquis Toverena and Captain Romano).
The large rootstocks are rich in nourishing starch. The closely
allied T. angustifolia extends to Australia.
Ulex Europaeus, Linne.
The Whin, Gorse or Furze. Middle and Southern Europe,
Azores, Canary Islands; hardy in Norway to lat. 58 58'.
A bush important for covering quickly drift-sands on coasts,
not readily approached there by pastoral animals. Too apt to
stray as a hedge plant.
Ullucus tuberosus, Lozano. (Melloca tuberosa, Lindley).
Andes of New Grenada and Peru, up to an elevation of 9,000
feet. A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible.
Ulmus alata, Michaux.
The Whahoo Elm of North America, extending to Newfound-
land and Texas. Of quick growth. Height of tree reaching
40 feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of
the White Elm, of a dull-red color, unwedgeable, used by
wheelwrights, but, like that of U. Americana, not equal to the
European Elm.
Ulmus Americana, Linne.*
The White Elm of North America, also called Rock or
Swamp Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river banks,
becoming a hundred feet high; trunk 60 feet and as much as 5
feet in diameter. The tree is found hardy in Norway at least to
lat. 59 55'. Manning mentions that trees have been known to
attain a circumference of 27 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and
of 13 feet where the branches burst forth. It is highly prized
for street planting in North America. Can be propagated from
suckers like the European Elm. Almost indifferent to soil.
The timber is light, used for wheelwright's work, for tubes,
water-pipes; bears driving of bolts well (Robb). It is durable,
if either kept quite dry or permanently submerged in water. U.
floridana, Chapman, is a variety.
Ulmus campestris, Linne.*
The ordinary Elm, indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia,
as far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as the
Cork Elm and Wych Elm, exist, also a weeping variety. The
382 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
elm in attaining an age of several centuries becomes finally of
enormous size. Sir Joseph Hooker records the height of a tree
at 125 feet, with a stem-circumference of 50 feet. In Britain it
has been much attacked by Scolytus destructor. The wood is
tough, hard, fine-grained and remarkably durable, if constantly
under water. Next to the Yew, it is the best of European
woods, where great elasticity is required, as for archery-bows.
It is also used for keels, blocks, wheels, piles, pumps, gun-carri-
ages, gunwales, various tools and implements. The Wych Elm
(U. montana, Withering) grows even further north than the
Cork Elm; in Norway to lat. 66° 59' ; in lat. 59 45' Professor
Schuebeler found a tree over 100 feet high, with a stem 4 feet
in diameter. The wood of the Wych Elm is preferred for bend-
ing purposes (Eassie). The bast is tough.
Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall.
The evergreen Elm of Mexico, Arkansas and Texas. A tree
fully 90 feet high and 2 feet in stem-diameter.
Ulmus fulva, Michaux.
The Slippery or Red Elm of North America. Reaching a
height of 60 feet. Splendid for street-planting. There is a
pendant branched variety. Wood red, tenacious, useful for
wagon-hubs and wheels (Vasey). Regarded as the best North
American wood for blocks of rigging, according to Simmonds.
The leaves seem available for food for the silkmoth; the bark
is employed in medicine.
Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon.
Cordilleras of North America. This Elm attains a height of
60 feet or perhaps more. Many of these Elms are available as
quick-growing avenue trees for shade-lines.
Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin.
The evergreen Elm of China, Japan, Upper India, Burmah
and, perhaps, Queensland. A similar tree is found on the
Himalayan mountains. Well eligible for big hedges.
Ulmus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. ciliata, Ehrhart.)
Europe and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue
tree.
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.*
The Cork Elm of North America, also called Western Rock
Elm. Wood as valuable as that of U. Americana, but much
heavier; it is fine-grained and compact, tough, flexible, not
liable to split, holds bolts better than most timber, and is ex-
tremely durable when constantly wet; deserves unqualified
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 383
praise as a furniture-wood for hardness, strength, beauty and
buff-reddish tint; largely employed for piles, pumps, naves,
tackle-blocks, keels, heavy agricultural implements, such as
mowing and threshing machines, ploughs, gunwales (Robb,
Sargent).
Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon.
Himalayan Elm. . In the mountains of India from 3,500 feet
to 10,000 feet. A tree sometimes 90 feet high with deciduous
foliage, the stem attaining a girth of 24 feet. Bark very tough;
foliage locally lopped off for cattle fodder (Brandis.)
Umbellularia Californica, Nuttall. {Oreodaphne Californica, Nees.)
Oregon and California. Tree becoming 100 feet high. Wood
most valuable for cabinet-work, also for the best of flooring;
that of the root splendid for turnery.
Uniola gracilis, Michaux.
North America. A perennial pasture-grass of considerable
value, content with sandy soil, and liking the vicinity of the
sea.
Uniola latifolia, Michaux.
North America. This rather tall perennial grass forms large
tufts, and affords valuable fodder; it is best adapted for shady
woodlands (C. Mohr).
Uniola paniculata, Linne.
North-east America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen
on account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast-sands.
Urena lobata, Linne.
Intratropic girdle around the globe. This perennial herb
has recently been enumerated among plants with comparatively
tenacious fiber; it can be reared far beyond the tropics.
Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. {Scilla maritima, Linne.)
The medicinal Squill. South-Europe, North-Africa. The
plant needs no regular cultivation; but settlers living near
the coast might encourage its dissemination,and thus obtain the
bulbs as drug from natural localities. Its peculiar brittle prin-
ciple is called scillitin. The bulb contains 24 per cent, tannin.
U. altissima, Baker, serves in South-Africa as Squill.
Uvularia sessilifolia, Linne.
North-America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as
yielding a good substitute for asparagus.
384 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Thibaudia alata, Dunal.)
Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tali evergreen shrub,
with pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly orna-
mental plant could be grown in Sub-Alpine regions.
Vaccinium Arctosaphylcs, Linne.
From Greece to the Caucasus. The leaves, dried and slightly
heated, furnish the Broussa tea, the material for a very palatable
beverage (G. Maw).
Vaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. {Thibaudia bicolor, Ruiz and Pavon.)
Cold zones of Peruvian Andes. A high evergreen bush, with
red berries the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias seem best to
form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some species of the
latter — for instance, Vaccinium Imrayi, Hook., from Dominica
— mediating the transit. The species of the section Thibaudia,
as a rule, produce red berries of acidulous grateful taste. Many
others may therefore deserve culture in forest-ravines or on
alpine heights. They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in the
West-Indies. One species, Vaccinium melliflorum (Thibaudia
melliflora, R. and P.), has its flowers particularly rich in honey-
nectar.
Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux.
Canada and Northern States of the American Union. A de-
ciduous-leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovali-
folium, Smith, is an allied species.
Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm.*
From the Middle States of North- America northwards. A
dwarf shrub in swampy ground of wood-lands. Yields, like V.
Pennsylvanicum, to which it is allied, edible Blueberries or
Huckleberries. Mr. Marity calls the berries delicious, fetch-
ing a high price — up to n dollars a bushel, never lower than 5
dollars, in New York. One bush yields from a pint to a quart
of berries. It thrives through all grades of soil and exposure.
The berries are rather large and aromatic; for cooking and
preserves they locally take precedence to any other kind of
fruit; they are easily dried, and retain then their full delicious
flavor. The bush grows occasionally to a height of 15 feet.
Vaccinium corymbosum, Linne.*
The Swamp-Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. Canada and
United States of North- America. A good sized shrub reaching
a height of 15 feet, with deciduous foliage. Berries bluish-black,
rather large, aromatic, of sweetish taste, ripening late in
the season.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 385
Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus crectus, Pursh.)
Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains. An upright bush
of a few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The trans-
parent scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent
taste.
Vaccinium grandiflorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemma grandiflorum, Ruiz and
Pavon.)
Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub. The berries of a
pleasant acidulous taste.
Vaccinium humifusum, Graham.
North- Western America, on the Rocky Mountains. Berries
of this bush well flavored.
Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. (Agapetes arborea, Dunal.)
India, Neilgherries and Ceylon. This evergreen species
attains the size of a tree, flowering and fruiting throughout the
year. The fruits resemble cranberries.
Vaccinium Leucanthum, Chammisso.
Mountains of Mexico. An arborescent species. The black-
ish berries are edible.
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Aiton.* {Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Persoon.)
The large Cranberry. From Canada to Virginia and Caro-
lina, particularly in sandy and peaty bogs, and in cold mossy
swamps. Hardy to Christiania. A trailing evergreen bush,
with stems attaining a length of 3 feet. It is this species which
has become so extensively cultivated in the eastern parts of the
United States, where, on moory land, often not otherwise to be
utilized, enormous quantities of this fruit have been produced
by regular culture at a highly profitable scale. The berries are
of acid taste, pleasant aroma, and the scarlet brightness of the
British Cranberry, but considerably larger.
Vaccinium meridionale, Swartz.
Jamaica, from the summits of the highest ranges down to the
coffee-regions. It attains a height of 30 feet and is evergreen.
The small berries are of the taste and color of those of V. Vitis
Idsea.
Vaccinium Mortinia, Bentham.
Mountains of Columbia. A shrub several feet high. The
fruits resemble those of V. Myrtillus, but are more acid. They
come to the Quito market under the name Mortina.
§25
386 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux.
Michigan, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador. The large edi-
ble berries are called Bluets. This little bush is adapted for
higher alpine country.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linne.*
The British Whortleberry or Bilberry. Throughout Europe,
Northern and Middle Asia, remotest North-America, extending
to the Calif ornian Sierra Nevada; in heathy and turfy forest-
land. In Norway it is found wild up to lat. 71 10' (Schuebeler).
A shrub, a few feet high or less, deciduous, erect, of great value
for its copious supply of berries. They are, as well-known,
black with a bluish-grey hue, and of exceedingly grateful taste.
The naturalization of this plant on alpine ranges and in cooler
woodlands would prove a boon. The berries can be utilized
also for their dye. The whole bush contains quina-acid.
Vaccinium ovalifolium, Smith.
North-West America from Mendocino to Oregon. This shrub
bears large edible berries (Gibbons).
Vaccinium ovatum, Pursh.
Common throughout California, also in British Columbia, at
altitudes from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, attaining a height of about 8
feet. It bears its fruit in densely crowded racemes, the dark-
blue but small berries being of good flavor. This species would
doubtlessly form a valuable accession among cultivated fruits
(Gibbons).
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linne. (Oxycoccus palustris, Persoon.)
The British Cranberry. Throughout Europe, Northern and
Middle Asia, North-America; on turf-moss in moory heaths. A
creeping evergreen shrub of particular neatness. The berries
give a most agreeable preserve, and are of antiscorbutic value.
This species is particularly eligible for the spongy, mossy bogs
of snowy mountains. Indigenous in Norway northward to
lat. 70 45'.
Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith.
North-Western America. A tall shrub. The berries are ex-
cellent for preserves.
Vaccinium penduliflorum, Gaudichaud.
Sandwich-Islands, where it is called the "Ohelo." The acid-
ulous berries of this bush are edible.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lamarck.* (V. angustifolium, Aiton.)
The early Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. North-America,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 387
on dry woody hills. A dwarf bush with deciduous foliage, pro-
ducing fruit in abundance. The berries are large, bluish-black
and of sweet taste. V. Canadense, Kalm, according to Dr.
Asa Gray, is closely allied.
Vaccinium praestans, Rudolphi.
Kamschatka. A minute plant, but with large delicious fruits.
It might perhaps easily be disseminated on alpine mountains.
Vaccinium uliginosum, Linne.
British Bog-Bilberry. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia,
North-America. A deciduous bush, with blackish berries, simi-
lar to those of V. Myrtillus, but hardly of equal excellence.
Wild to lat. 71 10' in Norway.
Vaccinium vacillans, Solander.
North-America, in sandy forest-lands. A deciduous small
bush, with its blue berries coming later into season than V.
' Pennsylvanicum.
Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, Linne.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. Ex-
tends in Norway to lat 71 7'. A dwarf shrub with evergreen
leaves. The purplish-red berries are sought for jellies and
other preserves. It is as yet impossible to say how many other
species of Vaccinium produce good-sized and well-flavored
fruits. The genus ranges in many species from Continental
Asia to the Indian Archipelagus, and has a wide extension also
in South-America, occupying in hot countries higher mountain-
regions; but few reliable notes on the tropical species are extant,
as far as the fruits are concerned.
Vahea florida, F. v. Mueller. {Landolphia florida, Bentham.)
West-Africa, up to 2,500 feet. This may prove hardy.
Welwitsch describes the Aboh-fruits of this species as sweet
and acidulous, but was not less gratified with the beauty and
marvellous abundance of its large snow-white and jasmin-
scented flowers. V. florida also yields caoutchouc, like V.
Heudelotii {Landolphia Heudelotii, D. C.) from the Senegal-
regions. The excellent work on the caoutchoucs of commerce,
by James Collins, may be consulted as regards the sources of vari-
ous kinds of India-rubbers. The genus Vahea was fully estab-
lished by Lamarck as early as 1791.
Vahea Owariensis, F. v. Mueller. {Landolphia Owariensis, Beauvois.)
Tropical West- Africa, but ascending to the highlands of An-
gola, according to Dr. Welwitsch. This climber, with several
other Vaheas, yields the West African, and others the Madagas-
388 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
car caoutchouc. It is said that the addition of ammonia to the
caoutchouc improves the rubber. V. Owariensis produces edible
fruits as large as middle-sized oranges, with sweet and slightly
acid pulp.
Valeriana Celtica, Linne.
Alps of Europe; hardy at Christiania. The root of this
perennial herb is particularly aromatic.
Valeriana edulis, Nuttall.
North- Western America, from Oregon to the Rocky Mount-
ains. The thick spindle-shaped root of this herb affords food
to the natives of that part of the globe. When baked, the root
proves agreeable and wholesome. When we consider the wild
state of the plants from which many of our important root-
crops arose, this Valeriana and several other plants, suggestively
mentioned in these pages, may well be admitted for trial -
culture.
Valeriana officinalis, Linne.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, in swampy grass-land,
with a predilection for forests and river-banks. In Norway it
extends northward to lat. 70 22' (Prof. Schuebeler). This
perennial herb would do particularly well on higher mountains.
It is the only one among numerous congeners of Europe, Asia
and America, which is drawn to a considerable extent into
medicinal use. The root and herb contain valerianic acid and
a peculiar tannic acid; the root furnishes also an essential oil,
which again resolves itself into valerol (70 per cent.), valeren,
barneol, and valerianic acid. The order of Valerianae is not
represented by any native plant in Australia.
Valerianella olitoria, Moench.
Lamb's Lettuce. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Mid-
dle Asia. Northward to lat. 59 16' in Norway. A fair and
early salad-plant. It is an annual, and has several congeners
in Europe and Asm.
Vangueria infausta, Burchell.
Africa, as far south as Natal and Caffraria. The fruit of this
shrub or small tree is medlar-like, but superior in taste. Worth
test-cultivation with a view of improving the fruit.
Veratrum album, Linne.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, extending eastward to
Japan. Hardy at Christiania. It delights particularly in sub-
alpine localities. The root furnishes veratrin, jervin and saba-
dillic acid.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 389
Veratrum viride, Aiton.
Canada and United States of North-America. A near rela-
tive of the former plant. Professor Schuebeler found it hardy
in Norway to lat. 71 . Its root has recently come into medi-
cinal use.
Viburnum Tinus, Linne.
The Lauristine. Countries around the Mediterranean sea.
An evergreen shrub, the earliest flowering in the season; well
adapted for ornamental hedges. Hardy in the south of England.
Vicia Cracca, Linne.
Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia, North-
America; in Norway it extends to lat. 71 10'. Perennial.
Recommendable for naturalization as a fodder-plant in sylvan
and alpine lands. It yields in shade a return three times larger
than in open places (Langethal). The cognate V. Cassubica
-and V. biennis, Linne, serve also for field-culture.
Vicia Ervilia, Willdenow. {Ervum Ervilia, L.)
South-Europe, North-Africa, South-Western Asia. An annual
herb, praised as a valuable fodder-plant on dry calcareous soil.
Vicia Faba, Linne.*
The Straight Bean. Orient, particularly on the Caspian Sea.
Professor Schuebeler found it to bear seeds in lat. 67 17'. This
productive annual herb not only affords its seeds for table use,
but provides also a particularly fattening stable food. The
seeds contain about 33 per cent, starch. V. Narbonensis, L.,
from South Europe and South-west Asia, is preferable for
the table, because its seeds contain less bitter principle,
though they are smaller.
Vicia peregrina, Linne.
South Europe. Annual. In Italy preferred to the ordinary
Tare for sandy soil; it recommends itself also for its close
growth.
Vicia sativa, Linne.* (V. angustifolia, Roth.)
The ordinary Vetch or Tare. Europe, North Africa, North-
ern and Middle Asia. According to Professor Schuebeler it
will grow in Norway, to lat. 70 ; in 63 26' it perfected its seeds.
One of the best fodder-plants, but only of one or two years'
duration. Important also for green manure, and as a com-
panion of clovers. The allied -V. cordata, Wulfen, and V.
globosa, Retzius, are similarly cultivated in Italy (Langethal).
39© SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Many of the other European and Asiatic species of Vicia are
deserving of our attention.
Vicia sepium, Linne.
Europe, West and North Asia. A perennial Vetch, enduring
an alpine clime; indigenous in Norway northward to lat. 6g° 40'.
It might with advantage be naturalized in forests and on moun-
tains, but it can also readily be subjected to field culture, the
yield being large and nutritious in regions with humid air,
though the soil might be poor. This Vetch can be kept con-
tinually on the same field for about fifteen years (Langethal).
V. Pannonica, Jacquin, is an allied but annual species.
Vicia Sitchensis, Bongard. {V. gigantea, Hooker.)
From California to Sitka. Asa Gray remarks that the young
seeds of this tall Vetch are eatable like green peas.
Vicia sylvatica, Linne.
The Wood- Vetch. Europe, North Asia. Indigenous in
Norway to lat. 67 56'. Perennial. Recommendable to culturists
settling in new forest-land; available also for alpine copses.
Pasture animals have a predilection for this Vetch ; its yield is
large. In limestone soil of forests V. pisiformis and V. dume-
torum, Linne, can best be selected for introduction.
Vicia tetrasperma, Koch. {Ervum tetraspermum, Linne.)
The Lentil Tare. Europe, West Asia, North Africa. Annual.
According to Langethal this species is preferable to the ordin-
ary Tare for sandy soil. It is also less hard as fodder and very
palatable. Lime in the sand enlarges the yield. V. monantha
and V. hirsuta, Koch, serve nearly as well.
Vigna lanceolata, Bentham.
Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Mr. P. O'Shanesy
observes that this twiner produces, along with the ordinary
cylindrical pods, others underground from buried flowers, and
these somewhat resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant is
available for culinary purposes.
Vigna Sinensis, Endlicher.* {Dolichos Sinensis, Rumph.)
Tropical Asia and Africa. The cultivation of this twining
annual pulse herb extends to Southern Europe and many other
countries with a temperate clime. The pods are remarkable for
their great length, and used like French beans, dry as well as
green. This plant bears plentifully even in seasons of severe
drought in Central Australia (Rev. H. Kempe). V. Catjang,
A. Rich, V. sesquipedalis and V. melanophthalma are
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 391
varieties of this species. In fair soil the produce is about
forty-fold.
Villebrunia integrifolia, Gaudichaud.
India, ascending the Himalayan Mountains to 5,000 feet. A
small tree, allied to the Ramie plant (Boehmeria nivea). Mr. C.
B. Clarke regards the fiber as one of the strongest available in
India, it being used. for bow-strings. Other Villebrunias — for
instance, V. frutescens, and also some species of Debregeasia,
particularly D. velutina — likewise deserve regular culture, for
the sake of their fiber. Moist forest tracts seem particularly
adapted for these plants, because V. integrifolia grows in
Sikkim at an elevation where the rainfall ranges from 100 to 200
inches. This fiber is much more easily separable than that of
Maoutia Puya, according to Dr. G. King's observations.
Viola odorata, Linne.
The Violet. Middle and Southern Europe, North Africa,
Middle Asia. Passingly alluded to here, as this modest though
lovely plant should be extensively naturalized in forest-glens
to furnish its delicate scent for various compositions of per-
fumery.
Vitis acetosa, F. v. Mueller.
Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Stems rather herbaceous
than shrubby, erect. The whole plant is pervaded with acidity,
and proved valuable in cases of scurvy. The berries are edible.
This species, if planted in countries with a mild temperate
clime, would probably spring afresh from the roots annually.
Vitis aestivalis, Michaux.*
The Summer Grape of the United States of North America-
Flowers fragrant. The berries are deep blue, of pleasant taste,
and ripen late in the season, but are generally rather small and
in some kinds somewhat sour. Among the varieties derived
from this species, the Jacques, Herbemont, Norton's Virginia,
Elsinburg, Cunningham, Rulander and Pauline are the best
known; all resist the attacks of the Phylloxera vastatrix, as has
been fully demonstrated by experience in the United States as
well as in the South of France. Several of these give an ex-
cellent produce; Jacques and Norton's Virginia gained a first
prize in competition with the wines of Southern France,at an ex-
hibition held in Montpellier. The Jacques variety especially is
much esteemed in the Province for its resistance to Phylloxera,
also for its luxuriant growth, great fertility and excellent wine of
rich color. The whole group of Vitis aestivalis is, however,
rather difficult to propagate, and is for this reason not so valu-
392 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
able for stock of the European vine as V. riparia. As these vines
are of larger growth than V. vinifera, they should be planted
further apart; a distance of 8 or 10 feet, and 6 feet between
the rows is considered the most suitable. In Europe the flower-
ing season is at the end of June, about a fortnight later than
that of the European vine. The following method has been
recommended for propagating these American vines in districts
infested by the Phylloxera. Cut the best old stocks of European
vines down to six or eight inches underground, graft upon them
American scions having at most three eyes, fasten with clay and
cover the graft with soil, preferably with sand. To obtain then
a number of American vines, cut off any European shoots
which may have sprouted, leave all the best American shoots, maka
furrows about four inches deep, radiating from the stock, in
which layer the shoots, fixing them down with pegs, and cover
them with sand. It is to be observed that in very poor dry soil,
where the European vine still yields a fair crop, American vines
do not succeed (Planchon's Vignes Americaines).
Vitis Baudiniana, F. v. Mueller. {Cissus Antarctica, Ventenat.)
East Australia. With V. hypoglauca the most southern of
all Grapes, none extending to New Zealand. It is evergreen,
and a vigorous plant for bowers, but suffers even from slight
frosts. The berries are freely produced and edible, though not
large.
Vitis cordifolia, Michaux.*
The Winter-Grape or Frost-Grape. From Canada to Florida.
A deciduous Vine. The scent of the flowers reminds one of
Reseda. The berries are small, either blackish or amber-colored,
and very acid. They can be used for preserves, and are only fully
matured when touched by frosts. A succession of seedlings
may give us a superior and, at the same time, a very hardy Vine.
Vitis hypoglauca, V. v. Mueller.
East Australia, as far south as Gippsland. An evergreen
climber of enormous length, forming a very stout stem in age.
The black berries attain the size of small cherries. This species
also may perhaps be vastly changed in its fruit by continued
culture.
Vitis Indica, Linne.
On the mountains of various parts of India, ascending to an
altitude of 3,000 feet in Ceylon. The small berries are edible.
The plant should be subjected to horticultural experiments.
This is an apt opportunity to draw attention to some of the
various Indian species of Vitis with large edible berries — for
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 393
instance, V. laevigata, Bl., V. thyrsiflora, Miq., V. mutabilis,
Bl., V. Blumeana, Steud., all from the mountains of Java,
and all producing berries as large as cherries, those of V.
Blumeana being particularly sweet. Further may here be in-
serted V. imperialis, Miq., from Borneo, V. auriculata, Wall.,
and V. elongata, Wall.; the latter two from the mountainous
mainland of Coromandel, and all producing very large juicy
berries, even in the jungle wilderness. V. quadrangularis, L.,
stretches from Arabia to India and Central Africa, and has also
edible fruits. Many such plants may be far more eligible for
grape culture in hot wet climes than the ordinary Vine. About
250 species of Vitis are already known, mostly from intratropi-
cal latitudes, and mostly evergreen; but in regard to their
elevation above the ocean and to the nature of their fruits we
are almost utterly without data. An herbaceous species of a
tuberous Vine, occurring in Soudan, is recommended by Mr.
Lecard; another tuberous species, by Mr. J. B. Martin, as a
native of Cochin China, with herbaceous stems, reproduced
annually from the roots; both kinds bear excellent grapes; the
species from Cochin China forms long shoots, sometimes of a
length of 60 and exceptionally 150 feet, bearing grapes all along.
It would be a grand acquisition to tropical countries; its ripe
grapes are produced successively through fully three months;
the berries are very large.
Vitis Labrusca, LinnS.*
The Isabella-Grape. North-America, from Canada to Texas
and Florida, also in Japan. The Schuylkill Grape is derived
from this species. A pale-fruited variety furnishes the Bland's
Grape; another yields the American Alexander Grape. The
Concord, Catawba, Isabella, Martha, Ives Seedling, Hartford
Prolific and a number of other less known varieties are also
derived from this species. Among these the Concord takes the
first rank as well for wine as for dessert-grapes in the Eastern
United States, where it is cultivated more than all the other
varieties put together, although it has a strong so-called foxy
taste. It is not quite proof against the attacks of the Phylloxera
vastatrix, but suffers less than most other varieties of this
species (Planchon's Vignes Americaines). Many good and
fertile crosses between V. Labrusca and V. vinifera occur in
North- American cultivation; the Delaware grape is a hybrid from
V. Labrusca (Bush and Meisner), and has in its turn given rise
to many other good crosses. The berries of V. Labrusca are
large among American kinds, and are of pleasant taste. Flowers
fragrant. It is the only species which thrives well and bears
largely in the clime of Brisbane, according to Dr. Bancroft.
This and the other hardy North American Vines seem never to
394 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
be attacked by the Oidium disease. Dr. Regel unites the
South- Asiatic V. lanata, Roxb., with this.
Vitis riparia, Michaux.* (V. cordifolia var. riparia, A. Gray.)
In the northern and central parts of the United States to
the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. To this species belong the
Clinton, Franklin, Taylor and some other varieties, probably
also Vitis Solonis, which seem destined to revive viticulture in
Southern France and other countries, where the Phylloxera
vastatrix has annihilated such a vast extent of vineyards. They
serve as grafting stock for the European vine, the majority of
them showing a sufficient if not a complete resistance to this
pest while they are for the most part not difficult to propagate.
The experiments hitherto made in Providence and elsewhere
have given good results, and the produce of the European
vine on American stock has been found as good as if
grown on its own root. Professor Planchon places the
varieties in the following order of merit: Vitis Solonis,
Clinton-Vialla or Franklin, wild Vitis riparia, Taylor, Clin-
ton. The York-Madeira, which may be a hybrid between
V. riparia and V. Labrusca, is by some growers placed
next to Vitis Solonis and grafts well. The seedlings of
V. Solonis retain the typical characteristics of the parent-plant
— which the other varieties do not. To raise vines from seeds,
the pips may be taken either before or after fermentation of the
grape; the essential point is, not to let them get dry; they
should be kept in a cool place and mixed with sand, to prevent,
mold. For transmission to great distance they should be sent
dried in the peel and pulp to ensure the preservation of
their vitality. Several French cultivators recommend graft-
ing "by approach." For this purpose an American and
a European vine are planted side by side; early in spring,
when the shoots are about the size of a small goose-quill,
two from the different stocks are brought together and in
the most convenient place a slice is taken out of the
bark and the outer portion of the wood of each, about half
an inch in length, care being taken that the two surfaces exactly fit
each other; they have only to be tied together, the sap which is
then at the height of its flow soon closing up the wound; the
American shoot is pinched off when it has made 3 or 4 leaves;
the following winter the root of V. vinifera is cut off. Phyllox-
era-galls are frequently found on the leaves of V. riparia as
well as of V. aestivalis, but the roots are not so often attacked;
if the latter happens, the wounds inflicted by the insect are
superficial and soon heal up (Planchon's Vignes Americaines).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 395
Vitis Schimperiana, Hochstetter.
From Abyssinia to Guinea. This vine may perhaps become
valuable, with many other Central African kinds, for tropical
culture, and may show itself hardy also in extra-tropical coun-
tries. Barter compares the edible berries to clusters of Frontig-
nac grape.
Vitis vinifera, Linne.*
The Grape Vine. Greece, Turkey, Persia, Tartary; probably
also in the Himalayas. The name of Vitis vinifera was given
so early as 1661 by Sachs von Lewenhaimb in a large work pur-
posely dedicated to this plant. This is not the place to discuss
in Australia at length the great industrial questions concerning
this highly important plant, even had these not already engaged
the attention of a large number of colonists for many years.
A large territory of West- and South-Australia, also in Victoria
and New South Wales stretches essentially through the Vine-
zone, and thus most kinds of Vine can be produced here, either
on the lowlands or the less elevated mountains in various
climatic regions and in different geologic formations. The
best grapes with us are produced mainly between the 30th and
45th degree of latitude. Cultivation for wine advances on the
Rhine to 50 north; on trellis it extends to 52 or 53 N., in
Norway even to 6i° 17'. In Italy vines are often trained high
up over Maples, Willows and Elms, since Pliny's time; in the
Caucasus they sometimes grow on Pterocarya. Vines attain an
age of centuries and have stems 3 feet in diameter. The doors
of the dome of the Ravenna Cathedral are of vine-wood
(Soderim). Tozetti saw vines with branches extending diame-
trically, as a whole, over 3,000 feet at Montebamboli. Rezier
notes a plant bearing about 4,000 bunches of grapes annually
at Besancon (Regel). A vine of enormous dimensions at
Hampton Court has also gained wide celebrity. In Italy the
establishing of Vine plantations on ordinary culture-land is
regarded as enhancing the value of the latter four or five fold,
and elsewhere often even more (whereas cereal-land is apt to
deteriorate), provided that vine diseases can be kept off.
The Corinthian variety, producing the Currants of commerce,
also thrives well in some districts of extratropic Australia, where
with raisins its fruit may become a staple article of export beyond
home-consumption. The Sultana-variety is not to be much
pruned; the bunches when gathered are dipped in an alkaline
liquid obtained from wood-ashes, to which a little olive oil is
added, to expedite drying, which is effected in about a week
(G. Maw). The produce of Sultana-raisins fluctuates from 7
to 30 cwt. per acre. The plant is best reared on lime-stone
formations. In Greece the average yield of ordinary Raisins
39^ SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
is about 2,000 lbs. per acre (Simmonds). Dr. W. Hamm, of
Vienna, has issued a Vine map of Europe, indicating the dis-
tribution of the different varieties and the principal sources of
the various sorts of wine. The writer would now merely add,
that the preservation of the grapes in a fresh state, according
to M. Charmeux's method, and the sundry modes of effecting
the transit of ripe grapes to long distances, ought to be turned
to industrial advantage. The pigment of the dark wine-berries
is known as racemic acid. The juice contains along with tartaric
acid also grape-acid. All these chemically-defined substances
have uses of their own in art and science. It might be worthy
of a trial, how far the Grape-vine can be grafted on such other
species not American, of the extensive genus Vitis as may not
be attacked by the destructive Pemphigus or Phylloxera. Ir-
respective of sulphur, borax has also latterly been recom-
mended against the Oidium disease. Professor Monnier, of
Geneva, has introduced the very expansive sulphurous anhy-
drous acid gas against the Phylloxera. The cultivation of in-
secticidal herbs to check the ingress of Phylloxera should be
more extensively tried, as such plants might ward off the in-
sect at all events in its wingless state. Dr. Herman Behr sug-
gests for the mitigation of this plague the ignition of wood
near vineyards, when the insect is on its wings, as all such in-
sects seek fires and succumb in them largely when the sky is
overcast, or when the nights are without moonlight. Mr. Lea-
cock in Maderia, applies a coating of a sticky solution of resin
in oil of turpentine advantageously to the roots of Vines
affected by Phylloxera. None of the remedies hitherto suggested
however seem to have proved really effective, or they are not of
sufficiently easy and cheap application, as the Phylloxera pest
is stili rapidly on the increase in Europe; according to the
latest accounts one-third of all the vineyards of France are
affected, and the disease is also spreading in Italy and Spain.
Inundation to the depth of a few inches for about a month,
where that is practicable, completely suffocates the Phylloxera,
but renders the vine for a while much less productive. In
sandy soil this dreadful insect is retarded in its development,
action, and progress. Bisulphide of carbon has proved the
most efficient remedy; this expansive fluid is introduced into
the soil by a peculiar injector, or through porous substances
(wood, earth), saturated with the bisulphide, the cost of this
operation being, in France, £$ 10s. — ^4 per acre annually.
(Planchon, David, Marion, Robart. See also translations by K.
Staiger and A. K. Findlay). Dressing with sulpho-carbonate
of potassium is still more efficacious and less dangerous, but
involves an annual expenditure of about £8 per acre (W. T.
Dyer). The American Vines seem generally to be but little at-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 397
tacked by the Phylloxera; but their grapes, as hitherto extant,
cannot at all rival the real Vine Grape.
Vitis vulpina, Linn6.* (Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.)
The Muscadine or Fox Grape. South-Eastern States of
North America. Extends also to Japan, Manchuria and the
Himalayas. This species also includes as varieties the Bullace,
the Mustang, the Bullate Grape, and both kinds of the Scup-
pernongs. The berries are of a pleasant taste, but in some in-
stances of a strong flavor; they are the largest among Ameri-
can Grapes. All the varieties derived from Vitis vulpina are
perfectly proof against the attacks of Phylloxera vastatrix.
Although in infested districts a few insects may sometimes be
found on it, yet no ill effects are ever manifested. The flower-
ing season is about six weeks later than that of the European
vine. The species is not easily propagated from cuttings, but
must be raised from seeds or by layering. As this is a very large
species the vines should be planted 20 to 30 feet apart, and grown
in bower fashion or on trellises. It does not bear pruning, but
some of the superfluous wood may be trimmed off during sum-
mer. It is only suited for mild climates; even in the latitude
of Washington it succumbs to the cold (it endures how-
ever the winter of Christiania). The bunches contain gener-
ally only from 4 to 10 large berries, but are produced abund-
antly all over the plant. The berries are of a brownish-yellow
color with a bronze tinge when ripe; the peel is coriaceous, the
juice vinous, of delicate perfume, resembling muscat. The
grapes do not ripen together, but successively during about a
month and drop off the stalk when ripe. To gather them a
sheet is generally spread under the vine and the latter shaken.
The Muscadine vine grows sometimes to an extraordinary size,
rising to the top of the tallest trees. A Scuppernong, planted
on the island of Roanoke, covers an area of more than 40 acres;
another is mentioned by Mr. Labiaux as extending still further.
Vitis vulpina is not suited for stock on which to graft the Euro-
pean Vine (Planchon's Vignes Americaines). Hybrids of this
species with the European and with other American vines are
but little fertile, but by further crossing the first hybrids can
furnish fertile sorts, whereas crosses between Vitis vinifera, V.
aestivalis, V. cordifolia, V. riparia and V. Labrusca in any way
are hardly less fertile than the original species (Bush and Meis-
ner). V. candicans, the Mustang-grape of Texas, is recom-
mended by Professor Millardet for grape-culture. Dr. Regel
refers to V. vulpina also V. parviflora, Roxb. Dr. Planchon's
important memoirs "Les Vignes Americaines," published since
1875, should be consulted in reference to American vines.
398 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars.
Madagascar and various parts of Africa, as far south as Na-
tal. This Earth-Pea is annual, and pushes its pods under
ground for maturation in the manner of Arachis hypogsea.
The pods are edible and consumed in some tropical countries.
Wallichia caryotoides, Roxburgh. {Harina caryotoides, Ham.)
India, up to 4,000 feet elevation (Kurz). A dwarf tufted
palm, eligible for scenic group-planting.
Wallichia densiflora, Martius. {W. oblongi folia, Griffith.)
Himalaya, as far as 27 north. There one of the hardiest of
all Palms. It is not a tall one, yet a graceful and useful object
for cultural industries.
Washingtonia filifera, Wendland. (P rite hardia filifera, Linden.)
South California to Arizona and Colorado. One of the most
northern and therefore most hardy of American Palms. This
species attains a height of 50 feet.
Wettinia augusta, Poeppig.
Peru, on mountains several thousand feet high. This Palm
is therefore likely to endure mild, temperate climes.
Wettinia Maynensis, Spruce.
Cordilleras of Peru. Like the foregoing, it attains a height
of 40 feet and advanced to elevations of 3,000 or 4,000 feet.
Before finally parting from the American Palms, it may be ap-
propriate to allude briefly to some of the hardier kinds, which
were left unnoticed in the course of this compilation. From
Dr. Spruce's important essay on the Palms of the Amazon
River may be learned that,besides other species as yet imperfectly
known from the sources of this great river, the following kinds
are comparatively hardy and hence might find places for culti-
vation or even naturalization within the limits of extra-
tropical countries: Geonoma undata, Klotzsch, Iriartea de-
toidea, R. and P., Iriartea ventricosa, Mart., which latter
rises in its magnificence to fully 100 feet; Iriartea exorrhiza
Mart.; this, with the two other Iriarteas, ascends the Andes
to 5,000 feet. Oenocarpus multicaulis, Spruce, ascends to 4,000
feet; from six to ten stems are developed from the same root,
each from 15 to 30 feet high. Euterpe; of this two species
occur in a zone between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Phytelephas
microcarpa, R. and P., eastern slope of the Peru Andes, as-
cending to 3,000 feet. Phytelephas macrocarpa, R. and P.,
also on the eastern side of the Andes, up to 4,000 feet; it is this
superb species which yields by its seeds part of the vegetable
IN extra-trOpical countries. 399
ivory. Phytelephas aequatorialis, Spruce, on the west slope of
the Peruvian Andes, up to 5,000 feet; this Palm is one of the
grandest objects in the whole vegetable creation, its leaves at-
taining a length of 30 feet! The stem rises to 20 feet. Palm
ivory is also largely secured from this plant. Though equinoc-
tial, it lives only in the milder regions of the mountains. Car-
ludovica palmata, R. and P., on the east side of the Andes of
Peru and Ecuador, up to 4,000 feet; the fan-shaped leaves from
cultivated specimens furnish the main material for the best
Panama-hats. Count de Castelnau saw many Palms on the
borders of Paraguay during his great Brazilian expedition.
Most of these, together with the Palms of Uruguay and the
wide Argentine territory, would probably prove adapted for accli-
mation in mild temperate latitudes; but hitherto the limited ac-
cess to those countries has left us largely unacquainted with its
vegetable treasures also in this direction. Von Martius demon-
strated so early as 1850 the occurrence of the following Palms
in extra-tropical South- America: Ceroxylon australe, Mart.,
on high mountains in Juan Fernandez, at 30 south latitude;
Jubaea spectabilis, Humb., in Chili, at 40° south latitude;
Trithrinax Brasiliana, Mart., at 31 south latitude; Copernicia
cerifera, Mart., at 29 south latitude; Acrocomia Totai, Mart,
at 28 south latitude; Cocos Australis, Mart., at 34 south
latitude; Cocos Yatai, Mart., at 32 south latitude; Cocos Ro-
manzoffiana, Cham., at 28 south latitude; Diplothemium lit-
torale, Mart., at 30 south latitude. All the last-mentioned
Palms occur in Brazil, the Acrocomia and Trithrinax extending
to Paraguay, and Cocos Australis to Uruguay and the La Plata
States.
While some Palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes,
others ascend to temperate and even cold mountain regions.
Among the American species are prominent in this respect —
Euterpe Andicola, Brogn., E. Haenkeana, Brogn., E. longi-
vaginata, Mart., Diplothemium Porallyi, Mart., and Ceroxylon
pithyrophyllum, Mart., all occurring on the Bolivian Andes at
an elevation of about 8,000 feet Ceroxylon Andicola, Humb.,
Kunthia montana, Humb., Oreodoxa frigida. Humb., and
Geonoma densa, Linden, also reach on the Andes of New
Granada an elevation of at least 8,000 feet. Ceroxylon
Klopstockia, Mart, advances on the Andes of Venezuela
to a zone of 7,500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw
stems 200 feet high, with leaves 24 feet long. There
also occur Syagrus Sancona, Karst., and Platenia Chiragua,
Karst., at elevations of 5,000 feet, both very lofty Palms.
From the temperate mountain-regions of sub-tropical Mexico
are known, among others, Chamaedorea concolor, Mart.,
Copernicia Pumos, Humb., C. nana, Kunth, and Brahea dulcis,
Mart., at elevations of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet.
400 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Wistaria Sinensis, De Candolle.
The "Fuji" of Japan and China; hardy at Christiania. Lives
through a century and more. The stem is carried up straight,
and the branches are trained on horizontal trellises at Japanese
dwellings, affording shade for seats beneath. One Wistaria
tree will thus cover a square of 50 feet by 50 feet, the odorous
trusses of flowers pendant through the trellis overhead
(Christy). Fortune tells us of a tree of great age, which
measured at 3 feet from the ground 7 feet in circumference,
and covered a space of trellis-work 60 feet by 100 feet. Flow-
ers probably available for scent distillation.
Withania somnifera, Dunal.
Countries around the Mediterranean sea, also in South-Asia
and South-Africa. A half shrub. The root, according to Pro-
fessor McOwan, acts much like Podophyllum, medicinally.
Witheringia solanacea, L'Heritier.
South-America. This perennial herb needs trial-culture, on
account of its large edible tubers.
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heritier.
North-America. A perennial, almost shrubby plant, of medi-
cinal value. The root produces a yellow pigment similar to
that of Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Both also contain berberin.
Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Schott.
West-Indies. The tubers are largely cultivated there, and
used as an esculent like those of Colocasia. The plant may be
as hardy as the latter.
Xanthoxylon piperitum, De Candolle.
Used as a condiment in China and Japan. Fruit capsules
remarkably fragrant.
Ximenia Americana, Linne.
Tropical-Asia, Africa and America, passing the tropics, how-
ever, in Queensland, and gaining also an indigenous position
in Florida. This bush may therefore accommodate itself to
cooler climes in localities free from frost. The fruits are edible,
resembling yellow plums in appearance; their taste is agreeable.
The wood is scented. In Mexico called "Alvarillo del campo."
Mr. P. O'Shanesy recommended this shrub for hedges.
Xylia dolabriformis, Bentham.
The " Pyengadu " of India, extending to China and the
Phillippine Islands, ascending mountains to 3,000 feet. An
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 4OI
Acacia-like tree, attaining a height of 120 feet, with deciduous
foliage, the stem often clear up to 80 feet and of very con-
siderable girth. The wood is reddish brown, close grained,
and pervaded when fresh by an oily glutinous clamminess.
The heartwood is of greater durability than even Teak, and of
a marvellous resistance to shocks through its extreme hardness.
It is used for gun-carriages, crooks of ships, railway-sleepers,
tools, gauges, ploughs, house- and bridge-posts (Laslett). It is
as indestructible as iron, hence locally called iron- wood; a rifle
shot at 20 yards distance will scarcely cause any penetration
into it (Colonel Blake). Neither the tornado nor termites will
touch the heartwood (Hooker). It can only be sawn up in a
fresh state. The stem exudes a red gum-resin (Kurz).
Yucca breviolia, Engelmann.
Arizona and Utah, in the deserts. Attains a height of 30
feet. The whole plant can be converted into paper (Vasey).
Yucca filamentosa, Linne.
The Adam's Needle. From Carolina and Florida to Texas
and Mexico. An almost stemless species. It would hardly
be right to omit the plants of this genus altogether here, as they
furnish a fiber of great strength, similar to that of the Agaves.
Moreover, all these plants are decorative, and live in the
poorest soil, even in drifting coast sand. They are also not
hurt, as is the case with the Fourcroyas, by slight frosts.
Among the species with stems of several feet in height may be
recorded Y. gloriosa, L. and Y. aloifolia, L., both from the
sandy south-coast of North- America. At Edinburgh it bore a
temperature of o° F. with impunity (Gorlie).
Yucca Treculiana, Carriere.
From Texas westward. Stem to 50 feet high, branched only
near the summit. Grand in aspect and also most showy on
account of its vast number of white flowers of porcelain luster.
The fruit tastes like that of the Papaw (Lindheimer). ■
Yucca Yucatana, Engelmann.
Central America. This species attains a height of 20 feet,
branching from the base. Y. canaliculata, Hooker, ranges from
Texas to North Mexico, and has a stem up to 25 feet high, with
very long leaves. A variety of Y. baccata, Torre y, extending
from Texas to California and Utah, occurs with a stem 50 feet
high, but with singularly short leaves (Sereno Watson); it
furnishes the Tambico-fiber for cordage, ropes, rugs and other
fabrics.
Zalacca secunda, Griffith.
Assam, as far north as 28 . A stemless Palm with large
|a6
402 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
feathery leaves, exquisitely adapted for decorative purposes
Before we quit the Asiatic Palms, we may learn from Von
Martius' great work, how many extra-tropical members of this
princely order were already known in 1850, when that masterly
publication was concluded. Martius enumerates as belonging
to the boreal extra-tropical zone in Asia; F7-om Silhet at 2<f
north latitude: Calamus erectus, Roxb.; C. extensus, Roxb.;
C. quinquenervius, Roxb.; — from Garo at 26 north lati-
tude: Wallichia caryotoides, Roxb.; Ptychosperma gracilis,
Miq.; Caryota urens, L. ; Calamus leptospadix, Griff.;
from Khasya, in 26 north latitude: Calamus acanthospathus,
Griff.; C. macrospathus, Griff.; Plectocomia Khasyana, Griff.;
— -from Assam, about 27 north latitude; Areca Nagensis,
Griff.; A. triandra, Roxb.; Livistona Jenkinsii, Griff.;
Daemonorops nutantiflorus, Griff.; D. Jenkinsii, Griff.; D.
Guruba, Mart.; Plectocomia Assamica, Griff.; Calamus
tenuis, Roxb.; C. Flagellum, Griff.; C. Heliotropium, Hamilt.;
C. floribundus, Griff.; Phoenix Ouseloyana, Griff.; — from Upper
Assam, between 28 and 2p° north latitude: Caryota obtusa,
Griff.; Zalacca secunda, Griff.; Calamus Mishmelensis, Griff.; —
from Darjiling, at 27 north latitude: Wallichia obtusifolia, Griff.;
Licuala peltata Roxb.; Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griff.; Calamus
schizospathus, Griff.; — from Nepal, between 28 and 29° north
latitude: Chamaerops Martiana, Wall; — fro?n Guhrvall, in jo°
north latitude: Calamus Royleanus, Griff.; — from Saharanpoor,
in jo° north latitude : Borassus flabelliformis, L.; — from Duab,
in 3 1° north latitude: Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb.; from Kheree,
in jo° degrees north latitude: Phoenix humilis, Royle; — from
Dekanj Bentinckia Coddapanna, Berry, at an elevation of
4,000 feet. Miquel mentions as Palms of Japan (entirely extra-
tropical): Rhapis flabelliformis, Aiton; R. humilis, Blume ;
Chamaerops excelsa, Thunb. ; Livistona Chinensis, Br. and
Arenga saccharifera, Labill., or a species closely allied to
that Palm.
Zea Mays, Linn6.*
The Maize or Indian Corn. Indigenous to the warmer parts
of South America. St. Hilaire mentions as its native country
Paraguay. Found in Central America already by Columbus.
This conspicuous, though annual, cereal grass interests us on
this occasion as being applicable to far more uses than those
for which it has been employed in most parts of the globe. In
North America, for instance, Maize is converted into a variety
of dishes for the daily table, being thus boiled in an immature
state, as " green corn." Mixed with other flour it furnishes
good bread. For some kinds of cakes it is solely used, also for
maizena, macaroni, and polenta. Several varieties exist, the
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 403
Inca Maize of Peru being remarkable for its gigantic size
and large grains. The variety named is very hardy, hav-
ing matured seeds in Norway as far north as 63 15'
according to Professor Shuebeler. Maize is not readily
subject to the ordinary corn diseases, but to prosper it
requires fair access to potash and lime. Good writing
and printing papers can be prepared from maize-straw.
Meyen calculated that the return from maize under most favor-
able circumstances in tropical countries would be eight hundred
fold, and under almost any circumstances it is the largest
yielder among cereals in warm countries. Acosta counted on
some cobs of the Inca Maize as many as 700 grains, and says
that it is not uncommon to harvest of this variety 300 fold the
seeds sown; it grows to a height of 15 feet in rich soil and
under careful cultivation, by which means the grains will
become 4 or 5 times as large as the ordinary kind. In Peru it
can be grown up to an altitude of 8,000 feet. Mr. Buchanan
of Lindenau obtained 150 bushels from an acre in Gippsland
flats, colony Victoria. As a fattening saccharine green-fodder,
maize is justly appreciated. In Middle Europe the Horse-
tooth variety is frequently grown for this purpose and attains
occasionally a height of fully 12 feet, although the seeds do
not come to perfection there. Any ergot from it is used, like
that of rye, for medicinal purposes. Maize corn contains about
75 per cent, of starch. Dierbach recommends mellago or trea-
cle from maize instead of that prepared from the roots of
Triticum repens, L., and the molasses so obtained serves also
for culinary uses. Sugar and treacle are now made on a large
scale from Maize stems in the manner indicated under Andro-
pogon saccharatus. Exposure to extreme and protracted cold
— four years in Polaris Bay, Smith Sound, 8i° 38' north latitude
— did not destroy the vitality of wheat and maize grains (R. J.
Lynch).
Zelkova acuminata, Planchon. (P/anera acuminata, Lindley; P. Japonica,
Miquel.)
The "Keaki," considered one of the best timber trees of Ja-
pan; it proved of rapid growth and valuable as a shade-tree at
Melbourne. The wood never cracks, and is hence most exten-
sively used for turnery, also much for furniture (Rein). Stems
occasionally 20 feet in girth. For out door work the most
valued wood in Japan (Christie).
Zelkova crenata, Spach. {Planera Richardi, Michaux.)
South- West Asia, ascending to 5,000 feet. In favorable
localities a good-sized tree, with qualities resembling those of
the Elms. The allied Z. cretica, Spach is restricted to South
Europe.
404 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Zingiber officinale, Roscoe.
The Ginger. India and China. Possibly this plant may be
productive also in the warmer temperate zone, and give satis-
factory results. The multiplication is effected by division of
the root. For candied ginger only the young succulent roots
are used, which are peeled and scalded prior to immersion into
the saccharine liquid.
Zizania aquatica, Linne.* {Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.)
The Canada Rice. Annual. It attains a height of 9 feet.
In shallow streams and around ponds and lakes, from Canada to
Florida. This tall grass might be readily naturalized. Al-
though its grain can be utilized for bread-corn, we would wish
to possess the plant, chiefly to obtain additional food of a su-
perior kind for water birds.
Zizania latifolia, Hance.* {Hydropyrum latifolium, Grisebach.)
The Kau-sun of China. In lakes of Amur, Manchuria,
China and Japan. Nearly related to the preceding species.
From Dr. Hance we know, that the solid base of the stem forms
a very choice vegetable, largely used in China, where this tall
water-grass undergoes regular cultivation like the Trapa.
Zizania fluitans, Michaux. (Hydrochloa Carolincnsis , Beauvois.)
Southern States of North America. This grass, floating in
shallow streams, or creeping on muddy banks of rivers or
swamps, is praised by C. Mohr, as valuable for fodder, lasting
throughout the year.
Zizania miliacea, Michaux. *
Southern part of North America, West Indies. Tall and
perennial, but more restricted to the tide-water meadows and
ditches, according to Pursh; while according to Chapman's
note it is generally distributed like Z. aquatica, with which it
has similar use. In South Brazil occurs a similar grass — namely
Z. microstachya (Nees).
Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martius.
Brazil. Recommended as yielding fruit in arid regions.
Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamarck.
From India to China, East Australia, extending also to trop-
ical Africa, ascending the Himalayas to 4,500 feet. This shrub
or tree can only be expected t© bear its pleasant fruits in the
warmer part of the temperate zone. The fruit is red or yel-
low, and of the size of a cherry. The Tussa silkworm, which,
according to Dr. Forbes Watson, is the most important and
widely distributed of the wild silk-insects of India, feeds on Z.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Jujuba, but also on Terminalias, Shorea, Bombax heptaphyllum
and some other trees. Often the cocoons are merely collected
in the forests.
Zizyphus Lotus, Lamarck.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are
small and less sweet than those of Z. vulgaris; nevertheless
they are largely used for food in the native country of this
bush. Z. nummularia, Wight and Arnott, is an allied species
from the mountains of India, ascending to 3,000 feet. It is
much used for garden hedges. The fruit is sweet and acidu-
lous and of a pleasant flavor (Brandis).
Zizyphus Mistal, Grisebach.
Argentina. A fine tree with edible fruits.
Zizyphus rugosa, Lamarck.
Nepal and other mountainous parts of India. A small tree,
hardier than the last. The drupe of this is also edible, and the
same may be said of a few other Indian species.
Zizyphus Sinensis, Lamarck.
China and Japan. Similar in use to the last.
Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow.
Middle and North Africa, South-West Asia. Rather a hedge-
plant than a fruit-bush.
Zizyphus vulgaris, Lamarck.
Orient, particularly Syria; in the Himalayas up to 6,500 feet.
A small tree, well adapted for a temperate clime. Fruits scar-
let, about an inch long, with edible pulp; they are known as
South European Jujubes. The allied Z. oxyphylla, Edgeworth,
has a very acid fruit.
Zoysia pungens, Willdenow.
Eastern and Southern Asia, East Australia. This creeping
grass, although not large, is important for binding coast-sands;
it will live on saline soil.
406
Table of Average Annual Rainfall and Temperature at Stations in
the United States.
Names of Stations.
Elevation
above sea-
Number of
Number of
Rain in
years of
Mean tem-
years of
inches.
observa-
perature.
observa-
tion.
tion.
Feet.
187
43
53
7 5- 12
43
00
37^
82
40
61
38 7-12
48
35
38 5-12
25
46
52
29M
51
92
30
597
32
84
30 5-12
47
24
3°K
600
33
00
10 1-12
45
85
*7%
1300
32
84
10%
49
28
4
840
35
40
16 5-12
5i
94
12X
75
38
05
37%
S&
16
12K
580
42
gb
41 11-12
54
72
3*>%
481
40
bg
40
55
00
41 ,
450
47
81
7 1-12
55
70
4K
8
47
04
19
59
01
25
42
7 1
3 11-12
59
76
20
1000
5i
58
7 7-12
56
74
6 H
262
44
57
15 5- I 2
60
71
Hjf
560
36
90
23%
60
48
29 5-6
25
44
82
45 5-12
61
53
24%
85c
43
*9
7 5-12
60
93
f>y 2
35°
51
25
22
b S
57
8 11-12
600
3i
3°
ioJ€
69
63
8 7-13
45
47
20
7
53
23
2
50
35
9i
ji'/i
52
87
11&
3°
11
3°
3
18
«5
*3%
40
34
10 1-12
728
23
97
13 J" 12
41
02
27K
35°
21
12%
53
23
13J*
1245
15
52
15 1-12
4°
97
12%
4472
14
45
17%
49
56
17%
339°
23
18
9
5°
72
10%
4354
24
81
9%
51
86
9
1300
24
52
20 5-6
54
62
16 s-6
81
19
24
18J*
60
00
14
130
21
49
24%
55
23
11%
8365
17
23
5 l-M
42
86
15K
4700
17
12
8 11-12
62
14
7 5-6
1000
22
61
12 5-12
68
69
10 1-12
1460
21
33
11 7-12
7 1
92
10 5-12
806
17
51
14 7-12
73
39
10 5-6
521
*9
60
W/b
74
19
10 5-11
1963
14
06
II
44
96
9 1-11
6656
8
43
12 5-6
41
27
10%
4867
7
33
2%
4*
86
3
4284
7
43
3%
54
13
7 5-6
7864
14
86
13 I-I2
42
86
*5%,
2800
11
39
2 11-12
61
37
*%
604
4
65
9 1-12
73
23
6 5-12
200
86
16%
74
77
14 11-12
150
9
31
M%
62
11
20 5-6
3830
8
53
WA
65
*9
10%
37 r °
10
44
3%
62
95
3 1-12
40
123
35
3%
47
64
3 11-12
6286
77
23
8
Portland Me
Boston Mass
New York City
Detroit Mich
Chicago Ill
Omaha Neb
Pittsburg Penn
Washington D. C
Cincinnati Ohio
St. Louis Mo
Louisville Ky
Norfolk (Fortress Monroe). . Va
Chapel Hill N. C
Knoxville Tenn
Memphis Tenn
Fort Gibson Ind. Ter
Charleston S. C
Athens Ga
Vicksburgh Miss
San Antonio Texas
Portland Or
Fort Humboldt Cal
St. Michael's Alaska
Fort Abercrombie Dak
Fort Mackinac Mich
Fort Dalles Or
Fort Randall Dak
Fort Laramie Wyom. Ter
Fort Crook Cal
Salt Lake City Utah
Fort Riley Kansas
Sacramento Cal
San Francisco Cal
Fort Massachusetts Col
Fort Davis Texas
Fort Clark Texas
Fort Duman Texas
Fort Macintosh Texas
Ringgold Barracks Texas
Fort Colville Wash. Ter
Fort Bridges Wyom. Ter
Camp Floyd Utah
Fort Churchill Nev
Fort Garland Col
Tonaquint Utah
Fort Mojave Arizona
Fort Yuma Cal
Fort San Diego Cal
Fort Bliss Texas
Fort Quitman Texas
Neeah-Bay Wash. Ter
Mt. Washington N. H
4°7
Table of Average Annual Rainfall and Temperature at Stations in
the United States.
Names of Stations.
Cape Hatteras N. C
Astoria Oregon
Fort Stevens Oregon
Blockhouse Oregon
Sitka . .Alaska
Perry . .' Me
Steuben Me
Fayetteville Vt,
Southwick Mass
Wallingford Ct.
Ceres Penn ,
Berwick Penn.
Poplar Grove W. Va.
Camden S. C.
Fulton S.C.
Sparta Ga.
Culloden Ga.
Atlanta Ga.
Fort Barramas Fla.
Jacksonville Fla.
Fort Brooke Fla.
Fort Pierce Fla.
Fort Myers Fla.
Fort Dallas Fla.
Huntsville Ala.
Greensborough Ala .
Monroeville Ala.
Mt. Vernon Ala .
Columbus Miss.
Natchez Miss .
Jackson Miss.
Monroe La.
West Feliciana La.
Baton Rouge La.
New Orleans La.
Nashville Tenn.
Washington Ark.
Welchfield O.
Sandwich Ill .
FortTowson Ind.Ter.
Camp Gaston Cal .
Meadow Valley Cal.
Fort Umpqua Or.
Fort Hoskins Or.
Fort Yamhill Or.
Fort Cascades Wash. Ter .
Fort Wrangell Alaska.
St. Paul Kadiak Ala.
Marquette Mich.
Duluth Minn .
St. Paul Minn.
Oswego N. Y .
Elevation
above sea-
level.
Feet.
52
20
100
5°
35°
265
r 33
1440
58.3
720
24O
150
5So
825
1050
600
35°
'5°
200
227
264
35°
100
96
41
25
533
660
1205
665
300
3700
5°
3°
22
710
624
800
Rain in
inches.
Number of
years of
observa-
tion.
6 5-12
*%
3°
9 5-12
12^
7 5-12
6
6%
3 3 A
2 11-12
3X
&y 2
7
9
1%
9 1-12
13 7-12
13 1-12
6 1-12
7 5-12
3 5-i2
WA
16
5 5-12
17%
16 7-12
21 5-6
4%
4/3
5 5-6
(>%
3 !-!2
3
17 1-12
18 7-12
Mean tem-
perature.
50
00
50
93
50
3°
42
o.S
41
98
4'
7 2
44
14
47
39
45
5°
50
15
62
16
62
3P
64
3 1
SK
36
68
49
63
98
71
92
73
67
74
45
74
QI
TO
38
62
73
66
61
66
IS
62
iq
6s
30
64
14
6,
91
6S
7«
68
IS
6q
06
S8
32
61
56
4b
17
46
94
61
50
S7
78
48
72
52
57
51
37
49
31
51
49
43
89
4 1
29
4-?
3'"
4 6
35
Number of
years of
observa-
tion.
18K
2?<
4%
16 11-12
14 i-
$ 2 A
(>A
6
9 3 A
9 ,
*%
5%
20%
™*A
27 11-12
&A
lA
6 11-12
J 3 ,
&A
3 11-12
WA,
15 5-12
4%
28
32%
6 7-
x8X
Z%
3 "-«
5 5-6
8
9 5-12
3 *-"
1 5-6
ioJ$
8 s-12
18 7-12
4o8
INDICATED GENERA.
Alimentary Plants —
i. Yielding Herbage (culinary) —
Agriophyllum, Allium, Amarantus, Anthriscus, Apium,
Aralia, Atriplex, Barbarea, Basella, Beta, Bongardia, Borrago,
Brassica, Chenopodium, Corchorus, Crambe, Cynara, Eremurus,
Euchlsena, Fagopyrum, Gigantochloa, Gunnera, Hibiscus,
Lactuca, Lepidium, Musa, Oenanthe, Pharnaceum, Pringlea,
Pugionium, Rheum, Rumex, Sanguisorba, Scandix, Schizo-
stachyum, Scorzonera, Spinacia, Talinum, Tetragonia, Theli-
gonum, Tropseolum, Valerianella, Zizania.
2. Yielding Roots (culinary) —
Allium, Apios, Aponogeton, Arracacha, Asparagus, Beta,
Boussingaultia, Brassica, Butomus, Carum, Chserophyllum,
Cichorium, Colocasia, Conopodium, Cordyline, Crambe,
Cymopterus, Cyperus, Daucus, Dendrocalamus, Dioscorea,
Diposis, Eustrephus, Ferula, Flemingia, Flueggea, Geitono-
plesium, Gigantochloa, Gladiolus, Heleocharis, Helianthus,
Hypochceris, Ipomcea, Iris, Manihot, Microseris, Nelumbo,
Nepeta, Oxalis, Pachyrrhizus, Peucedanum, Pimpinella,
Pouzolzia, Priva, Psoralea, Pueraria, Raphanus, Rhaponticum,
Ruscus, Scilla, Scorzonera, Sechium, Selinum, Solanum,
Stilbocarpa, Thapsia, Tinguarra, Tragopogon, Tropseolum,
Ullucus, Uvularia, Valeriana, Xanthosoma.
3. Yielding Cereal Grain —
Andropogon, Avena, Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum,
Pennisetum, Poa, Secale, Triticum, Zea, Zizania.
4. Yielding Table Pulse —
Cajanus, Caragana, Cicer, Cyamopsis, Dolichos, Ervum,
Lupinus, Mucuna, Phaseolus, Pisum, Vicia, Vigna.
5. Yielding various Esculent Fruits —
Aberia, Acanthosicyos, Achras, Adenostemon, Albizzia,
Alibertia, Amarantus, Amelanchier, Anona, Arachis, Araucaria,
Aristotelia, Artocarpus, Atalantia, Averrhoa, Benincasa, Ber-
beris, Borassus, Brabejum, Canavalia, Carissa, Carya, Casi-
miroa, Castanea, Castanopsis, Celtis, Ceratonia, Cereus, Cer-
vantesia, Citrus, Coccoloba, Condalia, Corynocarpus, Coryno-
INDICATED GENERA. 409
sicyos, Crataegus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cudrania, Cynara,
Debregeasia, Diospyros, Euclea, Eugenia, Fagopyrum, Ficus,
Fragaria, Fuchsia, Gaultiera, Gaylussacia, Gingko, Gourliaea,
Guevina, Hibiscus, Hovenia, Hymensea, Illipe, Juglans,
Juniperus, Lapageria, Limonia, Macadamia, Maclura, Mangi-
fera, Marlea, Marliera, Melicocca, Mesembrianthemum,
Moringa, Morus, Musa, Myrica, Myrtus, Nageia, Nelumbo,
Nephelium, Niemeyera, Nuphar, Nyssa, Opuntia, Pappea,
Parinarium, Passifiora, Peireskia, Persea, Peumus, Phoenix,
Photinia, Physalis, Pinus, Pistacia, Prunus, Psidium, Punica,
Pyrularia, Pyrus, Quercus, Ribes, Rubus, Salpichroma,
Sambucus, Santalum, Sechium, Shepherdia, Solanum, Spondias,
Sterculia, Tamarindus, Telfairia, Terminalia, Trapa, Triphasia,
Vaccinium, Vahea, Vangueria, Vitis, Voandzeia, Ximenia,
Zizyphus.
6. Truffles and Mushrooms —
Agaricus, Boletus, Cantharellus, Clavaria, Helvella, Hydnum,
Hymenangium, Lycoperdon, Morchella, Pachyma, Peziza,
Polygaster, Polyporus, Rhizopogon, Terfezia, Tuber.
Avenue-Plants (partly, also for street-planting) —
Acer, ^Esculus, Castanea, Corylus, Cupressus, Eucalyptus,
Ficus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia, Grevillea, Jubaea, Juglans, Melia,
Oreodoxa, Pinus, Pircunia, Pistacia, Planera, Platanus, Populus,
Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sequoia, Thespesia,
Tilia, Ulmus, Zelkova.
Bamboo-Plants —
Arundinaria (Arundo), Bambusa, Beesha, Dendrocalamus,
Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocanna, Phyllostachys, Schizos-
tachyum, (many other genera mentioned under Schizos-
tachyum), Teinostachyum.
Camphor-Plant —
Cinnamomum.
Coffee-Plant.
Coffea.
Condiment-Plants —
Acorus, Allium, Apium, Archangelica, Artemisia, Asperula,
Borrago, Brassica, Calamintha, Calyptranthes, Capparis, Capsi-
cum, Carum, Chaerophyllum, Cinnamomum, Citrus, Cochlearia,
Coriandrum, Crithmum, Cuminum, Fceniculum, Glycine,
Illicium, Laserpitium, Laurus, Lepidium, Lindera, Mentha,
Meriandra, Monarda, Monodora, Myrrhis, Nyssa, Ocimum, Olea,
410 INDICATED GENERA.
Origanum, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Prunus, Pycnanthemum,
Satureja, Sison, Smyrnium, Spilanthes, Tropaeolum, Thymus,
Tuber, Valerianella, Xanthoxylon, Zingiber.
Cork-Plants—
Quercus. — Substitutes: Aeschynomene, Agave, Nyssa.
Dye-Plants —
Acacia, Acer, Albizzia, Aleurites, Alkanna, Alnus, Anthemis,
Baloghia, Caesalpinia, Carthamus, Carya, Chlorogalum,
Cladrastris, Coccoloba, Crocus, Crozophora, Cytisus, Dracaena,
Excsecaria, Fagopyrum, Fraxinus, Garcinia, Gunnera, Hedera,
Helianthus, Heterothalamus, Indigofera, Isatis, Juglans,
Lawsonia, Lithospermum, Lyperia, Maclura, Maharanga,
Mallotus, Onosma, Opuntia, Peireskia, Peltophorum, Perilla,
Peumus, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Polygonum, Quercus, Reseda.,
Rhamnus, Rhus, Roccella, Rubia, Sambucus, Saponaria,
Solanum, Sophora, Spartium, Terminalia, Thymelaea, Vac-
cinium, Xanthorrhiza.
Fiber-Plants —
Agave, Apocynum, Boehmeria, Broussonetia, Camelina, Can-
nabis, Caryota, Chlorogalum, Copernicia, Corchorus, Cordyline,
Crotalaria, Cyperus, Debregeasia, Eryngium, Fitzroya, Four-
croya, Gossypium, Hardwickia, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Humulus,
Lardizabala, Lavatera, Linum, Malachra, Maoutia, Musa,
Pachyrrhizus, Phormium, Pipturus, Poa, Sanseviera, Sesbania,
Spartina, Spartium, Thuya, Tillandsia, Touchardia, Urena,
Villebrunia, Yucca. See also paper plants.
Fullers Plant—
Dipsacus.
Fodder-Plants —
i. Grasses —
Agrostis, Aira, Alopecurus, Andropogon, Anthistiria, Anthox-
anthum, Aristida, Arundinella, Avena, Bouteloua, Bromus,
Buchloa, Carex, Chionachne, Chloris, Cinna, Cynodon,
Cynosurus, Dactylis, Danthonia, Ehrharta, Eleusine, Euchlaena,
Erianthus, Eriochloa, Festuca, Hemarthria, Hierochloa, Holcus,
Hordeum, Koeleria, Leersia, Lolium, Melica, Milium,
Muehlenbergia, Neurachne, Panicum, Pappophorum, Paspalum,
Pennisetum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Rottboellia, Sclerachne,
Secale, Sesleria, Spartina, Spinifex, Stenotaphrum, Tricholaena,
Tripsacum, Triticum, Uniola, Zizania.
INDICATED GENERA. 411
2. Herbage —
Achillea, Alchemilla, Anthyllis, Arachis, Astragalus, Atriplex,
Brassica, Cichorium, Conospermum, Crotalaria, Desmodium,
Erodium, Ervum, Exomis, Heracleum, Hippocrepis, Jacksonia,
Kochia, Lespedeza, Lotus, Lupinus, Medicago, Pentzia,
Peucedanum, Phymaspermum, Portulacaria, Prangos, Sanguis-
orba, Selago, Sesbania, Spergula, Stenopetalum, Symphytum,
Trichodesma, Trifolium, Trophis.
3. Stable Pulse (Pods and Herbs) —
Cicer, Dolichos, Hedysarum, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Medicago,
Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Pisum,
Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia.
4. Other Fruits —
Argania, Carya, Castanea, Ceratonia, Helianthus, Prosopis,
Quercus.
Garland-Plants —
Baccharis, Cupressus, Helichrysum, Laurus, Lycopodium,
Melaleuca, Pinus, Quercus.
Grave-Plants —
Acacia, Agonis, Boronia, Cupressus, Dacrydium, Fraxinus,
Helichrysum, Lycopodium, Salix, Tamarix, Thuya, Viola.
Gum-Plants —
Acacia, Albizzia, Astragalus, Bambusa, Brachychiton,
Caragana, Diospyros, Olea, Piptadenia, Prosopis, Xylia.
Hedge-Plants —
Aberia, Acacia, Acer, Agave, Albizzia, Alnus, Azima,
Baccharis, Bambusa, Berberis, Buddleya, Buxus, Caesalpinia,
Capparis, Carissa, Ceanothus, Celtis, Citrus, Crataegus,
Cupressus, Cytisus, Elseagnus, Flacourtia, Gleditschia, Guilan-
dina, Hymenanthera, Justicia, Lawsonia, Ligustrum, Lycium,
Madura, Mimosa, Opuntia, Paliurus, Parkinsonia, Peireskia,
Pisonia, Pistacia, Pittosporum, Plectronia, Prosopis, Prunus,
Punica, Pyrus, Rhamnus, Rhus, Rosa, Rubus, Ruscus, Salix,
Scutia, Streblus, Thuya, Viburnum, Zizyphus.
Honey-Plants —
Acacia, Aesculus, Agave, Barbarea, Brassica, Citrus, Crocus,
Cucurbita, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia, Fagopyrum, Grevillea,
Hedera, Helianthus, Lavandula, Medicago, Melianthus,
Melissa, Mentha, Ocimum, Origanum, Ornithopus, Onobrychis,
412 INDICATED GENERA.
Robinia, Rosa, Rosmarinus, Salix, Salvia, Taraxacum, Thymus,
Tilia, Trifolium, Tropaeolum, Viola.
Hop-Plant—
Humulus.
Insecticidal Plants —
Artemisia, Chrysanthemum, Cannabis, Gymnocladus, Schku-
hria, Solanum, Tagetes.
Medicinal Plants —
i. Yielding Herbage or Flowers —
Achillea, Aconitum, Agave, Aletris, Aloe, Althaea, Anemone,
Anthemis, Arctostaphylos, Aristolochia, Arnica, Artemisia,
Atropa, Barosma, Cannabis, Cassia, Catha, Chelidonium,
Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cochlearia, Conium, Crocus,
Cytisus, Digitalis, Duboisia, Erythroxylon, Eupatorium, Garu-
leum, Hagenia, Hedeoma, Hyoscyamus, Ilex, Justicia, Lactuca,
Leonotis, Leyssera, Marrubium, Matricaria, Melianthus,
Mentha, Menyanthes, Nepeta, Osmitopsis, Papaver, Par-
thenium, Pilocarpus, Polygala, Prunus, Rafnia, Ricinus,
Rosmarinus, Ruta, Salvia, Sambucus, Santolina, Schkuhria,
Sebaea, Selinum, Solanum, Sophora, Spigelia, Spilanthes,
Swertia, Tanacetum, Tarchonanthus, Teucrium, Thuya,
Thymus.
2. Yielding Bark —
Alstonia, Aspidosperma, Cinchona, Juglans, Pilocarpus, Salix.
3. Yielding Roots —
Acorus, Actaea, Althaea, Anacyclus, Archangelica, Aristo-
lochia, Arnica, Atropa, Carex, Cephaelis, Cimicifuga, Colchicum,
Convolvulus, Euryangium, Gentiana, Glycyrrhiza, Helleborus,
Hydrastis, Inula, Ipomcea, Krameria, Nardostachys, Panax,
Periandra, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Podophyllum, Polygala,
Punica, Rafnia, Rheum, Sabbatia, Sanguinaria, Saponaria,
Sassafras, Saussurea, Schoenocaulon, Scorzonera, Smilax,
Smyrnium, Symphytum, Taraxacum, Urginia, Valeriana,
Veratrum, Withania, Xanthorrhiza.
4. Yielding Fruits (or only Seeds) —
Cassia, Cucumis, Cuminum, Ecballion, Foeniculum, Illicium,
Mallotus, Punica, Rhamnus, Rheum, Ricinus, Schoenocaulon,
Smyrnium, Tamarindus, Trigonella.
Oil : Plants—
Aleurites, Arachis, Argania, Brassica, Camelina, Camellia,
INDICATED GENERA. 413
Cannabis, Carya, Combretum, Cucurbita, Cyperus, Excsecaria,
Ginkgo, Gossypium, Guizotia, Helianthus, Juglans, Linum,
Olea, Papaver, Prunus, Pyrularia, Ricinas, Sesamum, Telfairia,
Tetranthera.
Palm-Plants—
Acrocomia, Bactris, Bacularia, Borassus, Brahea, Calamus,
Caryota, Ceroxylon, Chamserops, Cocos, Copernicia, Euterpe,
Geonoma, Hyospathe, Hyphaene, Jubsea, Kentia, Livistona,
Mauritia, Oncosperma, Oreodoxa, Phoenix, Plectocomia, Prit-
chardia, Ptychosperma, Rhapidophyllum, Rhapis, Sabal,
Thrinax, Trithrinax, Wallichia, Wettinia, Zalacca (many other
American genera under Wettinia, many other Asiatic genera
under Zalacca).
Paper-Plants —
Arundo, Broussonetia, Cyperus, Eriophorum, Fatsia,
Lepidosperma, Lygeum, Phormium, Pinus, Populus, Psamma,
Salix, Spartina, Stipa, Zea. (See also Fiber-plants.)
Resin-Plants —
Balsamodendron, Buswellia, Bursera, Butea, Cajanus,
Callitris, Ceroxylon, Chloroxylon, Cistus, Croton, Dammara,
Dorema, Ferula, Ficus, Frenela, Garcinia, Hymenaea, Isonandra,
Juniperus, Liquidambar, Manihot, Melanorrhoea, Myrica,
Pinus, Pistacia, Pterocarpus, Rhus, Shorea, Styrax, Vahea.
Saline Plants —
Agrostis, Alopecurus, Albizzia, Avicennia, Batis, Casuarina,
Cynodon, Kochia, Leptospermum, Melaleuca, Myoporum,
Paspalum, Phormium, Poa, Salicornia, Sesuvium, Spartina,
Tamarix, Zoysia.
Sandcoast-Plants —
Acacia, Agrostis, Ailantus, Alkanna, Aloe, Andropogon,
Apium, Asparagus, Beta, Csesalpinia, Cakile, Calamagrostis,
Callitris, Carex, Casuarina, Ceanothus, Coccoloba, Crambe,
Crithmum, Cupressus, Cynodon, Cytisus, Dactylis, Distichlis,
Ehrharta, Elegia, Elymus, Festuca, Genista, Hemitaphrum,
Imperata, Lavandula, Lepidosperma, Leptospermum, Lupinus,
Medicago, Melaleuca, Mesembrianthemum, Myoporum, Myrica,
Opuntia, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Panicum, Paspalum,
Phormium, Pinus, Poa, Populus, Prunus, Psamma, Quercus,
Rhagodia, Robinia, Remirea, Sabal, Salix, Sesuvium, Spartina,
Spinifex, Stenotaphrum, Stipa, Tamarix, Tetragonia, Thouarea,
Thrinax, Tripsacum, Triticum, Ulex, Uniola, Urginea, Yucca,
Zoysia.
414 INDICATED GENERA.
Scenic Plants (other than Palms or Bamboos) —
Agave, Ailantus, Aloe, Andropogon, Angelica, Arundo,
Asplenium, Berberis, Boehmeria, Canna, Cereus, Colocasia,
Cordyline, Cycas, Cynara, Cyperus, Datura, Dicksonia, Dirca,
Dracaena, Elegia, Encephalartos, Euchlaena, Eustrephus,
Fatsia, Ferula, Festuca, Foeniculum, Fourcroya, Gunnera,
Helianthus, Heracleum, Inula, Lavatera, Leucadendron,
Melianthus, Musa, Opuntia, Pandanus, Paulownia, Phormium,
Pipturus, Podachsenium, Rheum, Richardia, Ricinus, Todea,
Touchardia, Watsonia, Yucca, Zea.
Scent-Plants —
Acacia, Adesmia, Aloexylon, Andropogon, Anthoxanthum,
Aquilaria, Backhousia, Boronia, Calamintha, Cedronella, Citrus,
Convolvulus, Dracocephalum, Eucalyptus, Gelsemium, Lavan-
dula, Liatris, Lippia, Liquidambar, Melia, Melissa, Mentha,
Monarda, Murraya, Myrtus, Nyctanthes, Ocimum, Origanum,
Osmanthus, Pelargonium, Pittosporum, Pogostemon, Polianthes,
Prunus, Pycnanthemum, Reseda, Rosa, Rosmarinus, Santalum,
Satureja, Styrax, Synoon, Teucrium, Thymus, Tilia, Triphasia,
Viola, Wistaria.
Silk-Plants—
Ailantus, Cajanus, Liquidambar, Madura, Morus, Quercus,
Ricinus, Shorea, Symplocos, Terminalia, Trophis, Ulmus.
Starch-Plants —
Alstroemeria, Canna, Caryota, Colocasia, Copernicia, Cycas,
Fagopyrum, Hordeum, Levisia, Manihot, Maranta, Musa,
Oreodoxa, Oryza, Secale, Solanum, Tacca, Triticum, Zea.
Sugar-Plants —
Acer, Andropogon, Beta, Borassus, Caryota, Copernicia,
Cucumis, Euchlsena, Phoenix, Saccharum, Zea.
Tan-Plants — •
Acacia, iEsculus, Alnus, Albizzia, Angophora, Aspidosperma,
Banksia, Butea, Csesalpinia, Cedrela, Coccoloba, Comptonia,
Cytisus, Duvana, Elephanthorriza, Eucalyptus, Eugenia,
Gordonia, Gunnera, Osiris, Pinus, Populus, Prosopis, Prunus,
Pterocarpus, Quercus, Rhus, Salix, Terminalia.
Tea-Plants—
Andropogon, Camellia, Catha, Ceanothus, Hydrangea, Ilex,
Vaccinium.
INDICATED GENERA. 415
Tide-Plants—
./Egiceras, Avicennia, Batis, Melaleuca, Myoporum, Sali-
cornia, Spartina, Terminalia.
Timber-Plants —
1. Trees, coniferous —
a. Evergreen —
Araucaria, Callitris, Cephalotaxus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus,
Dacrydium, Dammara, Fitzroya, Frenela, Juniperus, Libocedrus,
Nageia, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Saxono-Gothsea, Sciadopitys,
Sequoia, Taxus, Thuya, Torreya.
b. Deciduous —
Ginkgo, Glyptostrobus, Pinus, Taxodium.
2., Trees, not coniferous —
a. Evergreen —
Acacia, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Angophora, Castanopsis,
Casuarina, Cedrela, Cercocarpus, Chloroxylon, Corynocarpus,
Dalbergia, Diospyros, Embothrium, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia,
Fagus, Flindersia, Gmelina, Gourliaea, Grevillea, Harpullia,
Hymensea, Jacaranda, Knightia, Laurelia, Maba, Machilus,
Magnolia, Marlea, Maytenus, Metrosideros, Myrtus, Onenia,
Peltophorum, Persea, Peumus, Psychotria, Quercus, Rhus,
Royenia, Santalum, Shorea, Swietenia, Syncarpia, Tectona,
Tetranthera, Tristania.
b. Deciduous —
Acer, ^Esculus, Ailantus, Alnus, Betula, Butea, Carpinus,
Carya, Castanea, Catalpa, Celtis, Corylus, Diospyros, Engel-
hardtia, Excsecaria, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia, Gymnocladus,
Holoptelea, Juglans, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Melia, Ostrya,
Pircunia, Planera, Platanus, Populus, Pterocarpus, Pterocarya,
Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sophora, Tilia, Ulmus, Umbellularia,
Xylia, Zelkova.
T obacco-Plant —
Nicotiana.
Water-Plants—
Acorus, yEschynomene, Aponogeton, Butomus, Cyperus,
Euryale, Menyanthes, Nelumbo, Nuphar, Nyssa, Oryza, Poa,
Richardia, Sagittaria, Trapa, Zizania,
416 INDICATED GENERA.
Wicker-Plants—
Cyperus, Parrotia, Salix (also genera mentioned under
Bamboo Plants).
Wood-engravers' Plants —
Aspidosperma, Buxus, Dacrydium, Camellia, Crataegus,
Eucalyptus, Gonioma, Ilex, Pittosporum, Pyrus, Rhododendron,
Royenia, Torreya.
417
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.
Raninicirfacetz.
Aconitum.
Actsea.
Anemone.
Cimicifuga.
Helleborus.
Hydrastis.
Xanihorrhiza.
Nymphaacecc.
Nelumbo. .
Nuphar.
Masnoliacecz.
Drimys.
Illicium.
Liriodendron.
Magnolia.
Michelia.
Calycanthecs.
Calycanthus.
A nonacecc.
Anona.
Monodora.
Laurintz.
Adenostemum.
Cinnamomum.
Laurus.
Lindera.
Persea.
Sassafras.
Tetranthera.
Umbellularia.
Monimietz.
Laurelia.
Peumus.
Berberidea.
Berberis.
Bongardia.
Decaisnea.
Lardizabala.
Podophyllum.
DICOTYLEDONE.E.
Papaveracecs.
Chelidonium.
Papaver.
Sanguinaria.
Crucifera.
Barb are a.
Brassica.
Cakile.
Camelina.
Cochlearia.
Crambe.
Isatis.
Lepidium.
Pringlea.
Raphanus.
Capparidcce.
Capparis.
Violacetz.
Hymenanthera.
Viola.
Moringacece.
Moringa.
Bixacece.
Aberia.
Cistacetz.
Cistus.
Rcsedacecz.
Reseda.
Pittosporccz.
Pittosporum.
Polygalacetz.
Krameria.
Polygala.
Guttifcrm.
Garcinia.
§27
Ternstrcemacea.
Camellia.
Gordonia.
Schima.
Dip terocarpea.
Shorea.
Linacecz.
Erythroxylon.
Linum.
Geraniacets.
Averrhoa.
Erodium.
Oxalis.
Pelargonium.
Tropjeolum.
Malvaccce.
Althaea.
Gossypium.
Hibiscus.
Urena.
Sterciiliacecz.
Brachychiton.
Sterculia.
Tiliacecz.
Aristotelia.
Corchorus.
Tilia.
Rutacecz.
Atalantia.
Barosma.
Boronia.
Casimiroa.
Citrus.
Limonia.
Murraya.
Pilocarpus.
Ruta.
Triphasia.
Xanthoxylon.
Simarubecz.
Ailan tus.
4i8
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.
Anacardiacea.
Corynocarpus.
Mangifera.
Melanorrhoea.
Odina.
Pistacia.
Rhus.
Spondias.
Burseracea.
Amyris.
Balsamodendron.
Boswellia.
Bursera.
Olacince.
Ximenia.
Meliacece.
Cedrela.
Chloroxylon.
Flindersia.
Melia.
Orvenia.
Synoon.
Swietenia.
Sapindacece.
Acer.
^Esculus.
Blighia.
Harpullia.
Melianthus.
Melicocca.
Nephelium.
Pappea.
Vitis.
Viniferce.
Celastrinue.
Catha.
Maytenus.
Rhamnacece.
Ceanothus.
Colletia.
Condalia.
Hovenia.
Paliurus.
Rhamnus.
Scutia.
Zizyphus.
Aquifoliacece.
Ilex.
Tamariscince.
Tamarix.
Cade a.
Cereus,
Echinocaetus.
Opuntia.
Peireskia.
Ficoidce.
Mesembrianthemum.
Sesuvium.
Tetragonia.
Caryophyllece .
Saponaria.
Spergula.
PorUilacetz.
Lewisia.
Talinum.
Amarantacea.
Amarantus.
Salsolaceos.
Agriophyllum.
Atriplex.
Basella.
Beta.
Boussingaultia.
Chenopodium.
Exomis.
Rhagodia.
Spinacia.
Theligonum.
Ullucus.
Polygonacece.
Calligonum.
Coccoloba.
Polygonum.
Rheum.
Rumex.
Nyctagince.
Pisonia.
Phytolaccece.
Pircunia.
A ristolochiaceue .
Aristolochia.
Hamamelideie .
Liquidambar.
Parrotia.
Haloragecz.
Batis.
Gunnera.
Rosacea.
Alchemilla.
Amelanchier.
Cercocarpus.
Crataegus.
Fragaria.
Hagenia.
Parinarium.
Prunus.
Pyrus.
Quillaja.
Rosa.
Rubus.
Sanguisorba.
Leguminosce.
Acacia.
Adesmia.
^Eschynomene.
Albizzia.
Aloexylon.
Anthyllis.
Apios.
Arachis.
Astragalus.
Butea.
Caesalpinia.
Cajanus.
Canavalia.
Caragana.
Cassia.
Ceratonia.
Cercis.
Cicer.
Cladrastis.
Crotalaria.
Cyamopsis.
Cytisus.
Dalbergia.
Desmodium.
Dolichos.
Elephanthorrhy.
Ervum.
Genista.
Gleditschia.
Glycine.
Glycyrrhiza.
Gymnocladus.
Hardwickia.
Hedysarum.
Hippocrepis.
Hymenaea.
Indigofera.
Jacksonia.
Lathyrus.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.
419
Lespedeza.
Lotus.
Lupinus.
Medicago.
Melilotus.
Mimosa.
Onobrychis.
Ornithopus.
Oxytropis.
Pachyrrizus.
Parkinsonia.
Peltophorum.
Periandra.
Phaseolus.
Piptadenia.
Pisum.
Prosopis.
Psoralea.
Pterocarpus.
Pueraria.
Rafnia.
Robinia.
Sesbania.
Sophora.
Spartium.
Tamarindus.
Trifolium.
Trigonella.
Ulex.
Vicia.
Vigna.
Voandzeia.
Wistaria.
Xylia.
Saxifrage ce.
Eucryphia.
Hydrangea.
Ribes.
Myrtacea.
Agonis.
Angophora.
Backhousia.
Calyptranthes.
Eucalyptus.
Eugenia.
Leptospermum.
Marliera.
Melaleuca.
Metrosideros.
Myrtus.
Psidium.
Tristania.
Combretacece.
Combretum.
Terminalia.
OnagrecB.
Fuchsia.
Trapa.
Lythracece.
Lawsonia.
Punica.
Euphorbiace.
Aleurites.
Baloghia.
Buxus.
Croton.
Crozophora.
Mallotus.
Manihot.
Ricinus.
Urticacece.
Artocarpus.
Boehmeria.
Broussonetia,
Cannabis.
Celtis.
Cudrania.
Debregeasia.
Holoptelea.
Humulus.
Madura.
Maoutia.
Morus.
Planera.
Pipturus.
Pouzolzia.
Streblus.
Touchardia.
Tropins.
Ulmus.
Villebrunia.
Zelkova.
Juglandece,
Carya.
Engelhardtia.
Juglans.
Amentacecz.
Alnus.
Betula.
Carpinus.
Castanea.
Castanopsis.
Comptonia.
Corylus.
Myrica.
Ostrya.
Platanus.
Populus,
Quercus.
Salix.
Passijloretz.
Carica.
Passiflora,
Cucurbitace<z.
Acanthosicyos.
Benincasa.
Corynosicyos.
Cucumis.
Cucurbita.
Ecballion.
Sechium.
Telfairia.
Santalacetz,
Cervantesia.
Pyrularia.
Santalum.
Protectees.
Brabejum.
Conospermum.
Enbothrium.
Grevillea.
Grevillea.
Guevina.
Leucadendron.
Macadamia.
Thy?nele<z.
Aquilaria.
Dirca.
Thymelaea,
Elceagnece.
Elseagnus.
Shepherdia.
Cornacem.
Cornus.
Marlea.
Nyssa.
Umbellifertz,
Anthriscus.
Apium.
Aracacha.
Aralia.
Archangelica.
Carum.
Chaerophyllum.
Conium.
Conopodium.
Coriandrum.
Crithmum.
Cuminum.
420
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.
Cymopterus.
Daucus.
Diposis.
Dorema.
Eryngium.
Heracleum.
Laserpitium.
Myrrhis.
CEnanthe.
Panax.
Peucedanum.
Pimpinella.
Prangos.
Scandix.
Selinum.
Sison.
Smyrnium.
Stilbocarpa.
Thapsia.
Tinguarra.
Rubiacete.
Alibertia.
Cephaelis.
Cinchona.
Coffea.
Plectronia.
Psychotria.
Rubia.
Vangueria.
Valerianta.
Nardostachys.
Valeriana.
Valerianella.
Dipsacecz.
Dipsacus.
Composite.
Achillea.
Anacyclus.
Anthemis.
Arnica.
Artemisia.
Baccharis.
Carthamus.
Cichorium.
Chrysanthemum.
Cynara.
Garuleum.
Guizotia.
Helianthus.
Helichrysum.
Heterothalamus.
Hypochoeris.
Inula.
Lactuca.
Leyssera.
Liatris.
Matricaria.
Microseris.
Osmitopsis.
Parthenium.
Pentzia.
Podachcenium.
Rhaponticum.
Santolina.
Saussurea.
Scorzonera.
Schkuhria.
Spilanthes.
Tagetes.
Tanacetum.
Taraxacum.
Tarchonanthus.
Tragopogon.
Ericacca.
Arbutus.
Arctostaphylos.
Gaultiera.
Gaylussacia.
Rhododendron.
Vaccinium.
Styracecz.
Styrax.
Symplocos.
Ebenacecz .
Diospyros.
Euclea.
Maba.
Royenia.
Sapotacecz.
Achras.
Argania.
Dichopsis.
Illipe.
Isonandra.
Niemeyera.
Myrsinacecz.
^Egiceras.
OleacecE.
Azima.
Fraxinus.
Jasminum.
Ligustrum.
Nyctanthes.
Olea.
Osmanthus.
Apocynea.
Alstonia.
Apocynum.
Aspidosperma.
Carissa.
Gonioma.
Vahea.
Loganiacea.
Buddleya.
Gelsemium.
Spigelia.
Centianea.
Gentiana.
Menyanthes.
Sabbatia.
Sebsea.
Svvertia.
Convolvzdacece.
Convolvulus.
Ipomcea.
Solanacetz.
Atropa.
Bassovia.
Capsicum.
Duboisia.
Hyoscyamus.
Lycium.
Nicotiana.
Physalis.
Salpichroma.
Solanum.
Scrophularinct.
Digitalis.
Lyperia.
Acanthacea.
Justicia.
Bignoniacece.
Catalpa.
Jaracanda.
Pedalina.
Sesamum.
Asperifolice.
Alkanna.
Borrago.
Heliotropium.
Lithospermum.
Onoma.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.
421
Symphytum.
Trichodesma.
Labiates.
Calamintha.
Cedronella.
Dracocephalum.
Hedeoma.
Lavandula.
Leonotis.
Melissa.
Mentha.
Meriandra.
Monarda.
Ocimum.
Origanum.
Pogostemon.
Perilla.
Pycnanthemum.
Rosmarinus.
Salvia.
Satureja.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Verbenacea,
Avicennia.
Gmelina.
Lippia.
Priva.
Tectona,
Myoporees.
Eremophila.
Myoporum.
Casuarincs.
Casuarina.
Coniferce.
Araucaria.
Callitris.
Cephalotaxus.
Cryptomeria.
Cupressus.
Dacrydium.
Dammara.
Fitzroya.
Ginkgo.
Glyptostrobus.
Juniperus.
Libocedrus.
Nageia.
Phyllocladus.
Pinus.
Saxono-Gothaea.
Sciadopitys.
Sequoia.
Taxodium.
Taxus.
Thuya.
Torreya.
Cycadecs.
Cycas.
Encephalartos.
M0NOCOTYLEDONE.E.
Musacecz.
Asparagus.
Musa.
Chlorogalum.
Colchicum.
Scitamincs.
Cordyline.
Canna.
Maranta.
Zingiber.
Dracaena.
Eremurus.
Geitonoplesium.
Lapageria.
Bivmeliacem.
Phormium.
Tillandsia.
Ruscus.
Sanseviera.
Taccacca.
Schcenocaulon.
Tacca.
Scilla.
Smilax.
Dioseorideee.
Urginia.
Dioscorea.
Uvularia.
Veratrum.
Iridea.
Yucca.
Crocus.
Amaryllidea.
Alismacem
Aletris.
Aponogeton.
Butomus.
Agave.
Alstrcemeria.
Sagittaria.
Fourcroya.
Aroidcs.
Polianthes.
Acorus.
Liliacea.
Colocasia.
Aloe.
Richardia.
Allium.
Xanthosma.
Pandanacece.
Pandanus.
Palmaceac.
Acanthophcenix.
Acrocomia.
Bactris.
Bacularia.
Brahea.
Borassus.
Calamus.
Calyptronoma.
Caryota.
Ceroxylon.
Chamsarops.
Cocos.
Copernicia.
Dypsis.
Geonoma.
Hyphsene.
Hyospathe.
Jubaea.
Kentia.
Livistona.
Mauritia.
Oncosperma.
Oreodoxa.
Phcenix.
422
SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.
Plectocomia.
Ptychosperma.
Rhapis.
Rhapidophyllum.
Sabal.
Thrinax.
Trithrinax.
Wallichia.
Wettinia.
Zalacca.
Restiacece.
Elegia.
Cyperacece.
Carex.
Cyperus.
Eriophorum.
Heleocharis.
Lepidosperma.
Lepironia.
Graminece.
Agrostis.
Aira.
Alopecurus.
Andropogon.
Anthistiria.
Anthoxanthum .
Aristida.
Arundinaria.
Arundinella.
Arundo.
Avena.
Bambusa.
Beesha.
Bouteloua.
Bromus.
Buchloa.
Calamagrostis.
Chionachne.
Chloris.
Cinna.
Cynodon.
Cynosurus.
Dactylis.
Danthonia.
Dendrocalamus.
Ehrharta.
Eleusine.
Elymus.
Erianthus.
Eriochloa.
Euchtena.
Festuca.
Gigantochloa.
Guadua.
Hemarthria.
Hierochloa.
Holcus.
Hordeum.
Imperata.
Koeleria.
Leersia.
Lolium.
Lygeum.
Melica.
Melocanna.
Milium.
Muehlenbergia.
Nastus.
Neurachne.
Oryza.
Oxytenanthera.
Panicum.
Pappophorum.
Paspalum.
Pennisetum.
Phalaris.
Phleum.
Phyllostachys.
Poa.
Rottboellia.
Saccharum.
Schizostachyum.
Secale.
Sesleria.
Spartina.
Spinifex.
Stenotaphrum.
Stipa.
Teinostachyum.
Thouarea.
Tricholaena.
Tripsacum.
Triticum.
Uniola.
Zea.
Zizania.
Zoysia.
ACOTYLEDONE.E.
Filices.
Cyathea.
Dicksonia.
Lycopodium.
Todea.
Lichenes.
Roccella.
Fungacea.
Agaricus.
Boletus.
Cantharellus.
Clavaria.
Helvella.
Hydnum.
Morchella.
Pachyma.
Peziza.
Polygaster.
Polyporus.
Rhizopogon.
Terfezia.
Tuber.
Alga.
Porphyra.
423
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.
NORTHERN AND MIDDLE EUROPE.
Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. Pseudo-platanus, Achillea
atrata, A. Millefolium, A. moschata, A. nana, Aconitum Napellus,
Acorus Calamus, Actasa spicata, Agaricus Auricula, A. caesareus, A.
campestris, A. Cardarella, A. decorus, A. deliciosus, A. eryngii, A.
esculentus, A. extinctorius, A. fusipes, A. gambosus, A. giganteus,
A. Marzuolus, A. melleus, A. Mouzeron, A. odorus, A. oreades, A.
procerus, A. scorodonius, A. socialis, A. splendens, A. sylvaticus, A.
virgineus, A. volemus, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. vulgaris, Aira
csespitosa, Alchemilla alpina, A. vulgaris, Allium Schcenoprasum,
A. Scorodoprasum, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Alopecurus bulbosus,
A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea officinalis, Anemone Pulsatilla,
Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthriscus Cerefolium, Archangelica
officinalis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arnica montana, Artemisia
Absinthium, A. Mutellina, A. Pontica, Asparagus officinalis,
Asperula odorata, Astragalus arenarius, A. glycyphyllos, A.
hypoglottis, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A.
flavescens, A. pubescens, A. sativa, Barbarea vulgaris, Beta vulgaris,
Betula alba, Boletus bovinus, B. circinans, B. edulis, B. luteus, B.
sapidus, B. scaber, B. subtomentosus, B. variegatus, Brassica alba,
B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus asper, Butomus
umbellatus, Buxus sempervirens, Cakile maritima, Calamintha
officinalis, Camelina sativa, Cantharellus edulis, Carex arenaria,
Carpinus Betulus, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C. segetum,
Chaeromyces meandriformis, Chaerophyllum bulbosum, C. sativum,
Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, Cichorium Intybus, Clavaria aurea,
C. botrytis, C. brevipes, C. coralloides, C. crispa, C. fiava, C.
formosa, C. grisea, C. muscoides, C. palmata, Cochlearia Armoracia,
C. officinalis, Colchicum autumnale, Conium maculatum, Corylus
Avellana, Crambe maritima, Crataegus Oxyacantha, Cynosurus
cristatus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus Carota,
Digitalis purpurea, Dipsacus fullonum, Elymus arenarius, Fagus
sylvatica, Festuca arundinacea, F. drymeia, F. duriuscula, F. elatior,
F. gigantea, F. heterophylla, F. loliacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis,
F. rubra, F. ilvatica, F. spadicea, Fragaria collina, F. vesca, Fraxinus
excelsior, Gentiana lutea, Geum urbanum, Helleborus niger, Helvella
esculenta, H. Gigas, H. infula, Heracleum Sibiricum, Holcus
lanatus, H. mollis, Hordeum nodosum, H. secalinum, Humulus
Lupulus, Hydnum album, H. auriscalpium, H. Caput Medusae, H.
coralloides, H. diversidens, H. erinaceum, H. fuligineo-album, H.
424 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.
graveolens, H. repandum, H. suaveolens, H. hystrix, H. imbrica-
tum, H. infundibulum, H. laevigatum, H. subsquamosum, H.
violascens, Hyoscyamus niger, Ilex Aquifolium, Inula Helenium,
Juniperus communis, Lactuca virosa, Laserpitium aquilegium,
Lathyrus macrorrhizus, L. pratensis, L. sativus, Lavatera
arborea, Leersia oryzoides, Lolium perenne, Lotus corni-
culatus, L. major, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Chamo-
milla, Medicago falcata, M. sativa, Melica altissima, M.
ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis,
Mentha citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundi-
folia, M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Milium
effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. Gigas, M. patula,
Nepeta Glechoma, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum vulgare, Panicum
Germanicum, Peucedanum officinale, P. Ostruthium, P. sativum,
Peziza macropus, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Physalis Alkekengi,
Pimpinella saxifraga, Pinus Abies, P. Cembra, P. Larix, P. montana,
P. obovata, P. picea, P. silvestris, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P.
augustifolia, P. aquatica, P. distans, P fertilis, P. fluitans, P. mari-
tima, P. nemoralis, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Polyporus citrinus, P.
frondosus, P. giganteus, P. ovinus, P. tuberaster, Populus alba, P.
canescens, P. dilatata, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Porphyra
vulgaris, Primus Mahaleb, P. spinosa, Psamma arenaria, P. Baltica,
Pyrus Germanica, P. nivalis, Quercus Robur, Reseda Luteola,
Rhamnus catharticus, R. Frangula, Rhizopogon magnatum, R.
rubescens, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. rubrum, Rosa Gallica,
R. spinosissima, Rubia peregrina, Rubus csesius, R. Chamaemorus,
R. fruticosus, R. Idceus, Rumex Acetosa, R. scutatus, Ruscus
aculeatus, Salix alba, S. caprea, S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, S.
lanceolata, S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. triandra, S. viminalis, Sambucus
nigra, Sanguisorba minor, Saponaria officinalis, Scorzonera
Hispanica, Sesleria coerulea, Sison Amomum, Smyrnium Olusatrum,
Solanum Dulcamara, Spartina stricta, Spergula arvensis, Tanacetum
vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tilia Europaea, Tragopogon porri-
folius, Trapa natans, Trifolium agrarium, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum,
T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T.
ochroleucum, T. Pannonicum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. spadiceum,
Triticum junceum, Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T.
magnatum, T. melanosporum, Typha latifolia, Ulex Europasus,
Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Vaccinium Myrtillus, V.
Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis Idasa, Valeriana Celtica,
Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum album, Vicia sativa, V. sepium, V.
sylvatica, Viola odorata.
COUNTRIES ON OR NEAR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.
Acacia Arabica, A. gummifera, A. Seyal, A. tortilis, A. Verek,
Acer Creticum, Achillea fragrantissima, ^Egilops ovata, ^isculus
Hippocastanum, Agaricus caesareus, Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Aira
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 425
csespitosa, Alchemilla vulgaris, Alkanna tinctoria, Allium
Ascallonicum, A. Cepa, A. Neapolitanum, A. Porrum, A. roseum,
A. sativum, A Scorodoprasum, Aloe vulgaris. Alopecurus bulbosus,
A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea officinalis, Amarantus Blitum,
Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Andropogon Gryllos, A. Haleppensis, A.
Ischaemum, A. Schoenanthus, Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, An-
thoxanthum odoratum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Apium graveolens,
Argania Sideroxylon, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Pontica, Arundo
Ampelodesmos, A. Donax, A. Pliniana, Asparagus acutifolius, A.
albus, A. aphyllus, A. horridus, A. officinalis, Astragalus adscendens,
A. brachycalyx, A. Cephalonicus, A. Cicer, A. Creticus, A.
gummifer, A. microcephalus, A. Parnassi, A. strobiliferus, A.
stromatodes, A. venosus, A. verus, Atriplex rosea, Atropa Bella-
donna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, A.
sativa, Balsamodendron Ehrenbergii, B. Mukul, B. Opobalsamum,
Beta vulgaris, Betula alba, Bongardia, Rauwolni, Borassus
iEthiopicus, Borrago officinalis, Brassica alba, B. campestris, B.
Cretica, B. juncea, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa,
Bromus erectus, Buxus Balearica, B. longifolia, B. sempervirens,
Cajanus Indicus, Cakile maritima, Calamintha Nepeta, C. officinalis,
Callitris quadrivalvis, Camelina sativa, Cannabis sativa, Capparis
spinosa, Carpinus Betulus, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Bulbo-
castanum, C. Carui, C. ferulifolium, C. Petroselinum, C. segetum,
Cassia acutifolia, C. angustifolia, C. obovata, Castanea sativa, Catha
edulis, Cedronella triphylla, Celtis Australis, Ceratonia Siliqua,
Chcerophyllum bulbosum, C. sativum, Chamaerops humilis, Cheli-
donium majus, Chenopodium Blitum, Choiromyces Leonis,
Chrysanthemum carneum, C. roseum, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium
Endivia, C. Intybus, Cistus Creticus, C. Cyprius, Cochlearia
Armoracia, Coffea Arabica, Colchicum autumnale, Colocasia
antiquorum, Conium maculatum, Conopodium denudatum, Con-
volvulus floridus, C. Scammonia, C. scoparius, Coriandum sativum,
Corylus Colurna, Corynosicyos edulis, Crambe cordifolia, C.
Klotschyana, C. maritima, C. Tataria, Crataegus Azarolus, C.
Oxyacantha, C. Pyracantha, Crithmum maritimum, Crocus sativus,
C. serotinus, Crozophora tinctoria, Cucumis Citrullus, C. Colo-
cynthis, C. Melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. Melopepo, C.
moschata, C. Pepo, Cuminum Cyminum, C. Hispanicum, Cupressus
sempervirens, Cynara Cardunculus, C. Scolymus, Cynodon Dactylon,
Cynosurus cristatus, Cyperus esculentus, C. Papyrus, C. proliferus,
C. Syriacus, Cytisus proliferus, C. scoparius, C. spinosus, Dactylis
glomerata, D. litoralis, Daphne Mezereum, Daucus Carota, Digitalis
purpurera, Diospyros Lotus, Dipsacus fullonum, Dolichos Lablab,
D. unifiorus, Dorema Ammoniacum, Dracaena Draco, D. schizantha,
Dracocephalum Moldavica, Ecballion Elaterium, Elaeagnus
hortensis, Eleusine flagelligera, E. Tocussa, Elymus arenarius,
Ervum Lens, Fagopyrum esculentum, F. Tataricum, Fagus
sylvatica, Ferula galbanifiua, F. longifolia, Festuca elatior, F.
426 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.
gigantea, F. sylvatica, Ficus Carica, F. Sycamorus, Foeniculum
officinale, Fragaria collina, F. pratensis, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior,
F. Ornus, Genista monosperma, G. sphserocarpa, Gentiana lutea,
Geum urbanum, Glycyrrhiza echinata, G. glabra, Gossypium arbo-
reum, Guilandina Bonduc, G. Bonducella, Hedysarum coronarium,
Helichrysum orientale, Helleborus niger, Hippocrepis comosa,
Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H.
hexastichon, H. macrolepis, H. nodosum, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton,
Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum imbricatum, Hyoscyamus niger,
Hyphsene Argun, H. coriacea, Imperata arundinacea, Indigofera
argentea, Inula Helenium, Iris Florentina, I. juncea, Isatis tinctoria,
Jasminum odoratissimum, J. officinale, Juglans regia, Juniperus
brevifolia, J. Cedrus, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J.
Phcenicea, J. procera, Koeleria cristata, K. glauca, Lactuca virosa,
Lathyrus Cicera, L. pratensis, L. tuberosus, Laserpitium aquilegium,
Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. Stcechas,
Lavatera arborea, Lawsonia alba, Leersia oryzoides, Lepidium
latifolium, L. sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Liquidambar Altingia,
L. orientalis, Lolium Italicum, L. perenne, Lotus corniculatus, L.
major, L. siliquosus, L. tetragonolobus, Lupinus albus, L. angusti-
folius, L. luteus, L. varius, Lycium Afrum, L. Europseum, Lygeum
Spartum, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Chamomilla, Medicago
arborea, M. lupulina, M. media, M. orbicularis, M. sativa, M.
scutellata, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M.
coerulea, M. macrorrhiza, M: officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Mentha
citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundifolia, M.
sylvestris, M. viridis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Meriandra Abyssinica,
Milium effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M. esculenta, Moringa aptera,
Morus nigra, Musa Ensete, Myrica Faya, Myrrhis odorata, Myrtus
communis, Nelumbo nucifera, Nepeta raphanorrhiza, Nicotiana
Persica, Ocimum basilicum, O. sanctum, O. suave, Olea Europgea,
Onobrychis sativa, Origanum Dictamnus, O. hirtum, O. Majorana,
O. Maru, O. normale, O. Onites, O. virens, O. vulgare, Ornithopus
sativus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Oxytropis
pilosa, Paliurus Spina Christi, Panicum brizanthum, P. Crus-Galli,
P. glabrum, P. maximum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P sanguinale, P.
spectabile, P. turgidum, Papaver somniferum, Pennisetum
thyphoideum, Persea Teneriffge, Peucedanum cachrydifolium, P.
graveolens, P. officinale, P. Sekakul, Phalaris aquatica, P.
brachystachys, P. Canariensis, P. minor, P. truncata, Phaseolus
coccineus, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Phoenix dactylifera,
Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, Pimpinella Anisum, P. magna, P.
nigra, P. saxifraga, P. Sisarum, Pinus Abies, P Canariensis, P.
Cedrus, P. Cembra, P. Cilicica, P. Haleppensis, P. Laricio, P. Larix,^
P. montana, P. orientalis, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Pinsapo, P.
Pyrenaica, Pistacia Atlantica, P. Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, P. vera,
Peucedanum sativum, Platanus orientalis, Poa Abyssinica, P.
airoides, P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. cynosuroides, P. distans, P.
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 427
fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P.. trivialis, Populus alba, P.
canescens, P. dilatata, P. Euphratica, P. fastigiata, P. nigra,
P. tremula, Prosopis Stephaniana, Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armeniaca,
P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. Cerasus, P. domestica, P. insititia, P.
Lauro-Cerasus, P. Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. Persica, P. spinosa,
Psamma arenaria, Pugionium cornutum, Punica Granatum, Pyrus
communis, P. Cydonia, P. Germanica, P. Malus, P. nivalis, P.
salicifolia, Quercus ^Egilops, Q. Cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. Ilex, Q.
infectoria, Q. macrolepis, Q. Robur, Q. Suber, Q. Toza, Reseda
odorata, R. luteola, Rhamnus amygdalinus, R. catharticus, R.
Frangula, R. Grsecus, R. infectorius, R. oleoides, R. prunifolius, R.
saxatilis, Rhaponticum acaule, Rheum Rhaponticum, Rhus Goriaria,
R. Cotinus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. orientale, R. rubrum,
Richardia Africana, Ricinus communis, Roccella tinctoria, Rosa
centifolia, R. Damascena, R. Gallica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens,
R. spinosissima, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubia peregrina, R. tinctoria,
Rubus fruticosus, R. Idseus, Rumex Acetosa, R. scutatus, R.
vesicarius, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruta graveolens, R. sylvestris,
Sagittaria sagittifolia, Salix alba, S. Babylonica, S. daphnoides,
S. fragilis, S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. viminalis, Salvia
officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Sanguisorba minor, Santolina Cyparissias,
Saponaria officinalis, Satureja Grseca, S. hortensis, S. Juliana, S.
montana, S. Thymbra, Saussurea Lappa, Scandix grandiflora,
Scorzonera Astrachanica, S. crocifolia, S. deliciosa, S. Hispanica, S
lanata, S. ramosa, S. Scowitzii, S. semicana, S. tuberosa, S. undulata,
Secale cereale, S. Creticum, Sesbania JEgypticsL, Sesuvium
Portulacastrum, Sison Amomum, Smilax aspera, Smyrnium
Olusatrum, Solanum ^Ethiopicum, S. Dulcamara, S. edula, S.
xanthocarpum, Spartina stricta, Spartium junceum, Spergula
arvensis, Spinacia tetrandra, Stipa arenaria, S. tenacissima, Styrax
officinalis, Symphytum peregrinum, S. officinale, Tamarindus Indica,
Tamarix articulata, T. Gallica, T. Germanica, T. orientalis,
Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus baccata, Terfezia
Leonis, Teucrium Chamsedrys, T. Creticum, T. Marum, T. Polium,
T. Scordium, Thapsia edulis, Theligonum, Cynocrambe, Thouarea
sarmentosa, Thymelaea tinctoria, Thymus aestivus, T. capitatus, T.
hiemalis, T. Mastichina, T. Serpillum, T. vulgaris, Tilia argentea,
T. Europaea, Tinguarra Sicula, Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa
natans, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Trifolium agrarium, T. Alexan-
drinum, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T.
medium, T. montanum,T. ochroleucum, T. pratense, T.Quartinianum,
T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. spadiceum, T. subrotundum,
Trigonella Fcenum Grcecum, Triticum junceum, T. vulgare, Tuber
sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, Ulex Europaeus,
Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Urginia Scilla, Vaccinum
Arctostaphylos, V. Myrtillus, V. Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, V.
Vitis-Idsea, Valeriana officinalis, Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum
album, Virburnum Tinus, Vicia Cracca, V. Ervilia, V. Faba, V.
4
28 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.
peregrina, V. sativa, V. sepium, V. sylvatica, V. tetrasperma, Viola
odorata, Vitis Schimperiana, V. vinifera, Withania somnifera,
Zelkova crenata, Z. Cretica, Zizyphus Lotus, Z. Spina Christi, Z.
vulgaris.
MIDDLE AND TEMPERATE EASTERN ASIA.
Acer palmatum, A. pictum, Aesculus turbinata, Agaricus
flammeus, Agriophyllum Gobicum, Agrostis vulgaris, Ailantus
glandulosa, Albizzia Julibrissin, Allium fistulosum, Alopecurus
geniculatus, Aralia cordata, Arenga saccharifera, Aristolochia
recurvilabra, Artemisia Cina, A. Dracunculus, Arundinaria Japonica,
Atriplex hortensis, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A.
pubescens, Balsamodendron Mukul, Bambusa Beechyana, B.
flexuosa, B. Senaensis, B. tuldoides (under Schizostachyum),
Barbarea vulgaris, Basella rubra, Betula alba, Boehmeria nivea,
Brassica alba, B. Chinensis, B. juncea, B. nigra, Bromus asper,
Broussonetia papyrifera, Butomus umbellatus, Buxus microphylla, B.
sempervirens, Csesalpinia sepiaria, Camellia Japonica, C. Thea,
Cannabis sativa, Caragana arborescens, Carpinus cordata, C. erosa,
C. Japonica, C. laxiflora, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, Catalpa
Kaempferi, Cedrela sinensis, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, C. drupacea,
Chamcerops excelsa, C. Fortunei, Chenopodium Bonus Henricus,
Cinnamomum Camphora, Citrus Japonica, C. trifoliata, Corchorus
capsularis, Cordyline terminalis, Corylus heterophllya, Cryptomeria
Japonica, Cucumis Melo, Cupressus obtusa, C. pisifera, Cycas
revoluta, Daucus Carota, Debregeasia edulis, Dendrocalamus
strictus, Dioscorea Japonica, D. oppositifolia, D. quinqueloba, D.
sativa, Diospyros Kaki, D. Lotus, Ehrharta caudata, Elaeagnus
hortensis, E. parvifolius, E. umbellatus, Eleusine Coracana,
Erianthus Japonicus, Excaecaria sebifera, Euryaleferox, Euryangium
Sumbul, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. esculentum, F.
Tataricum, Fagus Sieboldii, Fatsia, popyrifera, Flueggea Japonica,
Fraxinus Chinensis, Geum urbanum, Ginkgo biloba, Gleditschia
horrida, Glycine hispida, G. Soya, Glyptostrobus heterophyllus,
Heleocharis tuberosa, Heracleum Sibiricum, Hordeum secalinum,
Hovenia dulcis, Hydrangea Thunbergi, Ilex crenata, Illicium
anisatum, Imperata arundinacea, Isatis indigotica, I. tinctoria
Jasminum grandiflorum, J. officinale, J. Sambac, Juglans cordi-
formis, J. Mandschurica, J. Sieboldiana, J. stenocarpa, Juniperus
Chinensis, J. sphaerica, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Lepidum latifolium,
Lespedeza striata, Ligustrum Japonicum, Liquidambar Formosana,
Livistona Chinensis, Magnolia hypoleuca, M. Yulan, Melica
altissima, Morns alba, Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Musa Cavendishii,
Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia cupressina, Nephelium Litchi, N.
Longanum, Guianthe stolonifera, Osraanthus fragrans, Pachyma
Hcelen, Pa'iiurusramosissimus, Panax Shinsing, Paulownia, imperialis,
Pennisetum cereale, Perilla arguta, Phoenix pusilla, Photinia
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 429
Eriobotrya, Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. nigra, Physalis Alkekengi,
P. angulata, Pinus Alcoquiana, P. densiflora, P. firma, P. Fortunei, P,
Jezoensis, P. Kaempferi, P. Koraiensis, P. leptolepis, P. Massoniana.
P. obovata, P. parviflora, P. polita P. Sibirica, P. stenolepis, P.
Tsuga, Pisiim sativum, Planera Japonica, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P.
fertilis, Polygaster Sampadarius, Polygonum tinctorium, Populus
nigra, P. tremula, Prangos pabularia, Prunus Armeniaca, P.
domestica, P. Persica, P. Pseudo-cerasus, tomentosa, Pterocarpus
Indicus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, P. stenoptera, Pueraria Thunber-
giana, Pugionium cornutum, Pyrus Japonica, Quercus Chinensis,
Q. cornea, Q. cuspidata, Q. dentata, Q. glabra, Q. glauca, Q.
Mongoiica, Q. serrata, Rhamnus chlorophorus, R. Frangula, R.
utilis, Rhapis flabelliformis, R. humilis, Rheum officinale, R.
palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, R. Tartaricum, R. undulatum, Rhus
semialata, R. succedanea, R. vernicifera, Rosa Indica, R. laevigata,
R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rubia cordifolia,
Rubus parvifolius, Rumex acetosa, R. Patientia, R. vesicarius,
Saccharum officinarum, S. Sinense, Sagittaria sagittifolia,
Salix Babylonica, Sanguisorba minor, Sciadopitys verticillata,
Scorzonera albicaulis, Selinum Monnieri, Sophora Japonica,
Spergula arvensis, Spinacia oleracea, Sterculia monosperma,
Tetragonia expansa, Tetranthera Japonica, Tilia Europsea, T.
Manchurica, Thuya dolabrata, Torreya grandis, T. nucifera,
Trapa bicornis, T. bispinosa, Trifolium pratense, Triphasia
Aurantiola, Ulmus campestris, U. parvifolia, Vaccinium praestans,
Veratrum album, Vicia Cracca, V. sepium, V. sylvatica, Vigna
Sinensis, Vitis Labrusca, V. vulpina, Wistaria Chinensis, Xanth-
oxylon piperitum, Zelkova acuminata, Zizania latifolia, Zizyphus
Jujuba, Z. sinensis, Zoysia pungens.
SOUTHERN ASIA.
Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. concinna, A. Farnesiana, A.
latronum, A. Sundra, Acer laevigatum, A. niveum, A. sterculiaceum,
A. villosum, Aconitum ferox, yEgiceras majus, ^Eschynomene
aspera, ^Esculus Indica, Albizzia bigemina, A. Lebbeck, A. odora-
tissima, A. stipulata, Aleurites cordata, A. triloba, Allium lepto-
phyllum, Alnus Nepalensis, Aloe socotrina, Aloexylon Agallochum,
Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon Calamus, A. annulatus, A.
bicolor, A. cernuus, A. citratus, A. falcatus, A. Gryllos, A.
Ischaemum, A. Ivarancusa, A. montanus, A. muricatus, A. Nardus,
A. pertusus, A. saccharatus, A. Schoenanthus, A. sericeus, A.
Sorghum, Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogeton crispus, Aquilaria
Agallocha, Aralia Ginseng, Areca Nagensis, A. triandra (under
Zalacca), Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus integrifolia, A. Ben-
galensis, Arundinaria falcata, A. Falconeri, A. callosa, A. debilis, A.
Hookeriana, A. Khasiana, A. spathiflora, A. suberecta (under
Schizostachyum), Arundinella Nepalensis, Arundo Karka, Asplenium
430 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.
Nidus, Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola, Avicemiia officinalis, Azima
tetracantha, Bambusa arundinacea, B. aspera, B. attenuata, B.
Balcooa, B. Blumeana, B. Brandisii, B. elegantissima, B. flexuosa, B.
marginata, B. monadelpha, B. nutans, B. pallida, B. polymorpha, B.
regia, B. spinosa, B. stricta, B. Tulda (under Schizostachyum), B.
verticillata, B. vulgaris, Basella lucida, B. rubra, Beesha elegan-
tissima, B. Rheedei, B. stridula, B. Travancorica (under Schizos-
tachyum), Benincasa cerifera, Bentinckia Coddapanna (under
Zalacca), Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, B. Lycium, B. Nepalensis,
Betula acuminata, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus flabelliformis, Bos-
wellia thurifera, Brassica juncea, Butea frondosa, Buxus Wallichiana,
Caesalpinia Sappan, C. sepiaria, Cajanus Indicus, Calamus montanus,
C. acanthospathus, C. erectus, C. extensus, C. Flagellum, C.
floribundus, C. leptospadix, C. macrospathus, C. Mishmelensis, C.
quinquenervius, C. Royleanus, C. schizospathus, C. tenuis (under
Zalacca), Camellia Thea, Canavalia gladiata, Capparis aphylla, C.
horrida, C. Roxburghi, C. sepiaria, Carex Moorcroftiana, Carissa
Carandas, Carpinus viminea, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Ajowan,
C. gracile, C. nigrum, Caryota obtusa (under Zalacca), C. urens,
Cassia fistula, Castanopsis argentea, C. Indica, Casuarina equiseti-
folia, Cephalostachyum capitatum, C. pallidum, C. pergracile (under
Schizostachyum), Chama^rops Khasyana, C. Martiana, C.
Richieana, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Chrysanthemum roseum,
Cinnamomum Cassia, Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Colocasia
antiquorum, C. Indica, Corchorus acutangulus, C. capsularis, C.
olitorius, Cordyline terminalis, Crambe cordifolia, Crotalaria Burhia,
C. juncea, C. retusa, Croton lacciferus, Cucumis cicatricatus, C.
Colocynthis, C. Momordica, C. utilissimus, Cupressus torulosa,
Cyamopsis, psoraloides, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus corymbosus,
C. tegetum, Daemonorops Guruba, D. Jenkinsii, D. nutantiflorus
(under Zalacca), Dalbergia latifolia, D. Sissoo, Dammara alba,
Debregeasia dichotoma, D. hypoleuca, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana,
Decaisnea insignis, Dendrocalamus flagellifer, D. giganteus, D.
Hamiltoni, D. Hookeri, D. sericeus, D. strictus (under Schizo-
stachyum), Desmodium triflorum, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D.
deltoidea, D. glabra, D. globosa, D. nummularia, D. oppositifolia,
D. pentaphylla, D. purpurea, D. sativa, D. spicata, D. tomentosa, D.
triphylla, Diospyros Chloroxylon, D. Ebenum, D. Melanoxylon, D.
oppositifolia, D. qusesita, Dolichos uniflorus, Eleusine Coracana, E,
stricta, Engelhardtia spicata, Eriochloa annulata, Eriophorum
comosum, Eugenia cordifolia, E. Jambolana, E. Jambos, E.
maboides, E. Malaccensis, E. revoluta, E. rotundifolia, Euryale
ferox, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. rotundatum, F.
triangulare, Ficus elastica, F. Indica, F. infectoria, F. laccifera,
Flacourtia cataphracta, F. Ramontchi, Flemingia tuberosa, Fraxinus
floribunda, Garcinia Travancorica, Gigantochloa apus, G. aspera,
G. atter, G. heterostachya, G. maxima (under Schizostachyum), G.
nigro-ciliata, G. verticillata, G. robusta, Glycine hispida, Gossypium
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 431
arboreum, G. herbaceum, Guilandina Bonduc, Guizotia oleifera,
Gunnera macrophylla, Hardwickia binata, Heleocharis fistulosa, H.
plantaginea, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, H.
Sabdariffa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Hydnum coralloides, Illipe
butyracea, I. latifolia, Indigofera argentea, I. tinctoria, Ipomcea
mammosa, I. paniculata, Isonandra gutta, Jasminum grandiflorum,
j. Sambac, Juniperus recurva, J. Wallichiana, Justicia Adhatoda,
Kentia Moluccana, Lactuca sativa, Lagerstroemia Indica, Lawsonia
alba, Lepironia mucronata, Licuala peltata (under Zalacca), Limonia
acidissima, Liquidambar Altingia, Litsea Wightiana, Livistona
Jenkinsii (under Zalacca), Maba Ebenus, Machilus odoratissima, yC
Magnolia Campbelli, M. sphserocarpa, Maharanga Emodi, Mallotus
Philippinensis, Malvastrum spicatum, Mangifera Indica, Maoutia
Puya, Melaleuca Leucadendron, Melia Azedarach, Meloccanna
bambusoides, M. hurnilis, M. Travancorica, Melanorrhoea usitata,
Michelia excelsa, Mimosa rubicaulis, Moringa pterygosperma,
Morus atropurpurea, Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Murraya exotica,
Musa coccinea, M. corniculata, M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum, M.
simiarum, M. troglodytarum, Myrica sapida, Myrtus tomentosa,
Nageia amara, N. bracteata, N. cupressina, Nardostachys grandi-
flora, N. Jatamansi, Nastus Borbonicus, Nephelium lappaceum,
N. Longanum, Nyctanthes Abortritis, Ocimum Bacilicum, O. canum,
O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Ginanthe stolonifera, Oncospermum
fasciculatum, Oryza sativa, Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, O. nigro-
ciliata, O. Thwaitesii (under Schizostachyum), Onosma Emodi,
Pandanus furcatus, Panicum atro-virens, P. brizanthum, P.
coloratum, P. compositum, P. flavidum, P. fluitans, P. foliosum, P.
frumentaceum, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P. miliaceum, P. molle, P.
Myurus, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sarmentosum, P. semialatum,
P. tenuifiorum, P. virgatum, Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Paspalum
distichu 
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