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SELECT  EXTRA-TROPICAL  PLANTS 


READILY    ELIGIBLE    FOR 


INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE  OR  NATURALISATION, 


WITH  INDICATIONS  OF  THEIR  NATIVE  COUNTRIES 
AND  SOME  OF  THEIR  USES. 


BY 

BARON  FERD.  VON  MUELLER, 
K.C.M.G.,  M.D.,  PH.D.,  F.R.S. 


nim  in  usus  suos  creata  sunt"— SYRACH.  xxxix.  21  26. 


NEW    SOUTH    WALES    EDITION    (ENLARGED). 


SYDNEY  :  THOMAS  RICHARDS,  GOVERNMENT  PRINTER, 
a  1881. 


v.l 


TO 

THE   HONORABLE    SIR   HENRY   PARKES, 
K.C.M.G.,  M.P., 

COLONIAL  SECRETARY  OP  NEW  SOUTH  WALES, 

AN   ENLIGHTENED   PROMOTER   OF   RURAL   INDUSTRIES, 

THIS  VOLUME  IS 

RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED. 


PREFACE. 


TN  the  volumes  issued  by  the  Victorian  Acclimatization  Society  from 
•*-  1871  to  1878  five  contributions  have  appeared  concerning  such 
industrial  plants  as  are  available  for  culture  in  extra-tropical  countries  or 
in  high  mountain-regions  within  the  tropics.  These  writings  were  mainly 
offered  with  a  view  of  promoting  the  introduction  and  diffusion  of  the 
very  many  kinds  of  plants  which  in  temperate  geographic  latitudes 
may  be  extensively  reared  in  forests,  on  fields  or  pastures.  The  work 
thus  originated  however  became  accessible  merely  to  the  members  of 
the  Society,  while  frequent  calls  arose  for  these  or  some  similar  data  not 
only  throughout  the  Australian  communities,  but  also  abroad.  The  whole 
was  therefore  re -arranged  and  largely  supplemented,  first  for  re-issue  in 
Victoria,  and  lately  also  in  India,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Central 
Government  at  Calcutta ;  and  the  work  is  now  honored  by  being 
reprinted,  with  its  present  numerous  additions,  for  the  use  of  New  South 
Wales.  This  new  edition  has  been  urged  by  Charles  H.  Fawcett,  Esq., 
M.L.A.,  F.L.S.,  and  received  its  sanction  from  the  distinguished  states- 
man, to  whom  the  present  issue  of  the  work  is  dedicated.  It  devolves  on 
me  to  add,  that  this  re-issue  met  with  the  ready  concurrence  of  the 
Honorable  Robert  Ramsay,  Chief  Secretary  of  Victoria.  As  stated 
in  the  preface  to  the  original  essays,  they  did  not  claim  completeness 
either  as  a  specific  index  or  as  a  series  of  notes  on  the  respective 
technologic  applicability  of  the  plants  enumerated.  But  what  these 
writings  perhaps  may  aspire  to  is  the  aim  of  bringing  together,  closely 
arrayed,  some  condensed  data  in  popular  language  on  all  the  principal 
utilitarian  plants  hitherto  known  to  prosper  in  extra-tropical  zones. 
Information  of  this  kind  is  widely  scattered  through  many  and  often 
voluminous  works  in  several  languages,  yet  such  volumes  apply  chiefly 
to  countries  with  a  climatic  zone  far  more  narrow  than  that  of  the 
colony,  for  which  these  pages  originally  were  mostly  written.  Only  some 
of  .the  books,  which  it  was  desirable  to  consult,  were  at  my  command  j 


VI  PREFACE, 

hence  the  necessity  of  successive  further  supplements,  even  irrespective 
of  needful  references  to  future  discoveries,  because  in  the  progress  of 
geographic,  medical,  technologic  and  chemical  inquiries  many  new  plants 
of  utilitarian  value  are  likely  to  be  disclosed,  and  new  uses  of  known 
plants  to  be  elucidated.  Thus,  for  instance,  among  the  trees  and  shrubs 
or  herbs  and  grasses  occurring  in  the  middle  and  higher  altitudinal  zones 
of  Africa  or,  nearer  to  us,  of  New  Guinea  and  the  Sunda  Islands,  many 
specific  forms  may  be  expected  to  occur,  which  we  could  transfer  to  other 
extra-tropical  countries  or  to  mountains  in  equinoctial  regions.  Indeed, 
the  writer  would  modestly  hope,  that  his  local  efforts  may  prove  to  be  of 
usefulness  also  in  other  parts  of  the  globe ;  and  in  this  hope  he  is  cheered 
by  the  generous  action  of  an  enlightened  American,  Mr.  Ell  wood  Cooper, 
late  Principal  of  the  Santa  Barbara  College  of  California,  who  deemed 
the  publications,  first  offered  for  Australian  use,  also  worthy  of  re-issue 
in  America.  Moreover,  gradual  or  partial  reprints  appeared  previously 
in  weekly  journals  of  Sydney  and  San  Francisco  and  in  some  other 
periodicals.  It  was  stated  before,  that  the  rapid  progress  of  tillage 
almost  throughout  our  colonial  dominions  is  causing  more  and  more  a 
desire  for  general  and  particular  indications  of  such  plants,  which  a 
colder  clime  excludes  from  the  northern  countries,  where  many  of  our 
colonists  spent  their  youth ;  and  it  must  be  clear  to  any  reflecting  mind, 
that  in  all  warmer  latitudes,  as  compared  with  the  Middle-European 
zones,  a  vastly  enlarged  scope  exists  for  cultural  choice  of  plants. 
Indicative  as  these  notes  merely  are,  yet  they  may  thus  facilitate  the 
selection.  More  extensive  information  can  then  be  followed  up  in  larger 
though  more  partial  work^  extant  elsewhere,  or  likely  yet  to  be  called 
forth  for  local  requirements  in  other  countries.  The  writer  should  even 
not  be  disinclined,  under  fair  support  and  encouragement,  to  issue  collateral 
to  the  present  volume  also  another,  exclusively  devoted  to  the  industrial 
plants  of  the  hotter  zones  for  the  promotion  of  tropical  culture,  particu- 
larly in  our  Australian  continent.  Considerable  difficulty  was  experienced 
in  drawing  the  limits  of  the  remarks  admissible  into  the  present  pages, 
because  a  certain  plant  may  be  important  only  under  particular  climatic 
conditions  and  cultural  applications,  or  it  may  have  been  overrated  in 
regard  to  the  copiousness  and  relative  value  of  its  yield.  Thus  it  was 
not  always  easy  to  sift  the  chaff  from  the  grain,  when  these  notes  were 


PREFACE.  vii 

gathered  ;  they  might  under  less  rigorous  restrictions  indeed  have  been 
indefinitely  extended  ;  and  although  the  author  for  more  than  twenty 
years  has  been  watching  for  industrial  tests  the  plants  introduced  by 
him  into  the  Melbourne  Botanic  Garden,  he  had  still  to  a  very  large 
extent  to  rely  implicitly  on  the  experience  of  other  observers  elsewhere. 
Here  also  it  may  at  once  be  stated,  that  in  all  instances,  when  calcula- 
tions of  measurements  and  weights  were  quoted,  such  represent  the 
maximum  always,  as  far  as  hitherto  on  record.  To  draw  prominent 
attention  to  the  primarily  important  among  the  very  many  hundreds  of 
plants,  referred  to  in  these  pages,  the  leading  species  have  been  designated 
with  an  asterisk.  It  has  not  been  easy  in  numerous  instances  to  trace 
the  first  source  of  that  information  on  utilitarian  plants,  which  we  find 
recorded  in  the  various  volumes  of  phytologic  or  technologic  literature  ; 
many  original  observations  are  however  contained  in  the  writings  of 
Bernardin,  Bentley,  Brandis,  Brockhaus,  Candolle,  Chambers,  Collins, 
Drury,  Flueckiger,  Asa  Gray,  Grisebach,  Hanbury,  Hooker,  King, 
Langethal,  Lawson,  Lindley,  Lorentz,  Loudon,  Martius,  Masters, 
Meehan,  Meyer,  Michaux,  Nuttall,  Oliver,  Pereira,  Philippi,  Porcher, 
Rosenthal,  Roxburgh,  Sargent,  Seemann,  Simmonds,  Stewart,  Trimen, 
Wittstein  and  also  some  others,  to  whose  names  reference  is  made 
cursorily  in  the  text.  The  volumes  of  the  Agricultural  Department  of 
Washington,  of  the  Austrian  Apotheker-Verein,  of  the  Journal  of 
Applied  Science,  of  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Acclimatation  de  France, 
and  of  several  other  periodicals  have  likewise  afforded  data  utilised  on 
this  occasion. 

In  grouping  together,  at  the  close  of  this  volume,  all  the  genera 
enumerated,  according  to  the  products  which  they  yield,  facility  is 
afforded  for  tracing  out  any  series  of  plants  about  which  special  economic 
information  may  be  sought,  or  which  may  prominently  engage  at  any 
time  the  attention  of  the  cultivator,  or  the  manufacturer,  or  the  artisan. 
Again,  in  placing  together  in  index-form  the  respective  industrial  plants 
according  to  their  geographic  distribution,  as  has  likewise  been  done  in 
the  concluding  pages,  it  is  rendered  easy  to  order  or  obtain  from  abroad 
the  plants  of  such  other  countries,  with  which  any  settlers  or  colonists 
may  be  in  relation  through  commercial,  literary  or  other  intercourse. 


Vlll  PEEP  ACE. 

Lists  like  the  present  may  aid  also  in  naming  the  plants  and  their 
products  with  scientific  correctness  in  establishments  of  economic  horti- 
culture or  in  technologic  or  other  educational  collections.  If  the  line 
of  demarkation  between  the  plants  admissible  into  this  list  and  those 
which  should  have  been  excluded  has  occasionally  been  extended  in 
favour  of  the  latter,  then  it  must  be  pleaded,  that  the  final  value  of  any 
particular  species  for  a  peculiar  want,  locality,  or  treatment  cannot  often 
be  fully  foretold.  Many  plants  of  primary  importance  for  rural  require- 
ments alluded  to  now  have  long  since  been  secured  by  the  intelligent 
early  pioneers  of  immigration,  who  timely  strove  to  enrich  also  the 
cultural  resources  of  their  adopted  country  •  and  in  these  efforts  the 
writer,  so  far  as  his  public  or  private  means  did  ever  permit,  has 
endeavoured  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  to  take  an  honorable 
share.  But  although  such  plants  are  introduced,  they  are  not  in  all 
instances  as  yet  widely  diffused,  nor  in  all  desirable  localities  tested. 
For  the  sake  of  completeness  even  the  most  ordinary  cultural  plants 
have  not  been  passed,  as  the  opportunity  seemed  an  apt  one  to  offer  a 
few  cursory  remarks  on  their  value.  The  writer  entertains  a  hope,  that 
a  copy  of  this  plain  volume-  will  be  placed  in  the  library  of  any  State 
Schools,  to  serve  educational  purposes  also  by  occasional  and  perhaps 
frequent  reference  to  these  pages.  The  increased  ease  of  communication, 
which  has  latterly  arisen  between  nearly  all  parts  of  the  globe,  places  us 
now  also  in  a  fair  position  for  independent  efforts  to  suggest  or  promote 
introductions  of  new  vegetable  treasures  from  unexplored  regions  or  to 
submit  neglected  plants  of  promising  value  to  unbiassed  original  tests. 
It  may  merely  be  instanced  that,  after  the  lapse  of  more  than  three 
centuries  since  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  only  the  most  scanty  information 
is  extant  on  the  timber  of  that  empire,  and  that  of  several  thousand 
tropical  grasses  not  many  dozens  have  been  tried  with  chemical  exacti- 
tude for  pastoral  purposes.  For  inquiries  of  such  kind  every  civilised 
State  is  striving  to  afford  in  well  planned,  thoughtfully  directed,  and 
generously  supported  special  scientific  establishments  the  needful  aid, 
not  merely  for  adding  to  the  prosperity,  comfort  and  enjoyment  of  the 
present  generation,  but  also  with  an  anticipation  of  earning  the  grati- 
tude of  posterity ;  and  this  as  a  rule  is  done  with  a  sensitive  jealousy, 


PREFACE.  IX 

to  maintain  also  thereby  for  scientific  dignity  and  industrial  development 
the  fair  fame  of  the  country.  Friendly  consideration  will  recognise,  that 
a  desire  to  arouse  more  and  more  such  a  spirit  for  emulation,  has  much 
inspired  the  writer  to  offer  these  pages,  he  trusting  that  enlightened 
statesmanship  far  and  wide  will  foster  this  aim  in  a  liberal  and  circum- 
spect manner. 

Melbourne,  June,  1880. 


SELECT   PLANTSXA 
READILY  ELIGIBLE   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

EXTRA-TROPICAL  COUNTRIES. 


Aberia  Caffra,  Hooker. 

The  Kai- Apple  of  Natal  and  Caffraria.  This  tall  shrub  serves  for 
hedges.  The  rather  large  fruits  are  edible,  and  can  be  converted 
into  preserves.  Allied  South-African  species  are  A.  Zeyheri  and 
A.  tristis  (Sender). 

Acacia  acuminata,  Bentham. 

A  kind  of  Myall  from  Western  Australia,  attaining  a  height  of 
40  feet.  The  scent  of  the  wood  comparable  to  that  of  raspberries. 
It  is  the  best  of  West- Australian  woods  for  charcoal.  The  stems 
much  sought  after  for  fence  posts,  very  lasting,  even  when  young. 
A  similar  tree  with  hard  and  scented  wood  is  A.  Doratoxylon 
(A.  Cunn.). 

Acacia  aneura,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Arid  desert-interior  of  extra-tropic  Australia.  A  small  tree,  not 
more  than  25  feet  high.  Wood  excessively  hard,  dark-brown,  used 
preferentially  by  the  natives  for  boomerangs,  sticks  to  lift  edible 
roots,  end-shafts  of  Phragmites-spears,  woomerangs,  nulla-nullas  and 
jagged  spear-ends.  A.  excelsa  (Bentham)  is  among  the  Queensland 
species,  which  furnish  also  valuable  dark-coloured  wood  for  furni- 
ture and  implements. 

Acacia  Arabica,  Willdenow. 

The  "Kikar"  or  "  Babur."  North  and  Central  Africa,  also  in 
South-west  Asia,  growing  in  dry,  calcareous  soil.  This  small  tree 
can  be  utilised  for  thorny  hedges,  as  also  A.  Seyal  (Delile)  and 
A.  'tortilis  (Forskael).  They  all  furnish  the  best  gum-arabic  for 
medicinal  and  technical  purposes.  The  lac  insect  lives  also  on  the 


2  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

foliage,  and  thus  in  Sind  the  lac  is  mainly  yielded  by  this  tree. 
The  stem  attains  a  circumference  of  10  feet.  The  astringent  pods 
are  valuable  for  tanning,  also  the  bark,  which  is  known  as  "Baboot" 
bark ;  the  wood,  known  as  "  Sunt,"  is  very  durable  if  water- 
seasoned,  extensively  used  for  wheels,  well-curbs,  and  many  kinds 
of  implements,  also  for  the  knees  and  planks  of  boats.  A.  gummi- 
fera  (Willd.)  and  A.  Ehrenbergiana  (Hayne)  are  among  the  species 
which  yield  gum-arabic  in  North  Africa.  A.  latronum  (Wildenow) 
and  A.  modesta  (Wallich)  form  thorny  hedges  in  India  (Brandis). 

Acacia  armata,  R  Brown. 

Extra-tropical  Australia.  The  Kangaroo-Thorn.  Much  grown  for 
hedges,  though  less  manageable  than  various  other  hedge  plants. 
Important  for  covering  coast  sand  with  an  unapproachable  prickly 
vegetation. 

Acacia  binervata,  De  Candolle. 

Extra-tropic  East  Australia.  A  tree  attaining  a  height  of  40  feet. 
The  bark  used  by  tanners,  but  not  so  rich  as  that  of  A.  decurrens 
(W.  Dovegrove). 

Acacia  Catechu,  Willdenow. 

India,  Africa,  up  to  3,000  feet.  Tree  of  40  feet  height.  The 
extract  prepared  from  the  bark  and  heartwood  is  the  catechu  of 
medicine  or  cutch  of  tannery.  Pure  cutch  is  worth  about  <£25  per 
ton  ;  4  tons  of  bark  will  produce  1  ton  of  cutch  or  terra  japonica. 
A.  Suma  (Kurz)  is  closely  allied. 

Acacia  Cavenia,  Hooker  and  Arnott. 

The  Espino  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  Chili,  the  Cavan  of  the 
former  population.  A  small  tree  with  exceedingly  hard  wood, 
resisting  underground  moisture.  The  plant  is  well  adapted  for 
hedges.  The  pods,  called  Quirinca,  serve  as  cattle  food  (Dr. 
Philippi).  The  husks  contain  32  per  cent,  tannin  (Sievers), 
valuable  as  a  dye  material. 

Acacia  Cebil,  Grisebach. 

La  Plata  States.  This  is  one  of  the  most  useful  of  all  trees  there, 
on  account  of  its  bark,  which  is  exceedingly  rich  in  tannic  acid  ; 
well  worthy  of  introduction  here ;  also  as  an  ornamental  tree. 
Numerous  other  Acacise,  particularly  the  Australian  species,  deserve 
yet  tests  for  tannin. 

Acacia  concinna,  Candolle. 

India.  Praised  by  Dr.  Cleghorn  as  a  valuable  hedge  shrub.  The 
pod  contains  saponin. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  3 

Acacia  decurrens,  Willdenow,  var.  mollissima.*     (A.  mollissima, 

Willd.) 

The  Black  Wattle.  From  the  eastern  part  of  South  Australia, 
through  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales,  to  the  southern  part  of 
Queensland  ;  a  small  or  middle-sized  tree.  Its  wood  is  used  for 
staves,  for  turners'  work,  occasionally  also  for  axe-  and  pick- 
handles,  and  many  other  purposes,  and  it  supplies  an  excellent  fire- 
wood ;  a  chief  use  of  the  tree  would  be  also  to  afford  the  first 
shelter,  in  treeless  localities,  for  raising  forests.  Its  bark,  rich  in 
tannin,  and  its  gum,  not  dissimilar  to  gum-arabic,  render  this  tree 
highly  important.  The  English  price  of  the  bark  ranges  generally 
from  £8  to  £11.  In  Melbourne  it  averages  about  £5  per  ton.  It 
varies,  so  far  as  experiments  made  in  my  laboratory  have  shown,  in 
its  contents  of  tannin  from  30  to  54  per  cent,  in  bark  artificially 
dried.  In  the  mercantile  bark  the  percentage  is  somewhat  less, 
according  to  the  state  of  its  dryness — it  retaining  about  10  per 
cent,  moisture.  1  \  Ib.  of  Black  Wattle-bark  gives  1  Ib.  of  leather, 
whereas  5  Ibs.  of  English  Oak-bark  are  requisite  for  the  same 
results,  but  the  tannic  principle  of  both  is  not  absolutely  identical. 
Melbourne  tanners  consider  a  ton  of  Black  Wattle-bark  sufficient 
to  tan  25  to  30  hides  \  it  is  best  adapted  for  sole  leather  and  other 
so-called  heavy  goods.  The  leather  is  fully  as  durable  as  that 
tanned  with  oak-bark,  and  nearly  as  good  in  colour.  Bark  care- 
fully stored  for  a  season  improves  in  tanning  power  10  to  15  per 
cent.  From  experiments  made  under  the  author's  direction  it 
appears  that  no  appreciable  difference  exists  in  the  percentage  of 
tannin  in  Wattle-bark,  whether  obtained  in  the  dry  or  in  the  wet 
season.  The  tannin  of  this  Acacia  yields  a  gray  precipitate  with 
the  oxide  salts  of  iron,  and  a  violet  colour  with  sub-oxides  ]  it  is 
completely  thrown  down  from  a  strong  aqueous  solution  by  means 
of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  The  bark  improves  by  age  and 
desiccation,  and  yields  about  40  per  cent,  of  catechu,  rather  more  than 
half  of  which  is  tannic  acid.  Bichromate  of  potash  added  in  a  minute 
quantity  to  the  boiling  solution  of  mimosa-tannin  produces  a  ruby 
red  liquid,  fit  for  dye  purposes  ;  and  this  solution  gives,  with  the 
salts  of  sub-oxide  of  iron,  black  pigments,  and  with  the  salts  of 
the  full  oxide  of  iron,  red-brown  dyes.  As  far  back  as  1823  a 
fluid  extract  of  Wattle-bark  was  shipped  to  London,  fetching  then 
the  extraordinary  price  of  £50  per  ton,  one  ton  of  bark  yielding 
4  cwt.  of  extract  of  tar  consistence  (Simmons),  thus  saving  much 
freight  and  cartage.  For  cutch  or  terra  japonica  the  infusion  is 
carefully  evaporated  by  gentle  heat.  The  estimation  of  tannic  acid 
in  Acacia  barks  is  effected  most  expeditiously  by  filtering  the 
aqueous  decoction  of  the  bark  after  cooling,  by  evaporating  and  then 
re-dissolving  the  residue  in  alcohol  and  determining  the  weight  of 
the  tannic  principle  obtained  by  evaporating  the  filtered  alcoholic 
solution  to  perfect  dryness 


4  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

The  cultivation  of  the  Black  Wattle  is  extremely  easy,  being  effected 
by  sowing  either  broadcast  or  in  rows.  Seeds  can  be  obtained  in 
Melbourne  at  about  5s.  per  lb.,  which  contains  from  30,000  to 
50,000  grains ;  they  are  known  to  retain  their  vitality  for  several 
years.  Seeds  should  be  soaked  in  warm  water  before  sowing.  Any 
bare,  barren,  unutilised  place  might  most  remuneratively  be  sown 
with  this  Wattle  Acacia  :  the  return  would  be  in  from  five  to  ten 
years.  Full-grown  trees,  which  supply  also  the  best  quality,  yield 
as  much  as  1  cwt.  of  bark.  Mr.  Dickinson  states  that  he  has  seen 
10  cwt.  of  bark  obtained  from  a  single  tree  of  gigantic  dimensions 
at  Southport.  A  quarter  of  a  ton  of  bark  was  obtained  from  one 
tree  at  Tambo  without  stripping  all  the  limbs.  The  height  of  this 
tree  was  60  feet,  and  the  stem  2  feet  in  diameter.  The  rate  of 
growth  of  the  tree  is  about  1  inch  in  diameter  of  stem  annually. 
It  is  content  with  the  poorest  and  driest  or  sandy  soil,  although 
in  more  fertile  ground  it  shows  greater  rapidity  of  growth. 
This  Acacia  is  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all  tan-yielding  trees 
of  the  warm  temperate  zones,  for  its  strength  in  tannic  acid,  its 
rapidity  of  growth,  its  contentedness  with  almost  any  soil,  for  the 
ease  with  which  it  can  be  reared  and  for  its  early  yield  of  tanner's 
bark,  and  indeed  also  gum  and  stave-wood.  The  tree  is  to  be 
recommended  for  poor  land  affected  with  sorrel.  It  is  hardier  than 
Eucalyptus  Globulus,  thus  enduring  the  clime  of  South  England  ; 
naturally  it  ascends  hardly  to  sub-alpine  elevations. 

The  variety  DEALBATA  (Acacia  dealbata,  Link)  is  generally  known 
amongst  Australian  colonists  as  Silver- wattle.  It  prefers  for  its 
habitation  humid  river-banks,  and  attains  there  a  height  of  some- 
times 150  feet,  supplying  a  clear  and  tough  timber  used  by  coopers 
and  other  artisans,  but  principally  serving  as  select  fuel  of  great 
heating  power.  The  bark  of  this  variety  is  much  thinner  and 
greatly  inferior  to  the  Black  Wattle  in  quality,  yielding  only  about 
half  the  quantity  of  tanning  principle.  It  is  chiefly  employed  for 
lighter  leather.  This  tree  is  distinguished  from  the  Black  Wattle 
by  the  silvery  or  rather  ashy  hue  of  its  young  foliage ;  it  flowers 
early  in  spring,  ripening  its  seeds  in  about  5  months,  while  the 
Black  Wattle  blossoms  late  in  spring  or  at  the  beginning  of 
summer,  and  its  seeds  do  not  mature  before  about  14  months. 

Acacia  falcata,  Willdenow. 

East- Australia.  One  of  the  best  of  trees  for  raising  a  woody 
vegetation  on  drift-sand,  as  particularly  proved  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Important  also  for  its  bark  in  tanneries. 

Acacia  Farnesiana,  Willdenow. 

Dioscorides'  small  Acacia.  Indigenous  to  South-Asia  ;  found  west- 
ward as  far  as  Japan ;  a  native  also  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Aus- 
tralia, as  far  south  as  the  Darling  River ;  found  spontaneously  in 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  5 

tropical  and  sub-tropical  America,  but  apparently  not  in  tropical 
Africa.  Professor  Fraas  has  recognised  in  this  Acacia  the  ancient 
plant.  The  scented  flowers  are  much  sought  after  for  perfumery. 
This  may  also  be  utilised  as  a  hedge  plant,  and  a  kind  of  gum-arabic 
may  be  obtained  from  it. 

Acacia  fasciculifera,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South-Queensland.  Seventy  feet  high,  branches  pendant.  Desir- 
able for  culture  on  account  of  the  excellence  of  its  easily- worked 
dark  wood. 

Acacia  giraffae,  Willdenow. 

South- Africa.  The  Camel-Thorn.  This  tree  attains  a  great  age, 
and  a  height  of  40  feet.  The  trunk  assumes  a  large  size,  and 
supplies  a  wood  of  great  hardness.  The  tree  grows  on  the  driest 
soil. 

Aca'cia  glaucescens,  Willdenow. 

Queensland  and  New  South  Wales.  Extreme  height  about  60  feet. 
A  kind  of  Myall,  with  hard,  dark,  prettily-grained  but  less  scented 
wood  than  that  of  some  other  species. 

Acacia  harpophylla,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Southern  Queensland,  where  this  tree,  according  to  Mr.  Thozet, 
furnishes  a  considerable  share  of  the  mercantile  wattle-bark  for 
tanning  purposes.  Wood,  according  to  Mr.  O'Shanesy,  brown, 
hard,  heavy,  and  elastic;  used  by  the  natives  for  spears.  Mr.  Thozet 
observes  that  the  tree  attains  sometimes  a  height  of  90  feet,  grow- 
ing naturally  on  sand  lands,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  trees 
and  shrubs,  furnishing  wood  of  a  violet  odour,  splitting  freely,  and 
used  for  fancy  turnery.  Saplings  used  as  stakes  in  vineyards  have 
lasted  20  years  and  more.  The  tree  yields  also  considerable  quanti- 
ties of  gum.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  "  Brigalows"  in  the  scrubs 
of  that  designation. 

Acacia  homalophylla,  Cunningham. 

The  t  Victorian  Myall,  extending  into  the  deserts  of  New  South 
Wales.  The  dark-brown  wood  is  much  sought  for  turners'  work 
on  account  of  its  solidity  and  fragrance  ;  perhaps  its  most  extensive 
use  is  in  the  manufacture  of  tobacco-pipes.  Never  a  tall  tree. 

Acacia  horrida,  Willdenow. 

The  Doornboom  or  Karra-Doorn  of  South- Africa.  A  formidable 
hedge  bush  with  thorns  often  3  inches  long,  readily  available  for 
impenetrable  hedge  copses.  It  exudes  also  a  good  kind  of  gum, 
but  often  of  amber  colour.  This  is  the  principal  species  used  for 
tanners'  bark  in  South  Africa,  where  Leucospermum  conocarpum 
(B.  Br.)  is  also  extensively  used  for  the  same  purpose  (M'Gibbon). 


6  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Acacia  implexa,  Bentham. 

Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland.  A  tree  of  middle  size, 
content  with  poor  soil.  Wood  firm  and  close,  dark-brown  with 
yellowish  stripes  ;  much  in  demand  for  turnery,  cog-wheels,  and 
other  purposes  which  need  tenacity  and  strength  (Dickinson). 
Bark  available  for  tanneries. 

Acacia  leiophylla,  Bentham.*    (A.  saligna,  Beiitharn  non  Wendland). 

South- West  Australia,  where  it  is  the  principal  tree  chosen  for 
tanners'  bark.  It  is  a  wide-spreading  small  tree,  fit  for  avenues. 
The  bark  contains  nearly  30  per  cent,  of  mimosa- tannin,  and  is 
extensively  used  by  tanners  in  West  Australia.  The  price  of  fair 
West  Australia  gum-arabic  was  from  46s.  to  49s.  per  cwt.  in 
London  in  1879.  The  tree  has  proved  in  Algeria  to  resist  the 
sirocco  better  than  most  species  (Dr.  Bonand).  A.  cyanophylla 
(Lindley)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  serving  the  same  purposes. 

Acacia  longifolia,  Willdenow. 

South-Eastern  Australia.  This  tree  is  introduced  into  this  list 
inasmuch  as  the  very  bushy  variety  known  as  A.  Sophorse  (R. 
Brown)  renders  most  important  services  in  subduing  loose  coast- 
sand  ;  it  should  therefore  be  disseminated  on  extensively  bare  sand- 
shores.  To  the  recommendations  of  this  bush  can  be  added  that  it 
grows  so  quickly.  The  bark  of  A.  longifolia  is  only  half  as  good  as 
that  of  A.  decurrens  for  tanning,  and  used  chiefly  for  sheep-skins. 
The  tree  is  however  also  of  quick  growth — 20  to  30  feet  in  5  to  6 
years  (Hartmann). 

Acacia  macrantha,  Bentham. 

From  Mexico  to  Argentina  ;  also  in  the  Galapagos  Group.  This  tree, 
usually  small,  provides  the  "  Cuji-pods"  for  tanning  (Simmonds). 

Acacia  melanoxylon,  R  Brown."* 

The  well-known  Blackwood  of  our  river  flats  and  moist  forest 
valleys,  passing  also  under  the  inappropriate  name  of  Light  Wood. 
In  irrigated  glens  of  deep  soil  the  tree  will  attain  a  height  of  80 
feet,  with  a  stem  several  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  most  valu- 
able for  furniture,  railway  and  other  carriages,  boat-building  (stem 
and  stern  post,  ribs,  rudder),  for  tool-handles,  crutches,  some  portion 
of  the  work  of  organ-builders,  casks,  billiard-tables,  pianofortes 
(for  sound-boards  and  actions),  and  numerous  other  purposes.  The 
fine-grained  wood  is  cut  into  veneers.  It  takes  a  fine  polish,  and 
is  considered  almost  equal  to  Walnut.  Our  best  wood  for  bending 
under  steam,  it  does  not  warp  and  twist.  Our  local  experiments 
gave  the  strength  in  transverse  strain  of  Blackwood  equal  to 
Eucalyptus  wood  of  middling  strength,  approaching  that  of  the 
American  White  Oak,  and  surpassing  that  of  the  Kauri. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  i 

Acacia  moniliformis,  Grisebach. 

Argentina.  The  "Tusca."  The  pods  are  used  for  feeding  horses 
and  cattle  (Dr.  Lorentz). 

Acacia  microbotrya,  Bentham. 

In  the  waterless  interior  of  South-West  Australia.  The  "Bad- 
jong."  A  comparatively  tall  species,  which,  according  to  Mr.  Geo. 
Whitfield,  produces  often  50  Ibs.  of  gum  from  one  tree  in  a  season. 
The  aborigines  store  the  gum  in  hollow  trees  for  winter  use  ;  it  is 
of  a  pleasant,  sweetish  taste. 

Acacia  pendula,  All.  Cunningham. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  Generally  in  marshy  tracts  of 
the  interior.  One  of  the  Myall  trees. 

Acacia  penninervis,  Sieber. 

Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  and  Queensland.  A  small  tree,  so 
hardy  as  to  occupy  sub-alpine  localities.  The  bark  contains  about 
18  per  cent,  of  tannin. 

Acacia  pycnantha,  Bentham.* 

Victoria  and  South  Australia.  The  Golden  or  Green  Wattle 
of  the  colonists.  This  tree,  which  attains  a  maximum  height 
of  about  30  feet,  is  second  perhaps  only  to  A.  decurrens  in 
importance  for  its  yield  of  tanners'  bark ;  the  quality  of  the 
latter  is  even  sometimes  superior  to  that  of  the  Black  Wattle, 
but  its  yield  is  less,  as  the  tree  is  smaller  and  the  bark  thinner. 
It  is  of  rapid  growth,  content  with  almost  any  soil,  but  is  generally 
found  in  poor  sandy  ground  near  the  sea-coast,  and  thus  also 
important  for  binding  rolling  sand.  Experiments  instituted  by  me 
have  proved  the  artificially  dried  bark  to  contain  from  30  to  45 
per  cent,  tanning  principle,  full-grown  sound  trees  supplying  the 
best  quality.  The  aqueous  infusion  of  the  bark  can  be  reduced 
by  boiling  to  a  dry  extract,  which  in  medicinal  and  other  respects 
is  equal  to  the  best  Indian  catechu,  as  derived  from  Acacia  catechu, 
and  A.  suma.  It  yields  about  30  per  cent.,  about  half  of  whidb 
or  more  is  mimosa-tannic  acid.  This  catechu  is  also  of  great  use 
for  preserving  against  decay  articles  subject  to  exposure  in  water, 
such  as  ropes,  nets,  fishing-lines,  &c.  While,  according  to  Mr.. 
Simmons,  the  import  of  the  bark  of  oaks,  hemlock-spruce,  into* 
England  becomes  every  year  less,  and  while  the  import  of  sumach 
and  ganabir  does  not  increase,  the  annual  demand  for  tanning 
substance  has  since  the  last  twenty  years  been  doubled.  A. 
pycnantha  is  also  important  for  its  copious  yield  of  gum,  wlikh  is ; 
in  some  localities  advantageously  collected  for  home  consumption^ 
and  also  for  export.  The  wood,  though  not  of  large  dimensions^ 
is  well  adapted  for  staves,  handles  of  various  instruments  and 


8  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

articles  of  turnery,  especially  bobbins  (Dickinson).  By  improved 
methods  the  fragrant  oil  of  the  flowers  will  doubtless  be  fixed, 
though  its  absolute  isolation  might  be  difficult  and  unremunerative. 
The  tree  as  a  rule  seeds  well.  Leaves  also  very  rich  in  tannin. 

Acacia  retinodes,  Schlechtendal. 

South-East  Australia.  Ascertained  already  in  1846  by  Dr. 
Hermann  Behr  to  yield  a  good  tanners'  bark  and  much  gum. 
This  Acacia  is  ever-flowering,  and  in  this  respect  quite  exceptional. 
It  likes  river-banks,  but  never  grows  beyond  the  height  of  a  small 
tree. 

Acacia  Seyal,  Delile. 

In  the  Libyan  and  Nubian  Deserts.  This  thorny  tree  exudes  a 
brownish  kind  of  gum-arabic.  It  is  adapted  for  the  most  arid 
desert  country.  In  any  oasis  it  forms  a  large  and  shady  tree. 
Native  name,  "SofFar." 

Acacia  stenocarpa,  Hochstetter. 

Abyssinia  and  Nubia.  A  large  tree,  which  yields  the  brownish 
Suak  or  Talha  Gum,  a  kind  of  gum-arabic.  (Hanbury  and 
Flueckiger). 

Acacia  stenophylla,  A.  Cunningham. 

On  banks  of  water-courses  in  the  interior  of  Australia,  as  far 
south  as  the  Murray  River.  A  tree  with  exquisite,  hard,  dark 
wood,  serving  like  Myall  wood. 

Acacia  Verek,  Guillemin  <fe  Perrottet. 

From  Senegambia  to  Nubia.  Affords  the  best  white  gum-arabic 
of  the  Nile  region,  and  a  large  quantity  of  this  commercial  article. 
A.  Etbaica  (Schweinf.)  from  the  same  region  produces  also  a  good 
mercantile  gum. 

Acanthophoenix  rubra,  H.  "VVendland. 

Mauritius  and  Reunion.  This  palm  proved  hardy  as  far  south  as 
Sydney  (C.  Moore).  Height  to  60  feet.  The  upper  rings  of  the 
stem  are  of  a  bright  red.  • 

Acanthosicyos  horrida,  Welwitsch. 

In  the  deserts  of  Angola,  Benguela,  and  Damarland.  This  thorny, 
cucurbitaceous,  erect  shrub  bears  fruits  of  orange  size  and  colour, 
of  pleasant  acidulous  taste.  The  seeds  are  also  edible.  The  plant 
will  live  in  the  most  arid  desert  land,  and  is  one  of  the  few  which 
resist  the  scorching  effects  of  even  the  sirocco. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES. 

Acer  campestre,  Linne. 

The  British  Maple.  Extends  from  Middle  Europe  to  North  Asia. 
Height  40  feet,  in  shelter  and  deep  soil ;  the  yellow  and  purple 
tints  of  its  foliage  in  autumn  render  the  tree  then  particularly 
beautiful.  The  wood  is  compact  and  fine-grained,  and  sought  for 
choice  furniture.  The  tree  can  be  trimmed  for  hedge-growth. 
Comparatively  quick  of  growth,  and  easily  raised  from  seed. 
These  remarks  apply  to  many  kinds  of  maples. 

Acer  circinnatum,  Pursh. 

Tlie  Vine-Maple  of  North- West  America,  forming  in  Oregon 
impenetrable  forests  on  account  of  its  long  branches  bending  to 
the  ground  and  striking  root.  The  stem  is  sometimes  40  feet  long, 
but  slender.  The  wood  is  heavier  and  of  closer  grain  than  that  of 
A.  macrocarpum  (Dr.  Gibbons). 

Acer  dasycarpum,  Ehrhart. 

The  White  Maple  of  North  America.  Likes  rather  a  warmer 
climate  than  the  other  American  Maples,  and  therefore  particu- 
larly desirable  for  us  here.  Height  50  feet ;  wood  pale  and  soft, 
stem  sometimes  9  feet  in  diameter.  Much  praised  for  street- 
planting  ;  growth  comparatively  rapid.  It  produces  no  suckers, 
nor  is  the  tree  subject  to  disease.  A  most  beautiful  tree,  with  a 
stout  stem  and  a  magnificent  crown,  growing  best  on  the  banks  of 
rivers  with  limpid  water  and  a  gravelly  bed,  but  never  in  swampy 
ground,  where  the  Red  Maple  takes  its  place.  The  wood  is  of  less 
strength  and  durability  than  that  of  its  congeners,  but  produces 
excellent  charcoal.  It  may  be  cut  into  extreme  thinness  for  wood- 
paperhangings  (Simmonds).  The  tree  also  yields  Maple-sagar, 
though  not  in  such  quantity  as  A.  saccharinum. 

Acer  macrophyllum,  Pursh. 

Large  Oregon-Maple.  From  British  Columbia  to  North  Mexico. 
Tree  up  to  90  feet  high,  of  quick  growth  ;  stem  attaining  16  feet 
in  circumference  ;  wood  whitish,  beautifully  veined.  A  fine  shade- 
tree  ;  delights  on  banks  of  streams.  The  inner  bark  can  be 
utilised  for  baskets,  hats,  and  superior  mats ;  the  hard  and  close 
wood  is  a  substitute  for  hickory.  The  curled  wood  is  splendid 
for  ornamental  work.  Maple-sugar  is  manufactured  from  the  sap 
(Sargent). 

Acer  Negundo,  Linne. 

The  Box-Elder  of  North  America.  A  tree,  deciduous  like  the  rest 
of  the  Maples ;  attains  a  height  of  about  50  feet,  and  is  rich  in 
saccharine  sap  ;  according  to  Yasey  it  contains  almost  as  much  as 


10  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

the  Sugar-Maple.  Proved  well  adapted  for  our  country.  In  Cali- 
fornia it  is  used  extensively  as  a  shade-tree.  Cultivated,  the  stem 
attains  about  8  inches  in  diameter  in  8  years  (Brewer).  The  wood 
is  yellow,  marked  with  violet  and  rosy  veins  (Simmonds). 

Acer  niveum,  Blume. 

Continental  and  Insular  India,  up  on  the  forest  ranges.  This  is 
the  tallest  of  the  Maples,  attaining  a  height  of  150  feet.  Several 
other  large  Maples  worthy  of  cultivation,  particularly  in  parks, 
occur  on  the  mountains  of  India. 

Acer  palmatum,  Thunberg. 

This  beautiful  tree,  with  deeply  cleft  leaves,  is  indigenous  to  Japan, 
where  various  varieties  with  red-  and  yellow-tinged  leaves  occur. 
Should  it  be  an  aim  to  bring  together  all  the  kinds  of  Maples, 
which  could  be  easily  grown  in  appropriate  spots,  then  Japan  alone 
would  furnish  25  species. 

Acer  platanoides,  Linne. 

The  Norway-Maple,  extending  south  to  Switzerland.  Up  to  70 
feet  high.  The  pale  wood  much  used  by  cabinet-makers.  Tint  of 
the  autumn  foliage  golden-yellow.  A  tree  of  imposing  appear- 
ance, much  recommended  for  ornamental  gardening ;  it  gives  a 
denser  shade  than  most  of  the  other  Maples. 

Acer  pseudo-platanus,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  West  Asia.  The  Sycamore-Maple  or 
Spurious  Plane.  Attains  a  height  of  over  100  feet.  The  wood  is 
compact  and  firm,  valuable  for  various  implements,  instruments, 
and  cabinet-work ; — for  instance,  for  mangles,  presses,  dishes, 
printing  and  bleaching  works,  beetling-beams,  and  in  foundries  for 
patterns  (Simmonds) ;  also  for  the  back,  neck,  sides,  and  circle  of 
violins,  for  pianofortes  (portion  of  the  mechanism),  it  being  free- 
cutting  and  clean  on  the  end-grain.  It  furnishes  like  some  other 
Maples  a  superior  charcoal.  Will  admit  of  exposure  to  sea-air. 
The  sap  also  saccharine. 

Acer  rubrum,  Linne. 

The  Red  Maple  of  North- America.  A  tree,  attaining  80  feet ;  wood 
close-grained.  Grows  well  with  several  other  Maples,  even  in  dry, 
open  localities,  although  the  foliage  may  somewhat  suffer  from  hot 
winds,  but  thrives  most  luxuriantly  in  swampy,  fertile  soil.  It  is 
valued  for  street-planting.  The  foliage  turns  red  in  autumn.  The 
wood  is  of  handsome  appearance,  used  in  considerable  quantity  for 
saddle-trees,  yokes,  turnery,  chairs  and  other  furniture.  That  of 
old  trees  is  sometimes  cross-grained,  and  thus  furnishes  a  portion 


IN  EXTRA-TKOPICAL  COUNTRIES.  11 

of  the  curled  Maple-wood,  which  is  very  beautiful  and  much  in 
request  for  gun-stocks  and  inlaying.  The  tree  yields  also  Maple- 
sugar,  but,  like  A.  dasycarpum,  only  in  about  half  the  quantity 
obtainable  from  A.  saccharinum  (Porcher). 

Acer  saccharinum,  Wangenheim.* 

The  Sugar-  or  Rock-Maple  ;  one  of  the  largest  of  the  genus.  It 
is  the  national  emblem  of  Canada.  In  the  colder  latitudes  of 
North  America  80  or  rarely  120  feet  high,  with  a  stem  3  to  4  feet 
in  diameter.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  hard,  close-grained,  of 
rosy  tinge,  and  when  well  seasoned  used  for  axle-trees,  spokes, 
shafts,  poles,  and  furniture,  exteriors  of  pianos,  saddle-trees,  wheel- 
wrights' work,  wooden  dishes,  founders'  patterns,  flooring  ;  not  apt 
to  warp  ;  preferred  for  shoe-last ;  when  knotty  or  curly  it  fur- 
nishes the  Birdseye  and  Curly  Maple-wood.  From  the  end  of 
February  till  the  earlier  part  of  April  the  trees,  when  tapped,  will 
yield  the  saccharine  fluid,  which  is  so  extensively  converted  into 
Maple-sugar,  each  tree  yielding  12  to  24  gallons  of  sap  in  a  season, 
3  to  6  gallons  giving  lib.  of  sugar;  but  exceptionally  the  yield 
may  rise  to  100  and  more  gallons.  The  tapping  process  commences 
at  the  age  of  20  years,  and  may  be  continued  for  40  years  or 
more  without  destruction  of  the  tree  (G.  Maw).  According 
to  Porcher,  instances  are  on  record  of  33  Bbs.  of  sugar  having  been 
obtained  from  a  single  tree  in  one  season.  The  Sugar-Maple  is 
rich  in  potash,  furnishing  a  large  proportion  of  this  article  in  the 
United  States.  The  bark  is  an  important  constituent  in  several  of 
the  American  dyes.  The  tree  is  particularly  recommended  for  our 
Alpine  regions.  It  bears  a  massive  head  of  foliage  on  a  slender 
stem.  The  autumnal  colouring  is  superb.  In  the  Eastern  States 
of  North  America  the  Sugar-Maple  is  regarded  as  the  best  tree  for 
shade-avenues.  Numerous  other  Maples  exist,  among  which  as 
the  tallest  may  be  mentioned  Acer  Creticum,  L.,  of  South  Europe, 
40  feet ;  A.  Isevigatum,  A.  sterculiaceum,  and  A.  villosum, 
"Wallich,  of  Nepal,  40  feet;  A.  pictum,  Thunb.,  of  Japan, 
30  feet. 

Achillea  Millefolium,  Linne. 

Yarrow  or  Millfoil.  Europe,  Northern  Asia,  and  North  America. 
A  perennial  medicinal  herb  of  considerable  astringency,  pervaded 
with  essential  oil,  containing  also  a  bitter  principle  (achillein),  and 
a  peculiar  acid,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  generic  appellation 
of  the  plant. 

Achillea  moschata,  Wulfen. 

Alps  of  Europe.  The  Genipi  or  Iva  of  the  Alpine  inhabitants. 
This  perennial  herb  ought  to  be  transferred  to  our  Snowy 


12  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Mountains.  With  the  allied  A.  nana  (L.)  and  A.  atrata  (L. ),  it  enters 
as  a  component  into  the  aromatic  medicinal  Swiss  tea.  Many 
species  of  this  genus,  including  the  Yarrow,  are  wholesome  to 
sheep.  A.  fragrantissima  (Reichenbach)  is  a  shrubby  species  from 
the  deserts  of  Egypt,  valuable  for  its  medicinal  flowers. 

Achras  sapota,  Linne. 

The  Sapodilla  Plum  of  West  India  and  Central  Continental 
America.  A  fine  evergreen  tree,  producing  delicious  fruit. 
Achras  Australis,  a  tree  yielding  also  tolerably  good  fruit,  occurs  in 
New  South  Wales.  Other  sapotaceous  trees,  producing  table-fruit, 
such  as  the  Lucuma  mammosa  (the  Marmalade-Tree),  Lucuma 
Bonplandi,  Chrysophyllum  Cainito  (the  Star  Apple),  all  from  West 
India,  and  Lucuma  Cainito  of  Peru,  might  also  be  subjected  to 
trial  culture  in  our  forest- valleys  \  so  furthermore  many  of  the 
trees  of  this  order,  from  which  gutta-percha  is  obtained  (species  of 
Dichopsis,  Isonandra,  Sideroxylon,  Cacosmanthus,  Bassia,  Mimu- 
sops,  Imbricaria  and  Payenia),  would  prove  hardy  in  sheltered 
woodlands,  as  they  seem  to  need  rather  an  equable,  humid,  mild 
clime  than  the  heat  of  the  torrid  zone. 

Aconitum  Napellus,  Linne. 

The  Monk's  Hood.  In  the  colder  especially  mountainous  parts  of 
Europe  and  Northern  Asia.  A  powerful  medicinal  plant  of 
perennial  growth,  but  sometimes  only  of  biennial  duration,  variable 
in  its  forms.  It  was  first  introduced  into  Australia,  together  with 
a  number  of  other  Aconits,  by  the  writer  of  this  communication. 
All  the  species  possess  more  or  less  modified  medicinal  qualities,  as 
well  in  their  herb  as  in  their  root ;  but  so  dangerously  powerful  are 
they  that  the  plants  can  only  be  administered  by  the  exercise  of 
legitimate  medical  practice.  Napellus  root,  according  to  Dr. 
Wittstein,  contains  three  alkaloids :  aconitin,  napellin  and  narcotin. 
The  foliage  contains  also  a  highly  acrid  volatile  principle,  perhaps 
chemically  not  unlike  that  of  many  other  Ranunculacese.  Aconitin, 
one  of  the  most  potent  of  any  of  the  medicinal  substances  in 
existence,  can  likewise  be  obtained  from  the  Nepalese  Aconitum 
ferox,  and  probably  from  several  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Acorus  Calamus,  Linne. 

The  Sweet  Flag.  Europe,  Middle  and  North  Asia,  North  America. 
A  perennial  pond  or  lake  plant.  The  somewhat  aromatic  root  is 
used  as  a  stomachic,  and  also  in  the  preparation  of  confectionery, 
in  the  distillation  of  gin  and  liqueurs,  and  in  the  brewing  of  some 
kinds  of  beer.  The  flavour  of  the  root  depends  mainly  on  a 
peculiar  volatile  oil. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  13 

Acrocomia  Mexicana,  Karwinski. 

Mexico ;  also  in  the  cooler  regions  up  to  3,000  feet.  (Middle 
temperature,  17 'Celsius;  Drude).  A  prickly  palm,  20  feet  high, 
accompanied  by  very  slender  Chamsedora-Palms  in  the  shade  of 
Oak-forests. 

Actsea  spicata,  Linne. 

The  Baneberry.  On  forest  mountains,  mainly  in  limestone  soil 
of  Europe,  North  Asia  and  North  America.  A  perennial  medi- 
cinal herb.  Its  virtue-  depends  on  peculiar  acrid  and  bitter  as 
well  as  tonic  principles.  In  North  America  this  species  and  like- 
wise A.  alba  are  also  praised  as  efficacious  antidotes  against 
ophidian  poisons. 

Adeno sternum  nitidum,  Persoon. 

South  Chili,  where  this  stately  tree  passes  by  the  appellations 
Queule,  Nuble  and  Aracua.  Wood  durable  and  beautifully  veined. 
Fruit  edible. 

Adesmia  balsamica,  Bertero. 

The  Jarilla  .of  Chili.  A  small  shrub,  remarkable  for  exuding  a 
fragrant  balsam  of  some  technic  value. 

-ZEgiceras  majus,  Gaertner. 

South  Asia,  Polynesia,  North  and  East  Australia.  This  spurious 
mangrove  tree  extends  far  south  in  New  South  Wales.  It  may  be 
employed  for  staying  the  off-flow  of  mud  by  the  tide,  and  for  thus 
consolidating  shores  subject  to  inundation  by  sea-floods. 

JEschynomene  aspera,  Linne. 

The  Solah  of  tropical  Asia  and  Africa.  A  large  perennial  erect  or 
floating  swamp-plant.  Introduced  from  the  Botanic  Gardens  of 
Melbourne  into  the  tropical  parts  of  Australia.  The  pith-hats  are 
made  from  the  young  stems  of  this  plant.  It  is  also  a  substitute 
for  cork  in  various  appliances.  The  Solah  is  of  less  importance  for 
cultivation  than  for  naturalization. 

-^Esculus  flava,  Aiton. 

North-America.  This  showy  tree  rises  to  60  feet.  The  wood  is 
light,  soft,  and  porous,  not  inclined  to  split  or  crack  in  drying. 
It  is  valuable  for  troughs,  bread-trays,  wooden  bowls,  shuttles 
(Simmons). 

.flSsculus  Hippocastanum,  Linne. 

The  Horse-Chestnut  Tree.  Indigenous  to  Central  Asia.  In  North 
Greece,  Thessaly  and  Epirus,  on  high  ranges  (Heldreich),  wild  and 
associated  there  with  the  Walnut,  several  Oaks  and  Pines,  at  an 


14  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

altitude  of  3-4,000  feet,  in  Imeretia,  Caucasus  (Eichwald).  One  of 
the  most  showy  of  deciduous  trees,  more  particularly  when  during 
spring  "  it  has  reached  the  meridian  of  its  glory,  and  stands  forth 
in  all  the  gorgeousness  of  leaves  and  blossoms."  Height  60  feet. 
Circumference  of  stem  up  to  16  feet.  It  will  succeed  in  sandy  soil 
on  sheltered  spots ;  the  wood  adapted  for  furniture ;  the  seeds  yield 
starch  copiously,  and  supply  also  a  food  for  various  domestic 
animals ;  the  bark  a  good  tanning  material.  The  wood  remains 
free  from  insects ;  it  is  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  including  the 
slips  of  pianofortes.  The  tree  ascends  the  Himalayas  up  to  10,000 
feet.  A  variety  is  known  with  thornless  fruits.  Three  species 
occur  in  Japan,  and  several,  but  none  of  great  height,  in  North 
America  and  South  Asia. 

2Esculus  Californica,  Nuttall. 

California.  This  beautiful  tree  attains  a  height  of  50  feet,  with  a 
stem  2  feet  in  diameter,  the  crown  spreading  out  exceptionally  over 
a  distance  of  60  feet,  the  upper  branches  touching  the  ground.  In 
full  bloom  it  is  a  magnificent  ornament,  with  its  crowded  snow- 
white  flowers,  visible  for  a  long  distance.  The  wood  is  light  and 
porous,  and  used  for  the  yokes  of  oxen  and  for  various  other 
implements  (Dr.  Gibbons). 

JEsculus  Indica,  Colebrooke. 

In  the  Himalayas,  from  3,500  to  9,000  feet.  Height  finally  50 
feet ;  trunk  comparatively  short,  occasionally  with  a  girth  of 
25  feet.  Never  quite  without  leaves.  Can  be  used  like  the  Horse- 
Chestnut  as  an  ornamental  shade-tree.  Other  Asiatic  species  are 
A.  Punduana  (Wallich),  A.  turbinata  (Blume),  A.  Sinensis 
(Bunge),  and  A.  dissimilis  (Blume). 

JEsculus  turbinata,  Blume. 

Japan.     The  seeds  are  there  used  for  human  food. 

Agaricus  Caesareus,  Schaeffer. 

In  the  Spruce-forests  of  Middle  and  South  Europe.  Trials  might 
be  made  to  naturalise  this  long-famed  and  highly  delicious  Mush- 
room in  our  forests.  It  attains  a  width  of  nearly  one  foot,  and  is 
of  a  magnificent  orange  colour.  Numerous  other  edible  Agarics 
could  doubtless  be  brought  into  this  country  by  the  mere  dissemi- 
nation of  the  spores  at  apt  localities.  As  large  or  otherwise 
specially  eligible  may  here  be  mentioned  A.  extinctorius  L.,  A. 
melleus  Vahl.,  A.  deliciosus  L.,  A.  giganteus  Sowerby,  A.  Carda- 
rella  Fr.,  A.  Marzuolus  Fr.,  A.  eryngii  Cand.,  A.  splendens  Pers., 
A.  odorus  Bulliard,  A.  auricula  Cand.,  A.  oreades  Bolt.,  A.  escu- 
lentus  Wulf.,  A.  mouceron  Tratt.,  A.  socialis  Cand.,  all  from 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  15 

Europe,  besides  numerous  other  highly  valuable  species  from  other 
parts  of  the  globe.  Professor  Goeppert  adds  as  edible  species  sold 
in  Silesia  and  other  parts  of  Germany  :  A.  decorus  Fries,  A.  fusip^s 
Bull,  A.  gambosus  Fries,  A.  procerus  Scop.,  A.  scorodonius  Fries, 
A.  silvaticus  Schaef.,  A.  virgineus  Wulf.,  A  volemus  Fries,  besides 
the  almost  cosmopolitan  A,  campestris  Lirnie.  Mushroom-beds  are 
best  made  from  horse-manure,  mixed  with  -J  loam,  the  scattering  of 
the  spawn  (spores)  to  be  effected  when  the  temperature  of  the  hot- 
bed has  become  reduced  to  85°  F.,  the  sowing  of  the  mushroom 
fragments  to  be  made  >3  inches  deep  and  4  inches  apart ;  1  inch 
sifted  loam  over  the  damp  bed  and  some  hay  to  cover  the  whole. 
After  two  months  mushrooms  can  be  gathered  from  the  bed.  In 
Japan  mushrooms  are  reared  on  decayed  split  logs,  and  largely 
consumed  and  exported.  In  France  mushrooms  are  grown  in 
caves  to  an  enormous  extent.  Puff-balls  are  also  edible,  and  some 
of  them  delicious  (Meehan). 

Agaricus  flammeus,  Fries. 

In  Cashmere  a  large  and  excellent  edible  mushroom  (Dr. 
Aitchison).  Some  of  the  noxious  mushrooms  become  edible  by 
drying.  Professor  Morren  mentions  among  edible  Belgian  species 
Agaricus  laccatus,  Scop.,  Lycoperdon  Bovista,  L.,  Russula  integra, 
L.,  Sclerodesma  vulgare,  Fries.  Any  kind  of  cavern  might  be 
turned  into  a  mushroom-field  ;  the  spawn  is  spread  on  fermented 
manure,  and  kept  moist  by  water,  to  which  some  saltpetre  is  added. 
They  all  afford  a  highly  nutritious  introgenous  food. 

Agaricus  ostreatus,  Jacquin. 

On  trunks  chiefly  of  deciduous  trees  throughout  Europe.  The 
delicious  Oyster-Mushroom,  renowned  since  antiquity  (Fries). 

Agave  Americana,  Linne. 

The  gigantic  Aloe  of  Central  America.  It  comes  here  into  flower 
in  about  ten  years.  The  pithy  stem  can  be  utilised  for  some  of  the 
purposes  to  which  cork  is  usually  employed — for  instance,  to  form 
the  bottoms  of  insect-cases.  The  honey-sucking  birds  and  the  bees 
are  very  fond  of  the  flowers  of  this  prodigious  plant.  The  leaves  of 
this  and  some  other  Agaves,  such  as  A.  Mexicana,  furnish  the 
strong  Pita-fibre,  which  is  adapted  for  ropes,  and  even  for  beautiful 
textile  fabrics.  The  strength  of  ropes  of  this  fibre  is  considerably 
greater  than  that  of  hemp  ropes,  as  well  in  as  out  of  water.  The 
leaves  contain  saponin.  The  sap  can  be  converted  into  alcohol,  and 
thus  the  "  Pulque"  beverage  is  prepared  from  the  young  flower- 
stem.  Where  space  and  circumstances  admit  of  it,  impenetrable 
hedges  may  be  raised  in  the  course  of  some  years  from  Agaves. 


16  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Agave  rigida,  Miller.     (A.  Ixtli,  Karwinsky.) 

Yucatan.  The  Chelem,  Henequen  and  Sacci  of  the  Mexicans, 
furnishing  the  Sisal-hemp.  Drs.  Perrine,  Scott  and  Engelmann 
indicate  several  varieties  of  this  stately  plant,  the  fibre  being  there- 
fore also  variable,  both  in  quantity  and  quality.  The  yield  of  fibre 
begins  in  four  or  five  years,  and  lasts  for  half  a  century  or  more, 
the  plant  being  prevented  from  flowering  by  cutting  away  its 
flower-stalk  when  very  young.  The  leaves  are  from  2  to  6  feet 
long  and  2  to  6  inches  wide;  the  flower-stem  attains  a  height  of  25 
feet,  the  panicle  of  flowers  about  8  feet  long,  bearing  in  abundance 
bulb-like  buds.  Other  large  species  of  Agave,  all  fibre-yielding, 
are  A.  antillarum  (Descourtil)  from  Hayti ;  A.  Parryi  (Engel- 
mann) from  New  Mexico  ;  A.  Palmeri  (Engelmann)  from  South 
Arizona,  up  to  an  elevation  of  6,000  feet. 

Agriophyllum  gobicum. 

Eastern  Asia.  The  "  Soulkir  "  of  the  Mongols.  Przevalsky  says 
that  this  plant  affords  a  great  part  of  the  vegetable  food  of  the  Ala- 
Shan  nomads.  Several  other  annual  salsolaceous  herbs  belong  to 
the  genus  Agriophyllum. 

Agrostis  alba,  Linne. 

The  Fiorin  or  White  Bent-Grass.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia, 
North  Africa,  North  America.  Perennial,  showing  a  predilection 
for  moisture  ;  can  be  grown  on  peat  soil.  It  is  the  Herd-Grass  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  valuable  as  an  admixture  to  many  other 
grasses,  as  it  becomes  available  at  the  season,  when  some  of  them 
fail.  Sinclair  regards  it  as  a  pasture-grass  inferior  to  Festuca 
pratensis  and  Dactylis  glomerata,  but  superior  to  Alopecurus  pra- 
tensis. The  variety  with  long  suckers  (A.  stolonifera)  is  best 
adapted  for  sandy  pastures,  and  helps  to  bind  shifting  sand  on  the 
sea-coast,  or  broken  soil  on  river-banks.  It  luxuriates  even  on 
saline  wet  soil  or  periodically  inundated  places,  as  well  observed  by 
Langethal.  It  is  more  a  grass  for  cattle-country  than  for  sheep 
pasture,  but  wherever  it  is  to  grow  the  soil  must  be  penetrable.  Its 
turf  on  coast-meadows  is  particularly  dense  and  of  remarkable 
fineness.  For  sowing  only  one-sixth  of  the  weight  of  the  seeds,  as 
compared  with  those  of  the  Rye-Grass,  is  needed. 

Agrostis  rubra,  Linne.     (A.  borealis,  Hartmann.) 

Northern  Europe,  Asia  and  America.  A  perennial  grass  called 
Red-top,  and  also  Herd-Grass  in  the  United  States  of  North 
America.  Professor  Meehan  places  it  for  its  value  as  pasture 
among  grasses  cultivated  there  next  after  Phleum  pratense  and  Poa 
pratensis  (the  latter  there  called  Blue  Grass),  and  before  Dactylis 
glomerata  (the  Orchard-Grass  of  the  United  States). 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  17 

Agrostis  scabra,  "Willdenow.* 

The  Hair-Grass  of  North  America.  Recently  recommended  as  one 
of  the  best  lawn-grasses,  forming  a  dense  turf.  It  will  grow  even 
on  poor  gravelly  soil,  and  endure  drought  as  well  as  extreme  cold. 
Its  fine  roots  and  suckers  spread  rapidly,  forming  soon  dense  matted 
sods  (according  to  Dr.  Channing).  It  starts  into  new  growth 
immediateiy  after  being  cut,  is  for  its  sweetness  picked  by  pasture 
animals  preferentially,  has  proved  one  of  the  best  grasses  for  dairy 
ground,  and  suppresses  weeds  like  Hordeum  secalinum.  One  bushel 
of  seed  to  an  acre  suffices  for  pasture-land  ;  two  bushels  are  used 
for  lawns. 

Agrostis  Solandri,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Extra-tropical  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Produces  a  large 
quantity  of  sweet  fodder  in  damp  localities  (Bailey).  Valuable  as 
a  meadow-grass  (W.  Hill).  It  is  essentially  a  winter-grass.  The 
chemical  analysis  in  spring  gave  the  following  results  :  Albumen, 
4-OS;  Gluten,  8-81;  Starch,  1-34;  Gum,  2-5g^§U^5  per 
cent.  (F.  v.  Mueller  and  L.  Hummel.) 

Agrostis  vulgaris,  Withering.  rj       ^'. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia,  North  Jpjierica.  One  of  the 
perennial  grasses  which  disseminate  themselves  with  celerity,  even 
over  the  worst  of  sandy  soils.  Though  not  aHall  grass,  it  may  be 
destined  to  contribute  perhaps  with  Aira  carieseens  and  others 
largely  to  the  grazing  capabilities  of  desert  lands  ;  yet  it  -will  thrive 
also  even  in  moist  soil  and  Alpine  regions,  and  is  essentially  a  grass 
for  sheep-country. 

Ailantus  glandulosa,  Linne. 

South-East  Asia.  A  hardy,  deciduous  tree,  60  feet  high,  of  rather 
rapid  growth,  and  of  very  imposing  aspect  in  any  landscape.  Par- 
ticularly valuable  on  account  of  its  leaves,  which  afford  food  to  a  silk- 
worm (Bombyx  Cynthia)  peculiar  to  this  tree;  wood  extremely  durable, 
pale  yellow,  of  silky  lustre  when  planed,  and  therefore  valued  for 
joiners'  work ;  it  is  tougher  than  oak  or  elm,  easily  worked,  and 
not  liable  to  split  or  warp.  In  South  Europe  planted  for  avenues. 
For  this  purpose  prevailingly  staminate  trees  are  not  eligible  on 
account  of  the  strong  odour  of  the  pistillate  flowers.  Valuable 
also  for  reclaiming  coast-sands,  and  to  this  end  easily  propagated  by 
suckers  and  fragments  of  roots  according  to  Professor  Sargent. 
The  growth  of  the  tree  is  quick  even  in  poor  soil,  but  more  so  in 
somewhat  calcareous  bottoms.  Thrives  on  chalk  (Vasey).  Professor 
Meehan  states  that  it  interposes  the  spread  of  the  rose-bug,  to 
which  the  tree  is  destructive. 


18  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Aira  csespitosa,  Linne. 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  globe.  A  rough  fodder-grass,  best 
utilised  for  laying  dry  any  moist  meadows. 

Albizzia  basaltica,  Bentham. 

Eastern  Sub-tropic  Australia.  A  small  tree.  The  wood  praised 
by  Mr.  P.  O'Shanesy  for  its  beautiful  reddish  colour  and  silky  lustre. 
Cattle  like  the  foliage.  As  a  genus  Pithecolobium  differs  no  more 
from  Albizzia  than  Vachellia  from  Acacia  or  Cathartocarpus  from 
Cassia.  The  oldest  generic  name  is  Zygia,  but  no  species  was  early 
described  as  such. 

Albizzia  bigemina,  F.  v.  Mueller.  (Pithecolobium  &i#emimm,Martius.) 

India,  up  to  Sikkim  and  Nepal,  ascending  in  Ceylon  to  4,000  feet. 
Available  for  our  forests  on  account  of  its  peculiar  dark  and  hard 
wood.  Another  congener,  A.  subcoriacea  (Pithecolobium  sub- 
coriaceum,  Thwaites),  from  the  mountains  of  India  is  deserving, 
with  numerous  other  tall  species,  of  cultivation. 

Albizzia  dulcis,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Pithecolobium  dulce,  Bentham.) 

Mexico.  A  valuable  hedge-plant.  The  sweet  pulp  of  the  pod  is 
wholesome. 

Albizzia  Julibrissin,  Durazzini. 

From  the  Caucasus  to  Japan.  A  favourite  ornamental  shade- 
acacia  in  South  Europe. 

Albizzia  latisiliqua,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  Bentham.) 

Tropical  America.  A  large  spreading  tree  ;  diameter  of  trunk  to 
3  feet ;  wood  excellent  for  select  cabinet-work,  excelling,  according 
to  Nuttall,  the  Mahogany  in  its  variable  shining  tints,  which  appear 
like  watered  satin ;  it  is  white,  hard,  and  close-grained. 

Albizzia  Lebbek,  Bentham. 

The  Siris- Acacia  of  South  and  Middle  Asia,  North  Africa.  Avail- 
able as  a  shade-tree.  It  produces  also  a  good  deal  of  gum. 

Albizzia  lophantha,  Benth.     (Acacia  lophantha,  Willdenow.) 

South- West  Australia.  One  of  the  most  rapidly-growing  trees  for 
copses  and  first  temporary  shelter  in  exposed  localities,  but  never 
attaining  to  the  size  of  a  real  tree.  It  produces  seeds  abundantly, 
which  germinate  most  easily.  For  the  most  desolated  places, 
especially  in  desert  tracts,  it  is  of  great  importance  to  create  quickly 
shade,  shelter  and  copious  vegetation.  Cattle  browse  on  the  leaves. 
The  bark  contains  only  about  8  per  cent,  mimosa-tannin ;  but  Mr. 
Hummel  found  in  the  dry  root  about  10  per  cent,  of  saponin, 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  19 

valuable  in  silk  and  wool  factories.  Saponin  also  occurs  in  Xylia 
dolabriformis  of  South  Asia.  In  Australia  found  better  still  than  the 
Broom-bush  for  shelter  of  new  forest  plantations  in  open  sand-lands. 

Albizzia  Saman,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Pithecolobium  Saman,  Bentham.) 

Mexico.  A  lofty  tree,  particularly  valuable  for  wet  saline  country. 
The  pulpy  pods  are  edible. 

Albizzia  Saman,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Rain-tree  or  Guango,  extending  from  Mexico  to  Brazil  and 
Peru.  It  attains  a  height  of  70  feet ;  trunk,  6  feet  in  diameter, 
the  colossal  branches  expanding  to  130  feet,  and  is  of  quick  growth. 
In  outline  not  unlike  an  oak  ;  it  forms  a  magnificent  feature  in  a 
landscape.  It  thrives  in  the  dry  salt-pond  districts  of  the  "West 
Indies,  and  likes  the  vicinity  of  the  sea.  Bain  and  dew  fall  through 
its  foliage,  Avhich  is  shut  up  at  night,  thus  allowing  grass  to 
grow  underneath.  It  thrives  best  where  the  rainfall  fluctuates 
between  30  and  60  inches  a  year.  One  of  the  best  trees  in  mild 
climes  for  roadside  shade-lines.  The  wood  is  hard  and  ornamental, 
but  the  principal  utility  of  the  tree  lies  in  its  pulpy  pods,  which 
are  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  constitute  a  very  fattening 
fodder  for  all  kinds  of  pastoral  animals,  which  eat  them  with 
relish  (Jenman,  J.  H.  Stephens.) 

Albizzia  stipulata,  Bentham. 

South  Asia  to  the  Himalayas  and  China.  An  umbrageous  tree  of 
easy  culture. 

Alchemilla  vulgaris,  Linne. 

Europe,  West  Asia,  Arctic  North  America,  Alpine  Australia.  This 
perennial  herb  is  important  for  moist  dairy-pastures.  The  same 
can  be  said  of  other  congeners ;  for  instance,  A.  alpina  L.,  from 
the  coldest  parts  of  Europe,  North  Asia  and  North  America ;  A. 
Capensis  (Thunberg)  and  A.  elongata  (Ecklon  and  Zeyher)  of  South 
Africa,  some  Abyssinian  species,  as  well  as  A.  pinnata  (Ruiz  and 
Pavon)  and  other  congeners  of  the  Andes. 

Aletris  farinosa,  Linne. 

The  Colic-Root  of  the  woodlands  of  North  America.  This  pretty 
herb  is  of  extreme  bitterness,  and  can  be  medicinally  administered 
as  a  tonic. 

Aleurites  cordata,  R.  Brown. 

From  Japan  to  Nepal,  also  in  Bourbon.  This  tree  for  its  beauty 
and  durable  wood  deserves  cultivation  in  our  plantations  in  humid 
districts.  The  oil  of  the  seeds  serves  as  varnish.  Perhaps  in 
localities  free  of  frost  it  would  be  of  sufficiently  quick  growth. 


20  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Aleurites  triloba,  R  and  G.  Forster. 

The  Candlenut-tree,  a  native  of  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres, 
which  furnishes  a  valuable  dye  from  its  fruits,  and  copious  oil  from 
its  seeds.  I  found  the  tree  barely  able  to  endure  the  winters  of 
Melbourne. 

Alibertia  edulis,  A.  Richard. 

Guiana  and  Brazil,  southward  to  extra-tropic  latitudes,  widely 
dispersed  through  the  drier  regions.  The  fruit  of  this  shrub  is  edible 
and  known  as  "  Marmeladmha. "  A.  Melloana  (J.  Hooker),  of 
South  Brazil,  seems  to  serve  the  same  purpose. 

Alkanna  tinctoria,  Tausch. 

On  sandy  places  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It  yields  the 
Alkanna-root  used  for  dyeing  oleaginous  and  other  substances.  It 
might  be  naturalized.  Can  be  grown  in  almost  pure  sand. 

Allium  Canadense,  Kalm. 

North  American  Garlic.  Could  be  cultivated  or  naturalized  on 
moist  meadows  for  the  sake  of  its  top  bulbs,  which  are  much  sought 
for  pickles  of  superior  flavour. 

Allium  roseum,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  This,  with  Allium  Neapolita- 
num  (Cyrillo),  one  of  its  companions,  yields  edible  roots,  according 
to  Heldreich. 

Allium  leptophyllum,  Wallich. 

The  Himalayan  Onion.  Captain  Pogson  regards  the  bulbs  as 
sudorific ;  they  are  of  stronger  pungency  than  ordinary  onions ; 
the  leaves  form  a  good  condiment. 

Allium  Schaenoprasum,  Linne. 

The  Chives.  Europe,  Northern  Asia  and  North  America.  Avail- 
able for  salads  and  condiments.  This  species  of  Allium  seems  not 
yet  so  generally  adopted  in  our  culinary  cultivation  as  Allium 
Ascalonicum  (the  Shallot),  A.  Cepa  (the  ordinary  Onion),  A.  fistu- 
losum  (the  Welsh  Onion),  A.  Porrum  (the  Leek),  and  A.  sativum 
(the  Garlic).  A.  Scorodoprasum,  or  the  Sand-Leek  of  Europe  and 
North  Africa,  resembles  both  Garlic  and  Shallot.  A.  Ampelo- 
prasum  is  the  British  Leek,  which  extends  over  Middle  and  South 
Europe  and  West  Asia,  called  in  culture  the  Summer-Leek,  a 
variety  of  which  is  the  Early  Pearl-Leek. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  21 

Alnus  glutinosa,  Gaertner. 

The  ordinary  Alder.  Throughout  Europe  and  extra-tropical  Asia, 
up  to  70  feet  high ;  well  adapted  for  river-banks  ;  recommended  by 
Wessely  for  wet  valleys  in  coast-sand ;  wood  soft  and  light,  turning 
red,  furnishing  one  of  the  best  charcoals  for  gunpowder ;  it  is  also 
durable  under  water,  and  adapted  for  turners'  and  joiners'  work. 
The  wood  is  also  well  suited  for  pump-trees  and  other  underground 
work,  as  it  will  harden  almost  like  stone.  The  tree  is  valuable  for 
the  utilization  of  bog-land.  A.  incana  (Willd.)  extends  to  North 
America  ;  it  is  of  smaller  size.  The  bark  of  several  Alders  is  of 
great  medicinal  value,  and  a  decoction  will  give  to  cloth  saturated 
with  lye  an  indelible  orange  colour  (Porcher)  ;  it  contains  a  pecu- 
liar tannic  principle.  American  Alder-extract  has  come  into  use 
for  tanning ;  it  renders  skins  particularly  firm,  mellow,  and  well- 
coloured  (Eaton).  The  bark  contains  36  per  cent,  tannin  (Mus- 
pratt).  A.  Oregana,  Nuttall,  of  California  and  Oregon,  rises  to  a 
height  of  80  feet;  its  wood  is  extensively  used  for  bent-work 
(Meehan).  A.  Japonica  and  firma  (Sieb.  and  Zuoo.),  of  Japan, 
furnish  wood  there  for  carvers  and  turners  and  bark  for  black  dye 
(Dupont). 

Alnus  Nepalensis,  D.  Don. 

Himalayas,  between  3,000  and  9,000  feet.  Beaches  a  height  of 
60  feet.  With  another  Himalayan  Alder,  A.  nitida  (Endlicher),  it 
can  be  grown  along  streams  for  the  sake  of  its  wood. 

Aloe  dichotoxna,  Linne,  fil. 

Damara  and  Namaqua-land.  This  species  attains  a  height  of 
30  feet,  and  expands  occasionally  with  its  branches  so  far  as  to  give 
a  circumference  of  40  feet.  The  stem  is  remarkably  smooth,  with 
a  girth  sometimes  of  12  feet.  It  is  a  yellow  flowering  species. 
A.  Bainesii  (Baker  and  Dyer)  is  almost  as  gigantic  as  the  foregoing. 
Both  doubtless  yield  medical  gum-resin  like  many  others.  A.  Bar- 
berse,  which  is  closely  related  to  A.  Zeyheri,  attains  in  Caffraria  a 
height  of  40  feet,  with  a  stem  16  feet  in  circumference  at  3  feet 
from  the  ground. 

Aloe  ferox,  Miller. 

South  Africa.  This  species  yields  the  best  Cape  aloe,  as  observed 
by  Dr.  Pappe.  The  simply  inspissated  juice  of  the  leaves  of  the 
various  species  of  the  genus  constitutes  the  Aloe  drug.  It  is  best 
obtained  by  using  neither  heat  nor  pressure  for  extracting  the  sap. 
By  re-dissolving  the  aqueous  part  in  cold  water  and  reducing  the 
liquid  through  boiling  to  dryness  the  extract  of  aloes  is  prepared. 
All  species  are  highly  valuable,  and  can  be  used,  irrespective  of  their 
medicinal  importance,  to  beautify  any  rocky  or  otherwise  arid  spot. 


22  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Aloe  linguiformis,  Miller. 

South  Africa.  According  to  Thunberg,  from  this  species  the  purest 
gum-resin  is  obtained. 

Aloe  plicatilis,  Miller. 

South  Africa.  The  drug  of  this  species  acts  milder  than  that  of 
A.  ferox. 

Aloe  purpurascens,  Haworth. 

South  Africa.  Another  of  the  plants  which  furnish  the  Cape  aloe 
of  commerce.  The  South  African  aloe  arborescens  (Miller)  and 
A.  Cominelyni  (Willdenow)  are  also  drawn  into  use  for  aloe, 
according  to  Baillon,  Saunders  and  Hanbury. 

Aloe  SOCOtrina,  Lamarck.     (A.  vera,  Linne.) 

Hills  of  the  Island  of  Socotra.  Extending  as  a  native  plant  along 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  shores  of  India.  Also  cultivated  in  Barbadoes 
and  elsewhere,  thus  yielding  the  Socotriii  aloe  and  Moka  aloe. 

Aloe  spicata,  Thunberg. 

South  Africa.  This  also  provides  Cape  aloe.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
handsome  plant. 

Aloe  vulgaris,  Lamarck. 

The  Yellow-flowered  Aloe.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  also  Canary  Islands,  on  the  sandy  or  rocky  sea-coast.  Such 
places  could  also  here  readily  be  utilised  for  this  and  allied  plants. 
Dr.  Sibthorp  identified  this  species  with  the  A\6rj  of  Dioscorides ; 
hence  it  is  not  probable  that  A.  vulgaris  is  simultaneously  also 
of  American  origin,  although  it  is  cultivated  in  the  Antilles,  and 
furnishes  from  thence  the  main  supply  of  the  Barbadoes  aloe,  also 
Curagao  aloe.  In  East  India  this  species  also  seemingly  only  exists  in 
a  cultivated  state.  Haworth  found  the  leaves  of  this  and  of 
A.  striata  softer  and  more  succulent  than  those  of  any  other  aloe. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  only  species  with  yellow  flowers  among  those 
early  known.  It  is  also  this  species  only  which  Professor  Willkomm 
and  Professor  Parlatore  record  as  truly  wild  in  Spain  and  Italy. 

Aloe  Zeyheri,  Harvey. 

South  Africa.  A  magnificent,  very  tall  species  ;  doubtless  valuable 
like  the  rest. 

Aloexylon  Agallochum,  Loureiro. 

Cochin-China,  on  the  highest  mountains.  The  precious  aloe- wood, 
so  famed  for  its  balsamic  fragrance  and  medicinal  properties,  is 
derived  from  this  tree. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  23 

Alopecurus  bulbosus,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.     An  important  grass  for  salt-marshes. ; 

Alopecurus  geniculatus,  Linne. 

Europe,  Asia,  North  Africa.  A  good  fodder-grass  for  swampy 
ground ;  easily  naturalised. 

Alopecurus  pratensis,  Linne.* 

Meadow  Fox-tail  Grass.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and 
Middle  Asia.  One  of  -the  best  of  perennial  pasture-grasses.  It 
attains  to  its  full  perfection  only  after  a  few  years  of  growth,  as 
noticed  by  Sinclair.  For  this  reason  it  is  not  equal  to  Dactylis 
glomerata  for  the  purpose  of  changing  crops.  Otherwise  it  is  more 
nutritious  than  the  latter,  although  the  annual  return  in  Britain 
proved  less.  Langethal  places  it  next  to  Timothy  Grass  for  artificial 
pastures.  Sheep  thrive  well  on  it.  Sinclair  and  others  found  that 
this  grass,  when  exclusively  combined  with  white  clover,  will 
support  from  the  second  season  five  ewes  and  five  lambs  on  an  acre 
of  sandy  loam.  But  this  grass,  to  thrive  well,  needs  land  not 
altogether  dry.  In  all  permanent  artificial  pastures  this  Alopecurus 
should  form  one  of  the  principal  ingredients,  because  it  is  so  lasting 
and  so  nutritive.  It  is  one  of  the  best  grasses  for  maritime  or 
alluvial  tracts  of  country.  In  our  Alpine  regions  it  would  also 
prove  prolific,  and  might  convert  many  places  there  gradually  into 
summer  pastures.  It  is  early  flowering,  and  likes  the  presence  of 
lime  in  the  soil. 

Alstonia  constricta,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Warmer  parts  of  East  Australia,  particularly  in  the  dry  inland 
districts.  The  bark  of  this  small  tree  is  aromatic  bitter,  and 
regarded  as  valuable  in  ague,  also  as  a  general  tonic.  It  is  allied 
to  the  Dita  bark  of  India  and  North-Eastern  Australia  from 
Alstonia  scholaris  (R.  Brown),  and  produces  a  peculiar  alkaloid 
(Porphyrin  of  Hesse).  The  sap  of  all  Alstonias  should  be  tried  for 
caoutchouc,  that  of  A.  plumosa  and  another  species  yielding  Fiji 
Rubber  (Hooker). 

Alstroemeria  pallida,  Graham. 

Chili.  Palatable  starch  can  be  obtained  from  the  root  of  this  plant, 
which  for  its  loveliness  alone  deserves  a  place  in  any  garden.  The 
tubers  of  others  of  the  numerous  Alstrcemerias  can  doubtless  be 
utilised  in  a  similar  technic  manner. 

Althaea  officinalis,  Linne. 

The  Real  Marsh-Mallow.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle 
Asia.  A  tall  perennial  herb,  with  handsome  flowers.  The  mucil- 
aginous root  and  also  the  foliage  are  used  for  medicinal  purposes. 
The  plant  succeeds  best  on  damp,  somewhat  saline  soil. 


24  SELECT   PLANTS   FOB    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Amarantus  Blitum,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Sonth-West  Asia.  This  annual  herb 
is  a  favourite  plant  among  allied  ones  for  spinage ;  but  not  only 
species  of  this  genus  but  also  many  other  Amarantacere  serve  as 
culinary  herbs.  The  dried  plant  contains  10  to  12  per  cent,  nitrate 
of  potash.  It  arrives  at  maturity  in  two  to  three  months,  pro- 
ducing on  good  soil  about  4  tons  per  acre,  equal  to  about  400  Ibs. 
saltpetre.  A.  cruentus  L.,  A.  hypochondriacus  L.  and  A.  caudatus 
L.  are  cultivated  in  Ceylon,  though  not  all  of  the  agreeable  taste 
of  real  spinage.  A.  frumentaceus,  Hamilt.,  is  closely  allied  to  the 
first  one  mentioned,  and  attains  6  feet  on  slopes  of  mountains,  when 
cultivated  in  South  India  for  food-grain.  The  leaves  serve  as  a 
vegetable. 

Amarantus  paniculatus,  Linne. 

In  tropical  countries  of  Asia  and  also  America.  An  annual  herb, 
yielding  half  a  pound  of  floury  nutritious  seeds  on  a  square  yard 
of  ground  in  three  months,  according  to  Roxburgh.  Extensively 
cultivated  in  India. 

Amelanchier  Botryapium,  Candolle. 

The  Grape-Pear  of  North  America.  This  handsome  fruit  tree 
attains  a  height  of  30  feet.  The  purplish  or  almost  black  fruits 
are  small,  but  of  pleasant  subacid  taste,  and  ripen  early  in  the 
season.  It  bears  abundantly,  so  much  so  that  Mr.  Adams  of  Ohio 
calculated  the  yield  at  300  bushels  per  acre  annually,  if  the  variety 
oblongifolia  is  chosen.  It  is  the  Dwarf  June-berry  of  North 
America.  This  bush  or  tree  will  live  on  sand-soil ;  but  it  is  one  of 
those  hardy  kinds  particularly  eligible  for  our  Alps. 

Amyris  terebinthifolia,  Tenore. 

Brazil.  Is  perfectly  hardy  in  Victoria,  and  is  content  in  dry  ground 
without  any  irrigation.  It  proved  one  of  the  best  among  the 
smaller  avenue-trees,  is  beautifully  spreading  and  umbrageous,  and 
probably  of  medicinal  value. 

Anacylus  Pyrethrum,  Candolle. 

Countries  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  root  of  this  perennial 
herb  is  used  medicinally. 

Andropogon  annulatus,  Forskael. 

Intra-  and  Sub-tropical  Africa,  Asia,  and  Australia.  Recommended 
by  Mr.  Walter  Hill  as  a  meadow-grass.  Dr.  Curl  observes  that  it 
is  both  a  summer  and  autumn  grass ;  that  it  does  not  grow  fast  in 
winter,  but  at  the  period  of  its  greatest  growth  sends  up  an  abund- 
ance of  herbage.  a  ^dwomo? 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  25 

Andropogon  argenteus,  Candolle. 

Pronounced  by  Leybold  to  be  one  of  the  best  fodder-grasses  of  the 
Cordilleras  of  Chili. 

Andropogon  australis,  Sprengel.  (Sorghum  plumosum,  Beauvois.) 
Tropical  and  also  Eastern  Extra-tropic  Australia  as  far  south  as 
Gippsland.  Brought  under  notice  by  Mr.  Ch.  Moore  as  an  admir- 
able perennial  pasture-grass.  The  allied  A.  tropicus,  Sprengel 
(Sorghum  fulvum,  Beauv.),  of  tropical  Australia,  South  Asia,  China, 
and  Japan,  serves  similar  purposes. 

Andropogon  avenaceus,  Michaux.     (Sorghum  avenaceum,  Willd.) 
North  and  Central  America.     This  tall  perennial  grass  lives  in  dry 
sandy  soil,  and  should  here  be  tried  for  growth  of  fodder. 

Andropogon  bicolor,  Roxburgh. 

Warmer  parts  of  Asia.  One  of  the  annual  tall  Sorghums.  It 
ripens  its  seeds  in  three  or  four  months  from  the  time  of  sowing, 
the  produce  in  good  soil  being  often  upwards  of  one  hundredfold. 
It  is  a  wholesome  grain. 

Andropogon  Calamus,  Royle. 

Central  India.  The  Sweet  Calamus  of  the  Ancients.  From  this 
species  the  Ginger-grass-Oil  of  JSTemaur  is  distilled,  an  article  much 
used  in  perfumery. 

Andropogon  cernuus,  Roxburgh.*     (Sorghum  cernuum,  Willd.) 

One  of  the  Guinea-Corns.  India,  where  it  is  much  cultivated,  and 
so  also  in  other  tropical  countries.  It  is  perennial,  and  forms  the 
"  staff  of  life"  of  the  mountaineers  beyond  Bengal.  It  reaches  a 
height  of  15  feet,  with  leaves  over  3  feet  long.  The  thick  stems 
root  at  the  lower  joints,  and  cattle  are  very  fond  of  them.  The 
grain  is  white.  The  specific  limits  of  the  various  Sorghums  are 
not  well  ascertained. 

Andropogon  citratus,  Candolle. 

The  Lemon-Grass  of  India.  It  yields  an  essential  oil  for  perfumery ; 
besides  it  is  occasionally  used  for  tea.  This  applies  as  well  to 
Andropogon  Nardus,  L.,  and  some  allied  grasses. 

Andropogon  erianthoides,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Eastern  Sub-tropical  Australia.  Mr.  Bailey  observes  of  this 
perennial  grass  that  "  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  grass  superior 
for  fodder  to  this ;  it  produces  a  heavy  crop  of  rich,  sweet,  succulent 
herbage ;  it  spreads  freely  from  roots  and  seeds,  and  shoots  again 
when  fed  down." 


26  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Andropogon  falcatus,  Steudel. 

India  and  Queensland.  Considered  by  Mr.  Bailey  a  good  lawn- 
grass,  of  dwarf,  compact  growth,  and  of  bright  verdure. 

Andropogon  furcatus,  Muehlenberg. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  Strongly  recommended  by 
Bouch£  for  fixing  loose  maritime  sand.  Attains  a  height  of  5  feet. 

Andropogon  Gryllos,  Linne. 

In  the  warm,  temperate,  and  the  hot  zone  of  the  eastern  hemisphere. 
A  useful  fodder-grass  (Bailey). 

Andropogon  Halepensis,  Sibthorp. 

South  Europe,  warmer  parts  of  Asia  and  North  Africa.  Praised 
already  by  Theophrastos  more  than  2,000  years  ago.  Not  easily 
repressed  in  wet  ground.  A  rich  perennial  grass,  cultivated  often 
under  the  name  of  Cuba  Grass.  It  yields  a  large  hay  crop,  as  it 
may  be  cut  half  a  dozen  times  in  a  season,  should  the  land  be  rich. 
All  kinds  of  stock  have  a  predilection  for  this  grass.  It  will  mat 
the  soil  with  its  deep  and  spreading  roots ;  hence  it  should  be  kept 
from  cultivated  fields.  In  Victoria  hardy  up  to  2,000  feet  elevation. 

Andropogon  Ivarancusa,  Roxburgh. 

One  of  the  fragrant  grasses  of  North  India,  much  used  like  A. 
Schcenanthus. 

Andropogon  montanus,  Roxburgh. 

South  Asia,  North  and  East  Australia.  Mentioned  as  a  valuable 
perennial  meadow-grass  by  Mr.  W.  Hill. 

Andropogon  muricatus,  Retzius. 

India.  A  swamp-grass,  with  delightfully  fragrant  roots.  According 
to  Dr.  G.  King,  the  fragrant  Indian  mats  are  made  of  this  grass. 

Andropogon  nutans,  Linne.     (Sorghum  nutans,  Gray.) 

North  America.  A  tall,  nutritious,  perennial  grass,  content  with 
dry  and  barren  soil. 

Andropogon  pertusus,  Willdenow. 

South  Asia,  Tropical  and  Sub-tropical  Australia.  Perennial.  Mr. 
Nixon,  of  Benalla,  regards  it  as  one  of  the  best  grasses  to  with- 
stand long  droughts,  while  it  will  bear  any  amount  of  feeding.  It 
endures  cold  better  than  some  other  Andropogons  of  Queensland, 
according  to  Mr.  Bailey's  observations. 


IN"   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  27 

Andropogon  refractus,  R  Brown. 

North  and  East  Australia,  Polynesia.  Mr.  Bailey  observes  of  this 
perennial  grass,  that  it  is  equally  excellent  for  pastures  and  hay, 
and  that  it  produces  a  heavy  crop  during  summer ;  the  root  is 
fragrant. 

Andropogon    saccharatus,    Roxburgh.*       (Sorghum    saccharatum, 
Pers.) 

Tropical  Asia.  The  Broom-Corn.  A  tall  annual  species,  splendid 
as  a  fodder-grass.  Produces  of  all  grasses,  except  the  Teosinte",  the 
heaviest  fodder-crop  in  warm  climes.  From  the  saccharine-juice 
sugar  is  obtainable.  A  sample  of  such,  prepared  from  plants  of  the 
Melbourne  Botanic  Garden,  was  shown  at  the  Exhibition  of  1862. 
This  Sorghum  furnishes  also  material  for  a  well-known  kind  of 
brooms.  A  variety  or  a  closely  allied  species  yields  the  Caffir-Corn 
(A.  Caffrorum,  Kunth).  The  plant  can  be  advantageously  utilised 
for  preparing  treacle.  .  For  this  purpose  the  sap  is  expressed  at  the 
time  of  flowering,  and  simply  evaporated  ;  the  yield  is  about  100 
gallons  from  the  acre.  In  1860  nearly  seven  millions  of  gallons  of 
sorghum-treacle  were  produced  in  the  United  States.  General  Le 
Due,  Commissioner  for  Agriculture  at  Washington,  states,  Mr.  Seth 
Kenny,  of  Minnesota,  obtained  from  the  "  Early  Amber"  variety 
up  to  250  gallons  of  heavy  syrup  from  one  acre  of  this  Sorghum. 
The  stem  can  be  used  as  a  culinary  vegetable. 

Andropogon  schoenanthus,  Linne.     (A.  Martini,  Roxb.) 

South  Asia  and  Tropical  Australia,  extending  to  Japan.  A  scented 
grass,  allied  to  the  Indian  oil-yielding  Andropogons.  The  medicinal 
Siri  Oil  is  prepared  from  the  root.  A  similar  species  occurs  in  arid 
places  of  the  interior  of  North  Australia. 

Andropogon  scoparius,  Michaux. 

North  America.  Takes  permanently  hold  of  sandy  or  otherwise 
poor  land,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  forage  resources  of  the 
prairies. 

Andropogon  sericeus,  R.  Brown. 

Hotter  regions  of  Australia,  even  in  desert  tracts,  also  extending  to 
New  Caledonia  and  the  Philippine  Islands.  A  fattening  perennial 
pasture  grass,  worthy  of  praise. 

Andropogon  Sorghum,  Brotero.*     (Sorghum  vulgare,  Persoon.) 

The  large  Indian  Millet  or  Guinea-Corn  or  the  Durra.  Warmer 
parts  of  Asia.  A  tall  annual  plant.  The  grains  can  be  converted 
into  bread,  porridge,  and  other  preparations  of  food.  It  is  a  very 
prolific  corn — Sir  John  Hearsay  counted  12,700  seeds  on  one 


28  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

plant — and  particularly  valuable  for  green  fodder.  The  panicles 
are  used  for  carpet-brooms,  the  fibrous  roots  for  velvet-brushes.  A 
kind  of  beer  called  "  Merisa"  is  prepared  from  the  seed.  Many 
others  of  the  numerous  species  of  Andropogon,  from  both 
hemispheres,  deserve  our  attention. 

Anemone  Pulsatilla,  Linne. 

Europe  and  Northern  Asia.  On  limestone  soil.  This  pretty 
perennial  herb  is  of  some  medicinal  importance. 

Angophora  intermedia,  Candolle. 

South-East  Australia.  This  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  Angophoras, 
attaining  a  large  size,  and  growing  with  the  rapidity  of  an  Euca- 
lyptus, but  being  more  close  and  shady  in  its  foliage.  It  would 
be  a  good  tree  to  line  public  roads  and  to  effect  shelter  plantations. 
The  Rev.  J.  Tennison- Woods  states  that  it  is  not  rarely  over  150 
feet  high ;  that  the  wood  is  hard,  bearing  dampness  well,  and  very 
tough ;  but  that  the  many  kino  veins  lessen  its  usefulness.  It  is 
employed  for  boards  and  wheels.  Mr.  Kirton  observes  that  a  single 
tree  of  this  species,  or  of  A.  lanceolata,  will  yield  as  much  as  two 
gallons  of  liquid  kino.  Timber  useful  when  extra-toughness  is  to 
be  combined  with  lightness  (Reader). 

Angophora  subvelutina,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Queensland  and  New  South  Wales.  Attains  a  height  of  100  feet. 
The  wood  is  light  and  tough,  soft  while  green,  very  hard  when  dry, 
used  for  wheel-naves,  bullock-yokes,  handles,  &c.  ;  it  burns  well  and 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  potash  (Hartmann).  According  to 
Messrs.  Bailey  and  Kirton,  as  much  as  two  gallons  of  liquid  kino 
can  sometimes  be  obtained  from  a  single  tree  of  Angophora  lanceo- 
lata. 

Anona  Cherimolia,   Miller. 

From  Mexico  to  Peru.  One  of  the  Custard- Apples.  This  shrub 
or  tree  might  be  tried  in  the  frostless  forest-valleys,  where  humidity 
and  rich  soil  will  prove  favourable  to  its  growth.  It  is  hardy  in 
the  mildest  coast  regions  of  Spain.  It  yields  the  Cherimoyer  fruit. 
The  flowers  are  very  fragrant. 

Anthemis  nobilis,  Linne. 

The  true  Camomile.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa.  A 
well-known  medicinal  plant,  frequently  used  as  edgings  for  garden 
plots.  Flowers  in  their  normal  state  are  preferable  for  medicinal 
use  to  those  in  which  the  ray  flowers  are  produced  in  increased 
numbers.  They  contain  a  peculiar  volatile  oil  and  two  acids  similar 
to  angelic  and  valerianic  acid. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  29 

Anthemis  tinctoria,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  Orient.  An  annual  herb.  The  flowers 
contain  a  yellow  dye. 

Anthistiria  avenacea,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  A  nutritious,  perennial 
pasture-grass.  Called  by  Mr.  Bailey  "  one  of  the  most  productive 
grasses  of  Australia"  ;  it  produces  a  large  amount  of  bottom-fodder, 
and  it  has  also  the  advantage  of  being  a  prolific  seeder. 

Anthistiria  ciliata,  Linne,  fil.*     (Anthistiria  Australia,  R  Brown.) 

The  well-known  Kangaroo-Grass,  not  confined  to  Australia,  but 
stretching  through  Southern  Asia  also,  and  through  the  whole  of 
Africa.  It  is  mentioned  here  because  its  growth  should  be 
encouraged  by  every  means.  The  chemical  analysis  instituted 
during  spring-growth  gave  the  following  result  : — Albumen,  2-05  ; 
gluten,  4-67  ;  starch,  0-69  ;  gum,  1-67  ;  sugar,  3 -06.  per  cent.  (F. 
v.  Muller  and  L.  Hummel.)  There  are  several  species  of  Anthis- 
tiria deserving  introduction  and  naturalisation  in  warm,  temperate 
or  tropic  climes. 

Anthistiria  membranacea,  Lindley. 

Interior  of  Australia.  Esteemed  as  fattening  •  seeds  freely  (Bailey). 
Particularly  fitted  for  dry,  hot  pastures,  even  of  desert-regions. 

Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  Linne. 

The  scented  Vernal-Grass.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia, 
North  Africa.  Perennial,  and  not  of  great  value  as  a  fattening 
grass,  yet  always  desired  for  the  flavour  which  it  imparts  to  hay. 
Perhaps  for  this  purpose  the  scented  Andropogons  might  serve  here 
also.  On  deep  and  moist  soils  it  attains  its  greatest  perfection.  It 
is  much  used  for  mixing  among  permanent  grasses  on  pastures, 
where  it  will  continue  long  in  season.  Ib  would  live  well  in  our 
Alps.  Dr.  Curl  observes,  that  in  New  Zealand  it  grows  all  the 
winter,  spring  and  autumn,  and  is  a  good  feeding-grass,  as  we'll  as 
lawn-grass.  The  lamellar  crystalline  Cumarin  is  the  principle  on 
which  the  odour  of  Anthoxanthum  depends. 

Anthriscus  Cerefolium,  Hoffmann. 

Europe  and  West  Asia.  The  Chervil.  An  annual  culinary  plant ; 
its  herbage  used  as  an  aromatic  condiment,  but  the  root  seemingly 
deleterious. 

A  nthyllis  vulneraria,  Linne. 

The  Kidney  Yetch.  All  Europe,  North  Africa,  West  Asia.  This 
perennial  herb  serves  as  sheep-fodder,  and  is  particularly  recom- 
mended for  calcareous  soils.  It  would  also  live  on  our  Alps. 


30  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Apios  tuberosa,  Moench. 

North  America.  A  climber,  with  somewhat  milky  juice.  The 
mealy  tubers  are  edible. 

Apium  graveolens,  Linne". 

The  Celery.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  It 
is  here  merely  inserted  with  a  view  of  pointing  out,  that  it  might 
be  readily  naturalised  on  our  sea-shores. 

Apium  pro  stratum,  La  Billardiere. 

The  Australian  Celery.  Extra-tropical  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
Extra-tropical  South  America.  This  also  can  be  utilised  as  a 
culinary  vegetable. 

Apocynum  cannabinum,  Linne. 

On  river-banks  in  North  America.  A  perennial  herb.  This  is 
recorded  among  plants  yielding  a  textile  fibre. 

Aponogeton  crispus,  Thunberg. 

From  India  to  New  South  Wales.  The  tuberous  roots  of  this 
water-herb  are  amylaceous  and  of  excellent  taste,  though  not  large. 
The  same  remarks  apply  to  A.  monostachyus,  Linne,  fil. 

Aponogeton  distachyos,  Thunberg. 

South  Africa.  This  curious  water-plant  might  be  naturalised  in 
our  ditches,  swamps,  and  lakes,  for  the  sake  of  its  edible  tubers. 
The  scented  flowering  portion  affords  spinage. 

Aquilaria  Agallocha,  Roxburgh. 

On  the  mountains  of  Silhet  and  Assam.  A  tree  of  immense  size. 
It  furnishes  the  fragrant  calambac  or  agallochum-wood,  known  also 
as  aggur  or  tuggur  or  the  aloe-wood  of  commerce,  famed  since 
ancient  times.  The  odorous  portion  is  only  partially  distributed 
through  the  stem.  This  wood  is  also  of  medicinal  value. 

Arachis  hypogsea,  Linne.* 

The  Earth-nut,  Pea-nut,  or  Ground-nut.  Brazil.  The  seeds  of 
this  annual  herb  are  consumed  in  a  roasted  state,  or  used  for  press- 
ing from  them  a  palatable  oil.  The  plant  is  a  very  productive  one, 
and  yields  a  very  quick  return.  It  ranks  also  as  a  valuable  fodder- 
herb;  the  hay  is  very  nutritious,  much  increasing  the  milk  of  cows. 
A  light  somewhat  calcareous  soil  is  best  fitted  for  its  growth.  On 
such  soil  50  bushels  may  be  obtained  from  the  acre. 

Aralia  cordata,  Thunberg. 

China.     The  young  shoots  provide  an  excellent  culinary  vegetable. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  31 

Araucaria  Bidwilli,  Hooker.* 

Bunya-Bunya.  Southern  Queensland.  A  tree  150  feet  in  height,, 
with  a  fine-grained,  hard,  and  durable  wood,  particularly  valuable 
for  furniture  ;  it  shows  its  beautiful  veins  best  when  polished.  The 
seeds  are  large  and  edible.  Mr.  Hartmann  observed  trees  250 
feet  high. 

• 
Araucaria  Brasiliensis,  A.  Richard.* 

Brazilian  Pine.  South  Brazil.  A  tree  180  feet  high,  producing 
edible  seeds.  Dr.  Saldanhada  Gama  reports  that  it  makes  splendid 
boards,  masts  and  spars,  and  that  the  sap  yields  a  good  deal  of  tur- 
pentine. Except  a  few  palms  (Mauritia,  Attalea,  Copernicia)  this 
seems  the  only  tree  which  in  Tropical  South  America  forms  forests 
by  itself  (Martius). 

Araucaria  Cookii,  R  Brown. 

In  New  Caledonia,  where  it  forms  large  forests.  Height  of  tree, 
200  feet. 

Araucaria  Cunninghami,  Aiton.* 

MoretoQ  Bay  Pine.  East  Australia,  between  14°  and  32°  south 
latitude,  extending  also  to  New  Guinea,  according  to  Dr.  Beccari. 
The  tree  attains  a  height  of  200  feet  and  a  stem  6  feet  in  diameter. 
The  timber  is  fine-grained,  strong,  and  durable,  if  not  exposed  to 
alternately  dry  and  wet  influences;  it  is  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish,  and  thus  competes  with  satin  wood  and  birds-eye  maple 
(Queensland  Exhibition,  1877).  Value  in  Brisbane,  £2  15s.  to  £3 
10s.  per  1,000  superficial  feet. 

Araucaria  excelsa,  R  Brown.* 

Norfolk  Island  Pine.  A  magnificent  tree,  sometimes  220  feet  high, 
with  a  stem  attaining  10  feet  in  diameter.  The  timber  is  useful 
for  ship-building  and  many  other  purposes. 

Araucaria  imbricata,  Pa  von.* 

Chili  and  Patagonia.  The  male  tree  attains  only  a  height  of  50 
feet,  but  the  female  reaches  150  feet.  It  furnishes  a  hard  and 
durable  timber,  as  well  as  an  abundance  of  edible  seeds,  which  con- 
stitute a  main  article  of  food  of  the  natives.  Eighteen  good  trees 
will  yield  enough  for  a  man's  sustenance  all  the  year  round.  The 
wood  is  yellowish  white,  full  of  beautiful  veins,  and  capable  of 
being  polished  and  worked  with  facility.  It  is  admirably  adapted 
for  ship-building.  The  resin  is  pale  and  smells  like  frankincense 
(Lawsoii).  The  tree  is  most  frequently  found  on  rocky  eminences 
almost  destitute  of  water  (J.  Hoopes). 


32  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Araucaria  Bulei,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

New  Caledonia.  A  magnificent  tree,  with  large  shining  foliage, 
doubtless  not  merely  of  decorative  but  also  of  utilitarian  value.  A 
closely  allied  species,  A.  Muelleri  (Brogniart),  comes  with  A. 
Balansse  and  A.  montana  from  the  same  island.  The  New  Guinea 
Araucarias  should  also  be  introduced. 

Arbutus  Menziesii,  Pursh. 

North- West  America.  An  evergreen  tree,  attaining  a  height  of 
150  feet,  with  a  stem  to  8  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  of  compara- 
tively quick  growth  (Dr.  Gibbons).  It  belongs  to  the  coast  tract 
exclusively.  Wood  exceedingly  hard.  The  tree  requires  a  deep 
loamy  soil  (Bolander).  It  would  here  be  valuable  at  least  as  a 
highly  ornamental  garden-plant. 

t 
Archangelica  officinalis,  Hoffmann. 

Arctic  zone  and  mountain  regions  of  Europe.  The  young  shoots 
and  leaf -stalks  are  used  for  confectionery  ;  the  roots  are  of  medicinal 
use.  Only  in  our  Alps  would  this  herb  fully  establish  its  value. 
The  root  is  biennial,  and  used  in  the  distillation  of  some  cordials. 

Arctostaphylos  uva  ursi,  Sprengel. 

Alpine  and  Arctic  Europe,  North  Asia  and  North  America.  A 
medicinal  small  shrub,  which  here  could  best  be  reared  in  the 
heath-moors  of  Alpine  regions. 

Arenga  saccharifera,  La  Billardiere. 

India.  This  Palm  attains  a  height  of  40  feet.  The  black  fibres  of 
the  leaf-stalks  adapted  for  cables  and  ropes  intended  to  resist  wet 
very  long.  The  juice  converted  into  toddy  or  sugar  ;  the  young 
kernels  made  with  syrup  into  preserves.  This  Palm  dies  as  soon 
as  it  has  produced  its  fruit ;  the  stem  then  becomes  hollow  and  is 
used  for  spouts  and  troughs  of  great  durability.  The  pith  supplies 
sago,  about  150  Ibs.  from  a  tree,  according  to  Roxburgh.  An 
Arenga  occurs  as  far  south  as  Japan. 

Argania  sideroxylon,  Roemer  and  Schultes. 

The  Argan  Tree.  Western  Barbary,  on  dry  hills.  Its  growth  is 
generally  slow ;  but  it  is  a  tree  of  longevity.  Though  comparatively 
low  in  stature,  its  foliage  occasionally  spreads  to  a  circumference  of 
220  feet.  It  sends  out  suckers  from  the  root.  The  fruits  serve  as 
food  for  cattle  in  Morocco ;  but  here  the  kernels  would  be  more 
likely  to  be  utilised  by  pressing  an  oil  from  them.  Height  of  tree 
exceptionally  70  feet. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  33 

Aristida  prodigiosa,  Welwitsch.* 

Angola,  on  the  driest  sand-hills.  A  perennial  fodder-grass,  of  which 
the  discoverer  speaks  in  glowing  terms  of  praise.  In  the  West 
African  desert  country,  in  places  bare  of  almost  all  other  vegetation, 
zebras,  antelopes  and  hares  resort  with  avidity  to  this  grass ;  it 
affords  in  the  dry  season  there  also  almost  the  only  fodder  for 
domestic  grazing  animals.  Moreover  this  seems  to  indicate  that 
the  closely  cognate  A.  plumosa,  L.,  and  A.  ciliata,  Desf.,  of  the 
countries  at  or  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  might  likewise  be 
encouraged  in  their  natural  or  for  cultural  growth.  All  feathery 
grasses  are  besides  among  the  most  lovely  for  minor  decorative 
purposes  or  designs,  and  this  may  also  be  said  of  the  Australian 
plumous  Stipa  elegantissima,  La  Billardiere. 

Aristolochia  Indica,  Linne. 

Tropical  Asia  and  Polynesia.  A  perennial  climber ;  the  leaves 
famed  as  an  alexipharmic.  Can  only  be  grown  in  places  free  from 
frost. 

Aristolochia  recurvilabra,  Hance. 

The  green  Putchuck  of  China.  A  medicinal  plant,  largely  obtained 
at  Ningpo.  The  present  value  of  its  export  is  from  £20,000  to 
£30,000  annually. 

Aristolochia  serpentaria,  Linne. 

The  Snake-Root  of  North  America.  The  root  of  this  trailing  herb 
is  valuable  in  medicine  ;  it  contains  a  peculiar  volatile  oil.  Several 
other  Aristolochise  deserve  culture  for  medicinal  purposes, — for 
instance,  Aristolochia  ovalifolia  (the  Guaco)  and  A.  anguicida,  from 
the  mountains  of  Central  America. 

Aristotelia  Macqui,  L'Heritier. 

Chili.  The  berries  of  this  shrub,  though  small,  have  the  pleasant- 
taste  of  bilberries,  and  are  largely  consumed  in  Chili.  The  plant 
would  thrive  in  our  forest-valleys. 

Arnica  montana,  Linne. 

Colder  parts  of  Europe.  This  pretty  herb  is  perennial,  and  of 
medicinal  value.  It  is  eligible  for  our  sub-alpine  regions.  The 
active  principles  are  arnicin,  volatile  oil,  caproic  and  caprylic  acid. 

Arracacha  xanthorrhiza,  Bancroft. 

Mountain  regions  of  Central  America.  An  umbelliferous  herb. 
The  roots  are  nutritious  and  palatable.  There  are  yellow,  purple, 
and  pale  varieties. 


34  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Artemisia  Absinthium,  Linne. 

The  Wormwood.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  and  North 
Africa.  A  perennial  herb,  valuable  as  a  tonic  and  anthelminthic. 
Should  be  avoided  where  bees  are  kept  (Muenter).  Several  other 
species  of  Artemisia  deserve  cultivation  for  medicinal  purposes. 
Active  principles :  Absinthin,  an  oily  substance  indurating  to  a 
crystalline  mass,  a  volatile  oil  peculiar  to  the  species. 

Artemisia  Cina,  Berg. 

Kurdistan.  This  herb  furnishes  the  genuine  Santonica  seeds  (or 
rather  flowers  and  fruits)  as  a  vermifuge  of  long-established  use. 
Some  other  Asiatic  species  yield  a  similar  drug. 

Artemisia  Dracunculus,  Linne. 

The  Tarragon  or  Estragon.  North  Asia.  A  perennial  herb,  used 
as  a  condiment.  Its  flavour  rests  on  two  volatile  oils,  one  of  them 
peculiar  to  the  plant. 

Artemisia  Mutellina,  Villars. 

Alps  of  Europe.  This  aromatic,  somewhat  woody  plant  deserves 
to  be  established  in  our  snowy  regions.  This  plant  and  A.  glacialis, 
L.,  A.  rupestris,  L.,  and  A.  spicata,  Wulf.,  comprised  under  the 
name  of  Genippi,  serve  for  the  preparation  of  the  Extrait 
d'Absinthe  (Brockhaus). 

Artemisia  Pontica,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  "West  Asia.  More  aromatic  and  less 
bitter  than  the  ordinary  wormwood.  Many  other  species  of  this 
genus  deserve  attention  of  the  culturist. 

Artocarpus  incisa,  Gr.  Forster. 

The  Tahiti  Brea  1-Fruit  Tree.  It  stretches  in  the  Sandwich  Islands 
through  cultivation  almost  beyond  the  tropics.  The  oldest  name 
o  this  well-known  and  remarkable  tree  is  that  given  in  1776  by 
R.  &  Gr.  Forster,  viz.,  A.  communis.  According  to  Dr.  Seemaim's 
excellent  account  seedless  varieties  exist,  and  others  with  entire 
leaves  and  smooth  and  variously  shaped  and  sized  fruits ;  others 
again  ripening  earlier,  others  later,  so  that  ripe  bread-fruit  is 
obtainable  more  or  less  abundantly  throughout  the  year.  The  fruit 
is  simply  boiled  or  baked  or  converted  into  more  complicated  kinds 
of  food.  Starch  is  obtainable  from  the  bread-fruit  very  copiously. 
The  very  fibrous  bark  can  be  beaten  into  a  sort  of  rough  cloth. 
The  light  wood  serves  for  canoes.  The  exudation  issuing  from  cuts 
made  into  the  stem  is  in  use  for  closing  the  seams  of  canoes. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  35 

Artocarpus  integrifolia,  Linne. 

India,  The  famous  Jack-Tree,  ascending  like  the  allied  A. 
Lakoocha  (Roxburgh)  to  4,000  feet. 

Arundinaria  falcata,  Nees. 

The  Piingal  or  Ningala  Bamboo  of  the  Himalayas,  at  elevations 
from  3,500  to  10,000  feet,  forming  close  and  dense  thickets. 
Foliage  pale  green.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  40  feet ;  the  canes 
durable,  attaining  a  diameter  of  only  4  inches,  applied  to  manifold 
useful  purposes.  This  bamboo  does  not  necessarily  require  moisture. 
It  is  as  hardy  as  the  Pampas-Grass,  and  can  be  propagated  even  in 
an  English  clime  in  the  open  air  from  cuttings.  The  seeds  retain 
their  vitality  for  some  time,  and  germinate  readily.  In  reference 
to  various  bamboos  refer  to  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  December, 
1876,  also  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d' Acclimation  de  Paris,  1878. 
The  closely-allied  Jurboota  Bamboo  of  Nepal,  which  occurs  only  in 
the  cold  altitudes  of  from  7,000  to  10,000  feet,  differs  in  solitary 
stems,  not  growing  in  clumps.  The  Tham  or  Kaptur  Bamboo  is 
from  a  still  colder  zone,  at  from  8,500  to  11,500  feet,  only  500  feet 
or  less  below  the  inferior  limits  of  perpetual  glaciers  (Major 
Madden).  The  wide  and  easy  cultural  distribution  of  bamboos  by 
means  of  seeds  has  been  first  urged  and  to  some  extent  initiated  by 
the  writer  of  the  present  work. 

Arundinaria  Hookeriana,  Munro. 

Himalaya,  up  to  nearly  7,000  feet.  Grows  to  a  height  of  about 
15  feet.  Vernacularly  known  as  Yoksun  and  Praong.  The  seeds 
are  edible,  and  also  used  for  a  kind  of  beer  (Sir  Jos.  Hooker). 

Arundinaria  Japonica,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini. 

The  Metake  of  Japan,  attains  a  height  of  from  6  to  12  feet.  Hardy 
in  the  South  of  England  (Dr.  Shapter). 

Arundinaria  macrosperma,  Michaux. 

Southern  States  of  North  America,  particularly  on  the  Mississippi. 
This  bamboo-like  reed  forms  there  the  canebrakes.  Fit  for  low 
borders  of  watercourses  and  swamps.  According  to  C.  Mohr  it 
affords  throughout  all  seasons  of  the  year  an  abundance  of  highly 
nutritious  fodder.  It  requires  to  be  replanted  after  flowering  in 
the  course  of  years.  Height,  20  feet. 

Arundinella  Nepalensis,  Trinius. 

Middle  and  South  Africa,  So  \ih  Asia,  North  and  East  Australia. 
This  grass  commences  its  growth  in  the  first  spring-weather,  and 
continues  to  increase  during  the  whole  summer,  forming  a  dense 


36  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

mat  of  foliage,  which,  grows  as  fast  as  it  is  fed  off  or  cut.  In  New 
Zealand  it  is  a  summer  grass,  but  valuable  for  its  rapid  growth  at 
that  season,  and  it  thrives  on  high  dry  land  (Dr.  Curl). 

Arundinaria  tecta,  Muehlenberg. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  A  cane  up  to  10  feet  high. 
Prefers  good  soil  not  subject  to  inundations ;  ripens  early  in  the 
seasons  its  large  mealy  seeds,  throwing  out  subsequently  new 
branches  with  rich  foliage.  Fire  destroys  this  plant  readily  (C. 
Mohr). 

Arundo  Ampelodesmos,  Cyrillo. 

South  Europe,  North  Africa.  Almost  as  large  as  a  Gynerium. 
The  tough  flower-stems  and  leaves  readily  available  for  tying. 

Arundo  Bengalensis,  Roxburgh. 

China,  India.  Closely  allied  to  A.  Donax.  The  long  panicle 
beautifully  variegated  white  and  violet  (Hance). 

Arundo  conspicua,  G.  Forster. 

New  Zealand  and  Chatham  Islands.  Although  not  strictly  an 
industrial  plant,  it  is  mentioned  here  as  important  for  scenic  effect, 
flowering  before  the  still  grander  A.  Sellowiana  comes  in  bloom. 

Arundo  Donax,  Linne. 

The  tall,  evergreen,  lasting  Bamboo  Reed  of  South  Europe  and  North 
Africa.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  plants  of  its  class  for 
quickly  producing  a  peculiar  scenic  effect  in  picturesque  planta- 
tions, also  for  intercepting  at  once  the  view  to  unsightly  objects, 
and  for  giving  early  shelter.  The  canes  can  be  used  for  fishing- 
rods,  for  light  props,  rustic  pipes,  distaffs. 

Arundo  Karka,  Roxburgh. 

India,  China,  Japan.  The  Durma  mats  are  made  of  the  split  stems 
of  this  tall  reed. 

Arundo  Pliniana,  Turra. 

On  the  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  Seas.  A  smaller  plant  than 
A.  Donax,  with  more  slender  stems  and  narrower  leaves,  but 
similarly  evergreen,  and  resembling  the  Donax  Reed  also  in  its 
roots. 

Arundo  saccharoides,  Grisebach.   (Gynerium  saccharoides,  Humboldt.) 

Northern  parts  of  South  America.  20  feet  high.  Like  the 
following,  it  is  conspicuously  magnificent. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES. 


37 


Arundo  Sellowiana,  Schultes.     (Arundo  dioica,   Sprengel  non  Lou- 
reiro.     Gynerium  argenteum,  Nees.) 

The  Pampas-Grass  of  Uruguay,  Paraguay  and  the  La  Plata  States. 
A  grand  autumnal-flowering  reed,  with  gorgeous  feathery  panicles. 
As  an  industrial  plant  it  deserves  here  a  place,  because  paper  can 
be  prepared  from  its  leaves. 

Asparagus  acutifolius,  Linne. 

In  all  the  countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  also  in.  the 
Canary  Islands.  Although  a  shrubby  Asparagus,  yet  the  root- 
shoots,  according  to  Dr.  Heldreich,  are  collected  in  Greece,  and  are 
tender  and  of  excellent  taste,  though  somewhat  thinner  than  those 
of  the  ordinary  herbaceous  species.  The  shrub  grows  on  stony  rises, 
and  the  shoots  are  obtained  without  cultivation.  A.  aphyllus  L., 
and  A.  horridus  L.,  according  to  Dr.  Reinhold,  are  utilised  in  the 
same  manner,  and  all  may  probably  yield  an  improved  produce  by 
regular  and  careful  culture. 

ty 

Asparagus  albus,  Linne.  / 

.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean   Sea/^&d 
Serves  for  garden-hedges. 

Asparagus  laricinus,  Burchell. 

South  Africa.     Dr.  Pappe  observes  of  this 
with  some  other  kinds  of  that  country  it  prod 
lent  tenderness  and  aromatic  taste. 

Asparagus  officinalis,  Linne 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  Asia.  The  well-known  Asparagus 
plant,  which,  if  naturalised  on  our  coast,  would  aid  in  binding  the 
sand.  The  foliage  contains  inosit-sugar ;  the  shoots  yield  asparagin. 
Sea-weeds  are  a  good  additional  material  for  forcing  asparagus. 

Asperula  odorata,  Linne. 

The  Woodruff.  Europe,  North  Africa,  West  and  North  Asia. 
A  perennial  herb  with  highly  fragrant  flowers  ;  it  deserves  naturali- 
sation in  forests,  containing  much  cumarin  in  its  flowers,  and  serving 
in  Germany  for  preparing  the  "  maitrank." 

Aspidosperma  Quebracho,  Grisebach. 

Argentina.  Shrub  or  tree,  even  tall,  with  a  wood  fit  for  xylo- 
graphy. The  bitter  bark  is  tannic  and  febrifugal  (Lorentz.) 
The  leaves  of  Duvana  trees  in  Argentina  are,  according  to 
the  same  authority,  much  valued  for  currying.  The  bark  is 
almost  as  rich  as  that  of  Acacia  Cebil.  The  leaves  contain  even 


38  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

27^  per  cent.  ;  both  have  the  advantage  of  producing  an  almost 
colourless  leather  (Sievert).  F.  Jean  states  that  even  the  Quebracho- 
wood  contains  14  to  16  per  cent,  of  tamiic  and  2  to  3  per  cent,  of 
gallic  acid. 

Astragalus  arenarius,  Linne. 

Europe  and  Western  Asia.  A  perennial  fodder-herb  for  any  sandy 
desert  country.  The  species,  numerous  in  various  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  in  Cailfornia  and  some  other  parts  of  the  globe  deserve 
attention  for  pasture  and  other  agronomic  purposes. 

Astragalus  cephalonicus,  Fischer.     (A.  aristatus,  Sibthorp.) 

Cephalonia.  A  small  shrub,  yielding  a  good  tragacanth  ;  and  so 
probably  also  the  true  A.  aristatus  of  1'Heritier  is  producing  it. 

Astragalus  Cicer,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe  and  Middle  Asia.  A  nutritious  and 
tasty  perennial  herb,  much  sought  by  grazing  animals.  It  requires, 
according  to  Langethal,  deep  friable  grounds  and,  like  most  legu- 
minous herbs,  calcareous  ingredients  in  the  soil 

Astragalus  Creticus,  Lamarck. 

Candia  and  Greece.  A  small  bush,  exuding  the  ordinary  vermi- 
cular tragacanth.  The  pale  is  preferable  to  the  brown  sort. 

Astragalus  glycyphyllos,  Linne. 

Europe  and  North  Asia.  Succeeds  on  light  soil,  also  in  forest 
regions.  It  has  been  recommended  as  a  perennial  substantial 
fodder-plant. 

Astragalus  gummifer,  La  Billardiere. 

Syria  and  Persia.     This  shrub  also  yields  a  good  kind  of  tragacanth. 

Astragalus  hypoglottis,  Linne. 

In  the  colder  regions  of  Europe,  Asia  and  North  America.  This 
perennial  plant  is  regarded  as  a  good  fodder-herb  on  calcareous  and 
gravelly  soil,  and  would  likely  be  of  importance  for  our  Alps.  Of 
the  enormous  number  of  supposed  species  of  this  genus  (according 
to  Boissier,  not  less  than  750  merely  in  Asia  Minor  and  the 
adjoining  countries)  many  must  be  of  value  for  pasture,  like  some 
of  the  closely-allied  Australian  Swainsonas,  though  they  also 
may  include  deleterious  species.  A.  Hornii  and  A.  lentiginosus, 
A.  Gray,  are  poisonous  to  cattle  in  California. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  39 

Astragalus  Parnassi,  Boissier.     (A.  Cylleneus,  Heldreich.) 

Greece.  This  small  shrub  furnishes  there  almost  exclusively  the 
commercial  tragacanth.  It  ascends  to  elevations  of  7,000  feet, 
becomes  therefore  alpine. 

Astragalus  strobiliferus,  Royle. 

Asiatic  Turkey.  The  brown  tragacanth  is  collected  from  this 
species. 

Astragalus  venosus,  Hochstetter. 

From  Abyssinia  to  Central  Africa.      This  perennial  herb  is  sub- - 
jected  to  regular  cultivation  for  fodder  known  as  "Hamat  Kochata  " 
(Oliver). 

Astragalus  verus,  Olivier. 

Asiatic  Turkey  and  Persia.  This  shrub  furnishes  the  Takalor  or 
Smyrna  Tragacanth,  or  it  is  derived  from  an  allied  species. 

Astrebla  pectinata,  F.  v.  Mueller.*  (Dantlwnia  pectinata,  Lindley.) 
New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  North  and  Central  Australia,  in 
arid  regions,  always  inland.  A  perennial  desert-grass,  resisting 
drought,  sought  with  avidity  by  sheep,  and  very  fattening  to  them 
and  other  pasture  animals. 

Astrebla  triticoides,  F.  v.  Mueller.*     (Dantlwnia  triticoides,  Lindley.) 

The  Mitchell-Grass.  Of  nearly  the  same  natural  distribution  as 
the  preceding,  and  equalling  that  species  in  value.  Both  so 
important  as  to  deserve  artificial  rearing  even  in  their  native  country. 

Atalantia  glauca,  J.  Hooker. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.      This  Desert-Lemon  is  men- 
tioned here  to  draw  attention  to  the  likelihood  of  its  improving  in 
'       culture,  and  to  its  fitness  for  being  grown  in  arid  land. 

Atriplex  crystallinum,  J.  Hooker. 

South-East  Australia  and  Tasmania  on  the  coast.  This  herb 
vegetates  solely  in  salty  coast-sands,  which,  like  Cakile,  it  helps  to 
bind,  on  the  brink  of  the  ocean  and  exposed  to  its  spray. 

Atriplex  halimoides,  Lindley.* 

Over  the  greater  part  of  the  saline  desert-interior  of  Australia, 
reaching  the  south  and  west  coasts.  A  dwarf  bush,  with  its 
frequent  companion,  A.  holocarpum,  among  the  very  best  for  salt- 
bush  pasture. 


40  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Atriplex  hortensis,  Linne. 

North  and  Middle  Asia.     The  Arroche.     An  annual  spiiiage-plant. 

Atriplex  nummularium,  Lindley. 

From  Queensland  through  the  desert  tracts  to  Victoria  and  South 
Australia.  One  of  the  tallest  and  most  fattening  and  wholesome 
of  Australian  pastoral  salt-bushes,  also  highly  recommendable  for 
artificial  rearing,  as  the  spontaneously-growing  plants,  by  close 
occupation  of  the  sheep  and  cattle  runs,  have  largely  disappeared, 
and  as  this  useful  bush  even  in  many  wide  tracts  of  Australia  does 
not  exist.  Sheep  and  cattle  depastured  on  salt-bush  country  are 
said  to  remain  free  of  fluke  and  get  cured  of  this  Distoma-disease 
and  of  other  allied  ailments. 

Atriplex  semibaccatum,  R  Brown. 

Extra-tropic  Australia.  A  perennial  herb,  very  much  liked  by 
sheep.  (R.  H.  Andrews.) 

Atriplex  spongiosum,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Through  a  great  part  of  Central  Australia,  extending  to  the  west 
coast.  Available  like  the  preceding  and  several  other  native  species 
for  salt-bush  culture.  Unquestionably  some  of  the  shrubby  extra- 
Australian  species,  particularly  those  of  the  Siberian  and  Califor- 
nian  steppes,  could  also  be  transferred  advantageously  to  salt-bush 
country  elsewhere,  to  increase  its  value,  particularly  for  sheep 
pasture. 

Atriplex  vesicarium,  Heward*. 

In  the  interior  of  South-Eastern  Australia,  and  also  in  Central 
Australia.  Perhaps  the  most  fattening  and  most  relished  of  all  the 
dwarf  pastoral  salt-bushes  of  Australia,  holding  out  in  the  utmost 
extremes  of  drought,  and  not  scorched  even  by  sirocco-like  blazes. 
Its  vast  abundance  over  extensive  salt-bush  plains  of  the  Australian 
interior,  to  the  exclusion  of  almost  every  other  bush  except  A.  hali- 
moides,  indicates  the  facility  with  which  this  species  disseminates 
itself. 

Atropa  Belladonna,  Linne. 

The  Deadly  Nightshade.  South  and  Middle  Europe  and  Western 
Asia.  A  most  important  perennial  medicinal  herb.  The  highly 
powerful  atropin  is  derived  from  it,  besides  another  alkaloid,  the 
belladonnin. 

Avena  elatior,  Linne. 

Europe,  Middle  Asia,  North  Africa.  This  tall  grass  should  not  be 
passed  altogether  on  this  occasion,  although  it  becomes  easily  irre- 
pressible on  account  of  its  wide-creeping  roots.  It  should  here  be 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  41 

chosen  for  dry  and  barren  tracts  of  country,  it  having  proved  to 
resist  occasional  droughts  even  better  than  Rye-Grass.  The  bulk 
yielded  by  it  is  great ;  it  submits  well  to  depasturing,  and  gives  two 
of  three  crops  of  hay  annually  ;  it  is  however  not  so  much  relished 
by  animals  as  many  other  grasses. 

Avena  fatua,  Linne. 

Wild  Oat.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  east- 
ward as  far  as  Japan.  The  experiments  of  Professor  Buckmaii 
indicate  that  our  ordinary  Culture  Oat  (Avena  sativa,  L.)  is 
descended  from  this  plant. 

Avena  flavescens,  Linne.     (Trisetum  jlavescens,  Beauv.) 

Yellowish  Oat-Grass.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  North 
Asia,  eastward  as  far  as  Japan.  One  of  the  best  of  perennial 
meadow-grasses,  living  011  dry  soil ;  fitted  also  for  our  Alps.  Law- 
son  observes  that  it  yields  a  considerable  bulk  of  fine  foliage,  and 
that  it  is  eagerly  sought  by  sheep,  but  that  it  thrives  best  inter- 
mixed with  other  grasses.  It  likes  particularly  limestone  soil, 
where  it  forms  a  most  valuable  undergrass,  but  is  not  adapted  for 
poor  sand,  nor  will  it  stand  well  the  traversing  of  grazing  animals 
(Langethal). 

Avena  pratensis,  Linne. 

Meadow  Oat-Grass.  Europe,  North  Asia.  It  thrives  well  on  dry 
clayey  soil  j  it  produces  a  sweet  fodder,  but  not  in  so  great  a  pro- 
portion as  several  other  less  nutritious  grasses.  It  is  perennial, 
and  well  adapted  for  our  snowy  mountains,  where  it  would  readily 
establish  itself,  even  on  heathy  moors.  Recommended  by  Lange- 
thal for  arid  ground,  particularly  such  as  contains  some  lime,  being 
thus  as  valuable  as  Festuca  ovina.  Eligible  also  for  meadows  under 
a  system  of  irrigation. 

Avena  pubescens,  Linne. 

Downy  Oat-Grass.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  A  sweet 
perennial  grass,  requiring  dry  but  good  soil  containing  lime.  It  is 
nutritious  and  prolific.  One  of  the  earliest  kinds,  but  not  well 
resisting  traffic.  Several  good  Oat-grasses  are  peculiar  to  North 
America  and  other  parts  of  the  globe.  Their  relative  value  as  fod- 
der-grasses is  in  many  cases  not  exactly  known,  nor  does  the  limit 
assigned  to  this  treatise  allow  of  their  being  enumerated  on  this 
occasion. 

Avena  sativa,  Linne. 

T^e  Ordinary  Oats.  In  Middle  Europe.  Cultivated  already  before 
the  Christian  era.  Annual.  Important  for  fodder,  green,  or  as 
grain — for  the  latter  indispensable.  Fit  for  even  poor  or  moory  or 


42  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

recently  drained  land,  though  not  so  well  adapted  for  sandy  soil  as 
rye,  nor  well  available  for  calcareous  ground ;  resists  wet  better  than 
other  cereals ;  best  chosen  as  first  crop  for  inferior  land  when  newly 
broken  up  ;  middling  grassy  soil  is  particularly  suited  for  oats  ;  in 
rich  ground  more  prolific  for  green  fodder.  It  succeeds  in  rotation 
after  every  crop,  though  variously  as  regards  yield,  and  best  after 
clover.  Extends  not  quite  so  far  towards  polar  and  alpine  regions 
as  barley,  on  account  of  the  longer  time  required  for  its  maturation. 
Varieties  with  seeds  separating  spontaneously  from  the  bracts  (chaff) 
are,  A.  nuda  L.  and  A.  Chinensis,  Metzger,  the  Tatarian  and 
Chinese  Oats  which  are  the  sorts  preferentially  used  for  porridge  and 
cakes.  Other  varieties  or  closely  allied  species  are  :  A.  orientalis, 
Schreber,  which  is  very  rich  in  grain,  and  on  account  of  the  rigidity 
of  its  stem  especially  fitted  for  exposed  mountain  localities.  A. 
brevis,  Roth,  the  short-grained  oats,  which  suits  particularly  well 
for  stable-fodder.  A.  strigosa,  Schreber,  which  deserves  preference 
for  sandy  soil.  The  Russian  quas  beer  is  made  of  oats  (Lange- 
thal,  Brockhaus). 

Averrhoa  Carambola,  Linne. 

Continental  and  Insular  India.  Sir  Jos.  Hooker  found  this  small 
tree  on  the  Upper  Indus  as  far  as  Lahore.  The  fruit  occurs  in  a 
sweet  and  acid  variety  ;  the  former  is  raw  available  for  the  table, 
the  other  for  preserves.  That  of  A.  Bilimbi  (Linne)  is  of  similar 
use,  especially  for  tarts. 

Avicennia  officinalis,  Linne. 

From  the  coasts  of  South  Asia  to  those  of  South  Africa,  all  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand.  It  is  proposed  by  Dr.  Herm.  Behr  to 
plant  this  tree  for  consolidating  muddy  tidal  shores. 

Azima  tetracantha,  Lamarck. 

From  South  India  to  South  Africa.  A  hedge-bush,  growing  freely 
in  every  kind  of  soil. 

Baccharis  pilularis,  Candolle. 

California.  This  evergreen  bush,  like  B.  consanguinea,  is  grown 
for  hedges,  used  also  for  garlands,  wrappers  of  flower-bouquets,  and 
many  decorative  purposes,  as  cut  branches  do  not  wither  for  a 
considerable  time.  It  attains  a  height  of  15  feet  (Professor 
Bolander). 

Backhousia  citriodora,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South  Queensland.  Though  only  a  small  tree  it  is  well  worth 
cultivating  for  the  fragrance  of  its  lemon-scented  foliage. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  43 

Bactris  Gasipaes,  Huuiboldt.     (Guilielma  speciosa,  Mart.) 

The  Peach-Palm  of  the  Amazon  River,  ascending  to  the  warm  tem- 
perate regions  of  the  Andes.  Stems  clustered,  attaining  a  height 
of  40  feet.  Dr.  Spruce  describes  the  large  bunches  of  fruits  as  pos- 
sessing a  thick,  firm,  and  mealy  pericarp,  which  when  cooked  has  a 
flavour  between  potato  and  chestnut,  but  superior  to  either. 

Bacularia  Arfakiana,  Beccari. 

In  Arancaria  forests  of  New  Guinea  up  to  6,000  feet.  A  reed-like 
palm. 

Bacularia    monostachya,    F.   v.    Mueller.        (Areca    monostachya, 

Martius.) 

Eastern  Australia,  extending  to  extra-tropical  latitudes.  One  of 
the  best  among  small  Palms  for  table  decoration.  The  stems  sought 
for  walking-sticks. 

Baloghia  lucida,  Eiidlicher.     (Codiceum  lucidum,  J.  M.) 

East  Australia.  A  middle-sized  tree.  The  sap  from  the  vuinerated 
trunk  forms,  without  any  admixture,  a  beautiful  red  indelible 
pigment. 

Balsamodendron  Ehrenbergi,  Berg. 

Deserts  of  Arabia.  This  tree  yields  the  Myrrha-resin,  but  perhaps 
B.  Myrrha  (Nees)  and  some  other  species  may  produce  the  same 
substance.  Professor  Oliver  unites  this  with  B.  Opobalsamum. 

Balsamodendron  Mukul,  Hooker. 

Scinde  and  Beluchistan.     Yields  the  Bdellium-resin. 

Balsamodendron  Opobalsamum,  Kunth.     (B.  Gileademe,  Kunth.) 

Arabia,  Abyssinia  and  Nubia.  This  species  furnishes  Mekka  or 
Gilead  Balsam.  B.  Capense  (Sonder)  is  a  closely  allied  species 
from  Extra-tropical  South  Africa.  Many  other  Balsam  shrubs 
deserve  introduction. 

Bambusa  arundinacea,  Roxburgh.* 

The  Thorny  Bamboo  of  India.  It  likes  rich,  moist  soil,  and  delights 
on  river-banks.  It  is  of  less  height  than  Bambusa  vulgaris ;  it  also 
sends  up  from  the  root  numerous  stems,  but  with  bending  branches, 
thorny  at  the  joints.  According  to  Kurz  it  will  thrive  in  a  climate 
too  dry  for  B.  Tulda  and  B.  vulgaris.  The  seeds  of  this  and  some 
other  Bamboos  are  useful  as  food  for  fowls.  Whenever  seeds  of  any 
Bamboos  can  be  obtained  fresh  and  disseminated  soon,  the  large 
masses  of  foreign  Bamboos  could  easily  be  raised  in  adapted  forest- 
ground  ;  Bamboo-seeds  moreover,  like  Palm-seeds,  ought  to  become 
a  valuable  article  of  commercial  export  for  horticultural  purposes. 


44  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Bambusa  asp  era,  Poiret. 

Indian  Archipelagus.  Attains  a  height  of  120  feet.  Stems  very 
strong  and  thick.  This  species  ascends  to  elevations  of  4,000 
feet. 

Bambusa  Brandisii,  Munro. 

Tenasserim,  Martaban  and  Pegu,  naturally  up  to  elevations  of 
4,000  feet.  Height  of  stems  to  120  feet,  diameter  9  inches.  It 
likes  limestone  soil. 

Bambusa  Balcooa,  Roxburgh.* 

From  the  Plains  of  Bengal  up  to  Assam.  Proved  hardy  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Height  up  to  70  feet.  With  B.  Tulda  the 
principal  Bamboo  for  constructing  the  large  huts  or  sheds,  but 
Roxburgh  already  noted  that  to  render  the  material  durable  it 
needs  long  immersion  in  water.  Mr.  Routledge  recommends  young 
shoots  of  Bamboos  as  paper  material.  The  seeds  of  Bambusa  Tulda 
I  found  to  retain  their  vitality  for  some  time  and  germinate 
readily. 

Bambusa  Blumeana,  Schultes. 

Insular  India.  This  Bamboo,  with  its  spiny  buds  and  dependent 
branchlets,  is,  according  to  Kurz,  one  of  the  best  for  cattle-proof  live 
hedges  among  the  Asiatic  species.  In  continental  India  B.  nana 
and  B.  arundinacea  are  much  used  for  the  same  purpose.  Periodic 
trimming  is  required. 

Bambusa  flexuosa,  Munro. 

China.  Only  12  feet  high,  but  very  hardy,  having  resisted  in 
South  France  a  temperature  of  —  13°  Cels.  =  +  8°  F.  (Geoffrey 
de  St.  Hilaire.) 

Bambusa  spinosa,  Roxburgh.* 

Bengal.  A  Bamboo  attaining  100  feet  in  height.  The  central  cavity 
of  the  canes  is  of  less  width  than  in  most  other  species ;  thus  the 
strength  for  many  technic  purposes  is  increased. 

Bambusa  Senaensis,  Fianch.  and  Savat. 

Japan.  A  tall  and  hardy  species,  distinguished  from  all  other 
Japanese  Bambusacese  by  its  large  leaves.  Young  Bamboo  shoots 
(probably  of  several  species)  constitute  part  of  the  nourishment  of 
all  classes  in  Japan  (Dupont). 

Bambusa  vulgaris,  Wendland. 

The  large  unarmed  Bamboo  of  Bengal.  It  attains  a  height  of  70  feet, 
and  the  stems  may  attain  even  a  length  of  40  feet  in  one  season, 
though  the  growth  is  slower  in  cooler  climes.  It  has  proved 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  45 

to  be  capable  of  resisting  the  occasional  night-frost  of  the  lowlands 
of  Victoria.  It  is  the  best  for  building  bamboo-houses.  Immer- 
sion in  water  for  some  time  renders  the  cane  still  firmer.  To  the 
series  of  large  thornless  bamboos  belong  also  Bambusa  Tulda  and 
Bambusa  Balcooa  of  India,  and  Bambusa  Thouarsii  from  Madagas- 
car and  Bourbon.  These  Bamboos  are  much  used  for  various  kinds 
of  furniture,  mats,  implements,  and  other  articles.  Besides  this, 
Mr.  Kurz  enumerates  as  among  the  best  Asiatic  bamboos  for  build- 
ing purposes :  Gigantochloa  aspera,  G.  maxima,  G.  atter  ;  while  Mr. 
Teysmami  for  the  same  purpose  notes  G.  apus.  Kurz  recommends 
further,  Bambusa  arundinacea,  B.  Balcooa,  B.  Brandisii,  B.  poly- 
morpha,  Dendrocalamus  Hamiltoni,  Schizostachyum  Blumei.  In. 
the  Moluccas,  according  to  Costa,  Gigantochloa  maxima,  or  an  allied 
species,  produces  stems  thick  enough  to  serve  when  slit  into  halves 
for  canoes.  Bamboos  serve  for  masts  and  spars  of  small  vessels. 
Bambusa  Balcooa  was  found  by  Wallich  to  grow  12  feet  in  23  days. 
Bambusa  Tulda,  according  to  Roxburgh,  has  grown  at  first  at  the 
rate  of  from  20  to  70  feet  in  a  month.  Fortune  noticed  the  growth 
of  several  Chinese  Bamboos  to  be  two  to  two  and  a  half  feet  a  day. 
There  are  many  other  kinds  of  Bamboo  eligible  among  the  species 
from  China,  Japan,  India,  tropical  America,  and  perhaps  tropical 
Africa.  One  occurs  in  Arnhem's  Land,  and  one  at  least  in  North 
Queensland. 

Baptisia  tinctoria,  E.  Brown. 

The  wild  Indigo  of  Canada  and  the  United  States.  A  perennial 
herb.  It  furnishes  a  fair  pigment  in  the  manner  of  treating  the 
best  Indigoferas. 

Barbaraea  vulgaris,  R.  Brown. 

In  the  cooler  regions  of  all  parts  of  the  globe,  ascending  to  Alpine 
zones.  This  herb  furnishes  a  wholesome  salad.  As  with  other  raw 
vegetables,  particularly  watercress  (Nasturtium  aquatic-urn,  Trag.), 
circumspect  care  is  necessary  to  free  such  salads  from  possibly  ad- 
herent Echinococcus-ova  or  other  germs  of  entozoa,  particularly  in 
localities  where  hydatids  prevail.  An  excellent  honey-plant. 
(Muenter). 

Barosma  serratifolia,  Willdenow. 

South  Africa.  This  shrub  supplies  the  medicinal  Bucco-leaves. 
B.  crenulata,  Hook.  (Diosma  crenulata,  L.,)  is  only  a  variety  of 
this  species.  Active  principles  :  a  peculiar  valatile  oil,  a  peculiar 
resin,  and  a  crystalline  substance  called  diosmin. 

Bassella  lucida,  Linne. 

India.  Perrenial.  This  spinage-plant  has  somewhat  the  odour  of 
Ocimum  Basilicum  ;  other  species  serve  also  culinary  purposes. 


46  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Bassella  rubra,  Linne. 

From  South  Asia  to  Japan.  This  annual  or  biennial  herb  serves 
as  a  spinage  of  pleasant  colouration. 

Bassia  latifolia,  Roxburgh. 

Central-India.  The  "  Mahwa."  A  tree  to  50  feet  high,  content 
with  dry  stony  ground  ;  it  will  endure  a  slight  frost.  The  succu- 
lent corolla  affords  a  never-failing  crop  of  nourishing  food  to  the 
rural  inhabitants.  Each  tree  yields  2  to  3  cwt.  ;  each  hundred- 
weight yields  about  three  gallons  of  spirit ;  essential  oil  is  also 
obtainable  from  the  corolla.  The  flowers  are  also  used  for  feeding 
cattle  ;  they  will  keep  for  a  long  time.  The  seeds,  like  those  of  B. 
butyracea  (Roxb.),  yield  oil  of  thick  consistence. 

Bassowia  solanacea,  Bentham.      (WitJieringia  solanacea,  L'Hertier.) 

South  America.  This  perennial  herb  needs  trial  culture,  on 
account  of  its  large  edible  tubers. 

Batis  maritima,  Linne. 

Central  America  and  northward  to  Florida,  also  in  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  This  halorageous  shrub  can  be  used  to  fix  tidal  sediments 
for  the  reclamation  of  valuable  harbour-lands. 

Beesha  elegantissima,  Hasskarl. 

Java,  on  mountains  about  four  thousand  (4,000)  feet  high.  Very 
tall  and  exceedingly  slender  ;  the  upper  branches  pendulous.  A 
hardy  species  of  Bamboo. 

Benincasa  cerifera,  Savi. 

India.  This  annual  plant  produces  a  large  edible  gourd,  which  in 
an  unripe  state  forms  part  of  the  composition  of  many  kinds  of 
currie. 

Berberis  Asiatica,  Roxburgh. 

Himalaya.  One  of  the  best  among  numerous  species  with  edible 
berries.  Among  these  may  specially  be  mentioned  B.  lycium 
(Royle)  and  B.  aristata  (Candolle),  which  also  yield  valuable  yellow 
dye-wood  (Dr.  Rosenthal). 

Berberis  buxifolia,  Lamarck. 

From  Magalhaen's  Straits  to  Chili.  This  bush,  according  to  Dr. 
Philippi,  is  the  best  among  the  South  American  species  for  berries, 
which  are  comparatively  large,  black,  hardly  acid,  but  slightly 
astringent.  In  Valdivia  and  Chiloe  they  are  frequently  consumed. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  47 

Berberis  Darwinii,  Hooker. 

Chiloe  and  South  Chili.  Considered  one  of  the  most  handsome  of  all 
shrubs  for  garden-hedges.  Hardy  in  England.  Several  other 
evergreen  Berbery  shrubs  serve  the  same  purpose. 

Berberis  Nepalensis,  Sprengel. 

Himalayas,  at  elevations  between  four  thousand  (4,000)  and  eight 
thousand  (8,000)  feet.  The  fruit  of  this  evergreen  species  is  edible. 

Beta  vulgaris,  Linne.* 

The  Beet  or  Mangold  Root.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  Middle 
Asia,  North  Africa.  This  well-known  perennial  or  biennial  herb 
ought  to  engage  the  general  and  extensive  attention  of  our  farm- 
ing population.  Can  be  grown  for  mere  foliage  even  in  sandy  soil 
near  the  sea.  The  herb  is  most  valuable  as  a  palatable  and 
nutritious  spinage ;  the  root  is  of  importance  not  only  as  a  culinary 
vegetable,  but  as  well  known,  also  for  its  content  of  sugar,  fit  to  be 
crystallised.  That  of  beet,  indeed,  is  now  almost  exclusively  con- 
sumed in  Russia,  Germany,  Austria,  France,  Sweden  and  Belgium ; 
and  these  countries  not  only  produce  the  beet-sugar  but  also 
export  it  largely  to  the  neighbouring  States.  The  white  Sicilian 
Beet  is  mainly  used  for  salads,  spinage  and  soups.  The  thick- 
ribbed  variety  serves  like  asparagus  or  sea-kale,  dressed  like 
rhubarb.  Cereal  soil,  particularly  such  as  is  fit  for  barley,  is 
generally  adapted  also  for  the  culture  of  beet.  The  rearing  of  the 
root,  and  the  manufacture  of  the  sugar,  can  be  studied  from  mani- 
fold works ;  one  has  been  compiled  by  Mr.  N.  Levy,  of  Melbourne. 
A  deeply  stirred,  drained  soil,  rich  in  lime,  brings  the  saccharine 
variety  of  beet  to  the  greatest  perfection.  The  Imperial  beet 
yields  from  12  to  20  per  cent,  sugar.  The  Castlenauderry,  the 
Magdeburg,  the  Siberian  Whiterib  and  the  Vilmorin  Beet  are 
other  varieties  rich  in  sugar.  About  5  Ibs.  of  seeds  are  required 
for  an  acre.  In  rotation  of  crops  the  beet  takes  its  place  best 
between  barley  and  oats.  In  Middle  Europe  the  yield  averages  14 
tons  of  sugar-beet  to  the  acre,  and  as  many  hundredweight  of  raw 
sugar.  The  mercantile  value  of  the  root,  at  our  distilleries,  ranged 
from  20s.  to  30s.  per  ton.  In  our  clime  the  beet  harvest  can  be 
extended  over  a  far  longer  time  of  the  year  than  in  Middle  Europe. 
The  extraction  of  the  sap  is  effected  generally  by  hydraulic  pressure. 
The  juice  is  purified  with  lime  and  animal  coal.  Excess  of  lime  is 
removed  by  carbonic  acid,  and  the  purified  and  decolourized  juice 
is  evaporated  in  vacuum  pans,  with  a  view  to  prevent  the  extensive 
conversion  of  the  crystallisable  sugar  into  treacle.  The  production 
of  beet-sugar  needs  far  less  labour  than  that  of  cane-sugar,  and  the 
harvest  is  obtained  in  so  short  a  time  as  eight  months.  Beet  has 
shown  itself  subject  neither  to  alarming  diseases  nor  to  extensive 


48  SELECT    PLANTS    FOB    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

attacks  of  insects.  Beet  is  grown  in  extra-tropical  zones,  while 
the  sugarcane  is  a  plant  confined  to  tropical  and  sub-tropical  lati- 
tudes. Beet  culture,  by  directly  or  indirectly  restoring  the  refuse, 
ameliorates  the  soil  to  such  an  extent  that  in  some  parts  of 
Germany  land  so  utilised  has  risen  to  fourfold  its  former  value. 
Beet  furthermore  affords  one  of  the  most  fattening  stable-fodders  ; 
and  thus  again  an  ample  supply  of  manure.  In  the  beet-districts 
of  Middle  Europe  about  one-sixth  of  the  arable  land  is  devoted  to 
beet,  yet  the  produce  of  cereals  has  not  become  reduced,  while  the 
rearing  of  fattened  cattle  has  increased.  Notwithstanding  a  heavy 
tax  on  the  beet-sugar  factories  in  Europe  the  industry  has  proved 
prosperous,  and  assumes  greater  and  greater  dimensions.  In  1865 
the  sugar  consumption  of  Europe  amounted  to  31,676,497  cwt., 
one-third  of  which  had  been  locally  supplied  by  the  beet,  from 
over  one  thousand  beet-sugar  factories.  Treacle  obtained  from 
beet  is  distilled  for  alcohol.  For  establishing  remunerative 
factories  on  a  large  and  paying  scale,  it  has  been  suggested  that 
farmers'  companies  might  be  formed.  For  ascertaining  the  per- 
centage of  sugar  in  beet,  saccharometers  are  used.  In  Germany 
some  scientific  periodicals  are  exclusively  devoted  to  the  fostering  of 
this  industry.  In  1875  the  total  production  of  beet-sugar  amounted 
to  1,318,000  tons  (Boucheraux). 

Betula  acuminata,  Wallich. 

Himalaya,  between  three  thousand  (3,000)  and  ten  thousand 
(10,000)  feet.  Attains  a  height  of  60  feet,  and  delights  011  forest- 
streams.  The  wood  hard,  strong  and  durable.  Another  Himalayan 
Birch,  B.  utilis  (D.  Don.),  grows  on  arid  ground,  and  produces  good 
timber  of  less  hardness. 

Betula  alba,  Linne. 

The  ordinary  Birch  of  Europe  and  Extra-tropical  Asia.  With 
some  Willows  approaching  nearer  to  the  North  Pole  than  any 
other  woody  vegetation.  It  attains  a  height  of  80  feet,  and  would 
here  thrive  best  in  moist  glens  of  the  ranges  or  in  the  higher 
regions  of  our  mountains,  where  it  would  form  up  at  the  Alpine 
zone  excellent  shelter  plantations.  Content  with  the  poorest  soil. 
The  variety  B.  populifolia  (Willd.)  extends  to  North  America. 
The  durable  bark  serves  for  roofing.  Wood  white,  turning  red. 
Adapted  for  spools,  shoe-pegs  and  many  other  minor  purposes,  also 
in  some  portion  of  the  work  of  organ-builders.  The  oil  of  the  bark 
is  used  in  preparing  the  Russian  leather. 

Betula  lenta,  Willdenow. 

The  Cherry-Birch  of  North  America.  A  tree  of  middle  size, 
liking  moist  ground,  but  is  also  content  with  dry  soil.  Wood  rose- 
coloured  or  dark,  fine-grained,  excellent  for  furniture.  It  is  so  heavy 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  49 

that  when  fresh  it  will  not  float  in  water.  It  is  used  for  ships' 
keels,  machinery,  furniture  and  other  purposes  where  strength,, 
hardness  and  durability  are  required.  Red  Birch  twigs  furnish 
the  best  material  for  rough  brooms.  Bark  of  a  somewhat  aromatic 
odour.  Several  Birches  occur  in  Japan,  which  might  well  be  tried 
here. 

Betula  lutea,  Michaux. 

The  Yellow  or  Gray  Birch  of  North-East  America.  Height  to  80 
feet.  Adapted  for  moist  forest-land.  In  timber  similar  to  B.  lenta. 
The  wood  is  used  for  shoelasts. 

Betula  nigra,  Linne. 

The  River-Birch  of  North  America.  One  of  the  tallest  of  Birches. 
If  grown  on  the  banks  of  a  limpid  stream  it  will  bear  intense  heat. 
The  wood  is  compact,  of  a  light  colour,  easily  worked,  excellent 
for  turnery,  also  in  use  by  cabinet-makers  and  carriage-builders; 
well  adapted  to  sustain  shocks  and  friction  (Robb).  It  is  also 
used  for  bowls  and  trays,  the  saplings  and  branches  for  hoops. 
The  bark  is  well  adapted  for  rough  roofing. 

Betula  papyracea,  Aiton. 

The  Paper-Birch  of  North  America.  A  larger  tree  than  B.  alba, 
with  a  fine-grained  wood  and  a  tough  bark  ;  the  latter  much  used 
for  portable  canoes.  It  likes  a  cold  situation. 

Boehmeria  nivea.  Gaudichaud.* 

The  Ramee  or  Rheea.  Southern  Asia,  as  far  east  as  Japan.  This 
bush  furnishes  the  strong  and  beautiful  fibre  woven  into  fabric 
which  inappropriately  is  called  grass-cloth.  The  bark  is  softened 
by  hot  water  or  steam,  and  then  separable  into  its  tender  fibres. 
The  best  is  obtained  from  the  young  shoots  j  it  is  glossy,  tough  and 
lasting,  combining  to  some  extent  the  appearance  of  silk  with  the 
strength  of  flax.  The  ordinary  market  value  of  the  fibre  is  about 
£40  per  ton ;  but  Dr.  Royle  mentions  that  it  has  realised,  at 
times,  £120.  The  seeds  are  sown  on  manured  or  otherwise  rich 
and  friable  soil.  In  the  third  year,  or  under  very  favourable  cir- 
cumstances even  earlier,  it  yields  its  crops,  as  many  as  three 
annually.  The  produce  of  an  acre  has  been  estimated  at  two  tons 
of  fibre.  This  latter,  since  Kaempfer's  time,  has  been  known  to  be 
extensively  used  for  ropes  and  cordage  in  Japan.  Rich  forest- 
valleys  seem  best  adapted  for  the  Ramee,  as  occasional  irrigation 
can  be  there  applied.  In  the  open  grounds  of  Victoria  it  suffers 
from  the  night-frosts,  although  this  does  not  materially  injure  the 
plant,  which  sends  up  fresh  shoots,  fit  for  fibre,  during  the  hot 
season.  The  plant  has  been  cultivated  and  distributed  since  1854, 


50  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

in  the  Botanic  Garden  of  Melbourne,  where  rUis  readily  propagated 
from  cuttings,  the  seeds  ripening  rarely  there.  Cordage  of  this 
Boehmeria  is  three  tines  as  strong  as  that  of  hemp.  Numerous 
shoots  spring  after  cutting  from  the  same  root.  Fertile  humid  soil 
or  rich  manuring  is  necessary  for  productive  returns.  Dr.  Collyer, 
of  Saharumpore,  boils  the  whole  branches  with  soap-water  (a  pro- 
cess used  here  since  1866,  for  separating  the  Phormium-fibre)  for 
easy  separation  of  the  fibre,  of  which  he  obtained  150  Ibs.  from  a 
ton  of  Rheea  branches  ;  the  cost  of  separation  and  final  preparation 
being  calculated  at  £10  per  ton  (interest  on  capital  for  machinery 
not  counted).  He  also  perfected  the  machinery  to  render  the  pro- 
cess easy  and  highly  remunerative.  Fibre  further  prepared  by 
Bonsor's  process  can  be  spun  into  the  finest  yarns.  Colonel 
Hannay  and  Dr.  Forbes  Watson  record,  that  in  Assam  four  to  six 
crops  are  cut  annually,  that  obtained  in  the  cool  season  providing 
the  strongest  fibre ;  the  latter  is  obtainable  to  the  length  of  6  feet. 
Other  species  require  to  be  tested,  among  them  the  one  which  was 
recently  discovered  in  Lord  Howe's  Island,  namely,  Boehmeria 
calophleba  (Moore  and  Mueller). 

Boletus  bovinus,  Linne. 

Europe.  Besides  this  species  Dr.  Goeppert  mentions  also  the 
following  as  sold  for  food  in  the  markets  of  Silesia  :  B.  circinans, 
Persoon  ;  B.  edulis,  Bull ;  B.  luteus,  L.  ;  B.  sapidus,  Harzer ;  B. 
scaber,  Bull.  ;  B.  subtomentosus,  L.  ;  B.  variegatus,  Sw. 

Bongardia  Rauwolfi,  C.  A.  Meyer. 

From  Greece  through  Turkey  to  the  Caucasus.  A  perennial  herb, 
the  leaves  of  which  are  utilised  like  culinary  sorrel. 

Borassus  Aethiopicus,  Martius. 

Africa,  from  Zanzibar  to  Egypt.  A  palm  of  gigantic  dimensions, 
attaining  a  stem  9  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base  or  7  feet  at  4  feet  above 
the  ground  ;  sometimes  stems  have  even  been  measured  having  a  cir- 
cumference of  37  feet.  The  leaves  are  as  much  as  12  feet  across, 
serving  for  baskets,  mats,  ropes  and  sieves.  The  edible  portion  of  the 
fruit  is  yellow,  stringy,  of  a  fruity  flavour.  The  sap  obtained  from 
incisions  in  the  stem  under  the  leaves  yields  a  kind  of  palm-wine. 
In  its  natural  home  the  tree  always  denotes  water  (Colonel  Grant). 

Borassus  flabelliformis,  Linne. 

The  Palmyra.  From  the  Persian  Gulf  to  India,  extending  to  30° 
North.  This  noble  palm  attains  a  height  of  100  feet.  The  pulp  of 
the  fruit  serves  as  food.  Enormous  masses  of  sugar  or  toddy  are 
produced  in  India  from  the  sap,  which  flows  from  incisions  of  the 
stalk  of  the  unexpended  flowers.  Also  to  be  reared  for  scenic 
plantations. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  51 

Boronia  megastigma,  Nees. 

In  West  Australia,  on  margins  of  swamps.  This  remarkable  bush  is 
recorded  here  as  an  emblem  of  mourning,  its  external  blackish 
flowers  rendering  it  especially  eligible  for  graves.  Industrially  it 
interests  us  on  account  of  its  powerfully  fragrant  blossoms,  for  the 
sake  of  which  this  bush  well  deserves  to  be  cultivated.  The  scent 
might  be  extracted  by  Mr.  Bosisto's  process. 

Borrago  offlcinalis,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  Orient.  An  annual  herb,  occasionally  used  for 
medicinal  purposes  or  as  an  admixture  to  salad. 

Boswellia  papyrifera,  A.  Richard. 

Morocco,  Nubia  and  Abyssinia,  forming  entire  forests  about  Bertat 
on  the  Atlas.  This  tree  exudes  a  kind  of  Olibanum  resin,  and 
represents  apparently  one  of  the  hardiest  species  of  this  and  allied 
genera. 

Boswellia  thurifera,  Colebrooke. 

India.  A  deciduous  tree,  living  in  arid  forest  regions.  Yields  an 
aromatic  resin.  The  real  Olibanum  is  exuded  by  B.  Carteri  (Bird- 
wood)  of  Arabia  and  tropical  Africa. 

Boussingaultia  basselloides,  Humboldt. 

South  America.  This  hardy  climber  is  well  fitted  for  bowers  j  the 
mucilaginous  tubers  are  edible.  It  is  not  uncommonly  grown  as  a 
climber  on  verandahs. 

Bouteloua  barbata,  Lagasca. 

North  and  Central  America.  One  of  the  Gramma-grasses  of  the 
prairies,  called  with  some  other  species  also  Muskit-grass.  Annual. 
For  nutritive  value  famed. 

Brabejum  stellatifolium,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  The  nuts  of  this  shrub  are  edible,  resembling  those 
of  our  Macadamia  ternifolia,  to  which  also  in  foliage  and  flowers 
barbejum  is  closely  allied.  The  nuts  are  also  similar  to  those  of  the 
Chilian  Guevina  Avellana.  The  fruit  should  be  roasted,  as  other- 
wise it  is  deleterious. 

Brachychiton  acerifolium,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  East  Australian  Flame-Tree.  An  evergreen  shade-tree,  with 
magnificent  trusses  of  crimson  blossoms.  Like  B.  populneum  (R. 
Br.),  eligible  for  promenade  lines  when  celerity  of  growth  is  no 
object.  The  mucilaginous  sap  when  exuded  indurates  to  a  kind  of 
tragacanth. 


52  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Brahea  dulcis,  Martius. 

Mexico,  as  far  as  its  northern  parts,  and  ascending  to  three  thousand 
(3,000)  feet.  A  Brahea  Palm  has  also  been  discovered  as  far  north 
as  Arizona,  32°  (Drude). 

Brahea  edulis,  Wendland. 

Lower  California,  20  feet  high.  The  clusters  of  plum-shaped  fruits 
weigh  up  to  40  Ibs.,  and  are  eaten  by  domestic  animals. 

Brassica  alba,  Visiani.     (Sinapis  alba,  Linne.) 

White  Mustard.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia. 
AJI  annual.  The  seeds  are  less  pungent  than  those  of  the  Black 
Mustard,  but  used  in  a  similar  manner.  The  young  leaves  of  both 
are  useful  as  a  culinary  antiscorbutic  salad.  Can  be  used  with 
great  advantage  as  green  manure  and  suppresses  weeds  simul- 
taneously. (W.  Emerson  Mclvor).  The  cold-pressed  oil  of 
mustard-seed  serves  for  table  use.  Dr.  Masters  enumerates  Brassica 
Chinensis,  B.  dichotoma,  B.  Pekinensis,  B.  ramosa,  and  B.  glauca 
among  the  mustards  which  undergo  cultivation  in  various  parts  of 
Asia,  either  for  the  fixed  oil  of  their  seeds  or  for  their  herbage. 
From  15  Ibs.  to  20  Ibs.  of  seeds  of  the  White  Mustard  are  required 
for  an  acre.  In  the  climate  of  California  1,400  Ibs.  of  seeds  have 
been  gathered%  from  an  acre.  Can  be  grown  in  shallow  soil,  even 
on  land  recently  reclaimed  from  swamps.  It  prefers  argillaceous 
ground.  The  return  is  in  a  few  months.  The  stalks  and  foliage 
after  the  seed-harvest  serve  as  sheep-fodder. 

Brassica  Chinensis,  Linn£. 

China  and  Japan.  Serves  like  B.  oleracea  for  cabbage,  and  may  in 
cultivation  produce  new  varieties.  The  seeds  in  Japan 
extensively  pressed  for  oil.  B.  Cretica  (Lam.),  is  a  woody  Mediter- 
ranean species. 

Brassica  juncea,  J.  Hook  and  Thorns.  (B.  Willdenowii,  ~Bois$.-,  Sinapis 
juncea,  Linne.) 

From  Middle  Africa  to  China.  According  to  Colonel  Drury 
cultivated  all  all  over  India  for  Sarepta  Mustard  seeds  ;  also  a  good 
salad  plant. 

Brassica  nigra,  Koch.  (Sinapis  nigra,  Linne.) 

The  Black  Mustard.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia.  An 
annual.  The  seeds  simply  crushed  and  then  sifted  constitute  the 
mustard  of  commerce.  For  medicinal  purposes  the  seeds  of  this 
species  are  preferable  for  sinapisin  and  other  purposes.  In  rich 
soil  this  plant  is  very  prolific ;  and  in  our  forest-valleys  it  is  likely 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  53 

to  remain  free  from  the  attack  of  aphis.  Chemical  constituents  :  a 
peculiar  fixed  oil,  crystalline  sinapin,  the  fatty  sinapisin,  myronic 
acid  and  myrosin. 

Brassica  oleracea,  Linne.* 

An  annual  or  biennial  coast-plant,  indigenous  to  various  parts  of 
Europe.  It  is  mentioned  here  with  a  view  of  showing  that  it  might 
be  naturalized  on  any  rocky  and  sandy  sea-shores.  From  the  wild 
plant  of  the  coast  originated  various  kinds  of  cabbages,  brocoli, 
cauliflower,  Brussels  sprouts,  kail,  kohlrabi,  &c.  Some  regard  the 
fattening  qualities  of  cabbages  as  superior  to  those  of  turnips, 
particularly  for  stable-food  during  the  autumnal  season.  The 
gluten  of  cabbages  on  one  acre  has  been  estimated  at  1,500  Ibs. 
against  1,000  Ibs.  of  gluten  obtainable  from  turnips.  Other  races  of 
this  species  are  collectively  represented  by  Brassica  Bapa,  L.  (B. 
campestris,  L.),  the  wild  Navew,  yielding  most  of  the  varieties  of 
turnips,  some  with  other  cultivated  forms  transferred  to  us  from 
ancient  times.  Again,  other  varieties  are  comprehended  within 
Brassica  Napus,  L.,  such  as  the  Swedish  and  Teltower  turnips, 
while  the  Bape-seed,  so  important  for  its  oil  (Colza)  is  also  derived 
from  a  form  of  B.  Napus.  The  rape  should  be  produced  here  as 
an  agrarian  produce,  giving  a  rapid  return  wherever  it  should 
remain  free  of  aphis.  Ordinary  Bape  is  a  good  admixture  to  sum- 
mer-fodder. Important  where  bees  are  kept.  The  hardier  turnips 
could  be  produced  on  our  highest  Alps,  as  they  are  grown  still 
within  the  Arctic  Circle,  and,  according  to  Sir  J.  Hooker,  at  a 
height  of  fifteen  thousand  (15,000)  feet  in  the  Himalaya  Moun- 
tains. 

Bromus  asper,  Murray. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  A  good  perennial  fodder-grass 
for  wood-regions  ;  but,  like  Festuca  gigantea,  late  in  the  season. 

Bromus  erectus,  Hudson. 

Europe,  North  Africa.  Important  as  a  perennial  nutritious  grass 
for  dry  limestone  regions ;  much  liked  by  cattle  and  sheep. 

Bromus  ciliatus,  Linne. 

North  America.  A  perennial  fattening  grass  resembling  the  Prairie 
grass,  growing  all  the  winter,  and  also  during  summer,  if  any 
drought  is  not  too  long  continued,  starting  afresh  after  the  least 
rain  (Dr.  Curl). 

Bromus  unioloides,  Humboldt*     (B.  Schraderi,  Kunth.) 

In  Australia  called  the  Prairie-grass.  From  Central  America  to 
the  sub-alpine  zone  of  Northern  Argentina.  It  has  spread  over 


54  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

many  parts  of  the  globe.  The  writer  saw  it  disseminated  in  the 
mountains  of  St.  Vincent's  Gulf  as  early  as  1847.  It  is  one  of  the 
richest  of  all  grasses,  grows  continuously  and  spreads  readily  from 
seeds,  particularly  on  fertile  and  somewhat  humid  soil,  and  has 
proved,  as  a  lasting  and  nutritious  fodder-grass  or  pasture-grass, 
one  of  our  best  acquisitions.  Very  early  out  in  the  season  for 
fodder.  The  chemical  analysis  in  early  spring  gave  :  albumen, 
2-80  ;  gluten,  3-80  ;  starch,  3-30 ;  gum,  1-70  ;  sugar,  2-30  percent. 
(F.  v.  Mueller  and  L.  Hummel). 

Broussonetia  papyrifera,  Ventenat. 

The  Paper-Mulberry.  Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  China,  Japan, 
perhaps  only  truly  indigenous  in  the  last-named  country.  The  bark 
of  this  tree  or  shrub  can  be  converted  into  very  strong  paper.  It 
can  also  be  used  for  textile  fabrics  ;  furthermore,  the  cloth  made 
from  it  can  be  dressed  with  linseed  oil  for  waterproof  coverings.  In 
cultivation  the  plant  is  kept  like  an  osier.  The  leaves  cannot  be 
used  for  silkworms.  European  fabrics  have  largely  superseded  the 
clothing  made  of  this  plant  in  the  South  Sea  Islands. 

Buchloa  dactyloides,  Torrey.* 

The  true  Buffalo  grass  of  Kansas,  naturally  extending  from 
Canada  to  Texas,  forming  a  large  proportion  of  the  food  of  the 
buffaloes  on  the  prairies  (Engelmann).  Dioecious,  creeping,  only 
rising  to  half  a  foot  or  less.  It  is  extremely  fattening,  but  apt  to 
be  suppressed  by  coarser  grasses  on  places  where  these  are  not 
trampled  out  or  kept  down  by  the  pasture  animals. 

Buddleya  Madagascariensis,  Lamarck. 

Madagascar.  Of  the  numerous  species  of  Buddleya,  the  most 
eligible  for  shelter-copses  on  account  of  its  great  size  and  always 
tidy  appearance,  as  well  as  vigour  and  celerity  of  growth.  It  is 
ever-flowering,  highly  elegant,  and  tolerant  to  many  kinds  of  soil. 

Bursera  elemifera,  J.  Hooker. 

Mexico,  up  to  the  temperate  plateau.  This  tree  furnishes  the 
Mexican  Copal  or  Elemi. 

Butea  frondosa,  Roxburgh. 

The  Dhak  or  Pulas  of  India.  This  magnificent  tree  extends  to  the 
Himalaya  mountains,  ascending  to  elevations  of  4,000  feet,  and 
bears  a  few  degrees  of  frost.  It  is  very  rich  in  a  peculiar  kind  of 
kino,  which,  according  to  Muspratt,  contains  up  to  73  per  cent,  of 
tannin.  The  Lac  insect  is  also  nourished  by  this  tree. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  55 

Butomus  umbellatus,  Linne. 

The  Flowering  Rush.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  This 
elegant  perennial  water-plant  is  mentioned  here  more  for  its  value 
in  embellishing  our  lakes  and  water-courses  than  for  the  sake  of 
its  roots.  The  latter,  when  roasted,  are  edible.  The  plant  would 
live  in  our  sub-alpine  rivulets. 

Buxus  sempervirens,  Linne.* 

The  Turkey  Box-tree.  -  England,  South  Europe,  North  Africa, 
South-West  Asia  extending  to  Japan.  This  slow-growing  tree 
should  timely  be  planted,  to  provide  the  indispensable  box-wood  for 
wood-engravers  and  musical  instrument  makers,  as  yet  no  good 
substitute  for  it  having  been  discovered  j  it  is  also  employed  for 
shuttles,  rollers,  and  various  other  select  implements,  clarionets, 
flutes,  flageolets.  The  box-tree  needs  calcareous  soil  for  its  best 
development.  Among  allied  species  B.  Balearica  attains  a  height 
of  80  feet.  Other  congeners  are  B.  subcolumnaris,  B.  Cubana,  B. 
Purdieana,  B.  citrifolia,  B.  acuminata,  B.  laevigata,  B.  Vahlii,  B. 
gonoclada,  B.  retusa,  B.  glomerata,  B.  Wrightii,  all  from  West 
India  ;  further,  B.  Madagascarica,  B.  longifolia  from  Turkey,  B. 
Wallichiana  from  the  Himalayas,  and  B.  microphylla  from  Japan  ; 
but  neither  of  any  of  these,  nor  of  the  various  species  of  the  allied 
Indian  genus  Sarcococca,  nor  of  several  species  of  the  Andine  genus 
Styloceras,  does  it  appear  to  be  known  what  relation  their  wood 
may  hold  to  that  of  the  true  Box-tree,  and  whether  they  are  more 
rapid  in  growth. 

Buxus  microphylla,  Lieb.  and  Zucc. 

Japan.  There  used  for  the  best  of  wood-engravings,  and  turnery  ; 
considered  as  good  as  ordinary  box-wood.  Native  name,  Tsougne 
(E.  Dupont). 

Caesalpinia  Bonduc,  Roxburgh.     (Guilandina  Bonduc,  Linne). 

Widely  dispersed  through  the  intertropical  regions  of  both  hemi- 
spheres with  G.  Bonducella,  L.  Both  would  be  well  adapted  for 
hedges  in  the  warmer  part  of  the  temperate  zone. 

Caesalpinia  brevifolia,  Bentham.    (Balsamocarpon  brevifolium,  Clos.) 

Chili,  the  "Algoborillo."  The  pods  of  this  shrub  are  extraordinarily 
rich  in  tannic  acid,  containing  up  to  80  per  cent.,  and  hence 
valuable  for  tanneries  (Philippi).  Godeffroy  found  in  the  husks 
68 J  per  cent,  tannic  acid.  The  process  of  tanning  is  accomplished 
in  one-third  of  the  time  required  for  leather  from  oak-bark  j 
especially  valuable  as  giving  a  bloom  to  the  leather. 


56  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Caesalpinia  coriaria,  Willdenow. 

Wet  sea-shores  of  Central  America.  Might  be  naturalised  in  our 
salt  marshes.  Colonel  Drury  states  that  each  full-grown  tree  pro- 
duces annually  about  100  Ibs.  of  pods,  the  husk  of  which,  com- 
mercially known  as  Divi-Divi,  is  regarded  as  the  most  powerful 
and  quickly-acting  tanning  material  in  India.  The  mercantile  price 
of  the  pods  is  from  £8  to  £13  per  ton. 

Caesalpinia  crista,  Linne. 

West  India  and  Carolina.  This  shrub  or  tree  furnishes  a  yellow 
dye-wood. 

Csesalpinia  echinata,  Lamarck. 

Brazil.  The  Fernambuc  or  Red  Brazil  Wood  is  obtained  from 
this  tree  and  allied  species ;  they  also  furnish  the  dye  principle 
brazilin. 

Csesalpinia  Gilliesii,  Wallich.     (Poinciana  Gilliesii,  Hooker.) 

La  Plata  States.  This  beautiful  hardy  bush  can  be  utilised  for 
hedges. 

Csesalpinia  Sappan,  Linn6, 

South  Asia.  The  wood  furnishes  red  dye.  This  shrub  can  also  be 
utilised  for  hedges. 

Csesalpinia  sepiaria,  Roxburgh. 

South  Asia,  east  to  Japan.  Can  be  utilised  as  a  hedge-bush.  It 
can  advantageously  be  mixed  for  hedge  growth  with  Pterolobium 
lacerans  (R.  Br.),  according  to  Dr.  Cleghorn.  It  furnishes  a  red 
dye-wood. 

CaBsalpinia  tinctoria,  Humboldt. 
Chili.     The  bark  yields  a  red  dye. 

Csesalpinia  vesicaria,  Linne.     (C.  bijtiga,  Swartz.) 

West  India,  on  dry  savannahs  and  limestone  rocks.  This  tree 
furnishes  part  of  the  red  Fernambuc  Wood  of  commerce  for  dye 
purposes  and  select  implements. 

Cajanus  Indicus,  Candolle.* 

The  Catjang ;  in  Assam,  called  Gelooa-mah,  also  called  Arhar.  A 
shrubby  plant  of  tropical  Africa  and  India,  ascending  to  6,000  feet 
in  the  already  extra-tropical  latitudes  of  the  Himalayas.  One  of 
the  upland  varieties  will  endure  a  few  degrees  of  frost  (C.  B. 
Clarke).  It  sustains  itself  on  dry  ground,  and  yields  the  pulse 
known  as  Dhal,  Urhur  and  Congo  Pea.  The  plant  lasts  for  about 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  57 

three  years.  Attains  a  height  of  15  feet,  and  has  yielded  in  the 
richest  soil  of  Egypt  4,000  Ibs.  of  peas  to  the  acre.  A  crop  is 
already  obtained  in  the  first  year.  The  seeds  can  be  used  as  peas 
in  the  green,  as  well  as  mature,  state.  Even  more  used  daily  in 
India  than  Phaseolus  radiatus  and  Cicer  arietinum.  Some  of  the 
tribes  of  Central  Africa  use  the  stem  of  this  shrub  in  friction  with 
reeds  to  strike  fire,  according  to  Speke.  Several  species  of  Cajanus 
of  the  Atylosia  section,  indigenous  to  the  warmer  parts  of  Aus- 
tralia, might  be  tested  for  the  sake  of  the  economic  value  of  their 
seeds.  The  insect,  active -in  the  formation  of  Lac,  lives  extensively 
on  the  Cajanus,  according  to  Mr.  T.  D.  Brewster,  of  Assam.  Silk- 
worms live  also  on  it. 

Cakile  maritima,  Scopoli. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Central  America,  extra-tropical 
Australia.  Not  unimportant  for  aiding  to  cover  drift-sand  cast  up 
on  low  sea-shores  ;  not  hurt  by  the  spray. 

Calamagrostis  longifolia,  Hooker. 

North  America.     Excellent  for  fixing  drift-sand. 

Calamintha  Nepeta,  Hoffmansegg. 

It  is  of  the  strongest  odour  among  several  species,  but  not  of  so 
pleasant  a  scent  as  C.  incana  (Boiss.)  and  C.  grandiflora  (Moench). 

Calamintha  officinalis,  Moench. 

Middle  and  South  Europe  and  Middle  Asia,  North  Africa.  A 
perennial  herb,  used  like  melissa  as  a  condiment. 

Calamus  montanus,  T.  Anderson. 

Himalaya,  up  to  6,000  feet.  A  hardy  climbing  palm.  The  aged 
canes  are  naked.  "  The  light  but  strong  suspension  bridges,  by 
which  the  large  rivers  of  Sikkim  are  crossed,  are  constructed  of 
this  palm.  It  supplies  material  for  the  strongest  ropes  for  dragging 
logs  of  wood  from  the  forests.  The  most  durable  baskets  and  the 
cane-work  of  chairs  are  manufactured  from  the  slit  stems.  Walk- 
ing-sticks and  riding-canes  made  of  this  species  are  exported  from 
Sikkim  in  considerable  quantity."  Many  other  Calami  serve 
similar  purposes,  but  probably  few,  or  perhaps  none,  are  equally 
hardy. 

Callitris    arborea,    Schrader.        (Widdringtonia  juniperoides,   End- 
licher. ) 

South  Africa,  3,000  to  4,000  feet  above  sea-level.  A  middling- 
sized  tree,  rich  in  resin. 


58  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Callitris  columellaris,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

East  Australia,  on  bare  sandy  coast  tracts.  Height  up  to  70  feet. 
Timber  durable,  fine-grained,  fragrant,  capable  of  a  high  polish  ; 
used  for  piles  of  wharfs  and  sheeting  of  punts  and  boats ;  it  resists 
the  attacks  of  chelura  and  white  ants ;  the  roots  are  valued  for 
veneers.  The  wood  is  also  used  for  telegraph-posts  according  to 
Mr.  Thozet.  Present  market  value  £6  per  1,000  superficial  feet. 
(Queensland  Exhibition,  1878.) 

Callitris  Macleayana,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Frenela  Macleayna,  Parlatore.) 

New  South  Wales.  A  handsome  tree,  of  regular  pyramidal  growth, 
attaining  a  height  of  70  feet ;  the  timber  is  valuable. 

Callitris  Parlatorei,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South  Queensland.  Recommended  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Bailey  as  a  shade- 
tree.  It  attains  a  height  of  60  feet.  Several  other  Callitris  are 
worthy  of  forest  culture. 

Callitris  quadrivalvis,  Yentenat. 

North  Africa.  A  middling-sized  tree,  yielding  the  true  sandarac 
resin. 

Callitris  verrucosa,  R.  Brown.     (Frenela  verrucosa,  A.  Cunningham) 

Through  the  greater  part  of  Australia.  Also  several  other  species 
from  Victoria  and  other  parts  of  Australia  are  among  the  trees 
which  may  be  utilised  for  binding  the  coast  arid  desert  sand.  They 
all  exclude  Sandarac  C.  calcarata,  E.  Br.  (F.  Endlicheri,  Par- 
latore), a  very  ornamental  and  graceful  tree,  attains,  according  to 
Hartmann,  a  height  of  100  feet,  and  supplies  a  beautiful  wood 
suitable  for  cabinet-making.  The  wood  is  of  a  dark  colour. 

Calyptranthes  aromatica,  St.  Hilaire. 

South  Brazil.  The  flower-buds  of  this  Spice  shrub  can  be  used 
almost  like  cloves,  the  berries  like  allspice.  Several  other  aromatic 
species  are  eligible  for  test  culture. 

Calyptronoma  Swartzii,  Grisebach. 

West  India.  A  palm  up  to  60  feet  high.  Advances  on  tropical 
mountains  to  over  3,000  feet  elevation.  It  yields  the  "long 
thatch  "  of  Jamaica,  the  foliage  furnishing  an  amber-coloured  roofing 
material,  neater  and  more  durable  than  any  other  used  in  that 
island,  lasting  twenty  years  or  more  without  requiring  repairs 
(Jenman). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  59 

Camelina  sativa,  Crantz. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  temperate  Asia.  An  annual  herb,  culti-. 
vated  for  the  sake  of  its  fibre  and  the  oil  of  its  seeds.  It  is  readily 
grown  after  corn-crops,  yields  richly  even  on  poor  soil,  and  is  not 
attacked  by  aphis.  Mr.  W.  Taylor  obtained  32  bushels  of  seeds 
from  an  acre,  and  from  these  540  Ibs.  of  oil.  The  return  is  within 
a  few  months. 

Camellia  japonica,  Linne. 

This  renowned  horticultural  plant  attains  a  height  of  30  feet  in 
Japan.  It  is  planted  there  on  roadsides  for  shelter,  shade 
and  ornament  (Christie).  The  wood  is  used  for  superior  xylography 
(Dupont).  The  seeds,  like  those  of  C.  Sasaiiqua  (Thunberg),  are 
available  for  pressing  oil.  C.  reticulata  (Lindley)  from  China  is 
conspicuous  for  its  very  large  flowers. 

Camellia  Thea,  Link.*     (Thea  Chinensis,  Linne.) 

The  Tea-shrub  of  South-Eastern  Asia,  said  to  be  indigenous  also  to 
some  localities  of  Japan, — for  instance,  Suruga.  This  evergreen 
and  ornamental  bush  has  proved  quite  hardy  in  the  lowlands  at 
Melbourne,  where  in  exposed  positions  it  endures  without  any 
attention  our  night  frosts  as  well  as  the  free  access  of  scorching 
summer  winds.  But  it  is  in  humid  valleys,  with  rich  alluvial  soil 
and  access  to  springs  for  irrigation,  where  only  the  most  productive 
tea-fields  can  be  formed.  The  plant  comes  into  plentiful  bearing 
of  its  product  as  early  as  the  Vine  and  earlier  than  the  Olive.  Its 
culture  is  surrounded  with  no  difficulties,  and  it  is  singularly 
exempt  from  diseases,  if  planted  in  proper  localities.  Pruning  is 
effected  in  the  cool  season,  in  order  to  obtain  a  large  quantity  of 
small  tender  leaves  from  young  branches.  Both  the  Chinese  and 
Assam  tea  are  produced  by  varieties  of  one  single  species,  the  tea- 
shrub  being  indigenous  in  the  forest  country  of  Assam.  Declivi- 
ties are  best  adapted  and  usually  chosen  for  tea  culture,  particularly 
for  Congo,  Pekoe,  and  Souchong,  while  Bohea  is  often  grown  in 
flat  countries.  In  Japan  tea  cultivation  extends  to  39°  north  lati- 
tude, where  the  thermometer  occasionally  sinks  to  16°  F.  (Simmons). 
For  many  full  details  Fortune's  work,  "  The  Tea  Districts  of  China," 
might  be  consulted.  The  very  troublesome  Tea-bug  of  Asia  is 
Helopeltis  theivora.  Fumigation  and  the  application  of  birdlime 
are  among  the  remedies  to  cope  with  this  insect.  The  third  volume 
of  the  Journal  of  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society  of 
India  is  mainly  occupied  by  Lieut. -Colonel  Edw.  Money's  and  Mr. 
Watson's  elaborate  essays  on  the  Cultivation  and  Manufacture  of 
Tea  in  India.  For  full  advice  on  the  culture  and  preparation  of 
tea  consult  the  writer's  printed  lecture,  delivered  in  1875,  at  the 
Farmers'  Club  of  Ballarat. 


60  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

The  tea  of  commerce  consists  of  the  young  leaves,  heated,  curled  and 
sweated.  The  process  of  preparing  the  leaves  can  be  effected  by 
steam  machinery  j  a  machine  of  particular  construction  has  been 
suggested  recently  by  Mr.  Joachiini,  according  to  requirements 
explained  by  the  writer.  In  1866  three  machines  for  dressing  tea 
have  been  patented  in  England — one  by  Messrs.  Campbell  and 
Burgess,  one  by  Mr.  Thomson,  and  one  by  Mr.  Tayser.  To  give  an 
idea  of  the  quantity  of  tea  which  is  consumed  at  the  present  time, 
it  may  be  stated  that  from  June  to  September,  1871,  11,000,000 
Ibs.  of  tea  were  shipped  from  China  alone  to  Australia,  and  that 
the  produce  of  tea  in  India  from  January  to  June  of  1872  has  been 
18,500,000  Ibs.  India  sent  only  a  first  small  sample  of  tea  in  1840 
to  the  European  market,  but  exported  in  1877  to  England  forty 
millions  of  Ibs.,  that  is,  as  much  as  the  whole  English  importation 
thirty  years  ago  (Burrell).  Dr.  Scherzer  estimates  the  Chinese 
home  consumption  at  400  million  pounds,  others  much  higher.  In 
1873,  China  exported  242  million  pounds,  Japan  twelve  million 
pounds.  Simmonds  estimates  the  area  under  tea  cultivation  in 
China  at  25  million  acres.  100  Ibs.  of  prepared  tea  is  the  average 
yield  per  acre.  Seeds  of  the  tea-bush  are  now  in  many  parts  of 
Australia  locally  to  be  gathered  from  plants  distributed  by  the 
writer,  and  for  years  to  come  the  cultivation  of  the  tea-bush, 
merely  to  secure  local  supplies  of  fresh  seeds,  ready  to  germinate, 
will  in  all  likelihood  prove  highly  lucrative.  Tea  contains  an 
alkaloid :  coffein,  a  peculiar  essential  oil,  and  Boheic  acid,  along 
with  other  substances. 

Canavalia  gladiata,  Candolle.* 

Within  the  tropics  of  Asia,  Africa  and  America.  This  perennial 
climber  grows  to  an  enormous  height,  and  bears  an  abundant  crop 
of  edible  beans  (Sir  Walter  Elliott)  with  large  seeds,  which  can  be 
used  green.  It  varies  with  red  and  white  seeds,  and  in  the  size  of 
the  latter,  which  are  wholesome.  C.  ensiformis  (Cand.)  is  another 
variety. 

Canna  Achiras,  Gillies. 

Mendoza.  One  of  the  few  extra-tropic  Cannas,  eligible  for  arrow- 
root culture. 

Canna  coccinea,  Roscoe. 

West  India.  Yields  with  some  other  Cannas  the  particular  arrow- 
root called  Tous  Les  Mois. 

Canna  edulis,  Edwards.  * 

The  Adeira  of  Peru.  One  of  the  hardiest  of  arrowroot  plants. 
Seeds,  even  if  many  years  old,  will  germinate.  The  species  has 
yielded  excellent  starch  at  Melbourne,  Western  Port,  Lake 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  61 

Wellington,  Ballarat,  and  other  localities,  from  plants  supplied  at 
the  Botanic  Garden  of  Melbourne.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Hagenauer,  of 
the  Gippsland  Aboriginal  Mission  station,  obtained  over  one  ton 
from  an  acre.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Bulmer  found  this  root  to  yield  28 
per  cent,  of  starch.  The  gathering  of  the  roots  is  effected  about 
April.  The  plants  can  be  set  out  in  ordinary  ploughed 
land.  Captain  James  Hall,  of  Hastings,  prepared  also  largely  the 
starch  from  this  root.  Starch  grains  remarkably  large.  The  plant 
resembles  a  banana  in  minature,  hence  eligible  for  scenic  planta- 
tions j  the  local  production  in  Gippsland  is  already  large  enough  to 
admit  of  extensive  sale. 

Canna  flaccida,  Roscoe. 

Carolina.  Probably  also  available  for  arrowroot,  though  in  the 
first  instance,  like  many  congeners,  chosen  only  for  ornamental 
culture. 

Canna  glauca,  Linne. 

One  of  the  West  Indian  Arrowroot  Cannas. 

Cannabis  sativa,  Linne.* 

The  Hemp  Plant  •  indigenous  to  various  parts  of  Asia,  as  far  west 
as  Turkey,  and  as  far  east  as  Japan.  Cultivated  for  its  fibre  since 
ancient  times.  Particularly  in  hot  climates  it  exudes  the  churras, 
a  resinous  substance  of  narcotic  intoxicating  property.  The  foliage 
contains  also  a  volatile  oil,  while  the  seeds  yield  by  pressure  the 
well-known  fixed  hemp  oil.  The  staminiferous  plant  is  pulled  for 
obtaining  the  fibre  in  its  best  state  immediately  after  flowering  ; 
the  seeding  plant  is  gathered  for  fibre  at  a  later  stage  of  growth. 
Good  soil,  well  drained,  never  absolutely  dry,  is  needed  for  success- 
ful hemp  culture.  Hemp  is  one  of  the  plants  yielding  a  full  and 
quick  return  within  the  season.  The  summer  temperatures  of  St. 
Petersburg  (67°  F.)  and  of  Moscow  (62°  F.)  admit  of  the  culti- 
vation of  this  plant.  The  hemp  as  a  narcotic  plant  serves  as  a 
protection  against  insects  on  cultural  fields,  if  sown  along  their 
boundaries. 

Cantharellus  edulis,  Persoon.     (G.  cibarius,  Fries.) 

Various  parts  of  Europe.  Dr.  Goeppert  mentions  this  among  the 
many  mushrooms  admitted  under  Government  supervision  for  sale 
in  Silesia. 

Capparis  sepiaria,  Linne. 

From  India  to  the  Phillipine  Islands,  ascending  to  cool  elevations 
and  living  in  arid  soil.  A  prickly  bush,  excellent  for  hedges.  Dr. 
Cleghorn  mentions  also  as  hedge-plants  C.  horrida  (L.  fil.),  C.  aphylla 
(Roth),  C.  Roxburghii  (Cand.),  some  of  which  yield  also  capers. 


62  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Capparis  spinosa,  Linne. 

The  Caper-Bush.  South  Europe  and  North  Africa,  South  Asia 
and  North  Australia.  A  somewhat  shrubby  and  trailing  plant, 
deserving,  even  for  the  sake  of  its  handsome  flowers,  a  place  in  any 
garden.  It  sustains  its  life  in  the  most  arid  deserts.  Light  frosts 
do  not  destroy  this  plant.  The  flower-buds  and  young  berries  pre- 
served in  vinegar  with  some  salt  form  the  capers  of  commerce. 
Samples  of  capers,  prepared  from  plants  of  the  Botanic  Garden  of 
Melbourne,  are  placed  in  our  Industrial  Museum,  together  with 
many  other  industrial  products  emanating  from  the  writer's 
laboratory.  The  caper-plant  is  propagated  either  from  seeds  or 
suckers  ;  it  is  well  able  to  withstand  either  heat  or  drought.  The 
buds  after  their  first  immersion  into  slightly  salted  vinegar  are 
strained  and  afterwards  preserved  in  bottles  with  fresh  vinegar. 
Chemical  principle :  rutin. 

Capsicum  annuum,  Linne. 

Central  America.  An  annual  herb,  which  yields  the  chillies,  and 
thus  also  the  material  for  cayenne  pepper.  Chemical  principle  : 
capsicin,  an  acrid,  soft,  resinous  substance. 

Capsicum  baccatum,  Linne. 

The  Cherry  Capsicum.  A  perennial  plant.  From  Brazil  brought 
to  tropical  Africa  and  Asia,  where  now  other  pepper  capsicums  are 
likewise  naturalised. 

Capsicum  frutescens,  Linne.     (C.  fastigiatum,  Blume.) 

Tropical  America.  The  berries  of  this  shrubby  species  are  likewise 
converted  into  cayenne  pepper. 

Capsicum  longum,  Candolle. 

Some  of  the  hottest  parts  of  America.  An  annual  herb,  also  yielding 
cayenne  pepper.  Fraas  believes  this  plant,  as  an  Oriental  one,  to 
have  been  known  already  to  Theophrastos  and  Dioscorides.  C. 
grossum  (Willd.)  is  also  mentioned  by  Colonel  Drury  as  a  very 
pungent  species.  The  summers  of  the  warm  temperate  zone  admit 
of  the  successful  growth  of  at  least  the  annual  species  of  capsicum 
in  all  the  lowlands.  C.  humile  binds  also  sands  even  when  salty. 

Capsicum  microcarpum,  Candolle. 

South  America.  It  is  this  species  which  is  preferentially  used  in 
Argentina.  There  are  annual  and  perennial  varieties. 

Caragana  arborescens,  Lamarck. 

The  Pea-Tree  of  Siberia.  The  seeds  are  of  culinary  value,  but  par- 
ticularly used  for  feeding  fowl.  The  leaves  yield  a  blue  dye  (Dr. 
Rosenthal.) 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  63 

Carex  arenaria,  Linne. 

Europe  and  North  Asia.  One  of  the  most  powerful  of  sedges  for 
subduing  rolling  sand,  not  attracting  pasture  animals  by  its  rigid 
foliage.  The  roots  are  of  medicinal  value. 

Carex  Moorcroftiana,  Falconer. 

The  Loongmur  of  the  Alps  of  Thibet.  One  of  the  best  of  sedges 
for  staying  the  shifting  sand  by  its  deeply  penetrating  and  creeping 
roots.  It  forms  an  intricate  net-work  on  the  surface  and  beneath, 
outliving  most  other  fodder  plants  at  its  native  places  ;  it  becomes 
available  for  cattle  and  horse  food,  particularly  in  the  cold  of 
winter,  and  is  held  to  be  singularly  invigorating  to  pasture  animals. 

Carissa  Arduina,  Lamarck. 

South  Africa.  A  shrub  with  formidable  thorns,  well  adapted  for 
boundary-lines  of  gardens  where  rapidity  of  growth  is  not  an 
object.  Quite  hardy  at  Melbourne.  C.  ferox  (E  Meyer)  and  C. 
grandiflora  (A.  de  Cand.)  are  allied  plants  of  equal  value.  The 
East  Australian,  C.  Brownii  (F.  von  Mueller),  can  be  similarly 
utilised.  The  flowers  of  all  are  very  fragrant.  C.  Carandas 
(Linne)  extends  from  India  to  China  ;  its  berries  are  edible. 


Carpinus  Americana, 

The  Water-Beach  or  Ironwood  of  North  America,  thriving  best  on 
the  margins  of  streams.  The  wood  is  very  fine  grained,  tough,  and 
compact  ;  used  for  cogs  of  wheels  and  any  purpose  where  extreme 
hardness  is  required,  such  as  yokes,  &c.  (Robb).  It  is  often 
speckled  and  somewhat  curled,  thus  fitted  for  superior  furniture 
(Simmons.) 

Carpinus  Betulus,  Linmi 

The  Hornbeam.  A  tree  80  feet  high.  Middle  and  South  Europe. 
Wood  pale,  of  a  horny  toughness  and  hardness,  close-grained,  but 
not  elastic.  It  is  used  by  wheel-  wrights,  for  cogs  in  machinery,  and 
for  turnery  (Laslett).  It  furnishes  a  good  coal  for  gunpowder. 
This  tree  would  serve  to  arrest  the  progress  of  bush-fires,  if  planted 
in  copses  or  hedges  like  willows  and  poplars  around  forest  planta- 
tions. Four  species  occur  in  Japan  :  C.  cordata,  C.  erosa,  C.  laxi- 
flora,  C.  japonica  (Blume).  Carpinus  viminea  (Wallich)  is  a  species 
with  durable  wood  from  the  middle  regions  of  Nepal. 

Carthamus  tinctorius,  Linne. 

From  Egypt  to  India.  The  Safflower.  A  tall  annual,  rather  hand- 
some herb.  The  florets  produce  yellow,  rosy  ponceau,  and  other 
red  shades  of  dye,  according  to  various  admixtures.  Pigment  prin- 
ciples :  carthamin  and  carthamus  yellow.  For  domestic  purposes 


64  SELECT   PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

it  yields  a  dye  ready  at  hand  from  any  garden.  In  India  the 
Carthamus  is  also  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  the  oil,  which  can  be 
pressed  from  the  seeds. 

Carum  Ajowan,  Bentham.     (Ptychotis  Ajowan,  Candolle). 

India.  The  fruits  of  this  annual  herb  form  an  excellent  culinary 
condiment  with  the  flavour  of  thyme.  Its  peculiar  oil  is  accompanied 
by  cymol  and  thymol. 

Carum  Bulbocastanum,  Koch. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia,  on  lime- 
stone soil.  The  tuberous  roots  serve  as  a  culinary  vegetable,  the 
fruits  as  a  condiment. 

Carum  Cap  ens  e,  Sender. 

South  Africa,  where  the  edible,  somewhat  aromatic  root  is  called 
Eenkelwortel. 

Carum  Carui,  Linne. 

The  Caraway-Plant.  Perennial.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia. 
A  wholesome  adjunct  if  interspersed  among  the  herbs  of  sheep- 
pastures.  It  might  be  naturalised  on  our  Alps  and  also  along  the 
sea-shores.  The  Caraway-oil  is  accompanied  by  two  chemical 
principles  :  carven  and  carvol.  * 

Carum  ferulifolium,  Koch.     ( Bunium  feruiifolium,  Desfont). 

A  perennial  herb  of  the  Mediterranean  regions.  The  small  tubers 
are  edible. 

Carum  Gairdneri,  Bentham. 

Western  North  America,  particularly  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  A 
biennial  herb,  the  tuberous  root  of  which  furnishes  an  article  of 
food  as  well  as  the  root  of  the  allied  California!!  C.  Kelloggii  (A. 
Gray).  Geyer  probably  had  this  plant  in  view  when  he  mentions 
the  tubers  of  an  umbelliferous  plant  which  are  among  the  dainty 
dishes  of  the  nomadic  Oregon  natives.  The  truly  delicious  root 
bursts  on  being  boiled,  showing  a  snowy  white  farinaceous  sub- 
stance, which  has  a  sweet,  cream-like  taste,  and  somewhat  the  aroma 
of  parsley  leaves  (Lindley). 

Carum  Petroselinum,  Bentham.     (Apium  Petroselinum,  Linne.) 

The  Parsley.  The  biennial  well-known  herb,  indigenous  to  South 
Europe  and  the  Orient.  Always  desirable  on  pastures  as  a  pre- 
ventive or  curative  of  some  kidney  and  liver  diseases  of  sheep, 
horses  and  cattle.  The  root  is  also  valuable  for  the  table.  Essential 
oil  with  a  peculiar  stearopten. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  65 

Carum  segetum,  Bentham.     (Anethum  segetum,  Linne) 

Around  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  extending  to  Middle  Europe.     An- 
aromatic  annual  herb,  available  for  culinary  purposes. 

Carya  alba,  Nuttall.* 

The  Shellbark-Hickory.  North  America,  extending  to  Canada. 
A  deciduous  tree,  90  feet  high,  which  delights  in  rich  forest-soil. 
Wood  heavy,  strong,  elastic  and  tenacious,  but  not  very  durable  ; 
used  for  chairs,  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  baskets  (Sargent), 
whip-handles.  Yields  the  main  supply  of  hickory-nuts.  All  the 
hickories  are  extensively  used  in  North  America  for  hoops. 

Carya  amara,  Nuttall. 

The  Bitternut-Tree  or  Swamp-Hickory.  A  tree,  80  feet  high,  in 
swampy  grounds  of  North  America.  Wood  less  valuable  than  that 
of  other  hickories.  Richest  of  all  North  American  trees  in  potash, 
along  with  most  hickories. 

Carya  glabra,  Torrey.*     (Carya  porcina,  Nuttall). 

The  Hognut-Tree.  North  America,  reaching  Canada  and  Florida. 
80  feet  high.  Wood  very  tough  ;  the  heart  wood  jreddish  or  dark- 
coloured  ;  much  used  for  axletrees  and  axe-handles..  -:• 

^    *\- 
Carya  microcarpa,  Nuttall.  /   ,  ^\ 

The  Balsam-Hickory.  North  America.  ;/•  A  fine  lofty  tree  attaining 
a  height  of  80  feet,  and  a  stem  of  2  f  eeiain  diameter.  The-  wpod  is 
white  and  tough,  and  possessed  of  most  of  the  good  qualities,:,  of  C. 
tomentosa,  to  which  this  species  is  also  '.in  .other  respects/  allied. 
The  nut  is  of  a  pleasant  taste,  but  small  (Kuttall).  Ver^"  closely 
allied  to  C.  alba  * 


Carya  oliviferous,   Nuttall.* 

The  Pecannut-Tree  of  North  America.  A  handsome  lofty  tree 
up  to  70  feet  high,  with  a  straight  trunk.  The  most  rapid-growing 
of  all  the  hickories  (Meehan).  Its  wood  is  coarse-grained,  heavy 
and  compact,  possessing  great  strength  and  durability  ;  in  strength 
and  elasticity  it  surpasses  even  that  of  the  White  Ash  (Harrison), 
and  is  quite  as  durable.  The  nuts,  which  are  usually  abundant, 
are  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  are  the  most 
delicious  of  all  walnuts  ;  they  form  an  object  of  commerce  in  the 
Southern  States.  The  tree  bears  nuts  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia. 
It  commences  to  bear  nuts  in  about  eight  years  ;  they  should  be 
packed  in  dry  moss  or  sand  for  distant  transmission.  Although  the 
wood  of  all  the  hickories  is  not  adapted  for  building  purposes,  as  it 
is  easily  attached  by  insets  and  soon  decays  if  exposed  to  the 
weather,  yet  its  great  strength  and  elasticity  render  it  extremely 


66  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

useful  for  implements,  articles  of  furniture,  hoops  and  many  minor 
uses,  besides  supplying  locally  the  very  best  of  fuel  Hickories,  even 
when  very  young,  do  not  well  bear  transplantation,  except  perhaps 
C.  amara.  C.  alba  and  C.  glabra  would  be  particularly  recom- 
mendable  for  the  sake  of  their  timber,  and  C.  olivif  orniis  on  account 
of  its  fruit.  The  bark  of  all  the  hickories  contains  yellow-dye  prin- 
ciples ;  by  addition  of  copperas  an  olive  colour  is  produced ;  by 
addition  of  alum  a  green  colour.  Hickory  stems  are  known  to 
attain  12  feet  in  girth. 

Carya  sulcata,  Nuttall.* 

The  Furrowed-Hickory  and  Shelbark-Hickory  of  some  districts ; 
also  Shagbark-Hickory.  A  tree,  80  feet  high,  in  damp  woods  of 
North  America.  Its  rate  of  growth  is  about  18  inches  in  a  year 
while  young.  Heart-wood  pale-coloured.  Seed  of  sweet  pleasant 
taste.  Wood  similar  to  that  of  C.  alba,  but  paler. 

Carya  tomentosa,  Nuttall.* 

The  Mockernut-Tree  or  White-Heart-Hickory.  North  America, 
extending  to  Canada,  but  not  to  California.  A  big  tree.  Likes 
forest  soil,  not  moist.  Heart-wood  pale-coloured,  remarkable  for 
strength,  elasticity,  heaviness  and  durability,  yet  fissile  ;  used  for 
axles,  spokes,  felloes,  handles,  chairs,  screws,  sieves  and  the  best  of 
mallets ;  the  saplings  for  hoops  and  wythes.  Hickory  is  the  most 
heat-giving  amongst  all  North  American  woods.  Seeds  very  oily. 
Nut  small,  but  sweet.  A  variety  produces  nuts  as  large  as  a  small 
apple,  which  are  called  King-Nuts. 

Caryota  urens,  Linne. 

India.  One  of  the  hardier  Palms,  ascending,  according  to  Dr. 
Thomas  Anderson,  the  Himalayas  to  an  altitude  of  5,000  feet,  yet 
even  there  attaining  a  considerable  height,  though  the  temperature 
sinks  in  the  cooler  seasan  to  40°  Fahrenheit.  Drude  mentions  that 
species  of  this  genus  reach  up  to  an  elevation  of  7,500  feet,  where 
the  temperature  occasionally  approaches  the  freezing  point.  The 
trunk  furnishes  a  sago-like  starch.  This  Palm  flowers  only  at  an 
advanced  age,  and  after  having  produced  a  succession  of  flowers  dies 
away.  From  the  sap  of  the  flowers  toddy  and  palm-sugar  are  pre- 
pared, as  well  as  from  the  Cocos  and  Borassus  Palm,  occasionally 
as  much  as  1 2  gallons  of  toddy  being  obtained  from  one  tree  in 
a  day.  The  fibre  of  the  leaf-stalks  can  be  manufactured  into  very 
strong  ropes,  also  into  baskets,  brushes  and  brooms.  The  outer 
wood  of  the  stem  serves  for  turnery. 

Casimiroa  edulis,  Llav  and  Levarz. 

Mexico,  up  to  the  cool  heights  of  7,000  feet,  bearing  orange-like 
fruits  (Seemann).  This  tree  comes  into  bearing  in  about  ten  years ; 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  67 

the  kernel  is  deleterious  (Hernandez)  ;  the  pulp  of  a  delicious, 
melting,  peach-like  taste  (Gamier).  The  fruit  is  said  to  induce 
sleep. 

Cassia  acutifolia,  Delile. 

Indigenous  or  now  spontaneous,  in  Northern  and  Tropical  Africa 
and  South-west  Asia.  Perennial.  The  merely  dried  leaflets  con- 
stitute part  of  the  Alexandrian  and  also  Tinnevelly  senna.  The 
active  principle  of  senna — namely,  cathartic  acid — occurs  also  in  the 
Coluteas  and  in  Coronilla  varia,  according  to  C.  Koch. 

Cassia  angustifolia,  Vahl. 

Northern  and  Tropical  Africa  and  South-Western  Asia,  indigenous 
or  cultivated.  Perennial.  Yields  Mecca  senna,  also  the  Bombay 
and  some  of  the  Tinnevelly  senna. 

Cassia  fistula,  Linne. 

South  Asia.  The  long  pods  of  this  ornamental  tree  contain  an 
aperient  pulp  of  pleasant  taste,  of  medicinal  value  ;  also  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  cake  tobacco.  Traced  by  Sir  Jos.  Hooker  to 
the  dry  slopes  of  the  Central  Himalayas. 

Cassia  Marylandica,  Linne. 

An  indigenous  Senna  plant  of  the  United  States  of  North  America. 
Perennial. 

Cassia  obovata,  CoUadon. 

South- West  Asia  ;  widely  dispersed  through  Africa  as  a  native  or 
disseminated  plant.  Perennial.  Part  of  the  Alexandrian  and  also 
Aleppo  senna  is  derived  from  this  species,  less  esteemed  and  less 
collected  however  than  the  other  species.  It  furnishes  also 
Tripolis,  Italian,  Senegal,  and  Tanacca  senna.  Several  of  the 
Australian  desert  cassias  of  the  group  of  C.  artemisioides  may  also 
possess  purgative  properties.  The  odour  of  their  foliage  is  almost 
that  of  senna. 

Castanea  sativa,  Miller.*     (C.  vulgaris,  Lamarck;  C.  vesca,  Gaertner.) 

The  Sweet  Chestnut  Tree.  South  Europe  and  Temperate  Asia,  as 
far  as  Japan,  and  a  variety  with  smaller  fruits  extending  to  North 
America.  It  attains  an  enormous  age  ;  at  Mount  Etna  an 
individual  tree  occurs  with  a  stem  204  feet  in  circumference.  At 
other  places  trees  are  found  10  feet  in  diameter,  solid  to  the  centre. 
The  tree  does  not  readily  admit  of  transplantation.  The  wood  is 
light,  cross-grained,  strong,  elastic,  and  durable,  well  adapted  for 
staves,  wheel-cogs,  the  young  wood  for  hoops  and  mast-rings.  The 
wood  is  comparatively  rich  in  tannic  acid  (about  4  to  6  per  cent.), 
and  thus  used  for  preparing  a  liquid  extract ;  the  bark  contains 


68  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

12  per  cent,  tannin  (Wiesner) ;  the  leaves  furnish  food  for  the 
Bombyx  Tamamai  (Dupont).  The  importance  of  the  tree  rests 
on  its  adaptability  for  shade  plantations,  its  nutritious  nuts  and 
timber  value.  The  American  wood  is  slightly  lighter  in  colour  than 
that  of  the  Red  Oak,  and  valuable  for  its  durability,  thus  available 
for  shingles  and  rails ;  chestnut  rails  in  North  America  have  lasted 
for  half-  a  century.  The  wood  is  beautifully  laminated,  and  thus 
sought  for  furniture  (Simmons).  Dr.  Yasey  mentions  that  the 
wood  is  largely  employed  for  furniture,  for  the  inside  finish  of 
railroad  cars  and  steamboats.  The  American  nuts  are  smaller  but 
sweeter  than  the  European ;  they  are  important  particularly  for 
fattening  hogs  (Robb). 

Castanopsis  argentea,  A.  Candolle. 

A  lofty  tree  in  the  mountains  of  India,  produces  also  edible 
chestnuts.  Other  species  of  the  genus  Castanopsis  are  valuable. 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  A.  de  Candolle. 

The  Oak-Chestnut  of  California  and  Oregon.  A  tree  attaining  a 
height  of  150  feet,  and  8  feet  in  diameter.  Either  for  beauty  or 
utility  worthy  of  cultivation  (Dr.  Gibbons).  The  leaves  are  golden- 
yellow  underneath.  Wood  durable. 

Castanopsis  Indica,  A.  de  Candolle. 

Mountains  of  India,  at  about  4,000  feet.  This  Oak-Chestnut 
produces  seeds  with  the  taste  of  filberts. 

Casuarina  Decaisneana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Central  Australia,  where  it  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus.  This 
tree  is  one  of  the  largest  among  its  congeners,  and  particularly 
valuable  for  arid  regions. 

Casuarina  distyla,  Yentenat. 

Extra-tropical  Australia.  A  shrubby  species,  well  adapted  for 
fixing  the  sand-drifts  of  sea-coasts.  All  Casuarinas  can  be  pollarded 
for  cattle-fodder. 

Casuarina  equisetifolia,  Forster. 

East  Africa,  South  Asia,  North  Australia,  Polynesia.  Attains  a 
maximum  height  of  150  feet.  Splendid  for  fuel,  giving  great  heat 
and  leaving  little  ashes.  The  timber  is  tough,  nicely  marked. 
The  tree  will  live  in  somewhat  saline  soil  at  the  edge  of  the  sea. 
Captain  Campbell- Walker  estimates  the  yield  of  firewood  from  this 
tree  four  times  as  great  as  the  return  from  any  tree  of  the  forests 
of  France.  In  India  it  grows  on  pure  sand,  and  is  much  used  as 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  69 

fuel  for  railway  locomotives.  The  cost  of  rearing  Casuarinas  in 
India  lias  been  from  £4  to  £10,  and  the  return  after  only  eight 
years  £13  to  £32. 

Casuarina  Fraseriana,  Miquel. 

South- West  Australia.  A  middle-sized  tree ;  the  wood  easily 
split  into  shingles.  The  best  furniture  wood  of  South- Western 
Australia,  as  it  does  not  rend.  This  tree  is  adapted  even  for  sterile 
heath-land. 

Casuarina  glauca,  Sieber. 

The  Desert  Sheoak,  widely  distributed  through  Australia,  but 
nowhere  in  forest-like  masses.  This  species  attains,  in  favourable 
places,  a  height  of  80  feet.  Its  hard  durable  wood  is  valuable ; 
used  for  staves  ( Woolls).  Important  for  its  rapid  growth,  resistance 
to  exposure  for  shelter  plantation,  and  a  speedy  supply  of  fuel, — 
a  remark  which  applies  also  to  the  following  species. 

Casuarina  quadrivalvis,  Labillardiere. 

The  Coast  Sheoak  of  South-East  Australia,  but  not  merely  living 
in  coast-sand,  but  also  on  barren  places  up  to  the  hills  inland. 
Height  to  60  feet.  The  male  tree  is  very  eligible  for  avenues,  the 
foliage  of  the  species  being  drooping.  Cattle  are  fond  of  the  foliage. 
For  arresting  the  ingress  of  coast-sand  by  belts  of  timber  this  is 
one  of  the  most  important  trees.  It  produces,  like  other  Casuarinas, 
seeds  early  and  copiously,  and  is  easily  raised.  The  foliage,  like 
that  of  the  other  species,  acidulous  from  a  crystallisable  substance 
allied  to  bicitrate  of  lime. 

Casuarina  suberosa,  Willdenow. 

The  erect  Sheoak  of  South-East  Australia.  Height  to  40  feet.  A 
beautiful  shady  species.  Casuarina  trichodon  (Miq.)  and  C. 
Huegeliana  (Miq.)  are  arboraceous  species  of  South- West  Australia, 
all  valuable  for  their  wood. 

Casuarina  torulosa,  Aiton. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  Attains  a  height  of  70  feet. 
The  tough  wood  of  this  handsome  tree  is  in  demand  for  durable 
shingles  and  furniture  work,  as  well  as  for  staves  and  veneers  ;  it 
is  also  one  of  the  best  for  oven  fuel. 

Catalpa  bignonioides,  Walter.* 

On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A  tree  in  a  warm  humid  climate,  of 
remarkable  celerity  of  growth,  attaining  a  height  of  about  20  feet 
in  four  years.  Professor  Meehan  observed  a  tree  to  attain  a  stem 
of  4  feet  in  diameter  in  twenty  years,  even  in  the  clime  of  New 
York.  In  many  of  the  United  States  it  is  a  favourite  tree  for 


70  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

shade  lines.  When  closely  planted  it  will  grow  tall  and  straight, 
attaining  a  stem  of  50  feet  up  to  the  first  branch  ;  it  prefers  bottom 
lands,  but  will  grow  in  any  soil  and  position,  according  to  Mr. 
Barney.  It  is  hardier  than  most  Eucalypts,  but  will  not  stand 
severe  frosts.  According  to  Professor  Burrill,  it  is  not  liable  to  be 
destroyed  by  insects.  Comes  early  into  bearing  of  seeds.  Pro- 
fessor Meehan  regards  the  wood  to  be  as  durable  as  that  of  the  best 
Chestnut  trees ;  indeed,  it  lasts  for  an  almost  indefinite  period. 
General  Harrison  insists  that  there  is  nothing  like  it  for  posts. 
Catalpa  pickets  of  the  old  French  stockade  are  still  sound.  Logs 
thrown  across  water-courses  for  crossing  have  lasted  for  three 
generations  ;  railway  posts  from  it  are  almost  indestructible,  and 
so  are  platforms.  Logs  a  century  old,  and  posts  half  a  century, 
were  not  the  least  decayed  (Barney).  Railway  cross-ties  made  of 
this  wood  are  also  very  lasting,  a  tree  twenty  years  old  furnishing 
sufficient  for  four  ties.  Canoes  of  Catalpa  wood  never  crack  or 
decay. 

Catalpa  speciosa,  Warder. 

In  the  Mississippi  States.  Hardier  and  taller  than  C.  bignonioides, 
blooming  earlier  ;  leaves  inodorous,  flowers  larger,  as  rapid  in 
growth,  and  wood  as  durable  ;  also  only  with  a  very  thin  layer  of 
destructible  sap  wood  (Dr.  Engelmann). 

Catalpa  Kaemferi,  Lieb.  and  Zucc. 

Japan.  Grows  in  eight  years  to  25  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  of 
2  feet  circumference  ;  bunches  of  flowers  very  large  and  fragrant 
(Hovey).  C.  Bungei  (Meyer)  from  North  China  or  a  closely  allied 
species  can  be  grown  for  hedges. 

Catha  edulis,  Forskoel. 

Arabia  and  Eastern  Africa.  The  leaves  of  this  shrub,  under  the 
designation  of  Kafta  or  Cat,  are  used  for  a  tea  of  a  very  stimulating 
effect,  to  some  extent  to  be  compared  to  that  of  Erythroxylon  Coca. 
To  us  here  the  plant  would  be  mainly  valuable  for  medicinal 
purposes. 

Ceanothus  rigidus,  Nuttall. 

California,  One  of  the  best  of  hedge  shrubs,  available  for  dry 
situations.  Evergreen  ;  up  to  12  feet  high  ;  the  branches  become 
densely  intricate.  In  the  coast  tracts  it  is  replaced  by  C.  thyrsi- 
florus,  Esch.,  which  can  also  be  used  for  hedges  and  copses,  and 
will  live  in  mere  coast-sand.  C.  prostratus,  Benth.,  likes  to  form 
natural  mats  on  slopes  formed  by  roads  and  slides,  which  it 
gradually  covers,  and  with  its  pretty  blue  flowers  soon  decorates 
(Professor  Bolander). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  71 

Cedrela  Brasiliensis,  A  de  Jussieu.*     (C.fasilis,  Yelloza.) 

South  Brazil  and  Argentina,  occurring  also  in  Mexico.  The  wood 
is  soft,  fragrant,  and  easily  worked ;  it  is  known  as  Acajou  wood. 
The  wood  of  C.  odorata  from  Central  America  furnishes  the 
principal  material  for  cigar  boxes  (Laslett). 

Cedrela  Sinensis,  A  de  Jussieu.* 

China.  An  elegant  tree,  hardy  in  Middle  Europe.  It  furnishes 
a  wood  not  unlike  that  of  the  Singapore  Cedar,  reddish  in  colour, 
particularly  sought  for  cigar-boxes. 

Cedrela  Taona,  Roxburgh.* 

The  Singapore  Cedar.  Foliage  deciduous.  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  all  timber  trees  for  furniture  wood,  which  is  easily 
worked,  most  sightly,  and  applicable  also  to  a  multitude  of  other 
purposes.  Ascends  the  Himalayas  to  8,000  feet. 

Cedrela  Australis,  R  v.  Muller.* 

East  Australia,  as  far  south  as  35°.  Foliage  deciduous  in  cool 
regions.  Attains  a  height  of  200  feet;  foliage  evergreen.  The 
Rev.  Dr.  Woolls  noted  in  New  South  Wales  trees  so  large  as 
to  yield  30,000  feet  (superficial)  of  timber.  Market  value  in 
Brisbane  £7  10s.  to  £8  10s.  per  1,000  superficial  feet  (Queensland 
Exhibition,  1878).  The  light  beautiful  wood,  easily  worked  and 
susceptible  of  high  polish,  is  very  much  in  request  for  furniture, 
for  piano-cases,  for  turnery,  including  stethoscopes,  for  the 
manufacture  of  pianofortes,  for  boat-building,  frames  of  window- 
blinds,  and  a  variety  of  other  work.  The  timber  from  the  junction 
of  the  branches  with  the  stem  furnishes  the  choicest  veneers. 
The  bark  contains  a  considerable  quantity  of  tannin,  which 
produces  a  purplish  leather  (Fawcett).  The  Red  Cedar  is  hardy 
at  Melbourne,  but  in  our  open  exposed  gardens  and  poor  soil  of 
slow  growth.  C.  Taona,  C.  glabra  (Cas.  de  CaiicL),  and  C. 
microcarpa  (C.  de  Cand.)  yield  all  indiscriminately  Cedar-wood 
in  Sikkim,  according  to  Dr.  Ceo.  King.  C.  serrata.  (Royle) 
grows  at  higher  altitudes,  and  yields  a  different  but  also  good 
timber  (G.  King). 

Cedrela  Velloziana,  Roemer. 

Brazil.     A  magnificent  tree,  with  odorous  wood  of  a  red  hue. 

Cedronella  cordata,  Bentham. 

United  States  of  North  America.  A  perennial  herb,  fragrant  like 
the  following. 


72  SELECT  PLANTS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

Cedronella  triphylla,  Moench. 

Madeira  and  Canary  Islands.  A  shrubby  plant  with  highly  scented 
foliage.  The  volatile  oil  obtainable  from  it  resembles  that  of 
Melissa,  but  is  somewhat  camphoric. 

Celtis  Australis,  Linne. 

The  Lotus  Tree  of  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  and  South  Asia, 
ascending  the  Himalayas  to  9,000  feet.  Attains  a  height  of  about 
50  feet.  Though  of  rather  slow  growth  this  tree  can  be  used  for 
avenues,  as  it  finally  attains  a  stem  of  6  feet  in  diameter,  and  it  is 
supposed  that  this  Celtis  reaches  the  age  of  fully  1,000  years. 
Berries  edible.  Wood  hard  and  dense,  eligible  particularly  for 
turners'  and  carvers'  work.  The  stem  wood  is  fine-grained,  easily 
cleft,  and  of  a  splendid  yellow  tinge  ;  the  branch  wood  is  one  of  the 
best  for  whip-sticks. 

Celtis  occidentalis,  Linne\ 

The  Huckberry  Tree.  A  fine  forest  tree  in  Ohio  and  other  parts 

of   North   America.  Height    80    feet.       The    variety    called  C. 

crassifolia  is  the  best.  The  sweet  fruits  edible.  Wood  elastic  and 
fissile. 

Celtis  Sinensis,  Persoon.     (C.  Japonica,  Planchon.) 

China  and  Japan.  The  "Henoki."  A  tree  bearing  extreme  cold. 
Wood  for  carpenters'  and  turners'  work.  Fruit  edible,  but  small. 

Celtis  Tala,  Gillies. 

From  Texas  to  the  La  Plata  States.  A  thorny  shrub,  or  under 
favourable  circumstances  a  good-sized  tree.  This  plant  can  be  used 
for  forming  impenetrable  hedges  or  shade  avenues.  One  or  two 
other  Argentine  species  serve  the  same  purpose. 

Cephselis  Ipecacuanha,  Eichard. 

Brazil,  in  woods  of  mountains,  consociated  with  Palms  and  Fern 
trees.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  this  herb,  which  is  perennial  and 
yields  the  important  medicinal  ipecacuanha  root,  would  live  in  our 
-warmer  forest  regions,  such  as  those  of  East  Gippsland.  Active 
principles  :  emetin  and  ipecacuanha  acid. 

Cephalotaxus  drupacea,  Siebold  et  Zuccarini. 

China  and  Japan.  This  splendid  Yew  attains  a  height  of  60  feet, 
and  is  very  hardy.  According  to  Dr.  Masters  the  C.  Fortunei 
(Hooker)  is  merely  a  variety. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  73 

Ceratonia  Siliqua,  Linn&* 

The  Carob  Tree  of  the  Mediterranean  regions.  It  attains  a  height 
of  30  feet  and  resists  drought  well ;  succeeds  best  on  a  calcareous 
subsoil.  Wood  pale  red.  The  saccharine  pods,  Algaroba  or  St. 
John's  Bread,  of  value  for  domestic  animals.  The  seeds  germinate 
readily.  The  exportation  of  the  pods  for  cattle  food  from  Greta 
alone  is  now  about  180,000  tons  annually  (Dr.  Masters).  The 
fruit  serves  for  a  medicinal  syrup,  Caramel,  an  imitation  of 
chocolate,  and  a  liqueur  (Wittmack.)  In  some  of  the  Medi- 
terranean countries  horses'  and  stable  cattle  are  almost  exclusively 
fed  upon  the  pods.  The  meat  of  sheep  and  pigs  is  greatly  improved 
in  flavour  by  this  food,  the  fattening  properties  being  twice  that  of 
oil-cake.  The  pods  contain  about  66  per  cent,  of  sugar  and  gum. 
To  horses  and  cattle  6  Ibs.  a  day  are  given  of  the  crushed  pods,  raw 
or  boiled,  with  or  without  chaff.  The  Spanish  conquerors  took  this 
plant  early  to  Central  and  South  America. 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  Nuttall. 

California.  Rises  in  favourable  spots  to  a  tree  40  feet  high,  with  a 
stem  diameter  of  2  J  feet.  The  wood  is  the  hardest  known  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  of  a  dark  colour,  very  dense,  used  for  bearings  in 
machinery  (Dr.  Gibbons).  C.  parvifolius  is  of  lesser  dimensions. 

Cereus  Engelmanni,  Parry. 

Utah.  A  dwarf  species  with  large  scarlet  flowers,  and  refreshingly 
cool  fruits  of  strawberry  taste.  C.  Lecontei  attains  there  to  the  size 
of  a  flour-barrel. 

Cereus  Quixo,  Gay. 

Chili.  This  stately  Cactus  attains  a  height  of  15  feet,  and  is  one 
of  the  hardiest  species.  The  charming  snow-white  flowers  are 
followed  by  sweetish  mucilaginous  fruits,  available  for  the  table 
(Philippi).  C.  giganteus  (Englemann),  from  New  Mexico,  which 
attains  the  stupendous  height  of  60  feet,  with  a  proportionate 
columnar  thickness,  yields  also  edible  fruits,  and  lives  unprotected 
in  our  clime.  It  was  introduced  by  the  writer  many  years  ago. 
Columnar  species  of  Cereus  rising  to  a  height  of  40  feet  occur  also 
in  Argentina.  C.  repandus  and  C.  triangularis  (Haworth),  of  West 
India  and  Mexico,  together  with  several  other  species,  are  available 
in  places  free  of  frost  as  hedge  plants. 

Ceroxylon  andicola,  Humboldt.* 

The  Wax-Palm  of  New  Granada,  ascending  the  Andes  to  11,000 
feet.  One  of  the  most  majestic  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the 
most  hardy  of  all  Palms,  attaining  occasionally  a  height  of  180  feet. 
The  trunk  exudes  a  kind  of  resinous  wax,  about  25  Ibs.  being 


74  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

obtainable  at  a  time  from  each  stem ;  this  by  admixture  of  tallow 
is  used  for  candles.  There  are  several  other  Andine  palms  which 
could  be  reared  in  our  forests  or  in  sheltered  positions  at  our 
dwellings,  but  some  of  them  are  not  even  yet  phytographically 
circumscribed. 

Ceroxylon  australe,  Martius. 

Juan  Fernandez,  on  the  higher  mountains  (latitude  34°  south). 

Ceroxylon  Klopstockia,  Martius. 

Venezuela.  This  very  tall  Wax-Palm  reaches  elevations  of  6,000 
feet. 

Cervantesia  tomentosa,  Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Forest  mountains  of  Peru.  This  tree  yields  edible  seeds.  It  is 
likely  to  prove  hardy  in  our  lower  forest  regions. 

Oestrum  nocturnum,  Linne. 

West  India,  South  Mexico.  Praised  above  almost  all  other  plants 
for  its  fragrance  in  Mexico,  its  flowers  lasting  through  the  summer 
and  autumn,  and  their  scent  being  particularly  powerful  during 
night-time  (Dr.  Barroeta). 

Chserophyllum  bulbosum,  Linne. 

Middle  Europe  and  Western  Asia.  The  Parsnip  Chervil.  A 
biennial  herb.  The  root  a  very  palatable  culinary  esculent,  three 
times  as  rich  in  starch  as  potatoes. 

Chaerophyllum  sativum,   Lamarck.     (Anthriscus  Cerefolium,  Hoff- 
mann.) 

The  Chervil.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  Western  Asia.  An 
annual  herb,  available  for  salads  and  condiments,  but  the  root 
deleterious. 

Chamserops    excelsa,   Thunberg.*       ( Trachycarpus  excelsiis,  Wend- 

land.) 

South  China  as  far  north  as  Napong.  This  Fan-Palm  is  highly 
desirable,  although  not  tall,  as  the  name  would  indicate.  The 
hardiest  of  all  palms  ;  has  stood  16°  Cels.  below  freezing  point  with 
only  a  slight  litter  (Count  de  Saporta.)  Hardy  in  the  mild  middle 
coast  regions  of  England.  Cordage  prepared  from  the  leaves  does 
not  decay  in  water  (Dupont.)  The  hairy  covering  of  the  stem  of 
this  palm  and  of  Livistona  Chinensis  is  utilised  for  fixing  lime- 
plaster  to  buildings  in  Japan  (Christie.)  C.  Fortunei  (Hooker), 
the  Chusan  Palm  form  North  China,  is  a  variety.  It  attains  a 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  75 

height  of  about  12  feet,  and  endures,  like  the  following  species,  con- 
siderable frost.  The  leaves  can  be  employed  for  plaiting  palm-hats. 
Other  hardy  palms  might  be  naturalised  and  used  for  various  pur- 
poses irrespective  of  their  ornamental  features. 

Chamserops  humilis,  Linne. 

The  Dwarf  Fan-Palm  of  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  and  the 
most  south-western  parts  of  Asia.  It  is  very  decorative  for  gardens 
and  plantations,  particularly  also  eligible  for  scenic  effect. 

Chamserops  Khasyana,  Griffith. 

In  the  Himalayas  at  elevations  from  4,000  to  8,000  feet.  Allied 
to  C.  Martiana.  Also,  according  to  Kurz,  in  dry  pine  forests  of 
Martaban  and  Ava. 

Chamserops  Martiana,  Wallich. 

Ascends  the  mountains  of  Nepal  to  5,000  feet.  Attains  a  height 
of  50  feet,  and  is  altogether  a  noble  object.  Reaches  higher 
altitudes  in  the  Himalayas  than  any  other  species. 

Chamserops  Ritcheana,  Griffith. 

Arid  mountains  of  Afghanistan ;  seemingly  the  only  palm  of  that 
country  there  extensively  used  for  cordage.  Has  also  proved  hardy 
even  in  England. 

Chelidonium  majus,  Linne. 

Europe  and  Western  Asia.  The  Celandine.  A  perennial  herb  of 
medicinal  value.  Chemical  principles  :  chelerythrin  and  chelidonin ; 
also  a  yellow  pigment,  chelidoxanthin. 

Chenopodium  ambrosioides,  Linne. 

Tropical  America.  An  annual  medicinal  herb.  Chenopodium 
anthelminthicum  seems  a  perennial  variety  of  this  species. 

Chenopodium  auricomum,  Lindley. 

From  the  Darling  River  to  Carpentaria  and  Arnheim's  Land.  A 
tall  perennial  herb,  furnishing  a  nutritious  and  palatable  spinage. 
It  will  live  in  arid  desert  regions.  Several  other  species  of 
Chenopodium,  among  them  the  European  C.  bonus  Henricus,  afford 
fair  spinage,  but  they  are  annual. 

Chenopodium  Blitum,  F.  v  Mueller.     (Blitum  virgatum,  Linne.) 

From  South  Europe  to  India.  An  annual  herb,  extensively 
in  use  there  as  a  cultivated  spinage  plant.  The  fruits  furnish 
a  red  dye.  The  genus  Blitum  was  reduced  to  Chenopodium 
by  the  writer  in  Caruel's  Giornate  Botanico  some  years  ago,  and 
in  1864  by  Dr.  Ascherson,  who  gave  to  B.  virgatum  the  name 


76  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Chenopodium  foliosum.  C.  capitatum,  Ascherson  (Blitum  capi- 
tatum,  Linne),  may  not  be  really  a  distinct  species.  C.  Quinoa, 
Willdenow,  from  Chili,  deserves  hardly  recommendation  for  cul- 
ture, though  a  nutritious  spinage,  it  being  apt  to  stray  as  a  weed 
into  cultivated  fields.  Some  of  these  sorts  of  plants  are  useful 
to  anglers,  as  attracting  fish,  when  thrown  into  rivers  or  lakes. 

Chionanche  cyathopoda,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Tropical  and  Eastern  Sub-tropical  Australia.  With  C.  barbata 
of  India  and  Queensland  a  valuable  fodder  grass,  yielding  a  large 
return.  Sclerachne  punctata,  (R.  Br.)  from  Java  is  closely  allied. 

Chloris  scariosa,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Tropical  Australia.  Particularly  recommended  by  Mr.  Walter 
Hill  as  a  pasture  grass.  Dr.  Curl  mentions  besides  this  also  C. 
divaricata  (R.  Br.)  as  a  useful  summer  and  autumn  grass  from 
North  and  East  Australia. 

Chloris  truncata,  R.  Brown. 

The  Windmill  Grass.  South-Eastern  Australia,  as  far  south  as 
Port  Phillip.  This  perennial  and  showy  grass  is  regarded  by 
Mr.  Walter  Bissill  as  an  excellent  summer  and  autumn  grass, 
of  ready  growth  and  relished  by  grazing  animals.  C.  ventricosa 
(R.  Br.)  is  another  valuable  East  Australian  species. 

Chlorogalum  pomeridianum,  Kunth. 

California,  frequent  on  the  mountains.  This  lily-like  plant  attains 
a  height  of  8  feet.  The  heavy  bulb  is  covered  with  many  coatings, 
consisting  of  fibres,  which  are  used  for  cushions,  mattresses,  <fcc. ; 
large  contracts  are  entered  into  for  the  supply  of  this  material  on  a 
very  extensive  scale  (Professor  Bolander).  The  inner  part  of  the 
bulb  serves  as  a  substitute  for  soap,  and  it  might  be  tried  whether 
it  can  be  utilised  for  technological  purposes  like  the  root  of 
Saponaria,  as  it  contains  saponin. 

Chloroxylon  Swietenia,  Candolle. 

The  Satin-Wood.  Mountains  of  India.  Like  the  allied  Flind- 
ersias,  possibly  this  tree  would  prove  hardy  even  in  cool  sheltered 
places,  the  cognate  Cedrela  Taona  advancing  in  East  Australia 
southward  to  the  35th  degree.  A  resin,  valuable  for  varnishes, 
exudes  from  the  stem  and  branches. 

Chrysanthemum  cinerarifolium,  Trevisan. 

Austria.  Furnishes  the  Dalmatian  Insect-powder  from  the  dried 
flowers.  It  is  superior  even  to  the  Persian  powder  as  an  insecticide. 
It  will  keep  for  years.  It  is  prepared  from  half-opened  flowers 
during  dry  weather,  and  exsiccated  under  cover.  Best  applied  in 
puffs  from  a  tube.  To  be  used  also  against  aphides  (W.  Saunders). 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  77 

Chrysanthemum  roseum,  Adam.     (Pyrethrum  roseum,  Bieb.) 

Sub-alpine  South- West  Asia.  This  perennial  herb,  with  C.  corono- 
pifolium,  Willdenow,  yields  the  Persian  insect-powder. 

Cicer  arietinum,  Linne. 

South  Europe  and  Orient.  The  Gram  or  Chick  Pea.  An  annual 
herb,  valuable  as  a  pulse  for  grazing  animals.  An  extensive  article 
of  human  diet  in  India.  Colonel  Sjkes  counted  as  many  as  170 
seeds  on  one  plant.  In  Spain,  next  to  wheat,  the  most  extensively 
used  plant  for  human  food  (Honourable  Caleb  Gushing).  The 
seeds  can  be  converted  into  pea-meal  or  be  used  otherwise  for 
culinary  purposes. 

Cichorium  Endivia,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  Orient,  Middle  Asia.  A  biennial  plant,  used  since 
ancient  times  as  a  culinary  vegetable. 

Cichorium  Intybus,  Linne. 

Chicory.  A  well-known  perennial  plant,  indigenous  to  Europe, 
North  Africa,  and  North  and  West  Asia.  The  [roots  much  used 
as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  This  plant  requires  a  rich,  deep,  loamy 
soil,  but  fresh  manure  is  detrimental  to  the  value  of  the  root.  It 
is  also  a  good  fodder  plant,  especially  for  sheep.  The  root  can 
also  be  dressed  and  boiled  for  culinary  purposes.  The  leaves 
useful  for  salad. 

Cimicifuga  racemosa,  Elliott. 

The  Black  Snake  Root  of  North  America.  A  perennial  herb 
of  medicinal  value,  the  root  possessing  emetic  properties. 

Cinchona  Calisaya,  Ruiz  and  Pa  von.  * 

Yellow  Peru  Bark  Tree.  Andes  of  Peru,  New  Granada,  Brazil 
and  Bolivia,  5,000  to  6,000  feet  above  the  ocean.  This  tree 
attains  a  height  of  40  feet.  It  yields  the  Yellow  Bark,  and  also 
part  of  the  Crown  Bark.  It  is  one  of  the  richest  yielders  of 
quinine,  and  produces  besides  cinchonidin,  but  yields  little  of  other 
alkaloids.  The  most  valuable  species  in  Bengal,  braving  occa- 
sional night  frost.  This  has  flowered  at  Berwick  (Victoria)  already, 
five  years  ago,  under  the  care  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Robinson,  from  plants 
supplied  by  the  author,  therefore  as  far  south  as  Port  Phillip. 
It  grows  under  conditions  more  limited  than  those  of  C.  succirubra, 
nor  is  it  so  easily  propagated.  Not  all  its  varieties  furnish  bark 
of  equal  value.  The  Santa  Fe  variety  ascends  the  Andes  of  New 
Granada  up  to  10,000  feet,  and  produces  the  highly  valuable  soft 
Columbia  Bark.  The  variety  Ledgeriana  comes  from  Brazil,  south- 
east of  the  Titicaca  lake.  Its  bark  yielded  in  Java  11  to  12  per 
cent,  of  quinine. 


78  SELECT   PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Renewed  bark,  obtained  by  covering  with  moss  or  matting  the  stem 
where  the  bark  was  removed,  according  to  Mr.  M 'Ivor's  method, 
realized  double  the  ordinary  market  price,  and  in  C.  succirubra  even 
more  (Woodhouse). 

Cinchona  cordifolia,  Mutis.* 

Peru  and  New  Granada  on  the  Andes,  at  between  6,000  and  8,000 
feet  elevation,  and,  according  to  Mr.  Willis  Weaver,  at  Bogota 
(probably  under  the  shelter  of  forests)  up  to  the  frosty  region  of 
9,500  feet.  Provides  the  hard  Cartagena  Bark,  or  West  Pitaya 
Bark,  one  extremely  rich  in  alkaloids.  It  is  a  species  of  robust 
constitution,  grows  with  rapidity  and  vigour.  The  thickest  bark  is 
obtained  in  the  highest  altitudes,  which  by  passing  clouds  are  often 
involved  in  misty  humidity  (Cross). 

Cinchona  micrantha,  Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Cordilleras  of  Bolivia  and  Peru.  This  tree  attains  a  height  of  60 
feet,  and  from  it  part  of  the  Grey  and  Huanuco  Bark,  as  well  as 
Lima  Bark,  are  obtained.  It  is  comparatively  rich  in  cinchonin 
and  quinidin  ;  contains  however  also  quinine. 

Cinchona  nitida,  Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Andes  of  Peru  and  Ecuador.  This  tree  rises  to  80  feet  under 
favourable  circumstances.  It  also  yields  Grey  Bark  and  Huanuco 
Bark,  besides  Loxa  Bark.  It  will  probably  prove  one  of  the 
hardiest  species.  It  contains  predominantly  cinchonin  and  quinidin. 

Cinchona    officinalis,     Linne    (partly).*      (Cinchona    Condaminea, 

Humboldt). 

Andes  of  New  Granada  and  Peru,  at  a  height  of  6,000  to  10,000 
.  feet.  Yields  Crown  or  Brown  Peru  Bark,  besides  part  of  Loxa 
Bark.  Comparatively  rich  in  quinine  and  cinchonidin.  The  tem- 
perature of  the  middle  regions  of  the  Andes,  where  this  tree 
grows,  is  almost  the  same  as  that  of  the  Canary  Islands.  Super- 
abundance of  moisture  is  particularly  pernicious  to  this  species. 
The  Crispilla  variety  endures  a  temperature  occasionally  as  low  as 
27°  F. 

Cinchona  lancifolia  (Mutis)  is  considered  by  Weddell  a  variety  of  C. 
officinalis.  This  grows  on  places  where  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  that  of  Rome,  with  however  less  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  It  yields  part  of  the  Pitaya  Bark. 

Cinchona  Pitayensis  must  also  be  referred  to  C.  officinalis  as  a  variety. 
This  attains  a  height  of  60  feet  and  furnishes  also  a  portion  of  the 
Pitaya  Bark.  It  is  this  particular  cinchona  which  in  Upper  India 
yielded  in  some  instances  the  unprecedented  quantity  of  1 1  per 
cent,  alkaloids,  nearly  6  per  cent,  quinine,  the  rest  quinidin  and 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES. 


79 


cinchonin ;  this  plant  is  now  annihilated  for  bark  purposes  in  its 
native  forests. 

The  Uritusinga  or  Loza  variety  grows  in  its  native  forests  to  a  height 
of  60  feet  and  more  (Pavon),  and  attained  in  Ceylon  a  height  of 
28  feet  with  a  stem  girth  of  nearly  2  feet  in  fifteen  years ;  the 
price  of  its  bark  was  in  1879  about  7s.  per  pound,  and  of  renewed 
bark  11s.  Mr.  M'lvor  obtained  6,850  cuttings  from  one  imported 
plant  in  twenty  months.  But  all  Cinchonas  produce  seeds  copiously, 
so  that  the  raising  of  great  numbers  of  plants  can  be  effected  with 
remarkable  facility.  The  •  bark  yielded  74  to  lO'O  per  cent, 
sulphate  of  quinine  (Howard). 

In  Java  some  of  the  best  results  were  obtained  with  Cinchona  Hasskar- 
liana,  Miq.,  a  species  seemingly  as  yet  not  critically  identified. 

Cinchona  succirubra,  Pavon.* 

Middle  Andine  regions  of  Peru  and  Ecuador.  A  tree  attaining  a 
height  of  40  feet,  yielding  the  Red  Peru  Bark,  rich  in  quinine  and 
cinchonidin.  It  is  this  species  which  is  predominantly  cultivated 
on  the  mountains  of  Bengal.  It  has  been  found  hardy  in  Lower 
Gippsland  and  the  Westernport  District.  It  grew  in  Madeira  at 
an  elevation  of  500  feet,  after  having  been  planted  two  and  a  half 
years,  to  a  height  of  20  feet,  flowering  freely.  All  these  cinchonas 
promise  to  become  of  importance  for  culture  in  the  warmest 
regions  of  extra-tropical  countries,  on  places  not  readily  accessible 
or  eligible  for  cereal  culture.  The  Peruvian  proverb  that  cinchona 
trees  like  to  be  "  within  sight  of  snow  "  gives  some  clue  to  the  con- 
ditions under  which  they  thrive  best.  They  delight  in  the  shelter 
of  forests,  where  there  is  an  equable  temperature,  no  frost,  some 
humidity  at  all  times  both  in  air  and  soil,  where  the  ground  is  deep 
and  largely  consists  of  the  remnants  of  decayed  vegetable  substances, 
and  where  the  subsoil  is  open.  Drippage  from  shelter  trees  too 
near  will  be  hurtful  to  the  plants.  Closed  valleys  and  deep  gorges, 
into  which  cold  air  will  sink,  are  also  not  well  adapted  for  cinchona 
culture.  The  cinchona  region  may  be  considered  as  interjacent 
between  the  coffee  and  the  tea  region,  or  nearly  coinciding  with 
that  of  the  Assam  tea.  Cross  found  the  temperature  of  some  of  the 
best  natural  cinchona  regions  to  fluctuate  between  35°  and  60°  F. 
We  ought  to  consociate  the  Peru  Bark  plants  with  naturally-grow- 
ing fern  trees,  but  only  in  the  warmest  valleys  and  richest  soil. 
The  best  temperature  for  cinchonas  is  from  53°  to  66°  F.  ;  but  they 
mostly  will  endure  in  open  places  a  minimum  of  32°  F. ;  in  the 
brush  shades  of  the  Botanic  Garden  of  Melbourne,  where  years 
ago  cinchonas  were  already  raised  by  the  thousand,  they  have  even 
resisted  uninjured  a  temperature  of  a  few  degrees  less,  wherever 
the  wind  had  no  access,  while  under  such  very  slight  cover  the  cin- 
chonas withstood  also  a  heat  of  a  few  degrees  over  100°  F.  The 
plants  are  most  easily  raised  from  seeds,  best  under  some  cover  such 


80  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

as  mats,  and  they  are  seeding  copiously  already  several  years  after 
planting.  The  contents  of  alkaloids  in  the  bark  can  be  much 
increased  by  artificial  treatment,  if  the  bark  is  only  removed  to 
about  one-third  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and  the  denuded  part 
covered  with  moss  or  straw  matting  (kept  moist),  under  which  in 
one  year  as  much  bark  is  formed  as  otherwise  requires  three  years' 
growth, — such  forced  bark  moreover  containing  the  astounding 
quantity  of  as  much  as  25  per  cent,  alkaloids,  because  no  loss  of 
these  precious  substances  takes  place  by  gradual  disintegration 
through  age.  The  root  bark  of  some  cinchonas  has  proved 
to  contain  as  much  as  8  per  cent,  of  alkaloids  (see  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  1877,  p.  212).  The  income  from  Java  plantations 
is  considerably  over  double  the  cost  of  the  expenses  of  culture 
and  transit.  Mr.  Howard's  opinion  that  cinchonas  in  low 
land  plantations  produce  a  far  less  quantity  of  alkaloids  needs 
further  confirmation,  particularly  regarding  the  valuable 
quinin  and  cinchonidin.  The  cinchona  plants  are  set  out  at 
distances  of  about  6  feet.  The  harvest  of  bark  begins  in  the 
fourth  or  fifth  year.  The  price  varies  in  Europe  from  2s.  to 
9s.  per  K).,  according  to  quality.  The  limits  assigned  to  this 
literary  compilation  do  not  admit  of  entering  further  into  details 
on  this  occasion;  but  I  may  add  that  in  the  Darjeeling  district  over 
three  millions  of  cinchona  plants  were  in  cultivation  already  in 
1869,  raised  in  Government  plantations.  Cultivation  of  cinchona 
for  commercial  purposes  was  first  initiated  in  Java  through  Dr. 
Hasskarl  in  1851.  The  British  harvest  in  the  Madras  Presidency 
alone  amounted  to  150,000  Ibs.  in  1875  Dr.  G.  King  reports  in 
1880  that  four  million  trees  of  Cinchona  succirubra  are  now 
under  his  control  in  the  Sikkim  plantations.  This  has  proved  the 
hardiest  species  ;  it  grows  nnder  a  wide  range  of  conditions,  and  it 
seeds  freely ;  thus  it  is  the  most  valuable  cinchona  in  the  elevations 
of  Sikkim.  In  the  Neilgherries  more  than  600,000  cinchona  plants 
were  distributed  from  the  Government  plantations  in  1879,  and 
1,322  fibs,  of  seeds  (Barlow),  from  80,000  to  250,000  seedlings 
arising  from  one  pound  of  seeds,  as  almost  every  grain  will  grow. 
All  its  varieties  produce  bark  of  great  value.  The  total  amount 
of  alkaloids  is  at  an  average  4  per  cent.  If  the  trees  were  cut 
every  seven  or  eight  years,  and  simultaneous  replanting  should  take 
place,  Dr.  King  could  keep  up  an  annual  supply  of  366,000  Ibs.  of 
bark.  The  total  number  of  deaths  of  the  Indian  population  from 
fever  is  considered  to  approach  a  million  and  a  half  annually. 

Cinna  arundinacea,  Linne. 

North  America.  There  recorded  as  good  fodder-grass ;  perennial, 
somewhat  sweet-scented.  Particularly  adapted  for  forest-meadows. 
Blyttia  suaveolens  (Fries)  is,  according  to  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  a  variety 
with  pendant  flowers. 


.'•',  • 

IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  81 

Cinnamomum  Camphor  a,  Fr.  Nees.* 

The  Camphor  Tree  of  China  and  Japan  north  to  Kinsin,  attaining 
a  height  of  about  40  feet.  It  endures  the  occasional  frosts  of  a 
clime  like  that  of  Port  Phillip,  though  the  foliage  will  suffer.  The 
wood,  like  all  other  parts  of  the  tree,  is  pervaded  by  camphor ; 
hence  resists  the  attacks  of  insects.  The  well-known  camphor  is 
obtained  by  distilling  or  boiling  the  chopped  wood  and  root  j  the 
subsequently  condensed  camphoric  mass  is  subjected  to  a  purifying 
sublimation-process. 

Cinnamomum  Cassia,  Blume. 

South  China.  It  is  not  impossible  that  this  tree,  which  produces 
the  Chinese  cinnamon  or  the  so-called  Cassia  lignea,  may  prove 
hardy  outside  the  tropics.  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  found  on  the  Khasya 
mountains  up  to  6,000  feet  three  cinnamons  producing  this  Cassia 
bark, — namely,  C.  obtusifolium,  C.  pauciflorum,  and  C.  Tamala, 
the  latter  extending  to  Queensland.  Dr.  Thwaites  notes  the  true 
Cinnamon  tree  (C.  Zeilanicum,  Breyn)  even  up  to  8,000  feet  in 
Ceylon,  but  the  most  aromatic  bark  comes  from  lower  altitudes. 
Cinnamon  leaves  yield  a  fragrant  oil,  and  the  root  camphor. 

Cinnamomum  Loureiroi,  Nees.  , 

Cochin  China  and  Japan.  A  middle-sized  tree.  The  leaves  locally 
in  use  as  a  condiment  and  for  perfume. 

Cistus  creticus,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  This  shrub,  with  C.  cyprius 
(Lam.)  furnishes  the  best  ladanum  resin.  Other  species  yield  a  less 
fragrant  produce. 

Citrus  Aurantium,  Linne.* 

The  Orange  (in  the  widest  sense  of  the  word).  A  native  of  South 
Asia.  A  tree  of  longevity,  known  to  have  attained  the  age  of  600 
years  or  more.  Any  specific  differences,  to  distinguish  C.  Auran- 
tium from  C.  Medica,  if  they  once  existed,  are  obliterated  now 
through  hybridisation,  at  least  in  the  cultivated  forms.  In  Central 
India  a  peculiar  variety  is  under  culture,  producing  two  crops  a 
year.  The  blossoms  of  February  and  March  yield  their  ripe  fruit 
November  and  December,  whereas  from  the  flowers  of  July  mature 
fruits  are  obtained  in  March  and  April.  To  prevent  exhaustion 
only  alternate  fruiting  is  allowed.  It  is  not  unusual  that  orange- 
trees  continue  in  full  bearing  for  60  or  70  years,  and  after  that  the 
wood  is  still  valued  for  its  durability,  fragrance  and  beauty.  The 
Sorrento  honey  has  the  ravishing  perfume  of  orange-flowers,  and 
it  has  become  classical  as  the  best  and  analogous  to  that  of 


82  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Hymethus  (Laura  Redden).     As  prominent  varieties  of  C.  Auran- 
tium  may  be  distinguished  : — 

Citrus  Bergamium,  Risso.  From  the  fruit-rind  of  this  variety 
Bergamotte  oil  is  obtained,  but  also  oil  from  the  flowers.  The 
Mellarosa  variety  furnishes  a  superior  oil  and  exquisite  confitures. 

Citrus  Bigaradia,  Duhamel.  The  Bitter  Orange.  This  furnishes 
from  its  flowers  the  Neroli  oil,  so  delicious  and  costly  as  as  a  scent. 
It  is  stated  that  orange  flowers  to  the  value  of  <£50  might  be 
gathered  from  the  plants  of  an  acre  within  a  year.  The  rind  of 
the  fruit  is  used  for  candied  orange  peel.  Bitter  principle  :  hes- 
peridin  in  the  rind,  limonin  in  the  seed. 

Citrus  decumana,  Linne.  The  Shaddock  or  Pompelmos.  The  fruit 
will  exceptionally  attain  a  weight  of  20  Ibs.  The  pulp  and  thick 
rind  can  both  be  used  for  preserves. 

Citrus  dulcis,  Yolkamer.  The  Sweet  Orange,  of  which  many  kinds 
occur.  The  St.  Michael  Orange  has  been  known  to  bear  in  the 
Azores  on  sheltered  places  20,000  fruits  on  one  tree  in  a  year. 
Navel  Oranges  have  been  obtained  up  to  1 9  ozs.  in  weight  at  Rock- 
hampton,  other  varieties  up  to  3  Ibs.  (Thozet).  Neroli  oil  obtained 
from  the  flowers  of  this  and  allied  varieties.  The  oil  of  orange- 
peels  might  be  used  as  a  cheap  and  pleasant  one  for  distilling  with 
it  costly  odorouS  substances, 

Citrus  nobilis,  Loureiro.  The  Mandarin  Orange.  The  thin  peel 
separates  most  readily  from  the  deliciously-flavoured  sweet  pulp. 
There  are  large  and  small  fruited  Mandarin  oranges  ;  the  Tangerine 
variety  is  one  of  them.  Some  varieties  are  excellent  for  hedges,  and 
as  such  are  much  used  in  Japan.  Burnt  earth  is  valuable  as  an 
admixture  to  soil  in  orangeries. 

Citrus  Australasica,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Coast  forests  of  Extra-tropical  East  Australia.  A  shrubby  species, 
with  oblong  or  almost  cylindrical  fruits  of  lemon-like  taste,  measur- 
ing 2  to  4  inches  in  length.  They  are  thus  very  much  larger  than  those 
of  Atalantia  glauca  of  the  coast  and  the  desert  interior  of  tropic 
Australia,  which  are  also  of  similar  taste.  These  plants  are 
entered,  together  with  the  following,  on  this  list  merely  to  draw 
attention  to  them  as  likely  capable  of  improvement  of  their  fruit 
through  culture. 

Citrus  Japonica,  Thunberg. 

The  Kumquat  of  Japan.  A  shrubby  Citrus  with  fruits  of  the  size 
of  a  gooseberry,  from  which  on  account  of  their  sweet  peel  and 
acid  pulp  an  excellent  preserve  can  be  prepared. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES. 


83 


Citrus  Medica,  Linne.* 

The  Citron  (in  the  widest  sense  of  the  word).  Indigenous  to, 
Southern  Asia.  For  the  sake  of  convenience  it  is  placed  here  as 
distinct  from  C.  Aurantium.  As  prominent  varieties  of  the  Citrus 
Medica  may  be  distinguished  : — 

Citrus  Cedra,  Gallesio.  The  Real  Citron.  From  the  acid  tubercular 
fruit  essential  oil  and  citric  acid  can  be  obtained,  irrespective  of  the 
ordinary  culinary  use  of  the  fruit.  A  large  variety  with  thick 
rind  furnishes  candied  the  citrio-nate  or  succade.  The  Cedra  oil 
comes  from  a  particular  variety. 

Citrus  Limonium,  Risso.  The  Real  Lemon.  From  the  fruit  of  this 
is  largely  pressed  the  lemon-juice,  while  the  thin,  smooth,  aromatic 
peel  serves  for  the  production  of  volatile  oil  or  for  condiments. 
The  juice  of  this  fruit  is  particularly  rich  in  citric  acid.  A  large 
variety  is  the  Rosaline  Lemon. 

Citrus  Limetta,  Risso.  The  Real  Lime.  The  best  lime-juice  is 
obtained  from  this  variety,  of  which  the  Perette  constitues  a  form. 
Less  hardy  than  most  other  varieties. 

Citrus  Aumia,  Risso.  The  Sweet  Lemon,  including  the  Pear  Lemon 
with  large  pear-shaped  fruit.  Rind  thick  and  pale ;  pulp  not  acid. 
This  variety  serves  for  particular  condiments. 

Citrus  trifoliata,  Linne.  Japan.  Much  grown  as  a  hedge-shrub  in 
its  native  country  ;  used  often  as  stock  for  grafting  oranges  on. 

Citrus  Planchoni,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (C.  Australis,  Planchon,  partly.) 

Forests  near  the  coast  of  Sub-tropic  East  Australia.  A  noble  tree, 
fully  40  feet  high,  or,  according  to  Hartmann,  even  60  feet  high, 
with  globular  fruits  about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  called  in  Australia 
Native  Oranges.  The  species  has  first  appeared  under  the  above  name 
in  the  "  Report  on  the  Vegetable  Products  of  the  Intercolonial 
Exhibition  of  1867."  Its  beautiful  wood  takes  a  high  polish  ; 
hence  it  is  made  use  of  for  the  finest  cabinet-work. 

Cladrastis  tinctoria,  Rafinesque. 

North  America.  The  wood  of  this  tree  produces  a  saffron-yellow 
dye. 

Clavaria  botrytis,  Persoon. 

Europe.  This  and  following  are  the  species,  which  are  admitted 
for  sale  among  Silesian  mushrooms,  according  to  Dr.  Goeppert :  C. 
brevipcs  (Krombholz),  C.  flava,  C.  formosa,  C.  grisea  (Persoon), 
C.  muscoides  (L.),  C.  aurea  (Schaeffer),  C.  palmata  (Scop.),  C. 
crispa  (Wulfen).  Morren  mentions  as  much  consumed  in  Belgium, 
C.  fastigiata  (L.) 


84  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Clino stigma  Mooreanum,  F.  v.  Mueller.  (Kentia  Mooreana,  F.  v.  M.) 

Dwarf  Palm  of  Lord  Howe's  Island,  where  it  occurs  only  on  the 
summits  of  the  mountains.  Likely  to  prove  one  of  the  hardiest  of 
all  Palms. 

Coccoloba  uvifera,  Jacquin. 

Central  America,  northward  to  Florida.  A  tree  attaining  a  large 
size,  fit  for  sandy  sea-shores.  The  dark-blue  sweet  or  acidulous 
berries  are  edible.  A  kind  of  kino  is  obtained  from  the  bark  ;  the 
wood  yields  a  red  dye.  Dr.  Rosenthal  notes  as  yielding  likewise  edible 
fruits: — C.  nivea  (Jacq.),  C.  pubescens  (L.),  C.  excoriata  (L.),  C. 
flavescens  (Jacq.),  C.  diversifolia  (Jacq.)  C.  Leoganensis  (Jacq.)  is 
also  a  coast-tree;  other  species  belong  to  forest  regions  of  mountains. 

Cochlearia  Armoracia,  Lmn& 

The  Horse-radish.  Middle  Europe  and  Western  Asia.  Perennial. 
The  volatile  oil  of  the  root  allied  to  that  of  mustard. 

Cochlearia  officinalis,  Linne. 

Shores  of  Middle  and  North  Europe,  North  Asia,  and  North 
America.  A  biennial  herb,  like  the  allied  C.  Anglica  and  C. 
Danica,  valuable  as  an  antiscorbutic,  hence  deserving  naturalisa- 
tion. It  contains  a  peculiar  volatile  oil. 

Go  CO  8  Australia,  Martius. 

From  Brazil  to  Uruguay  and  the  La  Plata  States.  One  of  the 
hardiest  of  all  Palms,  hardier  than  even  the  Date  Palm,  with- 
standing unprotected  a  cold  of  8°  C.  below  freezing  point,  at  which 
temperature  oranges  and  almonds  are  injured  or  destroyed.  It  was 
perfectly  uninjured  at  Antibes  by  frost  at  a  temperature  of  15°  F. 
(Naudin).  C.  pityrophylla  ascends  the  Andes  to  7,800  feet  (de 
Denterghem.) 

Cocos  flexuosa,  Martius. 

Brazil,  extending  far  south.  This  slender  and  not  tall  decorative 
Palm  belongs  to  the  dry  Cactus  region  with  C.  coronata,  C.  capitata, 
Astrocaryum  campestre,  Diplothemium  campestre,  and  Acrocomia 
sclerocarpa  (Martins).  Cocos  coronata  withstood  at  Hyeres  a 
temperature  of  22°  F.  (Bonnet). 

Cocos  regia,  Liebmann. 

Mexico,  up  to  2,500  feet.  A  Palm  of  enormous  height;  almost 
sure  to  prove  hardy  here. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES. 


85 


Cocos  Romanzoffiana,  Chamisso. 

Extra-tropic  Brazil.  This  noble  Palm  attains  to  a  height  of  40 
feet. 

Cocos  Yatay,  Martius.* 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Uruguay  and  Argentina.  Forms  mainly 
with  C.  Australis  and  C.  Datil,  distinct  forests  (Drude).  The  last 
mentioned  bears  date-like  fruits,  according  to  Dr.  Lorentz. 

Coffea  Arabica,  Linne. 

Mountains  of  South- West  Abyssinia.  The  Coffee  Plant.  This 
shrub  or  small  tree  has  been  admitted  into  this  list,  not  without 
great  hesitation,  merely  not  to  be  passed.  The  cultivation  within 
extra-tropical  boundaries  can  only  with  any  prospect  of  success  be 
tried  in  the  warmest  and  simultaneously  moistest  regions,  frost 
being  detrimental  to  the  coffee  plant.  In  Ceylon  the  coffee  regions 
are  between  1,000  and  5,000  feet  above  the  ocean,  but  Dr.  Thwaites 
observes  that  the  plant  succeeds  best  at  an  elevation  from  3,000  to 
4,500  feet,  in  places  where  there  is  a  rainfall  of  about  100  inches  a 
year.  The  temperature  there  rises  hardly  ever  above  80°  F.,  and 
almost  never  sinks  below  45°  F.  Coffee  requires  moist  weather 
whilst  it  ripens  its  fruit,  and  a  season  of  drier  weather  to  form  its 
wood.  Average  yield  in  Ceylon  4  to  5  cwt.  per  acre.  An  extra- 
ordinarily prolific  variety  of  coffee  was  introduced  twenty  years  ago  by 
the  writer  of  this  work  into  Fiji,  where  it  now  forms  the  main 
plantations.  The  Coffee  plant  has  been  found  hardy  as  far  north 
as  Florida.  For  further  particulars  see  the  papers  of  the  Planters' 
Association  of  Kandy.  Chemical  principles :  coffein,  a  peculiar 
tannic  acid  and  quinic  acid.  The  loss  sustained  in  1878  alone  by 
the  ravages  of  parasitic  fungus  growth  on  coffee  plants  in  Ceylon 
amounted  to  ,£2,000,000,  the  total  loss  since  1869  from  this  source 
to  £15,000,000  (Abbay).  The  destruction  of  the  Coffee-leaf 
Fungus  (Hemileia  vastatrix)  is  effected  by  applying  flour  of  sulphur, 
particularly  in  dewy  weather,  and  by  dressing  the  ground  with 
quicklime  (Morris).  See  also  essay  by  Mr.  T.  Dyer  in  Journal 
of  Microsc.  Soc.  new  series,  vol.  XX.  In  America  coffee  plantations 
have  suffered  not  only  from  the  attacks  of  erysiphoid  fungi,  but  also 
the  Cemiostoma  Fly.  Coffee  leaves  have  recently  come  into  use 
as  tea. 

Coffea  Liberica,  Bull. 

The  Liberian  Coffee  plant,  distinguished  already  by  Afzelius. 
According  to  Dr.  Imray  this  species  has  shown  immunity  from  the 
Cemiostoma  Fly,  and  it  is  less  affected  by  the  Hemileia  mould. 
It  grows  to  the  size  of  a  real  tree,  is  a  rich  bearer,  and  the  berries 
are  larger  than  those  of  the  ordinary  coffee  bush  ;  but  the  (useless) 


86  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

pulp  is  about  twice  as  large  in  proportion  to  the  seeds.  The  fruit 
requires  a  longer  time  to  ripen  (a  year),  but  this  species  can  be 
grown  in  hot  tropical  countries  down  to  the  coast.  (Lietze ;  Hegel). 

Colchicum  autumnale,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  West  Asia.  The  Meadow  Saffron. 
The  seeds  and  roots  of  this  pretty  bulbous-tuberous  herb  are 
important  for  medicinal  use.  The  plant  has  been  introduced  into 
Australia  by  the  writer  with  a  view  of  being  naturalised  on  moist 
meadows  in  our  ranges.  Active  principle  :  colchicin. 

Golocasia  antiquorum,  Schott.* 

From  Egypt  through  South  Asia  to  the  South  Sea  Islands ; 
apparently  also  indigenous  in  the  warmer  parts  of  East  Australia. 
The  Taro.  The  stem-like,  tuberous,  starchy  roots  lose  their 
acridity  by  the  process  of  boiling,  roasting,  or  baking.  It  is  the 
Kolkas  of  the  Arabs  and  Egyptians,  to  them  one  of  the  most 
esteemed  and  abundant  vegetables.  Immense  quantities  are 
harvested  and  kept  during  the  winter.  A  splendid  starch  is 
obtainable  from  the  tubers  of  this  and  the  following  species.  The 
plant  proved  hardy  as  far  south  as  Melbourne.  Cultivated  as  far 
south  as  New  Zealand.  The  tops  of  the  tubers  are  replanted  for  a 
new  crop.  Taro  requires  a  rich  moist  soil,  and  would  grow  well  on 
banks  of  rivers.  Eor  scenic  culture  it  is  a  very  decorative  plant. 
Colocasia  esculenta  is  a  variety  of  this  species. 

Colocasia  Indica,  Kunth.     (Alocasia  Indica,  Schott.) 

South  Asia,  South  Sea  Islands,  and  East  Australia.  Cultivated 
for  its  stem  and  tubers  on  swamps  or  rivulets.  This  stately  plant 
will  rise  in  favourable  localities  to  a  height  of  12  feet,  the  edible 
trunk  attaining  a  considerable  thickness,  the  leaves  sometimes 
measuring  3  feet  in  length.  In  using  the  stein  and  root  for  food 
great  care  is  needed  to  expel  by  the  heating  process  all  acridity. 
Colocasia  odora  and  C.  macrorrhiza  seem  varieties  of  this  species. 
Several  other  aroid  plants  deserve  attention  for  test-culture  on 
account  of  their  edible  roots,  among  them  Cyrtosperma  edule, 
Seemann,  from  the  Fiji-Islands. 

Combretum  butyraceum,  Caruel. 

The  Butter  Tree  of  Caffraria  and  other  parts  of  South-East  Africa. 
The  Caffirs  call  the  fatty  substance  obtained  from  this  tree  Chiquito. 
It  is  largely  used  by  them  as  an  admixture  to  their  food,  and 
exported  also.  It  contains  about  one-quarter  olein  and  three- 
quarters  margarin.  This  butter-like  fat  is  extracted  from  the  fruit, 
and  is  of  an  aromatic  flavour.  The  tree  should  be  hardy  in  the 
warmer  and  milder  parts  of  Victoria. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  87 

Comptonia  asplenifolia,  Solander. 

North  America.  The  Sweet  Fernbush.  This  dwarf  shrub  is 
perhaps  quite  worthy  of  dissemination  on  sterile  hills,  as  the 
foliage  contains  nearly  10  per  cent,  of  tannin,  an  extract  of  which 
has  come  into  the  tanning  trade. 

Condalia  microphylla,  Cavanilles. 

Chili  and  Argentina.  The  Piquillin.  Bush  yielding  sweet,  edible, 
succulent  fruit. 

Conium  maculatum,  Linne". 

The  Hemlock.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  West  Asia. 
A  biennial  herb,  important  for  medicinal  purposes.  It  should 
however  not  be  allowed  to  stray  from  its  plantations,  as  it  is  apt 
to  be  confounded  with  culinary  species  of  Anthriscus,  Chserophyllum, 
and  Myrrhis,  and  may  thus  cause,  as  a  most  dangerous  plant,  dis- 
astrous mistakes.  Active  principles :  coniin  in  the  fruit,  also 
conhydrin. 

Conopodium  denudatum,  Koch. 

Western  Europe.  The  small  tuberous  roots  of  this  herb,  when, 
boiled  or  roasted,  are  available  for  food,  and  known  as  Earth 
Chestnuts.  The  plant  is  allied  to  Carum  Bu 

Conospermum  Stoechadis,  Endlicher. 

West  Australia.  The  question  has  arisen  whether  this  shrub, 
with  C.  triplinervium  (R.  Brown),  oughtptdt  to  be  introduced  ;into 
our  worst  desert  country.  All  kinds  oApasture  animals  browse 
with  avidity  on  the  long,  tender,  and  downy  flower  stalks  and 
spikes  without  touching  the  foliage,  thus  not^strpying  the  plant 
by  close  cropping.  ^^i.***^ 

Convolvulus  floridus,  Linn6  fil. 

Canary  Islands.  A  shrubby,  not  climbing  or  winding  species. 
With  C.  scoparius  it  yields  the  Atlantic  Rosewood  from  stem  and 
root. 

Convolvulus  Scammonia,  Linne. 

Mediterranean  regions  and  Asia  Minor.  A  perennial  herb,  from 
the  root,  which  will  grow  2  feet  long,  is  obtained  the  purgative 
resin  Scammonia.  Plants  readily  raised  from  seeds.  To  obtain 
the  resin  a  portion  of  the  root  is  laid  bare,  and  into  incisions  made 
shells  are  inserted  to  collect  the  juice,  which  is  daily  removed  (Maw). 

Convolvulus  scoparius,  Linne  fil. 

Tenerifie.     One  of  the  Rosewood  plants. 


88  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Copernicia  cerifera,  Martins.* 

Brazil,  extending  into  Bolivia  and  also  Argentina.  This  mag- 
nificient  Fan  Palm  was  found  hardy  at  Sydney,  by  Mr.  Charles 
Moore.  It  resists  drought  in  a  remarkable  degree,  and  prospers 
also  on  a  somewhat  saline  soil.  The  stem  furnishes  starch ;  the 
sap  yields  sugar ;  the  fibres  of  the  leaves  are  converted  into  ropes, 
which  resist  decay  in  water :  it  can  also  be  used  for  mats,  hats, 
baskets  and  brooms,  and  many  other  articles  are  prepared  from  the 
leaves.  The  inner  part  of  the  leaf-stalks  serves  as  a  substitute  for 
cork.  Mainly  however  this  palm  is  valued  for  its  Carnauba  wax, 
with  which  the  young  leaves  are  coated,  and  which  can  be  detached 
by  shaking ;  it  is  harder  than  bees'-wax,  and  is  used  in  candle 
manufacture.  Each  tree  furnishes  about  4  Ibs.  annually.  In  1862 
no  less  than  2,500,000  Ibs.  were  imported  into  Great  Britain, 
realising  about  £100,000. 

Corchorus  acutangulus,  Lamarck. 

Tropical  Africa,  South  Asia,  and  North  Australia.  This  species  is 
specially  mentioned  by  some  writers  as  a  jute  plant.  A  particular 
machine  has  been  constructed  by  Mr.  Le  Franc,  of  New  Orleans, 
for  separating  the  jute  fibre.  With  it  a  ton  of  fibre  is  produced  in 
a  day  by  four  men's  work,  and  it  leaves  no  butts  or  refuse.  This 
apparatus  can  also  be  used  for  other  fibre  plants.  The  seeds  of 
the  Corchorus,  which  spontaneously  drop,  will  reiterate  the  crop. 

Corchorus  capsularis,  Linne.* 

From  India  to  Japan.  One  of  the  principal  jute  plants.  An 
annual,  attaining  a  height  of  about  a  dozen  feet,  when  closely 
grown,  with  almost  branchless  stem.  A  nearly  allied  but 
lower  plant,  Corchorus  Cunninghami,  F.  v.  Mueller,  occurs  in 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  East  Australia.  Jute  can  be  grown 
where  cotton  and  rice  ripen,  be  it  even  in  localities  compara- 
tively cold  in  the  winter,  if  the  summer's  warmth  is  long  and 
continuous.  The  fibre  is  separated  by  steeping  the  full-grown 
plant  in  water  from  five  to  eight  days,  and  it  is  largely  used 
for  rice,  wool  and  cotton  bags,  carpets  and  other  similar 
textile  fabrics,  and  also  for  ropes.  About  60,000  tons  are 
annually  exported  from  India  to  England,  and  a  large  quantity 
also  to  the  United  States.  Jute  is  sown  on  good  land,  well 
ploughed  and  drained,  but  requires  no  irrigation,  although  it 
likes  humidity.  The  crop  is  obtained  in  the  course  of  four  or 
five  months,  and  is  ripe  when  the  flowers  turn  into  fruit  cap- 
sules. Good  paper  is  made  from  the  refuse  of  the  fibre.  Jute 
has  been  found,  when  planted  around  cotton-fields,  to  protect 
them  like  hemp,  from  caterpillars  (Hon.  T.  Watts).  In 
India  jute  alternates  with  rice  or  sugar-cane ;  as  a  crop  it 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  89 

wants  damp  soil.  It  does  not  require  drained  land,  according  to 
Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke.  The  harvest  is  in  three,  four,  or  five  months. 
Unlike  cotton  it  will  bear  a  slight  frost.  Under  favourable  cir- 
cumstances 2,000  to  7,000  Ibs.  may  be  obtained  from  an  acre.  It 
is  best  grown  on  flooded  ground,  as  otherwise  it  proves  an  exhaus- 
tive crop.  Two  hundred  million  pounds  of  jute  were  woven  in 
1876  in  Dundee,  and  fifty  million  gunny  bags  were  exported  from 
Britain  in  one  single  year,  according  to  S.  Waterhouse.  Jute  does 
not  so  easily  decay  when  exposed  to  moistu?e  as  hemp. 

Corchorus  olitorius,  Linne.* 

South  Asia  and  North  Australia.  Furnishes,  with  the  foregoing 
species,  the  principal  supply  of  jute  fibre.  As  it  also  is  an  annual, 
it  can  be  brought  to  perfection  in  the  summers  of  the  warm  tempe- 
rate zone.  The  foliage  can  be  used  for  spinach.  The  fibre  is  not 
so  strong  as  hemp,  but  very  easily  prepared.  It  will  not  endure 
exposure  to  water.  The  allied  Corchorus  trilocularis,  L.,  of  Indian 
origin,  is  likewise  a  native  of  eastern  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
Australia. 

Cordyline  Banksii,  J.  Hooker. 

New  Zealand.  This  lax  and  long-leaved  Palm-Lily  attains  a  height 
of  10  feet ;  its  stem  is  usually  undivided.  This  and  the  following 
species  have  been  admitted  into  this  list  for  a  double  reason, 
because  not  only  are  they  by  far  the  hardiest,  quickest  growing,  and 
largest  of  the  genus,  and  thus  most  sought  in  horticultural  trade 
for  scenic  planting,  but  also  because  they  furnish  from  the  leaves  a 
superior  fibre  for  ropes  and  other  textile  purposes.  The  small 
seeds  are  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  germinate  with  extreme 
readiness.  These  Palm-Lilies  ought  to  be  naturalised  in  forest 
ranges  by  mere  dissemination. 

Cordyline   Baueri,  J.    Hooker.      (C.    Australis,   Endlicher,   not  J. 
Hooker.) 

Norfolk  Island.  The  stem  of  this  stately  species  attains  a  height 
of  40  feet,  and  becomes  in  age  ramified.  It  is  very  intimately 
allied  to  the  following  species. 

Cordyline  indivisa,  Kunth. 

New  Zealand.  The  stem  of  this  thick  and  rigid-leaved  palm-like 
species  rises  to  a  height  of  20  feet,  and  remains  undivided.  Leaves 
finally  5  inches  broad ;  yield  the  toi  fibre.  Aged  leaves  persistent 
in  a  perfectly  downward  position  for  many  years.  Panicle  at  first 
erect.  Berries  white. 


90  SELECT   PLANTS    FOE   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Cordyline  superbiens,  C.   Koch.      (G.  Australia,  J.   Hooker,  not 

Endlicher.) 

New  Zealand.  The  stem  of  this  noble  thin-leaved  plant  attains  a 
height  of  40  feet,  and  is  branched.  Aged  leaves  readily  separable ; 
berries  blue.  Hardy  at  Torquay  (W.  Wood),  Power's  Court, 
Limerick,  and  in  others  of  the  milder  localities  in  South  England 
and  Ireland. 

Cordyline  terminalis,  Kunth. 

South  Asia,  Polynesia,  East  Australia.  The  roots  in  a  roasted 
state  are  edible.  The  leaves,  like  those  of  other  species,  can  be 
utilised  for  textile  fibre.  The  splendid  decorative  Cordylines  with 
red  or  variegated  foliage  belong  to  this  species. 

Coriandrum  sativum,  Linne. 

Orient  and  Middle  Asia.  An  annual  or  biennial  herb,  much  in  use 
for  condiments.  The  essential  oil  peculiar. 

Cornus  florida,  Linne. 

North  America.  The  Dogwood.  A  showy  tree,  up  to  30  feet 
high.  The  wood  in  great  demand  for  shuttles,  handles,  harrow- 
teeth,  horse-collars,  sledge-runners. 

Cornus  Nuttalli,  Torrey. 

North-west  America.  This  is  the  largest  of  the  genus,  attaining  a 
height  of  70  feet  and  a  stem  2  feet  in  diameter.  One  of  the  most 
showy  of  Californian  forest-trees.  The  wood  is  hard  and  close- 
grained,  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species.  The  natives  use 
the  small  twigs  for  making  baskets  (Dr.  Gibbons). 

Corylus  Colurna,  Linne\ 

The  Constantinople  Nut  Tree,  the  tallest  of  Hazels,  attaining  60 
feet  in  height,  of  rather  quick  growth.  This,  as  well  as  the  Euro- 
pean Hazel  (Corylus  Avellana,  L.)  and  the  Japan  Hazel  (C.  hetero- 
phylla,  Fischer),  might  be  grown  for  copses  in  forest  gullies  for 
their  filberts. 

Corynocarpus  laevigata,  Forster. 

The  Karaka  of  New  Zealand  and  the  principal  forest  tree  of  the 
Chatham  Islands,  attaining  a  height  of  60  feet.  The  wood  is  light, 
and  used  by  the  natives  for  canoes.  The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  edible. 
Cattle  browse  on  the  foliage.  In  rich  irrigated  soil  the  tree  can  be 
adopted  for  very  shady  avenues. 

Corynosicyos  edulis.    (Cladosicyos  edulis,  J.  Hooker.) 

Guinea.  A  new  cucumber-like  plant,  with  edible  fruits  about  1 
foot  long  and  3  inches  in  diameter. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  91 

Crambe  cordifolia,  Steven. 

From  Persia  and  the  Caucasus  to  Thibet  and  the  Himalayas,  up  to 
•  14,000  feet.     The  root  and  foliage  of  this  Kale  afford  an  esculent. 
C.  Kotschyana  (Boiss.)  is  an  allied  plant. 

Crambe  maritima,  Linne. 

Sea  Kale.  Sand-coasts  of  Europe  and  North  Africa.  A  perennial 
herb  ;  the  young  shoots  used  as  a  wholesome  and  agreeable  vege- 
table. Should  be  naturalised. 

Crambe  Tataria,  Wulfen. 

From  Southern  Europe  to  the  Orient.  Perennial.  Likewise  used 
for  culinary  purposes.  According  to  Simmons  the  large  fleshy 
roots  form  also  an  esculent. 

Crataegus  sestivalis,  Torrey  and  Grey. 

The  Apple  Haw.  Southern  States  of  North  America.  The  small 
juicy  fruit  of  an  agreeable  acid  taste. 

Crataegus  apiifolia,  Michaux. 

North  America.     Highly  serviceable  for  hedges. 

Crataegus  Azarolus,  Linne. 

Welsh  Medlar.  South  Europe  and  South-west  Asia.  The  plea- 
santly acidulous  fruits  are  much  used  for  preserves. 

Crataegus  coccinea,  Linne. 

North  American  White  Thorn.  A  valuable  hedge  plant ;  also  very 
handsome.  Spines  strong. 

Crataegus  cordata,  Aiton. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  Also  much  employed  for 
hedges. 

Crataegus  Crus-Galli,  Linne\ 

North  America.  The  Cockspur  Thorn.  Regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  species  for  hedges.  Spines  long  and  stout. 

Crataegus  Oxyacantha,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  West  Asia.  The  ordinary  Haw- 
thorn or  White  Thorn  or  Quick.  Recorded  here  as  one  of  the 
most  eligible  among  deciduous  hedge  plants,  safe  against  pastoral 
animals.  The  wood  is  considered  one  of  the  best  substitutes  for 
boxwood  by  engravers. 


92  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Cratsegus  parvifolia,  Alton. 

North  America.  For  dwarf  hedges.  Spines  long,  slender,  sharp, 
and  numerous. 

Cratsegus  pyracantha,  Persoon. 

The  Firethorn.  South  Europe.  This  species  is  evergreen.  It  is 
likewise  adapted  for  hedges,  but  slower  in  growth  than  Hawthorn, 
altogether  not  difficult  to  rear. 

Cratsegus  tomentosa,  Linne. 

North  America.  Up  to  20  feet  high.  Fruit  edible.  By  the 
species  mentioned  the  list  of  American  Hedgethorns  is  probably  not 
yet  exhausted. 

Crithmum  maritimum,  Linne. 

The  real  Samphire.  Sea-shores  of  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North 
Africa  and  the  Orient.  A  perennial  herb.  Settlers  on  the  coast 
might  readily  disseminate  and  naturalise  it.  It  is  held  to  be  one 
of  the  best  plants  for  pickles,  the  young  leaves  being  selected  for 
that  purpose. 

Crocus  sativus,  Linne. 

The  Dye  Saffron.  South  Europe  and  Orient.  The  stigmata  of 
this  particular  autumnal  flowering  crocus  constitute  the  costly  dye 
substance.  The  best  is  collected  from  the  flowers  just  as  they  daily 
open  in  succession.  At  any  early  stage  of  colonisation  it  would 
not  be  remunerative  to  grow  saffron  commercially  ;  but  as  the  plant 
is  well  adapted  for  many  extra-tropical  countries  or  for  high  eleva- 
tions within  the  tropical  clime,  it  might  be  planted  out  into  various 
unoccupied  mountain  localities  with  a  final  view  to  naturalise  it, 
and  to  render  it  thus  available  at  a  later  period  from  native  sources. 
Noted  as  a  bee-plant  already  by  the  ancients  (Muenter). 

Crocus  serotinus,  Salisbury.     (C.  odorus,  Bivona.) 

South  Europe.  This  species  also  produces  saffron  rich  in  pigment. 
The  bulbs  of  several  are  edible. 

Crotalaria  Burhia,  Hamilton. 

Beluchistan,  Affghanistan,  Scinde.  This  perennial  herb  grows  in 
arid  places,  and  yields,  like  the  following,  Sunn  fibre. 

Crotalaria  juncea,  Linne. 

The  Sunn  Hemp.  Indigenous  to  South  Asia,  and  also  widely  dis- 
persed through  tropical  Australia.  An  annual  herb,  rising  under 
favourable  circumstances  to  a  height  of  10  feet.  In  the  colony  of 
Victoria  Sunn  can  only  be  cultivated  in  the  warmest  and  moistest 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  93 

localities.  It  comes  in  four  or  five  months  to  maturity.  The  plant  can 
also  be  grown  as  a  fodder  herb  for  cattle.  It  requires  rich,  friable  soil. 
If  a  superior  soft  fibre  is  desired,  then  the  plant  is  pulled  while  in' 
flower ;  if  strength  is  the  object,  then  the  plant  is  left  standing  until 
it  has  almost  ripened  its  seeds.  The  steeping  process  occupies  about 
three  days.  For  the  purpose  of  obtaining  branchless  stems  it  is  sown 
closely.  Cultivated  in  the  Circars,  according  to  Roxburgh,  to  feed 
milch  cows. 

Crotalaria  retusa,  Linne".    -. 

Asia,  America,  and  Australia  within  the  tropics.  A  perennial 
herb.  Its  fibre  resembles  that  of  C.  juncea,  and  is  chiefly  used  for 
ropes  and  canvas.  Others  of  the  multitudinous  species  of  Crotalaria 
deserve  to  be  tested  for  their  fibres. 

Croton  lacciferus,  Linne\ 

Ceylon,  up  to  3,000  feet.  Suitable  for  the  warmer  forest  regions 
here,  to  obtain  from  this  tree  its  peculiar  exuding  lac  resin. 

Crozophora  tinctoria,  Necker. 

South  Europe,  North  Africa  and  Orient.  An  annual  herb.  The 
turnsole  dye  is  prepared  by  exposure  of  the  juice  to  the  air,  or  by 
treating  it  with  ammonia. 

Cryptomeria  Japonica,  D.  Don ; 

Japan  and  Northern  China.  The  Sugi,  or  Japanese  Cedar;  the 
largest  tree  in  Japan,  the  trunk  attaining  35  feet  in  circumference 
(Rein),  1 20  feet  in  height,  and  with  a  long  clear  stem  of  perfect 
straightness ;  it  is  also  grown  for  hedges,  and  there  yielding  the 
most  esteemed  timber,  scented  like  that  of  Cedrela  (Christie).  It 
requires  forest  valleys  for  successful  growth.  The  wood  is  compact, 
very  white,  soft  and  easy  to  work.  In  the  Azores  preferred  even 
to  the  Pinus  Haleppensis  for  timber  culture,  on  account  of  its  still 
more  rapid  growth  in  that  insular  clime. 

Cucumis  cicatrisatus,  Stocks. 

Scinde,  where  it  is  called  "Wungee."  The  edible  ovate  fruit  is 
about  6  inches  long. 

Cucumis  Citrullus,  Seringe.     (Citrullus  vulgaris,  Schrader.) 

Mediterranean  regions.  The  Water  Melon.  It  is  simply  mentioned 
here  to  indicate  the  desirability  of  naturalising  it  in  the  Australian 
interior  deserts,  where  no  Cucurbita  and  only  a  single  kind  of 
edible  Cucumis  (C.  acidus,  Jacquin),  with  fruits  not  larger  than  a 
pigeon's  egg,  is  indigenous.  In  South  African  deserts  it  has  become 
spontaneously  established,  and  retained  the  characters  of  the  culti- 
vated fruit. 


94  SELECT  PLANTS  FOE  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

Cucumis  Colocynthis,  Linn&     (Citrullus  Colocynthis,  Schrader.) 

From  the  Mediterranean  regions  to  India.  An  annual  herb.  The 
medicinal  extract  of  colocynth  is  prepared  from  the  small  gourd  of 
this  species.  Active  principle  :  colocynthin. 

Cucumis  Conomon,  Thunberg. 

Japan.     An  annual.     The  large  fruit  is  used  for  preserves. 

Cucumus  Melo,  Linn6. 

The  Melon.  Originally  from  the  country  about  the  Caspian  Sea. 
The  best  varieties  might  also  be  naturalised  in  sand  deserts,  par- 
ticularly in  places  where  some  moisture  collects.  Some  of  the  Bok- 
hara varieties  are  remarkably  luscious  and  large.  Apparently 
remunerative  results  have  been  gained  in  Belgium  from  experiments 
to  cultivate  Melons  for  sugar  and  treacle.  The  seeds  thus  obtained 
in  quantity  become  available  for  oil  pressing.  The  root  contains 
melonemetin. 

Cucumis  Momordica,  Roxburgh. 

Cultivated  in  India.  It  produces  cucumbers  2  feet  long,  bursting 
slowly  when  ripe  into  several  divisions.  Young,  the  fruit  is  used 
like  Cucumbers  ;  aged,  like  Melons. 

Cucumis  sativus,  Linne. 

The  Cucumber.  Egypt.  Indicated  here  merely  for  completeness' 
sake,  also  because  gherkin  pickling  ought  to  become  a  more  extended 
local  industry.  Dr.  G.  King  brought  under  notice  and  Indian  cul- 
ture the  Chinese  Cucumber  "  Solly-Qua,"  which  attains  a  length 
of  7  feet.  It  must  be  trained  on  walls  or  trellises,  to  afford  to  the 
fruit  sufficient  scope  for  suspension. 

Cucumis  utilissimus,  Roxburgh. 

Mountains  of  Bengal.  An  annual  like  the  other  species.  Fruit  of 
the  size  and  shape  of  an  ostrich's  egg,  with  the  flavour  of  melons. 
These  fruits  will  keep  for  several  months. 

Cucurbita  maxima,  Duchesne. 

Large  Gourd.  Turkey.  Instances  are  on  record  of  fruits  having 
weighed  over  2  cwt.  This  species,  also,  is  eligible  for  naturalisation 
in  the  interior.  Amongst  other  purposes  it  serves  for  calabashes. 

Cucurbita  Melopepo,  Linne. 

The  Squash.  May  be  regarded  as  a  variety  of  C.  Pepo.  It  will 
endure  storage  for  months. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  95 

Cucurbita  moschata,  Duchesne. 

The  Musky  Gourd.     Doubtless  also  from  the  Orient. 

Cucurbita  Pepo,  Linne. 

The  Pumpkin  and  Vegetable  Marrow.  Countries  on  the  Caspian 
Sea.  Its  naturalisation  in  the  desert  would  be  a  boon.  The  seeds 
on  pressure  yield  a  fixed  oil ;  they  are  also  anthelminthic.  It  yields 
with  many  other  Cucurbitacese  much  honey  for  bees.  C.  melano- 
sperma,  A.  Braun,  is  not  edible. 

Cudrania  Javensis,  Trecul. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland,  South  and  East  Asia  to  Japan, 
East  Africa.  This  climbing  thorny  shrub  can  be  utilised  for  hedges. 
Fruit  edible,  of  pleasant  taste  ;  the  root  furnishes  a  yellow  dye. 

Cuminum  Cyminum,  Linne. 

North  Africa.  The  fruits  of  this  annual  herb  are  known  as  Cumin 
and  used  for  certain  condiments,  as  also  in  medicine.  Cuminum 
Hispanicum,  Merat,  is  similar.  Essential  oil  peculiar. 

Cupressus  Benthami,  Endlicher. 

Mexico  at  5,000  to  7,000  feet.  A  beautiful  tree  60  feet  high.  The 
wood  is  fine-grained  and  exceedingly  durable. 

Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Murray.     (Chamcecyparis  Lawsoniana,  Parl.) 

Northern  California.  This  is  a  splendid  red-flowered  Cypress, 
growing  100  feet  high,  with  a  stem  of  2  feet  in  diameter,  and  fur- 
nishes a  valuable  timber  for  building  purposes,  being  clear,  easily 
worked,  free  of  knots,  elastic,  and  very  durable.  (Sargent.) 

Cupressus  Lindleyi,  Klotzsch. 

On  the  mountains  of  Mexico.  A  stately  Cypress  up  to  120  feet  high. 
It  supplies  an  excellent  timber. 

Cupressus  macrocarpa,  Hartweg.*     (C.  Lambertiana,  Gordon.) 

California,  from  Monterey  to  Noyo,  in  the  granite  as  well  as  sand- 
stone formation;  sometimes  in  Sphagnum-moors.  This  beautiful 
and  shady  tree  attains  the  height  of  150  feet,  with  a  stem  of  9  feet 
in  circumference,  and  is  one  of  the  quickest  growing  of  all  conifers, 
even  in  poor,  dry  soil.  One  of  the  best  shelter  trees  on  sea-sands, 
naturally  following  the  coast-line,  never  extending  many  miles  from 
the  shore,  and  occurring  in  localities  where  the  temperature  does 
not  rise  above  80°  F.,  nor  sinks  below  the  freezing  point  (Bolander). 
Richer  in  its  yield  of  tar  than  the  Scotch  Fir,  according  to  American 
writers. 


96  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Cupressus  Nutkaensis,  Lamb.      (Chamcecyparis  Nutkaensis,  Spach.) 

(Thuya  excelsa,  Bongard.) 

The  Yellow  Cedar  or  Cypress  of  Alaska  and  the  neighbouring 
States.  Height  of  tree,  100  feet.  Timber  soft,  pale,  clear,  durable, 
tough  and  close ;  also  scented  ;  worked  with  ease  ;  used  for  boat- 
building and  other  purposes ;  the  bast  for  mats  and  ropes.  Can  be 
trimmed  for  hedge  growth.  The  Cypresses  of  the  sections  Chamse- 
cyparis  and  Retinospora  are  now  regarded  by  Sir  Jos.  Hooker 
and  Mr.  Geo.  Bentham  as  species  of  Thuya. 

Cupressus    obtusa,    F.   v.    Mueller.     (Retinospora  obtusa,  Sieb.   and 

Zucc.) 

The  Hinoki  of  Japan.  Attains  a  height  of  100  feet;  stem  5  feet 
in  circumference.  It  forms  a  great  part  of  the  forests  at  Nipon. 
Growing  naturally  between  1,200  and  4,200  feet  elevation  on  the 
transition  of  the  compact  alluvial  clays  to  eruptive  granite  (Dupoiit). 
The  bark  is  used  for  thatching,  also  for  cordage  and  tow.  The  wood 
is  white-veined  and  compact,  assuming,  when  planed,  a  silky  lustre. 
According  to  Mr.  Christie,  durable,  close-grained,  and  easily  worked. 
It  is  used  in  Japan  for  temples.  There  are  varieties  of  this  species 
with  foliage  of  a  golden  and  of  a  silvery  white  hue.  Hardy  at  New 
York,  even  in  exposed  localities.  One  of  the  finest  of  evergreen 
trees  for  dwellings.  It  resembles  C.  Lawsoniana,  but  excels  it ; 
hardier  and  of  rapid  growth  (Rev.  H.  W.  Beecher).  Easily  multi- 
plied from  layers  of  the  lower  branches. 

Two  other  Japanese  Cypresses  deserve  introduction — namely,  C.  bre- 
viramis  (Chamcecyparis  breviramea,  Maxim.)  and  C.  pendens 
(Chamcecyparis  pendula,  Maxim.). 

Cupressus    pisifera,   F.  v.  Mueller.      (Chamcecyparis  pisifera,   Sieb. 

and  Zucc.) 

The  Sarvara  of  Japan.  It  attains  a  height  of  30  feet,  producing 
also  a  variety  with  golden  foliage.  Very  hardy,  like  the  foregoing ; 
also  of  beautiful  aspect  and  quick  growth.  Stem  occasionally  3  feet 
in  diameter  (Rein).  Less  esteemed  than  C.  obtusa ;  grows  in  about 
the  same  localities,  but  is  content  with  poorer  soil,  and  bears  more 
heat  (Dupont). 

Cupressus  sempervirens,  Linne. 

Common  Cypress  of  South  Europe.  Height  of  tree  up  to  80  feet. 
It  is  famous  for  the  great  age  it  reaches,  and  for  the  durability  of 
its  timber,  which  is  next  to  imperishable.  At  present  its  wood  is 
much  sought  for  the  manufacture  of  musical  instruments. 

Cupressus  thurifera,  Humboldt,  Bonpland,  and  Kunth. 

Mexican  White  Cedar ;  3,000  to  4,500  feet  above  sea  level.  A 
handsome  pyramidal  tree,  upwards  of  40  feet  high. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  97 

Cupressus  thuyoides,  Linne.     (Chamcecyparis  sphceroidea,    Spach.) 
(Thuya  spliwroidcdis,  01.  Richard.) 

White  cedar  of  North  America;  in  moist  and  morassy  ground. 
Height  of  tree,  80  feet ;  diameter  of  stem,  3  feet.  The  wood  is 
reddish,  light,  clear,  easy  to  split,  soft,  and  fragrant ;  it  turns  red 
when  exposed  to  the  air ;  it  is  extensively  used  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes — for  boat-building,  cooperage,  railway  ties,  particularly 
also  shingles  ;  it  is  fine-grained  and  easily  worked.  Mohr  says  that 
the  wood  when  well  seasoned  offers  the  finest  material  for  hollow- 
ware.  For  furniture  it  admits  of  a  high  finish  and  pleasing  hue. 
The  aged  wood  resists  the  succession  of  dryness  and  moisture  better 
than  any  other  Cypress  hitherto  tried. 

Cupressus  torulosa,  Don.* 

Nepal  Cypress.  Northern  India;  4,500  to  8,000  feet  above  sea 
level.  Average  ordinary  height  40  feet,  but  much  larger  dimen- 
sions are  on  record,  requiring  perhaps  confirmation.  The  reddish 
fragrant  wood  is  as  durable  as  that  of  the  Deodar  Cedar,  highly 
valued  for  furniture.  The  tree  seems  to  prefer  limestone  soil. 
Splendid  for  breakwinds  and  tall  hedges.  Dr.  Brandis  thinks  that 
it  may  attain  an  age  of  1,000  years. 

Cyamopsis  psoraloides,  Candolle. 

South  Asia.  This  annual  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Forbes  Watson 
among  the  plants  which  furnish  all  the  year  green  table-beans  to  a 
portion  of  the  population  of  India. 

Cycas  Normanbyana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

A  noble  Queensland  species,  deserving  introduction,  and  capable  of 
being  shipped  to  long  distances  in  an  upgrown  state  without 
emballage. 

Cycas  revoluta,  Thunberg. 

The  Japan  Fern  Palm.  The  trunk  attains,  in  age,  a  height  of 
about  6  feet,  and  is  rich  in  sago-like  starch.  The  slow  growth  of 
this  plant  renders  it  valuable  for  no  other  purpose  than  scenic 
decorative  culture ;  it  endures  the  climate  of  Melbourne  without 
protection.  Cycas  angulata,  R.  Br.,  may  also  prove  hardy,  and 
would  prove  a  noble  horticultural  acquisition,  as  it  is  the  most 
gigantic  of  all  Cycadese,  attaining  a  height  of  70  feet  in  tropical 
East  Australia.  Like  the  Zamia  stems  also,  the  trunks  of  Cycas 
admit  of  translocation,  even  at  an  advanced  age. 

Cymopterus  glomeratus,  Candolle. 

Western  States  of  North  America.     Root  edible  (Dr.  Rosenthal). 

G 


98  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Cynara  Cardunculus,  Linne. 

The  Cardoon.  Mediterranean  regions.  A  perennial  herb.  The 
bleached  leaf  stalks  serve  as  esculents. 

Cynara  Scolymus,  Linne. 

The  Artichoke.  South  Europe  and  North  Africa.  The  receptacles 
and  the  base  of  the  flower-scales  well  known  as  a  vegetable.  The 
plant  is  perennial,  and  here  merely  mentioned  as  entitled  to 
extended  culture  in  grouping  this  with  other  stately  plants.  Several 
other  species  are  worthy  of  cultivation.  In  Italy  Artichokes  are 
much  grown  under  olive  trees  to  utilise  spare  ground.  The  plant 
is  greatly  benefited  in  cultivation  by  a  dressing  with  sea-weed  or 
any  other  manure  containing  sea-salt  (G.  "W.  Johnson). 

Cynodon  Dactylon,  Persoon.* 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  globe,  thus  as 
indigenous  reaching  the  northern  parts  of  the  colony  of  Victoria  ; 
stretching  also  into  Middle  Europe  and  West  England.  Passes 
under  the  names  of  Bermuda  Grass,  Indian  Couch  or  Scutch  Grass, 
Doorva  or  Bahama  Grass.  An  important  grass  for  covering  bare, 
barren  land,  or  binding  drift  sand,  or  keeping  together  the  soil  of 
abrupt  declivities,  or  consolidating  earth  banks  against  floods.  It 
is  not  without  value  as  a  pasture  grass  ;  resists  extreme  drought, 
and  may  become  of  great  importance  to  many  desert  tracts.  The 
dispersion  is  best  effected  by  the  creeping  rooting  stems,  cut  into 
short  pieces ;  each  of  these  takes  root  readily.  In  arable  land  this 
grass,  when  once  established,  cannot  easily  be  subdued.  The  stems 
and  roots  are  used  in  Italy  for  preparing  there  the  Mellago  graminis. 
Roxburgh  already  declared  this  grass  to  be  by  far  the  most  common 
and  useful  of  India,  particularly  in  the  drier  regions ;  that  it 
flowers  all  the  year,  and  that  it  forms  three-fourths  of  the  food  of 
the  cows  and  horses  there.  Excellent  also  as  a  lawn  grass.  The 
chemical  analysis,  made  very  early  in  spring,  gave  the  following 
results: — Albumen  1*60,  gluten  645,  starch  4-00,  gum  3'10,  sugar 
3 '60  per  cent.  (F.  v.  Mueller  and  L.  Hummel.) 

Cy  no  sums  cristatus,  Linne. 

The  Crested  Dog's-tail  Grass.  Europe,  North  Africa,  West  Asia. 
A  perennial  grass,  particularly  valuable  as  withstanding  drought, 
the  roots  penetrating  to  considerable  depth.  The  stems  can  also  be 
used  for  bonnet-plaiting.  Though  inferior  in  value  for  hay,  this 
grass  is  well  adapted  for  permanent  pasture,  as  it  forms  dense  tufts 
without  suffocating  other  grasses  or  fodder  herbs. 

Cypenis  corymbosus,  Rottboell. 

India.  This  stately  perennial  species  may  be  chosen  to  fringe  our 
lakes  and  ponds.  It  is  extensively  used  for  mats  in  India. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES. 


99 


Cyperus  esculentus,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  West  Asia,  various  parts  of  Africa.  Produces  the 
"  Chufa"  or  Ground  Almond,  an  edible  root,  which  contains  27  per 
cent,  of  starch,  17  per  cent,  of  oil,  and  12  per  cent,  of  saccharine 
substance  ;  other  (French)  analyses  give  28  per  cent,  oil,  29  starch, 
14  sugar,  7  gum,  14  cellulose.  This  plant  does  not  spread  like  the 
C.  rotundus,  and  can  be  reared  on  sand-land,  though  in  rich  loose 
soil  the  harvest  is  far  more  plentiful.  The  tubers,  of  which  100  to 
150  can  be  obtained  from  each  plant,  are  consumed  either  raw  or 
cooked.  Hogs  root  them  up  for  food.  The  oil  surpasses  in  excel- 
lence of  taste  all  other  oils  used  for  culinary  purposes.  The  tubers 
are  a  fair  substitute  for  coffee  when  properly  roasted;  the  root 
crop  is  available  in  from  four  to  six  months.  The  root  of  the 
North  American  C.  phymatodes  (Muehlenberg)  is  also  nutty. 

Cyperus  Papyrus,  Linne. 

The  Nile  Papyrus,  wild  in  various  regions  of  Africa.  Attains  a 
height  of  16  feet.  Though  no  longer  strictly  an  utilitarian  plant, 
as  in  ancient  times,  it  could  scarcely  be  passed  on  this  occasion,  as 
it  ought  to  become  valuable  in  the  horticultural  trade.  Its  grand 
aspect  recommends  it  as  very  decorative  for  aquatic  plantations. 

Cyperus  proliferus,  Linn6  fil. 

Canary  Islands.  The  "  Tagasaste."  This  tall  herb  is  recommended 
as  a  fodder  plant  in  countries  exposed  to  drought. 

Cyperus  Syriacus,  Parlatore. 

The  Syrian  or  Sicilian  Papyrus.  This  is  the  Papyrus  plant  usual 
in  garden  cultivation.  The  plants  in  the  Melbourne  Botanic 
Garden  attain  a  height  of  8  feet,  but  suffer  somewhat  from  frost. 
Other  tall  decorative  Cyperi  deserve  introduction  —  for  instance, 
C.  giganteus,  Rottboell,  from  West  India  and  Guiana,  these  kinds 
of  plants  being  hardier  than  others  from  the  tropics. 

Cyperus  tegetum,  Roxburgh. 

India,  China  and  North  Australia.  This  Galingale  Rush  might 
be  naturalised  on  river  banks  to  obtain  material  for  the  superior 
mats  made  of  it  in  Bengal.  The  fresh  stems  are  slit  longitudinally 
into  three  or  four  pieces,  each  of  which  curls  round  by  exsiccation, 
and  can  then  be  worked  into  durable  and  elegant  mats.  In  China 
it  is  cultivated  like  rice,  but  in  brackish  ground  only,  where 
narrow  channels  will  allow  the  water  to  flow  in  and  out  with  the 
rising  and  receding  tide  (Hance  and  Dilthey). 

Cyperus  textilis,  Thunberg.     (Cyperus  vaginatus,  R.  Brown.) 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  Australian  continent,  also  occurring  in 
Southern  Africa.  It  is  restricted  to  swampy  localities,  and  thus  is 


100  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

not  likely  to  stray  into  ordinary  fields.  In  the  colony  of  Victoria 
it  is  the  best  indigenous  fibre  plant,  and  it  is  likewise  valuable  as 
being  with  ease  converted  into  pulp  for  good  writing  paper,  as 
shown  by  me  some  years  ago.  Its  perennial  growth  allows  of 
regular  annual  cutting.  Within  Victorian  territory  this  Galingale 
rush  is  particularly  common  on  the  Murray  flats.  The  natives 
there  use  this  as  well  as  Carex  tereticaulis  (F.  v.  M.)  for  nets. 

Cytisus  proliferous,  Linne  fil. 

Canary  Islands.  A  fodder  shrub  for  light  dry  soil ;  rather  in- 
tolerant to  frost  (Dyer). 

Cystisus  spinosus,  Lamarck. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  This  bush  forms  a  strong 
prickly  garden-hedge,  handsome  when  closely  clipped  (W.  Elliott). 

Cytisus  scoparius,  Link.     (Spartium  scoparium,  Linne.) 

The  Broom  Bush.  Europe,  North  Asia.  Of  less  significance  as  a 
broom  plant  than  as  one  of  medicinal  value.  It  can  also  be  used 
for  tanning  purposes.  Most  valuable  for  arresting  drift  sand.  An 
alkaloid  (spartein)  and  a  yellow  dye  (scoparin)  are  obtainable  from 
this  Broom  Bush. 

Dacrydium  Colensoi,  Hooker. 

New  Zealand.  A  beautiful  tree,  growing  50  feet  in  height,  and 
producing  hard  and  incorruptible  timber ;  chiefly  eligible  for  our 
Alpine  regions. 

Dacrydium  cupressinum,  Solander. 

New  Zealand.  Native  name,  Bimu ;  the  Red  Pine  of  the  colo- 
nists. This  stately  tree  attains  the  height  of  200  feet,  and  furnishes 
a  hard  and  valuable  wood,  very  lasting  for  fences  but  readily  de- 
caying in  water- works.  Professor  Kirk  recommends  the  timber  on 
account  of  its  great  strength  for  girders  and  heavy  beams  anywhere 
under  cover.  With  other  New  Zealand  conifers  particularly 
eligible  for  forest  valleys.  A  most  suitable  tree  for  cemeteries,  on 
account  of  its  pendulous  branches. 

Dacrydium  Franklini,  Hooker  fil. 

Huon  Pine  of  Tasmania ;  only  found  in  moist  forest  recesses,  and 
might  be  planted  in  dense  fern-tree  gullies.  Height  of  tree,  100 
feet ;  stem  circumference,  20  feet.  The  wood  is  highly  esteemed 
for  boat-building  and  various  artisans'  work.  It  is  the  best  of 
Australian  woods  for  carving,  and  also  extensively  used  for  the 
rougher  kinds  of  xylography  and  in  the  manufacture  of  pianos. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  101 

Dacrydium  Kirkii,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

New  Zealand.  The  "Manoao."  A  pyramidal  tree,  attaining  80 
feet  in  height ;  stem  a  diameter  of  4  feet.  Timber  of  a  reddish 
colour  and  extreme  durability  (Professor  Kirk).  Bears  seeds 
abundantly. 

Dactylis  ceespitosa,  Forster.     (Poo,  Forsteri,  Steudel.) 

Fuegia,  Falkland's  Island,  South  Patagonia.  The  Tussock  Grass. 
Introduced  by  Sir  Joseph. Hooker  into  the  Hebrides,  and  by  Mr. 
Traill  into  the  Orkney  Islands.  Delights,  according  to  Mr.  Ingram, 
in  deep,  boggy,  and  mossy  land,  even  when  exposed  to  sea-spray. 
Cultivated  plants  might  be  dressed  with  some  salt.  Thrives  in  cold 
countries  near  the  sea  in  pure  sand,  at  the  edge  of  peat  bogs.  It 
would  likely  prosper  in  our  Alpine  moors.  It  is  perennial,  and 
reaches  to  a  height  of  9  feet.  It  is  very  nutritious,  and  much 
sought  by  herds.  The  base  of  stem  is  nutty  and  edible. 

Dactylis  glomerata,  Linne.* 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  The  Cock's-foot 
Grass,  perennial.  One  of  the  best  of  tall  pasture  grasses,  adapted  as 
well  for  dry  as  moist  soil,  thus  even  available  for  wet  clays.  It  will  live 
under  the  shade  of  trees  in  forests  ;  adapted  also  for  coast  sands. 
Its  yield  of  fodder  is  rich  and  continuous,  but  its  stems  are  hard. 
It  is  already  largely  cultivated,  and  has  become  naturalised.  It  is 
generally  liked  by  cattle,  unless  when  by  understocking  or  neglect 
it  has  been  allowed  to  become  rank.  Langethal  observes  :  "What 
the  Timothy  Grass  is  for  the  more  dry"  sandy  ground,  that  is  the 
Cock's-foot  Grass  for  more  binding  soil,  and  no  other  (European) 
grass  can  be  compared  to  it  for  copiousness  of  yield,  particularly  if 
the  soil  contains  a  fair  quantity  of  lime.  It  grows  quickly  again 
after  the  first  cutting,  and  comes  early  on  in  the  season.  The  nutri- 
tive power  of  this  grass  is  of  the  first-class."  The  chemical  analysis 
made  very  late  in  spring  gave  the  following  results  :  Albumen  1  -87, 
gluten  7-11,  starch  1  -05,  gum  4  47,  sugar  319  per  cent.  (Yon  Mueller 
and  Hummel. 

Dactylis  litoralis,  Willdenow.     (Poa  litoralis,  Gouan.) 

From  the  Mediterranean  countries  to  Siberia.  This  stoloniferous 
grass  can  be  utilised  for  binding  coast-sands  ;  but  it  is  of  greater 
importance  still  in  sustaining  a  Kermes  insect  (Porphyrophora 
Hamelii),  which  produces  a  beautiful  purple  dye  (Simmonds). 

Dalbergia  miscolobium,  Bentham. 

Southern  Brazil.  This  tree  supplies  a  portion  of  the  Jacaranda 
wood  (Tschudi). 


102  SELECT   PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Dalbergia  nigra,  Allemao. 

Brazil,  down  to  the  Southern  Provinces.  A  tall  tree,  likely  to 
prove  hardy  in  our  warmer  and  lower  regions.  It  yields  a  portion 
of  the  Jacaranda  or  Palisander  Wood,  also  Caviuna  Wood,  which, 
for  rich  furniture,  have  come  into  European  use.  Several  Brazilian 
species  of  Machserium  afford,  particularly  M.  incorruptible  (Allem), 
M.  legale,  and  M.  Allemani  (Benth.),  according  to  Saldanha  da 
Gama,  a  similar  precious  wood  ;  also  timber  for  water-works  and 
railway  sleepers. 

Dalbergia  Sissoo,  Roxburgh. 

The  Indian  Sissoo  Tree,  extending  to  Afghanistan,  ascending  to 
elevations  of  5,000  feet,  attaining  a  height  of  60  feet.  It  may  be 
worthy  of  test  whether  in  localities  free  of  frost,  particularly  along 
sandy  river  banks,  this  important  timber  tree  could  be  naturalised. 
Brandis  found  the  transverse  strength  of  the  wood  greater  than  that 
of  teak  and  of  sal ;  it  is  very  elastic,  seasons  well,  does  not  warp  or 
split,  and  takes  a  fine  polish.  It  is  also  durable  as  a  wood  for  boats. 
The  tree  is  easily  raised  from  seeds  or  cuttings,  is  of  quick  growth, 
and  resists  slight  frosts.  The  supply  of  its  wood  has  fallen  short  of 
the  demand  in  India.  Captain  Campbell- Walker  states  that  in  the 
Panjab  artificial  rearing  of  Sissoo  is  remunerative  at  only  15  inches 
annual  rainfall,  with  great  heat  in  summer  and  sharp  frosts  in 
winter ;  but  irrigation  is  resorted  to  at  an  annual  expense  there  of 
four  shillings  per  acre.  Sterile  land  is  by  the  Sissoo-planting 
greatly  ameliorated. 

Dammar  a  alba,   Humph.     (D.  orientalis.  Lamb.) 

Agath  Dammar.  Indian  Archipelagos  and  mainland.  A  large 
tree  up  to  100  feet  high,  with  a  stem  of  up  to  8  feet  in  diameter  ; 
straight  and  branchless  for  two-thirds  its  length.  It  is  of  great 
importance  on  account  of  its  yield  of  the  transparent  Dammar  resin, 
extensively  used  for  varnish. 

Dammara  Australis,  Lambert* 

Kauri  Pine.  North  Island  of  New  Zealand.  This  magnificent 
tree  measures,  under  favourable  circumstances,  180  feet  in  height 
and  17  feet  in  diameter  of  stem ;  the  estimated  age  of  such  a  tree 
being  700  or  800  years.  It  furnishes  an  excellent,  remarkably 
durable  timber,  straight-grained,  and  much  in  use  for  masts,  boats, 
superior  furniture,  casks,  rims  of  sieves,  and  particularly  sought  for 
decks  of  ships,  lasting  for  the  latter  purpose  twice  as  long  as  the 
deal  of  many  other  pines.  It  is  also  available  for  railway  break- 
blocks  and  for  carriages,  and  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  durable 
among  timber  of  the  Coniferse.  Braces,  stringers,  and  tie-beams  of 
wharves  remained,  according  to  Professor  Kirk,  for  very  many 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  103 

years  in  good  order  under  much  traffic.  In  bridge-building  the 
Kauri  timber  gave  also  excellent  results ;  it  can  likewise  be  used 
advantageously  for  railway  sleepers,  sound-boards  of  pianofortes. 
Kauri-wood  is  also  used  by  wood-turners,  for  light  handles  for 
many  implements  and  instruments,  including  stethoscopes,  for 
wool-presses,  the  body-work  of  waggons,  butter-casks,  brewers' 
vats ;  further,  in  ship-building  for  bulwarks  and  the  sides  of 
boats.  In  strength  it  is  considerably  superior  to  Baltic  Deal. 
Kauri  ought  to  be  extensively  introduced  into  our  denser  forests. 
Auckland  alone  exports  -about  £20,000  worth  of  Kauri  timber 
annually.  It  is  easily  worked,  and  takes  a  high  polish.  It 
yields  besides  the  Kauri  resin  of  commerce,  which  is  largely 
got  from  under  the  stem  of  the  tree.  The  greatest  part  is 
gathered  by  the  Maoris  in  localities  formerly  covered  with  Kauri 
forests  ;  pieces  weighing  lOOlbs.  have  been  found  in  such  places. 

Dammara  macrophylla,  Lindley. 

Santa  Cruz  Archipelagos.  A  beautiful  tree,  100  feet  high,  resem- 
bling D.  alba. 

Dammara  Moorei,  Lindley. 

New  Caledonia.     Height  of  tree  about  50  feet. 

Dammara  obtu?a,  Lindley. 

New  Hebrides.  A  fine  tree,  200  feet  high,  with  a  long,  clear  trunk 
resembling  D.  Australis. 

Dammara  ovata,  C.  Moore. 

New  Caledonia.     This  tree  is  rich  in  Dammar  Resin. 

Dammara  robusta,  C.  Moore. 

Queensland.  Kauri.  A  tall  tree,  known  from  Rockingham's  Bay 
and  Wide  Bay.  It  thrives  well,  even  in  open,  exposed,  dry  localities 
at  Melbourne.  Height  up  to  130  feet ;  largest  diameter  of  stem, 
6  feet ;  free  of  knots  and  easily  worked.  Market  value  <£3  10s.  for 
1,000  superficial  feet  of  timber.  The  species  is  closely  allied  to  the 
Indian  D.  alba  (Humph.)  which  yields  the  Amboina  Dammar  Resin. 

Dammara  Vitiensis,  Seemann. 

In  Fiji.  Tree,  100  feet  high ;  probabiy  identical  with  Lindley 's 
D.  longifolia. 

Danthonia  bipartita,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

From  the  interior  of  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland  to  West 
Australia.  Available  as  a  tender-leaved  and  productive  perennial 
grass  for  any  desert  regions. 


104  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Danthonia  Cunninghami,  J.  Hooker. 

New  Zealand.     A  splendid  Alpine  fodder  grass  with  large  panicles. 

Danthonia  nervosa,  J.  Hooker. 

Extra-tropical  Australia.  One  of  the  best  nutritious  swamp 
grasses. 

Danthonia  penicillata,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Extra-tropical  Australia.  Dr.  Curl  found  this  perennial  grass 
useful  for  artificial  mixed  pasture.  Its  principal  value  is  in  spring. 
Noted  as  very  valuable  in  its  native  localities. 

Danthonia  robusta,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Australian  Alps.  Forms  large  patches  of  rich  forage  at  the  very 
edge  of  glaciers.  The  tall  D.  rigida  (Raoul)  of  New  Zealand  is 
closely  allied. 

Daucus  Car ota,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  extra-tropical  Asia  east  to  Japan.  The 
Carrot.  Biennial.  Admits  of  naturalisation  along  our  shores. 
Beyond  the  ordinary  culinary  utilisation  it  serves  for  the  distillation 
of  a  peculiar  oil.  Large-rooted  varieties  as  well  as  the  herb  give  a 
good  admixture  to  stable  fodder,  Carrot  treacle  can  also  be  pre- 
pared from  the  root.  Requires  lime  in  the  soil  for  its  prolific 
culture.  The  chemical  substances  carotin  and  hydrocarotin  are 
derived  from  it. 

Debregeasia  edulis,  Weddell. 

The  Janatsi-itsigo  or  Teon-itsigo  of  Japan.  Berries  of  this  bush 
edible,  fibre  valuable  for  textile  fabrics.  A  few  Indian  species, 
with  fibre  resembling  that  of  Boehmeria,  ascend  to  the  Himalayas 
for  several  thousand  feet,  and  may  therefore  be  very  hardy — 
namely,  D.  velutina,  D.  Wallichiana,  D.  hypoleuca ;  the  latter 
extends  to  Abyssinia,  where  it  has  been  noticed  at  elevations  of 
8,000  feet.  On  mountains  in  Java  occurs  D.  dichotoma. 

Dendrocalamus  giganteus,  Munro. 

Malacca  and  the  adjacent  islands.  Habit  of  Gigantochloa  maxima  ; 
therefore  one  of  the  mightiest  of  all  Bamboos. 

Pendro calamus  Hamilton!,  Nees. 

Himalayas,  between  2,000  and  6,000  feet.  Height  up  to  60  feet. 
The  young  shoots  of  this  stately  Bamboo  are  edible  in  a  boiled 
state  (Hooker).  It  endures  great  cold  as  well  as  dry  heat  (Kurz). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  105 

Dendrocalamus  strictus,  Nees* 

India,  particularly  Bengal.  Grows  on  drier  ground  than  Bamboos 
generally.  Its  strength  and  solidity  render  it  fit  for  many  select 
technic  purposes.  It  attains  a  height  of  100  feet,  and  forms  occa- 
sionally forests  of  its  own.  It  endures  great  cold  as  well  as  dry 
heat  (Kurz).  B.eadily  raised  from  seeds. 

Desmodium  triflorum,  Gandolle. 

In  tropical  regions  of  Asia)  Africa  and  America.  A  densely  matted 
perennial  herb,  alluded  to  on  this  occasion  as  recommendable  for 
places  too  hot  for  ordinary  clover,  and  as  representing  a  large  genus 
of  plants,  many  of  which  may  prove  of  value  for  pasture.  Dr. 
Roxburgh  already  stated  that  it  helps  to  form  the  most  beautiful 
turf  in  India,  and  that  cattle  are  very  fond  of  this  herb.  Colonel 
Drury  informs  us  that  it  is  springing  up  on  all  soils  and  situations, 
supplying  there  the  place  of  Trifolium  and  Medicago.  D.  Cana- 
dense  (DeCand.)  is  also  an  excellent  fodder-herb  (Kosenthal). 

Desmodium  acuminatum,  Candolle. 

North  America.  With  D.  nudiflorum  (Cand.)  mentioned  by 
C.  Mohr  as  a  nutritive  plant  for  stock,  and  particularly  adapted  for 
forest  soil. 

Dicksonia  Billardierii,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (D.  antarctica,  Labillardiere, 

Cibotium  Billardierii,  Kaulfuss). 

South-east  Australia,  New  Zealand.  This  tree-fern  is  mentioned 
here,  as  it  is  the  very  best  for  distant  transmission  and  endures 
some  frost.  It  attains  a  height  of  40  feet.  Hardy  in  the  island 
of  Arran  with  D.  squarrosa  and  Cyathea  medullaris  (Revd.  D. 
Landsborough).  It  is  above  all  this  species,  which  should  be  dis- 
seminated in  warmer  extra-tropical  countries,  thus  with  us  also  in 
West  Australia.  Important  also  as  commercial  plants  among  fern- 
trees  are  Cyathea  medullaris,  of  South-east  Australia  and  New 
Zealand ;  Cyathea  dealbata,  the  Silvery  Tree-fern  ;  and  C.  Smithii, 
also  of  New  Zealand ;  because  their  transit  in  an  up-grown  state 
is  not  attended  with  the  same  difficulty  as  that  of  the  tall  Alsophila 
Australia  (which  attains  60  feet),  and  numerous  other  tree-ferns, 
about  200  species  now  being  known;  they  are  also  among  the 
hardiest  of  this  noble  kind  of  plants.  Anthelminthic  properties, 
which  may  exist  in  these  and  many  other  ferns,  have  not  yet  been 
searched  for.  The  dust-like  spores  should  be  scattered  through 
moist  forest  valleys  to  ensure  new  supplies  of  these  superb  forms 
of  vegetation  for  the  next  century.  D.  Billardierii  is  nowhere 
Antarctic. 


106  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Digitalis  purpurea,  Linne. 

Greater  part  of  Europe.  The  Foxglove.  A  biennial  and  exceed- 
ingly beautiful  herb  of  great  medicinal  value,  easily  raised. 
Chemical  principles :  digitalin,  digitaletin,  and  three  peculiar  acids. 

Dioscorea  aculeata,  Linne.* 

The  Kaawi  Yam.  India,  Cochin-China,  South  Sea  Islands.  Stem 
prickly,  as  the  name  implies,  not  angular.  Leaves  alternate, 
undivided.  It  ripens  later  than  the  following  species,  and  requires 
no  reeds  for  staking.  It  is  propagated  from  small  tubers.  This 
yam  is  of  a  sweetish  taste,  and  the  late  Dr.  Seeman  regarded  it  as 
one  of  the  finest  esculent  roots  of  the  globe.  A  variety  of  a 
bluish  hue,  cultivated  in  Central  America  (for  instance  at  Caracas), 
is  of  very  delicious  taste. 

Dioscorea  alata,  Linne.* 

The  Uvi  Yam.  India  and  South  Sea  Islands.  The  stems  are  four- 
angled,  and  not  prickly.  The  tubers,  of  which  there  are  many 
varieties,  will  attain,  under  favourable  circumstances,  a  length  of 
8  feet,  and  the  prodigious  weight  of  one  hundred  pounds  !  This 
species  and  the  preceding  one  are  the  two  principal  kinds  cultivated 
in  tropical  countries.  D.  alata  is  in  culture  supported  by  reeds.  It 
is  propagated  from  pieces  of  the  old  root,  and  comes  in  warm  climes 
to  perfection  in  about  seven  months.  The  tubers  may  be  baked  or 
boiled.  It  is  this  species  which  has  been  successfully  cultivated 
in  New  Zealand  and  also  in  the  Southern  States  of  North  America. 

Dioscorea  glabra,  Roxburgh.*     (D.  Batatas,  Decaisne.) 

The  Chinese  Yam.  From  India  to  China.  Not  prickly.  The  root 
is  known  to  attain  a  length  of  4  feet,  with  a  circumference  of  14 
inches  and  a  weight  of  about  14  Ibs.  The  inner  portion  of  the 
tuber  is  of  snowy  whiteness,  of  a  flaky  consistence,  and  of  a  delicious 
flavour  j  preferred  by  many  to  potatoes,  and  obtained  in  climes  too 
hot  for  potato  crops.  The  bulbilles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaf-stalks, 
as  in  other  Dioscoreas,  serve  as  sets  for  planting,  but  the  tubers 
from  them  attain  to  full  size  only  in  the  second  year,  the  produce 
being  in  proportion  to  the  set  planted.  The  upper  end  of  the  tubers 
offers  ready  sets,  but  there  are  dormant  eyes  on  any  portion  of  the 
surface  of  the  tubers  (Sir  Samuel  Wilson  ;  General  Noble).  First 
grown  here  by  the  author  in  1858. 

Dioscorea  globosa,  Roxburgh. 

India.  Roxburgh  states  this  to  be  the  most  esteemed  Yam  in 
Bengal. 


IN  EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  107 

Dioscorea  hastifolia,  Nees. 

Extra-tropical  Western  Australia,  at  least  as  far  south  as  32° 
It  is  evidently  one  of  the  hardiest  of  the  Yams,  and  on  that 
account  deserves  particularly  to  be  drawn  into  culture.  The  tubers 
are  largely  consumed  by  the  local  aborigines  for  food ;  it  is  the  only 
plant  on  which  they  bestow  any  kind  of  cultivation,  crude  as  it  is  ; 
fit  for  arid  situations,  but  seemingly  fond  of  lime. 

Dioscorea  Japonica,  Thunberg. 

The  hardy  Japan  Yam.  Not  prickly.  The  material  here  for  com- 
parison is  not  complete,  but  seems  to  indicate  that  D.  transversa, 
R.  Br.  and  D.  punctata,  R.  Br.,  are  both  referable  to  D.  Japonica. 
If  this  assumption  should  prove  correct,  then  we  have  this  Yam 
along  the  coast-tracts  of  North  and  East  Australia,  as  far  south  as 
latitude  33°.  In  Australia  we  find  the  wild  root  of  good  taste. 

Dioscorea  nummularia,  Lamarck. 

The  Tivoli  Yam.  Continental  and  insular  India,  also  South  Sea 
Islands.  A  high,  climbing,  prickly  species,  with  opposite  leaves. 
Roots  cylindrical,  as  thick  as  an  arm  ;  their  taste  exceedingly  good. 

Dioscorea  oppositifolia,  Linne. 

India  and  China.     Not  prickly.     One  of  the  edible  yams. 

Dioscorea  pentaphylla,  Linne. 

Continental  and  insular  India,  also  South  Sea  Islands.  Likewise  a 
good  yam.  A  prickly  species,  with  alternate  divided  leaves. 

Dioscorea  purpurea,  Roxburgh. 

India.     In  Bengal  considered  next  best  to  D.  alata. 

Dioscorea  quinqueloba,  Thunberg. 

Japan,  and  there  one  of  several  yam  plants  with  edible  tubers. 
Among  numerous  congeners  are  mentioned  as  providing  likewise 
root  vegetables :  D.  piperifolia  (Humboldt)  from  Quito,  D.  esurien- 
tum  (Fenzl)  from  Guatemala,  D.  tuberosa  and  D.  conferta  (Vellozo) 
from  South  Brazil,  D.  Cayennensis  (Lamarck)  from  tropical  South 
America,  D.  triphylla  (Linne)  from  tropical  Asia,  D.  deltoidea 
(Wallich)  from  Nepal.  Of  these  and  many  other  species  the  relative 
quality  of  the  roots,  and  the  degree  of  facility  of  their  field  cultiva- 
tion, require  to  be  more  ascertained. 

Dioscorea  sativa,  Linne. 

South  Asia,  east  as  far  as  Japan,  also  in  the  South  Sea  Islands, 
and  North  and  tropical  East  Australia,  likewise  recorded  from 
tropical  Africa.  Stem  cylindrical,  not  jpjsflfcdy^-  ^JThe  acrid  root 


108  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

requires  soaking  before  boiling.  It  has  proved  hardy  in  the 
Southern  States  of  North  America.  Starch  is  very  profitably 
obtainable  from  the  tubers. 

Dioscorea  spicata,  Roth. 

India.     Root  used  like  those  of  other  species. 

Dioscorea  tomentosa,  Koenig. 

Ooyala  Yam.  India.  The  nomenclature  of  some  of  the  Asiatic 
species  requires  further  revision. 

Dioscorea  trifida,  Linn6  fil. 

Central  America.  One  of  the  Yams  there  cultivated.  Various 
other  tuberous  Dioscorese  occur  in  tropical  countries,  but  their 
respective  degrees  of  hardiness,  taste,  and  yield  are  not  recorded  or 
ascertained.  The  length  of  the  warm  season  in  many  extra- 
tropical  countries  is  probably  sufficient  for  ripening  all  these  Yams. 

Diospyros  Ebenum,  Koenig.* 

Ceylon,  where  it  furnishes  the  best  kind  of  Ebony  wood.  It  is 
not  uncommon  up  to  5,000  feet  in  that  island,  according  to  Dr. 
Thwaites  ;  hence  I  would  recommend  this  large  and  valuable  tree 
for  test  plantations  in  warm  extra-tropical  lowland  forest  regions, 
where  also  D.  qusesita  and  D.  oppositifolia  (Thwaites),  the  best 
Calamander  Trees  and  D.  melanoxylon,  should  be  tried.  Many 
other  species  of  Diospyros  could  probably  be  introduced  from  the 
mountains  of  various  tropical  regions,  either  for  the  sake  of  their 
ebony-like  wood  or  their  fruit.  Black  Ebony  wood  sinks  in  water. 
The  price  in  England  ranges  from  £8  to  <£10  per  ton,  from  700  to 
1,000  tons  being  imported  into  Britain  annually  for  pianoforte 
keys,  the  string-holders  of  musical  instruments,  the  fingerboard  and 
tail-piece  of  violins,  sharp  note-pieces  of  pianos  and  harmoniums 
and  cabinet  organs,  and  other  select  purposes.  The  following 
species  yield  Ebony  wood,  according  to  Hiern,  some  of  which  may 
prove  hardy :  Indian —  D.  Ebenum,  Koen. ;  D.  melanoxylon,  Roxb. ; 
D.  silvatica,  Roxb.  ;  D.  Gardner!,  Thw.  ;  D.  hirsuta,  L.  fil. ;  D. 
discolor,  Willd. ;  D.  Embryopteris,  Thw. ;  D.  Ebenaster,  Retz.  ;  D. 
montana,  Roxb.  ;  D.  insignis,  Pers.  j  D.  Tupru,  Hamilt.  ;  D. 
truncata,  Zoll.  j  D.  ramiflora,  Wall.  African — D.  Dendo,  Welw. ; 
D.  mespiliformis.  Hochst.  Mauritius — D.  tesselaria,  Poiret. 
Madagascar — D.  haplostylis,  Boivin ;  D.  microrhombus,  Hiern. 

Diospyros  Kaki,  Linne  fil. 

The  Date  Plum  of  China  and  Japan.  A  slow-growing  not  very 
productive  tree,  here  recorded  for  completeness.  The  fruit  is 
yellow  or  pink,  or  dark  purple,  variable  in  size,  but  seldom  larger 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  109 

than  an  ordinary  apple ;  it  can  readily  be  dried  on  strings.  A  hard 
and  soft  variety  occur.  It  has  ripened  at  Sydney,  and  as  far  north 
as  Philadelphia  (Saunders).  The  most  famed  varieties  are,  accord- 
ing to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Loorins,  Ronosan,  Nihon,  Micado,  Daimio, 
Taikoon,  Yamato,  the  latter  particularly  large  and  saccharine,  and, 
with  the  Jogen  variety,  particularly  used  for  drying.  In  Japan 
thought  to  be  the  best  of  its  native  fruits  (Christie) ;  attains  one 
pound  in  weight.  There  is  also  a  small  seedless  variety.  Dried 
Kaki  fruit  is  considered  superior  to  figs.  For  drying  the  fruit  is 
peeled,  and  requires  a  month  to  exsiccate.  The  Hyakuma  variety 
when  shrivelled  measures  up  to  4  by  3  inches  (Jarmain).  The 
green  fruits  serve  as  medicinal  adstringents  (Dupont). 

Diospyros  Lotus,  Linne. 

From  Northern  China  to  Caucasus.  The  ordinary  Date-Plum. 
The  sweet  fruits  of  this  tree,  resembling  black  cherries,  are  edible, 
and  also  used  for  the  preparation  of  syrup.  The  wood,  like  that 
of  D.  chloroxylon,  is  known  in  some  places  as  Green  Ebony.  It 
resembles  Mottled  Ebony ;  it  must  not  however  be  confounded 
with  other  kinds,  such  as  are  furnished  by  some  species  of  Excoecaria, 
Nectandra  and  Jacaranda. 

Diospyros  Texana,  Scheele. 

Mexico  and  Texas.  Tree  to  30  feet  height ;  fruit  globose,  black, 
luscious  (A.  Gray.) 

Diospyros  Virginiana,  Linne. 

The  North  American  Ebony  or  Parsimon  or  Persimmon.  A  tree 
70  feet  high.  Wood  very  hard  and  blackish.  Valuable  for  shuttles 
instead  of  Buxus  wood  (Jos.  Gardner).  The  stem  exudes  a  kind 
of  Gum-arabic.  The  sweet  variety  yields  a  good  table-fruit.  Hot 
summers  promote  the  early  ripening  and  sweetness  of  the  fruit,  the 
delicious  taste  not  depending  on  early  frost.  Ripens  fruit  to  4 1  °  north 
in  Illinois  (Bryant).  The  final  sweetness  depends  upon  chemical 
decomposition. 

Diposis  Bulbocastanum,  Candolle. 

Chili     The  tubers  of  this  perennial  herb  are  edible  (Philippi). 

Dipsacus  fullonum,  Linne. 

Fuller's  Teazel.  Middle  and  South  Europe  and  Middle  Asia.  A 
tall  biennial  herb.  The  thorny  fruit-heads  are  used  for  fulling  in 
cloth  factories.  The  import  during  one  of  the  last  years  into 
England  was  valued  at  .£5,000.  The  plant  is  most  easily  raised. 
The  use  of  these  Teazels  has  not  yet  been  superseded  by  any  adequate 
machinery. 


110  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Dirca  palustris,  Linne. 

North  America.  An  ornamental  forest-shrub,  the  tough  bark  of 
which  is  serviceable  for  straps  and  whipcords. 

Distichlis  maritima,  Rafinesque.    (Festuca  distichophylla,  J.  Hooker). 

North  and  South  America,  Extra-tropical  Australia.  This  dwarf 
Creeping  Grass  is  of  great  value  for  binding  soil,  forming  rough 
lawns,  edging  garden-plots  in  arid  places,  and  covering  coast-sand. 

Dolichos  Lablab,  Linne. 

Warmer  parts  of  Africa ;  probably  thence  spread  widely  through 
the  tropics.  An  annual  herb,  sometimes  lasting  through  several 
years.  The  young  pods,  as  well  as  the  ripe  seeds,  available  for 
culinary  use,  but  not  of  all  varieties.  It  delights  in  rice  soil,  and 
ripens  in  hot  countries  within  three  months ;  its  yield  is  about 
forty-fold,  according  to  Roxburgh.  The  whole  plant  forms  excellent 
stable  feed  for  cattle. 

Dolichos  uniflorus,  Lamarck. 

Tropical  and  Sub-tropical  Africa  and  Asia.  An  annual  herb,  the 
Horse-Gram  of  South  India,  where  it  is  extensively  grown.  Colonel 
Sykes  got  over  300  seeds  from  a  moderate-sized  plant.  Dr.  Stewart 
saw  it  cultivated  up  to  8,000  feet.  Content  with  poor  soils ;  well 
adapted  for  stable  pulse. 

Dorema  Ammoniacum,  Don. 

Persia,  on  mountains  up  to  4,000  feet.  A  tall  perennial  herb, 
yielding  the  gum-resin  Ammoniacum,  which  might  be  obtained  from 
plants  to  be  introduced  into  our  snowy  montains. 

Dracaena  Draco,  Linne". 

The  Dragon-blood  Tree  of  the  Canary  Islands.  An  imposing  feature 
in  seenic  horticulture,  with  D.  schizantha  (Baker)  of  eastern  tropical 
Africa  ;  it  yields  Dragon-blood  resin,  j 

Dracocephalum  Moldavica,  Linne. 

North  and  Middle  Asia.     An  annual  showy  scent-herb. 

Drimys  Winteri,  R.  and  G.  Forster. 

Extra-tropical  South  America.  The  Canelo  of  Chili,  sacred  under 
the  name  of  Boighe  to  the  original  inhabitants.  Attains  in  river- 
valleys  a  height  of  60  feet.  The  wood  never  attacked  by  insects 
(Dr.  Philippi) ;  thus  the  Australian  species  may  be  equally  valuable. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  Ill 

Duboisia  Hopwoodii,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Pitury.  Inland  desert  Regions  from  New  South  Wales  and 
Queensland  to  near  the  west  coast  of  Australia.  This  shrub  deserves 
cultivation  on  account  of  its  highly  stimulating  properties  (Bancroft, 
Rudall).  D.  myoporoides  (R.  Br.)  of  East  Australia  and  New 
Caledonia  has  come  into  use  for  ophthalmic  surgery.  The  alkaloid 
of  the  latter,  duboisin,  is  allied  to  piturin.  Important  for  mydriatic 
purposes  in  medicine  (Bancroft).  The  tree  attains  in  deep  forest 
glens  a  height  of  60  feet  (Ralston),  but  flowering  already  as  a  scrub. 

Duvana  longifolia,  Lindley. 

La  Plata  States.  This  or  an  allied  shrub  called  Molle  there  yields 
foliage  rich  in  tannin  (about  20  per  cent),  which  does  not  give  any 
colour  to  leather  (Dr.  Lorentz). 

Dypsis  pinnatifrons,  Martius. 

Madagascar.  This  dwarf  Palm  proved  hardy  in  Sydney,  together 
with  Copernicia  cerifera  (C.  Moore). 

Ecballion  Elaterium,  Richard. 

Mediterranean  regions  and  Orient.  The  Squirting  Cucumber.  An 
annual.  The  powerful  purgative  Elaterium  is  prepared  from  the  pulp 
of  the  fruit.  Chemical  principles  :  elaterid,  elaterin,  hydroelaterin. 

Ehrharta  diplax,  F.  v.  Mueller.  (Microlcena  avenacea,  J.  Hooker.) 
New  Zealand.  This  tall  perennial  grass  is  fond  of  woodlands,  and 
deserves  introduction.  It  is  likely  to  prove  a  rich  pasture-grass. 
A  few  Australian  species,  particularly  of  the  section  Tetrarrhena, 
are  readily  accessible  to  us,  and  so  indeed  also  the  South  African 
Ehrhratas,  all  adapted  for  a  warm  temperate  clime,  the  majority 
perennial,  and  several  of  superior  value.  Ehrharta  caudata,  Munro, 
is  indigenous  in  Japan. 

Ehrharta  stipoides,  Labillardiere. 

Extra-tropical  Australia,  also  New  Zealand.  Often  called  Weeping 
Grass.  A  perennial  grass,  which  keeps  beautifully  green  all  through 
the  year.  For  this  reason  its  growth  for  pasturage  should  be 
encouraged,  particularly  as  it  will  live  on  poor  soil.  Mr.  W.  H. 
Bacchus,  of  Ballarat,  considers  it  nearly  as  valuable  as  Kangaroo- 
Grass,  and  in  the  cool  season  more  so.  He  finds  it  to  bear  over- 
stocking better  than  any  other  native  grass,  and  to  maintain  a  close 
turf.  High  testimony  of  the  value  of  this  grass  is  also  given  by 
Mr.  Rankin,  of  Gippsland,  after  many  years  experiments.  It  is 
however  not  always  copiously  seeding.  The  chemical  analysis  made 
in  spring  gave  the  following  results  :  albumen  T66,  gluten  9 '13, 
starch  1'64,  gum  3 -25,  sugar  5-05  per  cent.  (F.  v.  Mueller  and  L. 
Hummel). 


112  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Elaeagnus  hortensis,  Bieberstein. 

From  South  Europe  and  North  Africa  to  Siberia  and  China.  The 
fruits  of  this  shrub,  known  under  the  name  of  Trebizonde  dates,  are 
used  in  Persia  for  dessert.  Flowers  highly  fragrant  (G.  W.  Johnson). 

Elseagnus  parvifolius,  Royle. 

From  China  to  the  Himalayas.  This  bush  has  been  introduced  as 
a  hedge-plant  into  North  America,  and,  according  to  Professor 
Meehan,  promises  great  permanent  success,  as  it  has  already  achieved 
a  high  popularity  in  this  respect.  Several  other  species  might  well 
be  experimented  on  in  the  same  manner. 

Elaeagnus  umbellatus,  Thunberg. 

Japan.  The  fruits  of  this  or  an  allied  species  are  edible,  of  a 
particular  and  pleasant  flavour,  and  especially  adapted  for  con- 
fectionery. This  bush  resists  frost  as  well  as  drought,  and  bears 
in  prodigious  abundance  throughout  the  year  (Joseph  Clarte).  It 
can  be  struck  from  cuttings,  and  comes  into  bearing  in  the  third 
year  already. 

Elegia  nuda,  Kunth. 

South  Africa.  A  rush,  able  with  its  long  root  to  bind  moving 
sand ;  it  also  affords  good  material  for  thatching  (Dr.  Pappe). 
Many  of  the  tall  Restiacese  of  South  Africa  would  prove  valuable 
for  scenic  effect  in  gardens  and  conservatories,  and  among  these 
may  specially  be  mentioned  Cannamois  cephalotes  (Beauv.) 

Eleusine  Coracana,  Gaertner. 

Southern  Asia,  east  to  Japan,  ascending  the  Himalayas  to  7,000 
feet.  Though  annual,  this  grass  is  worthy  of  cultivation  on  account 
of  its  height  and  nutritiveness.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  the  produce 
of  foliage  and  seeds  copious.  Horses  prefer  the  hay  to  any  other 
dry  fodder  in  India,  according  to  Dr.  Forbes  Watson.  The  large 
grains  can  be  used  like  millet.  E.  Indica  (Gaertner)  only  differs 
as  a  variety.  It  extends  to  tropical  Australia,  and  is  recorded  also 
from  many  other  tropical  countries. 

Eleusine  stricta,  Roxburgh. 

India.  The  increase  of  grain  of  this  annual  grass  in  rich  soil  is  at 
times  five-hundredfold.  E.  Tocusso,  Fresenius,  is  a  valuable  kind 
from  Abyssinia,  seemingly  allied  to  E.  stricta.  The  Arabian  and 
Himalayan  E.  flagellifera,  Nees,  is  perennial.  Other  species  of 
Eleusine  are  deserving  of  trial. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  113 

Elymus  arenarius,  Linne.* 

The  Sea  Lyme-Grass.  Europe  and  North  Asia,  on  sand-coasts 
One  of  the  most  important  and  vigorous  of  grasses  for  binding  drift- 
sand  on  the  sea-shores.  Endures  to  be  gradually  covered  with  sand, 
but  not  so  much  as  Psamma.  The  North  American  E.  mollis, 
Trinius,  is  allied  to  this  species. 

Elymus  condensatus,  Presl. 

The  Bunch-Grass  of  British  Columbia  and  California.  This  is 
favourably  known  as  adapted  for  sand  land. 

Elymus  Virginicus,  Linne. 

North  America.  Perennial,  easily  spreading,  but  fit  for  river-banks ; 
of  some  fodder  value  (C.  Mohr). 

Embothrium  coccineum,  R  and  G.  Forster. 

From  Chili  to  Magellan's  Straits.  The  Notra  or  Ciruelillo  of  Chili. 
A  tree  of  exquisite  beauty,  but  seldom  extending  to  beyond  30  feet 
in  height.  The  wood  is  utilised  for  furniture.  E.  lanceolatum  is 
merely  a  variety  (Dr.  Philippi).  The  equally  gorgeous  E.  emar- 
ginatum  of  the  Peruvian  Andes  and  E.  Wickhami  from  Mount 
Bellenden-Ker  of  North  Queensland  deserve,  with  the  East  Austra- 
lian allied  Stenocarpus  sinuatus,  a  place  in  any  sheltered  gardens  or 
parks  of  the  warm  temperate  zone. 

Encephalartos  Denisonii,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  This  noble  Pine-Palm  is  hardy 
in  Melbourne  and  to  be  regarded  as  a  most  desirable  acquisition  to 
our  garden  scenery,  along  with  E.  spiralis,  E.  Preissii,  and  the 
South  African  species.  All  admit  of  translocation  even  when  of 
large  size  and  when  many  years  old.  The  stems,  with  an  unusual 
tenacity  of  life,  remain  sometimes  dormant  after  removal  for  several 
years. 

Engelhardtia  spicata,  Blume. 

The  spurious  Walnut  Tree  of  the  mountains  of  Java  and  the 
Himalayas.  It  reaches  a  height  of  200  feet. 

Erianthus  fulvus,  Kunth. 

Interior  of  Australia.  A  sweet  perennial  grass,  of  which  cattle  are 
so  fond  as  to  eat  it  closely  down,  and  thus  cause  it  to  die  out  (Bailey). 
Readily  raised  by  re-dissemination. 

Eriochloa  annulata,  Kunth. 

In  tropical  regions  around  the  globe.    Perennial.    Endures  moderate 
cold  in  South  Queensland,  and  affords  fodder  all  the  year  round 
n 


114  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

(Bailey).  It  resists  drought.  Fattening  and  much  relished  by  stock 
(Dr.  Curl).  E.  punctata  (Hamilton)  has  a  similarly  wide  range, 
and  is  of  equal  pastoral  utility. 

Ervum  Lens,  Linne.     (Lens  esculenta,  Moench.) 

Mediterranean  regions,  Orient.  Cultivated  up  to  an  elevation  of 
11,500  feet  in  India.  The  Lentil.  Annual,  affording  in  its  seeds 
a  palatable  and  nutritious  food.  A  calcareous  soil  is  essential  for 
the  prolific  growth  of  this  plant.  The  leafy  stalks,  after  the  removal 
of  the  seeds,  remain  a  good  stable-fodder.  The  variety  called  the 
Winter  Lentil  is  more  prolific  than  the  Summer  Lentil.  Valuable 
as  honey-yielding  for  bees. 

Erythroxylon  Coca,  Lamarck.* 

Peru.  This  shrub  is  famed  for  the  extraordinary  stimulating  pro- 
perty of  its  leaves,  which  pass  under  the  names  of  Spadic  and 
Coca.  They  contain  two  alkaloids,  cocain  and  hygrin ;  also  a 
peculiar  tannic  acid.  More  than  £600,000  worth  is  annually  col- 
lected. The  Peruvians  mix  the  leaves  with  the  forage  of  mules,  to 
increase  their  power  of  enduring  fatigue.  Whether  any  of  the 
many  other  species  of  Erythroxylon  possess  similar  properties  seems 
never  yet  to  have  been  ascertained. 

Eucalyptus  Abergiana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

North  Queensland.  A  stately  tree  with  spreading  branches  and 
dense  foliage.  The  quality  of  its  timber  remained  hitherto  un- 
known, but  the  species  will  probably  prove  one  of  the  most  suitable 
among  its  congeners  for  tropical  countries. 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  Labillardiere.* 

South-East  Australia.  Vernacularly  known  as  Brown  and  White 
Peppermint-tree,  Giant  Gum-tree,  and  one  of  the  Swamp  Gum- 
trees  or  Mountain  Ash.  In  sheltered  springy  forest  glens  attaining 
exceptionally  to  a  height  of  over  400  feet,  there  forming  a  smooth 
stem  and  broad  leaves,  producing  also  seedlings  of  a  foliage 
different  to  the  ordinary  state  of  E.  amygdalina,  as  occurs  in  more 
open  country,  which  has  small  narrow  leaves  and  a  rough  brownish 
bark.  The  former  species  or  variety,  which  might  be  called  Euca- 
lyptus regnans,  represents  probably  the  loftiest  tree  on  the  globe. 
Mr.  G.  W.  Robinson,  surveyor,  measured  a  tree  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Baw-Baw,  which  was  471  feet  long.  Another  tree  in  the 
Cape  Otway  ranges  was  found  to  be  415  feet  long  and  15  feet  in 
diameter,  where  cut  for  felling,  at  a  considerable  height  above  the 
ground.  Another  tree  measured  at  the  base  of  the  stem  69  feet  in 
circumference ;  at  1 2  feet  from  the  ground  it  had  a  diameter  of 
14  feet,  at  78  feet  a  diameter  of  9  feet,  at  144  feet  a  diameter  of 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  115 

8  feet,  and  at  210  feet  a  diameter  of  5  feet.  The  wood  is  fissile, 
well  adapted  for  shingles,  rails,  for  house-building,  hoops  for 
waggons,  for  the  keelson  and  planking  of  ships,  and  other  purposes, 
but  it  is  not  a  strong  wood  ;  that  of  the  smaller  rough-barked 
variety  has  proved  lasting  for  fence-posts.  Labillardiere's  name 
applies  ill  to  any  of  the  forms  of  this  species.  Seedlings  raised  on 
rather  barren  ground  near  Melbourne  have  shown  the  same  amazing 
rapidity  of  growth  as  those  of  E.  globulus ;  yet,  like  those  of  E. 
obliqua,  they  are  not  so  easily  satisfied  with  any  soil.  In  the  south 
of  France  this  tree  grew  to  a  height  of  50  feet  in  eight  years.  It  has 
endured  the  frosts  of  the  milder  parts  of  England,  with  E.  poly- 
aiithemos  and  E.  viminalis.  In  New  Zealand  it  has  survived  the 
cold,  where  E.  globulus  succumbed.  E.  amygdalina,  E.  urnigera, 
E.  coccifera,  E.  rostrata  and  E.  corymbosa  have  proved  at  Rome, 
according  to  the  Rev.  M.  Gildas,  more  hardy  than  E.  globulus,  E. 
diver sicolor,  E.  resiirifera,  E.  longifolia,  and  E.  melliodora.  The 
now  well-known  medicinal  Eucalyptus  oil,  the  distillation  of  which 
was  initiated  by  the  writer,  is  furnished  in  greater  or  smaller  pro- 
portion by  all  the  different  species.  It  was  first  brought  exten- 
sively into  commerce  by  Mr.  Bosisto,  who  has  the  credit  of  having 
ascertained  many  of  the  properties  of  this  oil  for  technic  application. 
It  is  this  species  which  yields  more  volatile  oil  than  any  other 
hitherto  tested,  and  which  therefore  is  largely  chosen  for  distilla- 
tion ;  thus  it  is  also  one  of  the  best  for  subduing  malarian  effluvia 
in  fever  regions,  although  it  does  not  grow  with  quite  the  same 
ease  and  celerity  as  E.  globulus.  The  respective  hygienic  value  of 
various  Eucalypts  may  to  some  extent  be  judged  from  the  per- 
centage of  oil  in  their  foliage,  as  stated  below,  and  as  ascertained 
by  Mr.  Bosisto,  at  the  author's  instance,  for  the  Exhibition  of 
1862  :— 

E.  amygdalina  3'313  per  cent,  volatile  oil. 

E.  oleosa     1'250 

E.  leucoxylon    I'OGO 

E.  goniocalyx    0'914 

E.  globulus    0719 

E.  obliqua 0'500 

The  lesser  quantity  of  oil  of  E.  globulus  is  however  compensated 
for  by  the  vigour  of  its  growth  and  the  early  copiousness  of  its 
foliage.  The  proportion  of  oil  varies  also  somewhat  according  to 
locality  and  season.  E.  rostrata,  though  one  of  the  poorest  in  oil, 
is  nevertheless  important  for  malaria  regions,  as  it  will  grow  well 
on  periodically  inundated  places,  and  even  in  stagnant  water  not 
saline.  E.  oleosa  (F.  v.  M.)  from  the  desert  regions  of  extra- 
tropical  Australia,  might  be  reared  on  barren  sands  of  other 
countries  for  the  sake  of  its  oil.  According  to  Mr.  Osborne's 
experiment,  initiated  by  myself,  Eucalyptus  oils  dissolve  the 
following  among  other  substances  for  select  varnishes  and  other 


116  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

preparations  :  camphor,  pine  resins,  mastic,  elemi,  sandarac,  kauri, 
dammar,  asphalt,  xanthorrhsea  resin,  dragon's-blood,  benzoe,  copal, 
amber,  anime,  shellac,  caoutchouc,  also  wax,  but  not  gutta-percha. 
These  substances  are  arranged  here  in  the  order  of  their  greatest 
solubility.  The  potash  obtainable  from  the  ashes  of  various  Euca- 
lypts  varies  from  5  to  27  per  cent.  One  ton  of  the  fresh  foliage  of 
E.  globulus  yields  about  8J  Ibs.  of  pearl  ash,  a  ton  of  the  green 
wood  about  2J  Ibs.,  of  dry  wood  about  4J  Ibs.  For  resins,  tar, 
acetic  acid,  tannin,  and  other  products  of  many  Eucalypts,  see 
various  documents  and  reports  of  the  writer,  issued  from  the 
Melbourne  Botanic  Garden. 

Eucalyptus  Baileyana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South  Queensland.  A  tree  about  100  feet  high;  bark  remarkably 
tough  (Bailey).  The  timber  splits  easily,  and  is  tough  and  durable, 
thus  locally  used  for  fence-posts  and  similar  purposes  (A.  Williams). 
This  species,  unlike  most  congeners,  can  be  grown  to  advantage  011 
sandy  soil.  Branches  more  spreading  and  foliage  more  dense  than 
that  of  most  other  Eucalypts. 

Eucalyptus   botryoides,  Smith.* 

From  East  Gippsland  to  South  Queensland.  Vernacular  name 
Bastard  Mahogany,  and  a  variety  called  Bangalay,  the  latter  gene- 
rally found  on  coast-sands.  One  of  the  most  stately  among  an 
extensive  number  of  species,  remarkable  for  its  dark-green  shady 
foliage.  It  delights  on  river-banks.  Stems  attain  a  length  of  80 
feet  without  a  branch,  and  a  diameter  of  8  feet.  The  timber 
usually  sound  to  the  centre,  adapted  for  water-works,  waggons,  par- 
ticularly for  felloes,  knees  of  boats,  &c.  Posts  of  it  very  lasting,  as 
no  decay  was  observed  in  fourteen  years  ;  it  is  also  well  adapted  for 
shingles.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Woolls,  Mr.  Kirton,  and  Mr.  Reader  all 
testify  to  its  general  excellence. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla,  R.  Brown. 

South-West  Australia,  where  it  is  vernacularly  known  as  Red- 
gum-tree.  More  umbrageous  than  most  Eucalypts  and  of  compar- 
atively rapid  growth.  In  its  native  forests  it  has  quite  the  aspect 
of  the  eastern  Ironbark-trees.  The  wood  is  free  of  resin  when 
grown  on  alluvial  land,  but  not  so  when  produced  on  stony  ranges. 
It  is  preferred  to  that  of  E.  marginata  and  E.  cornuta  for  rafters, 
spokes,  and  fence-rails,  also  used  for  handles  and  agricultural 
implements ;  it  is  strong  and  light,  but  not  long-lasting  under- 
ground. The  bark  is  valuable  for  tanning,  as  an  admixture  to 
Acacia  bark ;  the  seed  vessels  of  this  and  perhaps  all  other  Euca- 
lypts can  be  used  for  the  same  purpose.  The  stem  of  this  tree 
may  occasionally  be  observed  10  feet  in  diameter ;  it  is  the  only 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  117 

tree  in  West  Australia  which  yields  copiously  the  fluid  and  indu- 
rating Eucalyptus  kino ;  this  is  soluble  to  the  extent  of  70  to  80 
per  cent,  in  cold  water.  This  species  will  only  endure  a  slight 
frost. 

Eucalyptus  capitellata,  Smith. 

One  of  the  Stringybark-trees  of  South-East  Australia,  attaining 
occasionally  a  height  of  200  feet.  The  timber  is  principally  used 
for  fence-rails,  shingles,  and  rough  building  purposes.  This  species 
might  with  advantage  be  raised  on  wet  sand-lands. 

Eucalyptus  citriodora,  Hooker. 

Queensland.  A  handsome  slender  tree  with  a  smooth  white  bark, 
supplying  a  useful  timber.  According  to  notes  of  the  late  Mr. 
Thozet,  a  trunk  40  feet  long  and  20  inches  in  diameter  broke  after 
a  flection  of  17  inches  under  a  pressure  of  49  tons.  It  combines 
with  the  ordinary  qualities  of  many  Eucalypts  the  advantage  of 
yielding  from  its  leaves  a  rather  large  supply  of  volatile  oil  of 
excellent  lemon-like  fragrance,  in  which  respect  it  has,  among 
about  150  species  of  Eucalypts,  only  one  rival.  Yery  closely  allied 
to  E.  maculata,  and  perhaps  only  a  variety. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta,  Labillardiere.* 

The  Yate-tree  of  South-West  Australia.  A  large  tree  of  rapid 
growth,  preferring  a  somewhat  humid  soil.  The  wood  is  used  for 
various  artizans'  work,  and  there  preferred  for  the  strongest  shafts 
and  frames  of  carts  and  other  work  requiring  hardness,  toughness 
and  elasticity,  and  is  considered  equal  to  the  best  ash-wood.  The 
tree  appears  to  be  well  adapted  for  tropical  countries,  for  Dr. 
Bonavia  reports  that  it  attained  a  height  of  8  to  10  feet  in  the  first 
year  of  its  growth  at  Lucknow,  and  that  the  plants  did  not  suffer 
in  the  rainy  season  like  many  other  Eucalypts.  The  dry  wood 
sinks  in  water.  E.  occidentalis  (Endlioher)  is  the  flat-topped  Yate, 
an  allied  and  equally  valuable  species  of  South- West  Australia. 

Eucalyptus  corymbosa,  Smith. 

The  Bloodwood-tree  of  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  A  tree 
attaining  large  dimensions ;  it  has  a  rough  furrowed  bark  and  a 
dark-red  wood,  soft  when  green,  but  very  hard  when  dry  ;  very 
durable  underground,  and  therefore  extensively  used  for  fence- 
posts,  rails,  railway-sleepers,  and  rough  building  purposes  (Hart- 
mann).  The  bark  is  rich  in  kino. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South- Australia,  North-West  Yictoria.  The  Sugar  Gum-tree.  A 
timber-tree,  attaining  a  height  of  120  feet,  length  of  bole  60  feet, 


118  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

circumference  at  5  feet  from  the  ground  up  to  17  feet.  The  wood 
has  come  into  use  for  fence-posts  and  railway-sleepers.  Its  dura- 
bility is  attested  by  the  fact  that  posts  fifteen  years  in  the  ground 
showed  no  sign  of  decay.  The  tree  thrives  even  well  on  dry  iron- 
stone ranges.  It  does  not  exude  any  saccharine  substance  (Meli- 
tose)  like  E.  viminalis.  The  base  of  the  trunk  swells  out  some- 
times in  regular  tiers.  The  sweetish  foliage  attracts  cattle  and 
sheep,  who  browse  on  the  foliage  of  lower  branches,  saplings  and 
seedlings,  unlike  to  what  occurs  with  almost  any  other  kind  of 
Eucalypts  (J.  E.  Brown).  In  culture  the  writer  did  not  find  this 
species  of  very  quick  growth. 

Eucalyptus  crebra,  F.  v.  Mueller.* 

The  Narrow -leaved  Ironbark-tree  of  New  South  Wales  and 
Queensland.  Wood  reddish,  hard,  heavy,  elastic  and  durable ; 
much  used  in  the  construction  of  bridges  and  for  railway-sleepers, 
also  for  waggons,  piles,  fencing,  &c.  A  lemon-scented  tree,  perhaps 
a  variety  of  this  species,  from  North-East  Australia,  brought  under 
notice  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Bailey,  has  a  perfume  and  flavour  so  excellent 
as  to  serve  as  a  table-condiment.  E.  leptophleba  and  E.  drepano- 
phylla  are  closely  allied  species  of  similar  value.  They  all  exude 
a  stringent  gum-resin  in  considerable  quantity,  resembling  kino  in 
appearance  and  property. 

Eucalyptus  diversicolor,  F.  v.  Mueller.*     (E.  colossea,  F.  v.  M.) 

The  Karri  of  South- West  Australia.  A  colossal  tree,  exceptionally 
reaching  the  height  of  400  feet,  with  a  proportionate  girth  of  the 
stem.  Mr.  Muir  measured  stems  about  300  feet  long  without  a 
branch  ;  widths  of  timber  of  as  much  as  12  feet  can  be  obtained. 
Furnishes  good  timber  for  ship-  and  boat-planks,  particularly  for 
masts,  likewise  for  wheels ;  also  valuable  for  shafts,  spokes,  felloes, 
fence-rails  ;  it  is  elastic  and  durable,  but  not  so  easily  wrought  as 
that  of  E.  marginata.  Its  strength  in  tran verse  strain  is  equal 
to  English  oak.  Fair  progress  of  growth  is  shown  by  the 
young  trees,  planted  even  in  dry  exposed  localities  in  Melbourne. 
The  shady  foliage  and  quick  growth  of  the  tree  promise  to  render  it 
one  of  our  best  for  avenues.  In  its  native  localities  it  occupies 
fertile,  rather  humid  valleys,  and  represents  there  the  E.  amyg- 
dalina  var.  regnans  of  South-East  Australia  in  habit. 

Eucalyptus  Doratoxylon,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Spear- Wood  of  South-west  Australia,  where  it  occurs  in  sterile 
districts.  The  stem  is  slender  and  remarkably  straight,  and  the 
wood  of  such  firmness  and  elasticity  that  the  nomadic  natives 
wander  long  distances  to  obtain  it  as  a  material  for  their  spears. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  119 

Eucalyptus  eugenioides,  Sieber. 

One  of  the  Stringybark-trees  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales. 
The  tree  is  abundant  in  some  localities,  and  attains  considerable 
dimensions.  Its  useful  fissile  wood  is  employed  for  fencing  and 
building  purposes.  Systematically  the  species  is  closely  allied  to 
E.  piperita. 

Eucalyptus  ficifolia,   F.  v.  Mueller.* 

South-West  Australia.  Although  not  a  tree  of  large  dimensions, 
this  splendid  species  should  be  mentioned  for  the  sake  of  its  magni- 
ficent trusses  of  crimson  flowers,  irrespective  of  its  claims  as  a. 
shady  heat-resisting  avenue  tree.  It  bears  a  close  resemblance  to 
E.  calophylla. 

Eucalyptus  Globulus,  Labillardiere.* 

Blue  Gum-tree  of  Victoria  and  Tasmania.  The  tree  is  of  extremely 
rapid  growth,  and  attains  a  height  of  350  feet,  furnishing  a  first- 
class  wood;  shipbuilders  get  keels  of  this  timber  120  feet  long  ; 
besides  this,  they  use  it  extensively  for  planking  and  many  other 
parts  of  the  ship,  and  it  is  considered  to  be  in  some  respects  superior 
to  American  White  Oak.  Experiments  on  the  strength  of  various 
woods,  instituted  under  my  direction  by  Mr.  Luchmann,  proved 
Blue-Gum  in  average  of  eleven  tests  to  be  about  equal  to  the  best 
English  Oak,  American  White-Oak  and  American  Ash.  The 
best  samples  indeed  carried  as  great  a  weight  as  Hickory  in  trans- 
verse strain,  and  also  about  equal  to  that  of  Eucalyptus  rostata, 
superior  to  that  of  E.  macrorrhymla,  E.  Gunni,  E.  Stuartiana  and 
E.  goniocalyx,  but  not  quite  up  to  the  strength  of  E.  melliodora,  E. 
polyanthema,  E.  siderophloia  and  E.  Leucoxylon.  Blue-Gum  wood, 
besides  for  ship-building  is  very  extensively  used  by  carpenters  for 
all  kinds  of  out-door  work,  joists  and  studs  of  wooden  houses,  also 
for  fence-rails,  telegraph-poles,  railway-sleepers — lasting  nine  years 
or  more — for  shafts  and  spokes  of  drays,  and  a  variety  of  other 
purposes.  E.  globulus  is  hardier  than  Orange  and  Lemon  plants. 
In  South  Europe  it  has  withstood  a  temperature  of  19°  F.,  but 
succumbed  at  17° ;  it  perished  from  frost  at  the  Black  Sea  and  in 
Turkestan,  according  to  Dr.  Regel.  The  sirocco  however  does  not- 
destroy  it.  Regarding  the  celerity  of  its  growth,  Mr.  Thomson  men- 
tions that  it  attains  60  feet  in  seven  years  in  Jamaica  on  the  hills  ; 
in  California  it  grow  60  feet  in  eleven  years,  in  Florida  40  feet  in  four 
years,  attaining  a  stem  of  1  foot  in  diameter.  In  some  parts  of 
India  its  growth  has  been  even  more  rapid ;  at  the  Nilgiri  Hills  it 
has  been  reared  advantageously,  where  E.  marginata.  E.  obliqua,  E. 
robusta  and  E.  calophylla  had  failed.  Its  growth  was  there  found 
to  be  four  times  as  fast  as  that  of  Teak,  and  the  wood  proved  for  many 
purposes  as  valuable ;  trees  attained  a  height  of  30  feet  in  four  years, 


120  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

one  tree  twelve  years  old  was  100  feet  high  and  6  feet  in  girth  at  3 
feet  from  the  ground  ;  to  thrive  well  there  it  wants  an  elevation  of 
not  less  than  4,000  feet.  In  Algeria  and  Portugal  it  has  furnished 
railway-sleepers  in  eight  years,  and  telegraph-poles  in  ten  years 
(Cruikshank).  On  the  mountains  of  Guatemala  it  attained  in  twelve 
years  a  height  of  120  feet  and  a  stem-circumference  of  9  feet  (Bou- 
card).  According  to  the  Rev.  D.  Landsborough  it  proved  hardy  in 
the  isle  of  Arran.  For  scenic  window-culture  in  cold  countries  E. 
globulus  was  first  recommended  by  Ucke,  for  culture  in  hospital- 
wards  to  decompose  contagia  by  Hosier  and  Goeze.  Eucalyptus-leaves 
generate  ozone  largely  for  the  purification  of  air ;  the  volatile  oil  is 
very  antiseptic.  The  price  of  the  timber  in  Melbourne  is  about  Is. 
7d.  per  cubic  foot. 

Eucalyptus  gomphocephala,  Candolle.* 

The  Tooart  of  South -West  Australia ;  attains  a  height  of  120  feet, 
the  clear  trunk  up  to  50  feet  long.  The  wood  is  tough,  strong  and 
rigid,  the  texture  close  and  the  grain  so  twisted  as  to  make  it  diffi- 
cult to  cleave.  It  shrinks  but  little,  does  not  split  while  undergoing 
the  process  of  seasoning,  and  is  altogether  remarkably  free  from 
defects.  It  will  bear  exposure  to  all  vicissitudes  of  weather  for  a 
long  time,  and  is  particularly  valuable  for  large  scantling,  where 
great  strength  is  needed ;  in  ship-building  it  is  used  for  beams, 
keelsons,  stern-posts,  engine-bearers  and  other  work  below  the 
floatation  ;  recommendable  also  for  supports  of  bridges,  framing  of 
dock-gates  and  for  wheelwrights'  work  ;  indeed  it  is  one  of  the 
strongest  woods  known,  whether  tried  transversely  or  otherwise 
(Laslett).  This  species,  as  well  as  E.  odorata,  E.  foacunda  and  E. 
decipiens,  thrive  best  in  limestone  soil. 

Eucalyptus  goniocalyx,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

From  Cape  Otway  to  the  southern  parts  of  New  South  "Wales,  rare 
near  St.  Vincent's  Gulf  (J.  E.  Brown),  generally  known  as  Bastard 
Box,  mostly  found  on  clayey  ridges.  A  large  tree  which  should  be 
included  among  those  for  new  plantations.  Its  wood  resembles  in 
many  respects  that  of  E.  globulus  and  is  comparatively  easily 
worked.  For  house.building,  fence-rails  and  similar  purposes  it  is 
extensively  employed  in  those  forest  districts  where  it  is  abundant, 
and  has  proved  a  valuable  timber.  It  is  especially  esteemed  for 
wheelwrights'  work  (Falck).  Our  local  experiments  gave  the 
strength  greater  than  than  that  of  E.  amygdalina  and  E.  obliqua, 
but  less  than  that  of  E.  globulus. 

Eucalyptus  Gunni,   J.  Hooker.* 

Victoria,  Tasmania  and  New  South  Wales,  ascending  Alpine  eleva- 
tions. In  the  lowland  along  fertile  valleys  it  attains  a  considerable 
size  and  supplies  a  strong  useful  timber.  It  is  here  mostly  known 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  121 

as  Swamp-gum-tree,  the  mountain  variety  in  Tasmania  as  Cider- 
tree.  Timber  found  by  us  here  almost  equal  in  strength  to  that  of 
E.  macrorrhymla,  E.  rostrata  and  E.  globulus.  The  other  very 
hardy  Eucalypts  comprise  E.  pauciflora,  E.  alpina,  E.  urnigera,  E. 
coccifera,  and  E.  vernicosa,  which  all  reach  heights  covered  with 
snow  for  several  months  in  the  year. 

Eucalyptus  haemastoma,  Smith. 

One  of  the  White  Gum-trees  of  New  South  Wales  and  South 
Queensland,  abundant  in  "many  localties.  This  species  attains  a 
considerable  size,  and  furnishes  fencing  and  rough  building  material, 
also  fuel  of  fair  quality.  Claims  our  attention  particularly  as  fit 
for  culture  on  sandy  land,  for  which  very  few  other  Eucalypts  are 
suited.  A  variety  occurs  with  persistent  stringy  bark. 

Eucalyptus  hemiphloia,  F.  v.  Mueller.* 

New  South  Wales  and  South  Queensland  ;  local  vernacular  name 
Box-tree.  To  be  regarded  as  a  timber  tree  of  great  excellence, 
on  the  authority  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Woolls.  It  is  famous  for  the 
hardness  and  toughness  of  its  timber,  which  is  used  for  railway- 
sleepers,  telegraph-posts,  shafts,  spokes,  mauls,  plough-beams,  and 
similar  utensils. 

Eucalyptus  Leucoxylon,  E.  v.  Mueller.* 

The  ordinary  Iron-bark-tree  of  Victoria  and  some  parts  of  South 
Australia  and  New  South  Wales.  It  attains  a  height  of  100  feet, 
and  supplies  a  valuable  timber,  possessing  great  strength  und  hard- 
ness; it  is  much  prized  for  its  durability  by  carpenters,  ship- 
builders, etc.  It  is  largely  employed  by  waggon-builders  for  wheels, 
poles,  etc. ;  by  ship-builders  for  top-sides,  treenails,  the  rudder 
(stock),  belaying-pins,  and  other  purposes  ;  it  is  also  used  by  turners 
for  rough  work.  It  proved  to  be  the  strongest  of  all  the  woods 
hitherto  subjected  to  test  by  Mr.  Luchmami  and  myself,  bearing 
nearly  twice  the  strain  of  American  Oak  and  Ash  and  excelling 
even  Hickory  by  about  18  per  cent.  It  is  much  recommended  for 
railway-sleepers,  and  extensively  used  in  underground  mining  work. 
It  is  very  extensively  employed  for  the  handles  of  axes  and  other 
implements  by  Victorian  manufacturers.  The  price  of  the  timber  in 
the  log  is  about  2s.  5d.  per  cubic  foot  in  Melbourne.  As  it  is  for 
some  purposes  superior  to  that  of  almost  any  other  Eucalyptus,  the 
regular  culture  of  this  tree  over  wide  areas  should  be  fostered, 
especially  as  it  can  be  raised  on  stony  ridges  not  readily  available 
for  ordinary  husbandry.  The  wood  is  sometimes  pale,  or  in  other 
localities  rather  dark.  The  tree  is  generally  restricted  to  the  lower 
Silurian  sandstone  and  slate  formation  with  ironstone  and  quartz. 
The  bark  is  remarkably  rich  in  kino  tannin,  yielding  up  to  22  per 


122  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

cent,  in  the  fresh  state,  but  much  less  after  drying.  This  kino 
tannin  is  not  equal  in  value  to  the  mimosa  tannic  acid  from  Acacia 
bark,  but  it  is  useful  as  a  subsidiary  admixture  when  light-coloured 
leather  is  not  aimed  at.  As  an  astringent  drug  this  kino  is  not  with- 
out importance.  E.  Leucoxylon  has,  next  to  E.  rostrata,  thriven  best 
about  Lucknow  (in  India)  among  the  species  tried  there  for  forest 
culture.  E.  sideroxylon  is  a  synonym. 

Eucalyptus  longifolia,   Link.* 

Extra-tropic  East  Australia.  A  tree,  known  as  "  Woolly  Butt," 
under  favourable  circumstances  reaching  to  200  feet  in  height,  the 
stem  attaining  a  great  girth.  Mr.  Reader  asserts  that  there  is  not 
extant  a  more  useful  timber.  It  stands  well  in  any  situation. 

Eucalyptus  loxophleba,  Bentham.* 

The  York  Gum-tree  of  extra-tropic  West  Australia.  Attains  a 
height  of  about  100  feet  and  a  stem  4  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood 
is  very  tough,  and  preferably  sought  in  West  Australia  for  naves 
and  felloes  of  wheels.  Even  when  dry  it  is  heavier  than  water. 

Eucalyptus  macrorrhyncha,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  common  Stringy  bark-tree  of  Victoria,  extending  also  to  New 
South  Wales.  This  tree  attains  a  height  of  about  120  feet,  and  is 
generally  found  growing  an  sterile  ridges,  not  extending  to  the 
higher  mountains.  The  wood,  which  contains  a  good  deal  of  kino, 
is  used  for  joists,  keels  of  boats,  fence-rails  and  rough  building 
purposes ;  also  extensively  for  fuel ;  the  fibrous  dark-brown  bark 
serves  for  roofs  of  huts  and  also  for  tyeing.  The  wood  proved  in 
our  experiments  here  nearly  as  strong  as  that  of  E.  Globulus  and 
of  E.  rostrata,  and  considerably  stronger  than  that  of  E.  obliqua. 

Eucalyptus  maculata,  Hooker. 

The  Spotted  Gum-tree  of  New  South  Wales  and  South  Queens- 
land. A  tree  up  to  150  feet  in  height,  the  wood  of  which  is 
employed  in  ship-building,  wheelwrights'  and  coopers'  work.  The 
heart- wood  is  as  strong  as  that  of  British  oak  (Dr.  Woolls). 

Eucalyptus  marginata,  Smith.* 

The  Jarrah  or  Mahogany  Tree  of  South-west  Australia,  famed  for 
its  indestructible  wood,  which  is  neither  attached  by  chelura,  nor 
teredo,  nor  termites,  and  therefore  so  much  sought  for  jetties  and 
other  structures  exposed  to  sea- water  ;  also  for  any  underground 
work,  telegraph-poles,  and  largely  exported  for  railway-sleepers. 
Vessels  built  of  this  timber  have  been  enabled  to  do  away  with  all 
copper-plating.  For  jetties  the  piles  are  used  round,  and  they  do 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  123 

not  split  when  rammed  even  into  limestone  or  other  hard  founda- 
tions, provided  the  timber  is  of  the  best  hard  kind  (Walker  and 
Swan).  The  Imperial  Clerk  of  Works  at  Perth  observes,  that  he 
took  up  piles  in  1877,  which  were  driven  for  a  whaling  jetty  in 
1834,  and  that  the  timber  was  perfectly  sound,  although  the  place 
was  swarming  with  teredo.  At  the  jetty  in  Freemantle  piles  thirty 
years  old  and  others  one  year  old  could  scarcely  be  distinguished.  The 
durability  of  the  timber  seems  largely  attributable  to  a  substance 
(Kino-red),  allied  to  phlobaphen,  of  which  it  contains  about  16  to 
17  per  cent.  ;  of  kino-tannin  it  contains  4  to  5  per  cent.  It  is  of  a 
close  grain  and  a  slightly  oily  and  resinous  nature ;  it  works  well, 
makes  a  fine  finish,  and  is  by  ship-builders  here  considered  superior 
to  either  sal,  teak,  or  any  other  wood  except  perhaps  English  or 
Live  oak.  In  West  Australia  it  is  much  used  for  flooring,  rafters, 
shingles ;  also  for  furniture,  as  it  is  easily  worked,  takes  a  good 
polish,  and  then  looks  very  beautiful.  It  is  not  too  hard,  and  is 
thus  more  easily  worked  than  E.  redunca  and  E.  loxophleba.  The 
wood  from  the  hills  is  darker,  tougher  and  heavier  than  that  from 
the  plains.  Well-seasoned  timber  weighs  about  64  Ibs.  per  cubic 
foot ;  freshly  cut,  from  71  to  76  Ibs.  It  is  one  of  the  least  inflam- 
mable woods  according  to  Captain  Fawcett.  In  West  Australia  it 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  woods  for  charcoal.  Mr.  H.  E. 
Victor,  C.E.,  of  Perth,  estimates  the  area  covered  at  present  (more 
or  less)  by  marketable  Jarrah  in  South- West  Australia  at  nine 
million  acres,  and  to  yield  at  an  average  about  500  cubic  feet  of  good 
timber  per  acre.  The  trees  should  be  felled  in  autumn  or  towards 
the  end  of  summer,  in  which  case  the  timber  will  not  warp.  The 
tree  grows  chiefly  on  ironstone  ranges.  At  Melbourne  it  is  not 
quick  of  growth,  if  compared  to  E.  globulus,  Lab.,  or  to  E.  obliqua, 
1'Her.,  but  it  is  likely  to  grow  with  celerity  in  mountainous  country. 
In  its  native  country  it  presents  the  features  of  the  East  Australian 
stringy-bark  forests.  Stems  of  this  tree  have  been  measured  80  feet 
to  the  first  branch,  and  32  feet  in  circumference  at  5  feet  from  the 
ground.  Instances  are  on  record  of  the  stem  having  attained  a  girth  of 
60  feet  at  6  feet  from  the  ground  through  the  formation  of  buttresses. 

Eucalyptus  melanophloia,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  silver-leaved  Iron-bark  tree  of  New  South  Wales  and 
Queensland.  A  middle-sized  tree  with  a  deeply-furrowed  bark  and 
meally-white  foliage.  The  timber  is  strong  and  durable,  and  used 
for  telegraph-poles  and  railway- sleepers  ;  it  is  however  very  apt  to 
split,  unless  well  seasoned,  when  exposed  to  the  sun. 

Eucalyptus  melliodora,  A.  Cunningham.* 

The  Yellow  Box-tree  of  Victoria  and  some  parts  of  New  South 
Wales ;  of  a  spreading  habit  of  growth,  attaining  a  height  of  about 
120  feet  with  a  comparatively  stout  stem.  The  wood  resembles 


124  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

that  of  E.  rostrata  in  texture,  but  is  of  a  paler  colour  and  not  quite 
so  durable.  It  is  fully  as  strong,  though  second  to  E.  Leucoxylon, 
E.  siderophloia  and  E.  polyanthema  in  this  respect,  but  equalling 
that  of  E.  Globulus.  It  is  esteemed  for  wheelwrights'  and  other 
artizans'  work,  in  ship-building,  and  supplies  excellent  fuel ;  the 
young  trees  are  used  for  telegraph-poles. 

Eucalyptus  microcorys,  F.  v.  Mueller.* 

One  of  the  Stringy  Bark-trees  of  New  South  Wales  and  Queens- 
land, mostly  known  as  Tallow- wood  by  the  colonists.  It  attains  a 
great  size ;  barrel  up  to  100  feet  in  length,  7  feet  in  diameter.  The 
wood  is  yellowish,  free  from  kino-veins,  easily  worked  by  saw  or 
plane ;  it  is  of  a  very  greasy  nature,  so  much  so  as  to  be  quite 
slippery  when  fresh  cut  (C.  Fawcett).  This  oily  substance,  very 
similar  to  viscin,  of  which  it  contains  about  1  per  cent.,  prevents 
the  wood  from  splitting  and  twisting,  though  not  from  shrinking. 
The  timber  is  hard  and  durable  also  underground  and  employed  for 
railway- sleepers,  wheelwrights'  work,  for  knees  and  breasthooks  in 
shipbuilding,  the  young  trees  for  telegraph-poles.  The  foliage  is 
remarkably  rich  in  volatile  oil. 

Eucalyptus  microtheca,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  most  arid  extra-tropical,  as  well  as 
tropical,  inland  regions  of  Australia.  One  of  the  best  trees  for 
desert  tracts;  in  favourable  places  150  feet  high.  Wood  brown, 
sometimes  very  dark,  hard,  heavy  and  elastic  ;  prettily  marked ; 
thus  used  for  cabinet-work,  but  more  particularly  for  piles,  bridges 
and  railway-sleepers  (Rev.  Dr.  Woolls). 

Eucalyptus  obliqua,  D'Heritier.* 

The  ordinary  Stringy-bark-tree  of  Tasmania,  generally  designated 
Messmate-tree  in  Victoria,  attaining  a  height  of  300  feet,  with  a 
stem  more  than  10  feet  in  diameter,  growing  mostly  in  mountainous 
country.  The  most  gregarious  of  all  Eucalypts,  from  Spencer's 
Gulf  to  the  southern  parts  of  New  South  Wales,  and  in  several 
varieties  designated  by  splitters  and  other  wood- workers  by  different 
names ;  most  extensively  used  for  cheap  fencing-rails,  palings, 
shingles,  and  any  other  rough  wood-work  not  to  be  sunk  under- 
ground nor  requiring  great  strength  or  elasticity.  The  bulk  of 
wood  obtained  from  this  tree  in  very  poor  soil  is  perhaps  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  kind,  and  thus  this  species  can  be  included 
even  in  its  native  country,  where  it  is  naturally  common  and  easily 
re-disseminated,  among  the  trees  for  new  forest  plantations  in 
barren  woodless  tracts,  to  yield  readily  and  early  a  supply  of  cheap 
and  easily  fissile  wood.  The  young  trees  are  sometimes  used  for 
telegraph-poles.  The  fresh  bark  contains  from  11  to  13 1  per  cent, 
kino-tannic  acid. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  125 

Eucalyptus  oleosa,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

One  of  the  smaller  Eucalypts  known  as  Mallee,  extending  from 
East  to  West  Australia  through  the  desert  regions.  The  essential 
oil,  in  which  the  foliage  of  this  species  is  very  rich,  dissolves, 
according  to  Mr.  Bosisto,  India-rubber  without  heat.  It  is  also  one 
of  the  best  to  dissolve  amber  and  other  fossil  resins.  The  variety 
longirostris  attains  a  height  of  120  feet,  with  stems  of  70  feet  with- 
out branch,  in  West  Australia,  where  it  is  vernacularly  known  as 
Morrell.  The  wood  is  remarkably  hard,  splits  freely,  and  is  used 
for  spears,  rafters,  fence-rails,  wheelwrights'  work,  agricultural 
implements,  etc.  It  is  of  a  red  tinge  and  sinks  in  water,  also  when 
dry. 

Eucalyptus  paniculata,  Smith.* 

The  White  Iron-bark  tree  of  New  South  Wales.  This  species 
furnishes  a  hard  durable  wood,  excellent  for  railway-sleepers, 
according  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Woolls.  It  is  also  much  used  for  build- 
ing and  fencing,  as  it  splits  well  and  is  lasting  underground.  All 
the  trees  of  this  series  are  deserving  of  cultivation,  as  their  wood, 
though  always  excellent,  is  far  from  alike,  and  that  of  each  species 
preferred  for  special  purposes  of  the  artizan. 

Eucalyptus  pauciflora,  Sieber.     (E.  coriacea,  A.  Cunningham.) 

New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  Tasmania.  A  tree  of  handsome 
appearance,  with  a  smooth  white  bark,  and  generally  drooping 
foliage,  attaining  considerable  dimensions  ;  vernacularly  known  as 
a  White-Gum  or  Drooping-Gum  or  Swamp-Gum-tree.  It  grows 
best  in  moist  ground,  ascends  to  an  elevation  of  5,000  feet,  and  is 
one  of  the  hardiest  of  all  its  congeners.  Its  timber  is  used  for 
ordinary  building  and  fencing  purposes. 

Eucalyptus  phoenicea,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Carpentaria  and  Arnhem's  Land.  Of  the  quality  of  the  timber 
hardly  anything  is  known,  but  the  brilliancy  of  its  scarlet  flowers 
recommends  this  species  to  a  place  in  any  forest  or  garden  planta- 
tion. For  the  same  reason  also  E.  miniata,  from  North  Australia, 
and  E.  ficifolia,  from  South- West  Australia,  should  be  brought 
extensively  under  cultivation. 

Eucalyptus  pilularis,  Smith. 

The  Black-butt-tree  of  South  Queensland,  New  South  Wales  and 
Gippsland.  One  of  the  best  timber-yielding  trees  about  Sydney ; 
of  rather  rapid  growth  (Rev.  Dr.  Woolls).  It  is  much  used  for 
flooring-boards,  also  for  railway-sleepers  and  telegraph-poles. 
Messrs  Camara  and  Kirton  measured  a  tree  in  the  Illawarra  dis- 
trict, which  had  a  girth  of  45  feet  and  a  height  of  about  300  feet. 


126  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Eucalyptus  piperita,  Smith. 

A  Stringy-bark-tree  of  New  South  Wales  and  Gippsland,  often 
termed  White  Stringy-bark.  It  grows  to  a  considerable  height  and 
attains  a  stem  up  to  4  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  fissile,  and 
used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  other  Stringy-bar k-trees. 
The  foliage  is  rich  in  volatile  oil. 

Eucalyptus  Planchoniana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South  Queensland.  A  tree  to  about  100  feet  in  height,  stem  3  feet 
in  diameter.  The  foliage  is  dense.  Timber  sound,  heavy,  hard  and 
durable,  well  adapted  for  sawing,  but  not  easy  to  split  (Bailey). 

Eucalyptus  platyphylla,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Queensland.  Regarded  by  the  Rev.  Julian  Tenison  Woods  as  one 
of  the  best  of  shade-trees,  and  seen  to  produce  leaves  sometimes  1 J 
foot  long  and  1  foot  wide.  This  tree  is  available  for  open  exposed 
localities,  where  trees  from  deep  forest  valleys  would  not  thrive.  It 
is  closely  allied  to  E.  alba  from  Timor.  The  timber  is  curly  and 
durable. 

Eucalyptus  polyanthema,  Schauer.* 

South-East  Australia,  generally  known  as  Red  Box.  A  tree  up  to 
150  feet  high,  which  furnishes  an  extremely  hard  and  lasting 
timber ;  in  great  demand  for  mining  purposes  and  railway-sleepers, 
also  for  wheelwrights'  work ;  for  fuel  this  wood  is  unsurpassed. 
It  is  extremely  strong,  excelling  oak  and  ash.  Surpassed, 
according  to  our  experiments  among  Eucalypts,  only  by  E. 
Leucoxylon  and  E.  siderophloia  in  transverse  strength.  According 
to  Mr.  J.  Smith,  of  Kew-Garden,  this  species  braved  there  frosts 
to  which  all  other  congeners  succumbed. 

Eucalyptus  populifolia,  Hooker. 

Warmer  portions  of  East- Australia.  The  "  Bembil"  or  Shining- 
leaved  Box-Eucalyptus.  Wood  used  for  posts,  handspikes,  levers, 
and  other  articles  needing  toughness;  proved  to  be  durable  (Bailey). 
Particularly  adapted  for  dry  and  hot  countries. 

Eucalyptus  punctata,  Candolle.* 

The  Leatherjacket  or  Hickory  Eucalypt  of  New  South  Wales.  A 
beautiful  tree,  with  a  smooth  bark,  attaining  a  height  of  100  feet 
or  more,  of  rather  quick  growth.  The  wood  is  of  a  light  brown 
colour,  hard,  tough  and  very  durable  ;  used  for  fence-posts,  railway- 
sleepers,  wheelwrights'  work,  also  for  ship-building  (Woolls). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  127 

Eucalyptus  Raver etiana,  F.  v.  Mueller.* 

Queensland.  A  jungle  tree  of  the  largest  size,  attaining  a  height 
of  300  feet  and  10  feet  in  diameter ;  delights  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  rivers  or  swamps  ;  vernacularly  known  as  Grey  or  Iron 
Gum-tree.  It  furnishes  a  very  hard,  durable,  dark-coloured  wood, 
valuable  for  piles,  railway-sleepers,  and  general  building  purposes 
(Thozet,  O'Shanesy,  Bowman).  From  cuts  into  the  stem  an  acidu- 
lous, almost  colourless  liquid  exudes,  available  in  considerable 
quantity,  like  that  from  E.  Gunnii. 

Eucalyptus  redunca,  Schauer.* 

The  "White  Gum-tree  of  "West  Australia,  the  Wandoo  ,of  the 
aborigines  ;  attains  very  large  dimensions ;  stems  have  been  found 
with  a  diameter  of  17  feet.  The  bark  is  whitish,  but  not  shining, 
imparting  a  white  coloration  when  rubbed.  The  tree  is  content 
with  cold  flats  of  comparatively  poor  soil,  even  where  humidity 
stagnates  during  the  wet  season.  It  furnishes  a  very  pale,  hard, 
tough,  heavy  and  durable  wood,  highly  prized  for  all  kinds  of  wheel- 
wrights' work,  and  especially  supplying  the  best  felloes  in  West  Aus- 
tralia. The  seasoned  timber  weighs  about  70  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 

Eucalyptus  resinifera,  Smith.* 

The  Red  Mahogany  Eucalypt  of  South  Queensland  and  New  South 
Wales.  A  superior  timber  tree,  of  large  size,  according  to  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Woolls,  the  wood  being  much  prized  for  its  strength  and  dura- 
bility. It  has  proved  one  of  the  best  adapted  for  a  tropical  clime, 
although  not  so  rapid  of  growth  as  some  other  species.  It  grew  45 
feet  in  ten  or  twelve  years  at  Lucknow,  according  to  Dr.  Bonavia, 
but  in  the  best  soil  it  has  attained  12  feet  in  two  years.  Proved  in 
Italy  nearly  as  hardy  as  E.  amygdalina  and  E.  viminalis,  according 
to  Prince  Troubetzkoy. 

Eucalyptus  robusta,  Smith.* 

New  South  Wales,  where  it  is  known  as  Swamp-Mahogany  by  the 
colonists.  It  attains  a  height  of  100  feet  and  a  girth  of  12  feet, 
with  a  barrel  up  to  50  feet  in  length,  bearing  a  really  grand  crown 
of  foliage.  The  wood  is  strong  and  very  durable  ;  reckoned  a  very 
good  timber  for  joists,  also  used  for  ship-building,  wheelwrights' work, 
and  many  implements,  such  as  mallets.  The  tree  seems  to  thrive 
best  in  low  sour  swampy  ground  near  the  sea-coast ;  where  other 
Eucalypts  look  sickly,  E.  robusta  is  the  picture  of  health  ( W.  Kirton). 

Eucalyptus  ro strata,  Schlechtendal.* 

The  Red  Gum-tree  of  Southern  Australia  and  many  river-flats  in 
the  interior  of  the  Australian  continent,  nearly  always  found  on 
moist  ground  with  a  clayey  subsoil.  It  will  thrive  in  soil  periodi- 
cally inundated  for  a  considerable  time,  anj^y on  4B  slightly  saline 


128  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

ground.  Attains  exceptionally  a  height  of  200  feet  and  a  compara- 
tively stout  stem,  but  is  mostly  of  a  more  spreading  habit  of  growth 
than  the  majority  of  its  tall  congeners.  Mr.  R  G.  Drysdale,  of  the 
Riverina  district,  observed  that  an  exceptional  temperature  of 
125°  F.  in  the  shade  did  not  shrivel  the  foliage  of  this  tree ;  it  has 
also  withstood  the  severest  heat  in  Algeria  better  than  E.  globulus; 
and  Dr.  Bonavia  found  it  to  thrive  well  in  the  province  of  Oude  in 
places  where  E.  globulus,  E.  obliqua  and  E.  marginata  perished 
under  the  extreme  vicissitudes  of  the  clime.  It  does  not  bear  cold 
so  well  as  E.  amygdalina,  perishing  when  still  young  at  a  tempera- 
ture below  23°  F.,  as  observed  in  Italy  by  Prince  Troubetzkoy.  In 
Mauritius  and  Reunion  it  resisted  the  hurricanes  better  than  any 
other  Eucalypt ;  in  the  latter  island  the  Marquis  de  Chateauvieux 
observed  it  to  grow  65  feet  in  six  years,  and  it  is  always  found 
more  quickly  growing  than  E.  marginata,  but  less  so  than  E. 
globulus.  It  is  recommended  as  an  antiseptic  tree  for  cemeteries  in 
tropical  countries.  The  timber  among  that  of  Eucalypts  is  one  of 
the  most  highly  esteemed  in  all  Australia,  being  heavy,  hard, 
strong  and  extremely  durable,  either  above  or  under  ground  or  in 
water.  For  these  reasons  it  is  highly  prized  for  fence-posts,  piles 
and  railway-sleepers ;  for  the  latter  purpose  it  will  last  at  least  a 
dozen  years,  but  if  well  selected  much  longer ;  whenever  practicable 
the  Government  of  Victoria  has  discarded  the  use  of  any  other 
timber  for  railways  and  bridges  in  favour  of  this  tree.  It  is  also 
extensively  employed  by  ship-builders  for  main-stem,  stern-post, 
inner-post,  dead-wood,  floor-timbers,  futtocks,  transoms,  knighthead, 
hawse-pieces,  cant,  stern,  quarter  and  fashion  timbers,  bottom- 
planks,  breast-hooks  and  riders,  windlass,  bow-rails,  etc.  It  should 
be  steamed  before  it  is  worked  for  planking.  Also  extensively 
employed  by  wheelwrights,  principally  for  felloes,  and  by  builders 
for  posts  and  any  other  part  of  structures  which  come  in  contact 
with  the  ground.  Next  to  the  Jarrah  from  West  Australia  this 
is  the  best  Eucalyptus  wood  for  resisting  the  attacks  of  the  crus- 
taceous  chelura  and  limnoria,  the  teredo  mollusk  and  white  ants, 
and  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  considerably  stronger,  proving 
equal  in  this  respect  to  American  White  Oak.  According  to  my 
experiments  it  is  surpassed  in  resistance  to  transverse  strain  by  E. 
melliodora,  E.  polyanthema,  and  particularly  E.  siderophloia  and 
E.  Leucoxylon,  though  stronger  than  that  of  many  other  congeners. 
The  kino  of  E.  rostrata  is  far  less  soluble  in  cold  water  than  that  of 
E.  calophylla,  and  used  as  an  important  medicinal  astringent.  For 
other  details  of  the  uses  of  this  or  other  Victorian  trees,  refer  to 
the  Reports  of  the  Victorian  Exhibitions  of  1862  and  1867. 

Eucalyptus  salmonophloia,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Salmon-barked  Gum-tree  of  South- West  Australia,  attaining  a 
height  of   1 20  feet.      The  timber  is  good  for  fencing,  while  the 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  129 

foliage  is  available  for  profitable  oil  distillation.  The  shining 
white  or  purplish  bark  does  not  give  off  a  white  coloration  like  E. 
redunca. 

Eucalyptus  saligna,  Smith. 

The  Blue  or  Flooded  Gum-tree  of  New  South  Wales.  A  tall 
straight-stemmed  species  attaining  a  diameter  of  7  feet.  According 
to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Woolls  the  wood  is  of  excellent  quality,  and  largely- 
used  for  shipbuilding.  The  tree  is  generally  found  on  rich  soil 
along  river-banks. 

Eucalyptus  salubris,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Gimletwood  or  Fluted  Gum-tree  of  West  and  Central  Aus- 
tralia, living  on  poor  dry  soil.  It  is  generally  a  slender-stemmed 
tree,  100  feet  high,  2  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  small  crown.  The 
bark  is  shining  with  a  brownish  tinge,  and  broad,  longitudinal,  and 
often  twisted  impressions,  or  roundish,  blunt,  longitudinal  ridges. 
The  wood  is  hard  and  tough,  but  comparatively  easily  worked, 
heavier  than  water,  even  when  dry.  It  serves  for  roofing,  fencing, 
poles,  and  shafts,  etc.  For  xylography  it  is  better  than  Pear- 
tree  wood,  and  deserves  attention  for  this  purpose.  The  tree 
exudes  kino. 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia,  Bentham.* 

The  Large-leaved  or  White  Ironbark-tree  of  New  South  Wales 
and  South  Queensland,  attaining  a  height  of  150  feet.  According 
to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Woolls  this  furnishes  one  of  the  strongest  and 
most  durable  timbers  of  New  South  Wales  ;  with  great  advantage 
used  for  railway-sleepers  and  for  many  building  purposes.  It  is 
highly  appreciated  by  wheelwrights,  especially  for  spokes,  also  well 
adapted  for  tool-handles.  Found  by  us  to  be  even  stronger  than 
Hickory,  and  only  rivalled  by  E.  Leucoxy Ion  and,  though  less,  by  E. 
polyanthema.  It  is  harder  than  the  wood  of  E.  Leucoxylon, 
but  thus  also  worked  with  more  difficulty.  The  price  of  the 
timber  is  about  2s.  6d.  per  cubic  foot  in  the  log.  The  tree  yields 
much  kino. 

Eucalyptus  Sieberiana,  F.  v.  Mueller.       (E.  virgata,  Bentham,  not 

Sieber,) 

South-East  Australia.  A  straight-stemmed  tree  up  to  150  feet  in 
height  and  5  feet  in  stem  diameter,  vernacularly  known  as  Moun- 
tain Ash  in  Gippsland  and  New  South  Wales,  as  Ironbark-tree  or 
Gumtop  in  Tasmania.  The  wood  is  of  excellent  quality,  strong 
and  elastic,  thus  used  for  implement  handles,  cart-shafts,  swingle- 
trees,  also  for  fencing  and  for  general  building  purposes.  It  burns 
well,  even  when  freshly  cut.  Systematically  the  species  is  very 
closely  allied  to  E.  haemastoma,  but  much  superior  as  a  timber-tree 


130  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Eucalyptus  Stuartiana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South-East  Australia.  Vernacularly  known  as  Apple-scented  Gum- 
tree.  A  medium-sized  tree  with  fibrous  bark  and  drooping  branches; 
foliage  rather  copious.  The  wood  is  mostly  used  for  fencing  and 
for  fuel,  but  might  also  be  turned  to  account  for  furniture,  as  it  is 
of  a  handsome  dark  colour,  and  takes  a  good  polish  (Boyle).  Accord- 
ing to  our  own  observations  here  it  is  nearly  the  same  strength  as 
E.  rostrata  and  E.  Globulus,  and  somewhat  stronger  than  that  of 
E.  amygdalina  and  particularly  E.  obliqua. 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis,  Smith.* 

From  East  Queensland,  where  it  is  termed  Red  Gum-tree,  to 
Gippsland,  attaining  a  height  of  160  feet.  Closely  allied  to  E. 
rostrata.  The  timber  is  esteemed  for  the  naves  and  felloes  of 
wheels.  For  telegraph-poles  and  railway-sleepers  it  is  inferior  to 
some  of  the  Ironbark  trees,  lasting  a  shorter  time,  and  then  not 
rarely  decaying  by  dry  rot.  Quite  under  ground  it  remains  sound 
much  longer  (Thozet),  but  much  depends,  as  regards  its  durability, 
on  the  locality  where  it  is  obtained  and  the  manner  of  drying. 

Eucalyptus  terminalis,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Bloodwood-tree  of  North  Queensland,  closely  allied  to  E. 
corymbosa,  attaining  a  considerable  size.  *  The  wood  is  dark  red, 
hard  and  extremely  tough.  Particularly  adapted  for  tropical 
climes. 

Eucalyptus  tesselaris,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

North  Australia  and  Queensland.  Furnishes  a  brown,  rather  elastic 
wood,  not  very  hard,  easily  worked,  of  great  strength  and  durability, 
available  for  many  kinds  of  artisans'  work,  and  particularly  sought 
for  staves  and  flooring.  The  tree  exudes  much  astringent  gum- 
resin  (P.  O'Shanesy).  Several  other  species  might  yet  be  men- 
tioned, particularly  from  tropical  Australia,  but  we  are  not  yet  well 
enough  acquainted  with  their  technical  value.  For  further  infor- 
mation vide  Eucalyptographia.  All  the  Eucalypts  are  valuable  for 
the  production  of  tar,  pitch,  acetic  acid,  paper  material,  potash  and 
various  dye  substances. 

Eucalyptus  triantha,  Link.     (E.  acmenoides,  Schauer). 

New  South  "Wales  and  East  Queensland.  Known  as  White 
Mahogany.  It  attains  a  considerable  height,  and  a  stem  up  to 
4  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  of  rapid  growth.  The  wood  used  in  the 
same  way  as  that  of  E.  obliqua,  but  superior  to  it.  It  is  heavy, 
strong,  durable,  of  a  light  colour,  and  has  been  found  good  for 
palings,  flooring-boards,  battens,  rails,  and  many  other  purposes  of 
house  carpentry  (Rev.  Dr.  Woolls). 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  131 

Eucalyptus  viminalis,  Labillardiere. 

South-East  Australia.  On  poor  soil  only  a  moderate-sized  tree,  with  a 
dark  rough  bark  on  the  trunk,  and  generally  known  as  Manna-gum-tree; 
in  rich  soil  of  the  mountain-forest  it  attains  however  gigantic  dimen- 
sions, rising  to  a  height  of  rather  more  than  300  feet,  with  a  stem  up  to 
15  feet  in  diameter.  It  has  there  a  cream-coloured  smooth  bark, 
and  is  locally  known  as  White-gum-tree.  The  timber  is  light- 
coloured,  clear,  and  though  not  so  strong  and  durable  as  that  of 
many  other  kinds  of  Eucalyptus  wood,  is  very  frequently  employed 
for  shingles,  fence-rails,  and  ordinary  building  purposes  ;  also  for 
fuel.  It  is  not  so  strong  as  that  of  many  other  Eucalypts,  still 
stronger  than  that  of  E.  amygdalina  and  E.  obliqua.  The  fresh 
bark  contains  about  5  per  cent,  kino-tannin.  Professor  Balfour 
observes  that  a  tree  of  this  species  has  stood  since  thirty  years  in  the 
open  air  at  Haddington  (South  Scotland),  attaining  a  height  of  50 
feet  and  a  stem  8  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base  ;  shelter  against 
hard  cold  winds  is  in  these  cases  imperative.  This  is  the  only 
species  which  yields  the  crumb-like  melitose-rnanna.  For  fuller 
information  on  Eucalypts  consult  my  "Descriptive  Atlas." 

Euchlsena  luxurians,  Ascherson.*     (Reeana  luocurians,  Durieu.) 

The  Teosinte.  Guatemala,  up  to  considerable  elevations.  Annual. 
Kecommendable  as  a  fodder-grass.  A  large  number  of  stems 
spring  from  the  same  root,  attaining  a  height  of  a  dozen  feet  or 
even  more.  The  leaves  grow  to  lengths  of  3  feet  and  form  a  good 
forage.  The  young  shoots  when  boiled  constitute  a  fair  culinary 
esculent.  Dr.  Schweinfurth  harvested  at  Cairo  from  three  seeds 
in  one  year  about  12,000  grains.  The  fruit  required  ten  months  to 
ripen  from  the  time  of  sowing  ;  the  three  seeds  furnished  ten  stalks 
each  about  18  feet  high.  The  plant,  particularly  in  its  young  state, 
is  remarkably  saccharine.  For  scenic  growth  this  stately  grass  is 
also  recommeiidable.  Vilmorin  estimates  one  plant  sufficient  for 
two  head  of  cattle  during  twenty-four  hours.  Mons.  Thozet,  at  Rock- 
hampton,  obtained  plants  12  feet  high  and  12  feet  wide  in  damp  alluvial 
soil,  each  with  thirty-two  main  stalks  bearing  nearly  100  flower  bunches. 
It  is  rather  slower  in  growth  than  Maize,  but  lasting  longer  for 
green  fodder,  and  not  so  hardy  as  Sorghum. '  Its  growth  can  be 
continued  by  cutting  the  tufts  as  green  fodder.  As  such  it  does 
not  cause  colic  to  horses  and  cattle.  As  a  forage  plant  it  is  with- 
out a  rival  in  climes  free  of  frost.  It  likes  humid  soil  best,  but 
resists  also  extreme  dryness.  It  was  first  brought  into  notice  by 
the  Acclimatisation  Society  of  Paris,  and  introduced  into  Australia 
by  the  writer.  Euchlcena  Mexicana  might  also  be  tested. 

Euclea  myrtina,  Burchell. 

South  Africa.  Berry  small,  black,  but  edible.  To  us  this  plant 
would  hardly  be  more  than  an  ornamental  bush. 


132  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Euclea  Pseudebenus,  E.  Meyer. 

Africa,  down  to  extra-tropic  regions.  Yields  the  Orange  River 
Ebony. 

Euclea  undulata,  Thunberg. 

South  Africa.  Berry  small,  red,  edible.  Other  shrubby  species 
from  the  same  portion  of  the  globe  yield  also  esculent  fruits,  which 
under  superior  culture  may  vastly  improve. 

ucryphia  cordifolia,  Cavanilles 

The  Muermo  or  Ulmo  of  Chili.  This  magnificent  evergreen  tree 
attains  a  height  of  over  100  feet,  producing  a  stem  of  sometimes  6 
feet  in  diameter.  The  flowers  are  much  sought  by  bees.  For  oars 
and  rudders  the  wood  is  preferred  in  Chili  to  any  other  (Dr. 
Philippi).  We  possess  congeneric  trees  in  Tasmania  (E.  Billardieri, 
J.  Hooker)  and  in  New  South  Wales  (E.  Moorei,  F.  v.  M.) 

Eugenia  cordifolia,  Wight. 

Ceylon,  up  to  three  thousand  (3,000)  feet  high.  Fruit  of  1  inch 
diameter. 

Eugenia  Hallii,  Berg. 

Quito.     Fruit  of  large  size. 

Eugenia  maboides,  Wight. 

Ceylon,  up  to  seven  thousand  (7,000)  feet  elevation.  Fruit  of  the 
size  of  a  small  cherry  (Dr.  Thwaites). 

Eugenia  Malaccensis,  Linne. 

The  large  Rose  Apple.  India.  Although  strictly  a  tropical  tree,  it 
has  been  admitted  into  this  list  as  likely  adapted  for  our  warmer 
forest  regions.  The  leaves  are  often  a  foot  long.  The  large  fruits, 
of  rosy  odour,  are  wholesome  and  of  agreeable  taste.  E.  Jambos, 
L.,  also  from  India,  produces  likewise  excellent  fruit. 

Eugenia  myrtifolia,  Sims. 

East  Australia.     A  handsome  bush  with  palatable  fruits. 

Eugenia  Nhanica,  Cambessedes. 

South  Brazil.  The  berries,  which  are  of  plum  size,  are  there  a  table - 
fruit. 

Eugenia  pyriformis,  Cambessedes. 

Uvalho  do  Campo  of  South  Brazil.     Fruit  of  pear  size. 

Eugenia  revoluta,  Wight. 

Ceylon,  up  to  heights  of  6,000  feet ;  berry  1  inch  in  diameter. 


IX   EXTRA-TROPICAL  COUNTRIES.  133 

Eugenia  rotundifolia,  Wight. 

Ceylon,  up  to  8,000  feet ;  rejoicing]  therefore  in  a  cool  or  even 
cold  climate. 

Eugenia  Smithii,  Poiret. 

From  Gippsland  to  Queensland.  A  splendid  large  umbrageous 
tree,  but  not  of  quick  growth,  and  requiring  rich  soil  in  river-valleys 
for  its  perfect  development.  The  bark  contains  about  17  per  cent, 
tannin.  This  fact  may  give  a  clue  to  the  recognition  of  the  same 
tan-principle  in  the  barks  of  numerous  other  species  of  the  large 
genus  Eugenia. 

Eugenia  supra-axillaris,  Spring. 

The  Tata  of  South  Brazil.     Fruit  large. 

Eugenia  uniflora,  Linne. 

Extra-tropical  South  America.  A  tree  of  beautiful  habit,  with 
edible  fruit  of  cherry  size.  Dr.  Lorentz  mentions  also  as  a  sub- 
tropical Argentine  fruit  species  E.  Mato. 

Eugenia  Zeyheri,  Harvey. 

South  Africa.  A  tree  attaining  20  feet  in  height.  The  berries 
are  of  cherry  size  and  edible.  The  relative  value  of  the  fruits  of 
many  Asiatic,  African  and  American  species  of  Eugenia  remains 
to  be  ascertained  ;  many  of  them  furnish  doubtless  good  timber, 
and  all  more  or  less  essential  oil ;  some  probably  also  superior  fruit. 
All  such,  even  tropical  trees,  should  be  tested  in  warm  tracts  of  the 
temperate  zone,  inasmuch  as  many  of  them  endure  a  cooler  clime 
than  is  generally  supposed.  Hence  Anona  muricata,  L.,  the  Sour- 
sop  Bush  of  West  India,  should  also  be  subjected  to  test  culture  for 
the  yield  of  its  sweet,  fragrant,  melon-like  fruit ;  and  not  less  so 
Anona  squamosa,  L.,  the  Sweetsop  Shrub  or  Tree  of  Central 
America,  for  the  sake  of  its  very  pleasant  fruit. 

Eupatorium  triplinerve,  Yahl.     (E.  Ayapana,  Yentenat.) 

Central  America.  A  perennial  somewhat  shrubby  herb,  possibly 
hardy  in  the  warmer  parts  of  extra-tropical  countries.  It  is  used 
as  a  medicinal  plant,  also  as  an  alexipharmic.  It  contains  eupa- 
torin  and  much  essential  oil  peculiar  to  the  plant.  It  stands 
locally  in  renown  as  a  remedy  against  ophidian  poisons,  and  is 
evidently  possessed  of  important  medicinal  properties.  A  tanning 
extract  is  prepared  for  the  English  market  from  this  herb,  which 
contains  about  20  per  cent,  tannic  acid. 

Euryale  ferox,  Salisbury. 

From  tropical  Asia  to  Japan.  Though  less  magnificent  than  the 
grand  Victoria  Regia,  this  closely-allied  water-lily  is  much  more 


134  SELECT    PLAXTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

hardy,  and  would  live  unprotected  in  ponds  and  lakes  of  a 
temperate  climate.  Though  not  strictly  an  industrial  plant,  it  is 
not  without  utility,  and  undergoes  some  sort  of  cultivation  in  China 
for  yielding  its  edible  roots  and  seeds. 

Euryangium  Sumbul,  Kaufmann. 

Central  Asia.  Yields  the  true  Sumbul  root,  a  powerful  stimulant, 
with  the  odour  of  Musk.  It  is  also  decorative  for  lawns. 

Eustrephus  Brownii,  F.  v  Mueller. 

East  Australia.  This  climber  produces  sweet  though  only  small 
tubers,  which  however  are  probably  capable  of  enlargement  through 
culture. 

Euterpe  andicola,  Brogniart. 

Bolivia.  Ascends  to  9,000  feet  (Martius),  an  altitude  higher  than 
is  reached  by  any  other  palm  unless  E.  Haenkeana  and  E.  longi- 
vaginat  (Drude). 

Excascaria  sebifera,  J.  Mueller.     (Stillingia  sebifera,  Michaux.) 

The  Tallow-tree  of  China  and  Japan.  The  fatty  coating  of  the 
seeds  constitute  the  vegetable  tallow,  which  is  separated  by  steam- 
ing. The  wood  is  so  hard  and  dense  as  to  be  used  for  printing- 
blocks  ;  the  leaves  furnish  a  black  dye.  The  tree  endures  slight 
night-frosts,  though  its  foliage  suffers. 

Fagopyrum  cymosum,  Meissner. 

The  perennial  Buck- Wheat,  or  rather  Beech- Wheat,  of  the  Indian 
and  Chinese  highlands.  Can  be  used  with  other  species  for  spinage 
and  for  obtaining  from  the  leaves  a  blue  dye. 

Fagopyrum  emarginatum,  Babington. 

Chinese  and  Himalaya  Mountains,  where  it  is  cultivated  for  its 
seeds.  Annual. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum,  Moench.  * 

Central  Asia,  growing  up  to  an  elevation  of  14,000  feet  in  the 
Himalayas.  The  ordinary  Buck- Wheat.  This  annual  herb 
succeeds  on  the  poorest  soil ;  clayey  soil  yields  more  foliage  but  less 
grain.  The  crushed  amylaceous  seeds  can  be  converted  by  boiling 
or  baking  into  a  palatable  and  wholesome  food.  Starch  has  also 
recently  been  prepared  from  the  seeds  as  an  article  of  trade.  As 
an  agrarian  plant  it  can  with  advantage  be  raised  as  a  first  crop  on 
sandy  not  too  dry  heath  land,  newly  broken  up,  for  green  manure. 
It  gives  a  good  green  fodder,  serves  as  admixture  to  hay,  and  is  also 
important  as  a  honey  plant.  The  period  required  for  the  cyclus  of 
its  vegetatian  is  extremely  short ;  thus  it  can  be  even  reared  on 
Alpine  elevations. 


IN    EXTEA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  135 

Fagopyrum  Tataricum,  Moench.  * 

Middle  and  North  Asia.  Yields  for  the  higher  mountain  regions 
a  still  safer  crop  than  the  foregoing,  otherwise  the  remarks  offered 
in  reference  to  F.  esculentum  apply  also  to  F.  Tataricum,  but  the 
seeds  of  the  latter  are  more  thick-shelled,  less  amylaceous  and  less 
palatable. 

Fagopyrum  triangulare,  Meissner. 

In  the  Himalayan  Mountains,  ascending  naturally  to  regions 
11,500  feet  high.  An  annual.  F.  rottmdatum,  Babington, 
seems  a  variety  of  this  species.  It  is  cultivated  for  food  like  the 
rest. 

Fagus  Cunningham!,  Hooker. 

The  Victorian  and  Tasmanian  Beech.  A  magnificent  evergreen 
tree,  attaining  large  dimensions,  and  only  living  in  cool,  damp, 
rich  forest  valleys,  not  rarely  200  feet  high.  The  wood  much  used 
by  carpenters  and  other  artisans ;  the  Myrtle  wood  of  the  trade.  It 
requires  to  be  ascertained,  by  actual  tests  in  the  forests,  whether 
the  allied  tall  evergreen  New  Zealand  Beeches  possess  any  advan- 
tage over  this  species  for  forest  culture ;  they  are  Fagus  Menziesii 
(Hooker),  the  Red  Birch  of  the  colonists ;  Fagus  fusca  (Hooker), 
the  Black  Birch  ;  Fagus  Solandri  (Hooker),  the  White  Birch.  A 
magnificent  beech,  Fagus  Moorei  (F.  v.  Mueller),  occurs  in  New 
England. 

Fagus  Dombeyi,  Mirbel. 

The  Evergreen  Beech  of  Chili,  called  there  the  Coigue  or  Coihue. 
Of  grand  dimensions.  Canoes  out  of  its  stem  can  be  obtained  of  a 
size  to  carry  10  tons  freight.  The  wood  is  still  harder  than  that 
of  the  following  species,  with  the  qualities  of  which  it  otherwise 
agrees  (Dr.  Philippi).  This  species  extends  to  the  Chonos  group, 
and  perhaps  still  further  south,  and  thus  might  be  of  value  even  for 
Middle  European  forest  culture. 

Fagus  ferruginea,  Alton. 

North  American  Beech.  A  large  tree,  with  deciduous  foliage^ 
easily  raised  in  woodlands.  Grows  there  under  similar  circum- 
stances as  our  Evergreen  Beech  here.  Wood  variable  according  to 
localities.  Well-seasoned  wood,  according  to  Simmonds,  is  extremely 
hard  and  solid,  hence  employed  for  plane-stocks,  shoe-lasts,  tool- 
handles,  various  implements  and  turneries. 

Fagus  obliqua,  Mirbel. 

The  Roble  of  Chili,  called  Coyam  by  the  original  inhabitants.  A 
tall  tree  with  a  straight  stem,  attaining  3  to  4  feet  diameter. 


136  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Wood  heavy  and  durable,  well  adapted  for  posts,  beams,  girders, 
rafters,  joists,  &c.,  but  not  for  flooring.  One  of  the  few  Chilian 
trees  with  deciduous  foliage  (Dr.  Philippi).  Its  value,  as  compared 
to  that  of  the  European  Beech,  should  in  forest  plantations  be 
tested. 

Fagus  procera,  Poeppig. 

Another  deciduous  Beech  of  Chili,  where  it  passes  by  the  names  of 
Reule  or  Rauli.  Of  still  more  colossal  size  than  the  Roble.  Wood 
fissile,  well  adapted  for  staves ;  it  is  finer  in  grain  than  that  of 
F.  obliqua,  and  much  used  for  furniture  (Dr.  Philippi). 

Fagus  silvatica,  Linn6. 

The  deciduous  Beech  of  Britain,  of  most  other  parts  of  Europe  and 
extra-tropical  Asia.  The  trunk  has  been  measured  in  height  118 
feet,  the  head  350  feet  in  diameter  ;  the  wood  is  hard,  extensively 
used  by  joiners  and  ship-builders  and  the  manufacturers  of  various 
implements,  especially  for  planes,  shoe-lasts,  keys  and  cogs  of 
machinery,  lathe-chucks,  gun-stocks,  staves,  chairs,  spoke-shaves,  in 
piano  manufacture,  for  bridges,  some  portion  of  the  work  of  organ- 
builders,  enters  also  into  the  construction  of  harmoniums  (beds  of 
notes,  pallets,  rest-planks),  also  for  carved  moulds  and  for  wooden 
letters  in  large  prints;  it  is  of  rather  difficult  cleavage,  great  compact- 
ness and  considerable  strength,  and  resists  great  pressure.  Beech-tar 
contains  a  considerable  proportion  of  paraffine  ;  the  ash  from  any 
portion  of  this  treee  is  rich  in  phosphate  of  lime.  For  trimming 
into  copse-hedges,  many  give,  for  show,  preference  to  a  purple-leaved 
variety.  An  allied  Beech,  Fagus  Sieboldii,  End!.,  occurs  in  Japan. 
All  these  could  in  the  warmer  temperate  zones  be  grown  to  advan- 
tage only  in  springy  mountain  forests. 

Fatsia  papyrifera,  Bentham.     (Aralia  papyrifera,  Hooker.) 

Island  of  Formosa.  The  Rice-Paper  Plant,  hardy  in  the  lowlands 
of  Victoria,  and  of  scenic  effect  in  garden  plantations  ;  the  pith 
furnishes  the  material  for  the  so-called  rice-paper,  and  for  solah- 
hats. 

Ferula  galbaniflua,  Boissier. 

Persia ;  on  mountains  4,000  to  8,000  feet  high.  This  tall  perennial 
herb  might  be  transferred  to  Alpine  regions,  for  obtaining  locally 
from  it  the  gum-resin  galbanum. 

Ferula  longifolia,  Fischer. 

South  Russia.  The  aromatic  long  roots  furnish  a  pleasant  vegetable 
(Dr.  Rosenthal). 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  137 

Festuca  Coiron,  Steudel. 

Chili.  A  valuable  perennial  fodder-grass,  according  to  the  testi- 
mony of  Dr.  Philippi. 

Festuca  dives,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Victoria,  from  West  Gippsland  to  Dandenong,  and  the  sources  of 
the  rivers  Yarra  and  Goulburn.  One  of  the  most  magnificent  of 
all  sylvan  grasses,  not  rarely  12  feet  and  exceptionally  17 
high.  Root  perennial,  or  perhaps  of  only  two  or  three  years' 
duration.  This  grass  deserves  to  be  brought  to  any  forest  tracts, 
as  it  prospers  in  shade ;  along  rivulets  in  deep  soil  it  assumes  its 
grandest  forms ;  wants  a  cool  clime.  The  large  panicle  affords 
nutritious  forage. 

Festuca  elatior,  Linne.* 

The  Meadow  Fescue.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle 
Asia.  A  perennial  grass,  attaining  a  height  of  several  feet. 
There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species.  The  tallest  follows 
rivers  readily  as  far  down  as  the  tides  reach.  The  ordinary  form 
is  well  adapted  for  permanent  pastures,  has  tender  leaves,  produces 
excellent  tasty  nutritious  hay,  and  is  early  out  in  the  season. 
Langethal  places  Meadow-Fescue  in  value  above  Timothy  and 
Foxtail  grass,  though  its  copiousness  is  somewhat  less.  The  seed 
is  readily  collected.  The  tall  variety  (arundinacea)  will  among  the 
best  of  eligible  fodder-grasses  occupy  marshy  land  preferentially 
and  densely.  It  can  be  mixed  advantageously  with  F.  ovina.  It 
is  superior  to  Rye  grass  in  produce  and  improves  with  age.  It 
succeeds  also  on  humid  and  even  swampy  ground  and  in  forest 
land  as  well  with  sandy  as  a  calcareous  subsoil.  Dr.  Curl 
observes,  that  this  and  some  other  Fescues  grow  vigorously  in 
New  Zealand,  and  yield  herbage  also  in  the  cool  season,  when 
Rye-grass  is  nearly  dormant.  The  chemical  analysis  made  in  spring 
gave  the  following  results  :  Albumen  247,  gluten  2 '75,  starch 
0-50,  gum  2-84,  sugar  2-84,  per  cent.  (F.  v.  Mueller  and  L. 
Rummel).  F.  arundinacea,  Schreb.,  F.  pratensis,  Huds.,  and  F. 
loliacea,  Huds.,  are  varieties  of  this  species. 

Festuca    flava,    F.    v.     Mueller.      (Poa    flava,    Gronov.  ;  Tricuspis 

sesleriodes,  Torr. ;  Uralepis  cuprea,  Kunth.) 

The  tall  Red-top  Grass  of  the  Eastern  States  of  North  America.  A 
perennial  sand-grass,  with  wide  panicles. 

Festuca  gigantea,  Villars. 

Europe  and  Middle  Asia.     A  perennial  good  forest-grass. 


138  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Festuca  heterophylla,  Lamarck. 

Mountains  of  Europe.  This  perennial  grass  attains  a  height  of  5 
feet ;  it  produces  a  proportionately  great  bulk  of  fodder,  and  serves 
as  an  admixture  to  grasses  of  hay  or  pasture  lands,  particularly  the 
former  (Lawson).  It  is  best  fitted  for  Alpine  forest  tracts. 

Festuca  Hookeriana,  F.  v.  Mueller.* 

Alps  of  Australia  and  Tasmania.  A  tall  perennial  grass,  evidently 
nutritious,  required  to  be  tried  for  culture  as  pasture,  and  perhaps 
destined  to  become  a  meadow-grass  of  colder  countries.  It  does 
not  readily  produce  seeds.  Stands  mowing  and  depasturing  well ; 
much  liked  by  cattle,  horses  and  sheep.  (Th.  Walton). 

Pestuca  litoralis,  Labillardiere 

Extra-tropical  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  An  important  grass  for 
binding  drift-sand  on  sea-shores. 

Festuca  ovina,  Linn6. 

Sheep  Fescue.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America ; 
found  also  in  South  America  and  the  Alps  of  Australia  and  New 
Zealand.  This  species,  like  F.  elatior,  is  obtainable  with  facility. 
F.  duriuscula,  L.,  and  F.  rubra,  L.,  are  varieties.  A  perennial 
grass,  thriving  on  widely  different  soil,  even  moory  and  sandy 
ground.  It  yields  a  good  produce,  maintains  its  virtue,  resists 
drought,  and  is  also  well  adapted  for  lawns  and  the  swards  of 
parks.  F.  vaginata,  Willdenow,  is  a  form  particularly  recom- 
mended by  Wessely  for  sand-soil.  The  chemical  analysis  made 
very  late  in  spring  gave  the  following  results  :  Albumen  1  -86, 
gluten  8 '16,  starch  1'45,  gum  2*14,  sugar  5 '05  per  cent.  (F.  v. 
Mueller  and  L.  Hummel). 

Festuca  purpurea,    F.    v.    Mueller.     (Uralepis  purpurea,    Nuttall; 

Tricuspis  purpurea^  A.  Gray.) 
South-east  coast  of  North  America.     A  tufty  sand-grass,  but  annual. 

Festuca  silvatica,  Yillars. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.  A  notable  forest-grass.  F.  drymeia 
(Mert.  and  Koch),  a  grass  with  long  creeping  roots,  is  closely 
allied.  Both  deserve  test  culture. 

Festuca  spadicea,  Linne. 

Alps  of  Europe.  This  grass  would  thrive  on  the  heights  of  snowy 
mountains.  Perennial.  The  space  does  not  admit  of  entering 
here  into  further  details  of  the  respective  values  of  many  species  of 
Festuca  which  might  advantageously  be  introduced  from  various 
parts  of  the  globe  for  rural  purposes. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  139 

Ficus  Carica,  Linne.* 

Orient.  The  ordinary  Fig-tree.  It  attains  an  age  of  several 
hundred  years.  In  warm  temperate  latitudes  and  climes  a  prolific 
tree.  The  most  useful  and  at  the  same  time  the  most  hardy  of 
half  a  thousand  recorded  species  of  Ficus.  The  extreme  facility 
with  which  it  can  be  propagated  from  cuttings,  the  resistance  to 
heat,  the  comparatively  early  yield  and  easy  culture,  recommend 
the  Fig-tree  to  be  chosen,  where  it  is  an  object  to  raise  masses  of 
tree  vegetation  in  widely  treeless  landscapes  of  the  warmer  zones. 
Hence  the  extensive  plantations  of  this  tree  made  in  formerly 
woodless  parts  of  Egypt ;  hence  the  likelihood  of  choosing  the  Fig 
as  one  of  the  trees  for  extensive  planting  through  favourable 
portions  of  desert  wastes,  where  moreover  the  fruit  could  be  dried 
with  particular  ease.  Fig-trees  can  be  grown  even  on  the  sand-lands 
of  the  desert,  at  least  as  observed  on  the  Australian  south  coast. 
In  Greece  the  average  yield  of  figs  per  acre  is  about  1,600  Bis. 
(Simmonds).  Caprification  is  unnecessary,  even  in  some  instances 
injurious  and  objectionable.  Two  main  varieties  may  be  dis- 
tinguished :  that  which  produces  two  crops  a  year,  and  that 
which  yields  but  one.  The  former  includes  the  Grey  or  Purple  Fig, 
which  is  the  best,  the  White  Fig  and  the  Golden  Fig,  the  latter 
being  the  finest  in  appearance  but  not  in  quality.  The  main  variety, 
which  bears  only  one  crop  a  year,  supplies  the  greatest  quantity  of 
figs  for  drying,  among  which  the  Marseillaise  and  Bellonne  are  con- 
sidered the  best.  The  Barnisote  and  the  Aubique  produce  delicious 
large  fruits,  but  they  must  be  dried  with  fire-heat,  and  are  usually 
consumed  fresh.  The  ordinary  drying  is  effected  in  the  sun.  For 
remarks  on  this  and  other  points  concerning  the  Fig,  the  valuable 
tract  recently  published  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bleasdale  should  be  con- 
sulted. The  first  crop  of  figs  grows  on  wood  of  the  preceding  year ; 
the  last  crop  however  on  wood  of  the  current  year.  Varieties  of 
particular  excellence  are  known  from  Genoa,  Savoy,  Malaga, 
Andalusia. 

Ficus  columnaris,  Moore  and  Mueller. 

The  Banyan-tree  of  Lord  Howe's  Island,  therefore  extra-tropical. 
One  of  the  most  magnificent  productions  in  the  whole  empire  of 
plants.  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  a  visitor  to  the  island,  remarks  that  the 
pendulous  air -roots,  when  they  touch  the  ground,  gradually  swell 
into  columns  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  older  ones,  which  have 
already  become  converted  into  stems,  so  that  it  is  not  apparent  which 
was  the  parent  trunk ;  there  may  be  a  hundred  stems  to  the  tree,  on 
which  the  huge  dome  of  dark  evergreen  foliage  rests,  but  these  stems 
are  all  alike,  and  thus  it  is  impossible  to  say  whence  the  tree  comes 
or  whither  it  goes.  The  aerial  roots  are  comparatively  rapidly 
formed,  but  the  wood  never  attains  the  thickness  of  F.  macrophylla, 


14:0  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

which  produces  only  a  single  trunk.  F.  rubiginosa  also  sends  air- 
roots  to  the  ground  to  form  additional  trunks  (Dr.  G.  Bennett). 
The  allied  Fig-trees  of  continental  East  Australia  have  great  but- 
tresses, but  only  now  and  then  a  pendulous  root,  approaching  in 
similarity  the  stems  of  Ficus  columnaris.  The  Lord  Howe's  Island 
Fig-tree  is  more  like  F.  macrophylla  than  F.  rubiginosa,  but  F. 
columnaris  is  more  rufous  than  either.  In  humid,  warm,  sheltered 
tracts  this  grand  vegetable  living  structure  may  be  raised  as  an 
enormous  bower  for  shade  and  for  scenic  ornament.  The  nature  of 
the  sap,  whether  available  for  caoutchouc  or  other  industrial  mate- 
rial, requires  yet  to  be  tested.  A  substance  almost  identical  with 
gutta-percha,  but  not  like  India-rubber,  has  been  obtained  by 
exsiccation  of  the  sap  of  F.  columnaris  (Fitzgerald).  The  hardened 
sap  of  this  species  resembles  in  many  respects  that  of  F.  subracemosa 
and  F.  variegata,  called  Getah  Lahoe,  but  differs  apparently  by  its 
greater  solubility  in  cold  alcohol,  and  by  the  portion  insoluble  in 
alcohol  being  of  a  pulverulent  instead  of  a  viscid  character.  The 
mode  of  exsiccation  affects  much  the  properties  of  the  product. 

Ficus  Cunninghami,  Miquel. 

Queensland,  in  the  eastern  dense  forest  regions.  Mr.  O'Shanesy 
designates  this  as  a  tree  of  sometimes  monstrous  growth,  the  large 
spreading  branches  sending  down  roots  which  take  firm  hold  of  the 
ground.  One  tree  measured  was  38  feet  in  circumference  at  2  feet 
from  the  ground,  the  roots  [forming  wall-like  abutments,  some  of 
which  extended  20  feet  from  the  tree.  Several  persons  could  con- 
ceal themselves  in  the  large  crevices  of  the  trunk,  while  the  main 
branches  stretched  across  a  space  of  about  100  feet.  A  kind  of 
caoutchouc  can  be  obtained  from  this  tree.  A  still  more  gi- 
gantic Fig-tree  of  Queensland  is  F.  colossea  (F.  v.  M.),  but  it 
may  not  be  equally  hardy,  not  advancing  naturally  to  extra-tropi- 
cal latitudes.  This  reminds  of  the  great  Council-tree,  F.  altissima. 
F.  engenioides,  F.  v.  M.,  from  North-east  Australia,  attains  a  height 
of  100  feet,  and  produces  also  columnar  air-roots.  It  is  compara- 
tively hardy,  reaching  extra-tropic  latitudes. 

Ficus  elastica,  Roxburgh.* 

Upper  India,  to  the  Chinese  boundary  known  as  far  as  28°  30'  north 
latitude.  A  large  tree,  yielding  its  milk-sap  copiously  for  caoutchouc, 
i.e.,  the  kind  called  Assam  Rubber.  Roxburgh  ascertained  sixty 
years  ago  that  India-rubber  could  be  dissolved  in  cajaput  oil  (so 
similar  to  eucalyptus  oil),  and  that  the  sap  yielded  about  one-third 
of  its  weight  caoutchouc.  This  tree  is  not  of  quick  growth  in  the 
changeable  and  often  dry  clime  of  Melbourne,  but  there  is  eveiy 
prospect  that  it  would  advance  rather  rapidly  in  any  unutilised 
humid  forest  gullies,  and  that  copious  plantations  of  it  there  would 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  141 

call  forth  a  new  local  industry.  This  tree  has  grown  in  Assam  to  1 1 2 
feet  with  100  aerial  roots  in  thirty-two  years  (Markham).  The  im- 
port of  all  kinds  of  caoutchouc  into  GreatBritain  during  187  4  amounted 
to  129,168  cwt.,  worth  £1,326,605.  Markham  and  Collins  pro- 
nounce the  caoutchouc  of  F.  elastica  not  quite  so  valuable  as  that  of 
the  Heveas  and  Castilloas  of  South  America.  Heat  and  atmos- 
pheric moisture  greatly  promote  the  growth  of  F.  elastica.  Like 
most  other  Fig-trees  it  is  easily  raised  from  seed.  A  tree  of  F.  elastica 
is  tapped  in  Assam  when  twenty-five  years  old.  After  fifty  years 
the  yield  is  about  40  Ibs.  of  caoutchouc  every  third  year  (Markham 
and  Collins).  Mr.  S.  Kurz  states  that  F.  laccifera  (Roxburgh),  from 
Silhet  is  also  a  caoutchouc  Fig-tree,  and  that  both  this  and  F. 
elastica  yield  most  in  a  ferruginous  clay-soil  on  a  rocky  substratum  ; 
further,  that  both  can  bear  dryness,  but  like  shade  in  youth. 
Several  other  species  of  tropical  Figs,  American  as  well  as  Asiatic, 
are  known  to  produce  good  caoutchouc,  but  it  is  questionable 
whether  any  of  them  would  prosper  in  extra-tropical  latitudes  \ 
nevertheless  for  the  conservatories  of  Botanic  Gardens  all  such  plants 
should  be  secured  with  a  view  of  promoting  public  instruction. 

Ficus  Indica,  Linne 

The  Banyan-tree  of  India,  famed  for  its  enormous  expansion  and 
air-roots.  Although  not  strictly  an  utilitarian  tree,  it  is  admitted 
here  as  one  of  the  most  shady  trees,  adapted  for  warm  and  moist 
regions.  At  the  age  of  100  years  one  individual  tree  will  shade 
and  occupy  abcut  one  and  a  half  acre,  and  rest  on  150  stems  or 
more,  the  main  stems  often  with  a  circumference  of  50  feet,  the 
secondary  stems  with  a  diameter  of  several  feet.  At  Melbourne 
the  tree  suffers  somewhat  from  the  night-frosts. 

Ficus  infectoria,  Willdenow. 

India,  ascending  to  5,000  feet.  Probably  hardy,  and  then  adapted 
for  street  planting.  Brandis  and  Stewart  found  its  growth  quicker 
than  that  of  Siris  or  Albizzia  procera.  F.  religiosa  (L.)  ascends  to 
the  same  height,  and  is  in  moist  climates  of  quick  growth.  It  is 
one  of  the  trees  on  which  the  lac  insect  largely  exists.  The  fruits 
of  some  huge  Himalayan  species — for  instance,  F.  virgata  (Roxb.), 
F.  glomerata  (Roxb.),  F.  Roxburghii  (Wallich) — are  edible. 

Ficus  macrophylla,  Desfontaines.* 

The  Moreton  Bay  Fig-tree,  which  is  indigenous  through  a  great 
part  of  East  Australia.  Perhaps  the  grandest  of  Australian 
avenue  trees,  and  among  the  very  best  to  be  planted,  although  in 
poor  dry  soil  its  growth  is  slow.  In  the  latitude  of  Melbourne  it 
is  quite  hardy  in  the  lowland.  The  foliage  may  occasionally  be 
injured  by  grasshoppers.  Easily  raised  from  seed. 


142  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Ficus  rubiginosa,  Desfontaines. 

New  South  Wales.  One  of  the  most  hardy  of  all  Fig-trees,  and 
very  eligible  among  evergreen  shade-trees.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
genus  Ficus  comprises  about  600  species,  many  occurring  in  cool 
mountain  regions  of  tropical  countries.  The  number  of  those 
which  wonld  endure  a  temperate  clime  is  probably  not  small. 

Ficus  Sycamorus,  Linne. 

The  Sycamore  Fig-tree  of  the  Orient,  copiously  planted  along  the 
roadsides  of  Egypt.  The  shady  crown  extends  to  a  width  of  120 
feet.  Attains  an  enormous  age.  A  tree  at  Cairo,  which  legends 
connect  with  Christ,  still  exists.  Seven  men  with  outstretched 
arms  could  hardly  encircle  the  stem. 

Fitzroya  Patagonica,  J.  Hooker.* 

Chili,  as  far  south  as  Chiloe.  The  Alerce  of  the  Chilians.  Grows 
on  swampy,  moory  places.  A  stately  tree,  100  feet  high.  The 
diameter  of  the  stem  reaches  sometimes  the  extraordinary  extent  of 
15  feet.  The  wood  is  almost  always  red,  easily  split,  light,  does 
not  warp,  stands  exposure  to  the  air  for  half  a  century,  and  in 
Yaldivia  and  Chiloe  almost  all  buildings  are  roofed  with  shingles  of 
this  tree  (Dr.  Philippi).  The  outer  bark  produces  a  strong  fibre, 
used  for  calking  ships.  Like  Libocedrus  tetragona,  this  tree 
should  be  extensively  planted  in  unutilised  swampy  moors  in  the 
mountains. 

Flacourtia  Ramontchi,  1'Heritier.     (F.  sapida,  Roxburgh.) 

India  up  to  Beloochistan.  This  and  F.  cataphracta  (Roxb.)  form 
thorny  trees  with  somewhat  plum-like  fruits.  With  other  species 
they  can  be  adopted  for  hedge-copses. 

Flemingia  tuberosa,  Dalzell. 

Western  India.  The  tubers  of  this  herb  are  said  to  be  edible. 
Another  species,  F.  vestita,  is  on  record  as  cultivated  in  North- 
western India  for  its  small  esculent  tubers. 

Flindersia  Australis,  R.  Brown. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  With  Araucaria  Cunning- 
hami  and  Ficus  Camerana,  the  tallest  of  all  the  jungle-trees  of 
its  locality,  attaining  150  feet.  Bark  scaly,  stem  with  a  diameter 
to  8  feet.  Timber  of  extraordinary  hardness  (Ch.  Moore).  A 
noble  tree  for  avenues.  Rate  of  growth,  according  to  Mr.  Fawcett, 
about  25  feet  in  eight  years. 


IN   EXTKA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  143 

Flindersia  Oxleyana,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Yellow  Wood  of  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  Its  wood 
used  for  staves  as  well  as  that  of  F.  Australia,  Tarrietia  argyro- 
dendron,  Stenocarpus  salignus,  Castanospermum  Australe.  Mr. 
Hartmann  mentions  that  F.  Oxleyana  attains  a  height  of  150  feet, 
and  supplies  one  of  the  finest  hardwoods  for  choice  cabinet-work. 
Other  species  occur  there,  among  which  F.  Bennettiana  is  the  best 
for  avenue  purposes. 

Flueggea  Japonica,  0.  Richard. 

China  and  Japan.  The  mucilaginous  tubers  can  be  used  for  food — 
a  remark  which  applies  to  many  other  as  yet  disregarded  liliaceous 
plants. 

Fceniculum  offlcinale,  Allioni. 

The  Fennel.  Mediterranean  regions,  particularly  on  limestone 
soil.  A  perennial  or  biennal  herb,  of  which  two  primary  varieties 
occur,  the  so-called  sweet  variety  having  fruits  almost  twice  as 
large  as  the  other.  The  herb  and  fruits  are  in  use  as  condiments 
and  the  latter  also  for  medicine.  The  fruits  are  rich  in  essential 
oil,  containing  much  anethol. 

Fourcroya  Cubensis,  Haworth. 

West  India  and  continental  tropical  America.  A  smaller  species 
than  the  following,  but  equally  utilised  for  fibre  and  impenetrable 
hedges.  F.  flavo-viridis  (Hooker),  from  Mexico,  is  still  smaller. 

Fourcroya  gigantea,  Ventenat. 

Central  America.  With  species  of  Yucca,  Agave,  Dracaena, 
Cordyline,  Phormium,  Doryanthes,  and  this  and  a  few  other  Four- 
croyas,  we  have  gigantic  liliaceous  plants  available  industrially  for 
fibre.  Frost  injures  the  leaves  of  this  species.  Development  of 
flower-stalk  extremely  rapid  up  to  30  feet  high.  Fibre  often  3 
feet  long  and  of  considerable  tenacity.  The  fibre  produced  in 
Mauritius  by  Messrs.  Bourgignon  and  Fronchet  proved  stronger 
than  hemp  and  resisted  decay  in  water.  Mr.  Boucard  also  testifies 
to  the  excellence  of  the  fibre,  which  he  describes  as  long,  silky,  and 
solid,  particularly  adapted  for  luxurious  hammocks  and  for  cordage. 

Fourcroya  longseva,  Karw.  and  Zucc. 

High  mountains  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  at  an  elevation  of  about 
10,000  feet.  One  of  the  most  gigantic  and  magnificent  of  all 
liliaceous  or  amaryllideous  plants,  in  volumen  only  surpassed  by 
Dracaena  Draco,  the  Dragon-tree  of  the  Canary  Islands.  This  is 
the  only  known  high-stemmed  species,  the  trunk  attaining  a  height 


144  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

of  50  feet,  and  huge  panicle  of  flowers  40  feet  more.  It  dies,  like 
many  allied  plants,  after  flowering.  The  species  is  recorded  here 
as  a  fibre-plant,  but  should  also  be  cultivated  for  its  ornamental 
grandeur. 

Fragaria  Chiloensis,  Aiton. 

In  various  of  the  colder  parts  both  of  North  and  South  America. 
Chili  Strawberry. 

Fragaria  collina,  Ehrhart. 

In  various  parts  of  Europe.     Hill  Strawberry. 

Fragaria  grandiflora,  Ehrhart.     (F.  Ananas,  Miller.) 

Various  colder  parts  of  America.  Closely  allied  to  F.  Chiloensis. 
Ananas  Strawberry. 

Fragaria  Illinoensis,  Prince. 

North  America.  Hovey's  seedling  and  the  Boston  kind  from  this 
plant.  Is  regarded  by  Professor  Asa  Gray  as  a  variety  of  F. 
Yirginiana. 

Fragaria  pratensis,  Duchesne.     (Fragaria  elatior,  Ehrhart.) 

In  mountain-forests  of  Europe.     Cinnamon  Strawberry.   Hautbois. 

Fragaria  vesca,  Linne. 

Naturally  very  widely  dispersed  over  the  temperate  and  colder 
parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  extending  southward  to  the 
mountains  of  Java,  ascending  the  Himalayas  to  13,000  feet  (J.  D. 
Hooker)  Wild  Wood  Strawberry.  From  this  typical  form  pro- 
bably some  of  the  other  Strawberries  arose.  Middle  forms  and 
numerous  varieties  now  in  culture  were  produced  by  hybridisation. 
These  plants,  though  abounding  already  in  our  gardens,  are  men- 
tioned here,  because  even  the  tenderest  varieties  could  be  naturalised 
in  our  ranges.  Any  settler,  living  near  some  brook  or  rivulet, 
might  readily  set  out  some  plants,  which,  with  others  similarly 
adapted,  would  gradually  spread  with  the  current. 

Fragaria  Virginiana,  Miller. 

North  America.     Scarlet  Strawberry. 

Fraxinus  Americana,  Linne.* 

The  White  Ash  of  North  America.  A  large  tree,  more  than  80 
feet  high,  which  delights  in  humid  forests.  Trunks  have  been 
found  75  feet  long  without  a  limb  and  6  feet  in  diameter  (Emerson). 
It  is  the  best  of  all  American  Ashes,  of  comparatively  rapid 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  145 

growth.  Timber  valuable,  better  resisting  extreme  heat  than  the 
common  Ash ;  largely  exported.  It  assumes  a  red  tint  in  age.- 
Much  valued  for  its  toughness,  lightness,  and  elasticity,  excellent 
for  work  subject  to  sudden  shocks  and  strains,  such  as  the  frames 
of  machines,  carriage- wheels,  agricultural  implements,  pick-handles, 
billiard-cues,  fishing-rods,  handles,  chair-rails,  shafts,  staves,  pulley- 
blocks,  belaying-pins  and  oars,  also  for  furniture,  musical  instru- 
ments, the  young  branches  for  mast-hoops.  Baron  von  Mueller  and 
Mr.  J.  G.  Luehmann  found  the  strength  greater  than  that  of  our 
Blackwood-tree  and  of  many  Eucalypts,  but  not  equal  to  that 
of  E.  leucoxylon,  E.  siderophloia,  E.  polyanthema,  the  best  E. 
globulus,  and  hickory.  Over-old  wood  not  desirable.  When  once 
thoroughly  seasoned,  it  does  not  shrink  or  swell,  and  is  thus  in 
Virginia  preferred  for  flooring  to  any  native  timber  (Robb  ;  Sim- 
rnonds).  The  inner  bark  furnishes  a  yellow  dye.  The  Red  Ash 
(Fraxinus  pubescens,  Lam.),  the  Green  Ash  (F.  viridis,  Mich.),  the 
Black  Ash  (F.  sambucifolia,  Lam.),  and  the  Carolina  Ash  (F. 
platycarpa,  Mich. )  are  of  smaller  size ;  although  F.  pubescens  may 
sometimes  also  become  large. 

Fraxinus  Chinensis,  Roxburgh. 

It  is  this  Ash  on  which  a  peculiar  wax  is  produced  by  Coccus  Pela, 
perhaps  also  on  some  species  of  Ligustrum.  About  40,000  Ibs.  are 
exported  annually  according  to  Mr.  Bernardini. 

Fraxinus  excelsior,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  Ash  of  Europe  and  West  Asia.  Height  80  feet,  of 
comparatively  quick  growth,  known  to  attain  an  age  of  nearly 
200  years.  Rich  soil  on  forest-rivulets  or  river-banks  suits  it  best ; 
but  it  thrives  still  on  moist  sand  ;  wood  remarkably  tough  and 
elastic,  used  for  agricultural  and  other  implements,  handles, 
ladders,  drum-hoops,  under  carriage-work,  for  oars,  axle-trees,  and 
many  other  purposes.  Six  peculiar  kinds  of  Ash-trees  occur  in 
Japan,  some  also  in  the  Indian  highlands  j  'all  might  be  tried. 

Fraxinus  floribunda,  Don. 

^"epal  Ash,  40  feet  high.  Himalaya,  between  5,000  and  11,000 
feet.  It  attains  a  height  of  120  feet,  and  serves  as  a  fine  avenue- 
tree  ;  girth  of  stem  sometimes  1 5  feet.  The  wood  much  sought  for 
oars,  ploughs,  and  various  implements  (Stewart  and  Brandis).  For 
forest  plantations  Ashes  are  best  mixed  with  Beeches  and  some 
other  trees. 

Fraxinus  Oregana,  Nuttall. 

California  and  Oregon  Ash.  A  tree  up  to  80  feet  in  height, 
preferring  low-lying  alluvial  lands.  The  wood  of  this  fine  species 


146  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

is  nearly  white,  tough  and  durable,  often  used  for  oars  and  handles 
of  implements.  Though  allied  to  F.  sambucifolia,  it  is  very  superior 
as  a  timber  tree.  Ash-trees  will  grow  readily  in  the  shade  of  other 
trees. 

Fraxinus  Ornus,  Linne.* 

The  Manna  Ash  of  the  Mediterranean  regions.  Height  about 
30  feet.  It  yields  the  medicinal  manna.  F.  ornus  is  well  adapted 
for  a  promenade-tree,  and  is  earlier  in  foliage  than  F.  excelsior, 
F.  Americana,  and  most  other  Ash-trees. 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  Michaux.* 

The  Blue  Ash  of  North  America.  One  of  the  tallest  of  the  Ashes, 
70  feet  high,  with  an  excellent  timber,  better  than  that  of  any 
other  American  Ash-trees  except  the  White  Ash,  hence  frequently 
in  use  for  flooring  and  shingles.  The  inner  bark  furnishes  a  blue 
dye.  The  tree  wants  the  mildest  of  climes  and  the  most  fertile 
soil. 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  Lamarck. 

Black  or  Water  Ash  of  North  America.  Attains  a  height  of  80 
feet.  Wood  still  more  tough  and  elastic  than  that  of  F.  Americana, 
but  less  durable  when  exposed  ;  easily  split  into  thin  layers  for 
basket-work.  The  wood  is  comparatively  rich  in  potash,  like  that 
of  most  congeners.  For  oars  and  implements  it  is  inferior  to  that 
of  the  White  Ash  (Simmonds). 

Fraxinus  viridis,  Michaux. 

The  Green  Ash  of  North  America.  Height  70  feet ;  wood  excel- 
lent, nearly  as  valuable  as  that  of  the  White  Ash,  but  of  less 
dimensions.  The  tree  requires  wet,  shady  woodlands. 

Fuchsia  racemosa,  Lamarck. 

South  America.  One  of  the  hardier  species,  with  edible  berries  of 
very  good  taste.  Another  Fuchsia  occurs  in  cold  regions  of 
Guatemala,  10,000  feet  high,  with  orange-coloured  flowers  and 
with  tasty  wholesome  berries,  the  latter  an  inch  and  a  half  long. 

Garcinia  Travancorica,  Beddome. 

Madras  Presidency,  up  to  elevations  of  4,500  feet.  This  seems  to 
be  the  hardiest  of  the  superior  Gamboge  trees ;  hence  there  is  some 
prospect  of  its  prospering  in  forests  of  the  warmer  temperate  zone. 

Garuleum  bipinnatum,  Lessing. 

South  Africa.  A  perennial  herb  of  medicinal  properties,  and,  like 
numerous  other  plants  there  and  elsewhere,  praised  as  an  alex- 
ipharmic,  but  all  requiring  close  re-investigation  in  this  respect. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES. 


147 


Gaultiera  Myrsinites,  Hooker. 

North  California,  Oregon,  British  Columbia.  The  fruit  of  this 
procumbent  shrub  is  said  to  be  delicious.  It  would  prove  adapted 
for  our  Alps. 

Gaultieria  Shallon,  Pursh. 

North-western  America.  This  handsome  spreading  bush  would 
yield  its  pleasant  edible  berries  in  abundance  if  planted  on  our 
snowy  mountains,  where  it  would  likely  become  naturalized. 


Gaylussacia  frondosa,  Torrey  and  Gray. 

The  Blue  Tangleberry  of  North  America, 
foliage ;  berry  sweet. 


A  bush  with  deciduous 


Gaylussacia  resinosa,  Torrey  and  Gray. 

The  Black  Huckleberry  of  North  America.  A  dwarf  shrub  with 
deciduous  leaves.  It  likes  swampy  woodlands,  and  thus  would  find 
ample  space  in  our  forest  ranges.  Berry  of  pleasant  taste.  Perhaps 
some  of  the  South  American  species  produce  also  edible  fruits. 

Geitonoplesium  cymosum,  Allan  Cunningham. 

Through  the  whole  East  Australian  forests.  It  is  mentioned  here 
to  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that  special  culture  may  convert  this 
into  an  Asparagus  plant,  as  Mr.  P.  O'Shanesy  has  found  that  the 
young  shoots  offer  a  fair  substitute  for  Asparagus. 

Gelsemium  nitidum,  Michaux. 

Southern  States  of  North  America  and  Mexico.  A  twining 
shrubby  plant  of  medicinal  value,  long  since  introduced  into  Aus- 
tralia by  the  writer,  like  numerous  other  plants  of  industrial  or 
therapeutical  importance.  Active  principle  :  gelsemin.  The  scent 
of  the  flowers  has  also  come  into  use  as  a  cosmetic. 

Genista  monosperma,  Lamarck. 

Mediterranean  regions.  One  of  the  best  of  Broom-brushes  for 
arresting  sand-drift.  G.  sphserocarpa,  Lamarck,  is  of  like  use,  and 
comes  also  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Gentiana  lutea,  Linne. 

Sub-alpine  tracts  of  Middle  and  South  Europe.  A  perennial  most 
beautiful  herb,  yielding  the  medicinal  gentian  root.  It  could  b« 
easily  raised  in  our  higher  mountains.  Chemical  principles  : 
gentian-bitter  and  gentianin.  Medicinal  gentian  root  is  also 
obtained  from  G.  punctata,  L.  G.  purpurea,  L.,  and  G.  pannonica. 
Scop.,  of  the  European  Alps 


148  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Geonoma  vaga,  Grisebach  and  Wendland. 

From  West  India  to  Brazil.  A  dwarf  decorative  Palm,  advancing 
up  to  3,000  feet  on  the  mountains. 

Geum  urbanum,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  extra-tropical  and  Alpine  Asia,  South-East 
Australia,  North  America.  The  "Avens  "  of  Britain.  A  perennial 
herb  with  a  powerful  anti-dysenteric  root,  which,  according  to 
Muspratt,  contains  up  to  41  per  cent,  of  tannic  acid. 

Gigantochloa  apus,  Kurz.     (Bambusa  apus,  Roemer  and  Schultes.) 

Indian  Archipelagus,  at  elevations  up  to  5,000  feet.  Height  of 
stem  to  60  feet.  When  young  it  is  used  for  strings  and  ropes. 

Gigantochloa  aspera,  Kurz. 

Java.     Found  by  Zollinger  to  attain  a  maximum  height  of  170  feet. 

Gigantochloa  alter,  Kurz. 

Java,  in  the  region  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet.  Height  of  stems  to 
70  feet.  One  of  the  extensively  cultivated  species. 

Gigantochloa  maxima,  Kurz. 

Java.  Height  to  120  feet,  the  stems  nearly  a  foot  thick.  One  of 
the  most  extensively  cultivated  of  all  Asiatic  bamboos,  ascending 
into  mountain  regions. 

Gigantochloa    nigro-ciliata,    Kurz.       (Oxytenanthera  nigro-ciliata, 

Munro. ) 
Continental  and  insular  India.     Stems  to  130  feet  long. 

Gigantochloa  robusta,  Kurz. 

Mountains  of  Java.  Height  to  100  feet.  Kurz  noticed  in 
Java  the  early  growth  to  be  nearly  1 8  feet  in  a  month,  the  principal 
branches  only  commencing  when  the  shoot  had  reached  a  height  of 
about  70  feet.  Some  Java  bamboos  are  known  to  measure,  at  a 
height  of  about  120  feet,  22  inches  in  girth. 

Gigantochloa  verticillata,  Munro.      (Bambusa  verticiliata,  Blume.) 

The  Whorled  Bamboo  of  India.  It  attains  a  height  of  100  feet ; 
in  damp  heat  it  grows  at  the  astonishing  celerity  of  40  feet  in  about 
three  months,  according  to  Bouche.  The  young  shoots  furnish  an 
edible  vegetable  like  G.  Apus  and  Bambusa  Bitung. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  149 

Ginkgo  biloba,  Linn6.*     (Salisburia  adiantifolia,  Smith.) 

Ginkgo-tree.  China  and  Japan.  A  deciduous  fan-leaved  tree,  100 
feet  high,  with  a  straight  stem  12  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is 
white,  soft,  easy  to  work,  and  takes  a  beautiful  polish.  The  seeds 
are  edible,  and  when  pressed  yield  a  good  oil.  The  fruits,  sold  in 
China  under  the  name  of  "  Pa-Koo,"  not  unlike  dried  almonds,  but 
white,  fuller  and  rounder  (Fortune).  Ginkgo  trees  are  estimated 
to  attain  an  age  of  3,000  years.  Mr.  Christy  observes  that  the 
foliage  turns  chrome-yellow  in  autumn,  and  that  it  is  the  grandest 
and  most  highly  esteemed  of  all  trees  in  Japan ;  it  will  grow  in  dry 
situations. 

Gladiolus  edulis,  Burchell. 

Interior  of  South  Africa.  The  bulb-like  roots  are  edible,  and  taste 
like  chestnuts  when  roasted. 

Gleditschia  triacanthos,  Linne. 

The  deciduous  Honey  Locust-tree  of  North  America.  Height  up 
to  80  feet.  Wood  hard,  coarse-grained,  fissile,  not  without  im- 
portance for  street-planting.  Sown  closely,  this  plant  forms  im- 
penetrable, thorny,  not  readily  combustible  hedges.  An  allied 
species,  the  G.  horrida,  Willd.,  in  East  Asia.  The  Water  Locust- 
tree  of  North  America  (G.  monosperma,  Walt.)  will  grow  in 
swamps  to  80  feet. 

Glycine  hispida,  Bentham.     (Soja  hispida,  Mcench.) 

An  annual  herb  of  India,  China  and  Japan.  The  beans  are  one 
of  the  main  ingredients  of  the  condiment  known  as  Soja.  The 
seeds  are  very  oily,  nutritious,  and  when  boiled  of  pleasant  taste. 
The  plant  endures  slight  frost  (Wittmack).  Oil  is  pressed  from 
the  seeds.  Glycine  Soja,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini,  is  said  to  be  a 
distinct  plant,  but  probably  serving  the  same  purpose. 

Glycyrrhiza  echinata,  Linne. 

South  Europe  and  Orient.  From  the  root  of  this  herb  at  least  a 
portion  of  the  Italian  liquorice  is  prepared.  The  root  is  thicker 
than  that  of  the  following.  The  Russian  liquorice  root  is  derived 
from  this  species.  It  is  less  sweet. 

Glycyrrhiza  glabra,  Linne. 

South  Europe.  The  extract  of  the  root  of  this  herb  constitutes  the 
ordinary  liquorice.  The  plant  grows  most  vigorously  in  Victoria. 
The  liquorice  is  of  some  utility  in  medicine,  but 
breweries.  Chemical  principle  :  glycyrrhizin. 


150  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Glyptostrobus  heterophyllus,  Endlicher. 

China.  An  ornamental  tree,  allied  to  Taxodium  distichum  in  some 
respects,  and  like  that  tree  particularly  fit  for  permanently  wet 
ground.  The  Chinese  plant  it  along  the  edges  of  canals  and  narrow 
creeks,  the  buttress  of  the  tree  standing  actually  in  the  moist  mud. 
(Dr.  Hance). 

Gmelina  Leichhardtii,  F.  v.  Muller. 

East  Australia.  Grown  for  fancy-timber  purposes  now  on  a 
commercial  scale  in  Queensland  already. 

Gonioma  Kamassi,  E.  Meyer. 

South  Africa.  This  small  tree  furnishes  the  yellow  Kamassi-wood, 
much  sought  for  carpenters'  tools,  planes,  and  other  select  articles 
of  wood-work ;  also  for  wood-engraving,  according  to  Dr.  Pappe. 
Flowers  deliciously  fragrant. 

Gordonia  lasianthus,  Linn6. 

The  Loblolly  Bay.  North  America.  A  handsome  tree,  growing 
to  a  height  of  60  feet ;  flowers  snowy  white.  The  wood  is  ex- 
tremely light,  of  a  rosy  hue  and  fine  silky  texture,  but  unfit  for 
exposure.  The  bark  is  extensively  employed  for  tanning  in  the 
Southern  States.  Available  for  swampy  coast-lands. 

Gossypium  arboreum,  Linne.* 

The  Tree  Cotton.  India,  Arabia.  A  tall  perennial  species,  but 
not  forming  a  real  tree,  yielding  cotton  in  the  first  season.  Leaves 
long-lobed.  Bracts  with  few  teeth.  Petals  yellow,  or  in  age  pink 
or  purple.  Seeds  brown,  disconnected,  after  the  removal  of  the 
cotton  fibre  greenish  velvety.  The  cotton  of  long  staple,  but  a 
variety  occurs  with  short  staple.  The  New  Orleans  Cotton  (G. 
sanguineum,  Hassk.)  belongs  to  this  species.  Dr.  Seemann  connects 
also  the  ordinary  G.  herbaceum,  L.,  as  a  variety  with  G.  arboreum. 
The  cotton-fibre  is  crisp,  white,  opaque,  and  not  easily  separable. 

Gossypium  Barbadense,  Linne.* 

West  India.  Sea  Island  Cotton.  Leaves  long-lobed.  Petals 
yellow.  Seeds  disconnected,  black,  after  the  removal  of  the 
cotton-fibre  naked.  The  cotton  of  this  species  is  very  long, 
easily  separable,  and  of  a  silky  lustre.  This  species  requires 
low-lying  coast-tracts  for  attaining  to  perfection.  Perennial,  and 
yielding  like  the  rest  a  crop  in  the  first  season.  Cultivated  largely 
in  the  Southern  States  of  North  America,  also  in  South  Europe, 
North  Africa,  Queensland,  and  various  other  countries.  M.  Del- 
chevalerie  has  drawn  attention  to  a  new  and  almost  branchless 
plant,  of  tall  size  and  exceedingly  prolific  in  bearing,  raised  in 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  151 

Egypt,  called  Bamia  Cotton,  which  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  regards  as  a 
variety  of  G.  Barbadense.  The  Bamia  Cotton  Bush  grows  8  to  10 
feet  high,  ripens  (at  Galveston)  fruit  in  four  or  five  months,  and 
produces  2,500  Ibs.  cotton  and  seed  per  acre.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  long  simple  branches,  heavily  fruited  from  top  to  bottom.  Its 
cotton  is  pale  yellow. 

Gossypium  herbaceum,  Linne.* 

Scinde,  Cabul,  and  other  parts  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical  Asia. 
Much  cultivated  in  the  Mediterranean  countries.  Perennial. 
Leaves  short-lobed.  Petals  yellow.  Seeds  disconnected,  after 
removal  of  the  cotton  fibre  grey-velvety.  Distinguished  and  illus- 
trated by  Parlatore  as  a  species,  regarded  by  Seeman  as  a  variety 
of  G.  arboreum.  Staple  longer  than  in  the  latter  kind,  white 
opaque,  not  easily  seceding.  Even  this  species,  though  supposed  to 
be  herbaceous,  will  attain  a  height  of  1 2  feet.  The  root  is  a  power- 
ful emmenagogue.  A  variety  with  tawny  fibre  furnishes  the 
Nankin  cotton. 

Gossypium  hirsutum,  Linne* 

Upland  or  Short-staple  Cotton.  Tropical  America,  cultivated  most 
extensively  in  the  United  States,  Southern  European  and  many 
other  countries.  Perennial.  Seeds  brownish  green,  disconnected, 
after  the  removal  of  the  cotton-fibre  greenish  velvety.  Staple 
white,  almost  of  a  silky  lustre,  not  easily  separable.  A  portion 
of  the  Queensland  cotton  is  obtained  from  this  species.  It  neither 
requires  the  coast-tracts  nor  the  highly  attentive  culture  of  G. 
Barbadense. 

Gossypium  religiosum,  Linne.*     (G.  Peruvianum,  Cavan.) 

Tropical  South  America.  Kidney  Cotton,  Peruvian  or  Brazilian 
Cotton.  Leaves  long-lobed.  Petals  yellow.  Seeds  black,  con- 
nected. The  cotton  is  of  a  very  long  staple,  white,  somewhat  silky, 
and  easily  seceding  from  the  seeds.  A  tawny  variety  occurs.  This 
is  the  tallest  of  all  cotton  bushes,  and  it  is  probably  this  species 
which  occurs  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ajides  as  a  small  tree,  bearing  its 
cotton  while  frosts  whiten  the  ground  around. 

Gossypium  Taitense,  Parlatore.  (G.  religiosum,  Banks  and  Solander.) 
In  several  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  A  shrub.  Petals  white. 
Seeds  disconnected,  glabrous  after.the  removal/^  the  fulvous  cotton- 
fibre,  which  secedes  not  with  readiness. 

Gossypium    tomentosum,    NuttalL*      (G.   Sandvicense,   Parlatore; 

G.  religiosum,  A.  Gray.) 

Hawaai.  Perennial.  Petals  yellow.  Seeds  disconnected,  after 
the  removal  of  the  tawny  cotton-fibre  fulvous  velvety,  not  easily 
a  lino'//"  oidii  on  •aowhoi  lonoJni  oilJ  io 


152  SELECT   PLANTS   FOB   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

parting  with  their  cotton.  The  cotton  roots  are  a  powerful  remedial 
agent,  which  however  should  only  be  used  in  legitimate  medical 
practice.  The  barks  of  Hamamelis  Virginiana  and  Yiburnum 
prunifolium  are  antidotes  (Phares  aud  Durham). 

For  limitation  of  species  and  varieties  Parlatore's  "  Specie  dei  Cotoni" 
(Florence,  1866)  and  Todaro's  "  Osservazioni  su  Cotone"  may  be 
consulted.  Information  on  culture  may  be  sought  in  Porter's 
"Tropical  Agriculturist"  and  in  Mallet's  work  on  "Cotton" 
(London,  1862). 

The  following  notes  were  written  for  the  use  and  guidance  of 
Victorian  colonists : — 

There  are  many  parts  of  our  colony  in  which  all  these  species  of 
Gossypium  could  be  cultivated,  and  where  a  fair  or  even  prolific 
cotton  crop  may  be  obtained.  Good  cotton,  for  instance,  has  been 
produced  on  the  Goulburn  River,  the  Loddon,  the  Avoca  and  the 
Murray  Rivers,  particularly  in  places  where  water  could  be  applied. 
All  cultivated  kinds  of  cotton  plants  are  either  naturally  perennials 
or  become  such  in  favourable  climes,  although  they  may  be  treated 
strictly  as  annuals.  Some  of  them  will  indeed  in  particular 
instances  grow  to  the  height  of  20  feet.  The  geographic  parallels, 
between  which  cotton  culture  is  usually  placed,  stretch  in  various 
girdles  between  36°  north  latitude  and  36°  south  latitude.  Accord- 
ing to  General  Capron,  cotton  is  grown  in  Japan  to  40°  north 
latitude,  but  superior  quality  is  not  obtained  north  of  35°. 

All  cotton  culture  in  the  Southern  States  of  North  America  came  to 
7  million  acres  before  the  Civil  war,  cultivated  by  1J  million 
negroes;  India  has  now  14  million  acres  cotton.  The  primary 
advantages  of  this  important  culture  are :  a  return  in  a  few 
months,  comparatively  easy  field  operations,  simple  and  not  labour- 
ious  process  of  collecting  the  crop,  and  requirement  of  but  little 
care  in  the  use  of  the  gin  machine  in  finally  preparing  the  raw 
material  for  the  market,  the  woolly  covering  of  the  seeds  con- 
stituting the  cotton  of  commerce.  The  oil  obtained  by  pressure 
from  the  seeds  is  useful  for  various  technic  purposes,  and  the  oil- 
cake can  be  used  like  most  substances  of  similar  kind  for  very 
fattening  stable-food.  Crushed  cotton  seed-cake  without  admixture 
is  eaten  by  cattle  and  sheep  with  avidity.  Sea  Island  cotton  was 
raised  in  splendid  perfection  in  the  northern  parts  of  Victoria 
fully  twenty  years  ago  from  seeds  extensively  distributed  by  the 
writer ;  but  the  want  of  cheap  labour  has  hitherto  militated  against 
the  extensive  cultivation  of  the  cotton,  and  so  also  against  the 
culture  of  tea  and  many  other  industrial  plants.  Cotton  having 
been  raised  far  away  from  the  influence  of  the  sea  air,  it  would  be 
worthy  of  attempts  to  naturalise  various  kinds  of  cotton  in  the 
oases  of  our  deserts,  irrespective  of  regular  culture.  Our  native 
Gossypiums  of  the  interior  produce  no  fibre  worth  collecting. 


IN   EXTRA -TROPICAL   COUNTRIES. 


153 


Cotton  plants  have  a  predilection  for  gently  undulating  or  sloping 
ground,  with  light  soil  and  a  moderate  supply  of  moisture.  In 
the  most  favourable  climes,  such  as  that  of  Fiji,  cotton  produces 
flowers  and  fruits  throughout  the  year,  but  the  principal  ripening 
falls  in  the  dry  season.  From  two  hundred  to  three  hundred 
plants  or  more  can  be  placed  on  an  acre.  As  many  as  seven 
hundred  pods  have  been  gathered  from  a  single  plant  at  one  time, 
twelve  to  twenty  capsules  yielding  an  ounce  of  mercantile  cotton. 
Weeding  is  rendered  less  onerous  by  the  vigorous  growth  of  the 
plants.  Cotton  comes  well  in  for  rotation  of  crops.  Major 
Clarke  has  ascertained  that  crossing  cannot  be  effected  between  the 
oriental  and  occidental  kinds  of  cotton.  A  high  summer  tempera- 
ture is  needed  for  a  prolific  cotton  harvest.  Intense  heat,  under 
which  even  maize  will  suffer,  does  not  injuriously  affect  cotton, 
provided  the  atmosphere  is  not  dry  in  the  extreme.  The  soil 
should  not  be  wet,  but  of  a  kind  that  naturally  a,bsorbs  and  retains 
humidity,  without  over-saturation.  In  arid  regions  it  is  necessary 
to  irrigate  the  cotton  plant.  Heavy  rains  at  the  ripening  period 
are  injurious,  if  not  destructive,  to  the  cotton  crop.  Dry  years 
produce  the  best  returns,  yet  aqueous  vapour  in  the  air  is  necessary 
for  the  best  yield.  In  colder  localities  the  balls  or  capsules  con- 
tinue to  ripen  after  the  frosts  prevent  the  formation  of  new  ones. 
Porous  soils  resting  on  limestones  and  metamorphic  rocks  are 
eminently  adapted  for  cotton  culture.  The  canebrake  soil  of  the 
North  American  cotton  regions  absorbs  ammonia  to  a  prodigious 
extent. 

Gourliaea  decorticans,  Grisebach. 

The  Chanar  of  Argentina.  Bears  sweet  pleasant  fruits  and  yields 
a  tough  valuable  wood  (Dr.  Lorentz). 

Grevillea  annulifera,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

West  Australia.  A  tall  bush  or  small  tree,  with  highly  ornamental 
flowers.  The  seeds  are  comparatively  large,  of  almond  taste,  and 
the  fruits  produced  copiously.  The  shrub  will  live  in  absolute 
desert  sands,  where  the  other  Australian  proteaceous  Nut-tree 
Brabejum  (Macadamia)  ternifolium  could  not  exist. 


Grevillea  robusta,  Cunningham. 

A  beautiful  Lawn-tree,  indigenous  to  the  sub-tropical  part  of 
East  Australia,  150  feet  high,  of  rather  rapid  growth,  and  resisting 
drought  in  a  remarkable  degree  ;  hence  one  of  the  most  eligible 
trees  for  desert  culture.  Cultivated  trees  at  Melbourne  yield  now  an 
ample  supply  of  seeds.  The  wood  is  elastic  and  durable,  valued 
particularly  for  staves  of  casks. 


154  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Guadua  angustifolia,  Kunth.*      (Bambusa  Guadua,  Humboldt  and 
Bonpland. ) 

New  Granada,  Ecuador,  and  probably  others  of  the  Central 
American  States.  This  bamboo  attains  a  height  of  40  feet,  and 
might  prove  hardy  in  sheltered  places  of  temperate  low-lands. 
Holton  remarks  of  this  species  that  it  is,  after  the  plantain, 
maize  and  cane,  the  most  indispensable  plant  of  New  Granada, 
and  that  it  might  be  called  the  Lumber-tree,  as  it  supplies  nearly 
all  the  fencing  and  wood-work  of  most  of  the  houses,  and  is 
besides  manufactured  into  all  kinds  of  utensils.  The  genus  Guadua 
comprises  the  stoutest  of  all  Bamboos. 

Guadua  latifolia,  Kunth.*      (Bambma     latifolia,     Humboldt     and 
Bonpland). 

One  of  the  tall  Bamboos  of  Central  America,  from  whence  several 
other  lofty  bamboos  may  be  obtained,  among  them  the  almost 
climbing  Chusqueas.  This  Guadua  is  stouter  than  any  Indian 
Bamboo.  In  tropical  America  native  bamboos  are  planted  for 
hedges. 

Guevina  Avellana,  Molina.     (Qicadria  Jieterophylla,  Ruiz  and  Pavon.) 

The  evergreen  Hazel-tree  of  Chili,  extends  from  Middle  Chili  to 
the  Chonos  Archipelagus.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  in 
existence,  attaining  a  height  of  30  feet.  The  snowy-white  flower- 
spikes  produced  simultaneously  with  the  ripening  of  the  coral-red 
fruit.  In  the  cooler  southern  regions  the  tree  attains  considerable 
dimensions.  The  wood  tough  and  elastic,  used  for  boat-building 
(Dr.  Philippi).  The  fruit  of  the  allied  Brabejum  stellatifolium 
can  only  be  utilised  with  caution  and  in  a  roasted  state  as  an 
article  of  diet,  because  it  is  noxious  or  even  absolutely  poisonous 
in  a  raw  state. 

Guizotia  oleifera,  Candolle. 

India  and  probably  also  Abyssinia.  The  Rantil  oil  is  pressed  from 
the  seeds  of  this  annual  herb,  which  yields  its  crop  in  three 
months.  The  oil  is  much  used  like  Sesamum  oil,  for  culinary  as 
well  as  for  technic  purposes. 

Gunnera  Chilensis,  Lamarck. 

Caracas  to  Patagonia,  chiefly  on  cliffs.  A  most  impressive  plant 
for  scenic  groups  in  gardens.  Darwin  measured  leaves  8  feet 
broad  and  24  feet  in  circumference.  The  acidulous  leaf -stalks 
serve  as  a  vegetable ;  the  thick  roots  are  used  for  tanning  and  dye- 
ing. G.  macrophylla,  Blume,  is  a  native  of  Java  and  Sumatra, 
where  it  occurs  on  mountains  up  to  6,000  feet. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  155 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lamarck. 

The  Chicot.  A  North  American  timber  and  avenue  tree,  attaining 
a  height  of  80  feet ;  allied  to  Gleditschia,  but,  as  the  name  implies, 
thornless.  Delights  in  rich  soil  and  a  sheltered  position.  Can  be 
raised  from  cuttings  of  the  roots.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  com- 
pact, fine-grained,  and  assumes  a  rosy  colour.  The  pods  preserved 
like  those  of  Tamarinds  are  said  to  be  wholesome  (Simmonds). 

Hagenia  Abyssinica,  Willdenow.     (Brayera  anthelminthica,  Kunth.) 

Abyssinia,  at  elevations  from  3,000  to  8,000  feet.  A  tall  tree, 
admitted  in  this  list  because  its  flowers  have  come  into  medicinal 
use.  It  is  moreover  quite  eligible  for  ornamental  plantations. 

Hardwickia  binata,  Eoxburgh. 

India,  up  to  elevations  of  nearly  4,000  feet.  Maximum  height  of 
tree,  120  feet.  Wood  from  red-brown  to  nearly  black,  close- 
grained,  exceedingly  hard,  heavy  and  durable ;  valued  for  under- 
ground work.  The  bark  furnishes  easily  a  valuable  material  for 
cordage.  The  tree  can  readily  be  pollarded  for  cattle-fodder 
(Brandis). 

Harina  caryotoides,  Roxburgh. 

Assam,  Chittagong  and  Darjeeling.  A  dwarf,  tufted,  hardy  Palm, 
desirable  for  decorative  purposes. 

Harpullia  Hillii,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Tulip  "Wood  of  Queensland.  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the 
numerous  kinds  of  trees  indigenous  there  for  select  cabinet-work. 
H.  pendula  (Planchon)  is  equally  valuable. 

Hedeoma  pulegioides,  Persoon. 

The  Penny-royal  of  North  America.  An  annual  herb  of  aromatic 
taste,  employed  in  medicine.  The  volatile  oil  is  also  in  use. 

Hedysarum  coronarium,  Linne.* 

The  Soola  Clover.  South  Europe.  One  of  the  best  of  perennial 
fodder  herbs,  yielding  a  bulky  return.  It  carries  with  it  also  the 
recommendation  of  being  extremely  handsome. 

Heleocharis  tuberosa,  Roemer  and  Schultes. 

China,  where  it  is  called  Matai  or  Petsi.  This  rush  can  be  sub- 
jected to  regular  cultivation  in  ponds  for  the  sake  of  its  edible 
wholesome  tubers.  H.  plantaginea  and  H.  fistulosa  of  India  and 
the  Australian  H.  sphacelata  are  allied  plants. 


156  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Helianthus  animus,  Linne.* 

The  Sun-blower.  Peru.  This  tall,  showy,  and  large-flowered 
annual  is  not  without  industrial  importance.  As  much  as  fifty 
bushels  of  seeds,  or  rather  seed-like  nutlets,  have  been  obtained 
from  an  acre  under  very  favourable  circumstances,  and  as  much  as 
fifty  gallons  of  oil  can  be  pressed  from  such  a  crop.  The  latter  can 
be  used  not  only  for  machinery  but  even  as  one  of  the  best  for  the 
table ;  also  used  for  superior  toilet-soaps  and  for  painting ;  it 
belongs  to  the  series  of  drying-oils.  Otherwise  the  seeds  afford  an 
excellent  fodder  for  fowl ;  also  used  for  cakes.  The  leaves  serve 
for  fodder  and  the  seeds  as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  according  to  Pro- 
fessor Keller.  The  large  flower-heads  important  as  yielding  much 
honey.  The  stalks  furnish  a  good  textile  fibre,  and  the  blossoms 
yield  a  brilliant  lasting  yellow  dye.  About  six  pounds  of  seeds 
are  required  for  an  acre.  The  plant  likes  calcareous  soil. 
Important  also  for  raising  quickly  vegetation  around  fever 
morasses,  the  absorbing  and  exhaling  power  of  this  plant  being  very 
large  (Dr.  v.  Hamm).  A  Sun-Flower,  according  to  Lacoppidan, 
will  exhale  1 J  Ib.  of  water  during  a  hot  day.  Several  North 
American  species  deserve  rural  culture.  The  return  from  a  Sun- 
Flower  field  is  attained  within  a  few  months. 

Helianthus  tuber osus,  Linne. * 

Brazil.  Sun-Flower  Artichoke.  Inappropriately  passing  under 
the  name  "  Jerusalem  Artichoke,"  instead  of  "  Girasol  Artichoke." 
The  wild  state,  according  to  Professor  Asa  Gray,  seems  the  North 
American  H.  doronioides,  Lamarck.  The  tubers  are  saccharine 
and  serve  culinary  purposes.  As  a  fodder  they  increase  the  milk 
of  cows  to  an  extraordinary  degree.  The  foliage  serves  well  also 
as  fodder.  The  plant  is  propagated  from  the  smallest  but  undi- 
vided tubers,  placed  like  potatoes,  but  at  greater  interstices.  The 
root  is  not  susceptible  to  frost.  The  plant  would  be  valuable  for 
Alpine  regions.  The  yield  is  as  large  as  that  of  potatoes,  with  less 
labour,  and  continues  from  year  to  year  in  fairly-treated  land  unin- 
terruptedly and  spontaneously.  The  stem  is  rich  in  textile  fibre. 
The  percentage  of  crystalline  sugar  is  largest  during  the  cold  season, 
namely,  5-6  per  cent.  During  the  summer  the  starch-like  inulin 
prevails.  This  plant  can  only  be  brought  to  full  perfection  in  a  soil 
rich  in  potash. 

Helichrysum  lucidum,  Henckel.     (H.  bracteatum,  Willdenow.) 

Throughout  the  greater  part  of  Australia.  The  regular  cultivation 
of  this  perennial  herb  would  be  remunerative  to  supply  its  ever- 
lasting flowers  for  wreaths,  just  like  those  of  H.  orientale,  Tourne- 
f ort,  from  Caiidia,  are  largely  grown  and  sold  in  South  Europe  to  pro- 
vide grave-wreaths.  Furthermore,  the  lovely  Helipterum  Manglesii, 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  157 

F.  v.  M.,  from  West  Australia,  could,  for  the  like  purposes,  be 
reared  on  a  large  scale  with  several  other  Australian  everlast- 
ings. Some  South  African  species  of  Helichrysum  and  Helipterum 
are  also  highly  eligible  for  these  purposes  of  decoration. 

Heliotropium  Peruvianum,  Linne. 

Andes  of  South  America.  A  perennial  somewhat  shrubby  plant. 
Among  various  species  of  Heliotrope  this  one  can  best  be  utilised 
for  the  distillation  of  the  scented  oil. 

Helleborus  niger,  Linne". 

Forest  Mountains  of  Middle  and  South  Europe.  The  Christmas 
Rose  of  British  Gardens.  A  perennial  handsome  herb.  The  roots 
are  used  in  medicine. 

Helvella  esculenta,  Persoon. 

Europe.  Dr.  Goeppart  notes  among  saleable  Silesian  mushrooms 
for  table  use  this  species  as  well  as  H.  gigas  (Krombholz),  H.  infula 
(Fries).  Kohlrausch  and  Siegel  found  in  H.  esculenta  when  dried 
26  per  cent,  of  protein,  against  the  following  other  results  ;  in  beef 
39  per  cent.,  in  veal  44,  wheat-bread  8,  oatmeal  10,  pulse  27,  pota- 
toes 5,  various  mushrooms  often  33  per  cent.  Of  course  starch, 
sugar,  inulin,  pertin,  gum,  and  even  fibre  have  to  be  further  taken 
into  consideration  in  these  calculations  on  value  of  nutriments. 

Hemarthria  compressa,  R.  Brown. 

South  Asia,  South  Africa,  extra-tropical  Australia.  This  perennial, 
though  somewhat  harsh,  grass  is  recommendable  for  moist  pastures, 
and  will  retain  a  beautiful  greenness  throughout  the  year ;  very 
highly  esteemed  by  graziers  in  Gippsland  (Victoria) ;  it  is  not  in- 
jured by  frost.  H.  uncinata  is  a  closely  allied  plant,  which  grows 
down  to  high-water  mark  on  estuaries  of  rivers  ;  also  otherwise  on 
somewhat  saline  ground. 

Heracleum  Sibiricum,  Linne. 

Colder  regions  of  Europe  and  Asia.  A  very  tall  biennial  herb  with 
leaves  of  enormous  size.  Recently  recommended  for  sheep-fodder 
in  the  Alpine  regions.  This  plant  could  also  be  turned  to  account 
for  scenic  effect  in  horticulture. 

Heterothalamus  brunioides,  Lessing. 

South  Brazil  and  Argentina.  A  dwarf  shrub,  furnishing  the 
yellow  Romerillo  dye  from  its  flowers. 


158  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Hibiscus  cannabinus,  Linne.     (H.  radiatus,  Cavanilles.) 

Tropical  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  An  annual  showy  herb. 
The  stem  yields  a  hemp-like  fibre.  Stems  up  to  12  feet  high  with- 
out ramification  if  closely  sown.  Rich  soil  on  the  Nile  has  yielded 
over  3,000  Ibs.  of  clear  fibre  from  one  acre.  The  bearing  strength 
is  often  found  to  be  more  than  that  of  the  Sun  fibre.  The  leaves 
serve  as  sorrel  spinage.  Several  other  Hibisci  can  be  utilised  in 
the  same  manner.  Good  fibre  is  also  obtained  from  Sida  rhombi- 
folia,  L. 

Hibiscus  esculentus,  Linne". 

West  India  and  Central  America.  A  tall  herb.  The  mucilaginous 
seed  capsules  are  known  as  Ochro,  Bandakai,  or  Gobbo,  and  used 
as  culinary  vegetables.  The  summers  of  Victoria  bring  them  to 
maturity.  The  Ochro  can  be  preserved  by  being  dried  either  in 
the  sun  or  by  artificial  heat  after  previous  slicing.  The  leaves  of 
this  and  allied  species  can  be  used  as  pot-herbs. 

Hibiscus  Ludwigii,  Ecklon  and  Zeyher. 

South  Africa.  A  tall,  shrubby,  and  highly  ornamental  species, 
desirable  also  as  yielding  a  fibre  of  great  strength  and  toughness. 

Hibiscus  Sabdariffa,  Linne. 

Tropical  Asia  and  Africa.  A  showy  annual  plant,  occasionally  of 
more  than  one  year's  duration,  admitting  of  its  culture  in  the 
warmer  temperate  regions  ;  it  is  however  cut  down  by  frost.  It 
yields  the  Kosella  fibre.  The  acidulous  calyces  furnish  a  delicious 
sorrell  and  rosella  jellies,  particularly  relished  in  hot  climes.  H. 
punctatus  (Dalz.  and  Gibs.)  is  mentioned  as  an  annual  fibre  plant, 
occurring  in  Sindh  and  Mooltan. 

Hierochloa  redolens,  K.  Brown. 

South-Eastern  Australia,  almost  confined  to  the  Alps  ;  in  Tasmania 
and  New  Zealand  also  found  in  the  lowlands,  occurring  likewise  in 
the  Antartic  Islands  and  the  southern  extremity  of  America.  A 
tall,  perennial,  nutritious  grass,  with  the  odour  of  Anthoxanthum. 
It  is  worthy  of  dissemination  on  moist  pasture  land.  H.  borealis 
of  the  colder  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  accompanies  in 
the  south  H.  redolens,  but  is  a  smaller  grass.  These  grasses  are 
particularly  valuable  for  their  fragrance  as  constituents  of  hay,  the 
odorous  principle,  as  in  Anthoxanthum,  Melilotus  and  Asperula, 
being  cumarin.  Hierochloas  are  particularly  appropriate  for  cold, 
wet,  moory  grounds. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  159 

Hippocrepis  comosa,  Linne\ 

The  Horse-shoe  Vetch.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa. 
A  perennial  fodder  herb,  not  without  importance.  Likes  stony 
ground,  and  delights,  like  most  leguminous  herbs,  in  limestone  soil. 
The  foliage  is  succulent  and  nutritious.  Langethal  recommends  it 
for  a  change  after  Saintfoin  pastures  fail.  It  furnishes  not  quite 
as  much  but  an  earlier  fodder. 

Holcus  lanatus,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia.  Velvet-grass  or  Meadow 
Soft-grass.  A  well-known  and  easily  disseminated  perennial 
pasture  grass,  of  considerable  fattening  property.  For  rich  soil 
better  grasses  can  be  chosen,  but  for  moist,  moory,  or  sandy  lands, 
and  also  for  forests,  it  is  one  of  the  most  eligible  pasture  grasses, 
yielding  an  abundant  and  early  crop  ;  it  is  however  rather  disliked 
by  cattle  as  well  as  horses.  The  chemical  analysis  made  in  full 
spring  gave  the  following  results  : —  Ibumen,  3-20  ;  gluten,  4 '11  ; 
starch,  O72  ;  gum,  3'OS ;  sugar,  4-56  per  cent.  (F.  v.  Muller  and 
L.  Hummel). 

Holcus  mollis,  Linne. 

Creeping  Soft-grass.  Of  nearly  the  same  geographic  range  and 
utility  as  the  preceding  species.  Particularly  admissible  for  sandy 
forest-land. 

Holoptelea  integrifolia,  Planchon.     (Ulmus  integrifolia,  Roxburgh.) 

The  Elm  of  India,  extending  from  the  lowlands  to  Sub-alpine 
regions.  A  large  tree,  with  timber  of  good  quality.  Foliage 
deciduous. 

Hordeum  deficiens,  Steudel. 

The  Red  Sea  Barley.  One  of  the  two-rowed  barleys  cultivated  in 
Arabia  and  Abyssinia.  Allied  to  this  is  H.  macrolepis  (A.  Br.), 
a  native  of  Abyssinia. 

Hordeum  distichon,  Linne.* 

Central  Asia.  The  ordinary  two-rowed  barley.  To  this  species 
belong  the  ordinary  English  Barley,  the  Chevalier,  the  Annat,  the 
Dunlop,  the  Long-eared,  the  Black,  the  Large,  the  Italian,  and  the 
Golden  Barley,  along  with  other  kinds.  A  variety  with  grains  free 
from  the  bracts  constitutes  the  Siberian  and  the  Haliday  Barley, 
which  however  is  less  adapted  for  malt.  Dry  barley  flour,  heated 
at  the  temperature  of  boiling  water  during  several  hours,  constitutes 
Hufeland's  meal  for  invalids.  Barley  culture  might  be  carried  on 
in  many  Alpine  regions.  Marly  and  calcareous  lands  are  particu- 
larly fit  for  its  culture.  It  resists  moderate  spring  frosts. 


160  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Hordeum  hexastichon,  Linne.* 

Orient.  The  regular  six-rowed  barley.  This  includes  among  other 
varieties  the  Red,  the  Scotch,  the  Square,  and  the  Bear  Barley. 
Seeds  less  uniform  in  size  than  those  of  H.  distichon.  The  so- 
called  skinless  variety  is  that  in  which  the  grain  separates  from 
the  bracts.  Langethal  observes  that  it  is  most  easily  raised,  requires 
less  seed  grain  than  ordinary  barley,  has  firmer  stems,  is  less  subject 
to  the  rust  disease  and  to  bending  down. 

Hordeum  secalinum,  Schreber.     (H.  nodosum,  Linne*  j  H.  pratense, 
Hudson.) 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America.  Perennial. 
Famed  as  the  best  fattening  grass  of  many  of  the  somewhat 
brackish  marsh  pastures  on  the  North  Sea.  It  never  fruits  when 
kept  down  by  cattle,  and  suppresses  finally  nearly  all  other  grasses 
and  weeds. 


Hordeum  vulgare, 

Orient.  The  four-rowed  Barley,  though  rather  six-rowed  with  two 
prominent  rows.  Several  varieties  occur,  among  them  :  the 
Spring,  Winter  and  Black  Barley,  the  Russian,  the  French,  the 
Naked  and  the  Wheat  Barley.  Pearl  Barley  is  obtained  from  the 
winter-variety,  which  also  surpasses  Summer-Barley  in  rigour  of 
stems  and  rich  and  early  yield,  it  being  the  earliest  cereal  in  the 
season  ;  the  straw  is  copious  and  nutritious,  and  the  grain  is  rrch  in 
gluten,  hence  far  better  adapted  for  flour  than  for  malt.  Summer 
Barley  also  passes  under  the  name  of  Sand  Barley  ;  it  is  inferior  in 
yield  to  H.  distichon,  but  is  content  with  a  less  fertile,  even  sandy 
soil,  and  comes  in  a  month's  less  time  to  ripeness.  In  Alpine 
regions  it  ripens  with  a  summer  of  sixty  or  seventy  days  without 
frost.  The  Naked  Barley  is  superior  to  many  other  varieties  for 
peeled  barley,  but  inferior  for  brewing  ;  the  grain  is  also  apt  to 
drop  (Langethal).  Malt  is  important  as  an  antiscorbutic  remedy. 
Chemical  principles  of  malt  :  asparagin,  a  protein  substance, 
diastase,  an  acid  and  cholesterin  fat. 

Hordeum  zeocriton,  Linne.* 

Central  Asia.  Also  a  two-rowed  Barley.  To  this  species  belong 
the  Sprat,  the  Battledore,  the  Fulham  and  the  Putney  Barley,  the 
Rice  Barley,  the  Turkish  Barley  and  the  Dinkel.  This  species 
might  be  regarded  as  a  variety  of  H.  distichon.  The  grains  do  not 
drop  spontaneously,  and  this  variety  is  securer  than  others  against 
sparrows  ;  requires  however  a  superior  soil,  and  is  harder  in  straw 
(Langethal). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  161 

Hovenia  dulcis,  Thunberg. 

Himalaya,  China,  Japan.  The  pulpy  fruit-stalks  of  this  tree  are 
edible.  H.  insequalis,  DC.,  and  H.  acerba,  Lindl.,  are  mere 
varieties  of  this  species. 

Humulus  Lupulus,  Linne.* 

The  Hop  Plant.  Temperate  zone  of  Europe,  Asia  and  North 
America.  This  twining  perennial  unisexual  plant  has  proved  to 
yield  enormously  on  river-banks  in  rich  soil  or  on  fertile  slopes 
where  irrigation  could  be  effected,  particularly  so  in  Victoria  along 
the  river  valleys  of  Gippsland  and  in  other  similar  localities.  A 
pervious,  especially  alluvial  soil,  fertile  through  manure  or  other- 
wise, appliances  for  irrigation,  natural  or  artificial,  and  also  shelter 
against  storms,  are  some  of  the  conditions  for  success  in  hop 
growth,  and  under  such  conditions  the  rearing  of  hops  will  prove 
thus  far  profitable  in  countries  and  localities  of  very  different  mean 
temperature.  A  dry  summer  season  is  favourable  to  the  ripening 
and  gathering  of  hops.  On  the  Mitchell  River,  in  Gippsland, 
1,500  Ibs.  have  been  obtained  from  an  acre.  In  Tasmania  large 
crops  have  been  realised  for  very  many  years.  The  plant  might  be 
readily  naturalised  on  river-banks  and  in  forest-valleys.  The  scaly 
fruit-cones  form  the  commercial  hops,  whose  value  largely  depends 
on  the  minute  glandular  granules  of  lupuline.  Hops  impart  their 
flavour  to  beer,  and  principally  by  their  tannic  acid  prevent  acetous 
fermentation  and  precipitate  albuminous  substances  from  the  malt. 
Hop  pillows  are  recommended  to  overcome  want  of  sleep.  Many 
of  the  substitutes  of  hops  are  objectionable  or  deleterious.  The 
refuse  of  hops  of  breweries  possess  double  the  value  of  stable 
manure.  Active  principles  of  hop  leaves  and  fruits :  a  peculiar 
volatile  and  a  bitter  acid  substance.  The  fibre  of  the  stem  can  be 
made  into  cords  and  paper.  The  young  shoots  can  be  used  for  food, 
dressed  like  asparagus. 

Hydnum  coralloides,  Scopoli. 

Cashmere,  in  hollow  trunks  of  Pirius  Webbiana,  called  there  the 
Koho  Khur.  Cooked,  of  excellent  taste; 

Hydnum  imbricatum,  Linne. 

In  pine  forests  of  Europe.  A  wholesome  Mushroom  of  delicious 
taste,  which  we  should  endeavour  to  naturalize  in  our  pine  plan- 
tations. Other  recommendable  European  species  are :  H.  eri- 
naceum,  Pers.  ;  H.  coralloides,  Scop.  ;  H.  album,  Pers.  ;  H.  diver- 
sidens,  Fries ;  H.  auriscalpium,  Linn6 ;  H.  subsquamosum,  Batsch ; 
H.  Isevigatum,  Sw.  ;  H.  violascens,  Alb.  ;  H.  infundibulum,  Sw.  ; 
H.  fuligineo-albiim,  Schm. ;  H.  graveolens,  Brot.  ;  H.  Caput 
Medusae,  Nees ;  H.  Hystrix,  Fries.  These  and  other  edible  fungi 


162  SELECT  .  PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

are  given  on  the  authority  of  Rosenthal's  valuable  work.  The 
Rev.  M.  L.  Berkeley,  Dr.  Morren  and  Dr.  Goeppert  add  Hydnum 
repandum,  L.,  and  H.  suaveolens,  Scop. 

Hydrangea  Thunbergi,  Siebold. 

Japan.  The  leaves  of  this  shrub  give  a  peculiar  Tea,  called  there 
the  "Tea  of  Heaven." 

Hydrastis  Canadensis,  Linne. 

North  America.  The  Yellow  Poccoon.  Perennial  herb,  utilised 
in  medicine.  The  root  contains  two  alkaloids,  berberin  and 
hydrastin.  The  root  tinges  briliantly  yellow,  admitting  of  its 
use  along  with  indigo  for  rich  green  colours. 

Hymensea  Courbaril,  Linne. 

Tropical  and  Southern  sub-tropical  America.  A  tree  of  colossal 
size  and  remarkable  longevity.  Timber  hard,  extremely  ponder- 
ous, close-grained,  used  for  select  wheel-work,  treenails,  beams  and 
planks  in  various  machinery.  Courbaril- wood  exceeds  in  elasticity  the 
the  best  British  Oak-wood  four  times  and  in  resistance  to  fracture  nearly 
three  times  (Lapparents).  A  fragrant  amber-like  resin,  known  as 
West  India  Copal,  exudes  from  the  stem.  The  Mexican  trade 
name  of  the  resin  is  Coapinole.  •  The  beans  of  the  pod  are  lodged 
in  a  mealy  pulp  of  honey-like  taste,  which  can  be  used  for  food. 
The  possibility  of  the  adaptability  of  this:  remarkable  tree  to  the 
warmer  temperate  zone  needs  to  be  ascertained. 

Hymenanthera  Banksii,  F  v.  Mueller. 

South-East  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Norfolk  Island.  A  tall 
spiny  shrub,  well,  adapted  for  close  hedges,  where  rapid  growth  is 
not  required.  It  stands  clipping  well.  Flowers  profusely  fragrant. 

Hyoscyamus  niger,  Linne. 

The  Henbane.  Europe,  North  Africa,  extra-tropical  Asia.  An 
important  medicinal  herb  of  one  or  two  years'  duration.  It 
contains  a  peculiar  alkaloid — hyoscyamin. 

Hyospathe  pubigera,  G-risebach. 

Trinidad,  on  the  summits  of  the  highest  mountains.  The  stem 
of  this  Palm  attains  only  to  12  feet.  Valuable  among  the  dwarf 
palms,  now  so  much  sought  for  table  and  window  decoration. 

Hyphaene  Argun,  Martius. 

Nubia,  to  21°  north  latitude.  Probably  hardy  in  the  warmer 
temperate  zone. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  163 

Hyphaene  coriacea,  Gaertner. 

Equatorial  Eastern  Africa.  The  dichotomous  Palm  of  the  sea- 
coast  regions.  It  attains  a  height  of  80  feet. 

Hyphsene  crinita,  Gaertner.     (H.  Thebaica,  Martius.) 

Abyssinia,  Nubia,  Arabia  and  Egypt,  as  far  as  31°  north  latitude 
and  southward  to  the  Zambesi,  Nyassa  and  Sofala.  In  Arabia  to 
28°  north  latitude  (Schweinfurth),  up  to  the  plateaux  of  Abyssinia 
(Drude.)  The  Gingerbread  Palm  or  Doum  Palm.  It  is  much 
branched  and  attains  a  height  of  about  30  feet.  The  mealy  husk 
of  the  fruit,  is  edible.  Grows  away  from  the  sea. 

Hyphsene  ventricosa,  Kirk. 

Zambesi.  Loftier  than  the  other  species.  Stem  turgid  towards 
the  middle.  Fruit  large. 

Hypochceris  apargioides,  Hooker  and  Arnott. 

Chili.  A  perennial  herb.  The  root  is  used  for  culinary  purposes 
like  that  of  the  Scorzonera  Hispanica. 

Hypochosris  Scorzonerse,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Acliyropliorus  Scorzonorce, 

Candolle.) 

Chili.  Of  the  same  use  as  H.  apargioides.  Alied  species  of 
probably  similar  utility  exist  in  Western  South  America. 

Ilex  Cassine,  Linne. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  A  tea  bush,  to  which  also 
remarkable  medicinal  properties  are  ascribed. 

Ilex  crenata,  Thunberg. 

Japan.     The  wood  there  employed  for  superior  kinds  of  wood-cuts. 

Ilex  Integra,  Thunberg. 

Japan.  From  the  bark  of  this  and  several  other  Hollies  bird- 
lime can  be  prepared,  from  this  species  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent. 

Ilex  Paraguensis,  St.  Hilaire. 

Uruguay,  Paraguay  and  Southern  Brazil.  The  Mate.  This 
Holly -bush,  which  attains  the  size  of  a  small  tree,  is  inserted  in 
this  list  rather  as  a  stimulating  medicinal  plant  than  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  ordinary  Tea  plant,  although  in  its  native  country  it 
is  very  extensively  used  for  this  purpose.  From  the  province  of 
Parana  alone  there  were  exported  more  than  36  million  pounds  in 
1871,  besides  9  million  pounds  used  for  home  consumption  ;  while 
in  Rio  Grande  de  Sul  the  local^  provincial  consumption  is  nearly 


164  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

four  times  as  much,  not  counting  large  quantities  consumed  by  the 
aboriginal  race.  It  is  cheaper  than  coffee  or  tea  (about  5d.  per 
pound,),  and  an  individual  there  uses  about  1  Ib.  per  week.  It  has 
a  pleasant  aroma,  can  be  taken  with  milk  and  sugar,  and  is  the 
favourite  beverage  in  large  portions  of  South  America  (Dr.  Macedo 
Soares).  The  leaves  destined  for  the  Mate  are  slightly  roasted. 
I.  Dahoon  and  I  dipyrena  are  used  for  the  same  purpose,  and 
probably  other  hollies  may  be  found  equally  good.  I  theezans, 
Martius,  yields  in  South  Brazil  also  a  kind  of  Mate.  Chemical 
principles  :  coffein,  quina  acid,  and  a  peculiar  tannic  acid,  which 
latter  can  be  converted  into  viridin  acid. 

Illicium  anisatum,  Linne. 

China  and  Japan.  The  Star  Anis.  An  evergreen  shrub  or  small 
tree.  The  starry  fruits  used  in  medicine  and  as  a  condiment.  Their 
flavour  is  derived  from  a  peculiar  volatile  oil  with  anethol.  This 
species  and  a  few  others  deserve  culture  also  as  ornamental  bushes. 

Imperata  arundinacea,  Cyrillo. 

South  Europe,  North  Africa,  South  and  East  Asia,  Australia.  The 
Lalong  Grass  of  India.  Almost  a  sugar-cane  in  miniature.  Valu- 
able for  binding  sand,  especially  in  wet  localities.  Difficult  to 
eradicate. 

Indigofera  Anil,  Linne. 

Recorded  as  indigenous  to  West  India,  and  as  extending  naturally 
through  continental  America  from  Carolina  to  Brazil.  A  shrub 
several  feet  high.  Pods  sickle-shaped,  short,  compressed.  One  of 
the  principal  Indigo  plants  under  cultivation  both  in  the  eastern 
and  western  hemispheres.  Only  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  tem- 
perate zone  can  we  hope  to  produce  indigo  with  .remunerative 
success.  But  many  of  the  hardier  species  seem  never  yet  to  have 
been  tested  for  pigment.  One  hundred  and  fourteen  have  already 
been  recorded  from  extra-tropical  Southern  Africa  alone.  An 
Indigofera  of  Georgia,  said  to  be  wild,  perhaps  I.  Anil,  yields  an 
excellent  product.  The  pigment  in  all  instances  is  obtained  by 
maceration  of  the  foliage,  aeration  of  the  liquid,  and  inspissation  of 
the  sediment. 

Indigofera  argent ea,  Linne.     (/.  cwmdea,  Roxburgh.) 

Tropical  and  extra-tropical  Northern  Africa,  Arabia,  India.  A 
shrub  several  feet  high,  closely  allied  to  I.  Anil,  and  likewise  a 
good  Indigo  plant. 

Indigofera  tinctoria,  Linne.* 

Warmest  parts  of  Asia,  as  far  east  as  Japan  ;  recorded  also  from 
tropical  Africa  and  even  Natal.  A  shrubby  plant,  attaining  a 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  165 

height  of  6  feet.  Pods  straight,  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  Exten- 
sively cultivated  in  warm  zones  for  indigo,  and  probably  hardy  in 
warmer  temperate  regions.  The  plant  is  frequently  sold  fresh  by 
the  grower  to  the  factories.  The  Indigo  plant  requires  a  rich 
friable  soil,  neither  too  moist  nor  too  dry.  The  seeds  are  sown  in 
furrows  about  a  foot  apart,  and  in  hot  damp  climes  the  plant  can 
be  cut  in  about  two  months,  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  flower ;  in  six 
or  eight  weeks  it  yields  a  second  crop,  and  under  favourable  cir- 
cumstances as  many  as  four  crops  can  be  gathered  in  a  year.  The 
plants  have  to  be  renewed  every  year,  as  the  old  ones  do  not  yield 
such  an  abundant  produce.  Bright  sunshine  favours  the  develop- 
ment of  the  dye  principle,  but  frequent  rains  cause  a  more  luxuriant 
growth  (Hartwig). 

Inula  Helenium,  Linne. 

The  Elecampane.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  Middle  Asia  east- 
ward to  Japan.  A  perennial  herb.  The  bitter  and  somewhat 
aromatic  root,  for  the  sake  of  its  stimulating  and  tonic  properties, 
is  used  in  medicine.  It  contains  also  the  amylaceous  inulin  and 
the  crystalline  helenin.  With  the  Mullein  (Yerbascum  Thapsus), 
L.,  adaptable  for  scenic  effects. 

Ipomcea  Batatas,  iPoiret.*     (Batatas  edulis,  Choisy.) 

The  Sweet  Potato.  Tropical  South  America.  First  brought  to 
Europe  from  Brazil.  It  proved  well  adapted  also  for  the  southern 
part  of  Australia  and  for  New  Zealand.  The  tubers  afford  a  palat- 
able food,  more  nutritious  than  ordinaiy  potatoes.  Can  be  well 
utilized  for  starch.  Varieties  with  red,  white  and  yellow  roots 
occur.  Each  tuber  weighs  generally  from  3  Ibs.  to  5  Ibs.,  but  may 
occasionally  attain  to  56  Ibs.  The  yield  is  from  200  to  300  bushels 
from  an  acre. 

Ipomcea  Batatilla,  G.  Don. 

Cooler  regions  of  Venezuela!  The  tubers  serve  as  sweet  potatoes. 
Similarly  useful,  I.  platanifolia,  Roem.  et  Schult.,  from  Central 
America,  and  I.  mammosa,  Choisy,  from  Amboina. 

Ipomoea  Calobra,  Hill  and  Mueller. 

Central  Australia.     The  large  roots  a  fair  esculent. 

Ipomoea  magapotamica,  Choisy. 

South  Brazil  and  Argentina.  The  root  attains  several  pounds 
weight,  and  serves  as  jalap.  Propagation  by  pieces  of  the  root  or 
from  cuttings  of  the  underground  stem. 


166  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Ipomoea  paniculata,  B.  Brown. 

Almost  a  cosmopolitan  plant  on  tropical  coasts  ;  thus  indigenous  to 
North  Australia  and  the  warmer  parts  of  East  Australia.  The 
tubers  of  this  species  also  are  edible.  If  hardy,  the  plant  would 
deserve  cultivation. 

Ipomoea  purga,  Wenderoth. 

Mountains  of  Mexico.  The  true  Jalap.  This  species  yields  the 
medicinal  jalap  root.  It  has  recently  been  cultivated  with  apparent 
success  even  at  New  York  ;  thus  it  is  entitled  to  a  trial  in  warm 
woodlands.  Active  principle  ;  the  resinous  convolvulin.  I.  Oriza- 
bensis,  Ledanois,  also  yields  jalap,  according  to  Hanbury. 

Ipomoea  simulans,  Hanbury. 

Mexico.  From  this  species  the  Tampico  jalap,  or  rather  the  Sierra 
Gorda  jalap,  is  derived.  I.  operculata,  Mart.,  yield  the  Brazilian 
jalap. 

Iris  Florentina,  Linne. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  well-known  Orris 
root  is  obtained  from  this  species.  Of  the  same  geographic  range 
is  Iris  juncea,  Poizet,  the  edible  root  of  which  is  known  by  the 
name  of  Zeloak  among  the  Algerian  natives  (Simmons). 

Isatis  indigotica,  Fortune. 

North  China.  Perennial,  almost  shrubby.  The  use  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  following  plant. 

Isatis  tinctoria,  Linne. 

Dyer's  Woad.  From  the  Mediterranean  regions  through  part  of 
the  Orient,  apparently  extending  as  far  as  Japan.  A  tall  herb  of 
two  years'  duration.  The  blue  dye  is  obtained  from  the  fermented 
leaves.  Woad  succeeds  best  in  rich  limestone  ground.  Contains 
luteolin.  Many  other  species  of  Isatis,  mostly  Asiatic,  may  per- 
haps produce  dye  with  equal  advantage.  Bossier  enumerates 
merely  as  Oriental  twenty-eight  kinds. 

Isonandra  Gutta,  Hooker.*     (Dickopsis  Gutta,  Benth.) 

The  Gutta-percha  Tree  or  the  Gutta  Taban.  Malayan  Peninsula. 
It  seems  not  altogether  hopeless  to  render  this  highly  important 
tree  a  denizen  of  the  mildest  wood  regions,  in  temperate  climes, 
Murton  having  traced  it  to  elevations  of  3,500  feet.  The  milky 
sap,  obtained  by  ringing  the  bark  at  5  to  15  inches  interstices,  is 
boiled  for  an  hour  before  gradual  exsiccation,  otherwise  the  percha 
becomes  brittle ;  5  to  20  catties  yielded  by  one  tree. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  167 

Jacaranda  mimosifolia,  Don. 

Brazil.  This  tree,  with  J.  Braziliana  and  J.  obtusifolia  (Hum-. 
boldt),  furnishes  a  beautiful  and  fragrant  kind  of  Palixander  or 
Palissandre  wood,  and  so  do  probably  some  other  tropical  American 
species.  This  wood  is  bluish  red,  traversed  by  blackish  veins.  J. 
mimosifolia  is  hardy  at  Sydney,  and  thus  may  perhaps  be  reared 
with  advantage  also  in  the  warmer  and  moister  regions  of  the 
temperate  zone. 

Jacks onia  cupulifera,  Meissner. 

West  Australia.  It  might  prove  an  advantage  to  disseminate  this 
small  tree  in  arid  desert  regions,  as  horses  and  cattle  relish  the 
foliage  amazingly.  Several  other  Jacksonias  share  the  importance 
which  this  congener  of  theirs  has  acquired  from  its  utility  as  a 
pasture-bush. 

Jasminum  grandiflorum,  Linne". 

From  India  to  Japan.  Flowers  white.  Extensively  cultivated  in 
South  Europe.  It  is  planted  in  rows  3  feet  apart,  the  plants  at  a 
distance  of  2  to  3  inches  in  the  rows.  Leek,  tuberoses,  and  similar 
plants  are  used  to  occupy  the  spare  ground  for  the  first  year;  1,000 
plants  in  the  second  year  after  grafting  produce  50  kilos  (about  1 
cwt.)  of  flowers  in  rich  soil.  Five  thousand  kilos  can  be  produced 
on  an  hectare  (nearly  2|  acres),  which  under  very  favourable 
circumstances  will  realise  a  profit  of  5,800  francs  per  annum.  Against 
frost  and  exposure  to  wind  the  plants  must  be  guarded  (Deherain). 
In  France  it  is  generally  grafted  on  J.  officinale.  The  bushes  are 
richly  manured  and  well  watered.  Ordinary  cleft-grafting  is 
practised,  the  stock  being  headed  down  to  near  the  ground.  A  good 
workman  and  assistant  will  graft  about  1,000  plants  in  a  day.  The 
delicate  scent  is  withdrawn  either  by  fixed  oils  or  alcoholic  distilla- 
tion. The  pecuniary  yield  obtainable  from  Jasmin  cultivation  seems 
vastly  overrated,  even  if  inexpensive  labour  should  be  obtainable. 

Jasminum  odoratissimum,  Linne. 

Madeira.  Shrubby  like  the  rest.  Flowers  yellow.  Used  like  the 
foregoing  and  following  for  scent.  This  may  be  prepared  by  spread- 
ing the  flowers  upon  wool  or  cotton  slightly  saturated  with  olive 
oil  or  other  fixed  oil,  and  covering  them  with  other  layers  so  pre- 
pared. The  flowers  are  renewed  from  time  to  time  until  the  oil  is 
thoroughly  pervaded  by  the  scent,  when  the  latter  is  withdrawn  by- 
alcohol.  Other  modes  of  extracting  the  oil  exist. 

Jasminum  officinale,  Linne. 

From  the  Caucasus  to  China.  Flowers  white.  This  is  the  principal 
species  cultivated  in  South  Europe  for  its  scent.  In  Cannes  and 


168  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Nice  about  180,000  Ibs.  of  jasmine  flowers  are  produced  annually 
for  distillation  (Hegel).  By  Simmonnet/s  process  the  essence  of 
jasmine  is  solidified  as  jasminin. 

Jasminum  Sambac,  Aiton. 

From  India  to  Japan.  It  has  the  richest  perfume  of  all.  The 
bush  attains  a  height  of  20  feet,  and  is  almost  climbing.  The 
flowers  are  white,  and  must  be  collected  in  the  evening  before  ex- 
pansion. The  relative  value  of  many  other  species  of  jasmin,  nearly 
all  from  the  warmest  parts  of  Asia,  seems  in  no  instance  to  have 
been  ascertained,  so  far  as  their  oils  or  scents  are  concerned.  The 
Australian  series  are  also  deliciously  fragrant,  amongst  which  J. 
lineare,  Br.,  occurs  in  Victorian  deserts;  while  also  J.  didymum, 
Forst.  ;  J.  racemosum,  F.  v.  M.  ;  J.  simplicifolium,  Forst.  ;  J.  cal- 
careum,  F.  v.  M. ;  and  J.  suavissimum,  Lindl.,  reach  extra-tropical 
latitudes. 

Jubaea  spectabilis,  Humboldt. 

The  tall  and  stout  Coquito  Palm  of  Chili,  hardy  still  in  Valdivia, 
Well  adapted  for  extra-tropical  latitudes.  A  kind  of  treacle  is 
obtained  from  the  sap  of  this  Palm.  A  good  tree  will  give  90 
gallons  of  mellaginous  sap  (C.  Darwin).  The  small  kernels  are 
edible.  Stem  to  60  feet,  turgid  towards  the  middle  ;  leaves  10  feet 
long.  Has  endured  at  Montpellier  of  winter  cold  of  +10°  F. 
(Osw.  de  Kerchove  de  Denterghem).  Jubsea  Torallyi  ascends  the 
Andes  to  8,530  feet.  (De  Kerchove). 

Juglans  cinerea,  Linne.* 

The  Butternut  Tree  of  North  America.  About  50  feet  high  ;  stem- 
diameter  4  feet.  Growth  of  comparative  celerity  ;  admits  of  trans- 
plantation readily.  Likes  rocky  places  in  rich  forests,  but  is  also 
content  with  poor  soil.  Wood  lighter  than  that  of  the  black  walnut, 
durable  and  free  from  attacks  of  insects.  It  is  particularly  sought 
for  furniture,  panels  of  coaches,  corn-shovels,  wooden  dishes,  and 
similar  implements,  as  it  is  not  liable  to  split  nor  heavy.  Splendid 
for  select  posts  and  rails  needing  durability  ;  it  is  soft,  and  there- 
fore easily  worked.  This  tree,  with  J.  nigra  endures  still  the  severe 
frosts  of  St.  Petersburg,  where  the  caryas  can  no  longer  be  main- 
tained. (Hegel).  The  kernel  of  the  nuts  is  more  oily  than  that  of 
the  ordinary  walnut,  taste  similar  to  Brazil  nuts.  The  leaves,  bark 
and  husk  are  of  medicinal  importance,  and  so  are  those  of  other 
species. 

Juglans  cordiformis,  Maximowicz. 

Japan.     This  species  approaches  in  many  respects  J.  Sieboldiana. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  169 

Juglans  Mandschurica,  Maximowicz. 

Cornea  and  Mandschuria.  This  Walnut  is  allied  to  J.  cinerea  of 
North  America,  Wood  splendid  for  cabinet-work.  The  nuts 
available  as  well  for  the  table  as  for  oil  factories. 

Juglans  nigra,  Linne.* 

Black  Walnut  Tree.  Attains  a  height  of  80  feet ;  trunk  6  feet  in 
diameter;  found  in  rich  forest-land  in  North  America.  Wood 
most  ornamental,  purplish  brown,  turning  dark  with  age,  strong,  tough, 
not  liable  to  warp  nor  to  split ;  not  attacked  by  insects.  Supplies 
three-fourths  of  the  material  for  hardwood  furniture  in  the  United 
States  (Sargent),  and  fetches  there  the  highest  price.  Wood  stored  for 
many  years  is. the  best  for  gun-stocks,  and  used  also  for  musical  in- 
struments. For  the  sake  of  its  compactness,  durability  and  its 
susceptibility  to  high  polish  it  is  much  sought  for  elegant  furniture, 
stair-rails  and  other  select  purposes.  Seeds  more  oily  than  the 
European  Walnut.  The  tree  extends  in  a  slightly  altered  variety 
to  Bolivia  and  Argentina. 

Juglans  regia,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  Walnut  Tree  of  Europe,  indigenous  in  Hungary 
(Heuffel)  and  Greece  (Heldreich),  extending  from  the  Black  Sea  to 
Beluchistan  and  Burmah,  and  seemingly  also  occurring  in  North 
China,  preferentially  in  calcareous  soil.  It  attains  a  height  of  fully 
80  feet,  and  lives  many  centuries.  Wood  light  and  tough,  much 
sought  for  gun-stocks,  the  exterior  of  pianofortes,  and  the  choicest  fur- 
niture. The  shells  of  the  nut  yield  a  black  pigment.  Trees  of  select 
quality  of  wood  have  been  sold  for  £600,  the  wood  being  the  most 
valuable  of  middle  Europe.  In  some  departments  of  France  a 
rather  large  quantity  of  oil  is  pressed  from  the  nuts,  which,  besides 
serving  as  an  article  of  diet,  is  used  for  the  preparation  of  fine 
colours.  To  obtain  first-class  fruit,  the  trees  are  grafted  in  France 
(Michaux).  An  almost  huskless  variety  occurs  in  the  north  of 
China.  Can  be  grown  in  cold  localities,  as  it  lives  at  2,000  feet 
elevation  in  Middle  Europe.  Nuts  for  distant  transmission,  to 
arrive  in  a  fit  state  for  germination,  are  best  packed  in  casks 
between  layers  of  dry  moss. 

Juglans  rupestris,  Engelmann. 

From  California  to  New  Mexico,  along  the  course  of  streams  in  rich 
moist  soil.  A  handsome  symmetrical  tree  of  utility,  attaining  a 
height  of  60  feet,  3  feet  in  diameter  (Dr.  Gibbons). 

Juglans  Sieboldiana,  Maximowicz. 

Throughout  Japan,  where  it  forms  a  large  tree. 


170  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Juglans  stenocarpa,  Maximowicz. 

From  the  Anioor  territory.     Allied  to  J.  Mandschurica. 

Juniper  us  Bermudiana,  Linne* 

The  Pencil  Cedar  of  Bermuda  and  Barbadoes.  This  species  grows 
sometimes  90  feet  high,  and  furnishes  a  valuable  red  durable  wood, 
used  for  boat-building  furniture,  and  particularly  for  pencils,  also 
for  hammer-shanks  of  piano-fortes,  on  account  of  its  pleasant  odour 
and  special  fitness.  Many  of  the  plants  called  Thuya  or  Biotia 
Meldensis  in  gardens  belong  to  this  species. 

Juniperus  brevifolia,  Antoine. 

In  the  Azores,  up  to  4,800  feet ;  a  nice  tree  with  sometimes  silvery 
foliage. 

Juniperus  Cedrus,  Webb. 

A  tall  tree  of  the  higher  mountains  of  the  Canary  Islands. 

Juniperus  Chinensis,  Linne. 

In  temperate  regions  of  the  Himalaya,  up  to  an  altitude  of 
15,000  feet,  also  in  China  and  Japan.  This  tree  is  known  to  rise 
to  75  feet,  exceptionally  even  to  100  feet,  with  a  girth  of  stem  of 
13  feet ;  it  is  of  rapid  growth,  furnishing  a  reddish,  soft,  and  fine- 
grained wood,  suitable  for  pencils  (Hoopes).  Probably  identical 
with  it  is  the  Himalayan  Pencil  Cedar  (Juniperus  religiosa,  Royle). 
The  timber  of  some  other  tall  Junipers  needs  tests. 

Juniperus  communis,  Linnet 

Colder  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  North  Africa  and  North  America, 
ascending  the  European  Alps  to  8,000  feet,  the  Indian  Mountains 
to  14,000  feet.  One  of  the  three  native  Coniferse  of  Britain,  at- 
taining under  favourable  circumstances  a  height  of  nearly  50  feet. 
The  berries  are  of  medicinal  value,  also  used  in  the  preparation  of 
gin.  Important  for  fuel  in  the  coldest  regions.  Will  grow  on 
almost  pure  sand. 

Juniperus  drupacea,  Labillardiere. 

Plum  Juniper.  A  veiy  handsome  long-leaved  juniper,  the  Habhel 
of  Syria.  It  attains  a  height  of  30  feet,  and  produces  a  sweet  edible 
fruit,  highly  esteemed  throughout  the  Orient. 

Juniperus  excelsa,  Bieberstein. 

In  Asia  Minor,  2,000  to  6,000  feet  above  the  sea-level.  Extends 
to  the  Himalayas,  where  its  range  of  elevation  is  from  5,000  to 
14,000  feet.  A  stately  tree,  60  feet  high.  Trunk  short  but  of 
great  girth,  over  20  feet  circumference  being  known  (Stewart  and 
Brandis). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  171 

Juniperus  flaccida,  Schlechtendal. 

In  Mexico,  5,000  to  7,000  feet  high.  A  tree  of  30  feet  in  height, 
rich  in  resin,  similar  to  sandarac. 

Juniperus  foetidissima,  Willdenow. 

A  tall  and  beautiful  tree  in  Armenia  and  Tauria,  5,000  to  6,500 
feet. 

Juniperus  Mexicana,  Schiede: 

Mexico,  at  an  elevation  of  7,000  to  11,000  feet.  A  straight  tree, 
90  feet  high,  stem  3  feet  diameter,  exuding  copiously  a  resin 
similar  to  sandarac. 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  Hooker. 

North  California  and  Oregon,  at  5,000  feet.  A  straight  tree,  80 
feet  high,  with  a  stem  of  3  feet  diameter.  Wood  pale,  compara- 
tively hard.  Thrives  well  among  rocks. 

Juniperus  Phoenicea,  Linne. 

South  Europe  and  Orient.  A  small  tree,  20  feet  high,  yielding  an 
aromatic  resin. 

Juniperus  procera,  Hochstetter. 

In  Abyssinia.     A  stately  tree,  furnishing  a  hard,  useful  timber. 

Juniperus  recurva,  Hamilton. 

On  the  Himalayas,  7,500  to  15,000  feet  high.  A  tree  attaining  30 
feet  in  height,  or  according  to  J.  Hoopes  even  80  feet. 

Juniperus  sphasrica,  Lindley. 

North  China.     A  handsome  tree,  40  feet  high. 


Juniperus  Virginiana, 

North  American  Pencil  Cedar  or  Red  Cedar,  extending  to  45°  N.L. 
A  handsome  tree,  90  feet  high,  supplying  a  fragrant  timber,  much 
esteemed  for  its  strength  and  durability  ;  it  is  dense,  fine-grained, 
light,  and  pleasantly  odorous  ;  the  inner  part  is  of  a  beautiful  red 
colour,  the  outer  is  white  ;  it  is  much  used  for  pencils.  One  of  the 
best  of  all  woods  for  buckets,  tubs  and  casks.  Simmonds  observes 
that  fence-posts  of  this  wood  last  for  ages.  Of  wonderful  durability 
for  railway  cross-ties  (Barney).  The  heartwood  is  almost  imperish- 
able (Vasey),  thus  used  for  cross-ties  of  railways,  posts,  &c.  It  is 
not  bored  by  insects.  The  tree  grows  best  near  the  sea,  but  is  rather 
independent  of  soil  and  locality. 


172  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Juniperus  Wallichiana,  J.  Hooker  and  Thomson. 

From  the  Indus  to  Sikkim,  at  elevations  from  9,000  to  15,000  feet. 
Attains  a  height  of  60  feet.  Desirable  for  transfer  to  our  Alps. 
Wood  similar  to  that  of  J.  excelsa  (Stewart  and  Brandis). 

Justicia  Adhatoda,  Linne. 

India;  enduring  the  climate  of  the  lowlands  of  Victoria.  This 
bush  possesses  anti-spasmodic  and  febrifugal  properties.  It  can  be 
utilised  also  as  a  hedge-plant. 

Kentia  Baueri,  Seeman. 

The  Norfolk  Island  Palm.     Height  40  feet. 

Kentia  Beccarii,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Nengella  montana,  Beccari.) 

On  the  Mountains  of  New  Guinea,  up  to  4,500  feet.  This  slender 
Palm  is  only  a  few  feet  high  and  eligible,  like  Kentia  minor,  from 
North-East  Australia,  for  domestic  decoration. 

Kentia  Belmoriana,  Moore  and  Mueller. 

;  The  Curly  Palm  of  Lord  Howe's  Island.  About  40  feet  high. 
With  its  congeners,  evidently  destined  to  grace  our  gardens  and  to 
become  also  important  for  horticultural  traffic  abroad. 

Kentia  Canterburyana,  Moore  and  Mueller. 

Umbrella  Palm  of  Lord  Howe's  Island.  Likewise  a  tall  and  hardy 
Palm. 

Kentia  Moluccana,  Beccari. 

Ternate,  at  heights  up  to  3,500  feet.  This  noble  and  comparatively 
hardy  Palm  attains  a  height  of  90  feet. 

Kentia  sapida,  Blume. 

Tne  Nika  Palm  of  New  Zealand  and  the  Chatham  Islands.  It  also 
attains  a  height  of  40  feet,  is  one  of  the  hardiest  of  all  Palms,  and 
extends  to  the  most  southern  latitude  attained  by  any  Palm,  being 
found  down  to  44°  south  latitude.  The  unexpended  flower-spikes 
can  be  converted  as  palm-cabbage  into  food. 

Kochia  villosa,  Lindley. 

In  most  of  the  depressed  and  saline  regions  of  Australia. 
Renowned  amongst  occupiers  of  pasture  land  as  the  "Cotton 
Bush,"  strangely  so  called,  on  account  of  downy  adventitious 
excrescenses.  This  rather  dwarf  shrub  resists  the  extremes  of 
drought  and  heat  of  even  the  trying  Central  Australian  clime. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  173 

Knightia  excelsa,  R.  Brown. 

The  Rewa  Rewa  of  New  Zealand.  This  tree  is  recommended  as 
valuable  for  ornamental  work  and  furniture  (Campbell  Walker). 

Kceleria  cristata,  Persoon. 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  globe.  A  perennial  grass  of  fair 
nutritive  quality,  sustaining  itself  on  dry  soil.  The  closely-allied 
K.  glauca  can  be  sown  with  advantage  on  coast-sand. 

Krameria  triandra,  Ruiz. 

Chili,  Peru  and  Bolivia,  at  elevations  from  3,000  to  8,000  feet. 
This  pretty  little  shrub  can  be  grown  on  sandy  ridges  in  an  equable 
clime.  It  produces  the  medicinal  Ratanhia  root,  well  known  also 
as  a  dentrifice.  The  root  contains  38  to  43  per  cent,  tannin 
(Muspratt).  Some  other  species  have  similarly  astringent  roots, 
particularly  K.  Ixine  (Loefling),  from  Central  America  and  West 
India.  Some  could  be  chosen  to  aid  in  adorning  aiid  diversifying 
our  gardens.  ••-'^\"  \  {JJ*^ 

Lactuca  sativa,  Linne. 

South  Asia.  The  ordinary  annual  Lettuce,  ^11  us^lance  reljiote 
antiquity.  It  is  not  without  value,  especially  a£  a  sedative,  jfor 
medicinal  purposes.  L.  Scariola,  Linne,  seejms  to  be  the  wild  state 
of  the  garden  lettuce.  L.  altissima,  Bie"herstein,  is  a  variety 
attaining  a  height  of  9  feet.  All  yield  lactucarium. 

Lactuca  virosa,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia.  A  biennial. 
The  inspissated  juice  of  this  lettuce  forms  the  sedative  lactucarium. 

Lapageria  rosea,  Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Chili.  The  Copigue.  Almost  the  only  plant  which  can  exist  in 
the  area  covered  by  the  sulphurous  smoke  of  the  local  smelting 
furnaces  (Cunningham's  Magellan).  A  half-woody  climber  with 
large  showy  flowers.  The  berries,  which  are  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg, 
are  sweet  and  edible.  The  plant  bears  slight  frosts. 

Lardizabala  biternata,  Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Chili.  A  climber  with  stems  of  enormous  length.  Might  be 
naturalised  in  our  forests  for  obtaining  the  tough  fibre  for  cordage. 
In  its  native  country  the  terrified  stems  are  used  instead  of  ropes, 
according  to  Dr.  Philippi. 

Laserpitium  aquilegium,  Murray. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.  The  stems  of  this  perennial  herb  are 
edible.  The  fruits  serve  as  a  condiment. 


174  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Lathyrus  Cicera,  Linne. 

Countries  at  or  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  also  Canary  Islands. 
An  annual,  similar  in  its  use  to  L.  sativus,  furnishing  a  tender 
palatable  fodder,  on  sandy  soil.  L.  Clymenum.  L.,  from  the  same 
regions,  serves  similar  purposes. 

Lathyrus  macrorrhizus,  Wimmer.     (Orobus  tuberosus,  Linne.) 

Europe,  West  Asia.  This  herb  would  establish  gradually  pas- 
turage in  sterile  forest  regions,  and  could  with  some  allied  species 
be  disseminated  in  Alpine  regions. 

Lathyrus  pratensis,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  The  Meadow  Pea.  A  good 
perennial  pasture-herb.  It  can  also  be  utilised  for  forest  pastures, 
like  L.  silvestris.  The  yield  is  considerable,  and  the  herbage, 
though  bitter,  is  relished  by  sheep.  The  plant  spreads  easily, 
particularly  on  fresh  ground.  L.  tuberosus  (L.)  can  likewise  be 
utilised  as  a  fodder-herb  ;  its  tubers  are  edible,  but  very  small. 

Lathyrus  sativus,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.  The  Jarosse.  An  annual  forage-herb  ; 
the  pods  also  available  for  culinary  purposes.  Superior,  according 
to  Langethal's  observations,  to  vetches  in  quality  of  fodder  and 
seed,  but  inferior  in  yield,  content  with  a  lighter  soil,  hence  often 
chosen  for  first  sowing  on  sand-lands.  Lime  in  the  soil  increases 
the  return.  Can  only  be  used  with  great  caution,  as  its  frequent 
or  continuous  use  induces,  like  L.  Cicera,  paralysis,  not  only  to 
man  but  also  to  horses,  cattle  and  birds.  Probably  other  species 
of  Lythyrus  could  advantageously  be  introduced. 

Laurelia  aromatica,  Poiret. 

Southern  Chili.  A  colossal  tree,  in  Valdivia  the  principal  one 
used  for  flooring.  Wood  never  bored  by  insects,  and  well  able  to 
stand  exposure  to  the  open  air,  far  superior  to  that  of  L.  serrata, 
the  You  van  or  Huahuoa,  which  tree  predominates  over  L. 
aromatica,  in  the  far  south  of  Chili  (Dr.  Philippi). 

Laurus  nobilis,  Linne. 

Asia  Minor.  The  Warrior's  Laurel  of  the  ancients.  The  leaves 
are  in  much  request  for  various  condiments,  and  the  peculiar  aroma 
of  these  Bay  leaves  cannot  be  replaced  by  any  others,  except  those 
of  Lindera  Benzoin. 

Lavandula  angustifolia,  Ehrhart.     (L.  vera,  Candolle.) 

Countries  around  and  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  Lavender 
Plant,  of  somewhat  shrubby  growth,  from  which  by  distillation  the 
best  oil  of  lavender  is  prepared.  It  lives  on  dry  soil,  but  is  less 
hardy  than  the  following. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  175 

Lavandula  latifolia,  Villars.     (L.  Spica,  Candolle.) 

South  Europe,  North  Africa.  From  this  species  also  much 
lavender  oil  is  obtained. 

Lavandula  Stoechas,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  North  Africa.  Topped  Lavender.  This  shrub  can 
also  be  utilised  for  oil  distillation  and  other  purposes,  for  which  the 
two  other  Lavenders  are  used.  The  quality  of  the  oil  of  these 
species  seems  to  differ  according  to  their  locality  of  growth.  Mr. 
James  Dickinson,  of  Port  Arlington,  Victoria,  informs  us  that 
this  is  the  best  plant  known  to  him  for  staying  sand.  It  grows 
much  quicker  than  the  Ulex  ;  every  seed  which  falls  germinates, 
so  that  around  each  bush  every  stroke  of  the  spade  brings  up  lots 
of  seedlings  fit  for  transplantation.  In  Southern  Australia  five 
months  in  full  flower  annually,  it  being  early  in  bloom.  Bees  are 
passionately  fond  of  the  mellaginous  secretion  of  the  flowers. 
Mr.  Dickinson  calculates  that  annually  from  an  acre  of  this 
Lavender  a  ton  of  the  finest-flavoured  honey  can  be  obtained. 

Lavatera  arborea,  Linne. 

Tree  Mallow  of  Middle  Europe  and  the  countries  on  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.  A  tall  biennial  plant  of  rapid  growth.  The 
ribbon-like  bast  is  produced  in  greater  abundance  than  in  most 
malvaceous  plants,  and  is  recommended  for  paper  material.  The 
Tree  Mallow  might  easily  be  naturalised  on  sea-shores,  where  it 
would  be  useful  as  a  quick  shelter.  Perhaps  it  might  serve  with 
allied  plants  for  green  manure.  The  bulky  foliage  has  proved 
valuable  for  fodder,  and  so  has  that  of  Lavatera  plebeja  (Sims). 

Lawsonia  alba,  Lamarck. 

North  and  Middle  Africa,  Persia,  India,  Arabia,  and  North- Western 
Australia.  The  Henne  or  Henna  Bush.  It  may  become  of  use  as 
a  dye-plant  in  the  regions  free  of  frost.  The  orange  pigment  is 
obtained  from  the  ground  foliage.  Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke  considers  it 
one  of  the  best  hedge-plants  in  India,  together  with  Dodonsea 
viscosa,  L,  Odina  Wodier  (Roxb.) 

Leersia  hexandra,  Swartz. 

Africa,  South  Asia,  warmer  parts  of  America  and  Australia. 
Pound  by  Mr.  Bailey  to  be  one  of  the  most  relished  by  cattle 
among  aquatic  grasses  of  East  Australia.  L.  Gouini  (Founder)  is 
a  Mexican  species. 

Leersia  oryzoides,  Swartz. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  various  parts  of  Asia,  Africa  and 
America.  A  perennial  nutritious  swamp  grass.  Other  Leersias 
from  both  hemispheres  are  deserving  of  introduction. 


176  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Lepidium  latifolium,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  North  Asia.  A  perennial  herb 
of  peppery  acridity,  much  used  for  some  select  sauces. 

Lepidium  sativum,  Linne. 

The  Cress.  Orient  Annual.  Irrespective  of  its  culinary  value, 
cress  is  of  use  as  one  of  the  remedies  in  cases  of  scurvy.  Active 
principle  :  a  volatile  oil  and  the  bitter  lepidin. 

Lepidosperma  gladiatum,  Labillardiere. 

The  Sword  Sedge  of  the  sea-coasts  of  extra-tropical  Australia. 
One  of  the  most  important  plants  for  binding  sea-sand,  also  yielding 
a  paper  material  as  good  as  Sparta. 

Lepironia  mucronata,  Cl.  Richard. 

East  Australia,  Malayan  Archipelagus,  East  India,  South  China, 
Madagascar.  This  rush  is  cultivated  (like  Rice)  in  China  for 
textile  purposes,  but  in  poor  soils,  as  manure  impairs  its  strength. 
The  plant  renews  itself  by  sprouts  from  its  perennial  root.  It 
attains  a  height  of  7  feet ;  the  stems  are  beaten  flat  to  fit  them  to 
be  woven  or  plaited  for  either  bed-mats,  bags,  and  especially  for 
mat-sails,  the  latter  being  most  extensively  used  for  the  junks  in 
China ;  further,  for  floor-matting,  which  is  exported  in  vast  quantities 
to  the  United  States  to  be  used  in  summer  for  the  sake  of  coolness, 
in  preference  to  carpets  (Dr.  Hance. )  This  rush  thus  furnishes  the 
raw  material  for  a  great  manufacturing  industry.  The  dyeing  of 
the  mats  for  yellow  is  effected  with  the  flowers  of  Sophora 
Japonica,  under  addition  of  alum ;  for  green  with  an  acanthaceous 
plant,  the  Lam-yip  (Blue  Leaf),  alum,  and  sulphate  of  copper.  (Dr. 
Hirst). 

Leptospermum   Isevigatum,  R    v.  Mueller.*      (Fabricia   Icevigata, 

Gaertner.) 

The  "Saiidstay."  Sea-shores  and  sand  deserts  of  extra-tropical 
Australia,  but  not  extending  to  Western  Australia.  This  shrub 
or  small  tree  is  the  most  effectual  of  all  for  arresting  the  progress 
of  drift-sand  in  a  warm  clime.  It  is  most  easily  raised  by  simply 
scattering  in  autumn  the  seeds  on  the  sand  and  covering  them 
loosely  with  boughs,  or,  better  still,  by  spreading  lopped-off  branches 
of  the  shrub  itself,  bearing  ripe  seeds,  on  the  sand. 

Leptospermum  lanigerum,  Smith. 

South-East  Australia.  This  tall  shrub  or  small  tree  can  be  grown 
in  wet  semi-saline  soil.  It  exercises,  like  Melaleuca  ericifolia,  on 
such  places  antimalarian  influences. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  177 

Lespedeza  striata,  Hooker  and  Arnott.* 

China  and  Japan.  Sometimes  called  Japan  Clover.  An  annual 
herb,  which  in  North  America  has  proved  of  great  use.  Professor 
Meehan  states  it  to  be  identical  with  the  Hoop  Koop  plant,  and 
that  it  has  taken  possession  of  much  waste  land  in  the  Southern 
States.  It  grows  there  wouderfully  on  the  hot  dry  soil,  and  the 
cattle  like  it  amazingly.  Mr.  Jackson  observes  that  it  spreads  on 
spaces  between  forest  trees,  covering  the  soil  with  a  dense  permanent 
herbage.  Mr.  Carl  Mohr  says  that  it  stands  drought  well,  and 
thrives  on  sandy  clay,  but  luxuriates  on  light  calcareous  soil.  The 
Department  of  Agriculture  of  Washington  (in  1878)  states  it  to 
be  as  rich  in  albuminaceous  substances  as  the  best  clovers. 

Leucadendron  argenteum,  Brown. 

The  Silver-tree  of  South  Africa  is  included  on  this  occasion  among 
forest-trees,  because  it  would  add  to  the  splendour  of  our  woods, 
and  thrive  far  better  there  than  in  our  gardens.  Moreover,  with 
this  tree  many  others,  equally  glorious,  might  be  established  in  our 
mild  forest  glens  as  a  source  of  horticultural  wealth,  were  it  only 
to  obtain  in  future  years  a  copious  supply  of  seeds.  Mention  may 
be  made  of  the  tall  Magnolia  trees  of  North  America  (Magnolia 
grandiflora,  L.,  100  feet  high;  M.  umbrella,  Lam.,  40  feet;  M. 
acuminata,  80  feet  ;  M.  cordata,  Michx.,  50  feet ;  M.  Fraseri, 
Walt.,  40  feet  ;  M.  macrophylla,  Michx.,  40  feet)  ;  M.  Yulan, 
Desf.,  of  China,  50  feet;  Magnolia  Campbelli,  Hook.,  of  the 
Himalayas,  150  feet  high,  and  flowers  nearly  a  foot  across;  M. 
sphaerocarpa,  Roxb.,  also  of  the  Indian  highlands,  40  feet; 
the  Mediterranean  Styrax-tree  (Styrax  omcinalis,  L.) ;  Stenocarpus 
sinuosus,  EndL,  of  East  Australia  (the  most  brilliant  of  the 
Proteacese)  ;  the  crimson  and  scarlet  Ratas  of  New  Zealand 
(Metrosideros  florida,  Sim.  ;  M.  lucida,  Menz. ;  M.  robusta,  Cunn., 
80  feet  high;  M.  tomentosa,  Cunn.,  40  feet)  ;  Fuchsia  excorticata, 
L.,  also  from  New  Zealand,  stem  2  feet  in  diameter;  the  crimson- 
flowered  Eucalyptus  flcifolia  of  West  Australia ;  Rhododendron 
Falconeri,  Hooker,  from  Upper  India,  50  feet  high,  leaves  18  inches 
long.  In  warm  and  humid  gullies  here  alluded  to  also  may  be 
planted  the  great  Melaleuca  Leucadendron,  L.,  the  true  Asiatic 
Cajaput-tree,  which  grows  to  a  height  of  100  feet ;  even  the  North 
European  Holly  (Ilex  aquifolium),  which  occasionally  rises  to  60 
feet,  though  both  from  regions  so  distant. 

Lewisa  rediviva,  Pursh. 

North- West  America.  The  root  of  this  herb  is  large  and  starchy, 
formerly  extensively  used  by  the  native  inhabitants,  and  called  by 
them  "  The  Gift  of  the  Great  Spirit."  The  plant  deserves  trial 
culture. 


178  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Leyssera  gnaphalioides,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  A  perennial  herb  of  aromatic  scent  and  taste. 
Much  used  there  as  a  medicinal  tea. 

Liatris  odoratissima,  Willdenow. 

Southern  States  of  Northern  America,  A  perennial  herb  occur- 
ing  on  swampy  places.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  used,  for  the  sake 
of  their  aromatic  odour,  to  flavour  tobacco  and  other  substances. 
(Saunders). 

Libocedrus  Chilensis,  Endlicher. 

In  cold  valleys  on  the  Southern  Andes  of  Chili,  2,000  to  5,000 
feet.  A  fine  tree,  80  feet  high,  furnishing  a  hard  resinous  wood 
of  a  yellowish  colour. 

Libocedrus  decurrens,  Torrey. 

White  Cedar  of  California,  growing  on  high  mountains,  in  fine 
groves  up  to  5,000  feet,  in  what  Hinchcliff  calls  the  noblest  zone 
of  Coniferse  of  the  globe.  Attains  a  height  of  fully  200  feet,  with 
a  stem  25  feet  in  circumference.  The  wood  is  light  and  strong, 
used  for  exquisite  cabinet-work,  but  also  suitable  for  fence-rails, 
&c.  According  to  Dr.  Gibbons  the  tree  is  well  adapted  for  wind- 
brakes,  and  can  be  trained  into  tall  hedges. 

Libocedrus  Doniana,  Endlicher. 

North  Island  of  New  Zealand,  up  to  6,000  feet  elevation.  A 
forest-tree,  100  feet  high,  stem  3  feet  and  more  in  diameter.  The 
wood  is  hard  and  resinous,  of  a  dark  reddish  colour,  fine-grained, 
excellent  for  planks  and  spars. 

Libocedrus  tetragona,  Endlicher.* 

On  the  Andes  of  North  Chili,  at  an  elevation  of  2,000  to  5,000 
feet,  growing  so  far  south  as  Magellan's  Straits,  especially  in  moist 
moory  localities.  This  species  has  a  very  straight  stem  and  grows 
120  feet  high.  The  wood,  though  soft  and  light,  is  resinous,  and 
will  resist  underground  decay  for  a  century  and  more,  like  that  of 
Fitzroya  Patagonica  ;  for  railway -sleepers  this  timber  is  locally 
preferred  to  any  other  (Dr.  Philippi) ;  it  is  also  highly  esteemed  for 
various  artisans'  work  ;  it  is  quite  white. 

Ligustrum  Japonicum,  Thunberg. 

The  Japan  Privet.  A  shrub,  evergreen  or  nearly  so,  promising  to 
become  a  valuable  hedge-plant.  It  grows  like  the  ordinary  Euro- 
pean Privet  readily  from  cuttings.  Both  will  grow  under  trees 
where  scarcely  anything  else  would  live  (Johnson). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  179 

Limonia  acidissima,  Linne. 

India,  up  to  4,000  feet ;  hardy  in  England.  This  shrub  or  small 
tree  has  fruit  of  extreme  acidity. 

Lindera  Benzoin,  Blume. 

From  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  there  called  the  Spice  Laurel. 
An  aromatic  bush,  one  of  the  hardest  of  the  Order.  The  aroma 
of  the  foliage  much  like  that  of  Bay  leaves. 

Linum  usitatissimum,  Linn6.* 

The  Flax  Plant.  Orient.  A  well-known  annual,  which  yields  the 
fibre  for  linen  and  the  linseed  oil.  Few  plants  find  a  wider  con- 
geniality of  soil  and  climate,  and  few  give  a  quicker  return.  Good 
and  deep  soil,  particularly  of  forests,  well-drained,  is  requisite  for 
successful  flax  culture.  The  Flax  belongs  to  the  Potash  plants. 
Change  of  seed-grain  is  desirable.  Thick  sowing  extends  the  length 
and  flexibility  of  the  fibre.  To  obtain  the  best  fibre,  the  plant 
must  be  pulled  when  the  seeds  commence  to  ripen.  If  the  seeds 
are  allowed  in  part  to  mature,  then  both  fibre  and  seeds  may  be 
turned  to  account.  If  the  seed  is  left  to  ripen  completely,  then 
the  fibre  is  generally  discarded.  The  seed  yields  by  pressure  about 
22  per  cent,  of  oil.  The  residue  can  either  be  prepared  as  linseed 
meal  or  be  utilised  as  admixture  to  stable-fodder.  The  demand 
for  both  fibre  and  oil  is  enormous.  Two  principal  varieties  are 
under  culture  :  a  tall  sort,  with  smaller  flowers,  closed  capsules,  and 
dark  seeds  ;  a  dwarf  sort,  more  branched  (even  if  closely  sown), 
with  larger  flowers,  and  capsules,  the  seed-vessels  opening  spon- 
taneously and  with  elasticity,  while  the  seeds  are  of  a  pale  colour. 
None  of  the  perennial  species  of  Linum  are  so  manageable  in 
culture  as  the  ordinary  aunual  flax. 

Lippia  citriodora,  Kunth. 

Peru,  Chili,  La  Plata  States,  Brazil.  An  evergreen  shrub,  yielding 
scented  oil,  used  for  condiments,  the  leaves  fit  for  flavouring  tea. 

Liquidambar  Altingia,  Blume. 

At  the  Eed  Sea  and  in  the  mountains  of  India  and  New  Guinea, 
at  3,000  feet.  The  tree  attains  a  height  of  200  feet.  It  yields  the 
fragrant  balsam  known  as  Liquid  Storax. 

Liquidambar  Formosana,  Hance. 

China.     A  silk-producing  insect  is  reared  on  this  tree  (Hance). 

Liquidambar  orientalis,  Miller.     (L.  imberbe,  Aiton.) 

Asia  Minor.  This  tree  also  yields  Liquid  Storax,  which  is  vanilla- 
scented,  containing  much  styrol  and  styracin,  and  thus  used  for 


180  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

imparting  scent  to  some  sorts  of  tobacco  and  cigars,  also  for  keep- 
ing moths  from  woollen  clothing.  Its  use  in  medicine  is  more 
limited  than  in  perfumery. 

Liquidambar  styraciflua,  Linne. 

The  Sweet  Gum-tree.  In  morasses  and  on  the  springs  of  the 
forests  of  North  America,  with  a  wide  geographic  range.  Endures 
severe  frost.  The  crown  of  the  tree  attains  vast  dimensions  ;  the 
stem  10  feet  in  diameter.  The  terebinthine  juice  hardens  on 
exposure  to  a  resin  of  benzoin  odour.  Wood  fine-grained.  The 
bark  contains  about  8  per  cent,  tannin. 

Liriodendron  tulipifera,  Linne. 

The  Tulip-tree  of  North  America.  One  of  the  largest  trees  of 
the  United  States,  and  one  of  the  grandest  vegetable  productions  of 
the  temperate  zone.  In  deep  fertile  soil  it  attains  a  height  of 
sometimes  140  feet,  with  a  straight  clear  stem  up  to  9  feet  in 
diameter.  The  Tulip-wood,  also  inappropriately  called  Poplar,  is 
highly  esteemed  and  very  extensively  used  wherever  this  tree 
abounds,  uniting  lightness  with  strength  and  durability.  It  is  of  a 
light-yellow  colour,  fine-grained,  strong,  compact,  is  easily  worked, 
and  takes  a  good  polish.  It  is  employed  for  honse-building,  inside 
as  well  as  outside,  for  bridges,  furniture,  coach-building,  imple- 
ments, shingles,  carriage-panels,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 
From  its  uniformity  and  freedom  from  knots  and  disinclina- 
tion to  warp  or  shrink  it  is  much  used  in  Canada  for  railway-cars 
and  carriage-building,  chiefly  for  the  panelling  (Robb).  The  bark 
yields  8  per  cent,  tannin.  As  this  tree  is  difficult  to  transplant,  it 
should  be  grown  on  the  spot  where  it  is  to  remain  ;  it  would  be  a 
great  acquisition  for  the  rich  lands  of  our  mountain  forests.  Pro- 
fessor Meehan  observes  that  it  is  of  quicker  growth  than  the 
Horse  Chestnut-tree  and  many  Maples. 

Lithospermum  canescens,  Lehmann. 

North  American  Alkannet.  This,  as  the  vernacular  name  indicates 
offers  a  dye  root. 

Lithospermum  h'rtum,  Lehmann. 

North  American  Alkanna.  A  showy  perennial  herb  ;  the  root 
yields  a  red  dye. 

Lithospermum  longiflorum,  Sprengel. 

North  America.  A  red  pigment  can  also  be  extracted  from  the 
root  of  this  species. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  181 

Livistona  Australia,  Martius. 

East  Australia,  The  only  Palm-tree  in  Victoria,  occurring  in  East 
Gippsland  (in  the  latitude  of  Melbourne),  and  there  attaining  a 
height  of  80  feet.  It  endures  the  winters  of  South  France  to  43° 
32'  south  lat.  (Naudin)  The  young  leaves  can  be  plaited  as  a 
material  for  cabbage-tree  hats.  The  seeds  (of  which  about  200  are 
contained  in  one  pound)  retain  their  vitality  far  longer  than  those 
of  the  Australian  Ptychospermas.  This  palm  can  be  transferred 
from  its  native  haunts  to  very  long  distances  for  growth,  by  pre- 
viously separating  the  main  portion  of  the  root  from  the  soil,  and 
leaving  the  plant  for  some  months  still  on  the  original  spot,  so  as  to 
remove  it  finally  with  new  rootlets,  retaining  much  soil.  Some  of 
the  Indian  Livistonas  may  be  equally  hardy ;  their  stems  often 
tower  above  the  other  forest-trees. 

Livistona  Chinensis,  R  Brown. 

South  China  and  Japan.  A  very  decorative  Fan-Palm,  hardy  in 
the  lowlands  of  Victoria. 

Livistona  Mariae,  F.  v  Mueller. 

Central  and  West  Australia,  barely  within  the  tropics.  This  noble 
Fan-Palm  attains  40  feet  in  height,  and  is  likely  to  prove  very 
hardy. 

Lolium  perenne,  Linne.* 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Western  Asia.  The  perennial  Rye  Grass, 
mentioned  here  for  the  sake  of  completeness.  L.  Italicum  (Al. 
Br.),  the  Italian  Rye  Grass,  seems  to  be  only  a  variety.  One  of 
the  most  important  of  all  pasture  grasses,  also  almost  universally 
chosen  for  lawn  culture.  It  produces  an  abundance  of  seeds, 
which  are  readily  collected  and  easily  vegetate.  It  comes  early  to 
perfection.  Nevertheless  the  produce  and  nutritive  powers  are 
considerably  less  than  those  of  Dactylis  glomerata,  Alopecurus 
pratensis,  and  Festuca  elatior ;  but  it  pushes  forward  earlier  than 
the  last-mentioned  grass,  while  the  ripening  of  seeds  is  less  defective 
than  in  Alopecurus.  The  chemical  analysis,  made  very  early  in 
spring,  gave  the  following  results  : — Albumen,  3-36  ;  gluten,  4-88; 
starch,  0'51  ;  gum,  T80  ;  sugar,  1-80  percent.  (F.  v.  Mueller  and 
L.  Rummel)  At  the  London  Sewerage  Depot  60  tons  of  Rye 
Grass  were  obtained  from  one  acre  (Mclvor).  Rye  Grass,  though 
naturally  living  but  a  few  years,  maintains  its  ground  well  by  the 
ease  with  which  it  disseminates  itself  spontaneously.  Several  sorts, 
which  can  scarcely  be  called  varieties,  are  under  cultivation.  Rye 
Grass  stands  the  dry  heat  of  Australian  summers  well.  It  is  likely 
to  spread  gradually  over  the  whole  of  the  Australian  continent, 
and  to  play  an  important  part  in  pasture,  except  the  hottest  desert 


182  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

tracts.  Sheep  should  not  be  continually  kept  on  Rye  Grass  pasture, 
as  they  may  become  subject  to  fits  similar  to  those  produced  by  L. 
temulentum,  possibly  due  to  ergotized  or  otherwise  diseased  Rye  Grass 
only,  as  many  observers  assert.  It  is  one  of  the  best  grasses  to 
endure  traffic  on  roads  or  paths,  particularly  on  soil  not  altogether 
light,  and  is  also  one  of  the  few  among  important  grasses  which 
can  be  sown  at  any  season.  The  Italian  Rye  Grass  is  preferentially 
chosen  as  an  early  temporary  shelter  for  tenderer  but  more  lasting 
grasses  on  pastures  thus  also  furnishing  a  good  collateral  return  in 
the  first  season. 

Lotus  corniculatus,  Linne. 

Bird's-foot  Trefoil.  Europe,  North  Africa/ North  and  Middle  Asia, 
extra  tropical  Australia.  A  deep-rooting  perennial  herb,  readily 
growing  on  pasture  land,  sandy  links,  and  heathy  places.  This 
plant  is  well  deserving  cultivation  on  light  inferior  soil,  on  which 
it  will  yield  a  greater  bulk  of  herbage  than  any  of  the  other  culti- 
vated clovers ;  it  is  highly  nutritious  and  is  eaten  with  avidity  by 
cattle  and  sheep.  From  the  great  depth  to  which  its  roots  penetrate 
it  is  not  liable  to  be  injured  [by  drought.  It  well  fills  out  vacant 
places  between  higher  fodder  herbs  on  meadows  ;  it  is  always  some- 
what saline  and  welcome  among  hay.  L.  tenuis,  Kitaibel,  is  a 
valuable  variety  of  the  coasts.  The  nearly  allied  L.  major  yields 
a  still  greater  amount  of  herbage ;  it  is  particularly  suited  for 
bushy  and  moist  localities,  and  it  attains  its  greatest  luxuriance  on 
soils  which  have  some  peat  in  their  composition  (Lawson).  In 
Australia  this  lotus  shows  a  decided  predilection  for  wet  meadows. 

Lotus  tetragonolobus,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Though  annual,  this  herb  is 
highly  valued  for  sheep-pastures.  The  green  pods  serve  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  asparagus.  The  allied  L.  siliquosus,  Linne,  is  perennial, 
and  occurs  in  a  succulent  form  on  sea-coasts. 

Loxopterygium  Lorentzii,  Grisebah. 

La  Plata  States.  The  bark,  called  Quebracho  Colorado,  extensively 
used  for  tanning  ;  latterly  much  exported  to  Europe.  The  length 
of  time  for  the  tanning  process  with  this  bark  is  only  half  that  of 
oak-bark. 

Lupinus  albus,  Linne. 

The  White  Lupine.  Countries  on  the  Mediteranean  Sea,  also  in 
the  Orient.  An  annual  quick-growing  herb,  valuable  for  fodder 
and  for  green  manure.  It  is  famed  as  the  "  Tramoso  "  in  Portugal 
to  suppress  sorrel  and  other  obstinate  weeds  by  its  close  and  easy 
growth.  The  lentil-like  seeds,  after  the  bitter  principle  (lupinin) 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  183 

has  become  removed  through  boiling  or  soaking  in  salt  water 
becomes  edible.  It  would  lead  too  far  to  enumerate  here  many 
others  of  the  numerous  species  of  Lupines,  of  which  unquestion- 
ably very  many  are  eligible  for  agrarian  purposes,  while  all  are 
acceptable  as  hardy,  elegant,  and  easily-grown  garden  plants.  One 
(L.  perennis,  L.)  extends  in  America  to  the  Northern  States 
of  the  Union  and  Canada;  fourteen  are  recorded  from  South 
Europe,  seventeen  from  Brazil,  and  numerous  species  from  other 
parts  of  America,  where  the  limits  of  the  genus  are  about  Monte 
Video  southward  and  about  Nootka  Sound  northward.  The 
majority  of  the  species  are  perennial.  The  Egyptian  L.  Tennis, 
Forsk.,  is  closely  allied  to  L.  albus,  and  of  equal  use. 

Lupinus  angustifolius,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  An  annual  blue-flowered 
species,  preferable  to  L.  luteus  for  grain  harvest. 

Lupinus  arboreus,  Sims.* 

California.  This  has  been  used  there  for  the  reclamation  of  sand 
on  account  of  its  long  tap  roots,  the  latter  having  been  traced  to  a 
depth  of  25  feet,  while  the  stems  were  only  3  feet  high.  The 
germination  is  easy  and  the  growth  rapid  on  the  sand-downs.  For 
aiding  the  young  lupines  for  the  first  two  months,  to  get  hold  of 
the  sand,  barley  is  sown  with  them,  as  the  latter  sprouts  in  a  few 
days  and  holds  the  sand  in  the  second  week ;  the  lupine  subse- 
quently covers  the  sand  with  a  dense  vegetation  in  less  than  a  year. 

Lupinus  Douglasii,  Agardh. 

Oregon  and  California.  This  somewhat  woody  species  can  along 
with  L.  arboreus  and  L.  Chamissonis,  Escholtz,  (L.  albifrons, 
Bentham),  like  many  perennial  Lupines  from  other  countries,  be 
used  for  binding  the  sand. 

Lupinus  luteus,  Linne.* 

The  Scented  Yellow  Lupine.  Countries  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea.  This  annual  species  is  predominantly  in  use 
through  Middle  Europe  to  improve  sandy  soil ;  it  is  the  best 
of  all  yet  tested,  and  will  do  even  on  coast  drifts.  It  can  also  be 
employed  like  some  other  lupines  as  a  fodder  herb,  green  as  well  as 
for  hay ;  also  as  pasture  herbs  some  Lupines  are  very  valuable. 
Lupine  seeds  are  very  fattening  when  used  as  an  addition  to 
ordinary  fodder,  and  are  in  this  respect  quite  equal  to  oil-cake,  while 
the  foliage  is  said  to  be  not  inferior  to  that  of  clover  and  more  bulky. 
Nevertheless  some  Lupines  have  proved  poisonous  to  sheep.  About 
90  Ibs.  of  seeds  are  required  for  an  acre.  Langethal  observes  : 
"  What  the  Sainfoin  does  for  the  poorest  limestone  or  marly  soil, 


184  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

that  the  Yellow  Lupine  carries  out  for  sand-land."  Lupines  are 
not  adapted  for  wet  or  moory  ground  nor  for  limestone  formations, 
where  most  leguminous  fodder-plants  do  well.  Mr.  Joseph  Augustin 
speaks  of  a  yellow-flowering  Lupine  which  attains  in  the  Azores 
sometimes  a  height  of  12  feet  in  three  months. 

Lupinus  varius,  Linne. 

The  Blue  Lupine.  Also  a  Mediterranean  annual,  used  like  the 
above  congeners ;  but  a  few  others  are  under  cultivation  as  Blue 
Lupines.  Some  of  the  American,  particularly  Californian  species, 
are  regarded  for  agrarian  purposes  superior  to  the  Mediterranean 
kinds. 

Lycium  Europseum,  Linne. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  An  excellent  hedge- 
plant  in  sand-land,  emitting  copious  offshoots  (C.  Bouche). 

Lycium  Afrum,  Linne. 

Africa  and  South- West  Asia.  Can  with  many  other  species  be 
utilised  as  a  hedge-bush. 

Lycopodium  dendroideum,  Michaux. 

North  America.  This,  with  L.  lucidulum,  Michaux,  has  become 
there  a  great  article  of  trade,  being  in  request  for  bouquets  and 
wreaths;  and  both  plants,  after  having  been  dyed  of  various 
colours,  are  used  as  ornaments  in  vases,  etc.  (Meehan).  These  club 
mosses  are  mentioned  here  to  draw  attention  to  similar  species  in 
other  countries. 

Lygeum  Spartum,  Linne. 

Regions  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  This  perennial  grass  serves 
much  like  the  ordinary  Esparto  Grass,  but  is  inferior  to  it. 

Lyperia  crocea,  Ecklon. 

South  Africa.  The  flowers  of  this  shrub  produce  a  fine  orange 
dye,  and  are  also  in  use  for  medical  purposes. 

Maba  geminata,  R  Brown. 

One  of  the  Ebony-trees  in  Queensland.  Wood,  according  to  Mr. 
Thozet,  black  towards  the  centre,  bright  red  towards  the  bark, 
close-grained,  hard,  heavy,  elastic,  and  tough.  It  takes  a  high 
polish,  and  is  recommended  for  veneers.  Maba  fasciculosa,  F.  v. 
M.,  has  the  outer  wood  white  and  pink.  Several  other  species 
exist  in  Queensland,  which  may  likely  give  good  substitutes  for 
Ebony  wood. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  185 

Macadamia  ternifolia,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Helicia  ternifolia,  F.M.) 

The  Nut-tree  of  sub-tropical  East  Australia,  attaining  a  height  of 
60  feet ;  hardy,  as  far  south  as  Melbourne ;  in  forest-valleys  likely 
of  fair  celerity  of  growth.  In  favourable  localities  it  bears  fruit  in 
seven  years.  The  nuts  have  the  taste  of  hazels. 

Maclura  aurantiaca,  Nuttall.* 

The  Osage  Orange,  or  North  American  Bow  Wood,  or  Yellow 
Wood.  Texas,  Arkansas,  Louisiana.  This  thorny  deciduous  shrub 
or  tree  can  be  well  trained  into  hedges.  It  is  unisexual,  and  will 
in  favourable  localities  on  rich  river-banks  attain  a  height  of  60 
feet,  with  a  stem  2  to  3  feet  thick,  thus  becoming  available  as  a 
timber  tree.  It  resists  severe  frosts.  The  saplings  furnish  stakes 
for  vines,  which  are  very  lasting.  The  wood  serves  well  for  bows, 
buggy-shafts,  carriage-poles,  and  similar  articles.  Not  readily  sub- 
ject to  blight  or  attacks  of  insects.  It  produces  from  the  root  a 
yellow  dye.  Mrs.  Timbrell,  at  the  surmise  of  the  author,  has 
shown  that  the  foliage  is  as  good  a  food  for  silkworms  as  that  of 
the  white  mulberry,  and  the  silk  produced  in  no  way  inferior  to 
ordinary  silk.  M.  tinctoria  (D.  Don),  which  furnishes  the  Fustic 
wood  of  Central  and  South  America. 

Maclura  excelsa,  Planchon. 

West  Africa,  on  mountains,  up  to  3,000  feet  elevation.  Height  of 
tree  to  150  feet.  The  wood  is  remarkably  durable  and  tough, 
beautifully  dark  brown  and  veined.  Birds  feed  on  the  fruit. 

Maclura  Mora,  Grisebach. 

North  Argentina.  A  high  tree.  Wood  greatly  esteemed  for  its 
density  and  toughness ;  fruit  edible  (Dr.  Lorentz). 

Magnolia  hypoleuca,  Siebold. 

Japan.  A  stately  tree,  with  very  large  and  whorled  leaves. 
Trunk  1  foot  in  diameter.  Wood  remarkably  flexile ;  used  for 
many  kinds  of  utensils.  Worthy  of  introduction  as  a  magnificent 
garden  object  (Christy). 

Magnolia  macrophylla,  Michaux. 

Eastern  States  of  North  America.  Although  not  cultivated  for 
any  special  purposes  of  the  arts  or  of  technics,  yet  this  tree  is 
admitted  here  into  this  list  as  one  of  the  grandest  of  its  kind,  as 
well  in  foliage  as  flowers.  It  attains  a  height  of  40  feet ;  its  leaves 
are  from  1  to  3  \  feet  long,  while  its  flowers  attain  a  diameter  of  fully  1 
foot.  M.  grandiflora,  L.,  attains  on  the  Mississippi  a  height  of  80 
feet.  M.  acuminata  and  M.  Fraseri,  Walter,  are  also  large  trees 


186  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Mallotus  Philippinensis,  J.  M.      (Eottlera  tinctoria,  Roxburgh.) 

South  Asia  and  East  Australia,  in  jungle  country,  extending  into 
New  South  Wales.  A  bush  or  tree  attaining,  according  to  Mr. 
O'Shanesy,  a  height  of  60  feet.  Though  not  of  great  importance, 
this  plant  should  not  be  passed  on  this  occasion,  inasmuch  as  the 
powdery  substance  investing  the  seed  capsules  constitutes  the 
Kamala,  which  can  be  employed  not  only  as  an  orange  dye,  but 
also  as  an  anthelminthic  remedy.  The  Hindoo  silk-dyers  use  it  for 
an  orange  colour,  obtained  by  boiling  the  Kamala  with  carbonate 
of  soda. 

Mangifera  Indica,  Linne. 

South  Asia.  An  evergreen  tree,  up  to  70  feet  high.  Possibly  the 
Mango-tree  could  be  made  to  bear  its  delicious  fruit  in  the  warm 
and  humid  forest  regions  as  far  south  as  East  Gippsland.  In  the 
Himalayas  its  culture  for  fruit  ascends  to  3,500  feet  just  outside 
the  tropics. 

Manihot  Aipi,  Pohl.* 

The  Sweet  Cassava.  Tropical  South  America,  but  traced  as  far 
south  as  the  Parana  River.  The  root  is  reddish  and  harmless  ;  it 
can  therefore  be  used,  without  any  further  preparations  than 
boiling,  as  a  culinary  esculent,  irrespective  of  its  starch  being  also 
available  for  tapioca.  It  is  a  somewhat  woody  plant,  several  feet 
high,  and  too  important  to  be  left  altogether  unnoticed  on  this 
occasion,  although  we  have  no  evidence  that  it  will  prove  produc- 
tive in  a  temperate  clime.  The  Aipi  has  ligneous  tough  fibres, 
stretching  along  the  axis  of  the  tubers,  while  generally  the  roots 
of  the  following  species  are  free  of  this  central  woody  substance. 


Manihot  utilissima, 

The  Bitter  Cassava  or  Tapioca  Plant.  Tropical  South  America. 
Closely  allied  to  the  former,  producing  varieties  withroots  of  poisonous 
acridity  and  with  tubers  perfectly  harmless.  The  tubers  attain  a 
length  of  3  feet  ;  they  can  be  converted  into  bread  or  cakes,  the 
volatile  poison  of  the  milky  sap  being  destroyed  through  pressing 
of  the  grated  root  in  the  first  instance,  and  the  remaining  acridity 
is  expelled  by  the  heating  process.  The  starch  heated  in  a  moist 
state  furnishes  the  tapioca.  Manihot  is  abundantly  cultivated  at 
Caracas,  where  the  singularly  uniform  temperature  throughout  the 
year  is  only  60°  to  70°  F.  It  is  a  very  exhausting  crop,  and  stands 
thus  in  need  of  rich  soil  and  manuring.  The  propagation  is  effected 
by  cuttings  from  the  ligneous  part  of  the  stem.  The  soil  destined 
for  Cassava  must  not  be  wet.  In  warm  countries  the  tubers  are 
available  in  about  eight  months,  though  they  still  continue  to  grow 
afterwards.  The  growth  of  the  plant  upwards  is  checked  by 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  187 

breaking  off  the  buds.  The  Bitter  Cassava  is  the  more  productive 
of  the  two.  The  yellowish  tubers  attain  sometimes  a  weight  of 
30  B>s.  They  do  not  become  soft  by  boiling,  like  Aipi. 

Maoutia  Puya,  Weddell. 

India,  on  mountains  up  to  4,000  feet.  It  is  taller  than  Boehmeria 
nivea,  and  furnishes  a  similar  fibre,  which  however  is  not  easily 
separated.  This  shrub  belongs  to  a  tribe  of  the  Nettle  order  not 
possessing  burning  acridity.  None  of  the  true  Nettles,  such  as 
the  Girardinias,  nor  allied  stinging  plants  have  been  recommended 
in  this  index,  although  from  some  an  exquisite  fibre  is  derived,  as 
the  writer  wishes  to  guard  against  the  introduction  of  any  burning 
species,  which  possibly  might  disseminate  itself  in  a  mischievous 
manner,  and  then  probably  could  not  again  be  suppressed. 

Maranta  arundinacea,  Linne. 

The  True  Arrowroot  Plant,  or  more  correctly  "  Aru-root,"  inasmuch 
as  Aru-Aru  is  the  Brazilian  word  for  flour,  according  to  Martius. 
West  India,  Florida,  Mexico  to  Brazil.  The  plant  is  introduced 
into  this  list  not  without  hesitation,  as  it  seems  to  require  a  tropical 
clime  to  attain  perfection.  It  furnishes  most  of  the  West  Indian 
arrowroot,  although  other  species,  such  as  M.  nobilis,  M.  Allouya, 
M.  ramosissima,  are  also  cultivated  for  a  similar  starch  of  their 
tubers.  Porcher  observes  that  it  still  flourishes  as  far  north  as 
Florida,  producing  even  in  the  pine-lands  from  200  to  300  bushels 
of  tubers  to  the  acre.  M.  Indica,  Tuss.,  is  merely  a  variety. 

Mar  lea  Vitiensis,  Bentham. 

Fiji,  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  A  middle-sized  tree, 
generally  with  a  gouty  trunk ;  wood  bright  yellow  with  fine  undu- 
lating rings,  black  towards  the  centre.  Fruit  edible  (P.  O'Shanesy). 

Marliera  glomerata,  Bentham.     (Rubackia  glomerata,  Berg.) 

The  Cambuca  of  sub-tropical  Brazil.  The  fruits  attain  the  size  of 
apricots,  and  are  much  used  for  food  (Dr.  Rosenthal). 

Marliera  tomentosa,  Cambessedes. 

Extra-tropical  Brazil.  The  Guaparanga.  The  sweet  berries  of  this 
tall  shrub  are  of  the  size  of  cherries. 

Matricaria  Chamomilla,  Linne. 

The  annual  Chamomile.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  A 
highly  useful  herb  in  medicine.  In  many  parts  of  the  European 
continent  it  is  much  more  extensively  used  than  the  ordinary  peren- 
nial Chamomile.  The  infusion  of  the  flowers  has  rather  a  pleasant 
taste  without  strong  bitterness.  The  flowers  serve  as  a  tonic,  and 
especially  as  a  sudorific,  and  possess  a  peculiar  volatile  oil. 


188  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Matricaria  glabrata,  Candolle. 

The  South  African  Chamomile.  This  annual  herb  is  there  in 
renown  as  an  excellent  substitute  for  the  European  Chamomile 
(Dr.  Pappe). 

Mauritia  flexuosa,  Linne. 

From  Guiana  to  Peru  and  Brazil.  This  noble  Palm  is  known  to 
ascend  up  to  4,000  feet  along  the  Essequibo.  As  Palms,  like 
Bamboos,  prove  to  be  among  the  hardier  of  tropical  plants,  experi- 
ments for  naturalising  M.  vinifera,  Martins,  might  also  be  insti- 
tuted. This  attains  a  height  of  150  feet,  leaves  15  feet  long,  and 
spouts  from  the  incised  stem  a  copious  viny  sap. 

Maytenus    Boaria,    (Boaria   Molinae,  Candolle  \  Maytenus  Chilensis, 
Candolle). 

Chili.  An  evergreen  tree,  assuming  in  the  southern  provinces  con- 
siderable dimensions.  Wood  extremely  hard.  Cattle  and  sheep 
browse  with  predilection  on  the  foliage ;  hence  the  trees  are  cut 
down  when  in  protracted  snowfalls  or  in  times  of  drought  foliage 
becomes  scarce  (Dr.  Philippi). 

Medicago  arborea,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  particularly  Greece.  This  shrubby  yellow  Lucerne 
is  of  value  for  dairy  farmers,  as  it  much  promotes  the  secretion 
of  milk.  This  genus  includes  several  other  species  valued  as 
pasture. 

Medicago  lupulina,  Linne. 

The  Black  Medick.  Europe,  Asia  and  North  America.  An  annual 
or  biennial  pasture  herb,  easily  grown,  and  not  without  nutritive 
importance.  Langethal  observes,  "  It  effects  for  argillaceous  soils 
what  the  White  Clover  does  for  sandy  moist  soils.  It  will  even 
succeed  in  moory  ground,  provided  such  contains  some  lime.  It 
suits  also  particularly  for  sheep-pastures."  It  will  thrive  where 
on  account  of  poor  soil  lucerne  and  clovers  fail.  In  rich  land  its 
product  is  very  copious.  M.  falcata,  L.,  is  the  Yellow  Medick. 

Medicago  sativa,  Linne,* 

Orient ;  now  spread  through  Middle  and  South  Europe  and 
Middle  Asia.  The  purple  Medick,  Alfalfa  or  Lucerne.  A  peren- 
nial fodder-herb  of  great  importance,  and  largely  utilised  in  most 
countries  with  a  temperate  clime  ;  perhaps  descended  from  the 
English  Medicago  falcata,  which  also  deserves  naturalisation, 
especially  on  light  or  sandy  calcareous  soil ;  but  the  plant  is  less 
productive  than  the  true  Lucerne,  and  resists  occasional  slight 
inundations  also  better.  Lucerne  keeps  green  and  fresh  in  the 
hottest  season  of  the  year,  even  in  dry  and  comparatively  barren 


IX   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES. 


189 


ground  and  on  coast-sands,  but  develops  itself  for  field  culture  with 
the  greatest  vigour  on  river-banks  or  when  subjected  to  a  judicious 
system  of  irrigation,  particularly  in  soil  rich  in  lime.  Its  deeply 
penetrating  roots  render  the  plant  particularly  fit  for  fixing  fenced 
embankments  or  hindering  the  washing  away  of  soil  subject  to  occa- 
sional inundations.  The  Peruvian  variety  (Alfalfa)  resists  drought 
and  frost  better  than  the  original  European  Lucerne.  Dr.  Curl,  of 
New  Zealand,  allows  cattle  to  feed  upon  Alfalfa  for  two  weeks, 
then  takes  them  off  and  puts  sheep  on  for  two  weeks,  to  eat  the 
Alfalfa  close  to  the  ground.  He  then  removes  them  and  allows  the 
Alfalfa  to  grow  for  a  month,  when  he  repeats  the  process.  He 
allows  five  large  cattle  or  twenty  sheep  to  the  acre.  Lucerne  is  also  an 
important  honey-plant  for  bees.  Much  iron  in  the  soil  or  stagnant 
water  is  detrimental  to  lucerne  culture,  while  friable  warm  soil 
much  promotes  its  growth.  Langethal  records  instances  of  lucerne 
havmg  yielded  011  the  same  field  under  favourable  circumstances  for 
fifteen  years  four  or  five  cuts  annually.  The  chemical  analysis  of  the 
fresh  herb  collected  very  early  in  spring  gave  the  following  results  : 
Starch  1-5,  gum  2-1,  unfermentable  sugar  3,  albumen  2 -3,  insoluble 
proteins  2  -3,  ash  2 '3  per  cent.  (F.  V.  Mueller  and  L.  Hummel). 
For  sandy  tracts  a  yellow  variety  (M.  media,  Pers.)  deserves  pre- 
ference. To  show  how  enormously  plants  are  affected  in  their 
mineral  constituents  by  difference  of  soil,  Lace  has  analysed  the 
ashes  of  lucerne  (a)  from  granitic  soil,  (b)  chalky  soil  with  flints,  (c) 
clayey  with  chalk,  jf^ohalky,  and  found — 


Silicic  acid    .... 
Ferric  oxide    .. 
Magnesium  carbona 
Calcium  sulphate  . 

,,        phosphate 

, ,        carbonate 

Potass  carbonate    

Potass  and  sodium  chlorides 


7 

/o 

•41 

1-05 

7'15 

3-04 

8-11 

48-15 

29-19 

2-90 


7 

/o 

•47 

•29 

10-11 

7-51 

10-66 

49-68 

20-60 

•68 


7 

/o 

•58 

•60 

9-05 

6-80 

19-71 

30-19 

26-09 

6-98 


Medicago  scutellata,  Allioni.* 

Countries  at  and  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  where  this  annual 
herb,  as  well  as  the  allied  M.  orbicularis  (Allioni),  is  regarded  as  a 
valuable  fodder-plant  (Caruel),  without  the  disadvantage  of  their 
fruits  adhering  to  fleeces  like  those  of  the  prickly-fruited  congeners. 
For  this  particular  reason  the  author  introduced  this  plant  into  Aus- 
tralia, where  in  the  dry  hot  inland  regions  it  has  surpassed  all 
other  fodder-herbs  in  value  and  resistance  to  drought. 


190  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Melaleuca  ericifolia,  Smith.* 

South-East  Australia.  This  tall  shrub  or  bushy  tree  is  of  impor- 
tance for  consolidating  muddy  shores ;  almost  like  mangroves,  it 
will  live  in  very  salt  ground  and  in  water.  I  found  it  growing 
vigorously  where  the  water  contained  rather  more  than  2  per  cent, 
chlorides,  and  the  wet  soil  contained  nearly  1J  per  cent,  chlorides 
(the  contents  of  sea-water  are  from  3  to  4  per  cent,  chlorides,  or 
about  2J  per  cent,  chloride  of  natrium).  It  yields  also  a  compara- 
tively large  quantity  of  cajaput  oil.  It  admits  of  easy  transplanta- 
tion in  an  up-grown  state.  Myoporum  insulare  (R.  Brown)  can  in 
like  manner  be  used  in  tree  plantations  for  the  sake  of  shelter  on 
wet  saline  soil.  Melaleuca  linarifolia  and  M.  genistifolia  can  also 
be  grown  in  swamps  for  hygienic  purposes  and  to  subdue  paludal 
malaria  or  fever-provoking  effluvia.  The  branches  of  M.  ericifolia 
furnish  the  best  material  in  Victoria  for  lasting  easily-worked 
garlands. 

Melaleuca  leucadendron,  Linne. 

The  Cajaput-tree  of  India,  North  and  East  Australia  as  far  south 
as  34°  south  latitude.  This  tree  attains  a  height  of  80  feet,  with 
a  stem  up  to  4  feet  in  diameter,  on  tidal  ground  ;  it  can  with  great 
advantage  be  utilised  for  such  areas  for  subduing  malarian  vapours 
in  salt  swamps  where  no  Eucalyptus  will  live.  Its  bark  protects 
it  against  conflagrations.  The  wood  is  fissile,  hard,  and  close- 
grained,  regarded  as  almost  imperishable  underground,  and  resists 
the  attacks  of  the  termites.  It  is  well  adapted  for  posts,  wharf- 
piles,  ship-building,  and  various  artizans'  work. 

Melaleuca  parviflora,  Lindley. 

Extra-tropical  Australia.  A  tall  bush  or  small  tree.  One  of  the 
most  important  plants  for  fixing  moving  coast-sands. 

Melaleuca  styphelioides,  Smith. 

East  Australia.  Height  of  tree  to  60  feet,  stem  diameter  to  2J 
feet.  The  timber  is  hard,  close-grained,  and  stands  well  in  clamp 
situations.  It  is  said  that  the  timber  has  never  been  known  to 
decay  (Queensland  Exhibition,  1878).  Tree  adapted  for  swamps. 

Melaleuca  trichostachya,  Lindley. 

Tropical  East  Australia.  A  small  tree  deserving  attention  as 
eligible  for  saline  land,  on  which  it  can  be  raised  much  more  easily 
than  Myoporum  insulare.  M.  Thozet  observes  that  it  occurs  in 
places  where  it  is  bathed  by  the  tides  ;  also  that  large  saplings 
without  roots  can  be  transplanted.  Thus  it  may  be  destined  to 
aid  with  several  of  its  congeners  and  with  Salicornias,  Avicennias, 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  191 

JEgiceras,  Batis,  and  some  other  plants  to  reclaim  low  muddy  shore- 
lands  from  sea-floods.  M.  squarrosa,  Smith,  of  South-East  Aus- 
tralia, can  also  be  grown  in  swamps  to  subdue  miasmata.  It 
attains  exceptionally  the  height  of  60  feet  with  a  stem  of  2  feet  in 
diameter. 

Melanorrhoea  usitata,  Wallich. 

The  Varnish-tree  of  Burmah,  Munnipore  and  Tenasserim.  Possibly 
hardy  in  forest- valleys  free  -of  frost,  as  it  ascends  to  3,000  feet 
elevation.  The  hardened  sap  is  used  for  a  highly-prized  black 
varnish. 

Melia  Azedarach,  Linne, 

Called  "  the  Pride  of  India."  South  Asia,  North  and  also  East 
Australia,  and  there  to  far  extra-tropical  latitudes.  As  an  avenue 
tree  not  without  importance,  because  it  will  successfully  cope  with 
dryness  of  clime  and  sterility  of  soil.  It  recommends  itself  also 
for  retaining  the  foliage  till  very  late  in  the  season,  and  for  pro- 
ducing abundance  of  fragrant  flowers  which  may  perhaps  be  worth 
distilling  for  essential  oil.  A  black-fruited  Melia  seems  as  yet 
little  known.  The  wood  is  considered  of  value  for  some  kinds  of 
musical  instruments. 

Melianthus  major,  Linne". 

South  Africa.  The  leaves  of  this  stately  plant  are  very  efficacious 
as  antiseptics,  also  in  cases  of  scald  head,  ringworm,  and  various 
other  cutaneous  diseases  (Dr.  Pappe).  Its  effect  of  promoting 
granulation  is  very  remarkable  (Dr.  A.  Brown).  Flowers  rich  in 
honey,  as  indicated  by  the  generic  name. 

Melica  altissima,  Linne. 

North-Eastern  Europe,  Middle  Asia.  This  perennial  grass  has 
recently  come  into  use  for  pasture. 

Melica  ciliata,  Linne. 

Europe  and  Middle  Asia.  A  perennial-fodder  grass,  particularly 
desirable  for  sheep.  Best  for  dry  gypsum  or  calcareous  ground. 

Melica  nutans,  Linne. 

The  Pearl  Grass.  Europe  and  North  Middle  Asia,  enduring  an 
Alpine  clime  and  living  also  in  the  shade  of  forests.  It  produces 
suckers,  and  affords  good  herbage  in  woody  regions ;  so  also  does 
M.  uniflora.  Several  other  species  are  on  record  from  various 
parts  of  the  globe,  among  which  M.  mutica,  of  North  America, 
seems  to  deserve  special  attention. 


192  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Melicocca  bijuga,  Linne. 

Central  America,  on  mountains.  So  many  sapindaceous  trees  of 
the  Cupania  series  have  been  shown  by  my  own  experiments  to  be 
hardy  in  a  climate  like  that  of  Victoria,  that  now  also  this 
important  member  of  the  series  could  be  admitted  into  this  list. 
The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  of  grape  taste ;  the  seeds  can  be  used  like 
sweet  chestnuts. 

Melilotus  alba,  Desrousseaux. 

The  Cabul  or  Bokhara  Clover.  Middle  and  Southern  Europe, 
North  Africa,  Middle  Asia.  A  biennial  herb.  On  account  of  its 
fragrance  it  is  of  value  as  admixture  to  hay.  It  is  also  a  good 
bee-plant.  Flowers  white.  Odorous  principle  :  cumarin. 

Melilotus  ccerulea,  Lamarck. 

South  Europe  and  North  Africa.  An  annual,  very  odorous  fodder- 
herb.  It  forms  an  ingredient  of  the  green  Swiss  cheese,  which 
owes  its  flavour  and  colour  chiefly  to  this  plant. 

Melilotus  officinalis,  Desrousseaux. 

Europe  and  Middle  Asia.  Also  biennial,  or  lasting  through  several 
years  if  prevented  from  flowering.  Contains  also  cumarin.  An 
allied  species  is  M.  macrorrhiza,  Pers.  Both  serve  purposes  similar 
to  those  for  which  M.  alba  is  employed.  Grown  on  the  coast  it 
becomes  less  odorous. 

Melissa  officinalis,  Linne. 

The  Balm  Herb.  South  Europe  and  Middle  Asia.  A  perennial 
herb,  valuable  for  its  scent,  which  depends  on  a  peculiar  volatile 
oil.  It  is  also  valuable  as  a  bee-plant. 

Melocanna  bambusoides,  Trinius. 

The  Berry-bearing  Bamboo,  from  Chittagong  and  other  moun- 
tainous parts  of  India,  as  well  as  of  the  Archipelagus.  The  fruit  is 
very  large,  fleshy,  like  an  apple,  and  contains  a  seed  which  is  said 
to  be  very  pleasant  eating  (Masters).  It  is  a  thornless  bamboo, 
growing  on  dry  slopes  of  hills.  Height  up  to  70  feet ;  circum- 
ference towards  base,  1  foot ;  growth  beautifully  erect. 

Melocanna  Travancorica.     (Beesha  Travancorica,  Beddome). 
A  new  bamboo  from  Travancore,  worthy  of  introduction. 

Mentha  laxiflora,  Bentham. 

Victoria  and  the  most  southern  parts  of  New  South  Wales. 
This,  the  Australian  Forest  Mint,  furnishes  a  peculiarly  pleasant 
oil,  not  dissimilar  to  that  of  peppermint.  A  fair  oil  can  also  be 
distilled  from  M.  Awtralis  (B.  Brown),  the  common  River  Mint  of 
South-east  Australia. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  193 

Mentha  piperita,  Linne.* 

The  Peppermint.  Middle  Europe.  This  well-known  perennial- 
herb  is  important  for  its  peculiar  essential  oil.  This  distilled  oil  is 
in  considerable  demand,  and  would  be  best  obtained  from  plants 
cultivated  in  the  mountain  regions  or  naturalized  along  the  forest 
rivulets.  Eminent  authorities  refer  the  Peppermint  as  a  variety  to 
Mentha  aquatica  (L.),  the  Water  Mint  of  Europe,  North  Africa, 
West  and  North  Asia,  from  which  the  true  Crisp  Mint  (M.  crispa,  L.) 
is  again  derived,  as  well  as  the  Bergamot  Mint  (M.  citrata,  Ehrh.). 

Mentha  Pulegium,  Linne. 

The  true  Penny-royal.  Europe,  Western  Asia,  North  Africa.  A 
perennial  scent-herb,  yielding  a  peculiar  ethereal  oil.  It  likes  moist 
soil.  To  be  avoided  on  pastures,  as  not  readily  repressed. 

Mentha  rotundifolia,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Western  Asia.  Fond  of 
wet  places,  which  by  the  culture  of  this  and  other  mints  may  be 
profitably  utilised.  In  odour  this  mint  approaches  to  Melissa. 
The  French  and  Italian  Crisp  Mint  is  partly  derived  from  this 
species.  Closely  allied  to  the  following,  and  often  regarded  as  a 
variety  of  M.  viridis,  L. 

Mentha  silvestris,  Linne. 

The  Horse-Mint.  Europe,  North  Africa,  temperate  Asia.  Perennial. 
One  of  the  Crisp  Mints  is  derived  from  this  species. 

Mentha  viridis,  Linne. 

The  Spear-Mint.  Middle  and  South  Europe.  Perennial.  A 
particular  sort  of  Crisp  Mint  (M.  crispata,  Schrad.)  belongs  to  this 
species.  Some  Australian  Mints — M.  Australis,  M.  gracilis  and 
M.  saturejoides,  R.  Br. — also  yield  oil  of  good  flavour;  but  M. 
laxiflora,  Benth.,  is  far  the  largest  and  most  abundant  of  these 
Australian  plants. 

Menyanthes  trifoliata,  Linne. 

Inappropriately  called  the  Bog-Bean.  Europe,  North  and  Middle 
Asia,  North  America.  In  springy  and  spongy  bogs.  A  perennial 
herb  of  great  beauty,  which  could  be  naturalised  with  facility  in  our 
Alps.  The  root  is  starchy.  The  whole  plant  is  pervaded  with  a 
bitter  principle,  largely  derived  from  menyanthin.  The  plant  is 
used  medicinally  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 

Meriandra  Abyssinica,  F.  v.  Mueller.      (M.  Benghaletisis,  Bentham.) 

Abyssinia,  on  high  mountains.     A  shrub  of   penetrating  odour; 
utilised  much  like  sage. 
N 


194  SELECT  PLANTS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

Mesembrianthemum  acinaciformej  Linne. 

The  Hottentot  Fig  of  South  Africa.  Under  the  same  vernacular 
name  is  also  comprised  the  distinct  M.  edule,  L.  Both.,  together 
with  the  Australian  M.  sequilaterale,  Haworth,  which  extends  also 
widely  along  the  American  west  coast,  and  should  be  transferred 
into  any  of  the  most  inhospitable  desert  regions,  as  they  afford  in 
the  inner  part  of  their  fruit  a  really  palatable  and  copious  food. 

Mesembrianthemum  capitatum,  Haworth. 

South  Africa.  This  perennial  species,  from  the  readiness  and  quick- 
ness of  its  growth,  and  from  the  abundance  of  its  seeds  and  their 
easy  dispersion,  is  one  of  the  best  for  staying  any  rolling  sea-sand 
(Dickinson).  M.  pugioniforme  (Linne)  and  many  other  species 
serve  the  same  purpose. 

Mesembrianthemum  crystallinum,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  Eecently  recommended  as  a  spinage  plant.  Can  be 
grown  on  bare  sand,  which  it  helps  to  cover. 

Metrosideros  tomentosa,  A.  Cunningham. 

North  Island  of  New  Zealand.  Could  be  grown  for  timber  on 
rocky  -sea-shores.  Height  to  80  feet,  trunk  stout,  but  comparatively 
short.  The  timber,  according  to  Mr.  Kirk,  deserves  attention,  as 
one  of  the  most  durable  for  the  frame-work  in  ship-building,  for 
jetties,  docks,  sills.  Other  species  with  dense  wood,  occurring  in 
New  Zealand,  are  M.  lucida  (Menzies)  and  M.  robusta  (A.  Cunn.), 
all  ornamental  trees  with  crimson  flowers. 

Michelia  excelsa,  Blume. 

In  the  Himalayas  and  other  Indian  mountains,  up  to  7, 000  feet.  It 
grows  to  a  large  size,  supplying  boards  of  3  feet  in  width,  and  is 
one  of  the  best  timber-trees  there.  M.  lanuginosa  (Wallich) 
ascends  there  also  to  temperate  regions  with  M.  Kisopa  (Hamilton), 
M.  Cathcartii  (Hooker  and  Thomson),  M.  Champaca  (Linne),  M. 
punduana  (H.  and  Th.),  and  M.  Nilagirica  (Zeaker),  all  being  tall 
trees. 

Microseris  Forsteri,  J.  Hooker. 

The  Native  Scorzonera  of  extra-tropical  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land. A  perennial  herb  deserving  attention,  as  likely  its  root  would 
enlarge  and  improve  through  culture.  On  the  summits  of  snowy 
mountains  the  plant  develops  itself  most  luxuriantly.  The  Aus- 
tralian aborigines  use  the  root  for  food.  The  plant  would  prove 
hardy  in  Middle  Europe. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  195 

Milium  effusum,  Linne. 

English  Millet  Grass.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North 
America.  Perennial,  suited  for  damp  forest  land  particularly,  the 
pasture  capabilities  of  which  it  enhances.  On  river-banks  it  attains 
a  height  of  6  feet.  It  is  relished  by  cattle.  The  seeds  can  be  used 
like  millet,  the  stems  for  the  manufacture  of  superior  straw  hats. 
It  is  a  great  favourite  with  pheasants  and  many  other  birds  for  the 
sake  of  its  seeds,  which  ripen  early  in  the  season. 

Mimosa  rubicaulis,  Lamarck. 

India.  A  hedge-bush,  almost  inapproachable.  It  has  proved  hardy 
at  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Melbourne. 

Mimusops  Sieberi,  A.  de  Candolle. 

West  India  and  Florida.  Tree  to  30  feet  in  height.  Fruit  of 
agreable  taste  (Sargent). 

Monarda  didyma,  Linne. 

North  America.  A  perennial  odorous  herb,  producing  the  medi 
cinal  Osnego  or  Beebalm  Tea.  M.  punctata,  L.,  and  M.  fistulosa 
L.,  with  several  others,  are  also  of  very  strong  scent. 

Monodora  Angolensis,  Welwitsch. 

Tropical  West  Africa,  up  to  the  comparatively  cool  elevation  of 
3,500  feet.  A  tree  attaining  30  feet  in  height.  The  pleasantly 
aromatic  seeds  come  into  the  market,  like  those  of  the  following 
species ;  they  measure  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter  and  are 
numerously  produced. 

Monodora  Myristica,  Dunal. 

West  Africa.     A  small  tree.     The  seeds  serve  as  nutmegs. 

Morchella  esculenta,  Persoon.     (M.  conica,  Persoon.) 

Europe,  Asia,  North  and  Central  America.  With  M.  semilibera 
this  Morel  has  been  found  in  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales  ;  its 
spread  should  be  encouraged  by  artificial  means,  as  it  is  a  whole- 
some esculent.  Kohlrausch  and  Siegel  found  29  to  35  per  cent,  of 
Protein  in  this  species  when  dried.  European  superior  species, 
probably  admitting  of  introduction,  are :  M.  Gigas,  Pers.  ;  M. 
rimosipes,  D.  C. ;  M.  Bohemica,  Krombh ;  M.  deliciosa,  Fries,  which 
extends  to  Java  ;  M.  patula,  Pers.,  the  Bell  Morel ;  but  several 
others  occur  in  other  parts  of  the  globe.  Though  these  fungi 
show  a  predilection  for  pine  forests,  they  are  not  dependent  on 
them  ;  thus  the  writer  found  M.  esculenta  in  Eucalyptus  forests,  and 
this  late  in  the  autumn.  They  can  all  be  dried  and  preserved  for 
culinary  purposes. 


196  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Moringa  pterygosperma,  Gaertner. 

The  Horse-Radish  Tree  of  India,  abundant  into  the  middle  regions 
of  the  mountains.  The  long  pods  are  edible ;  the  seeds  are  some- 
what almond-like  and  rich  in  oil.  M.  aptera,  Gaertner,  occurs  from 
Abyssinia  and  Egypt  to  Arabia  and  Syria. 

Morus  alba,  Linne.* 

The  White  Mulberry  Tree.  China.  This  tree  in  several  varieties 
provides  the  food  for  the  ordinary  Chinese  silk  insect  (Bombyx 
Mori).  Silk  was  produced  in  Italy  600  years  ago,  and  there  this 
branch  of  industry  has  nourished  ever  since.  In  China  silk  has  been 
,  reeled  for  4,500  years.  This  may  demonstrate  the  permanency  of  an 
industry  which  we  wish  to  establish  here  extensively  under  a  similar 
sky.  "  One  pound  of  silk  is  worth  its  weight  in  silver,  and  this 
pound  may  be  produced  (so  far  as  the  food  of  the  Bombyx  is  con- 
cerned) from  thirty  pounds  of  mulberry  leaves  or  from  a  single  tree, 
which  thus  may  be  brought  to  yield  annually  the  material  for  1 6 
yards  of  Gros  de  Naples."  The  White  Mulberry  tree  is  of 
extremely  easy  growth  from  cuttings,  also  readily  raised  from  well- 
matured  seeds.  It  is  usually  unisexual,  and  attains  finally  a  very 
large  size.  It  can  be  grown  in  climes  where  olives  will  110  longer 
thrive.  Spots  for  mulberry  culture  must  not  be  over  moist,  when 
the  leaves  are  to  be  utilised  for  the  Bombyx.  In  1870,  according 
to  the  British  Trade  Journal,  the  produce  of  cocoons  amounted  in 
Europe  to  £16,588,000;  in  Asia  to  £28,112,000;  in  Africa  to 
£44,000  ;  in  the  South  Sea  Islands  to  £24,000 ;  in  America  to 
£20,000— thus  giving  a  general  total  of  £44,788,000.  In  1875  the 
yield  of  raw  silk  in  the  district  of  Rajshahye  (British  India)  was 
estimated  at  £400,000,  employing  about  12,000  people,  the  plant- 
ations extending  approximately  over  150  square  miles  (Dr.  S.  Forbes 
Watson).  In  that  district  alone  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  people 
derived  their  support  from  the  trade  and  other  branches  of  the  silk 
industries.  Superior  varieties  of  mulberry  can  be  grafted  with  ease 
on  ordinary  stock.  M.  Indica  (L.),  M.  macrophylla  (Morett),  M. 
multicaulis  (Perott),  M.  Morettiana  (Jacq.),  M.  Chinensis  (Bertol), 
M.  latifolia  (Poir.),  M.  Italica  (Poir.),  M.  Japonica  (JSTois.),  M. 
Byzantina  (Sieb.),  M.  nervosa  (Del),  M.  pumila  (Nois.),  M.  tortuosa 
(Audib.),  as  well  as  the  Constantinople  Mulberry,  are  merely  forms 
of  M.  alba,  to  which  probably  also  M.  Tatarica  (L.)  and  M. 
pabularia  (Jacquin.)  belong.  The  variety  known  as  M.  Indica  pro- 
duces black  [fruits.  The  planting  of  Mulberry  trees  has  recently 
assumed  enormous  dimensions  in  California,  where  in  18 70  between 
seven  and  eight  millions  were  planted.  The  process  of  rearing  the 
silk  insect  is  simple  and  involves  no  laborious  exertions.  The 
cocoons,  after  they  have  been  properly  steamed,  dried,  and  pressed, 
readily  find  purchasers  in  Europe,  the  price  ranging  according  to 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  197 

quality  from  3s.  to  6s.  per  Ib.  The  eggs  of  the  silk-moth  sell  at  a 
price  from  16s.  to  £2  per  ounce,  and  in  1870  Japan  had  to  provide 
two  millions  of  ounces  of  silk  ova  for  Europe,  where  the  worms  had 
extensively  fallen  victims  to  disease.  Instances  have  been  recorded 
in  Calif  ornia,  -  where  8  tons  of  leaves  were  gathered  in  the  first 
year  from  the  mulberry  trees  of  1  acre,  and  30  tons  in  the 
next  year.  As  an  example  of  the  profit  thus  to  be  realized  a 
Californian  fact  may  be  cited,  according  to  which  £700  were  the 
clear  gain  from  3J  acres,  tfye  working  expenses  having  been  £93. 
The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States  has  esti- 
mated that  under  ordinary  circumstances  an  acre  should  support 
from  700  to  1,000  mulberry  trees,  producing  5,000  Ibs.  of  leaves  fit 
for  food  when  four  years  old.  On  this  quantity  of  leaves  can  be 
reared  140,000  worms,  from  which  ova  at  a  net  profit  ranging  from 
£80  to  £240  per  acre  will  be  obtained  by  the  work  of  one  person. 
Mr.  C.  Brady,  of  Sydney,  thinks  the  likely  proceeds  of  silk  culture 
to  be  from  £60  to  £150  for  the  acre.  The  discrepancies  in 
calculations  of  this  kind  are  explained  by  differences  in  clime,  soil, 
attention,  and  treatment. 

The  White  Mulberry  Tree  has  been  very  copiously  distributed  from 
Melbourne  Botanic  Gardens  for  many  years.  A  very  palatable 
fruit  is  obtained  from  a  variety  cultivated  in  Beloochistan  and 
Afghanistan.  Morus  Tatarica  (L.)  resembles  M.  alba.  Its  juicy 
fruit  is  insipid  and  small.  The  leaves  are  not  generally  used  for 
silkworms. 

The  results  of  Mr.  Brady's  experience  on  the  varieties  of  the  Morus 
alba  are  as  follows  :  In  the  normal  form  the  fruits  are  white  with 
a  purplish  tinge  more  or  less  deep ;  the  bark  is  pale ;  the  leaf  is 
also  of  a  pale  hue,  not  very  early  nor  very  tender,  nor  very 
abundant.  It  may  be  grown  on  moist  ground  as  long  as  such  is 
drained,  or  it  will  live  even  on  poor,  loose,  gravelly  soil,  bordering 
on  running  water.  The  Cevennes  variety  is  a  free  grower,  affords 
a  large  quantity  of  leaves,  though  of  rather  thick  consistence ;  all 
varieties  of  the  Morus  Bombyx  like  these  leaves  at  all  stages  of 
their  age.  It  is  also  called  the  Hose-leaved  variety.  The  silk 
which  it  yields  is  substantial  in  quantity  and  also  good  in  quality. 
It  does  best  on  rich  dry  slopes.  The  bushy  Indian  variety  has  a 
fine  leaf  of  a  beautiful  green,  which,  though  light  in  weight,  is 
abundantly  produced.  It  can  be  cut  back  to  the  stem  three  or  four 
times  a  year ;  the  leaves  are  flat,  long,  and  pointed,  possess  a  fine 
aroma,  and  are  relished  by  every  variety  of  the  ordinary  silk 
insect,  though  all  do  not  thrive  equally  well  on  it.  The  silk  derived 
from  this  variety  is  excellent,  but  not  always  so  heavy  in  quantity 
as  that  produced  from  the  rosy  variety.  It  prefers  rich,  low-lying 
bottoms,  is  a  greedy  feeder,  but  may  thus  be  made  to  cover  an 
extraordinary  breadth  of  alluvial  or  manured  land  in  a  marvellous 


198  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

short  space  of  time.  At  Sydney  Mr.  Brady  can  provide  leaves 
from  this  Indian  variety  all  through  the  year  by  the  removal  of 
cuttings,  which  will  strike  their  roots  almost  at  any  season.  It 
also  ripens  seeds  readily  and  should  be  kept  at  bush  size.  It  re- 
quires naturally  less  space  than  the  other  kinds.  A  fourth  variety 
comes  from  North  China  ;  it  has  heart-shaped,  flat,  thickish  leaves, 
which  form  very  good  food  for  the  silkworm.  Mr.  Brady,  as  well 
as  Mr.  Martelli,  recommends  very  particularly  the  variety  passing 
under  the  name  of  Morus  multicaulis  for  the  worms  in  their 
earliest  stages.  The  former  recommends  the  Cape  variety  also  ; 
the  latter  wishes  also  the  variety  called  Morus  Morettiana  to  be 
used  on  account  of  its  succulent  nutritious  foliage,  so  well  adapted 
for  the  insect  while  yet  very  young,  and  also  on  account  of  pro- 
ducing the  largest  amount  of  food  within  the  shortest  time.  The 
Manilla  variety,  known  as  Morus  multicaulis,  comes  several  weeks 
earlier  into  bearing  than  most  other  sorts,  and  should  therefore  be 
at  hand  for  early  hatched  worms. 

The  Muscardine  Disease  is  produced  by  Botrytis  Bassiana,  while  the 
still  more  terrible  Pebrine  Disease  is  caused  by  a  minute  vibrio- 
like  organism.  Countries  like  ours,  happily  free  from  these  pests, 
can  thus  rear  healthy  silk  ova  at  a  high  premium  for  exportation. 

The  White  Mulberry  Tree,  with  others,  offering  food  to  the  silkworms, 
such  as  the  Osage-orange,  should  be  planted  copiously  everywhere 
for  hedges  or  copses.  A  very  soft  texible  fibre  is  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  the  Chinese  Mulberry  Tree. 

Morus  celtidifolia,  Humboldt. 

From  Peru  to  Mexico,  ascending  to  7,000  feet.  The  fruit  of  this 
Mulberry  Tree  is  edible.  M.  insignis,  Planchon,  from  New 
Granada,  is  a  similar  species. 

Morus  nigra,  Linne.* 

The  Black  Mulberry  Tree.  South  Russia  and  Persia.  Attains  a 
height  of  60  feet.  Highly  valuable  for  its  pleasant  refreshing 
fruits.  It  is  a  tree  of  longevity,  instances  being  on  record  of  its 
having  lived  through  several  centuries.  It  is  also  very  hardy. 
Mr.  John  Hodgkins  regards  it  as  a  superior  tree  for  sandy  coast 
ridges.  The  leaves  also  of  this  species  afford  food  for  the  ordinary 
silk  moth,  and  are  almost  exclusively  used  for  this  purpose  in  the 
Canary  Islands.  The  tree  occurs  usually  unisexual.  M.  atropur- 
purea^  Roxb.,  from  Cochin  China,  is  an  allied  tree.  The  cylindrical 
fruit-spike  attains  a  length  of  2  inches. 

Morus  rubra,  Linne.* 

The  Red  Mulberry  Tree  of  North  America ;  the  largest  of  the 
genus,  attaining  a  height  of  70  feet ;  it  produces  a  strong  and 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  199 

compact  timber,  of  wonderful  endurance  underground,  hence  in 
demand  for  posts  and  railway  ties  (General  Harrison.)  Fruit  edible, 
sweet,  large. 

Mucuna  Cochinchinensis,  Bentham.     (Macranthus  Cochinckinensis, 

Loureiro.) 

A  climbing  annual,  which  can  be  reared  in  the  open  air  in 
England.  Pods,  cooked  as  a  vegetable,  like  kidney  beans  (Johnson). 

Muehlenbergia  diffusa,  Willdenow. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  Perennial.  Recorded  among 
the  good  native  fodder-grasses  of  Alabama  by  C.  Mohr,  thriving  as 
well  on  dry  hills  as  in  low  damp  forest-ground. 

Muehlenbergia  Mexicana,  Trinius. 

Southern-North  America.  A  perennial  good  foodder-grass,  particu- 
larly fit  for  low  humid  ground. 

Murray  a  exotica,  Koenig. 

South  Asia,  Polynesia,  East  and  North  Australia,  This  shrub  or 
small  tree  is  one  of  the  best  among  the  odoriferous  plants  in  India 
(C.  B.  Clarke). 

Musa  Cavendishii,  Lambert.*     (Musa  regia,  Humph ;  Musa  Chinen- 

sis,  Sweet ;  Musa  nana,  Loureiro. ) 

The  Chinese  Banana.  A  comparatively  dwarf  species,  the  stem 
attaining  only  a  height  of  about  5  or  6  feet.  Its  robust  and  dwarf 
habit  render  it  particularly  fit  for  exposed  localities,  and  this  is  one 
of  the  reasons  why  it  is  so  extensively  cultivated  in  the  South  Sea 
Islands.  The  yield  of  fruit  is  profuse  (as  much  as  200  to  300  fruits 
in  a  spike),  and  the  flavour  excellent.  This,  as  well  as  M.  sapien- 
tum  and  M.  paradisiaca,  still  ripens  its  fruits  in  Madeira  and  Florida, 

Musa  corniculata,  Humph.* 

Insular  India.  Fruits  as  large  as  a  good-sized  cucumber  ;  skin 
thin ;  pulp  reddish  white,  firm,  dry,  sweet ;  an  excellent  fruit  for 
cooking  (Kurz).  The  Lubang  variety  is  of  enormous  size. 

Musa  Ensete,  Gmelin. 

Bruce's  Banana.  From  Sofala  to  Abyssinia,  in  mountain  regions. 
This  magnificent  plant  attains  a  height  of  30  feet,  the  leaves 
occasionally  reaching  to  the  length  of  20  feet,  with  a  width  of 
3  feet,  being  perhaps  the  largest  in  the  whole  empire  of  plants, 
exceeding  those  of  Strelitzia  and  Ravenala.  and  surpassing  even  in 
quadrate  measurement  those  of  the  grand  water-plant  Victoria 
Regia,  while  excelling  in  comparative  circumference  also  the  largest 


200  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

compound  frond  of  Aiigiopteris  evecta  or  divided  leaf  of  Godwinia 
Gigas,  though  the  compound  leaves  of  some  palms  are  still  larger. 
The  inner  part  of  the  stem  and  the  young  spike  of  the  Ensete 
can  be  boiled  to  serve  as  a  table  esculent,  but  the  fruit  is  pulpless. 
This  plant  produces  no  suckers,  and  requires  several  years  to  come 
into  flower  and  seed,  when  it  dies  off  like  the  Sago  Plant,  the 
Caryota  Palm,  and  others,  which  flower  but  once  without  repro- 
duction from  the  root. 

Musa  Livingstoniana,  Kirk. 

Mountains  of  Sofala,  Mozambique,  and  the  Niger  regions.  Similar 
to  M.  Ensete  ;  seeds  much  smaller.  Possibly  requiring  no  protec- 
tion in  favourable  places  in  warm  temperate  climes. 

Musa  paradisiaca,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  Plantain  or  Pisang.  India.  Among  the  most  pro- 
lific of  plants,  requiring  the  least  care  in  climes  adapted  for  its 
growth.  Stem  not  spotted.  Bracts  purple  inside  In  this,  as 
well  as  M.  Cavendishii  and  M.  simiarum,  new  shoots  are  produced 
from  the  root,  to  replace  annually  the  fruit-bearing  stem.  The 
fruit  of  this  is  often  prepared  by  some  cooking  process.  Very 
many  varieties  are  distinguished,  and  they  seem  to  have  sprung 
from  the  wild  state  of  M.  sapientum.  The  writer  did  not  wish  to 
pass  this  and  the  allied  plants  unnoticed,  as  they  will  endure  the 
clime  in  the  warmer  localities  of  the  temperate  zone,  where  under 
more  careful  attention  they  are  likely  to  mature  their  fruit  with 
regularity.  They  require  rich  and  humid  soil.  Plantain  meal  is 
prepared  by  simply  reducing  the  dried  pulp  to  powder.  It  is  pala- 
table, digestible,  and  nourishing.  M.  sapientum,  L.,  the  ordinary 
Banana,  or  Sweet  Plantain,  is  a  variety.  It  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant plants  yielding  nutritious  delicious  fruits.  The  stem  is 
spotted.  Bracts  green  inside.  The  leaves  and  particularly  the 
stalks  and  the  stems  of  this  and  other  species  of  Musa  can  be  utilised 
for  producing  a  fibre  similar  to  Manilla  hemp.  The  fruit  of  this  is 
used  chiefly  unprepared  ;  it  is  generally  of  a  yellow  colour.  Nu- 
merous varieties  are  distinguished.  As  much  as  a  hundredweight 
of  fruit  is  obtained  from  a  plant  annually  in  tropical  climes.  At 
Caracas,  where  the  temperature  is  seldom  much  above  or  below  60° 
F.,  the  plantain  and  banana  plants  are  very  productive,  being  loaded 
with  fruits  12  to  15  inches  long,  on  mountains  about  5,000  feet 
high.  In  the  dry  Murray  regions  of  South-East  Australia  the 
winter  temperature  seems  too  low  for  the  successful  development  of 
these  plants  except  on  sheltered  spots,  but  bananas  still  ripen  under 
the  shelter  of  limestone  cliffs  as  far  south  as  Swan  River  in  West 
Australia.  Requires  infinitely  less  care  within  its  geographic  lati- 
tudes than  the  potato  ;  contains  along  with  much  starch  also  protein 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  201 

compounds.  The  preparation  of  starch  from  bananas  is  lucrative, 
as  the  yield  is  copious.  Many  Indian  populations  live  almost 
exclusively  on  the  fruit. 

Musa  simiarum,  Humph.*     (M.  corniculata,  Lourerio  ;  _3f.  acuminata, 

Coll.). 

From  Malacca  to  the  Sunda  Islands.  About  half  a  hundred 
marked  varieties  of  this  species,  called  mainly  Peesangs  in  India, 
are  under  cultivation  there,  especially  on  the  Archipelagus,  while 
M.  sapientum  occurs  wild  more  frequently  on  the  mainland. 
Though  the  latter  is  principally  cultivated  on  the  Indian  continent, 
yet  it  never  equals  in  delicacy  the  cultivated  forms  of  M.  simiarum, 
the  fruit  of  which  sometimes  attains  a  length  of  2  feet  (Kurz). 

Musa  troglodytarum,  Linne.     (M.  uranoscopos,  Humph.) 

India,  and  apparently  indigenous  also  in  the  Fiji  and  other  islands 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  fruit-stalk  of  this  species  stands 
upright ;  the  edible  fruits  are  small,  reddish,  or  orange-coloured  ; 
pulp  gamboge  yellow,  mawkish  sweet  (Kurz).  The  Chinese  M. 
coccinea,  Ait.,  a  dwarf  ornamental  species,  has  also  the  fruit-spike 
straight. 

Myoporum  Isetum,  Forster. 

New  Zealand,  where  it  is  called  Ngaio  by  the  aborigines.  As  a 
shelter-tree  it  is  equal  to  M.  insulare  for  the  most  exposed  parts  of 
the  coast.  It  is  excellent  for  shade,  and  its  wood  takes  a  fine 
polish.  It  can  be  raised  on  the  beach  from  cuttings.  Uprooted  it 
will  produce  new  roots  if  covered  in  near  the  sea.  Sheep  and 
horses  browse  on  the  foliage. 

Myrica  cerifera,  Linne. 

The  Wax-Myrtle.  Sandy  sea-coast  of  North  America.  This  shrub 
helps  to  bind  the  rolling  sand  ;  it  has  fragrant  leaves ;  the  fruits 
are  boiled,  and  the  floating  wax,  which  can  be  converted  into 
candles,  is  skimmed  off.  In  Patagonia,  Argentina  and  Chili  the 
scrophularineous  Monttea  aphylla,  Bentham  (Oxycladus  aphyllus, 
Miers),  yields  vegetable  wax  from  its  branches  (Lorentz). 

Myrica  cordifolia,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  This  bushy  plant  arrests  the  influx  of  the  sea-sand  ; 
it  also  yields  remuneratively  wax  from  its  fruits. 

Myrica  Faya,  Aiton. 

Madeira,  Azores  and  Canary  Islands.  A  small  tree.  The  drupa- 
ceous fruits  are  used  for  preserves.  M.  sapida  Wallich,  an  Indian 
mountainous  species,  has  also  edible  fruits. 


202  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Myrica  quercifolia,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  This  and  M.  cordifolia  and  the  following  are  the 
principal  wax-bushes  there.  Many  other  species  from  different 
parts  of  the  globe  are  available  for  trial  culture,  but  none  have  as 
yet  been  discovered  in  Australia. 

Myrica  s errata,  Lamarck. 

South  Africa.  Shrub  only  about  3  feet  high.  The  Myrica  wax  is 
heavier,  harder,  and  more  brittle  than  bees'-wax,  but  melts  easier. 
It  is  obtained  from  the  fruits  throughout  the  cool  season.  The 
sowing  of  seeds  is  done  after  the  first  rain  of  the  cool  months  has 
steadied  the  sand.  The  plant  can  also  be  multiplied  from  cuttings. 
The  subterraneous  trunk  is  creeping,  and  in  age  of  considerable 
length  (Dr.  Pappe). 

Myrica  rubra,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini. 

Cnina  and  Japan.  The  bark  of  this  tree  or  shrub  serves  for  a  brown 
dye  ;  the  fruit  is  edible. 

Myrrhis  odorata,  Scopoli. 

The  Sweet  Chervil  or  Cicely.  Mountains  of  Middle  and  South 
Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  particularly  in  forests.  A  perennial  aromatic 
herb,  used  for  salad  and  culinary  condiments.  It  could  be  natural- 
ised in  the  forests,  and  would  endure  an  Alpine  climate  ;  a  second 
species,  M.  occidentalis,  Benth.,  occurs  in  Oregon. 

Myrtus  acmenoides,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Queensland.  The  fragrant  leaves  of  this  and  of  M.  fragrantissima 
used  for  flavouring  tea,  according  to  Mr.  P.  O'Shanesy. 

Myrtus  communis,  Linne, 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  Bridal  Myrtle. 
This  bush  of  ancient  renown  should  not  be  passed  ;  it  is  industrially 
in  requisition  for  myrtle  wreaths. 

Myrtus  edulis,  Bentham  (Myrcianthes  edulis,  Berg). 

Uruguay.  A  tree  attaining  a  height  of  about  25  feet.  Berries  of 
1J  inch  diameter,  of  pleasant  taste. 

Myrtus  Lumal,  Molina. 

South  Chili.  A  tree  fully  100  feet  high  in  the  virgin  forests. 
Wood  very  hard  and  heavy,  much  sought  for  press-screws,  wheel- 
spokes  and  select  implements  (Dr.  Philippi). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  203 

Myrtus  Meli,  Philippi. 

South  Chili  Of  the  same  use  as  the  foregoing  species,  and  in  this 
manner  most  favourably  contrasting  with  the  numerous  other  myrta- 
ceous  trees  of  Chili. 

Myrtus  nummularia,  Poiret. 

The  Cranberry  Myrtle.  From  Chili  to  Fuegia,  also  in  the  Falkland 
Islands.  This  trailing  little  plant  might  be  transferred  to  the  turfy 
moors  of  Alpine  mountains.  •  Sir  J.  Hooker  describes  the  berries  as 
fleshy,  sweet  and  of  agreeable  flavour.  Allied  species  occur  in  the 
cold  zone  of  the  Peruvian  Andes. 

Myrtus  tomentosa,  Aiton. 

India  and  China.  This  showy  shrub  ascends  to  8,000  feet  high. 
The  berries  are  dark  purple,  of  cherry  size,  pulpy,  and  of  aromatic 
sweetness.  Various  other  Myrtles  with  edible  berries  are  known 
from  different  warm  countries. 

Myrtus  Ugni,  A.  Gray. 

The  Chilian  Guava.  A  hardy  shrub,  freely  bearing  its  small  but 
pleasantly  aromatic  berries. 

Nageia  (Podo carpus)  amara,  Blume. 

Java,  on  high  volcanic  mountains.  A  large  tree,  sometimes  200  feet 
high. 

Nageia    (Podocarpus)    andina,     Poeppig    ( Prumnopithys     elegans* 

Philippi). 

The  Lleuque  of  Chili.  A  stately  tree  with  clusters  of  edible  cherry- 
like  fruits.  The  wood  is  yellowish  and  fine-grained,  and  is  chosen 
for  elegant  furniture  work. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  bracteata,  Blume. 

Burma,  Borneo,  Java,  up  to  3,000  feet.  Generally  80  feet  high, 
with  a  straight  trunk  and  horizontal  branches.  The  close-grained 
wood  is  highly  prized.  The  allied  N.  neriifolia  from  the  Hima- 
layas has  proved  hardy  at  Melbourne. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  Chilina,  Richard. 

The  Manniu  and  Lahual  of  the  Chilians.  Height  to  100  feet,  with 
corresponding  thickness  of  stem.  Wood  white,  of  excellent  quality. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  coriacea,  Richard. 

West  India.  This  tree  attains  a  height  of  50  feet,  and  advances  to 
elevations  of  8,000  feet.  Other  species  of  both  hemispheres  should 
be  tested. 


204  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  cupressina,  R  Brown. 

Java  and  Philippine  Islands.  Height  of  tree,  180  feet ;  furnishing 
a  highly  valuable  timber. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  dacrydioides,  A.  Richard. 

In  swampy  ground  of  New  Zealand ;  the  "  Kahikatea"  of  the 
Maoris,  called  White  Pine  by  the  colonists.  Height  of  tree  150 
feet ;  diameter  of  stem  4  feet  The  white  sweet  fruit  is  eaten  by 
the  natives ;  the  wood  is  pale,  close-grained,  heavy.  It  will  not 
stand  exposure  to  wet,  but  is  one  of  the  best  for  flooring-boards. 
The  strength  is  equal  to  that  of  Rimu,  according  to  Kirk ;  but  it 
is  more  readily  attacked  by  boring  insects. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  elata,  R  Brown. 

East  Australia.  A  fine  timber  tree  attaining  a  height  of  80  feet 
with  a  stem  2  feet  in  diameter.  The  timber  is  soft,  close-grained, 
free  from  knots,  much  used  for  joiners'  work,  also  for  spars. 
Market  price  in  Brisbane  £3  5s.  to  £3  10s.  per  1,000  superficial 
feet  (Queensland  Exhibition,  1877). 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  elongata,  L'Heritier. 

South  Africa.  With  N.  Thunbergi  and  with  Erythrina  Caffra  and 
Oreodaphne  bullata,  this  is  the  tallest  tree  of  Capeland  and 
Caffraria,  although  it  does  not  advance  beyond  70  feet.  The 
yellowish  wood  is  highly  valuable,  deal-like,  not  resinous.  The 
stems  can  be  used  for  top-masts  and  yards  of  ships. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  ferruginea,  Don. 

Northern  parts  of  New  Zealand.  The  Black  Pine  of  the  colonists ; 
native  name  "  Miro."  Height  of  tree,  80  feet ;  it  produces  a  dark 
red  resin  of  a  bitter  taste.  The  wood  is  of  a  reddish  colour,  very 
hard  ;  will  stand  exposure  to  sea-water.  Fruit  solitary. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  Lamberti,  Klotzsch. 

Brazil.     A  stately  tree,  yielding  valuable  timber. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  macrophylla,  Don. 

The  Iiiou-maki  of  Japan.  A  tree  up  to  50  feet  high.  The  nut 
stalks  used  for  food  there.  The  wood  is  white  and  compact,  used 
for  carpenters'  and  joiners'  work  ;  the  bark  for  thatching  (Dupont). 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  nubigena,  Lindley. 

Southern  Chili,  generally  a  companion  of  N.  Chilina,  with  which 
it  agrees  in  its  dimensions  and  the  utility  of  its  timber. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  205 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  Purdieana,  Hooker. 

Jamaica,  at  2,500  to  3,500  feet.  This  quick-growing  tree  attains 
a  height  of  100  feet. 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  spicata,  Brown. 

Black  Pine  or  Matai  of  New  Zealand.  Fruit  spicate.  Tree  80 
feet  high ;  wood  pale  or  reddish,  soft,  close,  and  durable ;  used 
advantageously  for  piles,  machinery,  stringers,  braces,  millwrights' 
work,  house  blocks,  railway  sleepers,  also  weatherboards,  flooring- 
boards  (Kirk). 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  Thunbergi,  Hooker. 

South  Africa.  Superior  in  the  quality  of  its  wood  to  N.  pruinosa, 
E.  Meyer,  and  even  N.  elongata ;  it  is  bright  yellow,  fine-grained, 
and  very  handsome  when  polished  (Dr.  Pappe). 

Nageia  (Podocarpus)  Totara,  Don.* 

New  Zealand.  A  fine  tree,  120  feet  high,  with  a  stem  of  20  feet 
in  circumference ;  it  is  called  Mahogany  Pine  by  the  colonists. 
The  reddish  close-grained  and  durable  wood  is  valuable  both  for 
building  and  for  furniture,  and  is  also  extensively  used  for  tele- 
graph posts ;  it  is  considered  the  most  valuable  timber  of  New 
Zealand.  Used  for  piles  of  bridges,  wharves,  and  jetties,  and  in 
other  naval  architecture  ;  the  heart-wood  for  a  long  time  resists 
decay,  and  the  attacks  of  the  Teredo,  according  to  Professor  Kirk. 
It  ranks  below  Kauri  in  strength,  but  equals  it  in  durability.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  lasting  woods  for  railway  sleepers.  When  used 
for  piles,  the  bark  should  not  be  removed  from  the  timber.  Many 
other  tall  timber  trees  of  the  genus  Podocarpus  or  Nageia  occur  in 
various  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  doubtless  all  desirable  ; 
but  the  quality  of  their  timber  is  not  well  known,  though  likely  in 
many  cases  excellent.  Nageia  is  by  far  the  oldest  published  name 
of  the  genus. 

Nardostachys  Jatamansi,  Candolle. 

Mountains  of  Bengal  and  Nepal.  The  Spikenard.  A  perennial 
herb,  famous  in  ancient  times  as  a  medicinal  plant.  The  root 
contains  an  etherial  oil  and  bitter  principle.  This  drug  is  often 
also  obtained  from  N.  grandiflora,  Cand. 

Nastus  Borbonicus,  Gmelin. 

Reunion,  where  it  forms  a  belt  all  round  the  mountains  of  the 
island,  in  a  zone  of  3-4,000  feet.  This  beautiful  bamboo  grows  to 
a  height  of  about  50  feet  (General  Munro). 


206  SELECT  PLANTS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

Nelumbo  lutea,  Caspary.*     (Nelumbium  luteum,  Willdenow.) 

In  North  America,  north  to  44° ;  also  in  Jamaica.  This  magnifi- 
cent perennial  water-plant  carries  with  it  the  type  of  Nelumbo 
nucifera,  but  seems  more  hardy,  and  thus  better  adapted  for  extra- 
tropical  latitudes,  the  Pythagorean  Bean  not  descending  in  Aus- 
tralia naturally  beyond  23°,  although  this  species  also  may  perhaps 
live  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  temperate  zone.  The  tuberous 
roots  of  both  species  resemble  the  Sweet  Potato  and  are  starchy  ; 
the  seeds  are  of  particularly  pleasant  taste.  The  plants  would  be 
of  great  value  as  ornamental  aquatics.  The  leaves  of  N.  lutea  are 
from  1  to  2  feet  in  diameter.  The  flowers  measure  |  to  1  foot 
across.  The  capsular  fruit  contains  from  twenty  to  forty  nut-like 
seeds.  The  plant  in  congenial  spots  displaces  nearly  all  other  water 
vegetation  by  the  vigour  of  its  growth. 

Nelumbo  nucifera,  Gaertner.*     (Nelurribium  speciosum,  Willdenow). 

The  Pythagorean  Bean.  Egypt ;  on  the  Caspian  and  Aral  Seas 
(46°  N.)  ;  Persia ;  through  India,  where  in  Cashmere  it  occurs  at 
an  elevation  of  5,000  feet ;  China  ;  Japan  ;  Amur  (46°  N.)  ;  tropical 
Australia  as  far  south  as  23°.  The  occurrence  of  this  grand  plant  at 
the  Ima,  at  Pekin,  and  at  Astrachan  proves  sufficiently  that  we  can 
naturalize  it  in  moderately  cool  climes,  as  has  been  done  already  by 
Marquis  Ginoi  at  Doccia,  near  Florence.  The  Nelumbo  requires 
deep  water  with  a  muddy  bottom.  The  large  white  or  rosy  flowers 
are  very  fragrant.  The  seeds  retain  their  vitality  for  several  years. 
According  to  the  ancient  Egyptian  method,  they  are  placed  in  balls 
of  muddy  clay  and  chaff,  and  then  sunk  into  the  water. 

Nepeta  Glechoma,  Bentham.     (Glechoma  kederacea,  Linne.) 

Europe,  West  Asia.  The  Ground  Ivy.  Still  held  in  great  esti- 
mation as  a  pectoral  medicine  in  some  parts  of  Britain  (G.  W. 
Johnson). 

Nephelium  lappaceum,  Linne. 

India.  This  tree  furnishes  the  Rambutan  or  Rampostan  fruit, 
similar  to  the  Litchi  and  Longan  fruit.  As  one  species  of  Nephelium 
is  indigenous  as  far  south  as  Gippsland  (Victoria),  and  as  all  the 
species  seem  to  require  rather  a  moist,  mild  forest  clime  than  great 
atmospheric  heat,  we  may  hope  to  bring  this  tree  also  in  favourable 
spots  of  a  temperate  clime  to  perfect  bearing. 

Nephelium  Litchi,  Cambessedes. 

South  China,  Cochin-China,  and  Philippine  Islands.  An  evergreen 
tree,  producing  the  Litchi  fruit.  The  pulpy  arillus  is  of  extremely 
pleasant  taste,  though  not  large. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  207 

Nephelium  Longanum,  Cambessedes. 

India  and  Southern  China.  The  Longan  fruit  is  obtained  from  this 
tree  ;  it  is  smaller  than  than  of  the  Litchi  tree  and  less  palatable. 

Neurachne  Mitchelliana,  Nees. 

The  Mulga  Grass.  In  the  desert  interior  of  East  and  South-east 
Australia.  With  its  companion,  $~.  Munroi  (F.  v.  M.),  eligible  as  a 
perennial  fodder  grass  for  naturalization  in  sandy  or  dry  sterile  land. 
It  endures  any  extent  of  drought,  but  requires  heavy  rain  to  start 
anew  (K.  S.  Moore).  According  to  Mr.  Bailey  it  produces  good 
pasture  feed. 

Nicotiana  glauca,  Graham. 

Argentia  and  Uruguay.  This  quick  growing  arborescent  species 
can  be  raised  on  mere  sand  on  the  coast,  as  one  of  the  best  of  plants 
to  establish  shelter  and  stay  the  shifting  of  the  sand-waves. 

Nicotiana  multivalvis,  Lindley. 

The  native  tobacco  of  the  Columbia  River.  An  annual.  This  with 
the  following  species  can  be  utilized  for  certain  kinds  of  tobacco. 

Nicotiana  Persica,  Lindley. 

The  Shiraz  Tobacco.  Persia.  Annual.  This  can  be  brought  to 
perfection  only  in  cool  mountain  regions.  The  mode  of  culture  is 
somewhat  different  from  that  of  the  ordinary  tobacco.  Moderate 
irrigation  is  favourable.  The  plants  when  ripe  are  cut  off  and  stuck 
into  the  ground  again  until  they  become  yellow.  They  are  then 
heaped  together  for  a  few  days  in  the  drying-house.  They  are  then 
packed  into  thin  strata  and  placed  into  bags  for  pressure  and  daily 
turning. 

Nicotiana  quadrivalvis,  Pursh. 

The  native  tobacco  of  the  Missouri.     An  annual. 

Nicotiana  repanda,  Willdenow. 

Cuba,  Mexico,  Texas.  Annual.  It  is  utilized  for  some  of  the 
Havannah  tobaccoes. 

Nicotiana  rustica,  Linne. 

Tropical  America.  Annual.  Some  sorts  of  Eastern  Indian  tobacco, 
of  Manilla  tobacco,  and  of  Turkey  tobacco  are  derived  from  this 
particular  species. 

Nicotiana  Tabacum,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  Tobacco  Plant  of  Central  America.  Annual.  The 
tobacco  plant  delights  in  rich  forest  soil,  particularly  where  lime- 
stone prevails,  on  accout  of  the  potassium  compounds  which  abound 
in  soils  of  woodlands  and  also  because  in  the  clearings  of  forests 


208  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

greater  atmospheric  humidity  prevails,  needful  for  the  best 
development  of  the  finest  kinds  of  tobacco.  Various  districts, 
with  various  soils,  produce  very  different  sorts  of  tobacco,  parti- 
cularly as  far  as  flavour  is  concerned  ;  and  again,  various 
climatic  conditions  will  greatly  affect  the  tobacco  plant  in  this 
respect.  We  can  thus  not  hope  to  produce,  for  instance,  Manilla  or 
Havannah  tobacco  in  cooler  latitudes ;  but  we  may  expect  to  pro- 
duce good  sorts  of  our  own,  more  or  less  peculiar ;  or  we  may 
aspire  to  producing  in  our  rich  and  frostless  forest  valleys  a  tobacco 
similar  to  that  of  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Connecticut  and  Virginia. 
Frost  is  detrimental  to  the  tobacco  plant ;  not  only,  particularly 
when  young,  must  it  be  guarded  against  it,  but  frost  will  also  injure 
the  ripe  crop.  Mr.  Politz  considers  the  scarcity  of  dew  in  some  of 
the  districts  of  Australia  to  militate  against  the  production  of  the 
best  kinds,  otherwise  the  yield  as  a  rule  is  large,  and  the  soil  in 
many  places  well  adapted  for  this  culture.  Leaves  of  large  size  are 
frequently  obtained.  The  moister  and  warmer  northern  and 
eastern  regions  of  Australia  are  likely  to  produce  the  best  tobacco  ; 
but  the  final  preparation  of  the  leaf  for  the  manufacturer  must  be 
effected  by  experienced  skill.  The  cruder  kinds  are  obtained  with 
ease,  and  so  are  leaves  for  covering  cigars.  Virgin  soil,  with  rich 
loam,  is  the  best  for  tobacco  culture,  and  such  soil  should  also  con- 
tain a  fair  proportion  of  lime  and  potash,  or  should  be  enriched 
with  a  calcareous  manure  and  ashes,  or  with  well  decomposed  stable 
manure.  According  to  Simmonds  the  average  yield  in  Greece  is 
about  800  pounds  of  tobacco  per  acre.  The  seedlings,  two  months 
or  less  old,  are  transplanted.  When  the  plants  are  coining  into 
flower,  the  leading  top-shoots  are  nipped  off,  and  the  young  shoots 
must  also  be  broken  off.  A  few  weeks  afterwards  the  leaves  will 
turn  to  a  greenish  yellow,  which  is  a  sign  that  the  plants  are  fit  to 
be  cut,  or  that  the  ripe  leaves  can  gradually  be  pulled.  In  the 
former  case  the  stems  are  split ;  the  drying  is  then  effected  in  barns 
by  suspension  from  sticks  across  beams.  The  drying  process 
occupies  four  or  five  weeks,  and  may  need  to  be  assisted  by  artificial 
heat.  Stripped  of  the  stalks,  the  leaf-blades  are  then  tied  into 
bundles  to  undergo  sweating,  or  a  kind  of  slight  fermentation.  It 
does  not  answer  to  continue  tobacco  culture  beyond  two  years  on 
the  same  soil  uninterruptedly.  A  prominent  variety  is  Nicotiana 
latissima  (Miller)  or  N.  macrophylla  (Lehm),  yielding  largely  the 
Chinese,  the  Orinoco,  and  the  Maryland  tobacco.  Latakia  tobacco, 
according  to  Dyer,  is  prepared  by  submitting  the  leaves  for  several 
months  to  fumigation  from  fir  wood.  Substances  containing 
cuuiarin,  particularly  the  Tonguin  Bean  (Dipterix  odorata),  are 
used  to  flavour  tobacco  and  snuff.  The  dangerously  powerful 
nicotin,  a  volatile  acrid  alkaline  oily  liquid,  and  nicotianin,  a  bitter 
aromatic  lamellar  substance,  are  both  derived  from  tobacco  in  all 
its  parts,  and  are  therapeutic  agents. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  209 

Niemeyera    prunifera,     F.     von     Mueller.       (Lucuma    prunifera, 

Bentham.) 

The  Australian  Cainito.  An  evergreen  tree,  sparingly  dispersed 
from  the  north  of  New  South  Wales  through  the  coast  forests  of 
Queensland.  The  fruit  is  of  a  plum-like  appearance  and  edible. 
Culture  is  likely  to  improve  its  quality. 

Nuphar  multisepalum,  Engelmann. 

Western  North  America.  This  Water  Lily  produces  nutritious 
seeds,  which  taste  like  Broom  Corn  and  are  used  locally  for  food, 
but  are  more  particularly  valuable  for  waterfowl.  Various  species 
of  NymplicKci  might  be  utilized  in  the  same  manner,  irrespective  of 
their  value  as  decorative  lake  or  pond  plants. 

Nyctanthes  arbor  tristis,  Linne. 

India,  up  to  Assam.  This  arborescent  shrub  may  be  grown  in  any 
moist  regions  free  of  frost,  for  the  exquisite  fragrance  of  its  flowers, 
from  which  essence  of  jasmin  can  be  obtained. 

Nyssa  aquatica,  Linne. 

North  America.  The  Tupelo.  This  large  deciduous  tree  can  be 
reared  in  pools  and  deep  swamps,  and  is  thus  well  adapted  for 
aquatic  scenery.  The  spongy  roots  of  this  species  serve  as  a  substi- 
tute for  cork  and  the  floats  of  nets. 

Nyssa  multiflora,  Wangenheim. 

Eastern  States  of  North  America,  where  it  is  called  the  Forest 
Tupelo  or  Black  Gum  Tree  (Dr.  Asa  Gray) ;  also  called  Sour  Gum 
Tree.  Attains  a  height  of  50  feet.  Suited  for  forest  soil ;  has 
horizontal  branches  and  a  "light,  flat  spray,  like  the  Beech."  Can 
be  propagated  from  cuttings.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  but  light  and 
almost  unwedgeable ;  it  serves  for  hubs  of  wheels,  pumps,  side- 
boards of  carts,  trays,  bowls,  dippers,  mortars,  wooden  shoes, 
hatters'  blocks,  and  various  turners'  work.  The  foliage  turns 
bright  crimson  in  autumn.  The  fruits  are  pleasantly  acidulous,  like 
those  of  N.  capitata  (Walter)  and  of  some  other  species,  and  often 
used  for  preserves. 

Nyssa  uniflora,  Walter. 

Eastern  States  of  North  America.  The  Swamp  Tupelo.  Wood 
soft,  that  of  the  roots  very  light  and  spongy,  thus  used  for  corks 
(Dr.  Asa  Gray).  A  shrub  or  only  small  tree.  The  mucilaginous 
fruits  are  edible. 

Ocimum  Basilicum,  Linne. 

The  Basil.     Warmer  parts  of  Asiaj^ttUJ^Jrica.     An  annual  herb, 
valuable  for  condiments  and  ggJ^ifce^^Sfe^eral  varieties  exist, 
o 


210  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

differing  considerably  in  their  scent.  A  crystalline  substance  is 
also  obtained  from  this  and  similar  species.  0.  canum  (Sims)  is 
closely  allied.  Valuable,  like  many  other  aromatic  Labiatae,  for 
bees. 

Ocimum  gratis simum,  Linne. 

Recorded  from  India,  the  South  Sea  Islands,  and  Brazil,  as 
indigenous.  Somewhat  shrubby.  This  is  also  a  scent  plant  like 
the  following,  and  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  genus.  0.  viride 
(Willd.)  from  tropical  Africa  seems  a  variety. 

Ocimum  sanctum,  Linne. 

Arabia,  India,  tropical  Australia.  A  perennial  herb.  The  odour 
of  the  variety  occurring  in  North  Australia  reminds  of  anise  ;  the 
smell  of  the  variety  growing  in  East  Australia  resembles  cloves. 
O.  tenuiflorum,  L.,  seems  to  be  another  variety.  Probably  other 
species,  cis-  as  well  as  trans- Atlantic,  can  be  used  like  Basil. 

Ocimum  suave,  Willdenow. 

East  Africa.     A  scrubby  species. 

Oenanthe  stolonifera,  Candolle. 

Japan,  China,  India.     This  swamp-herb  is  there  used  for  spinage. 

Olea  Europsea,  Linne.* 

The  Olive-tree.  From  South- Western  Asia ;  naturalized  in  the 
countries  around  the  Meditteranean  Sea.  A  tree  not  of  great 
height,  but  of  many  centuries  duration  and  of  unabating  fecundity. 
In  Corfu,  however,  it  grows  to  a  height  of  sometimes  60  feet,  and 
forms  beautiful  forests.  The  well-known  olive  oil  is  obtained  from 
the  fruit.  Certain  varieties  of  the  fruit,  preserved  in  vinegar  or 
salt-liquid  before  perfectly  ripe,  are  also  much  used  for  the  table. 
For  this  purpose  the  fruit  is  generally  macerated  previously  in 
water  containing  potash  and  lime.  The  gum-resiri  of  the  Olive- 
tree  contains  the  crystaline  olivil.  The  oil  of  the  drupaceous  fruit 
is  a  most  important  product  of  countries  with  a  temperate  climate. 
Its  chemical  constituents  are  :  30  per  cent,  crystalline  palmitin  ;  70 
per  cent,  olein,  through  which  olive  oil  belongs  to  those  kinds  which 
are  not  drying.  In  pressing,  the  kernels  must  not  be  crushed,  as 
then  a  disagreeable  taste  will  be  imparted  to  the  oil.  The  wild 
variety  of  the  olive  tree  has  usually  short  blunt  leaves  and  thorny 
branches.  Long-continued  droughts,  so  detrimental  to  most  plants, 
will  affect  the  olive  but  slightly.  It  thrives  best  on  a  free,  loamy, 
calcareous  soil,  even  should  it  be  strong  and  sandy,  but  it  dislikes 
stiff  clay.  Proximity  to  the  sea  is  favourable  to  it,  and  hill-sides 
are  more  eligible  for 'its  culture  than  plains.  The  ground  must  be 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  211 

deeply  trenched.  Manuring  with  well-decayed  substances  is 
requisite  annually,  or  every  second  or  third  year,  according  to  cir- . 
cumstances.  Irrigation  will  add  to  the  productiveness  of  the  plant. 
Mons.  Eiordet  distinguishes  three  main  varieties,  of  which  he 
recommends  two  :  1.  The  Cayon,  a  small-sized  tree,  which  comes 
into  bearing  after  three  or  four  years,  but  it  bears  fully  only  every 
second  year ;  its  oil  is  fine  with  some  aroma.  2.  The  Pendulier,  a 
larger  tree,  with  long  drooping  branches,  yielding  an  oil  of  first-rate 
quality.  Mons.  Reynaud,  '.'  Culture  de  FOlivier,"  separates  twelve 
varieties,  as  cultivated  in  France,  and  recommends  among  them  : 

1.  The  Courniau  or  Courniale,  also  called  Plante  de  Salon,  bearing 
most  prolifically  a  small   fruit  and  producing   an   excellent   oil. 

2.  The  Picholine,  which  by  pruning  its  top  branches  is  led  to  spread 
over  eight  yards  square  or  more.     It  is  of  weeping  habit,  yields  a 
good  oil  in  fair  quantity,  and  resists  well  the  attacks  of  insects. 

3.  The  Mouraou  or  Mourette,  a  large  tree  also  furnishing  oil  of  a 
very  fine  quality.     Olive  trees  require  judicious  pruning  immediately 
after  the  fruit  is  gathered,  when  the  sap  is  comparatively  at  rest. 
They  may  be  multiplied  from  seeds,  cuttings,  layers,  suckers,  trun- 
cheons, or  estacas  and  old  stumps,  the  latter  to  be  split.     They  can 
also  be  propagated  from  protuberances  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
which  can  be  sent  long  distances  (Boothby).     The  germination  of 
the  seeds  is  promoted  by  soaking  the  nutlets  in  a  solution  of  lime 
and  wood  ash.     The  seedlings  can  be  budded  or  grafted  after  a  few 
years.     Truncheons  or  estacas  may  be  from  one  to  many  feet  long 
and  from  one  inch  to  many  inches  thick  ;  they  are  placed  horizon- 
tally into  the  ground.     Olive  plantations  at  Grasse  are  worth  from 
.£200    to    £250   per   acre.     For   many   details   the   tract  on  the 
"  Culture  of  Olive  and  its  Utilization,"  issued  in  Melbourne  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Bleasdale,  should  be  consulted,   as  it  rests  largely  on  its 
author's  observations  during  a  long  stay  in  Portugal.     Also  the 
essay  of  Mr.  S.  Davenport  in  Adelaide. 

The  following  notes  are  derived  from  the  important  "  Tratado  del  Cul- 
tivo  del  Olivo  en  Espana,"  by  the  Chev.  Capt.  Jose  de  Hidalgo- 
Tablada  (second  edition,  Madrid,  1870).  The  Olive-tree  will  resist 
for  a  short  time  considerable  frost  ( — 15°  C.),  provided  that  the 
thawing  takes  place  under  fogs  or  mild  rain  (or  perhaps  under  a 
dense  smoke).  It  requires  for  ripening  its  fruit  about  one-third 
more  annual  warmth  than  the  vine.  The  Olive  zones  of  South 
Europe  and  North  Africa  are  between  18°  and  44°  north  latitude. 
An  elevation  of  about  550  feet  corresponds  in  Spain,  as  far  as  this 
culture  is  concerned  to  one  degree  further  north.  Olives  do  not 
grow  well  on  granite  soil.  The  fruit  produced  on  limestone  forma- 
tions is  of  the  best  quality.  Gypsum  promotes  the  growth  of  the 
tree.  An  equable  temperature  serves  best ;  thus  exposure  to 
prevailing  strong  winds  is  to  be  avoided.  The  winter  temperature 
should  not  fall  below— 7°  C.  The  quantity  of  oil  in  the  fruit  varies 


212  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

from  10  to  20  per  cent.  ;  sometimes  it  even  exceeds  the  latter 
proportion.  In  Provence  at  an  average  24  Ibs.  of  olive  oil  are 
consumed  by  each  individual  of  the  population  annually  in  Anda- 
lusia about  30  Ibs.  For  obtaining  the  largest  quantity  of  oil  the 
fruit  must  be  completely  ripe.  Hand-picked  olives  give  the  purest 
oil.  Knocking  the  fruit  from  the  branches  with  sticks  injures  the 
tree  and  lessens  its  productiveness  in  the  next  year.  Spain  alone 
produces  about  250,000,000  Ibs.  of  olive  oil  a  year. 

SPANISH    VARIETIES. 

A.  — Varieties  of  early  maturation,  for  colder  localities  : — 

1.  Yar.  pomiformis,  Clem. 

Manzanillo.  (French  :  Ampoulleau.)  Fruit  above  an  inch  in 
diameter,  spherical,  shining  black.  Putamen  broad  and  truncate. 

2.  Var.  regalis,  Clem. 

Sevillano.  (French :  Pruneau  de  Catignac. )  Fruit  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  ovate-spherical,  blunt,  bluish  black. 

3.  Var.  Bellotudo  or  Villotuda. 

Fruit  about  an  inch  long,  egg-shaped  ;  pericarp  outside  dark  red, 
inside  violet. 

4.  Var.  Redondillo. 

Fruit  ovate-spherical,  nearly  an  inch  long.  Pericarp  outside 
bluish  black,  inside  whitish.  A  rich  yielder. 

5.  Var.  ovalis,  Clem. 

Lechin,  Picholin,  Acquillo.  (French  :  Saurine.)  Fruit  broad- 
oval,  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long.  A  copious  yielder. 

6.  Var.  argentata,  Clem. 

Nevadillo  bianco  ;  Doncel  ;  Zorzalena  ;  Moradillo  ;  Ojiblanco  ; 
Olivo  lucio.  Fruit  broad-ovate,  an  inch  long,  very  blunt,  not 
oblique.  Quality  and-  quantity  of  oil  excellent. 

7.  Var.      Varal  bianco. 

(French  :  Blanquette.)  Fruit,  ovate,  globular,  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  neither  pointed  nor  oblique,  outside  blackish  red. 

8.  Var.  Empeltre. 

Fruit  ovate,  an  inch  long,  equable.  Rich  in  oil  of  excellent 
quality,  also  one  of  the  best  for  pickles.  Pericarp  outside  violet, 
inside  white. 

9.  Var.  Racimal. 

(French  :  Bouteillan,  Boutiniene,  Ribien,  Rapugette.)  Fruit 
violet  coloured,  globose-ovate,  about  an  inch  long  ;  neither  pointed 
nor  oblique.  Bears  regularly  also  on  less  fertile  soil,  and  is  one 
of  the  earliest  to  ripen. 

10.  Var.  Varal  negro. 

Alameno.  (French:  Cay  on,  Nasies.)  Fruit  violet-black,  spotted, 
globose-ovate,  nearly  an  inch  long,  somewhat  pointed.  Bears 
richly. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  213 

11.  Var.   Colchonuda. 

Fruit  spheric,  outside  red,  inside  white,  one  inch  in  diameter, 
slightly  pointed.  Produces  a  large  quantity  of  good  oil. 

12.  Var.   Ojillo  de  Liebre. 

Ojo  de  Liebre.  Fruit  nearly  spherical,  outside  violet-black,  about 
one  inch  long,  somewhat  oblique.  One  of  the  less  early  varieties. 

1 3.  Var.   Carrasquena. 

(French :  Redouan  de  Cotignat.)  Fruit  black-red,  almost  spherical 
about  an  inch  long.  Valuable  both  for  oil  and  preserves,  but 
liable  to  be  attacked  by  various  insects. 

14.  Var.  Hispalensis^  Clem. 

Gordal ;  Ocal ;  Olivo  real.  Fruit  black-grey,  oblique,  spherical, 
slightly  oblique,  about  an  inch.  Rather  a  large  and  quick-growing 
tree.  Fruit  used  in  the  green  state  for  preserves,  not  used  for  table 
oil. 

15.  Var.  Verdego. 

Verdial.  (French:  Verdal,  Verdan.)  Fruit  black-violet,  oblique- 
spheric,  pointed,  about  one  inch  long.  Furnishes  good  oil,  and 
resists  the  cold  best  of  all. 

B. — Varieties  of  late  maturition,  for  warmer  localities  : — 

16.  Var.  maxima,  Clem. 

Madrileiio ;  Olivo  morcal.  Fruit  over  an  inch  long,  cordate- 
globose,  strongly  pointed.  Less  valuable  for  oil  than  for 
preserves. 

17.  Var.  rostrata,  Clem. 

Cornicabra.  (French  :  Cournaud,  Corniaud,  Courgnale,  PL  de 
Solon,  PL  de  la  Fane ;  Cay  on  Rapunier,  Grasse.)  Strong  and 
tall,  less  tender.  Fruit  blackish-red,  over  an  inch  long,  oval, 
much  pointed.  Good  for  oil. 

18.  Var.  ceratocarpa,  Clem. 

Cornezuelo.  (French  :  Odorant,  Luquoise,  Luques.)  Fruit  fully 
an  inch  long,  oval,  pointed. 

19.  Var.  Javaluno. 

Fruit  black-grey,  over  an  inch  long,  egg-shaped,  somewhat  oblique, 
gradually  pointed.  Rich  in  good  oil ;  can  also  be  chosen  for 
preserves  ;  much  subject  to  attacks  of  insects. 

20.  Var.  Picudo. 

Fetudilla.  Fruit  fully  an  inch  long,  egg-shaped,  blunt  at  the 
base,  pointed  at  the  apex,  with  black-grey  pulp.  Pericarp  easily 
separable.  Employed  both  for  oil  and  preserves. 

21.  Var.  Nevadillo  negro. 

Fruit  egg-shaped,  fully  an  inch  long,  with  turned  pointed  apex, 
One  of  the  richest  of  all  varieties  in  yield.  Endures  considerable 
cold  and  ripens  not  quite  late. 

All  these  Spanish  varieties  show  rather  long,  lanceolate  leaves,  of 
more  or  less  width. 


214  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

FRENCH    VARIETIES. 

(Some  verging  into  the  Spanish  kinds.) 

22.  Var.  angulosa,  Gouan. 
Galliningue,  Laurine.     For  preserves. 

23.  Var.  Rouget. 

Marvailletta.     Produces  a  fine  oil. 

24.  Var.  atrorubens,  Gouan. 

Salierne,  Saverne.     Fruit  dusted  white.     Furnishes  one  of  the 
best  of  oils. 

25.  Var.  variegata,  Gouan. 

Marbree,  Pigale,  Pigau.     Purple  fruit,  with  white  spots. 

26.  Var.  Le  Palma. 

Oil  very  sweet,  but  not  largely  produced. 

27.  Var.  atrovirens,  Ros. 

Pointue,  Punchuda.     Fruit  large,  with  good  oil. 

28.  Var.  rubicans,  Ros. 

Rougette.     Putamen  small.     Yield  annual  and  large. 

29.  Var.  alba,  Ros. 

Olive  blanche,  Blancane,  Vierge.     This,  with  may  others  omitted 
on  this  occasion,  is  an  inferior  variety. 

30.  Var.  Caillet  rouge. 

Figanier.     Small  tree.     Fruit  large,  red.    Oil  good  and  produced 
in  quantity. 

31.  Var.  Caillet  Uanc. 

Fruit  almost  white,  produced  annually  and  copiously,  yielding  a 
rather  superior  oil. 

32.  Var.  Ray  met. 

Fruit  large,  reddish.     Oil  copious  and  fine.     This  variety  prefers 
flat  country. 

33.  Var.  Cotignac. 

Pardigniere.    Fruit  middle-sized,  blunt.    Oil  obtained  in  quantity 
and  of  excellent  quality.     This  wants  much  pruning. 

34.  Var.  Bermillaon. 

Vermilion.     Yields  also  table-oil  and  resists  cold  well. 
Many  other  apparently  desirable  varieties  occur,  among  which  the 
Italian  Oliva  d'Ogni  Mese  may  be  mentioned,  which  ripens  fruit 
several  times  in  the  year,  and  furnishes  a  pleasant  oil  and  also 
berries  for  preserves. 

Oncosperma  fasciculatum,  Thwaites. 

C  eylon.    This  Palm  ascends  there  to  5,000  feet.    The  very  slender 
but  prickly  stem  attains  a  height  of  50  feet. 

Onobrychis  sativa,  Lamarck.* 

The  Sainfoin,   or   Esparsette,   or    Cock's-head  Plant.      South   and 
Middle   Europe,  Middle  Asia.      A  deep-rooting  perennial  fodder 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  215 

herb,  fond  of  marly  soil,  and  living  in  dry  localities.  It  is  thus 
well  adapted  also  for  the  limestone  formation  of  the  lower 
Murray  River.  It  prepares  dry  calcareous  soil  for  cereal  culture. 
Stagnant  underground  humidity  is  fatal  to  this  plant.  It  prospers 
still  where  Red  Clover  and  Lucerne  no  longer  succeed.  Sheep 
cannot  be  turned  out  so  well  on  young  Sainfoin  fields  as  cattle. 
The  hay  is  superior  even  to  that  of  Lucerne  and  Clover.  The 
plant  will  hold  out  from  five  to  seven  years  (Langethal).  It  yields 
much  honey  for  bees.  .  , 

Onosma  Emodi,  Bentham.     ( Maharanya  Emodi,  A.  de  Candolle.) 

Nepal.  The  root,  like  that  of  the  Canna  tinctoria,  produces  a  red 
dye. 

Opuntia  coccinellifera,  Miller. 

Mexico  and  West  India.  The  Cochineal  Cactus.  On  this  and  0. 
Tuna,  O.  Hernandezii,  and  perhaps  a  few  others,  subsists  the 
Coccus,  which  offers  the  costly  cochineal  dye.  Three  gatherings 
can  be  effected  in  the  year.  About  1,200  tons  used  to  be  imported 
annually  into  Britain  alone,  and  a  good  deal  also  to  other  countries, 
valued  at  about  .£400  for  the  ton.  The  precious  carmin  pigment 
is  prepared  from  cochineal.  Different  Cochineal  Opuntias  occurs 
also  in  Argentina.  Some  species  of  Opuntia  will  endure  a  tem- 
perature of  14°  F.  One  even  advances  to  50°  north  latitude  in 
Canada.  Mr.  Dickinson,  of  Port  Arlington,  Victoria,  observes 
that  many  species  are  hardy  in  his  neighbourhood,  growing  even  in 
sand,  overtopping  by  10  feet  the  Leptospermum  Ia3vigatum  and 
breaking  it  down  by  their  great  weight  within  a  few  yards  of  the 
sea. 

Opuntia  Dillenii,  Candolle. 

Central  America.  A  Tuna-like  Cactus,  serving  for  uninflammable 
hedges,  and  perhaps  also  for  the  rearing  of  the  Coccus  Cacti.  It  is 
particularly  eligible  for  barren  land. 

Opuntia  elatior,  Miller. 

Central  America.     A  hedge  plant  with  formidable  thorns. 

Opuntia  Ficus  Indica,  Miller. 

Called  inaptly,  with  other  congeners,  Indian  Fig.  Central 
America,  north  as  far  as  Florida.  Serves  for  hedges.  Pulp  of 
fruit  edible. 

Opuntia  Hernandezii,  Candolle. 

Mexico.     Affords  also  food  for  the  Coccus  Cacti. 


216  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Opuntia  Missouriensis,  Candolle. 

From  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico.  Professor  Meehan.  found  this 
Cactus  covered  with  the  Cochineal  Coccus,  and  points  to  the 
fact  that  this  insect  will  live  through  the  intense  cold  which 
characterises  the  rocky  mountains  of  the  Colorado  regions. 

Opuntia  Rafinesquii,  Engelmann. 

North  America.  The  most  northern  of  all  species,  extending  to 
Lake  Michigan. 

Opuntia  spinosissima,  Miller. 

Mexico  and  West  India.  Stem  columnar  with  pendant  branches. 
Also  a  good  hedge  plant.  Harding  recommends  for  hedges,  besides 
these  species,  O.  maxima,  Miller,  as  the  most  repellent. 

Opuntia  Tuna,  Miller. 

West  India,  Ecuador,  New  Granada,  Mexico.  Irrespective  of  its 
value  as  the  principal  cochineal  plant,  this  Cactus  is  also  of  use  for 
hedges.  It  will  attain  a  height  of  20  feet.  The  pulp  of  the 
fruit  is  edible.  With  the  other  species  hardy  on  the  south  coast  of 
Australia. 

Opuntia  vulgaris,  Miller. 

Central  America,  northward  to  Georgia,  southward  to  Peru. 
Adapted  for  hedges,  and,  like  the  rest,  not  inflammable,  thus  par- 
ticularly valuable  along  railway  lines.  The  fruit  almost  smooth, 
eatable.  A  dye  can  also  be  prepared  from  its  pulp  and  that  of 
allied  species.  Numerous  other  species  are  industrially  eligible  for 
hedging  purposes. 

Oreodoxa  frigida,  Humboldt. 

Central  America,  ascending  the  Andes  to  8,500  feet.  This  dwarf 
slender  Palm  may  be  chosen  for  domestic  decoration. 

Oreodoxa  oleracea,  Martins. 

West  India,  up  to  nearly  5,000  feet  elevation.  One  of  the  most 
rapid  growing  of  Palms.  In  highly  manured  moist  ground  the- 
Palm-cabbage,  which  in  this  species  is  of  exquisite  nut-flavour,  can 
l>e  obtained  already  in  two  years  (Imray ;  Jenman). 

Oreodoxa  regia,  Humboldt. 

West  India.  This  noble  Palm  attains  a  height  of  60  feet.  It 
has  proved  hardy  in  Southern  Brazil.  The  stem  is  thickened  at 
the  middle,  and  from  it,  like  from  the  much  taller  0.  oleracea 
(Martius),  starch  can  be  obtained. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  217 

Origanum  Dictamnus,  Linne. 

Candia.  Like  the  following,  a  scent  plant  of  somewhat  shrubby 
growth. 

Origanum  Major  ana,  Linne. 

North  Africa,  Middle  Asia,  Arabia.  A  perennial  herb,  used  for 
condiments,  also  for  the  distillation  of  its  essential  oil. 

Origanum  Maru,  Linne. 

Palestine.     Perennial  and  very  odorous. 

Origanum  Onites,  Linne. 

Countries  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Somewhat  shrubby  and 
strongly  scented. 

Origanum  vulgare,  Linne, 

The  ordinary  Marjoram.  All  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and 
Middle  Asia.  A  scented  herb  of  perennial  growth,  containing  a 
peculiar  volatile  oil.  It  prefers  limestone  soil.  Of  importance 
also  as  a  honey  plant.  O.  hirtum  (Link.),  O.  virens  (Hoff- 
mannsegg),  and  O.  normale  (D.  Don)  are  closely  allied  plants  of 
similar  use.  Several  other  Marjorams,  chiefly  Mediterranean,  are 
of  value. 

Ornithopus  sativus,  Brotero. 

South  Europe  and  North  Africa.  The  Seratella  or  Serradella.  An 
annual  herb,  larger  than  the  ordinary  Bird's-foot  Clover.  It  is 
valuable  as  a  fodder  plant  on  sterile  soil.  It  requires,  like  the 
smaller  0.  perpusillus,  no  lime,  but  improves  in  growth  on  gypsum 
land.  It  thrives  better  on  sandy  soil  than  on  lime  soil,  according 
to  Langethal.  A  good  honey-plant. 

Oryza  latifolia,  Humboldt  and  Bonplaud. 

Central  America.  This  species  is  said  to  be  perennial  and  to  attain 
a  height  of  18  feet.  It  deserves  trial  culture,  and  may  prove  a 
good  fodder  grass  on  wet  land  in  warm  localities.  0.  perennis 
(Moench)  seems  closely  allied. 

Oryza  sativa,  Linne.* 

The  Hice  Plant.  South  Asia  and  North  Australia.  Annual  like 
most  cereals.  The  many  rivulets  in  our  ranges  afford  ample  oppor- 
tunities for  irrigating  rice-fields  ;  but  these  can  be  formed  with  full 
advantage  only  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Colony  where  rice  will 
ripen  as  well  as  in  Italy,  China,  or  the  Southern  States  of  the 
American  Union.  Among  the  numerous  varieties  of  Indian  rice 
may  be  noted  as  prominent  sorts  :  The  Early  Rice,  which  ripens  in 


218  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

four  months  and  is  not  injured  by  saline  inundations.  The  hardier 
Mountain  Rice,  which  can  be  raised  on  comparatively  dry  ground 
and  which  actually  perishes  under  lengthened  inundation,  but  which  is 
less  productive.  The  Gl  utinous  Rice,  which  succeeds  as  well  in  wet  as  in 
almost  dry  places  and  produces  black  or  reddish  grains.  In  the  rich 
plains  of  Lombardy,  irrigated  from  the  Alps,  the  average  crop  is 
estimated  at  forty-eight  bushels  for  the  acre  annually.  According 
to  General  Capron  the  average  yield  in  Japan  is  fifty  bushels  per 
acre.  The  spirit  distilled  from  rice  and  molasses  is  known  as 
arrack.  Rice-beer,  known  as  "  Sake,"  is  extensively  brewed  in 
Japan,  and  the  principal  beverage  used  by  the  inhabitants.  Rice- 
starch  is  now  consumed  in  enormous  quantities,  particularly  in 
Britain.  Rice-sugar,  called  "  Ame"  in  Japan,  constitutes  there  a 
kind  of  confectionery. 

Osmanthus  fragrans,  Loureiro. 

China  and  Japan.  The  flowers  of  this  bush  serve  for  oil  distilla- 
tion like  those  of  the  Jasmine.  The  scent  of  one  plant  will  perfume 
a  whole  conservatory  (G.  W.  Johnson). 

Osmitopsis  asteriscoides,  Cassini. 

South  Africa.  A  camphor-scented  shrub  much  in  use  there  for 
medicinal  purposes  (Dr.  Pappe). 

Ostrya  carpinifolia,  Scopoli. 

South  Europe  and  Orient.  The  Hop  Hornbeam.  A  deciduous  tree, 
60  feet  high. 

Ostrya  Virginica,  Willdenow. 

Lever-wood  Tree  of  North  America,  also  called  Iron-wood,  40  feet 
high,  in  rich  woodlands.  Wood  singularly  hard,  close-grained,  and 
heavy,  in  use  for  levers,  mallets,  wedges  and  other  implements  for 
mill-cogs,  wheels,  etc.  Cattle  browse  on  the  foliage.  The  growth 
of  the  tree  is  very  slow. 

Osyris  compressa,  A.  de  Candolle. 

South  Africa.  One  of  the  most  valuable  tans  for  finer  leathers  is 
provided  there  by  the  leaves  and  young  twigs  of  this  shrub  or 
small  tree. 

Oxalis  crassicaulis,  Zuccarini. 

Peru.  This  seems  one  of  the  best  of  those  Wood  Sorrels  which 
yield  a  tuberous  edible  root  Amongst  others,  O.  tuberosa  (Mol.) 
and  O.  succulenta  (Barn.)  from  Chili,  as  well  as  O.  carnosa  (Mol.) 
and  O.  conorrhiza  (Jacq.)  from  Paraguay,  might  be  tried  for  their 
tubers. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  219 

Oxalis  esculenta,  Otto  and  Dietrich. 

Spurious  aracacha.  Mexico,  there  with  O.  tetraphylla  (Cavanilles^ 
0.  Deppei  (Loddiges),  O.  violacea  (Linne),  and  several  others, 
producing  tuberous,  starchy,  wholesome  roots  ;  the  first-mentioned 
gives  the  largest  yield.  Propogated  by  sub-division  of  the  root 
stock.  It  requires  a  deep,  rich,  moist  soil.  As  similarly  useful 
may  be  mentioned  among  many  others,  0.  crenata  (Jacquin)  from 
Chili  and  O.  enneaphylla  (Cavanilles)  from  the  Falkland  Islands 
and  Magelhaen's  Straits.  • 

Oxytenanthera  Thwaitesii,  Munro. 

Ceylon,  on  mountains  from  4,000  to  6,000  feet  high.  A  dwarf 
but  handsome  bamboo,  reaching  only  a  height  of  12  feet. 

Oxytropis  pilosa,  Candolle.     (Astragalus  pilosus,  Linne.) 

Europe,  West  Asia.  This  perennial  plant  furnishes  fair  pasture 
herbage  ;  it  is  deep-rooted,  content  with  almost  absolute  sand  ;  the 
numerous  other  species — twenty-four  alone  enumerated  as  Oriental 
by  Boissier — should  be  tested.  All  these  plants  might  be  classed  as 
Astragals.  They  are  mostly  content  with  poor  soil. 

Pachyma  Cocos,  Fries. 

North  America  and  East  Asia.    The  hard  Tuckahoe  Truffle. 

Pachyma  Hoelen,  Fries. 

China.  This  large  Truffle  occurs  particularly  in  the  province  of 
Souchong.  Flavour  most  agreeable. 

Pachyrrhizus  angulatus,  Richard. 

From  Central  America,  rendered  spontaneous  in  many  tropical 
countries.  A  climber,  the  horizontal  starchy  roots  of  which  attain 
a  length  of  8  feet  and  a  thickness  of  many  inches.  Dr.  Peckolt 
records  tubers  of  seventy  pounds  weight.  They  keep  in  dry  ground 
for  five  years,  but  such  are  then  available  only  for  starch,  whereas 
annual  tubers  are  the  most  palatable  and  yield  6 -7  per  cent,  starch. 
It  requires  rich  soil.  The  root  is  edible,  though  inferior  to  Yam. 
From  the  stems  a  tough  fibre  is  obtained.  The  plant  proved  hardy 
at  Sydney. 

Paliurus  ramosissimus,  Poiret.     (P.  Aubletia,  Schultes.) 

China  and  Japan.  A  thorny  tree,  which  could  be  utilized  for 
hedging. 

Paliurus  Spina  Christi,  Miller.     (P.  aculeatus,  Lambert.) 

The  Christ  Thorn.  From  the  Mediterranean  Sea  to  Nepaul.  A 
deciduous  bush  or  finally  tree,  which  can  be  trimmed  into  hedges. 


220  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Pandanus  furcatus,  Roxburgh. 

This  Screw-Pine  occurs  in  India,  up  to  heights  of  4,000  feet, 
according  to  Mr.  S.  Kurz  ;  hence  it  will  likely  bear  a  temperate 
clime,  and  give  us  a  stately  plant  for  scenic  group-planting.  P. 
pedunculatus  (R  Br.)  occurs  in  East  Australia  as  far  south  as  32°, 
and  an  allied  tall  species  (P.  Forsteri,  Moore  and  Mueller) 
luxuriates  in  Howe's  Island. 

Panicum  altissimum,  Meyer.     (P.  elatiut,  Kunth.) 

From  Mexico  to  Brazil.  An  almost  woody  species  of  arborescent 
habit,  attaining  a  height  of  30  feet.  Panicles  up  to  a  foot  and  a  half 
long.  Evidently  desirable  for  naturalization. 

Panicum  amarum,  Elliot. 

North  America.  A  perennial  species,  fit  to  be  grown  on  drifting 
coast  sand. 

Panicum  atro-virens,  Trinius.     (Isachne  Australia,  R  Brown.) 

South  Asia,  East  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  A  perennial  grass, 
not  large,  but  of  tender  nutritive  blade,  particularly  fitted  for  moist 
valleys  and  woodlands. 

Panicum  barbinode,  Trinius. 

Brazil.     Valuable  as  a  fodder  grass. 

Panicum  brizanthum,  Hochstetter. 

From  Abyssinia  to  Nepal.     A  large-grained  perennial  Millet  Grass. 

Panicum  coenicolum,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Extra-tropic  Australia.  Valuable  as  an  enduring  grass  for  moist 
meadows. 

Panicum  compositum,  Linne. 

South  Asia,  East  Australia,  Polynesia,  New  Zealand.  The  growth 
of  this  soft-bladed  and  prolific  grass  should  be  encouraged  in  forest 
ground. 

Panicum  Crus  Galli,  Linne. 

The  Barnyard  or  Cockshin  Grass.  Occurring  now  in  all  warm 
countries,  but  probably  of  Oriental  origin,  as  it  seems  not  recorded 
in  our  ancient  classic  literature.  A  rich  but  annual  grass  of  ready 
spontaneous  dispersion,  particularly  along  sandy  river  banks,  also 
around  stagnant  water.  P.  colonum,  L.,  and  P.  Crus  Corvi,  L., 
are  varieties  of  it.  Regarded  by  R.  Brown  as  indigenous  in  Eastern 
and  Northern  Australia,  where  many  other  excellent  fodder  species 
occur,  some  perennial.  It  will  succeed  also  on  somewhat  saline 
soil,  particularly  on  brackish  watercourses,  also  in  moor  land. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  221 

Panicum  decompositum,  R.  Brown.     (P.  Icevinode,  Lindley.) 

The  Australian  Millet.  One  of  the  most  spacious  of  Australian 
nutritious  grasses.  The  aborigines  convert  the  small  millet-like 
grains  into  cakes.  This  grass  will  thrive  on  poor  soil.  Hardly 
different  from  the  North  American  P.  capillare,  L.,  except  in 
perennial  roots.  The  allied  P.  trachyrrhachis,  Bentham,  from 
North  and  East  Australia,  consitutes  also  a  very  good  fodder 
grass.  Of  similar  value  the  exclusively  Australian  P.  effusum, 
R.  Br. 

Panicum  divaricatissimum,  ]J.  Brown. 

Australia,  particularly  in  the  warmer  inland  regions.  A  good 
perennial  grass,  of  easy  growth  on  poor  soil. 

Panicum  divaricatum,  Linne. 

P.  bambusoides,  Hamilton.  Central  and  South  America.  A  grass 
of  a  scandent  habit,  ascending  high  up  in  trees ;  desirable  for 
naturalization  in  forests. 

Panicum  flavidum,  Retzius. 

South  Asia,  tropical  and  Eastern  sub-tropical  Australia.  According 
to  Mr.  Bailey  a  prolific  seed-bearer,  mostly  prostrated  by  the  weight 
of  the  seeds. 

Panicum  fluitans,  Retzius. 

Tropical  Asia  and  Africa.  This  perennial  grass,  like  P.  spinescens 
(R.  Brown),  of  East  Australia,  ought  to  be  naturalized  along  lakes, 
lagoons,  and  rivers,  particularly  for  the  benefit  of  waterfowl. 

Panicum  folio  sum,  R.  Brown. 

India,  East  Australia.  Perennial.  Mr.  Bailey  finds  this  to  be 
one  of  the  best  grasses  for  river  bankg. 

Panicum  frumentaceum,  Roxburgh. 

The  Shamalo  or  Deccan  Grass.  Probably  introduced  from  tropical 
Africa  into  South  Asia.  It  serves  as  a  fodder  grass  and  produces 
also  a  kind  of  millet.  The  grain  much  recommended  by  Mr.  C.  B. 
Taylor  for  culinary  purposes. 

Panicum  Italicum,  Linne.* 

This  grass,  notwithstanding  its  specific  name,  is  of  Indian  origin, 
ascending  the  Himalayas  to  6,500  feet.  It  is  annual  and  worthy 
to  be  cultivated  as  a  tender  green  fodder,  attaining  a  height  of  5 
feet.  It  keeps  weeds  down.  Yields  early  in  the  season  a  heavy 
crop  of  excellent  hay,  which  dries  easily  (C.  Mohr).  The  abun- 
dantly-produced grain  is  not  only  one  of  the  best  for  poultry,  but 


222  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

that  of  some  varieties  can  also  be  utilized  as  millet.  Considered  by 
many  a  delicious  grain  for  cakes  and  porridge.  The  Brahmins  hold 
it  in  higher  esteem  than  any  other  grain  (Dr.  Ainslie).  G.  Per- 
manicum,  Roth.,  is  a  form  of  this  species.  Allied  is  also  the  West 
Indian  Setaria  magna  (Grisebach),  which  attains  a  height  of  10 
feet  on  margins  of  lagoons,  and  Panicum  macrostachyum  (Nees)  of 
East  Australia,  South  Asia,  and  Tropical  America. 

Panicum  Koenigii,  Sprengel.  (P.  Helopus,  Trin.) 
India.     A  good  fodder  grass. 

Panicum  latissimum,  Mikan. 

Brazil.  A  highly  ornamental  grass.  Leaves  extremely  broad,  but 
hard  ;  panicle  very  rich. 

Panicum  maximum,  Jacquin.*     (P.  jumentorum,  Persoon.) 

The  Guinea  Grass.  Tropical  Africa  ;  elsewhere  not  indigenous. 
This  perennial  grass  attains  a  height  of  8  feet.  It  is  highly  nutri- 
tious and  quite  adapted  for  the  warmer  temperate  zone,  hardly  as 
far  south  as  Buenos  Ayres.  In  Jamaica  it  is  the  principal  fodder 
grass  up  to  elevations  of  5,000  feet,  springing  up  over  wide  tracts  of 
country,  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else.  It  forms  large 
bunches,  which  when  cut  young  supply  a  particularly  sweet  and 
tender  hay  ;  throws  out  numerous  stolons ;  can  be  mown  every  six 
weeks  ;  the  roots  can  be  protected  in  the  ground  against  light 
frosts  by  a  thin  covering  with  soil.  A  favourite  grass  in  tropical 
countries  for  stall  fodder.  It  is  necessary  to  guard  against  over- 
feeding with  this  grass  solely.  Succeeds  even  on  poor  clay  soil  and 
on  sea-sand. 

Panicum  miliaceum,  Linne.*     (P.  miliare,  Lam.) 

The  true  Millet.  South  Asia,  ascending  the  Himalayas  to  11,000 
feet,  North  Australia,  but  cultivated  in  Southern  Europe  so  early 
as  Hippocrates'  and  Theophrastos'  time.  Annual,  attaining  a  height 
of  4  feet.  Several  varieties  occur,  one  with  black  grains.  They 
all  need  a  rich  but  friable  soil.  It  is  one  of  the  best  of  all  grains 
for  poultry,  but  furnishes  also  a  palatable  and  nutritious  table  food. 
It  ripens  still  in  Middle  Europe. 

Panicum  molle,  Swartz.*     (P.  sarmentosum,  Roxburgh.) 

Warmer  parts  of  America,  Africa,  and  Asia.  The  Para  Grass.  A 
perennial,  very  fattening  pasture  grass,  of  luxuriant  growth,  attain- 
ing a  height  of  6  feet  (Grisebach).  It  is  hardy  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope, 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  223 

Panicum  Myurus,  Lamarck. 

Tropical  Asia  and  America,  North-East  Australia.  A  perennial 
aquatic  grass,  with  broad-bladed  foliage,  fit  for  ditches  and 
swamps.  Regarded  as  very  palatable  and  nutritious  to  stock  by 
Mr.  Bailey. 

Panicum  obtusum,  Humboldt.* 

The  Mosquito  or  Mezquite  Grass  of  Mexico.  Perennial ;  nutri- 
tious. 

Panicum  parviflorum,  R.  Brown. 

East  Australia.  On  dry  hills  ;  a  fine  pasture  grass,  while  P.  bicolor 
and  P.  marginatum  (R.  Br.)  are  likewise  enumerated  by  Mr. 
Bailey  among  the  nutritious  grasses  of  East  Australia. 

Panicum  pilosum,  Swartz. 

Tropical  America.     A  perennial  fodder  grass. 

Panicum  prolutum,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

South-East  Australia.  Flourishes  in  the  hottest  weather  ;  bears  a 
large  panicle  of  seed. 

Panicum  pro-stratum,  Lamarck.     (P.  setigerum,  Retz.) 

Egypt,  South  Asia,  North  Australia,  perhaps  also  indigenous  to 
tropical  America.  Perennial.  Recommendable  for  pastures. 

Panicum  pygmseum,  R.  Brown. 

East  Australia.  Forms  a  soft,  thick,  carpet-like  verdure  in  forest 
shade  (Bailey). 

Panicum  rep  ens,  Linne. 

On  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  also  in  South  Asia  and  North  Austra- 
lia. Regarded  by  the  Cingalese  as  a  good  fodder  grass.  It  is 
perennial  and  well  suited  for  naturalization  on  moist  soil  or  river 
banks  or  swamps. 

Panicum  sanguinale,  Linne. 

From  south  Europe  and  Southern  Asia,  spread  through  all 
countries  with  a  warm  climate,  but  apparently  also  indigenous  in 
East  Australia.  It  readily  disseminates  itself  on  barren  ground, 
and  is  likely  to  add  to  the  value  of  desert  pastures,  although  it  is 
annual.  Stock  relish  this  grass.  P.  ciliare  (L.)  and  P.  glabrum 
(Gaudin)  are  allied  species. 


224  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Panicum  semialatum,  R  Brown. 

Warmer  regions  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia.  A  superior  tall 
pasture  grass,  of  easy  dispersion  in  warm  humid  localities. 

Panicum  spectabile,  Nees.* 

The  Coapim  of  Angola.  From  West  Africa  transferred  to  many 
other  tropical  countries.  A  rather  succulent,  very  fattening  grass, 
attaining  a  height  of  about  4  feet.  It  may  be  assumed  that 
hitherto  about  300  well-defined  species  of  Panicum  are  known, 
chiefly  tropical  and  sub-tropical,  thus  very  few  extending  naturally 
to  Europe  or  the  United  States  of  North  America,  or  Japan,  or 
the  southern  part  of  Australia.  Though  mostly  from  the  hot 
zones,  these  grasses  endure  in  many  instances  a  cooler  clime,  and 
some  of  them  would  prove  great  acquisitions,  particularly  the 
perennial  species.  Numerous  good  kinds  occur  in  Queensland  and 
tf  orth  Australia  spontaneously.  Panicum  is  the  genus  richest  in 
species  among  grasses. 

Panicum  striatum,  Lamarck.     (P.  Gibbum,  Elliot.) 

Southern  North  America,  West  India,  and  Guiana.  A  perrenial 
grass  for  swampy  localities,  valuable  for  pastoral  purposes,  accord- 
ing to  C.  Mohr,  who  mentions  also  P.  anceps,  L.,  and  P.  triaiis, 
Elliot,  as  good  fodder  grasses. 

Panicum  terniflorum,  R.  Brown.     (Paspalum  brevifolium,  Fluegge.) 
South  Asia  and  East  Australia.     It  has  a  running  stem  and  forms 
a  good  bottom  as  a  pasture  grass.  (Bailey). 

Panicum  turgidum,  Forskael. 

Egypt,  where  this  millet  yields  a  bread  grain. 

Panicum  virgatum,  Linne. 

North  America,  South  Asia,  and  North  Australia.  A  tall 
perennial  species,  with  a  wide,  nutricious  panicle.  The  foliage  good 
for  fodder  when  young. 

Papaver  somniferum,  Linne".* 

The  Opium  Poppy.  Orient.  The  capsules  of  this  tall  annual,  so 
showy  for  its  flowers,  are  used  for  medicinal  purposes  ;  from  the 
minute  but  exceedingly  numerous  seeds,  oil  of  a  harmless  and  most 
palatable  kind  can  be  pressed  remuneratively  ;  but  a  still  more 
important  use  of  the  plant  is  that  for  the  preparation  of  opium. 
Both  the  black  and  pale  seeded  varieties  can  be  used  for  the  pro- 
duction of  opium.  The  return  of  poppy  culture,  whether  for  opium 
or  for  oil,  is  within  a  few  months.  Milder  and  somewhat  humid 
open  forest  tracks  proved  most  productive  for  obtaining  opium  from 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  225 

this  plant ;  but  it  can  be  reared  also  in  colder  localities,  good  opium 
rich  in  morphia  haying  even  been  obtained  in  Middle  Europe  and  the 
Northern  United  States,  the  summers  there  being  sufficiently  long 
to  ripen  the  poppy  with  a  well-elaborated  sap.  The  morphia  con- 
tents in  opium  from  Gippsland  were  at  an  average  somewhat  over 
10  per  cent.  Opium  was  prepared  in  the  Melbourne  Botanic 
Gardens  for  the  Exhibition  of  1866;  but  particularly  Mr.  J.  Bosisto 
and  Mr.  J.  Hood  have  given  to  this  branch  of  rural  industry  there 
commercial  dimensions.  .The  Smyrna  variety  is  particularly 
desirable  for  opium  ;  it  enables  the  cultivator  to  get  from  40  Ibs.  to 
75  Ibs.  of  opium  from  an  acre,  generally  worth  30s.  to  35s.  per 
pound.  The  ground  for  poppy  culture  must  be  naturally  rich  or 
otherwise  be  well  manured ;  dressing  with  ashes  increases  the 
fecundity  of  the  plant.  The  seed,  about  9  Ibs.  to  an  acre,  is  gener- 
ally sown  broadcast  mixed  with  sand.  In  the  most  favourable 
places  as  many  as  three  crops  are  obtained  during  a  season.  The 
collecting  of  the  opium,  which  consists  merely  of  the  indurating 
sap  of  the  seed-vessels,  is  commenced  a  few  days  after  the  lapse  of 
the  petals.  Superficial  horizontal  or  diagonal  incisions  are  made 
into  the  capsules  as  they  successively  advance  to  maturity.  This 
operation  is  best  performed  in  the  afternoons  and  evenings,  and 
requires  no  laborious  toil.  The  milky  opium  sap  thus  directed  out- 
wards is  scraped  off  next  morning  into  a  shallow  cup  and  allowed 
to  dry  on  a  place  away  from  sunlight ;  it  may  also  be  placed  on 
poppy  leaves.  From  one  to  six  successive  incisions  are  made  to 
exhaust  the  sap,  according  to  season,  particular  locality,  or  the 
knife-like  instrument  employed.  In  the  Department  of  Somme 
(France)  alone  opium  to  the  value  of  £70,000  annually  is  produced 
and  poppy  seed  to  the  value  of  £170,000.  Australian  seasons  as  a 
rule  are  favourable  for  collecting  opium,  and  thus  this  culture  is  here 
rendered  less  precarious  than  in  many  other  countries.  Our  opium 
has  proved  as  good  as  the  best  Smyrna  kinds.  The  petals  are  dried 
for  packing  the  opium.  The  main  value  of  opium  depends  on  its 
contents  of  morphia,  for  which  the  genus  Papaver  as  far  as  hitherto 
known,  remains  the  sole  source.  But  not  less  than  fourteen  alkaloids 
have  been  revealed  in  opium  by  the  progressive  strides  of  organic 
chemistry  :  Codein,  metamorphin,  morphia  or  morphin,  narcein, 
narcotin,  opiahin,  papaverin,  porphyroxin,  xanthopin,  meconidin, 
codamin,  laudanin,  pseudo-morphin,  and  thebain.  It  contains 
besides  an  indifferent  bitter  principle  :  meconin  and  meconic  acid 
(vide  "Wittstein's  Chemische  Analyse  von  Pflanzentheilen,"  my 
edit.,  p.  163).  Various  species  of  Papaver  produce  more  or  less 
opium  and  morphia. 

Pappea  Capensis,  Ecklon  and  Zeyher. 

South  Africa.      The  fruit  of  this  tree  is  of  the  size  of  a  cherry, 
savoury  and  edible. 


226  SELECT  PLANTS  FOB  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

Pappophorum  commune,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  continent  of  Australia,  also  in.  some 
parts  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Perennial ;  regarded  as  a  very  fattening 
pasture  grass,  and  available  for  arid  localities. 

Parinarium  Nonda,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Nonda  Tree  of  North-East  Australia.  It  may  prove  hardy  in 
temperate  climes,  and  may  live  perhaps  in  the  dry  and  hot  air  of 
deserts,  where  it  deserves  trial  culture  for  the  sake  of  its  edible, 
mealy,  plum-like  fruit.  A  few  other  species  with  esculent  drupes 
occur  in  different  tropical  countries. 

Parkinsonia  aculeata,  Linne. 

From  California  to  Monte  Video.  A  thorny  shrub,  clearly  adapted 
for  the  warmer  temperate  zone,  where  it  might  be  utilized  with  the 
following  plant  for  evergreen  hedges.  The  flowers  are  handsome. 

Parkinsonia  Africana,  Bonder. 

South  Africa.  A  tall  bush.  A  third  species,  P.  microphylla, 
Torr.,  occurs  on  the  Colorado. 

Parrotia  Jacquemontiana,  Decaisne. 

North-Western  Himalayas,  from  about  3,000  to  8,500  feet  eleva- 
tion. This  deciduous-leaved  small  tree  merits  attention.  Its 
tough  and  pliable  twigs  are  used  for  basket-work  and  preferentially 
for  the  twig  bridges,  the  latter  up  to  300  feet  long ;  hence  this  tree 
could  be  used  for  a  variety  of  economic  purposes  (Stewart  and 
Brandis).  P.  Persica  (C.  A.  Meyer)  occurs  on  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Parthenium  integrifolium,  Linne. 

North  America.  The  flowering  tops  of  this  perennial  bitter  herb 
have  come  into  use  as  a  febrifuge  (Houlton). 

Paspalum  ciliatum,  Humboldt. 

Tropical  South  America.     A  perennial  and  lauded  cereal  grass. 

Paspalum  dilatatum,  Poiret. 

Extra-tropical  South  America.  Perennial,  of  excellent  quality  for 
fodder.  Mr.  Bacchus  found  it  hardy  in  Victoria  up  to  a  height  of 
2,000  feet.  It  grew  in  New  South  Wales  after  drought  was 
followed  by  heavy  rains  4J  feet  in  little  more  than  two  months. 
It  is  closely  allied  to  the  Mexican  P.  virgatum,  L.  Introduced 
into  Australia  like  many  other  fodder  grasses  by  the  writer. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  227 

Paspalum  distichum,  Linne.* 

From  India  to  South-Eastern  Australia.  The  Silt  Grass.  A 
creeping  swamp-grass,  forming  extensive  cushions.  It  keeps 
beautifully  green  throughout  the  year,  affords  a  sufficiently  tender 
blade  for  feed,  and  is  exquisitely  adapted  to  cover  silt  or  bare  slopes 
on  banks  of  ponds  or  rivers,  where  it  grows  grandly ;  moderate 
submersion  does  not  destroy  it,  but  frost  injures  it ;  it  thrives  well 
also  on  salt  marshes. 

Paspalum  notatum,  Fluegge.* 

Brazil  and  Argentina.  This  is  one  of  the  best  of  fodder  grasses 
there,  forming  a  dense,  soft,  carpet-like  sward  on  meadows,  and 
becoming  particularly  luxuriant  and  nutritious  on  somewhat  saline 
soil  (Lorentz). 

Paspalum  scrobiculatum,  Linne. 

Through  the  tropics  of  the  eastern  hemisphere  widely  dispersed, 
extending  to  South-East  Australia.  A  valuable  pasture  grass.  A 
superior  variety  is  cultivated  in  India  for  a  grain  crop.  This  grass 
furnishes  a  good  ingredient  to  hay.  The  stem  sometimes  attains  a 
height  of  8  feet.  Rosenthal  pronounces  it  pernicious,  perhaps 
when  long  and  exclusive  use  is  made  of  this  grass. 

Paspalum  stoloniferum,  Bosc. 

Central  America.     A  fodder  grass  of  considerable  value. 

Paspalum  undulatum,  Poiret. 

North  and  South  America.  Noticed  by  C.  Mohr  as  valuable  for 
fodder.  A.  Gray  records  it  as  annual. 

Passiflora  alata,  Aiton. 

Peru  and  Brazil.  This  Passion  Flower  and  all  the  following  (and 
probably  other  species)  furnish  Granadilla  fruits. 

Passiflora  coccinea,  Aublet. 
From  Guiana  to  Brazil. 

Passiflora  coerulea,  Linne 

South  Brazil  and  Uruguay.  One  of  the  hardiest  of  all  Passion 
Flowers  and  with  many  others  well  adapted  for  covering  bowers, 
rookeries,  and  similar  structures.  Many  of  the  equatorial  species 
come  from  mountainous  regions  and  may  thus  endure  temperate 
clime. 

Passiflora  edulis,  Sims. 
Southern  Brazil. 


228  SELECT   PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Passiflora  filamentosa,  Willdenow. 
Southern  Brazil. 

Passiflora  incarnata,  Linne. 

North  America  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Southward.  The 
fruits  are  called  May  Pops. 

Passiflora  laurifolia,  Linne.     (P.  tinifolia,  Jussieu.) 
The  Water  Lemon.     From  West  India  to  Brazil. 

Passiflora  ligularis,  Jussieu. 

From  Mexico  to  Bolivia.  Professor  Ernst  of  Caracas  says  that  its 
fruit  is  one  of  the  finest  anywhere  in  existence. 

Passiflora  lutea,  Linne. 

North  America  from  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  southward.  Berries 
small. 

Passiflora  macrocarpa,  Masters. 

Brazil  and  Peru.  Mr.  Walter  Hill  reports  having  obtained  fruits 
of  8  Ibs.  weight  at  the  Brisbane  Botanic  Garden. 

Passiflora  maliformis,  Linne. 
From  West  India  to  Brazil. 

0 

Passiflora  quadrangularis,  Linne. 

Brazil.     One  of  the  most  commonly  cultivated  Granadillas. 

Passiflora  serrata,  Linne. 

From  West  India  to  Brazil. 

Passiflora  suberosa,  Linne.     (P.  pallida,  Linne.) 

From  Florida  to  Brazil.  A  careful  investigator,  Dr.  Maxw. 
Masters,  has  recently  defined  about  200  species  of  Passion  Flowers. 

Paullinia  sorbilis,  Martius. 

Brazil.  A  climbing  shrub,  possibly  hardy  in  the  warm  temperate 
zones,  where  many  tropical  Cupaniae  and  other  sapindaceous  trees 
endure  the  clime.  The  hard  Guarana  paste  of  chocolate  colour  is 
prepared  from  the  seeds  by  trituration  in  a  heated  mortar  with 
admixture  of  a  little  water,  kneaded  into  a  dough  and  then  dried. 
This  paste,  very  rich  in  coffein,  serves  for  a  pleasant  beverage  and 
also  medicinally. 

Paulo wnia  imperialis,  Siebold. 

Japan.  A  tree,  hardier  than  Cercis  Siliquastrum,  of  value  for 
scenic  effects. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL  COUNTRIES.  229 

Peireskia  aculeata,  Miller. 

West  India.  The  Barbadoes  Gooseberry.  A  tall  shrub,  adapted 
for  hedges  in  localities  free  of  frost.  The  cochineal  insect  can  be 
reared  on  this  plant  also.  The  berries  are  edible.  Several  other 
species  exist  in  tropical  America,  among  which  P.  Bleo  (Humb.)  is 
particularly  handsome,  but  they  may  not  all  be  sufficiently  hardy 
for  utilitarian  purposes  in  an  extra-tropical  clime.  Otherwise  the 
Bleo  is  used  for  salad. 

Peireskia  portulacifolia,  Haworth. 

"West  India.     This  attains  the  size  of  a  fair  tree. 

Pelargonium  odoratissimum,  Alton. 

South  Asia.  A  perennial  trailing  herb,  from  the  leaves  of  which  a 
fragrant  oil  can  be  distilled.  Pelargonium  oil  is  extensively  pro- 
duced in  Algeria  as  a  cheap  substitute  for  attar  of  roses.  The  same 
remark  applies  to  the  shrubby  P.  radula  and  P,  capitatum  (Dr. 
Rosenthal).  The  Kaffirs  assert  that  these  plants  keep  off  snakes. 

Peltophorum  Linnsei,  Bentham.     (Ccesalpinia  Brasiliensis,  Linn6.) 
A  small  tree,  which  provides  the  orange-coloured  Brasiletto  wood. 
This  species  likes  dry  calcareous   soil  (Grisebach).     Endures  the 

climate  of  Carolina. 

» 

Pennisetum  latifolium,  Sprengel. 

Extra-tropical  South  America.  A  tall  perennial  nutritious  grass, 
forming  large  tufts,  easily  spreading  from  the  roots  or  seeds.  It  is 
of  quick  growth. 

Pennisetum  longistylum,  Hochstetter. 

Abyssinia.  A  grass  of  great  beauty,  forming  ample  tufts,  much 
recommended  by  Dr.  Curl  for  permanent  pasture.  It  was  with 
numerous  other  grasses  introduced  by  the  writer  of  this  work  into 
Australia. 

Pennisetum    thyphoideum,    Richard.*     (Penicillaria  spicata,  Will- 
denow  ;  Panicum  coeruleum,  Miller.) 

Tropical  Asia,  Nubia,  and  Egypt.  The  Bajree.  An  annual, 
ripening  its  millet  crop  in  about  three  months  in  warm  countries. 
The  stems  are  thick  and  reach  a  height  of  six  feet,  the  maximum 
length  of  a  spike  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half ;  Colonel  Sykes  saw 
exceptionally  15  spikes  on  one  plant  and  occasionally  2,000  seeds 
in  one  spike.  Together  with  Sorghum  this  is  the  principal  cereal 
grown  in  India  by  the  native  races,  except  rice.  This  grass  requires 
a  rich  and  loose  soil,  and  on  such  it  will  yield  upwards  of  a  hundred- 
fold. It  furnishes  a  good  hay,  tJ^e^SE^ftftt^ quite  easily  dried, 


230  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

and  is  also  valuable  as  green  fodder.  In  the  United  States  culti- 
vated as  far  north  as  Pennsylvania.  Its  fast  growth  prevents  weeds 
from  obtaining  a  footing.  In  very  exceptional  cases  and  under 
most  favourable  circumstances  as  regards  soil  and  manure,  the 
first  cutting  is  there  in  six  or  seven  weeks,  then  up  to  7  feet 
high,  giving  at  the  rate  of  30  tons  green  feed  or  6J  tons  of  hay 
per  acre  on  well-manured  soil ;  in  six  or  seven  weeks  more  a  second 
cutting  is  obtained  of  55  tons  per  acre  of  green  feed,  the  grass  being 
then  9  feet  high  ;  a  third  cut  is  got  in  the  same  season.  Farm 
stock  eat  it  greedily.  Some  of  the  many  other  species  of  Pennisetum 
are  doubtless  of  value  as  pasture.  A  plant  allied  to  P.  thyphoideum 
occurs  in  China,  namely,  P.  cereale  (Trin.).  This  also  affords  millet 
or  corn  for  cakes. 

Pentzia  virgata,  Lessing. 

South  Africa.  A  small  bush,  recommended  to  be  established  in 
deserts  for  sheep  fodder.  It  has  the  peculiarity  that  whenever  a 
branch  touches  the  ground,  it  strikes  roots  and  forms  a  new  plant ; 
this  enables  the  species  to  cover  ground  rapidly  (Sir  Samuel  Wilson). 
Several  other  species  occur  in  South  Africa. 

Periandra  dulcis,  Martius. 

Sub-tropical  Brazil.     The  sweet  root  yields  liquorice. 

Perilla  arguta,  Bentham. 

Japan.  An  annual  herb.  An  infusion  of  this  plant  is  used  to 
impart  to  table  vegetables  and  other  substances  a  deep-red  colour. 
In  Japan  its  seeds  are  pressed  for  oil.  P.  ocimoides  (L.),  of  Upper 
India,  serves  probably  similar  purposes.  Some  species  of  Perilla 
are  suitable  for  ribbon-culture. 

Persea  gratissima,  Gaertner. 

From  Mexico  to  Peru  and  Brazil  in  forest  tracts  near  the  coast. 
The  Avocado  Pear.  Suggestively  mentioned  here  as  likely  avail- 
able for  mild  localities,  inasmuch  as  it  has  become  naturalized  in 
Madeira,  the  Azores,  and  Canary  Islands.  A  noble  evergreen 
spreading  tree.  The  pulp  of  the  large  pear-shaped  fruit  is  of  deli- 
cious taste  and  flavour.  The  fruit  is  sliced  for  salad.  Its  pulp 
contains  about  8  per  cent,  of  greenish  oil. 

Persea  Teneriffse,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (P.  Indica,  Sprengel.) 

Madeira,  Azores,  and  Canary  Islands.  This  magnificent  tree  pro- 
duces a  beautiful,  hard,  mahogany-like  wood,  especially  sought  for 
superior  furniture  and  turners'  work.  One  of  the  most  hardy  trees 
of  the  large  order  of  Laurinae. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  231 

Peucedanum  cachrydifolium,  Ledebour. 

Persia.     A  valuable  fodder  herb  (Dr.  Rosenthal). 

Peucedanum  graveolens,  Bentham.     (Anethum  graveolens,  Linne.) 

The  Dill.  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Orient.  Annual.  The 
well-known  aromatic  fruitlets  used  as  a  condiment.  P.  Sowa, 
Benth.  (Anethum  Sowa,  Roxb.)  is  a  closely-allied  Indian  annual 
herb. 

Peucedanum  officinale,  Linne. 

The  Sulphur  Root.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa, 
Middle  Asia.  Perennial.  The  root  is  used  in  veterinary  medicine. 
It  contains,  like  that  of  the  following  species,  the  crystalline 
Peucedanin. 

Peucedanum  Ostruthium,  Koch.     (Imperatoria  Ostruthium,  Linne.) 

Mountains  of  Middle  Europe.  A  perennial  herb,  which  could  be 
grown  in  Alpine  regions.  The  acid  aromatic  root  is  used  in 
medicine,  particularly  in  veterinary  practice.  It  is  required  for 
the  preparation  of  some  kinds  of  Swiss  cheese.  P.  Cervaria(Cuss.) 
and  P.  Oreoselinum  (Moench)  are  also  occasionally  drawn  into 
medicinal  use. 

Peucedanum  sativum,  Bentham.     (Pastinaca  sativa,  Linne.) 

The  Parsnip.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  Biennial.  The 
root  palatable  and  nutritious.  A  somewhat  calcareous  soil  is 
favourable  for  the  best  development  of  this  plant.  The  culture  is 
that  of  the  carrot ;  for  fodder  the  root  surpasses  that  of  the  latter 
in  augmenting  milk  (Langethal). 

Peucedanum  Sekakul,  Bentham. 

Egypt  and  Syria.     Biennial.     The  root  is  edible. 

Peumus  Boldus,  Molina. 

The  Boldo  of  Chili.  A  small  ornamental  evergreen  tree,  with 
exceedingly  hard  wood,  which  is  utilized  for  many  kinds  of  imple- 
ments. The  bark  furnishes  dye  material.  The  fruits  are  of  aro- 
matic and  sweet  taste  (Dr.  Philippi). 

Peziza  macropus,  Persoon. 

Europe.  Mentioned  by  Goeppert  among  the  edible  mushrooms 
sold  in  Silesia,  along  with  P.  repanda  (Wahlenberg). 

Phalaris  aquatica,  Linne. 

South  Europe  and  North  Africa.  Important  as  a  perennial  fodder 
grass,  fit  for  wet  ground. 


232  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Phalaris  Canariensis,  Linne. 

The  Canary  Grass.  An  annual  grass  from  the  Canary  Islands,  now 
widely  dispersed  as  a  spontaneous  plant  over  the  warmer  zones  of 
the  globe.  Thus  it  has  also  become  naturalized  in  Australia.  It  is 
grown  for  its  seeds,  which  form  one  of  the  best  kinds  of  fodder  for 
many  sorts  of  small  cage-birds.  The  flour  is  utilized  in  certain  pro- 
cesses of  cotton  manufacture,  and  liked  for  some  kinds  of  cakes. 
The  soil  for  the  culture  of  the  Canary  Grass  must  be  friable  and  not 
too  poor.  It  is  an  exhaustive  crop.  As  allied  annual  species  of 
similar  use,  but  mostly  of  less  yield,  may  be  enumerated  :  P. 
brachystachys  (Link.)  from  Italy,  P.  minor  (Retz)  and  P.  truncata 
(Guss.)  from  various  countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Other 
species,  including  some  from  Asia,  are  deserving  of  trial  \  but 
the  prennial  British  P.  arundinacea  (L.)  is  too  harsh  to  serve 
for  wholesome  fodder,  nor  does  it  furnish  Canary  seed.  P.  minor 
is  recommended  by  Dr.  Curl  for  permanent  pastures,  as  it  supplies  a 
large  quantity  of  fine,  sweet,  fattening  foliage,  relished  by  stock.  It 
keeps  green  far  into  the  winter  in  the  climate  of  New  Zealand.  Chemi- 
cal constituents  here  (in  November)  :  Albumen  1-59,  Gluten  6-14, 
Starch  1-03,  Gum  6-64,  Sugar  2-86  per  cent.  (F.  v.  Mueller,  and  L. 
Hummel)  ;  another  analysis  in  the  same  month  gave  :  Albumen 
1-06,  Gluten  5-64,  Starch  0-98,  Gum  3-22,  Sugar  4-20  per  cent. 

Pharnaceum  acidum,  J.  Hooker. 

St.  Helena.  A  dwarf  perennial  succulent  plant,  which  might  ad- 
vantageously be  naturalized  on  sea-shores,  to  yield  an  acid  salad, 
perhaps  superior  to  that  of  Portulaca  oleracea. 

Phaseolus  aconitifolius,  Jacquin. 

India,  up  to  4,000  feet.  A  dwarf  species.  Dr.  Forbes  Watson 
admits  it  among  the  culinary  beans  of  India.  It  will  bear  on  arid 
soil.  P.  trilobus  (Aiton)  is  a  variety. 

Phaseolus  adenanthus,  G.  Meyer.     (P.  Truxillensis,  Humbolt  ;  P. 
rostratus,  Wallich.) 

Almost  cosmopolitan  within  the  tropics,  where  irrespective  of  navi- 
gation and  other  traffic  it  becomes  dispersed  by  migrating  birds ; 
truly  spontaneous  also  in  tropical  Australia.  A  perennial  herb  with 
large  flowers,  resembling  those  of  Vigna  vexillata  (Beiith.).  Culti- 
vated for  its  seeds,  which  are  rather  small,  but  copiously  produced. 
A  variety  with  edible  roots  occurs. 

Phaseolus  coccineus,  Kniphof.*     (P.  multiflorus,  Willdenow.) 

The  Turkish  Bean  or  Scarlet  Runner.  A  native  of  the  Orient,  if 
Sprengel's  identification  is  correct,  according  to  which  this  plant 
was  known  in  Arabia  and  Persia  in  Avicenna's  time  ;  but  according 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES. 


233 


to  other  opinions  it  is  a  native  of  Mexico.  A  twining  showy  peren- 
nial, as  useful  as  the  ordinary  French  bean.  Its  seeds  usually  larger 
than  those  of  the  latter  plant,  purple  with  black  dots,  but  some- 
times also  pure  blue  and  again  quite  white.  The  flowers  occur 
sometimes  white.  The  root  contains  a  narcotic  poison. 

Phaseolus  lunatus,  Linne". 

Considered  as  a  native  of  tropical  America,  but  also  recorded  as 
wild  from  many  parts  of ,  tropical  Africa  and  Asia.  Biennial 
according  to  Roxburgh.  Much  cultivated  in  the  warm  zone  for  its 
edible  beans,  which  are  purple  or  white.  A  yellow-flowered  variety 
or  closely-allied  species  is  known  as  the  Madagascar  Bean  and 
proved  hardy  and  productive  in  Victoria.  P.  perennis,  Walt.,  from 
the  United  States  of  North  America,  is  another  allied  plant. 

Phaseolus  Max,  Linne.  (P.  Ifungo,  Linne  j  P.  radicatus,  Linne.) 
The  Green  Gram.  South  Asia  and  tropical  Australia.  An  annual 
very  hairy  plant,  not  much  climbing.  Frequently  reared  in  India, 
when  rice  fails  or  where  that  crop  cannot  be  produced.  According 
to  Sir  Walter  Elliot  one  of  the  most  esteemed  of  Indian  pulses. 
"  It  fetches  the  highest  price  and  is  more  than  any  other  in  request 
among  the  richer  classes,  entering  largely  into  delicate  dishes  and 
cakes."  Cultivated  up  to  6,000  feet  (Forbes  Watson).  Col.  Sykes 
counted  sixty-two  pods  on  one  plant  with  from  seven  to  fourteen 
seeds  in  each.  The  seeds  are  but  small,  and  the  herb  is  not  available 
for  fodder.  This  plant  requires  no  irrigation,  and  ripens  in  two  and 
a-half  to  three  months.  The  grain  tastes  well  and  is  esteemed 
wholesome.  The  harvest  is  about  thirty-fold. 

Phaseolus  vulgaris,  Linne\* 

The  ordinary  Kidney  Bean,  or  French  Bean,  or  Haricot.  India, 
from  whence  it  came  to  Europe  through  the  conquests  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  ;  but  apparently  it  is  also  wild  in  North- 
Western  Australia.  Though  this  common  and  important  culi- 
nary annual  is  so  well  known,  it  has  been  deemed  desirable  to 
refer  to  it  here  with  a  view  of  reminding  that  the  Kidney 
Bean  is  nearly  twice  as  nutritive  as  wheat.  The  meal  from 
beans  might  also  find  far-augmented  use.  As  constituents  of 
•  the  beans  should  be  mentioned  a  large  proportion  of  starch 
(nearly  half),  then  much  legumin,  also  some  phaseolin  (which, 
like  amogdalin,  can  be  converted  into  an  essential  oil)  and 
inosit-sugar.  Lentils  contain  more  legumin  but  less  starch,  while 
Peas  and  Beans  are  in  respect  to  the  proportion  of  these  two 
nourishing  substances  almost  alike.  The  Kidney  Bean  can  still  be 
cultivated  in  cold  latitudes  and  at  Sub-Alpine  elevations,  if  the 
uninterrupted  summer  warmth  lasts  for  four  months  ;  otherwise  it 
is  more  tender  than  the  Pea.  The  soil  should  for  field  culture  be 


234  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

friable  and  somewhat  limy  and  not  sandy.  Phaseolus  nanus,  L. 
(the  Dwarf-Bean),  and  P.  tumidus,  Savi  (the  Sugar-Bean,  or 
Sword-Bean,  or  Egg-Bean),  are  varieties  of  P.  vulgaris.  Several 
other  species  of  Phaseolus  seem  worthy  of  culinary  culture. 
Haricot  Beans  contain  very  decided  deobstruent  properties,  which 
however  are  generally  destroyed  by  too  much  boiling.  To  obviate 
this  they  should  be  soaked  for  24  hours  in  cold  water  to  which  salt 
has  been  added,  and  then  gently  boiled  for  not  more  than  30  or  40 
minutes  in  very  little  water  (W.  B.  Booth). 

Phleum  prat  ens  e,  Linne.* 

The  Catstail  or  Timothy  Grass.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North 
and  Middle  Asia.  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  perennial  fodder 
grasses.  Its  production  of  early  spring  herbage  is  superior  to  that 
of  the  Cock's-foot  Grass.  It  should  enter  largely  into  any  mixture 
of  grasses  for  permanent  pasturage.  It  will  live  also  on  moist  and 
cold  clay  ground.  This  grass,  and  perhaps  yet  more  the  allied 
Phleum  Alpinum,  L.,  are  deserving  of  an  extensive  transfer  to 
moory  mountain  regions.  For  hay  it  requires  mowing  in  a  young 
stage.  The  seed  is  copiously  yielded  and  well  retained.  The 
greatest  advantage  from  this  grass  arises,  according  to  Langethal, 
when  it  is  grown  along  with  clovers.  It  thrives  even  better  on 
sandy  meadows  than  on  calcareous  soil ;  it  will  prosper  on  poorer 
ground  than  Alopecurus  pratensis  ;  the  latter  furnishes  its  full  yield 
only  in  the  fourth  year,  whereas  the  Phleum  does  so  in  the  second. 
The  Timothy  dries  more  quickly  for  hay  and  the  seeds  are  gathered 
more  easily,  but  it  vegetates  later,  is  of  harder  consistence,  and 
yields  less  in  the  season  after  the  first  cut.  Dr.  Curl,  of  New 
Zealand,  observes  that,  while  many  grasses  and  clovers  may  cause 
diarrho3a  in  sheep  if  eaten  in  their  spring-growth,  Timothy  grass 
when  young  does  not  affect  them  injuriously. 

Phoenix  dactylifera,  Linne.* 

The  Date  Palm.  North  Africa,  also  inland  ;  Arabia,  Persia.  This 
noble  Palm  attains  finally  a  height  of  80,  exceptionally  1 20  feet.  It 
is  unisexual  and  of  longevity.  "  Trees  of  from  100  to  200  years  old 
continue  to  produce  their  annual  crop  of  dates,"  though  gradually 
at  very  advancing  age  at  diminished  rates.  Though  from  the  sap 
sugar  or  palm  wine  can  be  obtained,  and  from  the  leaves  hats,  mats, 
and  similar  articles  can  be  manufactured,  we  here  would  utilize  this 
palm  beyond  scenic  garden  ornamentation  only  for  its  fruits.  It  is 
in  the  oases  of  our  desert  tracts,  swept  by  burning  winds,  where 
the  date  palm  would  afford  in  time  to  come  a  real  boon,  although 
it  might  be  grown  also  in  the  valleys  of  our  mountains  and  in  any 
part  of  our  lowlands.  Several  bunches  of  flowers  are  formed  in  a 
season,  each  producing  often  as  many  as  200  dates.  In  Egypt  as 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  235 

many  as  4  cwt.  of  dates  have  been  harvested  in  one  season  from  a 
single  date  palm.  Many  varities  of  Dates  exist,  differing  in  shape, 
size,  and  colour  of  the  fruit ;  those  of  Gomera  are  large  and  contain 
no  seed.  The  unexpanded  flower  bunches  can  be  used  for  palm 
cabbage,  the  fibre  of  the  leaf  stalks  for  cordage.  The  town  Elche, 
in  Spain,  is  surrrounded  by  a  planted  forest  of  about  80,000  date 
palms,  and  the  sale  of  leaves  for  decorative  purposes  produces, 
irrespective  of  the  value  of  the  date  fruits,  a  considerable  income 
to  the  town  ;  and  so  it  is  at  Alicante.  As  far  north  as  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa  exists  also  a  date  forest.  The  ease  with  which  this  palm 
grows  from  seeds  affords  facility  in  adapted  climes  to  imitate  these 
examples,  and  we  certainly  ought  to  follow  them  in  all  parts  of 
Australia,  and  in  similar  climes.  The  best  dates  are  grown  in  oases, 
where  fresh  water  gushes  from  the  ground  in  abundance  and 
spreads  over  light  soil  of  the  desert  with  its  burning  wind.  The 
Zadie  variety  produces  the  heaviest  crop,  averaging  300  Ibs.  to  the 
tree  ;  superior  varieties  can  only  be  continued  from  offshoots  of  the 
root ;  these  will  commence  to  bear  in  five  years  and  be  in  full 
bearing  in  ten  years ;  one  male  tree  is  considered  sufficient  for  half 
a  hundred  females.  The  pollen-dust  is  sparingly  applied  by  arti- 
ficial means.  The  date  palm  will  live  in  saltish  soil,  and  the  water 
for  its  irrigation  may  be  slightly  brackish. — (Surgeon- Major  Colvill.) 
Northern  limit  of  date  about  35°  north  latitude. 

Phoenix  Hanceana,  Drude. 

South  China.  This  palm  was  buried  for  ten  days  under  three  feet 
of  snow  in  the  south  of  France  without  injury  (Naudin). 

Phoenix  paludosa,  Roxburgh. 

India.  A  stout  species,  not  very  tall.  Of  value  at  least  for 
decorative  culture. 

Phoenix  pusilla,  Gaertner. 

India  and  South  China.  A  dwarf  species,  which  bears  the  clime 
of  the  South  of  France  without  protection  (Kerehove  de  Denter- 
ghem).  P.  farinif  era  (Roxb.)  appears  to  be  identical.  It  is  adapted 
for  sandy  and  otherwise  dry  and  barren  land,  but  prefers  the 
vicinity  of  the  sea.  Berry  shining  black,  with  a  sweet  mealy  pulp. 

Phoenix  reclinata,  Jacquin. 

South  Africa,  in  the  eastern  districts.  A  hardy  species,  but  not 
tall,  often  reclining.  It  is  adapted  for  ornamentation.  The  sweet 
coating  of  the  fruit  is  edible  (Backhouse). 

Phoenix  silvestris,  Roxburgh. 

India,  almost  on  any  soil  or  in  any  situation.  It  has  proved  at 
Melbourne  a  very  hardy  species.  Its  greatest  height  is  40  feet. 


236  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Berries  yellowish  or  reddish,  larger  than  in  P.  pusilla.  Where  this 
Palin  abounds  much  sugar  is  obtained  from  it  by  evaporation  of 
the  sap,  which  flows  from  incisions  into  the  upper  part  of  the  trunk 
— a  process  not  sacrificing  the  plant,  as  for  twenty  years  the  sap 
can  thus  be  withdrawn.  This  Palm  sugar  consists  almost  entirely 
of  Cane  sugar.  A  kind  of  arrack  is  obtained  by  fermentation  and 
distillation  of  this  sap,  and  also  from  the  young  spikes.  Each  plant 
furnishes  the  juice  for  about  8  Ibs.  of  date  sugar  annually,  but  in 
some  instances  much  more.  About  50,000  tons  of  sugar  are  pro- 
duced a  year  in  Bengal  alone  from  this  and  some  other  palms.  The 
leaves  are  used  for  mats.  It  lives  in  drier  regions  than  other 
Indian  palms. 

Phoenix  spinosa,  Thonning. 

Tropical  Africa,  ascending  mountain  regions,  thus  perhaps  hardy. 
Dr.  Kirk  found  the  green  bunches,  if  immersed  in  water  for  half  a 
day,  suddenly  to  assume  a  scarlet  hue,  and  then  the  astringent  pulp 
to  become  edible  and  sweet. 

Phormium  tenax,  J.  R  and  G.  Forster.* 

The  Flax  Lily  of  New  Zealand,  where  it  occurs  as  far  south  as 
46°  30',  occurring  also  in  the  Chatham  Islands  and  Norfolk  Island, 
though  not  on  Lord  Howe's  Island.  It  is  also  found  in  the  Auck- 
land islands,  nearly  51°  south  (Schur).  It  flowered  in  several 
places  in  England  in  exposed  positions,  and  was  not  affected  by 
severe  frost  (Masters).  It  seems  important  that  this  valuable 
plant  should  be  brought  universally  under  culture,  particularly  on 
any  inferior  spare  ground,  or  on  the  sea-beaches  or  any  rocky 
declivity,  where  it  may  be  left  unprotected  to  itself,  as  no  grazing 
animal  will  touch  it.  It  is  evident  that  the  natural  up-growth  will 
soon  be  inadequate  to  the  demand  for  the  plant.  It  is  adapted  for 
staying  bush  fires  when  planted  in  hedgerows.  Merely  torn  into 
shreds  the  leaves  serve  at  once  in  gardens  and  vineyards  as  cordage, 
and  for  this  purpose,  irrespective  of  its  showy  aspect,  the  Phor- 
mium has  been  distributed  from  the  Botanic  Garden  of  Melbourne 
since  the  last  twenty  years.  From  the  divided  roots  any  plantation 
can  gradually  be  increased,  or  this  can  be  done  more  extensively 
still  by  sowing  the  seeds.  In  all  likelihood  the  plant  would  thrive 
and  become  naturalized  in  the  Auckland  and  Campbell's  Group,  in 
Kerguelen's  Land,  the  Falkland  Islands,  the  Shetland  Islands,  and 
many  continental  places  of  both  hemispheres.  It  proved  hardy  in 
"England.  Among  the  varieties  three  are  better  characterized  than 
the  rest :  the  Tehore,  the  Swamp,  and  the  Hill  variety.  The  first 
and  the  last  mentioned  produce  a  fibre  fine  and  soft,  yet  strong, 
and  the  plants  attain  a  height  of  only  about  5  feet,  whereas  the 
Swamp  variety  grows  to  double  that  height,  producing  a  larger 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  237 

yield  of  a  coarser  fibre,  which  is  chiefly  used  for  rope  or  paper 
making.  As  might  be  expected,  the  richer  the  soil  the  more 
vigorous  the  growth  of  the  plant ;  it  likes,  moreover,  now  and  then 
to  be  overflown  by  fresh  or  brackish  water,  but  it  will  not  live  if 
permanently  sunk  into  wet.  In  swampy  ground  trenches  should 
be  dug  to  divert  the  surplus  of  humidity.  Fibre,  free  from  gum- 
resin,  properly  dressed,  withstands  moisture  as  well  as  the  best 
Manilla  rope.  Carefully  prepared,  the  fibre  can  also  be  spun  into 
various  textile  durable  fabrics,  either  by  itself  or  mixed  with  cotton, 
wool,  or  flax.  In  October,  1872,  the  sale  of  Phormium  fibre  in 
London  was  11,500  bales,  ranging  in  price  from  £1 9  to  £31.  The 
tow  can  also  be  converted  into  paper,  distinguished  for  its  strength 
and  whiteness.  The  London  price  of  Phormium  fibre  for  this 
purpose  is  from  £10  to  £20  per  ton. 

For  further  details  on  the  utilization  of  this  plant,  the  elaborate 
report  of  the  New  Zealand  Commission  for  Phormium  should  be 
consulted.  One  of  the  dwarf  varieties  is  Phormium  Colensoi  (J. 
Hooker). 

Photinia  eriobotrya,  J.  Hooker.     (P.  Japonica,  Franch.  and  Javat.) 
(Eriobotrya  Japonica,  Lindley.) 

China  and  Japan.  The  Loquat.  This  beautiful  evergreen  shrub 
or  tree  with  its  refreshing  fruit  is  easily  raised  from  seed,  or  supe- 
rior varieties  can,  according  to  G.  W.  Johnson,  be  grafted  not 
only  on  its  own  stock,  but  also  on  the  Whitethorn,  or  better  still 
on  the  Quince.  It  is  also  a  grand  bush  for  scenic  ornamental 
effects.  P.  villosa  (Cand.)  yields  also  edible  native  fruit  to  the 
Japanese. 

Phyllocladus  rhomboidalis,  Richard. 

Celery  Pine  of  Tasmania.  A  stately  tree  up  to  60  feet  high,  with 
a  stem  of  2  to  6  feet  in  diameter.  The  timber  is  valuable  for  ships' 
masts.  It  will  only  grow  to  advantage  in  deep  forest  valleys. 

Phyllocladus  trichomanoides,  Don. 

Celery  Pine  of  New  Zealand,  northern  island  ;  it  is  also  called  Pitch 
Pine  by  the  colonists  ;  native  name,  Tanekaha.  This  tree  attains  a 
height  of  70  feet,  with  a  straight  stem  of  3  feet  in  diameter,  and 
furnishes  a  pale  close-grained  timber,  strong,  heavy,  and  remarkably 
durable,  according  to  Professor  Kirk,  greatly  valued  for  mine-props, 
struts,  caps,  sleepers,  water-tanks,  bridge  planks  and  piles,  and 
spars ;  the  Maoris  employ  the  bark  for  dyeing  red  and  black. 

Phyllostachys  bambusoides,  Siebold. 

Himalaya,  China,  and  Japan.  A  dwarf  Bamboo,  but  hardy, 
and  the  yellowish  canes  available  for  excellent  walking-sticks 
(Griffith). 


238  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Phyllostachys  nigra,  Munro.*     (Bambusa  nigra,  Loddiges.) 

China  and  Japan.  Up  to  25  feet  high.  The  stems  nearly  solid 
and  becoming  black.  Has  withstood  severe  frost  in  the  south  of 
France  and  at  Vienna.  Known  to  have  grown  1 6  feet  in  six  weeks. 
Bamboo  chairs  and  walking-sticks  often  made  of  this  species.  A 
Japan  species  of  this  bambusaceous  genus  proved  hardy  in 
Scotland.  P.  viridi-glaucescens  and  P.  aurea  are  perfectly  hardy 
in  England  (Munro). 

Physalis  Alkekengi,  Linne. 

The  Strawberry  Tomato  or  Winter  Cherry.  Middle  and  South 
Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia,  extending  to  Japan,  said  to 
have  come  originally  from  Persia.  A  perennial  herb.  The  berry, 
which  is  red  and  of  a  not  unpleasant  taste,  has  some  medicinal 
value.  The  leaves  contain  a  bitter  principle — physalin. 

Physalis'angulata,  Linne. 

In  many  tropical  countries,  extending  as  a  native  plant  to  the 
northern  parts  of  the  United  States  and  to  Japan.  An  annual 
herb.  Yellowish ;  the  berries  edible.  P.  minima,  L.  (P.  parviflora, 
R.  Br.),  appears  to  be  a  variety  and  extends  also  into  tropical 
Australia. 

Physalis  Peruviana,  Linne. 

Temperate  and  tropical  America,  widely  naturalized  in  many 
countries  of  the  warmer  zones.  With  double  inaptness  called 
the  Cape  Gooseberry.  A  perennial  herb  ;  but  for  producing  its 
fruit  well,  it  .requires  early  renovation.  The  acidulous  berries  can 
be  used  as  well  as  a  table  fruit  as  for  preserves.  Doubtless  several 
other  kinds  of  Physalis  can  be  utilized  in  the  same  manner.  In 
colder  countries  the  P.  Peruviana  becomes  annual. 

Pilocarpus  pinnatifolius,  Lemaire. 

One  of  Jaborandi  plants  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical  Brazil.  The 
leaves  and  bark  of  this  shrub,  which  contain  essential  oil  and  a 
a  peculiar  alkaloid,  are  famed  as  an  agreeable,  powerful,  and 
quickly-acting  sudorific.  This  bush  is  likely  to  endure  the  clime  of 
milder  temperate  forest  regions  (Continho,  Baillon,  Hardy,  Guebler). 
Like  P.  simplex,  also  an  active  sialogogue.  Pilocarpin  contracts 
the  pupil,  and  stimulates  powerfully  the  salivary  glands. 

Pimpinella  Anisum,  Linne. 

The  Anise  Plant.  Greece,  Egypt,  Persia.  An  annual.  The  seed- 
like  fruits  enter  into  various  medicines  and  condiments,  and  are 
also  required  for  the  distillation  of  oil,  rich  in  anethol.  The 
herbage  left  after  obtaining  the  seeds  serves  for  fodder. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  239 

Pimpinella  saxifraga,  Linne, 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  A  perennial  herb  ;  its  root  used 
in  medicine  ;  a  peculiar  volatile  oil  can  be  distilled  from  the  root. 
P.  magna  (L.)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  and  P.  nigra  (W.)  is  a 
variety.  The  root  of  the  last  is  particularly  powerful. 

Pimpinella  Sisarum,  Bentham.     (Slum  Sisarum,  Linne.) 

East  Asia.  A  perennial  herb.  The  bunches  of  small  tubers 
afford  an  excellent  culinary  vegetable.  The  taste  is  sweet  and 
somewhat  celery -like.  The  roots  endure  frost. 

Pinus  Abies,  Du  Roi.*     (Pinus  Picea,  Linne.) 

Silver  Fir,  Tanne.  In  Middle  Europe  up  to  50°  north  latitude, 
forming  dense  forests.  A  fine  tree,  already  the  charm  of  the 
ancients,  attaining  200  feet  in  height,  and  20  feet  in  circumference 
of  stem,  reaching  the  age  of  300  years.  It  furnishes  a  most  valu- 
able timber  for  building  as  well  as  furniture,  and  in  respect  to 
lightness,  toughness,  and  elasticity  it  is  even  more  esteemed  than 
the  Norway  Spruce,  but  is  not  so  good  for  fuel  or  for  charcoal. 
It  is  very  pale,  light,  not  very  resinous,  and  is  mostly  employed  for 
the  finer  works  of  joiners  and  cabinet-makers,  for  sound-boards  of 
musical  instruments,  largely  for  toys,  also  for  lucifer  matches,  for 
coopers'  and  turners'  work,  further  for  house-building,  and  for  masts 
and  spars.  It  also  yields  a  fine  white  resin  and  the  Strasburg 
turpentine,  similar  to  the  Venetian.  Besides  the  above  normal 
formal  form,  the  following  two  main  varieties  occur  :  P.  Abies  var. 
Cephalonica,  Parlatore  (P.  Cephalonica,  Endl.).  Greece,  3,000  to 
5,000  feet  above  the  sea.  A  tree  60  feet  high,  with  a  stem  circum- 
ference of  10  feet.  The  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable,  and  much 
esteemed  for  building.  General  Napier  mentions  that  in  pulling 
down  some  old  houses  at  Argostoli,  which  had  been  built  150  to 
300  years,  all  the  wood-work  of  this  fir  was  found  as  hard  as  oak 
and  perfectly  sound.  P.  Abies  var.  Nordmanniana,  Parlatore 
(P.  Nordmanniana,  Steven),  Crimea  and  Circassia,  6,000  feet  above 
the  sea.  This  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  firs,  attaining  a  height 
of  100  feet,  with  a  perfectly  straight  stem.  It  furnishes  a  valuable 
building  timber.  The  Silver  Fir  is  desirable  for  mountain  forests. 
It  will  grow  on  sand,  but  only  half  as  fast  as  P.  Pinaster. 

Pinus  alba,  Aiton. 

White  Spruce.  From  Canada  to  Carolina,  up  to  the  highest 
mountains.  It  resembles  P.  picea,  but  is  smaller,  at  most  50  feet 
high.  The  bark  richer  in  tannin  than  that  of  the  Hemlock  Spruce. 
The  timber  well  adapted  for  deal  boards,  spars,  and  many  other 
purposes,  but  on  the  whole  inferior  to  Black  Spruce.  The  tree 
grows  in  damp  situations  or  swampy  ground.  Eligible  for  Alpine 
country. 


240  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Pinus  Alcocqiana,  Parlatore. 

Japan,  at  an  elevation  of  6,000  to  7,000  feet.  A  fine  tree,  120 
feet  high,  with  very  small  blue-green  leaves;  the  wood  is  used  for 
light  household  furniture.  P.  tonga  and  P.  polita  ascend  there  to 
the  same  height  (Rind). 

Pinus  amabilis,  Douglas. 

Californian  Silver  Fir.  North  California,  at  an  elevation  of  from 
4,000  to  7,000  or  even  10,000  feet.  A  handsome  Fir,  200  feet 
high,  circumference  of  stem  24  feet  ;  the  stem  is  naked  up  to  100 
feet.  The  tree  passes  under  the  name  of  the  "  Queen  of  the 
Forests  "  (Lemmon).  The  wood  is  elastic,  strong,  and  hard,  fit  for 
masts  and  spars ;  it  has  a  peculiar  red  colour ;  spikes,  nails,  and 
bolts  hold  firm  and  never  corrode  in  it  (Dufur).  Very  closely 
allied  to.  P.  nobilis. 

Pinus  aristata,  Englemann. 

California,  at  elevations  of  8-10,000  feet  in  the  Sierras.  A  tree 
attaining  75  feet  in  height,  the  stem  3  feet  in  diameter,  with 
extremely  short  leaves  (Gibbons).  Fit  for  Alpine  country. 

Pinus  Australis,  Michaux.* 

Southern  or  Swamp  Pine,  also  called  Georgia,  Yellow  Pitch,  Long- 
leaved  Yellow  or  Broom  Pine.  Southern  States  of  North  America. 
The  tree  attains  a  height  of  100  feet.  It  furnishes  a  superior 
timber  for  furniture  and  building,  also  for  naval  architecture, 
railway  ties,  and  for  flooring.  It  yields  the  principal  Yellow  Pine 
of  the  lumber  trade.  The  wood  is  compact,  straight-grained,  very 
durable,  and  has  only  a  slight  layer  of  sapwood.  The  tree  is  not 
so  quick  of  growth  as  many  other  Pines.  According  to  Dr.  Little 
the  tree  produces  30,000  feet  of  first-class  heartwood  timber  per 
acre.  It  is  this  tree  which  forms  chiefly  the  extensive  Pine  barrens 
of  the  United  States,  and  yields  largely  the  American  turpentine, 
as  well  as  resin,  pitch,  and  tar.  Porcher  observes  that  the  tree 
shoots  up  devoid  of  branches  for  sometimes  as  much  as  60  feet,  and 
he  calls  it  "  one  of  the  greatest  gifts  of  God  to  man."  The  tree 
prevails,  according  to  C.  Mohr,  where  the  silicious  coiistitutents  of 
the  drift-soil  mingle  with  the  out-crops  of  tertiary  strata,  and  he 
observes  that  forests  of  this  pine  cause  grateful  showers  with 
wonderful  regularity  through  all  seasons.  The  emanations  from 
Pines,  particularly  the  very  resinous  species,  are  antimalarian  and 
antiseptic,  as  proved  by  residences  near  Pine  forests,  and  by  the  use 
of  hospital  buildings  constructed  of  Pine  wood. 

Pinus  Ayacahuite,  Ehrenberg.     (P.  Loudonicma,  Gordon.) 

In  Mexico,  at  an  elevation  of  8,000  to  12,000  feet.  An  excellent 
Pine,  100  to  150  feet  high,  with  a  stem  diameter  of  3  to  4  feet. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  241 

It  has  the  habit  of  P.  excelsa,  and  is  equal  to  it  in  its  own  line  of 
beauty  (Beecher)  and  in  hardiness, — yielding  a  much  esteemed 
white  or  sometimes  reddish  timber. 

Pinus  Balfouriana,  Jeffrey.     (P.  aristata,  Englemann.) 

California  to  Colorado,  up  to  12,000  feet  elevation.  The  Fox-tail 
or  Hickory-Pine.  Height  to  100  feet ;  trunk  diameter  to  5  feet. 
Wood  close-grained,  tough,  very  strong  (Sargent). 

Pinus  balsamea,  Linne. 

Balsam  Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir.  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  south  to 
New  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin.  An  elegant  tree,  40 
feet  high,  which  with  Pinus  Fraseri  yields  the  Canada  balsam,  the 
well-known  oleo-resin.  The  timber  is  light,  pale,  soft,  and  useful 
for  furniture  and  implements.  The  tree  does  not  attain  a  very 
great  age.  Sends  a  pleasant  odour  through  the  forest  regarded  as 
salubrious,  especially  in  phthisis  diseases — a  remark  which  applies 
to  many  other  pines.  It  thrives  best  in  cold,  swampy  places. 
Eligible  for  Alpine  regions. 

Pinus  bracteata,  D.  Don. 

Southern  California,  up  to  6,000  feet.  A  very  handsome  tree, 
attaining  150  feet  in  height,  with  a  slender,  perfectly  straight  stern, 
not  more  than  2  feet  in  diameter.  The  resin  is  used  for  incense. 

Pinus  Brunoniana,  Wallich.     (P.  dumosa,  D.  Don.) 

Himalaya,  descending  to  8,000  and  ascending  to  10,500  feet. 
Attains  a  height  of  120  feet,  and  the  stem  a  circumference  of  28 
feet  (J.  D.  Hooker).  Particularly  eligible  for  Alpine  tracts.  The 
timber  is  pale  and  soft,  and  does  not  stand  exposure  well. 

Pinus  Canadensis,  Linne. 

Hemlock  Spruce.  In  Canada  and  over  a  great  part  of  the  United 
States,  on  high  mountains,  as  well  as  on  undulating  land.  A  very 
ornamental  tree,  100  feet  high,  with  a  white  cross-grained  wood 
remarkably  durable  when  used  for  submerged  water-works;  also 
employed  for  railway  ties.  According  to  Vasey  it  is  one  of  the 
most  graceful  of  Spruces  with  a  light  and  spreading  spray.  Next 
to  P.  Strobus  it  is  the  highest  pine  of  the  Eastern  States  of  North 
America.  The  tree  is  extremely  valuable  on  account  of  its  bark, 
which  is  much  esteemed  as  a  tanning  material,  containing  9  to  1 4  per 
cent,  tannin.  It  is  much  liked  as  an  admixture  to  oak  bark  for  par- 
ticular leathers  of  great  toughness,  wearing  strength,  and  resistance 
to  water.  The  extract  of  the  bark  for  tanning  fetches  in  the  London 
market  from  £16  to  £18  a  ton,  and  is  imported  to  the  extent  of 
about  6,000  tons  a  year;  it  is  stripped  off  during  the  summer  months. 
The  young  shoots  are  used  in  making  spruce-beer. 


242  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Pinus  Canariensis,  C.  Smith.* 

Canary  Pine.  Canary  Islands,  forming  large  forests  at  an  elevation  of 
5,000  to  6,000  feet.  A  tree  70  feet  nigh,  with  a  resinous,  durable, 
very  heavy  wood,  not  readily  attacked  by  insects.  It  thrives 
well  in  Victoria,  and  shows  celerity  of  growth.  Will  endure  an 
occasional  shade  temperature  of  118°  F.  (W.  J.  Winter). 

Pinus   Cedrus,  Linne.* 

Cedar  of  Lebanon.  Together  with  the  Atlas  variety  on  the 
mountains  of  Lebanon  and  Taurus,  also  in  North  Africa.  The 
tree  grows  to  a  height  of  100  feet,  with  a  healthy  trunk  up  to  36 
feet  in  circumference,  and  attains  a  very  great  age ;  the  wood  is  of 
a  light-reddish  colour,  soft,  inodourous,  easy  to  work,  and  much 
esteemed  for  its  durability. 

Pinus  Cedrus,  var.  Deodara.* 

Deodar  Cedar.  On  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  3,000  to  12,000  feet 
above  the  sea-level.  A  majestic  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  more  than 
300feet,andsometimes30feetin  circumference  of  stem.  Thewoodis 
of  a  light-yellow  colour,  very  close-grained  and  resinous,  strongly  and 
agreeably  scented,  light,  extremely  durable,  well  resisting  the 
vicissitudes  of  a  variable  clime,  and  furnishes  one  of  the  best 
building  timbers  known.  Pillars  of  Kashmir  mosques  of  this 
wood  are  found  sound  after  400  years,  and  bridges  of  still  greater 
antiquity  are  in  existence.  White  ants  hardly  ever  attack  the 
heartwood.  Boats  built  of  this  wood  last  forty  years.  It  is  also 
extensively  used  for  canal-edges  and  for  railways.  The  tree  should 
not  be  felled  too  young.  It  also  yields  a  good  deal  of  resin  and 
turpentine.  A  humid  clime  very  much  accelerates  the  growth  of 
this  Pine,  which  in  forest-ranges  would  come  best  and  quickest  to 
its  development.  Deodars  will  endure,  when  not  too  young, 
an  exceptional  temperature  of  118°  F.  in  the  shade  (W.  J. 
Winter). 

Pinus  Cembra,  Linne. 

On  the  European  Alps,  also  in  Siberia  and  Tartary.  Less  hardy 
than  P.  Laricio,  although  from  the  higher  Alps.  The  tree  attains 
a  height  of  120  feet,  the  stem  upwards  of  4  feet  in  diameter  ;  the 
wood  is  of  a  yellow  colour,  very  soft  and  resinous,  of  an  extremely 
fine  texture,  and  is  extensively  used  for  carving  and  cabinet  work. 
The  seeds  are  edible,  and  when  pressed  yield  a  great  quantity  of  oil. 
A  good  turpentine  is  also  obtained  from  this  Pine. 

Pinus  cembroides,  Zuccarini.     (P.  Laveana,  Schiede  and  Deppe.) 

Mexican  Swamp  Pine.  A  small  tree,  30  feet  high,  growing  at  an 
elevation  of  8,000  to  10,000  feet.  The  timber  is  not  of  much  use, 
but  the  seeds  are  edible  and  have  a  very  agreeable  taste. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  243 

Pinus  Cilicica,  Antoine  and  Kotschy. 

Cilician  Silver   Fir.     Asia  Minor.     4,000  to  6,500  feet  above  sea-- 
level.      A  handsome  tree   of  pyramidal  growth,    160    feet  high. 
Quite  hardy  in  climes  like  that  of  Yienna.     The  wood  is  very  soft 
and  used  extensively  for  the  roofs  of  houses,  as  it  does  not  warp. 

Pinus  concolor,  Engelmann. 

North- West  America,  at  elevations  of  8,000  to  9,000  feet.  Tree 
to  150  feet  high;  trunk  to.  4  feet  diameter.  The  wood  is  tough, 
eligible  for  building  purposes  and  other  substantial  work  (Yasey). 

Pinus  contorta,  Douglas.     (P.  Bolandri,  Parlatore.) 

On  high  damp  ranges  in  California,  attaining  50  feet  in  height, 
also  abundant  on  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  very  eligible  for 
clothing  rocky  hill-sides  (Meehan).  In  California  it  forms  dense 
thickets  along  the  coast,  and  is  in  this  respect  as  valuable  as  P. 
Laricio,  P.  Pinaster,  and  P.  Haleppensis  in  Europe,  as  a  shelter- 
tree  in  stormy  localities.  Dr.  Gibbons  remarks  of  this  pine  which 
vernacularly  is  called  Tamarak  or  Hack-me-tack,  that  its  size 
has  generally  been  understated.  At  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  and 
on  mountains  8,000  feet  high  he  saw  great  numbers  of  it, 
forming  the  most  stately  of  forest  Pines,  not  rarely  attaining 
a  height. of  150  feet  and  4  feet  in  diameter.  The  timber  is  pale, 
straight-grained  and  very  light ;  there  considered  the  best  and  most 
durable  material  for  dams  and  for  general  building  purposes.  It 
furnishes  sea-ports  with  piles  and  masts,  also  railway  ties.  Its 
value  is  beyond  calculation  (Gibbons). 

Pinus  Coulteri,  D.  Don. 

California,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  coast  range,  at  an  elevation 
of  3,000  to  4,000  feet.  A  pine  of  quick  growth,  attaining  a  height 
of  about  100  feet,  with  a  trunk  up  to  4  feet  in  diameter ;  it  has  the 
largest  cones  of  all  pines,  comparable  in  size  and  form  to  sugar- 
loaves.  The  nuts  are  nutritious  (Yasey). 

Pinus  densiflora,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini. 

The  "  Akamatsou"  of  Japan,  in  the  interior  of  Nipon,  where  it 
forms,  along  with  P.  Massoiiiana,  extensive  forests  at  1,000  to 
2,000  feet  above  sea-level.  Attains  an  age  of  several  centuries 
(Rein).  The  timber  is  excellent  for  building ;  it  is  less  resinous 
than  that  of  P.  Massoniana  (Dupont). 

Pinus  Douglasii,  Sabine.* 

Oregon  Pine,  called  also  the  Yellow  Pine  of  Puget  Sound,  where 
it  yields  the  principal  timber  for  export,  and  is  therefore  of  great 
commercial  value  in  the  lumber-trade.  It  extends  from  Yan- 
couver's  Island  and  the  Columbia  River, 


244  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Northern  Mexico,  from  the  coast  up  to  the  higher  mountains  of 
9,000  feet.  The  maximum  height  known  is  nearly  400  feet,  the 
greatest  diameter  of  the  stem  14  feet.  Can  be  grown  very  closely, 
when  the  stems  will  attain,  according  to  Drs.  Kellogg  and  New- 
berry,  a  height  of  over  200  feet  without  a  branch.  A  densely 
wooded  forest  will  contain  about  36  full-grown  trees  to  an  acre. 
The  timber  is  fine  and  clear-grained,  heavy,  strong,  soft,  and  easily 
worked,  firm,  and  solid,  splendid  for  masts  and  spars,  ships'  planks 
and  piles ;  also  for  flooring,  being  for  that  purpose  regarded  as 
the  best  of  California  (Bolander).  It  will  bear  a  tension  of  3  to  1 
as  compared  with  the  Sequoias.  It  is  the  strongest  wood  on  the 
the  North  Pacific  coast,  both  in  horizontal  strain  and  perpendicular 
pressure.  Sub- Alpine  localities  should  be  extensively  planted  with 
this  famous  tree.  It  requires  deep  and  rich  soil,  but  likes  shelter ; 
its  growth  is  at  the  rate  of  the  Larch  ;  it  passes  in  various  localities 
as  Black  and  Red  Spruce.  Both  in  clayey  and  light  soil  it  attains 
50  feet  in  about  eighteen  years  ;  it  requires  however  a  moist  forest 
clime  for  rapid  growth. 

Finns  edulis,  Engelmann. 

New  Mexico.  A  tree,  not  tall,  but  very  resinous.  Wood  easily 
split.  One  of  the  best  for  fuel  (Meehan).  It  yields  the  "  Pino" 
nuts,  of  exceedingly  nice  taste  and  produced  in  immense  quantities 
(Sargent). 

Pinus  Elliotti,  Engelmann. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  A  large  forest-tree,  100  feet 
high,  of  quick  growth,  adapted  for  exposed  localities.  Prefers  the 
borders  of  swamps  or  streams  and  sandy-clay  (C.  Mohr). 

Pinus  excelsa,  Wallich.* 

The  Lofty  or  Bootan  Pine.  Himalaya,  forming  large  forests,  at 
from  5,000  to  12,500  feet  elevation  ;  also  in  Macedonia  and  Monte- 
negro. A  fine  tree,  150  feet  high,  furnishing  a  valuable,  close- 
grained,  resinous,  soft  and  easily  workable  wood,  ranking  among 
Himalayan  Pine-woods  for  durability  next  to  Deodar  timber 
(Stewart  and  Brandis).  It  also  furnishes  a  good  quantity  of  tur- 
pentine. Under  cultivation  it  shrinks  before  a  fierce  summer  sun 
(Beecher). 

Pinus  firma,  Antoine. 

North  Japan,  at  2,000  to  4,000  feet  above  the  sea-level  in  humid 
valleys.  A  lofty  tree  of  the  habit  of  the  Silver  Fir.  The  timber 
is  white,  soft,  and  fine-grained,  employed  particularly  by  coopers 
and  upholsterers. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  245 

Pinus  flexilis,  James. 

The  White  Pine  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  also  known  as  the  Bull 
Pine,  from  New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia,  ascending  to  13,000 
feet.  Prefers  the  limestone  formation.  A  valuable  Fir  for  cold 
regions.  It  attains  a  height  of  150  feet,  according  to  Dr.  Gibbons. 

»J.  Hoopes  mentions  that  it  is  of  slow  growth.  Wood  pale,  soft, 
and  compact,  of  fine  texture,  according  to  Sargent,  intermediate 
between  that  of  P.  Strobus  and  P.  Lambertiana. 

Pinus  Fortune!,  Parlatore. 

China,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Foo-Chow-Foo.  A  splendid  tree, 
70  feet  high,  somewhat  similar  in  habit  to  P.  Cedrus. 

Pinus  Fraseri,  Pursh. 

Double  Balsam  Fir.  On  high  mountains  of  Carolina  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. This  tree,  which  grows  to  a  height  of  about  20  feet,  yields 
with  P.  balsamea  Canada  balsam. 

Pinus  Gerardiana,  Wallich. 

Nepal  Nut-Pine.  In  the  north-eastern  parts  of  the  Himalaya  at  an 
elevation  of  10,000  to  12,000  feet,  forming  extensive  forests.  The 
tree  attains  a  height  of  50  feet,  with  a  comparatively  short  stem, 
and  produces  very  sweet  edible  seeds,  also  turpentine.  Hoopes 
refers  to  it  as  remarkable  for  the  copiousness  of  its  resin.  In 
reference  to  the  nut-like  seeds,  the  proverb  prevails  at  Kunawar, 
"  One  tree  a  man's  life  in  winter." 

Pinus  glabra,  Walter. 

Carolina.  Allied  to  P.  mitis.  It  attains,  according  to  Chapman,  a 
height  of  60  feet.  Porcher  compares  the  wood  to  that  of  P.  Strobus. 

Pinus  grandis,  Douglas. 

Great  Silver  Fir  of  North  California,  also  known  as  the  Yellow 
Fir  of  Oregon.  A  splendid  quick-growing  Fir,  200  feet  high  and 
upwards,  growing  best  in  moist  valleys  of  high  ranges.  The  stem 
occasionally  attains  a  diameter  of  7  feet  at  130  feet  from  the 
ground,  and  of  6  feet  at  200.  Trees  occur  of  15  feet  diameter  and 
320  feet  high  ;  the  wood  is  white  and  soft,  too  light  and  brittle, 
according  to  Vasey,  for  general  purposes,  while  Prof.  Brewer 

r  asserts  that  it  is  employed  for  boards,  boxes,  cooperage,  and  even 
much  sought  for  ship-building. 
US  Griffithii,  Parlatore.  (Larix  Griffithii,  J.  Hooker  and  Thomson.) 
The  Himalayan  Larch.  Descends  to  8,000  feet  and  ascends  to 
12,000  feet.  Timber  pale,  soft,  without  distinct  heartwood,  one 
of  the  most  durable  of  all  Pine  timbers  (Stewart  and  Brandis). 
P.  Ledebourii,  Endlicher,  is  the  Siberian  Larch. 


246  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Pinus  Halepenis,  Miller.     (P.  Maritima,  Lambert.) 

Aleppo  Pine.  South  Europe  and  North  Africa.  This  well-known 
Pine  attains  a  height  of  80  feet,  with  a  stem  of  from  4  to  5  feet  in 
diameter.  The  timber  of  young  trees  is  white,  of  older  trees  of  a 
dark  colour  j  it  is  principally  esteemed  for  ship-building,  but  also 
used  for  furniture.  The  tree  yields  a  peculiar  kind  of  turpentine, 
as  well  as  a  valuable  tar.  Although  ascending  mountains  in  South 
Europe  to  the  height  of  4,000  feet,  it  thrives  best  in  sandy  coast- 
lands,  where  in  ten  years  it  will  attain  to  25  feet,  and  finally  will 
become  a  larger  tree  than  on  firmer  lands.  M.  Boitel  has  published 
a  special  work  on  the  importance  of  this  pine  for  converting  poor 
sand-land  into  productive  areas,  referring  also  to  P.  silvestris  and 
P.  Laricio  for  the  same  purpose.  According  to  Mr.  W.  Irvine 
Winter  it  will  resist  a  heat  of  118°  F.  in  the  shade.  "We  find  the 
Aleppo  Fir  one  of  the  best  of  evergreen  avenue  trees  in  Victoria, 
as  first  proved  by  the  writer.  It  is  content  with  the  poorest  and 
driest  localities  and  comparatively  rapid  of  growth. 

Pinus  Hartwegii,  Lindley. 

Mexico,  9,000  to  13,000  feet  above  sea-level.  A  Pine  50  feet  in 
height,  with  a  very  durable  wood,  of  a  reddish  colour  ;  it  yields  a 
large  quantity  of  resin. 

Pinus  Hudsonica,  Poiret.     (P.  Banksiana,  Lamb.) 

Grey  Pine.  North  America,  up  to  64°  north  latitude.  Height  of 
tree  40  feet  ;  in  the  cold  north  only  a  shrub.  The  wood  is  light, 
tough,  and  easily  worked. 

Pinus  inops,  Solander. 

North  America.  The  Jersey  Pine.  A  tree  attaining  a  height 
of  40  feet,  available  for  fixing  drift-sand  on  coasts.  Easily 
disseminated. 

Pinus  Jezoensis,  Antoine  and  Endlicher. 

Japan.  A  large  tree,  with  light,  soft,  smooth  timber,  used 
principally  for  household  utensils. 

Pinus  Ksempferi,  Lambert. 

Chinese  Larch ;  also  called  Golden  Pine.  China,  This  is  the 
handsomest  of  all  the  Larches.  It  is  of  quick  growth  and  attains 
a  height  of  150  feet.  The  leaves,  which  are  of  a  vivid  green 
during  spring  and  summer,  turn  to  a  golden  yellow  in  autumn. 
The  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable. 

Pinus  Koraiensis,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini. 

China  and  Japan.  A  handsome  tree,  30  to  40  feet  high,  pro- 
ducing edible%  seeds. 


IX    EXTRA. TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  247 

Pinus  Lambertiana,  Douglas.* 

Shake-,  Giant-  or  Sugar-Pine.  North-west  coast  of  America, 
mostly  in  great  altitudes.  A  lofty  tree,  of  rapid  growth,  upwards  of 
300  feet  high,  with  a  straight  naked  stem  of  from  20  to  60  feet  in 
circumference.  It  holds,  in  most  places,  pre-eminence  in  beauty 
and  size  over  accompanying  pines.  It  thrives  best  in  sandy  soil, 
and  produces  a  soft,  white,  straight-grained  wood,  which  for  inside 
work  is  esteemed  above  any  other  Pine  in  California,  and  furnished 
in  large  quantities ;  it  is  especially  used  for  shingles,  flooring,  and 
for  finishing  purposes  by  joiners  and  carpenters.  The  tree  yields 
an  abundance  of  remarkably  clear  and  pure  resin,  of  sweet  taste, 
used  instead  of  sugar  by  the  natives.  The  cones  are  18  inches 
long ;  the  seeds  are  edible  and  used  as  food  by  the  natives. 
Would  come  best  to  perfection  in  the  humid  regions  of  our  higher 
mountains. 

Pinus  Laricio,  Poiret.* 

Corsican  Pine.  South  Europe.  It  attains  a  height  of  120  feet, 
A  splendid  shelter  tree  in  the  coldest  regions.  It  will  succeed  on 
stiff  clay  as  well  as  on  sandy  soil,  even  on  sea-sand.  The  wood  is 
white,  towards  the  centre  dark,  very  resinous,  coarse-grained, 
elastic,  and  durable,  and  much  esteemed  for  building,  especially  for 
water- works  ;  valuable  for  its  permanency  underground.  There  are 
three  main  varieties  of  this  Pine,  viz.  :  P.  L.  Poiretiana,  in  Italy  ; 
P.  L.  Austriaca,  in  Austria ;  P.  L.  Pallasiana,  on  the  borders  of 
the  Black  Sea.  The  tree  grows  best  in  calcareous  soil,  but  also  in 
poor  sandy  soil,  where  however  the  timber  is  not  so  large  nor  so 
good.  It  yields  all  the  products  of  P.  silvestris,  but  in  greater 
quantities,  being  perhaps  the  most  resinous  of  all  Pines. 

Pinus  Larix,  Linne. 

Common  Larch ;  deciduous.  On  the  European  Alps,  up  to  7,000 
feet.  Of  quick  growth  in  cool  localities;  adapted  for  poor  soil. 
It  attains  a  height  of  100  feet,  sometimes  rising  even  up  to  160 
feet,  and  produces  a  valuable  timber  of  great  durability,  which  is 
used  for  land  and  water  buildings,  and  much  prized  for  ship-building; 
for  staves  of  wine  casks  almost  indestructible,  not  allowing  the 
evaporation  of  the  spirituous  contents  (Simmonds.)  The  Briangon — 
Manna  exudes  from  the  stem.  Larch-timber  lasts  three  times 
longer  than  that  of  Norway-spruces,  and  although  so  buoyant  and 
elastic  it  is  tougher  and  more  compact ;  it  is  proof  against  water, 
not  readily  igniting,  and  heavier  and  harder  than  any  deal 
(Stauffer).  The  Venetian  houses,  constructed  of  Larchwood,  showed, 
for  almost  indefinite  periods,  no  symptoms  of  decay.  This  wood  is 
also  selected  for  the  most  lasting  panels  of  paintings.  The  bark 
is  used  for  tanning  and  dyeing.  The  tree  is  also  of  great  import- 
ance for  its  yield  of  Venetian  turpentine,  which  is  obtained  by 


248  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

boring  holes  into  it  in  spring ;  these  fill  during  the  summer,  sup- 
plying from  half  to  three-quarters  of  a  pint  of  turpentine.  In 
Piedmont,  where  they  tap  the  tree  in  different  places  and  let  the 
liquid  continually  run,  it  is  said  that  from  seven  to  eight  pints  may 
be  obtained  in  a  year,  but  the  wood  suffers  through  this  operation. 
P.  L.  var.  Rossica,  Russian  Larch,  grows  principally  on  the  Altai 
Mountains,  from  2,500  to  5,500  feet  above  sea-level ;  it  attains  a 
height  of  80  feet.  The  species  would  be  important  for  our  upland 
(particularly  alpine)  country. 

Pinus  leiophylla,  Schiede  and  Deppe. 

7,000  to  11,000  feet  upon  the  mountains  of  Mexico.  A  tree  90 
feet  high.  The  wood  is  excessively  hard. 

Pinus  leptolepis,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini. 

The  Karamatson  or  Japan  Larch.  In  Japan,  between  35°  and  48° 
north  latitude,  up  to  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet.  Never  a  very  tall 
tree.  The  timber,  when  mature,  reddish  brown  and  soft ;  it  is 
highly  valued  by  the  Japanese. 

Pinus  longifolia,  Roxburgh.* 

Emodi-Pine  or  Cheer-Pine.  On  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  from 
2 '000  to  9,000  feet.  A  handsome  tree  with  a  branchless  stem 
of  50  feet,  the  whole  tree  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  somewhat 
over  100  feet,  the  girth  of  the  stem  12  feet.  The  wood  is  resinous, 
and  the  red  variety  useful  for  building ;  it  yields  a  quantity  of  tar 
and  turpentine.  The  tree  stands  exposure  and  heat  well. 
According  to  W.  J.  Winter  it  endures  an  occasional  shade  tem- 
perature of  118°E. 

Pinus  Massoniana,  Lambert.     (P.  Sinensis,  Lamb.) 

China  and  Japan.  The  most  common  of  all  trees  in  Japan,  called 
there  the  "  Matz"  or  "  Kouromatsou."  It  attains  a  stem  diameter 
of  6  feet,  a  height  of  100  feet,  and  an  age  of  several  centuries.  It 
prefers  sandy  soil.  Splendid  for  avenues  (Rein.)  It  supplies  a 
resinous,  tough,  and  durable  wood,  used  for  buildings  and  furni- 
ture, but  suitable  only  for  indoor  works.  The  roots,  when  burned 
with  the  oil  of  Brassica  Orientalis,  furnish  the  Chinese  Lampblack. 

Pinus  Mertensiana,  Bongard. 

Californian  Hemlock  Spruce.  North- West  America.  The  wood 
is  white,  tough,  and  very  soft,  but  is  often  used  for  building.  The 
tree  is  up  to  200  feet  high,  with  a  stem  of  4  to  6  feet  in  diameter. 

Pinus  mitis,  Michaux.* 

Yellow  Pine  of  North  America,  called  also  Short-leaved  Pine,  in 
contrast  to  P.  Australis,  extending  far  south.  In  dry  sandy,  and 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  249 

more  particularly  somewhat  clayey  soil,  attaining  a  height  up  to  90 
feet,  rapid  in  growth  ;  eligible  for  rocky  ridges.  Wood  yellowish, 
compact,  hard,  durable,  fine-grained,  moderately  resinous,  valuable 
for  flooring,  cabinet-work,  and  ship-building.  According  to  Dr. 
Yasey  it  commands  a  higher  price  even  than  that  of  P.  Strobus. 
P.  glabra  (Walter)  is  closely  allied  to  P.  mitis,  and  fit  for  growth 
on  low  hummocks. 

Pinus  monophylla,  Torrey. 

Stone  or  Nut  Pine  of  California,  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade 
Mountains,  6,500  feet.  It  thrives  best  on  dry  limestone  soil.  The 
large  seeds  are  edible,  of  an  almond-like  taste,  and  consumed  in 
quantity  by  the  natives.  Height  of  tree  generally  about  35  feet, 
but  occasionally  as  much  as  80  feet ;  stem  not  of  great  thickness. 
Not  of  quick  growth.  Wood  pale,  soft,  very  resinous,  much  used 
for  charcoal. 

Pinus  montana,  Du  Roi.     (P.  Pumilio,  Hsenke.) 

On  the  Alps  and  Carpathians,  up  to  the  heighest  points,  cover- 
ing large  tracts,  and  thriving  on  the  poorest  soil.  The  tree, 
which  grows  about  25  feet  high,  in  favourable  localities  50,  yields 
much  oil  of  turpentine.  The  wood  is  used  for  carving  and  for  fire- 
wood. Only  available  to  advantage  for  highlands. 

Pinus  Montezumae,  Lambert.     (P.  'Devonian^  Lindley;  P.  Grenvillece, 

Gordon.) 

Mexico.  A  handsome  Pine,  80  feet  high ;  wood  white,  soft,  and 
resinous. 

Pinus  monticola,  Douglas. 

British  Columbia  and  California,  at  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet.  It 
thrives  best  in  poor  soil  of  granite  formation,  and  attains  the  height 
of  200  feet,  with  a  stem  1J  to  7  feet  thick.  The  wood  is  white, 
close-grained,  similar  to  that  of  P.  Strobus.  Dr.  Gibbons  observes 
that  it  is  less  than  half  the  size  of  P.  Lambertiana,  but  in  all  other 
respects  resembles  it.  Woodmen  are  very  pronounced  in  their  state- 
ment that  there  are  two  kinds  of  Sugar  Pine,  both  growing  in  close 
proximity  to  each  other.  J.  Hoopes  states  that  the  wood  is  similar 
to  White  Pine,  but  tougher. 

Pinus  muricata,  D.  Don. 

Bishop's  Pine.  California.  Found  up  to  7,500  feet.  This  Pine 
grows  to  about  40  feet.  It  might  be  utilized  for  wind-brakes  (Dr. 
Gibbons). 


250  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULUTRE 

Pinus  nigra,  Alton.     (P.  rub  fa,  Lambert) 

Black  Spruce.  North-East  America,  occurring  extensively  between 
44°  and  53°  north  latitude.  This  tree,  which  is  termed  Double 
Spruce  by  the  Canadians,  attains  a  height  of  70  feet,  and  furnishes 
a  light  elastic  timber  of  pale  colour,  excellent  for  yards  of  ships  ; 
also  largely  sawn  into  boards  and  quarterings ;  has  also  come  exten- 
sively into  use  for  paper.  The  spruce  lumber  of  eastern  markets  in 
the  United  States  is  chiefly  furnished  by  this  species  (Sargent). 
The  young  shoots  are  used  for  making  spruce-beer  and  the  small 
roots  serve  as  cords.  The  tree  prefers  poor  and  rocky  soil,  but  a 
humid  cool  clime,  and  is  best  available  for  mountainous  localities 
inaccessible  to  culture.  Mr.  Cecil  Clay  estimates  that  20,000  cubic 
feet  of  timber  can  be  obtained  from  this  tree  on  one  acre  of  ground. 

Pinus  nobilis,  Douglas. 

Noble  White  Fir ;  also  known  as  Red  Fir.  North-west  coast  of 
America,  on  the  Columbia  Elver  and  the  mountains  of  North  Cali- 
fornia, where  it  forms  extensive  forests  at  6,000  to  8,000  feet.  A 
majestic  tree,  150  to  200  feet  high,  4  feet  in  diameter,  with  regular 
horizontal  branches,  furnishing  a  splendid  timber.  P.  magnifica, 
Murray,  is  a  variety. 

Pinus  Nuttallii,  Parlatore. 

The  Oregon  Larch,  at  elevations  of  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet.  Ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Gibbons,  one  of  the  most  graceful  trees.  Stem 
frequently  200  feet  to  the  first  limb.  Timber  fissile,  very  strong 
and  durable  (Dufur). 

Pinus  obovata,  Antoine.     (P.  Schrenkiana,  Antoine.) 

North-Eastern  Europe  and  Northern  Asia.  Somewhat  like  the 
Norway  Spruce.  Wood  soft  and  pale,  much  used  for  furniture 
and  household  implements,  also  packing-boxes  of  great  durability 
(Regel). 

Pinus  orientalis,  Linne. 

Sapindus  Fir.  In  Asia  Minor,  at  4,000  feet.  The  tree  rises  to 
about  80  feet,  and  resembles  somewhat  the  Norway  Spruce.  The 
wood  is  exceedingly  tough  and  durable. 

Pinus  Parryana,  Engelmann. 

California.     One  of  the  pines  with  edible  nuts. 

Pinus  parviflora,  Siebold. 

Kuriles  and  Japan.  The  "  Imekomatsou."  A  middle-sized  tree  of 
longevity ;  ascends  to  Alpine  heights.  Much  used  as  an  avenue 
tree.  Wood  for  furniture  and  boat-building.  It  is  harder  than 
that  of  P.  Massoniana  and  P.  densiflora  (Dupont). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  251 

Pinus  Pattoniana,  Parlatore. 

California,  5,000  to  6,000  feet  above  sea-level.  A  very  fine  Fir, 
300  feet  high,  with  a  perfectly  straight  stem.  The  wood  is  hard, 
of  a  reddish  colour,  with  handsome  veins,  but  poor  in  resin. 

Pinus  patula,  Schiede  and  Deppe. 

In  Mexico,  at  an  elevation  of  8,000  to  9,000  feet.  A  graceful  Pine, 
80  feet  high. 

Pinus  pendula,  Solander.     (P.  microcarpa,  Lambert.) 

From  Labrador  and  Canada  to  Virginia.  Small-coned  American 
Larch,  Black  Larch,  or  Tamarack,  delighting  in  swampy  ground. 
A  pine  of  pyramidal  growth,  100  feet  high.  The  timber  is  pale, 
heavy,  resinous,  and  'as  highly  valued  as  that  of  the  common  Larch. 
It  is  close-grained,  well  adapted  for  underground  work ;  it  combines 
lightness,  strength,  and  durability ;  much  sought  by  shipbuilders, 
as  for  knees,  bends,  and  ship  garlands  it  cannot  be  surpassed  (Robb) ; 
much  in  use  also  for  railway  ties. 

Pinus  picea,  Du  R-oi.*     (P.  Abies,  Linne.) 

Norway  Spruce,  Fichte.  Middle  and  Northern  Europe  and 
Northern  Asia,  rising  from  the  plains  to  an  elevation  of  4,500  feet, 
and  forming  extensive  forests.  It  exceeds  even  the  Birch  in  en- 
durance of  cold.  Adapted  to  most  kinds  of  soil.  The  tree  attains 
a  height  of  150  feet  or  even  more,  and  furnishes  an  excellent 
timber  for  building  and  furniture,  for  masts,  spars,  ladders,  oars,  &c., 
commonly  known  under  the  name  of  White  Deal.  It  also  pro- 
duces the  Burgundy  Pitch  in  quantity,  while  the  bark  is  used  for 
tanning.  Though  enduring  dry  summers,  this  Spruce  would  have 
to  be  restricted  for  timber  purposes  to  the  damp  mountains. 

Pinus  Pinaster,  Solander.*     (P.  maritima,  Poiret  and  De  Candolle.) 

Cluster  Pine.  On  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  This  tree  is 
of  quick  growth,  and  rises  up  to  60  feet  in  height.  The  wood  is 
soft  and  resinous  ;  it  yields  largely  the  French  turpentine.  Among 
the  best  Pines  for  consolidation  of  sandy  coast-land,  and  converting 
rolling  sands  into  pasture  and  agricultural  land.  For  ease  of 
rearing  and  rapidity  of  growth,  one  of  the  most  important  of  all 
Pines.  On  the  testimony  of  Mr.  J.  Hoopes,  it  does  not  thrive  well 
on  calcareous  soil.  W.  J.  Winter  observed,  that  P.  Pinaster  and 
the  allied  P.  Pinea  can  withstand  a  shade-temperature  of  118°  F. 
A  tree  60  to  70  years  old,  heavily  tapped,  yields  12  to  16  Ibs.  of 
turpentine,  equal  to  4  Ibs.  of  resin  and  the  rest  oil  of  turpentine 
(Simmonds).  The  tree  comes  into  full  flow  of  turpentine  at  about 
25  years,  and  the  tapping  process,  if  only  a  slight  one,  is  endured 


252  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

by  this  Pine  for  an  enormous  length  of  time.  The  annual  produc- 
tion of  resin  from  a  good  tree  fluctuates  between  5  and  8  Ibs.,  if 
moderately  tapped.  The  quantity  of  resin  gathered  in  France 
during  1874  was  about  sixty  million  pounds  (Crouzetter-Desnoyers). 

Pinus  Pinceana,  Gordon. 

Mexico,  up  to  9,000  above  sea-level.  A  very  remarkable  Pine, 
having  drooping  branches  like  the  Weeping  Willow,  60  feet  high. 
Most  desirable  for  cemeteries. 

Pinus  Pindrow,  Koyle. 

In  great  abundance  on  the  spurs  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains, 
8,000  to  12,000  feet  abeve  the  sea-level.  A  fine,  straight-stemmed 
tree,  100  feet  high;  cones  purple. 

Pinus  Pinea,  Linne.* 

Stone  Pine.  Frequent  in  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Height  of  tree  60  feet,  top  rather  flat.  The  wood  is 
whitish,  light,  but  full  of  resin,  and  much  used  for  buildings,  furni- 
ture, and  ships.  The  seeds  are  edible,  somewhat  resembling  almonds, 
but  of  a  resinous  though  not  disagreeable  taste ;  they  should  be 
left  in  the  cones  until  they  are  about  to  be  used,  as  otherwise  they 
speedily  become  rancid  ;  they  only  ripen  in  their  third  year.  This 
Pine  grows  as  easily  and  almost  as  quickly  as  the  Cluster  Pine. 

Pinus  Pinsapo,  Boissier. 

Spanish  Fir.  In  Spain,  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  4,000  to  6,000  feet. 
A  tree  60  feet  high,  with  branches  from  the  ground.  The  timber 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  Silver  Fir. 

Pinus  polita,  Antoine. 

Japan  and  Kurile  Islands.  A  tall  superb  tree,  forming  large 
forests  on  the  mountain  ranges  (A.  Murray). 

Pinus  ponderosa,  Douglas.*     (P.  Benthamiana,  Hartweg.) 

Yellow  or  Pitch  Pine  or  Trucker  Pine  of  the  mountains  of  North- 
west America.  Height  of  tree  up  to  225  feet,  with  a  stem  of  24 
feet  in  circumference,  of  comparatively  quick  growth.  The  wood  is 
yellowish,  hard,  strong,  durable  and  heavy,  and  for  general  purposes 
preferred  to  that  of  any  other  Pine.  There  are  fine  groves  of  this 
tree  up  to  5,000  feet  in  California.  P.  Jeffrey i  (Murray)  is,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Yasey,  a  variety  of  this  species  The  variety  P. 
Englemanni,  Parry,  ascends  to  12,000  feet.  The  bark  contains  a 
considerable  quantity  of  tanning  substance.  Wood  pale  and  soft, 
neither  knotty  nor  resinous,  much  esteemed  for  cabinet-work 
(Hoopes).  It  is  of  great  strength,  and  is  used  for  floors,  joists, 
&c.  Dr.  Gibbons  relates  that  the  wood,  with  the  bark  adherent, 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  253 

exposed  to  the  weather,  will  decay  within  a  year,  but  that  when 
stripped  and  covered  with  soil  it  is  very  durable.  Dr.  Kellogg  saw 
logs  which  had  been  in  the  ground  twelve  years  quite  sound.  Has 
proved  well  adapted  even  for  rather  dry  localities,  in  Victoria. 

Pinus  Pseudo-Strobus,  Lindley. 

In  Mexico.  This  tree  is  superior  in  appearance  to  any  other 
Mexican  Pine  ;  height  80  feet. 

Pinus  pungens,  Michaux. 

Eastern  States  of  North  America.  Although  seldom  over  50  feet 
high,  this  Pine  has  the  recommendation  of  being  of  remarkably 
quick  growth. 

Pinus  Pyrenaica,  Lapeyrouse.     (P.  Brutia,  Tenore.) 

In  the  south  of  Spain  and  on  the  Pyrenees.  A  fine  ornamental  tree 
of  quick  growth,  80  feet  high ;  the  wood  is  pale  and  dry,  free  of 
resin,  and  of  considerable  value. 

Pinus  radiata,  Don.*     (P.  insignis,  Douglas.) 

California.  A  splendid  Pine,  fully  100  feet  high,  with  a  straight 
stem,  occasionally  to  8  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  of  remarkably  rapid 
growth,  a  seedling  one  year  old  being  strong  enough  for  final  trans- 
plantation ;  it  has  been  noticed  to  grow  fully  5  feet  in  a  year,  in 
light  soil  near  Melbourne.  Mr.  Dickinson  found  it  to  attain  at 
Port  Phillip  a  height  of  70  feet  with  a  girth  of  5  feet  in  13  years. 
According  to  Mr.  W.  J.  Winter  it  will  endure  unhurt  exceptional 
exposure  to  118°  F.  in  the  shade.  In  the  United  Kingdom  it 
suffers  greatly  from  the  attacks  of  the  Pine  Beetle,  Hylurgus  pini- 
perda  (Lawson).  The  wood  is  tough,  and  is  much  sought  for  boat- 
building and  various  utensils.  This  tree  can  be  utilized  for 
obtaining  tar  and  pitch.  It  bears  exposure  to  the  sea  at  the  very 
edge  of  the  coast. 

Pinus  religiosa,  Humboldt. 

Oyamel  Fir.  Mexico,  4,000  to  9,000  feet  above  the  sea-level.  A 
magnificent  tree  with  silvery  leaves,  growing  100  feet  high;  stem 
6  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  particularly  well  fitted  for  shingles 
and  lathes.  It  endures  the  middle  European  winter. 

Pinus  resinosa,  Solander. 

Red  Pine.  North  America,  principally  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia, 
extending  to  Pennsylvania.  It  attains  a  height  of  150  feet  and  2 
feet  in  diameter.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  on  account  of  the  red- 
barked  stem  very  ornamental  (Sargent)  ;  delights  in  sandy  soil ; 
the  wood  is  hard,  fine-grained,  heavy,  and  durable,  very  resinous, 
and  is  used  for  ship-building  and  structures  of  various  kinds.  The 
tree  will  succeed  in  sandy  soil. 


254  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Pinus  rigida,  Miller.* 

American  pitch  pine.  From  New  England  to  Virginia.  It  grows 
to  a  height  of  80  feet ;  the  timber  from  light,  gravelly  or  rocky  soil 
heavy  and  resinous,  from  damp  alluvial  soil  light  and  soft ;  used 
for  building  ;  but  the  tree  is  principally  important  for  its  yield  of 
turpentine,  resin,  pitch,  and  tar.  The  tree  is  suitable  for  sea- 
shores ;  it  will  also  grow  in  the  driest  localities,  and  again  in 
swamps  as  well,  nor  is  it  readily  susceptible  to  injury  from  fire. 
With  P.  Taeda  among  the  most  oleous  and  resinous  pines,  to  be 
disseminated  millionfold  in  such  extensive  malarian  regions  as  can- 
not be  readily  or  profitably  drained,  to  subdue  miasmata  by  the 
copious  evolution  of  the  double  oxyde  of  hydrogen  and  ozone. 

Pinus  Sabiniana,  Douglas.* 

Californian  Nut  Pine  or  White  Pine.  Most  frequent  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  intermixed  with  other  trees ;  150 
feet  high,  stem  3  to  5  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  pale  and  soft ; 
according  to  Dr.  Gibbons  it  is,  when  seasoned,  hard  and  durable, 
with  close  and  twisted  grain,  and  contains  much  resin;  the  clustered 
heavy  cones  attain  a  length  of  one  foot.  The  seeds  are  edible. 
They  are  produced  in  great  profusion,  and  formed  formerly  a  large 
portion  of  the  winter  food  of  the  native  tribes.  Proves  in  dry 
localities  of  Victoria  to  be  of  quick  growth. 

Pinus  serotina,  Michaux. 

Pond  Pine.  Southern  States  of  North  America,  in  black  morassy 
soil,  "principally  near  the  sea-coast.  It  is  50  feet  high  ;  stem  18 
inches  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  soft.  Of  importance  as  antima- 
larian  for  fever-swamps. 

Pinus  Sibirica,  Turczaninow.     (P.  Pickta,  Fischer.) 

Siberian  Pitch  .Fir.  On  the  Altai  Mountains  j  it  reaches  a  height 
of  50  feet. 

Pinus  silvestris,  Linne.* 

Scotch  Fir,  Foehre.  Middle  and  Northern  Europe,  up  to  70°  north 
latitude,  and  North  Asia,  thriving  best  in  sandy  soil.  Of  all  trees 
the  one  which  needs  the  least  of  mineral  aliment  from  the  soil, 
hence  adapted  for  pure  sand,  where  it  forms  twice  as  much  humus 
in  the  same  time  as  Robinia  pseudacacia  or  Poplars,  while  its  wood 
is  much  more  valuable.  More  easily  transplanted  than  any  other 
species  (Wesseley).  A  very  valuable  tree,  fully  100  feet  high, 
growing  to  the  age  of  about  120  years.  It  is  important  for  masts 
and  spars.  The  Red  Baltic,  Norway  or  Riga  deals  are  obtained 
from  this  Pine,  as  well  as  a  large  portion  of  the  European  Pine-tar. 
Pine  cones  have  in  France  come  into  use  for  tanning.  Proves  well 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  255 

adapted  even  for  the  drier  parts  of  Victoria.  The  leaves  of  Pines 
can  be  well  converted  into  material  for  pillows  and  mattresses,  with  - 
the  great  recommendation  of  healthiness  for  such  a  purpose.  All 
Fir  forests  are  antimiasmatic  and  salubrious  for  hectic  patients,  in 
consequence  of  the  di-oxyde  of  hydrogen  involved  from  their  tere- 
binthine  emanations. 

Pinus  Sitchensis,  Bongard.     (P.  Menziesii,  Dougl.) 

North-West  America.  The  Blue  Spruce  of  California,  also  called 
Tideland  Spruce,  ascending  to  elevations  of  9,000  feet,  of  rapid 
growth  in  congenial  soil.  A  very  handsome  tree,  which  furnishes 
a  valuable  pale  and  fine-grained  timber ;  used  largely  for  piles 
(Dr.  Gibbons).  It  thrives  best  in  moist  ground.  According  to 
Professor  Brewer,  instances  are  on  record  of  trees  having  attained 
a  height  of  over  300  feet,  and  a  stem  7  feet  diameter  at  100  feet 
from  the  base.  From  an  exceptionally  large  tree  100,000  shingles 
were  obtained,  besides  58  cords  of  wood. 

Pinus  Smithiana,  Lambert.     (P.  Khutrow,  Royle.) 

On  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  at  elevations  from  6,000  to  11,000 
feet.  Attains  a  height  of  150  feet,  and  the  stem  a  girth  of  15 
feet.  The  wood  is  pale,  even  and  straight-grained,  but  only  durable 
under  shelter. 

Pinus  stenolepis,  Parlatore.     (Picea  Veitchii,  Lindley.) 

Japan.  Up  to  7,000  feet.  A  fine  tree,  attaining  a  height  of  140 
feet. 

Pinus  Strobus,  Linne.* 

Weymouth  Pine  or  American  White  Pine.  North-East ern  America, 
growing  on  any  soil,  but  particularly  adapted  for  deep  rich 
soil  in  mountain  valleys;  known  to  reach  a  height  of  270  feet,  with 
a  stem  of  8  feet  diameter.  It  is  the  principal  pine  of  the  lumber 
trade  of  the  Eastern  States.  One  of  the  finest  among  ornamental 
conifers.  The  wood  is  soft,  white,  or  yellowish,  light,  free  of  knots, 
almost  without  resin,  easy  to  work,  very  durable,  and  much 
esteemed  for  masts,  bridges,  frames  of  buildings,  windows,  ceilings, 
flooring,  oars,  cabinet  work,  organ-pipes.  It  yields  American  tur- 
pentine and  gallipot.  Mr.  Cecil  Clay  cut  exceptionally  40,000  feet 
of  its  timber  on  an  acre  of  ground  in  the  Virginian  mountains.  The 
sap-wood  is  remarkably  thin. 

Pinus  Tee  da,  Linne. 

Frankincense  or  Loblolly  Pine.  Florida,  Carolina,  and  Virginia, 
in  sandy  soil  attaining  a  height  of  80  feet.  The  timber  is  used  for 
pumps,  but  liable  to  warp  and  decay  in  buildings  on  exposure 


256  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

(Sargent).  It  also  yields  turpentine  in  good  quantity,  though  of 
inferior  quality.  The  tree  likes  the  regions  near  the  coast,  hence 
can  be  utilized  for  raising  Fir  forests  on  sea-sand. 

Pinus  tenuifolia,  Bentham. 

Mexico,  at  an  elevation  of  5,000  feet,  forming  dense  forests. 
Height  of  tree  100  feet,  stem  up  to  5  feet  in  diameter. 

Pinus  Teocote,  Chamisso  and  Schlechtendal. 

Okote  or  Torch  Pine.  Mexico,  5,000  to  8,000  feet  above  the  sea- 
level.  Tree  100  feet  high,  stem  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter.  It  yields 
the  Brea  turpentine  and  resin ;  the  wood  is  resinous  and  durable. 

Pinus  Torreyana,  Parry. 

California.  An  average  cone  of  this  Pine  will  contain  about  130 
seeds,  weighing  3  ounces ;  they  are  edible  (Meehan). 

Pinus  Tsuga,  Antoine. 

In  the  northern  provinces  of  Japan,  6,000  to  9,000  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  tree  grows  to  only  25  feet  high.  Its  timber  is  highly 
esteemed  for  superior  furniture,  especially  by  turners.  It  is  of  a 
yellowish-brown  colour. 

Pinus  Webbiana,  Wallich. 

King-Pine,  Dye-Pine.  On  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  from  7,000  to  13,000  feet.  A  splendid  Fir,  reaching  a 
height  of  150  feet ;  the  stem  a  circumference  up  to  30  feet.  The 
wood  is  of  a  pale  colour,  soft,  coarse-grained,  and  very  resinous,  on 
the  testimony  of  Mr.  Webb  equalling  in  texture  and  odour  the 
Bermuda  Cedar.  The  natives  extract  a  splendid  violet  dye  from  the 
cones. 

Pinus  Williamsonii,  Newberry. 

California  and  Oregon,  up  to  12,000  feet.  Height  of  tree  150  feet. 
Timber  very  valuable  (Vasey). 

Piptadenia  rigida,  Bentham. 

Sub-tropical  and  extra-tropical  South  America.  This  acacia-like 
tree  furnishes  the  angico-gum,  similar  to  gum-arabic.  The  wood, 
according  to  Saldana  da  Gama,  serves  for  naval  constructions. 

Pipturus  propinquus,  WeddelL 

Insular  India,  South  Sea  Islands,  and  warmer  parts  of  East  Aus- 
tralia. This  bush 'is  higher  and  rather  more  hardy  than  Boehmeria 
nivea,  but  in  fibre  it  is  similar  to  that  plant.  P.  velutinus  (Wedd.) 
is  closely  allied.  The  few  other  species  serve  probably  as  well  for 
fibre. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  257 

Pircunia  dioica,  Moquin. 

Southern  Brazil  and  La  Plata  States.  The  Ombu.  A  deciduous 
tree,  for  shady  avenues  grown  in  South  Europe,  as  well  as  in  many 
tropicel  countries,  tested  by  the  writer  to  be  hardy  in  the  lowlands 
of  Victoria.  It  is  comparatively  quick  of  growth. 

Pisonia  aculeata,  Linne. 

Tropical  and  sub-tropical  countries  of  both  hemispheres,  extending 
as  a  native  plant  into  New  S'outh  Wales.  This  rambling  prickly 
bush  can  be  chosen  for  hedge-copses. 

Pistacia  Lentiscus,  Linne. 

The  Mastic  Tree.  Mediterranean  regions.  A  tall  evergreen  bush, 
exuding  the  mastic-resin,  mostly  through  incisions  into  its  bark.  In 
Morocco  it  is  extensively  used  for  hedges. 

Pistacia  Terebinthus,  Linne. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A  tall  bush  or  small  tree 
with  deciduous  foliage.  The  fragrant  Cyprian  or  Chio  turpentine 
exudes  from  the  stem  of  this  species. 

Pistacia  vera,  Linne. 

Indigenous  in  the  Orient,  as  far  as  Persia.  A  deciduous  tree,  30 
feet  high,  yielding  the  Pistacio-nuts  of  commerce,  remarkable  for 
their  green  almond-like  kernels.  The  likewise  deciduous  P.  Atlantica 
(Desfontaines)  and  the  evergreen  South  European  P.  lentiscus  (L.), 
furnishing  the  mastic,  rarely  grow  to  the  size  of  large  trees. 

Pisum  sativum,  Linne.* 

The  Common  Pea.  Mediterranean  countries  and  Western  Asia. 
This  annual  of  daily  use  corild  hardly  be  left  disregarded  on  this 
occasion.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  herbage  as  a  nutritious  fodder 
deserves  more  attention  than  it  receives  The  green  fruit  contains 
inosit-sugar  and  cholestrin  fat.  For  field  culture  a  sandy  calcareous 
loam  should  be  chosen  for  this  plant,  to  ensure  rich  and  safe  har- 
vests. Peas  after  four  years'  exposure  to  the  extreme  frosts  of 
Polaris  Bay  retained  their  vitality.  A  second  species,  P.  Aucheri 
(Jaub.  and  Spach),  which  is  perennial,  occurs  in  Alpine  elevations 
on  the  Taurus. 

Pittosporum  tenuifolium,  Banks  and  Solander. 

New  Zealand.  This  with  P.  eugenioides  has  proved  very  suitable 
for  tall  garden-hedges,  for  which  these  and  several  other  species 
were  first  brought  into  notice  by  the  writer. 


258  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Pittosporum  undulatum,  Ventenat. 

South-east  Australia.  This  tree  with  P.  bicolor  (Hooker)  produces 
a  wood  well  adapted  for  turners'  purposes  and  also  as  a  substitute 
for  boxwood  (Oliver).  The  flowers  furnish  a  highly  fragrant 
volatile  oil  on  distillation. 

Planera  aquatica,  Gmelin. 

North  America.  An  elm-like  tree,  which  can  be  chosen  for  plan- 
tations in  wet  localities.  The  wood  is  hard  and  strong. 

Platanus  occidentalis,  Linne.* 

The  true  Plane  Tree  of  the  east  part  of  North  America,  also  known 
as  Buttonwood.  More  eligible  as  an  avenue  tree  than  as  a  timber 
tree.  Height  to  100  feet.  Diameter  of  stem  at  times  14  feet. 
Wood  dull  red,  light,  not  readily  attacked  by  insects ;  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  pianofortes  and  harps ;  cuts  into  very  good 
screws,  also  presses,  dairy  utensils,  windlasses,  wheels  and  blocks. 
The  young  wood  .is  silky  white  and  often  handsomely  mottled 
(Robb).  The  tree  likes  alluvial  river  banks  and  has  been  success- 
fully planted  in  morassy  places,  to  cope  with  miasmatic  effluvia. 

Platanus  orientalis,  Linne.* 

The  Plane  Tree  of  South  Europe  and  Middle  Asia.  One  of  the 
grandest  trees  for  lining  roads  and  for  street-planting,  deciduous 
like  the  other  Planes,  rather  quick  of  growth,  and  not  requiring 
much  water.  Attains  a  height  of  90  feet.  It  resists,  in  large  towns 
such  as  London,  the  smoke  better  than  any  other  tree,  growing 
vigorously  even  under  such  disadvantage.  It  is  of  several  centuries' 
longevity.  The  wood  is  well  adapted  for  furniture  and  other  kinds 
of  cabinet-work. 

Platanus  racemosa,  JSTuttall. 

The  Californian  Plane  Tree.  A  good  promenade-tree,  which,  ac- 
cording to  Professor  Bolander,  grows  more  rapidly  and  more  com- 
pact than  P.  occidentalis.  Height  to  100  feet.  Wood  harder  and 
thus  more  durable  than  that  of  P.  occidentalis,  also  less  liable  to 
warp.  According  to  Dr.  Gibbons  the  tree  attains  a  height  of  100 
feet  and  a  diameter  of  8  feet ;  the  wood  is  very  brittle ;  in  use 
however  by  turners. 

Plectocomia  Himalaiana,  Griffith. 

Sikkim,  up  to  7,000  feet,  extending  to  27°  south  latitude.  This 
Rattan  Palm  requires  moist  forest-land.  Its  canes  are  not  durable, 
but  this  Palm  is  an  object  worthy  of  scenic  horticulture,  and  would 
prove  the  hardiest  among  its  congeners.  P.  elongata  ascends, 
according  to  Drude,  to  4,500  feet. 


IX   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  259 

Plectocomia  macrostachya,  Kurz. 

Tenasserim,  at  3,000  feet  elevation,  therefore  most  likely  hardy  in 
temperate  lowlands. 

Plectronia  ventosa,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  A  hedge-bush,  like  P.  ciliata  (Sender),  and  P. 
spinosa  (Klotzsch). 

Poa  Abyssinica,  Jacquin.  ,, 

The  Teff  of  Abyssinia.  An  annual  grass.  The  grain  there  exten 
sively  used  for  bread  of  an  agreeable  acidulous  taste. 

Poa  airoides,  Koeler.     (Catabrosa  aquatica,  Beauvois.) 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America. 
The  "Water- whorl  Grass.  A  creeping  grass,  suitable  for  soil  subject 
to  inundation. 

Poa  Alpina,  Linne. 

Alpine  and  Arctic  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America.  Deserves 
to  be  transferred  to  snowy  mountains  as  a  nutritious  perennial 
pasture  grass.  P.  Sudetica  (Haenke)  and  P.  hybrida  (Guadin)  are 
mentioned  also  as  excellent  Alpine  grasses. 

Poa  angustifolia,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Asia,  North  America.  A  perennial  pasture  grass, 
allied  to  P.  nemoralis.  An  excellent  grass  for  moist  meadows  and 
river  banks.  Poa  fertilis  (Host.)  may  be  a  mere  variety  of  this 
species. 

Poa  aquatica,  Linne.     (Glyceria  aquatica,  Smith.) 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America.  This  conspicuous 
Water-grass  attains  a  height  of  6  feet.  It  is  perennial,  and  deserves 
naturalization  in  our  swamps.  It  produces  a  large  bulk  of  foliage, 
and  may  be  disseminated  for  fodder  purposes.  On  the  testimony 
of  Dr.  Curl  this  is  one  of  the  best  feeding  grasses  in  New  Zealand. 

Poa  Billardieri,  Steudel. 

Australia.  A  perennial  rigid  grass,  of  some  value  for  saline 
meadows. 

Poa  Brownii,  Kunth.     (Eragrostis  Brownii,  Nees.) 

Tropical  and  Eastern  extra-tropical  Australia.  It  is  here  mentioned 
as  a  valuable  perennial  species,  keeping  beautifully  green  in  the 
driest  Australian  summer,  even  on  poor  soil.  The  section  Eragrostis 
of  the  genus  Poa  contains  numerous  species  in  the  hotter  parts  of 
the  globe.  Of  these  many  would  doubtless  be  hardy  and  prove  cf 
value  as  pasture  in  temperate  climes. 


260  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Poa  Canadensis,  Beauvois. 

The  Rattlesnake  Grass  of  South-East  America.  A  valuable  swamp- 
grass. 

Poa  Chinensis,  Koenig. 

South  and  East  Asia,  East  Australia.  Recommended  by  Mr.  F. 
M.  Bailey  as  a  valuable  pasture  grass,  perhaps  on  account  of  its 
tender  panicles.  Poa  bulbosa,  L.,  of  Europe  and  West  Asia,  and 
P.  compressa,  L.,  of  the  same  regions,  will  grow  in  pure  sand.  The 
latter  is  a  good  lawn  grass,  and  also  of  pastoral  value. 

Poa  cynosuroides,  Retz. 

North-Eastern  Africa,  South  Asia.  A  harsh  perennial  grass,  not 
serviceable  for  fodder,  but  mentioned  by  Royle  as  a  fibre- plant  of 
North- Western  India,  where  it  is  valued  as  a  material  for  ropes. 
In  this  respect  it  may  not  surpass  the  rough  tufty  variety  of  Poa 
caespitosa,  F.,  so  common  on  river  banks  of  South-East  Australia, 
from  the  leaves  of  which  excellent  nets  are  made  by  the  natives. 

Poa  digitata,  R.  Brown. 

South-Eastern  and  Central  Australia.  Valuable  for  fixing  wet 
river-banks  and  slopes.  It  forms  large  stools.  Cattle  and  horses 
relish  it. 

Poa  distans,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  Northern  Asia,  North  America. 
Perennial.  It  is  one  of  the  limited  number  of  tender  grasses, 
suited  for  moist  saline  soil,  and  thus  affords  pasturage  on  coast 
marshes. 

Poa  fertilis,  Host.     (P.  serotina,  Ehrhart.) 

Europe,  North  Asia,  North  America.  Perennial.  Important  for 
wet  meadows,  even  with  sandy  subsoil.  Its  foliage  is  tender,  tasty, 
and  nourishing.  In  mixtures  of  grasses  it  keeps  up  the  growth 
late  into  the  autumn  ;  it  will  prosper  also  in  sandy  and  saline  soil. 

Poa  fluitans,  Scopoli.     (Glyceria  fluitans,  R.  Brown.) 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  North  Asia,  North  America, 
East  Australia.  The  Manna  Grass.  Perennial.  Excellent  for 
stagnant  water  and  slow-flowing  streams.  The  foliage  is  tender. 
The  seeds  are  sweet  and  palatable,  and  are  in  many  countries  used 
for  porridge. 

Poa  maritima,  Hudson. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  Asia,  North  America.  Its  long 
creeping  roots  help  to  bind  the  coast  sand.  This  grass  can  also  be 
depastured  and  grown  on  meadows. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  261 

Poa  nemoralis,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America.  This  perennial 
grass  can  be  grown  on  shady  forest  land,  as  the  name  implies,  but 
it  accommodates  itself  also  to  open  places,  and  will  grow  even 
among  rocks.  It  endures  Alpine  winters.  According  to  Lawson 
no  better  grass  exists  for  displacing  weeds  on  pleasure  lawns ;  the 
same  may  be  said  of  Poa  compressa,  L. 

Poa  nervata,  Willdenow. 

Southern  North  America,  called  in  Alabama  the  Manna  Grass. 
Perennial.  Valuable  for  pastures  in  low  forest  land.  (C.  Mohr.) 

Poa  pectinacea,  Michaux.     (Eragrostis  pectinacea,  Gray.) 

Middle  and  Southern  States  of  North  America.  This  perennial 
grass  spreads  readily  over  dry  ground  and  even  on  coast  sands.  C. 
Mohr  regards  it  as  valuable  for  pastures,  and  mentions  as  such 
also  Eragrostis  nitida  (Chapman),  and  E.  tennis  (Gray). 

Poa  pratensis,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  English  Meadow  Grass.  A  perennial  species,  fit  for 
any  meadows,  thriving  early,  and  able  to  live  also  in  Alpine 
localities.  Better  adapted  for  pasture  than  hay.  It  is  suitable  for 
moor  land,  when  such  is  laid  dry  ;  although  it  shoots  only  once  in 
the  season  into  flower,  yet  it  forms  a  nutritious  fodder,  even  on 
comparatively  poor  soil.  It  resists  drought.  It  forms  excellent 
sward,  and  with  advantage  can  be  used  for  intermixing  it  with 
other  pasture  grasses.  In  the  United  States  it  is  known  as  the 
Kentucky  Blue  Grass  or  Pennsylvania  Green  Grass,  and  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  best  for  lawns,  by  Professor  Meehan,  as  it  will 
crowd  out  all  weeds  in  time. 

Poa  trivialis,  Linne.* 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  Northern  Asia.  Also  a  good 
perennial  grass  for  mixture  on  pasture  land.  One  of  the  best 
grasses  for  sowing  on  ground  recently  laid  dry.  Recommendable 
also  as  a  lawn  grass.  Sinclair  regarded  the  produce  of  this  Poa  as 
superior  to  many  other  kinds,  and  noticed  the  marked  partiality 
which  horses,  oxen,  and  sheep  evince  towards  it.  To  thrive  well  it 
wants  rather  moist  and  rich  soil  and  sheltered  places.  It  is  a  later 
grass  than  P.  pratensis  ;  it  is  well  adapted  for  hay,  and  gives  good 
after-growth  (Langethal). 

These  few  species  of  Poa  have  been  singled  out  as  recommendable, 
because  they  are  well  tested.  Future  experiments  beyond  Europe 
will  add  others  to  lists  of  recommendations  like  this. 


262  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Podachaenium  alatum,  Bentham.     (Ferdinanda  eminens,  Lagasca.) 

Central  America,  up  to  a  height  of  8,000  feet.  A  tall  shrub,  for 
the  grandeur  of  its  foliage  in  requisition  for  scenic  effects. 

Podophyllum  peltatum,  Linne. 

North  America.  A  perennial  forest-herb,  not  without  importance 
for  medicinal  purposes.  The  root  contains  the  bitter  alkaloid 
berberin.  Podophyllum  Emodi  (Wall.),  occurring  in  the  Indian, 
mountains  at  heights  from  6,000  to  14,000  feet,  can  probably  be 
used  like  the  American  species.  The  berries  of  both  are  edible 
though  the  root  and  leaves  are  poisonous. 

Pogostemon  Patchouli,  Pellet. 

Mountains  of  India.  A  perennial  herb,  famed  for  its  powerful 
scent  arising  from  a  volatile  oil.  P.  parviflorus  (Benth.)  and  P. 
Heyneanus  (Benth.)  belong  to  this  species. 

Polianthes  tuberosa,  Linne. 

Mexico.  The  Tuberose.  Seemingly  introduced  only  into  South 
Asia ;  valuable  for  perfume  distillation. 

Polygala  crotalaroides,  Hamilton. 

Temperate  Himalaya.  Praised  as  an  ophidian  alexipharmic.  To 
several  other  species  both  of  the  eastern  and  western  hemispheres 
similiar  properties  are  ascribed,  but  we  are  almost  entirely  without 
any  reliable  medical  testimony  on  these  and  many  other  supposed 
vegetable  antidotes  against  snake-poison. 

Polygala  Senega,  Linne. 

North  America.     A  perennial  herb.    The  root  is  of  medicinal  value. 

Polygaster  Sampadarius,  Fries. 

South-Eastern  Asia.     One  of  the  most  palatable  of  all  truffles. 

Polygonum  tinctorium,  Loureiro. 

Japan  and  China.  An  annual  herb,  deserving  attention  and  local 
trials,  as  yielding  a  kind  of  indigo,  one  of  the  most  important  dye- 
plants  of  Japan.  It  can  be  cultivated  in  cold  climes.  Its  growth 
would  be  vigorous  here.  Various  Polygonums  contains  tannin, 
P.  amphibium  as  much  as  11^  per  cent.  (Gard.  Chron.). 

Polyporus  giganteus,  Fries. 

Dr.  Goeppert  records  this  and  also  the  following  species  as  allowed 
to  be  sold  for  food  in  Silesia  :  P.  frondosus  (Fr.),  P.  ovinus  (Fr.), 
P.  tuberaster  (Fr.),  P.  citrinus  (Pers.).  Dr.  Atkinson  mentions  as 
edible  among  the  fungi  of  Cashmere  P.  fomentarius  and  P. 
squamosus. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  263 

Populus  alba,  Linne. 

The  Abele  or  White  Poplar  of  Europe  and  Middle  Asia,  growing 
in  the  Himalayas  up  to  10,000  feet,  ceasing  at  4,000  feet.  Height 
90  feet.  It  proved  an  excellent  avenue-tree,  even  in  comparatively 
waterless  situations,  and  gives  by  the  partial  whiteness  of  its 
foliage  a  pleasing  effect  in  any  plantation.  The  wood  is  pale, 
with  a  reddish  tinge,  brown  near  the  centre,  soft  and  light. 
It  can  be  used  for  flooring  ;  it  is  particularly  sought  for  trays, 
bowls,  bellows,  and  shoe-soles  ;  also  according  to  Porcher, 
for  wooden  structures  under  water.  "  Sparterie "  for  plaiting 
is  obtained  from  the  wood-shavings.  The  wood  of  this  and 
some  other  poplars  is  easily  converted  into  paper-pulp,  which  again 
is  cheaply  bleached.  Lines  of  poplars  along  forest  streams  prevent 
the  progress  of  wood  conflagrations.  The  roots  of  Poplar  spread 
widely.  P.  canescens  (Sm.),  the  Grey  Poplar,  is  either  a  variety  of 
the  Abele  or  its  hybrid  with  the  Aspen,  and  yields  a  better  timber 
for  carpenters  and  millwrights. 

Populus  angustifolia,  James. 

North  America,  A  rather  large  tree  of  vigorous  and  rapid  growth 
(Yasey) ;  adapted  for  shelter-plantations,  particularly  in  wet 
localities. 

Populus  balsamifera,  Linne. 

The  Tacamahae  or  Balsam  Poplar  of  the  colder,  but  not  the  coldest 
parts  of  North  America ;  also  in  Siberia  and  on  the  Himalaya 
Mountains,  where  it  ranges  from  8,000  to  14,000  feet.  It  attains 
a  height  of  80  feet.  The  tree  may  be  lopped  for  cattle- fodder 
(Stewart  and  Brandis).  Mr.  Meehan  says  that  it  will  grow  near 
the  ocean's  brink.  Its  variety  is  P.  candicans  (Ait.). 

Populus  ciliata,  Wallich. 

Himalaya,  from  4,000  to  10,000  feet.  Height  up  to  70  feet  with 
a  straight  trunk,  which  attains  10  feet  in  girth. 

Populus  Euphratica,  Olivier. 

From  Algeria,  dispersed  to  the  Himalayas  and  Songaria,  up  to 
13,500  feet.  Height  up  to  50  feet.  Wood  harder  than  that  of 
most  Poplars,  the  inner  wood  turning  black  in  old  trees.  It  is  used 
for  planking  and  boat-building  (Stewart  and  Brandis),  also  for 
beams,  rafters,  boxes,  panelling,  turnery.  Cattle  will  browse  on  the 
leaves.  This  is  the  Willow  of  the  137th  Psalm. 

Populus  grandidentata,  Michaux. 

North  America.  80  feet  high.  The  Soft  Aspen.  Wood  whitish, 
soft,  very  light ;  can  be  ground  into  pulp  for  paper.  P.  angulata 
(Ait.)  is  another  large  Poplar  of  North-Eastern  America. 


264  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Populus  heterophylla,  Linne. 

The  Downy  Poplar  of  North  America,  passing  also  by  the  name  of 
Cottonwood.  Height  60  feet.  The  wood  is  very  pale,  soft,  and 
fissile.  All  poplars,  like  willows,  are  veiy  important  to  eliminate 
miasma  by  absorbing  humidity  to  an  enormous  extent  from  stag- 
nant swampy  localities  ;  they  are  likewise  good  scavengers  of  back- 
yards. 

Populus  monilifera,  Aiton.*     (P.  Canadensis,  Desfontaines.) 

The  Cottonwood-tree  of  North  America.  Height  150  feet,  stem 
to  8  feet  in  diameter.  One  of  the  best  Poplars  for  the  production 
of  timber,  which  is  soft,  light,  easy  to  work,  suited  for  carving  and 
turnery  ;  it  is  durable  if  kept  dry,  and  does  not  readily  take  fire. 
The  wooden  polishing-wheels  of  glass-grinders  are  made  of  horizontal 
sections  of  the  whole  stem,  about  1  inch  thick,  as  from  its  softness 
it  readily  imbibes  the  polishing  material.  It  is  also  useful  for  rails 
and  boards,  and  supplies  a  fair  fuel.  Judge  Whitning  says  that  it 
has  no  rival  in  quickness  of  growth  among  deciduous  trees.  Re- 
commended by  Wessely,  together  with  P.  alba  and  P.  nigra,  for 
fixing  drift  sand,  on  which  they  never  become  suffocated.  It  is 
recommended  to  obtain,  for  planting  along  streets  or  near  dwellings, 
cuttings  from  male  trees  only,  as  the  minute  downy  seeds  of  the 
female  trees  are  copiously  wafted  through  the  air,  and  have  irritant 
effects  on  the  respiratory  organs.  Of  quick  and  luxuriant  growth, 
thriving  even  in  arid  and  exposed  places.  P.  angulata  (Aiton),  the 
Water-poplar,  is  very  closely  allied. 

Populus  nigra,  Linne. 

The  European  Black  Poplar,  extending  spontaneously  to  China ;  in 
the  Himalayas  up  to  12,500  feet.  The  spreading  variety  one  of  the 
best  of  trees  for  lining  roads.  Wood  similar  to  that  of  P.  alba.  It 
includes  P.  dilatata  (Ait.),  or  as  a  contracted  variety  P.  fastigiata 
(Desf.),  the  Lombardy  Poplar.  Greatest  height  150  feet.  Growth 
rapid,  like  that  of  all  other  Poplars.  Wood  soft,  light,  and  of  loose 
texture,  used  by  joiners,  coopers,  and  turners  ;  also  for  matches ; 
furnishing  also  superior  charcoal  for  gunpowder.  Bark  employed 
in  tanning,  producing  a  fragrant  leather ;  it  is  however  not  rich  in 
tannic  acid.  The  tree  requires  damp  soil.  It  retains  its  foliage 
longer  than  most  Poplars. 

Populus  tremula,  Linne. 

The  European  Aspen.  Height  80  feet.  It  extends  to  Japan,  where 
also  a  peculiar  species,  P.  Sieboldi  (Miq.),  exists.  The  Aspen-wood 
is  white  and  tender,  and  in  use  by  coopers  and  joiners.  Like  the 
wood  of  other  Poplars,  much  sought  for  paper-mills  as  an  admix- 
ture to  the  pulp.  In  Japan  it  is  used  for  engraving  rough  works 
and  posters. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  265 

Populus  tremuloides,  Michaux. 

The  North  American  Aspen.  Ascends  to  Alpine  elevations  of 
10,000  feet.  The  wood  is  white,  soft,  and  readily  worked,  and  can 
be  converted  into  paper  pulp.  Height  50  feet.  It  extends  westward 
to  California,  where  also  a  particular  species,  P.  trichocarpa 
(Torrey),  occurs.  All  Poplars  might  be  planted,  like  all  Willows, 
in  gullies,  to  intercept  forest  fires ;  also  generally  on  river  banks. 

Porphyra  vulgaris,  Agardh. 

Temperate  and  cold  oceans.  This  largely  cosmopolitan  seaweed  is 
mentioned  here,  because  in  Japan  it  undergoes  regular  cultivation. 
For  this  purpose  branches  of  Quercus  serrata  are  placed  in  shallow 
bays,  where  Porphyra  occurs,  during  spring,  and  the  crop  is 
obtained  from  October  to  March,  the  seaweed  being  consumed  in  its 
young  state.  It  grows  best  where  fresh  water  enters  the  sea. 
Porphyra  contains  about  26  per  cent,  of  nitrogenous  substances 
(with  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  nitrogen)  and  about  5  per  cent,  of 
phosphate  of  potash.  In  Japan,  according  to  the  catalogue  of  the 
International  Exhibition  of  Sydney,  the  following  Algae  are  also 
consumed  for  food :  Glaepeltis  intricata,  G.  capillaris,  Laminaria 
saccharifera,  two  species  of  Phylloderma,  Phyllitis  debilis,  Kallhy- 
minia  dentata,  Capea  elongata,  Alaria  pinnatifolia,  Gracilaria  con- 
fervoides,  Enteromorpha  compressa,  species  of  Cystoseira  and 
Halochloa,  Codium  tomentosum,  Mesogloia  decipiens,  and  Gelidium 
corneum. 

Portulacaria  Afra,  Jacquin. 

South  Africa.  Called  Spekboom.  Affords  locally  the  principal 
food  for  elephants ;  thus  this  succulent  shrub  may  deserve 
naturalization  on  stony  ridges  and  in  sandy  desert  land,  as  likely 
nourishing  to  sheep. 

Pouzolzia  tuberosa,  Wight. 

India.  The  turnip-shaped  root  of  this  herb  is  edible.  The  plant 
may  prove  hardy  here,  and  its  root  improve  in  culture. 

Prangos  pabularia,  Lindley. 

Plateaux  of  Mongolia  and  Thibet.  A  perennial  fodder-herb,  much 
relished  by  sheep,  eligible  for  cold  and  arid  localities  and  deserving 
naturalization  on  Alpine  pasture-grounds.  Other  perennial  species 
exist  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the  Atlas,  the  Caucasus,  and 
the  Indian  highlands.  P.  pabularia  is  regarded  by  some  as  the 
Silphium  of  Arrianus. 

Pringlea  antiscorbutica,  W.  Anderson  and  R  Brown.* 

The  Cabbage  or  Horse-radish  of  Kerguelen's  Island.  The  perennial 
long  roots  taste  something  like  horse-radish.  The  leaves  in  never- 


266  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

ceasing  growth  are  crowded  cabbage-like  into  heads,  beneath  which 
the  annual  flower-stalks  arise.  The  plant  ascends  mountains  in  its 
native  island  to  the  height  of  1,400  feet,  but  luxuriates  most  on  the 
sea  border.  To  arctic  and  other  antarctic  countries  it  would  be  a 
boon.  Probably  it  would  live  on  our  Alps.  Whalers  might  bring 
us  the  roots  and  seeds  of  this  remarkable  plant,  which  seems  to 
have  never  entered  into  culture  yet.  The  plant  was  used  by  the 
celebrated  Captain  Cook  and  all  subsequent  navigators,  touching  at 
yonder  remote  spot,  as  cabbage,  and  it  proved  to  possess  powerful 
properties  against  scurvy.  Dr.  Hooker  observes  that  Pringlea  can 
sectionally  be  referred  to  Cochlearia.  The  whole  plant  is  rich  in  a 
pungent  volatile  oil.  Through  culture  important  new  culinary 
varieties  may  likely  be  raised  from  this  plant.  The  taste  of  this 
vegetable  in  its  natural  growth  is  like  mustard  and  cress,  and  the 
Kerguelen's  Land  Cabbage,  when  boiled,  proved  a  wholesome  and 
agreeable  substitute  for  the  ordinary  cabbage. 

Priva  laevis,  Jussieu. 

Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic.  A  perennial  herb,  the  small 
tubers  of  which  can  be  used  for  food  (Philippi). 

Prosopis  dulcis,  Kunth. 

From  California  and  Texas  to  the  southern  parts  of  the  La  Plata 
States.  Vernacularly  known  as  the  Cashaw-,  Mesquite-  or  Algaroba- 
Tree.  A  thorny  shrub,  growing  finally  to  a  tree,  attaining  a  stem 
of  2J  feet  in  diameter,  adapted  for  live  fences.  The  wood  is 
durable  and  of  extraordinary  strength.  This  is  one  of  the  species 
yielding  the  sweetish  Algaroba-pods  for  cattle  fodder,  and  utilized 
even  in  some  instances  for  human  food.  The  pods  of  the  various 
kinds  of  Prosopis  are  adapted  only  for  such  animals  as  chew  the 
cud,  and  thus  get  rid  of  distending  gasses  (R.  Russell).  Argentina 
Algaroba-pods  contain,  according  to  Sievert,  25  to  28  per  cent, 
grape  sugar,  11  to  17  per  cent,  starch,  7  to  11  per  cent,  protein,  of 
organic  acids,  pectin,  and  other  non-nitrogenous  nutritive  sub- 
stances 14  to  24  per  cent.  They  are  also  comparatively  rich  in 
potash,  lime,  and  phosphoric  acid.  A  sparkling  drink  called  Aloja 
is  made  of  the  fruits.  This  and  some  allied  species  yield  the 
Algarobylla  bark  for  tanning;  the  leaves  contain,  according  to 
Sievert,  21  per  cent,  tannin.  The  pods  also  of  several  species  are 
rich  in  tannic  acid.  Mere  varieties  according  to  Bentham  are  :  P. 
horrida,  P.  juliflora,  P.  siliquastrum,  P.  glandulosa.  The  latter 
variety  exudes  a  gum  not  unlike  gum-arabic,  and  this  is  obtained  so 
copiously  that  children  could  earn  two  to  three  dollars  a  day  in 
Texas  while  gathering  it,  latterly  about  40,000  Ibs.  being  bought 
by  druggists  there.  The  tree  attains  a  height  of  30  feet,  and  its 
wood  is  excessively  hard,  eligible  for  select  furniture ;  polished  it 
has  the  appearance  of  Mahogany.  A  short  communication  on  the 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  267 

American  Algoroba  Tree  was  presented  to  the  Parliament  of  Vic- 
toria by  the  writer  in  1871.  Pods  of  some  Prosopis  used  as  fodder 
have  caused  the  death  of  horses  in  Jamaica. 

Prosopis  pubescens,  Bentham. 

Texas,  California,  Mexico.  The  Tornillo  or  Screw-bean.  The  pods 
ripen  at  all  seasons  and  contain  much  saccharine  nutritive  substance 
(J.  S.  Gamble).  Likely  available  for  hedges,  with  other  species  of 
other  countries.  Seeds  can  be  converted  into  food  (Sargent). 

Prosopis  spicigera,  Linne". 

India,  extending  to  Persia.  A  thorny  tree,  also  with  edible  pods, 
enduring  some  frost.  It  attains  a  height  of  60  feet,  but  is  of  slow 
growth  (Brandis).  Serves  for  head-lines.  It  can  be  chosen  for 
desert  land  (Kurz). 

Prosopis  Stephaniana,  Kunth. 

Syria  and  Persia.     A  shrubby  species  for  hedge-growth. 

Prunus  Americana,  .Marshall.  (P.  nigra,  Aiton.) 

Canada,  Eastern  United  States  of  America.  A  thorny  tree,  fur 
nishing  the  Yellow  and  Red  Plum  of  North  America.  The  fruit  is 
roundish  and  rather  small,  but  of  pleasant  taste. 

Prunus  Amygdalus,  J.  Hooker.*      (Amygdalus  communis,  Linne.)* 

The  Almond-tree.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and 
Orient ;  really  indigenous  on  the  Anti-Lebanon,  in  Kurdestan, 
Turkestan,  and  perhaps  on  the  Caucasus  (Stewart).  Both  the  sweet 
and  bitter  almond  are  derived  from  this  species.  The  cost  of 
gathering  the  crop  in  South  Europe  is  about  20  per  cent,  of  its 
market  value.  Their  uses  and  the  value  of  the  highly  palatable  oil 
obtained  by  pressure  frcm  them  are  well  known.  This  oil  can  well 
be  chosen  as  a  means  of  providing  a  pleasant  substitute  for  milk 
during  sea  voyages,  etc.,  by  mixing,  when  required,  with  it  half  its 
weight  of  powdered  gum-arabic,  and  adding  then  successively,  while 
quickly  agitating  in  a  stone  mortar,  about  double  the  quantity  of 
water.  Thus  a  palatable  and  wholesome  sort  of  cream  for  tea  or 
coffee  is  obtained  at  any  moment.  Oil  of  apricot-seeds  is  much  used 
in  India  like  almond-oil.  There  exist  hard  and  soft-shelled  varieties 
of  both  the  sweet  and  bitter  almond.  Almonds  can  even  be  grown 
on  sea-shores.  The  crystalline  amygdalin  can  best  be  prepared  from 
bitter  almonds,  through  removing  the  oil  by  pressure,  then  subject- 
ing them  to  distillation  with  alcohol,  and  finally  precipitating  with 
ether.  The  volatile  bitter  almond-oil — a  very  dangerous  liquid — is 
obtained  by  aqueous  distillation.  Dissolved  in  alcohol  it  forms  the 
essence  of  almonds.  This  can  also  be  prepared  from  peach 
kernels. 


268  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Primus  Caroliniana,  Alton. 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  Porcher  regards  it  as  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  manageable  evergreens  of  those  States.  It 
can  be  cut  into  any  shape  and  is  much  employed  for  quick  and 
dense  hedges.  It  can  be  grown  on  coast  land. 

Prunus  Chisasa,  Michaux. 

North  America,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  On  the  prairies  it  is  only 
3  to  4  feet  high.  Fruit  spherical,  red,  rather  small,  with  a  tender 
usually  agreeable  pulp.  Other  species  with  edible  fruit,  occur  in 
North  America,  such  as  P.  pumila  (L.),  P.  Pennsylvania  (L.),  P. 
Yirginiana  (L.),  but  their  fruits  are  too  small  to  render  these  plants 
of  importance  for  orchard  culture,  though  they  may  also  become 
enlarged  by  artificial  treatment. 

Prunus  ilicifolia,  Nuttall. 

California.  In  deep  rich  soil,  valuable  for  evergreen  hedges  of  in- 
tricate growth.  Fruit  about  ^  inch  diameter,  red  or  black,  of  a 
pleasant  sub-acid  flavour,  but  somewhat  astringent  (Gibbons). 

Prunus  Mahaleb,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.  It  deserves  some  attention  on 
account  of  its  scented  seeds  and  also  odorous  wood,  the  latter  used 
in  turnery  for  pipes  and  other  articles.  The  flowers  are  in  use  for 
perfumes. 

Prunus  maritima,  Wangenheim. 

The  Beech-Plum  of  North  America.  A  shrubby  species,  of  service 
not  only  for  covering  coast-sands,  but  also  for  its  fruit,  which  is 
crimson  or  purple,  globular,  and  measuring  from  J  to  1  inch.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  enter  here  any  notes  on  the  generally-known 
species  of  Prunus,  which  have  engaged  already  for  years  the  keen 
attention  of  many  orchard  cultivators.  Thus  we  possess  numerous 
varieties  of  the  Cherry,  P.  avium  (L.)  and  P.  Cerasus  (L.) ;  of  the 
Plum,  P.  domestica  (L.) ;  of  the  Apricot,  P.  Armeniaca  (L.) ;  and 
of  the  Cherry-plum,  P.  myrobalana  (L.) — the  latter  Canadian,  the 
others  European  and  Oriental.  Information  on  these  and  other 
varieties  may  be  sought  in  "  Hogg's  Fruit  Manual."  The  Almond 
(Amygdalus  communis,  L.)  and  the  Peach  (Amygdalus  Persica,  L.) 
belong  also  generically  to  Prunus,  as  indicated  in  1812  by  Stokes 
("Bot.  Mat.  MedL,"  iii.  101)  and  in  1813  by  F.  G.  Hayne 
("  Arznei-Gewachse,"  iv.  38),  and  finally  settled  by  J.  L>.  Hooker 
(Benth.  and  Hook.,  gen.  pi.  i.  610),  for  which  therefore  now  the 
names  P.  Amygdalus  and  P.  Persica  should  be  adopted.  The 
latter  came  originally  from  China,  while  P.  Armenica  seems  indig- 
enous to  the  Caucasian  regions  and  perhaps  the  Himalayas,  and 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES  269 

P.  Cerasus  originated  from  West  Asia.  Oil  of  Apricot  seeds  can 
be  used  like  almond-oil.  Cherry-tree  bark  contains  24  per  cent, 
tannin,  that  of  the  Apricot-tree  32  per  cent.  (Muspratt). 

Prunus  Pseudo-Cerasus,  Lindley.     (P.  Puddum,  Roxburgh.) 

The  u  Sakura"  of  Japan,  extending  to  Upper  India.  A  large  shady- 
tree,  the  stem  attaining  2  feet  in  diameter,  charming  to  view  when 
bearing  its  profusion  of  flowers.  The  fruit  is  of  the  size  of  small 
cherries  and  of  pleasant  and  refreshing  taste,  though  never  quite 
sweet  (Wallich).  It  is  this  tree  which  supplies  mainly  the  wood  so 
extensively  required  for  xylography  in  Japan  (Dupont). 

Prunus  serotina,  Ehrhart. 

The  Black  Cherry-tree  of  North  America.  Fruit  slightly  bitter, 
but  with  a  pleasant  vinous  flavour ;  wood  compact,  light,  easily 
worked,  not  liable  to  warp  (Sargent),  very  valuable  for  cabinet  and 
sash-makers  (A.  Gray).  In  Virginia  and  Alabama  the  tree  attains 
a  height  of  100  feet,  with  a  stem  4  feet  in  diameter;  it  prefers 
rich  porous  soil  in  the  upper  parts  of  valleys.  Wood  pale  red, 
dense,  fine-grained  ;  when  polished,  as  beautiful  as  mahogany  wood 
(Robb  and  Simmonds).  It  will  live  on  the  poorest  soil,  and  even 
within  the  salt  spray  of  the  coast.  Wood  close-grained,  compact, 
not  liable  to  warp,  easily  worked  and  ebonized.  Readily  raised 
from  seeds  and  transplanted ;  not  succumbing  under  rough  usage 
(Sargent). 

Prunus  spinosa,  Linne. 

The  Sloe  or  Blackthorn.  Wild  in  many  parts  of  Europe.  With 
its  flowers  it  is  one  of  the  earliest  plants  to  announce  the  spring. 
Its  tendency  to  throw  out  suckers  renders  the  bush  less  adapted  for 
hedges  of  gardens  than  of  fields,  but  these  suckers  furnish  material 
for  walking-sticks.  The  small  fruits  can  be  made  into  preserves. 
P.  insititia  (L.),  the  Bullace,  with  larger  and  sometimes  yellow 
fruits,  extends,  as  a  variety,  to  North  Africa  and  Middle  Asia, 
Sir  Joseph  Hooker  and  other  phytographers  considers  P.  domestica 
not  specifically  distinct  from  P.  spinosa.  Of  medical  value  are  P. 
Lauro-Cerasus  (L.),  the  evergreen  Cherry-Laurel  from  the  Orient, 
and  P.  Padus  (L.),  the  deciduous  Bird's  Cherry,  which  extends 
from  Europe  to  North  Africa  and  West  Asia.  These  and  most 
other  species  contain  in  their  foliage  and  in  some  other  parts 
amygdalin.  Perhaps  some  of  the  species  from  Eastern  Asia,  Cali- 
fornia, and  tropical  America  are  eligible  for  improving  their  fruit 
through  horticultural  skill.  The  Sloe  and  others  might  with 
advantage  be  naturalized  on  forest  streams. 

Prunus  tomentosa,  Thunberg. 

North  China.     A  very  hardy  species  with  cherry-like  edible  fruits. 


270  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Prunus  Virginiana,  Linne. 

The  Choke  Cherry-tree  of  the  United  States.  In  a  mild  clime  and 
fertile  soil  this  tree  attains  a  height  of  100  feet  and  a  stem  of  16 
feet  in  circumference.  The  wood  is  compact,  fine-grained,  and  not 
liable  to  warp  when  perfectly  seasoned,  of  a  dull  light-red  tint, 
deepening  with  age.  The  fruit  finally  loses  its  austerity. 

Psamma  arenaria,  Roemer  and  Schultes.*     (P.  littoralis,  Beauvois ; 
Calamagrostis  arenaria,  Roth.) 

The  Morram,  or  Marrem,  or  Bent  Grass.  Sand-coasts  of  Europe, 
North  Africa,  and  Middle  North  America.  One  of  the  most  important 
of  reedy  grasses,  with  long  descending  roots,  for  binding  moving  drift- 
sands  on  the  sea-shore,  for  the  consolidation  of  which  in  Europe  chiefly 
this  tall  grass  and  Elymus  arenarius  are  employed.  It  delights  in 
the  worst  of  drift-sands,  and  for  its  full  development  gradual  accu- 
mulation of  fresh  sands  around  it  becomes  necessary  (Wessely)  : 
hence  it  never  gets  suffocated.  The  plant  will  by  gradual  up- 
growth finally  form  stems  and  roots  sanded  into  a  depth  of  fully 
100  feet.  Psanima  Baltica  (R.  and  S.),  from  the  Baltic  and  North 
Seas,  serves  the  same  purpose.  Both  can  also  be  used  in  the 
manner  of  Sparta  for  paper  material,  for  tyeing  and  for  mats. 
Like  Elymus  arenarius,  it  is  not  touched  by  grazing-aiiimals.  It 
collects  the  sand-heaps  at  the  tops  of  ridges,  while  the  Elymus 
fastens  their  sides. 

Psidium  acidum,  Martius. 

Higher  regions  on  the  Amazon  River.  A  tree  30  feet  high  ;  its 
Guava-fruit  pale  yellow  and  of  apple  size. 

Psidium  Araca,  Raddi. 

From  West  India  and  Guiana  to  Peru  and  Southern  Brazil,  where 
it  is  found  in  dry  high-lying  places.  This  is  one  of  the  edible 
Guavas,  recorded  already  by  Piso  and  Marcgrav.  The  greenish 
yellow  berry  is  of  exquisite  taste. 

Psidium  arbor eum,  Yellozo. 

Brazil ;  province  Rio  de  Janeiro.  This  Guava-fruit  measures  about 
one  inch,  and  is  of  excellent  flavour. 

Psidium  Cattleyanum,  Sabine.* 

The  Purple  Guava,  Brazil  and  Uruguay.  One  of  the  hardiest  of 
the  Guava-bushes,  attaining  finally  a  height  of  20  feet.  The 
purple  berries  are  seldom  above  an  inch  long,  but  of  delicious 
flavour  and  taste,  resembling  thus  far  strawberries.  P.  buxifoliuin 
(Nutt.),  of  Florida,  seems  nearly  related  to  this  species. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  271 

Psidium  chrysophyllum,  F.   v.  Mueller.     (Abbevillea  chrysophylla, 

Berg.) 

The  Guabiroba  Do  Mato  of  South  Brazil.  This  tree  attains  a 
height  of  about  30  feet.  The  fruit  generally  not  larger  than  a 
cherry.  Perhaps  other  species  of  the  section  Abbevillea  would  be 
hardy  and  worthy  of  cultivation. 

Psidium  cinereum,  Martius. 

Brazil  ;  provinces  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo.  Also  yielding  an 
edible  fruit. 

Psidium  cordatum,  Sims. 

The  Spice  Guava.  West  India.  This  one  attains  the  height  of  a 
tree.  Its  fruit  edible. 

Psidium  cuneatum,  Cambessedes. 

Brazil  ;  province  Minas  Geraes.     Fruit  greenish,  of  the  size  of  a 


Mirabelle-Plum. 

• 


Psidium  grandifolium,  Martius. 

Brazil;  provinces  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Parana,  Sao  Paulo,  Minas 

Geraes,  where  the  climate  is  similar  to  Southern  Queensland.     A 

shrub   of   rather  dwarf    growth.     The  berries   edible,    size   of   a 
walnut. 


Psidium  Guayava,  Raddi.*     (P.  pomiferum,  Linne ;.  P.  pyriferum, 
Linne.) 

The  large  Yellow  Guava.  From  West  India  and  Mexico  to  South 
Brazil.  For  this  handsome  evergreen  and  useful  bush  universal 
attention  should  be  secured  anywhere  in  warm  lowlands,  for  the 
sake  of  its  aromatic  wholesome  berries,  which  will  attain  the 
size  of  a  hen's  egg,  and  can  be  converted  into  a  delicious  jelly. 
The  pulp  is  generally  cream-coloured  or  reddish,  but  varies  in  the 
many  varieties  which  have  arisen  in  culture,  some  of  them  bearing 
all  the  year  round.  Propagation  is  easy  from  suckers,  cuttings,  or 
seeds.  Many  other  berry-bearing  Myrtacese  (of  the  genera 
Psidium,  Myrtus,  Myrcia,  Marliera,  Calyptranthes,  Eugenia) 
furnish  edible  fruits  in  Brazil  and  other  tropical  countries,  but  we 
are  not  aware  of  their  degress  of  hardiness.  Berg  enumerates  as 
esculent  more  than  half  a  hundred  from  Brazil  alone,  of  which  the 
species  of  Campomanesia  may  safely  be  transferred  to  Psidium. 


Psidium  incanescens,  Martius. 

Brazil,  from  Minas  Geraes  to  Rio  Grand  do  Sul.     This  Guava-bush 
attains  a  height  of  8  feet.     Berry  edible. 


272 


SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 


Psidium  lineatifolium,  Persoon. 

Mountains  of  Brazil.     Berry  about  1  inch  diameter. 

Psidium  malifolium,  F.  v.  Mueller.    (Oampomanesiam 
Uruguay.     Berry  about  1  inch  diameter. 

Psidium  polycarpon,  Al.  Anderson.* 

From  Guiana  to  Brazil,  also  in  Trinidad.  A  comparatively  small 
shrub,  bearing  prolifically  and  almost  continuously  its  yellow 
berries,  which  are  of  the  size  of  a  large  cherry,  and  of  exquisite 
taste. 

Psidium  rufum,  Martius. 

Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  on  Sub- Alpine  heights. 
This  Guava-bush  gains  finally  a  height  of  10  feet,  and  is  likely  the 
hardiest  of  all  the  species  producing  palatable  fruit. 

Psoralea  esculenta,  Pursch. 

North  America.  This  herb  is  mentioned  here,  as  the  tuberous  roots 
known  as  Prairie  Turnips  may  by  cultural  processes  be  capable  of 
great  improvement,  and  of  thus  becoming  a  valuable  esculent. 

Psychotria    Eckloniana,    F.    v.    Mueller.       (Grumilia    cymosa,    E. 
Meyer.) 

South  Africa.  Dr.  Pappe  describes  the  wood  of  this  tree  as 
beautifully  citron-yellow. 

Pterocarpus  Indicus,  Roxburgh. 

The  Lingo  of  China  and  India.  A  tree  of  considerable  dimensions, 
famed  for  its  flame-red  wood.  It  furnishes  also  a  kind  of  dragon- 
blood  resin. 

Pterocarpus  Marsupium,  Roxburgh. 

India,  ascending  in  Ceylon  and  the  Circars  to  at  least  3,000  feet 
altitude  ;  hence  this  tree  would  doubtless  grow  without  protection 
in  those  tracts  of  the  temperate  zone  which  are  free  from  frost. 
It  exudes  the  best  medicinal  kino,  which  contains  about  75  per 
cent,  of  tannic  acid.  The  foliage  is  deciduous.  P.  santalinus 
(Linne  fil.),  which  provides  the  Saunders  or  Red  Sandal  Wood,  is 
also  indigenous  to  the  mountains  of  India,  and  important  for  dye- 
purposes  in  cultures  of  Japan. 

Pterocarya  fraxinifolia,  Kunth. 

From  Central  Asiatic  Russia  to  Persia.  A  kind  of  Walnut-tree, 
which,  with  P.  stenoptera  (Cas.  de  Cand.),  on  Dr.  Ilance's 
recommendation,  should  be  adopted  as  trees  for  both  ornament  and 
timber,  and  so  perhaps  also  the  Japanese  species. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  273 

Ptychosperma  Alexandrse,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Alexandra  Palm.  Queensland,  as  well  in  tropical  as  extra- 
tropical  latitudes.  The  tallest  of  Australian  Palms,  and  one  of  the 
noblest  forms  in  the  whole  empire  of  vegetation.  It  exceeds  100 
feet  in  height,  and  is  likely  destined  to  grace  any  shady  moist  grove 
free  from  frost,  as  it  seems  less  tender  than  most  palms.  The 
demand  for  seeds  has  already  been  enormous. 

Ptychosperma  Arfakiana,  Becca'ri. 

New  Guinea,  reaching  elevations  of  5,000  feet  in  comparatively 
temperate  regions.  Height  up  to  30  feet. 

Ptychosperma  Cunningham!,  Hermann  Wendland. 

East  Australia,  as  far  south  as  Illawarra ;  thus  one  of  the  most 
southern  of  all  Palms.  This  also  is  a  very  high  species,  destined  to 
take  a  prominent  position  in  decorative  plantations.  Several  species 
occur  in  Fiji  and  other  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  others 
again  might  be  obtained  from  India,  but  they  are  probably  not  so 
hardy  as  those  mentioned.  Though  strictly  speaking  of  no 
industrial  value,  these  Palms  are  important  for  horticultural  trade, 
and  are  objects  eminently  fitted  for  experiments  in  acclimatisation. 

Ptychosperma  disticha,  Miquel.     (Areca  disticha,  Griffith.) 
Assam,  up  to  4,000  feet. 

Ptychosperma  elegans,  Blume.     (P.  Seaforthia,  Miquel ;  SeafortMa 
elegans,  R.  Brown. 

Littoral  forests  of  tropical  Australia.  Also  a  lofty  magnificent 
Feather-Palm.  Its  leaflets  are  erose.  It  may  prove  hardy. 

Ptychosperma  Musschenbroekiana,  Beccari. 

Ternate,  Insular  India,  up  to  3,000  feet.  Height  of  this  palm 
90  feet.  Almost  sure  to  be  hardy  in  sheltered  localities  of  the 
warmer  temperate  zone. 

Pueraria  Thunbergiana,  Bentham. 

Japan.     There  starch  is  prepared  from  the  tubers  of  this  climber. 

Pueraria  tuberosa,  Candolle. 

South  Asia,  up  to  4,000  feet.  A  tall  woody  twiner.  Its  large 
tubers  are  edible  and  might  improve  -by  culture. 

Pugionium  cornutum,  Gaertner. 

From  the  Caspian  Sea  to  China.  This  herb  is  grown  by  the 
Mongols  as  a  vegetable  (Hance). 


274  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Punica  granatum,  Linne. 

The  Pomegranate.  North  Africa  and  West  Asia,  in  the  Hima- 
layas, up  to  6,000  feet.  Well-known  for  its  showy  habit,  rich- 
coloured  flowers,  peculiar  fruit,  and  medicinal  astringency,  but 
much  overlooked  regarding  its  value  as  a  hedge-plant.  The  bark 
contains  32  per  cent,  tannin  (Muspratt).  The  bark  is  used  for 
dying  the  yellow  Morocco  leather  (Oliver).  The  peel  of  the  fruit 
serves  for  dye. 

Pycnanthemum  incanum,  Michaux. 

North  America.  A  perennial  herb,  in  odour  resembling  both 
Penny-royal  and  Spearmint.  It  likes  to  grow  on  rocky  woodland, 
and  on  such  it  might  be  easily  naturalised. 

Pycnanthemum  montanum,  Michaux. 

The  Mountain-Mint  of  North  America.  A  perennial  herb  of 
pleasant,  aromatic,  mint-like  taste.  These  two  particular  species 
have  been  chosen  from  several  North  American  kinds  to  demon- 
strate that  we  may  add  by  their  introduction  to  the  variety  of  our 
odorous  garden-herbs.  They  may  also  be  subjected  with  advantage 
to  distillation. 

Pyrularia  edulis,  Meissner. 

Nepal,  Khasia,  Sikkim.  A  large  umbrageous  tree.  The  drupaceous 
fruit  is  used  by  the  inhabitants  for  food.  A  few  other  species  occur 
in  Upper  India,  one  on  the  high  mountains  of  Ceylon  and  one  in 
North  America.  The  latter,  P.  pubera  (Mich.),  can  be  utilised  for 
the  oil  of  its  nuts. 

Pyrus  coronaria,  Linne. 

The  Crab-Apple  of  North  America.  This  showy  species  is 
mentioned  here  as  worthy  of  trial  culture,  since  it  is  likely  that  it 
would  serve  well  as  stock  for  grafting.  Best  grown  in  glades. 
Wood  nearly  as  tough  for  screw-work  as  that  of  the  Pear  Tree 
(Robb).  It  seems  unnecessary  to  refer  here  to  any  of  the  forms  of 
Pyrus  communis  (L.),  P.  Malus  (L.),  P.  Cydonia  (L.)  and  P. 
Germanica  (J.  Hooker,  Mespilus  Germanica,  L.),  but  it  may 
passingly  be  observed,  that  curious  fruits  have  been  produced 
latterly  in  North  America  by  the  hybridisation  of  the  Apple  with 
the  Pear.  Pearwood  is  one  of  the  best  substitutes  for  boxwood  in 
xylography,  also  in  use  for  slips  of  pianos.  Pyrus  communis  attains 
an  age  of  over  300  years,  fully  bearing.  Trees  are  known  to  have 
attained  a  circumference  of  10  feet  at  3  feet  from  the  ground.  At 
Yarmouth  a  tree  over  100  years  old  has  borne  up  to  26,800  fruits 
annually,  and  in  some  years  more.  The  circumference  of  its  frond 
is  126  feet  (Masters).  A  bitter  glycosid — namely,  Phlorrhizin — is 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  275 

obtainable  from  the  bark  of  apple  and  pear  trees,  particularly  from 
that  of  the  root ;  while  a  volatile  alkaloid — namely,  trimethylamin — 
can  be  prepared  from  the  flowers. 

Pyrus  Japonica,  Thunberg. 

Japan.  One  of  the  prettiest  of  small  hedge-bushes.  Under 
favourable  circumstances  it  will  produce  its  quince-like  fruit. 

Pyrus  nivalis,  Jacquin. 

The  Snow  Pear.  Middle  and  South  Europe.  This  would  be  adapted 
for  orchards  in  higher  mountain  regions.  The  fruit  becomes  soft 
and  edible  through  exposure  to  snow.  P.  amygdaliformis  (Villars) 
is  probably  the  wild  state  of  this  tree. 

Pyrus  salicifolia,  Linne. 

Greece,  Turkey,  Persia,  South- West  Russia.  Though  its  fruit, 
which  slowly  mollifies,  is  edible,  this  tree  is  mainly  utilised  as  a 
superior  stock  for  grafting. 

Quercus  .ZEgilops,  Linne.* 

South  Europe,  also  Syria.  A  nearly  evergreen  tree  of  the  size  of 
the  British  Oak.  The  cups,  known  as  Valonia,  used  for  tanning 
and  dyeing  ;  the  unripe  acorns,  as  Camata  or  Camatena,  for  the 
same  purpose.  Valonia  is  mainly  exported  from  Smyrna  to 
London  (33,802  tons  in  1876).  Greece  used  to  produce  annually 
10,000  tons,  worth  up  to  .£18  per  ton.  The  supply  is  inadequate 
to  present  demand.  Valonia  (Wallones)  produces  a  rich  bloom  011 
leather,  which  latter  also  becomes  less  permeable  to  water  (Muspratt). 
The  ripe  acorns  are  eaten  raw  or  boiled.  The  tree  is  also  recom- 
mendable  as  a  fine  avenue  tree.  It  bears  considerable  frost.  The 
wood  is  capital  for  furniture. 

Quercus  agrifolia,  Nee. 

California  and  Mexico.  One  of  the  most  magnificent  among  ever- 
green Oaks,  with  dense,  wide-spreading  foliage.  The  thick  bark 
available  for  tanning  (C.  Hoffmann).  According  to  Dr.  Gibbons 
this  tree  attains  a  height  of  100  feet,  a  stem  diameter  of  8  feet, 
and  a  crown  125  feet  in  diameter.  Wood-cutters  distinguish  two 
varieties,  one  with  red  and  one  with  white  wood.  It  grows  near 
the  sea,  and  luxuriates  in  deep  soil  of  valleys  and  also  on  the  tops 
of  mountains.  The  value  of  its  timber  is  not  fully  appreciated. 
Although  brittle  when  green  and  perishable  if  exposed  to  the 
weather,  it  become  almost  as  hard  and  strong  as  Live  Oak  if 
properly  seasoned,  and  is  especially  adapted  for  ships'  knees. 


276  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Quercus  alba,  Linne.* 

The  White  or  Quebec  Oak.  From  Canada  to  Florida,  west  to 
Texas.  A  most  valuable  timber  tree,  100  feet  high ;  diameter 
of  stem  7  feet.  Trunk  sometimes  65  feet  long  to  first  branch. 
This  tree  attains  a  great  age ;  succeeds  best  in  rich  woodlands  ; 
and  is  of  quicker  growth  than  the  English  Oak.  The  timber 
is  pliable,  most  durable,  one  of  the  very  best  of  all  woods 
for  casks,  also  of  first-class  value  for  cabinet-work,  for  machi- 
nery, spokes,  naves,  beams,  plough-handles,  agricultural  im- 
plements, railway-ties,  carriages,  flooring,  basket  material 
(Sargent),  railway-ties  (Robb)  ;  it  is  also  largely  employed  in  ship- 
building ;  the  young  saplings  serve  for  hoofs  and  whip-handles. 
The  bark  contains  about  8  per  cent,  tannin. 

Quercus  annulata,  Smith. 

A  large  evergreen  Oak  of  Nepal,  which  provides  a  very  good 
timber.  It  does  not  ascend  quite  so  high  as  Q.  incana.  Q.  spicata 
(Smith),  another  very  large  Himalayan  Oak,  ascends  only  to  5,000 
feet ;  it  is  known  also  from  Borneo,  Java,  and  Sumatra. 

Quercus  aquatica,  Walter. 

North  America.  Height  of  tree,  60  feet ;  it  furnishes  a  superior 
bark  for  tanning,  also  wood  for  ship-building.  This  Oak  should  be 
chosen  for  planting  in  wet  ground  or  for  bordering  streams. 

Quercus  Castanea,  Nee. 

The  Mexican  Chestnut  Oak.     It  furnishes  edible  acorns. 

Quercus  Cerris,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  South-West  Asia.  Turkey  or  Mossy-cupped  Oak. 
Of  the  height  of  the  English  Oak,  in  suitable  localities  of  quick 
growth.  The  foliage  deciduous,  or  also  evergreen.  The  wood 
available  for  wheelwrights,  cabinet-makers,  turners,  coopers  ;  also 
for  building  purposes.  Structure  of  the  wood  similar  to  that  of 
the  British  Oak  ;  the  sapwood  larger,  the  heartwood  of  a  more 
saturated  brown,  and  the  large  rays  more  numerous,  giving  it  a 
most  varied  and  beautiful  wainscot  grain  (Brandis). 

Quercus  Chinensis,  Bunge. 

North  China.     One  of  the  hardiest  among  the  evergreen  Oaks. 

Quercus  chrysolepis,  Liebmann. 

California.  According  to  Yasey  this  evergreen  Oak  rarely  exceeds 
50  feet  in  height,  but  supplies  the  hardest  oak-wood  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  Dr.  Gibbons  observes  that  it  holds  a  primary  rank  among 
Californian  forest  trees,  but  is  of  sparse  occurrence ;  in  suitable 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  277 

soil  on  the  sides  of  mountains  it  is  of  giant  growth,  spreading  out 
in  magnificent  proportions.  In  toughness  and  density  of  wood  it 
represents  the  Live  Oak  of  Florida. 

Quercus  coccifera  Linne. 

The  deciduous  Kermes  Oak  of  South  Europe,  North  Africa  and 
South- West  Asia.  So  called  from  the  red  dye  furnished  by  the 
Coccus  ilicis  from  this  Oak.  It  also  supplies  tanner's  bark  con- 
taining about  8  per  cent. .  tannin  (Muspratt).  The  huge  and 
ancient  Abraham's  ^Oak  belongs  to  this  species.  The  tree  likes 
rich  woods. 

Quercus  coccinea  Wangenhein. 

The  Black  Oak  of  North  America.  Height  100  feet;  stem 
diameter  5  feet.  Foliage  deciduous.  The  tree  thrives  best  in  rich 
woodlands  and  moist  soil.  The  wood  is  almost  as  durable  as  that 
of  the  White  Oak,  and  in  use  for  flooring  and  other  carpenter's 
work.  The  yellow  dye  known  as  quercitron  comes  from  this  tree. 
It  is  much  more  powerful  than  that  of  Woad  (Bancroft).  With 
alumina  the  tinge  of  the  bark  is  bright  yellow,  with  oxyde  of  tin  it 
is  orange,  with  oxyde  of  iron  it  is  drab  (Porcher).  Q.  tinctoria 
(Bartram)  is  a  variety,  which  according  to  Sargent,  produces  timber 
of  close  grain,  and  great  durability,  utilized  for  carriage  building, 
cooperage,  and  various  constructions ;  the  bitter  inner  bark  yields 
a  yellow  dye.  The  bark  of  the  variety  called  Scarlet  Oak  is  practi- 
cally far  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  the  Black  Oak  (Meehan). 
Bark  contains  about  8  per  cent,  of  tannic  acid.  (Gard.  Chron.). 
Dr.  Eiigelmann  found  the  Black  Oaks  twice  as  fast  in  growth  as  the 
White  Oaks  of  the  United  States.  The  Bartram's  Oak  (Q. 
heterophylla)  is  according  to  him  a  hybrid  between  the  Willow  Oak 
and  Scarlet  Oak.  Hybrid  Oaks  produce  acorns  fit  to  germinate. 

Quercus  cornea,  Loureiro. 

China.     An  evergreen  tree,  40  feet  high.     Acorns  used  for  food. 

Quercus  cuspidata,  Thunberg. 

Japan.  The  acorns,  when  boiled  or  roasted,  are  edible  and  regu- 
larly sold  in  Japan  for  food  (Rein).  A  magnificent  Oak,  grand  in 
its  proportions,  bears  acorns  in  bunches  or  strings,  of  very  sweet 
taste  when  baked  like  chestnuts,  but  only  of  the  size  of  kidney 
beans  (F.  C.  Christy). 

Quercus  densiflora,  Hooker  and  Arnott. 

Californian  Chestnut  Oak.  A  large  evergreen  tree  of  beautiful 
outline,  dense  foliage  and  compact  growth.  Bark  very  valuable  for 
tanning ;  wood  however  subject  to  rapid  decay  (Prof.  Bolander). 
Quercus  Douglasii  is  another  tall  Oak  of  California. 


278  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Quercus  dentata,  Thunberg.* 

Japan.  This  is  one  of  the  species  on  which  Oak  Silkworm  (the 
Yama  Mayon)  lives. 

Quercus  Douglasii,  Hooker  and  Arnott. 

California.  The  Blue  Oak.  Stem  to  7  feet  in  circumference 
(Brewer).  Resembles  the  White  Oak  in  the  quality  of  its  timber. 

Quercus  dilatata,  Lindley. 

From  the  Himalayas  to  Afghanistan,  at  elevations  from  4,500  to 
10,000  feet.  Height  up  to  100  feet ;  crown  very  shady,  lopped  for 
sheep  fodder.  The  hard,  heavy,  and  durable  wood  much  used  for 
building  purposes  and  implements  (Madden). 

Quercus  falcata,  Michaux. 

North  America.  A  tree  attaining  a  height  of  80  feet,  with  a  stem 
4  feet  in  diameter.  Foliage  deciduous.  It  lives  in  dry  sandy 
ground,  and  can  also  be  utilised  for  sea-coasts.  Produces  an 
excellent  tanners'  bark,  and  also  galls  for  superior  ink.  The  wood 
used  for  staves,  but  not  durable  for  structures. 

Quercus  Garry  ana,  Douglas. 

North- West  America,  along  the  coast  between  the  38th  and  50th 
degrees.  A  gigantic  tree,  100  feet  high  or  more,  with  a  stem  6 
feet  in  diameter.  This,  with  Q.  Douglasii,  and  Q.  lobata,  passes  as 
Californian  White  Oak.  The  timber  is  remarkably  pale  for  an 
Oak,  hard  and  fine-grained,  of  great  strength  and  durability,  well 
suited  for  almost  every  kind  of  construction  for  which  the  White 
or  the  European  Oak  is  employed.  The  acorns,  being  sweet  and 
agreeable,  form  an  excellent  mast  for  hogs. 

Quercus  glabra,  Thunberg. 

Japan.     The  acorns  are  consumed  for  food  by  the  Japanese. 

Quercus  glauca,  Thunberg. 

The  Kashi  of  Japan.  A  large  and  truly  magnificent  evergreen  tree, 
80  feet  high.  The  hard  and  close-grained  wood  is  chosen  there  for 
select  tools,  particularly  planes  and  utensils  (Christy). 

Quercus  Ilex,  Linne. 

The  Holly  Oak  of  South  Europe  ;  extending  also  to  Algeria  and  to 
the  Himalayas,  which  it  ascends  up  to  about  10,000  feet.  Height 
of  tree  50  feet.  Wood  in  use  for  ship-building,  bark  for  tanning. 
From  varieties  of  this  tree  are  obtained  the  sweet  and  nourishing 
Ballota  and  Chestnut  acorns. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  279 

Quercus  incana,  Roxburgh. 

Himalayas,  at  elevations  between  3,000  and  8,000  feet.  A  beauti- 
ful evergreen  tree  of  great  dimensions.  Mr.  Simmonds  reminds  us 
that  a  silkworm  (Antheraea  Roylei),  producing  large  cocoons,  lives 
on  this  Oak.  In  its  native  localities  Q.  lanuginosa  (D.  Don)  is 
associated  with  it.  Q.  lamellosa  (Smith),  of  the  same  region,  attains 
a  height  of  120  feet,  with  a  straight  trunk  of  60  feet  and  15  feet  in 
girth  (Brandis). 

Quercus  infectoria,  Oliver. 

Around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Only  a  small  tree,  with  deciduous 
foliage.  Chiefly  from  this  tree  the  galls  of  commerce  are  obtained 
A  variety,  Q.  Lusitanica  (Webb),  or  Q.  Mirbeckii  (Durieu).  attains 
a  height  of  120  feet,  with  a  stem  girth  of  20  feet.  Some  states  of 
this  are  almost  evergreen. 

Quercus  lancifolia,  Roxburgh. 

A  tall  timber  tree  of  the  Himalayas.  Wood  valued  for  its  dura- 
bility. 

Quercus  lobata,  Nee. 

California.  The  Sacramento  White  Oak.  Up  to  150  feet  high 
and  6  feet  in  diameter,  with  wide-spreading  branches,  which  often 
bend  to  the  ground.  The  wood  is  brittle  when  green,  but  hard  and 
tough  when  seasoned ;  its  value  has  been  much  underrated 
(Gibbons).  The  acorns  of  this  oak  used  to  form  a  large  proportion 
of  the  winter  food  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  North 
California. 

Quercus  lyrata,  Walter. 

The  Overcup  Oak  of  the  South-Eastern  States  of  North  America, 
extending  from  South  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  A  tree  of 
majestic  size,  80  feet  high  with  a  stem  4  feet  in  diameter.  Lately 
recommended  as  valuable  for  timber  cultivation,  especially  in  wet 
ground. 

Quercus  macrocarpa,  Michaux. 

The  Bur  Oak  of  North  America.  Tree  70  feet  high,  stem,  diameter 
to  8  feet.  The  timber  regarded  by  some  nearly  as  good  as  that  of 
the  White  Oak.  The  bark  contains  about  8  per  cent,  tannin. 

Quercus  macrolepsis,  Kotschy.* 

Greece.     This  oak  yields  also  Valonia,  being   closely  allied   to    Q. 


280  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Quercus  Mongolica,  Fischer.* 

Manchuria.  It  is  on  this  tree  and  011  Q.  serrata  that  the  silk-insect 
peculiar  to  Oak-trees  mainly,  if  not  solely,  is  reared,  as  shown  by 
Dr.  Hance. 

Quercus  Muehlenbergii,  Engelmann. 

Middle  and  Eastern  States  of  North  America.  A  middle-sized  tree  ; 
its  wood  compact,  strong,  durable  for  posts,  railway  ties  (Sargent). 

Quercus  obtusiloba,  Michaux. 

North  America.  This  tree  will  live  on  sandy  or  otherwise  sterile 
soil..  Wood  very  durable  (A.  Gray). 

Quercus  palustris,  Du  Roi. 

The  Pin  Oak  or  Marsh  Oak  of  North  America.  Height  80  feet  ; 
of  quick  growth.  The  wood  though  fine-grained,  is  strong  and 
tough,  It  is  ornamental  for  furniture  on  account  of  the  strong 
development  of  medullary  rays. 

Quercus  Phellos,  Linne". 

The  Willow  Oak  of  the  Eastern  States  of  North  America.  The 
acorns  available  for  food,  like  those  of  several  other  species  —  for 
instance,  Q.  glabra  (Thumb.)  of  Japan.  A  variety  of  closely  allied 
species  is  the  shingle-oak,  Q.  imbricaria,  Mich.  The  comparative 
value  of  the  very  numerous  Cis-  and  Trans-Atlantic  Oaks,  but 
little  as  yet  understood  either  for  avenue  purposes  or  timber 
plantations,  should  be  tested  with  care  in  botanic  gardens.  The 
timber  is  valuable.  Even  recently  Oaks  have  been  discovered  on 
the  mountains  of  New  Guinea. 

Quercus  Prinus,  Linne. 

The  North  American  Swamp  Oak  or  Chestnut  Oak.  A  tree  90 
feet  high,  stem  up  to  15  feet  in  girth,  available  for  wet  localities. 
Foliage  deciduous.  Wood  strong  and  elastic,  of  fine  grain  ; 
according  to  Porcher  it  is  easy  to  split  and  not  hard,  used  for 
building  purposes,  also  cooperage.  A  red  dye  is  also  produced 
from  the  bark.  The  bark  is  one  of  the  most  important  among  oak 
barks  for  tanning,  furnishing  a  very  solid  and  durable  leather.  Q. 
bicolor  (Willd.)  is  closely  allied  to  Q.  Prinus;  trunks  have  been 
measured  30  feet  in  circumference. 


Quercus  Robur, 

The  British  Oak.  Extending  through  a  great  part  of  Europe  and 
Western  Asia,  attaining  a  great  age  and  an  enormous  size.  Extreme 
height  120  feet.  It  has  been  known  to  attain  a  stem  12  feet  in 
diameter  at  ths  base,  10  feet  in  the  middle,  5  feet  at  the  main 
branches.  Two  varieties  are  distinguished  :  1,  Q.  sessiliflora 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  281 

(Salisbury).  The  Durmast  Oak  with  a  darker,  heavier  timber, 
more  elastic,  less  fissile,  easier  to  bend  under  steam.  This  tree  is 
also  the  quickest  of  the  two  in  growth,  and  lives  in  poorer  soil. 
Its  bark  is  also  richer  in  medicinal,  dyeing,  and  tanning  principles. 
Extract  of  Oak-bark  for  tanners'  use  fetches  about  XI 8  per  ton  in 
the  London  market,  the  best  oak-bark  yields  16  to  20  per  cent, 
tannin.  2,  Q.  pedunculata  (Ehrh.).  This  variety  supplies  most  of 
the  oak  timber  in  Britain  for  ship-building,  and  is  the  best  for 
cabinet-makers'  and  joiners' work.  In  Britain  it  is  attacked  by 
Scolytus  multistriatus.  Mr.  W.  Winter  noticed  that  the  British  Oak 
withstood  an  occasional  shade  temperature  of  118  degrees  F.  in 
Biverina.  The  long  continued  adherence  of  dead  leaves  in  the  cool 
and  most  verdant  season  renders  this  Oak  not  so  well  adapted  for 
pleasure-grounds  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  temperate  zone  as  many 
other,  particularly  evergreen  Oaks.  The  English  Oak  is  however 
of  quicker  growth  than  most  other  species. 

Quercus  rubra,  Linn6 

The  Red  Oak  of  North  America.  Height  100  feet ;  diameter  of 
stem  4  feet,  content  with  poor  soil.  The  wood  though  coarse,  is  of 
rigidity  and  has  not  the  fault  of  warping.  It  is  of  fair  quality  for 
staves  (Simmonds),  and  even  building  purposes,  but  variable  in 
quality  according  to  soil  and  clime  (Sargent).  The  bark  is  rich  in 
tannin.  Autumnal  tint  of  foliage  beatifully  red.  The  acorns, 
which  are  produced  in  great  abundance,  are  relished  by  animals. 

Quercus  seme  car  pifolia,  Smith. 

In  the  Himalayas,  up  to  10,000  feet.  The  largest  of  the  Oaks  of 
India,  upwards  of  100  feet  high,  with  a  stem  up  to  18  feet  in  girth. 
Leafless  for  a  short  time.  It  furnishes  a  hard  and  heavy  timber  of 
fair  quality. 

Quercus  s errata,  Thunberg.* 

One  of  the  twenty-three  known  Japan  Oaks ;  extending  to  China 
and  Nepal.  A  good  avenue-tree,  though  deciduous.  It  yields  the 
best  food  for  the  Oak  Silkworm  (Bombyx  Yamamai).  It  is  recom- 
mendable  to  pack  acorns  intended  for  far  distances  in  dry  moss  or 
sand,  to  secure  retention  of  vitality ;  moreover  they  must  be  quite 
fresh,  when  packed. 

Quercus  Sideroxylon,  Humboldt. 

Mountains  of  Mexico,  at  8,000  feet  elevation.  An  Oak  of  great 
size,  of  compact  timber,  almost  imperishable  in  water.  Q.  lanceo- 
lata,  Q.  chrysophylla,  Q.  reticulata,  Q.  laurina,  Q.  obtusata, 
Q.  glaucescens,  Q.  Xalapensis  (Humb.),  and  Q.  acutifolia  (Nee) 
are  among  the  many  other  highly  important  timber  Oaks  of 
the  cooler  regions  of  Mexico.  No  printed  records  seem  extant 


282  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

concerning  the  technology  of  the  numerous  Mexican  Oaks,  though 
doubtless  their  respective  values  are  well  known  to  local  artisans. 
According  to  the  Abbe  and  Surgeon  Liturgie,  one  of  the  Mexican 
Oaks  near  San  Juan  nourishes  a  Bombyx  the  cocoons  of  which  are 
spun  by  the  natives  into  silk  (Tschichatchef). 

Quercus  Skinneri,  Bentham. 

Mexico.  The  acorns  of  this  Oak  measure  nearly  6  inches  in 
circumference,  and  are  available  for  various  domestic  animals. 

Quercus  squamata,  Roxburgh. 

One  of  the  tallest  of  the  Himalayan  Oaks.     Wood  lasting. 

Quercus  stellata,  Wangenheim. 

The  Post  Oak  of  North-East  America.  Content  with  poor  and 
even  sandy  soil,  but  not  a  large  tree.  For  its  very  durable  and 
dense  wood  it  is  much  in  requisition  there  for  posts,  and  is  particu- 
larly highly  prized  for  ship-building,  also  sought  for  rail-ties. 

Quercus  Suber,  Linne.* 

The  Cork  Oak  of  South  Europe  and  North  Africa;  evergreen.  It 
attains  an  age  of  fully  two  hundred  years.  After  about  twenty 
years  it  can  be  stripped  of  its  bark  every  six  or  seven  years;  but 
the  best  cork  is  obtained  from  trees  over  forty  years  old.  Height 
of  the  tree  about  40  feet.  Acorns  of  sweetish  taste.  Mr.  Robinson 
found  that  young  Cork  Oaks  obtained  from  the  writer  made  a 
growth  of  4  feet  in  a  year  in  the  humid  Western  Port  district  of 
Victoria.  The  bark  of  Q.  pseudo-suber  (Sant.)  is  inferior  for  cork, 
but  the  closely-allied  Q.  occidentalis  (Gay),  which  is  hardier  than 
Q.  Suber,  produces  a  superior  cork-bark.  It  will  thrive  even  on 
sand.  Its  cultivation  is  rapidly  increasing  in  Algeria. 

Quercus  Sundaica,  Blume. 

One  of  the  Oaks  from  the  mountains  of  Java,  where  several  other 
valuable  timber  Oaks  exist.  The  existence  of  Oaks  on  the  higher 
mountains  of  New  Guinea  has  been  demonstrated  by  Dr.  Beccari ; 
hence,  in  all  probability,  additional  valuable  evergreen  species  will 
be  obtainable  for  our  arboreta  from  thence. 

Quercus  Toza,  Bosc. 

South  Europe.  One  of  the  handsomest  Oaks,  and  one  of  the 
quickest  growth.  Will  live  in  sandy  soil.  It  furnishes  superior 
tanners'  bark. 

Quercus  virens,  Linn<k* 

The  Live  Oak  of  North  America,  extending  northward  only  to 
Virginia,  occurring  also  in  Mexico,  and  perhaps  the  hardiest  of  the 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES. 


283 


evergreen  species.  Likes  a  coast-climate  and  a  soil  rich  in  mould. 
To  Sixty  feet  high,  with  a  stem  of  sometimes  9  feet  in  diameter., 
Supplies  a  most  valuable  timber  for  ship-building  ;  it  is  heavy, 
compact,  fine-grained ;  it  is  moreover  the  strongest  and  most 
durable  of  all  American  Oaks.  Like  Q.  obtusiloba  (Mich.),  it 
lives  also  on  sea-shores,  helping  to  bind  the  sand,  but  it  is  then  not 
of  tall  stature.  Of  many  of  the  three  hundred  Oaks  of  both  the 
western  and  eastern  portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  the 
properties  remain  unrecorded  and  perhaps  unexamined;  but  it 
would  be  important  to  introduce  as  many  kinds  as  possible  for  local 
test-growth.  The  acorns,  when  packed  in  dry  moss,  retain  their 
vitality  for  some  months.  The  species  with  deciduous  foliage  are 
not  desirable  for  massive  ornamental  planting  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  temperate  zone,  because  they  shed  their  dead  leaves  tardily 
during  the  very  time  of  the  greatest  verdure  of  other  vegetation. 


Quillaja  saponaria,  Molina. 

Chili.     A   colossal  tree.     The  bark 
valuable  for  dressing  wool  and  silk. 


is  rich  in  saponin,  and  thus 


Eafnia  amplexicaulis,  Thunberg. 

South  Africa.  The  root  of  this  bush  is  sweet  like  liquorice,  and  is 
administered  in  medicine.  Rafnia  perfoliata  (E.  Meyer),  also  from 
South  Africa,  furnishes  likewise  a  medicinal  root. 

Kaphanus  sativus,  Linne. 

South  Asia,  up  to  16,000  feet  in  the  Himalayas,  eastward  to  Japan. 
The  Radish.  K  caudatus  (L.),  the  Radish  with  long  edible  pods, 
is  regarded  by  Dr.  Th.  Anderson  as  a  mere  variety,  and  he  thinks 
that  all  are  sprung  from  the  ordinary  R.  Raphanistrum  (L.)  of 
Europe.  All  Radishes  succeed  best  in  a  calcareous  soil,  or  aided 
by  manure  rich  in  lime.  The  root  of  the  Black  Radish  is  compara- 
tively rich  in  starch. 

Remirea  maritima,  Aublet. 

Intra-tropical  coast  regions  around  the  globe.  A  perennial  creeping 
sedge  for  binding  sand. 

Reseda  Luteola,  Linne. 

The  Weld.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  Middle  Asia,  North  Africa. 
A  herb  of  one  or  two  years'  duration.  Likes  calcareous  soil.  A 
yellow  dye  (luteolin)  pervades  the  whole  plant.  The  plant  must  be 
cut  before  the  fruit  commences  to  develop  otherwise  the  pigment 
will  much  diminish. 


284  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Reseda  odorata,  Linne. 

The  true  Mignonette.  North  Africa  and  Syria.  A  herb  of  one  or 
very  few  years'  duration.  The  dedicate  scent  can  best  be  concen- 
trated and  removed  by  enfleurage. 

Bhagodia  Billardieri,  R.  Brown. 

Extra-tropical  Australia,  An  import  bush  for  binding  moving 
sand  on  sea-shores.  A  herb  of  this  order,  Atriplex  crystallinum 
(J.  Hooker),  should  be  encouraged  in  its  growth  at  the  very  edge 
of  tides  or  sand-shores,  where  with  Cakile  maritima,  Mesembrian- 
themum  australe,  and  M.  sequilaterale,  it  will  form  one  of  the 
most  effectual  first  impediments  to  the  influx  of  sea-sand. 

Rhamnus  catharticus,  Linne\ 

The  Buckthorn.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle 
Asia.  It  can  be  utilised  as  a  hedge-plant.  The  berries  are  of 
medicinal  value,  as  indicated  by  the  specific  name.  The  foliage  and 
bark  can  be  employed  for  the  preparation  of  a  green  dye. 

Rhamnus  chlorophorus,  Lindley. 

China.  From  the  bark  a  superior  green  pigment  is  prepared.  R. 
utilis,  from  the  same  country,  serves  for  the  like  purpose.  This 
kind  of  dye  is  particularly  used  for  silk,  and  is  known  as  Lokao. 

Rhamnus  Frangula,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  One  of  the  very 
best  woods  for  gunpowder.  Recommended  by  Sir  Joseph  Hooker 
to  be  grown  on  the  coppice  system  for  this  purpose. 

Rhamnus  Grsecus,  Reuter. 

Greece.  From  this  shrub,  and  to  no  less  extent  from  the  allied  R. 
prunifolius  (Sibth.),  are  the  green  dye-berries  collected  in  Greece, 
according  to  Dr.  Heldreich.  These  shrubs  grow  on  stony  moun- 
tains up  to  2,500  feet. 

Rhamnus  infectorius,  Linne. 

On  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and  in  the  countries  near  to  it.  The 
berry-like  fruits  of  this  shrub  are  known  in  commerce  as  Graines 
d' Avignon  and  Graines  de  Perse,  and  produce  a  valuable  green  dye. 
Other  species  seem  to  supply  a  similar  dye-material, — for  instance, 
R.  saxatilis  (L).  R.  amygdalinus  (Desf.),  R.  oleoides  (L.),  R. 
tinctorius  (W.  and  K.) 

Rhapidophyllum    Hystrix,    Wendland    and   Drude.      (Chamcerops 
ffystrix,  Fraser). 

The  Blue-Palmetto  of  Florida  and  Carolina.  A  hardy  dwarf  Fan- 
Palm. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  285 

Rhapis  flabelliformis,  Linn6  fil. 

China  and  Japan.  This  exceedingly  slender  Palm  attains  only  a 
height  of  a  few  feet.  The  stems  can  be  used  for  various  small 
implements.  It  is  one  of  the  best  plants  for  table  decorations.  It 
bears  the  climate  of  the  South  of  France  to  43°  32'  K  Lat.  (Naudin). 

Rhaponticum  acaule,  Candolle.     (Centaura  Cynara,  F.  v.  M.) 

On  the  Mediterranean  Sea.     A  perennial  herb.     The  root  is  edible. 

Rheum  australe,  D.  Don.*  (R.  Emodi,  Wall;  R.  Webbianum,  Royle.) 
Himalayan  regions  up  to  16,000  feet.  From  this  species  at  least  a 
portion  of  the  medicinal  Rhubarb  is  obtained ;  most  likely  several 
species  furnish  Rhubarb-root,  and  its  quality  depends  probably  much 
on  the  climatic  region  and  the  geological  formation  in  which  the 
plant  grows.  Should  we  wish  to  cultivate  any  species  here  for 
superior  medicinal  roots,  then  clearly  localities  in  our  higher  and 
drier  Alpine  tracts  should  be  chosen  for  the  purpose.  Hayne  regards 
the  presence  of  much  yellowish  pigment  in  the  seed-shell  as  in- 
dicating a  good  medicinal  Rhubarb-plant.  As  much  as  five  Ibs.  of 
the  dried  drug  are  obtained  from  a  single  plant  several  years  old. 
An  important  orange-red  crystalline  substance,  emodin,  allied  to 
chrysophanic  acid,  occurs  in  genuine  Rhubarb.  A  large  proportion 
of  the  medicinal  Rhubarb-root  is  now  grown  in  England. 

Rheum  officinale,  Ballion.* 

Western  China  and  Eastern  Thibet  on  the  high  table-land.  Height 
of  stem  10  feet,  circumference  of  foliage  30  feet,  blade  of  leaf  2  feet 
long  and  broad  (Balfour).  It  furnishes  most  of  the  true  Turkey 
Rhubarb,  not  merely  from  the  root  but  also  from  the  woody  stem. 
Suited  for  mountainous  regions.  Recommended  also  as  a  scenic 
plant  by  Regel. 

Rheum   palmatum,  Linne.* 

From  insular  to  Alpine  North-Eastern  Asia.  Attains  a  height  of 
9  feet.  A  variety  from  the  Tangut  country  of  Mongolia  or  North 
Thibet,  found  by  Col.  Prejevalski,  yields  an  excellent  medicinal 
root  known  as  the  Kiakhta  or  Khansu  Rhubarb  (Maximowicz)  ; 
indeed  this  is  the  best  Russian  Rhubarb  ;  valuable  also  as  a 
decorative  plant.  For  medicinal  culture  alpine  valleys  with  soil 
rich  in  lime  are  needed.  Sir  Rob.  Christison. 

Rheum  Rhaponticum,  Linne. 

From  the  Volga  to  Central  Asia.  This  species,  together  with  R. 
Tataricum  (L.  fil.),  R.  undalatum  (L.),  and  a  few  others,  all  Asiatic 
(one  extending  to  Japan),  provide  their  acidulous  leaf-stalks  and 
unexpanded  flower-mass  for  culinary  purposes.  Rhubarb-leaves 
can  also  be  used  in  the  manner  of  Spinage. 


286  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Rhizopogon  magnatum,  Corda. 

Europe.  One  of  the  edible  truffles  sold  in  the  markets  of  Middle 
Europe,  with  E.  rubescens,  Tul. 

Rhododendron,  maximum  Linne. 

North-East  America.  Attains  a  height  of  20  feet.  Irrespective 
of  its  being  a  fine  acquisition  for  any  garden  copses,  this  bush  seems 
of  industrial  importance,  because  Mr.  C.  Eorster  asserts  that  the 
wood  of  this  and  the  allied  Kalmia  latifolia  (L.)  is  equalled  only  by 
the  best  boxwood.  This  may  give  a  clue  to  other  substitutes  for 
that  scarce  commodity  needed  so  extensively  by  the  wood- 
engraver. 

Rhus  caustica,  Hooker  and  Arnott. 

Chili,  where  it  is  called  the  Litre.  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree, 
the  very  hard  wood  of  which  is  used  for  wheel-teeth,  axletrees,  and 
select  furniture.  The  plant  seems  neither  caustic  nor  otherwise 
poisonous  (Dr.  Philippi). 

Rhus  copallina,  Linne. 

North  America,  extending  to  Canada.  A  comparatively  dwarf 
species.  This  can  be  used  for  tanning.  A  resin  for  varnishes  is 
also  obtained  from  this  shrub. 

Rhus  coriaria,  Linne. * 

The  Tanner's  Sumach.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
The  foliage  of  this  shrub  or  small  tree,  reduced  to  powder,  forms 
the  Sumach  of  commerce.  It  is  remarkably  rich  in  tannic  acid, 
yielding  as  much  as  30  per  cent.,  and  is  extensively  used  for  the 
production  of  a  superior  Corduan  or  Maroquin-leather  and  pale- 
coloured  leathers  and  dress  goods.  Sumach  allows  the  leather  to 
carry  more  grease  (Bailment).  Price  in  Melbourne  £36  per  ton. 
The  cultivation  presents  no  difficulty.  It  thrives  best  in  loose  cal- 
careous soils,  and  cannot  endure  stagnant  water.  The  strongest 
Sumach  is  produced  on  dry  ground.  A  gathering  can  be  obtained 
from  suckers  in  the  first  year.  The  duration  of  Sumach  fields 
under  manure  extends  to  fifteen  years.  Sumach  can  also  be  used 
for  ink  and  various,  particularly  black,  dyes.  Under  favourable 
circumstances  as  much  as  a  ton  of  Sumach  is  obtained  from  an 
acre. 

Rhus  cotinus,  Linne.* 

The  Scotino.  Countries  of  the  Mediteranean  Sea,  extending  to 
the  Himalayas.  The  wood  of  this  bush  furnishes  a  yellow  pigment. 
The  Scotino,  so  valuable  as  a  material  for  yellow  and  black  dye, 
and  as  a  superior  tanning  substance,  consists  of  the  ground  foliage 
of  this  plant.  It  contains  up  to  24  per  cent,  tannin. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  287 

Rhus  glabra,  Linne. 

North  America,  extending  to  54°  north  latitude.  This  Sumach 
shrub  will  grow  on  rocky  and  sterile  soil.  It  produces  a  kind  of 
gall,  and  can  also  be  used  as  a  good  substitute  for  the  ordinary 
Sumach.  This  species  can  be  easily  multiplied  from  suckers.  It 
will  live  on  poor  soil.  American  Sumachs  contain  generally  from 
15  to  20  per  cent.,  or  occasionally  up  to  26  per  cent,  tannin. 

Rhus  lucida,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  This  shrub  proved  in  Victoria  of  particular  adapt- 
ability for  forming  hedges  ;  it  is  evergreen,  close  growing,  and 
stands  clipping  well.  About  half  a  hundred  South  African  species 
are  known,  of  which  probably  some  could  be  utilised  like  ordinary 
Sumach,  but  hitherto  we  have  remained  unacquainted  with  the 
nature  and  degree  of  any  of  their  tanning  and  colouring  principles. 

Rhus  semialata,   Murray. 

China  and  Japan,  extending  to  the  Himalayas.  Attains  a  height 
of  40  feet.  This  shrub  produces  a  kind  of  nutgalls. 

Rhus  succedanea,  Linne. 

The  Japan  Wax  Tree,  the  produce  of  which  has  found  its  way 
into  the  English  market.  The  crushed  berries  are  steamed  and 
pressed,  furnishing  about  15  per  cent,  of  wax,  which  consists 
mainly  of  palmatin  and  palmitic  acid.  Rhus  silvestris  (Sieb  & 
Zucc.)  and  R.  vernicif era  yield  there  a  similar  wax. 

Rhus  typhina,  Linne. 

The  Staghorn  Sumach.  North  America,  extending  to  Canada. 
This  species  will  grow  to  a  tree  of  30  feet  high.  Its  wood  is  of  an 
orange  tinge.  Through  incisions  into  the  bark  a  kind  of  Copal  is 
obtained.  The  leaves  can  be  used  like  ordinary  Sumach.  This 
bush  can  be  reared  on  inferior  land.  The  leaves  of  American 
Sumach  must  be  collected  early  in  the  season  if  a  clear  white 
leather  like  that  from  Sicilian  Sumach  is  to  be  obtained.  This  can 
be  ascertained  by  the  colour  of  the  precipitate  made  with  gelatine. 

Rhus  vernicifera,  Candolle. 

Extends  from  Nepal  to  Japan.  It  forms  a  tree  of  fair  size  and 
yields  the  Japan  varnish.  It  ascends  in  India  to  7,000  feet,  but 
Stewart  and  Brandis  are  doubtful  whether  the  Japan  species  (R. 
Vernix,  L.)  is  really  identical  with  the  Indian.  The  fruit  yields 
vegetable  wax. 

Ribes  aureum,  Pursh. 

Arkansas,  Missouri,  Oregon.  This  favourite  bush  of  our  shrub- 
beries would  likely  in  our  forest  streams  produce  its  pleasant 


288  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

berries,  which  turn  from  yellow  to  brown  or  black.  Professor 
Meehan  mentions  a  variety  or  allied  species  from  Utah,  with 
berries  larger  than  those  of  the  black  currant ;  they  are  quite  a 
good  table-fruit,  and  of  all  shades  from  orange  to  black.  Allied  to 
this  is  R.  temiiflorum  (Lindl.),  of  California  and  the  nearest 
States,  with  fruits  of  the  size  of  red  currants,  of  agreeable  flavour, 
and  either  dark  purple  or  yellow  colour.  R.  aureum,  R,.  palma- 
tum,  and  some  other  strong  American  species  have  come  into  use 
for  grafting  on  them  the  European  Gooseberry  (C.  Pohl). 

Ribes  Cynosbati,  Linne. 

The  Prickly-fruited  Gooseberry  of  Canada  and  the  Northern 
States  of  the  American  Union.  The  berries  are  large.  There  is  a 
variety  not  so  objectionably  burrlike-prickly.  R.  Cynosbati  has 
been  hybridised  with  R.  Grossularia,  and  the  sequenc.e  has  been  a 
good  result  (Saunders). 

Ribes  divaricatum,  Douglas. 

California  and  Oregon.  One  of  the  Gooseberries  of  those  countries. 
Berries  smooth,  black,  about  one-third  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
pleasant  to  the  taste.  Culture  might  improve  this  and  many  of 
the  other  species.  R.  Nuttalli  (R.  villosum,  Nutt,  not  of  Gay  nor 
of  Wallich)  is  an  allied  plant,  also  from  California. 

Ribes  fioridum,  L'Heritier. 

The  Black  Currant  of  North  America.  The  berries  resemble  in 
odour  and  taste  those  of  R.  nigrum.  Allied  to  this  is  R.  Hudso- 
nianum  (Rich.)  from  the  colder  parts  of  North  America. 

Ribes  Griffith!,  J.  Hooker  and  T.  Thomson. 

Himalaya,  at  the  height  of  10,000  to  13,000  feet.  Allied  to  R. 
rubrum,  bearing  similar  but  larger  berries  of  somewhat  austere 
taste.  R.  laciniatum  (H.  and  T.)  is  likewise  a  Himalayan  species 
with  red  berries,  and  so  is  R.  glaciale  (Wall.).  Furthermore,  R. 
villosum,  Wall.  (R.  leptostachyum,  Decaisne),  comes  from  the 
Indian  highlands  and  seems  worthy  of  notice. 

Ribes  Grossularia,  Linne* 

The  ordinary  Gooseberry.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Extratropic  Asia, 
extending  to  the  Chinese  boundary  (Regel),  on  the  Himalayan 
mountains  up  to  a  height  of  12,000  feet.  This  bush,  familiar  to 
every  one,  is  mentioned  here  merely  to  indicate  the  desirability  of 
naturalising  it  in  any  Alpine  regions  where  it  is  not  indigenous. 

Ribes  hirtellum,  Michaux. 

The  commonest  smooth  Gooseberry  of  North  America,  particularly 
in  the  New  England  States.  It  likes  moist  ground. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  289 

Ribes  nigrum,  Linne. 

The  Black  Currant.  Middle  and  Northern  Asia,  Europe,  North 
America,  ascending  the  Himalayan  and  Thibet  mountains  to  a 
height  of  12,000  feet ;  also  particularly  fit  to  be  dispersed  through 
forests  in  elevated  situations. 

Ribes  niveum,  Lindl. 

One  of  the  Oregon  Gooseberry-bushes.  Berries  small,  black,  of  a 
somewhat  acid  taste  and  rich  vinous  flavour. 

Ribes  rotundifolium,  Michaux. 

North  America,  as  far  as  Canada.  Yields  part  of  the  smooth 
Gooseberries  of  the  United  States.  The  fruit  is  small,  but  of  deli- 
cious taste.  Unlike  the  ordinary  Gooseberry,  not  subject  to  mildew. 
Careful  cultivation  has  advanced  gradually  the  size  of  the  fruit 
(Meehan). 

Ribes  rubrum,  Linne. 

The  ordinary  Red  Currant.  Europe,  North  America,  North  and 
Middle  Asia,  in  the  Himalayan  Mountains,  ceasing  where  B,. 
Grimthi  commences  to  appear.  One  of  the  best  fruit-plants  for 
jellies  and  preserves  that  could  be  chosen  for  colder  mountain  alti- 
tudes. The  root-bark  contains  phlorrhizin.  Perhaps  other  species 
than  those  recorded  here,  among  them  some  from  the  Andes,  may 
yet  deserve  introduction,  irrespective  of  their  showiness,  for  their 
fruits. 

Richardia  Africana,  Kunth.     (JR.  Aethiopica,  Rosenthal.) 

From  the  Nile  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Important  for  scenic 
effects,  particularly  on  the  margins  of  waters.  Easily  moved  at  all 
seasons.  The  fresh  root  contains  about  2  per  cent,  of  starch. 

Richardsonia  scabra,  Kunth. 

From  Mexico  to  Brazil.  As  a  herb  for  pastures  and  hay  crop, 
appreciated  in  localities  with  sandy  soil  (C.  Mohr).  It  has  spread 
over  the  Southern  States  of  North  America. 

Ricinus  communis,  Linne.* 

The  Castor  Oil  Plant.  Indigenous  to  the  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
zones  of  Asia  and  Africa.  A  shrubby,  very  decorative  plant, 
attaining  the  size  of  a  small  tree.  It  was  well  known  to  the 
Egyptians  four  thousand  years  ago,  and  is  also  mentioned  in  the 
writings  of  Herodotus,  Hippocrates,  Dioscorides,  Theophrastos, 
Plinius,  and  other  ancient  physicians,  philosophers,  and  naturalists. 
The  easy  arid  rapid  growth,  the  copious  seeding,  and  the  early  re- 
turn of  produce  render  this  important  plant  of  high  value  in  the 
warm  temperate  zone,  more  particularly  as  it  will  thrive  on  almost 
T 


290  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

any  soil,  and  can  thus  be  raised  even  on  arid  places,  without  being 
scorched  by  hot  winds.  It  may  thus  become  an  important  plant 
also  for  culture  in  desert-tracts,  and  is  evidently  destined  to  be  one 
of  the  most  eligible  oil-plants  for  technical  uses,  particularly  for 
lubricating  machinery,  irrespective  of  the  value  of  its  oil  for  medi- 
cinal purposes.  The  seeds  contain  about  50  per  cent.  oil.  To 
obtain  the  best  medicinal  oil,  hydraulic  pressure  should  be  employed, 
and  the  seeds  not  be  subjected  to  heat ;  the  seed-coat  should  also  be 
removed  prior  to  the  extracting  process  being  proceeded  with.  A 
screw-press  suffices  however  for  ordinary  supply  to  obtain  the  oil. 
By  decantation  and  some  process  of  nitration  it  is  purified.  For 
obtaining  oil  to  be  used  for  lubrication  of  machinery  or  other  tech- 
nological purposes,  the  seeds  may  be  pressed  and  prepared  by 
various  methods  under  application  of  heat  and  access  of  water. 
Castor  oil  is  usually  bleached  simply  by  exposure  to  solar  light,  but 
this  procedure  lessens  to  some  extent  the  laxative  properties  of  the 
oil.  It  dissolves  completely  in  waterless  alcohol  and  in  ether,  and 
will  become  dissolved  also  in  spirit  of  high  strength,  to  the  extent 
of  three-fifths  of  the  weight  of  the  latter.  Solutions  of  this  kind 
may  become  valuable  for  various  technical  purposes,  and  afford 
some  tests  for  the  pureness  of  the  oil.  If  pressed  under  heat  it 
will  deposit  margaritin.  Heated  in  a  retort  about  one-third  of  the 
oil  will  distil  over,  and  a  substance  resembling  india-rubber  remains, 
which  saponises  with  alkalies.  Other  educts  are  at  the  same  time 
obtained,  which  will  likely  become  of  industrial  value.  These  facts 
are  briefly  mentioned  here  merely  to  explain  that  the  value  of  this 
easily -produced  oil  is  far  more  varied  than  is  generally  supposed, 
and  this  remark  applies  with  equal  force  to  many  other  chemical 
compounds  from  vegetable  sources,  briefly  alluded  to  in  this  present 
enumerative  treatise.  The  seeds  contain  also  a  peculiar  alkaloid — 
ricinin.  The  solid  chemical  compound  of  castor  oil  is  the  crystal- 
line isocetic  acid  (a  glycerid).  The  oil  contains  also  a  non-crystal- 
line acid  peculiar  to  it  (ricinoleic  acid).  For  the  production  of  a 
particular  kind  of  silk  the  Recinus  plant  is  also  important,  inasmuch 
as  the  hardy  Bombyx  Arrindi  requires  for  food  the  leaves  of  this  bush. 
Even  a  few  of  the  seeds  if  swallowed  will  produce  poisonous  effects. 

Hobinia  pseudacacia,  Linne. 

The  North  American  Locust  Acacia.  Height  to  90  feet.  The 
strong,  hard,  and  durable  wood  is  for  a  variety  of  purposes  in  use, 
and  particularly  eligible  for  treenails,  axletrees,  and  turnery.  The 
natives  use  the  wood  for  their  bows.  Tree  of  rapid  growth,  and 
attains  an  age  of  several  hundred  years.  It  may  be  planted  closely 
for  timber-belts  and  hedge-shelter  on  farm  lands.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  trees  for  renovating  exhausted  land  and  for  improving  poor 
soil.  Recommended  by  Wessely  as  one  of  the  easiest  grown  of  all 
trees  on  bare  sand,  though  standing  in  need  of  twice  as  much  mineral 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  291 

aliment  as  Pinus  silvestris  and  nearly  as  much  as  poplars.  It 
pushes  through  shifting  sand  its  spreading  roots,  which  attain  a 
length  of  seventy  feet.  It  will  maintain  its  hold  in  hollows  of  drifts 
where  even  poplars  fail  (Wessely).  The  roots  are  poisonous.  The 
allied  R.  viscosa  attains  a  height  of  forty  feet.  No  less  than  four 
arborescent  Robinias  are  recorded  from  Juan.  Fernandez. 

Roccella  tinctoria,  Candolle. 

Canary  Islands,  Azores,  also  in  Middle  and  South  Europe  and 
North  Africa.  This  Lichen  furnishes  the  litmus,  orseille  or  orchil 
for  dyes  and  chemical  tests.  It  is  a  question  of  interest  whether  it 
could  be  translocated  and  naturalised  on  the  cliffs  also  of  our  shores. 
Other  dye-lichens  might  perhaps  still  more  easily  naturalised ;  for 
instance,  Lecanora  tartarea,  L.  parella,  Pertusaria  communis,  Par- 
melia  sordida,  Isidium  corallinum,  and  some  others,  which  furnish 
the  Cudbear  or  Persio. 

Rosa  centifolia,  Linne.* 

The  Cabbage  Rose.  Indigenous  on  the  Caucasus  and  seemingly  also 
in  other  parts  of  the  Orient.  In  some  of  the  German  monasteries 
real  trees  of  this  species  occur,  which  have  lived  through  several 
centuries,  and  are  regarded  with  sacred  veneration  there.  Much 
grown  in  South  Europe  and  South  Asia  for  the  distillation  of  rose- 
water  and  oil  or  attar  of  roses.  No  pruning  is  resorted  to,  only 
the  dead  branches  are  removed  ;  the  harvest  is  from  the  middle  of 
May  till  nearly  the  middle  of  June  ;  the  gathering  takes  place 
before  sunrise  (Simmonds).  From  12,000  to  16,000  roses,  or  from 
250  Ibs.  to  300  Ibs.  of  rose  petals,  are  required  according  to  some 
calculations  for  producing  a  single  ounce  of  attar  through  ordinary 
distillation.  The  flowers  require  to  be  cut  just  before  expansion  ; 
the  calyx  is  separated  and  rejected  ;  the  remaining  portions  of  the 
flowers  are  then  subjected  to  aqueous  distillation,  and  the  saturated 
rose-water  so  obtained  is  repeatedly  used  for  renewed  distillation, 
when  from  the  overcharged  water  the  oil  separates  on  a  cold  place 
and  floats  011  the  surface,  from  whence  it  can  be  collected  after 
refrigeration  by  fine  birds'  feathers.  Rose  oil  consists  of  a  hydro- 
carbon-stearopten  which  is  scentless,  and  an  elaeopten  which  is  the 
fragrant  principle.  But  some  other  methods  exist  for  producing 
the  oil ;  for  instance,  it  may  be  got  by  distilling  the  rosebuds  with- 
out water  at  the  heat  of  a  salt  water  bath.  The  odour  may  also  be 
withdrawn  by  alcoholic  distillation  from  the  roses,  or  be  extracted 
by  the  "  enfleurage  "  process.  The  latter  is  effected  by  placing  the 
flowers,  collected  while  the  weather  is  warm,  into  shallow  frames 
covered  with  a  glass  plate,  on  the  inner  side  of  which  a  pure  fatty 
substance  has  been  thinly  spread.  The  odour  of  the  flowers  is 
absorbed  by  the  adipose  or  oleous  substance,  though  the  blossoms 
do  not  come  with  it  in  direct  contact ;  fresh  flowers  are  supplied 


292  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

daily  for  weeks.  The  scent  is  finally  withdrawn  from  its  matrix  by 
maceration  with  pure  alcohol.  Purified  Eucalyptus  oil  can  be  used 
for  diluting  rose  oil,  when  it  is  required  for  the  preparation  of 
scented  soap. 

Rosa  Damascena,  Miller. 

Orient.  Allied  to  the  preceding  species,  and  also  largely  used  for 
the  production  of  essential  oil  of  roses. 

Rosa  Gallica,  Linne. 

The  French  or  Dutch  Rose.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  Orient. 
The  intensely  coloured  buds  of  this  species  are  particularly  chosen 
for  dyeing.  These  however  may  be  got  also  from  other  kinds  of 
roses. 

Rosa  Indica,  Linne. 

Noisette  Rose.  From  Upper  India  to  China  and  Japan.  Some 
roses  of  the  sweetest  scent  are  derived  from  this  species. 

Rosa  Isevigata,  Michaux.     (R.  Sinica,  Aiton.) 

The  Cherokee  Rose.  China  and  Japan.  Considered  one  of  the 
best  hedge-roses,  and  for  that  purpose  much  employed  in  North 
America.  It  serves  also  well  for  bowers.  Allied  to  the  foregoing 
species.  Rosa  rugosa,  Thunberg,  of  Japan,  large-fruited  and  large- 
leaved  rose,  is  exceedingly  well  adapted  for  garden  hedges. 

Rosa  moschata,  Miller.* 

North  Africa  and  South  Asia  as  far  east  as  Japan.  From  the 
flowers  of  this  extremely  tall  climbing  species  also  essential  oil  is 
obtained.  The  attar  thus  derived  from  roses  of  not  only  different 
varieties,  but  even  distinct  species,  must  necessarily  be  of  various 
qualities.  In  the  Balkan  Mountains,  on  basalt  slopes  facing  south, 
the  most  odorous  roses  are  produced.  At  Kesanlik  rose  distillation 
is  the  main  industry.  Shoots  of  rose-bushes  are  placed  in  trenches 
3  feet  deep  and  5  feet  apart.  Irrigation  promotes  the  growth.  The 
gathering  commences  in  the  third  and  lasts  till  about  the  fifteenth 
year  (Simmons).  The  pure  oil  as  a  European  commodity  is  worth 
from  .£20  to  £23  per  pound.  This  is  also  the  rose,  according  to 
Schlagintweit,  used  for  attar  distillation  in  Tunis,  and  in  the  Balkan 
ranges.  Pure  attar,  valued  at  30  shillings  per  ounce,  is  produced  in 
Roumelia  to  the  amount  of  .£80,000  annually  (Piesse). 

Rosa  sempervirens,  Linne. 

From  South  Europe  through  Southern  Asia  to  Japan.  One  of 
the  best  rose-bushes  for  covering  walls,  fences,  and  similar 
structures.  The  flowers  of  this  species  also  can  be  utilised  for 
rose  oil. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  293 

Rosa  setigera,  Michaux. 

North  America,  where  it  is  the  only  climbing  rose-bush.  It  deserves 
introduction  on  account  of  its  extremely  rapid  growth, — 10  feet  to 
20  feet  in  a  season.  Its  flowers  however  are  nearly  inodorous. 
Other  original  species  of  roses  deserve  our  attention,  Sir  Joseph 
Hooker  admitting  about  thirty,  all  from  the  northern  hemisphere. 
But  on  the  snow-clad  unascended  mountains  of  Borneo,  Sumatra, 
New  Guinea,  and  Africa  south  of  the  equator,  perhaps  new  roses 
may  yet  be  discovered,  as  they  have  been  traced  south  to  Abyssinia 
already. 

Rosa  spinosissima,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  North  Asia.  Adapted  for 
holding  coast-sands ;  unapproachable  to  pasture  animals,  and  not 
spreading  like  the  Sweetbriar,  R.  rubiginosa  (L.),  into  culture-land 
or  pastures. 

Rosmarinus  officinalis,  Linne. 

The  Rosemary.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  This 
well-known  bush  is  mentioned  here  as  a  medicinal  plant,  from  which 
a  distilled  oil  is  rather  copiously  obtainable.  One  of  our  best  plants 
for  large  garden-edgings.  The  oil  enters  into  certain  compositions 
of  perfumery. 

Rottboellia  ophiuroides,  Bentham. 

Tropical  East  Australia.  A  tall  perennial  grass,  praised  by  Mr. 
Walter  Hill  for  fodder.  Hardy  in  regions  free  of  frost. 

.     "'       •• 

Royenia  pseudebenus,  E.  Meyer.  ,,  X-  '     - 

South  Africa.  Only  a  small  tree,  but  its  wooyfl  jer  blacj^,  hard,  aftd 
durable;  thus  in  Capeland  and  Caffrari^  Called  ebony.  Jt, 
pubescens  (Willd.),  according  to  Dr.  Pappe,  furnishes  there  a  wood 
adapted  for  xylography ;  this  may  give  a  cl^ie  to  the  adaptability 
of  many  other  kinds  of  woods  in  the  large  Qrder  of  Ebenacese  as 
substitutes  for  the  Turkish  boxwood. 

Rubia  cordifolia,  Linne.     (fi.  Mungista,  Roxburgh.) 

From  the  Indian  highlands,  through  China  and  Siberia  to  Japan  ; 
also  occurring  in  various  parts  of  Africa,  as  far  south  as  Caffraria  and 
Natal.  This  perennial  plant  produces  a  kind  of  madder.  Probably 
other  species  likewise  yield  dye-roots.  The  genus  is  represented 
widely  over  the  globe,  but  as  far  as  known  not  in  Australia. 

Rubia  peregrina,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  South- West  Asia.  This  perennial  species 
also  yields  madder-root.  Several  other  kinds  deserve  comparative 
test- culture. 


294  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Rubia  tinctorum,  Linne. 

The  Madder.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A 
perennial  herb  of  extremely  easy  culture.  Soil  fit  for  barley  suits 
also  for  madder.  Ets  culture  opens  any  deep  subsoil  and  suffocates 
weeds,  but  requires  much  manure,  leaving  then  however  the  land 
enriched.  Any  stagnant  water  in  the  soil  must  be  avoided  if 
madder  is  to  succeed.  The  harvest  is  in  the  second  or  third  year. 
It  can  be  raised  from  seeds  or  planted  from  off-shoots.  The  roots 
merely  dried  and  pounded  form  the  dye.  The  chemical  contents 
are  numerous  :  in  the  herb,  rubichloric  and  rubitannic  acid  ;  in  the 
root,  alizarin,  purpurin,  rubiacin,  rubian,  ruberythric  acid,  and  three 
distinct  resins  ;  also  chlorogenin,  xanthin,  and  rubichloric  acid. 
On  the  five  first  depend  the  pigments  produced  from  the  root. 
Madder  is  one  of  the  requisites  for  alizarin  ink.  Since  the  manu- 
facture of  artificial  alizarin  from  anthacene,  a  constituent  of  coal- 
tar  has  commenced,  the  cultivation  of  madder  has  declined.  Still 
it  remains  a  valuable  root,  handy  for  domestic  dye. 

Rubus  Canadensis,  Linne.* 

The  Dewberry  of  North  America.  A  shrub  of  trailing  habit. 
Fruit  black,  of  excellent  taste,  ripening  earlier  than  that  of  R 
villosus  (Ait.),  which  constitutes  the  High  Blackberry  of  the  United 
States,  with  large  fruits. 

Rubus  Chamaemorus,  Linne. 

The  Cloudberry.  North  Europe,  North  Asia,  North  America* 
particularly  in  the  frigid  zone.  A  perennial  but  herbaceous  plant  j 
a  pigmy  amongst  its  congeners.  Nevertheless  it  is  recommended 
for  introduction  to  spongy,  mossy,  Alpine  moors,  on  account  of  its 
grateful  amber-coloured  or  red  fruit.  All  the  species  can  readily 
be  raised  from  seeds.  R  Arcticus  (L.),  also  with  edible  fruit,  is  in 
the  high  north  usually  its  companion.  A  similar  little  herb,  living 
for  a  great  part  of  the  year  in  snow — namely,  R  Gunnianus 
(Hook).) — occurs  on  the  Alpine  heights  of  Tasmania,  from  whence 
it  might  be  easily  transferred  to  snowy  mountains  of  other  countries. 
The  fruit  of  R  Gunnianus  is  red  and  juicy,  but  not  always  well 
developed. 

Rubus  cuneifolius,  Pursh. 

The  Sand  Blackberry.  North  America.  A  dwarf  shrub.  The 
fruit  is  of  agreeable  taste. 

Rubus  deliciosus,  Torrey.* 

On  the  sources  of  the  Missouri.  An  erect  shrub.  Fruit  raspberry- 
like,  large  and  grateful.  An  exceedingly  handsome  species. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  295 

Eubus  ellipticus,  Smith.     (R.flavus,  Hamilton.)* 

On  the  mountains  of  India  (4,000  to  7,000  feet),  also  in  Ceylon  and, 
Yunan.  A  large  bush  with  yellow  fruits,  which  are  reckoned  in 
flavour  fully  equal  to  the  ordinary  Raspberry  (C.  B.  Clarke). 

Rubus  fruticosus,  Linne\* 

The  ordinary  Blackberry  or  Bramble.  All  Europe,  North  and  South 
Africa,  Middle  and  Northern  Asia.  The  shrub  bears  well  in  a 
temperate  clime.  In  some  countries  it  is  a  favourite  plant  for 
hedges.  It  likes,  above  all,  calcareous  soil,  though  it  is  content 
with  almost  any,  and  deserves  to  be  naturalised  on  the  rivulets  of 
any  ranges.  R.  corylifolius  (Sm.),  R.  suberectus  (Andr.),  and  R. 
leucostachys  (Sm.)  are  varieties  like  many  other  named  kinds  of 
European  Blackberries,  or  perhaps  belong  to  the  closely  allied  R. 
caesius  (L.),  the  English  Dewberry ;  or  in  some  instances  hybrid 
forms  may  have  arisen  from  the  two,  although  the  generality  of 
these  various  Blackberry  bushes  bear  their  fruit  freely  enough. 

Eubus  geoides,  Smith. 

Falkland  Islands,  Fuegia,  Patagonia,  and  Chiloe.  A  herbaceous 
kind  of  Raspberry -plant  with  greenish  yellow  fruits,  resembling  the 
Cloudberry,  and  of  a  very  agreeable  taste.  Best  adapted  for 
mountainous  regions. 

Eubus  Havaiensis,  A,  Gray. 

Sandwich  Islands.  The  fruit  of  this  bramble  shrub  are  raspberry- 
like. 

Eubus  Idaeus,  Linne".* 

The  ordinary  Raspberry.  Europe,  Northern  and  West  Asia.  It 
is  mentioned  here  to  point  out  the  desirability  of  naturalising  the 
plant  on  mountains  and  on  river  banks.  The  fruits  contain  a 
stearopten.  The  leaves  are  a  substitute  for  tea. 

Eubus  imperialis,  Chamisso. 

Brazil  and  Argentina.     Furnishes  superior  fruits. 

Eubus  lasiocarpus,  Smith. 

India,  reaching  the  Himalayas  an  elevation  of  8,000  feet,  in  Ceyloir 
of  6,000  feet.  The  black  fruit  is  very  palatable.  R.  biflorus 
(Hamilton)  ascends  with  R.  rosifolius  to  10,000  feet ;  its  fruit, 
either  red  or  orange,  is  sweet  (J.  D.  Hooker). 

Eubus  macropetalus,  Douglas.* 

California  and  Oregon.  An  unisexual  shrub.  Fruit  black,  oval- 
cylindric,  particularly  sweet. 


296  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Rubus  occidentalis,  Linne.* 

The  Black  Raspberry  or  Thimbleberry.  North  America.  A  species 
with  woody  stems  and  nice  fruits,  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  well 
flavoured  and  large.  It  ripens  early. 

Rubus  odoratus,  Linne. 

North  America.  A  kind  of  Raspberry.  A  handsome  species  on 
account  of  its  large  purple  flowers.  Berry  edible.  Culture  would 
doubtless  enhance  the  value  of  the  fruits  of  many  of  these  Rubi. 
Hybridising  might  be  tried.  R.  Nutkanus  (Mocino)  is  the  Salmon- 
Raspberry  of  Western  North  America  and  closely  allied  to  R. 
odoratus. 

Rubus  parvifolius,  Linne. 

East  Asia,  East  and  South  Australia.  In  the  Alps  of  Yictoria  it 
produces  much  finer  fruits  than  in  the  lowlands. 

Rubus  rosifolius,  Smith. 

Tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions  of  Africa  and  Asia,  also  throughout 
the  littoral  forests  of  East  Australia.  This  shrub  bears  in  woody 
regions  an  abundance  of  fruits  of  large  size,  and  these  early  and 
long  in  the  season. 

Rubus  rugosus,  Smith.* 

South  Asia.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  all  the  year  round  in  temperate 
climes,  is  nearly  twice  the  size  of  the  ordinary  Blackberry. 

Rubus  strigosus,  Miehaux.* 

North  America.  Closely  allied  to  the  European  Raspberry.  Its 
fruits  large,  also  of  excellent  taste.  It  would  lead  too  far  to 
enumerate  other  kinds  of  Rubus,  although  about  a  hundred  genuine 
species  occur,  which  render  the  genus  one  of  very  wide  dispersion 
over  the  globe. 

Rubus  trivialis,  Michaux.* 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  Another  shrubby  species  with 
good  edible  fruits,  which  are  large  and  black.  The  plant  will  thrive 
in  dry  sandy  soil.  Like  many  other  species,  rich  in  tannic  acid. 

Rum  ex  Acetosa,  Linne. 

The  Kitchen  Sorrel.  Europe,  Middle  and  North  Asia  to  Japan, 
also  in  the  frigid  zone  of  North  America.  A  perennial  herb.  The 
tender  varieties,  particularly  the  Spanish  one,  serve  as  pleasant 
acidulous  vegetables,  but  must  be  used  in  moderation,  as  their 
acidity,  like  that  of  the  species  of  Oxalis  (Wood  Sorrel),  depends  on 
binoxalate  of  potash.  The  South  African  R.  luxurians  (L.)  serves 
likewise  as  culinary  sorrel.  A  species  of  Rumex,  vernacularly 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  297 

known  as  "  Caiiaigre,"  of  Texas,  yields  a  root  containing  23J  per 
cent.  Rheo-tannic  acid  in  the  dry  state.  (Rep.  Dept.  Agric.  Wash., 
1878).  Therefore  probably  other  Rumex-roots  could  be  similarly 
utilized. 

Rum  ex  Patientia,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  Middle  Asia.  Biennial.  The  young 
leaves  furnish  a  palatable  sorrel,  like  spinach.  In  cold  climes  it 
pushes  forth  its  leaves  before  the  frost  is  hardly  gone,  and  thus 
comes  in  as  one  of  the  first  vegetables  of  the  season. 

Eumex  scutatus,  Linne. 

The  French  Sorrel.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa, 
Orient.  Also  perennial,  and  superior  to  the  foregoing  as  a  culinary 
plant.  They  are  all  of  use  against  scurvy  and  most  easily  reared. 

Rumex  vesicarius,  Linne. 

South  Europe,  Middle  Asia,  North  Africa,  An  annual  herb  of 
similar  utility  as  the  former  ones. 

Ruscus  aculeatus,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  South- West  Asia.  This 
odd  plant  is  the  only  shrubby  species  of  the  genus.  It  serves  for 
forming  garden  hedges.  The  young  shoots  of  this  and  others  are 
edible. 

Ruta  graveolens,  Linne. 

The  Rue.  Mediterranean  countries  and  the  Orient.  The  foliage 
of  this  acrid  and  odorous  shrub,  simply  dried,  constitutes  the  Rue- 
herb  of  medicine.  The  allied  R.  sylvestris  (Mill.)  is  still  more 
powerful  in  its  effect.  These  plants  and  others  of  the  genus  contain 
a  peculiar  volatile  oil  and  a  glycosid  (Rutin). 

Sabal  Adansoni,  Guernsent. 

Dwarf  Palmetto.  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida.  A  stem- 
less  Fan-Palm,  with  the  two  following  and  Chamserops  Hystrix 
attaining  the  most  northerly  positions  of  any  American  Palms. 
According  to  Count  de  Saporta  it  resists  a  temperature  as  low  as 
17°  F.  M.  Naudin  found  it  to  resist  the  frosts  in  Southern  France 
to  43°  20'  north  latitude.  This  palm  does  well  in  marshy  places. 

Sabal  Palmetto,  Roemer  and  Schultes.* 

Extends  from  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  also  Bermuda  Islands. 
The  stem  attains  a  height  of  40  feet.  This  noble  Palm  delights  on 
sandy  coast  tracts.  Stems  almost  imperishable  under  water,  not 
attacked  by  the  Teredo. 


298  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Sabal  serrulata,  Roemer  and  Scliultes. 

South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida.  The  stem  grows  to  8  feet 
high  ;  particularly  well  adapted  for  sea-coasts.  The  leaves  can  be 
used  for  cabbage-tree  hats  and  other  purposes  for  which  palm-leaves 
are  sought.  This  fibrous  spongy  parts  of  the  stem  serve  as  brushes. 

Sabal  umbraculifera,  Martins. 

West  India.  Attains,  according  to  Grisebach,  a  height  of  80  feet, 
or,  according  to  others,  even  over  100  feet.  Though  naturally  a 
tropical  Savannah-Palm,  it  has  proved  even  hardier  than  the  Orange. 
At  Hyeres  it  withstood  a  temperature  of  22°  F.  (Bonnet).  Another 
equally  tall  Antillan-Palm  is  S.  glaucescens  (Loddiges). 

Sabbatia  angularis,  Pursh. 

North-East  America.  This  biennial  pretty  herb  is  lauded  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  gentian  by  American  physicians,  and  might  with  other 
congeners  be  grown  in  medicinal  gardens,  though  its  naturalisation 
would  not  be  desirable,  as  stock  avoid  the  bitter  gentianaceous 
plants. 

Saccharum  officinarum,  Linne.* 

The  Sugar-Cane.  India,  China,  South  Sea  Islands,  not  indi- 
genous in  any  part  of  America  or  Australia.  Sugar-cane 
having  been  cultivated  in  Spain  and  other  countries  on  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  it  will  be  worthy  of  further  trial  at  what  distance 
from  the  equator  and  at  what  elevations  in  other  parts  of  the  globe 
sugar  from  cane  can  be  produced  to  advantage.  In  the  United 
States  the  profitable  culture  of  cane  ceases  at  32°  north  latitude ; 
in  Japan  it  is  carried  on  with  advantage  up  to  36°  north  latitude, 
and  even  further  northward  (General  Capron) ;  the  average  yield 
there  of  raw  sugar  is  3,300  Ibs.  per  acre  ;  in  China  it  extends  only 
to  30°  north  latitude.  In  the  last-mentioned  country  the  culture 
of  the  sugar-cane  dates  from  the  remotest  antiquity  ;  moreover,  we 
have  from  thence  a  particular  kind  (S.  Sinense,  Roxb.),  which  is 
hardier  and  bears  drought  better  than  the  ordinary  cane;  this  kind 
needs  renewal  only  every  second  or  third  year,  and  ripens  in  seven 
months,  if  planted  early  in  spring,  but  if  planted  in  autumn  and 
left  standing  for  fully  a  year  the  return  of  sugar  is  larger.  Moderate 
vicinity  to  the  sea  is  favourable  for  the  growth  of  canes.  Prolific 
yields  have  been  secured  in  East  Australia  as  far  south  as  28°. 
The  multiplication  of  all  sorts  of  sugar-cane  is  usually  effected  from 
top-cuttings,  but  this  cannot  be  carried  on  from  the  same  original 
stock  for  an  indefinite  period  without  deterioration  ;  and  as  seeds 
hardly  ever  ripen  on  the  canes,  new  plants  must  from  time  to  time 
be  brought  from  a  distance.  Thus,  New  Caledonia  has  latterly 
supplied  its  wild-growing  splendid  varieties  for  replanting  many 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  299 

sugar-fields  in  Mauritius.  The  Bourbon  variety  is  praised  as  one 
of  the  richest  for  sugar;  the  Batavian  variety,  S.  violaceum  (Tussac), 
is  content  with  less  fertile  soil.  Many  other  varieties  are  known. 
Excessive  rains  produce  a  rank  luxuriance  of  the  canes  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  saccharine  principle.  Rich  manuring  is  necessary  to 
attain  good  crops,  unless  in  the  best  of  virgin  soil.  The  lower 
leaves  of  the  stem  must  successively  be  removed,  also  superabundant 
suckers,  to  promote  the  growth  upwards,  and  to  provide  ventilation 
and  light.  Out  of  the  remnants  of  sugar-cane  molasses,  rum  and 
taffia  can  be  prepared.  The  average  yield  of  sugar  varies  from  1 
ton  6  cwt.  to  3  tons  for  the  acre  ;  but  exceptionally  as  much  as  6 
tons  per  acre  have  been  obtained  in  the  Hawaian  Islands.  The 
world's  production  of  cane-sugar  in  1875  amounted  to  2,140,000 
tons  (Boucheraux).  For  fuller  information  the  valuable  local  work 
of  Mr.  A.  McKay,  "The  Sugar-cane  in  Australia,"  should  be  con- 
sulted. The  stately  S.  spontaneum  (L.),  which  extends  from  India 
to  Egypt,  is  available  for  scenic  culture.  It  attains  a  height  of  15 
feet.  Other  tall  kinds  of  Saccharum  occur  in  South  Asia. 

Sagittaria  lancifolia,  Linne. 

From  Virginia  to  the  Antilles.  This  very  handsome  acquatic  plant 
can  doubtless  be  utilised  like  the  following  species.  It  attains  a 
height  of  5  feet. 

Sagittaria  obtusa,  Muehlenberg.     (S.  latifolia,  Willdenow.) 

North  America,  where  it  replaces  the  closely-allied  S.  sagittifolia. 
A  few  other  conspicuous  species  are  worthy  of  introdiiction.  The 
Tule  or  "Wapatoo  root  of  California  is  derived  from  a  species  of 
Sagittaria. 

Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  Linn6. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  east  to  Japan.  One  of  the  most 
showy  of  all  hardy  water-plants ;  still  not  alone  on  that  account 
deserving  naturalisation,  but  also  because  its  root  is  edible.  If  once 
established  this  plant  maintains  its  ground  well,  and  might  occupy 
spots  neither  arable  nor  otherwise  utilised. 

Salix  alba,  Linne.* 

The  Huntingdon  or  Silky  "Willow  of  Europe,  originally  probably 
from  Middle  Asia.  Available  for  wet  places  not  otherwise  utilised. 
Height  80  feet?  circumference  of  stem  20  feet ;  of  rapid  growth. 
Foliage  silvery — pubescent.  Wood  smooth,  soft,  and  tough,  bearing 
pounding  and  knocking  better  than  that  of  any  other  British  tree  ; 
eligible  where  lightness,  pliancy,  elasticity,  and  toughness  are 
required ;  hence  in  request  for  wheel-floats  and  shrouding  of  water- 
wheels,  as  it  is  not  subject  to  splinter ;  for  the  sides  and  bottoms  of 
carts  and  barrows,  for  breakblocks  of  trucks  ;  also  used  for  turnery 


300  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

trays,  fenders,  shoe-lasts,  light  handles  (Simmonds).  Timber,  ac- 
cording to  Robb,  the  lightest  and  softest  of  all  woods,  available  for 
bungs  ;  it  is  planed  into  chips  for  hat-boxes,  baskets,  and  wove 
bonnets,  also  for  cricket  bats,  boxes,  &c.  The  bark  is  particularly 
valued  as  a  tan  for  certain  kinds  of  glove  leather  to  which  it  imparts 
an  agreeable  odour.  Mr.  Scaling  records,  that  in  rich  ground  on 
the  banks  of  streams  this  willow  will  grow  to  a  height  of  24  feet  in 
5  years,  with  2  feet  basal  girth  of  the  stem  ;  in  8  years  he  found  it 
to  grow  35  feet,  with  33  inches  girth  at  1  foot  from  the  ground. 
Loudon  found  the  height  to  be  53  feet  in  20  years,  and  the  girth  7  J 
feet.  In  winterless  countries  like  ours  the  growth  is  still  more 
rapid.  To  produce  straight  stems  for  timber  the  cuttings  must  be 
planted  very  close,  some  trees  to  be  removed  from  time  to  time. 
After  30  or  40  years  the  trees  will  deteriorate.  Scaling  estimates 
the  value  of  an  acre  of  willow-timber  to  be  about  £300.  The  Gol- 
den Osier,  Salix  vitellina  (L.),  is  a  variety.  The  shoots  are  used 
for  hoops  and  wickerwork.  With  other  large  Willows  and  Poplars 
one  of  the  best  scavengers  for  back  yards  where  drainage  cannot 
readily  be  applied  ;  highly  valuable  also  for  forming  lines  along 
narrow  watercourses  or  valleys  in  forests,  to  stay  bush-fires.  The 
charcoal  excellent  for  gunpowder.  The  wood  in  demand  for  matches. 

Salix  Babylonica,  Tournefort. 

The  Weeping  Willow,  indigenous  in  West  Asia  as  far  as  Japan, 
sparingly  wild,  according  to  Stewart,  in  the  Himalayas ;  probably 
also  in  Persia,  Kurdistan,  and  China.  One  of  the  most  grateful  of 
all  trees  for  the  facility  of  its  culture,  rapidity  of  growth,  and  fit- 
ness for  embellishments  ;  also  as  one  of  the  quickest  growing  and 
most  easily  reared  of  all  shade-trees.  Dr.  C.  Koch  distinguishes 
another  Weeping  Willow  as  S.  elegantissima  from  Japan.  Impor- 
tant for  consolidating  river  banks. 

Salix  Capensis,  Thunberg.     (S.  Gariepina,  Burchell.) 

South  Africa.  This  Willow  might  be  introduced  on  account  of  its 
resemblance  to  the  ordinary  Weeping  Willow.  S.  daphnoides 
(Vill.)  of  Europe  and  Asia,  S.  petiolaris  (Smith),  S.  cordata  (Mueh- 
lenb.)  S.  tristis  (Ait.),  of  North  America,  are  among  the  best  for 
binding  sand.  S.  longifolia  (Muehlenb.),  also  North  American,  is 
among  those  which  form  long  flexible  withes. 

Salix  caprea,   Linne. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  The  British  Sallow  or  Hedge 
Willow  ;  grows  also  to  a  tree  ;  wood  useful  for  handles  and  other 
implements,  the  shoots  for  hoops.  It  is  largely  employed  for  the 
coal  for  gunpowder.  Bark  for  tanning,  particularly  glove  leather. 
The  flowers  are  eagerly  sought  by  bees.  It  is  the  earliest  flowering 
Willow. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  301 

Salix  cor  data,  Muehlenberg. 

One  of  the  Osiers  of  North  America. 

Salix  daphnoides,  Villars. 

Middle  Europe  and  Northern  Asia,  as  far  as  the  Amoor,  ascending 
to  15,000  feet  in  the  Himalayas.  A  tree  of  60  feet  in  height,  of 
rapidity  of  growth,  attaining  12  feet  in  four  years.  It  is  much 
chosen  to  fix  the  ground  at  railway  embankments,  on  sandy 
ridges  and  slopes,  for  which  purposes  its  long-spreading  and  strong 
roots  render  it  particularly  fit.  The  twigs  can  be  used  for  baskets, 
wicker-work,  and  twig-bridges  (Stewart  and  Brandis).  The  variety 
pruinosa  is  regarded  by  Dr.  Sender  to  be  as  valuable  as  the 
Bedford- Willow.  The  foliage  furnishes  cattle  fodder.  The  tree  is 
comparatively  rich  in  salicin,  like  S.  pentandra  (L.)  and  the 
following. 

Salix  fragilis,  Linne. 

The  Crack- Willow.  Indigenous  in  South- Western  Asia.  Height 
90  feet,  stem  to  20  feet  in  girth.  According  to  Scaling  next  to  S. 
alba  the  best  of  the  European  timber- willows,  but  the  wood  not 
quite  so  tough  and  the  tree  requiring  more  space  for  growth.  A 
variety  of  this  species  is  the  Bedford  Willow,  also  called  Leicester 
Willow.  Salix  Russelliana  (Smith),  which  yields  a  light,  elastic, 
tough  timber,  more  tannin  in  its  bark  than  oak,  and  more  salicin  (a 
substitute  for  quinine  and  most  valuable  as  an  anti-rheumatic 
remedy)  than  most  congeners.  According  to  Sir  H.  Davy  the 
young  layers  of  the  bark  contain  1 6  per  cent,  tannin,  the  whole 
bark  only  about  7  per  cent.  One  of  the  dwarf  American  Willows, 
perhaps  S.  tristis  (Aiton),  has  been  traced  on  the  coast-sands  of 
California  to  send  out  root-like  stems  up  to  120  feet  in  length. 

Salix  Humboldtiana,  Wildenow. 

Through  a  great  part  of  South  America,  southward  as  far  as 
Patagonia,  there  furnishing  building  timber  for  inside  structures. 
This  Willow  is  of  pyramidal  habit,  attains  a  height  of  50  feet  and 
more.  The  wood  is  much  in  use  for  yokes  and  other  implements. 
Many  kinds  of  Willow  can  be  grown  for  consolidating  shifting  sand 
ridges. 

Salix  lucida,  Muehlenberg. 

One  of  the  Osiers  of  North  America. 

Salix  nigra,  Marshall.     (S.  Purshiana,  Sprengel.) 

The  Black  Willow  of  North  America.  It  attains  a  height  of  30 
feet.  The  Black  Willow  is  one  used  for  basket-work,  although  it 
is  surpassed  in  excellence  by  some  other  species,  and  is  more  important 


302  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

as  a  timber  Willow.  Mr.  W.  Scaling,  of  Basford,  includes  it 
among  the  sorts  which  he  recommends  in  his  valuable  publication, 
"The  Willow"  (London,  1871). 

Salix  purpurea,  Linne.* 

Of  wide  range  in  Europe  and  West  Asia.  One  of  the  Osiers.  In 
deep  moist  soil,  not  readily  otherwise  utilised,  it  will  yield  annually 
four  to  five  tons  of  the  best  of  rods,  qualified  for  the  finest  work. 
Impenetrable,  not  readily  inflammable,  screens  25  feet  high  can  be 
reared  from  it  in  five  years.  In  localities  exposed  to  storms,  wil- 
low-screens fully  forty  feet  high  can  be  raised.  It  is  invaluable  also 
for  the  reclamation  of  land  along  watercourses.  Rich  in  salicin, 
which  collativally  can  be  obtained  from  the  peelings  of  the  twigs 
when  the  latter  are  prepared  for  basket-material.  From  Mr. 
Scaling's  treatise  on  the  Willow,  resting  on  unrivalled  experience,  it 
will  be  observed  that  he  anew  urges  the  adoption  of  the  Bitter 
Willow  (also  called  the  Rose  Willow  or  the  Whipcord  Willow),  S. 
purpurea  (L.),  for  game-proof  hedges,  this  species  scarcely  ever  being 
touched  by  cattle,  rabbits,  and  other  herbivorous  animals.  Not  only 
for  this  reason,  but  also  for  its  very  rapid  growth  and  remunerative 
yield  of  the  very  best  of  basket  material,  he  recommends  it  for  field 
hedges.  Cuttings  are  planted  only  half  a  foot  apart,  and  must  be 
entirely  pushed  into  the  ground.  The  annual  produce  from  such  a 
hedge  is  worth  4s.  to  5s.  for  the  chain.  For  additional  strength 
the  shoots  can  be  interwoven.  In  rich  bottoms  they  will 
grow  from  7  feet  to  1 3  feet  in  a  year.  The  supply  of  basket 
material  from  this  species  has  fallen  very  far  short  of  the 
demand  in  England.  The  plant  grows  vigorously  on  light  soil  or 
warp-land,  but  not  on  clay.  It  likes  sandy  loam  and  will  even  do 
fairly  well  on  gravelly  soil,  but  is  not  so  easily  reared  as  S.  triandra. 
S.  rubra  (Huds.)  is  also  admirably  adapted  for  hedges.  The  real 
Osier,  S.  viminalis  (L.),  is  distinguished  by  basket-makers  as  the 
soft-wooded  willow,  and  is  the  best  for  rods  requiring  two  years' 
age,  and  also  the  most  eligible  for  hoops,  but  inferior  to  several 
other  species  for  basket  manufacture.  S.  triandra  (L.)  is  a  promi- 
nent representative  of  the  hard-wooded  basket-willows,  and  com- 
prises some  of  the  finest  varieties  in  use  of  the  manufacturers.  A 
crop  in  the  third  year  after  planting  from  an  acre  weighs  about  12 
tons,  worth  £3  for  the  ton.  S.  fragilis  (L.)  and  S.  alba  (L.)  are 
more  important  as  timber  willows,  and  for  growing  hoop-shoots. 
Their  rapidity  of  growth  recommends  them  also  for  shelter  planta- 
tions, to  which  advantage  may  be  added  their  uninflammability  and 
their  easy  propagation ;  the  latter  quality  they  share  with  most 
willows.  Mr.  Scaling's  renewed  advocacy  for  the  formation  of 
willow  plantations  comes  with  so  much  force  that  his  advice  is  here 
given,  though  condensed  in  a  few  words.  Osier  plantations  come 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  303 

into  full  bearing  in  the  third  year ;  they  bear  for  ten  years  and 
then  slowly  decline.  The  raw  produce  from  an  acre  in  a  year 
averages  6  tons  to  7J  tons,  ranging  in  price  from  £2  10s.  to  £3  10s. 
for  the  ton  (unpeeled).  Although  7,000  acres  are  devoted  in 
Britain  to  the  culture  of  basket- willows  (exclusive  of  spinneys  and 
plantations  for  the  farmers'  own  use),  yet  in  1866  there  had  to  be 
imported  from  the  Continent  4,400  tons  of  willow  branches,  at  a 
value  of  £44,000,  while  besides  the  value  of  the  made  baskets 
imported  in  that  year  was  equal  to  the  above  sum.  In.  recent  years 
the  importation  into  the  United  States  of  willow  material  for 
baskets,  chairs,  &c.,  has,  according  to  Simmonds,  been  valued  as 
approaching  £1,000,000.  Land  comparatively  valueless  for  root 
or  grain  crops  can  be  used  very  remuneratively  for  osier  planta- 
tions. The  soft-wooded  willows  like  to  grow  in  damper  ground 
than  the  hard-wooded  species.  The  best  peeled  willow  branches 
fetch  as  much  as  £25  for  the  ton.  Peeling  is  best  effected  by  steam, 
by  which  means  the  material  is  also  increased  in  durability,  No 
basket-willow  will  thrive  in  stagnant  water.  Osier  plantations  in 
humid  places  should  therefore  be  drained.  The  cuttings  are  best 
taken  from  branches  one  or  two  years  old,  and  are  to  be  planted  as 
close  as  one  foot  by  one  foot  and  a  half.  No  part  of  the  cutting 
must  remain  uncovered,  in  order  that  only  straight  shoots  may  be 
obtained  ;  manuring  and  ploughing  between  the  rows  is  thus  also 
facilitated,  after  the  crop  has  been  gathered,  and  this,  according  to 
the  approved  Belgian  method,  must  be  done  by  cutting  the  shoots 
close  to  the  ground  after  the  fall  of  the  leaves.  The  accidental 
introduction  from  abroad  of  the  destructive  saw-flies  (particularly 
Nematus  ventralis),  which  prey  also  on  currant  and  gooseberiy 
bushes,  should  be  guarded  against. 

Salix  rubra,  Hudson.* 

Throughout  Europe,  also  in  West  Asia  and  North  Africa ;  it  is 
much  chosen  for  osier  beds.  When  cut  down  it  will  make  shoots 
8  feet  long  in  a  season.  Porcher  regards  it  as  one  of  the  most 
valuable  species  for  work  in  which  unpeeled  rods  are  used. 

Salix  tetrasperma,  Roxburgh. 

Mountains  of  India,  from  2,000  to  7,000  feet.  Height  of  tree  40 
feet.  This  thick-stemmed  Willow  is  worthy  of  a  place  on 
the  banks  of  watercourses.  The  twigs  can  be  worked  into 
baskets,  the  wood  serves  for  gunpowder,  the  foliage  for  cattle 
fodder. 

Salix  triandra,  Linne.*     (S.  amijgdalina,  Linne".) 

The  Almond- Willow  ;  through  nearly  all  Europe  and  extra-tropical 
Asia.  Height  of  tree  30  feet.  It  sheds  its  bark  annually 
after  the  third  year.  Likes  rich  loamy  soil ;  require  less  space 


304  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

than  S.  viminalis,  more  than  S.  purpurea.  Shoots  9  feet  long,  for 
hoops  and  white  basket-work,  being  pliant  and  durable.  The  bark 
contains  a  good  deal  of  salicin.  For  basket-purposes  20,000  to 
30,000  cuttings  can  be  planted  on  an  acre,  and  2,000  to  3,000  can 
be  planted  in  a  day  by  an  expert ;  the  second  year's  crop  is  already 
of  considerable  value,  at  5  years  it  comes  to  its  prime,  the  planta- 
tion holding  good  for  15  to  25  years.  The  rods  for  baskets 
should  be  cut  so  soon  as  the  leaves  are  fallen.  The  annual  value  of 
a  crop  of  basket-willows  is  in  England  from  £25  to  <£35  per  acre 
(Scaling).  S.  lanceolata  (Smith)  is  a  hybrid  between  S.  triandra 
and  S.  viminalis,  according  to  Anderson. 

Salix  viminalis,  Linne.* 

The  common  Osier  of  Europe  and  North  and  West  Asia ;  attains 
the  height  of  30  feet.  The  best  of  basket-willows  for  banks  subject 
to  occasional  inundations.  It  is  a  vigorous  grower,  very  hardy, 
likes  to  be  fed  by  deposits  of  floods  or  by  irrigation,  and  disposes 
readily  of  sewage  (Scaling).  One  of  the  best  for  wicker-work  and 
hoops ;  when  cut  it  shoots  up  to  a  length  of  1 2  feet.  It  would  lead 
too  far  to  enumerate  even  all  the  more  important  Willows  on  this 
occasion.  Professor  Anderson,  of  Stockholm,  admits  158  species. 
Besides  these,  numerous  hybrids  exist.  Many  of  the  taller  of  these 
Willows  could  be  grown  to  advantage. 

Salpichroma  rhomboidea,  Miers. 

Extra-tropical  South  America,  as  far  south  as  Magellan's  Straits. 
A  half-shrub,  with  good-sized  berries  of  vinous  taste  (Lorentz). 

Salvia  Matico,  Grisebach. 

Sub- Alpine  Argentina.     An  important  medicinal  herb. 

Salvia  officinalis,  Linne. 

The  Garden  Sage.  Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A  some- 
what shrubby  plant  of  medicinal  value,  pervaded  by  essential  oil. 
Prefers  calcareous  soil.  Among  nearly  half  a  thousand  species  of 
this  genus  some  are  gorgeously  ornamental. 

Sambucus  Australis,  Chamisso  and  Schlechtendal. 

Southern  Brazil  and  La  Plata  States.  Resembles  the  ordinary 
Elder,  and  is  locally  used  for  tall  hedges  (Dr.  Lorentz.) 

Sambucus  Canadensis,  Linne. 

North-East  America.  The  berries  of  this  half -woody  Elder  are 
used,  as  well  as  those  of  Phytolacca  decandra,  for  colouring  vinous 
liquids.  Dr.  Gibbons  observes,  that  this  species  is  recognized  in 
the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,  and  that  the  Californian  species 
(S.  glauca  and  S.  racemosa)  possess  similar  medicinal  properties. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  305 

The  flowers  are  gently  excitant  and  sudorific,  the  berries  diaphoretic 
and  aperient  (wine  frequently  manufactured  from  them),  and  the 
inner  bark  in  large  doses  a  hydragogue  cathartic  and  emetic.  S. 
xanthocarpa  (F.  v.  Mueller)  is  a  large  Elder-tree  of  extra-tropical 
East  Australia. 

Sambucus  nigra,  Linne. 

The  ordinaiy  Elder.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia.  Known 
to  have  exceptionally  attained  a  height  of  35  feet.  The  flowers  are 
of  medicinal  value,  and  an  essential  oil  can  be  obtained  from  them. 
The  wood  can  be  utilised  for  shoe-pegs  and  other  purposes  of 
artisans.  The  berries  are  used  for  colouring  port  wine  and  other 
purposes  of  dye.  The  roots  of  the  Elder  possess  highly  valuable 
therapeutic  properties,  according  to  Dr.  Al.  Buettner. 

Sanguinaria  Canadensis,  Linne\ 

North-East  America.  A  perennial  herb.  The  root  important  as 
a  therapeutic  agent,  contains  also  dye  principles. 

Sanguisorba  minor,  Scopoli.     (Poterium  Sanguisorla,  Linne.) 

The  Salad  Burnet.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle 
Asia.  A  perennial,  easily  disseminated  and  naturalised  herb, 
particularly  adapted  for  calcareous  soils.  Serves  as  salad  and 
particularly  as  a  sheep-fodder. 

Sanseviera  Zeilanica,  Willdenow. 

India.  This  thick-leaved  liliaceous  plant  should  not  be  passed  in 
this  enumeration,  as  it  has  proved  hardy  in  places  free  of  frost. 
Four  pounds  of  leaves  give  about  one  pound  of  fibre,  which  unites 
with  softness  and  silky  lustre  extraordinary  strength  and  tenacity, 
serving  in  its  native  country  for  bow-strings.  The  plant  might 
be  left  to  itself  in  rocky  unutilised  places.  Several  allied  species 
exist. 

Santalum  album,  Linne. 

India,  ascending  to  the  temperate  elevations  of  Mysore.  A  small 
or  middle-sized  tree,  famed  for  its  fragrant  wood  and  roots.  In  the 
drier  and  stony  parts  of  ranges  the  greatest  fragrance  of  the  wood 
is  generated.  S.  Freycenetianum  (Gaudichaud)  produces  sandal- 
wood  on  the  mountains  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  up  to  3,000  feet. 
Several  other  species  occur  in  Polynesia.  The  precious  sandal-oil 
is  obtained  by  slow  distillation  from  the  heartwood  and  root,  the 
yield  being  about  two  and  a  half  per  cent.  It  is  worth  about  <£3 
per  pound.  Santalum  Austro-Caledonicum  (Yieillard)  from  New 
Caledonia  furnishes  there  sandal- wood  excellent  for  strength  and 
agreeableness  of  odour  (Simmonds.) 


306  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Santalum  cygnorum,  Miquel. 

South- Western  Australia,  where  this  tree  yields  scented  sandal 
wood. 

Santalum  Preissiamim,  Miquel.     (S.  acuminatum,  A.  de  Candolle.) 

The  Quandong.  Desert  country  of  extra-tropical  Australia.  The 
fruits  of  this  small  tree  are  called  Native  Peaches.  As  both  the 
succulent  outer  part  and  kernel  are  edible,  it  is  advisable  to  raise 
the  plant  in  desert  tracts. 

Santalum  Yasi,  Seemann. 

The  Sandal-tree  of  the  Fiji  Islands,  where  it  grows  on  dry  and 
rocky  hills.  It  is  likely  to  prove  hardy,  and  deserves,  with  a  few 
other  species  from  the  South  Sea  Islands  yielding  scented  wood, 
test  culture  in  warm  temperate  regions. 

Santolina  Cyparissias,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A  very  aromatic  and 
handsome  bush,  of  medicinal  value.  There  are  several  allied 
species. 

Saponaria  officinalis,  Linne. 

The  Soapwort  or  Fuller's  Herb.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia. 
A  perennial  herb  of  some  technologic  interest,  as  the  root  can  be 
employed  with  advantage  in  some  final  processes  of  washing  silk 
and  wool,  to  which  it  imparts  a  peculiar  gloss  and  dazzling  white- 
ness, without  injuring  in  the  least  the  most  sensitive  colours. 
Experiments  instituted  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Botanic  Garden  of 
Melbourne  render  it  highly  probable  that  saponin,  which  produces 
the  froth  from  the  soapwort,  is  also  present  in  the  bark  and  root  of 
Acacia  (Albizzia)  lophanta  (W.).  At  all  events,  a  substance 
closely  resembling  saponin  was  unexpectedly  detected  (in  the 
course  of  other  investigations  entrusted  to  Mr.  Hummel)  in  the 
bark  of  this  Acacia,  and  this  substance  occurred  in  so  large  a 
proportion  as  to  constitute  10  per  cent,  of  the  dry  bark. 

Sassafras  officinale,  Hayne. 

The  deciduous  Sassafras-tree,  indigenous  from  Canada  to  Florida, 
in  dry  open  woods.  Height  up  to  80  feet.  The  stem  has  been 
known  to  attain  a  girth  of  more  than  19  feet  at  3  feet  from  the 
ground.  It  furnishes  the  medicinal  Sassafras  bark  and  wood,  and 
from  this  again  an  essential  oil  is  attainable.  The  deciduous  and 
often  jagged  leaves  are  remarkable  among  those  of  Lauracse.  They 
are  used  as  a  condiment  in  cookery.  The  root  bark  contains  58 
per  cent,  tannin  (Reinsch).  The  wood  ranks  also  as  a  material  f  or 
a  lasting  dye. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  307 

Satureja  hortensis,  Linne. 

The  Summer  Savory.  Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
An  annual  scent-herb,  from  which  an  essential  aromatic  oil  can  be 
distilled.  The  culture  of  this  and  allied  plants  is  easy  in  the 
extreme. 

Satureja  montana,  Linne. 

The  Winter  Savory.  On  arid  hilly  places  at  and  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea.  A  perennial  somewhat  shrubby  herb,  frequently  used 
as  a  culinary  condiment  along  with  or  in  place  of  the  foregoing 
species,  although  it  is  scarcely  equal  to  it  in  fragrance. 

Satureja  Thymbra,  Linne. 

Counties  011  or  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A  small  evergreen 
bush,  with  the  flavour  almost  of  thyme.  The  likewise  odorous  S. 
Graeca  (L.)  and  S.  Juliana  (L.)  have  been  transferred  by  Bentham 
to  the  closely  cognate  genus  Micromeria ;  they  are  in  use  since 
Dioscorides'  time,  though  not  representing,  as  long  supposed,  the 
Hyssop  of  that  ancient  physician. 

Saussurea  Lappa,  Bentham.     (Haplotaxis  Lappa,  Decaisne.) 

Cashmere.  The  aromatic  root  of  this  perennial  species  is  of 
medicinal  value,  and  by  some  considered  to  be  the  Costus  of  the 
ancients. 

Saxono-Gothsea  conspicua,  Lindley. 

The  Mahin  of  Southern  Chili.  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  fine- 
grained yellowish  timber. 

Scandix  grandiflora,  Linne. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  An  annual  herb,  much 
liked  there  as  a  salad  for  its  pleasant  aromatic  taste. 

Schima  Wallichii,  Choisy. 

India,  up  to  5,000  feet.  A  tree  attaining  a  height  of  100  feet. 
Timber  highly  valuable  (C.  B.  Clarke). 

Schizostachyum  Blumei,  Nees. 

Java,  at  an  elevation  of  about  3,000  feet.  A  lofty  Bamboo.  A 
few  other  species,  less  elevated,  occur  in  China,  the  South  Sea  and 
Philippine  Islands,  and  Madagascar.  The  genus  might  well  be 
united  with  Melocanna.  The  Bamboos  being  thus  brought  once 
more  before  us,  it  may  be  deemed  advisable  to  place  together  into  one 
brief  list  all  other  kinds  which  are  recorded  either  as  very  tall  or  as 
particularly  hardy.  Accordingly,  from  Major-General  Munro's 
admirable  monograph  ("  Linnean  Transactions,"  1868),  the  suc- 
ceeding enumeration  is  compiled,  and  from  that  masterly  essay 


308  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

resting  on  very  many  years'  close  study  of  the  richest  collections,  a 
few  prefatory  remarks  are  likewise  offered,  to  vindicate  the  wish 
of  the  writer  of  seeing  these  noble  and  graceful  forms  of  vegetation 
largely  transferred  to  every  part  of  Australia,  where  they  would 
impress  a  grand  tropical  feature  on  the  landscapes.  Even  in  the 
far  southern  latitudes  of  Victoria,  Tasmania,  and  JSTew  Zealand, 
Bamboos  from  the  inland  lowlands  have  proved  to  resist  our  occa- 
sional night  frosts  of  the  low  country.  But  in  colder  places  the 
many  Sub- Alpine  species  could  be  reared.  Be  it  remembered  that 
Chusquea  aristata  advances  to  an  elevation  of  15,000  feet  on  the 
Andes  of  Quito,  indeed  to  near  the  zone  of  perpetual  ice.  Arundi- 
naria  falcata,  A.  racemosa,  and  A  spathiflora  live  on  the  Indian 
highlands,  at  a  zone  between  10,000  and  11,000  feet,  where  they 
are  annually  beaten  down  by  snow.  Forms  of  Bambusaceae  still 
occur,  according  to  Grisebach,  in  the  Kurilian  archipelagus  up  to 
46°  N.,  and  in  Japan  even  to  51°.  We  may  further  recognise  the 
great  importance  of  these  plants,  when  we  reflect  on  their  manifest 
industrial  uses,  or  when  we  consider  their  grandeur  for  picturesque 
scenery,  or  when  we  observe  their  resistance  to  storms  or  heat,  or 
when  we  watch  the  marvellous  rapidity  with  which  many  develop 
themselves.  Their  seeds,  though  generally  produced  only  in  long 
intervals,  are  valued  in  many  instances  higher  than  rice.  The 
ordinary  great  Bamboo  of  India  is  known  to  grow  40  feet  in  forty 
days,  when  bathed  in  the  moist  heat  of  the  jungles.  Delchevalerie 
witnessed  the  growth  of  some  Indian  Bamboos  at  Cairo  to  have 
been  10  inches  in  one  night.  Their  power  of  growth  is  such  as  to 
upset  stone-walls  or  demolish  substantial  buildings.  As  shelter- 
plants  for  grazing-animals  these  tree-reeds  are  most  eligible.  The 
Bourbon  Bamboo  forms  an  impenetrable  Sub- Alpine  belt  of  extra- 
ordinary magnificence  in  yonder  island.  One  of  the  Tenasserim 
Bambusas  rises  to  150  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  the  mast-like  cane 
sometimes  measuring  fully  1  foot.  The  great  West  Indian 
Arthrostylidium  is  sometimes  nearly  as  high  and  quite  as  columnar 
in  its  form,  while  the  Dendrocalamus  at  Pulo  Geum  is  equally 
colossal.  The  Platonia  Bamboo  of  the  highest  wooded  mountains 
of  Panama  sends  forth  leaves  15  feet  in  length  and  1  foot  in 
width.  Arundinaria  macrosperma,  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia, 
rises  still  in  favourable  spots  to  a  height  of  nearly  40  feet,  and  one 
of  the  Japan  Bamboos,  according  to  Mr.  Christy,  gains  even  in 
those  extra-tropical  latitudes  the  height  of  60  feet.  Through  per- 
forating with  artistic  care  the  huge  canes  of  various  Bamboos, 
musical  sounds  can  be  melodiously  produced  when  the  air  wafts 
through  the  groves,  and  this  singular  fact  may  possibly  be  turned 
to  practice  for  checking  the  devastations  from  birds  on  many  a 
cultured  spot.  Altogether  twenty  genera,  with  one  hundred  and 
seventy  well-marked  species,  are  circumscribed  by  General  Munro's 
consumate  care ;  but  how  may  these  treasures  yet  be  enriched, 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  309 

when  once  the  snowy  mountains  of  New  Guinea  through  Bamboo 
jungles  have  been  ascended,  or  when  the  Alps  on  the  sources  of  the 
Nile,  which  Ptolemseus  and  Julius  Caesar  already  longed  to  ascend, 
have  become  the  territory  also  of  phytologic  researches,  not  to  speak 
of  many  other  tropical  regions  as  yet  left  unexplored  !  Europe 
possesses  no  Bamboo  ;  Australia,  as  far  as  hitherto  ascertained,  only 
one  (in  the  interior  of  Arnhem's  Land).  Almost  all  Bamboos  are 
local,  and  there  seems  really  no  exception  to  the  fact  that  none  are 
indigenous  to  both  hemispheres  ;  all  true  bambusas  being  Oriental. 
Observations  on  the  growth  of  many  Bamboos  in  Italy  are  recently 
offered  by  Chevalier  Fenzi. 

The  introduction  of  these  exquisite  plants  is  one  of  the  easiest  imagin- 
able, either  from  seeds  or  the  living  roots.  The  Consuls  at  distant 
ports,  the  missionaries,  the  mercantile  and  navigating  gentlemen 
abroad,  and  particularly  also  any  travellers,  could  all  easily  aid  in 
transferring  the  various  Bamboos  from  one  country  to  the  other — 
from  hemisphere  to  hemisphere.  Most  plants  of  this  kind  once 
well  established  in  strength  under  glass  can  be  trusted  out  to  per- 
manent locations  with  perfect  and  lasting  safety  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  warm  season.  Indeed,  Bamboos  are  hardier  than 
most  intratropical  plants,  and  the  majority  of  them  are  not  the 
denizens  of  the  hottest  tropical  lowlands,  but  delight  in  the  cooler 
air  of  mountain  regions.  In  selecting  the  following  array  from 
General  Munro's  monograph,  it  must  be  noted  that  it  comprises 
only  a  limited  number,  and  that  among  those  which  are  already  to 
some  extent  known,  but  as  yet  cannot  be  denned  with  precision  in 
their  generic  and  specific  relation,  evidently  some  occur  which 
in  elegance,  grace,  and  utility  surpass  even  many  of  those  now 
specially  mentioned : — 

Arthrostylidium  excelsum,  Griseb.  West  India.  Height  to  80  feet, 
diameter  1  foot. 

Arthrostylidium  longiflorum,  Munro.  Venezuela  ;  ascends  to  6,000 
feet. 

Arthrostylidium  racemiflorun,  Steudel.  Mexico  ;  ascends  to  7,500 
feet.  Height  to  30  feet. 

Arthrostylidum  Schomburgkii,  Munro.  Guiana ;  ascends  to  6,000 
feet.  Height  to  60  feet. 

Arundinaria  acuminata,  Munro.     Mexico.       Height  to  20  feet. 

Arundinaria  collosa,  Munro.  Himalaya ;  ascends  to  6,000  feet. 
Height  to  12  feet. 

Arundinaria  debilis,  Thwaites.  Ceylon  ;  ascends  to  8,000  feet.  A 
tall  species. 

Arundinaria  Hookeriana,  Munro.  Sikkim  ;  ascends  to  7,000  feet. 
Height  to  15  feet. 

Arundinaria  Japonica,  S.  and  Z.     Japan.     Height  to  12  feet. 

Arundinaria  Khasiana,  Munro.  Himalaya ;  ascends  to  6,000  feet. 
Height  to  12  feet. 


310  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Arundinaria  suberecta,  Munro.     Himalaya  ;  ascends  to    4,500  feet. 

Height  to  15  feet. 
Arundinaria  tesselata,  Munro.      South  Africa;  ascends  to  6,500  feet. 

Height  to  20  feet. 

Arundinaria  verticillata.  Nees.      Brazil.     Height  to  15  feet. 
Aulonemia  Quexo,  Goudot.  New  Granada,  Venezuela,  in  cool  regions. 

Tall,  climbing. 

Bambusa  Balcooa,  Roxb.     Bengal  to  Assam.    Height  to  70  feet. 
Bambusa  Beecheyana,  Munro.     China.     Height  to  20  feet. 
Bambusa  Brandisii,   Munro.      Tenasserim ;    ascends   to    4,000  feet. 

Height  to  120  feet,  circumference  2  feet. 
Bambusa  Jlexuosa,  Munro.     China.     Height  to  12  feet. 
Bambusa   marginata,,   Munro.     Tenasserim  ;  ascends   to   5,000  feet. 

Tall,  scandent. 

Bambusa  nutans,  Wall.     Himalaya ;  ascends  to  7,000  feet. 
Bambusa  pallida,  Munro.     Bengal  to  Khasia;  ascends  to  3,500  feet. 

Height  to  50  feet. 
Bambusa  polymorpha,  Munro.      Burma,  in  the  Teak  region.     Height 

to  80  feet. 

Bambusa  regia,  Th.  Thomson.     Tenasserim.     Height  to  40  feet. 
Bambusa  Tulda,  Roxb.     Bengal  to  Burma.     Height  to  70  feet. 
Bambusa  tuldoides,  Munro.     China,  Hong  Kong,  Formosa. 
Beesha  capitata,  Munro.      Madagascar.     Height  to  50  feet. 
Beesha  stridula,  Munro.     Ceylon. 
Cephalostachyum  capitatum,  Munro.     Himalaya  ;  ascends  to   6,000 

feet.     Height  to  30  feet. 
Cephalostachyum  pallidum,  Munro.     Himalaya;    ascends   to    5,000 

feet.     Tall. 

Cephalostachyum  pergracile,  Munro.     Burma.     Height  to  40  feet. 
Chusquea  abietifolia,  Griseb.     West  India.     Tall,  scandent. 
Chusquea  capituliflora,  Trinius.     South  Brazil.     Very  tall. 
Chusquea  Culcou,  E.  Desv.     Chili.     Height  to  20  feet.     Straight. 
Chusquea    Dombeyana,    Kunth.       Peru  ;    ascends    to    6,000    feet. 

Height  to  10  feet. 
Chusquea  Fendleri,   Munro.     Central   America  ;   ascends  to  12,000 

feet. 

Chusquea  Galleottiana,  Ruprecht.     Mexico  ;  ascends  to  8,000  feet. 
Chusquea  Gaudichaudiana,  Kunth.     South  Brazil.     Very  tall. 
Chusquea   Lorentziana,    Grisebach.     Sub-tropic    Argentina,    30  feet 

high  ;    not   hollow.        Useful   for   many    kinds   of    utensils    and 

structures. 

Chusquea  montana,  Philippi.     Chili;  Andes.     Height  to  10  feet, 
Chusquea    Muelleri,    Munro.       Mexico  ;     ascends    to    8,000    feet. 

Climbing. 

Chusquea  Quila,  Kunth.     Chili.     Tall. 
Chusquea   scandens,   Kunth.     Colder    Central   America.     Climbing, 

tall. 


IX   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  311 

Chusquea   simpliciflora,    Munro.       Panama.       Height   to    80   feet. 

Scandent. 

Chusquea  tenuiflora,  Philippi.     Chili.     Height  to  12  feet. 
Cliusquea  uni flora,  Steudel.     Central  America.     Height  to  20  feet. 
Dendrocalamus  flagellifer,  Munro.     Malacca.     Very  tall. 
Dendrocalamus  Hamiltoni,  Nees.     Himalaya  ;  ascends  to  6,000  feet. 

Height  to  60  feet. 
Dendrocalamus  Hookeri,  Munro.     Himalaya ;  ascends  to  6,000  feet. 

Height  to  50  feet. 
Dendrocalamus   sericeus,    Munro.     Behar  j    ascends  to    4,000    feet. 

Tall. 
Denochloa  Tjankorreh,  Buehse.     Java,  Philippines  ;  ascends  to  4,000 

feet.     Climbing. 

Gigantochloa  heterostachya,  Munro.     Malacca.     Height  to  30  feet. 
Gu-adua  capitata,  Munro.     South  Brazil.     Height  to  20  feet. 
Giiadua  macrostachya,  Rupr.     Guiana  to  Brazil.     Height  to  30  feet. 
Guadua  paniculata,  Munro.     Brazil.     Height  to  30  feet. 
Guadua  refracta,  Munro.     Brazil.     Height  to  30  feet. 
Guadua   Tagoara,    Kunth.     South   Brazil ;    ascends  to    2,000  feet. 

Height  to  30  feet. 

Gi(,adua  virgata,  Rupr.     South  Brazil.     Height  to  25  feet. 
Merostachys  Clausseni,  Munro.     South  Brazil.     Height  to  80  feet. 
Merostachys  Kunthii,  Ruprecht.     South  Brazil.     Height  to  30  feet. 
Merostachys  ternata,  Nees.     South  Brazil.     Height  to  20  feet. 
Nastus  Bourbonicus,   Gmel.     Bourbon,   Sumatra ;  ascends  to  4,000 

feet.     Height  to  50  feet. 
Oxytenanthera  Abyssinica,  Munro.     Abyssinia  to  Angola ;  ascends  to 

4,000  feet.     Height  to  50  feet. 

Oxytenanthera  albo-ciliata,  Munro.     Pegu,  Moulmein.     Tall,  scandent. 
Phyllostachys  bambusoides,  S.  and  Z.     Himalaya,  China,  and  Japan. 

Height  to  12  feet. 

Phyllostachys  nigra,  Munro.     China,  Japan.     Height  to  25  feet. 
Platonia  nobilis,  Munro.     New  Granada,  colder  region. 
Pseudostachyum  polymorphum,  Munro.     Himalaya ;  ascends  to  6,000 

feet.     Very  tall. 

Teinostachyum  Griffithi,  Munro.     Tall  and  slender. 
Thamnocalamus  Falconeri,  J.   Hook.     Himalaya ;  ascends  to  8,000 

feet.     Tall. 
Thamnocalamus  spathiftorus,  Munro.     Himalaya;  ascends  to  11,000 

feet.     Tall. 

Schizostachyum  brachycladum,  Kurz. 

Sunda  Islands  and  Moluccas.  Stems  to  40  feet  high,  very  hollow. 
The  short  branches  give  to  this  bamboo  a  peculiar  habit.  One 
variety  has  splendidly  yellow  stems. 


312  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Schizostachyum  elegantissimum  Kurz. 

Java,  at  elevations  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet.  Unlike  all  other 
Bamboos,  this  bears  flowers  at  an  age  of  three  years,  and  is 
therefore  of  special  importance  for  scenic  effect.  Height  up  to 
25  feet,  stems  stout.  It  requires,  like  many  allied  plants,  renewal 
after  flowering. 

Schizostachyum  Hasskarlianum,  Kurz. 

Java.  This  and  S.  serpentinum  afford  the  best  kinds  of  Bamboo 
vegetables  for  cookery,  the  young  shoots,  when  bursting  out  of  the 
ground,  being  used  for  the  purpose.  Kurz  mentions  as  culinary 
"  Rebong"  Bamboos  :  Gigantochloa  aspera,  G.  robusta,  G. 
maxima,  G.  atter.  For  ornamental  culture  the  same  meritorious 
writer  singles  out  Schizostachyum  brachycladum,  the  varieties  of 
Bambusa  vulgaris,  with  gaudy,  glossy,  colouring  of  the  stems,  in 
contrast  with  the  black-stemmed  species  of  Phyllostachys  from 
China  and  Japan. 

Schizostachyum  irratum,  Steudel. 

Sunda  Islands  and  Moluccas.  Stems  to  30  feet  high,  remarkably 
slender. 

Schizostachyum  Zollingeri,  Steudel. 

Hills  of  Java.  Much  cultivated.  Height  up  to  35  feet,  stems 
slender. 

Schkuhria  abrotaniodes,  Roth. 

From  Peru  to  Argentina.  This  annual  herb  yields  locally  an 
insecticidal  powder. 

Schoenocaulon  officinale,  A.  Gray.     (Asa  Graya  officinalis,  Lindley ; 
Sabadilla  officinalis,  Brant  and  Dierbach.) 

Mountains  of  Mexico.  A  bulbous-rooted  herb  with  leafless  stem, 
thus  far  specially  distinct  from  any  Veratrum.  It  furnishes  the 
Sabadilla  seeds  and  yields  two  alkaloids,  veratrin  and  sabadillin  ;  a 
resinous  substance,  helonin  ;  also  sabadillic  and  veratric  acid.  The 
generic  names  adopted  for  this  plant  by  Lindley  and  by  Dierbach 
are  coetaneous. 

Sciadopitys  verticillata,  Siebold. 

The  lofty  and  curious  Kooya-maki>or  Umbrella  Fir  of  Japan,  140 
feet  high,  pyramidal  in  habit.  Resists  severe  frosts.  Wood  white 
and  compact. 

Scilla  esculenta,  Ker.     (Camassia  esculenta,  Lindley.) 

The  Quamash.  In  the  western  extra-tropical  parts  of  North 
America,  on  moist  prairies.  The  onion-like  bulbs  in  a  roasted  state 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  313 

form  a  considerable  portion  of  the  vegetable  food  on  which  the 
aboriginal  tribes  of  that  part  of  the  globe  extensively  live.  It  is  a 
pretty  plant  and  might  be  naturalised  on  moist  meadows. 

S cilia  Fraseri,  A.  Gray. 

The  Quamash  of  the  Eastern  States  of  North  America.  Most 
prolific  in  the  production  of  its  bulbs,  which  taste  like  Potatoes. 

Scorzonera  crocifolia,  Sibthorp.. 

Greece.  A  perennial  herb ;  the  leaves,  according  to  Dr.  Heldreich, 
used  there  for  a  favourite  salad  and  spinach. 

Scorzonera  deliciosa,  Guasson.* 

Sicily.  One  of  the  purple-flowered  species  ;  equal,  if  not  superior, 
in  its  culinary  use  to  the  allied  Salsify. 

Scorzonera  Hispanica,  Linne.* 

Middle,  and  South  Europe,  Orient.  The  perennial  root  of  this 
yellow-flowered  herb  furnishes  not  only  a  wholesome  and  palatable 
food,  but  also  serves  as  a  therapeutic  remedy  much  like  dandelion. 
Long  boiling  destroys  its  medicinal  value.  Some  other  kinds  of 
Scorzonera  may  perhaps  be  drawn  into  similar  use,  there  being 
many  Asiatic  species. 

Scorzonera  tuber osa,  Pallas. 

On  the  Volga  and  in  Syria.  This  species  also  yields  an  edible 
root,  and  so  perhaps  the  Chinese  Sc.  albicaulis  (Bunge),  the  Persian 
Sc.  Scowitzii  (Cand.),  the  North  African  Sc.  undulata  (Yahl.),  the 
Greek  Sc.  ramosa  (Sibth.),  the  Russian  Sc.  Astrachanica  (Cand.), 
the  Turkish  Sc.  semicana  (Cand.),  the  Iberian  Sc.  lanata  (Bie- 
berst.).  At  all  events,  careful  culture  may  render  them  valuable 
esculents. 

Scutia  Indica,  Brogniart. 

South  Asia.  This,  on  Dr.  Gleghorn's  recommendation,  might  be 
utilised  as  a  thorny  hedge-shrub. 

Sebsea  ovata,  R,  Brown. 

Extra-tropical  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  This  neat  little  annual 
herb  can  be  utilised  for  its  bitter  tonic  principle  (Gentian-bitter). 
S.  albidiflora  (F.  v.  M.)  is  an  allied  species  from  somewhat  saline 
ground.  These  plants  disseminate  themselves  most  readily,  but  are 
unacceptable  to  stock. 

Secale  cereale,  Linn£.* 

The  Rye.  Orient,  but  perhaps  wild  only  in  the  country  between 
the  Caspian  and  Black  Seas.  Mentioned  here  as  the  hardiest  of  all 


314  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

grain  plants  for  the  highest  Alpine  regions.  There  are  annual  and 
biennial  varieties,  while  a  few  allied  species,  hitherto  not  generally 
used  for  fodder  or  cereal  culture,  are  perennial.  The  Rye,  though 
not  so  nutritious  as  wheat,  furnishes  a  most  wholesome  well-flavoured 
bread,  which  keeps  for  many  days,  and  is  most  extensively  used  in 
Middle  and  North  Europe  and  Asia,  The  grain,  moreover,  can  be 
reared  in  poor  soil  and  cold  climates,  where  wheat  will  no  longer 
thrive.  In  produce  of  grain,  Rye  is  not  inferior  to  wheat  in 
colder  countries,  while  the  yield  of  straw  is  larger,  and  the  culture 
less  exhaustive.  It  is  a  hardy  cereal,  not  readily  subject  to  disease, 
and  can  be  grown  on  some  kinds  of  peaty  or  sandy  or  nioory 
ground.  The  sowing  must  not  be  effected  at  a  period  of  much 
wetness.  Wide  sand  tracks  would  be  uninhabitable  if  it  were  not 
for  the  facility  to  provide  human  sustenance  from  this  grateful 
corn.  It  dislikes  moist  ground.  Sandy  soil  gives  the  best  grain. 
It  is  a  very  remarkable  fact  that  since  ages,  in  some  tracts  of 
Europe,  Rye  has  been  prolifically  cultivated  from  year  to  year 
without  interruption.  In  this  respect  Rye  stands  favourably  alone 
among  alimentary  plants.  It  furnishes  in  cold  countries  also  the 
earliest  green  fodder,  and  the  return  is  large.  Dr.  Bonder  observed, 
in  cultivated  turf -heaths  with  much  humus,  that  the  spikelets  produce 
three  or  even  four  fertile  florets,  and  thus  each  spike  will  yield  up 
to  eighty  beautiful  seeds.  Langethal  recommends  for  argillaceous 
soils  a  mixture  of  early  varieties  of  wheat  and  rye,  the  united 
crops  furnishing  grain  for  excellent  bread.  When  the  Rye-grain 
become  attacked  by  Cordyceps  purpurea  (Fr.),  or  very  similar 
species  of  fungi,  then  it  becomes  dangerously  unwholesome,  but 
then  also  a  very  important  medicinal  substance — namely,  Ergot — 
is  obtained.  The  biennial  Wallachian  variety  of  Rye  can  be  mown 
or  depastured  prior  to  the  season  of  its  forming  grain.  In  Alpine 
regions  Wallachian  Rye  is  sown  with  pine-seeds,  for  shelter  of  the 
pine  seedlings  in  the  first  year.  Rye  is  extensively  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  gin. 

Secale  creticum,  Linne. 

Though  probably  only  a  variety  of  S.  cereale  (L.),  it  deserves 
specially  to  be  mentioned  as  furnishing  a  bread  of  peculiar  taste. 

Sechium  edule,  Swartz. 

West  India.  The  Chocho  or  Chayota.  The  large  starchy  root  of 
this  climber  can  be  consumed  as  a  culinary  vegetable,  while  the 
good-sized  fruits  are  also  edible.  The  fruit  often  germinates  before 
it  drops.  The  plant  bears  already  in  the  first  year  and  may  ripen 
one  hundred  fruits  in  a  year.  The  roots  are  starchy.  The  plant 
comes  to  perfection  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  temperate  zone. 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  315 

Selinum   anesorrhizum,   F.   v.   Meller.     (Anesorrhiza  Capensis,  Ch. 

and  Schl.) 

South  Africa.  The  root  of  this  biennial  herb  is  edible.  A. 
montana  (Eckl.  and  Zeyh.),  a  closely  allied  plant,  yields  likewise 
an  edible  root ;  and  so  it  is  with  a  few  other  species  of  the  section 
Anesorrhiza. 

Selinum  Monnieri,  Linne. 

From  East  Asia,  now  extending  to  South  Europe,  preferring  moist 
places.  An  annual  herb,  praised  by  the  Chinese  as  valuable  for 
medicinal  purposes. 

Sequoia     sempervirens,      Endlicher.*       (Taxodium     sempervirens, 

Lambert.) 

Red  Wood  or  Bastard-Cedar  of  North-West  America,  chiefly 
California.  A  splendid  tree,  exceptionally  360  feet  high,  occa- 
sionally with  a  diameter  of  the  stem  of  55  feet.  The  wood  is 
reddish,  close-veined,  easily  split,  very  durable,  but  light  and 
brittle.  The  timber  of  mission  buildings  one  hundred  years  old  is 
still  quite  sound.  One  of  the  most  colossal  trees  of  the  globe. 
Its  growth  is  about  32  feet  in  sixteen  years.  Often  found  on 
metamorphic  sandstone.  It  luxuriates  in  the  cool  dampness  of 
sea-fogs.  Shinn  describes  this  sequoia  as  rugged  shafts,  rising  like 
huge  monolithic  columns,  crowned  with  downward  curving  branches 
and  shining  green.  Dr.  Gibbons  writes  that  this  tree  forms 
immense  forests  along  the  coast  range  for  a  distance  of  about  200 
miles  in  a  belt  20  miles  wide.  The  soft,  straight-grained,  durable 
wood  is  suitable  for  external  as  well  as  internal  finish.  It  consti- 
tutes almost  the  sole  material  for  weather-boarding  along  the 
Californian  coast ;  and  for  fence-posts,  foundations  of  buildings, 
and  railway-sleepers  it  is  almost  the  only  material  used.  Is  also 
susceptible  of  a  splendid  polish  for  furniture  ;  is  largely  sawn  into 
boards  and  shingles,  furnishing  in  California  the  cheapest  lumber. 
Stem  bare  to  100  feet  or  more ;  when  cut,  sending  suckers  from 
the  root  for  renovation.  Dr.  Gibbons  records  as  the  stoutest  stem 
some  of  33  feet  diameter  at  3  feet  from  the  ground. 

Sequoia  Wellingtonia,  Seemann.*     (Wellvngtonia  gigantea,   Lindley  ; 
Sequoia  gigantea,  Decaisne,  not  Endl.) 

Mammoth-tree.  California,  up  to  8,000  feet  above  the  sea.  This, 
the  biggest  of  all  trees,  attains  a  stem  of  320  feet  in  length  and 
112  in  circumference,  the  oldest  trees  being  estimated  at  1,100 
years.  The  total  height  of  a  tree  has  been  recorded  as  occasionally 
450  feet,  but  such  heights  have  never  been  confirmed  by  actual 
clinometric  measurements  of  trees  existing  now.  A  stem  broken 
at  300  feet  had  yet  a  diameter  of  18  feet.  The  wood  is  soft  and 
white  when  felled  j  afterwards  it  turns  red.  It  is  very  durable. 


316  SELECT    PLANTS    FOE    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Traditional  accounts  seem  to  have  overrated  the  height  of  the 
Mammoth-tree.  In  the  Calaveras  grove  two  of  the  largest  trees, 
which  may  have  been  the  tallest  of  all,  were  destroyed ;  the  two 
highest  now  existing  there  are  respectively  325  and  319  feet  high, 
with  a  circumference  of  45  and  40  feet  at  6  feet  from  the  ground. 
At  the  Mariposa  grove  the  highest  really  measured  trees  are  272, 
270,  and  260  feet  high,  but  one  of  these  has  the  enormous  circum- 
ference of  67  feet  at  6  feet  from  the  ground,  while  another,  the 
height  of  which  is  not  recorded,  is  93  feet  in  girth  at  the  ground, 
and  64  feet  at  11  feet  from  it ;  the  branches  of  this  individual  tree 
are  as  thick  as  the  stems  of  large  Elms.  The  height  of  the 
Calaveras  grove  is  4,760  feet  above  sea-level.  A  stump  33  feet  in 
diameter  is  known  at  Yosemite.  According  to  Dr.  Gibbons  this 
giant  of  the  forest  has  a  far  wider  range  than  was  formerly  sup- 
posed, Mr.  John  Muir  having  shown  that  it  stretches  over  nearly 
200  miles  at  an  altitude  of  5,000  to  8,000  feet.  From  the  Cala- 
veras to  the  King  River  it  occurs  in  small  and  isolated  groves,  but 
from  the  latter  point  south  to  Deer  Creek,  a  distance  of  about  70 
miles,  there  are  almost  unbroken  forests  of  this  noble  tree.  Growth 
of  the  tree  about  2  feet  a  year  under  ordinary  culture,  much  more 
in  damp  forest  glens.  Both  Sequoias  produce  shoots  from  the 
root  after  the  stem  is  cut  away.  The  genus  Sequoia  can  be  reduced 
to  Athrotaxis,  as  shown  by  Bentham  and  Hooker. 

Sesamum  Indicum,  Linne. 

The  Gingili.  Southern  Asia,  extending  eastwards  to  Japan.  This 
annual  herb  is  cultivated  as  far  as  42°  north  latitude  in  Japan. 
The  oil,  fresh  expressed  from  the  seeds,  is  one  of  the  best  for  table 
use  ;  free  of  any  unpleasant  taste.  It  congeals  with  more  difficulty 
than  olive  oil.  There  are  varieties  of  this  plant  with  white,  red, 
and  black  seeds  ;  the  latter  is  the  earliest  and  richest,  but  gives  a 
darker  oil.  Yield  45  to  50  per  cent.  oil.  Nearly  a  million  acres 
are  under  cultivation  with  this  plant  in  the  Madras  Presidency. 
The  export  of  the  oil  from  Bangkok  in  1870  was  valued,  according 
to  Simmonds,  at  £183,000  ;  the  market  value  is  from  25s.  to  35s. 
per  cwt.  The  plant  succeeds  still  at  Malta  and  at  Gaza,  and  is 
much  grown  in  Turkey.  Parched  and  pounded,  the  seeds  make  a 
a  rich  soup.  In  Greece  the  seeds  are  often  sprinkled  over  cakes. 
One  of  the  advantages  of  the  culture  of  this  plant  consists  in  its 
quick  return  of  produce.  The  root  of  the  oil  is  used  for  China-ink. 

Sesbania  aculeata,  Persoon. 

The  Danchi.  Intra-tropical  and  sub-tropical  Asia,  Africa  and 
Australia.  This  tall  annual  plant  has  proved  adapted  for  desert 
regions.  It  yields  a  tough  fibre  for  ropes,  nets  and  cordage,  valued 
at  from  .£30  to  £40  for  the  ton.  Several  congeneric  plants  can  be 
equally  well  utilised. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  317 

Sesbania  -ZEgyptiaca,  Persoon. 

Africa,  South  Asia,  North  Australia.  The  foliage  of  this  tall 
perennial  herb  and  of  the  allied  annual  S.  brachycarpa  (F.  v.  M.) 
serves  as  fodder,  which  cattle  are  ravenously  fond  of.  According 
to  Mr.  T.  Gulliver,  the  green  pods,  as  well  as  the  seeds,  are 
nutritious,  wholesome,  and  of  pleasant  taste.  Roxburgh  mentions 
the  leaves  and  young  pods  of  S.  grandiflora  as  excellent  for 
spinach. 

Sesbania  cannabina,  Persoon. 

South  Asia.  An  annual  herb  of  easy  growth  in  wet  localities, 
requiring  less  attention  in  weeding  and  otherwise  than  the  Jute 
plant.  The  crop  for  fibre  ripens  in  about  five  months. 

Sesleria  coerulea,  Arduino.* 

Most  parts  of  Europe.  Of  this  perennial  grass  Lengethal  observes 
that  it  is  for  dry  and  loose  limestone  what  Elymus  arenarius  is  for 
loose  sand.  It  stands  well  despasturing  by  sheep,  and  is  one  of  the 
the  earliest  grasses  of  the  season.  S.  dactyloides,  Nuttall  (Buchloa 
dactyloides,  Torrey),  is  the  Buffalo  Grass  of  Kansas. 

Sesuvium  Portulacastrum,  Linne. 

All  round  the  globe  on  the  shores  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
countries,  occurring  naturally  as  far  south  as  Port  Jackson.  A 
perennial  creeping  herb,  fit  to  fix  the  sandy  silt  on  the  edges  of  sea- 
coasts. 

Shepherdia  argentea,  Nuttall. 

The  Buffalo  Berry.  From  the  Missouri  to  Hudson's  Bay.  This 
bush  bears  red,  acidulous,  edible  berries. 

Shorea  robusta,  Gaertner. 

The  Sal-tree.  India,  up  to  3,000  feet.  It  attains  as  a  maximum 
a  height  of  150  feet  and  a  girth  of  25  feet.  One  of  the  most 
famed  of  Indian  timber  trees.  Drs.  Stewart  and  Brandis  found  it 
on  sandstone,  conglomerate,  gravelly  and  shingly  ground,  where 
loose  water-transmitting  soils  are  mixed  with  a  large  portion  of 
vegetable  mould.  The  climatic  conditions  within  a  Sal  area  may 
be  expressed  as — mean  annual  rainfall,  40  to  100  inches  ;  mean 
temperature,  in  the  cool  season  55°  to  77°,  in  the  hot  season  77°  to 
85°  F.  Sal  will  stand  the  occasional  sinking  of  the  temperature 
below  freezing  point.  The  heart-wood  is  dark  brown,  coarse- 
grained, hard,  very  heavy,  strong,  tough,  with  fibrous  cross-structure, 
the  fibres  interlaced.  For  buildings,  river-boats  and  railway- 
sleepers  it  is  the  most  important  timber  of  North  India.  It 
exudes  a  pale,  aromatic,  dammar-like  resin.  The  Tussa  silkworm 
derives  food  from  this  tree. 


318  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Shorea  Talura,  Roxburgh.     (8.  laccifera,  Heyne.) 

India,  abounding  in  Mysore,  where  South  European  fruits  prosper. 
On  this  tree  also  the  Lac  insect  lives.  It  furnishes  a  peculiar 
dammar. 

Sison  Amomum,   Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.  A  herb  of  one  or  two  years'  duration. 
It  grows  best  on  soil  rich  in  lime.  The  seeds  can  be  used  for 
condiment. 

Smilax  medica,  Chamisso  and  Schlechtendal. 

Mexico.  This  plant  produces  mainly  the  sarsaparilla  root  of  that 
country. 

Smilax  officinalis,  Humboldt. 

New  Granada  and  other  parts  of  Central  America.  This  climbing 
shrub  produces  at  least  a  portion  of  the  Columbian  sarsaparilla. 

Smilax  papyracea,  Duhamel. 

Guiana  to  Brazil.  The  origin  of  the  principal  supply  of  Brazilian 
sarsaparilla  is  ascribed  to  this  species,  although  several  others  of 
this  genus,  largely  represented  in  Brazil,  may  yield  the  medicinal 
root  also.  In  warm  humid  gullies  of  the  temperate  zone  these 
plants  would  likely  succeed  in  establishing  themselves.  Smilax 
Australis  (R.  Br.)  extends  from  the  tropical  coast  parts  of  Aus- 
tralia to  East  Gippsland.  Neither  this  nor  the  East  Australian 
S.  glycyphylla  (Smith)  nor  the  New  Zealand  Ripogonum  scandens 
(Forst.)  has  ever  been  subjected  to  accurate  therapeutic  tests,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  numerous  other  Smilaces  scattered  through 
the  warmer  countries  of  the  globe.  The  Italian  sarsaparilla,  which 
is  derived  from  the  Mediterranean  S.  aspera  (L.),  has  been  intro- 
duced into  medicine. 

Smilax  rotundifolia,  Linne. 

Eastern  States  of  North  America  and  Canada.  A  prickly  climber 
with  deciduous  foliage.  An  immense  local  use  is  made  of  the  roots 
for  the  bowls  of  tobacco-pipes,  clay  pipes  being  there  almost 
unknown.  It  is  estimated  that  nearly  three  millions  of  these 
briar-root  pipes  are  now  made  a  year.  The  reed  portion  of  these 
pipes  is  generally  prepared  from  Alnus  serrulata  (Meehan). 

Smyrnium  Olusatrum,  Linne. 

The  Alisander.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Western 
Asia.  A  biennial  herb,  which,  raw  or  boiled,  can  be  utilised  in  the 
manner  of  celery.  The  roots  and  the  fruitlets  serve  medicinal 
purposes. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  319 

Solanum  JEthiopicum,  Linne\ 

Tropical  Africa.     Cultivated  there  and  elsewhere  on  account  of  its  - 
edible  berries,   which  are  large,  red,  globular,  and  uneven.     The 
plant  is  annual. 

Solanum  betaceum,  Cavanilles.     (Cyphomandra  betacea,  Sendtner.) 

Central  America.  This  shrub  is  cultivated  as  far  south  as  Buenos 
Ayres  and  Valparaiso,  also  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  for  the  sake 
of  its  tomato-like  berries. 

Solanum  Dulcamara,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  Asia.  A  trailing 
half-shrub,  with  deciduous  leaves.  The  stems  are  used  in  medicine, 
and  contain  two  alkaloids — dulcamarin  and  solanin. 

Solanum  edule,  Schumacher  and  Thonning. 

Guinea.     The  berry  is  of  the  size  of  an  apple,  yellow  and  edible." 

Solanum  Fendleri,  Asa  Gray. 

New  Mexico.  A  new  kind  of  Potato,  enduring  a  temperature  of 
Zero.  Professor  Meehan's  endeavours  to  obtain  good-sized  tubers 
have  as  yet  not  been  successful.  Tubers  of  good  size  have  since 
been  obtained,  according  to  Simmonds.  The  following  plants  are 
also  spoken  of  by  Dr.  Rosenthal  and  others  as  new  kinds  of  potato, 
perhaps  to  be  developed  through  cultivation :  S.  demissum 
(Lindley),  S.  cardiophyllum  (Lindley),  S.  utile  (Klotzsch),  S.  verru- 
cosum  (Schlechtendal),  S.  Bulbocastanum  (Dunal),  S.  stoloniferum 
(Schlechtendal),  all  from  Mexico  and  some  from  elevations  10,000 
feet  high ;  S.  Maglea  (Molina)  from  Chili,  and  S.  imjaite^Dunal) 

f  T~*  '!&-     •"-     •    i         '^ 

trom  Peru.  % 

<''J 
Solanum  Gilo,  Raddi. 

•>' 

Tropical  America  ;  much  cultivated  there  for  t&e  sake  of  its  large,  •' 
spherical,  orange-coloured  berries,  which  are  eatable. 

Solanum  Guinense,  Lamarck. 

Within  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  The  berries  of  this  shrub 
serve  as  a  dye  of  various  shades,  particularly  violet,  for  silk. 

Solanum  indigoferum,  St.  Hilaire. 

South  Brazil.     A  dye-shrub,  deserving  trial  culture. 

Solanum  Lycopersicum,  Linne.*      (Lycopersdum  esculentum,  Mill.) 

The  Tomato.  South  America.  Annual.  Several  varieties  exist, 
differing  in  shape  and  colour  of  the  berries.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
eligible  plants  with  esculent  fruits  for  naturalisation  in  desert 
country.  As  well  known,  the  Tomato  is  adapted  for  various  culinary 


320  SELECT  PLANTS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

purposes.  Tomato  foliage  can  be  placed  round  fruit  trees,  like  the 
equally  poisonous  potato  leaves,  to  prevent  the  access  of  insects, 
and  an  infusion  of  the  herb  serves  also  as  an  insecticide  for 
syringing,  as  first  adopted  by  Mr.  Sircy. 

Solanum  macrocarpum,  Linne. 

Mauritius  and  Madagascar.  A  perennial  herb.  The  berries  are  of 
the  size  of  an  apple,  globular  and  yellow.  S.  Thonningi  (F.  Jacq.), 
from  Guinea,  is  a  nearly-related  plant.  S.  calycinuin  (Moc.  et 
Sess.),  from  Mexico,  is  also  allied. 

Solanum  Melongena,    Linne.      (S.   ovigrum.  Dunal ;   S.  esculentum, 
Dunal. ) 

The  Egg  Plant.  India  and  some  other  parts  of  tropical  Asia.  A 
perennial  plant,  usually  renewed  in  cultivation  like  an  annual.  The 
•  egg-shaped  large  berries  are  known  under  the  name  of  Aubergines 
or  Bringals  or  Begoons  as  culinary  esculents.  Allied  plants  are  S. 
insanum  (L.),  S.  longum  (Roxb.),  S.  serpentinum  (Desf.),  S. 
undatum  (Lam.),  S.  ferox  (L.),  S.  pseudo-saponaceum  (Blume),  S. 
album  (Dour.),  which  all  bear  large  berries,  considered  harmless, 
but  may  not  all  represent  well-marked  species.  Absolute  ripeness 
of  all  such  kinds  of  fruits  is  an  unavoidable  requisite,  as  otherwise 
even  wholesome  sorts  may  prove  acrid  or  even  poisonous.  Probably 
many  other  of  the  exceedingly  numerous  species  of  the  genus 
Solanum  may  be  available  for  good-sized  edible  berries. 

Solanum  muricatum,  L'Heritier. 

The  Pepino  of  Peru.  A  shrubby  species  with  egg-shaped  edible 
berries,  which  are  white  with  purple  spots,  and  attain  a  length  of  6 
inches. 

Solanum  Quitoense,  Lamarck. 

Ecuador,  Peru.  A  shrubby  plant.  The  berries  resemble  small 
oranges  in  size,  colour,  and  taste,  and  are  of  a  peculiar  fragrance. 
To  this  the  S.  Plumierii  (Dun.),  from  the  "West  Indian  Islands,  is 
also  cognate,  and  the  S.  Topiro  (Kunth),  from  the  Orinoco. 

Solanum  torvum,  Swartz. 

From  West  India  to  Peru.  A  shrubby  species  with  yellow 
spherical  berries  of  good  size,  which  seem  also  wholesome.  Other 
species  from  tropical  America  have  shown  themselves  sufficiently 
hardy  for  inducing  us  to  recommend  the  test  culture  of  such  kinds 
of  plants.  Many  of  them  are  highly  curious  and  ornamental.  S. 
sisymbrifolium  (Lam.),  of  South  America,  yields  also  edible 
berries. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  321 

Solanum  tuberosum,  Linne.* 

The  Potato.  Andes  of  South  America,  particularly  of  Chili  and 
Peru,  but  not  absolutely  trans-equatorial,  as  it  extends  into  Colum- 
bia. It  is  also  wild  in  the  Argentine  territory.  As  a  starch  plant, 
the  Potato  interests  us  on  this  occasion  particularly.  Considering 
its  prolific  yield  in  rich  soil,  we  possess  as  yet  too  few  factories  for 
potato  starch.  The  average  yield  is  10  per  cent.  The  latter,  by 
being  heated  with  mineral  acids  or  malt,  can  be  converted  into  dextrin 
and  dextro-glucose  for  many' purposes  of  the  arts.  Dextrin,  as  a 
substitute  for  gum,  is  also  obtainable  by  subjecting  potato-starch  in 
a  dry  state  to  a  heat  of  400°  F.  Alcohol  may  be  largely  produced 
from  the  tubers.  The  berries  and  shoots  contain  solanin.  Baron 
von  Liebig  remarks,  "  So  far  as  its  foliage  is  concerned,  it  is  a  lime 
plant ;  as  regards  its  tuber,  a  potash  plant."  Langethal  says,  "  It 
surpasses  in  easy  range  of  cultivation  all  other  root  crops.  Its 
culture  suppresses  weeds  and  opens  up  the  soil,  besides  preparing 
the  land  for  cereals."  Seeds  of  the  Potato  berries  should  be  sown 
in  adapted  places  by  explorers  of  new  countries.  The  most  for- 
midable potato  disease  of  the  last  thirty  years  from  the  Peronospora 
infestans  seems  to  have  originated  from  the  use  of  objectionable 
kinds  of  guano,  with  the  introduction  of  which  the  murrain  was 
contemporaneous.  The  foliage  of  potato-plants,  when  thickly 
placed  under  trees  or  shrubs  infected  by  blights,  checks  materially 
the  spread  of  insects  which  cause  the  disease. 

Solanum  Uporo,  Dunal. 

In  many  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  large,  red, 
spherical  berries  of  this  shrub  can  be  used  like  Tomato.  Proved 
hardy  at  Port  Phillip 

Solanum  vescum,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

The  Gunyang.  South-East  Australia.  A  shrub  yielding  edible 
berries,  which  need  however  to  be  fully  ripe  for  securing  absence 
of  deleterious  properties. 

Solanum  xanthocarpum,  Schrader  and  Wendlancl. 

North  Africa  and  South  Asia.  A  perennial  herb.  The  berries 
are  of  the  size  of  a  cherry,  and  either  yellow  or  scarlet. 

Sophora  Japonica,  Linne.* 

A  deciduous  tree  of  China  and  Japan,  resembling  the  Laburnum, 
up  to  60  feet  high ;  wood  hard  and  compact,  valued  for  turners' 
works.  All  parts  of  the  plant  purgative ;  the  flowers  rich  in 
yellow  dye,  used  for  silk. 


322 


SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 


Sophora  tetraptera,  Alton.     (Var.  Macnabiana,  Graham.) 

The  Pelu  of  Chili  and  Patagonia.  A  small  tree  with  exceedingly 
hard  and  durable  wood,  much  used  for  cog-wheels  and  similar 
structures.  The  wood  differs  much  from  that  of  S.  Tomairo  of 
the  Easter  Island  (Dr.  Philippi). 

Spartina  cynosuroides,  Willdenow. 

Eastern  part  of  North  America.  A  perennial  grass  of  fresh-water 
swamps,  there  often  called  Prairie  Grass ;  it  can  be  utilised  for 
fodder,  and  its  value  as  paper,  material  seems  equal  to  that  of 
Esparto.  Emits  shoots  copiously,  hence  is  recommended  by  Bouche, 
also  for  binding  maritime  driftsands,  it  covering  the  ground 
densely  with  its  persistent  rigid  foliage. 

Spartina  juncea,  Willdenow. 

Salt  marshes  of  North  America.  A  grass  with  creeping  roots  ;  it 
can  be  utilised  to  bind  moist  sand  on  the  coast.  A  tough  fibre  can 
readily  be  obtained  from  the  leaves.  S.  polystachya  (Willd.)  is  a 
stately  grass,  adapted  for  saline  soil ;  it  is  also  a  North  American 
grass. 

Spartina  stricta,  Roth. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  extending  to  Britain  and  also 
to  North  America.  The  Twin-spiked  Cord-Grass.  A  rigid 
perennial  with  creeping  roots,  recommended  for  fixing  and  render- 
ing solid  any  mud  flats  on  low  shores  and  at  the  mouths  of  rivers  ; 
only  suitable  for  brackish  ground. 

Spartium  junceum,  Linne. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  flowers  of  this  bush 
provide  a  yellow  dye.  A  textile  fibre  can  be  separated  from  the 
branches. 

Spergula  arvensis,  Linne. 

All  Europe,  North  Africa,  West  Asia.  This  annual  herb,  though 
easily  becoming  a  troublesome  weed,  is  here  mentioned  for  the 
desirable  completeness  of  this  enumeration.  The  tall  variety  with 
large  seeds  (S.  maxima,  Weihe)  can  be  chosen  with  advantage  for 
the  commencement  of  tillage  on  any  sandy  soil  too  poor  for  barley. 
It  takes  up  the  land  only  for  about  two  months,  if  grown  for  green 
fodder,  and  increases  much  the  yield  of  milk.  It  serves  also  for 
admixture  to  hay  (Langethal).  It  is  one  of  the  earliest  of  fodder- 
plants,  and  imparts  a  particularly  pleasant  taste  to  butter. 

Spigelia  Marylandica,  Linne. 

The  Pinkroot  of  North  America,  north  to  Pennsylvania  and  Wis- 
consin. A  perennial  handsome  herb,  requiring  as  a  vermifuge 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  323 

cautious  administration.  S.  anthelmia  (L.)  is  an  annual  plant  of 
tropical  America  and  possesses  similar  medicinal  properties,  in  which 
probably  other  species  likewise  share. 

Spilanthes  oleracea,  K  Jacquin. 

The  Para  Cress.  South  America.  An  annual  herb  of  considerable 
pungency,  used  as  a  medicinal  salad. 

Spinacia  oleracea,  Linne. 

Siberia.  The  ordinary  Spinach,  an  agreeable  culinary  annual  of 
rapid  growth.  It  is  of  a  mild  aperient  property.  Two  varieties 
are  distinguished,  the  Summer  and  the  Winter  Spinach,  the  former 
less  inclined  to  run  into  seed,  but  also  less  hardy. 

Spinacia  tetrandra,  Stev. 

Caucasus.  Also  annual  and  unisexual  like  the  preceding  plant, 
with  which  it  has  equal  value,  though  it  is  less  known. 

Spinifex  hirsutus,  Labillardiere. 

On  the  whole  coast  of  extra-tropical  Australia.  Highly  valuable 
for  binding  coast-sand  with  its  long  creeping  roots. 

Spinifex  longifolius,  R.  Brown. 

On  the  tropical  and  western  extra-tropical  coast  of  Australia. 
Available  like  the  former. 

Spinifex  squarrosus,  Linne. 

India.  Useful,  like  the  two  preceding  plants.  Tennant  remarks 
that  the  radiating  heads  become  detached  when  the  seed  is 
matured,  and  are  carried  by  the  wind  along  the  sand,  over 
the  surface  of  which  they  are  impelled  by  their  elastic  spines, 
dropping  their  seeds  as  they  roll  along.  The  heads  are  so  buoyant 
as  to  float  lightly  on  water,  and  while  the  uppermost  spiny  rays  are 
acting  as  sails,  they  are  carried  across  narrow  estuaries  to  continue 
the  process  of  embanking  beyond  on  any  newly-formed  sandbars. 

Spondias  dulcis,  G.  Foster. 

Fiji,  Tonga  and  Society  Islands.  This  noble  tree  is  introduced 
into  this  list  to  indicate  that  trials  should  be  instituted  as  regards 
the  culture  of  the  various  good  fruit-bearing  species  of  this  genus, 
one  of  which,  S.  pleiogyna  (F.  von  Mueller),  transgresses  in  East 
Australia  the  tropical  circle.  The  lamented  Dr.  Seemann  saw  S. 
dulcis  60  feet  high,  and  describes  it  as  laden  with  fruit  of  agreeable 
apple-flavour  called  Rewa,  and  attaining  over  1  Ib.  weight. 


324  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Sporobolus  Virginicus,  R  Brown. 

Jamaica.  Will  luxuriate  even  in  sandy  maritime  places,  and  keep 
perfectly  green  after  three  or  four  months'  drought.  Horses  become 
rapidly  and  astonishingly  fat  in  feeding  upon  it  (Jenman).  S. 
Indicus  and  S.  purpuraceus  and  S.  Jacquemonti  are  also  highly 
spoken  of  as  pasture  grasses  in  the  West  Indian  Islands. 

Stenotaphrum  Americanum,  Schranck.*     (S.  glabrum,  Trinius.) 

South- Asia,  Africa,  warmer  countries  of  America  ;  not  known  from 
any  part  of  Europe  or  Australia.  Here  called  the  Buffalo-Grass. 
It  is  perennial,  creeping,  and  admirably  adapted  for  binding  sea- 
sand  and  river  banks,  also  for  forming  garden  edges,  and  for  estab- 
lishing a  grass  sward  on  lawns  much  subjected  to  traffic ;  it  is, 
besides,  of  some  value  as  pasture.  It  consolidates  rolling  sands  into 
a  firm  pasture-turf.  It  was  this  grass  which  Mr.  John  C.  Bell 
reared  with  so  much  advantage  for  fodder  on  the  bare  rocks  of  the 
Island  of  Ascension,  and  it  was  there  where  Australian  Acacias 
took  the  lead  to  establish  wood  vegetation  and  for  securing  perma- 
nency of  drinking-water. 

Sterculia  Carthaginensis,  Cavanilles.     (S.  Chicka,  St.  Hilaire.) 

South  Brazil.  This  and  some  other  South  American  species  furnish 
seeds  of  almond-like  taste. 

Sterculia  monosperma,  Ventenat.     (S.  nobilis,  R  Brown.) 

China.  A  middle-sized  spreading  tree.  The  large  seeds  can  be 
used  as  chestnuts  in  a  roasted  state. 

Sterculia  quadrifida,  R  Brown. 

Eastern  and  Northern  Australia.  This  tree  might  be  tried  in  rich 
and  humid  forest  regions.  It  is  the  "  Calool"  of  the  natives.  The 
black  seeds  are  of  a  filbert  taste,  like  those  of  some  other  /Sterculia'. 
As  many  as  eleven  of  the  brilliant  scarlet  fruits  may  be  in  a  cluster, 
and  each  of  them  may  contain  up  to  ten  or  eleven  seeds. 

Sterculia  urens,  Roxburgh. 

India,  extending  to  the  north-western  provinces,  to  Assam  and 
Ceylon.  This  and  also  S.  urceolata  (Smith)  from  the  Moluccas  and 
Sunda  Islands  produce  edible  seeds,  and  may  prove  hardy  here. 

Stilbocarpa  polaris,  Decaisne  and  Planchon. 

Auckland's  and  Campbell's  Islands,  and  seemingly  also  in  the 
southern  extremity  of  New  Zealand.  A  herbaceous  plant  with 
long  roots,  which  are  saccharine  and  served  some  wrecked  people 
for  a  lengthened  period  as  sustenance.  The  plant  is  recommended 
here  for  further  attention,  as  it  may  prove  through  culture  a  valuable 
addition  to  the  stock  of  culinary  vegetables  of  cold  countries. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  325 

Stipa  aristiglumis,  R  v.  Mueller. 

South-east  Australia.  Graziers  consider  this  perennial  grass  as 
very  fattening  and  yielding  a  large  quantity  of  feed.  Its  celerity 
of  growth  is  such  that  when  it  springs  up  it  will  grow  at  the  rate 
of  6  inches  in  a  fortnight.  Horses,  cattle  and  sheep  are  extremely 
fond  of  it.  It  ripens  seeds  in  little  more  than  two  months  in 
favourable  seasons. 

Stipa  tenacissima,  Liniie.*     (Macrochloa  tenacissima,  Kunth.) 

The  Esparto  or  Atocha.  Spain,  Portugal,  Greece,  North  Africa, 
ascending  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  4,000  feet.  This  grass  has  become 
celebrated  since  some  years,  having  afforded  already  a  vast 
quantity  of  material  for  British  paper-mills.  It  is  tall  and 
perennial,  and  may  prove  a  valuable  acquisition,  inasmuch  as  it 
lives  on  any  kind  of  poor  soil,  occurring  naturally  on  sand  and 
gravel  as  well  as  on  clayey  or  calcareous  or  gypseous  soil,  and 
even  on  the  very  brink  of  the  coast.  Possibly  the  value  of  some 
Australian  grasses  allied  to  the  Atocha  may  in  a  like  manner 
become  commercially  established,  and  mainly  with  this  view 
paper  samples  of  several  grass  kinds  were  prepared  by  the 
writer.  (Vide  "Report,  Industrial  Exhibition,  Melbourne,  1867".) 
Even  in  the  scorching  heat  and  the  arid  sands  of  the  Sahara  the 
Atocha  maintains  itself,  and  it  may  thus  yet  be  destined  to  play  an 
important  part  in  the  introduced  vegetation  of  any  arid  places  of 
desert  tracts,  particularly  where  lime  and  gypsum  exist.  The  very 
tenacious  fibre  resists  decay,  and  is  much  employed  for  the  manu- 
facture of  ropes,  also  for  baskets,  mats,  hats,  and  other  articles. 
During  1870  the  import  of  Esparto  ropes  into  England  was 
18,500  tons,  while  the  raw  material  to  the  extent  of  about  130,000 
tons  was  imported.  Extensive  culture  of  this  grass  has  com- 
menced in  the  south  of  France.  It  is  pulled  once  a  year,  in  the 
earlier  part  of  the  summer.  The  propagation  can  be  effected  from 
seeds,  but  is  done  usually  by  division  of  the  root.  10  tons  of  dry 
Esparto,  worth  from  £4  to  <£5  each,  can  under  favourable  circum- 
stances be  obtained  from  an  acre.  The  supply  has  fallen  short  of 
the  demand.  Good  writing-paper  is  made  from  Esparto  without 
admixture ;  the  process  is  similar  to  that  for  rags,  but  cleaner.  The 
price  of  Esparto  paper  ranges  from  £40  to  £50  for  the  ton.  Stipa 
arenaria  (Brot.)  is  a  closely  allied  and  still  taller  species,  confined 
to  Spain  and  Portugal.  Consul  W.  P.  Mark  deserves  great  praise 
for  having  brought  the  Atocha  into  commercial  and  manufactural 
recognition.  Stipa  pennata,  S.  capillata,  and  S.  elegantissima  will 
grow  in  pure  sand. 

Streblus  asper,  Loureiro. 

South  Asia.  This  bears  a  good  recommendation  for  live  fences,  in 
being  a  shrub  of  remarkable  closeness  of  branches. 


326 


SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 


Sty  rax  officinalis,  Linne\ 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A  tall  bush  or  small  tree. 
The  fragant  solid  storax  resin  exudes  from  this  plant,  or  is 
particularly  obtained  by  pressure  of  the  bark. 

Swertia  Chirata,  Bentham.     (Ophelia  Chirata,  Crisebach.) 

Widely  dispersed  over  the  higher  mountain  regions  of  India.  A 
perennial  herb,  considered  as  one  of  the  best  of  tonics  ;  it  possesses 
all  febrifugal  and  antarthritic  properties.  Its  administration  in  the 
form  of  an  infusion  prepared  with  cold  water  is  the  best.  Besides 
Ophelia  elegans  (Wight)  and  some  of  the  other  Upper  Indian, 
Chinese,  and  Japanese  species  deserve  probably  equal  attention. 
Hanbury  and  Fliickiger  mention  as  chiratas  or  chirettas  of  Indian 
bazaars  :  Ophelia  angustifolia  (D.  Don),  O.  densiflora  (Grisebach), 
0.  elegans  (Wight),  and  O.  multiflora  (Dalzell),  besides  species  of 
Exacum  and  Andrographis.  All  come  from  the  cooler  uplands. 

Swietenia  Mahagoni,  Linne.* 

The  Mahogany-tree  of  West  India,  extending  naturally  to  Florida 
and  Mexico.  The  degree  of  endurance  of  this  famous  tree  is  not 
sufficiently  ascertained.  In  its  native  mountains  it  ascends  to 
3,000  feet. 

Symphytmn  officinale,  Linne. 

TheComfrey.  Europe,  Western  Asia.  A  perennial  herb.  The 
root  is  utilised  in  veterinary  practice. 

Symphytum  peregrinum  Ledebour.* 

The  Prickly  Comfrey.  Caucasus.  The  growth  of  this  hardy  plant 
may  be  recommended  as  an  adjunct  to  lupine  culture.  The  Hon. 
Arthur  Holroyd,  of  Sydney,  has  recently  devoted  a  special  pub- 
lication to  this  plant.  He  quotes  on  good  authority  the  return  of 
foliage  already  in  the  first  year  as  20  tons  to  the  acre,  in  the  second 
year  50  tons,  and  every  year  after  80  to  120  tons  on  manured  land. 
It  yields  a  nutritive  and  relished  forage  in  rapid  and  continuous 
reproduction.  It  is  likewise  recommended  for  green  manure.  Dr. 
Curl  found  it  to  grow  well  in  the  moist  clime  of  New  Zealand 
during  the  hottest  and  driest,  as  well  as  coldest,  weather.  Dr. 
Yoelcker  found  much  mucilage  but  little  sugar  in  this  plant.  The 
massive  root,  known  to  penetrate  to  9  feet  depth,  sustains  the 
plant  in  vigour,  admitting  it  to  be  cut  almost  throughout  the  year. 
The  propagation  is  easy  from  root-cuttings,  difficult  from  seeds  ; 
4,000  of  the  former  to  an  acre  ;  it  will  thrive  even  in  sand  and 
tough  clay,  but  prefers  moist  and  even  boggy  land.  In  tropical 
countries  cattle  have  a  predilection  for  it ;  there  it  likes  shades. 
The  likewise  borragineous  Cynoglossum  Morrisonii,  De  Cand.,  of 


IX    EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  327 

North  America,  yields  three  cuttings  annually.  Horses  and  cattle 
relish  it.  It  ought  to  be  naturalised  along  swamps  lagoons,  and 
river  banks.  It  can  be  dried  for  hay.  Finally  it  is  recommended 
as  a  plant  for  game. 

Symplocos  ramosissima,  Wallich. 

Himalaya,  up  to  7,500  feet.  In  Sikkim,  according  to  Dr.  Stewart, 
the  yellow  silkworm  is  reared  on  the  leaves  of  this  tree.  Two  allied 
species  occur  spontaneously  iri  the  forests  of  East  Australia. 

Syncarpia  laurifolia,  Tenore. 

Queensland  and  New  South  Wales.  Vernacular  name,  Turpentine- 
tree  ;  attains  a  height  of  200  feet,  with  a  stem  of  great  thickness. 
The  wood  is  comparatively  soft  and  brittle,  but  very  durable,  mostly 
used  for  flooring  and  cabinet-making,  as  it  takes  a  high  polish. 
(Hartmann.) 

Synoon  glandulosum,  A.  de  Jussieu. 

New  South  Wales  and  South  Queensland.  This  evergreen  tree 
deserves  cultivation  in  sheltered  warm  forest-valleys  on  account 
of  its  rose-coloured  wood.  Some  species  of  Dysoxylon  of  East 
Australia  produce  also  rosewood. 

Tacca  pinnatifida,  G.  Forster. 

Sand-shores  of  the  South  Sea  Islands.  From  the  tubers  of  this 
herb  the  main  supply  of  the  Fiji  arrowroot  is  prepared.  It  is  not 
unlikely  that  this  plant  will  endure  a  temperate  clime.  The  Tacca 
starch  is  much  valued  in  medicine,  and  particularly  used  in  cases 
of  dysentery  and  diarrhoea.  Its  characteristics  are  readily  recog- 
nised under  the  microscope.  Several  other  kinds  of  Tacca  are  dis- 
tinguished, but  their  specific  limits  are  not  yet  well  ascertained. 
Dr.  Seemann  admits  two  (T.  maculata  and  T.  Brownii)  for  tropical 
Australia,  one  of  these  extending  as  a  hill-plant  to  Fiji.  From  the 
leaves  and  flower-stalks  light  kinds  of  bonnets  are  plaited.  A  Tacca 
occurring  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  yields  a  large  quantity  of  the 
so-called  arrowroot  exported  from  thence.  Other  species  (including 
those  of  Ataccia)  occur  in  India,  Madagascar,  Guinea,  and  Guiana, 
all  deserving  tests  in  reference  to  their  value  as  starch  plants. 

Tagetes  glanduligera,  Schranck. 

South  America.  This  vigorous  annual  plant  is  said  by  Dr.  Prentice 
to  be  pulicifugous. 

Talinum  patens,  Willdenow.     (T.  paniculatum,  Gaertner.) 

From  Mexico  to  Argentina.  A  perennial  succulent  herb,  which 
might  easily  be  naturalised  on  coast  rocks.  It  furnishes  the 
"  Puchero"  vegetable 


328  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Tamarindus  Indica,  Linne. 

Tropical  Asia  and  Africa.  This  magnificent,  large,  expansive  tree 
extends  northwards  to  Egypt,  and  \vas  found  by  the  writer  of  this 
list  in  North- Western  Australia.  Final  girth  of  stem,  25  feet  not 
rare.  Never  leafless.  Varieties  occur,  according  to  Brandis,  with 
sweetish  red  pulp.  It  is  indicated  here,  not  without  hesitation,  to 
suggest  trials  of  its  acclimation  in  regions  of  the  temperate  zone 
with  a  warm,  humid,  and  equable  temperature.  The  acid  pulp  of 
the  pods  forms  the  medicinal  Tamarind,  rich  in  formic  and  butyric 
acid,  irrespective  of  its  other  contents. 

Tamarix  dioica,  Roxburgh. 

India,  up  to  2,500  feet.  An  important  shrub  for  binding  newly- 
formed  river  banks,  even  in  saline  soil. 

Tamarix  Gallica,  Linne.* 

South  Europe,  North  and  tropical  Africa,  South  and  East  Asia, 
ascending  the  Himalayas  to  11,000  feet.  Attains  in  Algeria, 
according  to  Cosson,  a  height  of  30  feet.  This  shrub  or  small  tree 
adapts  itself  in  the  most  extraordinary  manner  to  the  most  different 
localities.  It  will  grow  alike  in  water  and  the  driest  soil,  also  in 
salty  ground,  and  is  one  of  the  most  grateful  and  tractable  plants 
in  culture  ;  it  is  readily  multiplied  from  cuttings,  which  strike  root 
as  easily  as  a  willow  and  push  forth  stems  with  unusual  vigour. 
Hence  it  is  one  of  the  most  eligible  bushes  for  planting  on  coast 
sand  to  stay  its  movements,  or  for  lining  embankments.  Furnishes 
material  for  a  superior  charcoal  (W.  H.  Colvill)  and  various  im- 
plements (Brandis).  Planted  much  in  cemeteries.  In  Australia, 
first  largely  sent  out  by  the  writer. 

Tamarix  Germanica,  Linne. 

Europe  and  West  Asia,  ascending  to  15,000  feet  in  the  Himalayas. 
Likewise  available  for  arresting  the  ingress  of  shifting  sand, 
particularly  in  moist  places,  also  for  solidifying  precipitous  river 
banks.  The  allied  T.  elegans  (Myricaria  elegans,  E/oyle)  attains  a 
height  of  20  feet. 

Tamarix  orientalis,  Forskal.     (T.  articulata,  Yahl.) 

North  and  Middle  Africa,  South  Asia.  A  fast-growing  tree, 
attaining  a  height  of  60  feet,  the  trunk  occasionally  expanding  to  a 
circumference  of  1 2  feet.  Springs  up  freely  from  seeds,  and  is  also 
readily  propagated  from  cuttings.  Coppices  well.  The  wood 
serves  for  ploughs,  wheels,  and  many  implements.  (Stewart  and 
Brandis).  With  T.  Gallica  it  grows  sufficiently  quick  to  be  reared  in 
India  for  fuel.  Dye-galls  and  a  kind  of  manna  are  also  produced 
by  this  tree.  The  same,  or  an  allied  species,  extends  to  Japan. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  329 

Tanacetum  vulgare,  Linne. 

The  Tansy.  North  and  Middle  Europe,  North  Asia,  North-. 
Western  America.  A  perennial  herb  of  well-known  medicinal 
value,  which  mainly  depends  on  its  volatile  oil. 

Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber. 

Dispersed  over  most  of  the  temperate  and  cold  parts  of  the  globe, 
but  apparently  not  a  native  of  South-East  Australia.  This  well- 
known  plant  is  mentioned,  as 'it  can  be  brought  under  regular  culti- 
vation to  obtain  the  medicinal  extract  from  its  roots.  It  is  also 
considered  wholesome  to  grazing-animals.  The  young  leaves 
furnish  a  medicinal  salad.  It  is  also  an  important  honey  plant  and 
early  in  the  season. 

Tarchonanthus  camphoratus,  Linne. 

South  Africa.  This  bush  deserves  attention,  being  of  medicinal 
value.  As  an  odorous  garden  plant  it  is  also  very  acceptable. 

Taxodium  distchum,  Richard.* 

Virginian  Swamp  or  Bald-Cypress.  In  Swampy  places  of  Eastern 
North  America,  extending  from  38°  to  at  least  17°  north  latitude. 
Thought  to  attain  occasionally  an  age  of  2,000  years.  A  valuable 
tree,  100  feet  higher  more,  with  astern  circumference  of  sometimes  40 
feet  above  the  conical  base  ;  of  rapid  growth,  with  deciduous  foliage, 
like  that  of  the  Larch  and  Ginkgo.  Important  as  anti-malarian 
for  wet  fever-regions.  It  is  found  fossil  in  the  miocene  formation 
of  many  parts  of  Europe. .  The  wood  is  fine-grained,  hard,  strong, 
light,  elastic  and  very  durable,  splits  well,  and  thus  much  used  for 
shingles,  rails,  cabinet  work  and  planks  ;  it  is  almost  indestructible 
in  water.  The  tree  requires  a  rich  soil,  a  well-sheltered  site,  with 
much  moisture  and  good  drainage  (Lawson).  It  yields  an  essential 
oil  and  a  superior  kind  of  turpentine.  Useful  for  avenues  on 
swampy  margins  of  lakes  or  river  banks.  Porch er  says,  "  This 
tree,  lifting  its  giant  form  above  the  others,  gives  a  striking 
feature  to  many  of  the  swamps  of  Carolina  and  Georgia  ;  they 
seem  like  watch-towers  for  the  feathered  race." 

Taxodium  mucronatum,  Teno. 

The  famed  Montezuma  Cypress  of  Mexico,  120  feet  high,  with  a 
trunk  44  feet  in  circumference  ;  it  forms  extensive  forests  between 
Chapultepec  and  Tescuco. 

Taxus  baccata,  Linne. 

Yew.  Middle  and  South  Europe  and  Asia,  at  one  thousand 
(1,000)  to  ten  thousand  (10,000)  feet  elevation.  Generally  a 
shrub,  sometimes  a  tree  100  feet  high,  which  furnishes  a 


330  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

yellow  or  brown  wood,  exceedingly  tough,  elastic  and  durable,  and 
much  esteemed  by  turners  ;  one  of  the  best  of  all  woods  for  bows. 
Simmonds  observed  that  "  a  post  of  Yew  will  outlast  a  post  of 
iron."  Much  esteemed  for  pumps,  piles,  water-pipes,  as  more 
lasting  than  any  other  wood  ;  also  for  particular  musical  instru- 
ments, the  strongest  axletrees,  etc.  (Simmonds).  The  tree  is  of 
very  slow  growth,  and  attains  a  great  age,  perhaps  several 
thousand  years  ;  some  ancient  ones  are  known  with  a  stem  of  50 
feet  in  girth.  It  should  be  kept  out  of  the  reach  of  grazing 
animals,  as  leaves  and  fruit  are  deadly  poisonous. 

Taxus  brevifolia,  Nuttall.     (T.  Lindleyana,  Lawson.) 

North- West  America.  "Western  Yew.  A  stately  tree,  75  feet 
high,  wdth  a  stem  of  5  feet  in  circumference.  Wood  beautifully 
white  or  slightly  yellow,  as  fine  and  close-grained  as  the  European 
Yew.  The  Indians  use  it  for  their  bows. 

Tectona  grandis,  Linne  fil.* 

The  Teak  of  South  Asia.  This  superb  timber  tree  has  its  northern 
limit  in  Bandalkhand,  at  elevations  of  three  thousand  (3,000) 
feet,  ascending  to  four  thousand  (4,000)  feet ;  but  then  not  of  tall 
size.  In  Western  India,  according  to  Stewart  and  Brandis,  frost 
is  not  uncommon  in  the  teak  districts.  Teak  wood  is  held  in  the 
highest  esteem  by  ship-builders,  for  the  backing  of  ironclad  men-of- 
war  preferred  to  any  other  wood ;  also  used  by  cabinet-makers, 
for  the  panels  of  coaches,  etc.  It  scarcely  shrinks. 

Teinostachyum  attenuatum,  Munro. 

The  hardy  bamboo  of  Ceylon,  there  growing  on  the  mountains  at 
elevations  between  four  thousand  (4,000)  to  six  thousand  (6,000) 
feet.  It  attains  a  height  of  25  feet. 

Telfairia  pedata,  Hooker. 

Mozambique.  A  cucurbitaceous  climber  with  perennial  stems,  attain- 
ing a  length  of  100  feet,  with  fringed  lilac  flowers  of  extraordinary 
beauty  and  with  fruits  attaining  a  weight  of  60  Ibs.  and  containing 
at  times  as  many  as  500  large  seeds.  The  latter  in  a  boiled  state 
are  edible  or  a  large  quantity  of  oil  can  be  pressed  from  them. 
The  root  is  fleshy.  A  second  huge  species  of  similar  use,  T. 
occidentalis  (J.  Hook.),  occurs  in  Guinea. 

Terfezia  leonis,  Tulasne. 

South  Europe,  North  America.  This  edible  Truffle,  together  with 
other  species  of  this  and  other  genera,  is  deserving  of  naturali- 
sation. 


IN  EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  331 

Terminalia  Buceras,  J.  Hooker.     (Bucida,  Buceras,  Linne.) 

From  the  Antilles  to  Brazil.  One  of  the  Mangrove  trees,  thus 
living  in  salt  water.  Possibly  hardy  and  calculated  to  consolidate 
mud  shores.  The  Tussa  silkworm  inhabits,  among  other  trees, 
several  Terminalias. 

Terminalia  Catappa,  Linne. 

India,  ascending  mountain  regions.  Few  trees,  as  stated  by  Rox- 
burgh, surpass  this  in  elegance  and  beauty.  We  have  yet  to  learn 
whether  it  can  be  naturalised  in  temperate  climes,  which  it  especially 
deserves  for  its  nuts.  Several  species  extend  in  East  Australia  to 
sub-tropical  latitudes.  The  seeds  are  almond-like,  of  filbert  taste, 
and  wholesome.  The  astringent  fruits  of  several  other  species 
form  an  article  of  trade,  sought  for  a  lasting  black  dye.  T.  parvi- 
flora  (Thwaites)  forms  a  large  tree  in  Ceylon,  at  elevations  up  to 
4,000  feet. 

Terminalia  Chebula,  Retzius. 

On  the  drier  mountains  of  India.  The  seeds  of  this  tree  are  of 
hazel  taste ;  the  galls  of  the  leaves  and  also  the  young  fruits,  known 
as  Myrobalams,  serve  for  superior  dye  and  tanning  material.  Some 
other  congeners  serve  the  same  purpose. 

Tetragonia  expansa,  Murray. 

The  New  Zealand  Spinach,  occurring  also  on  many  places  of  the 
coast  and  in  the  desert  interior  of  Australia.  Known  also  from 
New  Caledonia,  China,  Japan  and  Yaldivia.  An  annual  herb, 
useful  as  a  culinary  vegetable,  also  for  binding  drift-sand. 

Tetragonia  implexicoma,  J.  Hooker. 

Extra-tropical  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Chatham  Island.  A 
frutescent,  widely  expanding  plant,  forming  often  large  natural 
festoons,  or  trailing  and  climbing  over  rocks  and  sand,  never  away 
from  the  coast.  •  As  a  Spinach  plant  it  is  as  valuable  as  the  preceding 
species.  It  is  well  adapted  for  the  formation  of  bowers  in  arid 
places  ;  it  helps  also  to  bind  sand.  T.  trigyna  (Banks  and  Solander) 
seems  identical. 

Tetranthera  Californica,  Hooker  and  Arnott.*     (Oreodaplme  Cali- 
fornica,  Nees.) 

Oregon  and  California,  where  it  is  called  the  Mountain  Laurel  or 
Bay  Tree.  On  the  banks  of  rivers  attaining  a  height  of  100  feet, 
throughout  pervaded  by  a  somewhat  camphoric  odour.  Wood  hard, 
close-grained,  durable,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  easily  worked, 
used  for  superior  flooring,  turnery,  and  manifold  other  select  work. 
The  tree  is  easily  cultivated,  but  not  of  quick  growth.  (Dr.  Behr 
and  Prof.  Bolander.) 


332  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Tetranthera  calophylla,  Miquel      (Cylicodaplme  sebi/era,  Blume.) 

Mountains  of  Java  and  the  Neilgherries.  From  the  kernels  of  the 
berries  a  tallow-like  fat  is  pressed  for  the  manufacture  of  candles. 
The  yield  is  comparatively  large.  Trial  cultures  with  this  tree 
might  be  instituted  in  humid  forest  valleys.  T.  laurifolia  (Jacq.), 
of  tropical  Asia  and  Australia,  and  T.  japonica  (Sprengel),  are 
noted  as  similarly  utilitarian. 

Teucrium  Marum,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  A  small  somewhat  shrubby 
plant,  in  use  for  the  sake  of  its  scent,  containing  a  peculiar  stearopten. 
T.  Scordium  (L.),  from  Europe  aud  Middle  Asia,  T.  Chamaedrys 
(L.),  T.  Folium  (L.),  amd  T.  Creticum  (L.),  from  South  Europe,  are 
occasionally  drawn  into  medical  use.  All  these,  together  with  many 
other  species  from  various  countries,  are  pleasantly  odorous. 

Thapsia  edulis,  Bentham.     (Monizia  edulis,  Lowe.) 

On  the  Island  of  Deserte  Grande,  near  Madeira,  where  it  is  called 
the  Carrot-tree.  It  might  be  of  some  use  to  bring  this  almost 
shrubby  umbellate  to  the  cliffs  of  our  shores;  though  the  root  is 
inferior  to  a  carrot,  perhaps  cultivation  would  improve  it.  T. 
decipiens,  Benth.  (Melanoselinum  decipiens,  Lowe),  from  Maderia, 
is  of  palm-like  habit  Jind  desirable  for  scenic  effects  of  plant- 
grouping. 

Theligonum  cynocrambe,  Linne. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  An  annual  Spinach 
plant  of  somewhat  aperient  effect. 

Thouarea  sarmentosa,  Persoon. 

Tropical  shores  of  the  eastern  hemisphere.  This  curious  and  tender 
grass  might  be  easily  introduced,  to  help  binding  the  sand  on  sea- 
beaches. 

Thrinax  parviflora,  Swartz. 

South  Florida,  West  India,  and  also  on  the  Continent  of  Central 
America.  The  stem  of  this  Fan  Palm  attains  a  height  of  25  feet, 
or  according  to  Chapman  40  feet,  but  extremely  slender.  It 
belongs  to  the  sand  tracts  of  the  coast ;  hardy  in  the  South  of 
France  to  43°  32'  1ST.  lat.  (Naudin).  The  fibre  of  this  Palm  forms 
material  for  ropes.  T.  argentea  (Lodd.)  is  a  closely  allied  Palm. 
The  few  other  species  of  the  genus  deserve  also  trial  culture. 

Thuya  gigantea,  Nuttall. 

North-West  America.  The  Yellow  Cypress  of  the  Colonists,  also 
known  as  Oregon  Red  Cedar.  A  straight  graceful  tree,  200  ft.  high ;  in 
instances  known  to  have  attained  even  a  height  of  325  feet,  with  a 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  333 

stem  22  feet  in  diameter  ;  furnishing  a  valuable  building-timber  of  a 
pale  or  light-yellow  colour,  known  as  the  Oregon  White  Cedar-wood, 
susceptible  of  high  polish.  It  is  light,  soft,  smooth,  and  durable, 
and  makes  the  finest  sashes,  doors,  mouldings,  and  similar  articles 
(Vasey).  Canoes  carrying  4  tons  have  been  obtained  out  of  one 
stem.  The  bast  can  be  converted  into  ropes  and  mats.  The  tree 
can  be  trained  into  hedges  and  bowers.  To  Thuya  are  referred  by 
Bentham  and  Hooker  all  the  Cypresses  of  the  sections  Chamaecy- 
paris  and  Retinospora. 

Thuyopsis  dolabrata,  Siebold  and  Zuccarini. 

The  Akeki  of  Japan.  A  majestic  tree,  of  conical  shape  and  droop- 
ing habit,  50  feet  high,  attaining  a  stem  3  feet  in  diameter.  It 
delights  in  shaded  and  rather  moist  situations,  used  in  China 
and  Japan  for  avenues.  Quite  hardy  in  England  (Hoopes).  It 
furnishes  an  excellent  hard  timber  of  a  red  colour. 

Thuya  occidentalis,  Linne. 

North  America,  extending  to  Carolina  and  Canada.  Northern 
White  Cedar,  or  Arbor  vitae.  A  fine  tree,  70  feet  high  ;  the  wood 
is  reddish  or  yellowish,  fine-grained,  very  tough  and  resinous,  light, 
soft,  durable,  and  well  fit  for  building,  especially  for  water-work 
and  railway  ties,  also  for  turnery  and  machinery.  Michaux  men- 
tions that  posts  of  this  wood  last  forty  years  ;  a  house  built  of  it 
was  found  perfectly  sound  after  sixty  years.  It  prefers  moist  soil. 
Valuable  for  hedge  copses  ;  it  can  also  be  trained  into  garden 
bowers.  Porcher  says  that  it  makes  the  finest  ornamental  hedge  or 
screen  in  the  United  States,  attaining  any  required  height  and 
being  very  compact  and  beautiful ;  such  hedges,  indeed,  were  ob- 
served by  the  writer  himself  many  years  ago  in  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
The  shoots  and  also  an  essential  oil  of  this  tree  are  used  in 
medicine;  the  bast  can  be  converted  into  ropes.  The  branches 
serve  for  brooms. 

Thymelsea  tinctoria,  Endlicher.     (Passerina  tinctoria,  Pourr.) 

Portugal,  Spain,  South  France.  A  small  shrub.  It  yields  a  yellow 
dye.  Cursorily  it  may  be  noted  here  that  some  of  the  Australian 
Pimelese  contain  a  blue  pigment,  which  has  not  yet  been  fully  tested. 
Their  bark  produces  more  or  less  of  daphnin  and  of  the  volatile 
acrid  principle  for  which  the  bark  of  Daphne  Mezereum  (L.)  is 
used.  These  are  remarkably  developed  in  the  Victorian  Pimelea 
stricta  (Meissn).  The  bark  of  many  is  also  pervaded  by  a  tough 
fibre,  that  of  the  tall  Pimelea  clavata  (Labill.),  a  West  Australian 
bush,  being  particularly  tenacious,  and  used  for  whips. 


334  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Thymus  capitatus,  Hoffman  and  Link.     (Satureja  capitata,  Linne.) 

Around  the  whole  Mediterranean  Sea.  Since  the  times  of  Hippocrates? 
Theophrastos,  and  Galenus,  this  small  scented  shrub  has  been 
employed  in  medicine. 

Thymus  mastichina,  Linne. 

Spain,  Portugal,  Morocco.  A  half-shrub  of  agreeable  scent,  used 
also  occasionally  in  medicine. 

Thymus  serpillum,  Linne. 

Europe,  Western  Asia.  A  perennial  herb  of  some  medicinal  value- 
It  would  live  on  the  highest  Alps.  An  essential  oil  can  be  obtained 
from  it.  One  particular  variety  is  lemon-scented. 

Thymus  vulgaris,  Linne. 

The  Garden  Thyme.  South  Europe.  This  small  shrubby  plant  is 
available  for  scent  and  for  condiments.  It  is  also  well  adapted  for 
forming  garden-edges.  The  essential  oil  of  this  plant  can  be  sepa- 
rated into  the  crystalline  thymol  and  the  liquid  thymen  and  cymol. 
T.  aestivus  (Ruet.)  and  T.  hiemalis  (Lange.)  are  closely  cognate 
plants.  Several  other  species  with  aromatic  scent  occur  on  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

Tilia  Americana,  Linne. 

The  Basswood  Tree  or  North  American  Linden  Tree,  growing  to 
52°  north  latitude.  Height  of  tree  80  feet,  diameter  of  stem  4  feet. 
The  wood  is  close-grained  and  firm,  as  soft  as  deal ;  used  in  the 
construction  of  musical  instruments,  particularly  pianofortes. 
Specially  valuable  for  the  cutting-boards  of  curriers  and  shoe- 
makers, bowls,  pails,  shovels,  panelling  of  carriages  (Robb).  As 
the  wood  is  free  of  knots  it  is  particularly  eligible  for  turnery  and 
carving,  and  certain  portions  of  machinery.  The  tree  is  highly 
valued  for  street-planting  in  its  native  land.  It  also  furnishes  the 
linden  bast.  Tilia  heterophylla  (Vent.),  the  Silver  Lime  of  North 
America,  and  Tilia  Manchurica  (Rupr.),  of  South  Siberia  might  be 
tested. 

Tilia  argent ea,  Desfontaines.* 

The  Silver  Lime-tree  of  South-East  Europe.  The  wood  is  not 
attacked  by  boring  insects.  The  flowers  are  deliciously  fragrant 
and  yield  on  distillation  a  precious  oil. 

Tilia  Europsea,  Linne. 

The  common  Lime  of  Europe,  extending  naturally  to  Japan,  the 
large-leaved  variety  of  South  European  origin.  Height  up  to  120 
feet,  exceptionally  50  feet  in  girth.  The  wood  pale,  soft,  and  close- 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  335 

grained ;  sought  for  turnery,  piano-keys,  carving,  and  by  shoe- 
makers and  glovers  to  cut  the  leather  on  it ;  also  for  toys 
(Simmonds).  The  flowers  yield  a  highly  aromatic  honey  (Meehan). 
The  bast  excellent  for  mats. 

Tillandsia  usneoides,  Linne. 

From  Carolina  and  Florida  to  Uruguay  and  Chili,  on  trees.  Might 
be  naturalised  in  forests.  In  its  native  country  a  favourite  material 
for  upholsterers'  work. 

Tinguarra  Sicula,  Parlatore. 

In  the  countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  root  is  edible  and 
celery-like. 

Todea  Africana,  Willdenow. 

South  Africa,  South-East  Australia,  New  Zealand.  Most  important 
for  scenic  effects  in  wet  places  ;  as  an  export  article  the  aged  stems 
of  this  fern  are  much  sought,  and  endured  wide  transits,  which 
were  initiated  by  the  writer.  Stems  weighing  above  a  ton  have 
been  found  bearing  from  500  to  600  fronds.  Supplies  of  this 
massive  fern  in  the  gullies  to  be  maintained  for  future  generations 
by  the  artificial  dispersion  of  the  dust-like  spores. 

Torreya  Californica,  Torrey.     (T.  myristica,  Hooker.) 

In  California,  extending  from  the  coast  to  the  Sierras.  A  sym- 
metrical tree,  100  feet  high,  with  a  clear  and  straight  trunk  of 
30  feet,  6  feet  in  diameter  (Dr.  Gibbons).  The  wood  is  hard  and 
firm. 

Torreya  grandis,  Fortune. 

The  Kaya  of  China.  A  tree  60  feet  high  with  an  umbrella-shaped 
crown ;  it  produces  good  timber. 

Torreya  nucifera,  S.  and  Z.     (Caryotaxus  nucifera,  Zuccarini.) 

Japan.  Height  of  tree  about  30  feet.  From  the  nuts  the  Japanese 
press  an  oil  used  as  an  article  of  food.  The  wood  is  highly  valued 
in  Japan  by  coopers,  also  used  by  turners ;  it  resembles  boxwood 
(Dupont). 

Torreya  taxifolia,  Arnott. 

Florida.  A  tree  50  feet  in  height,  with  a  firm  close-grained  durable 
wood  of  a  reddish  colour.  Yery  durable  also  underground. 
Prostrated  trees  did  hot  decay  in  half  a  century.  Dry  timber  very 
light,  fine-grained,  slightly  more  yellow  than  that  of  the  White 
Pine  (P.  J.  White).  It  yields  a  red  turpentine  (Hoopes.) 


336  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Touchardia  latifolia,  Gaudichaud. 

In  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  A  shrub  allied  to  Boehmeria  nivea, 
yielding  a  tough  and  easily  separable  fibre,  as  shown  by  Dr.  Hille- 
brand.  Probably  best  adapted  for  humid  warm  gullies. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius,  Linne. 

The  Salsify.  Middle  and  Southern  Europe,  Middle  Asia.  Biennial. 
The  root  of  this  herb  is  well  known  as  a  useful  culinary  vegetable. 

Trapa  bicornis,  Linne  fil.* 

The  Leiig  or  Ling  or  Links  of  China.  The  nuts  of  this  water-plant 
are  extensively  brought  to  market  in  that  country.  The  horns  of 
the  fruit  are  blunt.  The  kernel,  like  that  of  the  two  following 
species,  is  of  an  excellent  taste.  The  plant  is  regularly  cultivated 
in  lakes  and  ponds  of  China. 

Trapa  bispinosa,  Roxburgh.* 

Middle  and  South  Asia,  where  it  is  called  "Singhara,"  extending  to 
Ceylon  and  J  apan ;  found  also  in  Africa  as  far  south  as  the  Zambezi. 
The  nuts  are  often  worked  into  starch.  They  can  be  converted  into 
most  palatable  cakes  or  porridge.  They  may  be  stored  for  food. 
The  produce  is  copious  and  cheaply  maintained  by  spontaneous 
redissemination.  It  lasts  through  several  years.  In  some  countries, 
for  instance  in  Cashmere,  the  nuts  form  an  important  staple  of  food 
to  the  population.  To  this  species  probably  belong  T.  Cochin 
Chinensis  (Lour.)  and  T.  incisa  (Sieb.  and  Zucc.). 

Trapa  natans,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  "Waternut.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  Middle  Asia, 
North  and  Central  Africa.  Recorded  as  an  annual.  T.  quadri- 
spinosa  (Roxb.),  from  Sylhet,  is  an  allied  plant. 

Trichodesma  Zeylanicum,  Brown. 

From  Abyssinia  and  South  Asia  to  extra-tropical  Australia.  An 
annual  herb,  perhaps  available  for  green  manure.  The  dromedaries 
show  an  extraordinary  predilection  for  this  herb  (Giles).  Several 
other  species  deserve  trial  for  fodder. 

Tricholsena  rosea,  Nees. 

South  Africa.  This  perennial  grass  promises  to  become  valuable 
for  desert  country,  together  with  T.  Teneriffse  and  other  congeners. 

Trifolium  agrarium,  Linne. 

The  perennial  Yellow  Clover  or  Hop  Clover.  All  Europe,  Western 
Asia.  Of  considerable  value  in  sandy  soil  as  a  fodder-herb.  It  is 
easily  naturalised. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  337 

Trifolium  Alexandrinum,  Linne.* 

The  Bersin  Clover.  North-eastern  Africa,  South-western  Asia, 
South  Europe.  Much  grown  for  forage  in  Egypt,  where  it  is  used 
as  the  main  fodder.  On  the  Nile  it  gives  three  green  crops  during 
the  season,  each  up  to  2  feet  high.  Seeds  of  this  and  other  clovers 
must  be  sifted  to  free  them  from  the  destructive  Dodder-plants  or 
Cuscutas.  About  20  Ibs.  of  seeds  are  required  for  an  acre  (Morton). 
Recorded  as  annual. 

Trifolium  Alpestre,  Linne. 

Europe,  West  Asia.  Perennial.  Content  with  lighter  soil  than 
that  needed  for  most  Clovers,  but  its  constituents  must  be  fairly 
marly  or  limy.  It  is  early  out  and  very  palatable  (Langethal). 

Trifolium  fragiferum,  Linne. 

The  Strawberry  Clover.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle  and  North 
Asia.  A  perennial  species,  well  adapted  for  clay  soils.  Foliage 
closer  and  more  tender  than  that  of  the  white  clover,  but  its 
vegetation  later  (iLangethal).  Morton  recommends  it  for  moist 
sandy  soil. 

Trifolium  hybridum,  Linne.* 

The  Alsike  Clover.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Western  Asia.  A 
valuable  perennial  pasture-herb,  particularly  for  swampy  localities. 
It  succeeds  where  the  ground  becomes  too  sandy  for  Lucerne  and 
too  wet  for  Red  Clover,  but  does  not  withstand  drought  so  well, 
while  it  produces  a  heavier  bulk  of  forage  than  White  Clover  and 
maintains  its  ground  when  such  has  become  too  much  exhausted 
for  other  Clovers.  The  seed  being  very  small  less  than  half  the 
quantity  is  required  for  the  same  area  than  of  Red  Clover. 

Trifolium  incarnatum,  Linne. 

The  Carnation  Clover,  also  called  Crimson  or  Italian  Clover 
Middle  and  South  Europe.  Though  annual  only,  or  sometimeL 
biennial,  it  is  valued  in  some  of  the  systems  of  rotations  of  crops. 
In  the  South  of  England  it  is  much  sown  on  harrowed  stubble 
fields  to  obtain  an  early  fodder  of  great  fattening  value.  It  forms 
particularly  a  good  fodder  for  sheep  ;  it  is  recommended  especially 
for  gypsum  regions.  A  white  flowering  variety  exists.  Bees  are 
very  fond  of  it  (Darwin). 

Trifolium  medium,  Linne.* 

The  Red  Zigzag  Clover.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia.  A  deep- 
rooting,  wide-creeping  perennial  herb,  much  better  adapted  for  dry- 
sandy  places  than  T.  pratense.  It  would  also  endure  the  inclemency 
of  the  clime  of  higher  alpine  regions  if  disseminated  there.  One  of 


338  SELECT    PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

the  best  Clovers  for  forest  regions.  For  regular  culture  it  needs 
lime,  like  most  plants  of  its  class.  More  hardy  than  T.  hybridum, 
less  productive  than  T.  pratense  (Langethal).  It  ought  not  to  be 
omitted  among  mixed  clovers  and  grasses.  According  to  Morton  it 
is  not  so  much  sought  and  relished  by  grazing-animals  as  many 
other  clovers.  T.  Quartinianum  (A.  Rich.)  is  an  allied  plant  from 
Abyssinia,  where  several  endemic  species  exist.  Some  of  the  twenty- 
five  known  Californian  Clovers  would  deserve  a  test  culture. 

Trifolium  montanum,  Linne. 

Europe,  West  Asia.  Perennial.  Not  without  importance  for  limy  or 
marly  ground. 

Trifolium  ochroleucum,  Linne\ 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  West  Asia.  Pale-yellow  Clover.  Peren- 
nial. This  species  is  much  cultivated  in  Upper  Italy ;  its  value  is 
that  of  T.  medium  (Langethal). 

Trifolium  Pannonicum,  Jacquin. 

The  Hungarian  Clover.  Perennial.  Earlier  in  the  season  than 
Red  Clover,  to  which  it  is  allied,  but  less  tender  in  foliage 
(Morton). 

Trifolium  pratense,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  Red  Clover.  All  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and 
Middle  Asia,  extending  to  Japan.  A  biennial,  or  under  special 
circumstances,  also  perennial  herb,  of  great  importance  for  stable 
fodder.  The  perennial  variety  passes  under  the  name  of  Cow-clover, 
by  which  name  also  T.  medium  is  sometimes  designated.  Highly  recom- 
mendable  for  permanent  pastures,  particularly  in  cool  humid  climes, 
as  it  continues  to  grow  year  after  year  and  produces  a  large  amount 
of  herbage  (Dr.  Curl).  It  prefers  rich  soil,  and  particularly  soil 
that  is  not  devoid  of  lime ;  gypsum  dressings  are  recommendable  for 
its  fields.  It  enters  very  advantageously  into  the  rotation  system 
of  crops.  This  species  also  would  live  in  alpine  regions,  where  it 
would  much  enrich  the  pastures.  Nectar  sucked  by  humble  bees, 
which  also  tends  to  facilitate  the  production  of  seeds. 

Trifolium  reflexum,  Linne.* 

North  America.  The  Buffalo  or  Pensylvanian  Clover.  Annual 
or  biennial ;  flower-heads  larger  than  those  of  the  Red  Clover ; 
likes  alluvial  flats. 

Trifolium  rep  ens,  Linne.* 

The  ordinary  White  Clover.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and 
Middle  Asia,  Sub- Arctic  America.  Perennial.  Most  valuable  as 
a  fodder  plant  on  grazing  land.  It  has  a  predilection  for  moist  soil, 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  339 

but  springs  again  from  dry  spots  after  rain.  It  likes  soil  contain- 
ing lime,  prospers  on  poorer  ground  than  Red  Clover,  is  more 
nourishing  and  better  digested  and  less  exhaustive  to  the  soil. 
Dressing  with  gypsum  vastly  enhances  the  value  and  productive- 
ness of  any  clover-field. 

Trifolium  resupinatum,  Linne". 

The  annual  Strawberry  Clover.  From  South  Europe  and  North 
Africa  to  Persia;  also  in  the  Canary  Islands  and  Azores.  Admitted 
here,  though  annual,  as  this  clover  is  cultivated  with  predilection 
in  Upper  India  ;  of  tall  growth  and  succulent  foliage. 

Trifolum  spadiceum,  Linne. 

Brown  Clover.  Europe,  West  Asia.  Though  only  annual  or  bien- 
nial, this  has  been  recommended  for  wet  sandy  moorland,  on  which 
it  redisseminates  itself  with  readiness. 

Trifolium  subrotundum,  Hochstetter. 

The  Mayad  Clover.  North  and  Middle  Africa,  ascending  to  9,000 
feet.  A  perennial  species,  in  its  native  countries  utilised  with 
advantage  for  Clever  culture.  This  by  no  means  closes  the  list  of 
the  Clovers  desirable  for  introduction,  inasmuch  as  about  150  well- 
marked  species  are  recognised,  many  doubtless  of  value  for  pasture. 
But  the  notes  of  rural  observers  on  any  of  these  kinds  are  so  spar- 
ingly extant  that  much  uncertainty  about  the  yield  and  nutritive 
value  of  various  kinds  continues  to  .  prevail.  Most  Clovers 
come  from  the  temperate  zone  of  Europe  and  Asia ;  only 
two  are  indigenous  to  the  eastern  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  none  occur  in  Australia,  few  are  found  in  South  Africa, 
several  in  California  and  the  adjoining  countries,  several  also  in 
Chili ;  no  species  is  peculiar  to  Japan. 

Trigonella  Fcenum  Graecum,  Linne. 

Countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  seeds  of  this  annual 
herb  find  their  use  in  veterinary  medicine. 

Trigonella  suavissima,  Lindley. 

Interior  of  Australia,  from  the  Murray  River  and  its  tributaries  to 
the  vicinity  of  Shark's  Bay.  This  perennial,  fragrant,  clover-like 
plant  proved  a  good  pasture  herb.  A  lithogram,  illustrating  this 
plant,  occurs  in  the  work  on  the  "Plants  Indigenous  to  Victoria." 
Some  of  the  many  European,  Asiatic,  and  African  plants  of  this 
genus  deserve  our  local  tests. 

Triphasia  Aurantiola,  Loureiro. 

South-East  Asia.  This  shrub  is  worth  cultivation  for  the  exquisite 
fragrance  of  its  flowers.  The  fruits,  though  small,  are  of  pleasant 


340  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

sweetness.     The  plant  may  prove  also  adapted  for  hedges.     Glycos- 
mis  citrifolia  (Lindley)  and  Claussena  punctata  (Oliva),  also  both 
East  Asiatic  fruit  shrubs,  may  possibly  show  themselves  hardy  in 
.   sheltered  forest  regions  of  temperate  clime. 

Tripsacum  dactyloides,  Linne. 

Central  and  North  America ;  known  vernacularly  as  Gama  Grass. 
A  reedy  perennial  grass,  more  ornamental  than  utilitarian.  It  is 
the  original  Buffalo  Grass,  and  attains  a  height  of  7  feet,  assuming 
the  aspect  of  maize.  It  is  of  inferior  value  for  fodder,  but  serves 
for  binding  sand.  C.  Mohr  however  regards  it  as  a  valuable  fodder- 
grass.  The  seeds  are  available  for  food. 

Tristania  conferta,  R.  Brown. 

New  South  Wales  and  Queensland.  A  noble  shady  tree,  attaining 
a  height  of  150  feet.  It  is  not  only  eligible  as  an  avenue  tree,  but 
also  as  producing  select,  lasting  timber ;  ribs  of  vessels  from  this 
tree  have  lasted  unimpaired  thirty  years  and  more. 

Trithrinax  Acanthocoma,  Drude. 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  in  dry  elevations.  A  dwarf  Fan  Palm  for  win- 
dow or  table  decoration,  attaining  only  a  height  of  6  feet ;  foliage 
not  leathery. 

Trithrinax  Brasiliensis,  Martius. 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  Parana,  Uruguay  and  Paraguay.  A  very 
hardy  Palm,  not  tall. 

Trithrinax  campestris,  Drude. * 

Argentina,  as  far  south  as  32°  40'.  Height  30  feet.  One  of  the 
most  southern  of  all  Palms.  Content  with  even  less  humidity  than 
Chamaerops  humilis.  The  leaves  are  almost  of  a  woody  hardness 
and  stiffer  than  those  of  any  other  Palm  (Drude).  Germination 
from  seeds  easy  (Lorentz  and  Hieronymus).  Another  species  occurs 
in  Southern  Bolivia. 

Triticum  junceum,  Linne. 

Europe  and  North  Africa.  A  rigid  grass  with  pungent  leaves  and 
extensively  creeping  roots,  requiring  sea-sand  for  its  permanent 
growth.  One  of  the  best  grasses  to  keep  rolling  sand-ridges  together, 
and  particularly  eligible  where  cattle  and  other  domestic  animals 
cannot  readily  be  prevented  from  getting  access. 

Triticum  vulgar e,  Villars.* 

The  wheat.  Apparently  arisen  through  culture  from  ^Egilops 
ovata  (L.),  and  then  a  South  European,  North  African,  and 
Oriental  plant.  Traced  back  as  an  Egyptian,  and  indeed  also 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  341 

Chinese  culture  plant,  to  nearly  5,000  years.  In  Japan  wheat  is  of 
extraordinary  precocity  (Lartigne),  and  it  is  greatly  recommended 
as  a  forage  plant.  This  is  not  the  place  to  enter  into  details  about 
a  plant  universally  known ;  it  may  therefore  suffice  merely  to  men- 
tion that  three  primary  varieties  must  be  distinguished  between  the 
very  numerous  sorts  of  cultivated  Wheat :  1.  Var.  muticum,  T. 
hybernum  (L.),  the  Winter  Wheat  or  Unbearded  Wheat ;  2.  Var. 
aristatum,  T.  sestivum  (L.),  the  Summer  Wheat  or  Bearded  Wheat ; 
3.  Var.  adhrerens,  T.  Spelta  '(L.),  Wheat  with  fragile  axis  and  ad- 
herent grain.  Metzger  enumerates  as  distinct  kinds  of  cultivated 
Wheat  :— 

T.  vulgare  (Vill.),  which  includes  among  other  varieties  the  ordinary 
Spring  Wheat,  the  Fox  Wheat,  and  the  Kentish  Wheat.  It  com- 
prises also  the  best  Italian  sorts  for  plaiting  straw  bonnets  and 
straw  hats,  for  which  only  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  is  used, 
collected  before  the  ripening  of  the  grain,  and  bleached  through 
exposure  to  the  sun  while  kept  moistened. 

T.  turgidum  (L.),  comprising  some  varieties  of  White  and  Red  Wheat, 
also  the  Clock  Wheat  and  the  Revet  Wheat. 

T.  durum  (Desfont.),  which  contains  some  sorts  of  the  Bearded  Wheat. 

T.  Polonicum  (L.),  the  Polish  Wheat,  some  kind  of  which  is  well 
adapted  for  peeled  Wheat. 

T.  Spelta  (L.),  the  Spelt  Corn  or  Dinkel  Wheat,  a  kind  not  readily 
subject  to  disease,  succeeding  on  soil  of  very  limited  fertility,  not 
easily  attacked  by  birds,  furnishing  a  flour  of  excellence  for  cakes, 
also  yielding  a  superior  grain  for  peeled  Wheat.  For  preparing  the 
latter  it  is  necessary  to  collect  the  spikes  while  yet  somewhat  green, 
and  to  dry  them  in  baking-houses. 

T.  dicoccum  (Schrank).  (T.  amyleum,  Ser.)  The  Emmer  Wheat. 
Its  varieties  are  content  with  and  prolific  on  poor  soil,  produce 
excellent  starch,  are  mostly  hardy  in  frost  and  not  subject  to 
diseases.  To  this  belongs  the  Arras  Wheat  of  Abyssinia,  where  a 
few  other  peculiar  sorts  of  Wheat  are  to  be  found.  A  large-grained 
variety  of  Wheat  is  baked  in  Persia  like  rice  (Colvill). 

T.  monococcum  (L.).  St.  Peter's  Corn,  which  is  hardier  than  most  other 
Wheats  ;  exists  in  the  poorest  soils,  but  produces  grains  less  adapted 
for  flour  than  for  peeled  Wheat. 

Tropseolum  majus,  Linne. 

Peru.  This  showy  perennial  climber  passes  with  impropriety  under 
the  name  of  Nasturtium.  The  herbage  and  flowers  serve  as  cress, 
and  are  also  considered  antiscorbutic.  A  smaller  species  T.  minus 
(L.),  also  from  Peru,  can  likewise  be  chosen  for  a  cress-salad;  both 
besides  furnish  in  their  flower-buds  and  young  fruits  a  substitute 
for  capers.  A  volatile  oil  of  burning  taste  can  be  distilled  from  the 
foliage  of  both,  and  this  is  more  acrid  even  than  the  distilled  oil  of 


342  SELECT    PLANTS    FOB    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

mustard  seeds.  In  colder  countries  these  plants  are  only  of  one 
year's  duration.  Numerous  other  species,  all  highly  ornamental, 
occur  in  South  America,  and  a  few  also  in  Mexico. 

Tropaeolum,  sessilifolium,  Pceppig. 

Chili.  Among  the  species  of  this  genus  one  of  the  most  eligible  for 
its  tubers,  which  can  be  consumed  even  in  a  raw  state,  and  are 
larger  than  those  of  most  other  Tropseolums,  while  the  stems  are 
short  and  procumbent  (Philippi). 

Tropaeolum  tuberosum,  Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Peru.     The  tuberous  root  serves  as  an  esculent. 

Trophis  Americana,  Linne. 

West  Indian  Archipelagus.  The  foliage  of  this  milky  tree  has  been 
recommended  as  food  for  the  silk-insect.  In  Cuba  and  Jamaica  it 
is  used  as  provender  for  cattle  and  sheep. 

Tuber  sestivum,  Vittadini 

The  Truffle  most  in  the  markets  of  England.  The  White 
British  Truffle,  Chairomyces  meandriformis  (Yitt.),  though  large  is 
valued  less.  In  the  Department  Vaucluse  (France)  alone  about 
60,000  Ibs.  of  Truffles  are  collected  annually  at  a  value  of  about 
.£4,000.  Many  other  kinds  of  Truffles  are  in  use.  The  Australian 
Truffle,  Mylitta  Australis  (Berk.),  or  Notiohydnum  Australe, 
attains  sometimes  the  size  of  the  Cocos-nut,  and  is  also  a  fair 
esculent.  It  seems  also  quite  feasible  to  naturalise  the  best  of 
edible  fungi  of  other  genera,  although  such  may  not  be  amenable  to 
regular  culture.  And  efforts  should  be  made  for  the  introduction 
of  all  the  best  kinds  of  Truffles,  as  an  insight  into  the  manner  in 
which  vegetables  of  the  fungus  species  can  be  transferred  to  wide 
distances  has  gradually  been  obtained.  The  total  value  of  the 
export  of  Truffles  from  France  in  1877  amounted  to  13,567,000 
francs  (Simmonds),  the  total  production  in  that  year  being  valued 
at  20  millions  of  francs.  The  annual  revenue  of  the  Truffle  ground 
of  Carpentras  is,  according  to  Simmonds,  £80,000.  The  great 
White  North  American  Truffle  (Tuber  album)  is  as  white  as  snow 
and  as  tender  as  curds  (Millington). 

Tuber  albidum,  Fries. 

Occurs  with  T.  sestivum,  but  is  smaller  and  less  agreeable  in  taste. 

Tuber  cibarium,  Sibthorp. 

Middle  and  South  Europe.  The  Black  Truffle.  Like  all  others 
growing  underground,  and  generally  found  in  forest  soil  of  lime- 
stone formation.  It  attains  a  weight  of  over  one  pound.  Experi- 
ments for  naturalisation  may  be  effected  with  every  prospect  of 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  343 

success  by  conveying  the  Truffle  in  its  native  soil  and  locating  it 
in  calcareous  places  of  forest  regions.  As  a  condiment,  or  merely 
in  a  roasted  state,  it  affords  an  aromatic  food.  The  famous 
Quercy  or  Perigord  Truffle  is  derived  from  this  species.  T. 
melanosporum  (Vitt.),  from  France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  is  of  a 
still  more  exquisite  taste  than  T.  cibarium — indeed,  of  strawberry 
flavour. 

Tuber  magnatum,  Pico. 

Grey  Truffle.  South  Europe.  One  of  the  most  esteemed  Truffles, 
with  some  garlic  flavour.  Hymenogaster  Bulliardi  (Vitt.),  and 
Melanogaster  variegatus  (Tulasne)  of  South  Europe  are  also  excel- 
lent Truffles. 

Tuber  rufum,  Pico. 

Red  Truffle,  especially  in  vineyards.  Much  used  for  food,  but 
smaller  than  the  Terfezia  Truffles. 

Ulex  Europaeus,  Linne. 

Middle  and  South  Europe,  Azores,  Canary  Islands.  The  Whin, 
Gorse,  or  Furze.  A  bush  important  for  covering  quickly  drift- 
sands  on  coasts.  Too  apt  to  stray  as  a  hedge  plant. 

Ullucus  tuberosus,  Lozano.     (Melloca  tuberosa,  Lindley). 

Andes  of  New  Granada  and  Peru,  up  to  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet. 
A  perennial  herb,  the  tubers  of  which  are  edible. 

Ulmus  alata,  Michaux. 

The  Whahoo  Elm  of  North  America.  Of  quick  growth,  unwedge- 
able,  extending  to  Newfoundland  and  Texas.  Height  of  tree,  40 
feet.  Wood  fine-grained,  heavier  and  stronger  than  that  of  the 
White  Elm,  of  a  dull-red  colour,  used  by  wheelwrights,  but  like 
that  of  U.  Americana  not  equal  to  the  European  Elm. 

Ulmus  Americana,  Linne. * 

The  White  Elm  of  North  America,  also  called  Rock  or  Swamp 
Elm.  A  tree  of  longevity,  fond  of  moist  river-banks.  100 
feet  high,  trunk  60  feet,  5  feet  in  diameter.  Manning  men- 
tions that  trees  have  been  known  to  attain  a  circumference  of  27 
feet  at  3  feet  from  the  ground,  and  of  13  feet  where  the 
branches  burst  forth.  It  is  highly  prized  for  street-planting  in 
North  America.  Can  be  propagated  like  the  European  Elm  from 
suckers.  Almost  indifferent  to  soil.  The  timber  is  light,  used  for 
wheelwrights'  work,  for  tubes,  water-pipes,  bears  driving  of  bolts 
well  (Robb).  It  is  durable  if  either  kept  quite  dry  or  permanently 
submerged  in  water.  TJ.  floridana  (Chapman)  is  a  variety. 


344  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Ulmus  campestris,  Limie.* 

The  ordinary  Elm,  indigenous  to  South  Europe  and  temperate  Asiar 
as  far  east  as  Japan.  Several  marked  varieties,  such  as  the  Cork 
Elm  and  Wych  Elm,  exist.  The  Elm  in  attaining  an  age  of 
several  centuries  becomes  finally  of  enormous  size.  In  Britain 
much  attacked  by  Scolytus  destructor.  The  wood  is  tough,  hard, 
fine-grained,  and  remarkably  durable,  if  constantly  under  water. 
Next  to  the  Yew,  it  is  the  best  of  European  woods,  where  great 
elasticity  is  required,  as  for  archery  bows.  It  is  also  used  for 
keels,  blocks,  wheels,  piles,  pumps,  gun-carriages,  gunwales,  various 
tools,  etc.  Wych  Elm  is  preferred  for  bending  purposes  (Eassie). 
The  bast  is  tough. 

Ulmus  crassifolia,  Nuttal. 

The  evergreen  Elm  of  Mexico,  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

Ulmus  fulva,  Michaux. 

The  Slippery  or  Red  Elm  of  North  America.  60  feet  high. 
Splendid  for  street-planting  (Vasey).  There  is  a  pendant  branched 
variety.  Wood  red,  tenacious.  Useful  for  wagon  hubs  and  wheels 
(Yasey).  Regarded  as  the  best  North  American  wood  for  blocks 
of  rigging,  according  to  Simmonds.  The  leaves  seem  available  for 
food  of  the  silkmoth ;  the  bark  is  employed  in  medicine. 

Ulmus  Mexicana,  Planchon. 

Cordilleras  of  North  America.  This  Elm  attains  a  height  of  60 
feet  or  perhaps  more.  Many  of  these  Elms  are  available  as  quick- 
growing  avenue  trees  for  shade-lines. 

Ulmus  parvifolia,  Jacquin. 

The  evergreen  Elm  of  China,  Japan  and  Queensland.  A  similar 
tree  is  found  on  the  Himalaya  mountains. 

Ulmus  pedunculata,  Fougeraux.     (U.  ciliata,  Ehrhart.) 

Europe  and  Asia,  through  their  middle  zone.     A  fine  avenue-tree. 

Ulmus  racemosa,  Thomas.* 

The  Cork  Elm  of  North  America,  also  called  Western  Rock  Elm. 
Wood  as  valuable  as  that  of  U.  Americana,  but  much  heavier.  It 
is  fine-grained  and  compact,  tough,  flexible,  not  liable  to  split,  holds 
bolts  better  than  most  timber,  extremely  durable  when  constantly 
wet ;  deserves  unqualified  praise  as  a  furniture  wood  for  hardness, 
strength,  beauty,  and  buff-reddish  tint ;  largely  employed  for  piles, 
pumps,  naves,  tackle  blocks,  keels,  heavy  agricultural  implements, 
such  as  mowing  and  threshing  machines,  ploughs,  gunwales  (Robb, 
Sargent). 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  345 

Ulmus  Wallichiana,  Planchon. 

Himalayan  Elm.  In  the  mountains  of  India  from  3,500  feet  to 
10,000  feet.  A  tree  up  to  90  feet  high  with  deciduous  foliage,  the 
stem  attaining  a  girth  of  24  feet. 

Umbellularia  Californica,  Nuttall.     (Oreodaphne  Calijornica,  Nees.) 

Oregon  and  California.  Tree  to  100  feet  high.  "Wood  most  valu- 
able for  cabinet-work,  also  for  the  best  of  flooring ;  that  of  the  root 
splendid  for  turnery. 

Uniola  gracilis,  Michaux. 

North  America.  A  perennial  pasture-grass  of  considerable  value, 
content  with  sandy  soil,  and  liking  the  vicinity  of  the  sea. 

Uniola  latifolia,  Michaux. 

North  America.  This  rather  tall  perennial  grass  forms  large  tufts, 
and  affords  valuable  fodder ;  it  is  best  adapted  for  shady  woodlands 
(C.  Mohr). 

Uniola  paniculata,  Linne. 

North-east  America.  This  tall  maritime  grass  can  be  chosen  on 
account  of  its  creeping  roots  to  bind  rolling  coast-sands. 

Urena  lobata,  Linne. 

Intratropic  girdle  around  the  globe.  This  perennial  herb  has 
recently  been  enumerated  among  plants  with  comparatively  tenacious 
fibre. 

Urginia  Scilla,  Steinheil.     (Scilla  maritima,  Linne.) 

South  Europe,  North  Africa.  The  medicinal  Squill.  The  plant 
needs  no  regular  cultivation,  but  settlers  living  near  the  coast  might 
encourage  its  dissemination,  and  thus  obtain  the  bulbs  as  drug  from 
natural  localities.  Its  peculiar  bitter  principle  is  called  scillitin. 
The  bulb  contains  24  per  cent,  tannin.  U.  altissima  (Baker)  serves 
in  South  Africa  as  Squill. 

Uvularia  sessilifolia,  Linne. 

North  America,  in  forests.  This  pretty  herb  is  mentioned  as 
yielding  a  good  substitute  for  asparagus. 

Vaccinium  alatum,  Dombey.     (Thibaudia  alata,  Dunal.) 

Frigid  regions  of  the  Andes  of  Peru.  A  tall  evergreen  shrub,  with 
pink  berries  of  the  size  of  a  cherry.  This  highly  ornamental  plant 
could  be  grown  in  Sub- Alpine  regions. 


346  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Vaccinium  Arctostaphylos,  Linne. 

On  Mount  Olympus.  The  leaves,  dried  and  slightly  heated,  furnish 
the  Broussa  tea,  the  material  for  a  very  palatable  beverage  (G. 
Maw). 

Vaccinium  tricolor,   F.   v.    Mueller.      (Thibaudia   bicolor,  Ruiz   and 
Pavon.) 

Cold  zones  of  the  Peruvian  Andes.  A  high  evergreen  bush,  with 
red  berries  of  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut.  All  Thibaudias  seem  best  to 
form  a  section  in  the  genus  Vaccinium,  some  species  of  the  latter — 
for  instance,  Vaccinium  Imrayi  (Hook.),  from  Dominica — medi- 
ating the  transit.  The  species  of  the  section  Thibaudia,  as  a 
rule,  produce  red  berries  of  acidulous  grateful  taste.  Many  others 
may  therefore  deserve  culture  in  forest  ravines  or  on  Alpine  heights. 
They  occur  from  Peru  to  Mexico,  also  in  West  India.  One  species, 
Vaccinium  melliflorum  (Thibaudia  melliflora,  R.  and  P.),  has  its 
flowers  rich  in  honey-nectar. 

Vaccinium  caespitosum,  Michaux. 

Canada  and  Northern  States  of  North  America.  A  deciduous- 
leaved  small  bush,  with  bluish  edible  berries.  V.  ovalifolium 
(Smith)  is  an  allied  species. 

Vaccinium  Canadense,  Kalm.* 

From  the  Middle  States  of  North  America  northwards.  A  dwarf 
shrub  in  swampy  ground  of  wood-lands.  Yields,  like  V.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum,  to  which  it  is  allied,  edible  Blueberries  or  Huckleberries. 
Mr.  Marity  calls  the  berries  delicious,  fetching  a  high  price,  up  to 
1 1  dollars  a  bushel,  never  lower  than  5  dollars,  in  New  York.  One 
bush  yields  from  a  pint  to  a  quart  of  berries.  It  thrives  through 
all  grades  of  soil  and  exposure.  The  berries  are  rather  large  and 
aromatic  ;  for  cooking  and  preserves  they  take  precedence  to  any 
other  kind  of  fruit.  They  are  easily  dried,  and  retain  then  their 
full  delicious  flavour.  The  bush  grows  occasionally  to  a  height  of 
15  feet. 

Vaccinium  corymbosum,  Linne.* 

The  Swamp  Blueberry  or  Blue  Huckleberry.  Canada  and  United 
States  of  North  America.  A  good-sized  shrub  up  to  15  feet  high 
with  deciduous  foliage.  Berries  bluish  black,  rather  large,  aromatic, 
of  sweetish  taste,  ripening  late  in  the  season. 

Vaccinium  erythrocarpum,  Michaux.     (Oxycoccus  erectus,  Pursh.) 

Carolina  and  Virginia,  on  high  mountains.  An  upright  bush  of  a 
few  feet  in  height,  with  deciduous  leaves.  The  transparent  scarlet 
berries,  according  to  PursX  are  of  excellent  taste. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  347 

Vaccinium    grandiflorum,    Dombey.       (Ceratostemma  grandiflorum, 
Ruiz  and  Pavon.) 

Andes  of  Peru.  A  tall  evergreen  shrub.  The  berries  of  a  pleasant 
acidulous  taste. 

Vaccinium  humifusum,  Graham. 

North- Western  America,  on  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Berries  of  this 
bush  well  flavoured. 

Vaccinium  Leschenaultii,  Wight.     (Agapetes  arborea,  Dunal.) 

India,  Neilgherries,  and  Ceylon.  This  evergreen  species  attains 
the  size  of  a  tree,  flowering  and  fruiting  throughout  the  year.  The 
fruits  resemble  cranberries. 

Vaccinium  Leucanthum,  Chammisso. 

Mountains  of  Mexico.  An  arborescent  species.  The  blackish 
berries  are  edible. 

Vaccinium   macrocarpon,   Aiton.*      (Oxycoccus  macrocarpus,   Per- 
soon. ) 

The  large  Cranberry.  From  Canada  to  Virginia  and  Carolina, 
particularly  in  sandy  and  peaty  bogs,  and  in  cold  mossy  swamps. 
A  trailing  evergreen  bush,  with  stems  attaining  a  length  of  3  feet. 
It  is  this  species  which  has  become  so  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
eastern  parts  of  the  United  States,  where,  on  moory  land,  often  not 
otherwise  to  be  utilised,  enormous  quantities  of  this  fruit  have  been 
produced  by  regular  culture  at  a  highly  profitable  scale.  The 
berries  are  of  the  acid  taste,  pleasant  aroma,  and  scarlet  brightness 
of  the  British  Cranberry,  but  considerably  larger. 

Vaccinium  meridionale,  Swartz. 

Jamaica,  from  the  summits  of  the  highest  ranges  down  to  the 
coffee  regions.  It  attains  a  height  of  30  feet  and  is  evergreen. 
The  small  berries  are  of  the  taste  and  colour  of  those  of  V.  Vitis 
Idsea. 

Vaccinium  Mortinia,  Bentham. 

Mountains  of  Columbia.  A  shrub  several  feet  high.  The  fruits 
resemble  those  of  V.  Myrtillus,  but  are  more  acid.  They  come 
under  the  name  Mortina  to  the  Quito  market. 

Vaccinium  myrtilloides,  Michaux. 

Michigan,  Canada,  Newfoundland,  Labrador.  The  large  edible 
berries  are  called  Bluets.  This  litjj^pfst^s^adapted  for  higher 
Alpine  country. 


348  SELECT    PLANTS    FOE    INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Vaccinium  Myrtillus,  Linne.* 

The  British  Whortleberry  or  Bilberry.  Throughout  Europe,  North 
and  Middle  Asia,  remotest  North  America,  in  heathy  and  turfy 
forest  land.  A  shrub,  a  few  feet  high  or  less,  deciduous,  erect,  of 
great  value  for  its  copious  supply  of  berries.  They  are,  as  well- 
known,  black  with  a  bluish-grey  hue,  and  of  exceedingly  grateful 
taste.  The  naturalisation  of  this  plant  on  Alpine  ranges  and  in 
cooler  woodlands  would  prove  a  boon.  The  berries  can  be  utilised 
for  their  dye.  The  whole  bush  contains  quina  acid. 

Vaccinium  ovalifolium,  Smith. 

North- West  America  from  Mendocina  to  Oregon.  This  shrub  bears 
large  edidle  berries  (Gibbons). 

Vaccinium  ovatum,  Pursh. 

Common  throughout  California,  also  in  British  Columbia,  at  an  alti- 
tude of  from  1,000  to  2,000  feet,  attaining  a  height  of  about  8  feet. 
It  bears  its  fruit  in  densely  crowded  racemes,  the  dark-blue  berries 
being  sometimes  four  lines  in  diameter  and  of  good  flavour.  This 
species  would  doubtlessly  form  a  valuable  accession  among  culti- 
vated fruits  (Gibbons). 

Vaccinium  Oxycoccus,  Linne.     (Oxycoccus  palustris,  Persoon.) 

The  British  Cranberry.  Throughout  Europe,  North  and  Middle 
Asia,  North  America,  on  turf  moss  in  moory  heaths.  A  creeping 
evergreen  shrub  of  particular  neatness.  The  berries  give  a  most 
agreeable  preserve,  and  are  of  antiscorbutic  value.  This  species  is 
particularly  eligible  for  the  spongy,  mossy  bogs  of  snowy  mountains. 

Vaccinium  parvifolium,  Smith. 

North- West  America.  A  tall  shrub.  The  berries  are  excellent 
for  preserves. 

Vaccinium  penduliflorum,  Gaudichaud. 

Sandwich  Islands,  where  it  is  called  the  "  Ohelo."  The  acidulous 
berries  of  this  bush  are  edible. 

Vaccinium  Pennsylvanicum,  Lamarck.*     (V.  angustifolium,  Aiton.) 

The  early  Blueberry  or  Blue  Huckleberry.  North  America,  on  dry 
woody  hills.  A  dwarf  bush  with  deciduous  foliage,  producing  fruit 
in  abundance.  The  berries  are  large,  bluish  black,  and  of  sweet 
taste.  V.  Canadense  (Kalm),  according  to  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  is  closely 
allied. 

Vaccinium  prsestans,  Rudolphi. 

Kamschatka.  A  minute  plant,  but  with  large  delicious  fruits.  It 
might  perhaps  easily  be  disseminated  on  Alpine  mountains. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  349 

Vaccinium  uliginosum,  Linne". 

British  Bog-Bilberry.  Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North 
America.  A  deciduous  bush,  with  blackish  berries,  similar  to  those 
of  Y.  Myrtillus,  but  hardly  of  equal  excellence. 

Vaccinium  vacillans,  Solander. 

North  America,  in  sandy  forest  lands.  A  deciduous  small 
bush,  coming  with  its  blue  berries  later  into  season  than  V. 
Pennsylvanicum. 

Vaccinium  Vitis  Idsea,  Linne". 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America.  A  dwarf  shrub 
with  evergreen  leaves.  The  purplish-red  berries  are  sought  for 
jellies  and  other  preserves.  It  is  as  yet  impossible  to  say  how  many 
other  species  of  Yaccinium  produce  good-sized  and  well-flavoured 
fruits.  The  genus  ranges  in  many  species  from  Continental  Asia 
to  the  Indian  Archipelagus,  and  has  a  wide  extension  also  in  South 
America,  occupying  in  hot  countries  higher  mountain  regions,  but 
few  reliable  notes  on  the  tropical  species  are  extant,  as  far  as  the 
fruits  are  concerned. 

Vahea  florida,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Landolphia  florida,  Bentham.) 

West  Africa,  up  to  2,500  feet.  This  may  prove  hardy.  Welwitsch 
describes  the  Aboh  fruits  of  this  species  as  sweet  and  acidulous, 
but  was  not  less  gratified  with  the  beauty  and  marvellous  abundance 
of  its  large  snow-white  and  jasmin-scented  flowers.  Y.  florida 
yields  also  caoutchouc,  and  so  Y.  Heudelotii  (Landolphia  Heudelotii, 
Cand.)  from  the  Senegal  regions.  The  excellent  work  on  caoutchoucs 
of  commerce,  by  James  Collins,  may  be  consulted  as  regards  the 
sources  of  various  kinds  of  India-rubbers.  The  genus  Yahea  was 
fully  established  by  Lamarck  so  early  as  1791. 

Vahea  Owariensis,  F.  v.  Mueller.    (Landolphia  Owariensis,  Beauvois.) 

Tropical  West  Africa,  but  ascending  to  the  highlands  of  Angola, 
according  to  Dr.  Welwitsch.  This  climber,  with  several  other 
Yaheas,  yields  the  West  African  and  Madagascar  caoutchouc. 
Y.  Owariensis  produces  edible  fruits  as  large  as  middle-sized 
oranges,  with  sweet  and  slightly  acid  pulp. 

Valeriana  Celtica,  Linne\ 

Alps  of  Europe.  The  root  of  this  perennial  herb  is  particularly 
aromatic. 

Valeriana  edulis,  Nuttall. 

North- Western  America,  from  Oregon  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  thick  spindle-shaped  root  of  this  herb  affords  food  to  the 
natives  of  that  part  of  the  globe.  When  baked,  the  root  proves 


350  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

agreeable  and  wholesome.  When  we  consider  the  wild  state  of  the 
plants  from  which  many  of  our  important  root-crops  arose,  this 
Valeriana  and  several  other  plants,  suggestively  mentioned  in  these 
pages,  may  well  be  admitted  for  trial  culture. 

Valeriana  officinalis,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  in  swampy  grass-land,  with  a 
predilection  for  forests  and  river  banks.  This  perennial  herb  would 
do  particularly  well  on  higher  mountains.  It  is  the  only  one 
among  numerous  congeners  of  Europe,  Asia  and  America  which  is 
drawn  to  a  considerable  extent  into  medicinal  use.  The  root  and 
herb  contain  valerianic  acid  and  a  peculiar  tannic  acid  ;  the  root 
furnishes  an  essential  oil,  which  again  resolves  itself  into  valerol 
(70  per  cent.),  valeren,  barneol,  and  valerianic  acid.  The  order  of 
Valerianse  is  not  represented  by  any  native  plant  in  Australia. 

Valerianella  olitoria,  Moench. 

Lamb's  Lettuce.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia. 
A  fair  and  early  Salad-plant.  It  is  an  annual  plant,  and  has  several 
congeners  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Vangueria  infausta,  Burchell. 

Africa,  as  far  south  as  Natal  and  Caffraria.  The  fruit  of  this  shrub 
or  small  tree  is  medlar-like,  but  superior  in  taste.  Worth  test 
cultivation  with  a  view  of  improving  the  fruit. 

Veratrum  album,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  extending  eastward  to  Japan.  It 
delights  particularly  in  Sub- Alpine  localities.  The  root  furnishes 
veratrin,  jervin  and  sabadillic  acid. 

Veratrum  viride,  Aiton. 

Canada  and  United  States  of  North  America.  A  near  relative 
of  the  former  plant.  Its  root  has  come  recently  into  medicinal 
use. 

Vicia  Cracca,  Linne. 

Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  Middle  Asia,  North  America. 
Perennial.  Recommendable  for  naturalisation  as  a  fodder  plant  in 
sylvan  and  Alpine  lands.  It  yields  in  shade  a  three  times  larger 
return  than  in  open  places  (Langethal).  The  cognate  V.  Cassubica 
and  V.  biennis  (Linne)  serve  also  for  field  culture. 

Vicia  Ervilia,  Willdenow  (Ervum  Ervilia,  L.) 

South  Europe,  North  Africa,  South- Western  Asia.  An  annual 
herb,  praised  as  a  valuable  fodder  plant  on  dry  calcareous  soil. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  351 

Vicia  Faba,  Linne.* 

The  Straight  Bean.  Orient,  particularly  in  the  Caspian  Sea.  This 
productive  annual  herb  affords  not  only  its  seeds  for  table  use,  but 
provides  also  a  particularly  fattening  stable  food.  The  seeds  con- 
tain about  33  per  cent,  starch.  Y.  Narbonensis  (L.),  from  South 
Europe  and  South- West  Asia,  is  preferable  for  the  table,  because 
its  seeds  contain  less  bitter  principle,  though  they  are  smaller. 

Vicia  peregrina,  Linne. 

South  Europe.  Annual.  In  Italy  preferred  to  the  ordinary  Tare 
for  sandy  soil ;  it  recommends  itself  also  for  its  close  growth. 

Vicia  sativa,  Linne.*     (V.  angustifolia,  Roth.) 

The  ordinary  Yetch  or  Tare.  Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and 
Middle  Asia.  One  of  the  best  fodder  plants,  but  only  of  one  or 
two  years'  duration.  Important  also  for  green  manure,  and  as  a 
companion  of  clovers.  The  allied  Y.  cordata  (Wulfen)  and  Y. 
globosa  (Retzius)  are  similarly  cultivated  in  Italy  (Langethal). 
Many  of  the  other  European  and  Asiatic  species  of  Yicia  are 
deserving  of  our  attention. 

Vicia  sepium,  Linne. 

Europe,  West,  and  North  Asia.  Deserves  attention  as  a  perennial 
Yetch,  enduring  an  Alpine  clime.  It  might  with  advantage  be 
naturalised  in  forests  and  on  mountains,  but  it  can  also  readily 
be  subjected  to  field  culture,  the  yield  being  large  and  nutritious  in 
regions  with  humid  air,  though  the  soil  might  be  poor.  This  Yetch 
can  be  kept  for  about  fifteen  years  continually  on  the  same  field 
(Langethal).  Y.  Pannonica  (Jacquin)  is  an  allied  but  annual  species. 

Vicia  Sitchensis,  Bongard. 

From  California  to  Sitka.  Asa  Gray  remarks  that  the  young  seeds 
of  this  tall  Yetch  are  eatable  like  green  peas. 

Vicia  sylvatica,   Linne. 

Europe,  North  Asia.  The  Wood  Yetch.  Perennial.  Recommend- 
able  to  culturists  settling  in  new  forest  land ;  available  also  for 
Alpine  copses.  Pasture  animals  have  a  predilection  for  this 
Yetch  ;  its  yield  is  large.  In  limestone  soil  of  forests  Y.  pisiformis 
and  Y.  Dumetorum  (Linne)  can  best  be  selected  for  introduction. 

Vicia  tetrasperma,  Koch.     (Ervum  tetraspermum,  Linne.) 

The  Lentil  Tare.  Europe,  West  Asia,  North  Africa.  Annual. 
According  to  Langethal  this  species  is  preferable  to  the  ordinary 
Tare  for  sandy  soil.  It  is  also  less  hard  as  fodder  and  very  palatable. 
Lime  in  the  sand  enlarges  the  yield.  Y.  monantha  and  Y.  hirsuta 
(Koch)  serve  nearly  as  well. 


352  SELECT   PLANTS   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   CULTURE 

Vigna  lanceolata,  Bentham. 

Tropical  and  sub-tropical  Australia.  Mr.  O'Shanesy  observes  that 
this  twiner  produces,  along  with  the  ordinary  cylindrical  pods, 
others  underground  from  buried  flowers,  and  these  somewhat 
resemble  the  fruit  of  Arachis.  The  plant  is  available  for  culinary 
purposes. 

Vigna  Sinensis,  Endlicher.*     (Dolichos  Sinensis,  Linne.) 

Tropical  Asia  and  Africa.  The  cultivation  of  this  twining  annual 
pulse-herb  extends  to  Southern  Europe  and  many  other  countries 
with  a  temperate  clime.  The  pods  are  remarkable  for  their  great 
length,  and  used  like  French  beans,  dry  as  well  as  green.  Y.  Cat- 
jang  (A  Rich),  Y.  sesquipedalis  and  Y.  melanophthalma  are 
varieties  of  this  species.  In  fair  soil  the  produce  is  forty-fold. 

Villebrunia  integrifolia,  Gaudichaud, 

India,  ascending  the  Himalayan  Mountains  to  5,000  feet.  A 
small  tree,  allied  to  the  Kami  plant,  Boehmeria  nivea.  Mr.  C.  B. 
Clarke  regards  the  fibre  as  one  of  the  strongest  available  in  India, 
it  being  used  for  bow-strings.  Other  Yillebrunias — for  instance, 
Y.  frutescens,  and  also  some  species  of  Debregeasia,  particularly 
D.  velutina — deserve  likewise  regular  culture,  for  the  sake  of  their 
fibre.  Moist  forest  tracts  seem  particularly  adapted  for  these 
plants,  because  Y.  integrifolia  grows  in  Sikkim  at  an  elevation 
where,  according  to  Dr.  G.  King,  the  rainfall  ranges  from  100  to 
200  inches.  This  fibre  is  much  more  easily  separable  than  that  of 
Maoutia  Puya,  according  to  Dr.  King's  observations. 

Viola  odorata,  Linne". 

The  Yiolet.  Middle  and  South  Europe,  North  Africa,  Middle 
Asia.  Passingly  alluded  to  here,  as  this  modest,  though  lovely, 
plant  should  be  extensively  naturalised  in  forest  glens,  to  furnish 
its  delicate  scent  for  various  compositions  of  perfumery. 

Vitis  acetosa,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

Carpentaria  and  Arnhem's  Land.  Stems  rather  herbaceous  than 
shrubby,  erect.  The  whole  plant  is  pervaded  with  acidity,  and 
proved  valuable  in  cases  of  scurvy.  The  berries  are  edible.  This 
species,  if  planted  in  countries  with  a  temperate  clime,  would  likely 
spring  annually  afresh  from  the  roots. 

Vitis  sestivalis,  Michaux.* 

The  Summer  Grape  of  the  United  States  of  North  America. 
Flowers  fragrant.  The  berries  are  deep  blue,  of  pleasant  taste,  and 
ripen  late  in  the  reason. 


IN   EXTRA-TROPICAL   COUNTRIES.  353 

Vitis  Baudiniana,  F.  v.  Mueller.     (Cissus  Antarctica,  Yentenat.) 

East  Australia.  With  Y.  hypoglauca,  the  most  southern  of  alL 
Grapes,  none  extending  to  New  Zealand.  It  is  evergreen,  and  a 
vigorous  plant  for  bowers,  but  suffers  even  from  slight  frosts.  The 
berries  are  freely  produced  and  edible,  though  not  large. 

Vitis  cordifolia,  Michaux.*     (Vitis  riparia,  Michaux.) 

The  Winter  Grape  or  Frost  Grape.  From  Canada  to  Florida.  A 
deciduous  Yine.  The  scent  of  the  flowers  reminds  of  Reseda.  The 
berries  are  small,  either  blackish  or  amber-colured,  and  very  acid. 
They  can  be  used  for  preserves,  and  are  only  fully  matured  when 
touched  by  frosts.  A  succession  of  seedlings  may  give  us  a  superior 
and  simultaneously  a  very  hardy  Yine. 

Vitis  hypoglauca,  F.  v.  Mueller. 

East  Australia,  as  far  south  as  Gippsland.  An  evergreen  climber 
of  enormous  length,  forming  a  very  stout  stem  in  age.  The  black 
berries  attain  the  size  of  small  cherries.  This  species  also  may 
perhaps  be  vastly  changed  in  its  fruit  by  continued  culture. 

Vitis  Indica,  Linne. 

On  the  mountains  of  various  parts  of  India,  ascending  to  an 
altitude  of  3,000  feet  in  Ceylon.  The  small  berries  are  edible. 
The  plant  should  be  subjected  to  horticultural  experiments.  This 
is  an  apt  opportunity  to  draw  attention  to  the  various  Indian 
species  of  Yitis  with  large  edible  berries — for  instance,  Y. 
laevigata  (BL),  Y.  thyrsiflora  (Miq.),  Y.  mutabilis  (Bl.),  Y. 
Blumeana  (Steud.),  all  from  the  mountains  of  Java,  and  all  pro- 
ducing berries  as  large  as  cherries,  those  of  Y.  Blumeana  being 
particularly  sweet.  Further  may  here  be  inserted  Y.  imperialis 
(Miquel)  from  Borneo,  Y.  auriculata  (Wallich)  and  Y.  elongata 
(Wallich) ;  the  latter  two  from  the  mountainous  mainland  of 
Coromandel,  and  all  producing  very  large  juicy  berries,  even  in  the 
jungle  wilderness.  Y.  quadrangularis  (L.)  stretches  from  Arabia 
to  India  and  Central  Africa,  and  has  also  edible  fruits.  Many 
such  plants  may  be  far  more  eligible  for  grape  culture  in  hot  wet 
climes  than  the  ordinary  Yine.  About  250  species  of  Yitis  are 
already  known,  mostly  from  intratropical  latitudes,  and  mostly 
evergreen ;  but  in  regard  to  their  elevation  above  the  ocean  and  to 
the  nature  of  their  fruits  we  are  almost  utterly  without  data. 

Vitis  Labrusca,  Linne.  * 

The  Isabella  Grape.  North  America,  from  Canada  to  Texas  and 
Florida,  also  in  Japan.  The  Schuylkill  Grape  is  derived  from  this 
species.  A  pale-fruited  variety  furnishes  the  Bland's  Grape ; 
another  yields  the  American  Alexander  Grape.  The  berries  are 


354  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

large  among  American  kinds,  and  are  of  pleasant  taste.  Flowers 
fragrant.  It  is  the  only  species  which  thrives  well  and  bears  largely 
in  the  clime  of  Brisbane,  according  to  Dr.  Bancroft.  This  and  the 
other  hardy  North  American  Vines  seem  never  to  be  attacked  by 
the  Oidium  disease. 

Vitis  S chimp eriana,  Hochstetter. 

From  Abyssinia  to  Guinea.  This  Vine  may  become  perhaps 
valuable  with  many  other  Central  African  kinds  for  tropical  culture, 
and  may  show  itself  hardy  also  in  extra-tropical  countries.  Barter 
compares  the  edible  berries  to  clusters  of  Frontignac  grape. 

Vitis  vinifera,  Linne.* 

The  Grape  Vine.  Turkey,  Persia,  Tartary  ;  probably  also  in  the 
Himalayas  and  Greece.  This  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  at  length 
the  great  industrial  questions  concerning  this  highly  important 
plant,  even  had  these  not  already  engaged  since  many  years  the 
attention  of  a  large  number  of  our  colonists.  The  whole  territory 
of  New  South  Wales  stretches  essentially  through  the  Vine  zone, 
and  thus  most  kinds  of  Vine  can  be  produced  here,  either  on  the 
lowlands  or  the  less  elevated  mountains  in  various  climatic  regions 
and  in  different  geologic  formations.  The  best  grapes  are  produced 
mainly  between  the  30th  and  45th  degree  of  latitude.  Cultivation 
for  wine  advances  on  the  Rhine  to  50°  north,  on  trellis  it  extends  to 
52°  or  53°  N.  In  Italy  vines  are  often  trained  high  up  over  Maples, 
Willows  and  Elms,  since  Pliny's  time ;  in  the  Caucasus  they 
sometimes  grow  on  Pterocarya.  Vines  attain  an  age  of  centuries 
and  stems  3  feet  in  diameter.  The  doors  of  the  dome  of  the  Ravenna 
Cathedral  are  of  vine-wood  (Soderim).  Tozetti  saw  vines  with 
branches  extending  diametrically,  as  a  whole,  over  3,000  feet  at 
Montebamboli:  Rezier  notes  a  plant  bearing  about  4,000  bunches 
of  grapes  annually  at  Besangon  (Regel).  A  vine  of  enormous 
dimensions  at  Hampton  Court  has  also  gained  wide  celebrity.  In 
Italy  the  establishing  of  Vine  plantations  on  ordinary  culture- 
land  is  regarded  as  enhancing  the  value  of  the  latter  four  or  five 
fold,  and  elsewhere  often  even  more  (whereas  cereal-land  is  apt  to 
deteriorate),  provided  that  vine  diseases  can  be  kept  off. 
The  Corinthian  variety,  producing  the  Currants  of  commerce,  thrives 
also  well  in  some  districts,  where  with  Raisins  its  fruit  may  become 
a  staple  article  of  our  exports  beyond  home  consumption.  The 
Sultana  variety  is  not  much  pruned  ;  the  bunches  when  gathered 
are  dipped  in  an  alkaline  liquid  obtained  from  wood-ashes,  to  which 
a  little  olive  oil  is  added,  to  expedite  drying,  which  is  effected  in 
about  a  week  (G.  Maw).  The  produce  of  Sultana  raisins  fluctuates 
from  7  to  30  cwt.  per  acre.  The  plant  is  best  reared  in  the  lime- 
stone formation.  In  Greece  the  average  yield  of  ordinary  Raisins 


IX    EXTKA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  355 

is  about  2,000  Ibs.  per  acre  (Simmonds).  Dr.  W.  Hamm,  of 
Vienna,  has  recently  issued  a  Yine  map  of  Europe,  indicating  the 
distribution  of  the  different  varieties  and  the  principal  sources  of 
the  various  sorts  of  wine.  The  writer  would  now  merely  add  that 
the  preservation  of  the  grapes  in  a  fresh  state,  according  to  M. 
Charmeux's  method,  and  the  sundry  modes  of  effecting  the  transit 
of  ripe  grapes  to  long  distances,  ought  to  be  turned  to  industrial 
advantage.  The  pigment  of  the  dark  wine-berries  is  known  as 
racemic  acid.  The  juice  contains  along  with  tartaric  acid  also 
grape  acid.  All  these  chemically-defined  substances  have  uses  of 
their  own  in  art  and  science.  It  might  be  worthy  of  a  trial  how 
far  the  Grape  vine  can  be  grafted  on  such  other  species  of  the 
extensive  genus  Vitis  as  may  not  be  attacked  by  the  destructive 
Pemphygus  or  Phylloxera.  Irrespective  of  sulphur,  latterly  also 
borax  has  been  recommended  against  the  Oidium  disease.  Pro- 
fessor Monnier,  of  Geneva,  has  introduced  the  very  expansive 
sulphurous  anhydrous  acid  gas  against  the  Phylloxera,  Dr.  Her- 
man Behr  suggests  for  the  mitigation  of  this  plague  the  ignition  of 
wood  near  vineyards,  when  the  insect  is  on  its  wings,  as  all  such 
insects  seek  fires  and  succumb  in  them  largely  when  the  sky  is 
overcast,  or  when  the  nights  are  without  moonlight.  Mr.  Leacock, 
in  Madeira,  applies  advantageously  to  the  roots  of  Yines  affected 
by  Phylloxera  a  coating  of  a  sticky  solution  of  resin  in  oil  of 
turpentine.  None  of  the  remedies  hitherto  suggested  however 
seem  to  have  proved  really  effective,  or  are  not  of  sufficiently  easy 
and  cheap  application,  as  the  Phylloxera  pest  is  still  rapidly  on  the 
increase  in  Europe  ;  according  to  the  latest  accounts  one-third  of 
all  the  vineyards  of  France  are  affected,  and  the  disease  is  also 
spreading  in  Italy  and  Spain.  Inundation  to  the  depth  of  a  few 
inches  for  about  a  month,  where  that  is  practicable,  completely 
suffocates  the  Phylloxera.  In  sandy  soil  this  dreadful  insect  is 
retarded  in  its  development,  action,  and  progress.  Bisulphide  of 
carbon  has  proved  the  most  efficient  remedy  ;  this  expansive  fluid 
is  introduced  into  the  soil  by  a  peculiar  injector,  or  through  porous 
substances  (wood,  earth),  saturated  with  this  bisulphide,  the  cost  of 
this  operation  being,  in  France,  £3  10s. — <£4  per  acre  annually. 
(Planchon,  David,  Marion,  Robart,  see  also  translations  by  K. 
Staiger,  and  A.  K.  Findlay.)  The  American  Yines  seem  generally 
but  little  attacked  by  the  Phylloxera  j  but  their  grapes,  as  hitherto 
extant,  cannot  rival  at  all  with  the  real  Yine  Grape. 

Vitis  vulpina,  Linne.*     (Vitis  rotundifolia,  Michaux.) 

The  Muscadine  or  Fox  Grape.  South-Eastern  States  of  North 
America.  Extends  also  to  Japan,  Manchuria  and  the  Himalayas. 
This  species  also  includes  as  varieties  the  Bullace,  the  Mustang, 
the  Bullate  Grape,  and  both  kinds  of  the  Scuppernangs.  The 


356  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

berries  are  of  a  pleasant  taste,  but  in  some  instances  of  a  strong 
flavour  ;  they  are  the  largest  among  American  Grapes.  The  Clinton 
and  Elsinboro  Grapes,  according  to  Prof.  Meehan,  the  eminent 
American  horticulturist,  seem  to  have  had  their  origin  with  V.  cor- 
dif  olia  and  Y.  riparia.  Y.  Labrusca  extends  also  to  the  Himalayas. 
Dr.  Planchon's  important  memoir,  "  Les  Yignes  Americaines," 
published  in  1875,  should  be  consulted  in  reference  to  American 
Grapes. 

Voandzeia  subterranea,  Thouars. 

Madagascar  and  various  parts  of  Africa,  as  far  south  as  Natal. 
This  Earth-Pea  is  annual,  and  pushes  its  pods  under  ground  in  the 
manner  of  Arachis  hypogaea  for  maturation.  The  pods  are  edible 
and  much  consumed  in  tropical  countries. 

Wallichia  caryotoides,  Roxburgh. 

India,  up  to  4,000  feet  elevation  (Kurz).  A  stemless  palm,  eligible 
for  scenic  group-planting. 

Wallichia  densiflora,  Martius.     (W.  oUongifolia,  Griffith.) 

Himalaya,  as  far  as  27°  north.  There  one  of  the  hardiest  of  all 
Palms.  It  is  not  a  tall  one,  yet  a  graceful  and  useful  object  for 
cultural  industries.  Several  other  species  exist. 

Washingtonia   filifera,   Wendland.      (Pritchardia  jilifera,    Linden.) 
(Brahea  Jtlifera,  Hortulanorum.) 

South  California  to  Arizona  and  Colorado.  One  of  the  most  north- 
ern and  therefore  most  hardy  of  American  Palms.  This  Palm 
attains  a  height  of  50  feet. 

Wettinia  augusta,  Poeppig. 

Peru,  on  mountains  several  thousand  feet  high.  This  Palm  is  there- 
fore likely  to  endure  a  temperate  clime. 

Wettinia  Maynensis,  Spruce. 

Cordilleras  of  Peru.  Like  the  foregoing,  it  attains  a  height  of  40 
feet  and  advances  to  elevations  of  3,000  or  4,000  feet.  Before 
finally  parting  from  the  American  Palms,  it  may  be  appropriate  to 
allude  briefly  to  some  of  the  hardier  kinds,  which  were  left  un- 
noticed in  the  course  of  this  compilation.  From  Dr.  Spruce's 
important  essay  on  the  Palms  of  the  Amazon  River  may  be  learnt 
that,  besides  other  species  as  yet  imperfectly  known  from  the  sources 
of  this  great  river,  the  following  kinds  are  comparatively  hardy;  thus 
they  might  find  places  for  cultivation  or  even  naturalisation  within 
the  limits  of  extra-tropical  countries  :  Geonema  undata  (Klotzsch), 
Iriartea  deltoidea  (R.  and  P.),  Iriartea  ventricosa  (Mart.),  which 
latter  rises  in  its  magnificence  to  fully  100  feet ;  Iriartea  exorrhiza 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  357 

(Mart.) ;  this,  with  the  two  other  Iriarteas,  ascends  the  Andes  to 
5,000  feet.  Oenocarpus  multicaulis  (Spruce)  ascends  to  4,000  feet,; 
from  six  to  ten  stems  are  developed  from  the  same  root,  each  from 
15  to  30  feet  high.  Euterpe ;  of  this  two  species  occur  in  a  zone 
between  3,000  and  6,000  feet.  Phytelephas  microcarpa  (R  and  P.), 
eastern  slope  of  the  Peru  Andes,  ascending  to  3,000  feet.  Phytele- 
phus  macrocarpa  (R  and  P.),  also  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Andes, 
up  to  4,000  feet ;  it  is  this  superb  species  which  yields  by  its  seeds 
part  of  the  vegetable  ivory.  '  Phytelephas  sequatorialis  (Spruce),  on 
the  west  slope  of  the  Peruvian  Andes,  up  to  5,000  feet ;  this  Palm 
is  one  of  the  grandest  objects  in  the  whole  vegetable  creation,  its 
leaves  attaining  a  length  of  30  feet  !  The  stem  rises  to  20  feet. 
Palm  ivory  is  also  largely  secured  from  this  plant.  Though  equi- 
noctial, it  lives  only  in  the  milder  regions  of  the  mountains.  Car- 
ludovica  palmata  (R  and  P.),  on  the  east  side  of  the  Andes  of  Peru 
and  Ecuador,  up  to  4,000  feet;  the  fan-shaped  leaves  from  cultivated 
specimens  furnish  the  main  material  for  the  best  Panama  hats. 
The  illustrious  Count  de  Castelnau  saw  many  Palms  on  the  borders 
of  Paraguay  during  his  great  Brazilian  expedition.  Most  of  these, 
together  with  the  Palms  of  Uruguay  and  the  wide  Argentine  terri- 
tory, would  likely  prove  adapted  for  acclimation  in  temperate  lati- 
tudes ;  but  hitherto  the  limited  access  to  those  countries  has  left  us 
largely  unacquainted  with  its  vegetable  treasures  also  in  this  direc- 
tion. Yon  Martius  demonstrated  so  early  as  1850  the  occurrence 
of  the  following  Palms  in  extra-tropical  South  America :  Ceroxylon 
australe  (Mart.),  on  high  mountains  in  Juan  Fernandez,  at  30° 
south  latitude;  Jubsea  spectabilis  (Humb.),  in  Chili,  at  40°  south 
latitude;  Trithrinax  Brasiliana  (Mart.),  at  31°  south  latitude; 
Copernicia  cerifera  (Mart.),  at  29°  south  latitude ;  Acrocomia  Totai 
(Mart.),  at  28°  south  latitude ;  Cocos  Australis  (Mart.),  at  34°  south 
latitude;  Cocos  Yatai  (Mart.),  at  32°  south  latitude;  Cocas  Roman- 
zoffiana  (Cham.),  at  28°  south  latitude ;  Diplothemium  littorale 
(Mart.),  at  30°  south  latitude.  All  the  last-mentioned  Palms  occur 
in  Brazil,  the  A  crocomia  and  Trithrinax  extending  to  Paraguay,  and 
Cocos  Australis  to  Uruguay  and  the  La  Plata  States. 
While  some  Palms,  as  indicated,  descend  to  cooler  latitudes,  others 
ascend  to  temperate  and  even  cold  mountain  regions.  Among  the 
American  species  are  prominent  in  this  respect — Euterpe  Andicola 
(Brogn.),  E.  Haenkeana  (Brogn.),  E.  longivaginata  (Mart.),  Diplo- 
themium Porallyi  (Mart.),  and  Ceroxylon  pithyrophyllum  (Mart.), 
all  occurring  on  the  Bolivian  Andes  at  an  elevation  of  about  8,000 
feet.  Ceroxylon  Andicola  (Humb.),  Kunthia  montana  (Humb.), 
Oreodoxa  frigida  (Humb.),  and  Geonoma  densa  (Linden)  reach  also 
on  the  Andes  of  New  Granada  a  height  of  at  least  8,000  feet.  Cer- 
oxylon Klopstockia  (Mart.)  advances  on  the  Andes  of  Yenezuela  to 
a  zone  of  7,500  feet  altitude,  where  Karsten  saw  stems  200  feet 
high,  with  leaves  24  feet  long.  There  also  occur  Syagrus  Sancona 


358  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

(Karst.)  and  Platenia  Chiragua  (Karst.)  at  elevations  of  5,000  feet, 
both  very  lofty  Palms.  From  the  temperate  mountain  regions  of 
sub-tropical  Mexico  are  known,  among  others,  Chamaedora  concolor 
(Mart),  Copernicia  Puinos  (Humb.),  C.  nana  (Kunth),  and  Brahea 
dulcis  (Mart.),  at  elevations  from  7,000  to  8,000  feet. 

Wistaria  Chinensis,  Candolle. 

The  "Fiji  "  of  Japan.  Lives  through  a  century  and  more.  The 
stem  is  carried  up  straight,  and  the  branches  are  trained  on  hori- 
zontal trellises  at  Japanese  dwellings,  affording  shades  for  seats 
beneath.  One  Wistaria  tree  will  thus  cover  a  square  of  50  feet  by 
50  feet,  the  odorous  trusses  of  flowers  pendant  through  the  trellis 
overhead  (Christy).  Fortune  tells  us  of  a  tree  of  great  age  which 
measured  at  3  feet  from  the  ground  7  feet  in  circumference,  and 
covered  a  space  of  trellis-work  60  feet  by  102  feet.  Flowers  likely 
available  for  scent  distillation. 

Witheringia  solanacea,  L'Heritier. 

South  America.  This  perennial  herb  needs  trial  culture,  on  account 
of  its  large  edible  tubers. 

Xanthorrhiza  apiifolia,  L'Heritier. 

North  America.  A  perennial,  almost  shrubby  plant,  of  medicinal 
value.  The  root  produces  a  yellow  pigment  similar  to  that  of 
Hydrastis  Canadensis  (L.)  Both  also  contain  berberin. 

Xanthoxylon  piperitum,  Candolle. 

Used  as  a  condiment  in  China  and  Japan.  Fruit  capsules  remarkably 
fragrant. 

Ximenia  Americana,  Linne. 

Tropical  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  passing  however  the  tropics 
in  Queensland,  and  gaining  also  an  indigenous  position  in  Florida. 
This  bush  may  therefore  accommodate  itself  to  cooler  clime  in 
localities  free  of  frost.  The  fruits  are  edible,  resembling  yellow 
plums  in  appearance  ;  their  taste  is  agreeable.  The  wood  is  scented. 
In  Mexico  called  "Alvarillo  del  campo."  Mr.  P.  O'Shanesy  recom- 
mended this  shrub  for  hedges. 

Xylia  dolabriformis,  Bentham. 

The  "  Pyengadu"  of  India,  extending  to  China  and  the  Philippine 
Islands,  ascending  mountains  up  to  3,000  feet.  An  Acacia-like  tree, 
attaining  a  height  of  120  feet,  with  deciduous  foliage,  the  stem  often 
clear  up  to  80  feet  and  of  very  considerable  girth.  The  wood  is 
reddish  brown,  close  grained,  and  pervaded  when  fresh  by  an  oily 
glutinous  clamminess.  The  heartwood  is  of  greater  durability  than 
even  Teak,  and  of  a  marvellous  resistance  to  shocks  through  its 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  359 

extreme  hardness.  It  is  -used  for  gun-carriages,  crooks  of  ships, 
railway-sleepers,  tools,  gauges,  ploughs,  house  and  bridge  posts 
'  (Laslett).  It  is  as  indestructible  as  iron,  hence  locally  called  iron- 
wood  j  a  rifle  shot  at  20  yards  distance  will  scarcely  cause  any 
penetration  into  it  (Colonel  Blake).  Neither  the  teredo  nor  termites 
will  touch  the  heartwood  (Hooker).  It  can  only  be  sawn  up  in  a 
fresh  state.  The  stem  exudes  a  red  gum-resin  (Kurz). 

Yucca  brevifolia,  Engelmann.    % 

Arizona  and  Utah,  in  the  deserts.  Attains  a  height  of  30  feet. 
The  whole  plant  can  be  converted  into  paper  (Yasey). 

Yucca  filamentosa,  Linne. 

The  Adam's  Needle.  From  Carolina  and  Florida  to  Texas  and1 
Mexico.  An  almost  stemless  species.  It  would  hardly  be  right  to 
omit  here  the  plants  of  this  genus  altogether,  as  they  furnish  a  fibre 
of  great  strength,  similar  to  that  of  the  Agaves.  Moreover,  all  these 
plants  are  decorative,  and  live  in  the  poorest  soil,  even  in  drifting 
coast-sand.  They  are  also  not  hurt,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Four- 
croyas,  by  slight  frosts.  Among  the  species,  with  stems  of  several 
feet  in  height,  may  be  recorded  Y.  gloriosa  (L.)  and  Y.  aloifolia  (L.), 
both  from  the  sandy  south  coast  of  North  America.  The  former 
proved  hardy  at  Torquay,  England  (W.  Wood). 

Yucca  Treculiana,  Carriere. 

From  Texas  westward.  Height  of  stem  up  to  50  feet,  branched 
only  near  the  summit.  Grand  in  aspect  and  also  most  showy  on 
account  of  its  vast  number  of  white  flowers  of  porcelain  lustre.. 
The  fruit  tastes  like  that  of  the  Papaw  (Lindheimer). 

Yucca  Yucatana,  Engelmann. 

Central  America.  This  species  attains  a  height  of  20  feet,  branching 
from  the  base.  Y.  canaliculata  (Hooker)  ranges  from  Texas  to 
North  Mexico,  and  has  a  stem  up  to  25  feet  high  with  very  long 
leaves.  A  variety  of  Y.  baccata  (Torrey),  extending  from  Texas  to 
California  and  Utah,  occurs  with  a  stem  50  feet  high,  but  with 
singularly  short  leaves  (Sereno  Watson.) 

Zalacca  secunda,  Griffith. 

Assam,  as  far  north  as  28°.  A  stemless  Palm  with  large  feathery 
leaves,  exquisitely  adapted  for  decorative  purposes.  Before  we 
finally  quit  the  Asiatic  Palm  we  may  yet  learn  from  Von  Martius's 
great  work  how  many  extra-tropical  members  of  this  princely  order 
were  already  known  in  1850,  when  that  masterly  work  was  concluded. 
Martius  enumerates  as  belonging  to  the  boreal  extra-tropical  zone 
in  Asia  ;  From  Silhet  at  24°  north  latitude :  Calamus  erectus,  Roxb. ; 
C.  extensus,  Roxb.  ;  C.  quinquenervius,  Roxb.  -—from  Garo  at  26° 


360  SELECT  PLANTS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  CULTURE 

north  latitude :  Wallichia  caryotoides,  Roxb. ;  Ptychosperma  gracilis, 
Miq.  ;  Caryota  urens,  L.  ;  Calamus  leptospadix,  Griff.  ; — from 
Khasya,  in  26°  north  latitude :  Calamus  acanthospathus,  Griff,  j  C. 
macrospathus,  Griff.  ;  Plectocomia  Khasyana,  Griff.  ; — -from  Assam 
about  27°  north  latitude:  Areca  Nagensis,  Griff.  ;  A.  triandra,  Roxb. ; 
Livistona  Jenkinsii,  Griff.  ;  Daemonorops  nutantiflorus,  Griff. ;  D. 
Jenkinsii,  Griff.  ;  D.  Guruba,  Mart.  ;  Plectocomia  Assamica,  Griff.  ; 
Calamus  tenuis,  Koxb. ;  C.  Flagellum,  Griff.  ;  C.  Heliotropium, 
Hamilt.  ;  C.  floribundus,  Griff. ;  Phoenix  Ouseloyana,  Griff.  ; — -from 
Upper  Assam,  between  £8°  and  29°  north  latitude  :  Caryota  obtusa, 
Griff.  ;  Zalacca  secunda,  Griff.  ;  Calamus  Mishmelensis,  Griff.  ; — 
from  Darjiling,  at  27°  north  latitude  :  Wallichia  obtusif  olia,  Griff.  ; 
Licuala  peltata  Roxb.  ;  Plectocomia  Himalaiana,  Griff.  ;  Calamus 
schizospathus,  Griff.  ; — -from  Nepal,  between  28°  and  29°  north 
latitude :  Chamaerops  Martiana,  Wall.  ; — -from  Guhrvall,  in  30° 
north  latitude  :  Calamus  Royleanus,  Griff.  ; — -from  Saharanpoor,  in 
30°  north  latitude :  Borassus  flabelliformis,  L.  ; — -from  Duab,  in 
31°  north  latitude :  Phoenix  sylvestris,  Roxb. ; — -from  Kheree,  in 
30°  degrees  north  latitude  :  Phoenix  humilis,  Royle  \ — -from  Dekan : 
Bentinckia  Coddapanna,  Berry,  at  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet. 
Miquel  mentions  as  Palms  of  Japan  (entirely  extra-tropical) :  Rhapis 
flabelliformis,  Aiton ;  R.  humilis,  Blume ;  Chamserops  excelsa, 
Thunb  ;  Livistona  Chinensis,  Br. ;  and  Arenga  saccharifera,  Labill., 
or  a  species  closely  allied  to  that  Palm. 

Zea  Mays,  Linne".* 

The  Maize  or  Indian  Corn.  Indigenous  to  the  warmer  parts  of 
South  America.  St.  Hilaire  mentions  as  its  native  country 
Paraguay.  Found  in  Central  America  already  by  Columbus.  This 
conspicuous,  though  annual,  cereal  grass  interests  us  on  this 
occasion  as  being  applicable  to  far  more  uses  than  those  for  which 
it  has  hitherto  been  emyloyed.  In  North  America,  for  instance, 
Maize  is  converted  into  a  variety  of  dishes  for  the  daily  table,  being 
thus  boiled  in  an  immature  state,  as  "green  corn."  Mixed  with 
other  flour  it  furnishes  good  bread.  For  some  kinds  of  cakes  it  is 
solely  used,  also  for  maizena,  macaroni  and  polenta.  Several 
varieties  exist,  the  Inca  Maise  of  Peru  being  remarkable  for  its 
gigantic  size  and  large  grains.  Maize  is  not  readily  subject  to  the 
ordinary  corn  diseases,  but  to  prosper  it  requires  fair  access  to 
potash  and  lime.  Good  writing  and  printing  papers  can  be  pre- 
pared from  maize  straw.  Meyen  calculated  that  the  return  from 
maize  under  most  favourable  circumstances  in  tropical  countries 
would  be  eight  hundred  fold,  and  under  almost  any  circumstance 
it  is  the  largest  yielder  among  cereals  in  warm  countries.  Mr. 
Buchanan  of  Lindenau  obtained  150  bushels  from  an  acre  in  Gipps- 
land  flats,  colony  Victoria.  As  a  fattening  saccharine  green-fodder, 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  361 

maize  is  justly  appreciated.  Any  ergot  from  it  is  used,  like  that  of 
rye,  for  medicinal  purposes.  Maize  corn  contains  about  75  per 
cent,  of  starch.  Dierbach  recommends  mellago  or  treacle  from 
maize  instead  of  that  prepared  from  the  roots  of  Triticum  repens 
(L.),  and  the  molasses  so  obtained  serve  also  culinary  uses.  Expo- 
sure to  extreme  and  protracted  cold — four  years  in  Polaris  Bay, 
Smith  Sound,  81'  38°  north  latitude — did  not  destroy  the  vitality  of 
wheat  and  maize  grains  (R.  J.  Lynch). 

Zelkova  acuminata,    Planchon.      (Planera  acuminata,    Lindley ;    P. 
P.  Japonica,  Miquel.) 

The  "  Keaki,"  considered  one  of  the  best  timber  trees  of  Japan ; 
proved  of  rapid  growth  and  valuable  as  a  shade  tree  at  Melbourne. 
The  wood  never  cracks,  and  is  thus  most  extensively  used  for 
turnery,  also  much  for  furniture  (Rein.).  Stems  occasionally  20 
feet  in  girth.  For  out-door  work  the  most  valued  wood  in  Japan 
(Christie). 

Zelkova  crenata,  Spach.     (Planera  Richardi,  Michaux.) 

South- West  Asia,  ascending  to  5,000  feet.  In  favourable  localities 
a  good-sized  tree,  with  qualities  resembling  those  of  the  Elms.  The 
allied  Z.  cretica  (Spach)  is  restricted  to  South  Europe. 

Zingiber  officinale,  Roscoe. 

The  Ginger.  India  and  China.  Possibly  this  plant  may  be  pro- 
ductive also  in  the  warmer  temperate  zone,  and  give  satisfactory 
results.  The  multiplication  is  effected  by  division  of  the  root.  For 
candied  ginger  only  the  young  succulent  roots  are  used,  which  are 
peeled  and  scalded  prior  to  the  immersion  into  the  saccharine 
liquid. 

Zizania  aquatica,  Linne.*     (Hydropyrum  esculentum,  Link.) 

The  Canada  Rice.  Annual.  It  attains  a  height  of  9  feet.  In 
shallow  streams  and  around  ponds  and  lakes  from  Canada  to 
Florida.  This  tall  grass  might  be  readily  naturalised.  Although 
its  grain  can  be  utilised  for  bread-corn,  we  would  wish  to  possess 
the  plant,  chiefly  to  obtain  additional  food  of  a  superior  kind  for 
water-birds. 

Zizania  latifolia,  Hance.*     (Hydropyrum  latifolium,  Grisebach.) 

The  Kau-sun  of  China.  In  lakes  of  Amur,  Manchuria,  China  and 
Japan.  Nearly  related  to  the  preceding  species.  From  Dr.  Hance 
we  know  that  the  solid  base  of  the  stem  forms  a  very  choice  vege- 
table, largely  used  in  China,  where  this  tall  water-grass  undergoes 
regular  cultivation  like  the  Trapa. 


362  SELECT    PLANTS    FOR    INDUSTRIAL    CULTURE 

Zizanii  fluitans,  Michaux.     (Hydrochloa  Carolinensis,  Beauvois.) 

Southern  States  of  North  America.  This  grass,  floating  in  shallow 
streams,  or  creeping  on  muddy  banks  of  rivers  or  swamps,  is  praised 
by  Mr.  C.  Mohr  as  valuable  for  fodder,  lasting  throughout  the 
year. 

Zizania  miliacea,  Michaux.* 

Southern  part  of  North  America,  West  India.  Tall  and  perennial, 
but  more  restricted  to  the  tide-water  meadows  and  ditches,  accord- 
ing to  Pursh  ;  but  according  to  Chapman's  note,  generally  distrib- 
uted like  Z.  aquatica,  with  which  it  has  similar  use.  In  South 
Brazil  occurs  a  similar  grass — namely,  Z.  microstachya  (Nees). 

Zizyphus  Joazeiro,  Martius. 

Brazil.     Recommended  as  yielding  fruit  in  arid  regions. 

Zizyphus  Jujuba,  La  Marck. 

From  India  to  China,  East  Australia,  extending  also  to  tropical 
Africa,  ascending  the  Himalayas  to  4,500  feet.  This  shrub  or  tree 
can  only  be  expected  to  bear  its  pleasant  fruits  in  the  warmer  part 
of  the  temperate  zone.  The  fruit  is  red  or  yellow,  and  of  the  size 
of  a  cherry.  The  Tussa  silkworm,  which,  according  to  Dr.  Forbes 
Watson,  is  the  most  important  and  widely  distributed  of  the  wild 
silk-insects  of  India,  feeds  on  Z.  Jujuba,  but  also  on  Terminalias, 
Shorea,  Bombax  heptaphyllum,  and  some  other  trees.  Often  the 
cocoons  are  merely  collected  in  the  forests. 

Zizyphus  Lotus,  La  Marck. 

Countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  fruits  are  small 
and  less  sweet  than  those  of  Z.  vulgaris ;  nevertheless  they  are 
largely  used  for  food  in  the  native  country  of  this  bush.  Z.  num- 
mularia  (Wight  and  Arnott)  is  an  allied  species  from  the  mountains 
of  India,  ascending  to  3,000  feet.  It  is  much  used  for  garden 
hedges.  The  fruit  is  sweet  and  acidulous  and  of  a  pleasant  flavour 
(Brandis). 

Zizyphus  Mistal,   Grisebach. 

Argentina.     A  fine  tree  with  edible  fruits. 

Zizyphus   rugosa,  La  Marck. 

Nepal  and  other  mountainous  parts  of  India.  A  small  tree,  hardier 
than  the  last.  The  drupe  of  this  is  also  edible,  and  the  same  may 
be  said  of  a  few  other  Indian  species. 

Zizyphus  Sinensis,  La  Marck. 

China  and  Japan.     Similar  in  use  to  the  last. 


IN    EXTRA-TROPICAL    COUNTRIES.  363 

Zizyphus  Spina  Christi,  Willdenow. 

Middle  and  North  Africa,  South- West  Asia.  Rather  a  hedge-plant 
than  a  fruit  bush. 

Zizyphus  vulgaris,  La  Marck. 

Orient,  particularly  Syria,  in  the  Himalayas  up  to  6,500  feet.  A 
small  tree,  well  adapted  for  a  temperate  clime.  Fruits  scarlet,  about 
an  inch  long,  with  edible  pulp  ;  they  are  known  as  South  European 
Jujubes.  The  allied  Z.  oxyphylla  (Edgeworth)  has  a  very  acid 
fruit. 

Zoysia  pungens,  Willdenow. 

Eastern  and  Southern  Asia,  East  Australia.  This  creeping  grass, 
although  not  large,  is  important  for  binding  coast-sands  ;  it  will  live 
on  saline  soil. 


364 


TABLE  of  Average  Annual  Rainfall  and  Temperature  at  Stations  in  New  South  Wales. 


Stations. 

Average 
Yearly 
Rainfall. 

Yearly 
Mean 
Temperature. 

Extreme 
Maximum 
Temperature. 

Extreme 
Minimum 
Temperature. 

Casino 

Yrs. 

1 
1 
1 

8 
4 
2 
8 
2 
9 
8 
1 
3 
9 
7 
9 
5 
2 
7 
9 
8 

2 
9 
5 
9 
9 
9 
5 
9 
8 
8 
3 
3 
18 
24 
8 
9 
8 
8 
8 
9 

rr 

i 

9 
1 
9 
9 
9 
3 
9 
9 
9 

Inches. 

65-130 
50-910 
32-210 
37-155 
30-889 
16-510 
13-653 
16-122 
26-704 
33-460 
33-950 
28-450 
64-032 
27-126 
24-143 
22-652 
25-083 
18-717 
19-303 
27-687 

27-365 
36-751 
53-476 
49-443 
40-090 
25-107 
18-026 
48-266 
33-552 
35-305 
53-560 
30-447 
48-286 
51-521 
36-773 
11-947 
28-945 
39-514 
44-606 
28-719 
23-260 
54-154 
50-000 
24-099 
17-249 
19-087 
61-993 
27-940 
19-037 
39-387 

Yrs. 

7 
8 
1 
10 
5 
2 
8 
2 
9 
14 
1 
2 
18 
6 
8 
5 
2 
7 
8 
7 

1 
12 
5 
13 
9 
16 
6 
10 
14 
7 
3 
4 
16 
24 
7 

7 
8 
9 
8 
17 
6 
10 
1 
9 
6 
15 
8 
14 
15 
11 

Degrees 
Fahr. 

67'1 
58-0 
66-5 
68-1 
60-4 
70-7 
65-8 
67-6 
68-4 
56-7 
59-7 
61-3 
63-7 
60-0 
62-4 
62-0 
64-0 
65-3 
62-3 
61-7 

63-3 
63-5 
60-4 
64-3 
55-1 
57-2 
62-2 
54-7 
63-9 
55-0 
57-6 
62-2 
61-7 
62-7 
59-5 
64-0 
59-2 
62-2 
55-6 
56-0 
60-9 
62-1 
56-3 
56-0 
62-9 
60-3 
45-1 
59-9 
52-8 
60-2 

Yrs. 

6 
9 
1 
8 
4 
2 
8 
2 
9 
16 
1 
3 
9 
9 
8 
5 
2 
9 
9 
9 

1 
14 
6 
11 
9 
17 
6 
8 
15 
7 
4 
3 
8 
20 
8 
9 
8 
9 
9 
16 
7 
9 
1 
9 
8 
19 
9 
14 
14 
10 

Degrees 
Fahr. 

113-0 
104-0 
109-1 
118-0 
105-0 
110-4 
121-5 
116-0 
118-3 
103-8 
125-6 
105-0 
101-3 
107-3 
112-2 
114-0 
115-0 
115-8 
112-9 
114-0 

112-3 
112-0 
105-0 
107-5 
99-5 
112-5 

110-0 

94-0 
113-9 
106-0 
93-4 
99-0 
106-0 
106-9 
104-0 
119-0 

110-0 
101-0 

102-0 
109-0 
111-0 
105-2 
103-0 
109-0 
112-5 
121-0 
96-2 
117-0 
107-5 
106-0 

Yrs. 

6 
9 
1 
8 
4 
2 
8 
2 
7 
12 
1 
3 
9 
9 
9 
4 
2 
9 
7 
8 

1 
11 
6 
11 
9 
17 
6 
8 
15 
7 
4 
3 
8 
20 
8 
7 
8 
8 
9 
15 
8 
8 
1 
9 
8 
16 
9 
16 
14 
10 

Degrees 
Fahr, 

26-2 
16-0 
18-0 
21-0 
20-0 
33-7 
29-9 
27-0 
26-5 
11-2 
20-8 
19-0 
34-0 
19-0 
22-2 
22-0 
23-0 
20-0 
17-0 
26-0 

29-9 
24-0 
27-0 
34-0 
22-2 
13-0 
24-0 
29-0 
21-5 
21-7 
34-4 
29-9 
38-0 
36-8 
22-0 
27-2 
20-0 
36-7 
26-8 
18-0 
20-0 
35-0 
22-0 
20-0 
29-1 
16-0 
*8-0 
20-2 
15-0 
36-0 

Tenterfield  

Moree  

Grafton 

Inverell         .  .                        > 

Walgett  

Bourke     

Gilgoin 

Narrabri  

Armidale  

Coonabarabran  

Goonoo  Goonoo 

Port  Macquarie  

Murrurundi    

Cassilis 

Scone   .  . 

Panjee  (100m.  W.  of  Dubbo) 
Muswellbrook    

Dubbo 

Mudgee      .... 

Melrose  (37  miles  N.W.  of 
Condobolin)    

West  Maitland 

Lambton  

Newcastle   

Orange 

Bathurst  

Forbes  

Kurrajong 

Windsor         .    . 

Mount  Victoria  

Woodford   

Parramatta 

South  Head    

Sydney    . 

-T-j        J   i 
Liverpool 

W^entworth 

Young  

Wollongong    

Moss  Vale  . 

Goulburn     

Wagga  Wasrga  .. 

Cape  St.  George 

Lake  George 

Queanbeyan    

Tirana 

Deniliquin  . 

K  iandra  

Albury 

Cooma  

Eden 

*  8°  below  Zero. 


365 


INDICATED   GENEE 

Alimentary  Plants — 

1.  YIELDING  HERBAGE  (culinary) — 

Agriophyllum,  Allium,  Amarantus,  Anthriscus,  Apium.  Aralia, 
Atriplex,  Barbarsea,  Basella,  Beta,  Bongardia,  Borrago,  Brassica, 
Chenopodium,  Corchorus,  Crambe,  Cynara,  Euchlsena,  Fago- 
pyrum,  Gunnera,  Hibiscus,  Lactuca,  Lepidium,  Musa,  Oenanthe, 
Pharnaceum,  Pringlea,  Pugionium,  Rheum,  Rumex,  San- 
guisorba,  Scandix,  Scorzonera,  Spinacia,  Talinum,  Tetragonia, 
Theligonum,  Tropseolum,  Yalerianella,  Zizania. 

2.  YIELDING  ROOTS  (culinary) — 

Allium,  Apios,  Aponogeton,  Arracacha,  Asparagus,  Beta, 
Boussingaultia,  Brassica,  Butomus,  Carum,  Chserophyllum, 
Cichorium,  Cochlearia,  Colocasia,  Conopodium,  Cordyline,  Crambe, 
Cymopterus,  Cyperus,  Daucus,  Dendrocalamus,  Dioscorea,  Diposis, 
Eustrephus,  Ferula,  Flemingia,  Flueggea,  Geitonoplesium, 
Gigantochloa,  Gladiolus,  Heleocharis,  Helianthus,  Hypochoeris, 
Ipomoea,  Iris,  Manihot,  Microseris,  Nelumbo,  Oxalis,  Pachyr- 
rhizus,  Peucedanum,  Pimpinella,  Pouzolzia,  Priva,  Psoralea, 
Pueraria,  Raphanus,  Rhaponticum,  Ruscus,  Scilla,  Scorzonera, 
Sechium,  Selinum,  Solanum,  Stilbocarpa,  Thapsia,  Tinguarra, 
Tragopogon,  Tropseolum,  Ullucus,  Uvularia,  Yaleriana. 

3.  YIELDING  CEREAL  GRAIN — 

Andropogon,  Avena,  Eleusine,  Hordeum,  Oryza,  Panicum, 
Pennisetum,  Poa,  Secale,  Triticum,  Zea,  Zizania. 

4.  YIELDING  TABLE  PULSE — 

.Cajanus,  Caragana,  Cicer,  Cyamopsis,  Dolichos,  Ervum,  Lupinus, 
Mucuna.  Pliaseolus,  Pisum,  Yicia,  Yigna. 

5.  YIELDING  VARIOUS  ESCULENT  FRUITS — 

Aberia,  Acanthosicyos,  Achras,  Adenostemon,  Albizzia,  Aliber- 
tia,  Amarantus,  Amelanchier,  Anona,  Arachis,  Araucaria, 
Aristotelia,  Artocarpus,  Atalantia,  Averrhoa,  Bassia,  Benincasa, 
Berberis,  Borassus,  Brabejum,  Canavalia,  Carissa,  Carya,  Casi- 
miroa,  Castanea,  Castanopsis,  Celtis,  Ceratonia,  Cereus, 
Cervantesia,  Citrus,  Coccoloba,  Condalia,  Corynocarpus, 
Corynosicyos,  Cratsegus,  Cucumis,  Cucurbita,  Cudrania, 
Cynara,  Debregeasia,  Diospyros,  Euclea,  Eugenia,  Fagopyrum, 
Ficus,  Fragaria,  Fuchsia,  Gaultiera,  Gaylussacia,  Gingko, 


366  INDICATED   GENERA. 

Gourliaea,  Guevina,  Hibiscus,  Hovenia,  Hymensea,  Juglans, 
Juniperus,  Lapageria,  Limonia,  Macadainia,  Maclura,  Mangifera, 
Marlea,  Maiiiera,  Melicocca,  Mesembrianthemum,  Moringa, 
Morus,  Musa,  Myrica,  Myrtus,  Nageia,  Nelumbo,  Nephelium, 
Niemeyera,  Nuphar,  Nyssa,  Opuntia,  Pappea,  Parinarium, 
Passiflora,  Peireskia,  Persea,  Peumus,  Phoenix,  Photinia,  Physalis, 
Pinus,  Pistacia,  Prunus,  Psidium,  Punica,  Pyrularia,  Pyrus, 
Quercus,  Kibes,  Rubus,  Salpichroma,  Sambucus,  Santalum, 
Sechium,  Shepherdia,  Solanum,  Spondias,  Sterculia,  Tamarindus, 
Telfairia,  Terminalia,  Trapa,  Triphasia,  Vaccinium,  Vahea, 
Vangueria,  Vitis,  Voandzeia,  Ximenia,  Zizyphus. 

6.  TRUFFLES  AND  MUSHROOMS — 

Agaricus,  Boletus,  Cantharellus,  Clavaria,  Helvella,  Hydnuin, 
Hymenangium,  Lycoperdon,  Morchella,  Pachyma,  Peziza,  Poly- 
gaster,  Polyporus,  Rhizopogon,  Terfezia,  Tuber. 

Avenue  Plants  (partly  also  for  street-planting) — 

Acer,  .^Esculus,  Castanea,  Corylus,  Cupressus,  Eucalyptus,  Ficus, 
Fraxinus,  Grevillea,  Jubaea,  Juglans,  Melia,  Oreodoxa,  Piiius, 
Pircunia,  Pistacia,  Planera,  Platanus,  Populus,  Prunus,  Pyrus, 
Quercus,  Robinia,  Salix,  Sequoia,  Thespesia,  Tilia,  Ulmus, 
Zelkova. 

Bamboo  Plants — 

Arundinaria  (Arundo),  Bambusa,  Beesha,  Dendrocalamus, 
Gigantochloa,  Guadua,  Melocanna,  Oxytenanthera,  Phyllostachys, 
Schizostachyum,  (many  other  genera  mentioned  under  Schizos- 
tachyum),  Teinostachyum. 

Camphor  Plant — 

Cinnamomum. 

Coffee  Plant— 

Coffea.  ^ 

Condiment  Plants — 

Acorus,  Allium,  Apium,  Archangelica,  Artemisia,  Asperula, 
Borrago,  Brassica,  Calamintha,  Calyptranthes,  Capparis,  Capsi- 
cum, Carum,  Chserophyllum,  Cinnamomum,  Citrus,  Cochlearia, 
Coriandrum,  Crithmum,  Cuminum,  Fceniculum,  Glyciiie, 
Illicium,  Laserpitium,  Laurus,  Lepidium,  Lindera,  Mentha,  Meri- 
andra,  Monarda,  Monodora,  Myrrhis,  Nyssa,  Ocimum,  Olea, 
Origanum,  Peucedanum,  Pimpinella,  Prunus  (Amygdalus), 
Pycnanthemum,  Satureja,  Sison,  Smyrnium,  Spilanthes, 
Trop?eolum,  Thymus,  Tuber,  Yalerianella,  Xaiithoxylon, 
Zingiber. 


INDICATED   GENERA.  367 

Cork  Plant— 

Quercus. 

Dye  Plants- 
Acacia,  Acer,  Albizzia,  Aleurites,  Alkanna,  Alnus,  Anthemis, 
Baloghia,  Csesalpinia,  Cartliamus,  Carya,  Chlorogalum,  Cladastris, 
Coccoloba,  Crocus,  Crozophora,  Cytisus,  Dracaena,  Excsecaria, 
Fagopyrum,  Fraxinus,  Garcinia,  Gunnera,  Helianthus,  Hetero- 
thalamus,  Indigofera,  Isatis,  Juglans,  Lawsonia,  Lithospermum, 
Lyperia,  Maclura,  Mallotus,  Onosma,  Opuntia,  Peireskia,  Pelto- 
pliorum,  Perilla,  Peumus,  Phyllocladus,  Pinus,  Polygonum, 
Quercus,  Reseda,  Rhamnus,  Rlius,  Roccella,  Rubia,  Sambucus, 
Saponaria,  Solanum,  Sophora,  Spartium,  Terminalia,  Thymelsea, 
Vaccinium,  Xanthorrhiza. 

Fibre  Plants- 
Agave,  Apocynum,  Boehmeria,  Broussoiietia,  Camelina,  Cannabis, 
Caryota,  Chlorogalum,  Copernicia,  Corchorus,  Cordyline,  Crota- 
laria,  Cyperus,  Debregeasia,  Fitzroya,  Fourcroya,  Gossypium, 
Harclwickia,  Helianthus,  Hibiscus,  Humulus,  Lardizabala, 
Lavatera,  Linum,  Maoutia,  Musa,  Pachyrrhizus,  Phormium, 
Pipturus,  Poa,  Sanseviera,  Sesbania,  Spartina,  Spartium,  Thuya, 
Tillandsia,  Touchardia,  Urena,  Yillebrunia,  Yucca. 

Fullers  Plant— 

Dipsacus. 

Fodder  Plants — 

• 

1.  GRASSES — 

Agrostis,  Aira,  Alopecurus,  Andropogon,  Anthistiria,  Aiithox- 
anthum,  Aristida,  Arundinella,  Avena,  Bouteloua,  Bromus, 
Buchloa,  Carex,  Chloris,  Cinna,  Cynodon,  Cynosurus,  Dactylis, 
Danthonia,  Ehrharta,  Eleusine,  Euchlaena,  Erianthus,  Eriochloa, 
Festuca,  Hemarthria,  Hierochloa,  Holcus,  Hordeum,  Koeleria, 
Leersia,  Lolium,  Melica,  Milium,  Muehlenbergia,  Neurachne, 
Panicum,  Pappophorum,  Paspalum,  Pennisetum,  Phalaris, 
Phleum,  Poa,  Rottboellia,  Sclerachne,  Secale,  Sesleria,  Spartina, 
Stenotaphrum,  Tricholaena,  Tripsacum,  Triticum,  Uniola, 
Zizania. 

2.  OTHER  HERBAGE — 

Achillea,  Alchemilla,  Anthyllis,  Arachis,  Astragalus,  Atriplex, 
Brassica,  Cichorium,  Conospermum,  Crotalaria,  Desmodium, 
Erodium,  Ervum,  Heracleum,  Hippocrepis,  Jacksonia,  Kochia, 
Lespedeza,  Lotus,  Lupinus,  Medicago,  Pentzia,  Peucedanum, 
Portulacaria,  Prangos,  Sanguisorba,  Sesbania,  Spergula,  Sym- 
phytum,  Trichodesma,  Trifolium,  Trophis. 


368  INDICATED    GENERA. 

3.  STABLE  PULSE  (Pods  and  Herbs) — 

Cicer,  Dolichos,  Hedysarum,  Lathyrus,  Lupinus,  Medicago, 
Melilotus,  Onobrychis,  Ornithopus,  Oxytropis,  Pisum,  Trifolium, 
Trigonella,  Yicia. 

4.  OTHER  FRUITS — 

Argania,  Carya,  Castanea,  Ceratonia,  Helianthus,  Prosopis, 
Quercus. 

Garland  Plants — 

Baccharis,  Helichrysum,  Laurus,  Lycopodium,  Melaleuca, 
Quercus. 

Grave  Plants — 

Boronia,  Cupressus,  Fraxinus,  Helichrysum,  Lycopodium,  Salix, 
Tamarix,  Thuya,  Viola. 

Gum  Plants — 

Acacia,  Albizzia,  Astragalus,  Bambusa,  Brachy chiton,  Caragana, 
Diospyros,  Olea,  Piptadenia,  Prosopis,  Xylia. 

Hedge  Plants — 

Aberia,  Acacia,  Acer,  Agave,  Albizzia,  Azima,  Baccharis,  Bam- 
busa, Berberis,  Buddleya,  Buxus,  Csesalpinia,  Capparis,  Carissa, 
Ceanothus,  Celtis,  Cratsegus,  Cupressus,  Elseagnus,  Flacourtia, 
Gleditschia,  Guilandina,  Hymenanthera,  Justicia,  Lawsonia, 
Ligustrum,  Lycium,  Maclura,  Mimosa,  Opuiitia,  Paliurus, 
Parkinsonia,  Peireskia,  Pisonia,  Pistacia,  Pittosporum,  Plectronia, 
Prosopis,  Prunus,  Punica,  Pyrus,  Rhamnus,  Rhus,  Rpsa,  Rubus, 
Ruscus,  Salix,  Scutia,  Streblus,  Thuya,  Zizyphus. 

Honey  Plants- 
Acacia,  Agave,  Brassica,   Citrus,  Eucalyptus,  Eucryphia,   Heli- 
anthus,   Lavandula,    Medicago,    Melianthus,    Melissa,    Mentha, 
Origanum,  Rosa,  Rosmarinus,  Salvia,  Thymus,  Tilia,  Trifolium, 
Tropseolum,  Viola. 

Hop  Plant — 

Humulus. 

Insecticidal  Plants- 
Chrysanthemum,  Schkuhria,  Tagetes. 

Medicinal  Plants — 

1.  YIELDING  HERBAGE  OR  FLOWERS — 

Achillea,  Aconitum,  Agave,  Aletris,  Aloe,  Althaea,  Anemone, 
Anthemis,  Arctostaphylos,  Aristolochia,  Arnica,  Artemisia, 
Atropa,  Barosma,  Cannabis,  Cassia,  Catha,  Chelidonium, 


INDICATED   GENERA.  369 

Chenopodium,  Chrysanthemum,  Cochlearia,  Conium,  Crocus, 
Cytisus,  Digitalis)  Duboisia,  Erythroxylon,  Eupatorium,  Garu- 
leum,  Hagenia,  Hedeoma,  Hyoscyamus,  Ilex,  Justicia,  Lactuca, 
Leyssera,  Marrubium,  Matricaria,  Melianthus,  Mentha,  Menyan- 
thes,  ISTepeta,  Osmitopsis,  Papaver,  Parthenium,  Pilocarpus, 
Polygala,  Prnnus,  Rafnia,  Ricinus,  Rosmarinus,  Ruta,  Salvia, 
Sambucus,  Santolina,  Schkuhria,  Sebsea,  Selinum,  Solanum, 
Sophora,  Spigelia,  Spilanthes,  Swertia,  Tanacetum,  Tarchonanthus, 
Teucrium,  Thuya,  Thymus.  • 

2.  YIELDING  BARK. 

Alstonia,  Aspidosperma,  Cinchona,  Juglans,  Pilocarpus,  Salix. 

3.  YIELDING  ROOTS — 

Acorus,  Actsea,  Althaea,  Anacyclus,  Archangelica,  Aristolochia, 
Arnica,  Atropa,  Carex,  Cepheelis,  Cimicifuga,  Colchicum,  Con- 
volvulus, Euryangium,  Gentiana,  Glycyrrhiza,  Helleborus, 
Hydrastis,  Inula,  Ipomoea,  Krameria,  Nardostachys,  Periandra, 
Peucedanum,  Pimpinella,  Podophyllum,  Polygala,  Punica,  Rafnia, 
Rheum,  Sabbatia,  Sanguinaria,  Saponaria,  Sassafras,  Saussurea, 
Schoenocaulon,  Scorzonera,  Smilax,  Smyrnium,  Symphytum, 
Taraxacum,  Urginia,  Valeriana,  Yeratrum,  Xanthorrhiza. 

4.  YIELDING  FRUITS  (or  only  Seeds) — 

Cassia,  Cucumis,  Cuminum,  Ecballion,  Fosniculum,  Illicium, 
Mallotus,  Punica,  Rhamnus,  Rheum,  Ricinus,  Schoenocaulon, 
Smyrnium,  Tamarindus,  Trigonella. 

Oil  Plants— 

Aleurites,  Arachis,  Argania,  Brassica,  Camelina,  Camellia,  Can- 
nabis,  Carya,  Combretum,  Cucurbita,  Cyperus,  Excsecaria, 
Ginkgo,  Gossypium,  Guizotia,  Helianthus,  Juglans,  Linum,  Olea, 
Papaver,  Prunus  (Amygdalus),  Pyrularia,  Ricinus,  Sesamum, 
Telfairia,  Tetranthera. 

Palm  Plants— 

Acrocomia,  Bactris,  Bacularia,  Borassus,  Brahea,  Calamus, 
Caryota,  Ceroxylon,  Chamserops,  Cocos,  Copernicia,  Euterpe, 
Geonoma,  Hyospathe,  Hyphsene,  Jubsea,  Kentia,  Livistona, 
Mauritia,  Oncosperma,  Oreodoxa,  Pho3nix,  Plectocomia,  Prit- 
chardia,  Ptychosperma,  Rhapidophyllum,  Rhapis,  Sabal,  Trithri- 
nax,  Thrinax,  Wallichia,  Wettinia,  Zalacca  (many  other  Ameri- 
can genera  under  Wettinia,  many  other  Asian  genera  under 
Zalacca). 

Paper  Plants — 

Arundo,  Broussonetia,  Cyperus,  Fatsia,  Lepidosperma,  Lygeum, 
Phormium,  Populus,  Psamma,  Spartina,  Stipa,  Zea.  (See  also 
Fibre-plants.) 


370  INDICATED    GENERA. 

Resin  Plants — 

Balsamodendron,  Boswellia,  Bursera,  Butea,  Cajanus,  Callitris, 
Ceroxylon,  Chloroxylon,  Cistus,  Croton,  Dammara,  Dorema, 
Ferula,  Ficus,  Frenela,  Garcinia,  Hymenaea,  Isonandra,  Juni- 
perus,  Liquidambar,  Melanorrhcea,  Myrica,  Pinus,  Pistacia, 
Pterocarpus,  Rhus,  Shorea,  Styrax,  Yahea. 

Saline  Plants— 

Agrostis,  Alopecurus,  Albizzia,  Avicennia,  Batis,  Casuarina, 
Cynodon,  Kochia,  Leptospermum,  Melaleuca,  Myoporum,  Paspa- 
lum,  Phormium,  Poa,  Salicornia,  Tamarix,  Zoysia. 

Sand-coast  Plants — 

Acacia,  Agrostis,  Ailantus,  Aloe,  Apium,  Asparagus,  Beta, 
Csesalpinia,  Cakile,  Calamagrostis,  Callitris,  Carex,  Casuarina, 
Crambe,  Crithmum,  Cupressus,  Cynodon,  Cytisus,  Dactylis,  Dis- 
tichlis,  Ehrharta,  Elegia,  Elymus,  Festuca,  Genista,  Hemitaph- 
rum,  Imperata,  Lavandula,  Lepidosperma,  Leptospermum, 
Lupinus,  Medicago,  Melaleuca,  Mesembrianthemum,  Myoporum, 
Myrica,  Opuntia,  Ornithopus,  Panicum,  Paspalum,  Phorniium, 
Pinus,  Poa,  Populus,  Prunus,  Psamma,  Quercus,  Rhagodia, 
Robinia,  Remirea,  Sabal,  Salix,  Sesuviurn.  Spartina,  Spinifex, 
Stenotaphrum,  Stipa,  Tamarix,  Tetragonia,  Thouarea,  Thrinax, 
Tripsacum,  Triticum,  Ulex,  Uniola,  Urginia,  Yucca,  Zoysia. 

Scenic  Plants  (other  than  Palms  or  Bamboos) — 

Agave,  Ailanthus,  Aloe,  Andropogon,  Angelica,  Arundo,  Asple- 
nium,  Berberis,  Boehmeria,  Canna,  Cereus,  Colocasia,  Cordyline, 
Cycas,  Cynara,  Cyperus,  Datura,  Dicksonia,  Dirca,  Dracaena, 
Elegia,  Encephalartos,  Euchlaena,  Eustrephus,  Fatsia,  Ferula, 
Festuca,  Fceniculum,  Fourcroya,  Gunnera,  Helianthus,  Heracleum, 
Inula,  Lavatera,  Leucadendron,  Melianthus,  Musa,  Opuntia,  Pan- 
danus,  Paulownia,  Phormium,  Pipturus,  Podachsenium,  Rheum, 
Richardia,  Ricinus,  Todea,  Touchardia,  Watsonia,  Yucca,  Zea. 

Scent  Plants — 

Acacia,  Adesmia,  Aloexylon,  Andropogon,  Anthoxaiithum,  Aqui- 
laria,  Backhousia,  Boronia,  Calamintha,  Cedronella,  Citrus,  Con- 
volvulus, Dracocephalum,  Eucalyptus,  Gelsemium,  Lavandula, 
Liatris,  Lippia,  Liquidambar,  Melia,  Melissa,  Mentha,  Monarda, 
Murraya,  Myrtus.  Nyctanthes,  Ocimum,  Origanum,  Osmanthus, 
Pelargonium,  Pittosporum,  Pogostemon,  Polianthes,  Prunus 
(Amygdalus),  Pycnanthemum,  Reseda,  Rosa,  Rosmarinus, 
Santalum,  Satureja,  Styrax,  Synoon,  Teucrium,  Thymus,  Tilia, 
Triphasia,  Yiola,  Wistaria. 


INDICATED    GENERA.  371 

Silk  Plants— 

Ailantus,  Cajanus,  Liquidambar,  Maclura,  Morus,  Quercus, 
Ricinus,  Shorea,  Symplocos,  Terminalia,  Trophis,  Ulmus. 

Starch  Plants— 

Alstroemeria,  Canna,  Caryota,  Colocasia,  Copernicia,  Cycas,  Fago- 
pyrum,  Hordeum,  Levisia,  Manihot,  Maranta,  Oreodoxa,  Oryza, 
Secale,  Solanum,  Tacca,  Triticum,  Zea. 

Sugar  Plants- 
Acer,  Andropogon,  Beta,  Borassus,  Caryota,  Copernicia,  Cucumis, 
Euchlaena,  Phoenix,  Saccharum,  Zea. 

Tannic  Plants — 

Acacia,  .^Esculus,  Alnus,  Albizzia,  Angophora,  Aspidosperma, 
Banksia,  Butea,  Csesalpinia,  Cedrela,  Coccoloba,  Comptonia, 
Cytisus,  Davana,  Eucalyptus,  Eugenia,  Gordonia,  Gunnera, 
Pinus,  Populus,  Prosopis,  Pterocarpus,  Quercus,  Rhus,  Salix,  Ter- 
minalia. 

Tea  Plants— 

Andropogon,  Camellia,  Hydrangea,  Ilex. 

Tide  Plants— 

JEgiceras,  Avicennia,   Batis,   Melaleuca,  Myoporum,  Salicornia,  • 
Spartina. 

Timber  Plants— 

1.  TREES,  CONIFEROUS — 

a.  Evergreen — 

Araucaria,  Callitris,  Ceplialotaxus,  Cryptomeria.  Cupressus,  Dacry 
dium,  Dammara,  Fitzroya,  Frenela,  Juniperus,  Libocedrus, 
Nageia,  Phyllocladus,  Pinus,  Saxono-Gothsea,  Sciadopitys, 
Sequoia,  Taxus,  Thuya,  Torreya. 

b.  Deciduous — 

Ginkgo,  Glyptostrobus,  Pinus,  Taxodium. 

2.  TREES,  NOT  CONIFEROUS  — 
a.  Evergreen — 

Acacia,  Adenostemon,  Albizzia  Angophora,  Castaiiopsis,  Casuarina, 
Cedrela,  Cercocarpus,  Chloroxylon,  Corynocarpus,  Dalbergia,  Dios- 
pyros,  Embothrium,  Eucalyptus,  Eucryphia,  Fagus,  Flindersia, 
Gmelina,  Gourliaea,  Grevillea,  Harpullia,  Hyinensea,  Jacaranda, 


372  INDICATED   GENERA. 

Knightia,  Laurelia,  Maba,  Magnolia,  Marlea,  Maytenus,  Metrosi- 
deros,  Myrtus,  Persea,  Peumus,  Psychotria,  Quercus,  Rlius, 
Royenia,  Santalum,  Shorea,  Swietenia,  Syncarpia,  Tectona, 
Tetranthera,  Tristania. 

b.  Deciduous — 

Acer,  ^Esculus,  Ailantus,  Alnus,  Betula,  Butea,  Carpinus,  Carya, 
Castanea,  Catalpa,  Celtis,  Corylus,  Diospyros,  Engelhardtia,  Excse- 
caria,  Fagus,  Fraxinus,  Gleditschia,  Gymnocladus,  Holoptelea, 
Juglans,  Liriodendron,  Magnolia,  Melia,  Ostrya,  Pircunia,  Planera, 
Platanus,  Populus,  Pterocarpus,  Pterocarya,  Quercus,  Robinia, 
Salix,  Sophora,  Tilia,  Ulmus,  Umbellularia,  Xylia,  Zelkova. 

Tobacco  Plant— 

Nicotiana. 

Water  Plants— 

Acorus,  ^Eschynomene,  Aponogeton,  Butomus,  Cyperus,  Euryale, 
Menyanthes,  Nelumbo,  Nuphar,  Nyssa,  Oryza,  Poa,  Richardia, 
Sagittaria,  Trapa,  Zizania. 

Wicker  Plants— 

Cyperus,  Parrotia,  Salix  (also  genera  mentioned  under  Bamboo 
Plants). 


373 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX  OE  GENERA. 


DICOTYLEDONE.E. 


Ranunculacece. 

Papaveracece. 

Ternstrcemacece. 

Aconitum. 

Chelidonium. 

Camellia. 

Actsea 

Papaver. 

Gordonia. 

Anemone. 

Sanguinaria. 

Schima. 

Cimicifuga. 

Helleborus. 

Cruciferce. 

Dipterocarpece. 

Hydrastis. 
Xanthorrhiza 

Barbarsea. 
Brassica. 

Shorea. 

Cakile. 

Linacece. 

Nymphceacece. 
Nelumbo. 

Camelina. 
Cochlearia. 

Erythroxylon. 
Linum. 

Nuphar. 

Crambe. 

Isatis. 

Geraniacece. 

Magnoliacece. 

Drimys. 
Illicium. 

Lepidium. 
Pringlea. 
Raphanus. 

Averrhoa. 
Oxalis. 
Pelargonium. 

Liriodendron. 
Magnolia. 

Capparidece. 

Tropaeolum. 

Michelia. 

Capparis. 

Malvaceae. 

Althsea. 

Calycanthece. 

Violacece. 

Gossypium. 

Calycanthus. 

Hymenanthera. 
Viola. 

Hibiscus. 
Urena. 

Anonacece. 

\ 

Moringacew. 

Sterculiacece. 

Anona. 
Monodora. 

Moringa. 

Brachychiton. 
Sterculia. 

Laurinece. 

Bixacece. 

Tiliacece. 

Adenostemum. 

Aberia. 

Aristotelia. 

Cinnamomum. 
Laurus. 

Cistacece. 

Corchorus. 
THia. 

Lindera. 

Cistus. 

Persea. 

Rutacece. 

Sassafras. 

Resedacece. 

Atalantia. 

Tetranthera. 

"R      i\ 

Barosma. 

Umbellularia. 

. 

Boronia. 

MonimiecB. 
Laurelia. 
Peunius. 

Pittosporece. 
Pittosporum. 

Polygalacece. 

Casimiroa. 
Citrus. 
Limonia. 
Murraya. 
Pilocarpus. 

Berberidece. 
Berberis. 

Krameria. 
Polygala. 

Ruta. 
Triphasia. 
Xanthoxylon. 

Bongardia. 
Lardizabala. 

Guttiferce. 

Simarubece. 

Podophyllum. 

Garcinia. 

Ailan  tus. 

374 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX   OF    GENERA. 


Anacardiacece. 

Tamariscinece. 

Haloragece. 

Corynocarpus. 
Mangifera. 

Tamarix. 

Batis. 
Gunnera. 

Melanorrhoea. 
Odina. 
Pistacia. 
Ehus. 
Spondias. 

Cactece. 
Cereus. 
Opuntia. 
Peireskia. 

FicoidecB. 

Rosacece. 
Alchemilla. 
Amelanchier. 
Cercocarpus. 
Crataegus. 

Burseracece. 

Mesembrianthemum. 
Sesuvium. 

Fragaria. 
Hagenia. 

Amyris. 
Balsamodendron. 

Tetragonia. 

Parinarium. 
Prunus. 

Ti 

Boswellia. 
Bursera. 

Caryophyllece. 
Saponaria. 

Pyrus. 
Quillaja. 
Rosa. 

Olacinece. 

Spergula. 

Rubus. 
Sanguisorba. 

Ximenia. 

Portulacece. 

Lewisia. 

Leguminosce. 

Meliacece. 

Talinum. 

Acacia. 
Adesmia. 

Cedrela. 
Chloroxylon. 
Flindersia. 

Amarantacece. 
Amarantus. 

^Eschynomene. 
Albizzia. 
Aloexylon. 

Melia. 
Synoon. 
Swietenia. 

Salsolacece. 
Agriophyllum. 

Anthyllis. 
Apios. 
Arachis. 

SapindacecB. 

Atriplex. 
Basella. 

Astragalus. 
Butea. 

Acer. 
JSsculus. 
Blighia. 
Harpullia. 
Melianthus. 
Melicocca. 

Beta. 
Boussingaultia. 
Chenopodium. 
Rhagodia. 
Spinacia. 
Theligonum. 

Csesalpinia. 
Cajanus. 
Canavalia. 
Caragana. 
Cassia. 
Ceratonia. 

Nephelium. 

Ullucus. 

Cercis. 

Pappea. 

Polygonacece. 

Cicer. 
Cladrastis. 

Viniferce. 

Calligonum. 

Crotalaria. 

Vitis. 
Celastrinece. 

Coccoloba. 
Polygonum. 

Cyamopsis. 
Cytisus. 

Catha 

Rheum. 

Dalbergia. 

\_yctLIlc*. 

Maytenus. 

Rumex. 

Desmodium. 
Dolichos. 

Rhamnacece. 

NyctagineoB. 
Pisonia. 

Ervum. 
Genista. 

Ceanothus. 

Gleditschia. 

Colletia. 

Phytolaccece. 

Glycine. 

Condalia. 

Pircunia. 

Glycyrrhiza. 

Hovenia. 

Gymnocladus. 

Paliurus. 

A  ristolochiacece. 

Hardwickia. 

Rhamnus. 
Scutia. 

Aristolochia. 

Hedysarum. 
Hippocrepis. 

Zizyphus. 

Hamamelidece. 

Hymensea. 
Indigofera. 

Aquifoliacece. 

Liquidambar. 

Jacksonia. 

Ilex. 

Parrotia. 

Lathyrus. 

SYSTEMATIC  INDEX  OP  GENERA. 


375 


Lespedeza. 

Onagrece. 

Passiflorece. 

Lotus. 

Fuchsia. 

Carica. 

Lupinus. 

Trapa. 

Passiflora. 

Medicago. 

Lythracece. 

Melilotus. 

Lawsonia. 

Cucurbitaceas. 

Mimosa. 
Onobrychis. 
Ornithopus. 
Oxytropis. 
Pachyrrizus. 

Punica. 

Euphorbiacece. 
Aleurites. 
Baloghia. 
Buxus. 

Acanthosicyos. 
Benincasa. 
Corynosicyos. 
Cucumis. 
Cucurbita. 

Parkinsonia. 

Croton. 

Ecballion. 

Peltophorum. 
Periandra. 

Crozophora. 
Mallotus. 

Sechium. 
Telfairia. 

Phaseolus. 

Manihot. 

Piptadenia. 

Ricinus. 

Santalacece. 

Pisum. 

Prosopis. 

Urticacece. 

Cervantesia. 

Psoralea. 

Artocarpus. 

Pyrularia. 

Pterocarpus. 
Pueraria. 

Boehmeria. 
Broussonetia. 

Santalum. 

Rafnia. 

Cannabis. 

Proteacece. 

Robinia. 
Sesbania. 
Sophora. 
Spartium. 
Tamarindus. 

Celtis. 
Cudrania. 
Debregeasia. 
Holoptelea. 
Humulus. 

Brabejum. 
Conospermum. 
Embothrium. 
Grevillea. 
Guevina. 

Trifolium. 

Maclura. 

Leucadendron. 

Trigonella. 
Ulex. 

Maoutia. 
Moms. 

Macadamia. 

Vicia. 
Vigna. 
Voandzeia. 
Wistaria. 
Xylia. 

Planera. 
Piptums. 
Pouzolzia. 
Streblus. 
Touchardia. 

Thymelece. 

Aquilaria. 
Dirca. 
Thymelaea. 

Saxifrages. 

Trophis. 
Ulmus. 

Elceagnece. 

Eucryphia. 

Villebrunia. 

Elaeagnus. 

Hydrangea. 
Ribes. 

Zelkova. 

Shepherdia. 

Myrtacece. 

Juglandece. 
Carya. 

Cornacece, 
Comus. 

Angophora. 
Backhousia. 

Engelnardtia. 
Juglans. 

Marlea. 

Nyssa. 

Calyptranthes. 
Eucalyptus. 

Amentacece. 
Alnus. 

Umbelliferce. 

Eugenia. 
Leptospermum. 
Marliera. 

Betula. 
Carpinus. 
Castanea. 

Anthriscus. 
Apium. 
Aracacha. 

Melaleuca. 
Metrosideros. 
Myrtus. 
Psidium. 
Tristania. 

Castanopsis. 
Comptonia. 
Corylus. 
Myrica. 
Ostrya. 

Aralia. 
Archangelica. 
Carum. 
Chserophyllum. 
Conium. 

Combretacew. 

Platanus. 
Populus. 

Conopodium. 
Coriandrum. 

Combretum. 

Quercus. 

Crithmum. 

Terminalia. 

Salix. 

Cuminum. 

376 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX    OF    GENERA. 


Cymopterus. 

Liatris. 

Apocynece. 

Daucus. 

Matricaria. 

Alstonia. 

Diposis. 

Microseris. 

Apocynum. 

Dorema. 

Osmitopsis. 

Aspidosperma. 

Heracleum. 

Partheiiium. 

Carissa. 

Laserpitium. 

Pentzia. 

Gonioma. 

Myrrhis. 

Podachoenium. 

Vahea. 

(Enanthe. 

Rhaponticum. 

Peucedanum. 

Santolina. 

LoganiaceoR. 

Pimpinella. 
Prangos. 

Saussurea. 
Scorzonera. 

Buddleya. 

Scandix. 
Selinum. 

Schkuhria. 
Spilanthes. 

Spigelia. 

Sison. 
Smyrnium. 
Stilbocarpa. 
Thapsia. 

Tagetes. 
Tanacetum. 
Taraxacum. 
Tarchonanthus. 

Gentiamce. 
Gentiana. 
Menyanthes. 
Sabbatia. 

Tinguarra. 

Tragopogon. 

Sebeea. 

Rubiacece. 

Swertia. 

Alibprtia 

EricacecK. 

-Till  UtJI  tilt. 

Cephaelis. 
Cinchona. 

Arbutus. 
Arctostaphylos. 

Convolvulacece. 
Convolvulus. 

Coffea. 
Plectronia. 
Psychotria. 
Rubia. 

Gaultiera. 
Gaylussacia. 
Rhododendron. 
Vaccinium. 

Ipomoaa. 

Solanacece. 
Atropa. 

Vangueria. 

Bassovia. 

Styracece. 

Capsicum. 

Valerianece. 

Styrax. 

Duboisia. 

Nardostachys. 
Valeriana. 
Valerianella. 

Dipsacece. 
Dipsacus. 

Symplocos. 

Ebenacece. 

Diospyros. 
Euclea. 
Maba. 

Hyoscyamus. 
Lycium. 
Nicotiana. 
Physalis. 
Salpichroma. 
Solanum. 

CoTTl  7}  OS'ltCE 

Royenia. 

Serophularinece. 

AchiUea. 

Sapotacece. 

Digitalis. 

AnacycluS. 

Achras. 

Lyperia. 

Anthemis. 

Argania. 

Arnica. 

Bassia. 

Acanthacece. 

Artemisia. 

Dichopsis. 

Justicia. 

Baccharis. 

Isonandra. 

Carthamus. 
-Cichorium. 
Chrysanthemum. 

Niemeyera. 
Myrsinacece. 

BignoniacecR. 
Catalpa. 
Jaracanda. 

Cynara. 
Garuleum. 

^Egiceras. 

Pedalinece. 

Guizotia. 

Oleacece. 

Sesamum. 

Helianthus. 
Helichrysum. 

Azima. 
Fraxinus. 

Asperifolice. 

Heterothalamus. 

Jasminum. 

Alkanna. 

Hypochoeris. 
Inula. 

Ligustrum. 
Nyctanthes. 

Borrago. 
Heliotropium. 

Lactuca. 

Olea. 

Lithospermum. 

Leyssera. 

Osmanthus. 

Onoma. 

SYSTEMATIC    INDEX    OF    GENERA. 


377 


Symphytum. 
Trichodesma. 

Verbenacece. 
Avicennia. 

Dacrydium. 
Dammara. 

Gmelina. 

Fitzroya. 

Labiates. 

Calamintha. 
Cedronella. 
Dracocephalum. 
Hedeoma. 

Lippia. 
Priva. 
Tectona. 

Ginkgo. 
Glyptostrobus. 
Juniperus. 
Libocedrus. 
Nageia. 

Lavandula. 
Melissa. 
MfTitbfl 

Myoporece. 
Myoporum. 

Phyllocladus. 
Pinus. 
Saxono-Gothosa. 

IVXt/JULulldi. 

Meriandra. 

Sciadothys. 

Monardo. 
Ocimum. 

Casuarinece. 

Sequoia. 
Taxodium. 

Origanum. 
Pogostemon. 
Perilla. 

Casuarina. 

Taxus. 
Thuya. 
Torreya. 

Py  cnanthemum  . 

Coniferce. 

Rosmarinus. 

Araucaria. 

Salvia. 

Callitris. 

Satureja. 

Cephalotaxus. 

Cycadece. 

Teucrium. 

Cryptomeria. 

Cycas. 

Thymus. 

Cupressus. 

Encephartos. 

MONOCOTYLEDONE^. 

Musacece. 

LiliacecB. 

Pandanacece. 

Musa. 

Aloe. 

Pandanus. 

Allium. 

'  Scitaminece. 
Canna. 
Maranta. 
Zingiber. 

Asparagus. 
Chlorogalum. 
Colchicum. 
Cordyline. 
Drac^na. 

Palmacece. 

Acanthophcenix. 
Acrocomia. 
Bactris. 

Bromeliacece. 

Geitonoplesium. 
Lapageria. 

Bacularia. 
Brahea. 

Tillandsia. 

Phormium. 

Borassus. 

Ruscus. 

Calamus. 

Taccacece. 

Sanseviera. 
Schosnocaulon. 

Calyptronoma. 
Caryota. 

Tacca. 

Scilla. 

Ceroxylon. 

Smilax. 

Chamserops. 

DioscoridecR. 
Dioscorea. 

Urginia. 
Uvularia. 
Veratrum. 

Cocos. 
Copernicia. 
Dypsis. 

Yucca. 

Geonoma. 

Iridece. 

Hearina. 

Crocus. 

Alismacece. 

Hyphsene. 

Amaryllidece. 
Aletris. 

Aponogeton. 
Butomus. 
Sagittaria. 

Hyospathe. 
Jubsea. 
Kentia. 
Livistona. 

Agave. 

Aroidece. 

Mauritia. 

Alstrcemeria. 
Fourcroya. 

Acorus. 
Colocasia. 

Oncosperma. 
Oreodoxa. 

Polianthes. 

Richardia. 

Phoenix. 

378 


SYSTEMATIC    IXDEX    OP    GENERA. 


Plectocomia. 

Bambusa. 

Melocanna. 

Ptychosperma. 
Rhapis. 
Rhapidophyllum. 

Beesha. 
Bouteloua. 
Bromus. 

Milium. 
Muehlenbergia. 

Nastus. 

Sabal. 

Buchloa. 

Neurachne. 

Thrinax. 

Calamagrostis. 

Oryza. 

Trithrinax. 

Chionachne. 

Oxytenanthera. 

WaUichia. 

Chloris. 

Panicum. 

Wettinia. 

Cinna. 

Pappophorum. 

Zalacca. 

Cynodon. 

Paspalum. 

Cynosurus. 

Pennisetum. 

Restiaczce. 

Dactylis. 

Phalaris. 

Elegia. 

Danthonia. 

Phleum. 

Dendrocalamus  . 

Phyllostachys. 

Cyperacece. 

Ehrharta. 
Eleusine. 

Poa. 
Rottboellia. 

Carex. 
Cyperus. 
Lepidosperma. 
Lepironia. 

Elymus. 
Erianthus. 
Eriochloa. 
Euchlsena. 

Saccharum. 
Schizostachyum. 
Secale. 
Sesleria. 

Festuca. 

Spartina. 

Graminece. 

Gigantochloa. 

Spinifex. 

Agrostis. 

Guadua. 

Stenotaphrum. 

Aira. 

Hemarthria. 

Stipa. 

Alopecurus. 
Andropogon. 

Hierochloa. 
Holcus. 

Teinostachyum. 
Thouarea. 

Anthistiria. 

Hordeum. 

Tricholaena. 

Anthoxanthum. 

Imperata. 

Tripsacum. 

Aristida. 

Koeleria. 

Triticum. 

Arundinaria. 

Leersia. 

Uniola. 

Arundinella. 

Lolium. 

Zea. 

Arundo. 

Lygeum. 

Zizania. 

A  vena. 

Melica. 

Zoysia. 

ACOTYLEDONE.E. 

Filices. 

Fungacece. 

Peziza. 

Cyathea. 
Dicksonia. 
Lycopodium. 
Todea. 

Agaricus. 
Boletus. 
Cantharellus. 
Clavaria. 

Polygaster. 
Polyporus. 
Rhizopogon. 
Terfezia. 

Helvella. 

Tuber. 

Hydnum. 

Lichenes. 

Morchella. 

Algce. 

Roccella. 

Pachyma. 

Porphyra. 

379 


GEOGRAPHIC   INDEX. 


NORTHERN  AND  MIDDLE  EUROPE. 

Acer  campestre,  A.  platanoides,  A.  pseudo-platanus,  Achillea  atrata, 
A.  millefolium,  A.  moschata,  A.'  nana,  Aconitum  Napellus,  Acorus  Cal- 
amus, Actsea  spicata,  Agaricus  auricula,  A.  caesareus,  A.  campestris,  A. 
Cardarella,  A.  decorus,  A.  deliciosus,  A.  eryngii,  A.  esculentus,  A.  ex- 
tinctorius,  A.  fusipes,  A.  gambosus,  A.  giganteus,  A.  Marzuolus,  A. 
melleus,  A.  Mouzeron,  A.  odorus,  A.  oreades,  A.  procerus,  A.  scorodo- 
nius,  A.  socialis,  A.  splendens,  A.  sylvaticus,  A.  virgineus,  A.  volemus, 
Agrostis  alba,  A.  rubra,  A.  vulgaris,  Aira  csespitosa,  Alchemilla  alpina, 
A.  vulgaris,  Allium  Schoenoprasum,  A.  Scorodoprasum,  Alnus  glutinosa, 
A.  incana,  Alopecurus  bulbosus,  A.  geniculatus,  A.  pratensis,  Althaea 
officinalis,  Anemone  Pulsatilla,  Anthemis  nobilis,  A.  tinctoria,  Anthris- 
cus  Cerefolium,  Archangelica  officinalis,  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi,  Arnica 
montana,  Artemisia  Absinthium,  A.  Mutellina,  A.  Pontica,  Asparagus 
officinalis,  Asperula  odorata,  Astragalus  arenarius,  A.  glycyphyllos,  A. 
hypoglottis,  Atropa  Belladonna,  Avena  elatior,  A.  fatua,  A.  flavescens, 

A.  pubescens,  A.  sativa,  Barbarsea  vulgaris,  Beta  vulgaris,  Betula  alba, 
Boletus  bovinus,  B.  circinans,  B.  edulis,  B.  luteus,  B.  sapidus,  B.  scaber, 

B.  subtomentosus,   B.  variegatus,  Brassica  alba,  B.  Napus,  B.  nigra,  B. 
oleracea,  B.  Rapa,  Bromus  asper,  Butomus  umbellatus,  Buxus  semper- 
virens,  Cakile  maritima,  Calamintha  officinalis,  Camelina  sativa,  Cantha- 
rellus  edulis,  Carex  arenaria,  Carpinus  Betulus,  Carum  Bulbocastanum, 

C.  Garni,  C.  segetum,  Chseromyces  meandriformis,  Chserophyllum  bulbo- 
sum,   C.  sativum,   Chenopodium  Bonus  Henricus,   Cichorium  Intybus, 
Clavaria  aurea,  C.  botrytis,  C.  brevipes,  C.  coralloides,  C.  crispa,  C.  flava, 
C.  formosa,  C.  grisea,  C.  muscoides,  C.  palmata,   Cochlearia  Armoracia, 
C.  officinalis,  Colchicum  autumnale,  Conium  maculatum,  Corylus  Avel- 
lana,  Crambe  maritima,  Cratsegus  Oxyacantha,  Cynosurus  cristatus,  Cyti- 
sus  scoparius,  Dactylis  glomerata,  Daucus  Carota,  Digitalis  purpurea, 
Dipsacus  fullonum,  Elymus  arenarius,  Fagus  sylvatica,  Festuca  arundi- 
nacca,  F.  drymeia,  F.  duriuscula,  F.  elatior,  F.  gigantea,  F.  heterophylla, 
F.  loliacea,  F.  ovina,  F.   pratensis,  F.  rubra,  F.   silvatica,  F.   spadicea, 
Fragaria  collina,  F.  vesca,   Fraxinus  excelsior,   Gentiana  lutea,  Geum 
urbanum,   Helleborus  niger,   Helvella  esculenta,   H.   gigas,   H.   infula, 
Heracleum  Sibiricum,  Holcus  lanatus,   H.  mol'lis,  Hordeum  nodosum, 
H.  secalinum,  Humulus  Lupulus,  Hydnum  album,  H.  auriscalpium,  H. 
Caput-Medusse,  H.  coralloides,  H.  diversidens,  H.  erinaceum,  H.   fuli- 
gineo-album,  H.  graveolens,  H.  repandum,  H.  suaveolens,  H.  hystrix,  H. 
imbricatum,   H.   infundibulum,  H.  laevigatum,   H.  subsquamosum,  H. 
violascens,  Hyoscyamus  niger,  Ilex  Aquifolium,  Inula  Helenium,  Juni- 
perus   communis,    Lactuca   virosa,    Laserpitium   aquilegium,   Lathyrus 


380  GEOGRAPHIC   INDEX. 

macrorrhizus,  L.  pratensis,  L.  sativus,  Lavatera  arborea,  Leersia  ory- 
zoides,  Lolium  perenne,  Lotus  corniculatus,  L.  major,  Marrubium  vul- 
gare,  Matricaria  Chamomilla,  Medicago  falcata,  M.  sativa,  Melica  altis- 
sima,  M.  ciliata,  M.  nutans,  M.  uniflora,  Melilotus  alba,  M.  officinalis, 
Mentha  citrata,  M.  crispa,  M.  piperita,  M.  Pulegium,  M.  rotundifolia, 
M.  sylvestris,  M.  viridis,  Menyanthes  trifoliata,  Milium  effusum,  Mor- 
chella  deliciosa,  M.  esculenta,  M.  Gigas,  M.  patula,  Nepeta  Glechoma, 
Onobrychis  sativa,  Origanum  vulgare,  Peucedanum  officinale,  P.  Ostru- 
thium,  P.  sativum,  Peziza  macropus,  Phleum  alpinum,  P.  pratense,  Phy- 
salis  Alkekengi,  Pimpinella  saxifraga,  Pinus  Abies,  P.  Cembra,  P.  Larix, 
P.  montana,  P.  obovata,  P.  picea,  P.  silvestris,  Poa  airoides,  P.  alpina, 
P.  augustifolia,  P.  aquatica,  P.  distans,  P.  fertilis,  P.  fluitans,  P.  mari- 
tima,  P.  nemoralis,  P.  pratensis,  P.  trivialis,  Polyporus  citrinus,  P. 
frondosus,  P.  giganteus,  P.  ovinus,  P.  tuberaster,  Populus  alba,  P.  canes- 
cens,  P.  dilatata,  P.  fastigiata,  P.  nigra,  P.  tremula,  Porphyra  vulgaris, 
Prunus  Mahaleb,  P.  spinosa,  Psamma  arenaria,  P.  Baltica,  Pyrus  Ger- 
manica,  P.  nivalis,  Quercus  Robur,  Reseda  Luteola,  Khamnus  catharti- 
cus,  R.  frangula,  Rhizopogon  magnatum,  R.  rubescens,  Ribes  Grossularia, 
R.  nigrum,  R.  rubrum,  Rosa  Gallica,  R.  spinosissima,  Rubia  peregrina, 
Rubus  csesius,  R.  Chamsemorus,  R.  fruticosus  R.  Idseus,  Rumex 
Acetosa,  R.  scutatus,  Ruscus  aculeatus,  Salix  alba,  S.  caprea,  S.  daph- 
noides,  S.  fragilis,  S.  lanceolata,  S.  purpurea,  S.  rubra,  S.  triandra,  S. 
viminalis,  Sambucus  nigra,  Sanguisorba  minor,  Saponaria  officinalis, 
Scorzonera  Hispanica,  Sesleria  coerulea,  Sisom  Amomum,  Smyrnium 
Olusatrum,  Solanum  Dulcamara,  Spartina  stricta,  Spergula  arvensis, 
Tanacetum  vulgare,  Taraxacum  officinale,  Tilia  Europsea,  Tragopogon 
porrifolius,  Trarpa  natans,  Trifolium  agrarium,  T.  alpestre,  T.  fragiferum, 
T.  hybridum,  T.  incarnatum,  T.  medium,  T.  montanum,  T.  ochroleucum, 
T.  Pannonicum,  T.  pratense,  T.  repens,  T.  spadiceum,  Triticum  junceum, 
Tuber  sestivum,  T.  albidum,  T.  cibarium,  T.  magnatum,  T.  melanosporum, 
Ulex  Europseus,  Ulmus  campestris,  U.  pedunculata,  Yaccinium  Myrtil- 
lus,  V.  Oxycoccus,  V.  uliginosum,  V.  Vitis-Idsea,  Valeriana  Celtica, 
Valerianella  olitoria,  Yeratrum  album,  Vicia  sativa,  V.  sepium,  V. 
sylvatica,  Viola  odorata. 

COUNTRIES  ON  OR  NEAR  THE  MEDITERRANEAN  SEA. 

Acacia  Arabica,  A.  Seyal,  A.  tortilis,  A.  "Verek,  Acer  Creticum, 
Achillea  fragrantissima,  ^Egilops  ovata,  j33sculus  Hippocastanurn,  Agari- 
cus  csesareus,  Agrostis  alba,  A.  vulgaris,  Aira  csespitosa,  Alchemilla  vul- 
garis, Alkanna  tinctoria,  Allium  Ascallonicuni,  A.  Cepa,  A.  Neapolita- 
num,  A.  Porrum,  A.  roseum,  A.  sativum,  A.  Scorodoprasum,  Aloe  vul- 
garis, Alopecurus  bulbosus,  A.  geniculatus,  A.  pratensis,  Althsea  offici- 
nalis, Amarantus  Blitum,  Anacyclus  Pyrethrum,  Andropogon  Gryllos, 
A.  Haleppensis,  A.  Schoenanthus,  Anthemis  nobilis,  A.  tinctoria,  An-' 
thoxanthum  odoratum,  Anthyllis  vulneraria,  Apium  graveolens,  Argania 
sideroxylon,  Artemisia  Absinthium,  A.  Pontica,  Arundo  Ampelodesmos, 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX.  381 

A.  Donax,  A.  Pliiiiana,  Asparagus  acutifolius,  A.  albus,  A.  aphyllus,  A. 
horridus,  A.  officinalis,  Astragalus   Cephalonicus,  A.  Cicer,  A.  Creticus, 

A.  gurnmifer,  A.  Parnassi,  A.  strobiliferus,  A.  venosus,  A.  verus,  Atropa 
Belladonna,   Avena  elatior,  A.  fatua,  A.  flavescens,  A.  pubescens,   A. 
sativa,  Balsamodeiidron  Ehrenbergii,  B.  Mukul,  B.  Opobalsamum,  Beta 
vulgaris,  Betula  alba,  Bongardia  Rauwolfii,  Borassus  ^Ethiopicus,  Bor- 
rago  officinalis,  Brassica  alba,  B.  campestris,  B.  Cretica,  B.  juncea,  B. 
Napus,  B.  nigra,  B.  oleracea,  B.  Rapa,  Bromus  erectus,  Buxus  Balearica, 

B.  longifolia,  B.  sempervirens,  Cajamis  Indicus,  Cakile   maritima,  Cala- 
mintlia  ISTepeta,  C.   officinalis,   Callitris  quadrivalvis,  Cameliiia  sativa, 
Cannabis  sativa,  Capparis  spinosa,  Carpinus  Betulus,  Carthamus  tincto- 
rius,  Carum  Bulbocastanum,  C.  Carui,  C.  ferulifolium,  C.  Petroselinum, 

C.  segetum,  Cassia  acutifolia,  C.  angustif olia,  C.  obovata,  Castanea  sativa, 
Catlia  edulis,  Cedronella  triphylla,  Celtis  Australis,  Ceratonia  Siliqua, 
Chrerophyllum.  bulbosum,  C.  sativum,  Chamserops  humilis,  Chelidonium, 
majus,  Chenopodium  Blitum,  Chrysanthemum  carneum,  C.  roseum,  Cicer 
arietinum,  Cichorium  Endivia,  C.  Intybus,  Cistus  Creticus,  C.  Cyprius, 
Cochlearia  Armoracia,  Coffea  Arabica,  Colchicum  autumiiale,  Colocasia 
antiquorum,  Conium  maculatum,  Conopodium  denudatum,  Convolvulus 
floridus,  C.  Scammonia,  C.  scoparius,  Coriandum  sativum,  Corylus  Col- 
urna,  Corynosicyos  edulis,  Crambe  cordifolia,  C.  Klotschyana,  C.  mari- 
tima,  C.  Tataria,   Cratsegus  Azarolus,   C.  Oxyacantha,   C.   Pyracantha, 
Crithmum  maritimum,  Crocus  sativus,  C.  serotinus,  Crozophora  tinctoria, 
Cucumis  Citrullus,  C.  Colocynthis,  C.  Melo,  C.  sativus,  Cucurbita  maxima, 
C.  Melopepo,  C.  moschata,  C.  Pepo,  Cuminum  Cyminum,  C.  Hispaiiicum, 
Cupressus  sempervirens,  Cynara  Cardunculus,   C.   Scolymus,   Cynodon 
Dactylon,  Cynosurus  cristatus,  Cyperus  esculentus,  C.  Papyrus,  C.  proli- 
ferus,  C.  Syriacus,  Cytisus  proliferus,  C.  scoparius,  C.  spinosus,  Dactylis 
glomerata,  D.  litoralis,  Daphne  Mezereum,  Daucus  Carota,  Digitalis  pur- 
purea,  Diospyros  Lotus,  Dipsacus  fullonum,   Dolichos  Lablab,  D.    uni- 
florus,  Dorema  ammoniacum,  Dracaena  Draco,  D.  schizaxitha,  Dracoce- 
phalum  Moldavica,  Ecballion  Elaterium,  Elaeagnus  hortensis,  Eleusine 
flagelligera,   E.  Tocussa,  Elymus  arenarius,  Ervum  Lens,   Fagopyruni 
esculentum,  F.  Tataricum,  Fagus  sylvatica,  Ferula  galbaniflua,  F.  longi- 
folia, Festuca  elatior,  F.  gigantea,  F.  sylvatica,  Ficus  Carica,  F.  Sycamo- 
rus,  Fceniculum  officinale,  Fragaria  collina,  F.  pratensis,  F.  vesca,  Fraxi- 
nus  excelsior,  F.  Ornus,  Genista  monosperma,  G.  sphserocarpa,  Gentiana 
lutea,  Geum  urbanum,  Glycyrrhiza  echinata,  G.  glabra,  Gossypium  arbo- 
reum,  Guilandina  Bonduc,  G.  Bonducella,  Hedysarum  coronarium,  Heli- 
chrysum  orientale,  Helleborus  niger,  Hippocrepis  comosa,  Holcus  lanatus, 
H.  mollis,  Hordeum  deficiens,  H.  distichon,  H.  hexastichon,  H.  macro- 
lepis,  H.  nodosum,  H.  vulgare,  H.  zeocriton,  Humulus  Lupulus,  Hydnum 
imbricatum,  Hyoscyamus  niger,  Hyphsene  Argun,  H.  coriacea,  Imperata, 
arundinacea,  Indigofera  argentea,  Inula  Helenium,  Iris  Florentina,  I. 
juncea,   Isatis  tinctoria,   Jasminum  odoratissimum,  J.    officinale,  Jug- 
lansregia,  Juniperus  brevifolia,  J.  Cedrus,  J.  drupacea,  J.  excelsa,  J.  fretidis- 
sima,  J.  Pho3nicea,  J.  procera,  Koeleria  cristata,  K.  glauca,  Lactucavirosa, 


382  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

Lathyrus  Cicera,  L.  pratensis,  L.  tuberosus,  Laserpitium  aquilegium, 
Laurus  nobilis,  Lavandula  angustifolia,  L.  latifolia,  L.  Stcechas,  Lavatera 
arborea,  Lawsonia  alba,  Leersia  oryzoides,  Lepidium  latifolium,  L. 
sativum,  Linum  usitatissimum,  Liquidambar  Altingia,  L.  orientalis, 
Lolium  Italicum,  L.  perenne,  Lotus  corniculatus,  L.  major,  L.  siliquosus, 
L.  tetragonolobus,  Lupinus  albus,  L.  angustifolius,  L.  luteus,  L.  varius, 
Lycium  Afrum,  L.  Europseum,  Lygeum  Spartum,  Marrubium  vulgare, 
Matricaria  Chamomilla,  Medicago  arborea,  M.  lupulina,  M.  media,  M. 
orbicularis,  M.  sativa,  M.  scutellata,  Melica  ciliata,  M.  nutans,  M. 
uniflora,  Melilotus  alba,  M.  ccerulea,  M.  macrorrhiza,  M.  officinalis, 
Melissa  officinalis,  Mentha  citrata,  M.  crispa,  M.  piperita,  M.  Pulegium, 
M.  rotundifolia,  M.  sylvestris,  M.  viridis,  Menyanthes  trifoliata, 
Meriandra  Abyssinica,  Milium  effusum,  Morchella  deliciosa,  M.  escu- 
lenta,  Moringa  aptera,  Moms  nigra,  Musa  Ensete,  M.  Livingstoniana, 
Myrica  Faya,  Myrrhis  odorata,  Myrtus  communis,  Nelumbo  nucifera, 
Nicotiana  Persica,  Ocimum  basilicum,  O.  sanctum,  O.  suave,  Olea 
Europsea,  Onobrychis  sativa,  Origanum  Dictamnus,  O.  hirtum,  O. 
Majorana,  O.  Maru,  O.  normale,  O.  Onites,  O.  virens,  O.  vulgare,  Orni- 
thopus  sativus,  Ostrya  carpinifolia,  Oxytenanthera  Abyssinica,  Oxytropis 
pilosa,  Paliurus  Spina-Christi,  Panicum  bfizanthum,  P.  Crus-Galli,  P. 
glabrum,  P.  maximum,  P.  prostratum,  P.  repens,  P.  sanguinale,  P. 
spectabile,  P.  turgidum,  Papaver  somniferum,  Pennisetum  thyphoideum, 
Persea  Teneriffse,  Peucedanum  cachrydifolium,  P.  graveolens,  P.  offi- 
cinale,  P.  Sekakul,  Phalaris  aquatica,  P.  brachystachys,  P.  Canariensis, 
P.  minor,  P.  truncata,  Phaseolus  coccineus,  Phleum  alpinum,  P.  pratense, 
Phoenix  dactylifera,  Physalis  Alkekengi,  P.  angulata,  Pimpinella  Anisum, 
P.  magna,  P.  nigra,  P.  saxifraga,  P.  Sisarum,  Pinus  Abies,  P.  Cana- 
riensis, P.  Cedrus,  P.  Cembra,  P.  Cilicica,  P.  Haleppensis,  P.  Laricio,  P. 
Larix,  P.  montana,  P.  orientalis,  P.  Pinaster,  P.  Pinea,  P.  Pinsapo,  P. 
Pyrenaica,  Pistacia  Atlantica,  P.  Lentiscus,  P.  Terebinthus,  P.  vera, 
Peucedanum  sativum,  Platanus  orientalis,  Poa  Abyssinica,  P.  airoides, 
P.  angustifolia,  P.  aquatica,  P.  cynosuroides,  P.  distans,  P.  fluitans,  P. 
maritima,  P.  nemoralis,  P.  trivialis,  Populus  alba,  P.  canescens,  P. 
dilatata,  P.  Euphratica,  P.  fastigiata,  P.  nigra,  P.  tremula,  Prosopis 
Stephaniana,  Prunus  Amygdalus,  P.  Armeniaca,  P.  avium,  P.  Cerasus, 
P.  domestica,  P.  Lauro-Cerasus,  P.  Mahaleb,  P.  Padus,  P.  Persica,  P. 
spinosa,  Psamma  arenaria,  Pugionium  cornutum,  Punica  granatum, 
Pyrus  communis,  P.  Cydonia,  P.  malus,  P.  nivalis,  P.  salicifolia,  Quercus 
^Egilops,  Q.  Cerris,  Q.  coccifera,  Q.  Ilex,  Q.  infectoria,  Q.  macrolepis, 
Q.  Robur,  Q.  Suber,  Q.  Toza,  Reseda  odorata,  R.  luteola,  Rhamnus 
amygdalinus,  R.  catharticus,  R.  frangula,  R.  Grsecus,  R.  infectorius,  R. 
oleoides,  R.  prunifolius,  R.  saxatilis,  Rhaponticum  acaule,  Rheum 
Rhaponticum,  Rhus  Coriaria,  R.  Cotinus,  Ribes  Grossularia,  R.  nigrum, 
R.  rubrum,  Richardia  Africana,  Ricinus  communis,  Roccella  tinctoria, 
Rosa  centifolia,  R.  Damascena,.  R.  Gallica,  R.  moschata,  R.  semper- 
virens,  R.  spinosissima,  Rosmarinus  officinalis,  Rubia  peregrina,  R. 
tinctoria,  Rubus  fruticosus,  R.  Idseus,  Rumex  Acetosa,  R,  scutatus,  R. 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX.  383 

vesicarius,  Ruscus  aculeatus,  Ruta  graveolens,  R.  sylvestris,  Sagittaria 
sagittifolia,  Salix  alba,  S.  Babylonica,  S.  daphnoides,  S.  fragilis,  S.  pur- 
purea,  S.  rubra,  S.  viminalis,  Salvia  officinalis,  Sambucus  nigra,  Sangui- 
sorba  minor,  Santolina  Cyparissias,  Saponaria  officinalis,  Satureja  Grseca, 
S.  horteiisis,  S.  Juliana,  S.  montana,  S.  Thymbra,  Saussurea  Lappa, 
Scandix  grandiflora,  Scorzonera  Astrachanica,  S.  crocifolia,  S.  deliciosa, 
S.  Hispanica,  S.  lanata,  S.  ramosa,  S.  Scowitzii,  S.  semicana,  S.  tuberosa, 
S.  undulata,  Secale  cereale,  S.  Creticum,  Sesbania  ^Egyptica,  Sesuvium 
Portulacastrum,  Sison  Amomum,  Smilax  aspera,  Smyrnium  Olusatrum, 
Solanum  ^Ethiopieum,  S.  Dulcamara,  S.  edule,  S.  xanthocarpum,  Spar- 
tina  stricta,  Spartium  junceum,  Spergula  arvensis,  Spinacia  tetrandra, 
Stenotaphrum  Americanum,  Stipa  arenaria,  S.  tenacissima,  Styrax 
officinalis,  Symphytum  peregrinum,  S.  officinale,  Tamarindus  Indica, 
Tamarix  articulata,  T.  Gallica,  T.  Germanica,  T.  orientalis,  Tanacetum 
vulgare,  Taraxacum  officinale,  Taxus  baccata,  Terfezia  Leonis,  Teucrium 
Chamsedrys,  T.  Creticum,  T.  Marum,  T.  Folium,  T.  Scordium,  Thapsia 
edulis,  Theligonum  Cynocrambe,  Thouarea  sarmentosa,  Thymelsea 
tinctoria,  Thymus  sestivus,  T.  capitatus,  T.  hiemalis,  T.  Mastichina,  T. 
Serpillum,  T.  vulgaris,  Tilia  argentea,  T.  Europsea,  Tinguarra  Sicula, 
Tragopogon  porrifolius,  Trapa  natans,  Trichodesma  Zeylanicum,  Tri- 
folium  agrarium,  T.  Alexandrinum,  T.  alpestre,  T.  fragiferum,  T. 
hybridum,  T.  incarnatum,  T.  medium,  T.  montanum,  T.  ochroleucum, 
T.  pratense,  T,  Quartinianum,  T.  repens,  T.  resupinatum,  T.  spadiceum, 
T.  subrotundum,  Trigonella  Foenum-Groecum.  Triticum  junceum,  T. 
vulgare,  Tuber  sestivum,  T.  albidum,  T.  cibarium,  T.  magnatum,  IJlex 
Europseus,  Ulmus  campestris,  U.  pedunculata,  Urginia  Scilla,  Yaccinium 
Arctostaphylos,  V.  Myrtillus,  V.  Oxycoccus,  V.  uliginosum,  Y.  Yitis- 
Idsea,  Yaleriana  officinalis,  Yalerianella  olitoria,  Yeratrum  album, 
Yicia  Cracca,  Y.  Ervilia,  Y.  Faba,  Y.  peregrina,  Y.  sativa,  Y.  sepium, 
Y.  sylvatica,  Y.  tetrasperma,  Yiola  odorata,  Yitis  Schimperiana,  Y. 
vinifera,  Zelkova  crenata,  Z.  Cretica,  Zizyphus  Lotus,  Z.  Spina-Christi, 
Z.  vulgaris. 

MIDDLE  AND  TEMPERATE  EASTERN  ASIA. 

Acer  palmatum,  A.  pictum,  Aesculus  turbinata,  Agaricus  flammeus, 
Agriophyllum  Gobicum,  Agrostis  vulgaris,  Ailantus  glandulosa,  Albizzia 
Julibrissin,  Allium  fistulosum,  Alopecurus  geniculatus,  Aralia  cordata, 
Arenga  saccharifera,  Aristolochia  recurvilabra,  Artemisia  Cina,  A. 
Dracunculus,  Arundinaria  Japonica,  Atriplex  hortensis,  Avena  elatior, 
A.  fatua,  A.  flavescens,  A.  pubescens,  Balsamodendron  Mukul,  Bambusa 
Beechyana,  B.  flexuosa,  B.  Senaensis,  B.  tuldoides  (under  Schizo- 
stachyum),  Barbarsea  vulgaris,  Basella  rubra,  Betula  alba,  Bcehmeria 
nivea,  Brassica  alba,  B.  Chinensis,  B.  juncea,  B.  nigra,  Bromus  asper, 
Broussonetia  papyrifera,  Butomus  umbellatus,  Buxus  microphylla,  B. 
sempervirens,  Csesalpinia  sepiaria,  Camellia  Japonica,  C.  Thea,  Can- 
nabis  sativa,  Caragana  arborescens,  Carpinus  cordata,  C.  erosa,  C. 


384  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

Japonica,  C.  laxiflora,  Carum  Bulbocastanum,  C.  Oarui,  Catalpa  Kaemp- 
feri,  Cedrela  sinensis,  Cephalotaxus  Fortune!,  C.  drupacea,  Chamserops 
excelsa,  C.  Fortune!,  Chenopodium  Bonus  Henricus,  Cinnamomum  Cam- 
phora,  Citrus  Japonica,  C.  trifoliata,  Corchorus  capsularis,  Cordyline 
terminalis,  Corylus  heterophylla,  Cryptomeria  Japonica,  Cucumis  Cono- 
mon,  Cupressus  obtusa,  C.  pisifera,  Cycas  revoluta,  Daucus  Carota, 
Debregeasia  edulis,  Dendrocalamus  strictus,  Dioscorea  Japonica,  D. 
oppositifolia,  D.  quiiiqueloba,  D.  sativa,  Diospyros  Kaki,  D.  Lotus, 
Ehrharta  caudata,  Elseagnus  hortensis,  E.  parvifolius,  E.  umbellatus, 
Eleusirie  Coracana,  Excsecaria  sebifera,  Euryale  ferox,  Euryangium 
Sumbul,  Fagopyrum  cymosum,  F.  emarginaturn,  F.  esculentum,  F. 
Tataricum,  Fagus  Sieboldii,  Fatsia  papyrifera,  Flueggea  Japonica, 
Fraxinus  Chinensis,  Geum  urbanum,  Ginkgo  biloba,  Gleditschia  horrida, 
Glycine  hispida,  G.  Soya,  Glyptostrobus  heterophyllus,  Heleocharis 
tuberosa,  Heracleum  Sibiricum,  Hordeum  secalinum,  Hovenia  dulcis, 
Hydrangea  Thunbergi,  Ilex  crenata,  Illicium  anisatum,  Imperata  arun- 
dinacea,  Isatis  indigotica,  I.  tinctoria,  Jasminum  grandiflorum,  J. 
officinale,  J.  Sambac,  Juglans  cordiformis,  J.  Mandschurica,  J.  Siebol- 
diana,  J.  stenocarpa,  Juniperus  Chinensis,  J.  sphserica,  Lathyrus  mac- 
rorrhizus,  Lepiduin  latifolium,  Lespedeza  striata,  Ligustrum  Japonicum, 
Liquidambar  Formosana,  Livistona  Chinensis,  Magnolia  hypoleuca,  M. 
Yulan,  Melica  altissima,  Morus  alba,  Mucuna  Cochinchinensis,  Musa 
Cavendishii,  Myrtus  tomentosa,  Nageia  cupressina,  Nephelium  Litchi, 
N.  Longanum,  (Enanthe  stolonifera,  Osmanthus  fragrans,  Pachyma 
Hcelen,  Paliurus  ramosissimus,  Paulownia  imperialis,  Pennisetum 
cereale,  Perilla  arguta,  Phoenix  pusilla,  Photinia  Eriobotrya,  Phyllos- 
tachys  bambusoides,  P.  nigra,  Physalis  Alkekengi,  P.  angulata,  Pinus 
Alcoquiana,  P.  densiflora,  P.  firma,  P.  Fortunei,  P.  Jezoensis,  P.  Ksemp- 
feri,  P.  Koraiensis,  P.  leptolepis,  P.  Massoniana,  P.  obovata,  P.  parvi- 
flora,  P.  polita,  P.  Sibirica,  P.  stenolepis,  P.  Tsuga,  Pisum  sativum, 
Blanera  Japonica,  Poa  airoides,  P.  alpina,  P.  fertilis,  Polygaster  Sampa- 
darius,  Polygonum  tinctorium,  Populus  nigra,  P.  tremula,  Prangos  pabu- 
laria,  Prunus  pseudo-cerasus,  P.  tomentosa,  Pterocarpus  Indicus, 
Pterocarya  fraxinifolia,  P.  stenoptera,  Pueraria  Thunbergiana,  Pugionium 
cornutum,  Pyrus  Japonica,  Quercus  Chinensis,  Q.  cornea,  Q.  cuspidata, 
Q.  dentata,  Q.  glabra,  Q.  glauca,  Q.  Mongolica,  Q.  serrata,  Rhamnus 
chlorophorus,  R.  Frangula,  R.  utilis,  Rhapis  flabelliformis,  R.  humilis, 
Rheum  officinale,  R.  palmatum,  R.  Rhaponticum,  R.  Tartaricum,  R. 
undulatum,  Rhus  semialata,  R.  succedanea,  R.  vernicifera,  Rosa  Indica, 
R.  Isevigata,  R.  moschata,  R.  sempervirens,  R.  spinosissima,  Rubia  cor- 
difolia,  Rubus  parvifolius,  Rumex  acetosa,  R.  Patientia,  R.  vesicarius, 
Saccharum  officinarum,  S.  Sinense,  Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  Salix  Baby- 
lonica,  Sanguisorba  minor,  Sciadopitys  verticillata,  Scorzonera  albicaulis, 
Selinum  Monnieri,  Sophora  Japonica,  Spergula  arvensis,  Spinacia 
oleracea,  Sterculia  monosperma,  Tetragonia  expansa,  Tetranthera 
Japonica,  Tilia  Europsea,  T.  Manchurica,  Thuyopsis  dolabrata,  Torreya 
grandis,  T.  nucifera,  Trapa  bicornis,  T.  bispiiiosa,  Trifolium  pratense, 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX.  385 

Triphasia  Aurantiola,  Ulmus  campestris,  U.  parvifolia,  Yaccinium 
prsestans,  Veratrum  album,  Yicia  Cracca,  V.  sepium,  V.  sylvatica,  Yigna 
Sinensis,  Yitis  Labrusca,  Y.  vulpina,  Wistaria  Chinensis,  Xanthoxylon 
piperitum,  Zelkova  acuminata,  Zizania  latifolia,  Zizyphus  Jujuba,  Z. 
sinensis,  Zoysia  pungens. 

SOUTHERN  ASIA. 

Acacia  Arabica,  A.  catechu,  A:  concinna,  A.  Farnesiana,  A.  latro- 
iium,  A.  Sundra,  Acer  laevigatum,  A.  iiiveum,  A.  sterculiaceum,  A. 
villosum,  Aconitum  ferox,  .^Egiceras  majus,  ^Eschynomene  aspera, 
yEsculus  Indica,  Albizzia  bigemina,  A.  Lebbeck,  A.  stipulata,  Aleurites 
cordata,  A.  triloba,  Allium  leptophyllum,  Alnus  Nepalensis,  Aloe  soco- 
trina,  Aloexylon  Agallochum,  Amarantus  paniculatus,  Andropogon 
Calamus,  A.  annulatus,  A.  bicolor,  A.  cernuus,  A.  citratus,  A.  falcatus, 
A.  Gryllos,  A.  Ivarancusa,  A.  montanus,  A.  muricatus,  A.  Nardus, 

A.  pertusus,  A.  saccharatus,  A.  Schcenanthus,  A.  sericeus,  A.  Sorghum, 
Anthistiria   ciliata,  Aponogeton   crispus,    Aquilaria   Agallocha,    Areca 
Nagensis,  A.  triandra  (under  Zalacca),  Aristolochia  Indica,  Artocarpus 
integrifolia,  A.  Bengalensis,    Arundinaria  falcata,    A.  Hookeriana,   A. 
callosa,  A.    debilis,  A.  Hookeriana,  A.   Khasiana,  A.  suberecta  (under 
Schizostachyum),   Arundinella  Nepalensis.    Arundo   Karka,  Asplenium 
Nidus,  Averrhoa  Bilimbi,  A.  Carambola,   Avicennia  omcinalis,   Azima 
tetracantha,   Bambusa  arundinacea,   B.   aspera,   B.  attenuata,   B.    Bal- 
cooa,    B.   Blumeana,    B.   Brandisii,    B.   elegantissima,   B.   flexuosa,    B. 
marginata,    B.    monadelpha,    B.    nutans,    B.    pallida,    B.    polymorpha, 

B.  regia,    B.   spinosa,    B.   stricta,    B.   Tulda  (under   Schizostachyum), 

B.  verticillata,   B.   vulgaris,   Basella  lucida,   B.  rubra,   Beesha  elegan- 
tissima,   B.    Rheedei,     B.    stridula,    B.    Travancorica    (under    Schizos- 
tachyum), Bassia  latifolia,   Benincasa  cerifera,   Bentinckia  Coddapanna 
(under  Zalacca),  Berberis   aristata,  B.   Asiatica,    B.    Lycium,  B.  Nepa- 
lensis,  Betula  acuminata,  Boehmeria  nivea,  Borassus  flabelliformis,  Bos- 
wellia  thurifera,  Brassica  juncea,   Butea  frondosa,   Buxus  Wallichiana, 
Csesalpinia  Sappan,  C.  sepiaria,   Cajanus  Indicus,  Calamus  montanus,  C. 
acanthospathus,  C.  erectus,  C.  extensus,  C.  Flagellum,  C.  floribundus,  C. 
leptospadix,  C.  macrospathus,   C.   Mishmelensis,  C.   quinquenervius,  C. 
Royleanus,  C.  schizospathus,  C.   tenuis  (under  Zalacca),  Camellia  Thea, 
Canavalia   gladiata,    Capparis   aphylla,    C.    horrida,   C.    Roxburghi,  C. 
sepiaria,   Carex   Moorcroftiana,    Carissa   Carandas,    Carpinus  viminea, 
Carthamus  tinctorius,  Carum  Ajawan,   C.  gracile,   C.  nigrum,   Caryota 
obtusa  (under  Zalacca),  C.  urens,  Cassia  fistula,   Castanopsis  argentea, 

C.  Indica,  Casuarina  equisetifolia,  Cephalostachyum   capitatum,  C.   pal- 
lidum,  C.  pergracile  (under  Schizostachyum),  Chamserops  Khasyana,  C. 
Martiana,  C.  Richieana,  Chloroxylon  Swietenia,  Chrysanthemum  roseum, 
Cinnamomum  Cassia,  Citrus  Aurantium,  C.  medica,  Colocasia  antiquorum, 
C.  Indica,  Corchorus  acutangulus,  C.   capsularis,  C.  olitorius,  Cordyline 
terminalis,  Crambe  cordifolia,  Crotalaria  Burhia,   C.  juncea,  C.  retusa, 
Croton  lacciferus,  Cucumis  cicatricatus,  C.  Colocynthis,   C.   Momordica, 

2s 


386  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

C.  utilissimus,    Cupressus   torulosa,    Cyamopsis    psoraloides,    Cynodon 
Dactylon,  Cyperus  corymbosus,   C.   tegetum,   Dsemonorops  Guruba,  D. 
Jenkinsii,  D.  nutantifiorus  (under  Zalacca),  Dalbergia  Sissoo,  Dammara 
alba,  Debregeasia  dichotoma,  D.  hypoleuca,  D.  velutina,  D.  Wallichiaiia, 
Dendrocalamus  flagellifer,  D.   giganteus,  D.  Hamilton!,  D.  Hookeri,  D. 
sericeus,  D.  strictus  (under  Schizostachyum),  Desmodiuni  trinormn,  Dios- 
corea  aculeata,  D.  alata,   D.   deltoidea,  D.   glabra,   D.  globosa,  D.  num- 
mularia,  D.  oppositifolia,  D.  pentaphylla,   D.   purpurea,   D.   sativa,  D. 
spicata,  D.  tomeiitosa,  D.  triphylla,  Diospyros  cliloroxylon,  D.  Ebenum, 

D.  melanoxylon,  D.  oppositifolia,  D.    qusesita,   Dolichos  uniflorus,  Eleu- 
sine    Coracana,    E.    stricta,   Engelhardtia   spicata,   Eriochloa  annulata, 
Eugenia  cordifolia,  E.  Jambos,  E.  maboides,  E.  Malaccensis,  E.  revoluta, 

E.  rotundifolia,  Euryale  ferox,  Fagopyrum  cymosum,   F.   emarginatum, 

F.  rotundatum,  F.  triangulare,  Ficus  elastica,   F.    Indica,  F.  infectoria, 

F.  laccifera,  Flacourtia  cataphracta,  F.  E-amontchi;  Flemingia  tuberosa, 
Fraxinus   floribunda,    Garcinia     Travancorica,    Gigantochloa   apus,    G. 
aspera,  G.  atter,   G.  heterostachya,  G.  maxima  (under  Schizostachyum), 

G.  nigro-ciliata,  G.  verticillata,  G.  robusta,  Glycine  hispida,  Gossypium 
arboreum,  G.  herbaceum,  Guilandina  Bonduc,  Guizotia  oleifera,  Gunnera 
macrophylla,  Hardwickia  binata,  Harina  caryotoides,  Heleocharis  fistu- 
losa,  H.  plantaginea,  Hemarthria  compressa,   Hibiscus  cannabinus,  H. 
Sabdariffa,    Holoptelea    integrifolia,    Hydnum    coralloides,    Indigofera 
argentea,  I.  tinctoria,  Ipomoea  mammosa,  I.  paniculata,  Isonandra  gutta, 
Jasminum  grandiflorum,  J.  Sambac,  Juniperus  recurva,  J.  Wallichiana, 
Justicia  Adhatoda,    Kentia   Moluccana,  Lactuca  sativa,  Lagerstroemia 
Indica.    Lawsonia   alba,  Lepironia   mucronata,    Licuala   peltata  (under 
Zalacca),  Limonia  acidissima,  Liquidambar  Altingia,  Livistona  Jenkinsii 
(under  Zalacca),  Maba   Ebenus,  Magnolia  Campbelli,   M.  sphserocarpa, 
Mallotus    Philippinensis,    Malvastrum     spicatum,     Mangifera    Indica, 
Maoutia  Puya,  Melaleuca  Leucadendron,  Melia  Azedarach,  Meloccanna 
bambusoides,    M.    humilis,     M.     Travancorica,     Melanorrhoea    usitata, 
Michelia  excelsa,  Mimosa  rubicaulis,   Moringa   pterygospernia,    Morus 
atropurpurea,  Mucuna  Cochinchinensis,  Murraya  exotica,  Musa  coccinea, 
M.  corniculata,  M.  paradisiaca,  M.   sapientum,  M.   simiarum,   M.    trog- 
lodytarum,  Myrica  sapida,   Myrtus  tomentosa,  Nageia  amara,   N.  brac- 
teata,  N.  cupressina,    Nardostachys  grandiflora,   N.    Jatamansi,  Nastus 
Borbonicus,  Nephelium  lappaceum,  N.    Longanum,   Nyctanthes   Arbor- 
tristis,   Ocimum  Basilicum,    O.    canum,    O.   gratissimum,   O.   sanctum, 
OEnanthe  stolonifera,  Oncospermum  fasciculatum,  Oryza  sativa,  Oxyten- 
anthera    albo-ciliata,    O.    nigro-ciliata,    O.    Thwaitesii    (under    Schizos- 
tachyum), Onosma  Emodi,  Pandanus  f  urcatus,   Panicum  atro-virens,  P. 
brizanthum,    P.   coloratum,  P.  compositum,    P.   navidum,    P.   fluitans, 
P.  foliosum,    P.    frumentaceum,    P.   Italicum,    P.   Koenigii,    P.    milia- 
ceum,    P.    molle,    P.    Myurus,    P.   prostatum,    P.    repens,    P.    sarmen- 
tosum,  P.   semialatuin,   P.  tenuiflorum,  P.  virgatum,  Parrotia  Jacque- 
montiana,    Paspalum   distichum,  P.  scrobiculatum,   Pelargonium  odora- 
tissimum,    Pennisetum   thyphoideum,   Perilla    ocimoides,    Peucedanum 


GEOGRAPHIC   INDEX.  387 

Sowa,  Phaseolus  aconitifolius,  P.  adenanthus,  P.  lunatus,  P.  Max,  P. 
vulgaris,  Phoenix  humilis,  P.  Hanceana,  P.  Ouseloyana  (under 
Zalacca),  P.  paludosa,  P.  pusilla,  P.  sylvestris,  Phyllostachys  barn^ 
busoides,  Pinus  Brunoniana,  P.  Cedrus,  P.  excelsa,  P.  Gerardiaaa, .-, 
P.  Griffithii,  P.  longifolia,  P.  Pindrow,  P.  Smithiana,  P.  Webbiana. 
Pipturus  propinquus,  P.  velutinus,  Plectocomia  Assamica,  P.  Hima- 
layana,  P.  Khasyana  (under  Zalacca),  P.  macrostachya,  Poa 
Chinensis,  P.  parviflora,  P.  cynosuroides,  Podophyllum  Emodi,  Pogoste- 
nion  Heyneanus,  P.  parviflorus,  P.  Patchouli,  Polygala  crotalaroides, 
Polygaster  sampadarius,  Populus  ciliata,  P.  Euphratica,  Pouzolzia  tube- 
rosa,  Prosopis  spicifera,  Pseudostachyuni  polymorphum  (under  Schizos- 
tachyum),  P.  gracile  (under  Zalacca),  Pterocarpus  Indicus,  P.  Mar- 
supium,  P.  santalinus,  Ptychosperma  disticha,  P.  Muschenbrockiana., 
Pueraria  tuberosa,  Pyrularia  edulis,  Quercus  annulata,  Q.  dilatata,  Q, 
incana,  Q.  laiicifolia,  Q.  semecarpifolia,  Q.  squamata,  Q.  Sundaica,  Rap- 
hanus  caudatus,  R.  sativus,  Remirea  niaritima,  Rheum  Australe,  R, 
officinale,  Rhododendron  Falconeri,  Rhus  vernicifera,  Ribes  glacial&>. 
R.  Griffithii,  R.  laciniatum,  R.  villosum,  Ricinus  communis,  Rosa 
Indica,  R.  moschata,  R.  sempervirens,  Rubia  cordifolia,  Rubus 
ellipticus,  R.  lasiocarpus,  R.  rugosus,  Saccharum  officinarum,  S. 
spontaiieum,  S.  violaceum,  Salix  tetrasperma,  Sanseviera  Zey- 
lanica,  Santalum  album,  Schima  Wallichii,  Schizostachyum  elegantissi- 
mum,  S.  Blumei,  S.  brachycladum,  S.  Hasskarlianum,  S.  irratum,  S. 
Zollingeri,  Scutia  Indica,  Sesamum  Indicum,  Sesbania  aculeata,  S. 
.ZEgyptiaca,  S.  cannabina,  Sesuvium  Portulacastrum,  Shorea  robusta, 
S.  Talura,  Solanum  album,  S.  ferox,  S.  Guineense,  S.  insanum,  S.  longum, 
S.  melongena,  S.  pseudo-saponaceum,  S.  undatum,  S.  xanthocarpum, 
Spinifex  squarrosus,  Stenotaphrum  Americanum,  Sterculia  monosperma, 
S.  urceolata,  S.  urens,  Streblus  asper,  Swertia  Chirata,  S.  elegans,  Sym- 
plocos  ramosissima,  Tamaiindus  Indica,  Tamarix  articulata,  T.  dioica, 
T.  Gallica,  T.  orientalis,  Tectona  grandis,  Teinostachyum  attenuatum,  T, 
Griffithii  (under  Schizostachyum),  Terminalia  Catappa,  T.  Chebula,  T. 
parviflora,  Tetranthera  calophylla,  T.  laurifolia,  Thamnocalamus  Fal- 
coneri, T.  spathiflorus  (under  Schizostachyum),  Thouarea  sarmentosa, 
Trapa  bispinosa,  T.  Cochinchinenses,  T.  incisa,  T.  quadrispinosa,  Tricho- 
desma  Zeylanicum,  Triphasia  Aurantiola,  Ulmus  Wallichiana,  Urena 
lobata,  Yaccinium  Leschenaulti,  Yigna  Sinensis,  Villebrunea  frutescens, 
Y.  integrifolia,  Yitis  auriculata,  Y.  Blumeana,  Y.  elongata,  Y.  Im~ 
perialis,  Y.  Indica,  Y.  Labrusca,  Y.  Isevigata,  Y.  mutabilis,  Y.  quad- 
rangularis,  Y.  thyrsiflora,  Y.  vulpina,  Wallichia  caryotoides,  W.  densi- 
flora,  Ximenia  Americana,  Xylia  dolabriformis,  Zalacca  secunda, 
Zingiber  officinale,  Zizyphus  Jujuba,  Z.  rugosa,  Zoysia  pungens. 

WESTERN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Acacia  Cavenia,  A.  macracantha,  Adenostemum  nitidum,  Adesmiabal- 
samica,  Alchemilla  pinnata,  Alstroemeiia  pallida,  Andropogon  argenteus, 


388  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

AnonaCherimolia,  Apium  prostratum,  Arachis  hypogsea,  Araucariaiinbri- 
cata,  Aristotelia  Macqui,  Arracacha  xanthorriza,  Bassovia  solanacea,  Ber- 
beris  buxifolia,  B.  Darwinii,  Boussingaultia  baselloides,  Csesalpinia  brevi- 
f  olia,  C.  tinctoria,  Canna  edulis,  Cereus  Quixo,  Ceroxylon  andicola,  C.  Aus- 
trale,  C.  pithyrophyllum  (under  Wettinia),  Cervantesia  tomentosa,  Cheno- 
podium  Quinoa,  Chusquea  Culcou,  C.  Doinbeyana,  C.  montana,  C.  Quila, 
C.  tenuiflora  (under  Schizostachyum),  Cinchona  Calisaya,  C.  cordifolia,  C. 
micrantha,  C.  nitida,  C.  officinalis,  C.  succirubra,  Condalia  microphylla, 
Dactylis  csespitosa,  Datura  arborea,  Dioscorea  piperifolia,  Diplothemium 
Porallys  (under  Wettinia),  Diposis  Bulbocastanum,  Drimys  Winteri, 
Elyraus  condensatus,  Embothrium  coccineum,  E.  emarginatum,  E.  lan- 
ceolatum,  Erythroxyloii  Coca,  Eucryphia  cordifolia,  Eugenia  Hallii, 
Euterpe  andicola,  E.  Hsenkena,  E.  longivaginata  (under  Wettinia), 
Fagus  Dombeyi,  F.  obliqua,  F.  procera,  Festuca  Coiron,  Fitzroya 
Patagonica,  Fragaria  Chiloensis,  Fuchsia  racemosa,  Geonoma  densa 
(under  Wettinia),  Gossypiumreligiosum,  Guadua  angustifolia,  G.  latifolia, 
Guevina  Avellana,  Gunnera  Chilensis,  Helianthus  annuus,  H.  tuberosus, 
Heliotropium  Peruvianum,  Hibiscus  esculentus,  Hypochoeris  apar- 
gioides,  H.  Scorzonerse,  Ipomoea  Batatas,  Jubsea  spectabilis,  Krameria 
triandra,  Lapageria  rosea,  Lardizabala  biternata,  Laurelia  aromatica, 
L.  serrata,  Libocedrus  Chilensis,  L.  tetragona,  Lippia  citriodora,  Manihot 
Aipi,  Maranta  arundinacea,  Mauritia  flexuosa,  Maytenus  Boaria, 
Melicocca  bijuga,  Morus  celtidifolia,  M.  insignis,  Myrtus  Luraa,  M. 
Meli,  M.  nummularia,  M.  Ugni,  Nageia  andina,  1ST.  Chilina,  N.  nubigena, 
Opuntia  vulgaris,  Oreodoxa  frigida  (under  Wettinia),  Oryza  latifolia, 
Oxalis  crassicaulis,  O.  crenata,  O.  enneaphylla,  0.  succulenta,  O.  tuberosa, 
Pacchyrrhizus  angulatus,  Panicum  pilosum,  Paspaluin  ciliatum,  P.  dila- 
tatum,  Passiflora  alata,  P.  ligularis,  P.  macrocarpa,  Persea  gratissima, 
Peumus  Boldus,  Physalis  Peruviana,  Phytelephas  sequatorialis  (under 
Wettinia),  Piptadenia  rigida,  Prosopis  horrida,  P.  juliflora,  P.  Siliquas- 
trum,  Priva  Isevis,  Quillaja  saponaria,  Rhus  caustica,  Rubus  geoides.  Salix 
Humboldtiana,  Saxono-Gothaea  conspicua,  Schkuhria  abrotanoides, 
Sesuvium  Portulacastrum,  Smilax  officinalis,  Solanum  Gilo,  S.  Guinense, 
S.  Lycopersicum,  S.  muricatum,  S.  Quitoense,  S.  tuberosum,  S.  torvum, 
Sophora  tetraptera,  Spilanthes  oleracea,  Tagetes  glanduligera,  Tetragonia 
expansa,  Tillandsia  usneoides,  Trithrinax  campestris,  Tropseolum  majus, 
T.  minus,  T.  sessilifolium,  T.  tuberosum,  Ullucus  tuberosus,  Vaccinium 
alatum,  Y.  bicolor,  V.  grandiflorum,  Y.  mellinorum,  Wettinia  augusta, 
W.  Maynensis,  Zea  Mays,  Zizyplms  Joazeiro,  Z.  Mistal. 

WESTERN  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Acer  circinnatum,  A.  macrophhyllum,  Aesculus  Californica,  Arbutus 
Menziesii,  Baccharis  consanguinea,  B.  pilularis,  Baptisia  tinctoria, 
Barbaraea  vulgaris,  Bouteloua  barbata,  Carum  Gairdneri,  Castaneopsis 
chrysophylla,  Ceanothus  prostratus,  C.  rigidus,  C.  thyrsiflorus,  Cerco- 
carpus  ledifolius,  C.  parvifolius,  Cereus  Engelmanni,  Chlorogalum  pomeri- 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX  389 

dianum,  Cornus  Nuttallii,  Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  C.  macrocarpa,  C.  Nut- 
kaensis,  Cymopterus  glomeratus,  Fraxinus  Oregana,  Gaultiera  Myrsinites, 
Geum  urbanum,  Juglans  rupestris,  Juniperus  occidentalis,  Libocedrus 
decurrens,  Lupimis  Douglasii,  Myrrhis  occidentalis,  Nicotiana  multivalvis, 
Nuphar  multisepalum,  Nyssa  aquatica,  Parkinsonia  aculeata,  P.  micro- 
phylla,  Pinus  amabilis,  P.  bracteata,  P.  concolor,  P.contorta,  P.  Coulteri, 
P.  Douglasii,  P.  edulis,  P.  flexilis,  P.  grandis,  P.  Lambertiana,  P.  Men- 
ziesii,  P.  Mertensiana,  P.  monophylla,  P.  monticola,  P.  muricata,  P.  nobilis, 
P.  Nuttallii,  P.  Pattoniana,  P.  poiiderosa,  P.  radiata,  P.  resinosa,  P. 
Sabiniana,  P.  Williamsonii,  Platanus  racemosa,  Populus  tremuloides, 
P.  trichocarpa,  Pritchardia  filamentosa,  Prosopis  pubescens,  Prunus 
ilicifolia,  Quercus  agrifolia,  Q.  chrysolepis,  Q.  densiflora,  Q.  Douglasii, 
Q.  Garryana,  Q.  lobata,  Ribes  aureum,  R.  divaricatum,  R.  niveum,  R. 
tenuiflorum,  R.  villosum,  Rubus  macropetalus,  Scilla  esculenta,  Sequoia 
sempervirens,  S.  Wellingtonia,  Solanum  Fendleri,  S.  tuberosum,  Tet- 
ranthera  Californica,  Torreya  Californica,  Umbellularia  Californica, 
Vaccinium  humifusum,  Y.  ovalifolium,  Y.  ovatum,  Yaleriana  edulis, 
Washingtonia  filifera,  Yucca  brevifolia,  Y.  Treculiana,  Y.  Sitchensis. 

EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Acer  dasycarpum,  A.  Negundo,  A  rubrum,  A.  saccharinum,  Achillea 
millefolium,  Achras  Sapota,  Acorus  Calamus,  Acrocomia  Mexicana, 
Actsea  alba,  .^Esculus  flava,  Agave  Americana,  A.  Mexicana,  Agrostis 
alba,  A.  rubra,  A.  scabra,  A.  vulgaris,  Alchemilla  alpina,  A.  vulgaris, 
Aletris  farinosa,  Allium  Canadense,  A.  Scho3noprasum,  Amelanchier 
Botryapium,  Andropogon  avenaceus,  A.  furcatus,  A.  nutans,  A. 
scoparius,  Apios  tuberosa,  Apocynum  cannabinum,  Arctosta- 
phylos  uva-ursi,  Aristolochia  anguicida,  A.  ovalifolia,  A.  serpen- 
taria,  Amndinaria  macrosperma,  A.  tecta,  Astragalus  hypoglottis, 
Barbaraea  vulgaris,  Betula  lenta,  B.  lutea,  B.  nigra,  B.  papyracea, 
Bouteloua  barbata,  Branca  dulcis,  B.  edulis,  Bromus  ciliatus,  Buchloa 
dactyloides,  Bursera  elemifera,  Csesalpinia  Bonduc,  Cakile  maritima, 
Calamagrostis  longifolia,  Canna  flaccida,  Carya  alba,  C.  amara,  C.  glabra, 
C.  microcarpa,  C.  oliviformis,  C.  sulcata,  C.  tomentosa,  Carpinus 
Americana,  Cassia  Marylandica,  Catalpa  bignonioides,  C.  speciosa, 
Cedronella  cordata,  Celtis  occidentalis,  Chamaedora  concolor,  Ciniifuga 
racemosa,  Cinna  arundinacea,  Cladastris  tinctoria,  Cochlearia  officinalis, 
Comptonia  asplenifolia,  Cornus  florida,  Cratsegus  sestivalis,  C.  apiifolia, 
C.  coccinea,  C.  cordata,  C.  Crus-Galli,  C.  parvifolia,  C.  tomento  sa, 
Cupressus  Benthami,  C.  Lindleyi,  C.  thurif era,  C.  thuyoides,  Desmodi  um 
acuminatum,  Diospyros  Yirginiana,  Dirca  palustris,  Elymus  mo  His, 

E.  Yirginicus,   Fagus  ferruginea,  Festuca  flava,  F.  purpurea,  Frag  aria 
Chiloensis,    F.    grandiflora,    F.    Illinoensis,     F.    vesca,    F.    Yirginiana, 
Fraxinus  Americana,   F.   platycarpa,   F.   pubescens,  F.  quadrangulata, 

F.  sambucifolia,  F.  viridis,  Gaultieria  Shallon,  Gaylussacia  frondosa,  G. 
resinosa,  Gelsemium  nitidum,  Geum  urbanum,  Gleditschia  monosperma, 


390  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

G.  triacanthos,  Gordonia  lasianthos,  Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Hedeoma 
pulegioides,  Hordeum  nodosum,  H.  secalinum,  Humulus  Lupulus, 
Hydrastis  Canadensis,  Ilex  Cassine,  Indigofera  Anil,  Ipomoea  Mega- 
potamica,  I.  platanifolia,  I.  purga,  I  sinmlans,  Juglans  cinerea,  J.  nigra, 
Juniperus  flaccida,  J.  Mexicana,  J.  Virginiana,  Levisia  rediviva,  Liatris 
odoratissima.  Lindera  Benzoin,  Liquidambar  styraciflua,  Liriodendroii 
tulipifera,  Lithospermum  canescens,  L.  hirtum,  L.  longiflorurn,  Lupinus 
arboreus,  L.  perennis,  Lycopodium  dendroideum,  L.  lucidulum,  Maclura 
aurantiaca,  Magnolia  acuminata,  M.  cordata,  M.  Fraseri,  M.  grandiflora, 
M.  macrophylla,  M.  umbrella,  Melica  mutica,  Menyanthes  trifoliata, 
Miliuni  effusum,  Monarda  didyma,  M.  fistulosa,  M.  punctata,  Morchella 
esculenta,  Morus  rubra,  Muehlenbergia  diffusa,  M.  Mexicana,  Myrica 
cerifera,  Nelumbo  lutea,  Nicotiana  quadrivalvis,  N".  repanda,  N.  rustica, 
N.  Tabacum,  Nyssa  aquatica,  N.  multiflora,  N.  uniflora,  Opuntia 
coccinellifera,  O.  Ficus-Indica,  O.  Hernandezii,  O.  Missouriensis,  O. 
Rafmesquii,  O.  spinosissima,  O.  Tuna,  O.  vulgaris,  Oryza  latifolia,  O. 
perennis,  Ostrya  Virginica,  Oxalis  Deppei,  O.  esculenta,  O.  tetraphylla, 
O.  violacea,  Pachyma  Cocos,  Panicum  amarum,  P.  Myurus,  P.  obtusum, 
P.  striatum,  P.  virgatum,  Parkinsonia  aculeata,  Parthenium  integrifolium, 
Passiflora  incarnata,  P.  lutea,  P.  suberosa,  Paspalura  undulatum, 
Peireskia  aculeata,  P.  Bleo,  P.  portulacifolia,  Phaseolus  perennis, 
Physalis  angulata,  Pinus  alba,  P.  aristata,  P.  Australis,  P.  Ayacahuite, 
P.  balsamea,  P.  Balfouriana,  P.  Canadensis,  P.  cembroides,  P.  Elliotti, 
P.  Fraseri,  P.  glabra,  P.  Hartwegii,  P.  Hudsonica.  P.  inops,  P.  leiophylla, 
P.  mitis,  P.  Montezumse,  P.  nigra,  P.  patula,  P.  pendula,  P.  Pinceana, 
P.  pseudo-strobus,  P.  pungens,  P.  religiosa,  P.  rigida,  P.  rubra,  P.  serotina, 
P.  Strobus,  P.  Tseda,  P.  tenuifolia,  P.  Teocote,  P.  Torreyana,  Pisonia 
aculeata,  Planera  aquatica,  Platanus  occidentalis,  Poa  airoides,  P.  alpina, 
P.  angustifolia,  P.  aquatica,  P.  Canadensis,  P.  distans,  P.  fertilis,  P. 
fluitans,P.  maritima,  P.  nemoralis,  P.  nervata,P.pectinacea,Podophyllum 
peltatum,  Polianthes  tuberosa,  Polygala  Senega,  Populus  angustifolia, 
P.  balsamifera,  P.  Canadensis,  P.  grandidentata,  P.  heterophylla,  P. 
monilifera,  P.  tremuloides,  Porphyra  vulgaris,  Prosopis  dulcis,  P. 
glandulosa,  P.  juliflora,  P.  pubescens,  Prunus  Americana,  P.  Caroliniana, 
P.  Chisasa,  P.  maritima,  P.  Pennsylvanica,  P.  pumila,  P.  serotina,  P. 
Yirginiana,  Psamma  arenaria,  Psoralea  esculenta,  Pycnanthemum  in- 
canum,  P.  montanum,  Pyrularia  edulis,  Pyrus  coronaria,  Quercus  acuti- 
folia,  Q.  alba,  Q.  aquatica,  Q.  castanea,  Q.  chrysophylla,  Q.  coccinea,  Q. 
j^ouglasii,  Q.  falcata,  Q.  glaucescens,  Q.  lanceolata,  Q.  laurina,  Q.  lyrata, 
Q.  macrocarpa,  Q.  Muehlenbergii,  Q.  obtusata,  Q.  obtusiloba,  Q. 
palustris,  Q.  Phellos,  Q.  Prinus,  Q.  reticulata,  Q.  rubra,  Q.  sideroxylon, 
Q.  stellata,  Q.  virens,  Q.  Xalapensis,  Rhaphidopnyllum  Hystrix, 
Rhododendron  maximum,  Rhus  copallina,  R.  glabra,  R.  typhina,  Ribes 
aureum,  R.  cynosbati,  R.  floridum,  R.  hirtellum,  R.  Hudsonianum,  R. 
nigrum,  R.  rotundifolium,  R.  rubrum,  Robinia  pseudo-acacia,  Rosa 
setigera,  Rubus  arcticus,  R.  Canadensis,  R.  Chamsemorus,  R.  cuneifolius, 
II.  deliciosus?  R.  occideiJt&lis,  R,  odoratus,  R.  strigosus,  R.  trivialis,  R. 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX.  391 

villosus,  Runiex  acetosa,  Sabal  Adansoni,  S.  Palmetto,  S.  serrulata, 
Sabbatia  angularis,  Sagittaria  lancifolia,  S.  obtusa,  Salix  cordata,  S.  longi- 
folia,  S.  lucida,  S.  nigra,  S.  petiolaris,  S.  tristis,  Sambucus  Canadensis, 
Sanguinaria  Canadensis,  Sassafras  officinale,  Schoenocaulon.  officinale, 
Scilla  Fraseri,  Shepherdia  argentea,  Smilax  medica,  S.  rotundifolia, 
Solaiium  calycinum,  S.  Fendleri,  S.  tuberosum,  Spartina  cynosuroides,  S. 
juncea,  S.  polystachya,  S.  stricta,  Spigelia  Marylandica,  Stenotaphrum 
Americanum,  Tanacetum  vulgare,  Taraxacum  officinale,  Taxodium  dis- 
tichum,  T.  mucrortatum,  Taxus  brevifolia,  Thuya  gigantea,  T.  occi- 
dentalis,  Tilia  Americana,  T.  heterophylla,  Tillandsia  usneoides,  Torreya 
taxifolia,  Trifolium  reflexum,  T.  repens,  Tripsacum  dactyloides,  Ulmus 
alata,  U.  Americana,  U.  crassifolia,  U.  f ulva,  U.  Mexicana,  U.  racemosa, 
Uniola  gracilis,  U.  latifolia,  U.  paniculata,  Uvularia  sessilifolia,  Yac- 
cinium  Canadense,  Y.  caespitosum,  V.  corymbosum,  V.  erythrocarpum, 
V.  leucanthum,  Y.  macrocarpum,  Y.  myrtilloides,  Y.  Myrtillus,  Y. 
ovalifolium,  Y.  ovatum,  Y.  oxycoccus,  Y.  parvifolium,  Y.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum,  Y.  uliginosum,  Y.  vacillans,  Y.  Yitis-Idsea,  Yaleriana  edulis, 
Yeratrum  viride,  Yicia  Cracca,  Y.  Sitchensis,  Yitis  sestivalis,  Y.  cordif  olia, 
Y.  Labrusca,  Y.  vulpina,  Xanthorrhiza  apiifolia,  Ximenia  Americana, 
Yucca  aloifolia,  Y.  filamentosa,  Y.  gloriosa,  Zizania  aquatica,  Z.  fluitans, 
Z.  miliacea. 

CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Acacia  macracantha,  Achras  Sapota,  Acrocomia  Mexicana,  Agave 
Americana,  A.  rigida,  Albizzia  dulcis,  A.  latisiliqua,  A.  Saman,  Aleurites 
triloba,  Amarantus  paniculatus,  Andropogon  avenaceus,  Anona  niuri- 
cata,  A.  squamosa,  Arracacha  xanthorrhiza,  Arthrostylidium  excelsum, 

A.  longiflorum,  A.  racemiferum  (under  Schizostachyum),  Arundinaria 
acuminata,  Aulonemia  Quexo  (under  Schizostachyum),  Bactris  Gasipaes, 
Batis  maritima,   Bouteloua  barbata,   Brahea  dulcis,   Bursera  elemifera, 
Buxus  acuminata,  B.  citrifolia,  B.  Cubana,  B.  glomerata,   B.  gonoclada, 

B.  Ia3vigata,  B.  Purdieana,   B.  retusa,   B.  subcolumnaris,   B.  Yahlii,   B. 
Wrightii,  Csesalpinia  crista,  C.  vesicaria,  Cakile  maritima,  Calyptronoma 
Swartzii,  Canavalia  gladiata,  Caiina  coccinea,   C.   glauca,   Carludovica 
palmata  (under  Wettinia),  Caesalpinia  Bonduc,  Casimiroa  edulis,   Celtis 
Tala,   Ceroxylon  andicola,  C.   Klopstockia  (under  Wettinia),   Cestrum 
nocturnum,  Chusquea  abietifolia,  C.  Fendleri,  C.  Galeottiana,  C.  Muelleri, 

C.  scandens,    C.    simpliciflora,    C.    uniflora    (under    Schizostachyum), 
Coccoloba  uvifera,  Cocos  regia,   Copernicia  nana,   C.    Pumos,  Cyperus 
giganteus,  Dioscorea  Cajennensis,   D.  esurientum,  D.  trifida,  Eriochloa 
annulata,    Euchlaena  -luxurians,    Eupatorium   triplinerve,    Fourcroya 
Cubensis,   F.  gigantea,   F.    longseva,   Geonoma  vaga,   Gossypium    Bar- 
badense,  G.  hirsutum,  G.  religiosum,  Hibiscus  esculentus,   Hyospathe 
pubigera,   Indigofera  Anil,  Ipomcea  Batatilla,  Juniperus  Bermudiana, 
Kunthia  montana,  Malvastrum  spicatum,  Maranta  arundinacea,  Meli- 
cocca    bijuga,     Morus    celtidifolia,    Nageia    coriacea,    N.    Purdieana, 


392  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

Opuntia  coccinellifera,  O.  Dillenii,  O.  elatior,  O.  Hernandezii,  O. 
spinosissima,  O.  Tuna,  Oreodoxa  frigida,  O.  oleracea,  O.  regia,  Pachyrr- 
hizus  angulatus,  Panicum  altissimum,  P.  divaricatuin,  P.  molle,  P. 
Myurus,  P.  obtusum,  P.  striatum,  Paspalum  stoloniferum,  Passiflora 
lauriflora,  P.  ligularis,  P.  maliformis,  P.  serrata,  Peireskia  aculeata, 
Persea  gratissima,  Platenia  Chiragua  (under  Wettinia),  Podachsenium 
alatum,  Polianthes  tuberosa,  Psidium  acidum,  P.  Araca,  P.  cordatum, 
P.  Guayava,  P.  polycarpum,  Quercus  agrifolia,  Q.  Castanea,  Q.  Skinneri, 
Remirca  maritima,  Richardsonia  scabra,  Sabal  umbraculifera,  Sechium 
edule,  Sesuvium  Portulacastrum,  Smilax  officinalis,  S.  papyracea, 
Solanum  betaceum,  S.  Guineense,  S.  Plumieri,  S.  Topiro,  .  S.  torvum, 
Sporobolus  Virginicus,  Swietenia  Mahagoni,  Talinum  patens,  Thrinax 
argentea,  T.  parviflora,  Terminalia  Buceras,  Tillandsia  usneoides,  Trophis 
Americana,  Urena  lobata,  Yaccinium  meridionale,  V.  Mortinia,  Yucca 

Yucatana,  Zizania  miliacea. 

/ 

EASTERN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Acacia  Cebil,  A.  macracantha,  A.  moniliformis,  Acrocomia  Totai 
(under  Wettinia),  Alibertia  edulis,  Amyris  terebinthifolia,  Apium  pros- 
tratum,  Araucaria  Brasiliensis,  Arundinaria  verticillata  (under 
Schizostachyum),  Arundo  saccharoides,  A.  Sellowiana,  Aspidosperma 
Quebracho,  Bactris  Gasipaes,  Boussingaultia  baselloides,  Bromus 
unioloides,  Caesalpinia  coriaria,  C.  echinata,  C.  Gilliesii,  Calyptranthes 
aromatica,  Canna  Achiras,  Capsicum  annuum,  C.  baccatum,  C, 
frutescens,  C.  longum,  C.  microcarpum,  Cedrela  Brasiliensis,  C.  Vello- 
ziana,  Celtis  Tala,  Cephselis  Ipecacuanha,  Ceroxylon  Klopstockia, 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides,  Chusquea  capituliflora,  C.  Gaudichaudiana 
(under  Schizostachyum),  C.  Lorentziana,  Cocos  Australis,  C.  flexuosa, 
C.  Romanzoffiana,  C.  Yatay  (under  Wettinia),  Copernicia  cerifera, 
Condalia  microphylla,  Cyperus  giganteus,  Dactylis  csespitosa,  Dalbergia 
nigra,  D.  miscolobium,  Desmodium  triflorum,  Dioscorea  conferta,  D. 
tuberosa,  Diplothemium  littorale  (under  Wettinia),  Duvana  longifolia, 
Eugenia  Nhanica,  E.  pyriformis,  E.  supra-axillaris,  E.  uniflora,  Geonoma 
vaga,  Gourliaea  decorticans,  Guadua  angustifolia,  G.  capitata,  G. 
latifolia,  G.  macrostachya,  G.  paniculata,  G.  refracta,  G.  Tagoara,  G, 
virgata,  Heterothalamus  brunioides,  Hymensea  Courbaril,  Ilex  Para- 
guensis,  Indigof  era  Anil,  Ipomcea  Batatas,  I.  Batatilla,  I.  Megapotamica, 
I.  operculata,  I.  paniculata,  Iriartea  deltoidea,  I.  exorrhiza,  I  ventricosa 
(under  Wettinia),  Jacaranda  mimosifolia,  Lippia  citriodora,  Loxoptery- 
gium  Lorentzii,  Lupinus  arboreus,  Maclura  Mora,  Malvastrum  spicatum, 
Manihot  Aipi,  M.  utilissima,  Maliera  glomerata,  M.  tomentosa,  Meros- 
tachys  Claussenii,  M.  Kunthii,  M.  ternata  (under  Schizostachyum), 
Myrtus  edulis,  Nageia  Lamberti,  Nicotiana  rustica,  N.  glauca,  N. 
Tabacum,  Ocimumgratissimum,  (Enocarpus  multicaulis  (under  Wettinia), 
Opuntia  vulgaris,  Oryza  latifolia,  Oxalis  carnosa,  O.  conorrhiza, 
Pachyrrhizus  angulatus,  Panicum  altissimum,  P.  barbinode,  P.  divari- 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX.  393 

catum,  P.  ruolle,  P.  myurus,  P.  latissimum,  P.  pilosum,  Parkinsonia 
aculeata,  Paspalum  notatum,  P.  ciliatum,  P.  dilatatum,  P.  undulatum, 
Passiflora  alata,  P.  coccinea,  P.  coerulea,  P.  edulis,  P.  fllamentosa,  P. 
laurifolia,  P.  maliformis,  P.  quadrangularis,  P.  serrata,  P.  suberosa, 
Paullinia  sorbilis,  Peireskia  aculeata,  P.  Bleo,  P.  portulacifolia,  Pelto- 
phorum  Linnei,  Pennisetum  latifolium,  Periandra  dulcis,  Persea  gratis- 
sima,  Phaseolus  adenanthus,  P.  lunatus,  Phytelephas  macrocarpa,  P. 
macrocarpa  (under  Wettinia),  Pilocarpus  pinnatifolius,  Piptadenia 
rigida,  Pircunia  dioica,  Prosopis  dulcis,  P.  Siliquastrum,  Psidium  Araca, 
P.  arboreum,  P.  Cattleyanum,  P.  chrysophyllum,  P.  cinereum,  P. 
cuneatum,  P.  grandifolium,  P.  Guayava,  P.  incanescens,  P.  lineatifolium, 
P.  malifolium,  P.  polycarpon,  P.  rufum,  Rubus  imperialis,  Salix  Hum- 
boldtiana,  Salpichroma  rhomboidea,  Salvia  Matico,  Sambucus  Australis, 
Sesuvium  portulacastrum,  Smilax  papyracea,  Solanum  Gilo,  S. 
Guineense,  S.  indigoferum,  S.  Lycopersicum,  S.  torvum,  S.  tuberosum, 
Spilanthes  oleracea,  Sporobolus  Indicus,  Syagrus  Sancona,  Sterculia 
Carthaginensis,Tagetes  glanduligera,  Talinum  patens,  Till  andsia  usneoides, 
Terminalia  Buceras,  Trithrinax  Acanthocoma,  T.  Brasiliensis  (under 
Wettinia),  Trophis  Americana,  Ullucus  tuberosus,  Zea  Mays,  Zizania 
microstachya,  Zizyphus  Mistal. 

MIDDLE  AFRICA  (AND  MADAGASCAR). 

Acanthosicyos  horrida,  Acacia  stenocarpa,  Acanthophcenix  rubra, 
Andropogon  annulatus,  Aristida  prodigiosa,  Arundinella  Nepalensis, 
Asplenium  Nidus,  Astragalus  venosus,  Bacularia  Arfakiana,  Beesha 
capitata,  Buddleya  Madagascariensis,  Buxus  Madagascarica,  Canavalia 
gladiata,  Casuarina  equisetif  olia,  Coffea  Liberica,  Corchorus  acutangulus, 
Corynosicyos  edulis,  Dypsis  pinnatifrons,  Eriochloa  annulata,  Hagenia 
Abyssinica,  Hibiscus  Sabdariffa,  Hyphaene  Thebaica,  Lepironia  mucro- 
nata,  Maclura  excelsa,  Malvastrum  spicatum,  Monodora  Angolensis,  M 
myristica,  Panicum  coloratum,  P.  compositum,  P.  fluitans,  P.  molle, 
Pennisetum  longistylum,  Pharnaceum  acidum,  Phoenix  spinosa,  Ptero- 
lobium  lacerans,  Remirea  maritima,  Rubus  rosifolius,  Solanum  edule, 
S.  JEthiopicum,  S.  macrocarpum,  S.  Thonningi,  Tamarix  orientalis, 
Telfairia  occidentalis,  T.  pedata,  Trichodesma  Zeylanicum,  Urena  lobata, 
Vahea  florida,  V.  Owariensis,  Yigna  Sinensis,  Vitis  Schimperiana. 

SOUTHERN  AFRICA, 

Aberia  Caffra,  A.  tristis,  A.  Zeyheri,  Acacia  Giraffse,  A.  horrida, 
Alchemilla  Capensis,  A.  elongata,  Aloe  dichotoma,  A.  ferox,  A.  lingui- 
formis,  A.  plicatilis,  A.  purpurascens,  A.  spicata,  A.  Zeyheri,  Andro- 
pogon Caffrorum,  Anthistiria  ciliata,  Aponogetoii  distachyos,  Arun- 
dinaria  tesselata,  Arundinella  Nepalensis,  Asparagus  laricinus,  Azima 
tetracantha,  Barosma  serratifolia,  Brabejum  stellatifolium,  Callitris 
arborea,  Cannamois  cephalotes,  Carissa  Arduina,  C.  ferox,  C.  grandi- 
flora,  Carum  Capense,  Combretum  butyraceum,  Elegia  nuda,  Euleca 


394  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

myrtina,  E.  undulata,  E.  Pseudebenus,  Eugenia  Zeyheri,  Garuleum 
bipinnatum,  Gladiolus  edulis,  Gonioma  Kamassia,  Hemarthria  com- 
pressa,  Hibiscus  Ludwigii,  Hyphsene  ventricosa,  Leucadendron  argenteum, 
Leyssera  gnaplialioides,  Lyperia  crocea,  Matricaria  glabrata,  Melianthus 
major,  Mesembrianthemum  acinaciforme,  M.  capitatum,  M.  crystallinum, 
M.  edule,  Myrica  cordifolia,  M.  quercifolia,  M.  serrata,  Nageia  elongata, 
N.  Thunbergi,  Nastus  Borbonicus,  Osmitopsis  asteriscoides,  Osyris 
compressa,  Panicum  coloratum,  P.  ccmpositum,  Pappea  Capensis, 
Parkinsonia  Africana,  Pentzia  virgata,  Phoenix  reclinata,  Plectronia 
ciliata,  P.  spinosa,  P.  ventosa,  Portulacaria  Afra,  Psychotria  Eckloniana, 
Rafnia  amplexicaulis,  R.  perfoliata,  Rims  lucida,  Royeiiia  Pseudebenus, 
R.  pubescens,  Rubus  fruticosus,  Salix  Capensis,  Selinum  anesorrhizum, 
S.  montanum,  Tarchonanthus  camphoratus,  Todea  Africana,  Tricholsena 
rosea,  Voandzeia  subterranea,  Vangueria  infausta. 

WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 

Acacia  acuminata,  A.  armata,  A.  microbotrya,  A.  saligna,  Albizzia 
lophantha,  Boronia  mesgastigma,  Casuarina  Decaisneana,  C.  distyla,  C* 
Eraseriana,  C.  Huegeliana,  C.  trichodon,  Conospermum  Stoechadis, 
Dantlionia  bipartita,  Dioscorea  hastifolia,  Duboisia  Hopwoodii,  Ence- 
phalartos  Preissii,  Erianthus  fulvus,  Eucalyptus  calophylla,  E.  cornuta, 
E.  diversicolor,  E.  Doratoxylon,  E.  ficifolia,  E.  gomphocephala,  E. 
loxophleba,  E.  marginata,  E.  oleosa,  E.  redunca,  E.  rudis,  E.  salmono- 
phloia,  E.  salubris,  Grevillea  annulifera,  Helichrysum  lucidum,  H. 
Manglesii,  Jacksonia  cupulif era,  Kochia  villosa,  Lepidosperma  gladiatum, 
Oryza  sativa,  Livistona  Marise,  Panicum  flavidum,  P.  semialatum, 
Phaseolus  vulgaris,  Pimelea  clavata,  Santalum  cygnorum,  S.  Preis- 
sianum,  Sesbania  .JSgyptiaca,  Spinifex  hirsutus,  S.  longifolius,  Strychnos 
Nux-Vomica,  Tamarindus  Indica. 

EASTERN  AUSTRALIA  (INCLUDING  TASMANIA). 

Acacia  aneura,  A.  armata,  A.  binervata,  A.  decurrens,  A.  falcata,  A. 
Farnesiana,  A.  fasciculifera,  A  glaucescens,  A.  harpophylla,  A.  homa- 
lophylla,  A.  implexa,  A.  longifolia,  A.  Melanoxylon,  A.  pendula,  A. 
penninervis,  A.  pycnantha,  A.  retinodes,  A.  salicina,  A.  stenophylla, 
^Egiceras  majus,  Agrostis  Solandri,  Aira  csespitosa,  Albizzia  basaltica, 
Aleurites  triloba,  Alstonia  constricta,  Andropogon  annulatus,  A. 
australis,  A.  erianthoides,  A.  falcatus,  A.  Gryllos,  A.  pertusus,  A. 
refractus,  A.  sericeus,  Angophora  intermedia,  A.  lanceolata,  A.  subvelu- 
tina,  Anthistiria  avenacea,  A.  ciliata,  A.  membranacea,  Apium  pf  ostra- 
tum,  Aponogeton  crispus,  Araucaria  Bidwilli,  A.  Cunninghami,  Aristo- 
lochia  Indica,  Asplenium  Nidus,  Astrebla  pectinata,  A.  triticoides, 
Atalantia  glauca,  Atriplex  halimoides,  A.  holocarpum,  A.  nummularium, 
A.  semibaccatum,  A.  spongiosum,  A.  vesicarium,  Backhousia  citriodora, 
Bacularia  monostachya,  Bologhia  lucida,  Brachychiton  acerifolium, 
Cakile  maritima,  Callitris  columellaris,  C.  Macleayana,  C.  Parlatorei,  C. 


GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX.  395 

verrucosa,  Carissa  Brownii,  Casuarina  distyla,  C.  equisetifolia,  C.  glauca, 
C.  quadrivalvis,  C.  suberosa,  C.  torulosa,  Cedrela  australis,  Chenopodium 
auricomum,  Chionanclie  cyatliopoda,  Chloris  scariosa,  C.  truncata,  Citrus 
Australasica,  C.  Planchoni,  Colocasia  Indica,  Corchorus  acutangulus, 
C.  Cunninghami,  C.  olitorius,  Cor-dyline  terminalis,  Crotalaria  juncea, 
C.  retusa,  Cudrania  Javanensis,  Cycas  angulata,  C.  Normanbyana, 
Cynodon  Dactylon,  Cyperus  textilis,  Dacrydium  Franklini,  Dammara 
robusta,  Danthonia  bipartita,  D.  nervosa,  D.  penicillata,  D.  robusta, 
Dicksonia  Billardieri,  Dioscorea  sativa,  D.  transversa,  Distichlis  maritima, 
Duboisia  Hopwoodii,  D.  myoporoides,  Ehrharta  stipoides,  Embothrium 
Wickhami,  Encephalartus  Denisonii,  E.  spiralis,  Erianthus  fulvus, 
Eriochloa  annulata,  Eucalyptus  alpina,  E.  amygdalina,  E.  Baileyana,  E. 
botryoides,  E.  capitellata,  E.  citriodora,  E.  coccifera,  E.  corymbosa,  E. 
corynocalyx,  E.  crebra,  E.  drepanophylla,  E.  eugenicides,  E.  Globulus, 
E.  goniocalyx,  E.  Gunnii,  E.  hsemastoma,  E.  hemiphloia,  E.  leptophleba, 
E.  Leucoxylon,  E.  longifolia,  E.  macrorrhyncha,  E.  maculata,  E. 
melanophloia,  E.  melliodora,  E.  microcorys,  E.  microtheca,  E.  miniata, 
E.  obliqua,  E.  oleosa,  E.  paniculata,  E.  pauciflora,  E.  phcenicea,  E. 
pilularis,  E.  Planchoniana,  E.  platyphylla,  JE.  polyanthema,  E.  populi- 
folia,  E.  punctata,  E.  Raveretiana,  E.  resinifera,  E.  robusta,  E.  rostrata, 
E.  saligna,  E.  siderophloia,  E.  Sieberiana,  E.  Stuartiana,  E.  tereticornis, 
E.  terminalis,  E.  tesselaris,  E.  trachyphloia,  E.  triantha,  E.  urnigera.  E. 
vernicosa,  E.  viminalis,  Eucryphia  Billardieri,  E.  Moorei,  Eugenia 
myrtifolia,  E.  Smithii,  Eustrephus  Brownii,  Fagus  Cunninghami,  F. 
Hookeriana,  F.  litoralis,  F.  Moorei,  Festuca  dives,  Ficus  colossea,  F. 
columnaris,  F.  Cunninghami,  F.  eugenioides,  F.  macrophylla,  F.  rubi- 
ginosa,  Flindersia  Australis,  F.  Bennettiana,  F.  Oxleyana,  Geitonople- 
sium  cymosum,  Geum  urbanum,  Gmelina  Leichhardtii,  Grevillea  robusta, 
Harpullia  Hillii,  Heleocharis  sphacelata,  Helichrysum  lucidum,  Hemar- 
thria  compressa,  Hibiscus  cannabinus,  Hierochloa  redolens,  Hymenan- 
thera  Banksii,  Imperata  arundinacea,  Ipomcea  Calobra,  I.  paniculata, 
Jasminum  calcareum,  J.  didymum,  J.  lineare,  J.  racemosum,  J.  simplici- 
folium,  J.  suavissimum,  Kentia  Belmoreana,  K.  Canterburyana,  K. 
Mooreana,  Kochia  villosa,  Lagerstroemia  Indica,  Leersia  hexandra, 
Lepidosperma  gladiatum,  Lepironia  mucronata,  Leptospermum  Iseviga- 
tum,  L.  lanigerum,  Livistona  Australis,  Lycopodium  clavatum,  L. 
densum,  L.  laterale,  L.  varium,  Maba  fasciculosa,  M.  geminata,  Maca- 
damia  ternifolia,  Mallotus  Philippinensis,  Malvastrum  spicatum,  Marlea 
Vitiensis,  Melaleuca  ericifolia,  M.  Leucadendron,  M.  parviflora,  M. 
styphelioides,  M.  trichostachya,  Melia  Azedarach,  Mentha  Australis,  M. 
gracilis,  M.  laxiflora,  M.  saturejoides,  Mesembrianthemum  eequilaterale, 
Microseris  Forsteri,  Murraya  exotica,  Mylitta  Australis,  Myoporum 
insulare,  Myrtus  acmenoides,  Nageia  elata,  Neurachne  Mitchelliana, 
Niemeyera  prunifera,  Ocimum  sanctum,  Oryza  sativa,  Pandanus  Fors- 
teri, P.  pedunculatus,  Panicum  atro-virens,  P.  bicolor,  P.  coenicolum, 
P.  coloratum,  P.  compositum,  P.  decompositum,  P.  divaricatissimum, 
P.  flavidum,  P.  foliosurn,  P.  marginatum,  P.  Myurus,  P.  parvifolium, 


396  GEOGRAPHIC    INDEX. 

P.  prolutum,  P.  Italicum,  P.  miliaceum,  P.  prostratum,  P.  pygmseum, 
P.  repens,  P.  sanguinale,  P.  semialatum,  P.  tenuiflorum,  P.  virgatum, 
Pappophorum  commune,  Parinaria  Nonda,  Paspalum  clistichum,  P. 
scrobiculatum,  Phaseolus  adenanthus,  P.  Max,  Phyllocladus  rhomboi- 
dalis,  Pimelea  stricta,  Pipturus  propinquus,  Pisonia  aculeata,  Pittospo- 
rum  undulatum,  Poa  Australis,  P.  Billardieri,  P.  Brownii,  P.  Chinensis, 
P.  digitata,  Ptychosperma  Alexandra,  P.  Cunninghami,  P.  elegans, 
Rhagodia  Billardieri,  Rottbcellia  ophiuroides,  Rubus  Gunnianus,  R. 
parvifolius,  R.  rosifolius,  Santalum  Preissianum,  Sclerachne  cyathopoda, 
Sebaea  albidiflora,  S.  ovata,  Selaginella  uliginosa,  Sesbania  aculeata,  S. 
^Egyptiaca,  Sesuvium  Portulacastrum,  Smilax  Australis,  S.  glycyphylla, 
Solanum  vescum,  Spinifex  hirsutus,  Spondias  pleiogyna,  Stenocarpus 
sinuosus,  Sterculia  quadrifida,  Stipa  artistiglumis,  Syncarpia  laurifolia, 
Synoon  glandulosum,  Tacca  pinnatifida,  Tetragonia  expansa,  T.  implexi- 
coma,  Tetranthera  laurifolia,  Todea  Africana,  Trichodesma  Zeylanicum, 
Trigonella  suavissima,  Tristania  conferta,  Ulmus  parvifolia,  Yigna 
lanceolata,  Vitis  acetosa,  V.  Baudiniana,  V.  hypoglauca,  Ximenia  Ame- 
ricana, Zizyplius  Jujuba,  Zoysia  pungens. 

NEW  ZEALAND. 

Agrostis  Solandri,  Apium  prostratum,  Arundo  conspicua,  Cordyline 
Banksii,  C.  superbiens,  C.  indivisa,  Corynocarpus  Isevigata,  Dacrydium 
Colens"oi,  D.  cupressinum,  D.  Kirkii,  Dammara  Australis,  Danthonia 
Cunninghami,  Dicksonia  Billardieri,  Ehrharta  Diplax,  E.  stipoides, 
Fagus  fusca,  F.  Menziesii,  F.  Solandri,  Festuca  litoralis,  Fuchsia  excor- 
ticata,  Hierochloa  redolens,  Hymenanthera  Banksii,  Kentia  sapida, 
Knightia  excelsa,  Libocedrus  Doniana,  Metrosideros  florida,  M.  lucida, 
M.  robusta,  M.  tomentosa,  Myoporum  leetum,  Nageia  dacrydioides,  N. 
ferruginea,  N.  spicata,  N.  Totara,  Panicum  atro-virens,  Phormium  tenax, 
Phyllocladus  trichomanoides,  Pittosporum  eugenioides,  P.  tenuifolium, 
Ripogonum  scandens,  Sebsea  ovata,  Tetragonia  expansa,  T.  implexicoma. 

POLYNESIA. 

-^Egiceras  majus,  Andropogon  refractus,  Araucaria  Cookii,  A.  excelsa, 
A.  Rulei,  Aristolochia  Indica,  Artocarpus  incisa,  Asplenium  Nidus, 
Bacularia  Arf akiana,  Batis  maritima,  Broussonetia  papyrifera,  Casuarina 
equisetifolia,  Colocasia  antiquorum,  C.  Indica,  Cordyline  Baueri,  C. 
terminalis,  Cyrtosperma  edule,  Darnmara  macrophylla,  D.  Moorei,  D. 
obtusa,  D.  ovata,  D.  Yitiensis,  Dioscorea  aculeata,  D.  alata,  D.  nummu- 
laria,  D.  pentaphylla,  D.  sativa,  Gossypium  Taitense,  G.  tomentosum, 
Ipomcea  paniculata,  Kentia  Baueri,  K.  Beccarii,  Lagerstroemia  Indica, 
Musa  TVoglodytarum,  Ocimum  gratissimum,  Pipturus  propinquus, 
Pringlea  antiscorbutica,  Ptychosperma  Arfakiana,  Rubus  Hawaiensis, 
Saccharum  officinarum,  Santalum  Freycinetianum,  S.  Yasi,  Solanum 
Uporo,  Spondias  dulcis,  Stilbocarpa  polaris,  Tacca  pinnatifida,  Tetra- 
gonia expansa,  Touchardia  latifolia,  Yaccinium  penduliflorum. 


397 


INDEX  TO  VERNACULAR  NAMES. 


Page 

Abele           263 

Acacia,  Locust       ...  290 

Acajou  wood          ...  71 

Adam's  Needle       ...  359 

Adeira         60 

Agallochum            ...  30 

Agath  Dammar      ...  102 

Aggur          30 

Akamatsou 243 

Akeki          333 

Alder           21 

Alerce          142 

Alexandra  Palm    ...  273 

Alfalfa         188 

Algaroba     266 

Algaroba-tree          . . .  ib. 

Algoborillo ...         ...  55 

Alisander     312 

Alkanna      180 

Alkannet     ...         ...  ib. 

Almond-tree           ...  267 

Aloe,  gigantic        ...  15 

,,  yellow-flowered  22 

Aloe-wood 30 

Aloja           266 

Alsike  Clover         ...  337 

Alvarillo      358 

Angico-gum            . . .  256 

Anise           238 

Apple,   common    ...  274 

„       Crab            ...  ib. 

Haw           ...  91 

Apple-Gum-tree    ...  130 

Apricot        268 

Aracacha     219 

Aracua         ...         ...  13 

Arbor  vitee 333 

Argan-tree  ...         ...  32 

Arhar          56 

Aroche         ...         ...  40 

Arrowroot  ...         ...  187 

Artichoke 98 

Aru-root     187 

Ash 144 

Asparagus  ...         ...  37 

Aspen,  European  ...  264 
„       N.  American    265 

„       soft 263 

Atocha         325 

Avens          148 

Avocado  Pear 


Page 

Page 

Ayapana     133 

Bog  Bean    193 
Boldo          231 

BabootBark           ...         1 

Box  Elder   9 

Bad-  jong       7 

Box  Trees        55,  121,  123 

Bajree          229 

Bramble      295 

Balm  Herb  192 

Brasiletto-  wood     .  .  .     229 

Bamboo  Reed         ...       36 

Brazil-wood            ...       56 

Bamboos  43,  104,  148,  154 

Brea  turpentine     .  .  .     256 

307-312 

Bread  Fruit  Tree  ...       34 

Bamia  Cotton         ...     151 

Bringal        320 

Bananas       ...         ...     199 

Brocoli         ...         ...       53 

Bandakai     158 

Broom  Bush           ...     100 

Baneberry  ...         ...       13 

Broom  Corn            ...       27 

Banyan-tree           139,  141 

BroussaTea           ...     346 

Barley          159 

Brussels  Sprouts    ...       53 

Barnyard  Grass     ...     220 

Bucco           ...         ..,       45 

Bartram'sOak       ...     277 

Buckthorn  284 

Basil  209 

Buck      Wheat,      or 

Basswood-tree        ...     334 

Beach  Wheat     ...     134 

Bastard-Mahogany        116 

Buffalo  Berry          ...     317 

Bay-  tree      331 

„      Grass  54,  317,  324, 

Beach  Plum            ...     268 

340 

Bean,      Straight    or 

Bullace        269 

Horse  351 

Bull  Pine     236 

Bean,              French, 

Bunch  Grass           ...     113 

Haricot,     Kidney     233 

Bunya  Bunya         ...       31 

BeebalmTea          ...     195 

Butter-tree             ...       86 

Beeches        135 

Butternut-tree       ...     168 

Beet  47 

Buttonwood           ...     258 

Begoon         320 

Bembil         126 

Cabbage       53 

Bent  Grass  ...          270,  16 

,,       Kerguelen       265 

Berbery       ...            46,  47 

Cabul  Clover          ...     192 

Bermuda  Grass      ...       98 

Cactus         ...         73,  215 

Bilberry      348 

CaffirCorn  27 

British  Bog    349 

Cainito         209 

Birch           ...            48,  49 

Cajaput-tree           ...     190 

Bird's-foot  Trefoil...     182 

Calambac    30 

Black  Butt  Tree    ...     125 

Calool           324 

„      Gum-tree     ...     209 

Camata        275 

Blackberry  295 

Camatena    ib. 

Sand    ...     294 

Cambuca      ...         ..,     187 

Blackthorn             ...     269 

Camelthorn...         ...         5 

Blackwood  6 

Camphor-  tree         ...       81 

Bloodwood-tree     117,  130 

Canada  Rice           ...     361 

Blue  Grass  16 

Canaigre      296 

„    Gum-tree       ...     119 

Canary  Grass          ...     232 

Blueberry,  early    ...     348 

Candlenut-tree       ...       20 

„         Swamp...     346 

Canelo         110 

Bluets          347 

Cape  Gooseberry   ...     238 

Bokhara  Clover     ...     192 

Caper-plant  62 

398 


INDEX   TO   VEIINACTJLAB  NAMES. 


Page                                                Page                                              Page 

Caraway 

64 

Cinnamon    ...         ...       81 

Cypress,  Bald         ...     329 

Cardoon 

98 

Ciruelillo     113 

,,          Montezuma   ib. 

Carob-tree  ... 

73 

Citron          83 

„          Swamp     ...    ib. 

Carrot          

104 

Cloudberry  294 

Yellow     ...     332 

„     Tree  

332 

Clover,  Alsike       ...     337 

Cypresses    95,96 

Cartagena  Bark 

78 

Bersin       ...    ib. 

Danchi         316 

Cashaw-tree 

266 

Bird's-foot..     217 

Date  Palm  238 

Cassava 

186 

Brown       ...     339 

,,    Plum  108 

Cassia  Bark... 

81 

Buffalo      ...     338 

Deadly    Nightshade      40 

Castor  Oil  Plant     ... 

289 

Carnation  .  .  .     337 

Deccan  Grass         ...     221 

Cat   

70 

Hop           ...     336 

Dewberry    ...         ...     294 

Catechu 

2 

Hungarian.  .     338 

Dhak           54 

Catjang       

56 

Mayad       ...     339 

Dill  231 

Cat's-tail  Grass 

234 

Ordinary  red    338 

DitaBark    23 

Cauliflower... 

53 

,,      white   ib. 

Divi  Divi     56 

Cavan 

2 

Pale-yellow,    ib. 

Dog's-tail  Grass     ...       98 

Caviuna-wood 

102 

Pennsylvan- 

Dogwood     90 

Cedar,  Bastard 

315 

ian  ib. 

Doornboom  ...         ...         5 

Bermuda    .  .  . 

170 

Red  Zigzag.     337 

Doorva  Grass         ...       98 

Deodar 

242 

Strawberry. 

DoumPalm            ...     163 

of  Lebanon... 

ib. 

337,  339 

Dragon  Blood-tree..     110 

Northern 

Yellow      ...     336 

Drooping  Gum-tree      125 

White 

333 

Coapim        224 

Durra           27 

Redwood    ... 

315 

Coapinole    162 

Dwarf  Fan  Palm    ...       75 

Singapore  ... 
,       Red  Oregon 

71 
332 

Coca             114 
Cock's-foot  Grass  ...     101 

Dyer's  Woad          ...     166 

Cedars 

71 

Cock's-head  Plant...     214 

Earth  Chestnut      ...       87 

Celandine    

75 

Cockshin  Grass      .  .  .     220 

„      Nut  30 

Celery          

30 

Cockspur  Thorn    ...       91 

„      Pea  356 

,,     Pines  

237 

Coffee  Plant           ...       85 

Ebony-  wood           ...     108 

Chamomile  ... 

28 

Coigue         135 

,,       Tree  184 

,,          annual... 

187 

Coihue         ib. 

Egg  Plant   320 

Chanar         

153 

Colic  Root  19 

Elder           305 

Chayota 

314 

Columbia  Bark      ...       77 

Elecampane            ...     165 

Chelem        

16 

Comfrey      326 

Elemi           54 

Cherimoyer... 

28 

,,         Prickly      ...    ib. 

Elms            ...       -159,343 

Cherry         

268 

Copal,  Mexican      ...       54 

Esparsette  214 

,,      -Capsicum    ... 

62 

Copigu<§       173 

Esparto       325 

„       Choke 

270 

Coquito  Palm         ...     168 

Espino         ...         ...         2 

,,      -Laurel 

269 

Cord  Grass  322 

Estragon      34 

,,      -Plum 

268 

Cotton         150 

Chervil        ...    29,74, 

202 

„      Bush            ...  •  172 

Fan  Palm    ...    74,88,181 

Chestnut-trees       ...67,  68 

„      Wood  Tree...     264 

Fenkelwortel          ...       64 

Chick  Pea  

77 

Coyam         135 

Fennel         143 

Chicory 
Chicot          

ft. 

155 

Cranberry,  British  ...     348 
,,          large    ...     347 

Fern  Palm  97 
Fenambucwood      ...       56 

Chillies        

62 

Cress           176 

Fescue,  Meadow    ...     137 

Chinese  Cinnamon... 

81 

„     Para  323 

Fichte          251 

Chiretta       

326 

Cuba  Grass  26 

Fig-tree       139 

Chives         

20 

Cucumber   ...         ...       94 

Fiorin  Grass           ...       16 

Chocho 

314 

Cuji-pods     ...         ...         6 

Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead     241 

Christ  Thorn 

219 

Cumin          ...         ...       95 

Balsam            .  .  .    ib. 

Christmas  Rose     ... 

157 

Curly  Palm  172 

Double    Balsam    245 

Chufa           

99 

Currant,  Black      ...     289 

Great  Silver    ...    ib. 

Chusan  Palm 

74 

Red         ...    ib. 

Noble  White  ...     250 

Chusqueas  

154 

Custard  Apple       ...       28 

Oyamel            ...     253 

Cicely          

202 

Cutch          2 

Red      250 

INDEX   TO   VERNACULAR   NAMES. 


399 


Page. 

Page 

Page 

Fir,  Sapindus         ...     250 

Guarana       ...         ...     228 

Jaborandi    238 

„    Scotch  254 

Guavas         ..;        203,  270 

Jacaranda  Wood    ...     101 

,,    Siberian     Pitch   ib. 

Guinea-Corn           ...25,27 

Jack-tree     ...         ...       35 

„    Spanish            ...     252 

„      Grass          ...     222 

Jalap            166 

„    Umbrella         ...     312 

Gunyang      ...         ...     321 

Janatsi-itsigo          .  .  .     104 

,,    Yellow            ...     345 

Gutta-percha  Tree...     166 

Japan  Clover          ...     177 

Firethorn    92 

GuttaTabam         ...    ib. 

„      Privet          ...     178 

Flame-  tree  51 

Jarilla          13 

Flax  179 

Habhel  170 

Jarosse         ...         ...     174 

,,    Lily     236 

Hack-me-tack        ...     243 

Jarrah          122 

Flowering  Rush     ...       55 

Hair-Grass  17 

Jasmine       ...         ...     167 

Fluted  Gum-tree  ...     129 

Hamat  Kochata     ...       39 

Jerusalem  Artichoke     156 

Foehre         254 

Haricot        233 

Jujub           363 

Foxglove     106 

Hawthorn    91 

Jute  Plants  88,  89 

Foxtail  Grass         ...       23 

Hazel           90 

Fuji  358 

Hazel-tree   154 

Kaawi  Yam            ...     106 

Fuller's  herb          ...     306 

Heliotrope  ...         ...     157 

Kafta           70 

Teazel       ...     109 

Hemlock      87 

Kahikatea  204 

Furze           343 

,,        Spruce      ...     241 

Kai  Apple   ...         ...         1 

„      Cali- 

Kale  or  Kail            ...53,91 

Galingale  Rush      ...       99 

fornian     ...         ...     248 

Kamala        ...         ...     186 

Gama    Grass     (Buf- 

Hemp                  61 

Kamassi-wood        ...     150 

falo  Grass)      ...     340 

Henbane      162 

Kangaroo  Grass     ...       29 

Gamboge     146 

Henequen    ...         ...       16 

Thorn    ...         2 

Garlic           20 

Henna  Bush            ...     175 

Karaka        90 

,,  North  American      20 

Herd  Grass  16 

Karamatsou            ...     248 

Genipi          ...         ...       11 

Hickory-trees         ...  65,  66 

Karra  Doom           ...         5 

Giant  Gum-tree     ...     114 

Hickory-Eucalypt  .  .      1  26 

Karri           118 

Gimletwood            ...     129 

Hinoki         72 

Kashi           278 

Ginger         361 

Hognut-tree           ...       65 

Kauri           103 

Ginger-grass           ...       25 

Holly  Oak  278 

„     Pine  ...         ...     102 

Gingerbread  Palm  ...     163 

Honey  Locust        ...     149 

Kau-sun       361 

Gingili         316 

Hoop  Koop  177 

Kaya            335 

Ginkgo-tree            ...     149 

Hop  161 

Keaki           361 

Gobbo          158 

,,    Hornbean        ...     218 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass    261 

Gooseberry,  Barbadoes  229 

Horse-chestnut      ...       13 

Kidney  Vetch        ...       29 

„            Cape  ...     238 

„      Gram           ...     110 

Koho  Khur  161 

Gooseberries     J      ...     288 

„      Radish         ...       84 

Kolkas         86 

Gorse           343 

Ker- 

Kooya-maki            ...     312 

Gourds         94 

guelen      ...         ...     265 

Kumquat     ...         ...       82 

Gram           77 

Horse-shoe  Vetch  ...     159 

„     Green  233 

Hottentot  Fig        ...     194 

Lahual         203 

Grape  Pear  24 

Huahuoa     174 

Lalong  Grass          ...     164 

Fox    355 

Huanuco  Bark       ...       78 

Lamb's  Lettuce      ...     350 

Frost  353 

Huckberry-tree      ...       72 

Larch,  American   ...     251 

Isabella         ...    ib. 

Huckleberry          346,  348 

Black  ib. 

Muscadine    ...     355 

HuonPine  100 

Chinese       ...     246 

Summer        ...     352 

Common      .  .  .     247 

Vine  354 

Indian  Corn            ...     360 

Himalayan  .  .  .     245 

Winter          ...     353 

„      Fig  215 

Japan          ...     248 

Grey  Gum-tree     ...     127 

Indigo          ...          45,  164 

Laurel,  Mountain  ...     331 

Ground-  Almond     ...       99 

Inoumaki     204 

Spice          ...     179 

Ground-Nut           ...       30 

Ipecacuanha           ...       72 

Warriors'  ...     174 

„      Ivy             ...     206 

Iron-bark-tree  118,121,123 

Lavender     ib. 

Guabiroba  Do  Mato      271 

Iron  Gum-tree        ...     127 

Leather-  jacket       ...     126 

Guango        ...         ...       19 

Iron-  wood   ...         ...       63 

Leek  20 

Guaparanga  187 

Iva    11 

Lemon         83 

400 


INDEX   TO   VERNACULAR   NAMES. 


Page 

Page                                                Pasre 

Lemon  Grass 

25 

Meadow  Grass, 

Olive           210 

Leng... 

336 

English 

261 

Ombu          257 

Lentil          

114 

„         Pea         ... 

174 

Onion,  Himalayan...       20 

Lettuce        

173 

Meadow  Saffron 

86 

,,       ordinary      ...       ib. 

Lever  Wood 

218 

Medick        

188 

„       Welsh         ...       ib. 

Light  Wood 

6 

Medlar 

91 

Ooyala  Yam           ...     108 

Lime  

83 

Melon 

94 

Orange         81 

,,     Tree,    common 

334 

Mesquite     

266 

Orchard  Grass        ...       16 

„        „       Silver... 

ib. 

,,         Grass 

223 

Orchil          291 

Linden-tree 

ib. 

Mesmate-tree 

124 

Oregon  Red  Cedar  ...     332 

Ling... 

336 

Metak<§        

35 

„       Larch          ...     250 

Lingo 

272 

Mignonette  

284 

Orris  Root  166 

Links 

336 

Millet  Grass 

195 

Orseille        291 

Liquorice     ... 

149 

Millets         

222 

Osage  Orange         ...     185 

Litchi           

206 

Millfoil        

11 

Osiers           ...         299-304 

Litmus 

291 

Mint,  Mountain     ... 

274 

OsnegoTea  195 

Litre 

286 

,,     Plants 

193 

Oyster  Mushroom  ...       15 

Lleuque 

203 

Miro... 

204 

Loblolly  Bay 

150 

Mitchell  Grass 

39 

Locust-tree 

149 

Molle            

111 

Pa-Koo        149 

Longan        

206 

Monk's  Hood 

12 

Palisander  Wood  ...     102 

Loongmur   ... 

63 

Moram 

270 

Palixander      „       ...     167 

Loquat 

237 

Moreton  Bay  Fig  .  .  . 

141 

Palmetto,  Blue       ...     284 

Lotus-tree   

73 

Morel           

195 

,,         dwarf     ...     297 

LoxaBark  

78 

Morrell 

125 

Palm  Lilies  89 

Lucerne 

188 

Mortina 

347 

Palms       66,  84,  162,  172, 

Lupines 

182 

Mosquito  Grass 

223 

356,  360 

Mossy-cupped  Oak.  .  . 

276 

Palmyra       50 

Mountain  Ash       114, 

129 

Pampas  Grass         ...       37 

Madder 

294 

Muermo 

132 

Paper  Mulberry     ...       54 

Magnolia     ... 

185 

Mulberries  ... 

196 

Papyrus       ...         ...       99 

Mahin 

307 

Mulga  Grass 

207 

Para  Grass  222 

Mahogany-tree 

326 

Mullein 

165 

Parsimon     ...         ...     109 

Mahwa 

46 

Mustard 

52 

Parsley        64 

Maize 

360 

My  all-  trees                1, 

5,7 

Parsnip        231 

Malle           

125 

Myrobalams 

331 

„      Chervil       ...       74 

Mammoth-tree 

315 

Myrtle-wood 

135 

Passion  Flowers    ...     227 

Mango-tree... 

186 

Myrtles       

202 

Pea,  common          ...     257 

Mangold  Root 

47 

Pea-nut        30 

Mangrove-tree 
Manna  Grass 

331 
260 

Nasturtium... 
Ngaio 

341 

201 

Pea-tree       62 
Peach  Palm            ...       43 

„       Gum-tree    ... 

131 

Nika  Palm 

172 

Peach          268 

Manniu 
Manoao 

203 
101 

Ningala  Bamboo    .  .  . 
Nonda-tree 

35 
226 

Pearl  Grass  191 
Pear,  Snow  275 

Maples 
Marjoram    ... 

9 
217 

Norfolk  Island  Palm 
Notra 

172 
113 

Pear  274 
Pecan-Nut  Tree     ...       65 

Marmalade-tree 

12 

Nuble 

1Q 

Pelu  322 

Marmeladinha 
Marrem 
Marsh  Mallow 

20 
270 
23 

Nut  Pine,  Nepal  .'..' 
Nut-trees  65,  90,  168, 

J.O 

245 
185 

Pencil  Cedar           ...     170 
Penny-royal           155,  193 
Pennsylvania  Green 

Mastic-tree 

257 

Grass       261 

Matai           ...        155 

,  205 

Oak-Chestnut 

68 

Pepino         320 

Mat<§            

163 

Oaks  275-283 

Peppermint  ...         ...     1  93 

Matz            

248 

Oat-Grass    

41 

Persimmon  ...          ...     109 

Meadow  Fescue     ... 

137 

Oats  

ib. 

Peru  Bark  trees     ...       77 

„        Foxtail- 

Ochro 

158 

Petsi  155 

Grass... 

23 

Ohelo           

348 

Pine,  Aleppo          ...     246 

INDEX    TO    VERNACULAR   NAMES. 


401 


Page 

Page 

Page 

Pine  American 

Pinkroot 

322 

Reule"           

136 

Pitch        ...     254 

Pino  Nut     

244 

Rewa  Rewa 

173 

„     American 

Piquillin  Bush 

87 

Rheea 

49 

White      ...     255 

Pisang 

200 

Rhubarb      

285 

Bishop's        ...     249 

Pita-fibre     

15 

Rice  ... 

217 

Black...        204,  205 

PitayaBark 

78 

,,    Canada 

361 

Bootan          ...     244 

Pitury          

111 

„    Paper  Plant  ... 

136 

Brazilian       ...       31 
Broom           ...     240 

Plane,  spurious 
„      Trees 

10 

258 

Rimu 
Ringal 

100 
35 

Canary          ...     242 

Plantain       

200 

Roble 

135 

Cheer  248 

Plum  Juniper 

170 

Romerillo  dye 

157 

Cluster          ...     251 

Plums 

268 

Rose  Apple... 

132 

Corsican        ...     247 

Pocoon,  Yellow      .!. 

162 

Roses 

291 

Dye    256 

Pomegranate 

274 

Rosemary    ... 

293 

Emodi           ...     248 

Pompelmos... 

82 

Rosewood    

87 

Frankincense       255 

Poplars        

263 

Rue  

297 

Georgia          ..     240 

Poppy          

224 

Rye  

313 

Giant  247 

Potato         

321 

Rye-Grass   ... 

181 

Golden          ...     246 

Prairie  Turnip 

272 

Grey...          ...    ib. 

„      Grass         322,  53 

Sabadilla     

312 

Hudson's      ...    ib. 

Praong         

35 

Sacci 

16 

Huon  100 

Pride  of  India 

191 

Safflower     ... 

63 

Kauri            ...     102 

Puchero 

327 

Saffron         

92 

King  256 

Pulas           

54 

Sage,  Garden 

304 

Loblolly        ...     255 

Pulque 

15 

Saintf  oin 

214 

Lofty             ...     244 

Pumpkin     ...    • 

95 

Sakura  

269 

Long-leaved 

Putchuck    ... 

33 

Salad,  Burnet 

305 

Yellow      ...     240 

Pyengadu    ... 

358 

Sallow,  British       ... 

300 

Mahogany    ...     205 

Pythagorean  Bean... 

206 

Salmon-barked  Gum- 

Mexican 
Swamp       ...     242 
Moreton    Bay      31 
Norfolk  Island   ib. 

Quamash 
Quandong    ... 
Quebracho  ... 

/-v                 1 

312 
306 
182 

1  O 

tree 
Salsify         
Saltbush      
Sal-tree        

128 
336 
39,40 
317 

Nut      254,  249,  245 
Okote           ...     256 
Oregon          ...     243 
Pitch  252 

Queule 
Quick           
Quince 
Quirinca 

ID 

91 
274 

2 

Samphire     ... 
Sandal-  tree  
Sandstay      
Sapodilla  Plum      ... 

92 
305 
176 
12 

Pond  254 

Radish         

283 

Sarsaparilla... 

318 

Red    ...       100,  253 

Rain-tree     ... 

19 

Sassafras-tree 

306 

Screw            ...     220 

Rambutan  ... 

206 

Satin-  Wood 

76 

Shake            ...     247 

Ramee 

49 

Savory,  Summer   ... 

307 

Southern       ...     240 

Rampostan  ... 

206 

Winter      ... 

ib. 

Stone  249",  252 

Ramtil  Oil  

154 

Scarlet  Runner 

232 

Sugar  247 

Raspberry   ... 

295 

Scorzonera,     Native 

194 

Swamp          ...     240 

Black     ... 

296 

Scotino         

286 

Torch  256 

Rata  

177 

Screw-bean... 

267 

Trucker         .  .  .     252 

Ratanhia  Root 

173 

Scutch-Grass 

98 

Weymouth  ...     255 

Rattlesnake  Grass... 

260 

Sea-Kail      

91 

White  245,  254,  255 

Rauli            

136 

Sea  Lyme-Grass     .  .  . 

113 

,,       of  New 

Red  BrazilWood  ... 

56 

Senna 

67 

Zealand...      204 

Cedar  

71 

Seratella      

217 

,,     Yellow          of 

Gum-tree  116,  127 

,130 

Serradella    ... 

ib. 

North            j  248 

Mahogany 

126 

Shaddock    

82 

America  ...  (  252 

Pine     

100 

Shake  Pine  

247 

„     Yellow,          of 

Sandal  Wood... 

272 

Shallot         

20 

Puget  Sound    243 

Red-top  Grass         16, 

137 

Shamalo 

221 

„     Yellow    Pitch    240    Red-  wood  Cedar    ... 

315 

Sheoaks       

68 

402 


INDEX    TO    VERNACULAR   NAMES 


Page 

Page                                                 Tjon,» 

Silt  Grass    

227 

Sunflower  Artichoke 

156 

Tulip-  tree    180 

Silver  Fir    

239 

Sunn  hemp  ... 

92 

,,     Wood            ...     155 

,,       ,,  Calif  ornian 

240 

Sunt  

2 

Tupelos        209 

„       „  Great 

245 

Swamp  Gum-tree  114, 

125 

Turkey  Oak            ...     276 

,,       ,,  Cilician   ... 

243 

,,         Mahogany... 

127 

Turnips        53 

„     Tree  

177 

Sweet  Calamus 

25 

Turnsole      93 

Silvery-Tree-Fern... 

105 

,,       Fernbush     ... 

87 

Turpentine-tree      ...     327 

Singhara  Nut 

336 

,,      Flag  

12 

Tusca           7 

Siris  Acacia 

18 

,,      Gum-tree     ... 

180 

Tussock  Grass        ...     101 

Sisal  hemp... 

16 

„      Potato 

165 

Sissoo-tree  

102 

Sweetsop 

133 

TTlmn                                                  i  on 

Sloe  
Snake-Root  ... 
Soapwort     
Soffar 

269 
33 

306 

3 

Sword  Sedge 
Sycamore  Fig-tree... 
,,       Maple 

176 
142 
10 

•••                     ...            LOw 

Umbrella  Palm      ...     172 
Umbrella  Fir          ...     312 
Uvalho  do  campo  ...     132 

Soft-grass    ... 

159 

Tagasaste     ... 

99 

Uvi  Yam     106 

Soja  

149 

Tallow-tree 

134 

Solah            

13 

Tallow-  wood 

124 

Valonia       275 

Soola  Clover 

155 

Tamarack    

251 

Varnish-  tree           ...     191 

Sorrel,  French 

297 

Tamarak 

243 

Vegetable  Marrow  ...       95 

,,       Kitchen 
„      Wood 

296 
218 

Tamarind    ... 
Tanekaha    ... 

328 
237 

Velvet-grass           .  .  .     159 
Vernal  Grass           ...       29 

Soulkir        

16 

Tangleberry 

147 

Vetch          351 

Sour  Gum-tree 

209 

Tanne           

239 

„     Wood           ...    ib. 

Soursop 

133 

Tansy           

329 

Vine-  Maple             ...         9 

Spadic 

114 

Tapioca 

186 

Violet           352 

Spear-  Wood 

118 

Tare  

351 

Vouvan        ...         ...     174 

Speckboom  ... 

265 

,,    Lentil 

ib. 

Spikenard    ... 

205 

Taro  

86 

Walnut-tree          113,  169 

Spinach 

323 

Tarragon     ... 

34 

Wandoo       127 

,,      New  Zealand 

331 

Tata  

133 

Wapatoo     299 

Spotted  Gum-tree  .  .  . 

122 

Tea  of  Heaven 

162 

Water-Beach          ...       63 

Spruce,  Black 

250 

Tea-shrub    

59 

,,       Lemon        ...     228 

„       Blue 

255 

Teak  ,..    ... 

330 

„       Melon         ...       93 

,,       Hemlock    ... 

241 

Teff  ...         ...     '    .":^ 

259 

Waternut    336 

,,       Norway     ... 

251 

Teon-itsigo  ...         ... 

104 

Water-whorl    Grass    259 

„       Red 

244 

Teosinte 

131 

'Wattle,  black         ...         3 

„       Tideland    ... 

255 

Terra  Japonica 

2 

,,       golden       ...         7 

„       White 

239 

Thimbleberry 

296 

„       green         ...    ib. 

Sq  uash 

94 

Thyme,  Garden    :  iV- 

334 

,,       silver         ...         4 

Squill           

345 

Tideland  Spruce     ... 

255 

Wax-Myrtle           ...     201 

Squirting  Cucumber 

111 

Timothy  Grass 

234 

„     Palm...            73,74 

Star  Anis     ... 

164 

Tivoli  Yam  

106 

„     Tree  287 

,,  Apple  

12 

Tobacco 

207 

Weld           283 

Strawberries 

144 

Tomato        

319 

Wheat          340 

Strawberry    Tomato 

238 

Tooart          

120 

Whin           343 

Stringy-bark-trees.  .  . 

117, 

Tornillo       

267 

White  Cedars  96,  97,  178 

119, 

122 

Tree  Mallow 

175 

„      Fir,  noble    ...     250 

Styrax-tree 

326 

Trucker  Pine 

252 

„      Gum-tree     ...     121 

Sugar-cane  ... 

298 

Truffle         ...        330, 

342 

„      Thorn           ...       91 

,,      Gum-tree     ... 

117 

„     Black 

342 

Whorl  Grass,   water    259 

Sugi  

93 

„     Grey  

343 

Whortle  berry,  Brit.     348 

Sulphur  Root 

231 

„     Red   

ib. 

Wild  Oat     41 

Sumach 

286 

Tuberose 

262 

Willow  Oak           ...     280 

,,       Staghorn    ... 

287 

Tuckahoe  Truffle  ... 

219 

Willows     ...          299-304 

Sumbul 

134 

Tugsrur 

30 

Windmill-Grass     ...       76 

Sunflower    

156 

Tule  ..          

299 

Winter-Cherry       ...     238 

INDEX    TO    VERNACULAR    NAMES. 


403 


Page 

Page 

Page 

Woad 

...     166 

Yams 

...     106 

Yew  

72,  329 

Wood  Sorrel 

...     218 

Yarrow 

...       11 

,,     Western 

...     330 

Woodruff    ... 

...       37 

Yate-tree     ... 

...     117 

York  Gum-tree 

...     122 

Woolly-butt 

...     122 

Yellow  Cedar 

...       96 

Yoksun 

...       35 

Wormwood... 

...       34 

,,      Pocoon 

...     162 

Wungee 

...       93 

„     -Wood 

...     143 

Zeloak 

...     166 

Sydney  :  Thomas  Richards,  Government  Printer.— 1881. 


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