7oi (I
MACMILLAN'S EGYPTIAN SERIES
SELECTIONS FOR
TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH
INTO ARAIIIC
ADOPTED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION^
FOR USE IN GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
BY
GEORGE ROBB,
INSPECTOR, MINISTRY OF KDICATION,
AND
MOHAMMED HAMDI,
VICE-PRINCIPAL, HIGHER SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, CAIRO.
FIRST YEAR COURSE.
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
ST, martin's street, LONDON
I916
AL-MAAIEF PRINTINI PKESS - NE6UIB MITRI - eAIRI
COPYRIGHT.
t
L
PREFACE.
The compilers of this Series of Translation
books, recognising the difficulty experienced by-
teachers in finding pieces that are both suitable
for translation and in harmony with the literary
standard that ought to be aimed at in each of
the four years of the Secondary Course of Study,
have endeavoured to secure a graduated series
of 75 pieces in English and 75 pieces in Arabic
for each year of study, the pieces being selected
wherever possible from the best writers in both
English and Arabic.
Literary pieces of acknowledged worth
abound in the Third and Fourth Year books,
but in the First and Second Year books, such
pieces, owing to the general unsuitability of
their subject-matter and their advanced style,
are necessarily of less frequent occurrence.
To enable the pupils to recognise the different
periods of English Literature represented by
certain classical pieces in the English part of
each book, the names and dates of the authors
are given at the foot of these pieces. Where the
authors are still living no dates are given.
464243
4 PREPACK
The subjects dealt with in each book are
of great variety. In the EngHsh section the
pieces are classified, as is shown by the Table
of Contents, according as they deal with Natural
History, Fables, Anecdotes, Geography and
History, Travel and Adventure, Useful Know-
ledge, and Moral Conduct. In both sections of
the books the pieces are numbered for reference,
so as to avoid wasting the time of pupils in
needlessly copying them out verbatim into their
Translation exercise-books.
The pieces are of unequal length, the longer
ones lending themselves more readily 'to Oral
Exercises, whilst the shorter ones will prove
more useful as Written Tests.
To assist the pupil in gauging the standard
of work expected of him in Parts I and II of
the Secondary Education Certificate Examination,
a few pieces that have been set in past
examinations have been included in the
Second and Fourth Year books.
>-f
CONTENTS.
I. INTRODUCTORY TESTS PAGE
1. An Exercise in Numerals -- -- - - -7
2. An Exercise in Tenses and Moods - - - - 8
II. NATURAL HISTORY
5. The Grizzly Bear -------- 10
4. The Camel ----------10
5. The Seal ---------- 11
6. The Crocodile - - - - - - - - - 12
7. Locusts - - - - - - - -,- - -13
III. STORIES OF ANIMALS
8. The Magpie's Nest -------- 14r
9. Capturing the Ostrich - - - - - - -14
10. The Crocodile's Friend— Part I - - - - - 15
11. The Crocodile's Friend-Part II ----- 16
12. A Clever Donkey -------- 16
13. A Grateful Cat --------- 17
14. The Tigress and the Cow - - - - - -17
15. An Elepfiant's Patience -------18
16. Cool Revenge ------ - - - 19
17. An Elephant's Revenge -19
18. How a Cow got Apples -------20
IV. FABLES
19. The Cat and the Monkey ------ 21
20. The Farmer and the Stoik - - - - - - 21
21. The Frog and the Ox ------- 22
V. ANECDOTES
22. Skill ----------- 23
23. The Boer's Idea of Ships ------ 23
24. The Emperor's New Clothes ------ 24
25. A Clever Idea --------- 25
26. The Barmecide Feast — Part I ----- 25
27. TJie Barmecide Feast— Part II - - - - - 26
28. The Barmecide Feast— Part 111 - - - - - 27
29. Gulliver amongst the I'igmies — Part I - - - 28
30. Gulliver amongst the Pigmies — Part II - - - 29
VI. GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
31. Winter in Russia -------- 30
32. The Es(juimaux of Canada ------ 30
33. Day and Night - - - - - - - - - 31
34. The Introduction of Potatoes and Tobacco into the
Old World ---------- 32
6 CONTENTS. page
35. The Great Fire of London, 1B66— Part I - - - 33
36. The Great Fire of London, 1666— Part II- - - 34
37. The Day of Shearing ---._._ 34
38. The Aryan Race -------- 35
39. The Semitic Race 36
40. The Gum Trade in the Sudan . - - - . 37
VII. TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE
41. A Visit to the Great Pyramid ----- 38
42. On the Blue Nile _-----.. 38
43. How the Sudanese make Coffee — Part I - - - ?9
44. How the Sudanese make Coffee — Part II - - - 40
45. A Vi=^it to Aden in 1877 ---___ 40
46. Eff^s in Chiii ---_--- --41
47. Chinamen and their Birds _-.--- 42
48. Japan in 1877 - - - - - - -' - -42
49. Japanese Shopkeepers ---__-_ 43
VIII. USEFUL KNOWLEDGE
50. TIses of the Ox - - - - - - - - - 44
51. The Dale-Palm -_------- 44
52. The Sponge ----___-- 45
53. A Japanese House -------- 46
54. The Origin of Coins -__---_ 47
55. Ivory and its Uses --------47
56. French Industries ----__-- 48
57. The Danger of Drinking Dirty Water - - - - 49
58. The Right Treatment of Milk 50
59. The Ventilation of Bedrooms -' - - - - 51
IX. MORAL CONDUCT
60. The Horse-Shoe Nnil -.-_-.- 52
61. Socrates and his House ------- 52
62. The Arab and the Camel ------ 53
63. The Slag and his Horns ------ 53
64. The Two Men and the Bear ------ 54
65. The i^razier and his Dog -------55
66. Tit for Tnt ---------- 55
67. The Blind Men and the Elephant— Part I - - - 56
68. The Blind Men and the Elephant- Part II - - 57
69. Julius Caesar - --------58
70. Dr. Goldsmith's Kindness - - • - - - 59
71. George Washington and his Hatchet - - - - 59
72. Order and Method -------- 60
73. Self-Sacrifice in a Gentleman --- -_-6l
74. A Troubled Conscience -- - ----62
75. The North Wind and the Sun ----- 63
/. INTRODUCTORY TESTS,
1. An Exercise in Numerals.
1 . The first two chapters of the Prisoner of
Zenda are difficult to foreign students of English.
2. I examined thirty-four papers and found
that the first two papers were the best.
3. Prizes were given to the second two
students as well as to the first two.
4. The Headmistress, pays special attention
to the second two girl-students in this class.
5. The Prince made many journeys, but he
enjoyed the three first most.
6. Queen Victoria came to the throne in
her eighteenth year.
' 7. In most countries a youth attains his
majority when he reaches his twenty-first year.
8. Eleven men and eleven women were
injured in a railway accident last week.
9. Refer to the eleventh page.
10. The book was published on the twenty-fifth
of February.
11. Few, if any, books reach a hundredth
edition.
12. A Cairo firm of bicycle-dealers may have
as many as two hundred bicycles in stock.
13. The Ministry of Education purchased four
thousand copies of a new geography-book lately.
14. King George V was crowned in the year
&'V^^^r'#^!;Eatl.OKS.*-FOR TRANSLATION. I
one thousand nine hundred and eleven of the
Christian era.
15. The year one thousand three hundred
and twenty-nine is the twenty-ninth year of the
fourteenth century.
16. Twelve o'clock noon is denoted by 12p.m.
17. The train arrived at eleven-thirty in
the evening.
18. We met a group of seventeen men and
nineteen women.
2. An Exercise in Tenses and Moods.
1 . My brother is staying in Syria for a month.
2. The land is being drained of its surplus
water.
3. Cairo has often been visited by royal
personages.
4. The ancient Egyptians were in the habit
of worshipping the Sun and the Moon.
5. The Spartans were taught to endure
physical pain without murmuring.
6. We learnt from the sentinel that the
general had entered the barracks an hour ago.
7. Robinson Crusoe had been living on
a desert island for twenty-three years before
he was picked up by a passing vessel.
8. Since the Great Fire destroyed a great
part of London in the year 1666 there has been no
plague in England, at least none of any importance.
AN EXERCISE IN TENSLS AND MOODS 9
y. By the time our school-career is over
we shall have passed many examinations.
10. If the firejs not exting-uished soon, the
firemen will have been working continuously for
four hours.
1 1 . The boys said that they would not forget
their promise.
12. Had there been a telephone at hand,
we should have sent you a message at once.
13. Nelson expected that every man would
do his duty.
1 4. We should rejoice if the Sultan visited
our school.
1.). There would have been less danger if the
wind had not been blowing the flames towards us.
1 6. Ali thinks he may go to London next year.
' 17. His father thought, however, that he
might go this year.
1 8. It is possible that the malady may have
been spread by immigrants who escaped the
attention of the Quarantine Board.
19. The proud Roman declared that he had
never been, was not, and would never be a slave.
20. Were the rebels to succeed, the country
would be exposed to great danger.
21. Judge not that ye be not judged.
22. O you two careless boys, exercise
more care in your work.
23. Do not be angry with me, mother.
24. Have patience with him, ladies.
10 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
//. NATURAL HISTORY.
3. The Grizzly Bear.
The grizzly bear is the largest and most
formidable of the quadrupeds of California.
In attacking a man he usually rises on his
hind legs, strikes his enemy with one of his pow-
erful fore paws, and then commences to bite him.
If the man lies still with his face down, the bear
will usually content himself with biting him for a
while about the arms and legs, then go off a few
steps, and, after watching him a short time, will
go away. But let the man move, and the bear
is upon him again ; let him fight, he will be in
imminent danger of being torn to pieces. About
half-a-dozen men, on an average, are killed yearly
in California by grizzly bears, and as many
more are cruelly mutilated.
Fortunately, the grizzly bear is not disposed
to attack man, and never makes the first assault,
unless driver) by hunger or parental anxiety.
4. The Camel.
The camel forms the principal wealth of the
Arab. Without it he could never attempt to
penetrate the vast deserts of his country, as its
remarkable power of drinking at one draught
sufficient water to serve it for several days,
THE CAMEL 11
enables it to march from station to station
without requiring to drink by the way. The
pecuhar structure of its stomach gives it this
most useful power. In its stomach are a great
number of deep cells, into which water passes,
and is then prevented from escaping by a muscle
which closes the mouth of the cells.
When the camel feels thirsty, it has the
power of casting some of the water in these cells
into its mouth. While being laden they testify
their dislike to any parcel which looks unsatis-
factory in point of size or weight as it is carried
past them, although when it is once on their
backs they continue to bear it with a patient
expression of countenance.
All camels are loaded kneeling and can go
from twenty-four to sixty hours without rest,
and with no more than a few mouthfuls of food,
which they can crop off a thorny bush as they
pass, or a handful of barley given them by their
master. Parts of the desert are strewn with
small, dry, drab-coloured plants, thorny and
otherwise, which camels continue to crop as they
walk, jerking the rider not a little.
5. The Seal.
The Seal spends a great deal of its time
in the water, although it can live perfectly well
on land. In summer, seals are frequently to be
seen on sandbanks which have been left to dry
12 SELECTIOxVS FOR TRANSLATION. I
by the reflux of the tide ; or on shelving rocks,
basking in the sunbeams. It is in these
situations that seals are surprised and killed by
their hunters. They never enjoy a long state of
repose, being very watchful, probably from having
no external ears to catch the sound ; so that
every minute or two they raise their heads, and
look round. When they observe an enemy
approaching, they suddenly precipitate themselves
into the water, or if closely assailed, make a
desperate resistance. The voice of a full-grown
seal resembles the hoarse- barking of a dog, and
that of the young is like the mewing of a kitten.
6. The Crocodile.
The Nilotic Crocodile, which may attain a
length of from eighteen to twenty feet, has been
known from very early times. To some of the
ancient Egyptians it was a sacred animal and
Herodotus tells us how the priests kept and fed
tame crocodiles, just as in soriie parts of India the
mtiggars, or marsh crocodiles, are tamed and
venerated by the Fakirs at the present day. It was
of the Nilotic Crocodile that Herodotus told the
story of a bird entering its mouth to rid the
huge reptile of the leeches that infested it. The
story was doubted for a long time, but now it
is certain that the ''Father of History" had
some foundation for what he wrote.
THE CROCODILE 13
Mr. J. M. Cook of the celebrated tourist
agency, describing an Incident which he observed
when travelHng In Egypt In 1876, says: "We
watched one of these birds, and saw It deHberately
go up to a crocodile, apparently asleep, which
opened Its jaws. The bird hopped In, and the
crocodile closed Its jaws. In what appeared to
be a very short time, probably not more than
a minute or two, the crocodile opened Its jaws,
and we saw the bird go down to the water's
edge."
7. Locusts.
On the following day I had the pleasure of
beholding the first flight of locusts I had seen
since my arrival In the colony. We were
standing in the middle of a plain of unlimited
length, and about five miles across, when I
observed them advancing. On they came like a
snowstorm, flying slow and steady, about a
hundred yards from the ground. I stood looking
at them until the air was darkened with their
masses, while the plain on which we stood
became densely covered with them. As far as
my eye could reach, east, west, north and south,
they stretched In one unbroken cloud ; and
more than an hour elapsed before their
devastating legions had swept by.
14 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
///. STORIES OF ANIMALS.
8. The Magpie's Nest.
The nest of the magpie is built on a high tree
and covered with a dome of thorns, respecting
which a curiously quaint fable is told.
" The birds," says the historian, "not knowing
how to build nests, went in a body to request the
magpie to teach them. He willingly undertook the
office. 'First,' he said, 'you must look out for a
good, strong forked branch, and begin by laying
two sticks crosswise.' That's just what I did,' said
the rook. 'Next, you must raise the sides a little,-
and then put on some hay, which you must work
well into the sticks.' 'The very thing I have been
doing,' said the crow. 'Now, for fear the eggs
should be broken or thrown out, you must raise
the sides about as high as your head when you sit
in the bottom of the nest, and put in some soft
wool.' 'Why,' said the thrush, 'I did as far as that
before I came here.' 'Oh then,' replied the magpie,
*as I see that you all know how to make nests, there
is no occasion for me to teach you ! ' And that is
the reason why the other birds are only able to
build half a nest."
9. Capturing the Ostrich.
A favourite method adopted by the wild
Bushman for approaching the ostrich and other
CAPTURING THE OSTRICH 15
varieties of game, is to clothe himself in the skin of
one of these birds, in which, taking care of the wind,
lie stalks about the plain, cunningly imitating the
gait and motions of the ostrich until within range,
when with a well-directed, poisoned arrow from his
tiny bow he can generally seal the fate of any of the
ordinary varieties of game. The bow barely exceeds
three feet in length ; its string is of twisted sinews.
When a Bushman finds an ostrich's nest he
ensconces himself in it, and there awaits the return
of the old birds, by which ruse he generally secures
the pair. It is by means of these little arrows that
the majority of the fine plumes which grace the
heads of the fair throughout the world are found.
10. The Crocodile's Friend.
Part I.
On one occasion I saw, a long way off, a large
crocodile, twelve or fifteen feet long, lying asleep
under a perpendicular bank about ten feet high, on
the margin of the river. I stopped the boat at some
distance ; and noting the place as well as I could, I
took a circuit inland, and came down cautiously to
the top of the bank, whence with a heavy rifle I
made sure of my ugly game. I peeped over the
bank. There he was, within ten feet of the sight of
the rifle. I was on the point of firing at his eye when
I observed that he was attended by a bird called the
ziczac, a bird of a greyish colour, and as large as
a small pigeon.
16 SELECTIONS FOR TRAxNSLATION. I
11. The Crocodile's Friend.
Part II.
The bird was walking, up and. down close to
the crocodile's nose. I suppose I moved, for
suddenly it saw me, and instead of flying away, as
any respectable bird would have done, it jumped up
about a foot from the ground, screamed "Ziczac !
Ziczac !" with all the powers of its voice, and dashed
itself ao^ainst the crocodile's face two or three times.
The great beast started up, and, immediately spying
its danger, made a jump up into the air, and,
dashing into the water with a splash which covered
me with mud, dived into the river and disappeared.
Hon. Robert Cui^zon (1850).
12. A Clever Donkey.
A milkman in Spain fell ill and was noi; able to
go his usual rounds. This was a very serious
matter, for his customers could not do without the.
milk, and it would be lost to him if it was not
delivered while it was fresh and sweet.
Having no one to send with his donkey, he put
the bottles into the large bags that hung at the
animal's sides, and sent off his faithful helper alone.
The donkey at once trotted off to the town,
stopping at the houses where her master daily
delivered milk, and waiting until the people had
helped themselves and returned the empty bottles.
A CLEVER CO.NKEY. 17
She did not miss a single customer, and when
all the bottles were emptied she set off home again.
The milkman saw her coming along the road,
and when she arrived he found that the milk was all
gone, and that there was not a single bottle either
broken or missing.
13. A Grateful Cat.
A man who lived alone always had two plates
placed on the table at dinner-time. One plate was
for himself, and the other for his favourite cat.
During dinner he used to give puss a bit of fish, or
a bit of meat, from his own plate.
One day, just as he sat down to dine, the cat
rushed into the room and sprang on to her chair.
Before anyone could prevent her, she dropped a
mouse into her own plate, and another into her
master's. In this way puss showed her gratitude to
her master. He had often shared his dinner with
her, and nOw she shared hers with him. She seemed
to think that one good turn deserved another.
14. The Tigress and the Cow.
A tigress in India killed so many persons that
a trap was laid to destroy her. For this purpose a.
cow was securely tethered at the edge of the forest,
and a man climbed into a tree ready to shoot the
tigress when she attacked the cow.
S. T. I. B
18 SELECTIONS FO'R TRANSLATION. I
He waited several hours, and then he saw the
savage beast bound noiselessly out of the forest
followed by her two cubs. She sprang on the cow,
gambolled round the poor creature like a kitten at
play, and seemed to enjoy the cow's struggles to
get free.
The tigress was so active that the hunter was
unable to take aim until 'she had killed the cow.
Then he shot her dead.
15. An Elephant's Patience.
An elephant at Calcutta had a disease in his
eyes. For three days he was completely blind. His
owner asked an English doctor whether he could do
anything to relieve the poor animal. The doctor
said he would try the same remedy that was com-
monly applied to similar diseases in the human eye.
The large animal was made to lie down ; and
at first, on the application of the remedy, he raised
an extraordinary roar at the acute pain which it
occasioned. The effect, however, was wonderful.
The eye was in a manner restored, and the animal
could partially see.
The next day, when he was brought and heard
the doctor's voice, he lay down of himself, placed his
enormous head on one side, curled up his trunk,
drew in his breath, just like a man about to endure
a surgical operation, gave a sigh of relief when it
was over, and then by trunk and gesture evidently
AN ELEFHAKT'S PATIENCE. 19
wished to express his gratitude. What sagacity !
What a lesson to us of patience !
16. Cool Revenge.
One hot summer day, an elephant in a
menagerie was enjoying a shower-bath. A large
washing-tub had been filled with water for him, and
he was squirting it up through his trunk. He shook
his big ears with pleasure as the cooling streams
trickled down his grey hide. One of the attendants,
to save himself the trouble of going to the water-
pipe, filled his bucket out of the elephant's tub.
The animal allowed two bucketfuls to be taken
away without offering any resistance ; but when
the man had filled his pail the third time, the
elephant quietly took it out of his hand, emptied
the contents over his head, and then clapped the
vessel down upon his shoulders so as to cover
his head like an extinguisher.
17. An Elephant's Revenge.
A gentleman resident in India had a young
elephant which was exceedingly tame and was
treated as a pet. It was allowed to roam all over
the house, and was accustomed to enter the dining-
room after dinner to beg delicacies from the guests.
One day, when a large party was seated at table
taking dessert, the elephant came round, and
putting its trunk between the guests begged
from them gifts of fruit. One of the gentlemen
20 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
lifted his fork and gave the elephant's trunk a
smart stab with the prongs.
The animal shortly afterwards went into the
garden, tore off the branch of a tree which was
swarming with large, black ants, and, re-entering
the room, shook the branch violently over the
gentleman's head. In a moment he was covered
with ants, which bit him severely. They filled his
hair, crept down his neck, and crawled up his
sleeves. He shook himself, and did all in his
power to get rid of them, but, failing to do so, was
obliged to undress and get into a bath to free
himself from his tormentors. The rest of the
guests could not help laughing at the occurrence,
and petted the elephant more than before.
18. How a Cow got Apples.
A cow was turned into an orchard to graze.
To prevent her from eating the leaves and the fruit,
her head was fastened down with a rope, which was
tied to her horns and one of her legs.
This plan was not, however, successful. The
cow proceeded to a tree, and, getting the trunk
between her horns, gave it a good shake, when
down fell some apples.
When these were eaten, she went to another
tree and shook that, and then another, until she
was satisfied. She was never seen to try the older
and stron^fer trees.
THE GAT AND THE MONKEY. 21
IV. FABLES,
19. The Cat and the Monkey,
One day a cat and a monkey saw a number
of chestnuts, which had been placed before the
kitchen fire to roast. They sat watching the nuts
for some time. When they were quite ready to
eat, the monkey said to the cat :
" Pull the chestnuts away from the fire, for
your paws are exactly like our master's hands."
Pleased to hear this, the cat pulled away
several nuts, though in doing so she burned her
paws, for the nuts were very hot.
When she turned round to receive a share
of the chestnuts, she found the monkey had eaten
them all.
Moral.
Do not let anyone make a cat's paw of you.
20. The Farmer and the Stork.
A farmer set a net in his field to catch the
cranes that were eating his corn. One day a
stork was caught with the cranes.
" I am not a crane," she said to the farmer,
''and I beg of you to set me free. I am a stork,
and take care of my father and mother."
" I am very sorry for you," replied the farmer.
'' I see that you are not a crane, and you may be
22 , SELECTIOxNS FOR TRANSLATION. I
a very good bird. But with the cranes I caught
you, and with the cranes you must die."
Then the farmer wrung her neck with the rest.
Moral.
Those who go into bad company are punished
with their wicked companions.
21. The Frog and the Ox.
One day a young frog saw an ox in a meadow.
Full of wonder and fear, he ran to the pond to
tell his mother.
" Oh, mother," he said, " I have seen such
a big, big beast."
" Big! " cried the old frog. " How big?
Was it as big as this ? " And she puffed
herself out.
"Oh, a great deal bigger than that; far
bigger than you can ever be."
These words made the vain old frog very
angry. She tried again to puff herself out as
big as the ox, and in doing so burst herself.
Moral.
Do not try to appear better than you are.
SKILL. 23
V. ANECDOTES.
22. Skill.
The king of a German state was visiting a
large gun-factory where the largest steam-hammer
in the world was at work. The man who had charge
of the steam-hammer was a very clever workman,
and the manager of the factory said to the king that
he believed the workman could bring the hammer
down with the weight of fifty tons on a watch, and
yet stop It an eighth of an inch from the dial. There-
upon the king took from his pocket a valuable gold
watch, and asked the workman to try to accomplish
such a wonderful feat of skill. The workman did so.
• The king and his friends expected to see the
watch smashed to pieces, but when the hammer was
raised, the king lifted up his watch and found it
uninjured. So pleased was the monarch with the
workman's skill that he presented him with the
watch as a memento of his visit.
23. The Boer's Idea of Ships.
It was formerly very difficult for inland Boer
farmers who had never seen the sea, and who read
no books and saw no newspapers, to realise what a
ship really was. A great shipowner had occasion
to visit the Orange Free State some thirty years
24 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
ago, and he was a source of great wonder to the
simple farmers.
'* Is it true," one farmer asked tSe shipowner,
*'that you have a great number of ships?"
" Yes ; it is quite true," said the shipowner
smiling.
"And do they weigh thousands of tons?
- Yes."
"And do they go by themselves out to
sea, with no other ships to help them along?"
The shipowner nodded ; but now the wily
Dutchman looked extremely sly, and smiled as
if he knew he was going to puzzle the Englishman
with his next question.
" But what do you do when your ship comes
to a hill?" asked the Dutchman. The only
answer he got was laughter.
24. The Emperor's New Clothes.
Two rogues told an emperor that they would
weave him a very beautiful cloth that would be in-
visible to anyone who was unfit for the ofiice he held.
When the robe was said to be finished, all
were afraid to say that they could not see it.
Even the emperor was unable to see it, but he
also was afraid to sa^ so.
As he rode through the streets a little girl
cried out, "How funny! He has nothing on but
his crown, shirt and trousers! "
A CLEVER IDEA. 25
Her simple words of truth broke the spell.
The emperor then knew that the weavers had
played a trick on him.
25. A Clever Idea.
During the winter of 1805, some boys were
sliding on a frozen lake near Edinburgh. They
were playing quite near to the edge of the lake
when suddenly the ice gave way, and most of the
boys were thrown into the water. All managed
to reach the side except one boy, who clung to a
large block of ice, but was unable to get on to it.
As there was neither rope nor ladder at hand^
it seemed as if the boy would be drowned, but
presently a bright idea occurred to one of the boys
called Bob Black. He noticed that several of the
boys had long cravats, so tying these quickly
together he threw the rope of worsted to the boy in
danger. It was only with difficulty that the end of
the rope could be made to reach the unfortunate
boy, but at last he caught it, and his friends on
shore gently pulled him to land. As soon as he was
once more safe, laughing, and with tears in his
eyes, he shouted, "Three cheers for Bob Black.'*
26. The Barmecide Feast.
Paut I.
There was once a rich old man called the
Barmecide. He lived in a beautiful palace in the
midst of flowery gardens, and had everything that
26 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
heart could wish. In the same land there was a
poor man whose name was Shacabac. His clothing
was rags, and his food the scraps which other
people had thrown away, but he had a light heart,
and was as happy as a king.
Once when Shacabac had not had anything to
eat for a long time, he thought that he would go and
ask the Barmecide to help him. He was shown into
the house, and passed through many beautiful
rooms. At last he came to a grand hall where there,
were soft carpets on the floor, fine pictures on the
walls, and pleasant couches to rest upon. At the
upper end of the room he saw a noble-looking man
with a Jong, white beard. Shacabac told him all
his troubles, and said that he had not tasted bread
for two days.
27. The Barmecide Feast.
Paht II.
'' Is it possible ? " said the Barmecide. "You
must be almost dead with hunger, and here I have
plenty and to spare ! " Then he turned and called,
*'Ho, boy ! Bring in water to wash our hands, and
order the cook to hurry the supper." Shacabac
began to thank him, but he said, " Say not a word,
but let us get ready for the feast."
Then the rich man began to rub his hands as
though someone was pouring water on them.
*' Come and wash with me." he said.
Shacabac saw no boy, nor basin, nor water ;
THE BARMECIDE FEAST. 27
but he thought he must, Hke the Barmecide, make
a pretence of washing. " Come now," said the
Barmecide, ''let us have supper." Sitting down,
as If to a table, he pretended to be carving a roast.
Then he said, "Help yourself, my friend." Shacabac
pretended to take food and pass it to his mouth.
Then he began to chew, and said, ''You see, sir,
I lose no time." " Boy," said the old man, "bring
the roast goose. Now, my friend, try this sweet
piece. And here are honey, raisins, green peas,
and dried figs. Help yourself."
Shacabac was almost dead with hunger, but
he was too polite not to do as he was bidden.
28. The Barmecide Feast.
Part III.
. The Barmecide spoke of sweetmeats and
fruits, and Shacabac made believe he .was eating
them. " Now is there anything else you would
like?" asked the host. "Ah, no!" said poor
Shacabac. " I have Indeed had enough."
" Let us drink, then," said the Barmecide.
"Boy, bring on the wine!"
" Excuse me, my lord," said Shacabac, " I will
drink no wine, for It Is forbidden."
The Barmecide seized him by the hand.
" I have long wished to find a man like you," he
said. " But come, now we will sup In earnest."
He clapped his hands. Servants came, and he
ordered supper. Soon they sat down to a table
28 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
loaded with the very dishes of which they had been
pretending to eat. Poor Shacabac had never had
so good a meal in his life. When all was over, the
Barmecide said, *' I have found you to be a man of
good understanding. Your wits are quick, and you
are always ready to make the best of everything.
Come and live with me, and manage my house."
And so Shacabac lived with the Barmecide
for many years, and never again knew what it
was to be hungry.
29. Gulliver amongst the Pigmies.
Part I.
I lay down upon the grass, which was very
short and soft, where I slept sounder than ever
I remembered to have done in my life, as I reckoned,
about nine hours ; for when I awoke it was just
daylight. I attempted to rise, but was not able to
stir ; for, as I attempted to lie on my back, I found
my arms and legs were strongly fastened on each
side to the ground ; and my hair, which was long
and thick, tied down in the same manner. I likewise
felt several slender ligatures across my body, from
my armpits to my thighs. I could only look upwards;
the sun began to grow hot, and the light offended
my eyes. I heard a confused noise about me, but
could see nothing except the sky.
GULLIVER AMONGST THE PIGMIES. 29
30. Gulliver amongst the Pigmies.
Part II.
I lay all this while, as the reader may believe,
in great uneasiness. At length, struggling to get
loose, I had the fortune to break the strings and
wrench out the pegs that fastened my left arm to the
ground ; for, by lifting it up to my face, I discovered
the methods they had taken to bind me, and at the
same time, with a violent pull, which gave me
excessive pain, I a little loosened the strings that
tied down my head about two inches. But the
creatures ran off a second time before I could seize
them ; whereupon there was a great shout in a very
shrill accent, and in an instant I felt above a
hundred arrows discharged on my left hand, which
pricked me like so many needles.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745).
30 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
VI. GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
31. Winter in Russia.
Although the winter in Petrograd is most
severe, yet it is the finest season of the year. During
the reign of ice and snow the town puts on its
gayest appearance.
The Russian does not allow the cold to affect
him. When out of doors, the rich man wraps himself
up in heavy furs, and the poor man in sheepskins.
The houses are well warmed with stoves, and
provided with double windows and doors. A
Russian market in winter Is a very curious sight :
all the provisions are frozen hard, and can be
preserved for months. There are animals, birds
and fishes, quite stiff with frost, either set up on end
or piled In huge stacks. A saw or axe must be used
to cut up the meat, for a knife would be of no use,
and the splinters of frozen meat fiy about like chips.
32. The Esquimaux of Canada.
The Esquimaux give but a scanty population to
the shores bordering on the Arctic Ocean and the
northern parts of the land around Hudson Bay.
They are of short stature, capable of enduring great
hardships, and possessed of extraordinary strength.
Like the Indians, they are passionately attached to
THE ESQUIMAUX OF CANADA. 31
a free and wandering life, securing their means of
subsistence by fishing and hunting, and by spearing
the walrus and the seal.
They live in a very primitive condition, much
the same in all likelihood as their forefathers did
centuries and centuries ago. Their winter houses
or huts are constructed of snow, and so are their
winter beds and seats ; whilst in summer, such as it
is in those northerly regions, they prefer to dwell in
tents made of the fur skins of the animals they have
slain. On one occasion a shirt was shown to some
Esquimaux, and they inquired, "What animal has
a skin like that? " All their wants are supplied by
animal life — they have really no knowledge of the
uses of plants.
33. Day and Night.
The earth revolves on its axis from west to
east, and hence, when the sun begins to shine upon
that part of the earth on which we live, we see it
first in the east, and that is what we mean when we
say that the sun rises in the east. When we come
exactly opposite to the sun, it is our noon or mid-day;
and when we see it finally set in the west, we say
the sun has set. It is easily seen, from the way in
which the earth revolves, that all places on the globe
do not have noon at the same time, and therefore
that the time at any particular place will not
correspond to the time at places farther east or west.
32 SELECTIONS FOll TRANSLATION. I
If the earth and sun never moved, then one-half
of the earth would always have daylight and the
other half would always be In darkness. But, owing
to the earth's daily motion, we have in every
twenty-four hours a period of daylight and a period
of darkness. Mid-day is twelve o'clock noon;
midnight is twelve o'clock at night. When a place
first comes within sight of the sun, it is sunrise at
that place ; when the sun is highest in the heavens,
it is noon or mid-day ; when the place is just losing
sight of the sun, it is sunset at that place. When it
is mid-day at any place, it is mid-night at the
opposite part of the earth on the other side of the
globe. When it is sunrise in one place, it is
sunset at another place.
34. The Introduction of Potatoes and
Tobacco into the Old ^A/'o^ld.
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, one
of her courtiers, the famous Sir Walter Raleigh,
visited America, where he found two things
which the people of England knew nothing about.
One was the potato ; the other was tobacco.
If you should ever go to Ireland, you may
be shown the place where Sir Walter planted the
few potatoes which he brought over from America.
He told his friends how the Indians used them
for food ; and he proved that they would grow
in the Old World as well as in the New.
THE INTRODUCTION OF POTATOES 33
Sir Walter had seen the Indians smoking the
leaves of the tobacco-plant. He thought that he
would do the same, and he carried some of the
leaves to England. Englishmen had never used
tobacco before that time, and all who saw Sir
Walter puffing away at a roll of leaves thought
it was a strange sight.
One day, as he was sitting in his chair and
smoking, his servant came into the room. Seeing
smoke curling over his master's head, the man
thought Sir Walter was on fire. He therefore ran
out for some water and, hurrying back, threw a
pailful of it into Sir Walter's face. Of course
the fire was all put out.
After that a great many men learned to smoke,
and now tobacco is used in all countries of the world.
85. The Great Fire of London 1666.
Part I.
Not till the following year, when the Great
Fire occurred, did the ravages of the Plague
completely cease. The fire began in a baker's shop
in Pudding Lane, near the spot on which the
Monument now stands. As the houses were almost
all built of wood, and the season had been very dry,
there was plenty of food for the flames. Aided by
a strong east wind, and by the fact of no water
being obtainable to quench it, for three days the
fire raged with tremendous fury. Thousands of
houses were burning at once; while the people,
s. T. I. G
34 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
too panic-stricken to save their goods, went about
wringing their hands in despair.
The fire was not without its good results. The
plague spots were burnt out. An Act was passed
which prohibited the building of timber houses in
the future. The streets were made wider, the over-
hanging stories disappeared, and London became
so much healthier that the plague never returned.
36. The Great Fire of London, 1666.
Part IL
The conflagration was so universal, and the
people were so astonished, that from the beginning
they hardly stirred to quench it; there was nothing
to be heard or seen but crying out and lamentation,
and people running about like distracted creatures
without at all attempting to save even their goods.
Thus the Fire burned to ashes the churches, public
halls, hospitals, Exchange, monuments and orna-
ments, leaping in a wonderful manner from house
to house and street to street, even when these
were at great distances one from the other. A long
spell of fair and warm weather had prepared the
way for the fire which, in an incredible manner,
devoured houses, furniture, and everything.
37. The Day of Shearing.
The Banu Hakr now prepared for a decisive battle.
As their enemy had the advantage in numbers,
they adopted a stratagem devised by Harith.
THE DAY OF SHEARING 35
''Fight them," said he, "with your women.
Equip every woman with a small waterskin and give
her a club. Place the whole body of them behind
you — this will make you more resolved in battle —
and wear some distinguishing mark which they will
recognise, so that when a woman passes by one of
your wounded she may know him by his mark and
give him water to drink, and raise him from the
ground: but when she passes by one of your foes
she will smite him with her club and slay him."
So the Bakrites shaved their heads, devoting
themselves to death, and made this mark of recog-
nition between themselves and their women. This
day was called the Day of Shearing.
Literary History of the Arabs, Professor Nicholson.
38. The Aryan Race
More than three thousand years ago, a noble,
fair-complexioned race of men, called the Aryans,
came through the north-west mountain passes of
India to the fair garden of the Indus and the plain
of the Ganges, and either subdued the llat-featured,
savage Mongolians who had preceded them, or
drove them into the seclusion of the forest or the
fastnesses of the mountains. The earliest home of
the Aryans was for a long time supposed to have
been in the highlands of Asia ; but many learned
men now believe that they dwelt on the plain of
Central Europe, whence they wandered with their
cattle, seeking for new homes in all directions.
36 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
One branch founded the Persian Empire;
another built Athens and became the Grecian
nation; another founded, on the seven hills, the
"Eternal City" that became the heart of the Roman
Empire'. In short, they overran Europe. The
ancient Briton in his willow canoe, the Spaniard,
seeking the silver ore in early Spain, represent
■colonies of this race, whose speech forms the basis
of the European languages. These Aryans are alike
the forefathers of the German, the Englishman, and
the Hindu.
Professor Freeman ( 1823-1 892 ).
39. The Semitic Race.
Next in importance to the Aryans we must
place those which are called the Semitic nations,
among whom those with whom we have most
concern are the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, and the
Arabs. Now the Semitic nations have, so to speak,
kept much closer together than the Aryans have.
They have always occupied a much smaller portion
of the world than the Aryans, and they have kept
much more in the same part of the world. Their
■chief seats have always been in south-western Asia,
and though they spread themselves thence into
distant parts of the world — into Asia, Africa, and
■even Europe — yet this has mainly been by settle-
ments in comparatively late times, about whose
history we know something. Their languages also
THE GUM TRADE IN THE SUDAN 37
have parted off much less from one another than
the Aryan languages have ; the Semitic nations
have thus always kept up more of the character
of one family than the Aryans.
Prof. Freeivian (1823-1892).
40. The Gum Trade in the Sudan.
Towards the month of December, when all
harvesting is over, hosts of natives scatter them-
selves throughout the forests to collect the gum,
each one collecting his share, which varies in
proportion to his energy or power of resistance.
When he has got what he considers a sufficient
quantity, he conveys it to a market that is
established on the Nile banks under Government
superintendence, where merchants buy, in small
packets, all the gum that the peasants bring. The
peasant has no trouble in the matter ; all he
has to do is to collect the gum in a cleanly
manner — an object which he achieves perfectly
well — and sell it in the market.
England in the Sudan, Yaakub Pasha Artin.
38 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
VI I. TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.
41. A Visit to the Great Pyramid.
We drove along under avenues of now leafless
trees to the foot of the hill on which the Pyramids
are situated. On arriving we were at once surround-
ed by a crowd of Arabs. They are certainly a fine-
looking lot of men, rather clamorous for backshish,
and anxious to sell their curiosities, real or artificial.
They were, however, good-natured, civil and
obliging, and amused me much during the hour
I spent alone with them wliile the rest of the party
were ascending and descending the Pyramids.
While all the rest were on the top of the Great
Pyramid, a man ran down from the summit and up
to the top of the next smaller one ( which is,
however, more difficult to ascend ) "in eight
minutes for a franc." This feat was repeated
several times by different men, but it really
occupied nearer ten minutes.
Voyage in the 'Sunbeam,' Lady Bkassey (187(»).
42. On the Blue Nile.
From our boat we see -in the forest thousands
of birds of all colours — parrots, guinea-fowls, etc. —
fluttering from tree to tree, and monkeys running
about everywhere. It affords us great amusement
to watch the gambols of these animals all along the
river banks. We have seen a big monkey that had
ON THE BLUE NILE 39
stolen eggs from a bird's nest run off as fast as it
could, eating the eggs as it ran, pursued by a
host of birds all leagued against the thief. As we
advance we see more and more crocodiles. The
Captain fired at one recently with good effect :
the huge creature jumped high into the air, only
to fall back again into the water, which it reddened
with its blood. The engineer of the boat also
fired, but missed his aim.
England in the Sudan, Yaaku3 Pasha Artin.
43. How the Sudanese make Coffee.
Part L
The Sheikh provided us with an excellent
cup of coffee, and upon our complimenting him
on its excellence, he sent for his coffee-maker,
an old Dongolese, who proceeded to make more
coffee before us. The process lasted a quarter
of an hour, during which he employed not less
than eighteen different articles. Squatting on the
ground with a chafing-dish of burning wood-
charcoal before him, he took in his hand a wooden
saucer, into which he put the green coffee-berries.
To these he applied live charcoal, and turned
the saucer about so as to make both the berries
and the charcoal jump up and down.
40 SELECTIOxNS FOR TRANSLATION. I
44. How the Sudanese make Coffee.
Part II.
As soon as the berries were thoroughly
roasted, he next removed the Hve charcoal with
an iron prod, and emptied the coffee-berries all
hot into a hard wooden mortar, where he crushed
them with a marble pestle. When at last the
berries were reduced to an almost impalpable
powder, he dropped the contents of the mortar
into a vessel of tin-plate with water, and then
heated the vessel over the chafing-dish. Presently
the liquid began to boil, when he immediately
strained it through date-palm fibre into an
earthenware vessel, and the clear liquid was
once more placed over the fire. When it began
to boil again, the process of straining was
repeated. After the double operation of straining
and boiling had been repeated several times,
the coffee was finally poured out into small
cups ready to be served to the guests.
England in the Sudan, Yaakub Pasha Ahtin.
45. A Visit to Aden in 1877.
The view over the bay is very pretty, and the
scene on shore thoroughly Arabian, with donkeys
and camels patiently carrying their heavy loads,
guided by the true Beduin of the desert, and people
of all tinges of complexion, from jet-black to pale-
copper colour. A pair of tame ostriches, at least
A VISIT TO ADEN IN 1877 41
seven feet high, were strolling about the roadway,
and a gazelle, some monkeys, parrots and birds
lived happily together beneath a broad verandah.
After a little while we went for a drive to see the
camp and town of Aden, which is four or five miles
from the Point where everybody lands. On the
way we met trains of heavily-laden camels bringing
in wood, water, grain and fodder, for garrison
consumption, and coffee and spices for exportation.
Voyage in the 'Sunbeam,' Lady Brassey (1876).
46. Eggs in Chili.
I never saw such a country as this is for eggs
and chickens. A hen seems never to have a smaller
brood than ten, and I have often counted from
seventeen to twenty-one chickens with the mother,
and more than once as many as twenty-four.
However well you may have breakfasted or dined,
the waiters always come at the end of the meal to
ask, not zohethei^ you will have any eggs, but hozv
you will have them — fried, boiled, poached, or in
some sort of omelette. If you refuse altogether,
the chances are that two very lightly-boiled eggs
will be placed by your side, with the suggestion
that you should beat them up and drink them.
The inhabitants of the country always seem to
finish their meals with eggs in some form or other.
Voyage in the 'Sunbeam,' Lady Brassey (1876)^
42 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
47. Chinamen and their Birds.
In the bird market I saw numbers of little
birds for sale, for the Chinese are very fond of
pets, and often take their birds out in a cage with
them when they go for a walk, just as we should
be accompanied by a dog. They manage to tame
them thoroughly, and when they meet a friend
they will put the cage down, let the bird out, and
give him something to eat while they have their
chat. I saw this done several times.
Voyage in the ' Sunbeam,' Lady Bmassey (1878)
48. Japan in 1877.
I should never recommend anybody to come
to Japan in the winter. You do not see it at its best,
I am sure, and the scanty protection afforded by
houses and carriages makes travelling a penance
rather than a pleasure. Travellers, however, who
wish to see Japan should do so at once ; for the
country is changing every day, and in three years
more will be so Europeanised that little will be left
worth seeing. We have seen many of the European
engineers of Japanese vessels, and they all agree in
declaring that the natives learn to imitate anything
they see done with wonderful quickness. These
men also averred that in a few years there will not
be a single foreigner employed in Japan, as the
Japanese will be quite in a position to dispense
with such aid.
Voyaf/e in the 'Sunbeam,' Lady Bkassey (1877).
JAPANESE SHOPKEEPERS 43
49. Japanese Shopkeepers.
After dinner all our purchases arrived, each
accompanied by at least four or five men. Other
people had heard of our visit, and had brought
more things for us to look at, so that the room
soon resembled a bazaar. At last we got rid
of them, having settled that they should pack
our things and take them down to Kobe, where
they would be paid for. The Japanese shop-
keepers, though difficult to - deal with, are
incorruptible when once the bargain is made.
They pack most carefully, frequently adding
boxes, bags, and baskets, not originally included
in the purchases, in order that the articles may
travel more safely. The smallest article is sure
to be put in, and the greatest care is taken of
everything, even if they know you do not mean
to open the cases for months.
Voyage in the 'Sunbeam,' Lady Brassey (1877).
44 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
VI I L USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
50. Uses of the Ox.
Every part of the ox is of value. We eat his
flesh, we v^ear shoes soled with his skin, our candles
are made from his fat, our tables are joined with
glue made from bis hoofs, his hair is mixed with the
mortar of our walls, his horns are made into combs,
knife-handles, drinking-cups, etc. ; his bones are
used as cheap substitutes for ivory, and the
fragments ground and scattered over the fields
for manure ; and soup is made from his tail.
The young ox is called a calf, and is quite as
useful in its way as the full-grown ox. The flesh
is called veal, and by many preferred to the flesh
of the ox or cow, which is called beef; jelly is made
from its feet. The stomach is salted and dried,
and is called rennet. Cheese is made by soaking a
piece of rennet in water, and pouring it into a vessel
of milk. The milk soon forms a curd, which is
placed in a press, and the watery substance called
whey is squeezed from it. The curd is coloured
and salted, and is then cheese.
51. The Date-Palm.
The date-palm has a slender stem, which rises
to the height of ninety or a hundred feet. Its crown
consists of bunches of leaves, about twelve feet in
length, and fringed at the edges like a feather.
THE DATE-PALM 45
Between these leaves and the stem grow chisters
of the fruit, which is so highly prized by the people
of the country.
The dates are ripe in October. Some trees
produce as many as twenty bunches ; but the rule
is from eight to ten, and each bunch weighs from
twelve to twenty pounds. The date harvest is
expected with as much anxiety as the vintage is
in the south of Europe, or the wheat harvest in
England, or the rice harvest in Bengal. If it fails,
the Arabs are in danger of a famine.
The fruit may be eaten fresh. But a great
quantity of the dates are dried and, when made
into a paste, serve as a supply of food until the
season for the new fruit comes round again. The
date is justly called "the bread of the desert."
The people of the oases dry and pound the fruit
into a kind of cake, and it becomes the bread of
nineteen-twentieths of the population for the greater
part of the year.
The trees are thirty years old before they are
full-grown ; and they continue to bear fruit in great
abundance and perfection, until they have reached
the age of a hundred. Then they begin to decay,
and at the end of another hundred years they die.
52. The Sponge.
Professor Huxley compared a sponge to a city
under the water, where the people are arranged
^bout the streets and roads in such a manner that
46 SELECTIONS FOR TRAxNSLATION. I
each can easily appropriate his food from the water^
as it passes along-. If we examine the bath sponge,
we shall see very many small openings and some
large ones ; and if we cut it through, we shall discover
that the small holes are the ends of tubes that lead
to cavities in the interior. In life the skeleton
is covered with jelly-like flesh, and the tubes
and cavities are lined with cells armed with
whip-like lashes. The motion of these lashes draws
in at the pores water bearing food-particles, and
washes out waste-products at the larger holes, and
thus the people in the city — that is, the separate
cells— have their food brought to their doors.
53. A Japanese House.
A Japanese house is something like a hig^
playhouse, for there are no chairs, and nothing to
get out of order. There is only one big room, but
this is often divided into smaller rooms by means
of pretty paper-screens. No carpets are laid on the
floor, but pretty mats made of rushes are there
instead.
In place of chairs, the Japs sit on mats or on
cushions on the floor, and the tables at which they
sit are only about six inches high. Everything^
in Japan seems very small, and so we are not sur-
prised to find that each person has a little table
all to himself at meal times. There is no table-cloth,
no knife, or fork, or spoon ; but instead of these we
find a pair of chop-sticks, a tiny cup and saucer^
THE ORIGIN OF COINS 47
and a little plate from which is eaten the rice
or the fish.
54. The Origin of Coins.
As bartering grew and trade increased, it was
found inconv^enient to carry things about from place
to place, especially if sometimes they were not very
much wanted ; and men would agree to make use
of some common medium of exchange which was
convenient to carry, steady in value, and not easily
damaged. So, whenever they could, men fixed upon
pieces of metal, first casting bronze into coins, and
then using gold and silver which, being more scarce
and therefore more valuable than other metals,
were more fit to be used as money. We learn from
the paintings at Thebes, the most ancient city
of Egypt, and from ancient history generally, that
gold and silver were counted as wealth in early
times. Abraham, the great ancestor of the Jews,
is said in the Old Testament to have been ''very
rich in cattle, in silver, and in gfold."
55. Ivory and its Uses.
Ivory is a substance resembling bone and, like
it, of considerable importance in the arts and
manufactures. The closeness of its grain and the
high polish which it is capable of taking are sufficient
to distinguish ivory from bone. A still more
remarkable difference, however, is seen by a careful
48 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
comparison of the two substances. If, for example,
some polished articles of ivory and bone be
examined side by side, the former will show a
number of beautiful, regular, curved markings on
the surface, but the bone has no such marks.
These curves may be readily seen, as they are
of a slightly different shade of colour from the
rest of the substance of the ivory. No specimens
of bone — indeed, no other animal substance of
any kind — has these markings. Hence this is a
sure test for distinguishing ivory from bone.
The readiness with which ivory can be cut,
carved, and turned ; the beauty of its hard, white,
polished surface ; and its great durability in all
climates render it specially suitable for many
purposes in the arts, both useful and ornamental.
It is chiefly employed for making knife-handles,
backs for brushes, billiard-balls, chessmen, paper-
knives, fans, combs, pianoforte and organ keys,
and a large variety of fancy and ornamental articles.
Cut into thin plates, it is also used in bookbinding
as covers for books, and for writing-tablets.
56. French Industries.
The French silk manufacture is the largest in
the world, and is the chief industry of the country.
It is chiefly, carried on in the Rhone valley, the
city of Lyons being the centre of the trade.
No other country, except Belgium, can com-
pete with France in the lace trade, which is largely
FRENCH INDUSTRIES 49
carried on in the north-east manufacturing district
around Valenciennes. France is also the chief
glove-producing country of the world and, after
Germany, in Europe. French shoes and millinery^
perfumes and fancy goods, bronzes and porcelain
are found in every market of the world. In all
articles that require taste and clever workmanship,
France surpasses every other country on the face
of the globe.
The position of F'rance, between the two
greatest commercial channels of the world — the
Atlantic and the Mediterranean — her fine natural
harbours, and her numerous rivers, give her many
advantages for trade ; and the value of these condi-
tions has been greatly increased by a splendid
system of canals, by excellent roads, and by a
network of railways, which bring the chief centres
of industry into communication with one another
and with the sea.
57. The Danger of Drinking Dirty Water.
We know now that much of the disease in the
world is punishment that people bring upon them-
selves by carelessness or dirty habits. Nowadays,
when many people are stricken down with disease,
the water from which they have been drinking is at
once examined. Time after time it has been found
in such cases that some nasty stuff from a drain or
a stable, or something of the sort, has been getting
into the drinking-water.
s. T. I. D
50 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
In many villages and country places there is
still much risk that the drinking-water may not be
pure. When there is the slightest doubt, the water
should always be boiled before being drunk, in
order that any disease germs in it may be killed.
Water which has been boiled in this way has a
''flat" taste which many people do not like; but
this may be got rid of by pouring the water
backwards and forwards several times from one
vessel to another, so as to mix it with air again.
58. The Right Treatment of Milk.
If all dust and dirt could be kept out of milk
from the moment It is drawn from the cow, It would
keep sweet and fresh for a long time. But as soon
as dust gets into it. It begins to '' turn," as we say,
and in a few days it becomes quite sour and nasty.
In warm weather this change happens more quickly.
Milk should always be put Into quite clean
jugs or pans and kept in the coolest and cleanest
room in the house, and it should be kept covered,
to keep out the dust ; for there is always some dust
in the air of a room, whether we can see it or not.
Milk will keep sweet much longer if it is either
boiled or put Into a vessel surrounded by hot water
for some time, before being covered up. Better still,
in many towns milk can be bought which has been
treated In this way and then sealed up before being
brought round to the houses. Such milk, called
sterilised milk, is the safest of all.
THE VENTILATION OF BEDROOMS 51
59. The Ventilation of Bedrooms.
Many people think they would take a severe cold
if they slept with their bedroom windows open
at night. They have an idea diat what they call
night air is injurious. This is a great mistake.
The outside air is often purer at night than
during the day. Moreover, to sleep every night
in a closed room, perhaps with other people also
in the room, is a sure way to make anyone
liable to take cold.
People who sleep in a closed bedroom have
generally very little idea how poisonous the air of
the room becomes by morning. If such persons
would go out into the open air for a few minutes
in the morning and then return to the bedroom,
the bad smell of the room would soon make them
understand why they so often awake feeling heavy
and unrefreshed. It would be an excellent thing if
people would make it a rule never to close bedroom
windows, night or day, except during thick fog or
heavy, driving rain.
52 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATIOx\. I
IX. MORAL CONDUCT.
60. The Horse-Shoe Nail.
A farmer saddled his horse to ride to market.
Just as he was starting he noticed that one shoe
wanted a nail. "One nail short won't matter," he
said to himself, and set forth. He had got half-way
on his journey when off came the shoe. " If there
were a blacksmith anywhere near, I would have the
horse shod. As it is, he must go on the three shoes."
But the way was stony, and presently the horse
began to limp. The farmer felt quite helpless, but
even while he was thinking that nothing worse
could happen, two robbers sprang out of the wood,
and took from him the horse and his money. Slowly
and sadly he walked homewards, and very often
afterwards he would say to his children, "A nail is
sometimes worth a horse. A horse is always worth
a nail.
61. Socrates and His House.
There once lived in Greece a very wise man
whose name was Socrates. Young men from all
parts of the land went to him to learn wisdom from
him, and he said so many pleasant things, and said
them in so delightful a way, that no one ever
grew tired of listening to him.
SOCRATES AND HIS HOUSE 53
One summer he built himself a house, but it
was so small that his neighbours wondered how
he could be content with It.
"What is the reason," said they, "that you,
who are so great a man, should build such a little
box as this for your dwelling-house?"
" Indeed, there may be little reason," said he,
"but, small as the place is, I shall think myself
happy if I can fill even it with true friends."
62. The Arab and the Camel.
One cold night a camel looked into an Arab's
tent and asked If he might stand with his head
inside.
"Yes," said the Arab cheerfully, "you are
very welcome."
• The camel then asked If he ml^rht come a
little farther In, as the wind was blowing very cold.
"Certainly," said the Arab, "come in as far
as you wish, and make yourself comfortable."
The camel then went wholly Inside, and as
there was not room for both of them, he turned out
the man, saying, " You are smaller than I am."
Moral.
Resist the beginning of evil.
63. The Stag and His Horns.
A stag was drinking in a lake when he saw his
likeness in the water. He admired his fine spreading
horns, but felt ashamed of his thin awkward legs.
64 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
Hearing the roar of a Hon close at hand, the
stag rushed ofif to the mountains. His despised legs
carried him swiftly away from his dangerous enemy,
and he would have escaped if his much admired
horns had not caught in the branches of a tree.
He tried in vain to free himself but, before he
could do so, the lion came up and killed him.
Moral.
To be useful is better than to be beautiful.
64. The Two Men and the Bear.
Two men once saw a bear coming towards
them. One of the men quickly climbed a tree, but
the other man had only time to throw himself on the
ground and pretend to be dead. He had heard that
a bear will not touch a dead body.
The bear stopped, sniffed at the man on the
ground, and then passed on without harming him.
When the animal had disappeared, the man in
the tree descended, and said to his friend : " What
did the bear say to you ? "
'* He told me," replied the man, " never to
trust one who deserts a friend in danger."
Moral.
Cowards think only of themselves.
THE BRAZIER AND HIS DOG 55
65. The Brazier and His Dog.
A brazier had a little dog" which was a great
favourite with him, and his constant companion.
While he hammered away at his metals the dog
slept ; but when, on the other hand, he sat down to
dinner and began to eat, the dog woke up and
wagged its tail, as if it would ask for a share of his
food. Its master, one day, pretending to be angry,
and shaking a stick at it, said: "You wretched
little sluggard ! what shall I do to you ? While I am
hammering on the anvil you sleep on the mat ; and
when I begin to eat, after my toil, you wake up at
the first clatter of my teeth and wag your tail for
food. Do you not know that labour is the source
of every blessing, and that none but those who
work are entitled to eat? "
The moral of this story is that people are
always quick to see what is for their own good, but
are often heedless of the interests of others.
66. Tit for Tat.
A man was one day walking down a hilly road
when he came upon a lad with a donkey drawing*
a heavily-laden cart up the hill. Every now and then
the lad beat the back of the poor donkey most
unmercifully. The man stopped to rebuke the lad,
and said to him, " Why do you torture the poor
animal so?" ''It is my own," replied the lad,
" and I can do what I like with it," and at the same
56 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
time he showered his blows harder than ever. The
man, irritated b> such brutahty, struck the boy
three or four sharp strokes over the shoulders with
his walking-stick. Cowed and grumbling the lad
asked him why he struck him with his stick. " " The
stick is my own," was the answer, '' and I can do
what I like with it."
67. The Blind Men and the Elephant.
Paht I.
There were once six blind men who stood by
the roadside every day, and begged from the
people who passed. They had often heard of
elephants, but had never seen one ; for, being
blind, how could they?
It so happened one morning that an elephant
was driven down the road where they stood. When
they were told that the great beast was before
them, they asked the driver to let him stop so that
they might see him. Of course they could not see
him with their eyes, but they thought that by
touching him they could learn just what kind
of animal he was.
The first one happened to put his hand on the
elephant's side. "Well, well ! " he said, "now I know
all about this beast. He is exactly like a wall."
The second felt only the elephant's tusk. "My
brother," he said, "you are mistaken. He is not at
all like a wall. He is round and smooth and
sharp. He is more like a spear than anything else."
THE BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT 57
The third happened to take hold of the
elephant's trunk. ''Both of you are wrong-," he
said. ''Anybody who knows anything can see
that this elephant is like a snake."
68. The Blind Men and the Elephant.
Part H.
The fourth reached out his arms, and grasped
one of the elephant's legs. " Oh, how blind you
are ! " he said. " It is very plain to me that he is
round and tall like a tree."
The fifth was a very tall man, and he chanced
to take hold of the elephant's ear. "The blindest
man ought to know that this beast is not like
any of the things that you name," he said. " He
is exactly like a huge fan."
The sixth man was very blind indeed, and it
was some time before he could find the elephant
at all. At last he seized the animal's tail. "O
foolish fellows!" he cried. "You surely have
lost your senses. This elephant is not like a wall,
or a spear, or a snake, or a tree ; neither is he like
a fan. But any man with a particle of sense can
see that he is exactly like a rope."
Then the elephant moved on, and the six blind
men sat by the roadside all day, and quarrelled
about him. Each believed that he knew just how
the animal looked ; and each called the others hard
names because they did not agree with him. People
who have eyes sometimes act just as foolishly.
58 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
69. Julius Caesar.
Nearly two thousand years ago there Hved
in Rome a man whose name was JuHus Caesar.
He was the greatest of all the Romans. Why was
he so great? He was a brave warrior, and had
conquered many countries for Rome. He was wise
in planning and in doing, and knew how to
make men both love and fear him.
At last he made himself the ruler of Rome,
and some said that he wished to become its
king. But the Romans at that time did not
believe in kings.
Once when Caesar was passing through a
little country village, all the men, women, and
children of the place came out to see him. There
were not more than fifty of them, all together,
and they were led by their mayor, who told each
one what to do. These simple people stood by
the roadside and watched Caesar pass. The
mayor looked proud and happy ; for was he not
the ruler of this village? He felt that he was
almost as great a man as Caesar himself.
Some of the officers who were with Caesar
laughed, and said, " See how that fellow struts
at the head of his little flock!"
"Laugh as you will," said Caesar, " he has
reason to be proud. I would rather be the head'
man of a village than the second man in Rome."
DR. GOLDSMITH'S KINDNESS 5^
70. Dr. Goldsmith's Kindness.
Goldsmith, the great writer, had studied to be
a physician, hence he was called Dr. Goldsmith.
One day a poor woman asked him to go and see her
husband who was sick. Goldsmith did so. He found
that the family was In great need. The man had
not had work for a lone time. He was not sick, but
in distress ; and as for eating there was no food in
the house. ''Call at my room this evening," said
Goldsmith to the woman, "and I will give you some
medicine for your husband." In the evening she
called and was given a little paper box that was
very heavy. "Here is the medicine," said Goldsmith.
'' Use It faithfully, and I think It will do your hus-
band a great deal of good. But don't open the box
until you reach home." " What are the directions
for taking it?" asked the woman. "You will find
them inside the box," he answered.
When the woman reached home, she sat
down by her husband's side, and opened the box.
She found It full of pieces of money, and on the top
were the directions: "To be taken as often as
necessity requires."
Goldsmith had given them all the ready
money that he had. He used to give away so
much to the poor that he was always poor himself.
71. George \A/'ashington and his Hatchet.
When George Washington was quite a little boy,
his father gave him a hatchet. It was bright and new.
60 . SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
and George enjoyed going about and chopping
things with it. He ran into the garden, where he
saw a tree which seemed to say to him, " Come
and cut me down ! "
George had often seen men chop down
great trees in the forest, and he thought that it
would be fun to see this tree fall with a crash to the
ground. So he set to work with his little hatchet,
and as the tree was a small one, it did not take
long to lay it low. Soon afterwards his father
came home, and walked through the garden.
'' Who has been cutting my fine young cherry-
tree ? " he cried. " It was the only tree of the kind in
this country, and it cost me a great deal of money."
He was very angry when he entered the
house. " If I only knew who killed that cherry-tree,"
he cried. " I would punish him severely."
''Father," said George, "I will tell you the
truth about it. I chopped the tree down with my
hatchet."
His father forgot his anger. " George," he
said, taking the little fellow in his arms, " I am
glad you told me about it. I would rather lose a
dozen cherry-trees than that you should tell
one falsehood."
72. Order and Method.
A merchant, when asked how he had become
so very rich, replied as follows : " My father taught
me, when I was young, never to play until my work
ORDER AND METHOD 61
was finished, and never to spend money until I had
earned it. If I had but half-an-hour's work to do in
a day, I had to do that work first thing in the
morning, and to do it in half-an-hour. I could then
play with much more pleasure than if I had the
thought of an unfinished task before my mind."
" I thus formed the habit, early in my life,
of doing everything at its proper time, and it
soon became perfectly easy for me to do so.
It is to this habit of order and method that I owe
my wealth and success in this life." Procrastination
is the thief of time.
73. Self-sacrifice in a Gentleman.
Lord Chatham has said that a gentleman is
characterised by his sacrifice of self for the benefit
of others in the small occurrences of daily life.
In illustration of this we may cite the anecdote of
the gallant Sir Ralph Abercromby, of whom it is
related that, when mortally wounded in the battle
of Abukir, he was carried on a litter on board one
of the ships; and to ease his pain, a soldier's blanket
was placed under his head, from which he experi-
enced considerable relief. He asked what it was.
''It's only a soldier's blanket," was the reply.
*' Whose blanket is it ? ", said he, half-lifting himself
up. '' Only one of the men's." " I wish to know the
name of the man whose blanket this is." "It is
Duncan Roy's of the 42nd, Sir Ralph." "Then see
that Duncan Roy gets his blanket back again this
62 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I
very night." Even to ease his dying agony the
general would not deprive the private soldier of
his blanket for one night. The incident is as good
in its way as that of the dying Sidney handing
his cup of water to the private soldier on the field
of Zutphen. Samuel Smiles (18I2-I9U4).
74. A Troubled Conscience.
A man perceived that one of his servants was
stealing : but, as he found no clear proof against any
one of them, he did not know which to accuse.
At last he conceived the following plan, to find out
the truth. He shut up all the servants in a room,
and then separated them one by one, and gave to
each a stick which was to be kept most carefully, as
by means of this he would be proved innocent, or
guilty, according to whether he knew nothing or
something about the theft that was committed; for the
thief's stick would grow an inch longer over night.
When the servants heard this, all those who
were innocent went to rest with joy and hope ; but
the guilty thief lay awake on his bed all night,
watching his stick in fear lest it might grow longer.
When day was about to dawn he, being confused in
mind for want of sleep, and suspecting that the stick
had grown longer unobserved by him, bit an inch
off it. Thus it happened that, when the sticks were
measured, his was found the shorter, and thus he
was easily convicted of the offence.
THE KORTH WIND AND THE SUN 63
75. The North Wind and the Sun.
A dispute arose between the wind and the sun
as to which was the stronger. They at length
agreed upon a plan to settle the question.
Whichever first made a traveller take off.his cloak
was to be declared the more powerful. The wind
began with all his might to blow a piercing blast,
endeavouring to blow the cloak off; but the
stronger he blew, the closer the traveller wrapped
his cloak around him.
The sun then broke out from behind the cloud
and, with his welcome rays, dispersed the cold.
The traveller felt a pleasant warmth and, as the
sun shone brighter and brighter, he sat down
overpowered with the heat and threw off his cloak.
. From this fable we learn that we can often
do by kindness and gentleness what we cannot
accomplish by force and harshness.
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